Cornell University Law Library. 
 
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 Date, 
 
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
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INDEX 
 
 TO 
 
 ALL THE LAW 
 
 IN 
 
 li. R. A. NOTES 
 
 1-70 L.R.A.; 1-42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 BEGIN WITH THIS BOOK ON ANY QUESTION 
 
 THE LAWYERS CO-OPERATIVE PUBLISHING CO. 
 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 1913 
 
CopyriKht, 1913, 
 
 by 
 
 The Lawyers Co-opbkative Publishing Compant 
 
 E. R. Andrews Printihg Compani, Eochester, N. X. 
 
TO FIND ALL THE LAW IN L.R.A> 
 ON ANY QUESTION 
 
 FIRST. CONSULT THIS INDEX TO NOTES. 
 
 (Also continuations beginning with 43 L.R.A. (N.S.).) 
 
 (Annotation of your question will give at once all the authorities upon it. It 
 will show their agreements, conflicts, distinctions and relation to fundamental 
 principles. Such a note may end your search here where it starts. ) 
 
 SECOND. EXAMINE DIGESTS OF L.R. A. CASES TO DATE. 
 
 (a) Digest 1-70L.R.A. 
 
 (b) Digest 1-24L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 (c) Digest 25-36 L. R. A. (N. S. ) 
 
 (d) Digest 37-42 L.R. A. (N.S.) 
 
 (e) The cumulative index or volume indexes for later vol- 
 
 umes beginning with 43 L.R.A. (N.S.). 
 
 (It may be best to begin with the latest digest and follow the list backwards. 
 A recompilation of some of these digests will soon shorten the list.) 
 
 THIRD. FOLLOW UP ANY L.R. A. CASE ON YOUR QUESTION. 
 
 (a) For a case in 1-70 L.R. A. look in the New Extra Anno- 
 
 tations for those volumes. 
 
 (b) For an L.R. A. (N.S.) case cited in later L.R. A. notes, 
 
 see Red Table at front of Vol. 45 L.R.A. (N.S.), or 
 at back of Vol. 6 L.R.A. Extra Annotations 1913. 
 In addition a list of the citations of it in all jurisdic- 
 tions will on request be sent you from the publisher's 
 citation bureau. 
 
 For brief statement of the usefulness of L.R. A. to lawyers and courts see (over). 
 
THE VALUE OF L. R. A. TO 
 COURTS AND LAWYERS. 
 
 WHY NEEDED. 
 
 A judge or lawyer with unlimited time to go to the bottom 
 of each question presented to him might naturally wish to 
 master it unaided. One who has not the time to do this will 
 be glad to know what wall help him to do it most quickly and 
 thoroughly. 
 
 A judge has the aid— often the great aid — of counsels' briefs 
 and arguments, but these are professedly partisan, and in a 
 great many instances they are not thorough and complete. A 
 lawyer often has to break new ground. Lawyers and judges 
 alike are usually hard pressed with work, and some times lack 
 adequate facilities. 
 
 Merely to find all the existing precedents on a question maj* 
 require long and skilful search. Then to examine them all 
 and impartially study their distinctions and relations to each 
 other, as well as to fundamental principles, may demand fa)- 
 greater time and labor than an overworked judge or lawyer can 
 possibly devote to the task. In such a case a thoroughly reli- 
 able and impartial presentation and review of all the pertinent, 
 authorities is an invaluable aid. To furnish it is the precise 
 purpose of L.R.A. annotations. 
 
 RELIABILITY. 
 
 Some reasons for expecting to find exceptional value in these 
 annotations are: 
 
 1. They are made without restriction of time or expense, 
 and at the greatest cost ever put into such work. 
 
 2. The men who do the work have had exceptional training 
 for it and long experience in it. 
 
 3. They have adequate library facilities. 
 
 4. They have acquired exceptional skill in collecting all the 
 authorities in all jurisdictions on any question. 
 
 5. They have no partisan interest in the matter, and their 
 work is entirely impartial. 
 
 6. Their annotations do not merely give a list of the cases 07i a 
 question, pro and con, or barely cite them to support the writer's 
 conclusions, but they analyze each individual case and present its 
 pectdiarities and distinct features with respect to the other author- 
 ities and to ruling principles with a minuteness and complete- 
 ness that are impossible in ordinary treatises on the law. 
 
 The result of such work is a more thorough and complete 
 presentation of the authorities on any question treated than 
 any lawyer with limited time or facilities for investigation can 
 possibly hope to make for himself. 
 
TESTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Some idea of the exhaustiveness with which this work is done 
 may be obtained by even a hurried examination of such notes 
 as that on the Rule in Shelley's Case, 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 963. 
 For the completeness of the collection of the decisions on this 
 question, for the thoroughness of their analysis, and for the 
 clear presentation of the wide range and effect of this ancient 
 rule in the existing law of to-day, there is no other treatment 
 of the subject in England or America that bears any com- 
 parison to it in the judgment of specialists and teachers of the 
 law of real property. Yet this is only a typical note of this 
 series in respect to its exhaustiveness and thoroughness of 
 treatment. The majority of the notes are shorter, though a 
 great many of them are very extensive ; but the quality and 
 reliability of an annotation is not indicated by its length or 
 brevity ; it is determined only by the material that exists on 
 the question treated. Even those brief annotations which 
 state that careful search has revealed no prior decisions on the 
 question are made after very thorough search. It is a hard 
 test of such a statement to publish it broadcast to the courts 
 and attorneys of this country; yet in numerous instances this 
 has been done: and the conclusion has almost invariably prover! 
 unassailable. 
 
 An annotation which convinces a court of its own error needs 
 no higher tribute. For instance, the note in 49 L.R.A. 679, 
 made it plain that the annotated case, as well as one or two 
 similar cases from other states, had erred on a new and far- 
 reaching commercial question by overlooking a controlling prin- 
 ciple. This annotation stopped the progress of the erroneous 
 doctrine. Its conclusion was adopted by later cases in other 
 states and also by an overruling case in the same state. Like- 
 wise, the note to a case in 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 848, led the same 
 court in a later case to overrule that decision, saying that the 
 L.R. A. annotations "conclusively show the error of our former 
 holding. ' ' The illumination of other difficult questions by these 
 annotations has been welcomed and accepted by the courts in 
 a great number of other cases. In so doing, of course, the 
 courts have not relied upon any opinions of the annotator, but 
 on what the authorities, which he ha^: marshalled, analyzed, 
 and compared at the expense of much time and labor, have 
 convincingly demonstrated. 
 
 RANGE AND EXTENT OF ANNOTATION. 
 
 A mere glance at the present complete index will show what 
 a multitude of questions have already been annotated in this 
 series. It strongly emphasizes the importance of starting every 
 search on a law question with this index, because if a pertinent 
 
annotation is found it will be, not like a mine of mingled 
 wealth and rubbish, but like a mint where everything has 
 value, and the extent of the value is clearly shown. 
 
 THE L.R.A. CASES. 
 
 Even without their annotations, the L.R.A, cases reported 
 constitute a great body of the most important decisions that 
 have been rendered in the past quarter of a century. Twenty 
 thousand cases or thereabouts on every living question of the 
 law of to-day have been published in this series. They include 
 the great leading cases of this period. Courts have cited them 
 as precedents in a vast number of other cases ; and a single one 
 of them with its history as traced through the later decisions 
 which have followed and relied upon it will in itself often 
 settle the law of the question involved. In addition to all this, 
 the annotations of these notable cases throw upon them the 
 light of hundreds of thousands of other pertinent authorities. 
 
 PROVE THEM FOR YOURSELF. 
 
 How useful this set of books can be to you, you can test only 
 by using them, and by using them steadily. If you will sys- 
 tematically fifo to the L.R.A. first, when investigating a law 
 question, and begin with your index to notes, you will fairly 
 test the value of the work and may find it much more than you 
 expect. 
 
INDEX 
 
 TO 
 
 ^LL THE l^ArW 
 
 IN 
 
 L. E. A. NOTES 
 
 ABANDONMEIVT. 
 
 § 1. GeneraUy. 
 
 Of highway, gee Highways, §§ 109-113. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, 
 see Evidence, § 94. 
 
 Of right; what constitutes. 5 L.R.A. 259.* 
 
 Of scheme by loan association, effect on 
 application on mortgage of payments 
 made by mortgagor on stock. 29 
 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 Of unlawful design, eflfect on liability for 
 homicide. 63 L.R.A. 392. 
 
 Effect of abandonment of unlawful con- 
 spiracy on liability for homicide in 
 carrying out same. 68 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Mandamus to restore to office one who has 
 abandoned same. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 
 Carrier's liability for abandonment of 
 freight. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 644. 
 
 Is a domicil lost by abandonment without 
 intention of returning, before acquiring 
 a new one. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 986. 
 
 § 2. Of action or prosecution. 
 
 Right of condemning party to dismiss con- 
 demnation proceedings after award or 
 verdict and before confirmation or 
 judgment. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 
 Of suit before entry as affecting justifica- 
 tion under writ in defense to action 
 for false imprisonment. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 451. 
 
 Termination of civil action by, so as to 
 support suit for malicious prosecution. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 951. 
 
 Of criminal prosecution as termination so 
 as to support suit for malicious prose- 
 cution. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 939, 941. 
 
 Effect of abandonment of criminal prose- 
 cution to create presumption of want 
 of probable cause. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 717. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ABANDONMENT— cont'd 
 
 Conduct designed to induce litigant to 
 
 abandon suit as a contempt. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 722. 
 
 § 3. Of property or property rights 
 generally. 
 
 Of easement, see Easements, § 28. 
 
 Of homestead, see Homestead, § 8. 
 
 Of leased premises, see Landlord and 
 
 Tenant, § 28. 
 Of mining claim, see Mines, §§ 23, 26. 
 
 Of personal property. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 573. 
 
 Sale of real property as. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 633. 
 
 Effect of, on right to revoke license 
 to maintain burden on land after 
 incurring of expense. 49 L.R.A. 
 505. 
 
 Effect of abandonment on title to real prop- 
 erty acquired by adverse possession. 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1161. 
 
 Right to take private property for public 
 use without compensation on theory 
 that it has been abandoned. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1029. 
 
 Estoppel of possessor of land to assert 
 claim by abandonment. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 137. 
 
 Right to testify as to one's intent with 
 j reference to abandonment of easement 
 
 ; or other right. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 397. 
 
 , § 4. Of water rights. 
 
 Of rights of prior appropriators of water, 
 see Waters, § 91. 
 
 Of privilege or easement incidental to 
 
 milldam. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 47. 
 Of right to dam back water of stream. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 838. 
 Of surface water drain by city. 65 L.R A 
 
 286. 
 Of right by prior appropriator of water 
 
 30 L.R.A. 265. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ABANDONMENT— cont'd 
 
 Of proceedings for the acquisition of water 
 
 supply. 58 L.R.A. 253. 
 Of drain. 60 L.R.A. 249. 
 Of canal. 61 L.E.A. 871. 
 Of ferry franchise. 59 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 § 5. Of railroad property. 
 
 Right to compensation for superstructures 
 on abandoned railroad. 66 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Of railroad deeded to company, right of re- 
 version on. 1 L.R.A. (X.S.) 806. 
 
 Devotion of abandoned railroad right 
 of way to a different use. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 515. 
 
 § 6. Of leased premises. 
 
 See Laxdlobd and Tenant, § 28. 
 
 S 7. Of vessel. 
 
 Of insured vessel, see Insurance, § 176. 
 
 Right of seamen to salvage after abandon- 
 ment by master. 64 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 § 8. Of cemetery. 
 
 By town or municipalitv of ground used 
 
 for cemetery. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1216. 
 Removal of remains on abandonment of 
 
 cemetery. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 
 § 9. ,Of franchise. 
 
 Of ferry franchise. 59 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Of corporate franchise as excuse for not 
 exhausting remedies at law before 
 bringing creditor's bill. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 99. 
 
 § 10. Of contract or rights under. 
 
 See Contbacts, § 145. 
 
 § 11. By husband or wife. 
 
 In general, see Husband and Wife, §§ 70, 
 
 71. 
 As ground for divorce, see Divoece, §§ 24, 
 
 24a. 
 
 § 12. or child. 
 
 Recovery for death of child by parent who 
 
 has abandoned him. 1 LiR.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1161. 
 
 Necessity of consent or notice to parents 
 
 on adoption of child which has been 
 
 abandoned. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 147. 
 
 What amounts to abandonment. 30 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 150. 
 
 Effect of, on rights of parent to custody of 
 
 child. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 594, 606. 
 Liability of parent for necessaries fur- 
 nished abandoned child. 40 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 489. 
 
 ABATEMENT. 
 
 Of action or suit, see Abatement and Re- 
 vival. 
 
 Of purchase price at judicial sale, see Ju- 
 dicial Sale, § 15. 
 
 Of nuisance, see Nuisances, §§ 21-23. 
 Begin ■with this hoojc on every law 
 
 ABATEMENT— cont'd 
 
 From purchase price In action for specific 
 performance, see Specific Pebform- 
 ANCE, § 28. 
 
 In purchase price for deficiency in quantity 
 of land sold, see Vendor and Pub- 
 chaser, § 21. 
 
 Of legacy, see Wills, § 125. 
 
 Of wharf. 40 L.R.A. 646. 
 
 Of rent on destruction of premises. 22 
 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 Of obstruction to navigable water. 59 
 L.R.A. 91. 
 
 Of dam. 59 L.R.A. 879. 
 
 Right of vendee to specific performance with 
 abatement of purchase price when vend- 
 or unable to convey unencumbered 
 title. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 117. 
 
 Right of vendee to specific performance with 
 allowance for buildings destroyed after 
 making of executory contract. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 125. 
 
 Right of purchaser of land at judicial sale 
 to abatement of purchase price for de- 
 ficiency in quantity. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 393. 
 
 ABATEMENT AND REVIVAL. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of appeal, see Appeal and Error, § 25. 
 
 Of attachment proceedings, see Attach- 
 ment, § 18. 
 
 Of garnishment proceedings, see Garnish- 
 ment, § 21. 
 
 By repeal of statute, see Statutes, § 34. 
 
 Of mandamus to restore to oflSce one il- 
 legally removed. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 83. 
 
 Reversal on merits without remanding as 
 bar to new action. 30 L.R.A. (N.S) 
 377. 
 
 § 2. By death. 
 
 Of bastardy proceedings, see Bastardy. § 3. 
 
 Effect of death of party. 3 L.R.A. 212.* 
 
 Of appeal or error to or from Federal Su- 
 preme Court by death of partv. 66 
 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 Survival of action for wrongful death upon 
 decease of wrongdoer. 11 L R \ ( \ s ) 
 1157. " 
 
 Survival, after death of promisor, of eon- 
 tract to pay for personal services ren- 
 dered to third person. 13 L.R.A. (V S ) 
 643. ' 
 
 Does the grantor's right to rescind for 
 breach of condition as to support de- 
 scend to his heirs or representatives. 
 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 232. 
 
 Of bill for alimony. 2 L.R.A.(\.S.) 242. 
 
 Survivability as a test of assignability of 
 cause of action for personal tort. 14 
 L.R.A. 514. 
 
 Action against physician or surgeon. 37 
 L.R.A. 838. 
 
 Abatement of action, or cause of action, for 
 breach of promise of marriase 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1020. ^ 
 
 Death of party to suit for libel or slander 
 by wife. 30 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 question. 
 
UNDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ABATEMENT AND REVIVAL— cont'd 
 Action for fraudulently inducing void mar- 
 riage. 33 L.E.A. 411. 
 Abatement of bastardy proceeding. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1167. 
 
 § 3. — action for personal injury or 
 death. 
 
 Effect of statute declaring a cause of action 
 for death survivable to render it as- 
 signable. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 Law governing survival of cause of action 
 for personal injury. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 756. 
 
 Does statutory action for virongful deatli 
 survive to personal representatives of 
 original beneficiary. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 844. 
 
 Survival of action against township for in- 
 jury by defects in highway. 13 L.R.-4. 
 (N.S.) 1243. i 
 
 Survival of action, or cause of action, foir 
 wrongful death upon decease of wrong- 
 doer. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1157. 
 
 Does husband's action for damages sustained 
 by him on account of personal injury 
 to wife abate by his own death or tha,t 
 of the wrongdoer. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.;) 
 570. 
 
 § 4. Dissolution of corporation. 
 
 Abatement of action by or against corpora- 
 tion, in the absence of a saving stat- 
 ute, by dissolution or expiration of 
 charter. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 446. 
 
 § 5. By other actions pending. 
 
 Action on policy as bar to action to re- 
 form it. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 
 Pendency of suit for divorce or separation 
 as bar to another suit in the same 
 state. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 83. 
 
 § 6. — suit in other state. 
 
 Suits for divorce in different states. 59 
 L.R.A. 187. 
 
 Recovery of judgment for exempt claim 
 pending garnishment proceedings in an- 
 other state. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1154. 
 
 Abatement of action on insurance policy 
 by reason of pendency of action in 
 foreign jurisdiction on the policy. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 405. 
 
 § 7- — Federal or state court. 
 
 Pendency of actions in both state and Fed- 
 eral courts sitting in the same 
 state. 42 L.R.A. 449. 
 Cases holding that the pendency of suit 
 is no defense. 42 L.R.A. 449. 
 Where the parties are different. 
 42 L.R.A. 450. 
 Actions against one of several 
 obligors. 42 L.R.A. 450. 
 Actions to foreclose mortgages. 
 
 42 L.R.A. 451. 
 Actions by bondholders. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 4S2. 
 Miscellaneous actions. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 453. 
 Suits affected by garnishment. 
 42 L.E.A. 455. 
 Conmilt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ABATEMENT AND EEVIVAI^-cont'd 
 
 Where the parties in one are par- 
 ties or privies to the other. 
 42 L.R.A. 455. 
 Where the pending suit has been 
 
 dismissed. 42 L.R.A. 459. 
 In matters of insolvency, adminis- 
 tration, and probate proceed- 
 ings. 42 L.R.A. 460. 
 Admiralty cases. 42 L.R.A. 462. 
 Cases liolding that the pendency of suit 
 is a defense. 42 L.R.A.462. 
 Pendency in Federal court of action in 
 personam removed from state court as 
 affecting right to commence new action 
 upon same cause of action in the state 
 court. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 
 § 8. Revival. 
 
 On death of party. 1 L.R.A. 40.* 
 
 On death of sole plaintiff. 1 L.R.A. 572.* 
 
 Revivor of action for death or bodily in- 
 jury in other state. 56 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 Title of purchaser at judicial sale as affect- 
 ed by want of revivor. 21 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Law governing revival of cause of action 
 for personal injury. 5 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 756. 
 
 Exclusiveness of particular statutory meth- 
 od for revival of action. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 576. 
 At common law and under Codes. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 576. 
 Inequity. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 578. 
 
 Right to revive suit and continue same 
 against foreign representative of a de- 
 ceased defendant over whom jurisdic- 
 tion was obtained in his lifetime. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 632. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 See Name, § 3. 
 
 ■♦« » 
 
 ABDUCTION. 
 
 Of criminal as defense to prosecution. 15 
 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 68 L.R.A. 50. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter for chastity in prosecution for, 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 725. 
 
 Effect of defendant's mistake as to age of 
 girL 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 
 Right of one wrongfully brought into juris- 
 diction to be released on habeas corpus^ 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 225. 
 
 ABERRATION. 
 
 Temporary aberration as proof of testamen- 
 tary incapacity. 27 L.R.A. (N.i^.) 94. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ABETTING. 
 
 In commission of crime, see Criminal Law, 
 § 25. 
 
 Validity of contract made for purpose of 
 abetting public enemy. 12 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 606. 
 
 AB INITIO. 
 
 Does subsequent wrongful act by one wlio 
 enters premises under license of owner 
 or occupier, malie liim a trespasser ab 
 irUtiof 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 442. 
 
 « «» 
 
 ABRIDGMENT. 
 
 As infringement of common-law right in 
 intellectual productions. 51 L.E.A. 
 378. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 ABSCONDING DEBTORS. 
 
 As nonresidents for purpose of attachment. 
 
 19 L.E.A. 668. 
 Attachment against. 30 L.E.A. 470. 
 
 ABSENCE. 
 
 Presumption of deatli from, see Evidence, 
 § 30. 
 
 Effect of, on running- of limitations, see Lim- 
 itation OF Actions, § 46. 
 Begin jiilli this booh on every ic" 
 
 ABOLISHING OFFICE. 
 
 See OFriCERS, § 21. 
 
 *-»-• 
 
 ABORTION. 
 
 Homicide in commission of or attempt to 
 commit, see Homicide, § 10. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 
 68 L.E.A. 42, 49, 70. 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 
 62 L.E.A. 229. 
 
 Admissibility of dying declarations in 
 prosecution for homicide by commis- 
 sion of, or attempt to commit, abortion. 
 
 63 L.E.A. 916. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of one upon 
 whom an abortion is committed, against 
 ' others charged with complicity therein. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1084. 
 
 Instigating offense as defense to prosecu- 
 tion. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 954. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 
 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 333. 
 
 ABSENCE— cont'd 
 
 Of accused, see Cbiminal Law, § 46. 
 
 Of judge during trial, see Trial, § 3. 
 
 Absence from state as operating to renew 
 mortgage debt. 55 L.E.A. 685. 
 
 Right to exclude pupil from school for. 41 
 L.E.A. 597. 
 
 Of juror, agreement of remaining jurors to 
 verdict. 43 L.E.A. 69. 
 
 Of maker of note as excuse for delay in en- 
 forcing liability. 18 L.E.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 
 Absence of accused from territorial juris- 
 diction at time of offense as affecting 
 jurisdiction of the offense. 33 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 331. 
 
 ABSENTEE. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes providing for 
 administration of estate of. 4 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 944. 
 
 Exhaustion of remedy as to nonresident or 
 absent debtor as condition precedent 
 to creditor's bill. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 ABSOI/UTE DEED. 
 
 As mortgage, see Mortgage, § 15. 
 
 •»» 
 
 ABSTRACT BOOKS. 
 
 Eight to copy real-estate records for pur- 
 pose of compiling independent set of. 
 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 545. 
 
 ABSTRACTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Eight of abstracters to inspect records. 27 
 L.E.A. 82. 
 
 Eight to copy real-estate records for pur- 
 poses of compiling independent set of 
 abstract books. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 545. 
 
 Master's rights in respect to abstracts made 
 by employee. . 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1190. 
 
 Tender of abstract of title as condition of 
 enforcing forfeiture for vendee's fail- 
 ure to pay last instalment of purchase 
 money. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 
 Eight of purchaser to relv on. 38 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 8. 
 
 § 2. Negliffence In making or examin- 
 ing. 
 
 Liability of attorney to client for mistake 
 in examination of titles. 52 L.E.A. 
 889. 
 Liabilitv of officer for defects in. 22 L.E.A. 
 
 99.' 
 Liabilitv of title abstracter. 12 L.E.A. 
 ' (X.S.) 449: 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1207; 
 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 176. 
 Generallv. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 449. 
 
A. NOTES. 
 
 ABSTRACTS— cont'd 
 
 Privity of contract. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 452. 
 Statute of limitations. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 454; .15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 160. 
 
 --*—-*- 
 
 ABSURDITY. 
 
 Belief in. as insane delusion. 37 L.R.A. 
 267. 
 
 Offense of obtaining money by false preten- 
 ses as affected by absurdity of represen- 
 tations made. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 369. 
 
 ABUSE. 
 
 Of process, see Abuse of Pkocess. 
 
 Of discretion, see Appeal and Erkoh, § 29; 
 
 Discretion. 
 Of passenger, see Carbieks, §§ lO-loa. 
 
 Of defendant by prosecuting attorney in ar- 
 gument. 46 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 Provocation by, of difficulty in which homi- 
 cide occurs. 45 L.R.A. 701. 
 
 Right of officer to arrest without warrant 
 for abusive language. 13 L.R.A. 'N.S.) 
 881. 
 
 Abuse forcing spouse to leave marital home 
 as desertion. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 615. 
 
 Abusive language as justification for as- 
 sault on passenger by train employee. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.R.) 280.' 
 
 Abusive statements by person causing acci- 
 dent made sometime thereafter as res 
 gestce. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 
 ABUSE OF PROCESS. 
 
 Extent of recovery for, see Damages, 
 
 §§ 16a, 55. 
 Liability for wrongful levy, see Levy and 
 
 Seizure, IV. 
 
 Action for. 4 L.R.A. 256.* 
 
 Effect of malice on liability for. 62 L.R.A. 
 721. 
 
 Whether executor or administrator to be 
 sued in personal or representative ca- 
 pacity for. 51 L.E.A. 266. 
 
 Liability of officer who uses criminal proc- 
 ess to collect a debt. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 301. 
 
 Liability for procuring judgment on spuri- 
 ous claim and enforcing same against 
 judgment debtor's property. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1112. 
 
 Municipal liability for wrongful legal pro- 
 ceedings instituted by its officers for its 
 benefit. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 34. 
 
 ABUTTING OWNERS. 
 
 Adjoining owners, see Adjoining Owner. 
 Measure of compensation to, see Damages, 
 §§ 89, 90. 
 ConstiJt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ABUTTING OWNERS— cont'd 
 
 Injury to, by elevated railroad, see Elevat- 
 ed Railroads, § 2. 
 
 Right to compensation on use of highway 
 for additional purpose, see Eminent 
 DoirAiN, §§ 55-57. 
 
 Allowance to, in eminent domain, see Dam- 
 ages, §§ '89, 90. 
 
 Rights in highway, see Highways, §§ 11- 
 14, 27. 
 
 Rights of railways in street as to, see 
 Highways, § 27 ; Street Railways, 
 §4. 
 
 Rights of, on vacation of highway, see 
 Highways, § 111. 
 
 Liability for public improvements, see 
 Highways, § 47 ; Public Improve- 
 ments. 
 
 Municipal liability for injuries due to acts 
 or omissions of, see Highways, §§ 61, 
 62. 
 
 Liability of, generally, see Highways, §§ 
 80-86. 
 
 Liability to, for grading or changing grade 
 of street, see Highways, §§ 51, 53. 
 
 Rights of, as to toll bridges. 58 L.R.A. 157. 
 Duty of, as to levees. 58 L.R.A. 759. 
 Duty of municipality to keep street water 
 
 off from abutting property. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 252. 
 Right of abutting owner held liable for tort 
 
 to contribution or indemnity from one 
 
 actually responsible for its commission. 
 
 49 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1150. 
 
 ACCELERATION. 
 
 Of maturity of mortgage, see Mortgage, 
 
 § 65. 
 Of flow of surface water, see Waters, § 65. 
 By election against will, see Wills, § 115. 
 
 Effect of provision accelerating maturity as 
 affecting negotiability of bills and 
 notes. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 390. 
 
 Effect of provision for, in mortgage or note 
 to start statute of limitations running. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1190. 
 
 Provability in bankruptcy of claim under 
 provision accelerating future rents in 
 case of default. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 270. 
 
 ACCEPTANCE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of part payment in full, see Accord .4nd 
 
 Satisfaction. 
 Of assignment for creditors, necessity, see 
 
 Assignment for Creditors, § 4. 
 Of bill of exchange, see Bills and Notes, 
 
 §§ 24, 25. 
 Of offer, see Contracts, §§ 22, 23. 
 Of work, see Contracts, §§ 130, 139. 
 Of dedication, see Dedication, § 7. 
 Of deed, see Deeds, § 9. 
 Of guaranty, see Guaranty. 
 Of highway, see Highways, § 6. 
 Of insurance policy, see Insurance, § 38. 
 
6 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTKS. 
 
 ACCEPTANCE— cont'd 
 
 Of tenant's surrender of premises, see Land- 
 
 LOBD AND Tenant, § 30. 
 Of office, see Officebs, § 15. 
 Of resignation of office, see Officers, § 19. 
 Of property sold, see Sale, §§ 21-25. 
 Waiver of breach of warranty by, see Sale, 
 
 § 59. 
 Of devise or bequest, see Wills, §§ 110- 
 
 115. 
 
 Of conditional pardon. 14 L.R.A. 287. 
 
 Of privilege of using street. 50 L.R.A. 
 148. 
 
 Of ferry license. 59 L.E.A. 533. 
 
 Of water furnished to municipality. 61 
 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 Of bond in Federal Supreme Court. 66 
 L.R.A. 860. 
 
 Kstoppel to deny acceptance of replevin 
 bond which has served its purpose. 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 751. 
 
 Implied contract for through carriage by ac- 
 ceptance of through shipment. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 5. 
 
 Of lease by receiver or assignee of creditors 
 of lessee. 59 L.R.A. 676. 
 
 \'psting of title to leasehold in lessee's trus- 
 tee in bankruptcy as independent on ac- 
 ceptance by trustee. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 745. 
 
 By principal of purchaser of real estate 
 found by broker. 44 L.R.A. 616. 
 
 Effect of acceptance by purchaser where 
 stipulations as to title in executory con- 
 tract are dissimilar from those in sub- 
 sequently executed conveyance. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 459. 
 
 Statute of limitations applicable to action 
 to enforce implied promise arising from 
 acceptance of devise chargeable with 
 payment of legacy. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 393. 
 
 § 2. Of service o( process. 
 
 Of service of process as affecting right to 
 injunction. 31 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 Effect of acceptance of service of process by 
 publication or personally outside of 
 state. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1279. 
 
 *«» 
 
 ACCESS. 
 
 § I. To highway. 
 
 Interference with, as taking of property, see 
 Eminent Domain, § 44. 
 
 Interference with access to highway from 
 part of parcel not taken by taking of 
 another part as element of damages in 
 condemnation. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 385. 
 
 Abutter's right to compensation for inter- 
 ference with by railroad in street. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 736, 764. 
 
 Right of abutting owner to damages for 
 special injuries by interference with in- 
 gress and egress where street railway 
 is not considered an additional burden. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1267. 
 
 Injunction as proper remedy to protect 
 right to ingress and egress from street 
 to abutting property. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 193. 
 Begin iptth this book on every law 
 
 ACCESS— cont'd 
 
 Eight of property owner whose means of ac- 
 cess from one direction is shut off or 
 interfered with by closing of adjoining 
 street or portion of street upon which 
 he is situated. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 269; 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 
 § 2. Miscellaneous. 
 
 Easement of, generally, see Easements. 
 To water, see Wateks, §§ 10, 11. 
 
 Landlord's liability as to condition of. 23 
 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 ACCESSION AND CONFUSION. 
 
 Of logs in jam. 3 L.R.A. 408.* 
 Title by accession to crops, fruit, and tim- 
 ber wrongfully severed. 32 L.R.A. 
 422. 
 General doctrine. 32 L.R.A. 422. 
 When severed under bona fide belief of 
 
 title. 32 L.R.A. 423. 
 When severed and converted with 
 
 wrongful intent. 32 L.R.A. 424. 
 Distinguishable though changed or 
 
 mixed. 32 L.R.A. 429. 
 When article changed by process. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 430. 
 Position of purchaser. 32 L.R.A. 432. 
 When title in or derived from the 
 states or the United States. 32 
 L.R.A. 433. 
 Trust in proceeds of collection by insol- 
 vent bank where proceeds have been 
 mixed with its own funds. 32 L.R.A. 
 719. 
 Replevin for undivided interest in com- 
 mingled goods. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 270. 
 Does chattel mortgage on domestic animals 
 cover their increase when not men- 
 tioned therein. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 431. 
 Rights and remedies of owner of standing 
 timber which has been manufactured 
 into lumber after expiration of time 
 stipulated for removal. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 552. 
 Lien on property of bankrupt of one whose 
 funds are wrongfully used in purchas- 
 ing it. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 876. 
 
 ACCESSORY, 
 
 See Cbiminal Law, § 26. 
 
 ACCIDENT. 
 
 In general, see Negligence. 
 
 To passenger, see Carriers, III. 
 
 To person on highway, see Highways, VI; 
 
 Negligence, §§ 24-28. 
 To insured, see Insurance, VIII. c, 2. 
 To person on railroad track, see Railroads, 
 
 VII. 
 To ])erson on street railway track, see 
 
 Street Railways, IV. b. 
 question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ACCIDENT— cont'd 
 
 As defense to criminal prosecution, see 
 Criminal Law, § 35. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from occurrence 
 of, see Evidence, III. g. 
 
 Evidence of precautions after, see Evidence, 
 § 270. 
 
 Evidence of other accidents, see Evidence, 
 § 273. 
 
 Evidence of condition before and after acci- 
 dent, see Evidence, § 274. 
 
 Homicide by, see Homicide, § 14. 
 
 As ground for relief from judgment by de- 
 fault, see Judgment, § 94. 
 
 Proximate cause of, see Pboximate Cattse. 
 
 See also Act of God. 
 
 What is. 9 L.E.A. 685.* 
 
 Escape and explosion of gas generated by. 
 29 L.E.A. 359. 
 
 Imputing to employer knowledge of proba- 
 ble future accidents. 41 L.E.A. 55. 
 
 Tenant's implied obligation as to damages 
 by. 64 L.E.A. 657. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of estate 
 due to accident. 69 L.E.A. 849. 
 
 As ground for enforcement in equity of 
 grantee's oral promise to grantor to 
 hold in trust. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 928. 
 
 Increased liability for, as element of dam- 
 ages for laving out street across rail- 
 way property- 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1232. 
 
 Probative effect of admission by party of re- 
 .Hponsibility for. 15 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1096. 
 
 ACCIDENTAL INJURY. 
 
 As an assault. 14 L.E.A. 227. 
 
 ACCIDENTAL MEANS. 
 
 Death of insured by, see Insurance, J 165. 
 ■»»» 
 
 ACCIDENT INSURANCE. 
 
 See Insurance. 
 
 < »» 
 
 ACCOMMODATION PAPER. 
 
 See Bills and Notes, §§ 74-77. 
 
 ♦»» 
 
 ACCOMMODATIONS. 
 At Inn or hotels, see Innkeepers. 
 
 *—* 
 
 ACCOMPLICE. 
 
 Liability for acts of, see Criminal Law, 
 
 §27. 
 Who are accomplices, see Criminal Law, 
 
 § 28. 
 ConftiOt aJuo L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ACCOMPLICE— cont'd 
 
 Effect of agreement for immunity of ac- 
 complice testifying for prosecution, see 
 Criminal Law, § 34. 
 
 Corroboration of, see Evidence, § 321. 
 
 Weight of self -contradictory testimony of, 
 see Evidence, § 322. 
 
 Competency of, as witness, see Witnesses, 
 § 11. 
 
 Basing indictment upon testimony of. 28 
 L.R.A. 319. 
 
 Evidence as to character of. 20 L.E.A. 614. 
 
 Effect of testimony of, to require instruc- 
 tion of law of circumstantial evidence. 
 69 L.E.A. 211. 
 
 ACCORD AND SATISFACTION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to compromise, see Compromise and Set- 
 tlement. 
 As to payment in general, see Payment. 
 
 Defined ; what constitutes. 11 L.E.A. 712.* 
 Distinction between novation and accord 
 
 executory. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1134. 
 Of pastor's claim for salary. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 689. 
 Of partly performed contract for services. 
 
 24 L.E.A. 233. 
 Necessity of new consideration. 11 L.E.A. 
 
 711.* 
 Certification of check as release of drawer 
 
 or indorser. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698; 29 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 205. 
 Acceptance of principal sum as affecting 
 
 right to interest. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 588. 
 
 § 2. By third person. 
 
 With one joint tort feasor, effect on liability 
 
 of other. 58 L.E.A. 300. 
 Effect of payment of debt by a volunteer or 
 
 stranger to the original undertaking. 
 
 23 L.E.A. 120. 
 
 § 3. By part payment. 
 
 Payment of part of a liquidated ap'Ti undis- 
 puted debt as a consideration for the 
 discharge of the whole, see Contracts, 
 § 12. 
 
 By part payment. 20 L.E.A. 785. 
 General principles. 20 L.E.A. 785. 
 Eeceipts. 20 L.E.A. 787. 
 Consideration. 20 L.E.A. 788. 
 Liquidated demands. 20 L.R.A. 789. 
 Payment less interest. 20 L.R.A. 789. 
 Pavment before the debt is due, etc. 
 
 ' 20 L.R.A. 790. 
 Payment of costs and expenses. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 790. 
 Debtors's note or check. 20 L.R.A. 791. 
 Further security. 20 L.R.A. 792. 
 The surrender and cancelation of note. 
 
 20 L.E.A. 792. 
 Other than money. 20 L.R.A. 792. 
 Paynn»nt by third party. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 794. 
 Disputed claim. 20 L.R.A. 795. 
 Composition arrangements. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 802. 
 
8 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ACCORD AXD SATISFACTION— cont'd 
 Unliquidated demands. 20 L.E.A. 805. 
 Effect of insolvency of debtor. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 808. 
 No consideration. 20 L.R.A. 808. 
 Statutory provisions. 20 L.R.A. 81]. 
 
 By stranger or volunteer. 23 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Acceptance of remittance of part of the 
 amount of an unliquidated or disputed 
 claim, accompanied with the statement 
 that it is "in full," or words of simi- 
 lar import, as assent to its receipt in 
 full payment. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 443; 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 439. 
 
 Right of town, county or municipality to 
 surrender valid claim on partial pay- 
 ment thereof. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 320. 
 
 § 4, —acceptance of partial allowance 
 of claim by public body. 
 
 Introductory. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 112. 
 Claims against the United States. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 112. 
 Where the claim is liquidated. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 112. 
 Unliquidated or disputed claims in gen- 
 eral. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 113. 
 Claims for rent of land or vessels. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 Claims against other bodies. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S;) 116. 
 Liquidated claims. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 116. 
 Unliquidated or disputed claims. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 116. 
 In general — intent. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 116. 
 Illustrations. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 Claims against states. 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 Claims against counties. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 118. 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 118. 
 Particular statutes. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 119. 
 Claims against cities, etc. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.). 119. 
 Claims for statutory salary "or pay. 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 121. 
 Splitting demands. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 121. 
 Miscellaneous. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 121. 
 
 ACCOUNTANT. 
 
 Stockholder's right to assistance of, in in- 
 specting corporate books. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 197. 
 
 <»» 
 
 ACCOUNT BOOKS. 
 
 Evidence of contents of, see Evidence, § 120. 
 As evidence, see Evidence, §§ 139-144. 
 
 Of public officers, right to inspect. 27 
 L.R.A. 83. 
 
 Contemporary promise of one person to pay 
 charge in account book, where benefit 
 enures to another, as a promise to an- 
 swer for a default of another within 
 statute of frauds. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 224. 
 
 I ACCOUNT BOOKS— cont'd 
 Assumption of debts on dissolution of 
 partnership by entries on books of new 
 firm. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 65. 
 
 ACCOUNTING. 
 
 § 1, Generally. 
 
 Between cotenants. see Cotenancy, § 8. 
 By personal representative, see Executors 
 
 AND Administratoes, §§ 50-53. 
 Between partners, see Partneksiiip, §§ 50, 
 
 51. 
 By receiver, see Receivers, § 24. 
 By trustee, see Trusts, § 31. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of. 66 L.E.A. 235. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity over suits for account- 
 ing with respect to real property in 
 another state or country. 69 L.R.A. 
 691; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924. 
 
 For trust in gold or silver. 29 L.R.A. 523. 
 
 Necessity for, as ground for injunction 
 against judgment. 31 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 As against persons not in being. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 69. 
 
 Right of policy holder to an accounting by 
 insurer, 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 559. 
 
 Duty to account for lasting articles under 
 bequest of chattels for life. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 486. 
 
 Right of ward to maintain common-law 
 action of account against guardian. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789. 
 
 Officer's duty to account for money or prop- 
 erty recovered as result of litigation. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 697. 
 
 Liability of public officer to sureties of 
 another public Officer for loss sustained 
 by them through former's neglect to 
 require proper settlement of accounts. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 115. 
 
 § 2. By or to mortgagee. 
 
 By mortgagee. 9 L.R.A. 678.* 
 
 Effect of provision for accounting to mort- 
 gagee in chattel mortgage of stock of 
 merchandise containing provision giving 
 possession and power of sale to mort- 
 gagor. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1187. 
 
 ACCOUNTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Account books as evidence, see Evidence, 
 §§ 139-144. 
 
 Running of limitations upon, see Limita- 
 tion OP Actions, §§ 29, 30. 
 
 Compulsory reference in actions involving, 
 see Reference, § 2a. 
 
 Future; mortgage or assignment of. 14 
 L.R.A. 126. 
 
 Manner of pledging or assigning book ac- 
 count. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 666. 
 
 Outstanding accounts as property or credit 
 subject to taxation. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 60. 
 
 Begin with this hook, on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 9 
 
 ACCOUNTS— cont'd 
 
 Right of ward to maintain common-law ac- 
 tion of account against guardian. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789. 
 
 What constitutes a certification of, as re- 
 quired by fidelity bond or contract. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 323. 
 
 Right to sue upon separate items of ac- 
 count for goods sold upon stated periods 
 of credit. 13 L.R.A.(X.S.) 529. 
 
 Injunction against sale under power in mort- 
 gage because overstatement in disputed 
 or complicated accounts. 35 L.E.A. 
 (X.S.)910. 
 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 jurisdiction on judgments and orders 
 confirming accounts. 36 L.E.A (N.S.) 
 982. 
 
 § 2. Accounts stated. 
 
 Consent to, see Consent, § 3. 
 Element of time in, see Time, § 7. 
 
 What constitutes an account stated. 27 
 L.R.A. 811. 
 General definitions. 27 L.R.A. 811. 
 Illustrations of what have been held 
 tn be accounts stated.- 27 L.R.A. 
 813. 
 The balance must be definitely fixed. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 814. 
 The creditor must be definite. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 814. 
 Must be of a subsisting debt. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 814. 
 Need not be signed. 27 L.R.A. 815. 
 May be oral. 27 L.R.A. 81.5. 
 Vouchers need not be surrendered. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 815. 
 With third person. 27 L.R.A. 815. 
 Agreement must be reached. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 816. 
 Character of account necessary. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 818. 
 Who may state accounts. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 819. 
 Effect to change contract or create debt. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 821. 
 Subsequent events. 27 L.R.A. 821. 
 Retention of rendered account. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 821. 
 Time necessary. 27 L.R.A. 823. 
 Mere delivery not sufficient. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 824. 
 Effect of objection. 27 L.R.A. 824. 
 To whom applicable. 27 L.R.A. 824. 
 Death or cessation of dealing. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 825. 
 Balance brought forward. 27 L.R.A. 825. 
 The claim must be clear. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 825. 
 Admission of debt. 27 L.R.A. 825. 
 Question for court or jury. 27 L.R.A. 
 825. 
 Effect of. 4 L.R.A. 503.' 
 Effect of acquiescence in. 4 L.R.A. 305.* 
 Equitable jurisdiction over stated accounts. 
 
 4 L.R.A. 504." 
 Opening up settled account. 4 L.R.A. 505.* 
 Correction of mistake and readjustment. 
 4 L.R.A. 504.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. nif/ests to date. 
 
 ACCOUNTS— cont'd 
 
 Effect of retaining statement of account to 
 render it an account stated. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 334. 
 The general rule. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 335. 
 Requisites of account rendered. 2!i 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 338. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33S. 
 Form of statement. 29 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 339. 
 Persons between whom the rule applies. 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 340. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) .340. 
 As against minor. 29 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 340. 
 As against executor or adminis- 
 trator. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 340. 
 As between husband and wife. ■!'.) 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 341. 
 As between persons in confidential 
 relations. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 341. 
 As between partners. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 341. 
 Reasonable time as question for court 
 
 or jury. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 341. 
 Length of time necessary. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 341. 
 Sufficiency of objection. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 345. 
 Applicabilitv of rule. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 346'. 
 Where account barred by statute of 
 limitations. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 346. 
 Where no liability exists. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 346. 
 Where parties have previously dis- 
 agreed. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.)' 347. 
 Where special contract exists. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 347. 
 Where earlier account has been 
 rendered. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 347. 
 Miscellaneous. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 347. 
 Operation of rule. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 348. 
 The presumption of correctness. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 348. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 34,S. 
 Effect on burden of proof. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 348. 
 The presumption of assent. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 348. 
 As open to rebuttal. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 348. 
 Inherent force. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 349. 
 Effect of statement of amount due on in- 
 strument for payment of money to sus- 
 tain action as on stated account. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1237. 
 Right to defend action on stated account 
 by showing breach of contract on which 
 founded. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 Effect of dispute as to certain items of ijn 
 account upon assent to other items. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924. 
 Conclusiveness of stated or settled account 
 containing inaccuracy or error in 
 method of mathematical calcula- 
 tion. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 787. 
 
10 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ACCOUNTS— cont'd 
 
 Inaccurate computations. 
 
 (N.S.) 788. 
 Error of method or basis- 
 
 (N.S.) 788. 
 Interest. 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 Compound interest. 
 
 (N.S.) 790. 
 Usurious interest. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 790. 
 
 23 L.R.A. 
 
 23 L.R.A. 
 
 789. 
 
 23 L.R.A. 
 
 ACCOUNT STATED. 
 
 See Accounts, § 2. 
 
 * »» 
 
 ACCRETION, 
 
 See Wateks, §§ 22, 41. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 ACCRUED BENEFITS. 
 
 Application of dues or assessments accru- 
 ing on benefit certificate. 55 L.R.A. 
 605. 
 
 ACCRUED INTEREST. 
 
 As part of par value with prohibition 
 against sale of bonds at less than par. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789. 
 
 ACCUMULATED INTEREST. 
 
 Right in case of renewal of loan to compute 
 interest on basis of including accumu- 
 lated interest as part of principal of 
 renewal. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 612. 
 
 ACCUMULATIONS. 
 
 Taxation of, as part of capital stock of cor- 
 poration. 58 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 Effect of direction for, on validity of chari- 
 table gift. 2 B. R. C. 880. 
 
 Eight of estate of one entitled by will or 
 statute to an allowance for support 
 and maintenance to accumulation un- 
 drawn and unexpended at time of her 
 death. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 997. 
 
 Effect of provision for, on time for ascer- 
 taining member of class described as 
 testator's "heirs," "next of kin," "re- 
 lations," etc., to whom estate in real 
 or personal property is limited by way 
 of remainder or executory gift. 33 
 , L.R.A.(N.S.) 12. 
 
 Recovery by administrator In action for 
 benefit of estate of probable accumula- 
 tions of deceased as damages for his 
 death. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 451. 
 Begin with this Jtook on every law 
 
 ACCUMULATIONS— cont'd 
 
 Right on dissolution of benefit association 
 or local branch thereof to funds volun- 
 tarily accumulated by the branch to be 
 expended solely for benefit of its mem- 
 bers. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 336. 
 
 ACCUSED. 
 
 Character of, see Chabactek, § 2a. 
 Protection of, on criminal prosecution, see 
 
 Cbiminal Law, §§ 43-54. 
 Presence of, at trial, see Cbiminal Law, 
 
 § 46. 
 Admissibility in evidence of things taken 
 
 from, see Evidence, § 153. 
 Confession by, see Evidence, §§ 207-214. 
 Surrender by, see Suekender, § 2. 
 Cross-examination of, see Witnesses, § 37. 
 
 Right of court to caution jury as to be- 
 lieving testimony of accused in his own 
 behalf. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802. 
 
 Admissibility in behalf of accused of extra- 
 judicial confession of stranger. 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 345. 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 To toll statute of limitations, see Limita- 
 tion OP Actions, §§ 68-71. 
 
 By payee, in indorsement of liability as 
 maker. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 400. 
 
 Of deed executed by attorney in fact or 
 agent. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 823. 
 
 Leaving blank for name of party in certifi- 
 cate of acknowledgment. 19 L.R.A. 
 279. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 
 SuflSciency of evidence to impeach certifi- 
 cate of acknowledgment of deed. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 442. 
 
 Effect of defective acknowledgment on 
 marketability of title. 38 L.R.A. ( N. S. ) 
 20. 
 
 Right to attach certificate of acknowledg- 
 ment after date of acknowledgment. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 216. 
 
 § 2. Who may take. 
 
 Right of interested persons to take acknowl- 
 edgment. 33 L.R.A. 332. 
 
 Parties to instruments. 33 L.R.A. 332. 
 
 Parties in interest, not parties to the 
 instruments. 33 L.R.A. 336. 
 
 Agents, attorneys, and officers of cor- 
 porations. 33 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Relatives of parties. 33 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 Acknowledgment before a stockholder or 
 
 officer of a corporation which is a 
 
 party to the instrument. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 fN.S.) inT.T: 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 375. 
 
 Stockholders of corporations. 23 L1.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1075. 
 qxwstion. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 II 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT— cont'd 
 
 Record of Instrument so acknowledged 
 
 as notice. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1077; 
 
 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 376. 
 
 Officers of corporation. 23 L.K.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1078. 
 
 Validity of acknowledgment of deed of trust 
 
 taken by trustee. 16 L.R.A. 719. 
 Power of consul to take acknowledgment of 
 deeds and powers of attorney. 45 
 L.R.A. 499. 
 
 § 3. Sufficiency; necessity. 
 
 Sufficiency of abbreviation to show official 
 character of officer. 14 L.K.A. 815. 
 
 Substantial compliance with statute suffi- 
 cient; omission in caption not to in- 
 validate; presumption as to official 
 character of justice of the peace. 10 
 L.E.A. 857.* 
 
 Effect of grammatical defects in certificates 
 of acknowledgment. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 643. 
 
 Of deed by married woman. 3 L.R.A. 826;' 
 11 L.R.A. 193.* 
 
 Validity of acknowledgment taken over tele- 
 phone. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 358. 
 
 Tax deed as color of title where acknowl- 
 edffment is defective. 11 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 780. 
 
 Necessity for acknowledging assignment 
 for creditors as against attaching credi- 
 j tor. 26 L.R.A. 594. 
 
 § 4. Correcting or curing defects. 
 
 How informality cured. 10 L.R.A. 857.* 
 
 Eight to correct certificate of acknowledg- 
 ment after date of acknowledgment. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 216. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute validating. 22 
 L.R.A. 382. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes curing defect- 
 ive acknowledgments of conveyances of 
 real property. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1076. 
 
 § 5. Impeachment of. 
 
 Impeachment of certificate of acknowl- 
 edgment. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1161. 
 Scope and introduction. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1161. 
 Grounds of impeachment. 41 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 1163. 
 Fraud, duress, or imposition. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1169. 
 No separate examination of mar- 
 ried woman. 41 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 1172. 
 No acknowledgment at all by per- 
 son in question. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1173. 
 Jurisdiction of officer. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1175. 
 A» to matters certified, but not re- 
 quired. 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1176. 
 Degree of proof required. 41 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1176. 
 Testimony of grantor uncorroborat- 
 ed. '41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1178. 
 Testimony of grantor corroborated. 
 
 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1179. 
 Self-impeaching testimony of offi- 
 cer. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 AOQtTAINTANCE. 
 
 As essential to nonexpert opinion as to san- 
 ity or insanity. 38 L.R.A. 729. 
 
 ACQUIESCENCE. 
 
 Estoppel by, see Estoppel, §§ ]8~'26. 
 
 In boundary line. 21 L.R.A. 834. 
 Liability of corporate directors for acts in 
 
 excess of their powers as aft'ected by. 
 
 55 L.R.A. 761. 
 In servant's violation of rules promulgated 
 
 for conduct of business. 43 L.R.A. 368. 
 By employee in taking out of patent by his 
 
 employer. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1179. 
 Effect of acquiescence in adjudication on 
 
 right to appeal therefrom. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 27. 
 In violation of injunction as justification 
 
 therefor. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 By creditor in assumption of debts on dis- 
 solution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 83. 
 
 ACQUITTAL. 
 
 Former acquittal as a bar, see Criminal 
 Law, §§ 59-64. 
 
 As evidence of want of probable cause for 
 prosecution, see Malicious Prosecu- 
 tion, § 7. 
 
 For other crime, effect on admissibility of 
 evidence of such crime. 62 L.R.A. 342. 
 
 Termination of criminal prosecution by, so 
 as to support a suit for malicious 
 prosecution. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 929. 
 
 ACQUITTANCE. 
 
 Forgery by making or altering. 64 L.E.A. 
 796. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 ACTION IN REM. 
 
 See Pboceedinq in Reu. 
 
 » « » 
 
 ACTION ON THE CASE. 
 See Case. 
 
 ♦-.-♦ 
 
 ACTION OR SUIT. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-6. 
 IJ. When right of action accrues 
 generally, § 7. 
 III. Conditions precedent, §§ S-11. 
 ir. Defenses, §§ 13-16. 
 
12 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 ACTION OR SUIT— cont'd 
 
 )'. Splittiny; succctssive actions, 
 
 § n. 
 
 TI. Joinder, §§ IS, 19. 
 ril. Stay, § 30. 
 VIII. Commencement, § 21. 
 
 I. 7)1 general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Abandonment of. see Aba^-donment, § 2. 
 
 Abatement and revival, see Abatement and 
 Revival. 
 
 Appearance in, see Appeabance. 
 
 Compromise of, see Compromise and Set- 
 tlement. 
 
 Jurisdiction of, see Courts. 
 
 Dismissal or discontinuance of, see Dis- 
 missal AND DiSCONTINUAN.CE. 
 
 Election of remedy, see Election oe Reme- 
 dies. 
 
 Against estate of decedent, see Executobs 
 AND Administbatoks, §§ 58, 61. 
 
 Guardian's power over, see Guardian and 
 Ward, § 9. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §§ 40- 
 46. 
 
 Limitation of, see Limitation of Actions. 
 
 Interruption of statute of limitations by, 
 see Limitation of Actions, §§ 63, 64. 
 
 Municipal liability for acts of officers or 
 agents in instituting, see Municipal 
 
 COEPORATIONS, § 84. 
 
 Parties to, see Parties. 
 
 Private action, see Private Action. 
 
 Removal of, see Removal of Causes. 
 
 Replevin suits, see Replevin. 
 
 Effect of repeal of statute on, see Statutes, 
 § 34. 
 
 Enforcement of tax by action, see Taxes, 
 § 69. 
 
 Trial of, see Trial. 
 
 Venue, see Venue. 
 
 As to service of process, see Writ and Proc- 
 ess, II. 
 
 Privilege from suit, see Writ and Process, 
 §§ 30-37, 
 
 On assignment, see Assignment, § 15. 
 
 On bill or note, see Bills and Notes, §§ 61- 
 72. 
 
 On contract, see Contracts, VII. 
 
 To recover tax, see Taxes, ,§§ 86, 87. 
 
 To recover legacy, see Wills, § 107. 
 
 To construe will, see Wills, §§ 130, 131. 
 
 By attorney general, see Attorney Gen- 
 eral. 
 
 By stockholders, see Corpoeations, § 98. 
 
 By foreign corporation, see Coeporations, 
 §§ 149-151. 
 
 By executor or administrator, see ExEClJ- 
 toks and Administratobs, §§ 57, 61. 
 
 By ward against guardian, see Guardian 
 and Ward, § 15. 
 
 By or between husband and wife, see Hus- 
 band AND Wife, VI. 
 
 By or against infant, see Infants, V. 
 
 By or against incompetent person, see In- 
 competent Persons, §§ 18-20. 
 
 By or against municipality, see Municipal 
 Corporations, § 2a. 
 
 By, against, or between partners, see Part- 
 nership, §§ 52-57. 
 
 By receivers, see Receivbbs, § 22. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law 
 
 ACTION OR SUIT, I.— cont'd 
 
 Against reeei\ers. see Receivers, § 23. 
 
 Rv state, see States, §§ 8, 9. 
 
 Against state, see State, § 12. 
 
 For deatli, see Death, II. 
 
 For divorce, see Divorce, II. 
 
 Effect of collusion. 12 L.R.A. 815.* 
 
 Statutory authoritv to .justify injury. 10 
 L.R.A. 210.* 
 
 Prohibition to restrain suit prosecuted col- 
 lusively or for an ulterior purpose. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 874. 
 
 Effect of statute to defeat or preserve; ef- 
 fect of repeals. 14 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Effect upon suit, of discharge from arrest 
 of one arrested while attending court. 
 19 L.R.A. 560. 
 
 Does an action for damages to real prop- 
 erty run with the land. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 819. 
 
 Bringing suit before award as revocation of 
 submission to arbitration. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 679. 
 
 Proceedings in, on holidays. 19 L.R.A. 319. 
 
 Forbearance of threatened suit as considera- 
 tion for a compromise. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 302. 
 
 Termination of, for purpose of malicious 
 prosecution therefor. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 928. 
 
 §§ 2, 3. Control or settlement of. 
 
 Control of attorney over, see Attorneys, 
 
 §§ 12-16. 
 Who may enforce liability of stockholder, 
 
 see Corporations, §§ 116, 116a. 
 
 Compromise of. 15 L.R.A. 440. 
 
 Settlement and avoidance of litigation as 
 consideration for a compromise. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 299. 
 
 Control of guardian ad litem or next friend 
 over action. 16 L.R.A. 507. 
 
 Extent of power of indemnity insurer to set- 
 tle or control litigation. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 564. 
 
 § 4. Right of action generally. 
 
 For death, see Death, II. 
 
 For nuisance, see Nuisances, §§ 20-25. 
 
 To recover personal property, see Replevin, 
 II. 
 
 For conversion, see Trover, §§ 2-8. 
 
 Privilege from suit, see Wbit and Process, 
 §§ 30-37. 
 
 Where there is a right there is a remedy. 
 4 L.R.A. 295.* 
 
 Sufficiency of equitable title to sustain ac- 
 tion for injury to real property. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 23L 
 
 Fright as basis for cause of action. 14 
 L.R.A. 666. 
 
 Perjury and subornation of perjury as 
 grounds for civil action. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 265. 
 
 Fraudulent inducement by one party to 
 void marriage as ground for civil, ac- 
 tion in other party's favor. 33 L;R.A. 
 411. 
 
 Right of action against unincorporated as- 
 sociation. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789. 
 I Right to maintain action for prize offered 
 in prize contest. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 305. 
 
R.A. NOTES. 
 
 Ki 
 
 ACTION OR SUIT, I.— cont'd 
 Eight of action against carrier for nonde- 
 livery of goods delivered for transpor- 
 tation to purchaser or consignee. 22 
 L.R.A. 427. 
 Eight of one whose property has been taken 
 for public use without condemna- 
 tion proceedings, to maintain ac- 
 tion for compensation or for per- 
 manent damages. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 968. 
 Legal remedies. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 968. 
 Equitable remedies. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 973. 
 Statutory remedy as exclusive of action 
 for compensation or permanent 
 damages. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 974. 
 Eight of one in peaceable possession to 
 maintain forcible entry and detainer 
 against another entitled to possession 
 who forciblv dispossessed him. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.)' 426. 
 To recover damages caused bv an injunc- 
 tion. 18 L.R.A. 275. 
 Constitutionality of retroactive statute 
 creating right of action on account of 
 past acts or transactions. 52 ' L.R.A. 
 934. 
 
 § 5. Form; kind; mode of bringing. 
 
 Election of remedies, see Election of 
 Remedies. 
 
 Form of action as affecting right of set-off 
 in case of bankruptcy. 55 L.R.A. 74. 
 
 Forms of action against carriers for wilful 
 tort of servant to passenger. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1085. 
 
 Character of action by depositor against 
 bank for wrongfullv refusing to honor 
 check. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 870. 
 
 Against officers as suits against states. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 727. 
 
 Manner of bringing suit against unincorpo- 
 rated trade union. 1 B. R. C. 852. 
 
 Under what surname may be brought. 2 
 L.K.A.(N.S.) 1089. 
 
 § 6. — civil or criminal. 
 
 Nature of proceeding to punish for con- 
 tempt, see Contempt, § 2. 
 
 How far proceedings for violation of ordi- 
 nance are to be regarded as prose- 
 cutions for crime. 33 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 General rule. 33 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 State decisions. 33 L.R.A. 35. 
 Character of proceedings for violation of 
 
 municipal ordinance as civil or crimi- 
 nal. 4 L.E.A.(N.S.) 782. 
 Suit for statutory penalty as a civil or 
 criminal prosecution. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 739. 
 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 739. 
 
 Nature of action in general. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 743. 
 
 As affecting jurisdiction. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 744. 
 
 As affecting limitations. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 744. 
 
 As affecting pleadins; and record. 27 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 745. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ACTION OR SUIT, I.— cont'd 
 
 As affecting trial. 27 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 745. 
 Right to jury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 74.5. 
 Competency of witnesses. 27 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 746. 
 Right to be confronted with wit- 
 nesses. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 746. 
 Proof beyond reasonable doubt. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 746. 
 As affecting jeopardy. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 752. 
 New trial. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 Appeal or review. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 752. 
 Criminal prosecution as bar. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 755. 
 As affecting miscellaneous rights. 27 
 
 L.R.A (N.S.) 755. 
 As affecting extraterritorial enforce- 
 ment. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 708. 
 Proceedings for incorporation of drainage 
 district, or for other public improve- 
 ment, as a civil suit within statute al- 
 'lowing change of venue. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 900. 
 Civil action against thief to recover stolen 
 property or its value. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 255. 
 
 //. When right of action aconws gen- 
 erally. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 To enforce liability of stockholders, see 
 
 Corporations, § 120. 
 When limitations commence to run, see 
 
 Limitation of Actions, §§ 19-47. 
 
 Accrual of cause of action on assumption 
 of debts on dissolution of partnership. 
 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 109. 
 
 When right of action for injury to real 
 estate from a cause not immediately 
 effective accrues. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379. 
 
 When cause of action for breach of promise 
 accrues. 66 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 When right of action for damages from 
 wrongful discharge of servant accrues. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 58. 
 
 When suit may be brought for wages by 
 wrongfully discharged servants. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 
 Action for enticing servant to quit. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1097. 
 
 Action for price before expiration of credit. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 908. 
 
 Eight of one whose interest is merely con- 
 tingent to maintain suit to establish or 
 enforce a trust. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 999. 
 
 Time to sue, as affected by acceptance of 
 commercial paper for antecedent in- 
 debtedness. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) liO. 
 
 Effect of refusal to execute purchase-money 
 notes to give vendor an immediate 
 right of action. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 180. 
 
 When suit to enjoin unlawful expenditures 
 by municipality is premature. HC> 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 
 Effect of prematuritv of action on running 
 of limitations. '3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 296. 
 
14 
 
 IKDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ACTION OR SXHT— cont'd 
 
 III. Conditions precedent. 
 
 % 8. Generally. 
 
 In suit against stockholder, see Coepora- 
 
 TIONS, § 135. 
 To action of ejectment, see Ejectment, § 3. 
 Prerequisites to relief from fraud, see 
 
 Fraud and Deceit, § 40. 
 To remedy for fraudulent conveyance, see 
 
 FRAI'DULENT Co^■^'EYANCES, § 26. 
 
 To suit on policy, see Insurance, § 152. 
 To action for replevin, see Replevin, § 4. 
 To action of trover, see Tbovee, §§ 7, 8. 
 
 Law governing condition precedent to li- 
 abilitv of drawer or indorser. 61 
 L.R.A". 215. 
 
 To equitable relief against forfeiture of 
 estate. 69 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 To equitable remedies of creditors. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 
 Arbitration as condition precedent to action 
 on insurance policy. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1055; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 104. 
 
 Conditions precedent to riglit to enforce 
 stockholder's liability outside state of 
 incorporation. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 906. 
 
 Readiness to perform as condition of 
 remedy by action for damages for 
 wrongful discharge of servant. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.)59. 
 
 Employment and wrongful discharge of 
 servant as condition to maintenance of 
 action for wrongful discharge. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 60. 
 
 Right of purchaser who has resold to re- 
 cover for breach of warranty as to 
 quantity or quality, where he has not 
 actually made good to his vendees. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 465. 
 
 Necessity of entry or formal declaration of 
 forfeiture, as a condition of maintain- 
 ing action, other than for damages, 
 based on breach of condition subsequent 
 • in a conveyance of freehold. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1188; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 
 Necessity of eviction to maintenance of 
 action for breach of covenant of war- 
 ranty of title or of seisin. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1178. 
 
 Prerequisites to suit against national bank 
 for twice amount of interest paid. 56 
 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 Attempt to compromise action for death or 
 bodily injury in other state as condi- 
 tion of maintenance. 56 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 Presentation of claims against county by 
 county board as condition precedent. 
 39 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 Application to governing body of munici- 
 pality for relief as condition of citizen's 
 right to maintain suit to enjoin action 
 by municipality. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 574. 
 
 Denial of claim against state for noncom- 
 pliance with condition precedent. 42 
 - L.B.A. 39. 
 
 § 9. Demand or request. 
 
 Demand as a condition precedent to an 
 action on a promise to pay on demand 
 the debt of another. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 154., 
 Begin imth this booU on every laic 
 
 ACTION OR SUIT, III.— cont'd 
 
 Demand as prerequisite to action by co- 
 tenant for use and occupation or rents 
 and profits. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 232. 
 
 Demand as a condition of action to recover 
 money collected by an agent. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 626. 
 
 Demand for payment of alimony as condi- 
 tion of contempt proceedings. 24 
 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 Demand as a condition precedent to an 
 action on a promise to pay on demand 
 the debt of another. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 154. 
 
 Request of corporation to sue as condition 
 of suit by stockholder. 9 L.E.A. 656.* 
 
 § 10. Notice. 
 
 Notice of loss or claim to carrier, see 
 Carriers, § 134. 
 
 Law governing stipulation in contract mak- 
 ing notice of damages a condition of 
 right of action 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 191. 
 
 Notice as condition precedent to action by 
 grantee for injury by damming back 
 water of stream. 59 "L.R.A. 903. 
 
 Notice of loss or injury to goods required 
 by carrier's contract as a condition 
 precedent. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 642. 
 
 Effect of failure to serve statutory notice 
 of libel upon right to actual damages. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 525. 
 
 §, 1 1 . Payment or tender. 
 
 Payment or tender of freight charges as 
 condition precedent to trover against 
 carrier. 21 L.R.A. 117. 
 
 Tender of deed or abstract of title as con- 
 dition of enforcing forfeiture for ven- 
 dee's failure to pay last instalment of 
 purchase money. 28 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 956. 
 
 Tender oi payment of consideration as a 
 condition precedent to a suit for the 
 specific performance of a contract to 
 convey realty consummated by the ven- 
 dee's exercise of an option. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 91. 
 
 Right of mortgagee who has paid taxes to 
 maintain independent action against 
 mortgagor for reimbursement before or 
 after foreclosure of mortgage. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 679. 
 
 IV. Defenses. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 Defenses to criminal prosecution, see 
 
 Cbiminai Law, III. 
 To action for assault and battery, see 
 
 Assault and Battery, §§ 3-6. 
 In action for bribery, see Bribery, § 3. 
 In contempt proceedings, see Contempt 
 
 §3. 
 In action against corporate stockholder, see 
 
 GORPOEATIONS, VIII. e. 
 
 In divorce suit, see Divorce and Separa- 
 tion, §§ 30-33. 
 
 In ejectment, see Ejectment, § 7. 
 
 In action for libel or slander, see Libel 
 and Slander, §§ 37-39. 
 
 In foreclosure suit, see Mortgage, § 73. 
 question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 15 
 
 ACTION OR SUIT, IV.— cont'd 
 
 In action for nuisance, see Nuisances, §§ 
 
 26-29. 
 In ax-tion against surety, see Peincipal and 
 
 SUBETY, § 8. 
 
 In replevin suit, see Replevin, § 14. 
 
 In action for trespass, see Trespass, § 10. 
 
 In action for trover, see Tbovek, § 10. 
 
 Liability for transferring note to bona fide 
 holder so as to cut off. see Bills and 
 Notes, § 33. 
 
 Defense available to carrier transporting 
 intoxicating liquor into proliibition 
 territory, see Cabriebs, § 144. 
 
 Effect of failure to set up defense on right 
 to injunction against judgment, see 
 Injunction, § 51. 
 
 Showing of, as essential to relief against 
 judgment, see Injunction, § 51; Judg- 
 ment, § 88. 
 
 Limitation of action as a defense, see Limi- 
 tation or Actions. 
 
 Advice of counsel as defense, see Malicious 
 Pbosectition, § 8. 
 
 Unconstitutionality of statute as defense 
 against mandamus to compel its en- 
 forcement, see Mandamus, § 20. 
 
 Assumption of risk as, see Mastbb and 
 Servant, §§ 109-122. 
 
 Defects in work as defense to assessment for 
 public improvement, see Public Im- 
 provements, § 13. 
 
 Violation of Sunday laws, see Sunday, 
 § 7. 
 
 To usury, see Usuet, §§ 12, 13. 
 
 Right to plead inconsistent defenses. 48 
 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Loss of cause of action by lapse of time 
 pending suit. 18 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Interposition of unfounded defense in a 
 civil action as basis of action for dam- 
 ages. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 
 Unconstitutionality of statute as defense 
 against mandamus to compel its en- 
 forcement. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1260; 34 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1060. 
 
 Special matters (^ defense by persons ob- 
 structing street for business purposes. 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 405. 
 
 Ill health as defense to action for breach 
 of promise to marry. 15 L.R.A. 531; 
 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 582. 
 
 Inability to pav alimony as defense to con- 
 tempt. 30"L.R.A.(N.S.) 1001. 
 
 Collateral champerty as. 14 L.R.A. 785. 
 
 Showing of valid defense as essential to in- 
 junction against judgment by confes- 
 sion. 30 L.R,A. 242. 
 
 § 13. Actions on contracts. 
 
 Availability to third person, see infra, § 16. 
 
 In action for breach of marriage promise, 
 see Bbeaoh of Promise, §§ 4, 5. 
 
 In action on note, see Bills and Notes, 
 §§ 65-67. 
 
 In action on insurance policy, see Insub- 
 ance, VIII. d. 
 
 In action for rent, see Landlobd and Ten- 
 ant, V. 
 
 In action for purchase money, see Purchase 
 Money, | 9. 
 Consult also L.M.A. Digests to dote. 
 
 ACTION OR SUIT, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Conflict of laws as to defenses available to 
 
 maker or acceptor. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 670. 
 Conflict of laws as to defenses available to 
 
 drawer or indorser. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 672. 
 Failure of railroad to comply with condi- 
 tions on which railroad aid bonds were 
 
 issued as a defense to them in the 
 
 hands of a bona fide holder. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 849. 
 Defects or irregularities affecting bond as 
 
 defense to action on replevin bond 
 
 which has served its purpose. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 747. 
 Mitigation of damages as defense to action 
 
 for wrongful discharge of servant. 6 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 99. 
 In action by wrongfully discharged servant 
 
 for damages from breach of contract. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 73. 
 Breach of contract as defense to action on 
 
 stated account. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 Architect's underestimate of cost of struc- 
 ture as basis of defense against him. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 125. 
 Duress by threat to prosecute relative as a 
 
 defense. 26 L.R.A. 53. 
 Compromise or settlement as defense in 
 
 action for debts assumed on dissolu- 
 tion of partnership. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 IIL 
 Avoidance by infant of release of cause of 
 
 action ex delicto. 11 L.R.A(N.S.) 690. 
 Absence of legal organization as defense to 
 
 contract for purchase of corporate 
 
 stock. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 409. 
 Defenses to action for specific performance 
 
 of contract for sale of corporate stock. 
 
 50 L.R.A. 507; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 497. 
 Right in actibn at law to attack release for 
 
 fraud. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 915. 
 What misrepresentations as to books sold 
 
 will constitute a defense to an action 
 
 for their purchase price. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1210. 
 Against contract of members of mutual 
 
 fire insurance companies. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 490. 
 § 14. Actions relating to water rights. 
 In action for interference with rights of 
 
 ferryman. 59 L.R.A. 553. 
 To action for injury by damming back 
 water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 904. 
 
 Contributory negligence. 59 L.U..^. 
 904. 
 
 Estoppel. 59 L.R.A. 904. 
 
 Contributing cause. 59 L.R.A. 905. 
 
 Right to repair injury. 59 L.R.A. 900. 
 To municipal liability as to drainage. 61 
 
 .L.R.A. 706. 
 To liability for safety of wharf or dock. 
 
 61 L.R.A. 954. 
 Defense to wharfage charges. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 208. 
 § 15. Actions for personal injury. 
 In action for death, see Death, §§ 12. 13. 
 
 Violation of Sunday law as defense to 
 action for personal injuries. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 547. 
 
16 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ACTION OR SUIT, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Volenti non fit injuria as defense to actions 
 
 by injured servants. 47 L.R.A. 162. 
 Provocation lessening assault as defense 
 
 to civil action for assanlt and battery. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 
 § 16. Availaliility of defense to third 
 person. 
 
 Right of third person to take advantage of 
 champerty. 35 L.R.A.{N.S.) 512. 
 
 Right of defendant in action by undisclosed 
 principal on the contract made by the 
 agent to avail himself of defenses that 
 would have been available in an action 
 by the agent in his own right on the 
 contract. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 228. 
 
 Right in action by corporate receiver to re- 
 cover unpaid balance of stock subscrib- 
 tions, to interpose defense that would 
 have been available against corpora- 
 tion. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 347. 
 
 Right of bank in action by holder for pro- 
 ceeds of commercial paper collected by 
 it to avail itself of defenses that would 
 have been available in an action on the 
 paper. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1098. 
 
 May one who destroys insured property de- 
 feat an action by the owner upon the 
 ground that the right of action is in 
 the insurer. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 870. 
 
 V. Splitting; successive actions. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Several actions for wrongful death. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 384. 
 
 Effect of accepting partial allowance of 
 claim against public body. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 121. 
 
 Right to maintain separate action for in- 
 terest. 28 L.R.A.(N.S;) 78. 
 
 Right to sue on separate items of account 
 for goods sold on stated periods of 
 credit. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 529. 
 
 Right of buyer to maintain separate action 
 for nondelivery of each instalment un- 
 der entire contract. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1042. 
 
 Recovery of wages by wrongfully discharged 
 servant for part of period of employ- 
 ment as bar to further recovery. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 449. 
 
 Recovery by wrongfully discharged servant 
 for services actually rendered as bar to 
 further recovery. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 586. 
 
 By recovery in action by servant for wrong- 
 ful discharge. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 119. 
 
 VI. Joinder. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Joinder of parties, see Pabtibs, §§ 25, 36. 
 
 Of causes of action generally. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 125;* 11 L.R.A. 222.* 
 Of actions against officers making arrest. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 222. 
 Right to join in one complaint claims of 
 
 ordinary and gross negligence arising 
 
 out of one state of facts. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 158. 
 
 ACTION OR SUIT, VI.— cont'd 
 
 Action for wife's libel and slander. 30 
 L.R.A. 527. 
 
 Of actions for damming back water of 
 stream, 59 L.R.A. 886. 
 
 Joinder of statutory action against master 
 with common-law action against serv- 
 ant for latter's negligence. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 675. 
 
 Right to recover in one action for the death 
 of a person and for his suffering be- 
 fore death. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 893; 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 Uniting Interests of several parties to ob- 
 tain jurisdictional amount for injunc- 
 tion against enforcement of liens or 
 claims against specific property. 61 
 L.R.A. 786. 
 
 Whether injuries both to person and prop- 
 erty constitute one, or more than one, 
 cause of action. 50 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 § 19. Injury to person and to property. 
 
 Injury both to person and property at the 
 same time as constituting more 
 than one cause of action. 50 
 L.R.A. 161; 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 
 Rule basing cause of action on the act 
 causing injury. 50 L.R.A. 162; 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 
 Rule basing cause of action on the in- 
 jury. 50 L.R.A. 161; 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 240. 
 
 Effect of statutes as to joinder of 
 causes of action. 50 L.R.A. 164; 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 241. 
 
 Effect of injury in different capacities 
 or to different parties. 50 L.R.A. 
 167; 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 241. 
 
 ril. stay. 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 Until former costs 
 620. 
 
 are paid. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 Effect of stay laws as impairment of obliga- 
 tion of contract. 1 L.R.A. 358.* 
 
 Of proceedings to enforce mortgage for part 
 of mortgage debt. 37 L.R.A. 749. 
 
 VIII. Cotnmencement. 
 
 § 21. Generally. 
 
 When action based on service by publica- 
 tion deemed commenced for purpose of 
 statute of limitations. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 702. 
 
 ACTIVE NEGLIGENCE. 
 
 Liability to trespasser or bare licensee for 
 active as distinguished from passive 
 negligence. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 492. 
 
 Begin with this booje on every law question. 
 
 ACTIVE PARTNERS. 
 
 Compensation of. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 394. 
 
ACTIVE TRUSTS. 
 
 See Trusts, § 5. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 ACT OF BANKRUPTCY. 
 See Bankstjptcy, § 2. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 ACT OF GOD. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 See also Ixevitable Accident; Vis Majok. 
 
 As affecting rights in water course. 30 
 L.E.A. 820. 
 
 Liability for injury by escape through act 
 of God of water stored on one's prem- 
 ises. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 547. 
 
 Liability of contractor to replace bridge de- 
 stroyed by unprecedented flood against 
 which he does not contract. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 833. 
 
 § 2. What constitutes. 
 
 What constitutes. 11 L.E.A. 615.* 
 
 Flood as. 11 L.R.A. 615. 
 
 Snowstorm as. 24 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1203. 
 
 Is destruction by decay rendering premises 
 untenantable within landlord's covenant 
 to repair or the statute relieving ten- 
 ant from rent in case of destruction by 
 act of God or elements. 21 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 130. 
 
 Destruction of boom or dam by unprecedent- 
 ed flood as afi'ecting the liability of one 
 under contract to build and maintain 
 it. 35 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1109. 
 
 Insanity or illness as. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 898. 
 
 § 3. Effect of, on carrier's liability. 
 
 Effect of, on carrier's liability as to freight, 
 see Caebiebs, § 111. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 passenger by derailment by. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 608. 
 
 L.R.A. NOTES. 17 
 
 ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION. 
 
 ACTORS. 
 
 Applicability of master and servant doctrine 
 to case of actor. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 514. 
 
 « » » 
 
 ADDITIONAL AFFIDAVITS. 
 
 For attachment. 31 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 ADDITIONAL BOND. 
 
 See Additionai, SECUEiiy. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 Of expert witness. 27 L.R.A. 609. 
 Promise of, as consideration for agreement 
 to complete contract. 34 L.E.A. 38. 
 
 ADDITIONAL COUNSEL. 
 
 Attorney's right to withdraw from suit be- 
 cause of employment of. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 962. 
 
 ADDITIONAL LOCATION. 
 
 See Mikes, §. 20. 
 
 ADDITIONAL PENALTY. 
 
 Power of municipalitj' to impose for what 
 is also offense under state law. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 56. 
 
 ADDITIONAL SECURITY. 
 
 In Federal Supreme Court. 66 L.R.A. 860. 
 Filing additional replevin bond as release 
 
 of sureties on original undertaking. 2fl 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 752. 
 
 ADDITIONAL SERVITUDE. 
 
 See Eminent Domain, §§ 54-57. 
 
 ♦-•"• 
 
 ADDITIONS. 
 
 To party wall, see Pabtt Wall, § 3. 
 
 Revalviation of homestead because of. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 402. 
 Import of, in policy of insurance. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 156. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 Forgery by falsification of. 54 L.R.A. 799. 
 Telegraph company's duty as to discovering 
 
 unknown sendee in case of mistake in 
 
 address. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 767. 
 Public addresses derogatory to parties to 
 
 litigation as contempt of court. 2 
 
 B. R. C. 500. 
 
 ADEIVrPTION. 
 
 See Wills, §§ 121-i; 
 2 
 
]S 
 
 INDEX TO L.E~4.. NOTES. 
 
 ADEQUATE REMEDY AT LAW. 
 
 See Equity, § 3; Injunction, § 3. 
 
 ADJOINING OWNER. 
 
 Right to lateral support, see Latekal 
 
 Support. 
 Matters as to party wall, see Paety Wall. 
 Contributory negligence of owner of land 
 
 adjoining railroad right of way, see 
 
 Railkoads, §§ 85, 86. 
 Si'e also Abutting Ownbbs. 
 
 Liability fur injury to person by falling of 
 adjoining walls or buildings. 34 L.R.A. 
 .500. 
 
 Liability for injury from matter precipi- 
 tated upon adjoining property. 36 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1171. 
 
 Effect of encroachment of building on ad- 
 joining premises on marketability of 
 title. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 Liability of owner or occupier of land to 
 servants working on adjacent premises. 
 46 L.R.A. 104. 
 
 Liability for spread of Weeds or noxious 
 vegetation to adjoining premises. 52 
 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 Employer's liability for work of independent 
 contractor which is dangerous to ad- 
 joining landowner. 65 L.R.A. 849. 
 
 Liability in absence of negligence for dam- 
 ages from substance thrown in blast- 
 ing. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 211. 
 
 Driving foul air againsii neighbor's win- 
 dows as nuisance. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 695. 
 
 Right of owner or occupant of neighboring 
 property to enjoin maintenance of 
 house of prostitution. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1060: 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1041. 
 
 Right of one who pumps oil, gas, or water 
 on his premises to enjoin similar acts 
 of his neighbor. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1057. 
 
 Duty to keep gates in railroad fence 
 closed. 49 L.R.A. 625. 
 
 ADJOURNMENT. 
 
 Of action or prosecution, see Continuance. 
 
 Loss of priority of execution by creditor's 
 
 consent to postponement of sale. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 Judicial sale on adjourned or postponed 
 
 date. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 249. 
 
 Valid without readvertising. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 249. 
 Readvertisement necessary. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 250. 
 
 ADJUDICATION. 
 
 See Judgment. 
 
 ADJUSTMENT. 
 
 Of claims a,gainst insolvent insurance eom- 
 pany. 38 L.R.A. 100. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Of decedent's estate, see Executors and 
 Administrators. 
 
 ADMINISTRATOR DE BONIS NON. 
 
 Powers of, see Executors and Adminis- 
 trators-, § 13. 
 
 Liability of, see Executors and Adminis- 
 trators, § 20a. 
 
 What assets pass to, see Executors and 
 Administrators, § 32. 
 
 Revocation of probate as a termination of 
 appointment of administrator, e. t, a. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 975. 
 
 Liability of estate for debts contracted and 
 expenses incurred by, in carrying on 
 business. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 227. 
 
 ADMINISTRATOR WITH THE WILL 
 ANNEXED. 
 
 See Administrator De Bonis Non. 
 
 — — < » » ■ 
 
 ADMIRALTY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Maritime liens, see Maritime Liens. 
 As to shipping generally, see Shipping. 
 
 Pendency of admiralty cases in botn state 
 and Federal courts. 42 L.R.A. 462. 
 
 Rule and evidence In admiralty where party 
 fails to introduce documentary ("the 
 best") evidence which would properly 
 be part of the case. 34 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 Conclusiveness of sentence of foreign court 
 of admiralty. 20 L.R.A. 668. 
 
 Imprisonment under orders of court in, as 
 imprisonment for debt. 34 L.R.A. 664. 
 
 Limit of liability on bond. 55 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 Right to recover funeral or medical ex- 
 penses of person negligently killed. 2 
 B. R. C. 714. 
 
 Right to interest on unliquidated damages. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 7, 80. 
 
 § 2. Jurisdiction. 
 
 Generally. 5 L.R.A. 684.* 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of right to fish. 60 
 L.R.A. 504. 
 
 Jurisdiction and powers of consul in prize 
 eases. 45 L.R.A. 495. 
 
 Jurisdiction and powers of consul with re- 
 spect to seamen. 45 L.R.A. 486, 488, 
 493- 
 
 Begifi ivith this hook on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 19 
 
 ADMIRALTY— cont'd 
 
 Jurisdiction and powers of consul as to dis- 
 abled vessels. 45 L.E.A. 495. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action growing out of col- 
 lision of vessel with bridge. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 324. 
 
 Action in admiralty for nondelivery of goods 
 delivered to carrier for transportation 
 to purchaser or consignee. 22 L.R.A. 
 429. 
 
 Right to sue in admiralty for damages re- 
 sulting from injury to another. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 640. 
 
 Will action in rem lie against proceeds of 
 private sale of property against which 
 siK'li an action would lie. 2 B. R. C. 
 68. 
 
 § S. — of contracts. 
 
 Generally. 66 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Antiquity and original jurisdiction of 
 
 court. 66 L.R.A. 193. 
 The acts of Richard II. and Henry IV. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 194. 
 The compromises of 1575 and 1632. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 195. 
 Jurisdiction which common-law courts 
 permitted admiralty to exer- 
 cise. 66 L.R.A. 196. 
 No jurisdiction of things done on 
 
 land. 66 L.E.A. 196. 
 Within body of county. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 198. 
 Application of above rules to par- 
 ticular contracts. 66 L.R^A. 
 198. 
 Exceptions to rules. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 201. 
 Jurisdiction of things done at sea. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 206. 
 Prohibition must be sought prompt- 
 ly. 66 L.R.A. 207. 
 Summary of common-law view. 66 
 L.R.A. 207. 
 a*e English act of 1840. 66 L.R.A. 208. 
 The English act of 1861. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 209. 
 Admiralty jurisdiction in the United 
 States. 66 L.R.A. 211. 
 On what founded. 66 L.R.A. 211. 
 Scope of jurisdiction. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 215. 
 Illustrations of exercise of jurisdic- 
 tion. 66 L.R.A. 216. 
 Contracts for building and 
 outfitting ships. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 216. 
 Charter parties and carriage 
 contracts. 66 L.R.A. 223. 
 Contracts for services in use 
 or operation of vessel. 66 
 L.R.A. 226. 
 Contracts of stevedores and 
 watclimen. 66 L.R.A. 229. 
 Contracts to assist vessel. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 2,32. 
 Bottomry, hypothecation, 
 
 mortgage. 66 L.R.A. 233. 
 Insurance and average. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 234. 
 Partnership, trust, accounting. 
 66 L.R.A. 235. 
 Oonsult aluo L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ADMIRALTY— con'd 
 
 Contracts leading to maritime 
 
 contract. 66 L.R.A. 236. 
 Other contracts. 66 L.H.A. 
 
 236. 
 Contracts, between foreinTiers. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 238. 
 Effect of form of action. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 ADMISSION. 
 
 On application for continuance, see Con- 
 tinuance, § 3. 
 Estoppel by, see Estoppel, § 16. 
 Evidence of, see Evidence, § 215. 
 Of state, see State, § 2. 
 During trial, see Tbial, §§ 8, 9. 
 By trustees, see Trusts, § 23. 
 
 Power of corporate president and vice- 
 president as to. 14 L.R.A. 359. 
 
 By fiduciaries in actions. 32 L.R.A. 671. 
 
 Denial of continuance on admissions by 
 prosecution as affected by right of ac- 
 cused to meet witnesses. 16 L.R.A. 
 239. 
 
 Of service against foreign corporation. 23 
 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 In prosecution under statute enhancing 
 penalty for crime by prior offenders. 
 34 L.R.A. 405. 
 
 As cumulative evidence. 14 L.R.A. 611. 
 
 Effect of, on burden of proof and right to 
 open and close. 61 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Of genuineness of handwriting used as 
 standard of comparison. 63 L.R.A. 432. 
 
 Inconsistency in defenses as. 48 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 Entries in books of account as. 53 L.R.A. 
 5.34. 
 
 Judgment in criminal action as, in civil 
 action. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 662. 
 
 Assumption of debts on dissolution of part- 
 nership by. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 63. 
 
 Of service of process by statutory agent of 
 foreign corporation appointed to re- 
 ceive service. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 389. 
 
 Impeachment of enrolled bill by admissions 
 or litigants. 40 L.R.A. (KS.) 33. 
 
 AT>OPTKD STATUTES. 
 
 Construction of, see Statutes, § 27. 
 
 ADOPTION. 
 
 Of Constitution, see Constitutional Law, 
 
 § 3. 
 Of child, see Pakbnt and Child, §§ 16-18. 
 
 Of nuisance as rendering one liable therefor. 
 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) nOO. 
 Of lease by receiver or assignee for creditors 
 
 of lessee. 59 L.R.A. 676. 
 Employer's n.doption of independent con- 
 
20 
 
 INDEX TO L.B..A. ^>uj.j:.o. 
 
 ADOPTIOX — cont'd 
 
 tractor's tort as affecting former's lia- 
 bility for injuries occurring during 
 work. 66 L.R.A. 956. 
 
 AD t, LTERATION. 
 
 ' Of food, see Food, § 2. 
 
 Eight to require that articles offered for 
 sale shall answer a designated stand- 
 ard of purity. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 149. 
 
 ADULTERY— cont'd 
 
 As ground for divorce, see Divobce .\no 
 Sepakation, § 22. 
 
 Charge of, as ground for divorce, see Di- 
 vorce AKD Separation, § 23. 
 
 Effect of, on right to alimony, see Divorce 
 AND Separation, § 46. 
 
 ADULTERY., 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Slander in charging woman with, see Libel 
 
 AND Slander, § 12. 
 See also Fornication. 
 
 Solicitation to. 25 L.R.A. 438. 
 
 Injunction against enforcing contracts for 
 illicit intercourse. 48 L.R.A. 844. 
 
 Construction and effect of provisions requir- 
 ing prosecution to be upon complaint 
 of husband or wife. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 786. 
 
 Legitimation of offspring of adulterous in- 
 tercourse. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 773. 
 
 By one spouse as avoiding gift of other 
 spouse. 35 L.R.x\.(N.S.) 124. 
 
 Effect of, on right of parent to custody of 
 child. 41 L.R.A.lX.S.) 601. 
 
 Assault to prevent commission of adultery 
 with wife in future. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 688. 
 
 Degree of homicide in killing wife as affect- 
 ed by her confession of, or declaration 
 t.t intent to commit, adultery. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 99. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 313. 
 
 § 2. What constitutes. 
 
 Effect of fact that but one of the parties 
 is married upon the offense of "adul- 
 t^iry." 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 580. 
 
 What necessary to constitute open, noto- 
 rious. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1186. 
 
 § 3. Defenses. 
 
 Insanity as affecting. 34 L.R.A. 162. 
 
 Ignorance of defendant, in prosecution for 
 adultery, that other party was mar- 
 ried, as a defense. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 527. 
 
 § 4. Evidence in prosecution for. 
 
 Necessity of proof of marriage in prosecu- 
 tion for. 68 L.R.A. 44, 72. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 62 L.R.A. 329. 
 
 Competency of one spouse to testify as to 
 misconduct of other spouse on indict- 
 ment of paramour for adultery. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 318. 
 
 § 5. Divorce cases. 
 
 ADUIjTS. 
 
 Rights of, in parent's homestead. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 53. 
 Adoption of, under statute providing for 
 
 adoption of child. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 
 ADV.VNCEJIENT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Interest on. or to equalize. 
 Doctrine of advancements 
 L.R.A. 566.* 
 
 14 L.R.A. 716. 
 to heirs. 12 
 
 § 2. AMiat constitutes. 
 
 Distinction between advancement and gift. 
 
 12 L.R.A. 567.* 
 Support of adult child as an advancement. 
 
 22L.R.A.(N.S.) 1165. 
 Gift to one spouse by parent of the other 
 
 as advancement or ademption. 26 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1050. 
 Grantee's oral promise to grantor to hold in 
 
 trust as giving rise to constructive 
 
 trust where conveyance was by way of 
 
 advancement to child. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 920. 
 
 § 3. Effect of. 
 
 Effect of, as ademption of legacy. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 203:* 12 L.R.A. 569.* 
 Effect of, to create debt. 12 L.R.A. 569.* 
 Right of one receiving advancement and 
 executing release of interest in es- 
 tate to share in after-acquired 
 property. 65 L.R.A. 578. 
 Effect of release on descendants of de- 
 ceased releasor. 65 L.R.A. 582. 
 Release of interest of married woman 
 or infant. 65 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 § 4. Evidence as to. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove. 
 52 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to show 
 an advancement as consideration for 
 a deed. 20 L.R.A. 108. 
 
 Parol evidence to show that deed was in- 
 tended as an advancement. 25 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 1205. 
 
 ADVANCES. 
 
 S 1. Generally. 
 
 By factor, see Factor, § 3. 
 
 Damages for breach of contract to make 
 37 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Begin with this hoole on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 21 
 
 ADVANCES— cont'd 
 
 Estoppel to set up original obligee's breach 
 of condition to make future advances 
 as against assignee of contract for pay- 
 ment of money not protected bv tlie 
 law merchant. ' 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 178. 
 
 Right of purchaser to compel return of 
 advanced payments upon resale by 
 vendor after purchaser's default. 35 
 L.R.A.lX.S.) 532. 
 
 Right of broker to recover advances made 
 in furthering wagering contract. 11 
 L.R.A.lX.S.) 575. 
 
 S -. Ijien or security tor. 
 
 >laritime liens for. 70 L.R.A. 367, 414, 
 439. 
 
 t^ale or mortgage of future crops to secure. 
 23 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 Keeping equitable mortgage alive after pay- 
 ment as security for further advances. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 405. 
 
 Right of one who advances money to an- 
 other for purpose of redeeming from 
 the sale under mortgage to be sub- 
 rogated to lien of mortgage. 23 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 190. 
 
 Right of one advancing money for purchase 
 price of property to be subrogated to 
 vendor's lien. 37 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1203. 
 
 Permitting conveyance to attorney of sub- 
 ject-matter of litigation or retainer 
 from client to stand as security for ad- 
 vances by former. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 689. 
 
 •Security for. as participation by creditors 
 in debtor's fraudulent intent. 31 
 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 § 3. Priority of claim for. 
 
 Priority as between mortgages for advances 
 and meclianics' liens. 14 L.R.A. 307. 
 
 Priority of claims against property in hands 
 of receiver for money advanced. 2 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1026, 1044, 1060. 
 
 § 4. Guaranty of. 
 
 Generally. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 370. 
 
 Request to make advances to another as im- 
 plied guarantv of payment. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1115. ■ 
 
 § 5. Interest on. 
 
 Right of partner to interest on advances. 
 35 L.E.A.(X.S.) 223. 
 
 § 6. Requiring payment in advance. 
 
 Discrimination by public service corpora- 
 tion by requiring payment of rental in 
 advance. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 
 Right of public service corporation to re- 
 quire payment of rentals in advance. 
 31 L.R.A. (X.S.) 319. 
 
 Destruction of premises as affecting rent 
 paid or payable in advance. 33 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 540. 
 
 Necessity for payment in advance by travel- 
 er at inn. 2 B. R. C. 690. 
 
 ADVERSE CLAIM. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As cloud on title, see Cloud on Title. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ADVERSE CLAIM— cont'd 
 
 Sheriflf's duty as to adverse claims to pro- 
 ceeds of judgments in his hands ex- 
 cept in cases of rival executions. 47 
 L.E.A. 737. 
 
 As rendering title unmarketable. 38 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 29. 
 
 § 2. In mine. 
 
 To granting of patent to mining claim, see 
 Mines, § 24. 
 
 To lodes or veins within placer claims. 50 
 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 ADA ERSE HOLDING. 
 
 What amounts to an adverse holding, by 
 third persons, of property acquired from 
 bankrupt. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1232. 
 
 ADVERSE PARTY. 
 
 As witness, right to impeach. 21 L.E.A. 
 425. 
 
 ADVERSE POSSESSION. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. What constitxites, §§ 2-14. 
 III. Color of title, §§ 15-18. 
 ir. Effect; title Inj, §19. 
 T. Continuity; tacl<ing, § 20. 
 VI. Abandonment, § 21. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Conveyance of land held adversely, see 
 
 ClTAMPEKTT AND MAINTENANCE. 
 
 Easement by prescription, see Easements, 
 
 § 9- 
 
 Prescriptive right to maintain nuisance, see 
 Nuisances, § 26. 
 
 Acquirement of water rights by prescrip- 
 tion, see Waters, 101-105. 
 
 As to statute of limitations generally, see 
 Limitation of Act»ons. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 48 L.E.A. 635. 
 
 Nonuse of easement accompanied by ad- 
 verse use. 18 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Duration of adverse use. 18 L.R.A. 538. 
 
 Right, by or against one in adverse posses- 
 sion of land, to maintain replevin for 
 things severed. 69 L.R.A. 732. 
 
 Bailee's right to assert against bailor hos- 
 tile adverse paramount title of third 
 person. 33 L.R.A. (X.S.) 681. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity, on ground of avoid- 
 ing multiplicity of suits, over suit for 
 possession of separate parcels of land 
 held adversely by different claimants 
 under a common source. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 239. 
 
22 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ADVERSE POSSESSION, I.— cont'd 
 Federal courts following state decisions on 
 questions relating to. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 425. 
 
 II. What constitutes. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 What constitutes. 4 L.E.A. 321;" 6 L.R.A. 
 
 833;* 13 L.R.A. 206.* 
 How far tax title constitutes. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 512;* 9 L.R.A. 772. 
 What acts operate as a disseisin. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 389.* 
 Under ancient deeds. 10 L.R.A. 388.* 
 Presumption from lapse of time. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 646.* 
 Right of one in permissive possession of 
 real property to acquire title by ad- 
 verse possession. 12 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1140. 
 Possession taken under mistaken belief that 
 land is part of the public domain, as 
 adverse to true owner. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 153. 
 Acquiring title to mining claim by ad- 
 verse possession. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 817. 
 Operation of limitation in favor of 
 prior occupant. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 818. 
 Operation of limitation against prior 
 occupant. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 Operation of statute In favor of junior 
 locator and against relocator. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 821. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 821. 
 Adverse possession by religious society. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 388. 
 Prescription or adverse possession of grave 
 
 or burial lot. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 When right of burial in private burial 
 ground is barred by adverse posses- 
 sion. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1138. 
 
 § 3. On boimdary. 
 
 Adverse possession due to ignorance or mis- 
 take as to boundary." 21 L.R.A. 
 829; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 923. 
 General principles. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 924. 
 Claiming only to true line. 21 
 L.R.A. 830; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 925. 
 Claiming to visible boundary at 
 all events. 21 L.R.A. 830; 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 926. 
 Cases holding the paper title the im- 
 portant element. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 928. 
 Cases holding possession the important 
 clement. 21 ' L.R.A. 831 ; 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 930. 
 Mistake immaterial. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 932. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 ADVERSE POSSESSION, II.— cont'd 
 
 Recognition of visible line. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 933. 
 Buildings. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 934. 
 Agreements and joint building of 
 fences. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 937. 
 Theory that mistake may be cor- 
 rected. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 939. 
 Agreement to move fence. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 939. 
 Location for convenience. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 939. 
 Necessity of knowledge of dispute. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 833. 
 Possession following agreement as to 
 
 boundary. 21 L.R.A. 833. 
 Acquiescence in boundary. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 834. 
 Settling one line not conclusive on 
 others. 21 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 § 4. Vendor and purchaser. 
 
 Effect of warranty deed to prevent grantor 
 from asserting title by adverse posses- 
 sion, subsequently initiated, as against 
 his grantee or his privies. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 129. 
 
 § 5. Donor and donee. 
 
 By donee under parol gift. 35 L.R.A. 835. 
 General doctrine. 3.5 L.R.A. 835. 
 Assertion of title against donor. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 838. 
 Interruption by donor's acts. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 839. 
 Effect of statutes as to slaves. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 839. 
 
 § 6. Landlord and tenant. 
 
 Estoppel of tenant to dispute landlord's ti- 
 tle, see Estoppel, § 36. 
 
 Tenant's right to acquire title not incon- 
 sistent with landlord's title at com- 
 mencement of tenancy. 53 L.R.A. 
 941. 
 Character of tenant's possession gen- 
 erally. 53 t.E.A. 941. 
 Power of tenant to initiate an adverse 
 possession. 53 L.R.A. 941. 
 During term of yeats. 53 L.R.A. 
 943. 
 How initiated. 53 L.R.A. 945. 
 
 Requisites generally; kind and 
 amount of proof necessary. 
 53 L.E.A. 945. 
 Holding over; presumption as to 
 tenant's possession. 53 L.R.A. 
 949. 
 Nondemand and nonpayment of 
 
 rent. 53 L.R.A. 950. 
 Acquisition of outstanding title or 
 interest by tenant. 53 
 L.R.A. 950. 
 Successors of tenant. 53 L.R.A. 
 951. 
 Adverse possession bv tenant against land- 
 lord's title. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1148. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 23 
 
 ADVERSE POSSESSION, II.— cont'd 
 
 § 7. Mortgagor and mortgagee. 
 
 By mortgagor or grantee against mortgagee. 
 1 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 1036. 
 
 Is possession of a mortgagee who enters 
 under incomplete or defective foreclo- 
 sure adverse to mortgagor. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 754. 
 
 Possession of party to mortgage as adverse 
 within rule against conveyance of land 
 held adversely. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 751. 
 
 § 8. Tenants in common and by en- 
 tireties. 
 
 In case of tenants in common. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 645; * 10 L.R.A. 388.* 
 Effect of conveyance by one cotenant to 
 third person to found adverse pos- 
 session against others. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 702. 
 
 Sale of specific portion. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 706. 
 
 Notice. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 707. 
 
 Recording. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 
 Quitclaim deed. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 
 Sheriff's deed or execution sale. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 710. 
 
 Conveyance by administrator of co- 
 tenant. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 710. 
 
 Executorv contract to sell. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 710. 
 
 Mortgage. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 711. 
 
 Constructive possession. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 711. 
 
 Effect of recitals in instrument show- 
 ing interest of others. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 711. 
 Presumption of ouster of one tenant in com- 
 mon from long-continued, undisturbed 
 
 possession of another. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 185. 
 Against wife holding by entireties. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 335. 
 Possession by one tenant as adverse within 
 
 rule against conveyance of land held 
 
 adversely. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 
 § 9. Remaindermen or reversioners. 
 
 Against remaindermen and owners of fu- 
 ture estates. 19 L.R.A. 839. 
 Tenants for life and remaindermen in- 
 ter se. 19 L.R.A. 839. 
 Tenant in dower and remainderman. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 839. 
 Tenant by the curtesy and remainder- 
 man. 19 L.R.A. 841. 
 Ouster of, and sales by, tenants for life. 
 19 L.R.A. 841. 
 Does the continuation by a life tenant, or 
 his grantee, of an adverse possession 
 initiated by the creator of the life es- 
 tate, inure to the benefit of the remain- 
 dermen. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1055. 
 Power of one who, by will or law, takes an 
 estate for life or years in real property 
 to which decedent held the equitable 
 title only, to initiate adverse possession 
 as against the remainderman by procur- 
 ing a conveyance of the fee from the 
 holder of the legal title. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 750. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ADVERSE POSSESSION, II.— cont'd 
 Effect of husband's life estate to suspend or 
 prevent running of statute of limita- 
 tions against wife's title to real estat.; 
 adversely possessed. 10 L.R.A. (N.S. i 
 86. 
 Possession of life tenant as adverse withifi 
 rule against conveyance of land held 
 adversely. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 753. 
 
 § 10. By or against public. 
 
 Power of state to secure title to private 
 
 property by adverse possession. 1.7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1120. 
 Applicability of statute of limitations to 
 
 actions by agencies of state. 3 L.B..\. 
 
 (N.S.) 746; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 921. 
 Acquisition of title by prescription against 
 
 public. 26 L.R.A. 451. 
 Acquisition by prescription of title to land 
 
 for purposes of canal. 61 L.R.A. 877. 
 
 § 11. — railroad right of way. 
 
 Adverse possession of railroad right of way. 
 
 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 272. 
 Acquisition of prescriptive right of way 
 
 across railroad tracks. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 190. 
 
 § 12. — highway or alley. 
 
 Acquiring highway by prescription, see 
 
 Highways, § 5. 
 Prescriptive right to maintain obstruction 
 
 in highway, see Highways, § 39. 
 
 Rights acquired as against the public by ad- 
 verse possession of higliway or city 
 street. 18 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Presumption of abandonment. 18 
 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Estoppel. 18 L.R.A. 147. 
 
 Rule in case of city street. 18 L.R.A. 
 147. 
 
 Inclosure of part of the width of the 
 way. 18 L.R.A. 149. 
 
 Neglect to open. 18 L.R.A. 149. 
 
 Restraint of summary proceedings to 
 remove obstructions. 18 L.R.A. 
 149. 
 
 Right to lateral support. 18 L.R.A. 
 150. 
 
 Miscellaneous decisions. 18 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 Statutory provisions. 18 L.R.A. 150. 
 Encroachment on public street or alley by 
 
 occupier of abutting property, for stor- 
 age or other similar purposes, as basis 
 
 of adverse possession. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1056. 
 
 § 13. Hostility. 
 
 Effect of mistalte, see Mistake, § 16. 
 
 Necessity that possession be hostile and 
 
 adverse. 4 L.R.A. 641.* 
 As essential element in adverse possession. 
 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1192. 
 
 §14. Kind of possession. 
 
 Necessity of actual occupation. 4 L.R.A. 
 64L* 
 
 Necessity that occupation be open and no- 
 torious. 4 L.R.A. 641.* 
 
:l-i 
 
 IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ADVERSE POSSESSION, II.— cont'd 
 Inclosure of right of way as. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 565. 
 
 III. Color of title. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Quitclaim, see Quitclaim Deed, § 5. 
 
 Parol partition to give color of title. IG 
 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 Quitclaim deed as color of title for pur- 
 poses of adverse possession. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 776. 
 
 Void parol conveyance of easement as foun- 
 dation for easement by prescription. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991. 
 
 Atnst ancestor have been in possession to 
 give heirs the benefit of his color of 
 title. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 
 S 16. Tax certlfieate as. 
 
 Is possession under tax certificate during 
 redemption period adverse. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 627. 
 
 S IT. Invalid tax deed as. 
 
 Kflfect of an invalid tax deed as color of 
 title within general statutes of lim- 
 itations. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 772. 
 General statutes based upon adverse 
 possession. 11 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 772. 
 Deeds not disclosing on their face 
 any substantial infirmity. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 772. 
 Deeds insufficiently proved. 11 
 
 L.R,.'^.(N.S.) 772. 
 Deeds attacked by proof ali- 
 unde. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 775. 
 Lack of valid assessment, tax, 
 judgment, or precept. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 777. 
 Land not subject to taxation. 
 11 L.R.a;(N.S.) 778. 
 Deeds invalid on their face. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 778. 
 In general. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 778. 
 Indefinite description of land. 
 
 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 779. 
 Defective acknowledgments. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 780. 
 Particular statutes. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 780. 
 Preliminary. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 780. 
 "Color of title" or "claim and color 
 of title," "made in good 
 
 faith." " " ~ 
 
 780. 
 In general. 
 
 780. 
 Illinois eases. 
 (N.S.) 781, 
 Colorado cases. 11 L.R.A 
 
 N.S.) 784. 
 South Dakota cases. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 784. 
 "Exclusive claim" under "written 
 instrument." 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 785. 
 Other statutes. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 786. 
 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 11 L.R.A. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 ADVERSE POSSESSION, II.---eont'd 
 Does a void tax deed set in motion special 
 statutes of limitations governing 
 actions to recover lands sold for 
 taxes. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 339. 
 Color of title. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 340. 
 The necessity of taking possession of 
 the land under a tax deed. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 343. 
 Tax deeds voidable instead of void. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 345. 
 Tax deeds absolutely void on their 
 
 face. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 347. 
 Possession under a tax deed void on its 
 
 face. 27 L.R.A. ( N.S. ). 349. 
 Tax deeds prima facie valid, but abso- 
 lutely void. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 350. 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 350. 
 Because the land was not taxable. 
 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 351. 
 For lack of lawful assessment. 2i 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 351. 
 For defective description of tlie 
 
 land. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 353. 
 When the taxes had been paid. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 353. 
 Because no sale was had. 27 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 353. 
 Because the sale was had at an 
 unauthorized place. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 354. 
 For prematurity of execution. 27 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 354. 
 For sale of several parcels in gross. 
 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 
 For failure to follow statutory 
 
 prescription as to form and 
 
 contents. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) S.");'), 
 
 Effect of recording tax deeds. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 356. 
 Disqualification of grantee to acquire 
 title by tax deed. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 356. 
 Effect on special statute of limitations 
 which begins to run from time actual 
 possession is taken under tax deed of 
 fact that sucli deed was void or irreg- 
 ular. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1102. 
 Statute limiting time for attack on tax sale 
 or creating conclusive presumption as 
 to its validity as applied to a sale un- 
 der proceedings void for jurisdictional 
 defects under which possession had not 
 been taken. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 157. 
 
 § 18. Necessity of. 
 
 The necessity of color of title when not ex- 
 pressly made a condition by stat- 
 ute to found title by adverse pos- 
 session. 15 L.R.A.'(isr.S.) 1178. 
 The nature and effect of statutes of 
 limitation. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1181. 
 The meaning of "adverse possession." 
 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1184. 
 The necessity of entry and disseisin. 
 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1186. 
 The essential elements in adverse pos- 
 session. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1189. 
 General characteristics. 15LRA 
 
 (N.S.) 1189. 
 Hostility. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1192. 
 
.A. NOTES. 
 
 25 
 
 ADVERSE POSSESSION, III.— cont'd 
 
 Exclusiveness. 15 L.R.A. (X.S.) 
 
 119G. 
 Actual occupancy. 15 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1198. 
 Openness, visibilitv, and notoriety. 
 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1200. 
 Unbroken continuity. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1202. 
 Intent. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1205. 
 Claim of right. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1208. 
 Distinction between "claim" and "color 
 of title." 15 L.R.A.(X.S.) 1213. 
 The meaning of "color of title.'' 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1215. 
 What constitutes color of title. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1218. 
 The need of color of title. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1223. 
 Under short-term statutes of lim- 
 itation. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1223. 
 In the abstract. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1226. 
 By trespassers. 15 L.R.A. { N.S. ) 
 
 1233. 
 To avoid conveyances by persons 
 out of possession. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1235. 
 By purchasers. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1236. 
 By donees. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1239. 
 The nature of possession with and with- 
 out color of title. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1240. 
 The general distinction. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1240. 
 Possession under color of title. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1242. 
 In general. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1242. 
 In case of overlapping grants. 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1245. 
 Possession witliout color of title. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1245. 
 Good faith. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1248. 
 The rights and title gained by adverse 
 possession. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1255. 
 Conclusion. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1260. 
 
 IV. Effect; title by. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Loss of easement by, see Easements, § 26. 
 Effect of, on dower right, see Doweb, § 14. 
 
 Effect of, on right to partition. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 620. 
 Effect of, to extinguish easement to right 
 
 of way. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 889. 
 Right of one in adverse possession to main- 
 tain trespass gitare claitsiim fregit. 
 
 .30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 266. 
 Title by, as marketable title. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 26. 
 Title to flats bv. 40 L.R.A. 394. 
 Title to is land by. 58 L.R.A. 677. 
 Rights of person in adverse possession with 
 
 respect to accretions to shore lands. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 209. 
 Limits of land to which presumption of 
 
 title applies. 1 L.R.A. 214.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ADM<:RSE POSSESSION— cont'd 
 V. Continuity ; tacking. 
 
 § 2 0. Generally. 
 
 Necessity that possession be continuous. 4 
 L.K.A. 641.* 
 
 Unbroken continuity as essential element 
 of adverse possession. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1202. 
 
 Connected possessions; tacking on. 4 L.E.A. 
 642.* 
 
 Parol transfer of possession as basis of tack- 
 ing. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 498. 
 Holding beyond boundary. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 500. 
 
 Does continuation by grantee of life tenant 
 in possession initiated by creator of life 
 estate, inure to benefit of remainder- 
 men. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1055. 
 
 VI. Ahandonment. 
 
 § 21. Generally. 
 
 Effect of abandonment on title to real prop- 
 erty acquired by adverse possession. 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1161. 
 
 ADVERTISING. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Damages for breach of advertising contract. 
 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 272. 
 Advertising lost or stolen paper as putting 
 
 purchaser on inquirv. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 383. 
 Pass in consideration of, as violation of 
 
 statute forbidding discrimination in 
 
 passenger rates. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 217; 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 657. 
 Authority of traveling salesman to make 
 
 advertising contract. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1019. 
 
 § 2. In or on what. 
 
 Use of highway for purposes of, see High- 
 ways, § 16. 
 On walls of building, see Walls, § 2. 
 See also Billboards. 
 
 Exercise of police power for esthetic pur- 
 poses. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 998. 
 
 Grant of right to use other public places 
 for advertising purposes. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 455. 
 
 Eight of railroad, street railway, or other 
 common carrier, to contract for tlie 
 use of its ears for advertising pur- 
 poses. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1010. 
 
 Eight of action for use of photograph or 
 name for advertising purposes. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1137. 
 
 S 3. Penalty for. 
 
 By attorney as ground for disbarment. 9 
 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 282; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 941. 
 
 As ground for revoking physician's license, 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 783. 
 
26 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ADVERTISING— cont'd 
 
 Publication of advertisements derogatory to 
 
 parties to litigation, as contempt of 
 
 court. 2 B. R. C. 497. 
 
 ADVICE. 
 
 Of counsel, see Advice of Counsel. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession induced by ad- 
 vice. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 812. 
 
 ADVICE OF COUNSEL. 
 
 As defense to action for malicious prosecu- 
 tion, see Malicious Pbosecution, § 8. 
 
 As affecting liability for exemplary dam- 
 ages in suing out attachment for col- 
 lection of debt only. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 281. 
 
 Personal liability of executor or adminis- 
 trator to distributees for interest where 
 settlement of estate is delayed by. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 
 Liability of attorney to client for mistake 
 or omissions in. 52 L.R.A. 892. 
 
 4« » 
 
 .aSSTHETICS. 
 
 See Esthetics. 
 
 *« » 
 
 AFFECTIONS. 
 
 Alienation of, see Husband and Wipe, §§ 
 66, 67. 
 
 As 
 
 AFFIANCED WIFE. 
 
 a "dependent" witliin restrictions as 
 beneficiaries of mutual benefit associa- 
 tions. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 654; 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 208. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 14, 
 
 AFFIDAVIT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 In attachment, see Attachments, 
 
 15. 
 By corporate officer, see Cobporations, § 42. 
 Admissibility of, in evidence, see Evidence, 
 
 § 134. 
 Of merits, see Judgment, § 88. 
 Of jurors, see New Tbial, § 13. 
 For removal of causes from state court, see 
 
 Removal op Causes, § 12. 
 For publication of process, see Wbit and 
 
 Pbocess, § 21. 
 See also Oath. 
 
 Impeachment of contradicting affidavit on 
 application for continuance. 16 L.R.A. 
 240. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 
 11 
 
 AFFIDAVIT— cont'd 
 Privilege as to statements in 
 
 837. 
 In proceedings for removal of cause 
 
 L.R.A. 570.* 
 By officer of corporation as affidavit by 
 
 agent of corporation. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 703. 
 Publication of affidavits in pending actions 
 
 as contempt of court. 2 B. R. C. 500. 
 
 § 2. Sufficiency. 
 
 Validity and sufficiency of, for purposes of 
 extradition. 28 L.R.A. 803. 
 
 Failure of description of land in affida,vit 
 of claim for mechanics' lien and build- 
 ings distinct from land. 62 L.R.A. 382. 
 
 Defective affidavit to schedule annexed to 
 assignment for creditors. 3 L.R.A. 140.* 
 
 Necessity of venue and jurat. 13 L.R.A. 
 556.* 
 
 § 3. Who may take. 
 
 Bgm&T of consul to take affidavits. 4S 
 L.R.A. 499. 
 
 § 4. Amendment. 
 
 Right to amend affidavit for attachment. 
 31 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 § 5. Use of. 
 
 Use of, before grand jury. 28 L.R.A. 319. 
 
 Admissibility of affidavit of juror to show 
 misconduct outside the jury room and 
 not inhering in verdict. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 930. 
 
 AFFINITY. 
 
 Sistebs-in- 
 
 See also Bbothebs-in-Law ; 
 Lavs'. 
 
 Proof of instrument where subscribing wit- 
 ness is incompetent because of. 35 
 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Relationship by, when exists. 11 L.R.A. 
 630.* 
 
 Whether "relatives" include those by af- 
 finity. 14 L.R.A. 342. 
 
 Implied agreement to pay for services ren- 
 dered by relative by marriage. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 873. 
 
 Incest between persons related by. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 772. 
 
 AFFIRMANCE. 
 
 Of infant's contracts, see Infants, § 20. 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 AFFIRMATIVE ACTION. 
 
 Necessity of, in order to terminate rights 
 of member of mutual benefit society for 
 nonpayment of dues. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 246. 
 
 Begin ivith this hoaik on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 27 
 
 AFFRAY. 
 
 Passenger's duty to protect himself during 
 
 affray on train. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1209. 
 Admissibility as rea gestce of statements 
 
 or exclamations of nonparticipant in. 
 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 133; 33 L.K.A.(X.S.) 
 
 109. 
 
 AFFREIGHTMENT. 
 
 Deviation as affecting carrier's right to 
 avail itself of provisions of special 
 contract of affreightment. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1046. 
 
 AFTER-ACQUIRED PROPERTY. 
 
 Chattel mortgage on, see Chattel Mobt- 
 
 GAGE, § 9. 
 
 Passing of, by deed, see Deeds, § 22. 
 Estoppel to claim, see Estoppel, § 5. 
 Priority of judgment lien on, see Judgment, 
 
 § 64. 
 Jlortgage on, see Mobtgage, § 18. 
 Effect of quitclaim deed on, see Quitclaim 
 
 Deed, § 4. 
 
 Priority of judgment liens on. 42 L.R.A. 
 209. 
 
 Right of one receiving advancement and 
 executing release of interest in estate 
 to share in after-acquired property. 65 
 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 Right of brolcer with whom property is list- 
 ed for sale to purchase subsequently ac- 
 quired interest. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1162. 
 
 Validity of agreement to transfer, in con- 
 sideration of maintenance. 70 L.R.A. 
 485. 
 
 Validity of mortgage other than railroad 
 mortgage, covering after-acquired real- 
 ty. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 
 AFTER-BORN CHILDREN. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 46. 
 
 Homicide in killing of. 63 L.R.A. 908. 
 Action by, for death of parent. 11 L.R.A. 
 391.* 
 
 § 2. Property rights of. 
 
 As grantee in deed, see Deeds, § 17. 
 Conclusiveness of judgment against, see 
 
 Judgment, § 49. 
 Disherison of, see Wills, § 68. 
 Right to take under provision of will, see 
 
 Wills, § 70. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to rights of under will. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 467. 
 Consult also L.B.A- Digests to date. 
 
 AFTER-BORN CHILDREN— cont'd 
 Devises of life estates to unborn children of 
 
 living persons as contravening rule 
 
 against perpetuities. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 330. 
 Capacity of child en ventre so, mere. to take 
 
 under devise or bequest to "children," 
 
 etc. 1 B. R. C. 582. 
 Marketability of title subject to defeat by 
 
 birth of person not in being. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 35. 
 
 § 3. — devestlture of. 
 
 Devestiture of estates of persons not in be- 
 ing. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 439. 
 
 The general rule as to who are bound by 
 judgments. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 
 The doctrine of representation. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 51; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 439. 
 When unborn persons are not rep- 
 resented. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 Who represent the unborn. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 
 Inherent powers of courts of equity. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 61. 
 
 Legislative power and statutory con- 
 struction. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 62. 
 
 Interpretations and instructions. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 64. 
 
 Decrees beyond court's jurisdiction. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 441. 
 
 Decrees invalidating deeds and wills. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 65. 
 
 Reformation of deeds. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 66. 
 
 Partition. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 442. 
 
 Accountings and distributions. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 69. 
 
 Foreclosures of mortgages. 8 L.R..A. 
 (N.S.) 70. 
 
 Judicial sales to satisfy creditors. S 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 443. 
 
 Judicial conversions of real into per- 
 sonal property. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 
 Contracts and conveyances inter vivos. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 74; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 442. 
 
 Decrees between conception and birth. 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 76. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of consent, see Age of Consent. 
 
 Effect of ignorance, mistake or belief as to, 
 on criminal responsibility, see Crimi- 
 nal Law, § 14. 
 
 Full age or majority, see Majobity, § 1. 
 
 As affecting competency of witnesses. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 605. 
 As qualification of grand juror. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 199. 
 Of juror as ground for new trial. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 475. 
 
28 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. wuijms. 
 
 AGE— cont'd 
 
 Entries in family Bible as evidence of. 41 
 L.R.A. 451. 
 
 Census returns as evidence of. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 718. 
 
 Of accused as affecting voluntariness of con- 
 fession. 18 L.R.A.(X.S.) 786. 
 
 Age limit for application of doctrine of "at- 
 tractive nuisance." 19 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1165. 
 
 Admissibility of previous statements as to, 
 by, witness out of court, consistent with 
 his testimony. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 949. 
 
 § 2. Misrepresentations as to. 
 
 Estoppel of infant by, see Estoppel, § 29. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to minor serv- 
 ant who secured employment by mis- 
 representing, his age. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 500; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 708; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 624. 
 
 False pretenses by infant inducing another 
 to enter into contract with him by rep- 
 resenting that he is of age. 24 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 1101. 
 
 AGENCY. 
 
 See Principai, and Agent. 
 
 « »• 
 
 AGE OF CONSENT. 
 
 Marriage of persons under, see Marriage, 
 
 § 9. 
 Rape of female under, see Rape, § 3. 
 
 Does statute fixing age of consent render a 
 girl below that age incapable of sexual 
 crime. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) , 872. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter for chastity of victim of crime. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 723. 
 
 AGGRAVATION. 
 
 Of damages, see Damages, § 12. 
 
 AGISTER. 
 
 Lien of, see Liens, §§ 14, 17. 
 
 AGREEMENT. 
 
 See also Contbacts. 
 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 jurisdiction on judgments by agree- 
 ment. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 981. 
 
 AGRICIJIiTURAI; GRANT. 
 
 Location of claim on. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 798. 
 
 — ■*-*-•■ 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Who is a farm or agricultural laborer with- 
 in statute giving lien. 19 L.R.A. ( X.S. ) 
 1039. 
 Agricultural operations on Sunday. 14 
 L.R.A. 193. 
 As works of necessity. 5 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 320. 
 
 AID. 
 
 To railroad, see Railroads, § 26. 
 
 ■*-»-* 
 
 AIDING AND ABETTING. 
 
 In assault and battery, see Assattlt and 
 
 Battery, § 9. 
 Criminality of,. see Criminal Law, § 25. 
 
 Validity of contract made for purpose of 
 aiding public enemy. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 606. 
 
 AIR. 
 
 Easement of, see Easements, §§ 13, 19-21. 
 
 What constitutes a "taking" of. 18 L.R.A. 
 166. 
 
 Driving foul air against neighbor's win- 
 dows as nuisance. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 695. 
 
 AISLES. 
 
 Duty to keep clear isles in theater. 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1075. 
 
 42 
 
 ALABAMA CLAIMS. 
 
 Commissioners of. 13 L.R.A. 258.* 
 Geneva award; right of assignees; war 
 premiums; claims against indemnity 
 fund; compensation for collection; 
 rights of representatives of deceased 
 claimant; jurisdiction and procedure; 
 litigation as to title to fund. 3 L.R.A. 
 460.* 
 
 ALCOHOL. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law miestion 
 
 As intoxicating liquor. 20 L.R.A. 645. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 29 
 
 ALCOHOLISM. 
 
 See also Drunkenness. 
 
 Presumption of continuance of. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 122. 
 Application regulating practice of medicine 
 
 to persons treating. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 7(53. 
 Application of statute regulating practice of 
 
 medicine to persons giving special kinds 
 
 of treatment. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 762; 24 
 ■ L.R.A.lX.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1297. 
 
 ■*—* 
 
 ALE. 
 
 As intoxicating liquor. 20 L.R.A. 647. 
 
 ALIAS. 
 
 See Name, § 7. 
 
 ALIAS EXECUTION. 
 
 EflFect on, of creditor's consent to delay or 
 postponement of sale. 27 L.R.A. 380. 
 
 ALIBI. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, § 114. 
 Admissibility of evidence of, see Evidence, 
 
 § 285a. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, se'e Evidence, 
 
 § 317. 
 Proof as to, beyond reasonable doubt, see 
 
 Evidence, § 325. 
 
 ALIENATION. 
 
 Effect of rule in Shelley's Case on, see 
 
 Deed.?, § 30; Wills, § 82. 
 Restraint on generally, see Perpetuities. 
 Restraint on, as repugnant to fee, sec 
 
 Wills, § 78. 
 Restraint on, in will, see Wills, §§ 78, 87. 
 
 Provision against alienation of interest of 
 cestui (jur trust. 2 L.R.A. 113.* 
 
 ALIEN.VTION OF AFFECTIONS. 
 
 See Husband and Wife, §§ 66, 87. 
 
 ALIENS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 30. 
 Alien wife, see Husb,\nd and Wife, § 2. 
 ^_..„..7* „ian T.Tt.1. DitiCHtx to date. 
 
 ALIENS— cont'd 
 
 Discrimination against as to licenses, see 
 License, § 46a. 
 
 Disabilities of. 12 L.R.A. 532.* 
 
 Treaty guaranties to. 16 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Right to equal protection of laws. 14 L.R.A. 
 583. 
 
 As grand jurors. 28 L.R.A. 195. 
 
 Alienage of juror as ground for new trial. 
 18 L.R.A. 476. 
 
 Right of action for death of other person. 
 54 L.R.A. 934. 
 
 Right of, to bring action for death for bene- 
 fit of nonresident aliens. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 473; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 267. 
 
 Power ■ of state, under 14th Amendment to 
 deny to aliens the right to engage in a 
 lawful occupation. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 799. 
 
 Removal of separable controversy in which 
 alien is a party. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 56. 
 
 Validity of discrimination against aliens 
 by inheritance tax law as affected by 
 treaty with foreign government. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 632. 
 
 § 2. Status. 
 
 Effect of marriage on wife's status as an 
 
 alien. 22 L.R.A. 148. 
 The ancient doctrine. 22 L.R.A. 148. 
 The doctrine since the enactment of 
 
 modern statutes. 22 L.R.A. 149. 
 
 § 3. Immigration; deportation. 
 
 State laws imposing taxes or penalties up- 
 on immigration as interference with 
 commerce. 13 L.R.A. 686. 
 
 Right of Chinese person to bail in deporta- 
 tion proceedings. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1088. 
 
 § 4. Inheritance; property rights. 
 
 Descent to, through, and from, see Descent 
 and Distribution, § 4. 
 
 Right of, to take estate by curtesy under 
 enabling statutes. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 659. 
 
 Termination of right to declare escheat by 
 death of alien, or transfer in his life- 
 time. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 186. 
 
 Right of, to locate mining claim. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 813. 
 
 § 5. Naturalization. 
 
 EITect of, on alien's right to inherit. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 181. 
 Right of alien wife to alien to. 29 L.R..\. 
 
 (N.S.) 829. 
 Right of clerk on salary basis to retain fee 
 
 for. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 810. 
 Powers of state legislatures and courts in 
 re.spcct to. .30 L.R.A. 761. 
 Power of Federal goveninieut to cuiif'T 
 power on state courts. 30 L.R.A. 
 71)2. 
 What state courts mav act. 13 L.R.A. 
 22!); .30 L.R.A. 763. 
 Jurisdiction of state courts over naturali- 
 zation proceedings. 48 L.R..'\. 36. 
 Test of intelligence to be applied in naturali- 
 zation proceedings. 22 L.R. -\.(NS) 
 1041. ■' 
 
30 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. :N0XES. 
 
 ALIMONY. 
 
 See DivoBCE and Sepaeation, §§ 34-49; 
 Mabbiage, § 20. 
 
 ALLEY. 
 
 Adverse possession of, see Adverse Posses- 
 sion, § 12. 
 
 Boundary pn, see Boundaries, § 5. 
 
 Creation of easement by conveyance with 
 reference to, see Easements, § 11. 
 
 Riglit to, as way of necessity, wliere otlier 
 possible modes of access exist. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1022. 
 
 Injunction against interference with fences 
 or gates under claim of. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 58, 72. 
 
 Municipal liability for defects or obstruc- 
 tions in. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 573. 
 
 AI;LOWANCE. 
 
 Of alimony, see Divorce and Separation, 
 
 §§ 34-49. 
 From decedent's estate, see Executors and 
 
 Administrators, §§ 54-55a. 
 
 » » » 
 
 ALLUVION. 
 
 See Waters, § 42.' 
 
 *—* 
 
 ALMANAC. 
 
 Judicial notice of facts stated in. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 35.* 
 As evidence. 40 L.R.A. 560. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 ALMSHOUSE. 
 
 Residence of inmate of, for purpose of vot- 
 ing. 23 L.R.A. 215 ; 40 L.R.A. 169. 
 
 ALTERATION OP INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, §§ 91, 91a. 
 As forgery, see FOEGEBT. 
 Of receipt, see Receipt, § 2. 
 Revocation of will by alteration, see Wills, 
 
 §§ 39, 40. 
 
 Of official ballot. 47 L.R.A. 839. 
 
 Power of insured to destroy rights of bene- 
 ficiary by altering certificate. 40 L.R.A. 
 753. 
 
 Insurance broker as agent for insured in al- 
 teration of policy. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 630. 
 
 Begin with this 'book, on every laii- question. 
 
 ALTERATION OF INSTRUMENTS— «ont'd 
 
 Presumption as to alteration of typewritten 
 instrument made in duplicate. IS 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 680. 
 
 Depositor's duty as to raised or altered 
 checks. 27 L.R.A. 429. 
 
 Duty of indorser, maker, or surety, to see 
 that spaces on commercial paper are 
 filled so as to prevent raising. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 402. 
 
 Alteration of note by erasing, crossing out 
 or otherwise canceling or obliterating 
 material provision thereof without sub- 
 stituting new matter. 32 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 520. 
 
 § 2. Duty of explaining. 
 
 Duty of party producing instrument to ac- 
 count for alterations. 13 L.R.A. 313.* 
 
 Burden of explaining erasures or altera- 
 tions appearing on face of will. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 184. 
 
 § 3. Materiality. 
 
 What are material. 4 L.R.A. 197; * 7 
 
 L.R.A. 743.* 
 Filling blanks. 1 L.R.A. 648; * 6 L.R.A. 
 
 469.* 
 Forgery by altering mere memorandum. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 794. 
 Addition of name of attesting witness to in- 
 strument as an alteration. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1155. 
 Erasing or otherwise canceling or obliterat- 
 ing a material provision without the 
 substitution of new matter. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.),519. 
 Change to correct a mistake in designation 
 
 of party. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 127. 
 Alteration of deed after delivery. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 284. 
 Alteration by stranger. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 285. 
 Alteration by party or one interested 
 indeed. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 Immaterial alterations. .32 L.R.A 
 
 (N.S.) 285. 
 Material alterations. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 286. 
 Effect upon instrument as an 
 executed conveyance. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 Effect upon instrument as an 
 executory contract. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 287. 
 As modifying original instru- 
 ment. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 290. 
 
 § 4. — commercial paper. 
 
 Effect of alteration, see infra. § 7. 
 Alteration of date. 32 L.R.A. (X.S.) 515. 
 To correct mistake. 32 L.R.A. (NS i 
 517. 
 To correct mistake in designation of partv. 
 
 "31 L.R.A.(y.S.) 127. ■ 
 
 By erasing or canceling material provision 
 without inserting new matter. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) .)2!"). 
 By inserting place of pavment. 31 L.R.A 
 I N.S.) 643. 
 •.Materialitv of altpration. 31 L.RA 
 N.S.) 644. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 31 
 
 ALTERATION OF INSTRUMENTS— cont'd 
 Distinction between doctrine of implied 
 
 authoritj' and doctrine of estoppel. 
 
 31 L.E.A.(X.S.) 645. 
 Rights of one making alteration, or 
 
 holder with notice. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 646. 
 Eights of bona fide holders without 
 
 notice. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 648. 
 Alteration by means other than filling 
 
 blank. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 By insertion of interest clause in note. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 217. 
 
 § 5. Ratification. 
 
 Ratification of altered or forged note. 12 
 L.R.A. 140.* 
 
 Necessity of consideration to sustain rati- 
 fication of unauthorized alteration. 39 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 131. 
 
 § 6. Effect. 
 
 Efl^ect of. 4 L.R.A. 196; * 6 L.R.A. 469; * 
 
 7 L.R.A. 743.* 
 Efl'eet of immaterial alteration. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 743.* 
 Eflfect on surety. 7 L.R.A. 743.* 
 Alteration in books of account, as affecting 
 
 admissibility in evidence. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 574. 
 Alteration of records as ground for injunc- 
 tion against judgment. 30 L.R.A. 563. 
 Efl'eet of alteration of replevin bond which 
 
 has served its purpose. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 752. 
 
 § 7. — commercial paper. 
 
 Effect of alteration of note on good faith 
 of transferee, see Bills and Notes, 
 § 41. 
 
 Effect of alteration of promissory note, gen- 
 erally. 3 L.R.A. 724.*' 
 
 Effect of alteration by maker to dis- 
 charge indorser. 3 L.R.A. 725.* 
 
 Change in date. 3 L.R.A. 725; * 35 
 L.R.A. 466. 
 
 Change in amount. 3 L.R.A. 725.* 
 
 Alteration of interest clause. 3 L.R.A. 
 725.* 
 
 Inserting a place of payment. 3 L.R.A. 
 726.* 
 
 Effect of consent to alteration. 3 
 L.R.A. 726.* 
 Eflfect of, as a discharge. 4 L.R.A. 196,* 
 198.* 
 
 Alteration by stranger. 4 L.R.A. 196.* 
 
 Bv holder of bill of exchange. 4 L.R.A. 
 196.* 
 
 By agent. 4 L.R.A. 196.* 
 Effect on mortgage of alteration of note se- 
 cured thereby. 16 L.R.A. 468; 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 230. 
 
 Fraudulent alteration. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 230. 
 
 Innocent alteration. 41 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 2.32. 
 Liability of maker or drawer on raised ne- 
 gotiable paper. 22 L.R.A. 686. 
 Lial>ilitv of bank to depositor for payment 
 
 of altered check. 2 L.R.A. 96.* 
 (tinnult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ALTERATION OF INSTRUMENTS— cont'd 
 As afl'ecting question whether commercial 
 pa{)er operates as payment of debt. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 Erasure, marks, and defects as putting pur- 
 chaser of negotiable paper on inquiry. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 376. 
 
 <«» 
 
 ALTERNATIVE ACTIONS. 
 
 For death or injury. 34 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 AMBIGUITIES. 
 
 Parol evidence to explain, see Evidence, 
 
 § 168. 
 [n will, see Wills, § 61. 
 
 AMBULANCE. 
 
 Duty and liability as to. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 481. 
 Applicability of doctrine respondeat 
 
 superior. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 481. 
 Negligence and contributory negligence. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 
 -♦-•-♦- 
 
 AMENDATORY LAWS. 
 
 Title of, see Statutes, § 14. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 AMENDMENT. 
 
 Of affidavit generally, see Affidavits, § 4. 
 
 Of affidavit in attachment suit, see Attach- 
 ment, § 15. 
 
 Of records on appeal, see Appeal and Er- 
 ror, § 21. 
 
 Of record on certiorari, see Certiorari, § 6. 
 
 Of record to cure defect for which motion 
 in arrest has been made, see Juiic- 
 MENT, § 16. 
 
 Of judicial records generally, see Records 
 AND Recording Laws, § 8. 
 
 Of Constitution, see Constitutional Law, 
 
 § 4. 
 
 Of corporate charter, see Corporations, 
 § 19. 
 
 Of indictment, see Indictment, Informa- 
 tion, AND Complaint, § 30. 
 
 Of mining location, see Mines, § 20. 
 
 Of pleadings, see Pleading, §§ 10, 11. 
 
 Of verdict, see Trial, §§ 83-86. 
 
 Of writ, see Writ and Process, § 7. 
 
 Trial of extradited person on amended 
 charge, see Extradition, § 4. 
 
 Power to amend commitment or sentence by 
 increasing punishment. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 90. 
 
 Of claim as discharge of sureties on bonds 
 given to dissolve attachments or on 
 bail bonds in civil actions. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 484. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 AMERCEMENT. 
 
 Effect against surety on official bond of 
 judgment of amercement against offi- 
 cer. 52 L.R.A. 165. 
 
 Variance between execution and judgment 
 as affecting amercement of officer for 
 failure to return execution. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 895. 
 
 AMICUS CURI^. 
 
 Right of court to surcharge account of ex- 
 ecutor, administrator, guardian or re- 
 ceiver on objection by. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 284. 
 
 AMNESTY. 
 
 Legislative power to grant. 34 L.R.A. 
 251. 
 
 AMOUNT. 
 
 Of recovery, see Damages. 
 
 Of bond in Federal Supreme Court. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 860. 
 Of bail in capital case. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 782. 
 
 AMOUNT IN CONTROVERSY. 
 
 In general, see Courts, §§ 27-29. 
 Effect of, on right to remove suit to Federal 
 court, see Removal of Causes, § 5. 
 
 Effect of, on admissibility of account books 
 as evidence. 52 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 AMUSEMENT PARKS. 
 
 Liability of person maintaining, for safety 
 of patrons. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 427; 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1134; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 715; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1071. 
 
 AMUSEMENTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Bathing, see Bathing. 
 Bathhouse, see Bathhouse. 
 Bathing resort, see Bathing Resort. 
 Parades, see Parades. 
 Civil rights in places of, see Civil Rights 
 § 2. 
 
 Using street for fair purposes. 14 L.R A 
 
 558. 
 Necessity of franchise for. 37 L.R.A. 718. 
 Injunction against, bv municipality. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 322. 
 Begin with this book on every lair ou 
 
 AMUSEMENTS— cont'd 
 
 Regulations affecting moving pictures. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 193. 
 
 Delegation of power to license. 20 L.R.A. 
 721. 
 
 Use of public money for entertainments. 
 14 L.R.A. 475. 
 
 Right of taxpayer to enjoin unlawful ex- 
 penditures by municipality for amuse- 
 ments. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 2. 
 
 Power of municipality to construct exhibi- 
 tion or amusement hall. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 425. 
 
 Use of public-school building for entertain- 
 ment. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 589. 
 
 Use of railroad right of way for recreation 
 purposes as against owner of fee. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 518. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to require 
 theater to pay for services of firemen 
 or policemen, performed at the theater 
 or place of exhibition. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 700. 
 
 Gathering for, as a meeting within purview 
 of offense of disturbing a meeting. 30 
 L.K.A.(N.S.) 832. 
 
 Validity of contract relating to unlicensed 
 theater. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 617. 
 
 Measure of carrier's liability for prevent- 
 ing exhibition or show by breach of 
 contract of carriage. 4 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 569. 
 
 Managers of expositions as exempt from 
 suit as agency of state. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 243. 
 
 § 2. As nuisances. 
 
 Dancing as. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 699. 
 
 Display of fireworks in city streets as. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 621. 
 
 Pool room as. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 992; 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 836. 
 
 Municipal regulation of, as a nuisance. 39 
 L.R.A. 528. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to d^'clare 
 particular kinds of amusement as 
 nuisances per se. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 548. 
 Theaters. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 548. 
 ii 
 
 § 3. Admission to places of. 
 
 What are places of amusement within the 
 civil rights act. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 
 Right of manager to impose restrictions up- 
 on admission to theater. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1188. 
 
 Flumiliation as element of damages for ex- 
 clusion from place of. 14 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1242; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 204. 
 
 § 4. — tickets. 
 
 Nature and extent of right of holder of 
 theater ticket. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1184. 
 
 Legislation forbidding speculation in thea- 
 ter tickets. 5 l;r.A.(N.S.) 183. 
 
 § 5. Ijiability for injuries at. 
 
 Liability of one maintaining place of amuse- 
 ment for the safety of patrons. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 427; 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1132; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 772; 32 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 713; 42 L.R. A. (N.S.) 1071. 
 
 estion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 33 
 
 AMUSEMENTS— cont'd 
 
 Bathing resorts. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 982; 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 715; 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 Liability of lessor. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 715. 
 Merry-go-round. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1070. 
 Grand stand. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1070. 
 Lights. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1071. 
 Amusement parks or piers. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1071. 
 Falling object. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1072. 
 Injury by animals. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1072. 
 Bathing resorts? 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1073. 
 Liability of lessor; liability for negli- 
 gence on concessionary. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1073. 
 Duty to keep clear aisles and passage- 
 ways in theater. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1075. 
 Negligence in displaying firearms. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 330. 
 Negligence in displaying fireworks. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 330, 759. 
 Liability for injuries caused by discharge of 
 
 fireworks. 16 L.R.A. 395. 
 Liability of operator of scenic railroad or 
 similar device to passengers. 26 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1054. 
 Liability for injuries caused by lack or in- 
 sufficiency of fire escapes at places of. 
 15 L.R.A.160; 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 177; 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 178; 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 744. 
 Liability of master to servant for personal 
 injury by wild animal or animal kept 
 for exhibition purposes. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1071. 
 
 § 6. —liability for acts of independent 
 contractor. 
 
 Liability of persons giving exhibitions for 
 acts of independent contractor. 66 
 L.R.A. , 152. 
 
 Persons assisting in public entertainment 
 as independent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 
 470. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor at. 65 L.R.A. 644. 
 
 Liability of one conducting fair or exposi- 
 tion for injury to patron through negli- 
 gence of concessionary. 14 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 284; 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 717. 
 
 § 7. — municipal liability. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for in- 
 juries by exhibition conducted by its 
 officers or employees. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 464. 
 
 Municipal liability for personal injury on 
 account of exhibition permitted in pub- 
 lic street. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 
 Municipal liability for failure to prevent 
 public exhibitions. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 864. 
 
 Liability of municipality for failure to pre- 
 vent display of fireworks in street. 23 j 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 643. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 AMUSEMENTS— cont'd 
 
 § 8. IJoss of property at place of. 
 
 Liability of keeper of bath house for loss 
 of valuables of patron. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 828. 
 
 17 
 
 § 9. On Sunday. 
 
 Prohibition of Sunday sports or games 
 
 L.R.A. 830. 
 What amusements are prohibited by Sun- 
 day laws. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 465. 
 
 Moving pictures. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 465. 
 
 Exhibitions. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 466. 
 
 Lectures. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 467. 
 
 Concerts. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 468. 
 
 Traveling. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 468. 
 
 Gaming. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 469. 
 
 Dancing. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 463. 
 
 Surf bathing. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 470. 
 
 Hunting. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 470. 
 
 Fisliing. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 470. 
 Keeping theater open on Sunday as viola- 
 tion of Sunday law. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1157. 
 Playing baseball on Sunday as an ofi'ense. 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 23; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1186; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 407. 
 Validity of classification in Sunday law as 
 
 to ; keeping open place of. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1190. 
 Surf bathing as violation of Sunday laws. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 470. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 Particular analysis of milk prescribed by 
 police reg-ulations. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 
 ANCESTOR. 
 
 Descent and distribution of property of, see 
 Descent and Distribution; Exectj- 
 TOKS AND Administratoks, §§ 47-49; 
 Heirs. 
 
 Consent of, to sale of expectancy by pro- 
 spective heir. 33 L.R.A. 281. 
 
 ANCHORAGE. 
 
 Obstruction of rights of navigation by. 59 
 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 ANCIENT CHANNEL. 
 
 Right as between upper and lower proprie- 
 tors to restore water to. 41 L.R.A. 750. 
 
 ANCIENT DEFECTS. 
 
 Liability of township for injury by ancient 
 defects in highway. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1272. 
 
 3 
 
34 IXDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 ANCIENT DOCUMENTS. 
 
 Necessity of proving, by subscribing wit- 
 nesses. 35 L.R.A. 341. 
 
 Use of ancient book as evidence. 53 L.R.A. 
 532. 
 
 Adverse possession under ancient deed. 10 
 L.KA. 388.* 
 
 ANCIENT SIGNATURE. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 162. 
 
 ANCIENT USE. 
 
 Of water as essential to support present 
 right. 41 L.E.A. 743. 
 
 ANCIENT WRITINGS. 
 
 Comparison of handwriting in. 62 I1.B.A. 
 
 861. 
 Competency of witness to handwriting of. 
 
 63 L.E.A. 984. 
 
 ANCILIiARY ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 See Executors and Administbatobs, §§ 60 
 61. 
 
 ANCIIitARY GUARDIANS. 
 
 Necessity of bond to make acts of, valid. 
 33 L.R.A. 760. 
 
 ANCILLARY SUITS. 
 
 Removal of, to Federal court, gee Removal 
 OF Causes, § 4. 
 
 ANGER. 
 
 As defense to criminal prosecution. 
 
 Criminal Law, § 11. 
 Homicide in, see Homicide, § 32. 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. Rights and liabilities concerning 
 §§ 3-S2. 
 a. In general, § 2. 
 6. Property rights in, §§ 3-6. 
 o. Killing or injuring, §g 7-S. 
 Begin with this 'booTe, on even/ law question. 
 
 ANIMALS, II.— cont'd 
 
 d. Liability for damage iy, §f 
 
 9-16. 
 
 e. Diseased animals, § 17. 
 
 f. Regulations concerning; li- 
 
 cense and tax laws, §S IS, 
 19. 
 
 g. Impounding; as nuisances, 
 
 §§ 30-22. 
 III. Cruelty to, § 23. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Transportation of, see Caebiees, §§ 124- 
 127. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 40. 
 
 Dead animals, see Dead Animals. 
 
 Frightening of, see Fbight, § 1. 
 
 As to horses, see Horses. 
 
 Location of, as affecting insurance on. 26 
 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 Evidence of trailing of persons by blood- 
 hounds. 42 L.R.A. 432; 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 870. 
 
 Employees in charge of, as tenants. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 709. 
 
 II. Rights and liabilities concerning, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 offense of illegal use of estrays in bail 
 bond or recognizance. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 323. 
 
 Liability for escape of another's stock from 
 pasture by failure to keep proper divi- 
 sion fence. 20 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 Liability of vendor of unwholesome food 
 for cattle. 21 L.R.A. 140. 
 
 Creation of partnership by provision for 
 taking profits from use of, as compen- 
 sation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1046. 
 
 b. Property rights in. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Ferae naturw, property in; game laws. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 448.* 
 Property rights in bees. 40 L.R.A. 687. 
 Property rights in dogs. 40 L.R.A. .503. 
 
 Actions of trover, replevin, and tres- 
 pass. 40 L.R.A. 507. 
 
 Actions against common carriers. 40 
 L.R.A. 508. 
 
 Actions for injuries to dogs by rail- 
 road and street cars. 40 L.R.A. 
 509. 
 
 Liability of railroad for killinsr does 
 37 L.R.A. 659. ' 
 
 Right to damages for killing dog by 
 public officer. 19 L.R.A. 19G. 
 
 Criminal actions for iniuries to dogs. 
 40 L.R.A. 51]. 
 
 Larceny and obtaining a dog by false 
 pretenses. 40 L.R.A. 514, 
 
 Value. 40 L.R.A. 518. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 35 
 
 ANIMALS, II. b.— cont'd 
 
 As to license and tax laws. 40 L.R.A. 
 520. 
 Taking property without due proc- 
 ess of law. 40 L.R.A. 523. 
 Title to the increase of animals. 17 L.K.A. 
 81. 
 As between life tenant and remainder- 
 man. 17 L.R.A. 81. 
 On conditional sale of dam. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 82. 
 As between mortgagee of dam and oth- 
 er claimants. 17 L.R.A. 82. 
 Brand as evidence of ownership of. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 
 § 4. Larceny of. 
 
 Larceny of dog. 40 L.R.A. 514. 
 
 Larceny of estrays. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 341. 
 
 § 5. Sale of. 
 
 Validity of sale of, in violation of law. 12 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 597. 
 SuflSciency of selection or designation of 
 
 part sold out of a larger number. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 45. 
 Express warranty as to quality as excluding 
 
 implied warranty. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 504. 
 Does warranty extend to obvious defects in. 
 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 Liability of vendor of diseased livestock in 
 
 absence of express warranty. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 202. 
 Remedy for breach of warranty of horse 
 
 where its death prevents its return and 
 
 the substitution of another as provided 
 
 by the contract. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 823. 
 
 § 6. liiens; chattel mortgage. 
 
 ilortgage covering increase of, see Chattel 
 
 MOBTGAGE, § 12. 
 Lien on, see Liens, §§ 14, 17. 
 
 c. Killing or injuring, 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Liability of bailee of horse, see Bailment, 
 §6. 
 
 Liability of carrier for, see Cakrieks, §§ 
 124-127. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for, see Rail- 
 roads, §§ 73-76, 85. 
 
 Contributory negligence of owner of animal 
 killed on railroad track, see Railroads, 
 § 85. 
 
 Injury by reason of leaving gates in rail- 
 road fence open. 49 L.R.A. 625. 
 
 Loss of stock as element of damages for re- 
 moval of fences. 53 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for 
 killing or injuring animals. 62 L.R.A. 
 239. 
 
 Liability for frightening animal to death. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 183. 
 
 Liability of hirer for injury to horse while 
 
 being used for a purpose other than 
 
 that for which it was hired. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1106. 
 
 ConsuU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ANIMALS, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Liability of railroad company for attract- 
 ing animals running at large by allow- 
 ing freight or waste to remain exposed 
 on its premises. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 83. 
 
 Right to interest on damages from injury 
 to. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68. 
 
 Validity of statute permitting the summary 
 killing of domestic animals other than 
 dogs, running at large. - 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 699. 
 
 Power to require destruction of diseased 
 domestic animals without making com- 
 pensation therefor. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 369. 
 
 § 8. Dogs. 
 
 Right to kill dogs. 15 L.R.A. 249; 40 
 
 L.R.A. 510; 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 835; 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 673. 
 Police power. 15 L.R.A. 249 ; 40 L.R.A. 
 
 510; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 835^ 
 Unlicensed dogs. 15 L.R.A. 249. 
 Owner's right of action. 15 L.R.A. 249. 
 Barking or howling dogs. 15' L.R.A. 
 
 249; 40 L.R.A. 510. 
 Dogs dangerous to mankind. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 249; 40 L.R.A. 511. 
 Trespassing and predatory dogs. ID 
 
 L.R.A. 250; 40 L.R.A. 511; 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 836. 
 Dogs that worry, attack, or injure 
 
 sheep or other animals. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 251; 40 L.R.A. 511; 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 837, 838. 
 Relative value of dog and of property 
 
 endangered. 15 L.R.A. 252. 
 When dogs are "at large." 15 L.R.A. 
 
 252; 40 L.R.A. SU. 
 Negligent killing, or killing by mistake. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 252; 40 L.R.A. 511. 
 Malicious killing of dogs. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 838. 
 Criminal killing. 15 L.R.A. 252. 
 Liability of railroad for killing dogs. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 659. 
 Actions for injuries to dogs by railroads 
 
 and street cars. 40 L.R.A. 509. 
 Duty of railroad or street railways with 
 respect to dogs on track. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 911. 
 Right to damages for killing of dog by pub- 
 lic officer. 19 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 d. Liability for damage by, 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Sufficiency of plaintiff's pleadings, see 
 Pleading, § 25. 
 
 Liability of owner for injuries by, to per- 
 sons coming upon owner's premises. 
 14 L.R.A. 196. 
 Liability for injuries inflicted by domestic 
 animals other than dogs. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1188. 
 Liability of one maintaining place of amuse- 
 ment for injury by animals. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1072. 
 Liability of keeper of animal known to be 
 dangerous as affected by absence 
 of negligence on his part. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1164; 2 B. R. C. 14. 
 
36 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ANIMALS, II. d.— cont'd 
 
 Nature of delict. 2 B. E. C. 16. 
 
 Necessity of alleging or proving 
 negligence in mode of keeping. 
 2 B. R. C. 21. 
 Due care in restraint as a, defense. 
 2 B. E. C. 22. 
 Duty to persons coming upon owner's 
 premises. 2 B. E. C. 27. 
 Trespassers. 2 B. E. C. 28. 
 Keeping of animal as proximate cause 
 of injury. 2 B. E. C. 29. 
 Where plaintiff's conduct contrib- 
 utes to injury. 2 B. E. C. 30. 
 Wliere act of third person contrib- 
 utes to injury. 2 B. E. C. 33. 
 Master's liability for injury due to negli- 
 gence of servant having custody of dan- 
 gerous animals. 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 392. 
 Sufficiency of general allegations as to keep- 
 ing dangerous animals. 59 L.R.A. 272. 
 Evidence as to disposition of animal prior 
 
 to injury. 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 Admissibility of evidence of subsequent vi- 
 cious conduct of animal inflicting in- 
 jury. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1233. 
 Expert testimony as to vicious character of 
 
 animals. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1189. 
 Pollution of water course by. stock. 26 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 222. 
 Character of liability of several persons 
 whose animals unite in committing the 
 injury. 40 L.E.A.(N.S.) 109. 
 
 § 10. Animals trespassing or running 
 at large. 
 
 Scienter as condition of liability for dam- 
 ages by trespassing dogs. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 691. 
 
 Liability of owner for trespass of cattle. 
 22 L.E.A. 55. 
 From the highway. 22 L.R.A. 59. 
 Driving cattle on land of another. 22 
 
 L.E.A. 60. 
 Lack of division fences. , 22 L.E.A. 60. 
 Removal of division fence. 22 L.E.A. 
 
 62. 
 Defects in partition fence. 22 L.E.A. 
 
 62. 
 Liability for trespass of stock of third 
 
 party. 22 L.E.A. 63. 
 As between owner and keeper. 22 
 L.E.A. 64. 
 
 Liability of a municipality for permitting 
 animals in highway. 27 L.E.A. 728. 
 
 Municipal liability for failure to prevent 
 animals running at large. 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 642; 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 862. 
 
 Liability for trespass on unfenced land by 
 live stock teing driven along the high- 
 way. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 912. 
 
 Civil liability of nonresident for damage 
 done by his stock while straying in dis- 
 trict where allowing animals to run at 
 large is forbidden. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1098. 
 
 Liability of owner for injury to person or 
 property on highway by animal at large 
 thereon in violation of statute. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 647. 
 
 Begin icith this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 ANIMALS, 11. d.— cont'd 
 §11. Wild animals. 
 
 Liability for injury done by animals fera 
 
 naturw. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 748; 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 445. 
 Master's liability to servant for personal 
 
 injury by wild animal. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1071. 
 
 §12. Dogs. 
 
 Who is the keeper or harborer of a dog. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 431. 
 Liability of carrier for injury to passenger 
 
 by dog. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 947. 
 Liability of owner for injuries caused by 
 dog running against person. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 163. 
 Scienter as condition of liability for dam- 
 ages by a trespassing dog. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 691. 
 What scienter is necessary to charge owner 
 with liability for injury inflicted 
 by dog to person or property of 
 another. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458. 
 Constructive or imputed knowledge. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 462. 
 Knowledge of servant or agent. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 463. 
 Injuries to animals. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 463. 
 Effect of statutes. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 464. 
 Measure of damages for personal injury by 
 dog. 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 865. 
 
 §13. Bees. 
 
 Liability of owner of bees for injuries done 
 by them. 62 L.R.A. 132. 
 Actions for injuries inflicted bv bees. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 133. 
 Bees as a nuisance. 62 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 § 14. Injury to hirer. 
 
 Duty to inform hirer of character of horse. 
 
 12 L.R.A. 397.* 
 Warranty of horses kept for hire. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 § 15. Injury to servant. 
 
 Duty to warn servant against vicious horse. 
 
 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 Liability of master to servant for personal 
 
 injury by wild animal or animal kept 
 
 for exhibition purposes. 23 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1071. 
 
 § 16. Municipal liability. 
 
 Liability of municipality for permitting in 
 streets. 27 L.E.A. 728. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for fail- 
 ing to prevent animals running at large 
 in street. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 642. 
 
 e. Diseased animals. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Carrier's liability for communication of dis- 
 ease to animals, see Cakbiers, § 127. 
 
 Validity and construction of statutory regu- 
 lations as to infected animals 2fi 
 L.E.A. 638. 
 
INDEX TO L.R,A. NOTES. 
 
 37 
 
 ANIMALS, II. e.— cont'd 
 
 Statutes providing for destruction of 
 infected animals. 26 L.R.A. 638. 
 Texas cattle acts. 26 L.R.A. 638. 
 Necessity of the statutes. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 640. 
 Construction of statutes. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 640. 
 Effect of contributory negligence. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 640. 
 Conditional ownership. 26 L.R.A. 640. 
 
 Delegation by legislature of power as to 
 quarantining cattle. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 651. 
 
 State legislation for protection of health of 
 live stock as interference with inter- 
 state commerce. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 
 Power to require destruction of diseased 
 domestic animals without making com- 
 pensation. 18 L.R.A.(N,S.) 369. 
 
 Bcienter as a condition of liability for 
 spreading contagious disease among 
 animals. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 922. 
 
 Liability of vendor of diseased live stock in 
 absence of special warranty. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 202. 
 
 Damages recoverable for selling diseased 
 animals. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 697. 
 
 /. Eegulntions concerning; license and 
 tax latcs. 
 
 § 18. Regulations generally. 
 
 Municipal regulations of, as nuisances, see 
 infra, § 22. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute allowing cattle 
 to graze in highway. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1055. 
 
 Municipal ordinance regulating stray ani- 
 mals. 4 L.R.A. 254.* 
 
 Power of municipality to prohibit keeping 
 of live stock. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 266. 
 
 Validity and construction of statutory regu- 
 lations of infected animals. 26 L.R.A. 
 638. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes authorizing 
 seizure of animals by humane ofiBeers. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 
 Loss of collar as defense to prosecution for 
 keeping dog without collar. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 437. 
 
 § 19. License and tax laws. 
 
 License and tax laws as to dogs. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 520. 
 Character of dog tax. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 155. 
 Constitutionality of tax on dogs for benefit 
 
 of sheep owners. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 855. 
 Right to kill unlicensed dogs. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 249. 
 Validity of contract of unlicensed stock 
 
 breeders. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 617. 
 Requiring nonresident bringing live stock 
 
 into state for grazing purposes to pay 
 
 license tax. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 
 g. Impounding ; as nuisances. 
 
 § 20. Impounding. 
 
 Impounding and forfeiture of animals. 4 
 L.R.A. 252.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ANIMALS, II g.— cont'd 
 
 Authority to impound and sell stray 
 animals. 4 L.R.A. 253.* 
 
 Rights of owner. 4 L.R.A. 254.* 
 Liability of municipality for impounding 
 
 animals. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 138. 
 
 §21. Animals as nuisances. 
 
 Bees as. 62 L.R.A. 133. 
 Keeping of barking dog as. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 349. 
 
 § 22. — mxmlcipal regulation of. 
 
 Municipal regulation as to nuisanee of. 38 
 L.R.A. 332. 
 
 Running at large as a nuisance in street 
 subject to municipal control. 39 L.R.A. 
 674. 
 
 Municipal power over stockyards as nui- 
 sances. 38 L.R.A. 655. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to prevent 
 stock yards within corporate limits. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 122. 
 
 Right of municipality to prohibit the keep- 
 ing, standing, or exhibiting of stallions 
 and jacks. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 736. 
 
 III. Cruelty to. 
 
 §23. Generally. 
 
 Liability for. 11 L.R.A. 522.* 
 Malice or wilfulness as ingredient of the 
 offense of abusing animals. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 433. 
 Offenses against animals as property. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 433. 
 Character of malice necessary. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 434. 
 Cruelty to animals. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 436. 
 
 ANNEXATION. 
 
 Of territory to municipality, see Municipal 
 
 COEPOKATIONS, §§ 11, 12. 
 
 Of territory to town, see Towns, § 3. 
 
 Effect of, on right of alien to inherit. 31 
 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 ANNOTATOR. 
 
 Common-law right of annotator or commen- 
 tator. 51 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 ANNUAL SUPPLIES. 
 
 Contracts for, as indebtedness of municipal- 
 ity. 59 L.R.A. 610. 
 
 ANNUITY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Form of instrument necessary to create. 
 
 47 L.R.A. 614. 
 Set-off in bankruptcy. 55 L.R.A. 68. 
 
38 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ANNUITY— cont'd 
 
 Form of judgment on annuity and instal- 
 ment bonds. 62 L.R.A. 428, 439, 453. 
 
 Specific performance of contract as to. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 591. 
 
 Enforcement of annuity charges upon a de- 
 vise. 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 825. 
 
 Right of legatee for whose benefit the pur- 
 chase of annuity is directed to receive 
 the principal in lieu thereof. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 979. 
 
 Effect of death of beneficiary of testamen- 
 tar gift of annuity, before its purchase. 
 2 B. R. C. 909. 
 
 § 2. Apportionment. 
 
 Apportionment of annuities in absence of 
 statute. 63 L.R.A. 616; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 775. 
 Exceptions. 63 L.R.A. 621. 
 
 Annuity created for maintenance. 
 
 63 L.R.A. 621. 
 Consideration passing from annui- 
 tant. 63 L.R.A. 625. 
 In lieu of dower. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 625. 
 Other consideration. 63 
 L.R.A. 627. 
 Special instances. 63 L.R.A. 628. 
 Interest. 63 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 ANNULMENT. 
 
 Relief of purchaser on annulling judicial 
 
 sale, see Judicial Sale, § 13. 
 Of marriage, see Mabkiage, §§ 16-20. 
 
 ANTECEDENT INDEBTEDNESS. 
 
 Protection under recording act of mortgage 
 given as security for. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 57. 
 
 < »» 
 
 ANTENUPTIAL CONCEPTION. 
 
 See Antenuptial Pbegnanct. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 ANTENUPTIAL CONTRACT. 
 
 See Husband and Wife, §§ 55-61. 
 « « » '■ — 
 
 ANTENUPTIAL DEBTS. 
 
 Liability of community property for. 19 
 L.R.A. 235. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 ANTENUPTIAL FRAUD. 
 
 ANTENUPTIAL INDEBTEDNESS. 
 
 Husband's liability for, see Husband and 
 Wife, § 10. 
 
 ANTENUPTIAL PREGNANCY. 
 
 As ground for divorce or annulment of mar- 
 riage. 18 L.R.A. 375. 
 
 Concealment of, as ground for annulment 
 of marriage. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 996. 
 
 Proof necessary to establish bastardy of 
 child born to married woman in cases 
 of antenuptial conception. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 261. 
 
 ANTICIPATION. 
 
 11 
 
 In respect to patent, see Patent, § 9. 
 
 As an element of proximate cause 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 684. 
 
 Validity of anticipatory contract making 
 provisions for wife in event of her ob- 
 taining divorce for subsequent fault of 
 husband. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 880. 
 
 Anticipatory breach of contract as basis of 
 suit for specific performance. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 408. 
 
 ANTI-SCALPING ACT. 
 
 See Caebieks, §§ 21, 148. 
 
 *-»-• 
 
 ANTI-TRUST ACTS. 
 
 See Conspieact; Monopoly and Combina- 
 tions. 
 
 APARTMENTS. 
 
 Implied covenant of fitness for purpose in- 
 tended. 33 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 Continuance of rent for, after destruction 
 of leased building. 22 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 Duty and liability of landlord of apart- 
 ments as to heating. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1213. 
 
 APERTURES. 
 
 Right to open, in party wall. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1191. 
 
 APEX. 
 
 On marital rights, see Husbaxd and Wife, 
 
 § *3. Of vein in mine, see Mines, § 8. 
 
 Begin nith this booh on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 39 
 
 .\POIiOGETIC STATEMENTS, 
 
 Apologetic statements made sometime after 
 accident by person causing accident as 
 res gestcE. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 928. 
 
 APOTHECARIES. 
 
 See Dbttbs and Dkitqqists. 
 
 APPARENT OWNERSHIP. 
 
 Estoppel of one permitting title to realty 
 
 to stand in another's name to assert 
 
 title as against the latter's creditors. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR. 
 
 I. Right of appeal, §§ 1, 3. 
 II. Modes of review, § 3. 
 J II. Appellate jurisdiction, §§ 4-6. 
 IT. Transfer of cause; parties, §§ 7- 
 17. 
 a. Right to transfer, §§ 7-Sa. 
 i.. Effect, §§ 9-11. 
 
 c. Parties, § 12. 
 
 d. Mode; conditions; regula- 
 
 tions, § 13. 
 
 e. Time for talcing appeal, 
 
 §§ 1*, IS. 
 
 f. Security, §§ 16, 17. 
 r. Record, §§ 18-23a. 
 
 VI. Objections and exceptions, §§ 34:, 
 
 24a. 
 Til. Abatement, § 35. 
 VIII. Hearing and determination, 
 §§ 36-40. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 26-34. 
 
 b. What errors warrant re- 
 
 versal, §§ 33-40. 
 IX. Judgment on appeal, §§ 41-44a 
 
 a. In general, § 41. 
 
 b. Costs, § 42. 
 
 c. Effect of decision; subse- 
 
 quent proceedings, §§ 43- 
 
 44a. 
 X. Rehearing, § 45. 
 XI. Liability on appeal bond, § 46. 
 XI J. Effect of danger of, § 47. 
 
 As to certified cases, see Cases Cbbtified. 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoiiT- 
 
 STITUTIONAL LAW, § 148. 
 
 In eminent domain proceedings, see Emi- 
 nent Domain, § 34. 
 
 From justice's judgment, see Justice of 
 THE Peace, § 8. 
 
 From order appointing receiver, see Rk- 
 CEIVEBS, § 8. 
 
 As to hill of review, see Review. 
 
 ConstiU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR— cont'd 
 I. Right of appeal. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Right to appeal from appointment of guard- 
 ian for incompetent person, see Incom- 
 petent Persons, § 23. 
 
 Right to appeal from order of Federal cir- 
 cuit court remanding cause to state 
 court. 1 L.R.A. 67. 
 
 Appeal from drain assessment. 10 L.R.A. 
 288.* 
 
 Right to appeal from void judgment, de- 
 cree, or order. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 733. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute denying right 
 of appeal from decision of courts in 
 certain classes of cases. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 377. 
 
 Power of legislature to permit appeal to 
 court for purpose of reviewing the 
 amount of a tax assessment. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 716. 
 
 From decree for costs only. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1083. 
 
 Right of applicant to appeal in proceedings 
 to appoint guardian for incompetent 
 person. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 436. 
 
 § 2. Criminal cases. 
 
 Question whether suit for statutory pen- 
 alty is a civil or criminal prosecution 
 as affecting appeal. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 752. 
 
 Right to review of ord«r in habeas corpus 
 discharging or remanding party held 
 for extradition. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 755. 
 
 In case of insanity after commission of 
 criminal act. 38 L.R.A. 589. 
 
 //. Modes of review, 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Exclusiveness of remedy by appeal in case 
 
 of defects in local improvement. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 908. 
 Right of legislature to deny right of appeal 
 
 where there is other mode of review. 
 
 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 380. 
 Exercise of superintending control of place 
 
 of appeal. 51 L.R.A. 109; 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 949. 
 Lack of remedy by appeal as ground for in- 
 junction against judgment. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 560. 
 Exceptions to rule that certiorari will not 
 
 lie where there is an appeal. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 787. 
 Prohibition not issued to review or correct 
 
 errors of law or fact. 3 L.R.A. 57. 
 Writ of prohibition not to serve purpose of 
 
 writ of error. 9 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 III. Appellate jurisdiction. 
 
 § 4. Jurisdiction of Federal Supreme 
 Court over state courts. 
 
 What adjudication of state courts can be 
 brought up for review in the Su 
 preme Court of the United State.' 
 by writ of error to those courts, 
 62 L.Pt.A. 513. 
 
40 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, III.— cont'd 
 
 Nature of decisions reviewable. 62 
 L.E.A. 515. 
 Finality of determination. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 515. 
 Adjudication must be that of the 
 highest state court. 62 L.R.A. 
 518. 
 When adjudication is rendered in a 
 suit. 62 L.R.A. 519. 
 The nature of the controversy essen- 
 tial to this jurisdiction. 62 
 L.R.A. 519. 
 In general. 62 L.R.A. 519. 
 Validity of Federal law. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 521. 
 Questions respecting Federal au- 
 thority. 62 L.R.A. .521. 
 Repugnancy of state statutes or 
 
 authority to Federal law. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 525. 
 State authority. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 525. 
 State statutes generally. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 526. 
 State legislation impairing 
 
 contract obligations. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 527. 
 Rights and immunities claimed 
 
 under Federal law. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 529. 
 In general. 62 L.R.A 529. 
 Full faith and credit. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 529. 
 Former jeopardy. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 530. 
 Commerce. 62 L.R.A. 530. 
 Due process of law. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 530. 
 Equal protection of the laws. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 531. 
 Treaty rights. 62 L.R.A. 532. 
 Land titles. 62 L.R.A. 532. 
 Title to oflBce. 62 L.R.A. 534. 
 Mining claims. 62 L.R.A. 534. 
 Bankruptcy. 62 L.R.A. 535. 
 . National banks. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 536. 
 Citizenship. 62 L.R.A. 537. 
 Indians. 62 L.R.A. 537. 
 Contracts. 62 L.R.A. 537. 
 Vested water rights. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 537. 
 Legal tender. 62 L.R.A. 537. 
 Exemption from taxation. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 537. 
 Customs and internal revenue. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 538. 
 Removal of causes. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 538. 
 Navigation. 62 L.R.A. 538. 
 Civil rights. 62 L.R.A. 538. 
 Patents for inventions. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 538. 
 Slavery. 62 L.R.A. 539. 
 Limitation of actions. 62 
 
 L.RA. 539. 
 Miscellaneous. 62 L.R.A. 539. 
 Questions of local or general law 
 
 are not Federal. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 540. 
 In general. 62 L.R.A. 540. 
 Begin with this hook on every law question 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, III.— cont'd 
 
 Practice and procedure. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 541. 
 Validity of state legislation 
 
 under state Constitution. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 542. 
 Statutory construction. 62 
 
 L.R.A; 542. 
 Questions of fact. 62 L.R.A. 
 543. 
 How and when questions must be raised and 
 decided in a state court in order to 
 make a case for a writ of error 
 from the Supreme Court of the 
 United States. 63 L.R.A. 33. 
 Presentation of the Federal question to 
 the state court. 63 L.R.A. 33. 
 How raised. 63 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 The general rules. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 33. 
 Illustrative cases. 63 L.R.A. 
 35. 
 When presented in time. 63 L.R.A. 
 39. 
 The decision of the Federal question 
 by the state court. 63 L.R.A. 
 42. 
 Necessity of decision. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 42. 
 Essential requisites to decision. 63 
 L.R.A. 42. 
 In general. 63 L.R.A. 42. 
 Application of the rules to dif- 
 ferent Federal questions. 
 
 63 L.R.A. 44. 
 Nature of decision as affecting 
 
 right of review. 63 L.R.A. 53. 
 Decision need not be erroneous. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 56. 
 Decision must be controlling. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 § 5. Supervisory jurisdiction. 
 
 Superintending control of courts generally, 
 see CotJBTS, §§ 30, 31. 
 
 Inherent power of supervisory or superin- 
 tending control in courts of appellate 
 jurisdiction. 51 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Exercise of superintending control and 
 supervisory jurisdiction to aid appel- 
 late jurisdiction. 51 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 Exercise of superintending control in piace 
 of appeal. 51 L.R.A. 109: 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 949. 
 
 Original jurisdiction of court of last resort 
 under grant of appellate jurisdiction. 
 58 L.R.A. 844. 
 
 § e. Jurisdictional amount. 
 Right of legislature to deny right of appeal 
 in cases where amount does not exceed 
 designated sum. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379. 
 Effect of counterclaim in amount in excess 
 of jurisdiction in appellate court. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 Where counterclaim is first exhibited in 
 apjpellate court. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 616. 
 Where counterclaim is amended in ap- 
 pellate court. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.I 
 618. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 41 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR— cont'd 
 
 IV. Transfer of cause; parties, 
 
 a. Riffht to transfer, 
 
 § 7. Who entitled to. 
 
 Who may appeal to, or sue out writ of er- 
 ror from, Federal Supreme Court. 66 
 L.R.A. S54. 
 
 Who is a "porson aggrieved" within statute 
 allowing appeal by such person in pro- 
 i.,cdiiigs for the appointment of a 
 L'uardinn for an alleged incompetent. 
 i>o L.R.A.(N.S.) 155. 
 
 Riglit of surviving party to appeal from 
 decree of divorce. 57 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 App. al bv uistributee from decree on ac- 
 counting of which he had no notice. 63 
 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Right of administrator, executor, or trustee 
 to appeal as party aggrieved. 13 L.R.A. 
 745.* 
 
 Riglit of lowest bidder to appeal from re- 
 fusal to award contract to him. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 
 § 7a. — right of state to appeal in 
 criminal case. 
 
 In general. 19 L.R.A. 342. 
 
 From judgment on special verdict, de- 
 murrer, etc. 19 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Right of state to appeal; conferred by 
 statute. 19 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Statutory provisions of various states. 
 19 L.RA.. 346. 
 
 § 8. Loss of right. 
 
 Effect of escape on appeal from conviction. 
 
 ■26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 921. 
 Right of trial court to cut off defendant's 
 
 appeal by requiring or permitting a 
 
 reduction of an excessive verdict. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1065. 
 
 § 8a. Right to accept favorable part 
 of decree and appeal from the rest. 
 
 night to accept favorable part of a decree, 
 judgment, or order, and appeal 
 from the rest of it. 29 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 1. 
 The general rule. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 2. 
 The rule enunciated. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 2. 
 The rule embodied in statutes, 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 4. 
 The Indiana statute. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 4. 
 The Louisiana statute. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 7. 
 The reason of the rule. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 8. 
 The rule applied. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 9. 
 The litigations relating to land. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 9. 
 Title. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 9. 
 Ejectment. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 9. 
 Partition. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 10. 
 Specific performance. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 11. 
 CoTisult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, IV. a.— cont'd 
 
 Reformation of deeds into 
 mortgages. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 11. 
 Mortgages. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 12. 
 Mechanics' liens. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 13. 
 To decrees of distribution. 29 
 L.RA. (N.S.) 13. 
 Estates of decedents. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 13. 
 Estates of debtors. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 14. 
 In actions to recover possession of 
 personal property. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 14. 
 In divorce suits. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 15. 
 To recoveries of money. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 15. 
 Collections. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 15. 
 Withdrawing funds in court. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 18. 
 Accepting voluntary payment. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 19. 
 Accepting damages in condem- 
 nation proceedings. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 21. 
 Payment by defeated party. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 22. 
 To interlocutory orders. 29 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 24. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 24. 
 Allowing amendments to plead- 
 ings. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 25. 
 Relating to provisional reme- 
 dies. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 Opening defaults. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 26. 
 Granting new trials. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 27. 
 Acquiescence in the adjudication. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 28. 
 Unconstrained. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 27. 
 In order to preserve rights. 29 
 L.RA. (N.S.) 28. 
 Effect of tendering restitution. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 29. 
 The exceptions to the rule. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 29. 
 Judgment and decrees composed of 
 separable parts. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 29. 
 When appellant's right to what he 
 has received is absolute. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.)- 30. 
 Distinction between judgments at law 
 and decrees in equity. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 36. 
 When the benefits aree refused. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 37. 
 
 6. Effect. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 In injunction suit, see Injunction, § 83. 
 
 Effect of death of party pending appeal. 49 
 L.R.A. 168. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 42 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, IV. b.— cont'd 
 Protection of property pending appeal. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 480.* 
 Protection of one purchasing after decree 
 and before any steps have been taken to i 
 review the same. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 Rights of one acquiring interest in property 
 from party to suit pending proceed- 
 ings in appellate court. 27 L.R.A. 
 7.3.>. 
 As aflFected by absence of supersedeas, 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 736. 
 Effect of right to appeal from divorce de- 
 cree on party's right to remarry. 17 
 L.R.A. 573. 
 Efifect, on marriage relation, of appeal from 
 conviction of husband or wife. 31 
 L.R.A. 518. 
 On right to maintain action for malicious 
 
 prosecution. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 953. 
 In condemnation proceedings. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 313. 
 Effect of appeal from disbarment or sus- 
 pension of attorney. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 756. 
 Validity of statute or ordinance providing 
 for forfeiture of liquor license upon 
 conviction of licensee irrespective of ap- 
 peal. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 417. 
 Personal liability of executor or adminis- 
 trator to distributees for interest dur- 
 ing pendency of appeal. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 356. 
 To modify or suspend injunction. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 555. 
 Effect of appeal from order appointing re- 
 ceiver. 20 L.R.A. 395. 
 As stay of judgment in habeas corpus pro- 
 ceedings. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 244. 
 Effect of appeal from a prior conviction on 
 enhancement of penaltv for crime by 
 prior offender. 34 L.R.A. 403. 
 Suspension of injunction pending appeal. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 436. 
 Effect of appeal in general. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 437. 
 Prohibitory injunction. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 437. 
 Mandatory injunction. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 439. 
 Power of court or judge. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 440. 
 As a matter of right or discretion. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 442. 
 When power of court exercised. 38 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 443. 
 When not exercised. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 445. 
 Eight to release on bail pending appeal 
 under general statute. 37 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 ()03. 
 When does limitation commence to run 
 against action to recover money paid 
 on a judgment subsequently reversed 
 or modified. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 31. 
 
 § 10. Subsequent proceedings below or 
 
 in other inferior courts. 
 Power of trial court to correct its record 
 
 after an appeal or writ of error. 
 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207, 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, IV. b.— cont'd 
 Rule upholding power of trial court. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 Matters subject of correction. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 Time for correction. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 209. 
 How correction made. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 211. 
 Motion. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 211. 
 Notice to adverse party. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 211. 
 Evidence necessary. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 212. 
 How correction brought to attention of 
 appellate court. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 212. 
 Effect of correction on appeal. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 213. 
 Costs. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 213. 
 Review of action of trial court in mak- 
 ing correction. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 214. 
 Jurisdiction to award temporary alimony, 
 suit money, or counsel fees pending 
 appeal in' divorce suit. 27 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 712. 
 Jurisdiction of trial court. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 712. 
 Jurisdiction of appellate court. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 714. 
 Effect of appeal from injunction upon juris- 
 diction of trial court to punish for con- 
 tempt for its violation. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1150. 
 Suspension on appeal, of injunction to en- 
 join infringement of patent. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 14. 
 Effect of pending appeal from a conviction 
 upon its operation as a bar to another 
 prosecution for the same offense. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 596. 
 Power of public prosecutor to dismiss prose- 
 cution after taking of. 35 L.R.A. 716. 
 Delay in prosecution caused by, as ground 
 Tor discharge of accused. 56 L.R.A. 
 518. 
 Release on bail in capital case pending ap- 
 peal. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 768. 
 Effect of appeal from order appointing a 
 receiver of corporation to enable » 
 court of concurrent jurisdiction to take 
 jurisdiction. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 Effect of order to turn back the property 
 after appeal from appointment of re- 
 ceiver upon right of other courts to ex- 
 ercise jurisdiction over it. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 963. 
 Power of equity to enjoin enforcement of 
 judgment in an action at law in order 
 to retain status quo pending appeal 
 from the judgment. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 828. 
 
 § 10a. —pending error or appeal to 
 
 Federal Supreme Court. 
 Further proceedings pending error or ap- 
 peal to Federal Supreme Court. 66 
 L.R.A. 862. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 43 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, IV. b.— continued. 
 When there is supersedeas. 66 L.R.A. 
 S64. 
 Compliance with statutes as af- 
 fecting. 66 L.R.A. 864. 
 In civil cases. 66 L.R.A. 864. 
 In criminal cases. 66 L.R.A. 
 S64. 
 What action is precluded by super- 
 sedeas. 66 L.R.A. 868. 
 Modifying or vacating. 66 L.R.A. 
 868. 
 Injunction cases. 66 L.R.A. 868. 
 Habeas corpus proceedings. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 869. 
 Bail. 66 L.R.A. 869. 
 
 § 11. Effect of repeal of statute pend- 
 ing appeal. 
 
 Effect of repeal of civil statute pending ap- 
 peal from judgment based on statute. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S._) 934. 
 
 Effect of repeal without saving clause of 
 statute or ordinance pending appeal 
 from conviction under it. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 243. 
 
 c. Parties. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 Who entitled to appear, see supra, §§ 7, 7a. 
 
 Parties necessary. 7 L.R.A. 231.* 
 On error or appeal to Federal Supreme 
 Court. 66 L.R.A. 854. 
 Necessary or proper parties. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 855. 
 Abatement and substitution. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 8.56. 
 Description of. 66 L.R.A. 839, 843. 
 
 d. Mode; conditions; regulations. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 What entry or record necessary to com- 
 plete judgment or order for purposes 
 of appeal. 28 L.R.A. 627. 
 Practice and procedure governing the trans- 
 fer of causes to the Federal Su- 
 preme Court on writ of error or 
 appeal. 66 L.R.A. 833. 
 The writ of error. 66 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 Issuance and allowance. 66 L.R.A. 
 834. 
 In general. 66 L.R.A. 834. 
 Where the writ runs to a state 
 court. 66 L.R.A. 835. 
 To what court directed. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 836. 
 Form. 66 L.R.A. 838. 
 
 Generally. 66 L.R.A. 838. 
 Description of parties. 66 
 L.R.A. 839. 
 Amendments. 66 L.R.A. 839. 
 Service. 66 L.R.A. 840. 
 The appeal. 66 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 General requirements. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 841. 
 Allowance. 66 L.R.A. 841. 
 Description of parties. 66 L.R.A. 
 843. 
 Consult al-'io L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, IV. d.— cont'd 
 The citation. 66 L.R.A. 843. 
 Necessity. 66 L.R.A. 843. 
 
 On appeal. 66 L.R.A. 843. 
 On writ of error. 66 L.R.A. 
 844. 
 Formal requisites. 66 L.R.A. 844. 
 By whom signed. 66 L.R.A. 845. 
 In general. 66 L.R.A. 845. 
 On writ of error to state court. 
 66 L.R.A. 845. 
 Service. 66 L.R.A. 845. 
 Appearance. 66 L.R.A. 853. 
 Second appeal or writ of elror. 66 
 L.R.A. 870. 
 
 e. Time for talcing appeal. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 226; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 689. 
 Where last dav falls on holiday. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 319. 
 Loss of papers as excuse for delay in filing 
 
 transcript on appeal. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 865. 
 Constitutionality of statute reviving right 
 
 of appeal on writ of error after same 
 
 barred by lapse of time. 45 L.R.A. 614. 
 
 § 15. For transfer of cause to Federal 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 When review only is desired. 66 L.R.A. 
 846. 
 Appeals from, or writs of error to, in- 
 ferior Federal courts. 66 L.R.A. 
 846. 
 Writs of error to state courts. 66 
 L.R.A. 847. 
 When supersedeas is desired. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 847. 
 How time is to be computed. 66 L.R.A. 848. 
 When time begins to run. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 848. 
 When appellate proceedings are deemed 
 
 begun. 66 L.R.A. 849. 
 Suspensions and interruption. 66 
 L.R.A. 849. 
 How objections may be raised. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 850. 
 Time for filing record and docketing cause. 
 66 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 /. Security. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Liability on bond, see infra, XI. 
 
 Condition in execution of appeal bond as 
 
 to its execution by another. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 333. 
 Power of surety company to act as surety 
 
 on appeal bond. 48 L.R.A. 590. 
 Power of appellate court to require new 
 
 supersedeas or appeal bond. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1054. 
 
 § 17. On error or appeal to Federal 
 Supreme Ckjurt. 
 
 Necessity. 66 L.R.A- 858. 
 Requirements as to time. 66 L.R.A. 858. 
 When supersedeas is desired. 66 L.R.A. 
 858. 
 
44 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, IV. f.— cont'd 
 Formal requisites in general. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 Sj9. 
 Parties. 66 L.R.A. 859. 
 Sureties. 66 L.R.A. 860. 
 Acceptance and approval. 66 L.R.A. 860. 
 Amount. 66 L.R.A. 860. 
 New or additional security, 66 L.R.A. 860. 
 
 T. Record. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Filing record and docketing cause in Fed- 
 eral . Supreme Court. 66 L.R.A. 
 850. 
 
 Time. 66 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 Clerk's fees. 66 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 Docketing twice. 66 L.R.A. 852. 
 Disposition of appeal where without fault 
 , of appellant the record is lost or 
 
 incomplete. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 860. 
 
 Loss of evidence. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 861. 
 
 Loss of papers. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 861. 
 Duty to have lost papers supplied. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 863. 
 
 Loss of charge to jury. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 864. 
 
 Loss of papers as an excuse for delay 
 in filing a transcript on appeal. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 865. 
 
 Bills of e.xcei>tions or statements of 
 facts. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 866. 
 
 Death or default of official stenogra- 
 pher. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 § 19. What should be shown by. 
 
 What record on appeal must show. 8 L.R.A. 
 611. 
 
 Necessity for perpetuating in record objec- 
 tion, ruling, and exception to improper 
 arguments by prosecuting attorney. 46 
 L.E.A. 646. 
 
 g 20. —in Federal Supreme Court. 
 What the record must show respecting the 
 presentation and decision of a Fed- 
 eral question in order to confer 
 jurisdiction on the Supreme Court 
 of the United States of a writ, of 
 error to a state court. 63 L.E.A. 
 471. 
 
 The general rules. 63 L.R.A. 471. 
 
 Presentation as affected by the class to 
 which the Federal question belongs. 
 63 L.R.A. 472. 
 
 The decision of the Federal question. 
 63 L.R.A. 474. 
 
 Effect of certificate of state court. 63 
 L.R.A. 477. 
 The record for the purpose of showing juris- 
 diction in the Supreme Court of 
 the United States of a writ of er- 
 ror to a state court. 63 L.R.A. 
 329. 
 
 In general. 63 L.R.A. 329. 
 
 Findings of fact. 63 L.R.A. 330. 
 
 Opinion of state court. 63 L.R.A. 330. 
 
 Certificate of state court. 63 LRA 
 332. 
 
 Petition for rehearing. 63 L.R.A 333. 
 
 Petition for allowance of writ of error 
 63 L.E.A. 333. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, V.— cont'd 
 
 Counsel's arguments or briefs. 63 
 
 L.E.A. 333. 
 Assignment of errors. 63 L.E.A. 333. 
 
 § 21. Amendment. 
 
 On certiorari, see Cebtiokaei, § 6. 
 Amendment of judicial records generally, 
 see Records and Rkcobding Laws, § 8. 
 
 Power of trial court to correct its record 
 
 after appeal or writ of error. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 Amendment of record to cure defect for 
 
 which motioB in arrest of judgment has 
 
 been made. 67 L.E.A. 185. 
 
 § 22. Opinion as part of. 
 
 Opinion of the court below as part of the 
 
 record. 15 L.R.A. 798. 
 Of state court as part of record on review 
 
 in United States Supreme Court. 63 
 
 L.E.A. 330. 
 
 § 23. Bill of exceptions; case made. 
 What bill of exceptions must show. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 611. 
 Mandamus to compel judge to sign bills 
 
 of exceptions after expiration of term. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1087. 
 Deatli of judge before signing bill of excep- 
 tions as ground for new trial. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1000. 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 
 bill of exceptions. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 114. 
 
 § 23a. —authority of judge pro tem, 
 as to. 
 
 Whether certificate should be by regular 
 or special judge. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 Expiration of court term, vacation by spec- 
 ial judge of bench, etc., as affecting his 
 authority to sign. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 619. 
 
 Power upon rendition of judgment to allow 
 time for preparing and filing bill of 
 exceptions or case-made. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 623. 
 
 Power to extend time given for prepar- 
 ing or filing bill of exceptions or case 
 made. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 623. 
 
 TI. Objections and exceptions. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 Exceptions to ruling. 8 L.R.A. 608.* 
 
 Purpose and effect of. 12 L.E.A. 554.* 
 When must be taken. 8 L.R.A 608 ■"• 
 
 12 L.R.A. 554.* 
 Necessity of taking at trial. 12 L.R A 
 
 555.* 
 
 Sufficiency of general exceptions. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 608.* 
 What exceptions too indefinite 8 
 
 L.R.A. 609.* 
 Necessity that exceptions to admission 
 
 of evidence be specific. 8 LEA 
 
 609;* 12 L.E.A. 555.* 
 
 Begin witli this hooU on everji law question 
 
 Necessity of stating grounds of objec- 
 tion. 8 L.E.A. 610.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 45 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, VI.— cont'd 
 Necessity of objection to improper argu- 
 ment by prosecuting attorney. 46 
 L.E.A. 642. 
 Necessity of exception to improper state- 
 ment by prosecuting attorney. 46 
 L.R.A. 645. 
 
 § 34a. Time and place of taking. 
 Objections must be made in court below. 
 
 5 L.R.A. 591;* 8 L.E.A. 60S;* 12 
 
 L.R.A. 555.* 
 For objection to improper argument by 
 
 prosecuting attorney. 46 L.R.A. 642. 
 Time for objection to service on nonresident. 
 
 50 L.R.A. 585. 
 Of objecting to omission of revenue stamp 
 
 from instrument. 48 L.R.A. 318. 
 Time and manner of objecting to jurors 
 
 who have served in same or similar 
 
 case. 68 L.R.A. 882. 
 
 VII. Abatement. 
 
 § 2 5. Generally. 
 
 Abatement of appeal by or against corpora- 
 tion, by dissolution or expiration of 
 charter. 32 L.R.A.{N.S.) 450. 
 
 Till. Hearing and determination. 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 26. Trial de novo. 
 
 Right to certiorari where appeal is a trial 
 
 de novo. 50 L.R.A. 795. 
 Waiver of failure to serve, or defects in 
 
 service of process, by an appeal 
 
 from justice's court to courts 
 
 where trial must be de novo. 34. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 General rule. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 661. 
 
 Defects in time. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 6C3. 
 
 Defaults. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 663. 
 
 Special appearance. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 664. 
 With other grounds. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 664. 
 Judgments against nonparties. 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 665. 
 Exceptions to rule. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 665. 
 Certiorari. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 666. 
 Missouri cases. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 667. 
 Miscellaneous. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 669. 
 Jury trial on appeal as satisfying constitu- 
 tional right to trial by jury. 15 L.R.A. 
 441. 
 
 § 2 7. Questions reviewable generally. 
 
 Rules governing appellate court on applica- 
 tion for bail ill capital case. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 784. 
 
 Decision as to competency of children as 
 witnesses. 19 L.R.A. 6]0. 
 
 Review of decision as to disqualification of 
 juror in criminal case upon opinion 
 gained from newspfiper reports. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1015. 
 Consult also-Ij.n.A. Digests to date. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, VIII. a.— cont'd 
 Right to review of order granting or de- 
 nying motion for inspection of books 
 or papers, apart from an appeal from 
 final judgment. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 516. 
 Review by appellate court of ruling of the 
 trial court on motion to grant a 
 new trial in action for bodily in- 
 juries on ground of inadequacy of 
 damages awarded. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 130. 
 Affirming order granting new trial. 28 
 
 L._R.A.(N.S.) 131. 
 Affirming decision of lower court re- 
 fusing new trial. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 131. 
 Reversing order of trial court granting 
 a new trial. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 133. 
 Reversal for refusal to grant new trial. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 133. 
 Miscellaneous. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 134. 
 
 § 28. — in Federal Supreme Court. 
 What questions the Federal Supreme Court 
 
 will consider in reviewing the 
 
 judgment of state courts. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 571. 
 The general rule. 63 L.R.A. 572. 
 Particular questions not reviewable. 
 63 L.R.A. 573. 
 
 Non-Federal questions in general. 
 63 L.R.A. 573. 
 
 Statutory construction. 63 L.R.A. 
 575. 
 
 Validity of state legislation. 63 
 L.R.A. 576. 
 
 Questions not involved in the rec- 
 ord. 63 L.R.A. 576. 
 
 Questions of fact. 63 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 63 L.R.A. 578. 
 The rule where constitutional rights 
 are involved. 63 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 Impairment of contract obliga- 
 tions. 63 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 Full faith and credit. 63 L.R.A. 
 580. 
 
 Due process of law. 63 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Equal protection of the laws. 63 
 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 § 29. Discretionary matters. 
 
 Refusal of continuance for illness of party. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 662. 
 
 When does a refusal of an order for physical 
 examination amount to an abuse of dis- 
 cretion. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 663. 
 
 Limitation of time for argument of counsel 
 for accused as abuse of discretion. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1027. 
 
 § 30. Errors waived below. 
 
 When error in denying continuance for ab- 
 sent witness cured. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 721. 
 
 Waiver of objection to testimony by cross- 
 examination. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 103. 
 
 Withdrawal of refusal to charge and giving 
 requested charge in substance as affect- 
 ed by subsequent refusal tc charge 
 proposition in form originally pre- 
 ferred. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 309. 
 
46 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, VIII. a.— cont'd 
 Waiver of objection to communication by 
 judge with juror not in open court. 
 17 L.R.A.(X.S.) 614. 
 Taking steps to contest cause on the merits 
 after special appearance as waiver of 
 objections to jurisdiction over the per- 
 son. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177. 
 
 f 31. Review of facts. 
 Bight of appellate court to set aside find- 
 ing of jury upon the ground that it is 
 
 contrari' to scientific principles. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 357; 15 L.RA.(N.S.) 
 701; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 648. 
 
 § S2. —inadequacy or excosslveness of 
 damages. 
 
 Inadequacy of damages. 47 L.R.A. 33. 
 Power of appellate court to interfere with 
 verdict for excessive damages. 
 26 L.R.A. 384. 
 Revii'wing power generally. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 384. 
 Requiring remittitur in appellate court. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 385. 
 Appellate courts granting new trials 
 for excessive damages. 26 L.R.A. 
 391. 
 New York cases. 26 L.R.A. 396. 
 
 Requiring remittitur. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 396. 
 Reversing for excessive damages. 
 26 L.R.A. 398. 
 English cases. 26 L.R.A. 398. 
 Decision that damages excessive, effect on 
 second appeal. 34 L.R.A. 343. 
 
 g 33. — criminal cases. 
 
 Conviction on testimony of accomplice 
 which is self-contradictorv. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 878. 
 
 Power to reverse conviction for insufficiency 
 of evidence to sustain the verdict. 17 
 L.R.A. 484. 
 
 Excessive sentence. 45 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 8 34. —In Federal Supreme Court. 
 
 Questions of fact on error from Federal 
 Supreme Coxirt to state court. 63 
 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 ft. What errors warrant reversal. 
 
 I 35. As to evidence or witnesses; 
 variance. 
 
 Admission or exclusion of books of account. 
 52 L.B.A. 610. 
 
 Refusal to allow cross-examination on rele- 
 vant matters covered by examination in 
 chief as ground for reversal. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 683. 
 
 Variance as to name of deceased as ground 
 for reversal in homicide. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 187. 
 
 8 36. As to instructions. 
 
 Necessity of qualifying by reference to con- 
 scious falsity an instruction under a 
 statute enacting the maxim, Falsus in 
 wno, falaus in omnibus, without that 
 qualification. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680. 
 Begin with this hook, on every Icnv question. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, VIII. b.— cont'd 
 Failure to qualify a master's duty as to 
 places and appliances by reference to 
 ordinary care or reasonable safety. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 602. 
 
 §87. Argument or comment by prose- 
 cuting attorney. 
 
 Reversal of conviction because of unfair or 
 irrelevant argument or statements 
 of facts by prosecuting attorney. 
 46 L.R.A. 641. 
 Improper arguments or statements as a 
 ground for appeal. 46 L.R.A. 641. 
 Necessity of objection, and when made. 
 
 46 L.R.A. 642. 
 What relief must be asked for. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 644. 
 Necessity of ruling and exception. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 645. 
 Necessitv of perpetuation in the record. 
 
 46 L.R.A. 646. 
 Effect of withdrawal or direction trf 
 disregard. 46 L.R.A. 648. 
 Generally. 46 L.R.A. 648. 
 By prosecuting attorney. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 648. 
 By the court. 46 L.R.A. 648. 
 Must be prejudicial. 46 L.R.A. 650. 
 The degree of impropriety warranting 
 a reversal. 46 L.R.A. 652. 
 The general principle. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 652. 
 Denunciation and abuse of the de- 
 fendant. 46 L.R.A. 652. 
 Attack on defendant's witnesses. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 653. 
 Attack on counsel. 46 L.R.A. 655. 
 Misstatement of the facts. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 655. 
 Statement of facts not proved. 46 
 L.R.A. 657. 
 In opening address. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 657. 
 In closing argument. 4fi 
 
 L.E.A. 658. 
 In embezzlement or illustra- 
 tion of argument. 40 
 L.R.A. 661. 
 Comments on excluded evidence. 
 
 46 L.R.A. 661. 
 Misstatements of the law. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 663. 
 Reference to previous conviction or 
 other crimes. 46 L.R.A. 663. 
 Comments on personal appearance 
 of the defendant. 46 L.R.A. 
 665. 
 Comments on absence of witnesses 
 and what they would testify 
 to. 46 L.R.A. 665; 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 811, 816. 
 Comments on character and failure 
 to prove character. 46 L.R.A. 
 666; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 818. 
 Expression of personal opinion as 
 
 to guilt. 46 L.R.A. 667. 
 Appeals to passion, prejudice, and 
 public opinion. 46 L.R.A. 668. 
 Comments on cost of trial, right to 
 appeal, punishment, etc. 46 
 L.R.A. 670. 
 
liVDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 47 
 
 APPEAL AND ERKOR, VIII. b.— cont'd 
 Improper language prompted by state- 
 ments of the defense. 46 L.R.A. 
 670. 
 Effect of verdict which is clearly right. 
 46 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 Comment on failure of defendant to produce 
 witness as ground for reversal or new 
 trial. 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 811. 
 
 Reference by prosecuting attorney in argu- 
 ment to jury to attempts to tamper 
 wiV.i witnesses or juri-men as ground 
 for reversal. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 795. 
 
 Reference by prosecuting attorney in argu- 
 ment to jury to result in other case. 
 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1130. 
 
 § 38. Remarks or conduct of JHdge. 
 
 Effect of judge communicating with jury, 
 not in open court. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 609. 
 Intimation that a recommendation to mercy 
 would be entertained as ground for re- 
 versal of conviction. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 239. 
 Rebuking or fining attorney during trial as 
 prejudicing rights of party. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 428. 
 Punishing counsel for contempt of 
 
 court. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 428. 
 Remarks to counsel. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 430. 
 
 g 39. As to jury; conduct of trial. 
 
 View by jury. 42 L.R.A. 391. 
 
 Coercion of disagreeing jury. 16 L.R.A. 
 643. 
 
 Right to reversal where jury disregard er- 
 roneous instructions. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 852. 
 
 Treating jurors as ground for reversal. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 733. 
 
 Effect of jury in criminal case hearing 
 speech or address out of court on sub- 
 ject related to issues before them. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1116. 
 
 Placing manacles upon prisoner as ground 
 of reversal of conviction. 39 L.B.A. 
 824. 
 
 § 40. As to findings, verdict, or Judg- 
 ment. 
 
 Excessive damages as ground for reversal. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 391, 398. 
 Inadequacy of damages as ground. 47 
 
 L.E.A. 33. 
 Excessive sentence as ground of reversal. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 IX, Judgment on appeal, 
 a. In general, 
 
 § 41. Generally. 
 
 Power of reviewing court to dismiss prose- 
 cution. 35 L.R.A. 716. 
 
 Form and extent of relief in case of ex- 
 cessive sentence. 45 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 Reversal of judgment as against some per- 
 sons sued as joint tort feasors, without 
 reversing as to others. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 212. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, IX. a.— cont'd 
 Power of appellate court to resentence for 
 lower degree on reversal of conviction 
 for homicide for higher degree. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 20. 
 Constitutional power of appellate court, 
 upon reversing judgment for plaintiff 
 on verdict, to direct a judgment for de- 
 fendant without remanding the ease for 
 a new trial. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 362. 
 
 6. Costs, 
 
 §42. Generally. 
 
 Right of executor or administrator to ap- 
 peal in forma pauperis. 68 L.R.A. 418. 
 Liability for costs on appeal from award in 
 condemnation proceedings. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 
 Decisions in absence of statute. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 
 Under statutes giving court discretion 
 as to costs. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) G25. 
 
 Under statutes giving costs to "success- 
 ful" or "prevailing" party. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 626. 
 
 Under statute regulating costs accord- 
 ing to increase or decrease in dam- 
 ages. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 627. 
 
 Application of constitutional provision 
 against taking property without 
 just compensation. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 629. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 629. 
 
 c. Effect of decision; subsequent pro- 
 ceedings. 
 
 § 43. Generally. 
 
 Acquittal or discharge on appeal, as evi- 
 dence of want of probable cause for 
 prosecution. 64 L.R.A. 480. 
 
 Effect of judgment rendered on appeal after 
 death of partv without revivor. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1053. 
 
 Conviction by magistrate or justice which 
 has been reversed or set aside as prob- 
 able cause defeating action for mali- 
 cious prosecution. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 958. 
 
 Effect of reversal upon previous judicial 
 sale. 21 L.R.A. 52. 
 
 Effect of prior decision on statutory new 
 trials in real actions. 40 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 Reversal on merits without remanding as a 
 bar to a new action. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 377. 
 
 Effect on conviction of failure to give ac- 
 cused an opportunity to plead after 
 reversal. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 814. 
 
 Right to amend pleadings after final deci- 
 sion on appeal. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 263. 
 
 Bill of review because of newly discovered 
 evidence after affirmance or reversal 
 by appellate court. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 865; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1030. 
 
 Effect of cumulative sentences in case of 
 reversal of first conviction. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 128. 
 
48 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, IX. c— cont'd 
 Liability for tort in doing acts authorized 
 by subsisting judgment which is after- 
 wards reversed. 45 L.R.A. 800; 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1197. 
 
 § 44. On later appeal. 
 
 Conclusiveness of prior decisions on subse- 
 quent appeals. 34 L.R.A. 321. 
 Generally. 34 L.R.A. 321. 
 Where the prior decision is erroneous. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 325. 
 As applied to matters after remanding 
 
 a case. 34 L.R.A. 329. 
 As to evidence. 34 L.R.A. 332. 
 As to party. 34 L.R.A. 332. 
 As to matters necessarily involved. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 333. 
 As to matters of estoppel. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 334. 
 As to matters of jurisdiction. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 334. 
 As to defective appeals. 34 L.R.A. 335. 
 As to cross appeals. 34 L.R.A. 335. 
 Where prior decision is not final. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 336. 
 As to matters of pleading. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 337. 
 Ab to injunctions and interlocutory 
 
 orders. 34 L.R.A. 340. 
 As to questions which might have been 
 made on prior appeal. 34 L.R.A. 
 341. 
 As to excessive verdicts. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 343. 
 Change of court. 34 L.R.A. 343. 
 As to effect of dicta. 34 L.R.A. 344. 
 Where the questions are different. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 345. 
 As to ambiguous decisions. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 346. 
 As to limited decisions. 34 L.R.A. 346. 
 As to decisions by a divided court. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 346. 
 Statute and Constitution changing the 
 
 rule. 34 L.R.A. 347. 
 Rule in intermediate courts. 34 L R.A 
 347. 
 
 § 44a. Restitution. 
 
 Refusal to restore money or property se- 
 cured under judgment subsequently re- 
 versed or set aside as contempt. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1100. 
 
 X. Rehearing. 
 
 § 45. Generally. 
 
 Petition for rehearing as part of record of 
 state court on review in the United 
 States Supreme Court. 63 L.R.A. 333. 
 
 XI. lAdbility on appeal Jiond. 
 
 § 46. Generally. 
 
 Matters as to bond generally, see supra, 
 §§ 16, 17. 
 
 Sureties on bond in Federal Supreme Court, 
 
 66 L.R.A. 860. 
 Who is real party in interest, who must 
 
 bring action on appeal bond. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 605. • 848 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question 
 
 APPEAL AND ERROR, XI.— cont'd 
 
 When discharge of principal in bankruptcy 
 will release surety on. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 510. 
 
 Right of sureties on appeal or supersedeas 
 bond to look to sureties on prior bond 
 of same principal. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1021. 
 
 Effect of delivery of bond unsigned by prin- 
 cipal obligor. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1118. 
 
 Form of judgment on appeal bond. 62 
 L.R.A. 442. 
 
 Effect upon surety on appeal bond of judg- 
 ment against principal. . 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 741. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in ap- 
 peal bond. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 
 Penalty as limit of liability on appeal bond. 
 55 L.R.A. 387. 
 
 XII. Effect of danger of. 
 
 § 47. Generally. 
 
 On marketability of title. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 15. 
 
 APPEAL BOND. 
 
 See Appeal and Eebor, §§ 16, 17, 46. 
 
 APPEARANCE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Authority of attorney to appear in action, 
 see Attorneys, § 15. 
 
 By appellee or defendant in error in Feder- 
 al Supreme Court. 66 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 § 2. Effect of. 
 
 Effect of appearance by nonresident in di- 
 vorce suit, see Divorce and Separa- 
 tion, § 12. 
 
 As an admission or waiver by a fiduciary 
 32 L.R.A. 681. 
 
 On right to injunction against judgment. 
 31 L.R.A. 211. ■ ^ 
 
 Taking steps to contest a cause on the mer- 
 its after a special appearance, as waiv- 
 er of objections to jurisdiction over 
 the person. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 177. 
 
 Appearance by counsel on charge of misde- 
 meanpr as satisfaction of condition of 
 bail bond or recognizance. 27 LRA 
 (N.S.) 943. ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Waiver of lack of or defects in service of 
 process by special appearance on appeal 
 from justice's court. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 I 3. — unautljorized appearance. 
 
 Jitfect of judgment on, see Judgment, § 24. 
 Effect of judgment obtained on unauthor- 
 ized appearance by attorney. 21 L.R.A. 
 
IjS'DEX to L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 49 
 
 APPEARANCE— cont'd 
 
 § 4. — gaining jurisdiction by. 
 
 Acquiring jurisdiction over foreign corpora- 
 tion by. 70 L.R.A. 536. 
 
 Effect of, by nonresident to give jurisdiction 
 of divorce case. 23 L.R.A. 287. 
 
 Effect of, upon local jurisdiction of action 
 against foreign corporation. 70 L.R.A. 
 701. 
 
 § 5. Withdrawal of. 
 
 Power of defendant's attorney to witlidraw 
 answer or appearance and permit de- 
 fault judgment. 33 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 APPLIANCES. 
 
 Master's duty as to safety of, see Master 
 AND Servant, III. a, 6. 
 
 APPLICATION. 
 
 Of deposits, see Banks, §§ 17-19. 
 For insurance, see Insurance, V. b. 
 Of payments, see Payments, §§ 20-22. 
 
 APPOINTMENT. 
 
 Of personal representative, see Executoks 
 AXD Administrators, §§ 3-7. 
 
 Of guardian, see Guardian and Ward, 
 §§ 2-4. 
 
 To office, see Municipal Coeporations, § 
 115; Oeficeks, §§ 10-14. 
 
 Of receiver, see Rbceivees, §§ 2-10. 
 
 Of school teacher, see Schools, § 15. 
 
 Power of, see Powers. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute permitting 
 court to appoint expert witnesses. 33 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 917. 
 
 APPORTIONMENT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of election districts, see Election Dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 Between insurance companies, see Insur- 
 ance, § 200. 
 
 Of assessment for public improvements, see 
 Public Improvements, §§ 24-26. 
 
 Of grand jurors. 28 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Of rents of intestate's property. 40 L.R.A. 
 340, 345. 
 
 Effect, on transfer tax, of apportioning 
 property of nonresident decedent with- 
 in state to payment of debts or legacies 
 which are exempt or subject to a re- 
 duced rate. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 946. 
 
 § 2. Of Income or dividends. 
 Of annuity, see Annuity, § 2. 
 
 Consult also li.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 APPORTIONMENT— cont'd 
 Apportionment of income upon death of 
 life beneficiary between distribu- 
 tion periods. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 449. 
 Tncomes from trust funds or liife es- 
 tate. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 449. 
 Rent. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 450. 
 dividends on transfer of stock. 45 
 L.R.A. 396. 
 
 dividends between life tenant and re- 
 mainderman. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 768. 
 
 Of 
 Of 
 
 APPRAISAL. 
 
 Of insurance loss, see Insurance, §§ 151, 
 
 152. 
 For purpose of succession tax, see Taxes, 
 
 § 102. 
 
 Irregularity in, as ground for injunction 
 against judicial sale. 30 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 APPRECIATION. 
 
 Appreciation in value of capital assets as 
 fund distributable as dividend with- 
 out reference to losses. 1 B. R. C. 
 965. 
 
 APPREHENSION. 
 
 As element of damages for injury by dog. 
 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 866. 
 
 APPRENTICES. 
 
 Effect of death on contract of. 23 L.R.A. 
 707. 
 
 Effect of master's death. 23 L.R.A. 713. 
 
 Proprietary interest of master in earnings 
 of. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1154. 
 
 Damages recoverable in action by master 
 for injury to. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 38. 
 
 Duty to furnish medical aid to. 28 L.R.A. 
 555; 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 
 Effect of failure to provide medical attend- 
 ance for, to render master guiltv of 
 manslaughter. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 685. 
 
 Homicide by excessive chastisement of. 60 
 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 APPROACHES. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Dutv of carrier as to, see Carriers, 
 
 ■72. 
 
 §§ 70- 
 
 Injunction to protect approach to burial 
 ground. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 483. 
 
 Compensation for making, as element of 
 damages for laying out street across 
 railway propertv. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1233. 
 
 4 • 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 APPROACHES— cont'd 
 
 Duty of street railway as to condition of 
 
 approaches to cars. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 881. 
 
 S 2. To bridge. 
 
 Approaches of a bridge as part of it. 20 
 L.R.A. 416. 
 
 To bridge, liability of county for torts and 
 negligence as to. 39 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Liability of county or town for injury by 
 unguarded approach. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 275. 
 
 Rights and duties of toll bridge proprietors 
 as to. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to abutting 
 owner from approach to bridge under 
 constitutional provision against "dam- 
 aging" private property for public use 
 without compensation. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1198. 
 
 APPROPRIATIONS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of property for public purpose, see Eminent 
 
 Domain, §§ 9-23. 
 Of payments, see Payments, §§ 20-22. 
 For what purposes public money may be 
 
 appropriated, see Public Monet, § 4; 
 
 Taxes, § 13. 
 By town, see Towns, § 6. 
 Of water, see Watebs, §§ 86-91. 
 
 Self-executing constitutional provision as 
 to. 16 L.R.A. 285. 
 
 Agreement to accept less then amount of ap- 
 propriation. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 244. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance authoriz- 
 ing appropriation of money for two 
 or more purposes. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 519. 
 
 § 2. Necessity and requisites of. 
 
 Necessity of, for use of public moneys. 13 
 L.R.A. 222.* 
 
 Necessity of, for salary. 13 L.R.A. 178.* 
 
 How made. 13 L.R.A. 169.* 
 
 Requirements to obtain public money from 
 treasury. 13 L.R.A. 222.* 
 
 Requisites of appropriation for official sal- 
 ary or expenses. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631; 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 537. 
 
 APPROVAIi. 
 
 See also Satisfaction. 
 
 Of bond in Federal Supreme Court. 
 L.R.A. 860. 
 
 APPURTENANCES. 
 
 Easements as, see Easements, §§ 10-15. 
 Personal property passing as appurtenance, 
 see Pebsonal Peopebtt, § 3. 
 
 APPURTENANCES— cont'd. 
 What passes as appurtenant to sale of per- 
 sonalty, see Sale, § 8. 
 
 Ponds as. 58 L.R.A. 489. 
 Corporeal appurtenances to realty. 15 
 L.R.A. 662. 
 Soil of road. 15 L.R.A. 652. 
 Land as appurtenant to buildings. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 652. 
 Appurtenances to railroads. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 654. 
 In mechanics' lien cases. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 653. 
 Water-pipe, aqueduct, etc. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 653. 
 Personal property and fixtures. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 653. 
 In will cases. 15 L.R.A. 654. 
 Taking of land for appurtenances for rail- 
 road as a public use. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 122. 
 
 AQUEDUCT. 
 
 As an appurtenance. 15 L.R.A, 653. 
 
 ARBITRATION. 
 
 Begin with this 'book on every law question. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of infant's cause of action, see Infants, 
 § 33. 
 
 Of insurance loss, see Insubance, §§ 151, 
 152. 
 
 Claims against building and loan asso- 
 ciation. 35 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 Arbitration of infant's cause of action. 70 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 § 2. Submission to; agreements for. 
 Submission to; eflfect of; judgment on 
 
 award. 2 L.R.A. 180.* 
 Agreements to arbitrate. 15 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Specific performance. 15 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Remedy at law for breach. 15 L.R.A. 
 142. 
 
 As a bar to actions. 15 L.R.A. 142. 
 Effect of submission to, on account stated 
 
 27 L.R.A. 818. 
 Validity of rule of board of trade requir- 
 ing submission of disputes to. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 672. 
 
 § 3. —revocation of submission. 
 
 Revocation of submission. 2 L.R.A. 180. 
 
 Bringing suit before award as revocation 
 of submission to arbitration. 31 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 679. 
 
 Right of arbitrators to rehear, or of a par- 
 ty to revoke submission, where award is 
 not coextensive with the submission 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1247. 
 
 §4. Arbitrator; umpire. 
 
 Right of woman to hold office of arbitra- 
 tor. 38 L.R.A. 210. 
 
INDiiX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 51 
 
 ARBITRATION— cont'd. 
 
 Necessity of notice of appointment of um- 
 pire or third arbitrator, and of pro- 
 ceedings before bim. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 696. 
 
 § 4a. —personal liability of. 
 
 Arbitrator chosen by both parties. 42 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 277. 
 Arbitrator selected bv one party. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 282. 
 
 § 5. Award. 
 
 Provision in contract for conclusiveness of 
 decision of person appointed arbitrator, 
 see Contracts, § 142. 
 
 Effect on contract of leaving price depend- 
 ent on amount of award. 53 L.R.A. 
 294. 
 Omissions from award. 11 L.R.A. 626.* 
 Validity of award. 11 L.R.A. 625.* 
 Validity of award under parol submission 
 Involving title to real property. 22 
 L.K.A.(N.S.) 716. 
 Effect of award upon claim arising out of 
 illegal transaction. 58 L.R.A. 181. 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 181. 
 The illegal transaction which has been 
 the subject of arbitration. 
 58 L.R.A. 181. 
 An evasion of public statutes. 58 
 L.R.A. 181. 
 The general rule. 58 L.E.A. 
 
 181. 
 
 Davis V. Wentworth. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 Private agreement as to costs in 
 
 criminal case. 58 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 Composition of felony. 58 L.R.A, 
 
 182. 
 Gaming agreements. 58 L.R.A. 
 182. 
 Futures. 58 L.R.A. 182. 
 Horse race. 58 L.R.A. 183. 
 Confederate treasury notes as con- 
 sideration. 58 L.R.A. 183. 
 Variant decisions distinguished by 
 reference to statutes. 58 
 L.R.A. 183. 
 
 g 8. —relief from; setting aside. 
 
 Setting aside award in condemnation pro- 
 ceedings, see Eminent Domain, § 35. 
 Effect of mistake, see Mistake, § 15. 
 
 When award set aside. 11 L.R.A. 623.* 
 Right of arbitrators to rehear or of a par- 
 ty to revoke submission, where award 
 is not coextensive with submission. 
 18L.E.A.(N.S.) 1247. 
 
 ARBITKATORS. 
 
 ARCHITECTS. 
 
 Certificate of, see Contbaots, §§ 140-142. 
 License of, see License, § 21. 
 Mechanics' lien for services of, see Mechan- 
 ics' Liens, § 13. 
 
 As independent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 465; 
 :7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 374. 
 
 Regulation of architects. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1203. 
 
 Right to mechanics' lien for labor or mate- 
 rial furnished on order of architect be- 
 fore abandonment of contract by con- 
 tractor. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 89. 
 
 Architect's underestimate of cost of struc- 
 ture as basis of a claim or defense 
 against him. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 125. 
 
 AREAWAYS. 
 
 In sidewalk, see Highways, §§ 14, 62. 
 
 § 1. Rental for. 
 
 Power of municipality to exact fee or rental 
 for. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 868. 
 
 § 2. IJiability as to. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by. 61 L.R.A. 
 583; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516; 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 635. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third persons for 
 condition of. 23 L.R.A. 157 ; 26 L.R.A. 
 198. 
 
 Liability of abutting owner for failure 
 to guard opening in sidewalk for com- 
 mercial purposes while in use by third 
 person. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 993. 
 
 Employer's liability for negligence of inde- 
 pendent contractor in construction of 
 area under footpath. 65 L.R.A. 846. 
 
 ARGUMENT. 
 
 Of counsel, see Appeal and Ebrob, § 37; 
 Tbial, S§ 15-17. 
 
 ARMS. 
 
 See Weapons. 
 
 See Arbitbation, §§ 4, 
 Consult also L.B.A. 
 
 4a. 
 Digests to date. 
 
 ARMY AND NAVY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to militja, see Militia. 
 
 Use of municipal funds to provide soldiers. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 476. 
 Exemption of consul from military service. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 587. 
 Occupation of premises by persons in Army. 
 
 4 L.R.4.(N.S.) 714, 719, 725. 
 Rights of master in earnings of servant who 
 
 has enlisted in Army. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1169. ' 
 
52 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ARMY AND NAVY— cont'd 
 § 2. Enlistment of infant. 
 
 Enlistment of minor without parent's con- 
 sent in army, naw, or militia. 39 
 L.R.A.fN.S.) 454." 
 Regular army— 1802. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 455. 
 Section 1117, U. S. Rev. Stat. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.)455. 
 Enlistment in volunteer army. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 State militia. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 Navy. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 
 Act of 1837. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 457. 
 Sections 1418 and 1419, U. S. Rev. 
 Stat. U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, 
 p. 1007. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 457. 
 Marine corps. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 458. 
 Who may prosecute writ for discharge. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 458. 
 Enlistment under § 1117, U. S. 
 Rev. Stat. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 458. 
 Enlistment in navy under § 1419, 
 U. S. Rev. Stat. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 459. 
 Eight of mother of minor without 
 father or guardian. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 459. 
 Sight of minor unlawfully enlisted in Army 
 or Navy to discharge on habeas corpus 
 from custody of court-martial on charge 
 of desertion or fraudulent enlistment. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 956. 
 
 ARRAIGNMENT. 
 
 See Ceiminal Law, § 55. 
 
 *-•-♦ 
 
 ARREARS. 
 
 In instalment due on mortgage, see Mobt- 
 QAGE, § 65. 
 
 Of dividends on preferred, guaranteed, and 
 interest-bearing stocks. 27 L.R.A. 147. 
 
 ■ ♦-•-• 
 
 ARREST. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Of judgment, see Aeebst of Jtjdqmejtt. 
 
 Release from, on bail, see Bail and Recog- 
 nizance. 
 
 Escape from, see Escape. 
 
 Reward for, see Rewaed. 
 
 Privilege from, see Writ and Pbocess 
 §§ 30-37. 
 
 Validity of marriage under compulsion of 
 
 arrest or imprisonment. 43 L.R.A. 816. 
 First and last days in computing time on 
 
 49 L.R.A. 223. 
 Searching prisoner for evidence of guilt 
 
 9 L.R.A. 323.* ^ 
 
 Robbery by officers after making. 1 L R A 
 
 (N.S.) 1024. ' ■ ' 
 
 Begin with this ftoofe on every law question 
 
 ARREST— cont'd 
 
 Complaint or information based on infor- 
 mation and belief as basis for issuance 
 of warrant or for examination prelimi- 
 nary thereto. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 159; 
 25 ■L.R.A. (N.S.) 60. 
 
 § 2. Right to make. 
 
 Right of private person to make arrest. 8 
 L.R.A. 532.* 
 
 Distinction between private person and 
 peace officer with respect to arrest. 8 
 L.R.A. 532.* 
 
 Power of governor, in exercise of power to 
 suppress insurrection, to authorize ar- 
 rest and detention of persons without 
 turning them over to the civil authori- 
 ties. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 979, 
 
 g 3. — without vvarrant. 
 
 For breach of the peace, see Bbbach of the 
 Peace, § 2. 
 
 Right to make arrest without a warrant, 
 generally. 8 L.R.A. 529'.* 
 For crime committed within view. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 529.* 
 For breach of peace committed in offi- 
 cer's presence. 8 L.R.A. 530.* 
 For misdemeanors. 8 L.R.A. 531.* 
 
 Right of officer to arrest without a war- 
 rant one using abusive language to- 
 ward him, or interfering with him in 
 the performance of his duty. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 881. 
 
 Necessity to prevent escape, as condition of 
 right to make arrest without a war- 
 rant. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 730. 
 
 Innocence of one arrested as affecting right 
 to arrest without a, warrant, under a 
 statute authorizing such an arrest 
 when the offender shall be taken or 
 apprehended in the act, etc. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1182. 
 
 Right of peace officer to enter dwelling to 
 make arrest without warrant. 16 
 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 § 4. How made, rights and powers of 
 person making. 
 
 Right to use necessary means to effect. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 533.* 
 Authority to break in doors. 8 L.R.A. 533.* 
 Right of peace officer to enter dwelling to 
 make arrests. 16 L.R.A. 500. 
 Without a warrant. 16 L.R^A. 500. 
 With a warrant. 16 L.R.A. 501. 
 To recapture escaping prisoner. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 501. 
 Necessity of notification and demand 
 before entering. 16 L.R.A. 502 
 Right of officers to call on citizens to assist 
 
 8 L.R.A. 534.* 
 What information is an accused person en- 
 titled to at the time of his arrest 
 42 L.R.A. 673. 
 Disclosing the cause of attempted ar- 
 rest. 42 L.R.A. 673. 
 Exhibiting :the warrant. 42 L R A 677 
 Right of surety on bail bond to pursue prin- 
 cipal into another state for the pur- 
 pose of arresting him. 14 L R A 605 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 63 
 
 ARREST— cont'd 
 
 § 5. — homicide in making. 
 
 See Homicide, § 12. 
 
 § 6. Lialjllity for making. 
 
 LiaViilitv of carriers, see Carriers, §§ 15, 
 
 15 a. 
 Master's liability for arrest by servant, see 
 
 PIASTER AND SERVANT, § 173. 
 
 Liability for wrongfully making generally, 
 see False Imprisonment. 
 
 Liability of officer wbo uses criminal proc- 
 ess to collect a debt. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 301. 
 
 § 7. Resisting. 
 
 Escape from arrest, see Escape. 
 
 What constitutes resistance to arrest. 24 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 199. 
 Resistance bv one arrested. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (X.S.) 199. 
 Resistance to another's arrest. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 200. 
 Eight to resist illegal arrest. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 535.'' 
 Evidence of resisting arrest to show motive 
 
 for crime. 62 L.R.A. 211. 
 Right of officer to arrest without warrant 
 one interfering with him in the per- 
 formance of his duty. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 881. 
 
 § 8. —crime while resisting. 
 
 Homicide, see Ho.micide, § 11. 
 
 Assault in resisting unlawful arrest. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 150. 
 
 Evidence of crime committed in resisting ar- 
 rest after commission of crime charged. 
 62 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 § 9. In civil action. 
 
 Right to, in breach of promise ease. 59 
 L.R.A. 957. 
 
 Effect of bankruptcy law on proceedings 
 for arrest in state insolvent proceed- 
 ings. 45 L.R.A. 188. 
 
 As ground of action for malicious prosecu- 
 tion. 13 L.R.A. 60.* 
 
 Arrest *nder civil process for breach of war- 
 ranty. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 844. 
 
 Right to arrest partner in civil action or 
 proceeding. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 
 Effect on suit for discharge from wrongful 
 arrest. 19 L.R.A. 560. 
 
 § 10. In extradition proceedings. 
 
 Warrant of, in extradition proceedings. 1 
 L.R.A. 372.* 
 
 Complaint for warrant of, in extradition 
 proceedings. 1 L.R.A. 372.* 
 
 Without warrant, awaiting arrival of ex- 
 tradition papers. 26 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Necessity of warrant for purposes of ex- 
 tradition. 28 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 ARREST OF JUDGMENT. 
 
 In criminal prosecution, see Criminal Law, 
 
 § 58. 
 Motion in, see Judgment, § 19. 
 
 Constilt also L.R.A. Vigests to date. 
 
 ARSON. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Criminal liability of children for. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 201. 
 Solicitation to. 25 L.R.A. 437. 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 569. 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 208, 238, 289, 319, 325. 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 
 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 317. 
 
 § 2. Of one's own, or spouse's, build- 
 ing. 
 
 Arson in setting fire to one's own building. 
 32 L.R.A. 647. 
 At common law. 32 L.R.A. 647. 
 Under statute. 32 L.R.A. 647. 
 Generally. 32 L.R.A. 647. 
 To injure insurer. 32 L.R.A. 648. 
 Arson by one spouse burning property of 
 the other. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 27. 
 
 § 3. Of insured property. 
 
 Liability of insurance company in case of 
 intentional destruction of property by 
 insured. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 Indications that building may be inten- 
 tionally set on fire as an increase of 
 risk. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 
 Arson in setting fire to one's own building 
 to injure insurer. 32 L.R.A. 648. 
 
 § 4. Attempt to commit. 
 
 Wiat constitutes attempt. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 417; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 439. 
 ■Procuring or providing instrumentalities 
 
 for commission of arson as an attempt 
 
 to commit the same. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 804. 
 
 § 5. Corpns delicti in. 
 
 Generally. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 
 Proof of. 68 L.R.A. 41, 49, 55, 69, 71, 78. 
 
 ART. 
 
 Art criticism as libel. 28 L.R.A. 672. 
 Validity of bequest for education in. 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1007. 
 
 37 
 
 ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Restricting transfer of stock by. 27 L.R.A. 
 271. 
 
 ARTICLES OF WAR. 
 
 Are state militias subject to the articles of 
 war of the United States. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N. S.) 354. 
 
54 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ARTIFICE. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession procured by. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 
 <« » 
 
 ARTIFICIAL BODY OP WATER. 
 
 Rights in, see Watebs, § 27. 
 ♦-.-♦ 
 
 ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS. 
 
 See also Canals. 
 
 Navigability of. 42 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 Eight to use for floating logs. 41 L.R.A. 
 376. 
 
 Boundary on artificial body of water. 51 
 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Effect of bounding grant on. 42 L.R.A. 
 509. 
 
 Rights acquired in artificial condition of 
 body of water. 50 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 Reciprocal easement as to. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 945. 
 
 Conversion into natural water course. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 280. 
 
 Liability for overflow from artificial chan- 
 nel by which a stream is diverted from 
 its natural channel. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1158. 
 
 ARTISTIC WORK. 
 
 Common-law right in unpublished pictures. 
 1 B. R. C. 195. 
 
 Employer's rights in respect to artistic 
 work performed by employee. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1187. 
 
 Rights of employer and employee with re- 
 spect to literary or pictorial work of 
 employee. 1 B. R. C. 324. 
 
 ARTISTS. 
 
 Right of artist to use picture for his own 
 purposes. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 386. 
 
 ASEXATJLIZATION. 
 
 Of criminals or defectives. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 419. 
 
 ASHES. 
 
 ASPHYXIATION. 
 
 See INSTJBANCB, § 161a. 
 
 ♦-»-* 
 
 ASPORTATION. 
 
 What constitutes, see Labcent, § 3. 
 Bringing stolen property into the state, see 
 Bkinqing Stolen Pbopebtz into the 
 
 State. 
 
 see Municipal 
 
 Municipal liability as to, 
 
 COEPOBATIONS, § 78. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as applied 
 to injury from hot ashes, see Negli- 
 GEXCE, § 23a. 
 Begin uith this hook on every law question 
 
 ASSAULT AND BATTERY. 
 
 \ 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 On passenger, see Caeeiebs, §§ 11-14. 
 
 Master's liability for assault by servant, 
 generally, see Masteb and Sebvant, 
 § 172. 
 
 Damages for, see Damages, §§ 8, 52. 
 
 Indictment ■ for, see Indictment, Ineoema- 
 tion, and Complaint, § 14. 
 
 With intent to commit rape, see Rape. 
 
 Question for jury on trial for, see Tbial, 
 § 55. 
 
 When civil action for assault lies. 9 L.R.A. 
 445.* 
 
 Solicitation to commit. 25 L.R.A. 438. 
 
 Several offenses growing out of same facts. 
 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 693, 732. 
 
 In removing servant from premises after 
 termination of service. 41 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 761. 
 
 Internal hemorrhage as evidence of statu- 
 tory wounding. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 965. 
 
 On judge after retiring from courtroom, as 
 a contempt. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 
 Effect of discharge in bankruptcy on liabil- 
 ity for. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 702. 
 
 What weapons may be considered deadly 
 under law of. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 497. 
 
 Liability of sureties on constable's bond for 
 assault made in serving or executing 
 civil writ or process. 8 L.R.A. (N.S. \ 
 1223. 
 
 Homicide in commission of. 63 L.R.A. 375, 
 391. 
 
 Conviction on charge of, as bar to subse- 
 quent prosecution for homicide follow- 
 ing death of victim. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 209. 
 
 Liability of servant or agent for, when act- 
 ing under orders. 50 L.R.A. 646. 
 
 Liability for performing surgical operation 
 without consent of patient. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 439; 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 609. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance, 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 312, 320. 
 
 Civil liability of insane person for. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 84. 
 
 Is one assisting relative in peril bound by 
 the latter's act in bringing on the dif- 
 ficulty. 45 L.R.A. 703; 15 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 1013; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 671. 
 
 When verdict in action for, set aside for 
 inadequacy for damages. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 487. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 55 
 
 ASSAULT AND BATTERY— cont'd 
 § 2. What constitutes. 
 
 Solicitation as. 25 L.E.A. 434. 
 Pointing unloaded firearm as. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1272; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 181. 
 
 Assault with deadly weapon. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 182. 
 Demonstration of force or violence outside 
 
 of range of actual injury. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 982. 
 What constitutes an attempt to commit 
 
 homicide as distinguished from assault 
 
 with intent to kill. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 898. 
 Forcing one to do an act under threat to 
 
 kill as an assault with intent to kill. 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 
 § 3. Excuse; justification; defense. 
 
 Right to plead inconsistent defenses in ac- 
 tions for assault. 48 L.R.A. 197. 
 What intoxication will excuse. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 477. 
 
 Assault with intent to murder or kill by 
 
 unlawful act aimed at another 
 
 than the one injured. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 172. 
 
 Injuring other than person intended. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 172. 
 
 Shooting into crowd. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 173. 
 
 Poisoning other than one intended. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 174. 
 Provocation less than an assault, as a de- 
 fense to a civil action for an as- 
 sault and battery. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 516. 
 
 Provocation as contributory negligence. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 519. 
 
 Assault to prevent seduction of, or com- 
 mission of adultery with, wife, in the 
 future. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 688. 
 
 § 4, — consent. 
 
 Consent as justification for assault. 15 
 L.R.A. 853. 
 As to civil liability. 15 L.R.A. 853. 
 As to criminal liability. 15 L.R.A. 
 854. 
 
 Effect of fact that combat was by agree- 
 ment or mutual consent of parties upon 
 civil liability for assault. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 907. 
 
 Implied consent to performance of surgical 
 operation. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 441. 
 
 § 4a. — self-defense. 
 
 Degree of force that may be used in de- 
 fense of person. 2 L.R.A. 624*; 6 
 L.R.A. 424.* 
 
 As dofense to carrier in action for assault 
 by employee on passenger. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1203. 
 
 Right of self-defense by one pursued and 
 assaulted after leaving premises which 
 he had entered for an unlawful pur- 
 pose. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 621. 
 
 In resisting unlawful arrest. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 150. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ASSAULT AND BATTERY— cont'd 
 § 5 . — protecting or recovering posses- 
 sion of property. 
 
 Degree of force that may be used in de- 
 fense of property. 2 L.R.A. 624;* 6 
 L.R.A. 424.* 
 
 Assault in defending rights in land. 8 
 L.R.A. 472.* 
 
 Assault in recapture of property. 14 L.R.A. 
 317. 
 
 Civil liability for assault committed in re- 
 gaining possession of land, by one en- 
 titled to possession. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 455. 
 
 Criminal liability for assault committed in 
 regaining possession of land by one en- 
 titled to possession. 22 L.E.A. (NS) 
 728. 
 
 Right to use force to recover possession of 
 chattel. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 251; 19 L.R A 
 606. 
 
 Right to use deadly weapon in resisting 
 trespass. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 724. 
 
 § 6. — mistalce in identity. 
 
 Mistaken identity as justification for. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 565; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 172. 
 Assault or homicide as affected by mistake 
 as to identity of person assaulted. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1070. 
 Assaults. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1070. 
 Assaults with particular intents. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) ]070. 
 Homicides. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1071. 
 Murder in the first degree. 33 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 1072. 
 Same rule. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1072. 
 Exception to rule. 33 L.R.A. (N.S ) 
 1072. 
 The question of care. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1073. 
 
 § 7. Criminal responsibility of children 
 for. 
 
 Assault with intent to inflict great bodily 
 
 harm. 36 L.R.A. 201. 
 Assault with intent to rape. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 204, 205. 
 Common assault upon female. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 205. 
 Indecent assault. 36 L.R.A. 205. 
 Assault and battery upon female. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 § 8. By parent or teacher. 
 
 Liability of parent or custodian for as- 
 sault bv punishment of child. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 216. 
 
 Right of teacher to inflict corporal punish- 
 ment on pupil. 1 B. R. C. 718. 
 
 § 9. Responsibility of one aiding an- 
 other in. 
 
 Is one assisting relative in peril bound by 
 latter's act in bringing on the diflicui- 
 ,ty. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013. 
 
 Civil liability of member of a mob which 
 makes hostile demonstration against a 
 person. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 404. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of one who aids an- 
 other in assault in which the latter, 
 without his knowledge or consent, uses 
 a deadly weapon. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 273. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ASSAULT AND BATTERY— cont'd 
 § 10. Homicide in resisting. 
 
 'i femicide in resisting. 67 L.R.A. 532, 541. 
 Insulting words or conduct combined with 
 
 assault as provocation for homicide. 
 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 158. 
 
 § 11. Intent in committing. 
 
 Intent as an element of simple assault or 
 
 assault and battery. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 226. 
 
 Accidental or reckless injuries. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 227. 
 
 Right of one to testify as to his intent. 
 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 389. 
 Charging assault with intent to kill when 
 actual intent is directed against an- 
 other. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 630. 
 
 § 12. Charge of, included in prosecu- 
 tion for Iioniicide. 
 
 Charge of assault with intent to kill in- 
 cluded in prosecution for homicide. 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 10. 
 
 Charge of assault and battery included in 
 prosecution for homicide. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 11. 
 
 § 13. Evidence on trial for. 
 
 Effect of admission to change burden of 
 proof and right to open and close in 
 action for assault. 61 L.R.A. 539, 548, 
 558. 
 
 Burden of proving that weapon was not 
 loaded in prosecution for assault with 
 firearms. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 975. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of infant 
 female too young to be sworn as a wit- 
 ness at the trial. 65 L.R.A. 317. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 08 L.R.A. 50, 70. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 62 L.R.A. 207, 228, 278, 313, 314. 
 
 Evidence of plaintiff's character in action 
 for. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 753. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter in prosecution for. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 713. 
 
 Evidence of provocation to mitigate dam- 
 ages in civil action for. 1 L.R.A. 
 : (N.S.) 137; 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 670. 
 
 Admissibility for purpose of impeachment 
 in action for criminal assault on 
 woman of evidence that prosecuting 
 witness has made similar charges 
 against other persons. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 216. 
 
 Husband or wife as witness against the 
 other in prosecution for. 2 L.RA 
 (N.S.) 862. 
 
 § 14. Damages for. 
 
 See Damages, § 52. 
 
 § 15. Punishment for. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 
 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 35 
 
 ASSEMBLY HALL. 
 
 ASSENT. 
 
 See Consent. 
 
 ASSESSMENT. 
 
 By building and loan association, see 
 Building and Loan Association, § 6. 
 
 Impairment of obligation of contracts as 
 to, see Constitutional Law, § 32. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, gener- 
 ally, see Constitutional Law, § 40a. 
 
 Of corporate stockholders, see Cobpoba- 
 TIONS, §§ 109-111. 
 
 Of damages, see Damages, § 121. 
 
 As a taking of property, see Eminent Do- 
 main, § 42. 
 
 Estoppel as to, see Estoppel, §§ 7, 19. 
 
 For insurance, see Insueance, §§ 110-118. 
 
 For drains and sewers, see Dbains and 
 Sewees, _§§ 12-14. 
 
 For public improvements generally, see 
 Public Impbovements, IV. 
 
 For taxation, see Taxes, IV. 
 
 -»■«-»- 
 
 ASSESSMENT COMPANY. 
 
 See Insukance, § 12. 
 
 *-»> 
 
 ASSESSMENT PLAN. 
 
 Measure of damages for wrongful cancela- 
 tion of policy issued on. 7 L.RA. 
 (N.S.) 1163. 
 
 ASSESSMENT WORK. 
 On mining claim, see Mines, §§ 16, 25. 
 
 ASSETS. 
 
 In case of assignment for creditors, see 
 Assignment fob Cbeditoes, § 10. 
 
 Of bankrupt, see Bankeuptcy, §§ 18-22. 
 
 Of decedent's estate, see Executoes and 
 Administratoes, §§ 30-32. 
 
 Of insolvent, see Insolvency, § 4. 
 
 Distribution of assets of insolvent insur- 
 ance company, see Insueance, § 10. 
 
 Power of municipality to construct. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 Begin with this book on every law qiiestion. 
 
 ASSIGNMENT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 For creditors, see Assignment foe Cbed- 
 itoes. 
 
 By bankrupt, see Bankruptcy, §§ 13-17 
 
 Of bank deposit, see Banks, § 13. 
 
 Of bills or notes, see Bills and Notes 
 §§ 26-42. • 
 
 Of bill of lading, see Bills of Lading. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 57 
 
 ASSIGNMENT— cont'd 
 
 Of chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mobt- 
 
 GAGE, § 29. 
 Of check, see Checks, § 6. 
 Of copyright, see Copyeiqht, § 6. 
 Of corporate stock, see Corporations, §§ 
 
 82-95. 
 Of eotenant's interest, see Cotenancy, 
 
 §§ 11, 12. 
 Of easement, see Easements, § 16. 
 Of franchise, see Feanchises, § 4. 
 Of good will, see Good \Vtll, § 2. 
 Of policy, or interest therein, see Insur- 
 ance, VI. 
 Of judgment, see Judgment, § 78. 
 Of lease, see Landlord and Tenant, §§ 19, 
 
 36, 37. 
 Of mortgage on land, see Mortgage, V. 
 Of patent or patented article, see Patents, 
 
 § 14. 
 Of vendor's lien, see Vendor and Pur- 
 
 CHASBS, § 33. 
 Federal jurisdiction of action by assignee, 
 
 see CoTJBTS, § 41. 
 Fraudulent assignments, see Featjdulent 
 
 Conveyances. 
 Effect of, on proper party to bring suit, see 
 
 Parties, § 18. 
 Pledge of chattels, see Pledge and Couuvt- 
 
 EEAL Security. 
 Sale of chattels generally, see Sale. 
 Set-off of or against assigned claims, see 
 
 Set-Off and Counterclaim, §§ 11, 14, 
 
 15, 20, 21, 23. 
 Of trademark, see Trademark, §§ 4, 5. 
 Of tradename, see Tradename, § 3. 
 
 Transfer of right to use water for irriga- 
 tion. 65 L.R.A. 407. 
 
 Of purchaser's interest under a conditional 
 sale. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 873. 
 
 Law governing assignment of claim for dam- 
 ages for death or bodily injury. 56 
 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 What amounts to a violation of covenant in 
 lease against. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1200. 
 
 Eight of one partner to acquire individual 
 claim against the other. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 619. 
 
 Obligation of public corporation to pay for 
 services rendered under contract as- 
 signed to officer. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 140. 
 
 Injunction against enforcement of betting 
 and gambling contracts in case of as- 
 signment. 48 L.R.A. 845. 
 
 Survival of primary obligation on payment 
 by surety in case of assignment. 68 
 L.R.A. 552. 
 
 Provability of partnership debts in individ- 
 ual proceedings where partnership as- 
 sets have been assigned to bankrupt. 
 69 L.R.A. 777. 
 
 Necessity of, to surety's right of subroga- 
 tion to judgment against principal. 
 68 L.R.A. 572. 
 
 Effect of discharge in bankruptcy upon as- 
 signment of wages to be earned in the 
 future under contract terminable at 
 will. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1025; 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 375. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ASSIGNMENT— cont'd 
 
 Effect of permitting assignor oi a contract 
 to receive non-negotiable instrument is- 
 sued in payment thereof, to estop 
 assignee, as against a subsequent as- 
 signee of such instrument. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 472. 
 
 Estoppel to set up original obligee's breach 
 of condition to make future advances 
 as against assignee of contract for 
 payment of money not protected by the 
 law merchant. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 178. 
 
 Effect upon lien of mortgage securing nego- 
 tiable instrument assigned before ma- 
 turity, of payment to payee without 
 knowledge of assignment. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 462. 
 
 When may assignment executed with the 
 formalities of a will, but not couched 
 in formal testamentary phraseology, be 
 given effect as a will. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 42. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations by assignor 
 made out of court as to his purpose in 
 making a transfer attacked as frauii- 
 ulent against creditors. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1. 
 
 Competency of assignor of claim to testify 
 as to transactions with, or statements 
 by, deceased person when not expressly 
 excluded by terms of statute. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of state stat- 
 utes as to. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 431. 
 
 § 2. How made. 
 
 How future crops assignable. 23 L.R.A. 
 449. 
 
 Manner of pledging or assigning book ac- 
 counts. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 666. 
 
 § 3. Assignability. 
 
 Of railroad ticket, see Caeeiebs, §§ 21, 148. 
 
 Of right to set aside judgment. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 813 
 Of trademark. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 704. 
 Of franchise of water company. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 98. 
 Of easement in gross. 14 L.R.A. 333. 
 Of right of entry for a condition broken. 
 
 60 L.R.A. 750. 
 Of claims against United States. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 571.* 
 Of good will of business. 13 L.R.A. 381.* 
 Of insurance agent's right to commissions 
 
 on renewal . premiums. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 193. 
 Right of debtor to assign exemption or 
 
 delegate to another the right to select 
 
 exempt property. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 982. 
 Of decree for alimony. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 179. 
 Of claim for penalty against national bank 
 
 taking insurious interest. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 695. 
 
 § 4. — of contract. 
 
 Of insurance policy, see Insurance, §§ 
 
 120-129. 
 Contract of sale, see Sam;, § 40. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ASSIGNMENT— cont'd 
 
 Of option. 21 L.R.A. 333. 
 
 Of railroad ticket. 18 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 Of policy of insurance taken out by wife 
 on husband's life. 10 L.R.A. 259.* 
 
 Of contracts for personal services. 12 
 L.R.A. 496.* 
 
 Of construction or building contracts which 
 contain no provision with reference 
 thereto. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 359. 
 
 Of executory contract to perforin particu- 
 lar work, as distinguished from a con- 
 tract for personal services or contract 
 of sale. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 223. 
 
 Of contract to supply such quantity of 
 goods as purchaser may require in his 
 business. 2 B. R. 0. 444. 
 
 Of contract hiring out convicts. 27 L.R.A. 
 608. 
 
 g 5. —of cause of action for tort. 
 
 Of cause of action for personal tort. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 512. 
 Test of assignability. 14 L.R.A. 512. 
 Illustrations of rule. 14 L.R.A. 513. 
 Iowa rule. 14 L.R.A. 513. 
 Effect of verdict. 14 L.R.A. 514. 
 Conclusiveness of survivability as a 
 
 test. 14 L.R.A. 514. 
 Effect of verdict on assignability of 
 
 cause of action for personal tort. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 514. 
 Of cause of action for personal injury. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 177. 
 In cases of insolvency and bankruptcy. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 180. 
 Test of assignability. 44 L.R.A. 180. 
 Classification by states. 44 L.R.A. 181. 
 Effect of statute declaring cause of action 
 for death survivable, to render it as- 
 signable. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 g 6. — of future earnings or interest. 
 
 Of future wages, see Mastee and Servant, 
 
 § 28. 
 Of salary by officer, see Officers, 32. 
 
 5 L.R.A. 
 
 Of future contingent interest. 
 
 122.* 
 Of future accounts or earnings. 
 
 126. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 
 
 § 7. —of lien. 
 
 Of vendor's lien. 13 L.R.A. 188.* 
 Of mechanics' lien. 13 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 § 8. Equitable assignment. 
 
 Equitable assignees of mortgagor. 5 L.R.A. 
 292.* 
 
 Effect of check or bill of exchange as equi- 
 table assignment. 7 L.R.A. .596.* 
 
 Assignment of life insurance policy. 9 
 L.R.A. 660.* 
 
 Liabilitv of equitable assignee of leasehold 
 for' rent. 14 L.R.A. 151. 
 
 § 9. Validity. 
 
 Validity of assignment of policy, see Insur- 
 ance, § 122. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 ASSIGNMENT— cont'd 
 
 Law governing validity of assignment of 
 property. 17 L.R.A. 84. 
 
 Validity of assignment of wages or salary 
 to be earned. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 565. 
 
 Validity of sale or assignment of expec- 
 tancy by prospective heir. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 436. 
 
 Aereement to assign future inventions on 
 sale of patent. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 
 Reservation of surplus on assignment of 
 chose in action as security as a fraud 
 on other creditors. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 370. 
 
 Validity of oral agreement to assume or 
 assign land contract. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 147. 
 
 Applicability of statute of frauds to assign- 
 ment of purchaser's interest under land 
 contract. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 879. 
 
 Right of third person to take advantage of 
 champerty in assignment. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 512. 
 
 § 10. Validity of provision against as- 
 signment. ^^ 
 
 Validity of stipulation against assignment 
 in contract for payment of money. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 597. 
 
 Validity and effect of stipulation in con- 
 tract for sale of land against as- 
 signment by a vendee without ven- 
 dor's consent. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1064. 
 Nature of stipulation. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1064. 
 Waiver. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1065. 
 Effect as between the parties to the as- 
 signment. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1065. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute restricting 
 right to assign salary or wages. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1108. 
 
 § 11. Effect of. 
 
 Undelivered written transfer or assignment 
 of property as a gift. 21 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 Effect of assignment of oil and gas lease. 
 34 L.R.A. 62. 
 
 Assignor of promissorv note as an indorser. 
 36 L.R.A. 117. 
 
 Assignment of mortgage as a conveyance 
 within recording acts. 5 L.R.A. 292.* 
 
 Effect of assignment of debt to carry mort- 
 gage security. 3 L.R.A. 785;* 13 
 L.R.A. 295.* 
 
 Effect of transfer of chock on time for 
 presentment. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1153. 
 
 Effect of transfer of negotiable instrument 
 to secure money for gambling purposes. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 627. 
 
 Effect of assignment of a claim ex delicto 
 to one against whom it was asserted, 
 to enable him to maintain an action 
 thereon against a third party. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 534. 
 
 Effect of assignment of unearned salary or 
 fees of public officer to put the same 
 when earned beyond the reach of cred- 
 itors. 31 L.R.A.(K.S.) 374. 
 
 Assignment of copyrighted story as carry- 
 ing exclusive right to dramatize it. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1002. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 59 
 
 ASSIGNMENT— cont'd 
 
 § 12. Rights and liabilities of parties; 
 notice. 
 
 Rule that assignee of non-negotiable chose 
 in action takes subject to prior equi- 
 ties. 5 L.R.A. 620.* 
 
 Liability of assignee of leasehold for rent. 
 14 L.R.A. 151. 
 
 Duty of life tenant's assignee to pay taxes. 
 32 L.R.A. 752. 
 
 Right of assignee of claim against foreign 
 government. 3 L.R.A. 460.* 
 
 Rights and liabilities of assignee of bill of 
 lading with draft attached, as against 
 consignee who does not get the goods 
 or finds them defective. 49 L.R.A. 679 ; 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 242; 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1221: 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Enforcement by or against assignee of ob- 
 ligation to contribute to cost of party 
 wall. 66 .L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Right of assignee of bona fide holder of 
 note, execution of which was procured 
 by fraud. 36 L.R.A. 441. 
 
 Transferee of chattels in satisfaction of pre- 
 existing debt, as a bona fide purchaser 
 as against original vendor, from whom 
 thev were fraudulently obtained by 
 transferrer. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1174. 
 
 Right of sureties on contractor's bond, who 
 perform contract on abandonment by 
 contractor, to moneys unpaid on con- 
 tract, as against the assignees or cred- 
 itors of contractor. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 457. 
 
 Rights of laborers or materialmen in fund 
 for public work to insure payment of 
 their claims as against assignee of 
 fund. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 578. 
 
 Right of assignee in champertous assign- 
 ments to take advantage of champerty. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 
 Liability of assignee for acts of independent 
 contractor. 66 L.R.A. 152. 
 
 On assignment of patent rights by em- 
 ployee. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1180. 
 
 Rights of purchasers from assignee of pat- 
 ent for limited territory to sell or use 
 free from restrictions affecting it in 
 hands of vendor. 55 L.R.A. 633. 
 
 § 13. Priorities. 
 
 Priority between assignees of mortgage, see 
 Mortgage, § 51. 
 
 Priority of foreign assignment over subse- 
 quent domestic attachment. 17 L.R.A. 
 85. 
 
 Eight of first assignee of claim to recover 
 from the second assignee the amount 
 collected by latter on the claim. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 807. 
 
 § 14. — priority rights of different as- 
 signees of fund in hands of third 
 person. 
 
 Priority of notice to trustee gives priority 
 of right. 66 L.R.A. 761. 
 In general. 66 L.R.A. 701. 
 As applied to assignees in bankruptcy. 
 66 L.R.A. 766. 
 CoiifittH aluo Ij.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ASSIGNMENT— cont'd 
 
 Under English statutes. 66 L.R.A. 
 766. 
 Notice before bankruptcy. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 766. 
 No notice before bankruptcy. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 767. 
 When the assignment was giv- 
 en after the bankruptcy 
 of the assignor. 66 L.R.A. 
 768. 
 In the United States. 66 L.R.A. 
 769. 
 Subsequent assignee must take bona 
 fide. 66 L.R.A. 769. 
 In general. 66 L.R.A. 769. 
 Duty to inquire as to prior encum- 
 brances. 66 L.R.A. 770. 
 Sufficiency of notice. 66 L.R.A. 770. 
 Informal and imperfect notice. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 770. 
 Accidental knowledge. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 77L 
 Indirect notice. 66 L.R.A. 771. 
 Notice to solicitor of trustees. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 771. 
 Filing Us pendens. 66 L.R.A. 
 771. 
 Notice to one or more of several 
 
 trustees. 66 L.R.A. 771. 
 When trustees notified are super- 
 seded by others. 66 L.R.A. 
 772. 
 Notice given to wrong party. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 772. 
 When assignor is also a trustee. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 772. 
 When assignee is also the trustee. 
 or one of the trustees. 66 
 L.R.A. 773. 
 When the fund is in court. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 773. 
 Notice to trustee before fund is 
 vested in him as the prop- 
 erty of assignor. 66 L.R.A. 
 773. 
 When notices are simultaneous. 
 66 L.R.A. 774. 
 Interests not within the scope of rule. 
 66 L.R.A. 774. 
 Qui prior est tempore, potior est jure. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 774. 
 States in which both rules have been fol- 
 lowed. 66 L.R.A. 775. 
 New York. 66 L.R.A. 775. 
 Pennsylvania. 66 L.R.A. 776. 
 Other states. 66 L.R.A. 776. 
 Other cases. 66 L.R.A. 777. 
 When the contract assigned provides as to 
 
 mode of assignment. 66 L.R.A. 777. 
 Priority of notes falling due at different 
 times secured by same mortgage. 24 
 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 § 15. Actions. 
 
 Effect of assignment on proper party 
 bring suit, see Parties, § 18. 
 
 Assip-nment as ground of action. 3fi L.R.A. 
 
 582. 
 When assignee of chose in action may sue 
 
 in United States court. 2 L.R.A. 740.* 
 
«0 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ASSIGNMENT— cont'd 
 
 Assignees of instalment notes as parties to 
 proceeding to enforce mortgage for 
 part of debt. 37 L.R.A. 742. 
 
 ASSIGNJfENT FOR CREDITOKS. 
 
 /. In general, §§. 1-6. 
 
 II. What constitutes, g 7. 
 
 III. Effect of,§§ 8-10. 
 
 IV. Rights and duties of assignee, 
 
 §§ 11-13. 
 r. Validity, §14:. 
 TI. Preferences and priorities, §§15- 
 
 17. 
 VII. Bights and duties of creditors, 
 § IS. 
 VIII. Mights against assignor, §19. 
 
 I. In general, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 For conflict of laws as to, and effect of, 
 foreign assignments, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 25. 
 
 As to bankruptcy, see Bankbuptcy. 
 
 As to insolvency, generally, see Insolven- 
 cy. 
 
 Liability for rent of premises occupied by 
 assignee, see Landlord and Tenant, 
 § 86. 
 
 Liability to levy, of property in hands of 
 assignee, see Levy and SsiztrEE, § 7. 
 
 Effect of bankrupt law on assignment for 
 creditors under state laws. 45 L.R.A. 
 177. 
 
 First and last days in computing time in 
 matters of. 49 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 When limitations begin to run against bal- 
 ance of stock subscription in suit by 
 assignee far creditors. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 903. 
 
 Effect of assignee's possession of property 
 out of state on transfer by bankruptcy 
 or insolvency proceedings. 23 L.R.A. 
 42. 
 
 Preliminary injunction which would have 
 effect of transferring possession of 
 property from defendant to trustees. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 34. 
 
 Garnishment of claim to surplus under as- 
 signment for creditors. 59 L.R.A. 372. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 108. 
 
 § 2. By partnership. 
 
 By firm or partner. 2 L.R.A. 328;* 6 
 L.R.A. 569;* 10 L.R.A. 521.* 
 
 Power of one partner to assign partnership 
 real estate for benefit of creditors. 28 
 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Preferences in case of partnership agree- 
 ment. 10 L.R.A. 523.* 
 
 By surviving partner. 6 L.R.A. 569.* 
 
 § 3. As violation of covenant against 
 
 assignment. 
 General assignment for creditors as 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 
 FOR CREDITORS, I.- 
 
 369. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 ASSIGNMENT 
 
 cont'd 
 § 4. Necessity of acceptance. 
 
 Assent and presumption. 24 L.R.A. 
 Assent presumed. 24 L.R.A. 370. 
 
 Statutory presumption. 24 L.R.A. 373. 
 Extent of presumption. 24 L.R.A. 374. 
 Rebuttal of presumption. 24 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 Coiiditions imposing a release. 24 
 L.R.A. 375. 
 
 Other conditions. 24 L.R.A. 375. 
 
 Assignments hindering, delaying, or de- 
 frauding creditors. 24 L.R.A. 376. 
 
 Assignment direct to creditors. 24 
 L.R.A. 376. 
 Express assent. 24 L.R.A. 376. 
 Sufficiency of assent. 24 L.R.A. 378. 
 Time of assent. 24 L.R.A. 379. 
 Effect of assent. 24 L.E.A. 379. 
 
 After attack. 24 L.R.A. 380. 
 Effect of assignment. 24 L.R.A. 380. 
 The Massachusetts doctrine. 24 L.R.A. 381. 
 
 Principles of. 24 L.R.A. 381. 
 
 Time of assent. 24 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 Comity. 24 L.R.A. 384. 
 English decisions. 24 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 § 5. Schedule. 
 
 Necessity that schedule be full and com- 
 plete. 3 L.R.A. 140;* 6 L.R.A. 109.* 
 
 Necessity of annexing schedule to assign- 
 ment. 3 L.R.A. 139;* 6 L.R.A. 109.* 
 
 Necessity that schedule be svrorn to. 3 
 L.R.A. 140.* 
 
 Effect of defective affidavit to schedule. 
 3 L.R.A. 140.* 
 
 Annexing schedule; sufficiency of schedule 
 and affidavit. 3 L.R.A. 140;* 12 L.R.A. 
 809.* 
 
 § 6. Inventory. 
 
 Effect of failure to file on right to attach 
 property in hands of assignee. 26 
 L.R.A. 594. 
 
 //. WJuit constitutes. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 What operates as. 10 L.R.A. 707.* 
 Assignment by bill of sale. 10 L.R.A. 707.* 
 Assignment by mortgage. 10 L.R.A. 708.* 
 By chattel mortgage. 10 L.R.A. 709.* 
 Is a preference by mortgage or sale an as- 
 signment for creditors. 37 L.R.A. 337. 
 Conveyance or transfer to indemnify sure- 
 ties or indorsers as a voluntary as- 
 signment for creditors. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 332. 
 
 III. Effect of. 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Interruption of running of limitations by, 
 see Limitation op Actions, § 61. 
 
 Effect generally. 24 L.R.A. 380. 
 
 Effect of appointment of assignee of cor- 
 poration on compensation of officers, 
 agents, or employees for unexpired 
 term. 51. L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Effect of, on fire insurancfe. 15 LR.A 
 (N.S.) 827. 
 
 Assignment of iudgment for benefit of cred- 
 itors as affecting attorney's lien there- 
 on. 37 L.R.^A.(N.S.) 228. 
 
INDISX TO L.K.A. N0TE3. 
 
 61 
 
 ASSIGNilENT FOR CREDITORS, III.— 
 cont'd 
 
 Effect of foreign assignment on personal 
 property, ivhere no rights of creditors 
 are involved. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 173. 
 
 To whom notice of protest or nonpayment 
 of bill or note should be given after 
 appointment of assignee. 61 L.R.A. 
 900. 
 
 § 9. On right of set-off. 
 
 Assignee's right of set-off in case of bank- 
 ruptcy. 55 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Right of debtor of insolvent bank to set off 
 demand. 2 L.R.A. 273.* 
 
 Right of bank to set off unmatured claim 
 against deposit account of Insolvent 
 debtor. 15 L.R.A. 710. 
 
 Effect of immaturity of claim at time in- 
 solvency occurs upon right of set-off. 
 17 L.R.A. 456. 
 
 Right to set off, against insolvent, claims 
 purchased after insolvency. 21 L.R.A. 
 ■2S0. 
 
 Right to set off insolvent's claim in hands 
 of assignee for creditors. 23 L.R.A. 
 313. 
 
 § 10. Ylliat passes by; assets. 
 
 Transfer of trademark by, see TaADEMABK, 
 § 5- 
 
 What does not pass. 3 L.R.A. 822.* 
 
 Transfer of property out of state by. 23 
 L.R.A. 33; 65 L.R.A. 353. 
 
 Whether cause of action for personal- in- 
 juries passes to assignee. 44 L.R.A. 
 180. 
 
 Effect of assignment by husband upon wife's 
 right of dower. 18 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 Will right of action for malicious attach- 
 ment of property pass to trustee in 
 bankruptcy or assignee for creditors. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 727. 
 
 Land charged with the payment of a leg- 
 acy. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 822. 
 
 Life insurance as assets of bankrupt. 50 
 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Option to receive cash-surrender value or 
 policy having a cash-surrender' value 
 as an asset passing to assignee for 
 creditors. 16 L.R.A. (TST.S.) 318. 
 
 IV. Bights and duties of assignee. 
 
 §11. Generally. 
 
 Right of assignee for creditors to compro- 
 mise claims. 23 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 Statutory provisions. 23 L.R.A. 579. 
 Power to accept notice of protest. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 900. 
 Ihitv or power of assignee as to fraudulent 
 
 'transfers. 5 L.R.A. 140.* 
 Liability for rent of premises occupied by 
 
 receiver or assignee for creditors. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 673. 
 Right of assignee for creditors to question 
 " validity of attachment. 35 L.R.A. 776. 
 Right of assignee to have judgment against 
 
 a-ssignor set aside. 54 L.R.A. 762. 
 Right of assignee for creditors of purchaser 
 
 of goods sold for cash but delivered 
 
 without pavment. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 704. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ASSIGNMENT FOR CREDITORS, IV.— 
 
 cont'd 
 Right of assignor to complain of sale made 
 
 by assignee for creditors. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 682. 
 Right of seller to reclaim goods as against 
 
 assignee for creditors of buyer, who 
 ■ procured them by false representations. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1032. 
 
 § 12. Actions by assignee. 
 
 Assignee for creditors as real party in in- 
 terest by whom action must be brought. 
 64 L.R.A. 610. 
 
 Right of assignee to sue in other state. 23 
 L.R.A. 42. 
 
 Right of assignee for creditors to maintain 
 partition. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 105. 
 
 Injunction in favor of assignee for credit- 
 ors to prevent execution sale. 30 
 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 Collection of notes by assignee of creditors 
 of mutual fire insurance company. 32 
 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 Right of assignee to recover statutory 
 added liability of corporate sharehold- 
 er. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 365. 
 
 Right of assignee to enforce stockholder's 
 liability outside state of incorporation, 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 897. 
 
 §13. Bond of assignee. 
 
 Generally. 7 L.R.A. 403;* 11 L.R.A. 852.* 
 Effect upon surety on bond of assignecj of 
 
 judgment against principal. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 720. 
 
 r. Validity. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Law governing validity. 17 L.R.A. 84. 
 
 Necessity of participation of assignee or 
 beneficiaries in fraud of assignor to 
 invalidate assignment. 32 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations by assignor 
 made out of court as to his purpose in 
 making the assignment attacked as 
 fraudulent as against creditors. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 
 VI. Preferences and priorities. 
 
 § 15. Preferences by debtor. 
 
 Preferences by insolvent generally, see In- 
 solvency, § 3. 
 
 Right of insolvent debtor to make prefer- 
 ences, generally. 11 L.R.A. 466. 
 
 Assignment with preferences. 6 L.R.A. 
 571; 12 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 In case of partnership assignment. 10 
 L.R.A. 523. 
 
 Necessity of naming preferred creditors in 
 an assignment. 8 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 Preference by mortgage or sale as an as- 
 signment. 37 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Law determining validity of preference. 
 65 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 Law determining validity of discrimination 
 between residents and nonresidents. 65 
 L.R.A. 354. 
 
62 
 
 ASSIGNMENT FOR CREDITORS, VI.— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 16. Kffect ol preferring usurious 
 
 debt In assignment. 
 
 General doctrine. 41 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 Deed of assignment rendered void. 41 
 L.R.A. 708. . , ^ ^ 
 
 Preference of actual debt sustained, but 
 usury rejected. 41 L.R.A. 709. 
 
 Preference of usurious debt sustained gen- 
 erally. 41 L.R.A. 710. 
 
 Who may, and who may not, urge the usu- 
 rious character of the debt preferred. 
 41 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 § 17. Claims entitled to priority. 
 
 Against insolvent estate generally, see In- 
 solvency, §§ 6-8. 
 
 Of claims of laborers. 18 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 Deposit by broker or factor to his own 
 account of proceeds of sale of custom- 
 er's stock or property as creating a 
 trust entitled to a preference. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 808. 
 
 Priority of foreign attachment over for- 
 eign assignment for creditors. 17 
 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 Sufficiency of assignment to confer priority 
 on claim of United States. 29 L.R.A. 
 232. 
 
 VII. Rights and duties of creditors. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Right to dividends. 11 L.R.A. 327.* 
 
 Rule of distribution of estate among cred- 
 itors. 8 L.R.A. 458.* 
 
 Attachment of property in hajids of as- 
 signee for creditors. 26 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 When creditor has successfully assailed as- 
 signment or deed of trust. 54 L.R.A. 
 343. 
 
 Right of creditor to participate under as- 
 signment or deed of trust for the bene- 
 fit of creditors which he has repudiated. 
 54 L.R.A. 343. 
 
 When creditor's attack on assignment or 
 deed of trust has failed. 54 L.R.A. 
 345. 
 
 When creditor's attack on assignment or 
 deed of trust is still pending and unde- 
 termined. 54 L.R.A. 350. 
 
 VIII. Rights against assignor, 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Right to maintain action to recover prop- 
 erty in specie against one who has 
 made an assignment for his creditors. 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1272. 
 
 Fraudulent assignment for creditors as 
 ground of attachment. 30 L.R.A. 480. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ASSIGNMENT WITHOUT RECOURSE. 
 
 ASSIGNMENT OP ERROR. 
 
 As part of record on writ of error to state 
 court from United States Supreme 
 Court. 63 L.R.A. 333. 
 
 Effect of, on right of set-off against as- 
 signee of commercial paper. 23 L.R.A. 
 331. 
 
 ASSISTANTS. 
 
 To prosecuting attorney, see DISTRICT AND 
 PbOSEOTJTING ATTOBNEy, § 2. 
 
 See also Deputy. 
 
 Implied power of municipality to create 
 office of assistant bo incumbent to 
 office which is expressly authorized. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 660. 
 
 Does privilege as to communication or in- 
 formation acquired by physician extend 
 to assistant physician. 3 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 887. 
 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 grand jury by assistant prosecutors. 
 28 L.R.A. 370. 
 
 ASSISTING. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for assisting in 
 
 crime, see Cmminal Law, § 25. 
 To assisting voter, see Elections, § 14a. 
 
 In preparing ballots rendered by unauthor- 
 ized person as affecting their validity. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1170. 
 
 Effect of assisting physically in creation of 
 condition, on right to recover for dam- 
 ages to property caused thereby. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 709. 
 
 ASSOCIATE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Proof of one's intent by his associate. 23 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 401. 
 Liability of physician or surgeon for acta 
 
 of. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 § 2. Associate counsel. 
 
 Attorney's right to withdraw from suit be- 
 cause of emplovment of associate coun- 
 sel. 35 L.R.a'.(N.8.) 962. 
 
 Attorney's implied power to employ asso- 
 ciate counsel. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 705. 
 
 Right of accused to complain because prose- 
 cution is conducted or assisted by un- 
 official member of bar. 24 L.R.A. 
 '(N.S.) 564. 
 
 ASSOCIATE COUNSEL. 
 
 See Associate, § 2. 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 § 1. 
 Bar 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every latp question. 
 
 Generally. 
 
 associations, 
 
 see Bab Associationb. 
 
IKDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 63 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS— cont'd 
 
 Benevolent associations, see Benevolekt 
 
 Societies. 
 For purpose of insurance, see Insukance, 
 
 II. 
 Patriotic societies, see Patriotic Society. 
 Religious societies, see Eeligious Socie- 
 ties. 
 As to clubs, see Clubs. 
 Labor organizations, see Conspiracy, §§ 4- 
 
 8; Labor Oegakizations. 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoN- 
 
 stitdtional Law, § 41. 
 Validity of contracts witb or as to, see 
 
 Contracts, § 93-96. 
 Jurisdiction over, see Courts, §§ 11, 12. 
 Restriction on power to take under will, 
 
 see Wills, §§ 72, 73. 
 
 When held to be partnerships. 3 L.R.A. 
 430.* 
 
 Power and authority as partnerships. 17 
 L.R.A. 204.* 
 
 Effect of agreement to share profits to 
 create. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1093. 
 
 Unincorporated, right of action against. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789. 
 
 Failure to account for funds of, as theft, 
 larceny, or embezzlement. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 823. 
 
 Liability of corporation formed by associa- 
 tion for debts of old concern in absence 
 of express assumption or fraud. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 589. 
 
 Taxation of capital stock of. 58 L.R.A. 
 526. 
 
 Restrictions on insurance by unincorporat- 
 ed associations. 25 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 Conclusiveness of decisions of tribunals of. 
 49 L.R.A. 353; 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 672. 
 
 Relationship to private corporation or as- 
 sociation for profit which -still dis- 
 qualify juror. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 973, 
 978. 
 
 § 2. As trustee or beneficiary of char- 
 ity. 
 
 As trustee of charitable bequest. 32 L.R.A. 
 630; 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 114. 
 
 As beneficiary of charitable bequest. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 142; 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 1019. 
 
 Validity of gift to unincorporated charity. 
 32 L.R.A. 625. 
 
 Effect of subsequent incorporation to make 
 valid gift to an unincorporated asso- 
 ciation. 14 L.R.A. 410. 
 
 § 3. Members. 
 
 In benevolent society, see Benevolent So- 
 cieties, § 3; Insurance, § 105. 
 Members of club, see Clubs, § 2, 
 Of religious societies, see Religious So- 
 cieties, §§ 11-13. 
 
 Infant as member of co-operative insurance 
 
 company. 17 L.R.A. 547. 
 How far members bound by rules of. b 
 
 L R A 177.* 
 Relations knd rights of syndicate members. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 210. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS— cont'd 
 
 Membership in association as condition of 
 right to transact particular kind of 
 business. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
 Forbidding student's affiliations with se- 
 cret society. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) .352. 
 
 Liability of members of mutiuil iire insur- 
 ance companies. 32 L.R.A. 481. 
 
 Qualified privilege of communication be- 
 tween members of association or pri- 
 vate corporation. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1080. 
 
 Right to prohibit wearing of badge by non- 
 member. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 795. 
 
 § 4. — reinstatement. 
 
 Mandamus to obtain reinstatement in club 
 or social organization. 8 L.R.A. 195.* 
 
 ASSUMPSIT. 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. Recovery bade of money paid, §§ 3- 
 10. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Election to sue in, see Election of Reme- 
 dies, § 3. 
 
 Right to sue on contract with third per- 
 son generally, see Parties, §§ 12-17. 
 
 Sufiiciency of common counts under the 
 
 Code. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 On contract with third person. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 262. 
 On partly performed contract for services. 
 
 24 L.R.A. 233. 
 To recover on building contract. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 275.* 
 Recovery on quantum meruit. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 707,* 763.* 
 For repairs and improvements. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 452, 459. 
 To enforce contribution. 1 L.R.A. 312.* 
 Against cotenant for use and occupation or 
 
 rents and profits. 28 L.R.A. 844; 29 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 By administrator de bonis nan for money 
 
 and balance due from predecessor. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 73, 74. 
 Recital of money consideration in deed as 
 
 contractual in action of. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 926. 
 Effect of admission to change burden of 
 
 proof and right to open and close. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 534, 540. 
 Right of one whose property lias been tak- 
 en for public use without his consent 
 
 and without condemnation proceedings 
 
 to maintain action for compensation. 
 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 968. 
 Against guardian after termination of 
 
 guardianship, but before settlement of 
 
 account. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 789. 
 
 II. Recovery Ttaclc of money paid. 
 S 2. Gener.Tlly. , 
 
 Recovery back of money paid out by bank, 
 see Banks, § 28, 29. 
 
64 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ASSUMPSIT, 11.— cont'd 
 
 Recovery back of payments made on bills 
 
 or notes, see Bnxs and Notes, § 73. 
 Recovery back of over payment of debts due 
 
 by decedent's estate, see Exeoutobs 
 
 AND ADMINISIEATOBS, § 46. 
 
 Recovery back of insurance premiums or as- 
 sessments, see iNStTKANCE, §§ 116-118. 
 
 Money paid on judgment, see Judgment, 
 § 77. 
 
 Protest as condition, see Pbotest, § 3. 
 
 Recovery back of purchase money, see PuE- 
 OHASE Money, § 4; Sale, §§ 47, 52; 
 Vendor and Pubchaseb, § 14. 
 
 For money paid on illegal contract. 6 
 L.fi.A. 493.* 
 
 Recovery back of money paid on rescission 
 or abandonment of contract. 30 L.R.A. 
 50. 
 
 Destruction of premises as affecting rent 
 paid or payable in advance. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 540. 
 
 Liability of creditor who accepts as pay- 
 ment from debtor, check of third per- 
 son which has been wrongfully pro- 
 cured by debtor. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 273. 
 
 Drawee's right to recover money paid on 
 forged cheek or draft. 10 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 49; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1308; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 100. 
 
 Recovery back of money paid under con- 
 tract to a foreign corporation which 
 had not complied with conditions of 
 doing business in the state. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 210. 
 
 Right of first assignee of claim to recover 
 from second assignee the amount col- 
 lected by latter on the claim. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 807. 
 
 Right of purchaser to compel return of ad- 
 vance payment on resale by vendor 
 after purchaser's default. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 532. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to show 
 money paid out. 52 L.R.A. 703. 
 
 § 3. For money paid under mistake. 
 
 Recovery back of payment made in igno- 
 rance of insolvency, see Insolvb2«cy, 
 § 2. 
 
 For money paid by mistake. 4 L.R.A. 300.* 
 
 Right to recover back overpayment made 
 in ignorance or forgetfulness of pre- 
 vious payments. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 517. 
 
 Right of insurance company to recover back 
 money paid in settlement of policy on 
 life of one erroneously supposed to be 
 dead. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 234. 
 
 Eight of agent to recover money erroneous- 
 ly paid to third person. 4 L.RA 
 (N.S.) 363. 
 
 Eight of bank to recover amount paid on 
 check or other paper drawn upon it 
 or payable at it under mistaken belief 
 that there were sufficient funds to 
 meet it. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1092; 33 
 L.RA. (N.S.) 1023. 
 
 When limitations begin to run against ac- 
 tion to recover money paid by mistake 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1191. ' 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question 
 
 ASSUMPSIT, II.— cont'd 
 
 Eight to recover back license fee volunta- 
 rily paid under mistake of law. 22 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 863. 
 
 § 4. For money paid under compul- 
 sion. 
 
 To recover back compulsory payment. 4 
 L.R.A. 302.* 
 Threats as coercion. 4 L.E.A. 302.* 
 
 When payment involuntary; protest. 9 
 L.R.A. 632.* 
 
 Recovery of money paid to labor union to 
 avoid boycott. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1198. 
 
 Right to recover back amount deposited 
 for release of person illegally detained. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 563. 
 
 As affecting right to recover back money 
 paid for taxes. 2 L.R.A. 626.* 
 
 Eight of purchaser to recover amount paid 
 to relieve land from tax from one who 
 should have paid the same but with 
 whom he had no contractual relation- 
 ship. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 562. 
 
 Right to recover back license fee unlawful- 
 ly enacted under color of authority. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 862. 
 
 § 5. In case of fraud. 
 
 See FEAtTD AND Deceit, § 39. 
 
 § 6. Recovery from agent or attorney. 
 
 Against one wlio,. without authority, as- 
 sumes to contract as agent for another. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 535. 
 Right to recover from agent money paid 
 him for his principal. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 553. 
 Where money is in agent's possession. 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 553. 
 Where agent has paid money to his 
 
 principal. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 555. 
 What constitutes payment to principal. 
 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 557. 
 When payment is to be returned in 
 certain event. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 558. 
 When agent is mere stockholder. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 559. 
 When payment is induced by fraud or 
 wrongful act of agent. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 560. 
 When agency is undisclosed. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 Right of principal to recover from broker 
 or other agent commissions which lat- 
 ter received from other party to the 
 contract. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 952. 
 Liability of auctioneer or clerk of auction 
 for return of money. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 When limitations begin to run against ac- 
 tion to recover money collected bv 
 agent. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 660 
 
 When limitations begin to run against ac- 
 tion to recover money collected by at- 
 torney. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 667. 
 
 § 7. Recovery from public service cor- 
 poration. 
 
 ^'" w!L^r'^.°L7^"h^^g« *°^ ^ater, see 
 
 Waters, § 123. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 65 
 
 ASSUMPSIT, II.— cont'd 
 
 Recovery back of excessive payments to 
 
 public service corporation. IS L.R.A. 
 
 (X.S.) 124. 
 Right of, shipper to recover bade charge in 
 
 excess of contract rate. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 353. 
 
 § 8. Recovery from public or officer. 
 
 Recovery back of compensation paid to pub- 
 lic oificer, see Officers, § 36. 
 
 Recoverv back of taxes paid, see Taxes, §§ 
 86, 87. 
 
 To recover back monev paid for drains 
 and sewers. 60 L.R.A. 248. 
 
 Recovery of money loaned a county on in- 
 valid contract to pay its indebtedness. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 567. 
 
 Claim against state for money paid. 42 
 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Recovery of fees exacted by public officer 
 for performing act for which he was 
 not authorized to demand compensa- 
 tion. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 183. 
 
 § 9. — license fees. 
 
 Fee for liqtior license, see Intoxicating 
 Liquors, § 16.' 
 
 Recovery back of license fee paid for use of 
 
 streets by vehicles. 36 L.R.A. 416. 
 Right to recover back license fee unlaw- 
 fully exacted under color of au- 
 thoritv. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 862. 
 Voluntary' payments. 22 L.R.A. (N.S. ), 
 863. ' 
 Under mistake or ignorance of 
 
 law. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 863. 
 With knowledge of law. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 867. 
 Involuntarv pavments. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.)" 868." 
 Voluntariness of payment of license fee 
 unlawfully exacted under color of 
 authority. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 Ihiress or compulsion. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 873. 
 Inequality of position of parties. 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 873. 
 Commencement of judicial proceed- 
 ings. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 874. 
 Threats of judicial proceedings. 
 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 875. 
 Apprehension or possibility of ju- 
 dicial proceedings. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 876. 
 Protest. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 876. 
 
 § XO. Recovery by public. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to recover 
 back money paid out in violation of 
 the Constitution. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1.57. 
 
 Right to recover back public money appro- 
 priated to sectarian institution. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 171. 
 
 ASSUMPTION OF DKBTS. 
 
 Of mortgage, see :\Tortgage, §§ 40-46. 
 By partnersliip, of individual debts of part- 
 ners, see Partnership, § 13. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ASSUJIPTION OF DEBTS— cont'd 
 On dissolution of partnership, see Part- 
 nership, § 37. 
 
 Assumption of other debts by grantee as 
 participation in debtor's fraudulent in- 
 tent. 31 L.R.A. 621. 
 
 By purchaser from insolvent debtor. 32 
 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 Right of creditor after promisor's bank- 
 ruptcy to adopt and enforce his as- 
 sumption of another's debt. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 874. 
 
 Assumption by grantee of obligation to 
 contribute to cost of party wall. 66 
 L.R.A. 701. 
 
 By agent as payment. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 607. 
 
 Right of creditor after promisor's bank- 
 ruptcy to adopt and enforce his as- 
 sumption of another's debt. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 874. 
 
 Parol evidence to show that grantee of deed 
 assumed existing liens. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1202. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to assump- 
 tion of encumbrance. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 819. 
 
 Effect of assumption of obligation before 
 notice of defective title to sustain bona 
 iide character of purchaser of realty. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1020. 
 
 Of predecessor, by consolidated railroad 
 company. 23 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 What unsecured claims are covered by ex- 
 press assumption by one corporation 
 of indebtedness of another on consoli- 
 dation, merger, or absorption. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1101. 
 
 ASSUMPTION OP RISK. 
 
 By passenger, see Carriers, §§ 84a, 8J 
 
 By infant, see Infants, § 41. 
 
 By servant, see Master and Servant, 
 
 in. b. 
 
 Of safety of wharf or dock. 61 L.R.A. 955. 
 
 ♦-•-• ■ 
 
 ASYLUM. 
 
 For insane, see Insane Asylum. 
 See also Extradition. 
 
 ATHLETIC PERFORMANCES. 
 
 Homicide while engaged in. 63 L.R.A. 383. 
 
 ATTACH.AIENT. 
 
 /. Tn general, § 1. 
 II. When lies, §§ 2-6. 
 III. Effect; lien; prioriti/, § 
 IV. JProcediii-e, §§ 10-30. 
 5 
 
 7-9. 
 
1N0EX TO L.E.A. XOXBS. 
 
 ATTACHMENT— confd 
 
 /. In general. 
 
 % 1. Generally. 
 
 Levy of, see Levy and Seizuke. 
 
 Liability for wrongful attachment, see 
 
 Abuse of Process ; Le\'Y and Seizure. 
 
 §§ 10-].5; Malicious Prosecution. 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 40. 
 As condition precedent to equitable remedy 
 
 of creditors, see tlREDiTORs' Bill, § 2. 
 Property subject to levy, see Levy and 
 
 Sei'zube, ■§§ 2-7. 
 E.\emption from, see Exemptions, II. 
 As to garnishment, see Garnishment. 
 
 Corporations as persons under laws relat- 
 ing to attachment. 19 L.E.A. 224. 
 
 Notice sufficient to put purchaser pending, 
 on inquiry as to vendor's fraudulent 
 intent. 32 L.R.A. 61. 
 
 Availability of defense of, to maker against 
 transferee after maturity. 46 L.R.A. 
 778. 
 
 First and last days in computing time on. 
 49 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 Release of indorser of note by failure to 
 take out attachment against maker. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 550. 
 
 Appointment of receiver to preserve status 
 quo pending attachment proceedings. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 232. 
 
 Does the right to attach property fraudu- 
 lently conveyed start the statute of 
 limitations as against the right to file 
 •a creditors' bill. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 988. 
 
 Foreign attachment as condition precedent 
 to equitable remedy against debtor. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 121. 
 
 Liability of officer's bond for failure to re- 
 tuin money deposited to avoid execu- 
 tion of writ. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 577. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of attach- 
 ment laws. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 436. 
 
 II. When lies. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Right to attachment or order of arrest in 
 breach of promise case. 59 L.R.A. 954. 
 
 § 3. Asainst whom generally. 
 Against firm or partner, see Partnership. 
 § 11. 
 
 Against one having legal title to land in 
 name of another. 22 L.R.A. 258. 
 
 Against executor or administrator. 47 
 L.R.A. 356. 
 
 Rigl)t of creditor, who is also a stockholder 
 of an insolvent corporation, to attach 
 property of corporation, as affected by 
 lii^ own statutory liability. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 987. 
 
 § 4. In case of nonresidence. 
 
 Attachment of property of nonresident. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 504.* 
 What is nonresidence for the purnose of 
 
 attachment. 19 L.R.A. 665. 
 Begin with this 'book on every law question. 
 
 AT'J'ACHMENT. II.— cont'd 
 
 Protracted absence from the state. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 665. 
 Absence on account of war. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 665. 
 Absence on account of contract work 
 
 on railroads. 19 L.R.A. 665. 
 Temporary absence from the state. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 665. 
 Having a place of business in the 
 
 state. 19 L.R.A. 666. 
 Temporary residence in the state where 
 
 attacliment issues. 19 L.R.A. 666. 
 Effect of mere presence in the stati'. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 667. 
 Coming into the state to locate where 
 
 the attachment issues. 19 L.R..\. 
 
 667. 
 Going away to locate elsewhere. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 667. 
 Absconding debtors. 19 L.R.A. 668. 
 Fugitives from justice. 19 L.R.A. 66s. 
 Nonresidence, ^enerallv. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 668. 
 When does nonresidence of person intend- 
 ing to leave permanently, begin. 1 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 778. 
 Determination of status by residence of 
 debtor in case of foreign attachment. 
 17 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 § o. Ai^ainsl foreign cori)oration. 
 
 Liability of foreign corporation which has 
 complied with conditions of doing busi- 
 ness in state to attachment as non- 
 resident. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 278. 
 
 § 6. Per fraud. 
 
 What intent to ilefraud will sustain an at- 
 tachment. 30 L.R.A. 465. 
 Actual as distinguished from construc- 
 tive fraud. 30 L.R.A. 465. 
 Fraudulent contraction of debts. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 468. 
 Against absconding debtors. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 470. 
 For removal of property. 30 L.R..-\. 
 
 471. 
 For assignment, disposal, or secretion 
 of property. 30 L.R.A. 473. 
 The intent to defraud. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 473. 
 Participation in fraudulent intent 
 by transferee. 30 L.R.A. 475. 
 Gifts. 30 L.R.A. 476. 
 Sales of property. 30 L.R.A. 476. 
 Mortgaging or pledging propert\-. 
 
 30 L.R.A. 479. ^ *" '' ■ 
 Assignments for the benefit of cred- 
 itors. 30 L.R.A. 480. 
 Threats to assign or dispose of 
 
 property. 30 L.R.A. 482. 
 Making preferences. 30 L.R.A 
 
 484. 
 Transfers in payment of debts 30 
 
 L.R.A. 485. 
 Confession of judgment. 30 L.R \ 
 
 486. 
 Transfers and withdrawals bv part- 
 ners. 30 L.R.A. 486. ' 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 67 
 
 ATTACmiENT, II.— cont'd 
 
 Formation of and transfer to cor- 
 poration or partnership. 30 
 L.R.A. 487. 
 Overbuying. 30 L.E.A. 488. 
 Refusal to pay. 30 L.R.A. 488. 
 Statements and misrepresentations 
 
 by debtor. 30 L.R.A. 488. 
 Conversion of property. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 490. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 30 L.R.A. 
 490. 
 Rigbt of creditors to attack attachment for 
 
 fraud and collusion. 35 L.R.A. 770. 
 
 Liability of property of one partner for 
 
 fraud of copartner. 25 L.R.A. 645. 
 
 111. Effect; lien; -priority. 
 
 S 7. Kffect oir, generally. 
 
 Loss of lien by issuing, see Liens, § 19. 
 
 Waiver of lien of chattel mortgage by at- 
 tachment. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 490. 
 
 Effect of foreign attachment. 17 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 Effect of, on marketability of title. 38 
 L.R.A.tN.S.) 32. 
 
 I'flVr' of. as election of remedies in case of 
 fraudulent purchase. 15 L.R.A. 90. 
 
 Attachment not prosecuted to judgment as 
 a conclusive election of remedies. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 309. 
 
 Of insured property as change of interest, 
 title or possession. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 803. 
 
 Taking of property from bailee by, as de- 
 fense to him against bailor. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 689. 
 
 Effect of attachment of real estate to de- 
 feat the right of receiver, subsequently 
 appointed by another court, to posses- 
 sion. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 
 S 8, Priorities. 
 
 Pre-existing debt as consideration for mort- 
 gage as against attachment. 33 L.R.A, 
 309. 
 
 Priority between assignee for creditors and 
 Jitta.cl'ing creditors. 26 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Right of landlord as against attaching cred- 
 itors of tenant. 12 L.R.A. 848.* 
 
 Right of possession as between receiver and 
 creditor levying attachment on prop 
 erty. 20 L.R.A. 392. 
 
 Effect as against attachment, of pledge or 
 other transfer of corporate stock no! 
 made in books of company. 67 L.R.A. 
 656. 
 
 Sufficiency of attachment to confer prioritt 
 of claim of United States. 29 L.R..\ 
 234. 
 
 s 9. — proceeding's in other states. 
 Right of attachment as affected by appoint 
 
 ment of foreign receiver. 23 L.R.A. hi 
 Priority of foreign attachment over foreifjii 
 
 assignment. 17 L.R.A. 88. 
 Priority of foreign assignment over subsp 
 
 quent domestic attachment. 17 L.R.A 
 
 85. 
 Effect of insolvencv proceedings in othci 
 
 state. 23 L.R.A. 35. 
 Consult also T^.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ATTACHMENT— cont'd 
 
 IV. Procedure. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Effect of failure to index. 14 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 §11. Jurisdiction. 
 
 Attachment by Federal court to obtain 
 jurisdiction. 6 L.R.A. 252.* 
 
 Jurisdiction obtained by attachment proc- 
 ess. 10 L.E.A. 505.* 
 
 May a state court protect an inchoate inter- 
 est in real property under an attach- 
 ment in a suit pending in a Federal 
 court, or vice versa. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 624. 
 
 §12. Who may question validity of 
 attacliment. 
 
 Right of obligor in bond for release of at- 
 tached property to attack attach- 
 ment 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 401. 
 
 Where bond conditioned "to pav judg- 
 ment." 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 402. i 
 
 In action on bond where attachment 
 discharged. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 
 Attack in principal case where attach- 
 ment discharged. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 404. 
 
 Rule where bond does not discharge at- 
 tachment. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 406. 
 
 Rule as to replevy bonds. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 406. 
 
 Rule where attachment proceedings arc 
 void. ■ 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 407. 
 
 Right to attack in independent suit. 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 408. 
 
 Rule under statutes governii.g right to 
 raise objections. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 409. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 409. 
 
 S 13. — creditors. 
 
 What creditors may question the validity of 
 
 attachment. 35 L.E.A. 7C6. 
 Creditors interested in the property at- 
 tached. 35 L.R.A. 766. 
 
 Attachment creditors. 35 L.R.A. 
 767. 
 
 Judgment creditors. 35 L.R.A. 
 768. 
 
 Mortgage creditors. 35 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 Partnership creditors. 35 L.R.A. 
 769. 
 
 Garnishee having an interest. 35 
 L.R.A. 769. 
 
 General creditors in absence of de- 
 fendant. 35 L.R.A. 769. 
 Receiver or assiiinee of creditors. 35 
 L.R.A. 770. 
 
 Insolvency gives an interest in tho 
 property. 35 L.R.A. 770. 
 
 Rule as to receivers. 35 L.E.A. 
 770. 
 
 Rule as to assignee. 35 L.R.A. 
 770. 
 flow creditors may question the validity of 
 
 attachment. 36 L.R.A. 771. 
 In the absence of statute relating to 
 interventions. 35 L.R.A. 771. 
 
 Motion in court of law. 35 L.R.A. 
 771. 
 
68 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ATTACHMENT, IV.— confd 
 
 By other proceedings at law. 35 
 
 L.E.A. 77]. 
 Bill in equity. 3.5 L.K.A. 771. 
 By proceedings under a statute. 35 
 L.R.A. 772. 
 Intervention and defense. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 772. 
 Not by proceedings in another 
 
 court. 35 L.R.A. 774. 
 Assertion of vendor's lien or privi- 
 lege. 35 L.R.A. 774. 
 For what creditors may question the valid- 
 ' ity of attachment. 35 L.R.A. 775. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. 775. 
 For want of cause of action. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 775. 
 For illegality or irregularity in the 
 proceedings. 35 L.R.A. 777. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. 777. 
 For lack of ground for attacJiment. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 778. 
 For insufficiency of affidavits. 35 
 L.R.A. 778. 
 For fraud and collusion. 35 L.R.A. 
 770. 
 Rule stated generally. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 779. 
 In amount of demand. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 779. 
 In preference of creditors. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 780. 
 In benefit to debtor himself. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 781. 
 Other frauds and deceits. 35 
 L.R.A. 78L 
 For injury to vested rights by altera- 
 tion of the amount claimed. 35 
 L.R.A. 782. 
 At what stage of the proceeding creditors 
 may question the validity of the 
 attachment. 35 L.R.A. 782. 
 Before the trial. 35 L.R.A. 782. 
 After the trial. 35 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 § 14. Affidavit. 
 
 Requisites of affidavit for foreign attach- 
 ment. 17 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 Questioning validity of attachment for in- 
 sulficiency of affidavits. 35 L.R.A. 778. 
 
 g 14a. — by agent or corporate officer. 
 
 Necessity that affidavit in attachment, made 
 by agent or attorney of plaintiff, shall 
 show personal knowledge. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1126. 
 
 Does the description of affiant in affidavit 
 for attachment as a specified officer of 
 a corporation import that he is an 
 agent of the corporation as required bv 
 statute. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 11.35. 
 
 Is affidavit by officer of corporation to be 
 regarded as made by its anent. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 703. 
 
 9 15- —right to amend. 
 
 Generally. 31 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 Statute permitting amendments. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 422. 
 General statute of amendments. 31 
 L.R.A. 424. 
 Begin uith this hook on every Uiw question. 
 
 ATTACHMENT, IV. — cont'd 
 
 What is matter of substance and mat- 
 ter of form. 31 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 Statute denying amendment. 31 L.R.A. 
 425. 
 
 Rule in absence of statute. 31 L.R.A. 
 425. 
 
 Additional affidavits. 31 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 Right to amend as against third per- 
 son. 31 L.R.A. 428. 
 
 §16. Judgment. 
 
 Extent of relief when process served con- 
 structively against nonresident. 50 
 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 Judgment in attachment as res judicata 
 against chattel mortgagee. 64 L.R.A. 
 366. 
 
 § 17. Bond; damages for wrongful at- 
 tachment. 
 
 Execution of bond on condition that others 
 shall sign. 45 L.R.A. 334. 
 
 Form of judgment on attachment bond. 62 
 L.R.A. 442. 
 
 Who is real party in interest who must 
 bring action on attachment bond. 64 
 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Discharge of principal in bankruptcy as re- 
 leasing surety on attachment bond. 14 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 507; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 234. 
 
 Amendment of claim or pleading as dis- 
 charge of sureties on bonds given to 
 dissolve attachments. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 484. 
 
 Right of obligor in bond for release of at- 
 tached property to attack attachment. 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 401. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages by 
 seizure under wrongful attachment. 52 
 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Recovery of exemplary damages in action 
 on attachment bond for malicious prose- 
 cution or abuse of process in suing out 
 attachment for collection of debt. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 275. 
 
 Exemplary damages for suing out attach- 
 ment for collection of debt only. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 272. 
 
 Under what circumstances the wrongful 
 levy of several attachments will render 
 the attaching creditors jointly liable. 
 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 598. 
 
 Effect upon surety on attachment bond, of 
 judgment against principal. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 743. 
 
 § 18. Dissolution; abatement; termi- 
 nation. 
 
 Issuance and quashing of writ for foreign 
 attachment. 17 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 Law governing effect of fraudulent assign- 
 ment for creditors to avoid previous at- 
 tachment. 65 L.R.A. 365. 
 
 Adjudication of bankruptcy of member of 
 firm as affecting rights under an at- 
 tadnnent by firm creditors. 30 L R A 
 (N.S.) 787. ■ ■ 
 
 Abatement by dissolution or expiration of 
 charter of corporation. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 449. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. jSFOTES. 
 
 69 
 
 ATTACHiXENT, IV.— contM 
 
 When action in which malicious attachment 
 was issued is terminated so as to sup- 
 port suit for malicious prosecution. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 950. 
 
 § 19. Injunction against or in aid of. 
 
 Injunction in aid of attachment. 20 L.R.A. 
 446. 
 
 Injunction in favor of attaching creditors 
 against sale under execution or subse- 
 quent attacliment. 30 L.R.A. 127. 
 
 Against attacliment in other state. 21 
 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 § 2 0. Intervention. 
 
 Eights of creditors to question validity of 
 attachment by intervention and de- 
 fense. 35 L.R.A. 772. 
 
 Right of tliird persons who claim property 
 to intervene in attacliment action. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 536. 
 
 Eight of intervener in attachment to at- 
 tack validity of service of process. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.") 1084. 
 
 ATTACHMENT CREDITORS. 
 
 Eight of. to question validity of attachment. 
 35 L.R.A. 767. 
 
 ATTEMPT. 
 
 To commit crime, see Criminal Law, §§ 16, 
 17. 
 
 What constitutes an attempt to entice serv- 
 ant to quit. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1095. 
 
 L'n successful attempt to collect premium as 
 waiver of forfeiture. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 902. 
 
 To enforce lien under clause in lease giving 
 landlord lien on crops and chattels as 
 election preventing its enforcement as 
 a chattel mortgage. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 259. 
 
 ATTENDANCE. 
 
 Securing attendance of witnesses, see Wit- 
 nesses, § 4. 
 
 What constitutes attendance by a physician 
 within meaning of an application for 
 life insurance. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 
 ATTENDANTS. 
 
 Liability for negligence of attendants fur- 
 nished by relief department toward 
 which employees contribute. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1167; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1207. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to (late. 
 
 ATTESTATION. 
 
 Of deeds, see Deeds, § 4. 
 Of will, see Wills, §§ 20-32. 
 
 Sufflciencv of abbreviation of officer's name 
 
 in. 14 L.R.A. 815. 
 By mark. 22 L.R.A. 370, 372. 
 Necessity for calling subscribing witnesses 
 
 to prove attested instrument. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 * » » 
 
 ATTESTATION CLAUSE, 
 
 To will, see Wills, § 32. 
 
 < » » 
 
 ATTESTED INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence, see Evidence, 
 
 § 123. 
 See also Deeds, § 4; Wills, §§ 26-32. 
 
 ATTESTING WITNESS. 
 
 To wills, see Wills, 15, 24, 26-31. 
 
 Necessity of calling to prove instrument. 
 35 L.R.A. 321, 
 
 Estoppel of, to assert title to land con- 
 veyed. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 879. 
 
 Addition of name of, to instrument, as an 
 alteration. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1155. 
 
 Weight of testimony of, against competency 
 of testator, 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAL. 
 
 Power to dismiss prosecution, see Criminal 
 
 Law, § 40. 
 See also State. 
 
 Quo warranto as matter of right by. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 
 Scope of discretion of, with respect to insti- 
 tution of proceedings in nature of quo 
 warranto. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 
 Right, of attorney general, or other repre- 
 sentatiA'e of state, to maintain suit or 
 proceeding to remove officers of private 
 corporations. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 672. 
 
 Right of attorney general, or other repre- 
 sentative of state, to maintain action 
 to enforce or prevent the violation of 
 statutory regulations affecting rates, 
 etc. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 664. 
 
 ATTORNEYS. 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 
 II. Relation to covrt and public, §§ 2- 
 6. 
 III. Relation to client, §§ 7-22. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 70 
 
 ATTORNEYS— cont'd 
 
 /. Jn general, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Privileged communications to, see tvi- 
 OENCE, § 222. . . 
 
 Advice of, as defense to action for malicious 
 prosecution, see Mai.icious Prosecu- 
 tion, § 8. 
 
 Opening statement by, see Opening State- 
 ment. 
 
 Argument of, during trial, see Tbial, §§ 15- 
 17. 
 
 Disqualifications as judge by prior connec- 
 tion with case. 25 L.R.A. 114. 
 
 //. Relation to court and public. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 ( liampertous contracts, see infra, § 21. 
 What constitutes contempt by, see Con- 
 tempt, II. 
 
 As public officers. 17 L.R.A. 244. 
 
 Riglit of attorney at law to solicit busi- 
 ness. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 
 Validity of restrictive agreement ancil- 
 lary to sale of practice. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 926. 
 
 Validity of contract restraining practice 
 of profession after expiration of term 
 of service with another. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 96L 
 
 Validity of contract to procure legislative 
 action. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 213. 
 
 Validity of contract by attorney to secure 
 suspension of criminal law as to of- 
 fenses thereafter committed. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 842. 
 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 grand jury by attorneys. 28 L.R.A. 
 370. 
 
 § 3. Right to practise iaAV. 
 
 Constitutional privilege to practise law. 
 14 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Right of women to practise law. 21 L.R.A. 
 70L 
 
 Practice of law bv corporation. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) .5B. 
 
 Power of legislature to prescribe qualifi- 
 cations of. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 
 § 4. Disbarment suspension. 
 
 Effect of pardon on right to disbar attorney 
 
 convicted of felony. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 272. 
 Extent of restriction on right of disbarred 
 or suspended attorney to transact 
 legal business for another. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 755. 
 
 Where suspension is effected by attor- 
 ney's removal from state. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 755. 
 
 Effect of appeal from disbarinent or 
 suspension. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 756. 
 
 Prosecuting attorneys. 24 L.RA 
 (N.S.) 756. 
 
 Disbarment or suspension in another 
 court of same jurisdiction. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 757. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question 
 
 ATTORNEYS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Disbarment or suspension in another 
 state or country. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 757. 
 Disqualification of judge to preside at dis- 
 barment proceedings because of meiji- 
 bership in bar association instituting 
 the proceedings. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 116. 
 
 § 5. — grounds for. 
 
 Generally. 13 L.R.A. 767.* 
 
 Necessity of bad or fraudulent motive to 
 
 justify. 18 L.R.A. 401. 
 Want of due respect toward court in legal 
 
 papers. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 525. 
 Criticism of decision or opinion after case 
 
 has been determined. 17 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 572. 
 Withholding client's money or property. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 
 Sufficient defenses. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 417. 
 
 Statutes. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 418. 
 
 Misconduct of partner. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 418. 
 
 Who may institute proceedings. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 419. 
 Advertising. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 941. 
 Conviction or commission of crime or mis- 
 conduct by attorney in another state. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 892. 
 Disbarment in other state or concealment 
 
 of that fact. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 531. 
 
 § 6. License. 
 
 License tax on. 18 L.R.A. 409. 
 License to practise as a vested right to con- 
 tinue jn practice. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1272. 
 Validity of contract by unlicensed attorney. 
 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 614. 
 
 Extent of restriction on right of unlicensed 
 
 person to transact legal business 
 
 for another. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 750. 
 
 Unlicensed person. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 750. 
 
 As partner of licensed attorney. 
 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 As prosecuting attorney. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 753. 
 Person licensed in another court. 
 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 754. 
 Person licensed in sister state. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 754. 
 Statute of limitations as a defense to revo- 
 cation of attorney's license. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) .557. 
 
 ///. Relation to client. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Effect of deatli of person employing attor- 
 ney, see Death, § 18. 
 
 Advice of counsel as defense to action for 
 malicious prosecution, see Malicious 
 Pbosecution, § 8. 
 
 Denial of relation as affecting, right to sum- 
 mary order on attorney to produce 
 papers. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207. 
 
 Sickness or death of, as ground for injunc- 
 tion against judgment. 30 L.R.A. 795. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 71 
 
 ATTORNEYS, III.— cont'd 
 
 Disqualification of judge througli relation- 
 ship to attorney in ease. 42 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 1172. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence of entries in ac- 
 count boolc by attorney. 53 L.R.A. 528. 
 
 Taliing of commercial paper by attorney as 
 payment. 35 L.K.A. (N.S.) 53. 
 
 Appearance of special attorney or private 
 counsel before grand jury. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 568. 
 
 Addressing letter to plaintiff's attorney as 
 publication for purposes of libel. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgincnt as between 
 plaintiff and attorncv who has charge 
 of the defense. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 964. 
 
 Rebuking or fining attorney during trial 
 as preindicing riglits of party. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 428. 
 
 Necessity that affidavit in attachment made 
 by plaintiff's attorney shall show per- 
 sonal knowledge. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1126. 
 
 Prosecuting attorney's attack on defend- 
 ant's counsel as ground for reversal. 
 46 L.R.A. 655. 
 
 Treating of jurors by, as ground for new 
 trial or reversal. 19 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 733. 
 
 § 8. Right to counsel. 
 
 Right of insured to have attorney present 
 at examination as to loss. 52 L.R.A. 
 426. 
 
 Stockholder's right to assistance of, in in- 
 spection of books. 45 L.R.A. 449; 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 197. 
 
 Right of prosecutrix in bastardy proceed- 
 ings to private counsel. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 463. 
 
 Necessity for representation by counsel at 
 preliminaiy examination to make testi- 
 monv given thereon admissible against 
 accused. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 871. 
 
 § 9. Employment of attorney. 
 
 Creation of precatory trust by recommend- 
 ing emplovment of attorney. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 685. 
 
 Right of governor to employ for state. 55 
 L.R.A. 493. 
 
 Power of public officers to bind successors 
 by employment of attorney for term of 
 years. 16 L.R.A. 257. 
 
 Power of president and vice president of 
 corporation to employ attorneys. 14 
 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 Powor of municipal board or committee to 
 cmplov one of its own members as. 3 
 L.R.A4N.S.) 849. 
 
 Effect of statute of frauds on parol contract 
 for employment of attorney which may, 
 but is not intended to, be performed 
 within a year. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 326. 
 
 § 10. Fidueiar.v relation. 
 
 Firlneiary relation between principal and 
 agent, see Pei?(Cipai, a.nd Agent, § 33. 
 
 Burden on attorney to show good faith of 
 transaction with client. 9 L.R.A. 90.* 
 
 Transactions between attorney and client 
 to be closely scrutinized. 9 L.R.A. 90." 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 •\TTORNEYS, III.— cont'd 
 Right of client to recover property placed 
 in the name of his attorney in ordci- 
 to defraud creditors. 37 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 161. 
 Independent advice as a condition of a valid 
 gift inter tiros between parties occupy- 
 ing confidential relations. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1087. 
 Right of attorncv to purchase subject-mat- 
 ter of litigation or of retainer from 
 client and his duty in relation 
 thereto. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 679; 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 723. 
 Attorney's right to purchase. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.'S.) 680. 
 Attorney's duty to client on purchas- 
 ing. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 682. 
 Where attorney is employed to sell 
 client's property. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 687. 
 Attorney's right to purchase after ter- 
 mination of relation. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 689. 
 Permitting conveyance to stand as se- 
 curity for attorney's advances and 
 fees. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 689. 
 
 § 11. Duty and liability of attorney. 
 
 Liability of attorney to client for mistake. 
 52 L.R.A. 883. 
 Generally. 52 L.R.A. 883. 
 In pleading. 52 L.R.A. 885. 
 In practice. 52 L.R.A. 886. 
 In wrong proceeding. 52 L.R.A. 888. 
 In examination of titles. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 889. 
 In payment and distribution of money. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 890. 
 In drafting and preparing instruments 
 
 and decrees. 52 L.R.A. 891. 
 Mistakes or omissions in advice. 52 
 L.R.A. 892. 
 
 Liability for interest on money collected for 
 client. 18 L.R.A. 457. 
 
 Right of client to maintain trover or case 
 for money collected by attorney. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 
 When statute of limitations begins to run 
 against an action for negligence or mis- 
 conduct of an attorney in performance 
 of professional duties. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1005. 
 
 When statute of limitations commences to 
 run against action to recover money 
 collected by attorney. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 667. 
 
 Duty of attorney to pay or secure costs in 
 an action which he takes on a con- 
 tingent fee. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1153. 
 
 § 12. Authority of attorney. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to au- 
 thority of, see Evidence, S 35. 
 
 Ratification by client, see Ratification. 
 § 6. 
 
 Notice to attorney as notice to client. 2 
 L.R.A. 734.* 
 
 Right to take acknowledgment. 33 I/.R.A. 
 337. 
 
 Effect of death on contract with attorney. 
 23 L.R.A. 710. 
 
72 
 
 l^^DEX TO L.K.A. KOXES. 
 
 ATTORXEYS, III.— cont'd 
 Extension of time by attorney as discharge 
 of surety. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62. 
 
 g 13. —over action generally. 
 
 PowiT as to dismissal or discontinuance, see 
 Dismissal and' Discontinuance, § 5. 
 
 To satisfy judgment in favor of minor. 3 
 
 L.R.A.JN.S.) 72. 
 Implied power of attorney to bind client 
 for expenses incidental to trial 
 including associate counsel fees. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 702. 
 
 Implied authority to incur incidental 
 expenses. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 702. 
 
 Stenographer's fees. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 703. 
 
 Printer's bill. 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 703. 
 
 Bookkeeper's or expert's fees. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 704. 
 
 Employment of associate counsel gener- 
 ally. 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 705. 
 
 Employment of resident counsel. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 707. 
 
 \A'liere fixed fee agreed on. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 707. 
 
 Where attorney employed forms part- 
 nership. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) .707. 
 
 Ratification of employment. 23 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 708. 
 
 Eff'ect of special contract. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 709. 
 Riglit of attorney to continue on account 
 
 of his compensation after collusiye dis- 
 missal to defeat it. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 390. 
 Client's death as affecting attorney's au- 
 thority to proceed with suit. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1189. 
 
 S 14. — to compj'omlse cause of action. 
 
 Implied power of attorney to compromise 
 
 cause of action. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 523. 
 
 The general rule. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 523. 
 
 The Maine cases. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 526. 
 
 The English cases. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 526. 
 Exception in case of emergency. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 527. 
 Effect of unauthorized compromise. 31 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 528. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 528. 
 As part payment. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 528. 
 Ratification. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 529. 
 Proof of authority. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 530. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 530. 
 Presumptions. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 531. 
 By nature of employment. 3) 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 531. 
 Power of attorney to submit infant's cause 
 of action for arbitration. 70 L.R.A 
 175. 
 
 § 15. —authority to appear In action. 
 
 To enter appearance in case in behalf of in- 
 fant or incompetent. 32 L.R.A. 681. 
 
 Effect of unauthorized appearance of at- 
 torney in an action. 21 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 ATTORNEYS, III.— cont'd 
 §16. —right to withdraw. 
 
 Power of defendant's attorney to withdraw 
 answer or appearance and permit 
 a default judgment. 33 L.R.A. 
 515. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. 515. 
 Withdrawal of attorney's appearance. 
 33 L.R.A. 517. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. 517. 
 Effect on defendant's appearance. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 518. 
 Effect on plea or answer. 33 
 L.R.A. 518. 
 Withdrawal of answer. 33 L.R.A. 519. 
 Withdrawal of answer and appearance. 
 33 L.R.A. 520. 
 Right to withdraw from suit because of 
 client's misconduct. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 960. 
 Employment of associate or additional 
 
 counseL 35 L.R.A. (X.S. j 9ti2, 
 Necessity of notice of an intention to 
 withdraw. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 963. 
 
 § 17. Client's responsibility for attor- 
 ney's acts or nes'lect. 
 
 Negligence in employing attorney as bar 
 to injunction as against judgment. 31 
 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 N^ligence of attorney, as a, bar to injunc- 
 tion against judgment. 31 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Loss of defenses by reason of negligence or 
 unskilfulness of attorney as ground for 
 enjoining judgment.- 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 524. 
 
 Is neglect of counsel imputed to party under 
 statute for relief from judgment taken 
 by inadyertence, surprise, or excusable 
 neglect. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 858. 
 
 Guardian's liability for misappropriation 
 of ward's funds by attorney. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 575. 
 
 Personal liability ©f executor or adminis- 
 trator to distributees for interest where 
 settlement of estate is delayed by ad- 
 vice or negligence of attorney. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 
 § 18. Compensation; lien. 
 
 Recovery back of money paid to attorney, 
 see Assumpsit, § 6. 
 
 Attorneys' fees generally, see Attorneys' 
 Fees; Costs and Fees, § 7. 
 
 Liability of decedent's estate to attorney 
 employed by personal representative, 
 see Executors and Administrators S 
 34. " 
 
 Statement of account by attorney. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 821. 
 Damages for breach of contracts with. 53 
 
 L.E.A. 57, 79. 
 Extent of recovery by attorney wrongfully 
 
 discharged. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 92. 
 Right of attorney not admitted to practice 
 
 to recover for services of attorney who 
 
 had been admitted. 2 L.R.A (N S ) 
 
 .392. ■ ■' 
 
 Claims against state for fees of. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 51. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ATTORNEYS, III.— cont'd 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring attor- 
 nev to perform services for public 
 without remuneration. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 527. 
 
 Eight of counsel assigned to defend indigent 
 person, to compensation from public, in 
 absence of statute. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 377. 
 
 Recovery for services to wife in divorce 
 suit. 24 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 Liability of estate to attorney employed by 
 e.vecutor or administrator. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 
 Right of attorney, in the absence of express 
 agreement, to compensation for debar- 
 ring liimself from representing antago- 
 nistic interests. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 960. 
 
 Loss of compensation by compromising case 
 without authority. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 852. 
 
 Priority of claim for services, against prop- 
 erty in hands of receiver over recorded 
 liena. 2 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1036, 1050, 1060, 
 1067; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 700, 710. 
 
 Expert testimony of value of legal services. 
 11 L.R.A. 787.* 
 
 Conclusiveui'ss of expert opinion as to 
 value of services. 42 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 Libel in charging attorney with exacting ex- 
 cessive fees. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79. 
 
 § 19. — as between members of law 
 partnership. 
 
 Rights of estate of law partner in compen- 
 sation for business unfinished at time 
 of his death. 66 L.R.A. 821. 
 
 Right of surviving member of law partner- 
 ship to compensation for services. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 402. 
 
 Right of liquidating member of law partner- 
 ship to compensation for services. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) ,398. 
 
 § 20. — contingent fees. 
 
 Contingent attornc\'s fee in representative 
 suit. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729. 
 
 Power of court to protect attorney who has 
 taken case on contingent fee. against 
 voluntary dismissal by client without 
 his consent. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1095. 
 
 Validity of provision, in contrae,t for con- 
 tingent fee, forbidding client to settle 
 the claim without attorney's consent. 
 14 L.K.A.(N.S.) noi. 
 
 Basis for computing share of attorney en- 
 titled to certain proportion of recovery, 
 where suit is compromised for certain 
 Mini aiirl attorney's fee. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 776. 
 
 Validity of agreement to pay attorney a 
 percentage of amount obtained as ali- 
 mony. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1074. 
 
 Right of attorney who takes case on con- 
 tingent fee or for certain percentage to 
 implied or equitable lien on fund re- 
 covered, 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 634. 
 
 Right to discharge attorney employed for 
 contingent fee. .38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 389. 
 Conveyance to attorney of portion of 
 subject-matter. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 390; 
 Consult also L.B.A. Viqests to date. 
 
 ATTORNEYS, III.— cont'd 
 
 Conditions of substitution: right to 
 
 compensation. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 391. 
 
 Duty of attorney to pay or secure costs in 
 
 action which he takes on. 11 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 1153. 
 
 §21. — chann)erty; maintenance. 
 
 Taking case on contingent fee, see supra, 
 § 20. 
 
 Prohibition of purchase of choses in action 
 by. 9 L.R.A. 91.* 
 
 Assignmeflt of claim to. 9 L.R.A. 92.* 
 
 Rigli to pvirchase adverse title. 9 L.R.A. 
 ' 92.* 
 
 When contract between attorney and client 
 not champertous. 1 L.R.A. 516.* 
 
 Right to recover upon quantum meruit for 
 services rendered under illegal or 
 champertous contract. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 261; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1202. 
 
 Right of attorney to purchase subject-mat- 
 ter of litigation or of retainer from 
 client and his duty in relation thereto. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6'79; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 723. 
 
 Right of attorney to recover on quantum 
 meruit for services rendered under il- 
 legal contract. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 261. 
 
 Right of attorney who has made champer- 
 tous agreement with his client against 
 opposite party to suit after settlement 
 by client. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 518. 
 
 § 2 2. —lien. 
 
 Lien on cause of action for tort. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 379. 
 
 Attorney's lien on fund in bastardy proceed- 
 ings. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 630. , 
 
 Effect of agreement giving attorney em- 
 ployed by personal representative lien 
 on subject-matter in litigation, on lia- 
 bility of estate to him. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 75. 
 
 Right of attorney, under local statute, to 
 a lien upon money in the hands of an 
 adverse party to a suit in proceeding 
 in another 'state. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.)' 
 121.1. 
 
 Right of attorney who takes case on con- 
 tingent fee or for certain percentage 
 to implied or equitable lien on fund 
 recovered. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 634. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes providing for 
 attorneys' liens. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 529. 
 
 Dismissal of suit to defeat attorney's lien 
 or claims to compensation. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 390. 
 
 Waiver of attorney's lien by taking secu- 
 rity. 2 B. R. C. 58. 
 
 Assignment of judgment to attorney defeat- 
 ing lien. 23 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Assignment of judgment as affecting attor- 
 neys' lion thereon. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 226. 
 Filing of notice of lien. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 226. 
 Necessity for personal notice to as- 
 sienee of judgment. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 227.' 
 
7-t 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ATTORNEYS, III.— cont'd 
 
 Assignments for creditors. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 228. 
 Acquiescence of attorney in assignment. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 228. 
 Effect of attorney's taking assignment. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 228. 
 
 ATTORNEYS' FEES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Right of attorney to recover fees from his 
 
 ciwn client, see Am-ORXEYS, §§ 18-22. 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoN- 
 
 STITUTIONAI, Law, § 149. 
 As ilcment of costs or damages without any 
 
 stipulation therefor, see Costs and 
 
 Fees, § 7. 
 As alTci'tiiig jurisdictional amount, see 
 
 CotTRTS, § 27. 
 In divorce suit, see Divorce and Sepaba- 
 
 TioN, §§ 34-49. 
 Recovery of, upon injunction bond, see In- 
 junction, § 87. 
 In action to enforce mechanics' lien, see 
 
 Mechanics' Liens, § 2.5. 
 In action to enforce tax, see Taxes, § 71. 
 
 Is the amount of attorney's fees expressly 
 stipulated for to be included in com- 
 puting amount involved, for purpose of 
 ascertaining jurisdiction. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 157. 
 
 § 2. Validity and effect. 
 
 Validitv and effect of stipulations for, gen- 
 erally. 1 L.R.A. .546; 3 L.R.A. 50;* 7 
 L.R.A. 445.* 
 
 Constitutionality of provision for. 14 
 L.R.A. 586. 
 
 Validity of statutory provision for attor- 
 ney's fees. 17 L.R.A. fN.S.) 910. 
 
 Validity of statutory provision for attor- 
 ney's fees in proceedings involving col- 
 lection of taxes or snpcial assessments. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1062. 
 
 Con.stitutionality of provision for, in case 
 of failure to fence railroad tracks. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 864. 
 
 § 3. — effect on negotiability. 
 
 Effect of stipulation for, upon negotiabilitv 
 1 L.R.A. 547;* 3 L.R.A. 51.» 
 
 Effect of stipulation for. in mortgage upon 
 negotiability of note .secured therebv 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 217. ^' 
 
 ATTORXEYS IN FACT. 
 
 Form of execution of deed by. 41 L R A 
 (N.S.) 805. 
 
 ATTORNMENT. 
 
 By lessee, see Landlobd and Tenant, § 3. 
 
 ATTRACTIVE NDISANCE. 
 See Negligence, §§ 23, 23a. 
 
 AUCTION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Implied exception in statute as to. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 569. 
 Delegation of municipal power as to license 
 
 of. 20 L.R.A. 724. 
 Right of executor or administrator to em- 
 ploy auctioneer. 64 L.R.A. 557. 
 Binding effect of. conditions announced bv 
 
 auctioneer. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 488. 
 Liability of goods in hands of auctioneer to 
 
 distress. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 795. 
 Right to resell propertj' after it has lieen 
 
 struck off to a bidder. 36 L.R.A. f N.S. ) 
 
 927. 
 Discrimination against nonresidents hy 
 
 statute or ordinance imposing licen.se 
 
 tax on auctioneers. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 290. 
 
 § 2. As a nuisance. 
 Generally. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 972. 
 In street, as a nuisance, subject to city 
 control. 39 L.R.A. 678. 
 
 § 3. Right to wKlidraw property from 
 sale. 
 
 Right to withdraw property from an auc- 
 tion sale after it has been offered. 
 .57 L.R.A. 784; 20 L.R.A. f N.S.) 
 1133. 
 In England and Canada. 57 L.T! A 
 784. 
 Withdrawal after bids. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 784. 
 Withdrawal before bids. 57 L.R.A 
 787. 
 In the United States. 57 L.R.A. 787. 
 In general. 57 L.R.A. 787. 
 Judicial and official sales. 57 
 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 § 4. Validity. 
 
 Effect of preventing or checking bids upon 
 the validitv of sales at auction. 
 20 L.R.A. 545. 
 
 The general rule. 20 L.R.A. 545. 
 
 The qualifications and exceptions to tlie 
 rule. 20 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 English eases. 20 L.R.A. 553. 
 
 § 5. Riahts ot purchaser. 
 Rights of vendee at. 9 L.R.A. 558.* 
 Relief from purchase at auction on ground 
 of mistake. Hi L.R.A. (N.S.) 927 
 Mistakes as to identity. 34 LR A 
 
 (N.S.) 927. 
 Mistakes as to quantity. 
 
 (N.S.) 928. 
 Mistakes as to restrictive 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 930. 
 Mistakes as to improvements 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 930. 
 Mistakes as to character or quality. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 930. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 
 
 covenants. 
 
 34 
 
 ^^•^^lZ,tZ Zr^aV.uesJ^'''''''^ °^ '^-- '" I^-R:A.(N.S.) 932. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 75 
 
 AUCTION— confd 
 
 § 6. Rights and liabilities of aviction- 
 ■eer. 
 
 Right of iuictioneer or officer conducting a 
 sale to make bids. 20 L.E.A. .503. 
 On their own account. 20 L.R.A. 503. 
 Auctioneers. 20 L.R.A. oOS. 
 Sheriffs, deputy sheriffs, commis- 
 sionl'r!^. c illoctors, constables, 
 etc. 20 L.R.A. 505. 
 For third party. 20 L.R.A. 508. 
 Liability for conversion of property. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 654. 
 Liability of auctioneer or cleik of auction 
 for return of monev. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 481. 
 Effect of auctioneer's disclosure, or 
 nondisclosure of vendor. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 483. 
 Interest. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 483. 
 Interpleader. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 484. 
 
 § 7. Bids at. 
 
 Effect of preventing or checking bids on 
 
 validity of sales at auction. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 545. 
 Withdrawal of property from auction sale 
 
 after. 57 L.R.A. 784; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1133. 
 Right of auctioneer or officer conducting 
 
 a sale to make. 20 L.R.A. 503. 
 
 * » » 
 
 AUNT. 
 
 Insurable interest in life of. 54 L.R.A. 233. 
 Implied agreement to pay for services ren- 
 dered to. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 
 ATJiSTRALIAN BAIiLOT. 
 
 Constitutionality of Australian ballot stat- 
 utes. 16 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 AUTHENTICATION. 
 
 Of documents introduced in evidence, see 
 Evidence, V. 
 
 Of papers used for purposes of extradition. 
 28 L.E.A. 804. 
 
 AUTHORITY. 
 
 Of attorneys, see Attorneys, §§ 12-16. 
 To execute commercial paper, see Bills and 
 
 Notes, § 11. 
 To pay negotiable instruments, see Bills 
 
 AND Notes, § 60. 
 Of broker, see Beokebs, §§ 2-4. 
 Of employee, see Master and Servant, §§ 
 
 17-1 8a. 
 Of agent, see Principal and Agent, IV. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 EviDEWCE, §§ 34, 35. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 AUTHORITY— cont'd 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 
 § 282. 
 Question for jury as to, see Trial, § 36. 
 
 AUTHORS. 
 
 Copyrights of works of, see Copybight. 
 Rights in literary work as between master 
 
 and servant, see Master and Sekv- 
 
 ant, § 14. 
 
 Common-law rights on, in intellectual pro- 
 ductions. 51 L.R.A. 353. 
 
 Validity of contract in restraint of trade 
 in publications of. 22 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 Rights and remedies of author who has 
 parted vyith property rights in work. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 629. 
 
 * » » 
 
 AUTHORSHIP. 
 
 As to authors, see Authors. 
 
 Competency of nonexpert to testify as to, 
 when basing his opinion on letters pur- 
 porting to come from the person whose 
 handwriting is in question. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 557. 
 
 AUTOMATIC DEVICE. 
 
 Requiring passenger to put coin in auto- 
 matic registering device. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 695. 
 
 AUTOMATIC OPERATION. 
 
 Of option provisions in life insurance pol- 
 icy. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 803. 
 
 AUTOMOBILES. 
 
 As to motorcycles, see Motorcycles. 
 
 § 1. Regulation and control by public. 
 
 Registration. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 215. 
 Numbering. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 215. 
 Tax. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 215. 
 License. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 215; 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 41; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 440. 
 Operating without license. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 561; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 734; 
 35 L,R.A.(N.S.) 699; 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 308. 
 Regulation of automobiles used for hire. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 222. 
 Power to prescribe qualifications of chauf- 
 feurs. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 303. 
 Speed and safety appliances. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 219. 
 
76 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 AUTOMOBILES— cont'd 
 
 Prohibited hours and places. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 219; 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 502. 
 
 Restrictions as to transportation of gaso- 
 lene. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 223. 
 
 Power to require one who has caused in- 
 jury to identify himself. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 622. 
 
 § 2. Duty and negligence of operator. 
 
 Contributory negligence of operator, see 
 infra, § 7. 
 
 Homicide by negligent operation of auto- 
 mobile. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 458; 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 403. 
 Statutory duty. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 223; 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1130. 
 Common-law duty. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 224; 
 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1130. 
 Question of negligence under particular 
 
 state of facts. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 228. 
 Instructions under particular state of facts. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 2.34. 
 Dutv to stop to avoid collision with pedes- 
 
 'trian. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 557. 
 Liability for collision with bicvclist. 28 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 944. 
 Duty when horses encountered on highwav. 
 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 223; 224; 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 251. 
 Reciprocal duty of operator and pedestrian 
 to use care. 
 In general. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 487; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1178. 
 Duty of operator of car. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 487; 42 L.R.A. 
 1178. 
 Rights and duties of pedestrians. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 488; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1179. 
 Application of general rules. 38 
 L.R.A. 488; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1180. 
 Speed. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 488; 42 
 
 1180. 
 Lights, signals. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 489. 
 Duty to stop, look, and listen. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 490; 42 L.R.A. 
 1182. 
 Keeping lookout. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 490; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1182. 
 Looked, but did not see. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 491; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1182. 
 Failure to look. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 491; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1183. 
 Driver engaged in conversation. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 492. 
 Duty when approaching street 
 crossing. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 492; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1184. 
 Duty where pedestrian is crossing 
 street diagonally. 38 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 492; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1184. 
 Duty to slow up or stop. 38 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 493; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1184. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 AUTOMOBILES— cont'd 
 
 Duty near street cars. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 493; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1184. 
 Duty in emergency. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 494; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1186. 
 Skidding. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 495. 
 Towing. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 495. 
 Backing of automobile. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 496. 
 Law of the road as affecting pedes- 
 trians. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 496; 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1186. 
 Res ipsa loquitur; prima facie 
 case. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 496. 
 Jumping in front of automobile. 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1186. 
 Crossing in front of racing car. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1187. 
 Duty in turning street corners. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1187. 
 
 § 3. Responsibility of owner when car 
 operated by another. 
 
 When car is being used by servant or an- 
 other for his own pleasure or busi- 
 ness. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 235; 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1033; 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 216; 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 93; 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 382; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79; 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 834. 
 When car is being used by borrower or 
 
 hirer. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 81. 
 Liability of automobile owner for negli- 
 gence of chauffeur furnished by third 
 person. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 933. 
 Liability where automobile is being used 
 by a member of owner's family. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 775. 
 Where parent's automobile is being 
 driven by child. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 775. 
 Where automobile is being driven by 
 chauffeur under orders of member 
 of family. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 778. 
 Who is responsible for negligence of chauf- 
 feur operating a leased or demonstrat- 
 ing car. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 457. 
 
 § 4. Duty and liability to operator or 
 person using. 
 
 Generally. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 237. 
 
 Duty as to condition of highwav 1 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 237; 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 816. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to persons 
 using automobiles bv defect or obstruc- 
 tion in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 756 
 
 Liability of manufacturer or dealer for per- 
 sonal injuries caused by defects in au- 
 tomobile. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 
 § 5. Speed; evidence. 
 
 Public regulations as to. 
 219. 
 
 ^"^"^1 T>°{ ,^"tomobile as negligence. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 40; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 488. 
 
 Lvidence, generally. 1 L.R.A. (NS ) '>3fl 
 
 ipsa loquitur. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) "l 177 
 
 ^\xl° ^P^*"^ of automobile. 34 
 N.S.) 778. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 Res 
 Evidence 
 L.R.A. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 77 
 
 AUTOMOBILES— cont'd 
 
 Duty of operator of automobile as to speed. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 488. 
 
 Admissibility, in prosecution for driving at 
 dangerous speed, of evidence of traMic 
 reasonably to be expected upon high- 
 way. 2 B. R. C. 201. 
 
 § 6. Contributory negligence. 
 
 Question as to, under particular state of 
 facts. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 228. 
 
 Instructions as to. under particular state 
 of facts. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 234. 
 
 Duty of pedestrians to look out for auto- 
 mobiles. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 345; 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 232; 38 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 488; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1179. 
 
 Negligence of child running in front of au- 
 tomobile. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 435. 
 
 Attempting to pass automobile with fright- 
 ened horse. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 228; 31 
 L.R,A.(N.S.) 1137. 
 
 § 7 . — of operator. 
 
 Care required of driver of automobile at 
 railroad crossing. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 794; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924. 
 
 § 8. Automobiles for hire. 
 
 Regulation of. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 222. 
 Liability for injury to passenger. 21 
 L.R_A.(N.S.) 81; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 658. 
 
 § 9. Garage. 
 
 Right of owner of, to lien. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 240. 
 As within restrictive covenant. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 730. 
 
 AUTOPSY. 
 
 Power of coroner to order. 31 L.R.A. 540. 
 Right of court to order disinterment of 
 
 corpse for evidential purposes. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 513. 
 Privilege as to information acquired by. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1186. 
 
 AVERAGE. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of. 66 L.R.A. 234, 
 
 AVERAGE— cont'd 
 
 Maritime lien for. 70 L.R.A. 363, 375. 
 
 Liability of effects of passengers to contri- 
 bute m general average. 2 L.R.A. 
 287.* 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 AVOIDANCE. 
 
 Of contract by infant, see Infants, §8 21- 
 23. 
 
 AWARD. 
 
 Of arbitrators, see Arbitration, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 AWNINGS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Right to maintain in streets. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 340. 
 Power of municipal corporation to compel 
 
 removal of awnings encroaching on 
 
 street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 146. 
 Municipal regulation of, as nuisances. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 667. 
 
 § 2. Liability for injury by. 
 
 As causes contributory to injury by ice 
 on street or sidewalk. 21 L.R.A. 
 276. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third persons for 
 condition of. 26 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Liability for injury from fall of awning. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 721; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 139. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by overhang- 
 ing awnings. 20 L.R.A. (N.'S.) 645. 
 
 Violating ordinance as to, as ground for 
 private action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 261. 
 
 AX. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 673. 
 As deadly weapon. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 606. 
 
 AYES AND NAYS. 
 
 Yeas aito Nays. 
 
 B 
 
 BAD CHARACTER. 
 
 See Chabacter. 
 
 « « » 
 
 BAD FAITH. 
 
 Effect of bailee's bad faith on his right to 
 assert against bailor hostile, adverse, 
 paramount title of third person. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.R.) 694, 697. 
 
 Effect of bad - faith in assignment on as- 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digexl.-i to date 
 
 BAD FAITH— cont'd 
 
 signer's right to testify as to trans- 
 actions with or statements by deceased 
 person. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 320. 
 
 Effect of complainant's bad faith on right 
 to injunction against nuisance. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 897. 
 
 Right to maintain action to recover prop- 
 erty in specie against one who has 
 parted with it in bad faith. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1209. 
 
 Bad faith of assured as affecting estoppel 
 of insurer to set up falsity of answers 
 
78 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BAD FAITH— cont'd 
 
 in application because of agent s knowl- 
 edge of such falsity. 14 LjR.A.(N.S.) 
 280. 
 
 In exercise of power of sale as affecting 
 marketability of title. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 18. 
 
 < ■ » 
 
 BADGE. 
 
 Right to prohibit wearing of badge of so- 
 ciety by nonmember. 24 L.R.A. (X.S.) 
 
 795. 
 
 ♦<-• 
 
 See Motive. 
 
 BAD MOTIVE. 
 
 < »♦ 
 
 BAGGAGE. 
 
 In general, see Carriers, §§ 86-92; Inn- 
 keepers. 
 
 Forfeiture of dutiable articles in. 56 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 130. 
 
 BAGGAGE CAR. 
 
 Passenger's riding in, as contributory 
 negligence. 16 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 BAGGAGE CHECK. 
 
 Delivery of, to carrier, as delivery of bag- 
 gage. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 859. 
 
 < » » 
 
 BAGGAGE MASTER. 
 
 Carrier's liability for malicious acts of, 
 towards passengers. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 493. 
 
 BAGGAGE MEN. 
 
 As fellow serrants. 50 L.R.A. 456. 
 
 TTow far carrier is bound by baggage man's 
 
 acts in receiving articles as baggage. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1119. 
 
 BAGGAGE TRANSFER COMPANY. 
 
 Liability of, see Caebiebs, § 106. 
 
 Right of carrier to grant exclusive train 
 privilege to baggage or transfer com- 
 panies. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1181. 
 
 * ■ » 
 
 BAIL AND RECOGNIZANCE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Special, in suit for slander by wife. 
 
 suit 
 L.R.A. 530. 
 
 30 
 
 BAIL AND RECOGNIZANCE— contd 
 
 Delay of prosecution as ground for dis- 
 charge where accused out on bail. 56 
 L.R.A. 533. . 
 
 Appearance by counsel on charge of mis- 
 demeanor" as satisfaction of condition 
 of bail bond or recognizance. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 943. 
 
 What constitutes breach of ne exeat bond. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 
 Form of judgment on bail bond. 62 L.R.A. 
 443. 
 
 Penaltv as limit of liability on bail bond. 
 55" L.R.A. 391. 
 
 Right of nonresident to exemption from 
 service of process while within juris- 
 diction pursuant to condition of bail 
 bond. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 333. 
 
 Witness fees to persons under detention or 
 recognizance. 20 L.R.A. 57. 
 
 Right to recover back deposit for release 
 of person illegally detained. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 563. 
 
 Liability of officer's bond for failure to re- 
 turn money accepted in lieu of bail 
 bond. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 578. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 bail bond. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) Ill, 115. 
 
 § la. In capital case. 
 
 Bail as matter of right. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 752. 
 Common-law rule. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 752 
 Constitutional rule. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 ■ 755. 
 Who may admit to bail. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 758. 
 Bail before indictment. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 759. 
 Bail upon indictment. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 760. 
 Bail after indictment. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 766. 
 Mistrial. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 766. 
 Delay, continuance, appeal. 39 L.R.A. 
 "(N.S.) 768. 
 Application for bail on special grounds. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 769. 
 Health of accused. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 770. 
 Discretionary penaltv. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 771. 
 Burden of proof. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 772. 
 
 Tests for determining whether burden 
 has been sustained. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 775. 
 Illustrative case. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 778. 
 Amount of bail. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 782. 
 Rules governing appellate court on appli- 
 cation for bail. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 784. 
 
 § 2. Right to; when admitted to. 
 
 Admission to, on arrest for crime, a consti- 
 tutional right; in capital offenses; in 
 eases of homicide ;' proof insufficient to 
 justify denial of; discretion of court 
 conclusive on appeal. 10 L.R.A. 847.* 
 
 Danger to health from confinement as 
 ground for removal, or release on bail. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 916. 
 
 Begin nith this boolc on euerj/ lau- question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 79 
 
 BAIL AND EEOOGNIZANCE— cont'd 
 Right to release on bail pending appeal un- 
 der a general statute. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 693. 
 Bail in capital case as a matter of right. 
 39 L.R.A.(K.S.) 752. 
 
 § 3. Who may take. 
 
 Power of clerk of court to take. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 849. 
 Who may admit to bail in capital case. 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 758. 
 
 § 4. Execution of. 
 
 Execution of bail bond on condition that 
 others shall sign. 45 L.R.A. 334. 
 
 Effect of delivery of bail bond unsigned by 
 principal obligor. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1118. 
 
 § 5. Necessity and svitticiency of de- 
 scription of offense in. 
 
 Necessity of description. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 310.' 
 SuflSciency of description in states other 
 
 than Texas. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 312. 
 Murder, assault to kill, etc. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 312. 
 Adultery, abortion, rape, seduction, etc. 
 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 313. 
 Larceny, embezzlement, receiving sto- 
 len goods. .38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 314. 
 Burglary, and breaking and entering. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 315. 
 Obtaining money by false pretenses, 
 
 cheating, forgery, extortion. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 Counterfeiting. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 Arson. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 317. 
 Conspiracy. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 317. 
 Gaming. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 317. 
 Violations of liquor laws. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 317. 
 iliscellaneous cases. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 318. 
 Texas decisions under early statute. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 Murder, assault with intent to kill, etc. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.)320. 
 Tlieft, embezzlement, receiving stolen 
 
 property, etc. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 320. 
 Forgery and passing forged instru- 
 ments 38 L.R.A.' (N.S.) 321. 
 "framing," playing cards, etc. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 321. 
 Violations of liquor laws. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 321. 
 Carrying arras. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 322. 
 Disturbing peace, etc. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 322. 
 Malicious mischief, etc. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 322. 
 Illegal branding and skinning. 38 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 323. 
 Illegal use of estrays. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 323. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 323. 
 Texas decisions under later statute. 3? 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 324. 
 Intoxicating liquor cases decided sincr 
 
 passage of later statute. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 325. 
 Cnnxult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BAIL AND RECOGNIZANCE— cont'd 
 Variance. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 325. 
 Charging offense in alternative, duplicity. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 328. 
 
 § 6. Effect of release on. 
 
 Release on bail as affecting right to habeas 
 corpus. 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 882. 
 
 Release upon defendant's own recognizance 
 or on bail as affecting damages recover- 
 able in action for false imprisonment. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1196. 
 
 § 7. Liability of sureties. 
 
 Effect of granting new trial after a convic- 
 tion, to extend the liability of accused's 
 bond. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 861. 
 
 Liability of bail where principal fails to ap- 
 pear for no fault of his own. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 137; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 211. 
 
 Effect upon surety on bail bond or recog- 
 nizance of judgment against principal. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 746. 
 
 § 8. Rights of sureties; release. 
 
 Right of sureties on bail bond; to pursue 
 their principal into another state for 
 the purpose of arresting him. 14 
 , L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Discharge of, as terminating prosecution 
 so as to support suit for mulicious 
 prosecution. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 940. 
 
 Amendment of claim or pleading as dis- 
 charge of surety on bail bond in civil 
 actions. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 484. 
 
 § 9. Indemnity to sureties. 
 
 Indemnity to, in criminal cases. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 78. 
 Validity of agreement to indemnify bail 
 
 in a criminal case. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 58. 
 
 §10. Forfeiture of bond. 
 
 Necessity of calling accused and entering 
 his default in order to sustain forfeit- 
 ure of recognizance. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 402. 
 
 BAILIFF. 
 
 Coercion of disagreeing jury by. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 644. 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 
 grand jury by. 28 L.R.A. 371. 
 
 BAILMENT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Embezzlement by bailee, see Embezzle- 
 ment, § 3. 
 48 to warehouseman, see Warehouseman. 
 See also Innkbepebs. 
 
 Insurance on property held by bailees. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 341. 
 Reservation of title, as against creditors 
 
 in bailment for sale. 22 L.R.A. S.=)0. 
 
80 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 BAILMENT— cont'd 
 
 Person in charge of a vehicle, under a con- 
 tract purporting to be a bailment or 
 lease, as a servant of the owner as to 
 third persons injured bv the vehicle. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 544. 
 
 Interpleader between bailor and bailee. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 756. 
 
 Laving ownership in bailee in indictment 
 for obtaining property by false pre- 
 tenses. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 645. 
 
 Effect of bailee's consent to taking of prop- 
 erty on crime of larceny. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1149. 
 
 § 2. What constitutes. 
 
 Distiiis;uished from sale. 10 L.R.A. 233.* 
 Public officer depositin<; funds in bank 
 
 which fails as bailee. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 290. 
 
 § 3. Rights of bailor. 
 
 Appiirent ownership of bailee as affecting 
 riglit of bailor to claim title against 
 bailee's vendees or creditors. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 761, 776. 
 
 § 4. Ris'hts of bailee. 
 
 RigLt of bailee to assert against his bailor 
 the hostile, adverse, paramount ti- 
 tle of a third person. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 68L 
 Nature of relation created by bailment. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 682. 
 Estoppel arising from relation. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 683. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 683. 
 Where bailee retains possession of 
 
 bailed articles. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 684. 
 Where property is surrendered to 
 
 the true owner. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 686. 
 Where property surrendered to 
 
 one neither the bailor nor the 
 
 owner. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 687. 
 Where property taken from bailee 
 
 vi et armis. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 688. 
 Ab affected by nature of bailor's 
 
 title. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 688. 
 Where property taken in legal proceed- 
 ings. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 689. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 689. 
 Necessity that bailor be party to 
 
 suit. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 690. 
 Where proceeding is defective. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.)' 692. 
 Duty of bailee to give notice of 
 
 proceeding to bailor. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 693. 
 Subsequent sale of bailed property by 
 
 bailor. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 694. 
 Effect of bad faith of bailee. 33 L.R.A 
 
 694. 
 Where bailee accepts bailment 
 
 with knowledge of adverse 
 
 claim. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 694. 
 Where bailee induces holder of 
 
 claim. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.I 695. 
 
 Begin with this Vook on every law question. 
 
 BAILMENT— cont'd 
 
 Where bailee instigates commence- 
 ment of action by adver.se 
 claimant. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 695. 
 Effect of special contract. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 695. 
 Waiver by bailee of right to make 
 
 defense. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 696. 
 Remedies of bailee. 33 L.R.A. (X.S.) 
 696. 
 Interpleader. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 696. 
 General rule. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 696. 
 Where interpleader author- 
 ized by statute. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 697. 
 Effect of bad faith of bailee. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 697. 
 Miscellaneous remedies. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 698. 
 Right of one in possession of another's prop- 
 erty to appropriate it to an executory 
 contract with the latter. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 622. 
 
 § .5. VvLty and liability of bailee. 
 
 Liability of warehouseman, see Waeehotjse- 
 
 IIE.M, § 4. 
 
 Liability of bailee for hire. 12 L.R.A. 397." 
 
 Liability of gratuitous bailee. 10 L.R.A. 
 48 1> 
 
 Right of action for negligent broach of 
 gratuitous undertaking. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 929, 931. 
 
 Liability of warehousemen as bailees. 6 
 L.R.A. 857;* 7 L.R.A. 529.* 
 
 Liability of carrier as bailee. 6 L.R.A. 
 853.* 
 
 Liability of carrier for lost property in 
 check room. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 834. 
 
 Liability of innkeeper as bailee. 8 L.R.A. 
 98.* 
 
 Duty of bank as to payment of monev held 
 as bailee. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816'. 
 
 Liability of bailee of bicycle. 47 L.R.A. 
 305. 
 
 Care required of keeper of boarding stable. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 188. 
 
 Liability of livery-stable keeper for loss of 
 property of patron. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 348. 
 
 Liability of pledgee of stock as a share- 
 holder. 36 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 Liability of keeper of bath house for loss 
 of guest's valuables. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 828. 
 
 Liability of storekeeper for property sto- 
 len from customer. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 314. 
 
 Liability for negligent performance by sel- 
 ler of agreement to ship goods, by rea- 
 son of which they are lost. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 679. 
 
 Liability of a bailee under a contract re- 
 quiring him to return or pay for the 
 subject of the bailment, in case of its 
 loss or destruction without fault on 
 his part. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1090. 
 
INDEX TO L.RA. NOTES. 
 
 81 
 
 BAILMENT— cont'd 
 
 Liability of bailee for interest. 28 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 6. 
 Wben statute of limitations begins to run 
 
 in favor of bailee. 1 L.R.A. 319.* 
 
 § 6. — of horse and wagon. 
 
 Liability of bailee of horse. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 397.* 
 Liability of hirer for driving team to place 
 
 where it was not hired to go. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 366. 
 Liability of hirer for injurj' to horse while 
 
 being used for a purpose other than 
 
 that for which it was hired. 28 
 
 L.R.A.{K.S.) 1106. 
 Who is responsible for acts of driver fur- 
 nished with a hired vehicle. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1122; 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816; 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 973. 
 
 § 7. — of goods in cold storage. 
 
 Liability of bailee for damages to goods 
 received for cold storage. 52 L.R.A. 
 106; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 994. 
 Measure of damages. 52 L.R.A. 108 ; 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 
 § 8. — of infant bailee. 
 
 Criminal responsibilitv of child for larceny 
 while bailee. 36 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 Liability of infant bailee for negligence or 
 wilful injury. 57 L.E.A. 680. 
 
 § 9. — delivery to third person. 
 
 Duty of carrier to recognize demands of 
 stranger on property delivered to it 
 for transportation. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 254. 
 
 § 10. — liability for conversion. 
 
 Conversion by bailee; necessity of demand. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 318.* 
 Conversion of coin by bailee, payment for 
 
 in coin. 29 L.R.A. 522. 
 Liability of bailee for wrongful appropria- 
 tion by his servant of thing bailed. 
 29 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 Where servant has no duty in respect 
 to thing bailed. 29 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 Where servant's duties give him some 
 control of thing bailed. 29 L.R.A. 
 94. 
 
 Goods not in possession of master. 29 
 L.R.A. 96. 
 
 Eflfect of statute. 29 L.R.A. 96. 
 
 Ratification. 29 L.R.A. 96. 
 
 Special contract. 29 L.R.A. 96. 
 
 § 11. Duty and liability of bailor. 
 
 Liability to servants of bailee for injuries 
 caused by condition of thing bailed. 
 46 L.R.A. 115. 
 
 Responsibility of lender of chattel for in- 
 juries to the borrower or a third person 
 due to its unsafe condition. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 632. 
 
 Imputing bailee's negligence to bailor m ac- 
 tion by latter against third person for 
 destruction of property. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 925; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 690. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BAILMENT— cont'd 
 
 Improvement of personal property at re- 
 quest of bailee as creating liability 
 against the bailor or the property. |}8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 97. 
 
 § 12. — of horse or vehicle. 
 
 Implied warranty of horse or vehicle. 19 
 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Duty to inform bailee as to character of 
 horse. 12 L.R.A. 397. 
 
 Duty of livery stable keeper as to charac- 
 ter of horse. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 372. 
 
 Who responsible for acts of driver of hired 
 vehicle. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1122; 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 Liability of owner for negligence of bor- 
 rower or hirer of automobile. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 81. 
 
 BAKERIES. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes regulating, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 113. 
 
 Municipal control over, see Municipal Cob- 
 POKATIONS, § 43. 
 
 Validity of restrictive agreement ancillary 
 to sale of business of. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 929. 
 
 BALES. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of cotton sold in 
 bales out of a larger lot. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 32. 
 
 BALLOON ASCENSION. 
 
 Liability of one conducting fair for injury 
 to patron in connection with. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 285; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 717. 
 
 BALLOT BOXES. 
 
 Protection of, see Elections, § 22. 
 
 Power of courts to require ballot boxes to 
 be produced and opened in proceedings 
 other than election contests. 33 L.R.A. 
 386. 
 
 <■ »» 
 
 BALLOT MACHINES. 
 
 See Elections, § 23. 
 
 - — ' ♦-•-• ■ 
 
 BALLOTS. 
 
 See Elections, §§ 19-23. 
 
82 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BANK BILLS. 
 
 Right to set off against insolvent bank bills 
 purchased after insolvency. 21 l^.K.A. 
 282. 
 
 BANK BOOK. 
 
 Gift of, see Banks, §§ 12, 12a. 
 Admissibility in evidence of entries in, 
 L.KA. 628, 536. 
 
 53 
 
 ■* ■» 
 
 BANK EXAMINER. 
 
 Validity of obligation given bank as af- 
 fected by concealment of illegal trans- 
 actions Ifrom. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 993; 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 105. 
 
 BANK GUARANTY LAW. 
 
 See Banks, § 52. 
 
 BANKING PAPER. 
 
 Set-off of, in bankruptcy cases. 
 40. 
 
 56 L.B.A. 
 
 BANKRUPTCY. 
 
 ir 
 
 r. 
 
 VI. 
 
 J. In general, §§ 1-7. 
 II. .Jurisdiction, § S. 
 III. Relation of banlcrupt law to as- 
 signments antL insolvency pro- 
 ceedings under state laws, § 9. 
 Effect of banhruptcy proceedings, 
 
 §§ 10, 11. 
 Priority of rights, § 12. 
 Preferences and transfers hy 
 bankrupt, §§ 13-17. 
 VII. Assets and their collection, 
 §§ 18-22. 
 VIII. Bights and liability of trustee 
 generally, § 23. 
 IX. Claims against estate; distribu- 
 tion, §§ 24:-31. 
 
 X. Discharge and its effect, §§ 32- 
 36. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of corporation, see Cosfobatioks, §§ 134r- 
 
 137. 
 Effect of fraud in bankruptcy matters, see 
 
 Fkaud and Deceit, § 31. 
 Insolvency, see Insolvency. 
 Transfer of insurance policy in case of, see 
 
 Insubancb, § 123. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 matters of. 49 L.R.A. 240 
 
 RAVKRUPTCY, I. — cont'd 
 
 Liability for instituting bankruptcy P«- 
 ceedings against one not subject there- 
 to. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456 . 
 
 Right to examine alleged bankrupt prior to 
 ^ adjudication. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985. 
 
 Necessity to follow bankrapt^ ^^^^^r J\° 
 rata to hold Indorser of note. 18 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 539. ^ ... _, , 
 
 Sustaining equitable rights of wife in Fed- 
 eral court which were not recognized 
 bv local law. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 321. 
 
 Enjoining foreclosure proceedings pendmg 
 bankruptcy. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560 
 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 jurisdiction on judgments m. d« 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 981. 
 
 Sufficiency of service of notice necessary to 
 fix contract rights upon bankrupt after 
 initiation of bankruptcy proceedings, 
 but before appointment of trustee. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 
 § 2. Acts of bankruptcy. 
 
 Assignment for creditors as. 45 L.R.A. 177. 
 Preference of firm creditor by partner out 
 
 of his own property as. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 656. 
 
 § 8. Who subject to involuntary pro- 
 ceedings. 
 
 Involuntary proceedings against public- 
 service corporations. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 454. 
 
 Engaging in other business as affecting ex- 
 emption of farmer from involuntary 
 proceedings in bankruptcy. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 148. 
 
 Construction on ground as manufacturing 
 within provision defining corporations 
 which may be adjudged involuntary 
 bankrupts. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 475. 
 
 Begin icith this 6oo7c on every law question 
 
 % 4. Poreisn proceeclir><rs. 
 
 Effect of.' 1 L.E.A. 121 ;« 2 L.R.A. 90.* 
 
 Conclusiveness of foreign adjudications in 
 
 bankruptcy. 20 L.R.A. 673. 
 Transfer of piroperty by foreign bankrupt 
 
 and insolvent assignments. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 33; 65 L.R.A. 353. 
 Effect of foreign bankruptcy assignment 
 
 on personal property, where no rights 
 
 of creditors are involved. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 173... 
 
 § 5. Partnership bankruptcy. 
 
 Effect of bankruptcy proceedings, see infra, 
 
 § 11- 
 Bankruptcy of partnership generally, see 
 Paktxekship, §§ 15-17. 
 
 Preference of firm creditor by a partner out 
 of his own property as an act of bank- 
 ruptcy by the firm. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 656. 
 
 Application of partnership assets with con- 
 sent of all partners to payment of in- 
 dividual debt of partner as a voidable 
 preference. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1040. 
 
 Right of claim based on tort of a partner- 
 ship to share with creditors of individ- 
 ual partners. 41 L.R.A. 1223. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, I.— coniM 
 
 Claim in bankruptcy as remedy for breach 
 of agreement to assume debts on dis- 
 solution of partnership. 9 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 114. 
 
 Must individual partners, as well as firm, 
 be insolvent in order to render the 
 firm bankrupt, or to avoid a payment of 
 a firm debt as a preference. 21 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 960. 
 
 Provability of partnership debts in individ- 
 ual proceedings. 69 L.R.A. 772, 
 
 Bischarge of partnership liability in in- 
 dividual proceedings. 69 L.R.A. 771. 
 
 § 6. Running of limitations. 
 
 Limitation of action against bankrupt. 26 
 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 Interruption of limitations as to fund ob- 
 tained under bankruptcy act. 26 L.R.A. 
 738. 
 
 When statute of limitations begins to run 
 in action by assignee or trustee for 
 unpaid stock subscription. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 909. 
 
 § 7. Costs and expenses. 
 
 What fund is chargeable with costs and ex- 
 penses of sale when encumbered prop- 
 erty is sold in bankruptcy, free of liens. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 737. 
 
 Allowance of attorneys' fees in bankruptcy 
 cases. 54 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 II. Jurisdiction. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Of bankruptcy court. 1 L.E.A. 121.* 
 
 Of state courts over actions by or against 
 assignee in bankruptcy. 48 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Question relating U, bankruptcy as Federal 
 question. 62 L.R.A. t>35. 
 
 Is state court's jurisdiction of creditor's at- 
 tack on preference ousted by bankrupt- 
 cy proceedings commenced more than 
 four months after preference. 28 
 L.R,A,(X,8.) 363. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction of suit by trustee in 
 bankruptcy to recover sum of money 
 from one who has received fraudulent 
 transfer or unlawful preference. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 
 III. Relation of bankrupt law to as- 
 siffnnients and insolvency proceed- 
 ings under state laws. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Provisions of th(' various bankrupt laws. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 177. 
 An assignment for creditors as an act of 
 
 bankruptcy, 45 L.R.A. 177. 
 Effect of bankrupt law on assis;nments for 
 creditors, 45 L,R.A. 178. 
 Cases under the bankrupt act of 1841, 
 
 45 L.R.A. 178. 
 Cases under the bankrupt act of 1867. 
 45 L.R.A. 179. 
 Where no bankrupt proceedings 
 were instituted. 45 L.R.A. 
 179. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to dai>^. 
 
 83 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, III.— cont'd 
 
 Where bankrupt proceedings were 
 instituted, but the assign- 
 ment was not attacked. 45 
 L.R.A. 179. 
 Where the assignment was not at- 
 tacked in time by bankrupt's 
 assignee. 45 L.R.A. 180. 
 Where the assignment was at- 
 tacked in time by bankrupt'^ 
 assignee. 45 L.R.A, 181. 
 Effect on intervening judgments 
 and executions. 45 L.R.A 
 183. 
 Allowances to assignee for cred- 
 itors where the assignniPTit 
 was avoided. 45 L.R.A. 184. 
 Cases under bankrupt act of 1898. 45 
 L.R.A. 185. 
 Effect of bankrupt law on insolvent pro- 
 ceedings under state laws. 45 
 186. 
 On subsequent proceedings. 45 L.R.A, 
 
 186. 
 On pending proceedings. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 187. 
 On proceedings after the repeal of the 
 
 bankrupt law. 45 L.R.A. 187. 
 On proceedings for arrest. 45 L.R.A. 
 188. 
 Proceedings for a receiver as affected by 
 
 bankrupt law. 45 L.R.A, 190. 
 Effect of creditor's bill or supplementary 
 proceedings as against bankrupt pro- 
 ceedings. 45 L.R.A. 193. 
 Effect of an assignment for creditors on 
 the right to a discharge in bankruptcy. 
 45 L.R.A. 194. 
 
 IV. Effect of bankruptcy proceedings. 
 
 §10. Generally. 
 
 Transfer of trademark, see Trademaek, § 5. 
 
 On prior action to rescind sale for fraud. 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1204. 
 
 Effect of foreign bankruptcy assignment on 
 personal property, where no rights of 
 creditors are involved. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 173, 
 
 Effect of adjudication based on preference 
 of creditor by judgment, as conclusive 
 adjudication against such creditor in 
 other proceedings, 1 L,R.A. (N.S.) 
 .S86. 
 
 Payment voidable under bankruptcy act as 
 discharge of surety, guarantor, or in- 
 dorsee 9 L.R,A,(N.S,) 581, 
 
 Bankruptcy of maker of note as excuse for 
 delay in enforcing liability, 18 L,R.A, 
 (N,S.) 559. 
 
 Bankruptcy of corporation as excusing cred- 
 itors from exhausting remedies against 
 it before enforcing stockholder's liabili- 
 ty. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 628. 
 
 Effect of bankruptcy of contractor on right 
 of laborer or materialman to enforce 
 mechanics' lien against property im- 
 proved. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409. 
 
 Effect of bankruptcy on dower rights of 
 bankrupt's wife. 18 L.R.A. 77; 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 
84 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Bankruptcy proceedings as violation of 
 covenant in lease against assignment 
 or sale. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201. 
 
 Effect of bankruptcy proceedings, on fire 
 insurance. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 827. 
 
 § 11. In case of partnership. 
 
 Adjudication of bankruptcy of member of 
 firm as affecting rights of firm credi- 
 tors against firm property. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 787. 
 
 Effect of adjudication of bankruptcy of 
 partnership to subject the separate es- 
 tates of the partners to administration 
 in bankruptcy. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 654. 
 
 T. Priority of rights. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 Law governing discrimination between resi- 
 dents and nonresidents. 65 L.R.A. 368. 
 
 Priority of rights to fund as between as- 
 signees in bankruptcy and prior as- 
 signees. 66 L.R.A. 760. 
 
 Right of claim based on tort of a partner- 
 ship to share with creditors of indi- 
 vidual partners. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1223. 
 
 Respective rights of receiver and assignee in 
 bankruptcy. 20 L.R.A. 391. 
 
 Priority as between taxes and costs and 
 fees. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 9S8. 
 
 Right of seller to reclaim goods as against 
 trustee in bankruptcy of buyer who 
 procured them by false representations. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 TI. Preferences and transfers by bank- 
 rupt, 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Transfer of trademark by bankruptcy or 
 insolvency assignment. 46 L.R.A. 541. 
 
 ^lust individual partners, as well as firm, 
 be insolvent in order to render the firm 
 bankrupt, or to avoid a, payment of a 
 firm debt as a preference. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 960. 
 
 Fs state court's jurisdiction of creditor's 
 attack on preference ousted by bank- 
 ruptcy proceedings commeniced more 
 than four months after preference. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 303. 
 
 Preference of firm creditor by a partner out 
 of his own property as an act of bank- 
 ruptcy by the firm. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 656. 
 
 Composition with creditors: preference by 
 act or undertaking of third partv- 2 
 B. R. C. 460. " " 
 
 Effect of adjudication based on preference 
 of creditor by judgment, as conclusive 
 adjudication against such creditor in 
 other proceedings. 1 L.R.A. (NS) 
 386. 
 
 Is notice, actual or constructive, of a trans- 
 fer not required to be recorded or regis- 
 tered necessary to start the four 
 months' period relatively to preferences 
 under § 60 of the bankruptcv act. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. " 
 
 in with this boolc on every law question 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, VI.— conf d 
 
 §14. AVhat constitutes a preference. 
 
 Delivery of property on eve of bankruptcy 
 to one holding executory contract there- 
 for made within the four months' pe- 
 riod, as. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 
 Set-off by bank against bankrupt's deposit, 
 as. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 863. 
 
 Payment of debt by a bankrupt as a pref- 
 erence to a surety therefor. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 660. 
 
 Application of partnership assets, with con- 
 sent of all partners, to payment of in- 
 dividual debt of partner as a voidable 
 preference under the bankruptcy act. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1040. 
 
 Judgment obtained within four months pe- 
 riod as affected by § 60, subdivisions a 
 and b, and § 67, subdivisions c and f. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 204. 
 
 § 15. Validity or voidability. 
 
 Effect of creditor's participation in fraud- 
 ulent intent of debtor in making trans- 
 fer by way of preference. 31 L.R.A. 
 647. 
 
 Validity of lien given to secure loan used 
 by bankrupt to give one creditor a 
 preference. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 184. 
 
 Validity of transfer to secure pre-existing 
 debt within four months of bankruptcy, 
 in absence of any intent on the part of 
 the debtor to hinder, delay, or defraud 
 creditors, or of reasonable cause on the 
 part of the creditor to believe that it 
 was intended as a preference. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372. 
 
 Voidability of transfer within four months' 
 period, pursuant to executory agree- 
 ment antedating that period. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 935. 
 
 Voidability as preference of transfer made 
 in satisfaction of claim for misappro- 
 priation of property. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1053. 
 
 Voidability of transfer within four months' 
 period, pursuant to executory agree- 
 ment antedating that period. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 639. 
 
 Intent on part of bankrupt to create a 
 preference as a condition of a voidable 
 preference under § 60b. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 558. 
 
 Insurance on property which is the subject 
 of a voidable preference under the 
 bankruptcy act. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1012. 
 
 § 16. Recording of transfer. 
 
 When local law deemed to require the regis- 
 tering or recording of a transfer, with- 
 in the meaning of § 60a of the bank- 
 ruptcy act of 1898 as amended bv the 
 act of 1903. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 148; 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 12.33. 
 Effect of recording, within four months' 
 period prescribed in bankruptcy 
 act of 189S, mortgage given for a 
 present loan or future advances. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 144. 
 Mortgage given and recorded within 
 four months of bankruptcv. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 145. ^ 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 85 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, VI.— cont'd 
 
 Mortgage given more than four months 
 prior to bankruptcy, but recorded 
 within that period. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 149. 
 
 § 17. Setting aside. 
 
 Eflfeet of bankruptcy proceedings upon prior 
 action to reacind sale for fraud. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1204. 
 
 Right of creditor of bankrupt to set aside 
 transfer in fraud of creditors. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 305. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction of suit by trustee in 
 bankruptcy to recover sum of money 
 from one who has received fraudulent 
 transfer on unlawful preference. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 
 Is state court's jurisdiction of creditor's 
 attack on preference ousted by bank- 
 ruptcy proceedings commenced more 
 than four months after preference. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 363. 
 
 Eflfeet of failure to allege and prove filing 
 of claims by creditors and insufficiency 
 of assets in action by trustee to set 
 aside preference. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 350. 
 
 Effect of failure to allege and prove filing 
 of claims by creditors and insufficiency 
 of assets in action by trustee to recover 
 property fraudulently transferred by 
 bankrupt. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 350. 
 
 VII. Assets and their collection. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 In case of insolvency, see Insolvency, § 4. 
 
 Does trustee in bankruptcy who succeeds an 
 assignee for creditors acquire right or 
 interests which were available to the 
 assignee, but did not exist in the as- 
 signor. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 433. 
 
 Vesting of title to leasehold in lessor's 
 trustee as dependent upon acceptance 
 by trustee. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 745. 
 
 § 19. Wliat are assets. 
 
 Of insolvent estate, see Insolvency, § 4. 
 
 Causes of action for personal injuries as. 
 
 44 L.E.A. 180. 
 Seat of exchange, or funds derived from 
 transactions on exchange, as. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 613. 
 Exemptions. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 615. 
 Preferences in favor of other members 
 of exchange. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 Remedies; how seat made available. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 Funds derived from transactions on 
 exchange. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 617. 
 Interest in public lands before issuance of 
 
 patent as. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 405. 
 Does right of action for personal injuries 
 pass to trustee in bankruptcy. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1173. 
 Will right of action for malicious attach- 
 ment of property pass to truati-e in 
 bankruptcy or assignee for creditors. 
 21 L.E.A.(N.S.) 727. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, VIL— cont'd 
 §2 0. — life insurance. 
 
 Generally. 50 L.R.A. 33; 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 451; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 990; 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 123. 
 Bankruptcy or insolvency of insured or as- 
 signor of policy. 50 L.R.A. 33. 
 Policy payable at death of insured. 
 50 L.R.A. 33. 
 Policy payable to insured or his 
 estate or personal representa- 
 tives. 50 L.R.A. 33. 
 Policy payable to wife of insured. 
 
 50 L.R.A. 36. 
 Policy assigned or made payable to 
 creditor. 50 L.R.A. 37; 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 451. 
 Necessity of notice of assign- 
 ment. 50 L.R.A. 37. 
 Sufficiency of notice of assign- 
 ment. 50 L.R.A. 39. 
 Time of notice of assign- 
 ment. 50 L.R.A. 41. 
 Extent of creditor's interest. 
 50 L.R.A. 41. 
 Policy assigned to other than cred- 
 itors. 50 L.R.A. 43; 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 451. 
 Policy payable at specified date unless 
 insured dies sooner. 50 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 Policy payable to insured if living: 
 otherwise to his estate or per- 
 sonal representatives. 50 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 Policy payable to insured if living; 
 otherwise to wife, child, or 
 other relatives. 50 L.R.A. 45. 
 Policy payable to wife at maturity. 
 50 L.R.A. 45. 
 Bankruptcy or insolvency of beneficiary or 
 
 assignee. 50 L.R.A. 46. 
 Policies exempt under state laws. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 454; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 123. 
 Effect of beneficiary's divorce. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 125" 
 Right of executor to claim exemption. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 125. 
 Policies not exempt under state laws. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 455; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 125. 
 Not having cash surrender value. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 Having cash surrender value. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 459; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 125. 
 Bankrupt beneficiary. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 126. 
 Option to receive cash-surrender value of 
 policy, or policy having a cash-surren- 
 der value as assets. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 320. 
 
 § 21. Concealment or nondelivery of 
 assets. 
 
 Admissibility of schedules filed in Federal 
 bankruptcy proceedings in a prcsecu- 
 tion against a bankrupt for conceal- 
 ment of property. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1194. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 86 
 
 B'VNK.RUPTCY, VII.— cont'd 
 
 Failure or refusal of bankrupt, or person 
 having money or property belonging to 
 bankrupt, to deliver i* t\*^™\*<=fT^^^ f 
 contempt of court. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 255. 
 
 § 2 2. Recovery of assets. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction of suit by trustee in 
 bankruptcy to recover a sum of money 
 from one who has received a fraudu- 
 lent transfer or unlawful preference. 
 le L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 
 Effect of failure to allege and prove filing 
 of claims by creditors and insufficiency 
 of assets in action by trustee in bank- 
 ruptcy to recover assets of estate, or to 
 set aside preference, or recover prop- 
 ertv fraudulently transferred by bank- 
 rupt. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 
 Liability of trustee in bankruptcy for fail- 
 ure to collect assets. 16 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 341. 
 
 Tin. Bights and liability of trustee 
 generally. 
 
 § 23. Generally. . . 
 
 Right of trustee to maintain partition. 
 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 105. 
 Liability for failure to collect assets. 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 341. 
 Liability for rent of premises occupied by 
 
 assignee. 59 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 IX. Claims against estate; distribution. 
 
 § 2 4. Generally. 
 
 Claims against insolvent estate, see In- 
 solvency, §§ 5-8. 
 
 Right to interest on allowed claims in bank- 
 ruptcy. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 887. 
 
 Effect of failure to present claim against 
 the estate of bankrupt principal to re- 
 lease surety. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 13!). 
 
 Double proof of claim against estate of 
 firm and individual partner. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 391. 
 
 Right of creditor after promisor's bank- 
 ruptcy to adopt and enforce his as- 
 sumption of another's debt. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 874. 
 
 § 25. Debts provable. 
 
 Provability of debt as affecting right of 
 
 set-off. 55 L.R.A. 36. 
 Provability of partnership debts in in- 
 dividual proceedings. 69 L.R.A. 
 772. 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 773. 
 Exceptions. 69 L.R.A. 775. 
 
 Absence of joint assets or solvent 
 partners. 69 L.R.A. 775. 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 775. 
 When partnership assets have 
 been assigned to bank- 
 rupt. 69 L.R.A. 777. 
 Fraudulent abstraction of partner- 
 ship funds by bankrupt. 69 
 L.R.A. 777. 
 Right of petitioning joint creditor 
 to prove. 69 L.R.A. 778 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, IX.— contd 
 Discharge of liability by reason of prova- 
 bility of claim. 69 L.R.A. 778. 
 What constitutes a fixed liability as evi- 
 denced by a judgment or an instru- 
 ment in writing absolutely owing 
 at the time of the filing of the 
 petition in bankruptcy. 54' L.R.A. 
 369. 
 Judgments. 54 L.R.A. 369. 
 
 In general. 54 L.R.A. 369. 
 For alimony. 54 L.R.A. 369. 
 Written instruments. 54 L.R.A. 372. 
 In general. 54 L.R.A. 372. 
 Bonds. 54 L.R.A. 373. 
 Notes. 54 L.R.A. 373. 
 Leases. 54 L.R.A. 374. 
 Provability of claim under covenant in- 
 demnifying against loss of rent, or 
 accelerating future rent, in event 
 of assault. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 270. 
 Covenant indemnifying against loss of 
 
 rent. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 272. 
 Covenant accelerating future rent. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 272. 
 Generally. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 272. 
 Effect of surrender of premises, or 
 exercise of reserved right of 
 re-entry. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 273. 
 Promise to pay a fixed sum conditional 
 upon exercise of an option by prom- 
 isee, the time for which had not ex- 
 pired at the time of bankruptcy, as 
 basis of provable claim. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 349. 
 
 § 25a. — claim for tort. 
 
 Right to prove unliquidated claim for tort 
 in bankruptcy. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 961. 
 
 § 26. Set-offs. 
 
 Set-off by or against insolvent estate, see 
 Set-Off and Counterclaim, §§ 16-21. 
 
 Bankruptcy of third persons. 55 L.R.A. 73. 
 
 Form of action. 55 L.R.A. 74. 
 
 Effect of proving claim. 55 L.R.A. 74. 
 
 Extent of set-off. 55 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 Right of creditor to set off new credits 
 given after receiving a preference. 55 
 L.R.A. 344. 
 
 Does the fact that a bank has, by an agree- 
 ment invalid as against the trustee in 
 bankruptcy, undertaken to hold the 
 bankrupt's deposit as a fund for cred- 
 itors, prevent it from setting off de- 
 posit against its own claim. 28 LJK.A. 
 (N.S.) 484. 
 
 Set-off by bank against bankrupt's deposit 
 as A preference within the bankruptcy 
 law. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 863. 
 
 Begin with this hook, on every law question. 
 
 §27. — debts or claims existing and 
 mature at time of insolvency. 
 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Provability of debt. 55 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Unliquidated damages. 55 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 Breach of contract. 55 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 Security for particular debt, or special di- 
 rections or agreements as to appli- 
 cation or payment of funds. 55 
 L.R.A. 38. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 87 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, IX.— cont'd 
 
 Brokers or agents. 55 L.E.A. 40. 
 Banking and commercial paper. 55 \ 
 L.RA. 40. 
 Debtors and creditors in same right. 55 
 L.R.A. 41. 
 Joint or partnership debts. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 41. 
 Corporations. 55 L.R.A. 44. 
 Agents, factors, and brokers. 55 L.R.A. 
 44. 
 Insurance brokers. 55 L.R.A. 45. 
 Trustees. 55 L.R.A. 46. 
 Executors and administrators. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 46. 
 Husband and wife. 55 L.R.A. 47. 
 Assignee in bankruptcy. 55 L.R.A. 47. 
 Unpaid shares of corporate stock. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 47. 
 Bank deposits. 55 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 Bankruptcy of bank. 55 L.R.A. 48. 
 Bankruptcy of depositor. 55 L.R.A. 48. 
 Other banking transactions and commercial 
 
 paper. 55 L.R.A. 48. 
 Insurance matters. 5.5 L.R.A. 49. 
 Landlord and tenant. 55 L.R.A. 50. 
 Overpayment in composition proceedings. 
 55 "L.R.A. 50. 
 
 § 2 8. — debts created, or claims aris- 
 ing, after insolvency. 
 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 50. 
 
 Agreement to pay cash or by bill of ex- 
 change. 55 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 Debtors and creditors in same right. 55 
 L.R.A. 51. 
 Agents and factors. 55 L.R.A. 51. 
 Executors and administrators. 55 
 L.R.A. 52. 
 
 Bank deposits. 55 L.R.A. 52. 
 
 Deposits by trustee in bankruptcy in 
 bank which subsequently becomes 
 bankrupt. 55 L.R.A. 52. 
 Bankruptcy of depositor. 55 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 Other banking transactions and commer- 
 cial paper. 55 L.R.A. 5.3. 
 
 Landlord and tenant. 55 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Expenses of, or payments by, assignees 
 for creditors. 55 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Payments by bankrupt. 55 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Set-off of costs. 55 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 Set-off after discharge. 55 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 § 29. —immaturity of debts or claims 
 at time of insolvency. 
 
 In case of Insolvency, see Set-Off and 
 Counterclaim, § 19. 
 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 56^ 
 
 Uncertainty or contingency of claims. 55 
 
 L.R.A." 57. 
 Breach of contract. 55 L.R.A. 58. 
 Security for particular debt or special di- 
 rections or agreements as to appli- 
 cation or payment of funds. 55 
 L.R.A. 58. 
 Banking and commercial paper. 55 
 L.R.A. 59. 
 Debtors and creditors in same right. 55 
 L.R.A. 60. 
 Agents, factors, and brokers. 55 L.R.A. 
 60. 
 Insurance brokers. 55 L.R.A. 61. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digestx to date. 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, IX.— cont'd 
 
 Executors and administrators. 55 
 L.R.A. 62. 
 Bank deposits. 55 L.R.A. 62. 
 
 Bankruptcy of bank. 55 L.R.A. 62. 
 Bankruptcy of depositor. 55 L.R.A. 
 63. 
 Other banking transactions and commer- 
 cial paper. 55 L.R.A. 64. 
 Accommodation acceptor, or indorser. 
 55 L.R.A. 65. 
 Insurance matters. 55 L.R.A. 66. 
 Life insurance. 55 L.R.A. 66. 
 Fire and marine insurance. 55 L.R.A. 
 67. 
 Landlord and tenant. 55 L.R.A. 67. 
 Principal and surety. 55 L.R.A. 68. 
 Annuities. 55 L.R.A. 68. 
 Effect of immaturity on right of set-off. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 
 § 30. — debts or claims assigned. 
 
 In case of insolvency, see Set-Ofp and 
 Counterclaim, §§ 20, 21. 
 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 68. 
 
 Partnership. 55 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Bank deposits. 55 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 Bankruptcy of bank. 55 L.R.A. 70. 
 Bankruptcy of depositor. 55 L.R.A. 70, 
 
 Other banking transactions and commer- 
 cial paper. 55 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 Insurance matters. 55 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 Right to set off, against bankrupt, claims 
 purchased ai^ter bankruptcy. 21 L.R.A. 
 280. 
 
 § 31. Liens; adverse holdings; gar- 
 nishment. 
 
 Lien on property of bankrupt of one wliose 
 funds are wrongfully used in purchas- 
 ing it. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 876. 
 
 Validity of lien given to secure loan used by 
 bankrupt to give one of his creditors a 
 preference. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 184. 
 
 What amounts to an adverse holding, by 
 third persons, of property acquired 
 from bankrupt. 8 L.R.A. (iST.S.) 1232. 
 
 Garnishment of funds of bankrupt's estate 
 after order of distribution. 14 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1221. 
 
 X. Discharge and its effect, 
 
 §32. Generally. 
 
 In insolvency, see Insolvency, § 16. 
 
 What relations are fiduciary within pro- 
 visions in relation to discharge. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1093. 
 
 In general. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1003. 
 
 Act 1898. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1095. 
 
 Act 1867. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1097. 
 
 Act 1841. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1100. 
 Riglit of one to avail himself of discharge 
 
 procured by fraud. 25 L.R.A. 571. 
 Effect of assignment for creditors on right 
 
 to discharge. 45 L.R.A. 194. 
 Right of alleged fraudulent grantee to set 
 
 up grantor's discharge in bankruptcy 
 
 as against a judgment creditor of the 
 
 latter. 67 L.E.A. 699, 610. 
 
88 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, X.— cont'd 
 § 33. Of partnership liability in Indl- 
 Tidual proceedings. 
 
 Discharge of liability by reason of prov- 
 ability of claim. 69 L.R.A. 778. 
 The English doctrine. 69 L.K.A. 779. 
 Necessity of maliing firm or copartners 
 parties. 69 L.R.A. 780. 
 Under bankruptcy law of 1867. 
 L.R.A. 780. 
 In absence of joint assets. 
 L.R.A. 782. 
 Under bankruptcy law of 1898. 
 L.R.A. 783. 
 In absence of joint assets. 
 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 69 
 
 § 34. Refusal of. 
 
 Character of false statement which will pre- 
 vent u discharge. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1023. 
 
 Omission of bankrupt to keep books as 
 ground for refusing discharge. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 
 Right of bankrupt to discharge as affected 
 by act of partner or agent. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 785; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 623. 
 
 Fraud in preventing collection of claim as 
 excepting it from discharge in bank- 
 ruptcy. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 423. 
 
 Binding effect of judgment refusing dis- 
 charge. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 629; 30 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 1164. 
 
 § 3 5. Effect. 
 
 Effect on liabilities for tort. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 202. 
 
 Effect on liability for assault and battery. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 702. 
 
 As defense in action for debts assumed on 
 dissolution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 112. 
 
 Discharge of corporation as affecting stock- 
 holder's liability for its debts. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 648. 
 
 Effect upon assignment of wages to be 
 earned in the future under contract ter- 
 minable at will. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1025; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 375. 
 
 Effect of discharge on claim for services 
 . procured by bankrupt's fraud. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 894. 
 
 Bankrupt's right after discharge to engage 
 in business in competition with one to 
 whom business and good will was sold 
 under commission in bankruptcy. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 762. 
 
 When will discharge of principal in bank 
 ruptcy release surety on a bond given 
 by the principal in an action at law. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 508; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 234. 
 
 Effect of vendee's discharge In bankruptcy 
 upon right to enforce vendor's lien. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1177. 
 
 Effect of discharge on real property liens. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 292. 
 Judgment liens. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 294. 
 Mortgage liens. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 Vendor's liens. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 Liens acquired bv filing creditors' bill. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, X.— cont'd ^^ . ,^^„. 
 Mechanics' liens. 42 L.K. A. ( JN .b. ) 
 
 296. 
 Miscellaneous liens. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 296. 
 Liens on exempt property. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 296. 
 Right of vendor under conditional sale as 
 affected by bankruptcy of pur- 
 chaser. 38L.R.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 Right to any relief as affected by a 
 failure to record contract. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 654. 
 Effect of amendment to bankruptcy 
 act. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 556. 
 Where contract tainted with fraud. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 557. 
 Right to intervene in bankruptcy pro- 
 ceedings. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 557. 
 Form of remedy. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 558. 
 Right to take independent action. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 558. 
 
 §36. Revival of debt after. 
 
 New promise after discharge. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 362. 
 Expression of hope or expectation as a new 
 
 promise which will revive debt after 
 
 discharge in bankruptcy. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 581. 
 Effect of partial payment to revive debt 
 
 after a discharge in bankruptcy. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 274. 
 Set-off after discharge of debts created or 
 
 claims arising after insolvency. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 r. 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Right to do business, § S. 
 III. Stocle and stockholders, §§ 3-S. 
 IT. Officers and agents, §§ 6-Sa. 
 Banlcing, §§ 9-38. 
 
 a. Deposits, §§ 9-30. 
 J). Collections, §§ 31-35. 
 o. Other transactions; dis- 
 counts, §§ 36-37a. 
 d. Clearing-house business, 
 
 § 3S. 
 Insolvency of hank, §§ 39-4,8. 
 Savings hanks, §§ 43, 4*. 
 nil. National hanlcs, §§ 45-48. 
 IX. State hanks, § 49. 
 Taxation, § 50. 
 Crimes, § 51. 
 Bank guaranty law, } 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 TI. 
 
 rii. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 S3. 
 
 of statutes regulating 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAI, LAW, 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality 
 
 bankers, see 
 
 § 114. 
 For matters common to corporations gen 
 
 erally, see Cobporations. 
 Custom of, see Custom and Usage, § 7. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 89 
 
 BANKS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Unlawful combination of, see Monopoly 
 
 AND Combinations, § 8. 
 Reasonableness of matters relating to, see 
 
 Reasonableness, § 2. 
 Set-off by or against bank, see Set-Ofe and 
 
 COTJNTEBCLAIM, §§ 8, 8a, 19a, 19b. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence of entries in bank 
 books. 53 L.E.A. 528, 536. 
 
 Effect of usage to bind bank. 21 L.R.A. 
 446. 
 
 Privilege of communications to banks. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 
 Validity of obligation given bank as affect- 
 ed by concealment of illegal transac- 
 tions from bank examiner. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 993; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1105. 
 
 Set-off against assignee of bank. 23 L.R.A. 
 308. 
 
 Garnishment of contents of safe deposit 
 box. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 764. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 bank director's minute book. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 105. 
 
 II. Right to do business. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute prohibiting pri- 
 vate banking. 15 L.R.A. 477. 
 
 Right of bank to engage in business to 
 save debt. 27 L.E.A.(N.S.) 243. 
 
 III. Stock and stockholders. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 As to matters of stock and stockholders, 
 generally, see Corpoeations, VI., VII. 
 
 Discrimination against shareholders in na- 
 tional bank In assessing their shares. 
 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 947. 
 
 § 4. Transfer of stock. 
 
 Restrictions on transfer of stock of na- 
 tional bank. 27 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 Effect of by-law requiring transfer of na- 
 tional bank stock on books. 67 L.R.A. 
 673. 
 
 § 5. liiablllty of stockholders. 
 
 Liability of stockholders of corporation, 
 generally, see Coepobations, VI., e. 
 
 Contingency of liability of stockholders In 
 national bank as affecting time for pre- 
 sentation against estate. 58 L.R.A. 
 85. 
 
 Personal liability of executor, administra- 
 tor, or trustee on national bank stock 
 belonging to estate or trust, but stand- 
 ing in his name. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1092. 
 
 Right of receiver, assignee or trustee to 
 recovery statutory added liability of 
 shareholder under national banking 
 act. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372. 
 
 Power to prohibit or impose conditions up- 
 on the right of individuals to engage 
 in banking business. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 874; 25 L.K.A.(N.S.) 1217. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BANKS— cont'd 
 
 IV. Officers and agents. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Competency of expert witnesses for com- 
 parison. 63 L.R.A. 941. 
 
 Assistance by officers in state taxation of 
 national banks. 45 L.R.A. 762. 
 
 State tax on officers of national bank. 45 
 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 Misappropriation of special deposit by offi- 
 cer. 32 L.R.A. 776. 
 Effect of bank's retaining dishonest 
 officer. 32 L.R.A. 776. 
 
 Liability to bank of one who, without 
 knowledge of the fraud, draws out 
 'funds fraudulently credited to him by 
 officers or employees of the bank. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1126. 
 
 § 7. Duties and liability of directors. 
 
 Liability of savings bank directors. 2 
 
 L.E.A. 535.* 
 Care required of bank directors. 15 L.R.A. 
 305. 
 As to the corporation and stockholder. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 305. 
 As to third parties. 15 L.R.A. 308. 
 Liability to bank for acts in excess of their 
 
 powers. 55 L.R.A. 758. 
 Liability of bank directors in case of bad 
 loans or investments. 55 L.E.A. 
 
 762; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 173. 
 Liability for loss resulting from acts 
 in excess of their power. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 174. 
 Liability for acts or omissions with 
 respect to matters within their 
 authority. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 174. 
 For breach of duty as such when he acts 
 for himself or 'for a third person in the 
 transaction. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 For failure to close Insolvent bank. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 438. 
 For default or negligence of cashier. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 597. 
 
 § 8. Powers of. 
 
 Power of agents to indorse negotiable pa- 
 per. 27 L.R.A. 401. 
 Liability of bank on negotiable paper execu- 
 ted by officer or agent. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1079. 
 Implied power of cashier of bank to sell 
 or lease property. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 737. 
 Ratification or estoppel. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 738. 
 Power of bank officer to bind bank by 
 agreement that liability of party to 
 commercial paper shall not be en- 
 forced. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 501. 
 Agreement that no liability will be 
 
 Incurred. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 501. 
 Agreement to release a party to a note 
 from existing liability. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 502. 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to prove 
 the agreement. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 503. 
 
00 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 RANKS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Power of bank officer to bind bank by agree- 
 ment varying the liability of parties 
 to commercial paper from that import- 
 ed on its face. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 511. 
 
 Attempt of cashier or president to satisfy 
 his own debt by accepting for bank 
 the obligatioB of third person. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 471. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute restricting 
 right to assign salary. 28 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1108. 
 
 § 8a. Imputing knowledge of, to bank. 
 
 Imputation of knowledge of bank officers 
 to bank, where officers are personally 
 interested. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 558. 
 
 T. Banking^ 
 a. Deposits. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Tax on deposit, see infra, § 50. 
 
 Receiving deposit while insolvent as a 
 crime, see infra, § 51. 
 
 Guaranty of, see infra, § 52. 
 
 Fiduciary relation between bank and de- 
 positor, see FiDUCiABY Relation, § 2. 
 
 Limitation of actions for, see Limitation of 
 Actions. § 25. 
 
 Receiving deposit while insolvent as a fraud. 
 .34 L.R.A. 533. 
 
 Banking customs. 21 L.R.A. 440. 
 
 Situs of deposit for purposes of administra- 
 tion. 24 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 Statement of account. 27 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 Entries in bank books as contracts. 24 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Relation between bank officials and deposit- 
 ors. 13 L.R.A. 371.* 
 
 Relation of bank to depositors. 2 L.R.A. 
 491;* 9 L.R.A. 108;* 12 L.R.A. 791;* 
 13 L.R.A. 370.* 
 
 Deposit tickets given by bank. 17 L.R.A. 
 580. 
 
 Title of bank to check drawn on another 
 bank, which has been credited to depos- 
 itor. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 694. 
 
 Effect of deposit by unauthorized person 
 to credit of owner of fund. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 461. 
 
 When may designation in books of bank 
 of person to whom deposit ia to be 
 paid at depositor's death be given ef- 
 fect as a will. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 42. 
 
 Interpleader between bank and depositor. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 754. 
 
 § 10. Deposit of pubUc funds. 
 
 Care required in selection of bank for de- 
 posit of public funds. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1084. 
 
 Validity and effect of agreement among 
 banks to prevent competition for de- 
 posit of public money. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1052. 
 
 Liability of sureties on bond of bank as 
 depository of public funds as affected 
 by acquiescence or connivance of pub- 
 lic officials in misuse of the funds. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 865. 
 
 Begin with this booH on every laic question. 
 
 BANKS, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Liability of public officers for uiterest col- 
 lected on deposit of public funds. 16 
 L.R.A. 456. 
 
 Right to preference in respect to public 
 funds deposited in bank which subse- 
 quently becomes insolvent. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 886; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 918. 
 
 Liability of public officers for loss of funds 
 by failure of bank in which they are 
 deposited. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 
 §11. Special deposit. 
 Recovery back of. 4 L.R.A. 328.* 
 Care required of bank in keeping. 32 
 L.R.A. 769. 
 Liability of national banks for loss of. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 770. 
 Measure of care required generally. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 771. 
 General rulings. 32 L.R.A. 774. 
 Delivery to wrong person. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 775. 
 Misappropriation by bank. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 775. 
 Misappropriation by officer. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 776. 
 Retention of dishonest officer. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 776. 
 Trover. 32 L.R.A. 776. 
 When is a bank deposit special. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 847. 
 When a deposit is special so that the title 
 remains in the depositor. 16 L.R.A. 
 516. 
 Bank's right to apply special deposit to 
 indebtedness of depositor. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 517. 
 Claim of preference for, out of funds of 
 insolvent bank. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 252. 
 
 §12. Trust In, or gift of, deposit. 
 
 Application to debt due bank, of deposit in 
 
 fiduciary character, see infra, § 18. 
 Trust in case of insolvency, see infra, § 41. 
 
 Gift of deposit. 1 L.R.A. 356;* 5 L.R.A. 
 
 72;* 6 L.R.A. 405;* 11 L.R.A. 686.* 
 
 Deposit in joint names as gift to codeposit- 
 
 or. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 355. 
 Deposit as direct trust. 8 L.R.A. 648.* 
 Deposit in bank for other person as a, gift. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 790. 
 Effect of depositing money in bank in trust 
 for third person. 32 L.R.A. 373. 
 What sufficient to show trust generallv. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 373. 
 Effect of making third person trustee. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 374. 
 Where deposit is made for a purpose 
 other than to pass title. 32 L.R.A. 
 374. 
 Effect of subsequent acts of depositor. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 375. 
 Right and liabilities of representative 
 of deceased depositor. 32 L.R.A. 
 375. 
 Effect of deposit by unauthorized person to 
 credit of owner of funds. 35 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 461 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 91 
 
 BAXKS, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Effect of deposit by broker or factor to his 
 own account of proceeds of sale of cus- 
 tomer's stock or property to create a 
 trust entitled to a preference. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 808. 
 Liability of bank or other depositary, or 
 of drawee, for taking deposit of 
 agent, fiduciary, or other represen- 
 tative to pav his own debt. 52 
 L.R.A. 790. 
 Check or draft drawn bv agent, fiducia- 
 ry, etc. 52 L'.R.A. 791. 
 Where same is on its face drawn 
 in fiduciary or representative 
 capacity. 52 L.R.A. 791. 
 Where same does not show agency 
 or representative character. 
 52 L.R.A. 798. 
 Depositary applying trust, etc., funds 
 to its own claim against agent, etc. 
 52 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 § laa. —necessity and effect of de- 
 livery. 
 
 Effect of delivery of bank book to sustain 
 gift of money in bank. 3 L.R.A. 230;* 
 11 LJl.A. 686;* 18 L.R.A. 171; 19 
 L.R.A. 700. 
 
 Delivery necessary to complete gift of a 
 savings-bank account when the book is 
 already in the possession of the donee. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 181. 
 
 Effect of delivery of order for savings ac- 
 count without a book to complete a 
 ffift of the account. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 568. 
 
 § 13. Transfer of generally. 
 
 Transfer of deposit by assignment and de- 
 livery of pass book. 13 L.R.A. 737.* 
 
 § 14. Garnishment of. 
 
 Garnishment of surplus on deposit. 59 
 L.R.A. 369. 
 
 Of bank deposit in name of one as "agent." 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 706. 
 
 Garnishment of bank deposit in a form im- 
 porting that depositor is acting as 
 agent or fiduciary. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1207. 
 
 Payment by bank under garnishment of de- 
 posit to party other than depositor but 
 of same name. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 248. 
 
 § 15. liimitation of action for. 
 
 See Limitation or Actions, §§ 25, 26. 
 
 § 16. Liability for loss of, through 
 failure of bank. 
 
 Liability of executor or trustee for loss of 
 " funds through failure of bank. 14 
 L.R.A. 103; 7 L.R.A.(N.S,) 617. 
 Deposit awaiting investment. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 103. 
 Continuing deposit made by testator. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 104. 
 i;cf|ui-!itr character of deposit. 14 
 L.R.A. 305. 
 Connult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BANTCS, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Deposit contrary to order of court.. 
 14 L.R.A. 105. 
 
 Losing control of funds. 14 L.R.A. 
 105. 
 
 Loss caused by war. 14 L.R.A. 106. 
 Liability of guardian for loss of ward's 
 
 monev deposited in bank. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S") 399. 
 Liability on official bond for. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 449. 
 Liability of public officers for loss of funds 
 
 by failure of bank in which they are 
 
 deposited. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 
 § 17. Application of deposit to debt 
 due bank. 
 
 As to bank's right of set-off, see infra, § 20. 
 Application of depositor's money. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 560.* 
 Right of bank to apply special deposit to 
 an indebtedness of depositor. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 517. 
 Application by bank of individual partner's 
 
 deposit on firm debt. 23 L.R.A. 111. 
 
 Effect upon surety or indorser, of bank's 
 
 failure to apply principal's deposit 
 
 account upon note. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 944. 
 
 Conflict as to application of suretyship 
 
 rule. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 944. 
 Rule that deposit is a security. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 945. 
 Generally. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 945. 
 Exceptions. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 947. 
 Rule that deposit is not a security, 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 949. 
 Generally. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 949. 
 Application of the doctrine of ap- 
 propriation of payments. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 951. 
 General rules. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 951. 
 What constitutes an appropria- 
 tion. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 953. 
 Effect of insolvency of, and assignment 
 by, bank. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 955. 
 
 § 18. — deposit in fiduciary character. 
 
 Right to apply deposit by fiduciary or rep- 
 resentative on his debt to itself. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1110. 
 
 Applicability of deposits to individual in- 
 debtedness of depositor where word sug- 
 gestive of fiduciary character is append- 
 ed to his name. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 706; 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409. 
 
 Liability for taking deposit of trust funds 
 in payment of trustee's debt. 52 L.R.A. 
 790. 
 
 § 19. Application to debt due stranger. 
 
 Right of bank to charge customer's account 
 with amount paid to stranger with- 
 out legal duress. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 763. 
 Right of a bank to apply deposit to 
 its own claim against adverse 
 claimant). 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 765. 
 
92 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BANKS, V. a— cont'd 
 
 § 2 0. Bank's right of set-off against 
 depositor. 
 
 See Set-Ofp and Cototterclaim, §§ 8a, 19b. 
 
 § 21. Jjlen of bank on. 
 
 Lien on deposits. 6 L.E.A. 227.* 
 
 § 22. Checks generally. 
 
 Rights and liabilities on checks, of persons 
 other than banks, see Checks. 
 
 Certification of check, see Checks, § 7. 
 
 Presentment of, for payment, see Checks, 
 §§ 9-11. 
 
 ^Vhat constitutes bank check. 7 L.R.A, 
 
 489.* 
 Limitation of action on. 22 L.R.A. 110. 
 Banking customs as to. 21 L.E.A. 443. 
 Indorsement of, "For deposit." 23 LJl.A, 
 
 164. 
 
 § 23. Payment of checks; duty of de- 
 positor. 
 
 Recovery back of money paid on, see infra, 
 §§ 28, 29. 
 
 Duty of bank in paying check. 6 L.R.A. 
 626; 7 L.R.A. 490.* 
 
 Pass book as evidence of right to draw mon- 
 ey. 13 L.R.A. 737.* 
 
 Effect of direction on check to pay same 
 through specified agency. 30 ' L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 607. 
 
 Liability of bank upon claimed contract 
 of acceptance external to check. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1148. 
 
 Paying check written on the blank of an- 
 other bank as negligence. 19 LRA 
 {N..S.) 40.3. 
 
 Payment by bank of check signed by au- 
 thorized person in different form than 
 (liat agreed upon. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 BANKS, v. a— cont'd 
 
 Payment by savings bank on forged order. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 431. 
 Liability of savings bank for payments up- 
 on forged order. 69 L.R.A. 329. 
 Duty of depositor in respect to forged 
 checks charged to him by the bank. 
 27 L.R.A. 426; 36 L.R.A. 539. 
 As to forged indorsements. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 428. 
 As to raised or altered checks. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 429. 
 Examination intrusted to agent. 27 
 L.R.A. 429. 
 Payment by bank of checks fraudulently 
 raised by employee of drawer 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 529. 
 Depositor's right to recover amount of 
 forged or raised checks paid by bank 
 as affected by the fact that he intrusted 
 the examination of vouchers to the em- 
 ployee, who was guilty of the original 
 fraud. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 744. 
 Loss or prejudice to bank resulting from 
 negligent failure on part of depositor 
 or correspondent bank to give prompt 
 notice of forgery, as a condition of its 
 right to charge forged cheeks to latter's 
 account. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79. 
 Forger's application of proceeds of check 
 to an indebtedness to depositor, as af- 
 fecting bank's right to charge the same 
 against depositor's account. 25 L R A 
 (N.S.) 996. ■ ■ 
 
 Payment of money deposited to credit of 
 
 minor to person other than guardian 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67. 
 Liability of savings bank for payment to 
 
 fraudulent claimant. 69 L.R.A 317 
 Npjrligence of depositor in savings bank 
 
 wliose money is paid out to fraudulent 
 
 claimants. 69 L.R.A. 340. 
 Liability of one to whom insolvent bank 
 
 has paid a check. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 185. 
 
 § 2 4. —payment on forged check or 
 order. 
 
 Right to recover back, see infra, § 29 
 Liability of person whose signatu're is 
 
 torged on commercial paper, generally 
 
 see Bills and Notes, § 16. 
 
 Drawee's duty to know signature of drawer. 
 27 L.R.A. 635. 
 Duty of bank. 27 L.R.A. 635 
 
 Negligence or fault of party ob- 
 taining payment. 27 L.R.A. 
 637. 
 
 T • J^^^^^ °^ °^^^^ parties. 27 L R A 639 
 Liability to depositors for payment of al- 
 tered or raised check or forged naner 
 
 ?2^^/^3V-----''-^«-\. -._.. 
 Begin With this ioolc on every lav, questlon^^"^ '^'"^ 
 
 25. —payment to impostor or person 
 of same name. 
 
 Use of fictitious name in bill or note see 
 
 Bills and Notes, § 13. 
 Note payable to imposter, see Bills and 
 
 Notes, § 14. 
 
 Fictitious payee of check. 26 L.R.A. 570 
 Check or bill issued, or indorsed, to im- 
 poster— who must bear loss. 50 
 LRA 75; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 514; 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 111]. 
 Theory of actual intent. 50 L.R.A 75 
 Impostor assuming to act as agent of 
 
 payee. 50 L.R.A. 80. 
 Check or bill sent by mail. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 Applicability of rule as to fictitious 
 payees. 50 L.R.A. 82. 
 
 Theory of estoppel. 50 L.R.A. 83. 
 Fictitious payee as affecting validity of 
 
 check. 39 L.R.A. 427 
 Who must bear loss where check or draft 
 
 ,-n/r.r» f °/ P^'<^ "P°° t''^ spurious 
 indorsement of one who bears the same 
 
 °NS.) ll^oY'" °' indorsee. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 ^'■^osft'i^ ^^"J" ""i^"" g'^raishment of de- 
 posit to party other than depositor, but 
 of the same name. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Delivery of special deposit to wrong ner- 
 son. 32 L.R.A. 775. ^ ^ 
 
 849 ■♦ li^hf V ^"^PP'^S payment. 
 
 ■ ' nJ^i*i°. ^*°P P^y'n^t of. 30 L.R.A. 845 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 290. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 93 
 
 BANKS, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Action by drawee essential to terminate 
 
 drawer's right to stop payment of 
 
 checlc. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 655." 
 Obtaining money by check with intent to 
 
 stop payment, as a false pretense. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 170. 
 
 § 2 6. Dishonoring check. 
 
 Liability of bank for refusal to pay. 15 
 L.R.A. 134. 
 
 Character of action for dishonor of checlv. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 870. 
 
 Admissibility of drawer's want of credit in 
 action by him against bank for wrong- 
 fully dishonoring check. 11 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 224. 
 
 Liability of national bank on its promise 
 to honor checks to be drawn upon it by 
 one who has no funds on deposit to 
 meet the same. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 526. 
 
 §27. Paying out deposits generally. 
 
 Right of bank to impeach sources of de- 
 posit as against holder of check drawn 
 against the same. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1186. 
 
 Making negotiable paper payable at bank 
 as authority to bank to pay same. 9 
 L.R.A. 560.* 
 
 DelirerT of special deposit to wrong person. 
 32'L.R.A. 775. 
 
 Obligation to pay in coin where coin de- 
 posited. 29 L.R.A. 523. 
 
 Duty of bank as to payment of money held 
 "as bailee. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816. 
 
 § 28. Recovery baclc of money paid out 
 by bank. 
 
 Of special deposit. 4 L.R.A. 328.* 
 
 Liability to bank of one who, without 
 knowledge of the fraud, draws out 
 funds fraudulently credited to him by 
 its officers or employees. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1126. 
 
 Sight of bank to recover amount paid on 
 check in ignorance of insolvency of 
 drawer, who was indebted to it. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 963. 
 
 Right of bank to recover amount paid on 
 check or other paper drawn upon or 
 payable at it, under mistaken belief 
 that there were sufficient funds to 
 meet it. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1092; 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1023. 
 
 Right of depositor to recover against one 
 to whom bank was paid excessive or 
 unauthorized payment. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1135. 
 
 § 29. —on forged paper. 
 
 ElTect of payment on forged checlc or order, 
 
 rior- supra, § 24. 
 Effect of payment to impostor or person 
 
 of same name, see supra, § 25. 
 
 Eight of drawee of forged check or draft to 
 recover money paid thereon. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1308; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 100. 
 Scope and nature of the subject. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BANKS, V. a— cont'd 
 
 The rule of estoppel. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 50. 
 Generally. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 Limitation of application to bona 
 fide holders for value. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 51. 
 Foundation and reasons for. 10 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 Withdrawal from, or change by, 
 statute. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 The fault or negligence rule. 10 L.T?.A. 
 (N.S.) 56. 
 Generally. 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 54. 
 Fault or negligence of the holder 
 receiving payment aft'eet- 
 ing right to retain. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 56. 
 Generally. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 56. 
 Failure to disclose suspicion. 
 
 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 Insufficient inquiry or identifi- 
 cation. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 57. 
 'Fault or negligence of the drawee 
 • " affecting riglit of re- 
 covery. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 57. 
 Failure to detect forgery gen- 
 erally. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 57. 
 Acceptance or payment sub- 
 ject to examination. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 60. 
 Insufficient examination. 10 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62. 
 Delay in discovery and notice 
 of forgery. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 63. 
 The change-of -situation rule. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 65. 
 Instruments to which the rules are ap- 
 plicable. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 67. 
 Drafts, checks, and bills of ex- 
 change generally. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 67. 
 One's own paper. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 68. 
 Application of rules in case of accept- 
 ance or certification of instrument. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6!). 
 Indorsement or negotiation as affcit 
 ing right of recovery. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 7L 
 Effect of voluntary repayment. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 73. 
 Delay in giving notice of forgery as es- 
 toppel of true owner to recover on a 
 forged indorsement. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 657. 
 
 § 30. Certificates of deposit. 
 
 Limitation of action on, see Limitation of 
 Actions, §§ 25, 26. 
 
 Maturity of. 15 L.R.A. 386. 
 
 Certificates or receipts given by others 
 than bankers. 15 L.R.A. 387. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 94 
 
 BANKS, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Defense against, when transferred after 
 
 maturity. 46 L.K.A. 809. 
 Presumption as to time oi%^^^'f\°^'" 
 
 certificate of deposit. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 114. 
 
 b. Collections, 
 
 § 31. Generally. 
 
 Collection made through clearing house. 
 2 L.R.A. 700.* 
 
 For whom is collecting bank agent. 2 
 L.R.A. 699;* 4 L.R.A. 422;* 8 L.R.A. 
 42.* 
 
 Bank to which paper is sent for collection 
 at request of obligor as agent of ob- 
 ligor or of holder. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 734. 
 
 Banking customs as to. 21 L.R.A. 442^ 
 
 Right to show by parol evidence that in- 
 dorsement, unrestricted in form, was 
 made for purpose of collection only. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 838. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of assignee of bill of 
 lading with draft attached as against 
 consignfee who does not get goods or 
 finds them defective. 49 L.R.A. 679; 
 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 212; 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1221; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Right of holder of check against bank 
 which cashes it on a forged indorse- 
 ment and then collects it from the 
 drawee. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 519. 
 
 Right of bank, in action by holder for 
 proceeds of commercial paper collected 
 by it, to avail itself of defenses that 
 would have been available in an action 
 on the paper. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1098. 
 
 § 32. Title to, and disposition of, col- 
 lection or funds. 
 
 When collecting bank becomes Insolvent. 
 
 7 L.R.A. 8S9.» 
 Trust in proceeds of collection by insolvent 
 
 bank. 32 L.R.A. 715; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 ]46. 
 When paper indorsed in blank. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 85,2.* 
 When paper indorsed "for collection.'' 7 
 
 L.R.A. 852;* 8 L.R.A. 42.* 
 Banking custom as to treatment of cheek 
 
 deposited "for collection." 21 L.R.A. 
 
 443. 
 What gives collecting bank right to apply 
 
 proceeds. 7 L.R.A. 854.* 
 Effect of custom or course of dealing. 7 
 
 L.R.A. 855.* 
 Right to set off collection against amount 
 
 due to bank. 2 L.R.A. 700.* 
 
 § 33. Duty and liability of collecting 
 bank. 
 
 Liability of bank for negligence in making 
 
 collections. 2 L.R.A. 700.* 
 Diligence required in collecting check 
 
 taken by collecting bank. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1167. 
 Liability of collecting bank for neglect of 
 
 agent. 8 L.R.A. 44.* 
 
 BANKS, V. b— cont'd 
 
 Damages for negligence »*^*° J'ff^j^J'! 
 commercial paper. 1 L.k.a.U'"-!'-) 
 
 246 
 Actual damage as a condition of liability 
 for negligence in presenting check. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every laic question. 
 
 §34. —what may be accepted in pay- 
 ment. , , 
 
 What agent may accept in payment ot col- 
 lections. 2 L.R.A. 491.* 
 
 Liability for taking check or draft in pay- 
 ment of paper held for collection. S 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1179. 
 
 § 35. — sending directly to drawee 
 
 bank. ^ -.^ . ..^t a . 
 
 Generally. 27 L.R.A. 248; 18 L.K.A. (N.S.) 
 
 441. 
 Effect of banking custom as to. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 443. 
 Validity of custom. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 194. 
 
 c. Other transactions; discounts. 
 
 §36. Generally. 
 
 Liability of bank as accommodation in 
 dorser. 23 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 Liability of bank directors in case of bad 
 loans or investments. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 173. 
 
 Nature of drafts by one bank on another. 
 23 L.R.A. 173. 
 
 Transmission of money for benefit of third 
 party. 4 L.R.A. 328.* 
 
 Effect of national bank reserving illegal 
 interest. 56 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Right of a bank to engage in business to 
 save debt. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 243. 
 
 Right of bank acquiring paper void for 
 usury as between prior parties, under 
 a statute prescribing special and ex- 
 clusive penalties against a bank wliich 
 takes usury. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) C26. 
 
 Validity of contract as to circulating notes, 
 which violates statute. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 610. 
 
 § 3 7. — guaranty of loan by national 
 bank. 
 
 Generally. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 544. 
 
 As affecting remedies of bank. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 544. 
 As affecting bank's liability on aeconirno- 
 
 dation guaranty. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 545. 
 As affecting liability of bank benefited Iiv 
 
 transactions. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 546. 
 
 § 3 7a. — discounts. 
 
 Talcing interest in advance. 29 L.R.A. 761. 
 Purchase of notes and bills by bank as dis- 
 tinguished from discounting. 16 
 L.R.A. 223. 
 What is discounting. 16 L.R.A. 223. 
 Whether discounting includes buying 
 
 and selling. 16 L.R.A. 223. 
 Application of usury laws. 16 L.R.A. 
 224. 
 -Amount of discount as putting purobii^cr 
 I of negotiable paper on inquiry. 29 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 378. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 95 
 
 BANKS, v.— cont'd 
 
 d. Clearing-house business. 
 
 § 38. Generally. 
 
 Origin and description. 25 L.R.A. 824. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of clearing houses. 
 25 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 Clearing-house loan certificates. 25 L.R.A. 
 826. 
 
 Clearing-house duebill. 25 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 Presentation and payment through clear- 
 ing-house. 25 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 Return of paper not good after receiv- 
 ing it through clearing-house. 25 
 L.R.A. 827. 
 
 Ktfect of clearing-house rules and customs. 
 25 L.R.A. 830. 
 
 Agency of clearing-house members. 25 
 L.R.A. 830. 
 
 Cold clearing-house. 25 L.R.A. 830. 
 
 Country clearing-house of Loudon. 25 
 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 25 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Collection made through clearing-house. 
 2 L.R.A. 700.* 
 
 TI. Insolvency of hanlt. 
 
 § 39. Generally. 
 
 Liability for loss of deposit by, see supra, 
 § 16. 
 
 Reception of deposit by bank while in- 
 solvent as a crime, see infra, § 51. 
 
 Receiving deposit when insolvent as a fraud. 
 34 L.R.A. 533. 
 
 Liability of one to whom an insolvent banic 
 has paid a check. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 . 185. 
 
 Effect on surety or indorser of insolvent 
 bank's failure to apply principal's de- 
 posit to account on note. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 955. 
 
 Preliminary injunction, effect of which is 
 to transfer possession of assets of bank 
 from directors to trustees under as- 
 signment for benefit of creditors. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 34. 
 
 Liability of officers for failure to close in- 
 solvent bank, 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 438. 
 
 § 40. Preferences. 
 
 Exceptions to the prohibition of preferences 
 by insolvent national banks. 25 
 L.R.A. 546. 
 Priority by reason of trust character of 
 
 deposit. 25 L.R.A. 546. 
 Transfers by insolvent national banks. 
 25 L.R.A. 548. 
 Right to preference for money paid to in- 
 solvent bank for draft. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 928; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 563. 
 Claim of preference of special or trust de- 
 posit out of funds of insolvent bank. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 252. 
 Right to preference in respect of public 
 funds deposited in bank which subse- 
 quently becomes insolvent. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 886; 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 918. 
 Effect of deposit by broker or .factor to his 
 own account by proceeds of sale of cus- 
 tomer's stock or property to create a 
 trust entitled to a preference. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 808. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Vigests to date. 
 
 BANKS, VI.— cont'd 
 
 Payment of depositor during a run on a 
 
 bank as an unlawful preference. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 675. 
 
 §41. Trust in funds. 
 
 Trust in deposit in insolvent bank. 34 
 L.R.A. 532. 
 Receiving deposit when insolvent, a 
 
 fraud. 34 L.R.A. 533. 
 How far trust exists. 34 L.R.A. 534. 
 Right to follow money. 34 L.R.A. 535. 
 Right to follow commercial paper. 34 
 L.R.A. 536. 
 Trust in proceeds of collection made by 
 bank when insolvent. 32 L.R.A. 
 715; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 As against claims of bank's represen- 
 tative. 32 L.R.A. 715. 
 Where title has passed to bank. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 715. 
 Eff^ect of insolvency at time of re- 
 ceiving paper. 32 L.R.A. 715. 
 Where title has not passed, and 
 the paj5er or its proceeds are 
 in hands of receiver. 32 
 L.R.A. 716. 
 Proceeds capable of distinct iden- 
 tification. 32 L.R.A. 716. 
 Where bank has received no fund. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 717. 
 Where proceeds have been mixed 
 by bank with its own funds. 
 . 32 L.R.A. 719. 
 Taking trust money out of general 
 fund. 32 L.R.A. 719. 
 As against claims of subagent. 32 
 L.R.A. 720. 
 When title in collecting agent. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 720. 
 In case of restrictive indorsement. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 721. 
 EfTeet of knowledge by subagent of 
 true condition of title. 32 
 L.R.A. 721. 
 Rule where the indorsement is in 
 lilank. 32 L.R.A. 721. 
 Priority in assets of insolvent national hank 
 by reason of trust character of de- 
 posit. 25 L.R.A. 546. 
 Claim of preference of trust deposit out 
 of funds of insolvent bank. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 252. 
 Lien on commercial paper purchased by 
 bank after it has mingled trust money 
 with its own funds. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1100. 
 
 §42. Right of set-off. 
 
 See Set-Off and Countebclaim, § 19a. 
 
 Til. Savings banks. 
 
 § 43. Generally. 
 
 Gift of deposit in, see supra, §§ 12, 13. 
 
 Joint account in. 31 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 Savings banks distinguished from banks of 
 
 deposit. 1 L.R.A. 785.* 
 Efl'ect of delivery of savings bank book as 
 
 gift of deposit. 18 L.R.A. 171. 
 
96 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BAXKS, VII.— cont'd 
 
 Delivery necessary to complete gift of sav- 
 ings bank account when book is already 
 in donee's possession. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 181. 
 
 Liability of directors. 2 L.R.A. 535.* 
 
 § 4 4. Liability for payments to fraudu- 
 lent claimants. 
 
 General rule requiring reasonable care by 
 
 tlie bank. 69 L.R.A. 317. 
 The application of the rule of reasonable 
 care as affected by the bank's by- 
 laws. 69 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 By-law providing for payment to the 
 depositor's representative after his 
 death. 69 L.R.A. 323. 
 The binding effect of the by-laws upon the 
 depositor. 69 L.R.A. 324. 
 
 Assent by the depositor. 69 L.R.A. 
 324. 
 
 What is a reasonable by-law. 69 
 L.R.A. 326. 
 Limits of the application of the rule re- 
 quiring reasonable care. 69 L.R.A. 
 327. 
 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 Payment upon fraudulent claim of 
 identity merely. 69 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 Payment upon impersonation of the de- 
 positor, combined with forgery. 
 69 L.R.A. 329. 
 
 Payment upon forged orders alone. 
 69 L.R.A. 333. 
 
 Payment without either impersonation 
 or forgery. 69 L.R.A. 336. 
 
 Payment after the death of the depos- 
 itor. 69 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Tlie obligation to compare the signa- 
 tures. 69 L.R.A. 339. 
 Contributory negligence of the depositor. 
 69 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 Failure to give notice to the bank. 69 
 L.R.A. 341. 
 
 Failure to keep pass book safely. 69 
 L.R.A. 342. 
 Matters of evidence. 69 L.R.A. 342. 
 Payment by savings bank on forged order. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 431. 
 
 Till. National hanlcs. 
 
 § 4.5. Generally. 
 
 State taxation of, see Taxes, § 7. 
 
 Effect of usury by national bank, see 
 
 USTIBY, § 11. 
 Sft-off in case of usury, see Set-Ofp and 
 
 COUNTEBCLAIM, § 8. 
 
 Right to issue attachment against national 
 bank. 6 L.R.A. 226.* 
 
 Liability of national bank upon its promise 
 to honor checks to be drawn upon it by 
 one who has no funds on deposit to 
 meet the same. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 526. 
 
 Liability for loss of special deposit 32 
 L.R.A. 770. f ■ o^ 
 
 E.xoeptions to prohibition of preferences by 
 insolvent national banks. 2.5 L R A 
 546. ■ ■ ' 
 
 Begin with thix booh- on ever)/ lair ip 
 
 I BANKS, VIII.— cont'd 
 § 46. Transfer of stock. 
 
 Restriction on transfer of stock in national 
 bank. 27 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 Effect of by-law requiring transfer of na- 
 tional bank stock on books. 67 L.R.A. 
 673. 
 
 ■§ 4 7. Guaranty of loan by. 
 
 Guaranty of loan by. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 544. 
 
 § 4 8. Jurisdiction. 
 
 .Jurisdiction of state courts over actions by 
 or against national banks. 48 L.R.A. 
 35. 
 
 Jurisdiction of United States Supreme 
 Court in action against national bank 
 to recover penalty for taking usury. 
 56 L.R.A. 680. 
 
 Question relating to national banks as Fed- 
 eral question. 62 L.R.A. 536. 
 
 IX. State hanlcs. 
 
 § 4 9. Generally. 
 
 Nature and privileges of state bank. 29 
 L.R.A. 378. 
 
 Nature and relation to state of incorpo- 
 rated bank belonging to it. 29 L.R.A. 
 378. 
 
 X. Taxation. 
 
 § 50. Generally. 
 
 Of national banks, see Taxes, § 7. 
 As to corporate taxation, generally, see 
 Taxes, II. 
 
 Of franchise. 57 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 Taxation of banking corporations in the 
 United States as affected by the con- 
 tract clause in the Federal Constitu- 
 tion. 60 L.R.A. 60, 86. 
 
 Taxation of bank deposits. 57 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 Bank deposit to credit of nonresident of 
 state as subject of local propertv taxa- 
 tion. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1120. 
 
 Inheritance or succession tax on bank de- 
 posit to take effect after donor's death. 
 38 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1149. 
 
 XI. Crimes. 
 
 §51. Generally. 
 
 Criminal liability for receiving deposit in 
 bank knowing of its insolvency. 
 31 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes 31 
 
 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 Effect of adopting existing nomencla- 
 ture in defining the offense. 31 
 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 Liability in the absence of statute 31 
 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 Who liable. 31 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 Liability of partnership. ,31 L.RJi^. 
 
 Sufficiency of proof. 31 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 „„ Other rulings. 31 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 V\ hen IS a baidf insolvent within statute 
 making it an offense to receive further 
 deposits. 20 L.R.A (NS ) 444 
 
 estion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BANKS, XI. — cont'd 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes making receiv- 
 ing of deposits after bank is insolvent 
 a crime. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 266. 
 
 Is the actual personal receipt of a deposit 
 by an officer or employee of an insolvent 
 bank essential to his conviction. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1072. 
 
 XII. Bank guaranty law. 
 
 § 52. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1065. 
 
 BAPTISMAL REGISTER. 
 
 Immaterial alteration in. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 115. 
 
 BAR. 
 
 Of statute of limitations, see Limitation 
 OF Actions. 
 
 BAR ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Membership in, as disqualification of judge 
 to preside at disbarment proceedings. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 116. 
 
 BARBERS. 
 
 § 1. In general. 
 
 License of, see License, § 22a. 
 
 Constitutionality and efi'ect of restrictions 
 on right to practise trade of bar- 
 ber. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 629. 
 Constitutionality. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 629. 
 Classification, generally. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 630. 
 Classification on basis of expori- 
 ence or citizenship. 40 L.R.A. 
 631. 
 Classification according to munici- 
 palities. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 631. 
 Construction of statutes. 40 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 632. 
 
 § 2. Violation of Sunday law. 
 
 Keeping shop open on Sunday. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 194. 
 Validity of classification in Sunday l.iw 
 with regard to. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 12.50 ; 
 .32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1190. 
 Snecial penalty for violation of Sunday 
 ^ closing act. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 646. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Vigests to date. 
 
 BARK. 
 
 Oral contract for sale of. 19 L.R.A. 721. 
 Sufficiency of delivery of tan bark on sale 
 out of larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 40. 
 
 BARKING DOGS. 
 
 Right to kill. 15 L.R.A. 249. 
 
 As nuisance. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 349. 
 
 BARRATRY. 
 
 Effect of barratrous conduct upon liability 
 upon marine insurance policy. 1 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 1098. 
 
 BARRIERS. 
 
 In highway, see Highways, § 73. 
 
 Ferryman's duty to maintain proper bar- 
 riers to protect passengers and prop- 
 erty. 68 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 BARROOMS. 
 
 Municipal power as to screens in. 24 L.R.A. 
 768. 
 
 BARS. 
 
 See Gates. 
 
 BASEBALL. 
 
 Playing on Sunday as an offense. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 63; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1186; 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 407. 
 
 BASE COIN. 
 
 As medium of payment, see Payment, § 8. 
 
 < «»- 
 
 BASIN. 
 
 Surface water as distinguished from. 25 
 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 BASTARDY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Inheritance by or from bastards, see De- 
 scent, etc., § 5. 
 
 As to legitimacy and illegitimacy, general- 
 ly, see Illegitimates. 
 7 
 
98 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BASTARDY— cont'd 
 
 Actionability of cliarge'tliat one is bastard, 
 
 see Libel akd Slander, § 13. 
 As to action of parent for seduction of 
 
 child, see Seductigx, § 4. 
 
 Using lunatic's property in support of il- 
 legitimate children. 34 L.E.A. 298. 
 
 Existence of bastard child as ground of 
 divorce or annulment of marriage. 18 
 L.R.A. 377. 
 
 Effect of putative father's attempt to ap- 
 point guardian for child against sur- 
 viving mother. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 294. 
 
 § 2. Bastardy proceedings. 
 
 Termination of proceeding as bar to sub- 
 sequent case. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 470. 
 
 Right of prosecutrix to private counsel. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 463. 
 
 Attorney's lien on fund in bastardy proceed- 
 ings. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 630. 
 
 Form of judgment on bastardy bond. 62 
 L.R.A. 444. 
 
 Limitation applicable to bastardy proceed- 
 ings or action to compel support. 40 
 L.R.A.(K.S.) 144. 
 
 § 3. —abatement of, Iby death. 
 
 Death of defendant. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1167. 
 Deatli of complainant. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1167. 
 Death of child. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1168. 
 
 § -1 . — evidence In. 
 
 Parol evidence as to resemblance in proof 
 of. 52 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution 
 for. 62 L.R.A. 329. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter of mother for chastity. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 733. 
 
 Competence of woman to testify as to non- 
 access of husband. 2 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 6in. 
 
 Proof necessary to establish bastardy" of 
 child born to married woman. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 255. 
 
 § 5. Liability on bond: punishment. 
 
 Penalty as limit of liability on bond in 
 bastardy proceedings. 55 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for 35 
 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Imprisonment under order in bastardy pro- 
 ceeding, as imprisonment for debt 34 
 L;R.A. 667. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 B.\TH HOUSE. 
 
 Pee also Bathino Resoet. 
 
 Liability of proprietor to patron. 32 L.R A 
 
 (N.S.) 715. 
 Liability of keeper of bath house for loss 
 
 of guest's valuables. 6 L.R.A. (N.S^) 
 
 8^8. 
 
 <»» . 
 
 BATHING. 
 
 Right of public to bathe on the seashore. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1047. 
 
 BATHING— cont'd 
 
 Surf bathing as violation of Sunday laws. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 470. 
 
 BATHING RESORT. 
 
 See also Bath House. 
 
 Care required from proprietor of. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 982. 
 Liability of owner for safety of patrons. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 715. 
 Liability of person maintaining, for safety 
 
 of patrons. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 982, 1132; 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 715; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 72; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 
 ♦ « ♦ 
 
 BATTERY. 
 
 See Assault and Battery. 
 « » » 
 
 BATTURE. 
 
 In bed of river. 5 L.R.A. 687.* 
 
 ■« « » 
 
 BAWDY HOUSE. 
 
 See DisoBDEBLY House. 
 
 -» »»- 
 
 BAYS. 
 
 As boundary between states, see Boundary, 
 
 § 2. 
 Jurisdiction over. 46 L.R.A. 275. 
 
 BAY WINDOAVS. 
 
 Municipal regulation of, as nuisances. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 667. 
 Power of municipality to permit extension 
 
 of, into street. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 375. 
 Violating ordinance, as to, as ground for 
 
 private action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 261 
 
 BEAMS. 
 
 As defect in dock or wharf. 61 L R A 
 949. ■ ■ 
 
 BEAR. 
 
 Liabmty for injury by. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 ^'"^iniLv* r'l" t°,^"^^"t for personal 
 r^r^ ''y bear kept for exhibition 
 
 Begin with this booic on every law questio.^""'- ^^ ^^-^-A-fN-S.) 1071 
 
BED. 
 
 Under water, rights in, see Waters, §§ 12- 
 17. 
 
 < « » 
 
 BEDDING. 
 
 Carrier's duty to furnish bedding for live 
 stoelc. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 278. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 99 
 
 BENEFICIAL PLAINTIFF. 
 
 Liability of, for costs. 62 L.R.A. 618. 
 
 BEER. 
 As to intoxicating liquors, generally, see 
 
 IXTOXICATIXG LlQUOK. 
 
 BEES. 
 
 Property rights in. 40 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 Generally. 40 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 Trespass and trover. 40 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 Larcenv. 40 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 Tithes.' 40 L.R.A. 689. 
 Liability of owners of, for injuries done 
 
 by them. 62 L.R.A. 132. 
 As a nuisance. 62 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 BEHAVIOR. 
 
 Reduction of term of imprisonment for good 
 behavior. 34 L.R.A. 509. 
 
 BELIEF. 
 
 Information and belief, see Information 
 
 AND Belief. 
 Efl'ect of, on criminal responsibility, see 
 
 Cbiminal Law, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 Effect of, on adverse possession beyond 
 
 boundary line. 21 L.R.A. 831. 
 Belief in reckless statement as affecting 
 
 fraud. 3.5 L.R.A. 432. 
 Of prosecutor obtaining advice of counsel 
 
 for prosecution. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 63. 
 Perjury in statements involving matters of. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 654. 
 
 ***- 
 
 BENEFICIARIES. 
 
 Of charitable bequest, see Ciiaeities. 
 
 In insurance policy or certificates, see In- 
 
 SDKANCE. 
 
 BENEFITS. 
 
 Set-off of, in eminent domain, see Damages, 
 § 93. 
 
 Estoppel by receiving, see Esioppel, §§ 32, 
 33. 
 
 Under policy, right to decrease, see In- 
 sukance, § 179. 
 
 As basis for assessment for public improve- 
 ment, see Public Impkovements, § 26. 
 
 Reservation of, by grantor as showing 
 fraudulent intent. 31 L.R.A. 633. 
 
 BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 Devise or bequest for, see Chaeities. 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 BELLS. 
 
 Duty of bicyclists to carry. 47 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 Violation of ordinance as to sounding of 
 bells on street cars as ground for pri- 
 vate action. S L.R.A. (N.S.) 252. 
 
 Ringing of, as disturbance of public peace. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.). 505. 
 
 BELT RAILROAD. 
 
 Exercise of power of eminent domain by. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 909. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to associations, generally^ see Associa- 
 tions. 
 Insurance by, see Insubance. 
 
 Liability of property owned by fraternal 
 societies to assessment for local im- 
 provements. 35 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 Enlarged powers conferred by statute. 4 
 L.R.A. 3S2.* 
 
 Property rights. 2 L.R.A. 841.* 
 
 Conclusiveness of decisions of tribunals of. 
 49 L.R.A. 353; 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 672. i 
 
 \ 
 
 § 2. Nature of society. ' 
 
 How regarded under the various state stat' 
 utes. 2 L.R.A. 421.* , 
 
 Benefit association as an insurance com- 
 pany. 38 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Fraternal benefit society as a benevolent or 
 charitable association within exemp- 
 tion statutes. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 380. 
 
 § 3. Rights and obligations of mem- 
 bers. 
 
 ?.Iembers of associations generally, see As- 
 sociations, § 3. 
 
 Laws of society determining rights of mem- 
 bers. 5 L.R.A. 96.* 
 
 Powers of members of. 2 L.R.A. 163.* 
 
 Infant as member of co-operative insur- 
 ance company. 17 L.R.A. 547. 
 
 Liability of benevolent or fraternal society 
 for injury to person during initiation. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 314. 
 
100 
 
 IKDEX TO L.E.A. XOTES. 
 
 BKXEVOLENT SOCIETIES— cont'd 
 § 3a. Expulsion of member. 
 
 Liability of benevolent or fraternal society 
 for injury to person during expulsion. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 314. 
 
 Effect of expulsion from a society to de- 
 stroy right to insurance connected 
 therewith. 25 L.R.A. 149. 
 
 § 4. Regulations; by-laws. 
 
 Power to make by-laws; repeal. 3 L.R.A. 
 409.' 
 
 Amendment and repeal of by-laws. 3 L.R.A. 
 409.* 
 
 Members bound by by-laws. 3 L.R.A. 409.* 
 
 Rights of members of benefit society as af- 
 fected by by-laws. 5 L.R.A. 96.* 
 
 Reasonableness of new by-laws as implied 
 condition of consent to change of by- 
 laws. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 521. 
 
 § 5. Dissolution of. 
 
 Dissolution of. 2 L.R.A. 550.* 
 
 Right, upon dissolution of benefit associa- 
 tion, or local branch thereof, to funds 
 voluntarily accumulated by the branch, 
 to be expended solely for the benefit of 
 its members. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 336. 
 
 Disposition of real estate upon dissolution 
 of a corporation created for benevolent 
 or social purposes. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 895. 
 
 BEQUEST. 
 
 See Wills, V. 
 
 /.- BERTH. 
 
 Liability for failure to supply. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1012. 
 
 BERTILIiON SYSTEM. 
 
 Right to take or retain in rogue's gallery, 
 picture of one accused of crime 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 274; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 739. 
 
 BEST EVIDENCE. 
 
 See Evidence, IV. 
 
 ♦■•-♦ 
 
 BETROTHED. 
 
 See Fiancee. 
 
 »»» 
 
 BETTERMENTS. 
 
 BETTING. 
 
 As to wagering contracts, see Contracts, 
 
 §§ 105, 106, 115, 116. 
 As to avowed betting and wagering, see 
 
 Gaming. 
 
 Legality of wagers; betting. 18 L.R.A. 859. 
 
 Betting on elections. 18 L.R.A. 862. 
 
 Liability of stakeholder. 18 L.R.A. 863. 
 Betting on streets as nuisance. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 681. 
 Oral betting as violation of statute against 
 
 book-making. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 479. 
 Larceny by obtaining money by wager on 
 
 fraudulent race or game. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 862; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1164. 
 Illegal intent of prosecutor as affecting 
 
 guilt of obtaining property by means of 
 
 fake bet. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 Injunction against enforcement of betting 
 
 contract. 48 L.R.A. 844. 
 
 ■♦«» 
 
 BEVERAGE, 
 
 See Intoxicating Liquobs. 
 » »» 
 
 BIAS. 
 
 Of jurors as ground for new trial. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 476. 
 As disqualification of grand juror. 28 
 
 L.E.A. 200. 
 Of expert witness to handwriting. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 943. 
 As affecting conclusiveness of testimony of 
 
 experts. 42 L.R.A. 759. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 BIBLE. 
 
 Reading of, in public schools 
 
 (N.S.) 860. 
 Reading of, as sectarian instruction 
 
 L.R.A. 419. 
 Entries in, as evidence. 41 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 ♦<-» 
 
 16 L.R.A. 
 
 14 
 
 BICYCIiE PATH. 
 
 Municipal liability for defects or obstruc- 
 tions in. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 574. 
 
 BICYCLES. 
 
 See JlfPEOVEMENTS. 
 
 Begin with this 'book on every law question. 
 
 As to motorcycles, see JIotorcyoles. 
 Bicycle law. 47 L.R.A. 289. 
 
 Right of bicyclists to use highways, 
 generally. 47 L.R.A. 289. 
 
 Validity of enactni.Mits restricting the 
 
 Tr A 2% '""'''■'" ""^ "^'^''*'- ^" 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. XOTES. 
 
 BICYCLES— cont'd 
 
 Reciprocal duties of cyclists and other 
 persons traveling on highways. 
 47 L.R.A. 292. 
 Dutv of cyclists to pedestrians. 
 
 "47 L.R.A. 292. 
 Bicyclists entitled to benefits and 
 subject to burdens of the 
 rules of the road. 47 L.R.A. 
 293. 
 Liabilitv for frightening horses. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 295. 
 Dutv of cvclisis to carrv bells and 
 
 'lamps." 47 L.R.A. 295l 
 Use of footpath bv cyclists. 47 L.R.A. 
 290. 
 Under the common law. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 29C. 
 LTnder statutes and ordinances. 
 47 L.R.A. 296. 
 Right of cyclists to recover for injuries 
 caused bv defective liighwavs. 47 
 L.R.A. 298. 
 Special enactments for the protection 
 and convenience of cyclists. 47 
 L.E.A. 301. 
 Injuries to cvclists at railway cross- 
 ings. 47' L.R.A. 301; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 158. 
 Injuries to cvclists caused by street 
 
 cars. 47 L.R.A. 302. 
 Injuries to bicycles left standing in 
 
 streets. 47 L.R.A. 303. 
 Pavment of tolls, liability of cycles to. 
 
 " 47 L.R.A. 303. 
 Cycles as a subject of taxation by 
 
 municipalities. 47 L.R.A. 304. 
 Bicycles as a subject of contracts of 
 
 sale or lease. 47 L.R.A. 305. 
 The bicycle as a subject of bailment. 
 
 47 L.R.A. 305. 
 The bicvcle as a subject of insurance. 
 
 47 L.E.A. 307. 
 When a bicvcle is a necessary for a 
 minor. 47 L.R.A. 307. 
 Putv to make streets and highways safe 
 
 ■for bicycles. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 543. 
 Liability of municipal corporation for fail- 
 ing to prevent bicycling in violation of 
 road law. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 641. 
 Liability of municipal corporation which 
 permits or fails to prevent riding of 
 bicycles on sidewalk, for injury caused 
 thereby. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 785. 
 Right of bicyclist to recover from munici- 
 pality for injury by defect or obstruc- 
 tion in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 756. 
 Liability for collision of automobile with 
 bicyclist. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 944. 
 
 BIDS. 
 
 At auction, see Auction, § 7. 
 
 At judicial sale, see Judicial Sale, § 7a. 
 
 Validity of contract to affect, see Con- 
 tracts, § 84. 
 
 For P"iilic contracts, see Conteacts, §§ 159, 
 160. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BIGAl 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 
 
 Criminal liability of children for. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 202. 
 Belief in termination of former marriage 
 
 as a, defense to a prosecution for 
 
 bigamy. 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1097; 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 Belief in death of former spouse. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1102. 
 Belief that divorce has been granted. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1102. 
 Belief in validity of divorce or efficacy 
 
 of separation. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1103. 
 Belief in invalidity of former marriage. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1103. 
 
 § 2. Evidence and witnesses on prose- 
 cution for. 
 
 Ne'cessity of proof of marriage. 68 L.E.A. 
 ■42, 49. 
 
 Presumptions flowing from marriage cere- 
 mony. 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 940. 
 
 Presumption as to validity of former mar- 
 riage, in prosecution for bigamy. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1036. 
 
 .ludgment in civil action as proof of former 
 marriage on trial for bigamv. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 464. 
 
 Husband or wife as witness against the 
 other in prosecution for. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 862. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 BILL. 
 
 See Statutes, §§ 3-7. 
 
 » »» 
 
 BILLBOARD. 
 
 In highway, see Highways, § 19a. 
 
 Billboard as violative of restrictive covenant 
 as to use of premises, or structures 
 permissible thereon. 2 B. R. C. 434. 
 
 Relief from license for maintenance of. 49 
 L.R.A. 526. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 646. 
 
 BILLIARD HALL. 
 
 Power of municipality to declare, a nuis- 
 ance. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 548. 
 
 •-»-♦ • 
 
 BILLIARD ROOM. 
 
 As a place of amusement within civil rights 
 acts. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 907. 
 
102 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 BILIiS AND XOTES. 
 
 /. In 
 
 general : nnttitc. reqiiisites, 
 and valietity, §§ 1-23. 
 a. In general, §§ 1-9- 
 6. Validity generally; char- 
 acter of iiarties; forgery; 
 delivery, §§ 16, 17. 
 
 c. Consideration, § IS. 
 
 d. Negotialnlity, §§ 19-23. 
 II. Acceptance, §§ 24, 25. 
 
 III. Indorsement and transfers gen- 
 erally, §§ 26-34. 
 IT. Bights of tratisferce , §§ 35-42. 
 a. Extent of rights and protec- 
 tion generally, §§ 35-3Sa. 
 h. Who protected as bona fide 
 purchasers, §§ 39-42. 
 T. Presentment; demand; notice; 
 protest, §§ 43-53. 
 TI. Maturity; extension; renewal, 
 §§ 54-57. 
 Til. Payment; -discharge, §§ 58-60.. 
 Till. Actions and defenses, §§ 61-72. 
 IX. Recovery hacJc of payments, § 73. 
 \. Accommodation paper, §§ 74-77. 
 
 I. In general; nature, requisites, and 
 validity. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Alteration of, see AtiEKATioN of Instru- 
 ments. 
 
 Matters peculiar to banking, see Banks, 
 §§ 0-37a. 
 
 Duty and liability of bank with respect 
 to checks, see Banks, §§ 9-37a. 
 
 Eights and liability of persons, other than 
 banks, on checks, see Checks. 
 
 Collection of, by banks, see Banks, §§ 31- 
 3,5. 
 
 Blank in, see Blanks, § 2. 
 
 Conditions in,- see Co.n'ditions, § 2. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 5. 
 
 For matters common to contracts gener- 
 ally, see Contracts. 
 
 Date of, see Date, § 2. 
 
 Estoppel as to, by conduct, see Estoppel, 
 § 13. 
 
 Estoppel as to, by receiving benefits, see 
 KSTOPPEL, § 33. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, §§ 95-98. 
 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, §§ 169- 
 174. 
 
 Effect of fraud as to, see Featjd and Deceit, 
 §§ 23, 24. 
 
 Gift by, see Gift, § 3. 
 
 Injunction against negotiation of, see IN- 
 juxrTiON, § n. 
 
 Effect of insolvency of party to, see In- 
 solvency, § 15. 
 
 Intent of parties to, see Intent, § 9. 
 
 Loss of lien by giving, see Liens, § 20. 
 
 Lost bills and notes, see Lost Instruments 
 § 2. 
 
 Stolen paper, see Stolen Property, § 2. 
 
 Priority between notes falling due at dif- 
 ferent times secured by same mortgage, 
 see Mortgage, § 39. 
 
 Begin with this booli on every late question 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, I. a— cont d 
 Matters as to, generally after dissolution 
 
 of partnership, see Partnership, § 39. 
 For patent right, see Patents, § 4. 
 Payment by, see Payment, § 11. 
 Agent's authority as to, see PRINCIPAL 
 
 AND Agent, §§ 16-18. 
 Effect of seal on commercial paper, see 
 
 - Seal, § 2. 
 Situs for taxation of debts evidenced by 
 
 notes, see Taxes, § 47. 
 Usury on, see Usury. 
 
 Where notes taxable. 2 L.R.A. 801.* 
 
 Situs for taxation of debts evidenced by 
 notes. 16 L.E.A. 729. 
 
 Situs of, for purposes of administration. 
 24 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 Holders of instalment notes as parties to 
 proceedings to enforce mortgage for 
 part of debt. 37 L.E.A. 742. 
 
 Necessity for returning worthless notes be- 
 fore bringing replevin for property ob- 
 tained by fraudulent purchase. 21 
 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 Bequest of notes as general or specific. 11 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 
 Eight to preference for money paid to 
 insolvent bank for draft. 10 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 928; 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 563. 
 
 Valuation of commercial paper for pur- 
 poses of graduating offense of larceny. 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1063. 
 
 Eight of taxpayer in absence of statute to 
 enjoin issue of negotiable paper by 
 municipality. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 3. 
 
 Eight to follow commercial paper as a 
 trust. 34 L.R.A. 536. 
 
 General commercial principles as opposed 
 to local law with respect to bills and 
 notes. 61 L.E.A. 193. 
 
 Conversion of commercial paper. 2 L.E.A. 
 449.* 
 
 Duty of one taking note to communicate 
 the fact of principal's insolvency to one 
 assuming the obligation of surety. 
 14 L.E.A.(N.S.) 377. 
 
 How far wife bound by note given for 
 family expenses. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 145. 
 
 Rights and duty of one who receives a check 
 or note payable to his own order from 
 the hands of one not,a partv thereto. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 
 Negotiation of notes of members of mu- 
 tual fire insurance companies. 32 
 L.E.A. 485. 
 
 Estoppel to deny execution of note in state 
 where it is dated and payable. 2 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 299. 
 
 Liability for permitting undelivered note 
 to get into circulation. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 212. 
 
 Liability of bank for taking draft in pay- 
 ment of paper held for collection. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1179. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to. 40 L.E.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 § 2. What are. 
 
 ! Order as note. 3 L.E.A. 50.* 
 What is a letter of credit. 7 L.E.A. 209.* 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 103 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, I. a— cont'd 
 § 3. Nature; form. 
 
 Nature of bank draft. 23 L.E.A. 173. 
 
 Nature of drafts bv one bank on anotlier. 
 23 L.E.A. 173." 
 
 Kinds of notes of members of mutual fire 
 insurance companies. 32 L.R.A. 483. 
 
 Drawn in blank; right to fill blanks. 1 
 L.R.A. 648.* 
 
 As subjects of book acccount. 52 L.R.A. 
 712. 
 
 Proof of, as fixed liability under bank- 
 ruptcy act. 54 L.R.A. 373. 
 
 Effect of marginal letters or figures in bill 
 or note otherwise blank as to amount. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 879. 
 
 Memorandum on back of, at time of execu- 
 tion as substantive part thereof. 15 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 612. 
 
 When may a note or indorsement thereon, 
 executed with the formalities of a will, 
 but not couched in formal testamentary 
 phraseology, be given effect as a. will? 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 43. 
 
 § 4. As subject of levy. 
 
 Liability of promissory note to levy and 
 seizure under attachment or execution. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1235. , 
 
 § 5. Effect of giving or accepting. 
 
 What law governs as to collateral effect of 
 instrument. 61 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 Effect of debtor's note as accord and satis- 
 faction. 20 L.R.A. 791. 
 
 Bank draft as an assignment of funds 
 drawn upon bank. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 83. 
 
 Giving note as loss or damage within con- 
 tract of indemnitv. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 478; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 
 Effect of executing promissory note for 
 services of relative or member of house- 
 hold already performed. 11 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 910.' 
 
 Effect of notes of members of mutual fire 
 insurance companies. 32 L.R.A. 483. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 830. 
 
 Effect of extrinsic promise to sign a note 
 or bill. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 175. 
 
 § 6. — by partnership or member 
 thereof. 
 
 See Pabtxebship, §§ 9, 12, 32, 39, 45. 
 
 § 7. Effect of attaching draft to bill of 
 lading. 
 
 Effect of drawing draft against bill of lad- 
 ing, upon passing of title to property. 
 22 L.R.A. 423. 
 
 Effect of attaching draft to, to prevent title 
 passing upon delivery of goods to car- 
 rier. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1078. 
 
 Eights and liabilities of assignee of bill 
 of lading with draft attached as against 
 assignee who does not get the goods or 
 finds them defective. 49 L.R.A. 679; 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 242; 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1221; .32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1173. 
 
 § 8. Signature to. 
 
 Use of initials in signing or indorsing com- 
 mercial paper. 14 L.R.A. 693. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, T. a— cont'd 
 Signing by proxy. 22 L.R.A. 297. 
 Signing by mark. 2'2 L.R.A. 372. 
 Signing as surety for surety. 21 L.R.A. 
 247. 
 
 §9. — duty to know, and guaranty of. 
 
 In case of indorsement or transfer, see infra, 
 
 §§31, 32. 
 Drawee's duty to know signature of drawer. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 635. 
 Guaranty by surety of other signatures. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 315. 
 
 h. Yalidity generally ; character of par- 
 ties; forgery; delivery. 
 
 §10. Generally. 
 
 Validity of note based on compromise of 
 
 illegal contract. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 568. 
 Note given for money lost at play. 7 
 
 L.R.A. 705.* 
 Note given as a forfeit or as collateral to 
 an invalid oral agreement within stat- 
 ute of frauds. 18 L.R.A. 142. 
 Validity of stipulation for attorney's fee. 
 
 7 L.R.A. 445.* 
 Validity of provision that money shall be 
 paid to obligee only and not to his 
 estate. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1239. 
 Note procured by threats oif prosecution of 
 
 relative. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 484. 
 Execution of, on Sunday. 14 L.R.A. 193. 
 Validity of note partly made on Sunday 
 and perfected on secular day. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1151. 
 Notes given for patent rights. 20 L.R.A. 
 605. 
 Where the patent is invalid. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 605. 
 Failure of consideration. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 605. 
 As to recording and defective assign- 
 ments. 20 L.R.A. 606. 
 As to notice to the holder affecting the 
 validity of the note. 20 L.R.A. 
 606. 
 As to statutory restrictions. 20 L.R.A. 
 606. 
 Renewal of note by insane person. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 274. 
 Liability of one whose signature to com- 
 mercial paper is secured by trick or 
 fraud. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1075. 
 Implied or apparent authority of agent to 
 take note payable to himself. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 341. 
 
 §11. Authority to execute. 
 
 Authority to indorse, see infra, § 27. 
 Powers of corporation as to, see Corpoka- 
 
 TIONS, § 30. 
 Rights and powers of corporate officers as 
 
 to, see CoEPORATioNS, § 45. 
 Powers of guardian as to, see Guabdian 
 
 AND Wasd, § 6. 
 Powers of partners as to, see Paetnee- 
 
 SHIP, §§ 9, 32, 39, 45. 
 Authority of agent, see Principal and 
 
 Aqext, § 17. 
 
 Power of building association to issue ne- 
 gotiable paper. 43 L.R.A. 4] 9. 
 
104 
 
 IXDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 BILLS AND XOTES, I. b— cont'd 
 § 12. Who liable. 
 
 Liability of corporate officer on, see COK- 
 
 POEATIONS, § 5.5. 
 Liability of partnership or its members on, 
 
 see Partneeship, § 12. 
 Liability of principal, see Principal and 
 
 Agknt. §§ 16-18. 
 Liability of agent, see Principal axd 
 
 Agent, § 41. 
 
 Liability of public officers on negotiable 
 paper. 15 L.R.A. 532. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence to show 
 wlio is liable as maker of a note. 20 
 L.R.A. 70.5. 
 
 Liability on infant's note for necessary sup- 
 plies. 5 L.R.A. 177;* 12 L.R.A. 859.* 
 
 § 13. tJse of fictitious names. 
 Payment of check made payable to fictitious 
 person, see Banks, § 25. 
 
 Fictitious person as party to negotiable 
 
 paper. 6 L.R.A. 626.* 
 Fictitious names as affecting validity of. 
 39 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 Of makers and drawers. 39 L.R.A. 
 425. 
 
 Of payees. 39 L.R.A. 426. 
 Right of bona fide holder of paper with 
 
 fictitious name. 6 L.R.A. 023.* 
 When negotiable instrument is deemed pay- 
 able to order of fictitious person 
 within rule regarding such an in- 
 strument as payable to bearer. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 499. 
 
 Necessity that party sought to be 
 charged be aware of fictitious 
 character of payee. 22 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 499. 
 
 Use of name of real person in designat- 
 ing name of payee. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) S06. 
 
 Mere misnomer or mistake in name 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 506. 
 
 Designation of payee in form not im- 
 porting a person. 22 L.R.A. (NS) 
 507. 
 
 Dissolved firm; nonexistent corpora- 
 tion. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 507. 
 By Avliom action to be brought on instru- 
 ment to fictitious payee. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 60.5. 
 
 Forgery of instruments executed in name 
 of fictitious person. 24 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 § 11. N^ote payable to impostor. 
 
 Use of fictitious name, see supra, § 13. 
 Payment of check to impostor, see Banks 
 § 25. 
 
 Who must bear loss when check or bill is 
 issued to impostor. 50 L.R.A 75- 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 514; 38 L.R.A (N IS) 
 
 iin. ■ '' 
 
 \Yho must bear loss where check or draft 
 IS purchased or paid upon the spurious 
 indorsement of one who bears the same 
 name as the payee or indorsee 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1101. 
 Begin uith tlzis hook on every law question. 
 
 BILLS AND XOTES, I. b — cont'd 
 § 15. Character of parties. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to character of parties. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 668. 
 Character under uniform negotiable instru- 
 ments law, of one who places his name 
 on the back of a note prior to, or at 
 the time of, delivery. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 842. 
 Effect of negotiable instruments law on 
 personal liability of one who signs con- 
 tract by adding words indicating repre- 
 sentative capacity to his signature. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 9. 
 Personal liability of one signing note by 
 adding words indicating representative 
 capacity to his signature. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1. 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to vary lia- 
 bility of irregular party to bill or note 
 from that declared by the negotiable 
 instruments act. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 136. 
 Acknowledgment by payee, in indorsement, 
 of liability as maker. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 400. 
 Power of bank officer to bind bank by agree- 
 ment varying the liability of parties 
 to commercial paper from that im- 
 ported on its face. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 511. 
 Power of bank officer to bind bank by agree- 
 ment that liability of party to commer- 
 cial paper shall not be enforced. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 501. 
 
 § 16. Forgery. 
 
 Alteration of, see Alteration of Instru- 
 ments. 
 
 Liability of bank for paying forged check, 
 see Banks, § 24. 
 
 Of check, see Checks, § 12. 
 
 Forgery of as a crime, see FoBGERT. 
 
 Forgery by obtaining signature through 
 
 trick or fraud. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1075. 
 
 Acceptance of forged paper. 7 L.R.A. 596.* 
 
 Liability of maker or drawer on raised 
 
 negotiable paper. 22 L.R.A. 686. 
 Duty of indorser, maker, or surety to see 
 that spaces on commercial paper are 
 filled so as to prevent raisine. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 402. 
 Ratification of forgery; estoppel to assert. 
 
 12 L.R.A. 140;* 36 L.R.A. 539. 
 Ratification of forged instrument. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1006. 
 Liability of person whose signature 
 forged on commercial paper. 
 L.R.A. 539. 
 Generally. 36 L.R.A. 539. 
 On forged checks. 36 L.R.A. 539 
 Estoppel and ratification. 36 LRA 
 539. ■ ■ ■ 
 
 By a promise. 36 L.R.A. 539 
 By silence. 36 L.R.A. 540. 
 By benefit to alleged maker. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 541. 
 By prejudice to holder 
 541. 
 
 On account of other transactions, 
 
 36 L.R.A. 542. 
 By adoption. 36 L.R.A. 542. 
 
 36 
 
 is 
 36 
 
 36 L.R.A. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 105 
 
 BTTJ.S AXD XOTES, I. b— cont'd 
 
 Forgerj' of renewal obligation as affecting 
 orlgnal agreement. 33 L.R.A. 628. 
 
 Liability upon paper given in renewal of 
 forged paper. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3234. 
 
 Forgery of part of signatures of makers or 
 sureties as defense against bona fide 
 holder by makers whose signatures 
 were genuine. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 426. 
 
 Payment in forged paper. 1 L.R.A. 199.* 
 
 Right of drawee of forged paper to recover 
 money paid thereon. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 49: 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1308; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 100. 
 
 Delay in giving notice of forgery as estoppel 
 of true owner to recover against party 
 who has paid paper on a forged indorse- 
 ment. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 653. 
 
 § 17. DeliTery. 
 
 Necessity of. 6 L.R.A. 470.* 
 
 Taking effect from delivery. 6 L.R.A. 469;* 
 13 L.R.A. 52.* 
 
 Commercial paper as an escrow. 5 L.R.A. 
 697.* 
 
 Conditional delivery. 43 L.R.A. 480. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to show de- 
 livery upon condition. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 288. 
 
 Agreement for other signatures before de- 
 livery. 45 L.R.A. 343. 
 
 c. Consideration. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Failure of consideration as a defense, see 
 infra, § 66. 
 
 Gift of promissory note. 26 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 Gift of check. 18 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 Implication of. 12 L.R.A. 845.* , 
 
 Effect of absence of phrase "for value re- 
 ceived." 12 L.R.A. 846.* 
 
 For notes of members of mutual fire insur- 
 ance companies. 32 L.R.A. 484. 
 
 False representations as to. 10 L.R.A. 676.* 
 
 Reference to consideration for draft as 
 making acceptance conditional. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 747. 
 
 Liability upon paper given in renewal of 
 forged paper. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1234. 
 
 Consideration for note, payment of which 
 depends on termination of life. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1019. 
 
 Cancelation of invalid contract as consider- 
 ation. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725. 
 
 Right of bona fide holder to enforce note 
 which does not indicate nature of its 
 consideration as required by statute. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 
 Effect of knowledge of consideration by pur- 
 chaser of note which did not indicate 
 the nature of its consideration as re- 
 quired by statute. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1057. 
 
 d. Negotiability. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Of check, see Checks, § 4. 
 Effect of mortgage on negotiability, see 
 Mortgage, § 26. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, I. d— cont'd 
 
 \A'hat law governs as to. 61 L.R.A. 20r>; 
 
 19 L.R,A.(N.S.) 667. 
 Effect of negotiable character of note se- 
 cured by junior mortgage on necessity 
 of making assignee of such mortgage 
 a party to a suit for foreclosure of 
 senior mortgage. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 434. 
 As affected bv transfer after maturity. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 753. 
 Reference to extrinsic agreement as affect- 
 ing. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 40. 
 Where reference subjects paper to 
 terms of agreement. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 40. 
 Where reference to consideri,tion or 
 origin of transaction. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 43. 
 Reservation of title of property as affecting 
 negotiability of note for purchase 
 price. 43 L.R.A. 277. 
 General rule. 43 L.R.A. 277. 
 Modifications of the rule. 43 L.R.A. 
 
 278. 
 Effect of statutes. 43 L.R.A. 279. 
 Michigan decisions. 43 L.R.A. 279. 
 Effect of blank indorsement to impart ne- 
 gotiability to non-negotiable instru- 
 ment. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804. 
 Effect of seal. 35 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Note of corporation. 35 L.R.A. 606. 
 Ignoring seal. 35 L.R.A. 607. 
 Statutes. 35 L.R.A. 608. 
 Provision for renewal as affecting. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 234. 
 Certainty as to payment; payment in money 
 only. 3 L.R.A. 50.* 
 
 § 20. What instruments are negotiable. 
 
 What instruments are negotiable. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 537;* 8 L.R.A. 393.* 
 Check. 26 L.R.A. 568. 
 Note payable in foreign money. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 481. 
 Note secured by mortgage as affected by pro- 
 visions in mortgage. 35 L.R.A. 536. 
 Note payable to trustee. 35 L.R.A. 678; 
 
 1 L.'R.A.(N.S.) 188. 
 Note payable out of particular fund. 35 
 L.R.A. 647; 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 
 Orders payable out of particular fund 
 not bills of exchange. 35 L.R.A. 
 647. 
 
 Analogous rulings. 35 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 Money payable absolutely. 35 L.R.A. 
 649. 
 
 Draft against consignments. 35 L.R.A. 
 650. 
 Bonds issued by railroad companies. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 299.* 
 Coupon bonds. 1 L.R.A. 299.* 
 Certificates of stock. 12 L.R.A. 781.* 
 Postoffiee money orders. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 143. 
 
 § 21. Certainty as to time. 
 
 As affected by uncertainty of time of ma- 
 turity. I L.R.A.(N.S.) 1120. 
 
 As affected by provision permitting exten- 
 sion of time. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 878; 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 738. 
 
106 
 
 TKDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 BILLS AXD XOTES, L d— cont'd 
 
 Of note payable "on or before" a certain 
 
 date, il L.R.A. 749.* 
 Provision accelerating maturity as affecting 
 
 negotiabilitv. 35 L.R.A.(X.S.) 
 
 390. 
 Option of maker. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 39^0. 
 Unconditional option of holder. 3u 
 
 L.E.A.(X.,S.) :!91. 
 Failure to pav instalment. 35 L.E.A. 
 (X.S.') 391. 
 
 In general. 35 L.E.A. (X.S.) 391. 
 
 Instalments of interest. 35 L.E.A. 
 (X.S.) 391. 
 Upon failure to comply with conditions 
 
 of mortgage. 35 L.E.A. (X.S.) 391. 
 Failure to furnisli additional security. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(X.S.) 392. 
 When payee deems himself insecure. 
 
 35 L.E.A.(X.S.) 392. 
 Attempt to dispose of collateral secu- 
 rity. .35 L.E.A.(X.S.) 393. 
 If amount is made out of certain sales. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(X.S.) 393. 
 Miscellaneous provisions. 35 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 393. 
 Xegotiability of note payment of which de- 
 pends on termination of life. 27 
 
 L.E.A. (X.S.) 3017. 
 Generally. 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1017. 
 Certainty as to time. 27 L.E.A. (X.S.) 
 
 1018. 
 Consideration. 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1019. 
 Other cases. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1020. 
 
 § 22. Certainty as to amount. 
 
 Provision for exchange as affecting. 27 
 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 Payments indorsed on note as affecting. 
 38 L,E.A. 823. 
 
 Effect of stipulation for attorney's fee. 1 
 L.E.A. 547;* 3 L.E.A. 51.* 
 
 Effect of stipulation for attorneys' fees in 
 mortgage upon negotiability of note se- 
 cured thereby. 26 L.E.A. (X.S.) 217. 
 
 Xegotiability as affected by provision for 
 discount in event of payment before 
 maturity. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 177. 
 
 § 23. Effect of recital as to security. 
 
 Where note considered separate from instru- 
 ment of security. 32 L.E.A. (NS) 
 858. 
 
 W"\ ri I- transferred with security which con- 
 tains no provisions affecting negotia- 
 bility. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 861 
 
 Wliere note and security are transferred 
 together, and the "security contains 
 non-negotiable provisions. "32 LEA 
 I X.S.) 862. ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Where provision in mortgage relates to se- 
 curity, and not to the note. 32 LEA 
 (X.S.) 865. ■ ' ' 
 
 Where note contains on its face provision 
 for security. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 86fi. 
 
 //. Acceptance. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 What law governs as to mode 
 ance. 61 L.E.A. 196. 
 
 of accept- 
 
 BILLS AXD XOTES, II.— cont'd 
 
 What law governs as to liability of, and 
 defenses available to, acceptor. 61 
 L.E.A. 206; 19 L.E.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 
 Acceptance of forged paper. 7 L.E.A. 596.* 
 
 Acceptance by telegram. 2 L.E.A. 709.* 
 
 Effect of acceptance of bill payable at 
 bank. 2 L.E.A. 709.* 
 
 Sufficiency and effect of acceptance. 1 
 L.R.A. 648;* 7 L.E.A. 209.' 
 
 Reference to consideration for draft as mak- 
 ing acceptance conditional. 38 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 747. 
 
 Detention of bill of exchange or check by 
 drawee as acceptance thereof. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1266. 
 
 Liability of principal on acceptance by 
 agent as such. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1076. 
 
 Personal liability of one who signs note as 
 acceptor by adding words indicating 
 representative capacity to his signature. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 28, 33, 44. 
 
 Eight of accommodation acceptor who has 
 been obliged to pay bill or note to re- 
 cover from accommodated party. 37 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 Duty of drawee of bill or cheek to know 
 signature of drawer. 10 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 69. 
 
 § 2 5. Promise to accept. 
 
 Promise to accept. 2 L.E.A. 709.* 
 Validity of parol promise to accept an or- 
 der or bill of exchange. 26 L.R.A. 
 620. 
 Orders and bills drawn. 26 L.R.A. 620. 
 Orders and bills not drawn. 26 L.E.A. 
 620. 
 Liability of bank on claimed contract of 
 acceptance external to check. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1148. 
 
 III. Indorsement and 
 erally. 
 
 transfers gen- 
 
 §2 6. Generally. 
 
 Eights of one to whom, paper is transferred 
 without indorsement, see infra, § 37. 
 
 Of check, see Checks, § 6. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, 
 see Evidence, § 97. 
 
 Parol evidence as to purpose of, see Evi- 
 DEXCE, §§ 170, 171. 
 
 Sale of pledged paper, see Pledge and Col- 
 
 LATEBAL SECURITY, § 13. 
 
 Bequest of notes, see Wills, § 128. 
 
 Parol evidence as affecting indorsement. 
 13 L.E.A. 52.* 
 
 Injunction against negotiation of note. 
 28 L.E.A. 577. 
 
 Effect of sale of note with particular de- 
 scription. 35 L.E.A.(X.S.) 278. 
 
 Validity and effect of sale of, or agreement 
 to sell, commercial paper to one pri- 
 marily liable thereon. 35 L.R A (XS ) 
 820. ■\ ■ -I 
 
 Liability of one who .signs note as indors- 
 er adding words indicating representa- 
 tive capacity to his signature. 42 
 
 Beoim.itH tuisbooic on every la^ question.'^''- < ^■^- > ''' ''' '' 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 107 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, III.— cont'd 
 
 Indorsement by one of two joint payees or 
 indorsees of a bill or note. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 630. 
 
 Liability of indorser wlio, after receiving re- 
 indorsement, transfers the note for 
 value without canceling his indorse- 
 ment. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 260. 
 
 Acknowledgment by pavee in indorsement 
 of liability as maker. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 400. 
 
 Effect of transfer of negotiable instrument 
 to secure money for gambling purposes. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 627. 
 
 Effect of blank indorsement to impart ne- 
 gotiability to non-negotiable instru- 
 ment. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804. 
 
 Indorser's duty to see that spaces on com- 
 mercial paper are filled so as to prevent 
 raising. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 402. 
 
 Who must bear loss when check or bill in- 
 dorsed to impostor. 50 L.R.A. 75; 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 514; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 nil. 
 
 Who must bear loss where cheek or draft 
 is purchased or paid upon the spurious 
 indorsement of one who bears the same 
 name as payee or indorsee. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) llOi. ' 
 
 What law governs as to suflSciency of in- 
 dorsement or assignment. 61 L.R.A. 
 222. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to the validity of trans- 
 fer of commercial paper. 2 S.Pi.C. 304. 
 
 What law governs as to liability of, and de- 
 fenses available to, drawer or indorser. 
 61 L.R.A. 212. 
 
 What law governs as to necessity of suing 
 primary obligor as condition of hold- 
 ing drawer or indorser. 61 L.R.A. 220. 
 
 § 2 7. Power to transfer or indorse. 
 
 Authority to execute instrument, see supra, 
 
 § 11- 
 Power of agent, see Peincipal and Agent, 
 § 18. 
 
 Powers of president and vice president of 
 corporation as to transfer of negotiable 
 paper. 14 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 Right of pledgee to sell. 4 L.R.A. 857.* 
 
 Right of pledgeor and pledgee in respect of 
 sale of commercial paper. 53 L.R.A. 
 857. 
 
 Taking note from maker or payee as con- 
 structive notice of accommodation char- 
 acter of irregular indorsement and 
 lack of authority for such indorsement. 
 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 525. 
 
 § 2 8. Various forms and purposes of 
 indorsement. 
 
 For collection. 2 L.R.A. 699;" 7 L.R.A. 
 852;* 8 L.R.A. 42.* 
 
 Filling of blanks in notes. 1 L.R.A. 648.* 
 6 L.R.A. 469.* 
 
 Blank indorsement, what is. 1 L.R.A. 712.* 
 
 Eights of owner of negotiable paper in- 
 dorsed in blank as against bona fide 
 purchaser from one unlawfully in pos- 
 session thereof. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 107. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, III.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of indorsement "without recourse." 
 12 L.E.A. 371.* 
 
 Assignment without recourse. 36 L.R.A. 
 119. 
 
 Effect of restrictive indorsements. 12 
 L.R.A. 370.* 
 
 Trust in proceeds of collection by insolvent 
 bank as againet claims of subagent in 
 case of restrictive indorsement. 32 
 L.E:A. 721. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence as between 
 indorser and indorsee that unrestricted 
 indorsement was made merely to trans- 
 fer title to the owner. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 530. 
 
 Eight to show by parol evidence that in- 
 dorsement unrestricted in form was 
 for purpose of collection only. 17 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 838. 
 
 Liability of bank as accommodation indors- 
 er. 23 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 § 2 9. —regular indorsement. 
 
 What law governs as to character and lia- 
 bility of irregular indorser. 61 L.R.A. 
 200; 19 L.R.A.(N.S;) 668. 
 Liability of a stranger who indorses com- 
 mercial paper before delivery. 18 
 L.R.A. 33. 
 Distinction between negotiable and 
 non-negotiable instruments. 18 
 L.R.A. 34. 
 Presumption as to date of signature. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 35. 
 Intention of the parties controls liabil- 
 ity. 18 L.R.A. 35. 
 Intention may be shown by parol. 18 
 L.R.A. 36. 
 Taking note from maker or payee as con- 
 structive notice of accommodation char- 
 acter of irregular indorsement and 
 lack of authority for such indorsement. 
 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) '525. 
 Character under uniform negotiable instru- 
 ment law of one who places name on 
 back of note prior to or at time of 
 delivery. 14 L.E.A.(N.S.) 842. 
 
 §30. Assignor as indorser. 
 
 Assignment merely an indorsement. 36 
 
 L.E.A. 117. 
 Assignor not an indorser. 36 L.E.A. 318. 
 Assignment on separate paper. 36 L.E.A. 
 
 118. 
 Assignment with guaranty of payment. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 119. 
 Without recourse. 36 L.E.A. 119. 
 Special statutes. 36 L.R.A. 119. 
 
 §31. Guaranty generally. 
 
 Guaranty of signature generally, see supra, 
 
 § 9. 
 Assignment with guaranty of payment. 36 
 
 L.E.A. 119. 
 Transfer of title to note by indorsement in 
 form of guaranty. 36 L.E.A. 232; 
 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1009. 
 Guaranty on separate paper. 36 
 L.R.A. 233. 
 Effect of indorsement of negotiable paper 
 to transfer guaranty. 12 L.E.A. 270.* 
 
108 
 
 IISTDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, III.— cont'd 
 Implied warranty by one passing worthless 
 paper of third person without indorse- 
 ment. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 542. 
 When contract of guaranty of commercial 
 paper covers renewals. 16 L.E.A. 
 (X.S.) 775. 
 
 g 32. Implied warranty of genuine- 
 ness. 
 
 Guaranty of signature generally, see supra, 
 
 § 9. 
 Guaranty by surety of genuineness of other 
 signatures, see Principal and Suhety, 
 § 7. 
 
 Right of indorser to question maker's sig- 
 nature. 12 L.R.A. 434.* 
 Implied warranty of genuineness upon sale 
 
 of negotiable paper. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 92; 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 542. 
 Exceptional cases. 36 L.R.A. 93. 
 Liability of vendor. 36 L.R.A. 94. 
 Sale by agent. 36 L.R.A. 95. 
 Knowledge of defect. 36 L.R.A. 95. 
 Effect of special contract. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 95. 
 Analogous rulings. 36 L.R.A. 95. 
 Effect of delay. 36 L.R.A. 96. 
 By one transferring note of third person 
 without indorsement. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 542. 
 
 § 33a. Indorsement of forged instru- 
 ments. 
 
 Of forged instrument as uttering or pub- 
 lishing. 8 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1178. 
 
 Indorser's duty to see that spaces on com- 
 mercial paper are filled so as to prevent 
 raising. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 402. 
 
 g 33, Liability for transferring note to 
 bona fide holder so as to cut off 
 defenses. 
 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. 519. 
 
 Gutting off defense of indorser. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 520. 
 Effect of rule as to parties in ■pwri delicto, 
 
 27 L.R.A. 520. ,; 
 
 Form of action. 27 L.R.A. 521. I 
 
 § 34. Discharge of indorser. 
 
 By non-presenting or delay in presenting, 
 see infra, V. 
 
 By renewal or extension of time, see in- 
 fra, § 57. 
 
 Discharge of surety, see Principai, and 
 
 SUBETY, §§ 10-18. 
 
 Effect upon indorser or surety of bank's 
 failure to apply principal's deposit ac- 
 count upon note. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 944. 
 
 Payment voidable under bankruptcy act as 
 discharge of surety, guarantor, or in- 
 dorser. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 581. 
 
 Release of drawer or indorser by certifica- 
 tion of check. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 698. 
 
 IT. Rights of transferees. 
 
 a. Extent of rights and protection gen- 
 erally. 
 
 § 35. Generally. 
 
 What law governs. 61 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Right of transferee of void note. 6 L.R.A. 
 502.* 
 
 Right of action at law against indorser on 
 destroyed bill or note. 16 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of assignee of bill of 
 lading with draft attached, as against 
 consignee who does not get the goods or 
 finds them defective. 49 L.R.A. 679; 
 1 -L.R.A. (N.S.) 242; 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1221; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Lien of mortgage securing negotiable in- 
 struments assigned before maturity as 
 affected by payment to payee without 
 knowledge of assignment. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 577. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof in action 
 by purchaser. 17 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 § 3 6. Paper transferred after ma- 
 turity. 
 
 Right of set off, see infra, § 68a. 
 
 Effect of transfer after maturity on nego- 
 tiability. 46 L.R.A. 753. 
 Rights acquired under transfer. 46 L.R.A. 
 754. 
 
 The general doctrine. 46 L.R.A. 754. 
 
 Different statements of the rule. 46 
 L.R.A. 757. 
 
 The correct rule. 46 L.R.A. 760. 
 Defenses which maker may make. 46 L.R.A. 
 760. 
 
 General rules as to right to defend. 
 46 L.R.A. 760. 
 
 Want or failure of consideration. 
 46 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 Illegal consideration. 46 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 Usury. 46 L.R.A. 767. 
 
 Fraud in inception. 46 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 Violation of contemporaneous agree- 
 ment. 46 L.R.A. 769. 
 
 That it was partnership paper. 46 
 L.R.A. 771. 
 
 That it was accommodation paper. 46 
 L.R.A. 772. 
 
 That it was intended for collateral se- 
 curity. 46 L.R.A. 774. 
 
 That it had been lost or stolen. 46 
 L.R.A. 775. 
 
 That transfer was unauthorized. 46 
 L.R.A. 776. 
 
 That debt had been attached or gar- 
 nished. 46 L.R.A. 778. 
 
 Payment. 46 L.R.A. 778. 
 
 As a defense generally. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 778. 
 Payment by person only second- 
 arily liable. 46 L.R.A. 781. 
 Effect of reissue after pavment. 
 46 L.R.A. 782. 
 
 Right of the transferee to sue 46 
 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Equities of intermediate holders. 46 L R A 
 783. ■ ■ 
 
 Exception as to paper taken from bona fide 
 
 holder. 46 L.R.A. 784 
 Exception as to collateral matters. 46 
 L.R.A. 787. 
 The general rule. 46 L.R.A. 787 
 What matters are collateral— instances. 
 46 L.R.A. 787. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 109 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Exceptions as to set-offs and eounlov- 
 claims. 46 L.R.A. 790. 
 The general rule. 46 L.R.A. 790. 
 Under statvites as to set-off of mutual 
 
 claims. 46 L.R.A. 792. 
 Under special statutes. 46 L.R.A. 794. 
 Equitable set-offs. 40 L.R.A. 796. 
 Interposition of set-off against set-off. 
 
 46 L.R.A. 797. 
 Effect of agreement for set-off. 46 
 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Exception as to instruments drawn pay- 
 able without defalcation or discount. 
 46 L.E.A. 799. 
 
 Effect of dishonor as to interest, instal- 
 ments or part of a series. 46 L.R.A. 
 799. 
 
 Effect of transfer and indorsement at dif- 
 ferent times. 46 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 Effect of extension of time. 46 L.R.A. 
 S02. ■ 
 
 Effect of renewal of note. 46 L.R.A. 802. 
 
 Effect of action brought. 46 L.R.A. 803. 
 
 Rights of holder against indorser. 46 
 L.R.A. 803. 
 General rules as to effect of transfer. 
 
 46 L.R.A. 803. 
 Demand and notice to charge indorse!-. 
 46 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 Special rules based on character of the in- 
 strument. 46 L.R.A. 807. 
 On demand notes. 46 L.R.A. 807. 
 Checks. 46 L.R.A. 808. 
 Certificates of deposit. 46 L.R.A. 809. 
 Negotiable bonds. 46 L.R.A. 810. 
 
 Actions against transferees to enforce equi- 
 ties. 46 L.R.A. 811. 
 
 Proof with reference to equities. 46 L.R.A. 
 812. 
 
 Title and right to overdue note as between 
 one who was induced by fraud to trans- 
 fer it, and one who in good faith bought 
 of the fraudulent transferee. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 767. 
 
 Effect of transfer, after maturity, of ac- 
 commodation paper which has been di- 
 verted from the use for which it was in- 
 tended by the accommodating party. 
 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1034. 
 
 § 3 7. Paper transferred without in- 
 dorsement. 
 
 Warranty on transfer of third person's note 
 without indorsement, see Sale, § 2!). 
 
 Right of transferee, without indorsement, 
 of bill or note payable or indorsed to 
 order of transferi-er, to protection as a 
 bona fide purchaser. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1105. 
 Holder of unindorsed note as real party in 
 interest within the meaning of stat- 
 utes defining the parties by whom the 
 action must be Ijrought. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1113. 
 Effect of transfer, without indorsement, of 
 worthless check, or note of third 
 person. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 510. 
 Transfers on account of antecedent 
 debts. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 511. 
 C'onxnlt alfo L,.B..l. Digests to date. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Transfers on contemporary contracts. 
 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 518. 
 Distinguishing antecedent debts from 
 contemporary contracts. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 525. 
 Bank obligations. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 526. 
 Circulating notes. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 526. 
 Bills of exchange. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 534. 
 Certified checks. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 530. 
 Debit and credit entries. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 537. 
 Recipient's conduct. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 538. 
 Choice between money and pajjer. 
 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 538. 
 Giving receipt. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 539. 
 Surrendering evidences. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 539. 
 Crediting in books of account. 10 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 539. 
 Negotiating the paper. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 540. 
 Laches. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 540. 
 Implied warranties by the passer of 
 paper. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 Title. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 Genuineness. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 Validity. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 544. 
 Ignorance of infirmity. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 5-!4. , 
 
 Usury. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 540. 
 Solvency. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 Accommodation paper. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 548. 
 Liabilities assumed in transferring 
 commercial paper. IQ L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 548. 
 Rights acquired by transferee. 10- 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. 
 Relations of party passing to makers 
 of paper passed. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 549. 
 Joint debtors or contractors. 10 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. 
 Principal and agent. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 550. 
 Suspension of remedies. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 551. 
 Executory contracts. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 551. 
 Right to rescind the taking of worth- 
 less paper. 10 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 552. 
 Conclusion. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 553. 
 
 § 38. Of bona fide holders. 
 
 Injunction against negotiation of note in 
 hands of. 28 L.R.A. 579. 
 
 Liability for transferring note to bona fide 
 holder so as to cut off defenses. 27 
 L.R.A. 519. 
 
 Rights of bona fide purchaser of note de- 
 clared void by statute. 16 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 Right of bona fide purchaser of paper with 
 fictitious name used. 6 L.R.A. 625.* 
 
 Right of bona fide holder of promissory note 
 of insane person. 35 L.R.A'. 16l" 
 
110 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Eights of bona fide holder without notice 
 ° of alteration of note by inserting place 
 of payment. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 648. 
 
 Liability to bona fide purchaser of note 
 getting into circulation without maker's 
 consent. .3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 212. 
 
 Effect of putting paper or securities trans- 
 ferable by delivery or indorsed in blank 
 into another's possession to estop own- 
 er as against purchaser in good faith. 
 20 L.E.A.(N.S.) 252. 
 
 Eight of bona fide holder to enforce note 
 which does not indicate the nature of 
 its consideration as required by stat- 
 ute. 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 842. 
 
 Effect of detachment of paper attached to 
 bill or note and modifying the terms 
 thereof on rights of sulisequent bona 
 fide purchaser. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 263. 
 
 Rights of owner of negotiable paper, payable 
 to bearer, or indorsed in blank, as 
 against bona fide purchaser from one 
 unlawfully in possession thereof. 19 
 L.E.A.(N;S.) 107. 
 
 Eight of drawee of forged check or draft 
 to recover money paid thereon from 
 bona fide holder for value. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 51. 
 
 Forgery of part of signatures of makers or 
 sureties on note as defense against bona 
 fide holder bv makers whose signatures 
 were genuine. 13 L.E.A. (N.S.) 420. 
 
 Eights of transferee after maturity of paper 
 taken from bona fide holder. 46 L.E.A. 
 784. 
 
 Rights of pavee of note after repurchasing 
 from bona fide holder. 54 L.E.A. 673'. 
 
 § 38a. — effect of fraud in e-xecutlon or 
 character of paper. 
 
 Fraud in obtaining the execution of a note 
 as a defense against a bona fide 
 holder. 36 L.E.A. 434. 
 
 No relief in equity. 36 L.R.A. 435. 
 
 Exception where maker was misled as 
 1 to character of paper. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 435. 
 
 The maker must not be guiltv of negli- 
 gence. 36 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 What is negligence. 36 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 Intention to sign note. 36 L.E.A. 439. 
 
 Rule not applicable to noncommercial 
 paper. 36 L.R.A. 439. 
 
 General rule applicable to sureties. 36 
 L.R.A. 439. 
 
 Efi'ect of statutes. 36 L.E.A. 439. 
 
 Riglit of assignee of bona fide holder. 
 36 L.R.A. 441. 
 
 Amount of recovery. .S6 L.R.A. 441. 
 
 Eegular course of business. 36 L.E..-\. 
 441. 
 Deception as to character of paper signed 
 
 as defense against bona fide bolder of 
 
 negotiable paper. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 776. 
 Title and right to overdue note as between 
 
 Oi e who was induced by fraud to trans- 
 
 ff r it and one who in good faith bougl;t 
 
 cf fraudulent transferee. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 767. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTICS, IV.— cont'd 
 b. Who protected ar, bona fide 
 cliasers. 
 
 pur- 
 
 Begin with this hooli on every law question 
 
 §3 9. Generally. 
 
 What law governs. 61 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 Effect of exchange of commercial pa])er to 
 constitute one a holder in due course 
 for value. 17 L.E.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 
 Principal as bona fide holder of bill or note 
 passing through agent's hands. 5 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 628. 
 
 Intoxication of maker as affecting bona 
 fide holder. 54 L.R.A. 451. 
 
 Does the fact that a negotiable instruinent 
 was, contrary to agreement, transferred 
 before the happening of a certain con- 
 tingency, impose the burden of proof 
 as to bona fides upon the holder. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 718. 
 
 Right of one who takes commercial paper 
 of corporation in payment of, an. indi- 
 vidual debt of officer. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 169. 
 
 Eight of transferee without indorsement of 
 bill or note payable to order of trans- 
 ferrer to protection as a bona fide pur- 
 chaser. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1105. 
 
 Burden of proof as to bona fides of trans- 
 feree of warehouse receipts for prop- 
 erty secured by fraud. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 801. 
 
 § 40. Persons taking as collateral se- 
 curity. 
 
 Holder of bill or note as collateral security 
 
 as a bona fide holder. 31 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 287. 
 
 For pre-existing debt. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 288. 
 
 The Federal rule. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 288. 
 The New York rule. 31 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 292. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 292. 
 Effect of negotiable instru- 
 ment law. 31 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 293. 
 Origin of the conflict between Fed- 
 eral and New York rules. 31 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 Accommodation paper. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 296. 
 Subsequent equities. 31 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 298. 
 E.xtension of time. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 298. 
 Surrender of other collateral or 
 other rights. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 299. 
 For contemporaneous or future debt. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 Right of one taking commercial paper of 
 corporation as security for individual 
 debt of officer. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1.60. 
 Is holder of note as collateral security en- 
 titled to the rights of a bona fide holder 
 when principal obligation is collectable. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1042. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 Ill 
 
 31T.LS AKD NOTES, IV. b— cont'd 
 § -It. Effect of alteration of note on 
 bona fldcs. 
 
 Effect of alteration, generally, see Alter- 
 ation OF Insthumekts. 
 
 In general. 35 L.E.A. 464. 
 Reasons of the rule. 35 L.R.A. 405. 
 Illustrations. 35 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 Change in place of payment. 35 L.R.A. 
 465. 
 
 Change in date. 35 L.R.A, 466. 
 
 Adding interest clause. 35 L.R..-\. 40'i 
 
 Removal of condition. 35 L.R.A. 4Gli. 
 
 Reducing amount of note. ,').■) L.R.A. 
 467. 
 
 Raising amount of note. 35 L.R.A. 407. 
 Alteration must be material. 35 L.R.A. 407. 
 Corrections. 35 L.R.A. 467. 
 Alteration by stranger or by mistake. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 467. 
 Restoration of altered bill. 35 L.R.A. 467. 
 Consent. 35 L.R.A. 467. 
 Persons signing after alteration. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 467. 
 Filling blanks. 35 L.R.A. 467. 
 Leaving blanks will not authorize further 
 
 chanse. 35 L.R.A. 469. 
 Spaces. 35 L.R.A. 469. 
 Clianae apparent on face of note. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 470. 
 Effect of detachment of paper attached to 
 
 bill or note and modifying the terms 
 
 thereof on rights of subsequent bona 
 
 fide purchaser. 22 L.R.A. (X.S.) 263. 
 
 § 4 2. Notice of equities. 
 
 Effect of notice of facts and cireuin stances 
 respecting note. 10 L.R.A. 677:* 12 
 L.R.A. 41.* 
 What circumstances are sufficient to put a 
 
 purchaser of negotiable p^per on 
 
 inquiry. 29 L.R.A.(X.S.) 351. 
 Dealing with an agent. 29 L.R.A'. 
 
 (N.S.) 351. 
 Dealing in partnership paper. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 Corporation paper. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 359. 
 Paper held by trustees, administrators, 
 
 and guardians. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 365. 
 Husband and wife. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 367. 
 Purchase from stranger. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 3C8. 
 Insolvency of prior parties. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 372. 
 Character, reputation, and business of 
 
 indorser. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 373. 
 Date of paper. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 375. 
 Erasures, marks, and defects. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 376. 
 "Without recourse." 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 378. 
 Amount of discount. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 378. 
 Knowledge of consideration. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 380. 
 Publication and notices. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 383. 
 Stolen notes. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 385. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BILLS AND NOT~S, IV. b— cont'd 
 
 Accommodation paper. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 385. 
 Patents. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 385. 
 Negotiable instrument statutes. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 386. 
 
 Erasures, marks and defects on negotiable 
 paper as putting purchaser on inquiry. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 376. 
 
 Use of word "trustee" as imparting notice 
 of right of beneficiaries. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 188. 
 
 Taking note from maker or payee as con- 
 structive notice of the accommodation 
 character of an irregular indorsement 
 and lack of authority for such indorse- 
 ment. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 525. 
 
 Effect of knowledge of consideration by pur- 
 chaser of a note which did not indi- 
 cate the nature of its consideration as 
 required by statute. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1057. 
 
 T''. Presentment; demand; notice; pro- 
 test. 
 
 §43. Generally. 
 
 Of check, see Checks, §§ 9-11. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to dis- 
 honor, see Evidence, § 96. 
 
 What law governs. 61 L.R.A. 216. 
 Banking customs as to demand and notice. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 441. 
 Admissibility in evidence of entries or 
 
 memoranda of notice of dishoijor. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 525. 
 Denial of presentment on information and 
 
 belief. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 778. 
 
 § 44. Necessity. 
 
 Of check, see Checks, § 10. 
 
 Of presentation, demand, and notice. 12 
 L.R.A. 727.* 
 
 What law governs. 61 L.R.A. 216, 217. 
 
 When paper held as collateral or condition- 
 al payment. 68 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 Demand and notice necessary to render de- 
 mand notes overdue. 46 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 In case of death of prior obligor. 23 L.R.A. 
 711. 
 
 Necessity of actual presentation of com- 
 mercial paper to effect its dishonor. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 303. 
 
 Necessity of demand and protest to enable 
 accommodation indorser who has been 
 obliged to pay bill or note to recover 
 fi'om accommodated maker. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 785. 
 
 Effect of loss of check on holder's right 
 to recover against maker without pre- 
 sentment. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 
 § 45. Waiver. 
 
 When paper held as collateral or condition- 
 al payment. 68 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 Sufficiency of moral obligation to sustain 
 new promise after defense of laches. 
 53 L.R.A. 365. 
 
 Effect of statement by indorser to holder 
 that party primarily liable cannot pay, 
 as waiver of presentment to latter. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 
n2 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES. V.— cont'd 
 § 46. —implied waiver. 
 
 Implied waiver of presentment and no- 
 tice by indorser before maturity. 
 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 639. 
 Known insolvency of maker at time of 
 indorsement. 33 L.K.A.(N.S.) 
 640. 
 Indorsing renewal note. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 640. 
 Agreement by indorser to pay. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 640. 
 Extension or request for extension. 
 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 641. 
 Taking security. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 641. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 641. 
 Cases denying waiver. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 642. 
 Cases sustaining waiver. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 643. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 643. 
 Sustaining waiver. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 643. 
 Denying waiver. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 644. 
 
 § 4 7. — necessity for new consider- 
 ation. 
 
 Necessity for new consideration to support 
 
 waiver of failure to give notice. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 305; 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1079. 
 Waiver of laches and presumption of 
 
 diligence. 29 L.R.A. 305. 
 Promise as evidence of notice. 29 
 L.R.A. 307. 
 
 Notice. 29 L.R.A. 307. 
 
 Demand. 29 L.R.A. 307. 
 
 Nonacceptance. 29 L.R.A. 307. 
 Promise as evidence of waiver. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 307. 
 Promise as waiver. 29 L.R.A. 308. 
 What knowledge necessary to effect 
 
 waiver. 29 L.R.A. 309. 
 Sufficiency of promise. 29 L.R.A. 310. 
 
 Conduct from which notice may be 
 inferred. 29 L.R.A. 311. 
 
 Insufficient promise or conduct. 
 29 L.R.A. 311. 
 
 Conditional promise. 29 L.R.A. 
 313. 
 Effect of waiver. 29 L.R.A. 313. 
 Effect of payment or part payment. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 313. 
 Right to contradict presumption of 
 
 notice. 29 L.R.A. 314. 
 Burden of proof. 29 L.R.A. 314. 
 How far knowledge mav be inferred. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 315. 
 As question for court or jury. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 315. 
 Effect of statute. 29 L.R.A. 315. 
 Writing waiver on note. 29 L R 4 
 
 315. 
 Promise as secondary evidence of 
 
 notice actually given. 29 L R A 
 
 315. 
 Necessity for consideration or writing. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 315. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, V.— cont'd 
 § 4 8. Sufficiency; mode; time. 
 
 What law governs. 61 L.R.A. 217,' 218. 
 Banking custom as to demand and notice. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 441. 
 Sufficiency of notice to indorser. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 731.* , 
 
 Note transferred after matuVity. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 804. 
 
 § 49. —to whom given. 
 
 To whom should notice of protest or non- 
 payment be given after appoint- 
 ment of receiver, assignee, or otlier 
 representative of insolvent? 61 
 L.R.A. 900. 
 
 Absence of notice, either to insolvent, 
 or to his representative. 61 L.R.A. 
 900. 
 
 Notice to assignee, or other representa- 
 tive of insolvent. 61 L.R.A. 900. 
 
 Notice to insolvent maker, indorser, ov 
 accommodation payee. 61 L.R.A. 
 901. 
 Presentment to joint makers to hold in- 
 dorsers of note. 36 L.R.A. 703. 
 
 Partnership notes. 36 L.E.A. 704. 
 
 §50. — mode. 
 
 Service of notice by mail. 12 L.R.A. 731.' 
 Validity of presentment of bill or 7)ote by 
 
 telephone. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 417. 
 Presentation and payment through clear- 
 ing house. 25 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 §51. — place. 
 
 Place of demand. 
 
 12 L.R.A. 727.* 
 
 § 52. —time. 
 
 Of check, see Checks, § 11. 
 
 Time within which notice of dishonor must 
 be given. 12 L.R.A. 729.* 
 
 Diligence required. 12 L.R.A. 729.* 
 Contingency of claim against, as affecting 
 
 limitation of time for presentation 
 
 against estate of deceased indorser. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 87. 
 Effect of transfer of check on time for 
 
 presentment. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1153. 
 Time allowed for mailing check or notice of 
 
 dishonor, as affected by the hour at 
 
 which the mail closes or departs. 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 132. 
 
 § 53. Effect of failure or delay. 
 
 Of check, see Checks, § 11. 
 
 Release of indorser of check by delay in 
 
 presenting it. 22 L.R.A. 785. 
 Release of indorser of note by failure to en- 
 force liability of maker. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) !>30. 
 Effect of failure of holder to make demand 
 or give notice of dishonor of paper 
 held as collateral or conditional 
 
 payment. 68 L.R.A. 482. 
 Effect, generally, on original debt. 
 68 L.R.A. 483. 
 Conditional payment. 68 L.R.A. 
 483. 
 
 Begin u-itn this l,ooh on every law question. ^°^^^^''^^ '''''''^^- ^^ ^.R.A. 485. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 13 3 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, V.— cont'd 
 
 Necessity for demand. OS L.R.A. 4S7. 
 Necessity for notice. OS L.R.A. 4SS. 
 To parties to the paper. 08 L.R.A. 
 488. 
 To nonparties. 68 L.R.A. 48S. 
 Excuses for default of demand or no- 
 tice. 68 L.R.A. 490. 
 Insolvency of a party. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 490. 
 Waiver. 68 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 TI. Maturity; extension; fcneu-als. 
 
 § 54. Generally. 
 
 Certainty as to maturity as aifecting ne- 
 gotiability, see supra, S 23. 
 
 Rights of holder of paper transferred after 
 maturity, see supra, § 36. 
 
 ■^."hat law governs. 61 L.R.A. 195. 
 
 Banking customs as to. 21 L.R.A. 440. 
 
 Bank customs as to days of grace. 21 
 L.R.A. 442. 
 
 Promise to pav as soon as one can. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 300. 
 
 Effect of contemporaneous agreement as to 
 time of payment of note. 43 L.R.A. 
 4.56. 
 
 ilaturity of notes of members of mutual 
 fire insurance companies. 32 L.R.A. 
 484. 
 
 Meaning of term "month" in relation to 
 promissory note. 12 L.R.A. 772.* 
 
 First and last days in computing time on. 
 49 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 Priority of notes falling due at different 
 times secured by same mortgage. 24 
 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 When note, transferred after maturity, pay- 
 able. 3 L.R.A. 759.* 
 
 Effect of acceleration provision in note to 
 start the statute of limitations run- 
 ning. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1190; 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1110. 
 
 § .5 5. Demand notes. 
 
 Of demand note. 5 L.R.A. 533.* 
 
 When statute of limitations begins to run 
 
 on note payable on demand. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 339.* 
 Notice and demand necessary to render 
 
 paper overdue. 46 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 § 56. Extension of time; delay: re- 
 newal. 
 
 Extension of time when last day falls on 
 Sunday. 14 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Effect of extension of time of note trans- 
 ferred after maturity. 46 L.R.A. 802. 
 
 Effect of renewal of note transferred after 
 maturity. 46 L.R.A. 802. 
 
 Provisions for renewal as affecting negotia- 
 bility. 31 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 Implied waiver of presentment and notice 
 by indorsing renewal note before ma- 
 turity. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 640. 
 
 Liability of obligors on original contract as 
 affected by void renewal. 33 L.R.A. 
 628. 
 
 Liabilitv on paper given in renewal of 
 forged paper. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1234. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Diucsl', to date. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, VI.— cont'd 
 
 Extent of forfeiture of interest in ease of 
 
 renewals where usury is charged by 
 
 but not paid to national bank. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 683. 
 \Mien guaranty of commercial paper 
 
 deemed to cover renewal. 3 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 775. 
 Renewal by insane person. 34 L.R.A. 274. 
 Effect of fraudulent reissue of bill or note 
 
 which has been paid. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1066. 
 
 § 57. — release of party by. 
 
 Effect of renewal of principal's obligation 
 to release party to a note executed to 
 the creditor as collateral. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 141. 
 
 Effect, under negotiable instruments Ian', 
 of extension of time to principal, to re- 
 lease one who, on the face of the in- 
 strument, is primarily liable, but who 
 is in fact surety. 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 129; 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 99. 
 
 Effect under negotiable instrument law of 
 extension of time to principal to re- 
 lease a surety or guarantor. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 149. 
 
 Release of indorser from liability by failure 
 to enforce liability of maker. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 530. 
 
 Release of indorser by lack of diligence in 
 bringing suit. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) ,540. 
 
 Excuse for delay in enforcing liability of 
 
 maker of note so as to prevent 
 
 release of indorser. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 553. 
 
 Waiver. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 553. 
 
 Insolvency of maker. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 555. 
 Bankruptcy of maker. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 559. 
 Absence or nonresidence. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 560. 
 
 Til. Payment; discharge. 
 
 §58. Generally. 
 
 Presentment for payment and notice of 
 
 nonpayment, see supra, §§ 43-53. 
 Of clieck, see Checks, § 8. 
 Liabilitv of bank paying forged check, see 
 
 Banks, § 24. 
 Payment by note, see Payment, § 31. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 payment. 52 L.R.A. 706. 
 
 Note pavable in foreign money. 20 L.R.A. 
 481.' 
 
 Ncfpssjty of notice of default to bind guar- 
 antor of payment or collection. 20 
 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 Collection of notes of members of mutual 
 fire insurance companies by receiver or 
 assignee for creditors. 32 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 Right to maintain trover to recover posses- 
 sion of paid bill or note. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 3043. 
 
 § 5 8a. Conteinporaneoxis agreement as 
 to payment. 
 
 That pavment of note is to be conditional. 
 43 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 8 
 
114 
 
 IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, VIL— cont'd 
 As to time of payment. 43 L.E.A. 456. 
 As to medium of payment. 43 L.R.A. 458. 
 As to place of payment. 43 L.R.A. 458. 
 As to mode of payment. 43 L.R.A. 459. 
 As to amount to "be paid. 43 L.R.A. 460. 
 
 § 59. Effect of payment. 
 
 Effect of payment of, bv volunteer. 23 
 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 Defense of payment as against transferee 
 after maturity. 46 L.R.A. 77S. 
 
 Extinction of judgment against principals 
 on, by payment by surety. 68 L.R.A. 
 559. 
 
 Payment of promissory note by maker, 
 which proves ineffectual as a satis- 
 faction, as affecting the liability of a 
 surety thereon. 13 L.R.A. (X.S.) 204. 
 
 Payment voidable under bankruptcy act 
 as discharge of surety, guarantor, or 
 indorser. 9 L.R.A. (iSf.S.) 581. 
 
 Effect on lien of mortgage securing nego- 
 tiable instruments assigned before ma- 
 turity of payment to payee, without 
 knowledge of assignment. 29 L.R.A. 
 IX.S) 577; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 462. 
 
 Lien of mortgage securing negotiable in- 
 struments assigned before maturity as 
 alTcotc'd by payment to payee without 
 knowledge of assignment. 29 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 577. 
 
 Right of one advancing money to pay pur- 
 chase money note to be subrogated to 
 vendor's lien. 37' L.R.A. (N.S.) 1207. 
 
 § BO. Autl)Oi'ify to make. 
 
 flaking negotialjle paper payable at bank 
 as authority to bank to pay same. 9 
 L.R.A. 380.» 
 
 Piivment to one not in possession. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 414. 
 
 yill. Actions and defenses. 
 
 § 61. Generally. 
 
 Running of limitations against, see LlMi- 
 
 T\iiox OF Actions, § 23. 
 Question for jury as to, see Trial, § 52. 
 
 Xcrcssitv of exhaustion of remedy at law 
 
 as condition precedent to creditors' bill. 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 78, 101. 
 Wliat law governs respecting right to join 
 
 primary and .secondary obligors. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 226. 
 
 § 62. Eislit of action; who may sne. 
 
 Wliat law fforerns. 61 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 599, 
 
 Right of assignee to maintain action. 12 
 L.R.A. 683.* 
 
 Wife's right to sue husband on note. 5 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 611. 
 
 Vendor's right to n^cover on unpaid notes 
 given on conditional sale of property 
 32 L.R.A. 458. ^ 
 
 § 63. — parer lost or destroyed. 
 
 Right of action at law on lost bill or note 
 16 L.R..A. 205. 
 Non-negotiable paper. 16 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, VIIL— cont'd 
 
 Presumptions. 16 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 Negotiable papers. 16 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 Paper overdue or otherwise subject to 
 equities. 16 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 Action against indorser. 16 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 Loss pending action. 16 L.R.A. 207. 
 May indorser of lost bill, check, or note 
 
 maintain an action thereon. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 645. 
 
 § 64. —to recover possession of. 
 
 Right to maintain trover to recover pos- 
 session of paid bill or note. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1043. 
 
 Replevin or detinue for promissory note. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 138. 
 
 § 6.5. Defenses. 
 
 As to paper transferred or assigned, see 
 
 supra, V. 
 Liability on paper payable to impostor, see 
 
 .supra, § 14. 
 Liability on forged paper, see supra, § 16. 
 Alteration as affecting subsequent bona fide 
 
 holder, see supra, § 41. 
 Alteration as a defense generally, see Altbe- 
 
 ATIOX OF INSTKUMENTS. 
 
 R-ight to plead inconsistent defenses. 48 
 L.R.A. 194. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to defenses available to 
 maker or acceptor. 61 L.R.A. 200; 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to defenses available 
 to drawer or indorser. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 672. 
 
 Right of innocent payee to recover on notes 
 signed in blank and intrusted to third ' 
 person who exceeds his authority in 
 filling up the blanks before delivery to 
 payee. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 490. 
 
 Defenses available to malcer against trans- 
 feree after maturity. 46 L.R.A. 760. 
 
 To notes of members of mutual fire in- 
 surance companies. 32 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 Liability for transferring note to bona fide 
 holder so as to cut off defr-nse of in- 
 dorser. 27 L.R.A. 520. 
 
 Right to refuse payment of draft the pro- 
 ceeds of %vhich are used in illegal tran- 
 saction. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1005. 
 
 § 66. — lack or 
 ation. 
 
 As to 
 
 failure of consider- 
 
 xxuu-neyouauie paper. IbL.K.A. 205. ation is defence ciQT-DA/Vo 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question ^^ L.R.A. (N.S. 
 
 consideration generally, see supra, 
 
 1 8. 
 
 Want of consideration as a defense 1 
 L.R.A. mi* 
 
 Notes given for patent rights. 20 L R A 
 605. 
 
 \,^t^- .■~°" purchase money note. 
 
 Distinction between action for purchase 
 
 VTk ^'It „^'^*'°" °" "°te for same. 39 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 
 Distinction between want and failure of 
 
 consideration. 39 L.R.A (N S ) 938 
 Doctrine that want or failure of'considcr- 
 
 939. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NqteS. 
 
 115 
 
 BILLS AND XOTES, VIII.— cont'd 
 Doctrine that partial want or failure is no 
 defense pro tan to. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 943. 
 
 When amount is unliquidated. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 945. 
 Effect of warranty clause in contract. 39 
 L.R.A.(N'S.) 946. 
 
 Rule that right is not affected by 
 clause. 39 L.R.A. (X.S.) 947. 
 
 Rule that remedy is limited to action 
 on covenant. 39 L.R.A. (N'.s.j 948. 
 Statutory provisions. 39 L.R.A. (X.S. ) 948, 
 Pleading. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 049. 
 
 As affected by distinction between total 
 want and partial want or failure 
 of consideration. 39 L.R.A. (X.S.) 
 949. 
 
 Necessity of special plea in order to 
 make defense of total want or fail- 
 ure of consideration. 39 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 949. 
 
 Necessity of special plea in order to 
 make defense of partial want or 
 failure. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 950. 
 
 Right to plead partial failure in bar 
 of action. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 950. 
 
 Right to prove partial failure of con- 
 sideration under plea of total fail- 
 ure. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 951. 
 
 § 6 6b. — on paper transferred after 
 maturity. 
 
 As defense against transferee after matu- 
 rity. 46 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 Illegal consideration as defense against 
 transferee after maturity. 46 L.R.A. 
 764. 
 
 Usurious consideration as defense against 
 transferee after maturity. 46 L.R.A. 
 767. 
 
 § 6 7. — contemporaneous agreement 
 and its breach. 
 
 Parol agreements. 43 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 General rule. 43 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 That note is not to be paid. 43 L.R.A. 
 450. 
 
 That payment is to be conditional. 
 43 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 As to time of payment. 43 L.R.A. 
 456. 
 
 As to place of payment. 43 L.R.A. 
 458. 
 
 As to medium of payment. 43 L.R.A. 
 45S. 
 
 As to mode of payment. 43 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 As to amount to be paid. 43 L.R.A. 
 460. 
 
 As to capacity of maker. 43 L.R.A. 
 462. 
 
 As to negotiation. 43 L.R.A. 463. 
 
 As to subject-matter of the considera- 
 tion. 43 L.R.A. 463. 
 Collateral and independent agreements. 43 
 L.R.A. 464. 
 
 General rule. 43 L.R.A. 464. 
 
 What agreements are collateral and in- 
 dependent. 43 L.R.A. 465. 
 Mutual and dependent agreements. 43 
 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 General doctrine. 43 L.R.A. 467. 
 Consult aUo L.R.A. nif/c.-its to date. 
 
 BILLS AND NOTES, VIII.— cont'd 
 
 What agreements are mutual and de- 
 pendent. 43 L.R.A. 468. 
 Must be beween same parties. 43 
 
 L.R.A. 472. 
 Mortgage contemporaneous with note. 
 43 L.R.A. 472. 
 
 Consistent agreements constituting parts 
 of a whole transaction. 43 L.R.A. 473. 
 
 Agreements constituting consideration for 
 note. 43 L.R.A. 474. 
 Scope of the subject. 43 L.R.A. 474. 
 The general doctrine. 43 L.R.A 474. 
 Application to parol agreements. 43 
 
 L.R.A. 476. 
 What agreements are within the rule. 
 43 L.R.A. 477. 
 
 Agreements constituting condition of de- 
 livery. 43 L.R.A. 480. 
 
 Agreements constituting satisfaction or dis- 
 charge. 43 L.R.A. 482. 
 
 E.xecuted agreements. 43 L.R.A. +83. 
 
 Effect on transferee of note. 43 L.R.A. 485. 
 
 Violation of contemporaneous agreement as 
 defense against holder of negotiable 
 paper transferred after maturity. 46 
 L.R.A. 769. 
 
 Breach of parol warranty as defense to an 
 action between original parties on note 
 for purchase price of chattel. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 267. 
 
 § 68. Set-off. 
 
 In bankruptcy cases. 55 L.R.A. 40, 48, 53, 
 59, 64, 7b. 
 
 Rights of indorser as to set-off in case of 
 debts due from insolvent. 17 L.R.A. 
 460. 
 
 Right to set off insolvent's obligation on 
 commercial paper in hands of his re- 
 ceiver or assignee for creditors. 23 
 L.R.A. 319. 
 
 As to commercial paper in the hands of 
 insolvent's assignee or receiver. 23 
 L.R.A. 325. 
 
 Set-off against judgment on note in hands 
 of assignee. 23 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Effect of setting up defects in articles pur- 
 chased as a counterclaim in an action 
 on one of a series of notes given for in- 
 stalment of the purchase price, nnon 
 the right to set up a like counterclaim 
 in subsequent actions. 10 L.R.A. (X.S.) 
 734. 
 
 § 68a. — In case of transfer after ma- 
 turity. 
 
 In case of transfer after maturity. 46 
 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 Right to set off against transferee of ne- 
 gotiable paper after maturity cliiim 
 a.Tninst oria;inal payee. 23 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 326f 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 658. 
 
 § 69. Pleading'. 
 
 Sufficiency of plaintiff's pleadings, fee 
 
 Plea'di.xg, §§ 19, 20. 
 Sufficiency of answer denying plaintiff's 
 
 ownership, see Pleading, § 38a. 
 
 Right to plead inconsistent defenses. 48 
 L.R.A. 194. 
 
116 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. XOTES. 
 
 BILLS AKD NOTES, VIII.— cont'd 
 I'leading failure of consideration as defense 
 
 to purchase money note. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 949. 
 
 § 70. Evidence. 
 
 Presu]nption and burden of proof in action 
 by purchaser. 17 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 Effect of admission to change burden of 
 proof and right to open and close in 
 assumpsit on bill or note. 61 L.R.A. 
 535, 541, 544. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence to show 
 who is liable as maker of a note. 20 
 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to vary con- 
 tract. 1 L.R.A. 816.* 
 
 Admissibitity of parol evidence to prove 
 relation of parties. 1 L.R.A. 817.* 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence as between 
 immediate parties to promissory note. 
 13 L.R.A. 649.* 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence of condition 
 to vary or contradict commercial pa- 
 per. 3 L.R.A. 863.* 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to vary mak- 
 er's liability. 1 L.R.A. 594.* 
 
 § 71. Judgment. 
 
 EiTect upon lien of mortgage of entry of 
 judgment upon note secured thereby. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1095. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment as between 
 plaintiff and one not a party or pri- 
 vy who voluntarily conducted defense 
 in action upon note. 37 L.R.A. (XS ) 
 965. 
 
 § 7 2. Amount of recovery. 
 
 See Damages, § 26. 
 
 IX. Recovery bacTc of payments. 
 
 § 73. Generally. 
 
 Recovery by bank of money paid out by it 
 see Banks, §§ 28, 29. ' 
 
 Right of accommodation party who is ob- 
 liged to pay bill or note to recover from 
 accommodated party. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 783. 
 
 X. Accommodation paper. 
 § 74. Generally. 
 
 Notice to accommodation payee after in- 
 solvency. 61 L.R.A. 901. 
 
 Effect of transfer after maturity of accom- 
 modation paper which has been diverted 
 from the use for which it was intended 
 by the accommodating nartv 11 
 L.R.A.(N.R.) 10.34. ° ' J'' 
 
 § 7 5. Power to issue. 
 
 Power of corporation to issue accommoda- 
 tion paper. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193 
 
 Pover of agent to indorse paper for accom- 
 modation. 27 L.R.A. 407. 
 
 § 7 6. Bona fide holder of 
 
 Circumstances sufficient to put purchaser 
 
 2I r.R.iTvs*r3^'p'^'' °" ^"•j"''-^- 
 
 Be„in rvith this hooJc on ev^r.j Jaio qnestiou. 
 
 BILLS AXD NOTES, X.— cont'd 
 Taking note from maker or payee as con- 
 structive notice of the accommodation 
 character of an irregular indorsement 
 and lack of authority for such indorse- 
 ment. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 525. 
 Holder of accommodation paper as collat- 
 eral security as a bona fide holder. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 296. 
 
 § 7 7. Rights and liabilities of parties 
 to. 
 
 Rights inter se of accommodation parties 
 to commercial paper. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1039. 
 Accommodation parties as cosureties. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1042. 
 Distinction between notes and bills of 
 exchange. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1044. 
 Where indorser receives portion of the 
 
 proceeds. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1044. 
 Change in order of names on paper 
 given in renewal. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1044. 
 Where each party has paid a portion 
 
 of money. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1044. 
 Knowledge that paper was accommoda- 
 ' tion paper. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1044. 
 Effect of statute of frauds. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1045. 
 Admissibility of parol evidence. 28 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1045. 
 Right of accommodation party who is 
 obliged to pay bill or note, to re- 
 cover from the accommodated 
 party. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 Accommodation indorser. 37 L R A 
 (N.S.) 783. 
 Indorsement for firm. 37 L.R A 
 
 (N.S.) 784. 
 Effect of fraud. 37 L.R.A.(NS) 
 
 784. 
 Effect of usury. 37 L.R A (N S ) 
 
 784. 
 Necessity for demand and protest. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 Accommodation maker. 37 L R A 
 (N.S.) 785. " ■ ■ 
 
 Accommodation acceptor. 37 LRA 
 (N.S.) 785. 
 For firm or corporation. 37 L R A 
 (N.S.) 785. ■ ■ 
 
 Accommodation drawer. 37 L.R.A. 780 
 Accommodation guarantor. 37 L.R.a' 
 
 786. 
 Effect of death of accommodation nar- 
 1.ff /■ ." L.R-A-(N.S.) 786. 
 Lflect of insolvency of accommodated 
 
 party. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 786. 
 Remedy. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 786. 
 When right of action accrues. 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 Amount of recovery. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 788. 
 Interest. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 M /■°',*^; ^^ L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 Materiality of payment. 37 L.R.A. 
 -r ■ , .. (N.S.) 789. 
 Lialii ity of accommodation maker and in- 
 
 dorser. 5 L.R.A. 698* 
 Acconimo^lation indorsement by ba„k. 23 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ]17 
 
 BTLT.S AND NOTES, X.— cont'd 
 
 Liability of national* bank on accommoda- 
 tion guaranty by it. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 545. 
 
 Extent of recovery by pledgee on paper 
 which pledgeor could not collect. 44 
 L.E.A. 249. 
 
 Availability of defense of, as against trans- 
 feree after maturity. 46 L.R.A. 772. 
 
 Implied warranty by one passing worthless 
 accommodation paper of third person 
 without indorsement. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 548. 
 
 Set-off in case of bankruptcy. 55 L.R.A. (i.i. 
 
 BILLS OF EXCEPTIONS. 
 
 See Appeai, and Ebbob, § 23. 
 
 *—* 
 
 BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 See Bills and Notes. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 BILLS OF LADING. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Rights and liability of carriers under, see 
 
 Caeeiers, §§ 107, 108, 114. 
 Bill of lading with draft attached, see 
 
 Bills axd Notes, § 7. 
 
 Intent shown by, to retain title on delivery 
 of goods to carrier. 22 L.R.A. 421. 
 
 FfFeot of indorsing and mailing to purchaser 
 bill of lading naming seller as, con- 
 siffnee, to pass title. 34 L.R.A. (N.S). 
 293. 
 
 Validity of agreement of .railroad company 
 to issue false bills of lading. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 610. 
 
 § 2. Bona fide holders of. 
 
 Liability of carrier to bona fide holder of 
 bill of lading issued by negligence or 
 mistake of agent without delivery of 
 anv goods to carrier. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 828. 
 
 Right of carrier to deny as against bona 
 fide holder of bill of lading that goods 
 were delivered to it. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 302. 
 
 Conclusiveness of, as to character and 
 amount of goods as bet\Yeen carrier 
 and bona fide transferee. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1177. 
 
 Effect of putting bills of lading indorsed in 
 blank into another's possession to es- 
 top owner as against purchaser in good 
 faith. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 255. 
 
 BILLS OF PEACE. 
 
 To quiet title, effect of remedv at law upon. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 50. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BILLS OF REVIEW. 
 
 See Review. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 BILLS OF RIGHTS. 
 
 See Constitutional Law. 
 
 —. ♦-»-> 
 
 BILLS OF SALE. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 
 Production of, as repelling presumption of 
 guilt from possession of recently stolon 
 property. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 320. 
 
 BIRTHS. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to report- 
 ing and registering. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1015. 
 
 BITCH. 
 
 Charging woman with being, as libel or 
 slander, see Libel and Slander, § 12. 
 
 BITTERS. 
 
 As intoxicating liquor. 20 L.R.A. 647. 
 
 4 ■ » 
 
 BLACKLISTING. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 17. 
 Of servant, see Master and Servant, § 7. 
 
 Of dealer as libel. 49 L.R.A. 612; 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 783. 
 
 BLACKSMITH. 
 
 Validity of restrictive agreement ancillary 
 to sale of business of. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 930. 
 
 BLANK. 
 
 § 1 . Generally. 
 
 Filling in names of parties left blank in 
 
 deed, see Deeds, § 19. 
 See also Alteration of Instrument. 
 
 For name in certificate of acknowledgement. 
 19 L.R.A. 279. 
 
 In warrant of attornev to confess judg- 
 ment. 13 L.R.A. 790. 
 
lis 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BLANK— cont'd 
 
 Leaving blank in plat as a, dedication. 23 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 809. 
 
 Paying chock written on blank of another 
 bank as negligence. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 403. 
 
 Effect of unfilled blank in shipping receipt 
 to extend initial carrier's undertaking 
 beyond its own line. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 38. 
 
 IJlanks in will as affecting right to probate. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 966. 
 
 Implied authority to fill in name of grantee 
 or mortgEigee in blank left for that pur- 
 pose at time of delivery. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 423. 
 
 § 2. In bills, notes, or checks. 
 
 Filling of blanks in notes. 1 L.R.A. 648;* 
 
 6 L.R.A. 469.* 
 Effect of filling blanks in note. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 467. 
 Check indorsed in blank as subject of lar- 
 
 et'iiv or embezzlement. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N;.S.) 499. 
 Effect of marginal letter or figures in bill 
 
 or note otherwise blank as to amount. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 879. 
 Implied authority to fill in blank for place 
 
 of payment in note. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 643. 
 Right of innocent payee to recover on notes 
 
 signed in blank and intrusted to third 
 
 person who exceeds his authority in 
 
 filling up the blanks before delivery to 
 
 payee. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 490. 
 
 § 3. Indorsements in. 
 
 What is. 1 L.R.A. 712.* 
 
 Trust in proceeds of collection by insolvent 
 bank as against subagent's claims where 
 indorsement is in blank. 32 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Rights of owner of negotiable paper indorsed 
 in blank as against bona fide purchaser 
 from one unlawfully in possession. 
 
 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 107. 
 
 Effect of blank indorsement to impart nego- 
 tiability to non-negotiable instrument. 
 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804. 
 
 Effect of putting non-negotiable paper or 
 securities indorsed in blank, into an- 
 other's possession to estop owner as 
 against purchaser's good faith. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 254. 
 
 BLASPHEMY. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 56, 70-72. 
 Blasphemv and profanity as crimes. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 3.53. 
 Definitions. 22 L.R.A. 353. 
 Indictable at common law 
 
 353. 
 Constitution of the offenses. 
 
 354. 
 The indictment. 22 L.R.A 
 
 22 L.R.A. 
 22 L.R.A. 
 
 355. 
 
 BLASPHE J I Y^cont'd 
 
 State statutes. '22 L.R.A. 357. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes. 22 L.R.A. 
 359. 
 
 English decisions. 22 L.R.A. 359. 
 As disturbance of the public peace. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 505. 
 
 BLASTING. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Injunction against. 6 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Violating ordinance as to, as ground for pri- 
 vate action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 
 Dutv of those engaged in, as to the safety 
 "of others. 17 L.R.A. 729. 
 
 Injuries to land and buildings from. 17 
 L.R.A. 220. 
 In railway construction. 17 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 Presumption of statutory authority of rail- 
 road eompanv to commit nuisance by. 
 70 L.R.A. 586. 
 
 Liability for injury to person or property 
 from concussion caused by blasting. 12 
 L.R,A.(N.S.) 389; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 425. 
 
 Liability, in absence of negligence, for dam- 
 ages to land or buildings from substan- 
 ces thrown in blasting. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 211. 
 
 Liability for injury in consequence of fright- 
 ening horse by blasting. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 54. 
 
 Municipal liability for failure to prevent 
 blasting. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 864. 
 
 § 2. Master's liability to servant for 
 injury by. 
 
 Liability of master for injuries incident 
 to the use of steel tools in blasting. 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 982. 
 
 Duty to warn servant engaged in blasting 
 of dangers therefrom. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 997. 
 
 Delegability of master's duty to warn serv- 
 ant against danger from. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 640. 
 
 Common laborers and persons engaged in 
 blasting as fellow servants. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1180. 
 
 Imputing to master co^ervant's negligence 
 as to inspection incidental to details of. 
 54 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's negli- 
 gence in work of. 54 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 § 3. Liability for acts of independent 
 contractor. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 T ■ v.?vr 1 ''ont'^actor in. 65 L.R.A. 644. 
 Liability for, when done by independent 
 
 contractor. 14 L.R.A. 830; 65 L.R.A. 
 
 78.^, 854. 
 
 Liability of employer for negligence of inde- 
 pendent contractor in the performance 
 of contract requiring hlast-'ng. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 913: 29 L.R.A. (N.SO 851. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 119 
 
 BUND. 
 
 Contributory negligence of person of poor 
 sight in street, see Highways, § 98. 
 
 Care due to, in absence of contract rela- 
 tion. 69 L.R.A. .521. 
 
 Duty of carrier to accept blind passenger. 
 26 L.R.A.(X,S.) 172. 
 
 Duty of carrier to blind passenger. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 504. 
 
 BLOCKING SWITCHES. 
 
 Want of blocking at switches, see Un- 
 blocked Switches. 
 
 BLOOBHOITNDS. 
 
 Evidence of trailing by. 42 L.RA. 432; 35 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 870. 
 
 BLOOD POISONING. 
 
 Of insured, see Insurance, § 160. 
 
 Liability of physician called to reduce frac- 
 ture for causing. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 
 Apprehension of, as basis of recovery for 
 mental anguish. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458. 
 
 <♦» 
 
 BLOOD RELATIONS. 
 
 Who are. 14 L.R.A. 342. 
 
 ♦ ■ » ■ 
 
 BLOOD VESSEL. 
 
 Rupture of, as accident within accident in- 
 surance policy. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1206. 
 
 < « » 
 
 BLOTS. 
 
 On ofBcial ballot. 47 L.R.A. 819. 
 
 •» « » 
 
 BLOWING OFF STEAM. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury 
 caused by. 10 L.R.A. (N".S.) 387. 
 
 •-«-♦ 
 
 BOARD. 
 
 § 1. Food and lodging. 
 
 At inn or hotel, see Innkeepers, 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 
 charges for board. 52 L.R.A. 700. 
 
 Conmilt also Tj.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BOARD— cont'd 
 
 Payment of board by week as aiTecting re- 
 lation between proprietor of hotel and 
 one making no arrangement as to time 
 of stay. "l4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 476. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute providing for 
 imprisonment for beating board bill. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 
 § 2. Public bodies. 
 
 Board of trade, see Board of Trade. 
 
 County board, see Counties, § 12. 
 
 Of health, see Health, § 5. 
 
 Of equalization, see, Taxes, § 51. 
 
 Delegation of power to, see Constitutional 
 
 Law, § 15. 
 Power to make lease, see Landlord and 
 
 Tea-axt, § 12. 
 Mandamus to, see Mandamus, §§ 3-11. 
 
 Injunction against action of public boards 
 under unconstitutional statute as affect- 
 ed by other remedies. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 127. 
 Power of municipal board to employ one of 
 its own members as counsel or to ren- 
 der other special services. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 849. 
 Liability of public officer for wrongful act 
 of corporate board of which he is a 
 member. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 463. 
 Right of board of municipality, county, or 
 town to reconsider action as to al- 
 lowance of claim. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 289. 
 Reconsideration by same board. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 Reconsideration by subsequent boards. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 Power of board to appoint officer or mal;e 
 contract for term extending beyond its 
 own term. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 Validity of agreement by which compensa- 
 I tion is dependent on success in procur- 
 ing contract. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 747. 
 
 BOARDING HOUSE. 
 
 As to hotels, see Innkeepers. 
 
 Occupancy of, by servant. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 703. 
 Right to claim homestead in propertv used 
 
 as. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 303. 
 Constitutionality of statutory regulations 
 
 as to safety and sanitary conditions 
 
 of. 17 L.R.'A.(N.S.) 486. 
 Use of railroad right of way for purpose 
 
 of, as against owner of fee. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 517. 
 
 BOARDING STABLE. 
 
 See Livery Stable. 
 
 « • » 
 
 BOARD OF EQUALIZATION. 
 
 See Taxes, § 51. 
 
120 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 BOARD OF HEALTH. 
 
 See Health, § 5. 
 
 « • » 
 
 BOARD OF TRADE. 
 
 See also Stock and Pbodtjce Exchange. 
 
 Compulsory service by. 15 L.R.A. 322. 
 Validity of rule of requiring submission of 
 
 disputes to arbitration. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 672. 
 Property rights in market quotations. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 889. 
 Review of decisions of, against members. 
 
 49 L.E.A. 358, 361. 
 
 BOMB — contM , . , 
 
 Liability for injury to children from bombs 
 
 left accessible to them. 14 L.K.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 586. . 
 
 As dangerous agency for injury by which, 
 
 when used by servant, master is liable. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 378, 397. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 BODILY INJURIES. 
 
 See Personal Injubies. 
 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 BODY EXECUTION. 
 
 See Execution, § 18. 
 
 BOHEMIAN OATS. 
 
 Notes for. 6 L.E.A. 501.* 
 Fraud in contract for sale of. 
 498,* 501.* 
 
 »«» 
 
 6 L.R.A. 
 
 BOILER. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servants 
 
 from defects in. 54 L.R.A. 80. 
 Duty of master to inspect steam boiler. 
 
 "41 L.R.A. 87. 
 Master's right to rely on inspection of, by 
 public authorities. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 812. 
 
 *--* 
 
 BOILER SHOPS. 
 
 Landlord's liability to third person as to 
 condition of. 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 BOLT. 
 
 Master's liability for injuries sustained by 
 servant from falling over bolt project- 
 ing from floor. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 
 BOMB. 
 
 Liability for injury caused by placing or ex- 
 ploding, in highwavs. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 759. 
 
 Begin with this ftooJc on every law question 
 
 BONA FIDE HOLDER. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of bill of lading, see Bills of Lading, § 2. 
 Of bill or rate, see Bills and Notes, §§ 
 
 38-42. 
 Of accommodation paper, see Bills and 
 
 Notes, § 76. 
 Of bonds, see Bonds, § 23. 
 Of check, see Checks, § 6. 
 Of land, see Eecoeds axd Eecobding Laws, 
 
 IV. b; Vendor and Puechasee, IV. 
 Liability for transferring note to, so as to 
 
 cut off defenses, see Bills and Notes, 
 
 § 33. 
 Purchaser at judicial sale as, see Judicial 
 
 Sale, § 12. 
 Eights of, see Bills and Notes, §§ 38- 
 
 42; Bonds, § 23; Sale, §§ 71, 72. 
 
 Who is, within protection of statute of 
 frauds. 31 L.E.A. 612. 
 
 Who are bona fide purchasers against whom 
 reformation cannot be had. 28 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 910. 
 
 Lien acquired against, by service of notice 
 in supplementary proceedings. 3 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 129. 
 
 Eight of one leaving his chattels in an- 
 other's possession to claim title against 
 the latter's vendees. 25 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 760. 
 
 Transferee of chattels in satisfaction of pre- 
 existing debt, as a bona fide purchaser 
 as against original vendor, from Avhom 
 they were fraudulently obtained by 
 transferrer. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1174. 
 
 Right of bona fide purchaser from vendee 
 of goods sold for cash but delivered 
 without payment. 13 .L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 697, 700. 
 
 Effect of claim of, on liability of one who 
 signs contract by adding words indicat- 
 ing representative capacity to his sig- 
 nature. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 'lO. 
 
 Right of bona fide holder of claim to take 
 advantage of champerty. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 519. 
 
 Burden of proof as to bona fides of sub- 
 vendee from fraudulent purchaser of 
 chattels. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 448. 
 
 Burden of proof as to bona fides of trans- 
 feree of warehouse receipts for prop- 
 erty secured by fraud. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 801. ■ 
 
 § 2. Of corporate stock. 
 
 Of bonus stock. 38 L.R.A. 494. 
 
 Who entitled to protection as bona fide 
 purchasers of fraudulent or forged 
 issue of stock. 19 L.R.A. 332. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 121 
 
 BONA FIDi: HOLDER— cont'd 
 
 Liability of bona fide purchaser of corpo- 
 rate stodi on unpaid ^subscription. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 
 Effect of putting non-negotiable paper or 
 securities indorsed in blanli into an- 
 other's possession to estop owner as 
 against purcliaser in good faith. 29 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 254. 
 
 BONA FIDE RESIDENCE. 
 
 Of children entitling them to privileges of 
 public schools. 26 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 BOND FOR TITLE. 
 
 Executory contracts for sale of real prop- 
 erty, generally, see Vendob and Pub- 
 CHASEB, I. 
 
 Form of judgment on. 62 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 Contingency of claim against sureties on. 
 58 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 Failure of consideration as ground for in- 
 junction against judgment on. 31 
 L.R.A. 751. 
 
 Injunction against collection of purchase 
 money where title to land is defective 
 and purchaser holds by title bond. 7 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 449. 
 
 Right of person holding, to maintain bill 
 against third person to remove cloud. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 413. 
 
 Effect of, to defeat unconditional and sole 
 ownership of insured. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 512. 
 
 Right of purchaser under title bond in pos- 
 session to question grantor's right to 
 collect purchase money on failure of 
 consideration. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 380. 
 
 May one who takes a bond for conveyance 
 of property from a third person to 
 defraud the creditors of another who 
 had the legal title to the property, but 
 reported it to be in such third person, 
 invoke the doctrine of estoppel against 
 him. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1118. 
 
 BONDHOLDERS. 
 
 Rights of, generally, see Moetgages, §§ 34, 
 68, 72. 
 
 Duty of corporate promoters to. 25 L.E.A. 
 
 "99. 
 Rights of, on unauthorized consolidation of 
 corporations. 52 L.R.A. 390. 
 
 BONDS. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. For indemnity awl security, §§ 6- 
 16. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 6-8. 
 
 b. Contractor's bond, §§ 9-10. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BONDS, IL— cont'd 
 
 o. For fidelity of employees or 
 corpoiatc officers, § 11. 
 
 d. Of public officers, §§ 12-15. 
 
 e. Of public depositary, §16. 
 III. Commercial, government, and 
 
 municipal bonds, §§ 17-37. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Extent of recovery on, see Damages, §§ 27- 
 29. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, § 99. 
 
 Interest on, see Interest, § 3. 
 
 Sale of bonds given as collateral, see Pledge 
 and Collateral Security, § 12. 
 
 Plaintiff's pleadings in action on, see Plead- 
 ing, § 21. 
 
 For general principles with respect to 
 principal and sureties, see Peincipal 
 and Surety. 
 
 Release of sureties on, generally, see Prin- 
 cipal and Surety, §§ 10-18. 
 
 Trustee's liability on, see Trusts, § 29. 
 
 As subject of gift. 26 L.R.A. 308. 
 
 Removal for separable controversy of ac- 
 tion on. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 92. 
 
 Addition of name of attesting witness to, 
 as an alteration. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1155. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 108. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to efTect of. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804, 828. 
 Necessity of notice of default to bind guar- 
 antor of bond. 20 L.R.A. 258. 
 
 Contingency of claim on, as affecting lim- 
 itation of time for presentation against 
 estate. 58 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 599. 
 
 Effect of putting bond indorsed in blank 
 in possession of another to estop own- 
 er as against purchaser in good faith. 
 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 256. 
 
 Liability for failure to forward bonded 
 merchandise. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1060. 
 
 § 2. Execution. 
 
 Bail bond, see Bail and Recognizance, § 4. 
 
 Wliat essential to bind surety. 8 L.R.A. 
 486.* 
 
 \\ lien surety bound by signature. 8 L.R.A. 
 735.* 
 
 Validity of execution. 6 L.R.A. 278.* 
 
 Signing by proxy. 22 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 Guaranty' by surety of other signatures. 
 49 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 Effect of failure of sureties to justify wliere 
 replevin bond has served its purpose. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 751. 
 
 Subscribing one's name under word "surety ' 
 in written contract as satisfying stat- 
 ute of frauds. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1197. 
 
 § 3. — failure of principal obligor to 
 sign. 
 
 Nature of surety's engagement. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1106. 
 
122 
 
 IKDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 BOXDS, I.— cont'd 
 
 When principal is independently bound. ]2 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 1106. 
 In general. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1106. 
 By operation of law. 12 L.R.A.(X.S.) 
 1108. 
 Bonds of public officers. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (X.S.) 1108. 
 Statutory bonds in legal proceed- 
 ings'. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1113. 
 By separate contract. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1115. 
 EflFect of form of obligation. 12 L.R.A. 
 1118. 
 Joint bonds. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1118. 
 Several bonds. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1118. 
 Completion after delivery. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1119. 
 Signatory's intent in executing bond. 12 
 ■l.R.A.(N.S.) 1119. 
 Unconditioned delivery. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1119. 
 Delivery in escrow. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1120. 
 Presumption and burden of proof. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1121. 
 Pleading. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1122. 
 What is a sufficient execution by principal. 
 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1123. 
 Effect of principal's signing or omitting to 
 sign replevin bond which has served 
 its purpose. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 750. 
 
 § 3a. Failure to secure all sureties 
 agreed on. 
 
 Execution on condition that other shall 
 
 sign. 45 L.R.A. 321. 
 Breach of promise to surety as to getting 
 
 other sureties. 45 L.R.A. 321. 
 Effect of insufficient number of sureties 
 
 on replevin bond which has served its 
 
 purpose. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 750. 
 
 § 3b. Withdrawal of surety. 
 
 Liability for causing withdrawal of sure- 
 ,ty from bond. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 388. 
 
 guar- 
 L.R.A. 
 
 § 4. Xecessit.v for giving. 
 
 Power of surety company to act s 
 dian, etc., without bond. 48 
 589. 
 
 Right to require legatee of life interest in 
 money or its equivalent to give secu- 
 rity for benefit of remaindermen. 23 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 716. 
 
 § 5. Form of judgment on penal bonds. 
 
 Under English statutes and decisions. 62 
 L.R.A. 427. 
 The necessity for 4 & 5 Anne, chap. 
 
 16. 62 L.R.A. 427. 
 Annuity and instalment bonds. G2 
 
 L.R.A. 428. 
 Exceptions to the scope of 8 & 9 Wm 
 
 in. 62 L.R.A. 431. 
 Form of judgment under the statute 8 
 & 9 Wm. III. 62 L.R.A. 43 1. 
 Under statutes and decisions in the United 
 .States. 62 L.R.A. 433. 
 \Vhen the condition is for the payment 
 of a sum certain at a day certain. 
 62 L.R.A. 433. " „^ 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 BOXDS, I.— cont'd 
 
 When the condition is tor the perform- 
 ance of covenants or collat- 
 eral agreements. 62 L.R.A. 
 435. 
 
 Annuity and instalment bonds. 02 
 L.R.A. 439. 
 
 Appeal bonds. 62 L.R.A. 442. 
 
 Attachment bonds. 62 L.R.A. 442. 
 
 Bail bonds. 62 L.R.A 443. 
 
 Bastardy bonds. 62 L.R.A. 444. 
 
 Certiorari bonds. 62 L.R.A. 446. 
 
 Injunction bonds. 62 L.R.A. 4-16. 
 
 Indemnity bonds. 62 L.R.A. 446. 
 
 Official bonds. 62 L.R.A. 448. 
 
 Post-obit bonds. 62 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 Replevin bonds. 62 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 Title bonds. 62 L.R.A. 454. 
 Effect of improper form. 62 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 //. For indemnity and Security, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § e. Generally. 
 Bottomry bond, see Bottomry. 
 As to liquor dealer's bonds, see Intoxicat- 
 ing LiQDOns, §§ 17, 18. 
 Bonds of receiver, see Receivers, § 10. 
 
 Penalty as limit of liability on. 55 L.R.A. 
 394. 
 
 Average bond; jurisdiction of admiralty as 
 to. 66 L.R.A. 235. 
 
 Form of judgment on indemnity bond. 62 
 L.R.A. 446. 
 
 Of owner of public ferry. 68 L.R.A. 160. 
 
 Effect upon lien of mortgage of entry of 
 judgment upon bonds secured thereby. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1095. 
 
 Effect on surety of judgment against princi- 
 pal. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 723. 
 
 Injunction against enforcing marriage brok- 
 erage bonds. 48 L.R.A. 843. 
 
 § 7. Of person! acting in representative 
 capacity. 
 
 Of assignee for freditors, see Assignmext 
 
 FOR Creditors, § 13. 
 Of personal representative, see Executors 
 
 AND Administrators, §§ i], 26, 27. 
 Of guardian, see Guardian and ' Ward 
 
 §§ 11-13. 
 
 Sureties on bonds of assignees for creditors 
 
 11 L.R.A. 852.* 
 Bond required of 
 
 L.R.A. 794.' 
 
 surviving partner. 7 
 
 As 
 
 As 
 
 § S. In legal proceedings. 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Error, i 
 46. 
 
 to attachment bonds, see Attachment 
 § 17. 
 to bail bonds, see Bail and Recooni- 
 
 ZANCE. 
 
 In bastardy proceedings, see Bastardy S 5 
 In certiorari proceedings, see Certiorari' 
 § 5. ' 
 
 Forthcoming bond, see Forthcomino Bond 
 iniunction bonds, see In.tunction, §§ 85- 
 
 §§ 16, 17, 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 123 
 
 BONDS, II. a— eont'd 
 
 On removal of cause to Federal court, see 
 
 Removal of Causes, § 15. 
 In replevin, see Replevin, §§ 12, 13. 
 
 What constitutes breach on ne exeat bond. 
 20 L.E.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion must be brought on bond given 
 in judicial or other proceedinns. 64 
 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 What conduct will work a forfeiture of a 
 peace bond. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 186. 
 
 6. Contractor's bond. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Penaltv as limit of liability on. 55 L.R.A. 
 593. 
 
 Condition against taking effect until signed 
 
 by others. 45 L.R.A. 332. 
 -Discretion as to bond of bidder for public 
 contract. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 664. 
 
 Release of surety on building contractor's 
 bond by making payments not author- 
 ized by the contract. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 418. 
 
 Right of sureties on contractor's bond, who 
 perform contract on abandonment by 
 contractor, to moneys unpaid on con- 
 tract, as against the assignees or 
 creditors of contractor. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 457. 
 
 Liability upon contractor's bond which 
 undertakes to indemnify owner against 
 liability for injuries to employees, 
 where the injury is due to owner's 
 negligence, li L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Does bond of highway contractor cover per- 
 sonal injuries to members of public. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 152. 
 
 Renewal of contract under option as extend- 
 ing the undertaking of a surety for 
 the performance of the contract. 41 
 L.:^.A.(N.S.) 422. 
 
 § 10. IjiaT)illty for labor and materials. 
 
 Contractor's bonds as substitutes for me- 
 chanics' liens. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 579. 
 
 Does building contractor's bond indemnify 
 owner against mechanics' liens, when 
 not expressly mentioned. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1075. 
 
 Eight of subcontractor, materialman, or 
 laborer to maintain action on contract- 
 or's bond to owner. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 573. 
 
 Implied power to incorporate in contract- 
 or's bond a requirement that the con- 
 tractor shall pay laborers and material- 
 men. 11 L.R.A.fN.S.) 1028. 
 
 Liability of sureties on contractor's bond to 
 laborers or materialmen not entitled to 
 a lien, when bond is conditioned against 
 liens or claims. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 889. 
 
 Effect of invalidity of contract for public 
 work upon the liability of the contract- 
 or's bondsmen for material, etc., fur- 
 nished in carrying out the contract. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 793. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BONDS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Effect of surrender or discharge, by owner 
 of property, of bond given by contractor 
 conditioned for the payment of ma- 
 terialmen and laborers upon the right 
 of the latter to recover thereon. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 455. 
 
 c. For fidelity of employees or cor- 
 porate officers. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Condition against taking effect until signed 
 by others. 45 L.R.A. 333. 
 
 Liability of surety in case of fraud of 
 obligee., . 21 L.R.A. 412. 
 
 Duty of obligee in fidelity bond to disclose 
 prior defalcation to sureties in the ab- 
 sence of any inquiry in regard thereto. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 247. 
 
 Right of beneficiary in bond insuring fidelity 
 of officer or employee to repudiate au- 
 thority of person who made the repre- 
 sentations in reliance upon which the 
 bond was issued. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 549, 
 
 What constitutes a verification of accounts 
 as required by fidelity bond or contract. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.'S.) 323'. 
 
 Effect upon bond conditioned for fidelity 
 of employee or agent, of a change In 
 the latter's field of operation or the 
 nature of his duties. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 463; 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1152. 
 
 Liability of surety under fidelity bond for 
 defalcation subsequent to a reappoint- 
 ment of the ofBcer or employee, made 
 before expiration of the original term, 
 or during an indefinite term. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 493. 
 
 Character of and rules governing contracts 
 by corporations engaged for profit in 
 business of guarantying the fidelity ov 
 contracts of other persons. 33 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 513. 
 
 Admissibility against sureties on bond of 
 statements by principal after expira- 
 tion of term of employment. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 662. 
 
 d. Of public officers. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 Liability of officers, generally, see Offi- 
 cers, §§ 38-42. 
 
 Penalty as limit of liability on bonds of 
 public officers generally. 55 L.R.A. 
 393. 
 Sheriffs and constables. 55 L.R.A. 393. 
 Treasurers, collectors, and paymasters. 
 55 L.R.A. 393. 
 Condition against taking effect until signed 
 by others. 45 L.R.A. 335. 
 Sheriff or deputy. 45 L.R.A. 336. 
 Treasurer. 45 L.R.A. 336. 
 Effect of delivery of official bond unsigned 
 by principal obligor. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1108. 
 Form of judgment on. 62 L.R.A. 448. 
 Vacancy in office by failure to file bond 
 within time prescribed. 16 L.R.A. 140. 
 
i24 
 
 IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOIES. 
 
 BONDS, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Liability of surety in case of fraud of 
 obligee. 21 L.R.A. 413. 
 
 Exemption of homestead from liability on. 
 24 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion on bond must be brought. 64 
 L.R.A. 607. 
 
 Estoppel of surety to deny official capacity 
 of principal. 1 L.R.A. 119.* 
 
 Breaili of official bond; conversion of funds. 
 1 L.R.A. 118.* 
 
 May a bond of public official, intended as a 
 statutory bond, but not binding as 
 such, be enforced as a common-law 
 bond. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 766. 
 
 Right of sureties who have made good a 
 loss occasioned by their principal's de- 
 fault or misconduct, to be subrogated 
 to the rights of the obligee or benefici- 
 ary of the bond against a third person. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 155. 
 
 Right to interest on official bonds. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 11. 
 
 Liability of bond of public officer for inter- 
 est received on public money. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 855. 
 
 Admissibility against sureties of statements 
 by principal after expiration of term 
 of office. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 662. 
 
 Eff'ect on surety of judgment against princi- 
 pal. 52 L.R.A. 165; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 704, 732. 
 
 § 13. For what liable. 
 
 Liability for false imprisonment, see False 
 Imprisonment, § 8. 
 
 Suits on official bonds for trespasses or un- 
 authorized acts of officer done 
 colore officii. 21 L.R.A. 738. 
 Liability of sureties where the officer 
 has no writ, or acts under -a void 
 writ. 21 L.R.A. 738. 
 Oppression in office. 21 L.R.A. 741. 
 Fraud of officer. 21 L.R.A. 741. 
 
 Liability on official bond for making arrest. 
 51 L.R.A. 222; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 275. 
 
 Liability of sureties on the bond of a peace 
 officer for the death of a person due to 
 the act or default of the principal or 
 one of his deputies. 11 L.R.A. (jSTS ) 
 758. 
 
 Liability of sureties on bond of peace of- 
 ficer for latter's act in killing or injur- 
 ing one person while attempting to exe- 
 cute criminal process against another. 
 29 L.R.A.(X.S.) 463. 
 
 Liability of sureties on constable's bond for 
 assault made in serving or executin<' 
 civil writ or process. 8 L.R.A. (>fsT 
 1223. 
 
 Liability of bondsmen of peace officer for 
 acts of latter in respect of property 
 taken from prisoner. 37 L.R.A. (NS 1 
 873. ■ ■' 
 
 Liability of officer's bond for failure to 
 return money deposited to avoid exe- 
 cution of writ. 39 L.R.A.{X.S.) 577. 
 
 Liability on official bond for loss of money 
 by theft or bank failure. 22 L R A 
 449. 
 
 BONDS, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Liability of a postmaster or his sureties for 
 illegal acts done in accordance with di- 
 rections of a superior officer. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 309. 
 
 Liability of public officer to sureties of an- 
 other public officer for loss sustained 
 by them through former's neglect to 
 require proper settlement of accounts. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 
 Liability of tax officers or their bond for 
 failure of tax purchaser's title on 
 account of irregularities in pro- 
 cedure. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 967. 
 Under covenants in deed. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 969. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute releasing pub- 
 lic officer or his surety from liability 
 for loss of public fund. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 97. 
 
 §14. — liability for acts before or 
 after term. 
 
 Liability of sureties on bond of public offi- 
 cer for default of principal during prior 
 terra. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 131. 
 Extension of liability on official bond while 
 officer is holding over after expir- 
 ation of regular term. 35 L.R.A. 
 88. 
 Merely holding beyond term. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 88. 
 Provision for liability until successor 
 
 is appointed. 35 L.R.A. 90. 
 Re-election. 35 L.R.A. 92. 
 General bond. 35 L.R.A. 93. 
 Resignation. 35 L.R.A. 93. 
 Liability of sureties for second term; de- 
 fenses. 1 L.R.A. 118.* ' 
 
 § 15. Effect against surety of judgment 
 against officer. 
 
 Effect against surety on official bond, of 
 judgment against officer. 52 L.E.A. 
 165; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 704. 
 
 e. Of public depositary. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Liability of sureties on bond of bank as 
 depository of public funds as affected 
 by acquiescence or connivance of pub- 
 lic officials in misuse of the funds. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 865. 
 
 ///. Commercial, government, and mu- 
 nicipal bonds. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Liability to levy, see Levy and Seizure, 
 
 § 3. 
 Holders of bonds secured by mortgage, see 
 
 Mortgage, §§ 34, 68, 72. 
 Of school district, see Schools, S 34 
 -Bequest of bonds, see Wills § 128 
 
 Bequest of bonds 
 
 as general or specific. 
 49. 
 
 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S. 
 ^*'"'l R a °49 ' *° P"f«liasers of bonds. 38 
 Begin with this book on every law qxiefition. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. KOTES. 
 
 125 
 
 BONDS, III.— cont'd 
 
 Measure of damages for conversion of 
 pledged bonds by invalid sale. 43 
 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 Statutes legalizing or validating municipal 
 bonds. 27 L.R.A. 697. 
 
 Holders as necessary parties to proceed- 
 ings to invalidate municipal bonds. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 256. 
 
 Corporate bonds as subject of attachment 
 as tangible property. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 421. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute, 
 to enjoin issuance or payment of mu- 
 nicipal bonds. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3. 
 
 Respective rights of life tenant and re- 
 mainderman in distributions by corpo- 
 ration in form of bonds of declaring 
 corporation. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 812. 
 
 Refunding bonds as indebtedness within 
 meanins of debt limit provisions. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1099. 
 
 Proof of, under banlcruptcy act. 54 L.R.A. 
 373. 
 
 Liability of government or other public 
 body for its own obligations, stolen 
 from it. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 444. 
 Theft of obligations before issue. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 445. 
 Fraud of issuing officers. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 445. 
 Obligations - stolen after redemption. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 446. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to municipal and county bonds. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 407. 
 
 § 18. IVegotiability. 
 
 Negotiability of bonds issued by railroad 
 corporations. 1 L.E.A. 299.* 
 
 § 19. For what purpose. 
 
 Object or purposes that may be combined 
 in a single question as to the issuance 
 of bonds submitted to voters of a mu- 
 nicipality. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 665. 
 
 Issue of bonds in payment of municipal 
 waterworks. 61 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 § 20. — aid to railroad. 
 
 Power to issue in aid of railroad construc- 
 tion. 5 L.R.A. 728.* 
 
 Railroad's failure to comply with conditions 
 on which railroad aid bonds were issued 
 as a defense to tliem in hands of bona 
 fide purchaser. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 849. 
 
 Power to authorize county or other political 
 division to acquire or operate railroad 
 or street railway as afTected by restric- 
 tion on power to aid private enter- 
 prises. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of stat- 
 ute, to enjoin issuance or payment of 
 railroad aid bonds by municipality. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3. 
 
 § 21. Majority essential to issuance of. 
 
 On what basis majority essential to adop- 
 tion of proposition for issuing munici- 
 pal bonds is to be computed. 22 L.R.A. 
 (KS.) 478. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BONDS, in.— cont'd 
 
 § 22. Conditions and regulations of 
 issuance. 
 
 Accrued interest as part of par value with- 
 in prohibition against sale of bonds at 
 less than par. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 789. 
 
 Issuance of bonds at less than par as usury. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1106. 
 
 Payment of commissions for sales of bonds 
 as violating requirement that bonds 
 shall not be sold for less than par. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 248. 
 
 Failure of railroad to comply with condi- 
 tions on which railroad aid bonds were 
 issued as a defense to them in hands of 
 of a bona fide holder. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 849. 
 
 Payable in gold coin. 29 L.R.A. 522. 
 
 §2 3. Rights of bona fide holders. 
 
 Effect of putting bond indorsed in blank 
 into another's possession to estop owner 
 as against purchaser in good faith. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 256. 
 
 Failure of railroad to comply with condi- 
 tions on which railroad aid bonds were 
 issued as a defense to them in hands of 
 bona fide holder. 19 L.R.A! (N.S.) 849. 
 
 § 24. Pledgee's authority to sell. 
 
 See Pledge and Collateeal Secubity, § 12. 
 
 § 2 5. Actions and defenses. 
 
 Right of bondholder to sue for enforcement 
 of trust deed. 20 L.R.A. 535. 
 
 When limitation begins to run against ac- 
 tion on municipal bonds representing 
 ^funded indebtedness. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 ■^03. 
 
 Defense against negotiable bonds trans- 
 ferred after maturity. 46 L.R.A. 810. 
 
 Failure of railroad to comply with condi- 
 tions on which railroad aid bonds were 
 issued as a defense to them in hands 
 of bona fide holder. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 849. 
 
 §26. Taxation of. 
 
 Taxation of, generally, see Taxes, § 23. 
 
 Applicability of general tax exemptions to 
 inheritance or succession tax on United 
 States bonds. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1208. 
 
 Mandatory injunction to compel reception 
 of coupons for taxes. 20 L.R.A. 167. 
 
 § 2 7. Coupons. 
 
 Character of; negotiability. 1 L.R.A. 299.' 
 Negotiability of detached coupons. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 299.'- 
 As distinct and separate instruments. 6 
 
 L.R.A. 562.* 
 Past-due coupons attached. 2 L.R.A. 353.* 
 Liability of county on. 17 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 
 556. 
 Validity of agreement to pay interest on 
 
 interest coupons. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 296. 
 Mandatory injunction to compel reception 
 
 of coupons for taxes. 20 L.R.A. 167. 
 
126 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BONUS. 
 
 Stock, see Coepobations, § 68. 
 
 To secure location of county seat, as brib- 
 ery. 15 L.R.A. 501. 
 
 Secret bonus to officer or director of corpora- 
 tion as affecting right to enforce con- 
 tract against corporation. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 467. 
 
 Liability of promoters of corporation to 
 bonus .eivcrs. 18 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1119. 
 
 Trustee's right to retain bonus received 
 from third person. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 923. 
 
 Payment of illegal bonus for discharge of 
 mortgage pending foreclosure, as duress. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 574. 
 
 BOOK ACCOUNTS. 
 
 j BOOKS— cont'd 
 
 Omission of bankrupt to keep books as 
 I ground for refusing to discharge. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 246. 
 Right of bankrupt to discharge as affected 
 by act of partner or agent in failure 
 to keep, or concealment of, books. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 786. 
 
 § 3. Right to ihspect. 
 
 Discovery and inspection of, see Discoveby 
 axd' Inspection, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Corporate books, see Cobpoeations, § 99. 
 
 Books of municipality, see Municipal Coe- 
 pobations, § 2. 
 
 Public records, see Recoeds and Recokding 
 Laws, § 2. 
 
 Records of title, see Recoeds and Record- 
 ing Laws, § 13. 
 
 Right to inspect books of public officers. 
 27 L.R.A. 83. 
 
 See Accounts. 
 
 BOOKKEEPER. 
 
 Attorney's implied power to bind client 
 for fees of. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 704. 
 
 Entries In account books by, as evidence. 
 52 L.R.A. 562, S93. 
 
 Admissibility, on testimony of bookkeeper, 
 of entries in party's books of account 
 based on oral or written statements 
 by others. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 
 BOOKMAKING. 
 
 See Gaming, II. 
 
 BOOKS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Account books, see Account Books. 
 As to copyrights, see Copyrights. 
 ."is evidence, see Evidence, V. 
 Text-books, see Schools, § 36. 
 
 As baggage. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 371. 
 
 Common-law rights of authors and otl;ers 
 in intellectual productions. 51 L.R A 
 353. 
 
 What misrepresentation will afford ground 
 for rescinding a sale of books or a de- 
 fense to an action for their purchase 
 price. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Right to fix retail price of book as inci- 
 dent of copyright. 15 L.R.A. (NR) 
 767. ' 
 
 Right of officer of corporation to refuse to 
 turn over books to a receiver upon the 
 ground that they have a tendency to 
 incriminate him. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) '725. 
 
 § 2. Necessity for keeping. 
 
 Requirements of iron-safe clause in policy 
 as to, see Insueance, § 79. 
 Begin with this hoolc on evevi; laic qu 
 
 BOOKS OF ACCOUNT. 
 
 See Account Books. 
 
 BOOM. 
 
 For logs, see Logs and Logging, § 9. 
 
 BOOT-BLACKING STAND. 
 
 As a place of public accommodation within 
 civil rights act. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 601. 
 
 BOOTH. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to place 
 polling booth in street. 4 L.R.A. (N S ) 
 571. 
 
 BORROWING. 
 
 By municipality, see Municipal Corpora- 
 tions, §§ 61-67. 
 See also Bailment. 
 
 U'ithdrawal from loan association by bor- 
 rowers. 35 L.R.A. 296. 
 
 BOTTLES. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to minor 
 
 q/Tn A^xfoP °!i°" °f '='^a'-ged bottle. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 239. 
 
 Right to prohibit sale of milk except in 
 bottles. 33 L.R.A.(N.S ) 40] ^ 
 
 Legislation t« protect manufacturers or 
 dealers against loss of bottles in which 
 
 (x.s.) ms ' "' P"* "P- ^* ^■^■^- 
 
 est ion. 
 
IKDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 127 
 
 BOTTOMRY. 
 
 Jurisdiction of admiralty in ease of. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 204, 233. 
 When bottomry bond will be upheld. 70 
 
 L.RA. 364, 418. 
 
 BOULEVARDS. 
 
 Prohibiting use of automobiles on. 1 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 221. 
 
 BOUND ARIKS. 
 
 /. Of states, §§ 1-3. 
 II. Of private property, §§ 4-9. 
 
 /. Of states. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of counties, see Counties, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Of municipality, see Municipal Cobpora- 
 
 TIONS, IV. 
 Of school district, see Schools, § 28. 
 
 Locality of crime committed by shooting or 
 striking across state boundary. 28 
 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 § 2. — upon waters. 
 
 Jurisdiction over, see Waters, §§ 4-7. 
 
 Right to operate ferry on boundary waters. 
 59 L.R.A. 518. 
 
 § 2a. — rivers and lakes. 
 
 Jurisdiction over, see Watebs, §§ 5, 6. 
 Taxation of bridge over boundary river, see 
 Taxes, § 44. 
 
 Rivers as state boundaries. 15 L.R.A. 187. 
 
 Delaware river. 15 L.R.A. 187. 
 
 Mississippi river. 15 L.R.A. 187. 
 
 Ohio river. 15 L.R.A. 187. 
 
 Missouri river. 15 L.R.A. 188. 
 
 Potoma,c river. 15 L.R.A. 188. 
 
 Chattahochee river. 15 L.R.A. 188. 
 
 Hudson river and neighboring waters. 
 15 L.R.A. 189. 
 
 Fluctuation of river. 15 L.R.A. 189. 
 Lakes as state boundaries. 15 L.R.A. 187. 
 Lake Michigan as state boundary. 1.5 
 
 L.R.A. .189. 
 Boundary of municipality on navigable 
 
 stream. 23 L.R.A. 520. 
 Change of channel as change of state 
 
 boundary. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 200. 
 
 § 3. Change of. 
 
 Change of boundary of municipality, see 
 Municipal Coeporations, §§ 11-13. 
 
 Change of channel as. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 200. 
 
 Effect of changing boundaries of school dis- 
 trict upon rights in real property. 26 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 486. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BOUNDARIES— cont'd 
 
 II. Of private property. 
 
 see Adveese Pos- 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Adverse possession on, 
 session, § 3. 
 
 Encroachments beyond, see Enchoach- 
 ments. 
 
 Estoppel as to boundary line, see Estoppel, 
 § 22. 
 
 Boundary fences, see Fences. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment in action in- 
 volving, see Judgment, § 37a. 
 
 Of mine, see Mines, II. b. 
 
 Trees on boundary line, see Teees, § 3. 
 
 Trees near as a nuisance, see Nuisances, 
 § 3. 
 
 As to party wall, see Paety Wall. 
 
 Property rights in trees on. 21 L.R.A. 729. 
 Implied grant of easement for stairway on 
 
 division line. 3 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1082. 
 Right to inspect public records as to boiuid- 
 
 aries and titles. 27 L.R.A. 84. 
 Fraud in opinion as to. 35 L.R.A. 419. 
 Right to rely upon representations as to. 
 
 37 L.R.A. 610; 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1210. 
 Effect of mistake of fact by defendant as to, 
 
 on right to specific performance of 
 contract. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 83. 
 
 Applicability in case of disputed bovmdaries 
 of rule against conveyance of land held 
 adversely. 35 L.R.A". (N.S.) 746. 
 I Estoppel to assert governmental power as 
 to. 16 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Right to inspect account books of public 
 officers as to. 27 L.R.A. 84. 
 
 Liability of surveyor for errors or mis- 
 takes as to. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1043. 
 
 Domieil or residence when boundary line 
 runs through dwelling. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 874. 
 
 § 5. On highway. 
 
 Conveyance "along" highway. 4 L.R.A. 
 624.* 
 
 Effect of bounding grant on private way to 
 carry title thereto. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 539. 
 
 Right of grantee to claim easement, implied 
 covenant, or estoppel as against grant- 
 or by call in deed for alley in \vhich 
 grantor owns the fee. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 878. 
 
 Effect of improvements by abutting owner 
 with reference to what is erroneously 
 supposed to be the street boundary line 
 to estop the municipality from assert- 
 ing the true line. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 243. 
 
 Bounding land on street or alley as cove- 
 nant that the street or alley exists, 
 where grantor does not own the fee 
 thereof. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 004. 
 
 Conveyance of parcel abutting on aban- 
 doned street as carrying grantor's title 
 to fee of former street. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 778. 
 
 § 6. On waters. 
 
 Change of. by sudden submergence of land. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 On non-navigable waters. 8 L.R.A. 579.* 
 
128 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 BOUXDAKIES, II.— conf d 
 
 Of grant bordering on stream. 10 L.K.A. 
 
 207.* 
 Effect of bounding grant on river or tide 
 water. 42 L.R.A. 502. 
 General rule. 42 L.R.A. 502. 
 No strip reserved between graiited land 
 
 and water. 42 L.R.A. 502. 
 Title will go to middle of stream. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 503. 
 Particular descriptions which have been 
 held to pass title to thread of 
 stream. 42 L.R.A. 505. 
 Presumption that title goes to center 
 may be rebutted. 42 L.R.A. 506. 
 Particular descriptions which will re- 
 but presumption. 42 L.R.A. 
 506. 
 Generally. 42 L.K.A. 506. 
 Boundary on margin. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 506. 
 Boundary on bank. 42 L.R.A. 507. 
 Where rights in river are in third 
 
 person. 42 L.R.A. 508. 
 Convevance by plat. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 509. 
 Artificial channel. 42 L.R.A. 509. 
 Highway on bank. 42 L.R.A. r.09. 
 Stream "between" lands. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 510. 
 Effect of call for quantity. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 510. 
 Meander line. 42 L.R.A. 510. 
 Between nations. 42 L.R.A. 511. 
 Some exceptional New York cases. 
 
 42 L.R.A. 511. 
 Specific descriptions. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 511. 
 Question for jury. 42 L.R.A. 511. 
 Tidal waters. 42 L.R.A. 511. 
 Effect of deed to carry title to water's edge, 
 where a street or highway intervenes. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 551. 
 Government grant bounded by nontidal riv- 
 er as carrying title to land thereunder. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1240. 
 
 § 7. — artificial body of. 
 
 Canal. 51 L.R.A. 179. 
 Pond. 51 L.R.A. 179. 
 Permanent artificial pond. 
 
 51 L.EA. 180. 
 
 § 8. Establishment of; description. 
 
 Fixing by estoppel. 1 L.R.A. 522.* 
 
 Established by agreement. 1 L.R.A. 214.'' 
 
 Effect of compromise agreement locating 
 division line at place known not to bs 
 the true boundary. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 610. 
 
 Effect of acquiescence in boundary lines. 4 
 L.R.A. 643. 
 
 Map as affecting description. 13 L.R.A. 
 142.* 
 
 Judgment against plaintiff in action involv- 
 ing boundary as establishing boundary 
 claimed by defendant. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1020. ' 
 
 Correction of misdescription as to, in will. 
 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 958. 
 
 Effect of taking possession on disputed 
 boundaries. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 805. 
 
 BOUNDARIES, II.— contM 
 
 Injunctive relief to compel or prevent erec- 
 tion, maintenance, or removal of bound- 
 ary fences in settlement of disputed 
 boundary lines. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 57. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 
 
 § 9. Change of. 
 
 By sudden submergence of land. 
 
 850. 
 Right to change lot lines of occupants after 
 
 entry under the townsite act. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 183. 
 
 BOUNTIES. 
 
 Statutes legalizing invalid contracts to pay 
 
 27 L.R.A. 702. 
 Right to use public money to pay. 
 
 L.R.A. 476. 
 Claims against state for. 42 L.R.A. 63 
 Decisions under various state statutes. 
 
 L.R.A. 202.* 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 BOWLING ALLEYS. 
 
 As a place of amusement within civil rights 
 
 acts. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 As a nuisance. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75. 
 Municipal regulation of, as a nuisance. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 524. 
 Power of municipality to prohibit as a 
 
 nuisance. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 548. 
 
 *-—*■ 
 
 BOW WIXDOAVS. 
 
 See Bat Window. 
 
 BOXING MATCH. 
 
 Consent as Justification for assault. 15 
 L.E.A. 853. 
 
 BOYCOTT. 
 
 See Conspiracy, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 BRAND. 
 
 Misbranding food, see Food, § 4. 
 
 Validity of police regulations as to brand- 
 
 11 
 
 r'n until this book on every law question 
 
 ing or labeling articles of commerce. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 880. 
 As evidence of ownership of cattle. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 Police regulations as to branding articles of 
 
 commerce. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 184: 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 684. 
 
:NDEX XO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 129 
 
 liRAXDY. 
 
 At Intoxicating liquor. 20 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 ■*—*■ 
 
 BRASS KNUCKLES. 
 
 As weapon within statute against carrying 
 concealed weapons. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1176. 
 
 BREACH. 
 
 Forfeiture for breach of condition subse- 
 quent, see Conditions, §§ 7, 11. 
 
 Of contract generallv, see Contracts, 
 §§ 131, 131a. 
 
 Of promise, see Breach of PROitiSE. 
 
 Of covenant, see Covenants, III. 
 
 Of insurance contract, see Insubascb, V. 
 
 Of warranty, see Sale, §§ 53-59, 68. 
 
 Of condition in will, see Wills, § 89. 
 
 Of condition of pardon. 14 L.R.A. 288. 
 
 BREACH OF PROMISE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Damages for, see Damages, §§ 6, 50a. 
 
 Nature of action for. 10 L.R.A. 584.* 
 Abatement of action or cause of action for. 
 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1020. 
 Neeessitv of averring seduction in order to 
 
 recover therefor. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 702. 
 Constitutionality of imprisonment for debt 
 
 arising from breach of promise. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 639. 
 Right to attachment or order of arrest in 
 
 breach of promise case. 59 L.R.A. 954. 
 
 § 2. Validity of agreement to marry 
 where one of parties is married. 
 
 Where one party acts in good faith. 1 
 B. R. C. 917! 
 
 Where made with knowledge of marriage. 
 1 B. R. C. 918. 
 
 Agreement to marry on death or divorce of 
 present husband and wife. 52 L.R.A. 
 660; 1 B. R. C. 919. 
 
 As affected by disabilities imposed by de- 
 cree of divorce. 1 B. R. C. 922. 
 
 § 3. What constitutes. 
 
 Refusal or failure to keep agreement for 
 marriage at a specified time or 
 place as breach of the marriage 
 contract. 66 L.R.A. 798. 
 Anticipatory refusal. 66 L.R.A. 798. 
 Postponement of ceremony. 66 L.R.A. 
 798. 
 Right to postpone. 66 L.R.A. 798. 
 Effect of postponement. 66 L.R.A. 
 799. 
 Failure to fulfil agreement at appointed 
 time or place. 66 L.R.A. 799. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to dnte. 
 
 BREACH OF PROMISE— cont'd 
 
 Acts subsequent to time agreed upon 
 
 as constituting refusal. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 801. 
 When cause of action accrues. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 § 4. Defenses. 
 
 Disease as a, defense for breach of promise 
 to marry. 15 L.R.A. 531. 
 
 Lewdness of woman, known at time of prom- 
 ise, as a defense. 10 L.R.A. 584.* 
 
 Ill health as defense to an action for breach 
 of promise to marry. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 582; 40L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 
 §5. — fraudulent concealment. 
 
 Generally. 26 L.R.A. 430. 
 
 Want of chastity. 26 L.R.A. 431. 
 
 Physical incapacity. 26 L.R.A. 431. 
 
 Bad character. 26 L.R.A. 431. 
 
 Personal life and traits and family affairs. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 432. 
 Mitigation of damages. 26 L.R.A. 432. 
 Necessity of alleging fraud. 26 L.R.A. 432. 
 
 § 6. Evidence. 
 
 Evidence in action. 10 L.R.A. 584.* 
 Evidence of character for chastity in action 
 for. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 748. 
 
 BREACH OF THE PEACE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Defined; examples of. 13 L.R.A. 163.* 
 Criminal responsibility for homicide in 
 
 carrying out unlawful conspiracy for. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 196. 
 Homicide in attempting to prevent. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 535. 
 Power of municipality to punish when made 
 
 an offense by state law. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 53. 
 Right of both state and municipality to 
 
 convict of offense of. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 704. 
 Validity of ordinances as to street parades. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 251. 
 
 § 2. Arrest for, without warrant. 
 
 Right to make. 8 L.R.A. 530.* 
 Liability of officer for making. 51 L.R.A. 
 206. 
 
 § 3. Forfeiture of peace bond. 
 
 What conduct will work a forfeiture. 40 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 186. 
 
 BREAD. 
 
 See Food, § 6. 
 
 BREAD AND WATER. 
 
 Keeping prisoner on, as cruel or unusual 
 punishment. 35 L.R.A. 569. 
 9 
 
130 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BREWERS AND BREWERIES. 
 
 Legality under modern anti-trust acts of 
 combinations of. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 138. 
 
 Power to guarantee contracts of customers. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 186. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by stat- 
 ute or ordinance imposing license tax 
 on brewery agency. 40 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 ■291. 
 
 BRIBERY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Validity of contract to influence official ac- 
 tion, see Contracts, § 100. 
 
 Of public officer. 5 L.R.A. 814.* 
 
 Of voters at elections. 5 L.R.A. 217.* 
 
 Instiffation to. 25 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Solicitation to. a5 L.R.A. 439. 
 
 Who is accomplice in bribery case within 
 the rule requiring corroboration of tes- 
 timony. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 706. 
 
 Reference by prosecuting attorney in argu- 
 ment to jury to attempts to tamper 
 with witnesses or jurymen as ground 
 for reversal. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) '795. 
 
 Charging acceptance of bribe as libel. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1139. 
 
 Necessity of instruction as to law on cir- 
 cumstantial evidence. 69 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 § 3. What constitutes. 
 
 By gift to public; for street improvements. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 62. 
 
 By bonus to secure location of county-seat. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 501. 
 
 Jurisdiction or authority of officer to act 
 in the matter as element of bribery. 
 15 L.RA.(N.S.) 1173. 
 
 § 3. Defenses. 
 
 Instigation of oflFense as a defense to pros- 
 ecution. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 952. 
 
 Truth of charge as to as defense to civil 
 action for libel or slander. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 146. 
 
 BRICKBATS. 
 
 As deadly weapons. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 507. 
 
 BRICK KILN. 
 
 Municipal power over, as nuisance. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 654. 
 Operation of, as nuisance. 2 L.R.A. (NS ) 
 
 92. 
 
 BRICKS. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of, on sale out of 
 larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 42 
 
 BRICK YARDS. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to main- 
 tain. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 122. 
 
 Power of municipality to regulate. 25 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 247; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 898. 
 
 BRIDGE COMPANIES. 
 
 Right to enforce by mandamus duty arising 
 wholly from contract. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1084. 
 
 Right of foreign company to enter state. 
 24 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 Business of, aflfected with a public interest 
 subjecting them to the regulation and 
 control as to rates or prices. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 835. 
 
 BRIDGES. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every Jaw question. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Approach to, see Appkoaches, § 2. 
 Obstruction of highway by, see Highways, 
 
 § 37. 
 Railroad bridges, see Railroads, § 28. 
 
 Interference by riparian owner with. ,39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1213. 
 
 Right of foreign corporation as to. 24 
 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 Delegation of municipal power as to. 20 
 L.R.A. 726. 
 
 Taking of land for, as n public purpose. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 
 Duty to light highway bridge. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 946. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract for construction or 
 repair of. 53 L.R.A. 49, 66. 
 
 Specific performance of agreement for li- 
 cense to maintain. 49 L.R.A. 519. 
 
 Right of municipality without express pow- 
 er to permit construction of an over- 
 head bridge across a public street for 
 private purpose. 23 L.R.A, (N.S.) 158. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute, 
 to enjoin unlawful expenditures bv 
 municipality for bridges. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 20. 
 
 § 2. As nuisance. 
 
 Municipal control of, as a nuisance. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 681. 
 Bridge over navigable stream, constructed 
 
 under legislative authority. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 Presumption as to statutory authority to 
 commit nuisance by erection of bridge. 
 70 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 § 3. Duty to construct, maintain, and 
 repair. 
 
 Duty of railroad company to construct 
 bridges at its own expense over public 
 dramage ditches. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 131 
 
 BRIDGES— cont'd 
 
 Duty to maintain bridge over race way in- 
 tersecting highway. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 
 Liability of street railway company for re- 
 flooring. 46 L.K.A. 199. 
 
 Liability of contractor to replace bridge 
 destroyed by unprecedented flood 
 against which he does not contract. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 833. 
 
 Power of municipality to require railroad 
 company to keep highway in repair at 
 overhead bridge. 18 L.E.A. (N.S.) 915. 
 
 Right to enforce by mandamus duty of 
 bridge company arising wholly from 
 contract. 13 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 
 § 4. Injuries through construction and 
 maintenance of. 
 
 Proximate cause of injury, see Proximate 
 
 Cause, § :4. 
 
 Liability of county for injury to real prop- 
 erty from construction and operation of 
 bridge. 39 L.E.A. 65. 
 
 Liability of county for injuries caused by 
 construction or maintenance of a bridge 
 to property thereto adjoining. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.") 209. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to abutting 
 owner from approach to bridge under 
 constitutional provision against "dam- 
 aging" private property for public use 
 \Tithout compensation. 36 L.E.A. 
 (X.S.) 1198. 
 
 Liability of town or municipality for in- 
 juries by interference with flow of wa- 
 ter by. " 59 L.E.A. 856. 
 
 Obstruction of water of stream by. 59 
 L.E.A. 862; 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) ]56 
 
 Injury to abutter's easements of light, air 
 and access by grading street to cross. 
 14 L.E.A. 372. 
 
 Across street as additional burden. 17 
 L.E.A. 481. 
 
 Liability of municipality for negligence of 
 bridge tender. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1178. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in' construction of. 
 65-L.E.A. 647. 
 
 Persons working on, as independent con- 
 tractors. 65 L.E.A. 466. 
 
 § 5. Duty and liability as to defects in. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by defects 
 or obstructions on. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 .571. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to travelers 
 by defective bridges tlirough defect in 
 plan of construction. 67 L.E.A. 268. 
 
 Duty of municipality to construct and main- 
 tain bridges in condition to sustain un- 
 usual weight. 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 832. 
 
 Liability of municipality for injuries on 
 tollbridge maintained by it. 33 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 449. 
 
 Duty of county or town to maintain barriers 
 'along bridges. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 267. 
 
 Liability of municipality for negligence of 
 bridge tender. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1178. 
 
 Negligence in respect to; liability for in- 
 juries caused by defects of; extraordi- 
 nary use. 13 L.R.A. 851.* 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BEIDGES— cont'd 
 
 Liability of counties for torts and negligence 
 iis 'to. 39 L.E.A. 33. 
 
 Liability for injuries from fall of. 13 
 L.E.A. 8,'52.* 
 
 Notice of defect to fix liability. 13 L.R.A. 
 851.* 
 
 Duty to properly guard defective bridge. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 681. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence as to. 59 L.R.A. 251. 
 
 § 6. — liability for injury to servant. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant by 
 defective bridge. 54 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servants 
 against defects in. 54 L.R.A. 69, 77. 
 
 Applicability as between master and serv- 
 ant of maxim Res ipsa loquitur to fall 
 of bridge. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 591. 
 
 § 7. Contributory negligence of person 
 injured. 
 
 Duty of one approaching drawbridge to stop, 
 look, and listen. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 4.52. 
 
 Duty of traveler to stop, look and listen 
 upon approaching overhead railroad 
 bridge. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 150. 
 
 Nonobservance of public regulations by one 
 using bridge as aflfecting recovery of 
 damages caused by obstruction or de- 
 fect therein. 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1035. 
 
 § 8. Toll bridges. 
 
 Taking of toll bridge by eminent domain. 
 
 13 L.R.A. 432.* 
 Measure of damages for taking toll bridge. 
 
 13 L.R.A. 432.* 
 Necessity of franchise for taking tolls on 
 
 37 L.R.A. 715. 
 Legislative regulation of rates of. 33 L.E.A. 
 
 181. 
 Liability of municipality for injuries on 
 
 toll bridge maintained by. it. 33 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 449. 
 
 § 9. — rights and duties of proprietors. 
 
 Generally. 58 L.R.A. 155; 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 360. 
 Eights and duties in general. 30 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 360. 
 Exercise of power of eminent domain. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 361. 
 Approaches. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 Erection of competing bridges. 30 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S,) 362. 
 Creation of rights. 58 L.R.A. 155. 
 Rights of abutting owners. 58 L.R.A. 157. 
 Place and method of construction. 58 
 L.E.A. 159. 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 159. 
 Imposition of additional duties. 58 
 
 L.E.A. 159. 
 Interference with navigation. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 160. 
 Injury to rivals. 58 L.R.A. 101. 
 Use of bridge. 58 L.E.A. 161. 
 Duty as to maintenance of bridge. 58 
 
 'L.R.A. 162; 30 L.R,A.(N.S.) 362. 
 Remedy for injury to bridge. 58 L.E.A. 
 168. 
 
i32 
 
 INDEX TO L 
 
 BRIDGES— cont'd 
 
 Taxation. 58 L.R.A. ]68; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 364. 
 Termination of franchise. 58 L.R.A. 169; 
 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 
 § 10. —tolls. 
 
 Generally. 58 L.R.A. 163; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 363. 
 Conditions to riglit to. 58 L.R.A. 163. 
 Legislative interference with. 58 L.R.A. 
 164. 
 
 By authorizing competition. 58 L.R.A. 
 164. 
 Validity of and remedy for competition. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 167. 
 Remission, evasion and enforcement of. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 167. 
 Vehicles subject to tolls. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 363. 
 Right of county, municipality, or town to 
 
 collect. 42 L.R.A. (N.S,) 836. 
 
 § 11. Over navigable waters. 
 
 Jurisdiction of United States circuit court 
 with respect to. 2 L.R.A. 541.* 
 
 Removal of suit with respect to. 2 L.R.A. 
 541.* 
 
 Power of Congress to legalize. 2 L.R.A. 
 540.* 
 
 Railroad bridges over navigable streams. 
 2 L.R.A. 542.* 
 
 Constructed under state authority. 2 L.R.A. 
 541.' 
 
 Power of state as to. 12 L.R.A. 675.* 
 
 Interference with navigation by toll bridges. 
 58 L.R.A. 160. 
 
 As nuisance; when constructed under legis- 
 lative authority. 59 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 Negligent breaking of, as proximate cause 
 of obstruction of navigation necessary 
 to effect repair. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 710. 
 
 Jurisdiction in admiralty of action growing 
 out of collision of vessel with bridge. 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 324. 
 
 Relative rights and duties of those maintain- 
 ing bridges across streams and those 
 floating logs therein. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 114. 
 
 § 12. Relative rights or owner, and 
 other owners of privilege. 
 
 As rival to ferry. 59 L.R.A. 541. 
 
 Interference with right of ferryman by. 
 ■ 59 L.R.A. 548. 
 
 Bridge as disturbance of ferrv franchise. 
 1 B. R. C. 341. 
 
 Tnterferencf by, with wharf rights in nav- 
 igable waters. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 430. 
 
 Relative rights and duties of those main- 
 taining bridges across streams and 
 those floating logs therein. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 114. 
 
 § 13. Taxation. 
 
 I'axatioii of bridge over boundary river, see 
 Taxes, § 44. 
 
 Bridges as real propertv for purposes of. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 298. 
 Of toll bridge proprietors. 58 L.R.A. 168; 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 
 .R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BRIDGE TENDER. 
 
 Municipal liability for negligence of. 19 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1178. 
 
 BRINGING IN PARTIES. 
 
 See Pasties, § 37. 
 
 ■*« » 
 
 BRINGING STOLEN PROPERTY IN- 
 TO STATE. 
 
 By what law question of larceny is deter- 
 mined in prosecution under statute 
 against bringing stolen property into 
 state. 15 L.R.A. 722; 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 556. 
 
 BROKEN WIRES. 
 
 See Elboteicitt, III. 
 
 BROKERS. 
 
 Begin irith this book on every law question. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-7. 
 II. Compensation, §§ S-13, 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes regulating, see 
 
 Constitutional Law, § 115. 
 Oral contract by broker with purchaser, see 
 
 Contracts, § 47. 
 Dealings in futures and options, generally, 
 
 see Contracts, §§ 105, 106, 116. 
 Custom of real estate brokers, see Custom 
 
 AND Usage, § 11. 
 Insurance brokers, see Insurance, §§ 17-23. 
 Unlawful combination of, see Monopoly 
 
 AND Combinations, § 9. 
 
 Employment of real estate broker. 10 
 L.R.A. 103.* 
 
 Character of agency. 4 L.R.A. 392.* 
 
 Exclusive agency to sell. 10 L.R.A. 103.* 
 
 Jurisdiction ef admiralty over contracts of 
 ship brokers. 60 L.R.A. Soli. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to buy and 
 sell real estate. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 121. 
 
 Statement of account by. 27 L.R.A. 821. 
 
 Implied warranty of genuineness upon sale 
 of negotiable paper by. 36 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 Right of customer who has advanced pur- 
 chase money to broker to preference 
 in case of insolvency before making 
 purchase. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 95. 
 
 Set-off In case of bankruptcy. 55 L.R.A. 40, 
 44, 51, 60. 
 
 Organization of brokerage concern by job- 
 bers or dealers as an unlawful monop- 
 oly. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 464. 
 
 Measure of damages to broker for breach 
 of advertising contract. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 273. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 133 
 
 BROKERS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Right of principal to retain property pur- 
 chased through agent, who was secret- 
 ly interested therein and seeks relief 
 against the agent. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1210. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance requiring 
 persons engaged in business of loaning 
 money on chattel security or security 
 of wages to file a record of loans made. 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 686. 
 
 Inference as to character of transaction 
 arising from the fact that it was on 
 margin. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 174. 
 
 Mutuality of contract giving real-estate 
 broker exclusive authority to sell, or 
 promise him commissions in case of 
 sale by anyone else, but which does not 
 in terms impose any obligation upon 
 ,him. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) .599. 
 
 Who must bear loss where merchandise 
 broker receives purchase price and fails 
 to pay over same to seller. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.") 474. 
 
 Effect of deposit by broker or factor to his 
 own accoimt by proceeds of sale of cus- 
 tomer's stock or property to create a 
 trust entitled to a preference. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 808. 
 
 § 2. Rights and powers of. 
 
 Powers of brokers in case of Lloyd's policies 
 of insurance. 55 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 Maritime lien for services of brokers. 70 
 L.R.A. 387. 
 
 Is broker's right to make sale of property 
 exclusive of the owner's right. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 279; 40 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 1142. 
 
 Power of real-estate broker to make con- 
 tract of sale. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 210; 23 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 982. 
 
 Right of broker to purchase real estate list- 
 ed with him for sale. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1158. 
 
 Putting security transferable by delivery or 
 endorsed or assigned in blank into brok- 
 er's possession to estop owner as against 
 purchaser in good faith. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 252. 
 
 § 3. — to maintain action. 
 
 Right of broker, to whom goods are con- 
 signed for sale, to maintain action 
 against a common carrier for damage 
 to, or loss of, goods during transit. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 4.37. 
 
 Right of factor to whom goods are consigned 
 to maintain action against carrier. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 
 § 4. — termination of. 
 
 Dissolution of partnership authorized to 
 
 act as agent, as termination of agency. 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 849. 
 Lapse of time as terminating authority of 
 
 real estate broker. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 431. 
 Avoidance by infant of stock brokerage 
 
 agency. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1219. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BROKERS, I.— cont'd 
 
 § 5. Diities and liabilities of. 
 
 Duties of brokers in case of Lloyd's policies 
 of insurance. 55 L.R.A. 21. 
 
 Duty to disclose to principal the identity 
 of a purchaser. 53 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 Duty of broker who reaps no individual 
 profit from transaction, to impart to 
 principal his knowledge of favorable 
 terms offered or acceptable by customer. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 737. 
 
 False representations by, as to cost, selling 
 or market price of property or as to 
 offers therefor. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 186. 
 
 Liability of real-estate broker who over- 
 states to purchaser the owner's mini- 
 mum pric'e. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 305. 
 
 § 6. Requirement that contract of, be 
 in writing. 
 
 Power of legislature to prohibit offering of 
 another's real estate for sale without 
 written authority. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 707. 
 
 Power of legislature to require contracts 
 for commissions for finding a purchas- 
 er for real estate to be in writing. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 973. 
 
 Necessity that agent's authority to purchase 
 or sell real property be in writing, to 
 enable him to recover compensation 
 for his services. 44 L.E.A. 601 ; 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 933. 
 
 § 7. License. 
 
 Effect of failure to obtain, on right to com- 
 missions. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 
 Effect of failure to procure license on va- 
 lidity of contract. 16 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Validity of contract by unlicensed broker. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 Validity of license upon business of loaning 
 money as affected by excessive amount 
 of license fee. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 583. 
 
 Are persons engaged in loaning their own 
 money loan brokers within license reg- 
 ulations. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 748. 
 
 //. Compensation, 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Necessity that broker's contract of employ- 
 ment be in writing, see supra, § 6. 
 
 Liability of decedent's estate for, see Exec- 
 utors AND Administeatoes, § 35. 
 
 Effect of negligence on right to, see Neg- 
 ligence, § 3. 
 
 Conditions of right to commissions general- 
 ly. 10 L.R.A. 103.* 
 
 Effect of failure to obtain license on right 
 to commissions. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 
 Right of commissions on exchange of prop- 
 erty. 10 L.R.A. 103.* 
 
 Employed by executor or administrator to 
 sell property of estate; liability of es- 
 tate for commissions of. 64 L.R.A. 
 554. 
 
 Personal liabilitj' of officer, or referee to 
 sell property, for brokers' services. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 777. 
 
134 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BROKERS, II.— cont'd 
 What constitutes employment of broker 
 which will entitle him to commissions 
 otherwise earned. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 786. 
 What constitutes listing of property or em- 
 ployment of broker within a contract 
 promising a commission therefor in 
 case the property is withdrawn or no 
 sale made. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 562. 
 Liability of owner upon revoking authori- 
 ty of real estate broker employed 
 for definite period. 3S L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 366. 
 Express revocation. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 367. 
 Liabilitv for agreed compensation. 
 
 38 'L.R.A. (N.S.) 367. 
 Liability for damages. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 368. 
 Liability upon quantum meruit 
 for value of services. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 369. 
 Revocation by sale of property. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 370. 
 Liability in damages. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 370. 
 Where owner has expressly con- 
 tracted to pay commission in 
 case of a sale by himself. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 371. 
 Miscellaneous. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 371. 
 Right of broker to commissions where, with 
 principal's consent, he becomes pur- 
 chaser. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 536. 
 Where purchaser procured by him is flnan- 
 ciallv unable to perform his contract. 
 20TJ.R.A.(N.S.) 1168. 
 Effect of contract expressly making brok- 
 er's right to commissions dependent 
 upon "sale" of property or otiier condi- 
 tion bevond that ordinarily implied. 
 29 L.R.A, (N.S,) 533. 
 Mora! obligation to pay broker for service 
 as consideration for new promise where 
 then: wa-s originally no legal liability. 
 ■2(i L.R.A.(N.S.) 520. 
 Right of broker to recover commissions or 
 advances made in furthering wagering 
 contract. 11 L.R.A, (N.S.) 575. 
 Validity of agreemi'nt by which compen- 
 sation is dependent on success in pro- 
 curing contract with public officer or 
 board. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747. . 
 Payment of commissions to, for sale of bonds 
 as violating requirement that bonds 
 shall not be sold for less than par. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 248. 
 
 § 9. Fraud and secret dealings of real 
 estate broker as affecting. 
 
 General doctrine. 45 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 In order to decrease price. 45 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 In case of conflicting interests. 45 L R.A 
 
 37. 
 Nondisclosure of true position. 45 L R.A 
 
 37. 
 Soliciting others. 45 L.R.A. 39. 
 Conspiring with purchaser. 45 L.R.A. 39. 
 Secret profit. 45 L.R.A. .39. 
 Negligence of broker. 45 L.R.A. 39, 
 
 commissions. 
 
 45 
 
 48. 
 
 for 
 
 24 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 BROKERS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Agreement to divide 
 
 L.R.A. 40. „ A .„ 
 
 By purchase of property. 45 L.R.A. 40., 
 
 Double commissions. 45 L.R.A. 44. 
 General rule. 45 L.R.A. 44. 
 Reasons for the rule. 45 L.R.A. 47 
 Custom or usage. 45 L.R.A. 48. 
 Pooling arrangements. 45 L.R.A. 48 
 
 E.xceptions to rule. 45 L.R.A. 48. 
 General. 45 L.R.A. 48. 
 Knowledge or consent. 45 L.R.A. 
 Mere middleman. 45 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 As affecting purchaser. 45 L.R.A. 52. 
 
 Miscellaneous cases. 45 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 Burden of proof. 45 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 Right of real estate broker who acts 
 both parties', to commissions. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 659. 
 
 Custom among real estate brokers to take 
 rebates or commissions from other par- 
 ty as affecting right to compensation 
 from employer. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1047. 
 
 Right of principal to recover froin broker 
 or other agent commissions which lat- 
 ter received from other party to the 
 contract. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 952. 
 
 § 10. Negligence, fraud, or default of 
 principal, or defective title, as af- 
 fecting. 
 
 Default of principal in entering into or 
 carrying out contract with pur- 
 chaser. 43 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 In general. 43 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Refusal to enter into written contract 
 or to make the sale. 43 L.R.A, 
 595. 
 
 Refusing to accept purchaser found. 
 43 L.R.A. 598. 
 
 Where the contract is oral. 43 L.R.A, 
 599. 
 
 When a binding contract exists. 43 
 L.R.A. 599. 
 
 Principal's refusal to enforce contract, 
 and release of purchaser. 43 
 L.R.A. 600. 
 
 Refusing to execute deed or convey- 
 ance. 43 L.R.A. 602. 
 
 Refusal of other parties to convey. 
 43 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 Inability of principal to complete sale. 
 43 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 Negligence of principal. 43 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Refusal to accept purchase money. 43 
 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Purchaser's pecuniary responsibility. 
 43 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Necessity of tender of performance by 
 purchaser. 43 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Effect of stipulations in broker's con- 
 tract. 43 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Principal's acts justified. 43 L.R.A. 
 605. 
 
 Actions relating to, and damages there- 
 for. 43 L.R.A. 605. 
 Default in carrying out contract with 
 broker. 43 L.R.A. 606. 
 
 Principal's interference with broker. 
 43 L.R.A. 606. 
 
 Wrongful termination of agency. 43 
 L.R.A. 608. ^ 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 135 
 
 BROKERS, II.— cont'd 
 Defective title. 43 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 General doctrine. 43 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 The question of notice. 43 L.R.A. 613. 
 Misrepresentation and fraud of principal. 
 
 43 L.R.A. 614. 
 
 Where sale fails because of defects in em- 
 ployer's title. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 576; 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1182. 
 
 Where sale fails because of inaccuracy of 
 owner's representations. 15 L.R.A. 
 iX.S.) 1262. 
 
 Where sale or loan fails because of owner's 
 refusal to give indemnity against possi- 
 ble mechanics' liens or other encvim- 
 brances. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 187. 
 
 Where broker procures purchaser at price 
 stated by his principal, but on slightly 
 different terms in regard to cash or 
 time of payment, and the owner refuses 
 to consummate the sale. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 935. 
 
 § 11. Procuring cause of sale or ex- 
 change; sale by principal to brok- 
 er's customer. 
 
 When real estate broker is considered as. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Procuring cause of sale. 44 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 General rule. 44 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Evidence to establish procuring cause. 
 44 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 Acts held sufficient to establish. 44 
 L.R.A. 328. 
 
 Acts held not sufficient to establish. 
 44 L.R.A. 333. 
 When several brokers are employed. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 337; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 164; 27 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 195. 
 In case of a sale by his principal. 44 L.R.A. 
 344. 
 
 General rule governing. 44 L.R.A. 344. 
 
 Negotiations by principal. 44 L.R.A. 
 345. . 
 
 Before broker has reasonable oppor- 
 tunity to reap result of his efforts. 
 44 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Pending broker's negotiations with pur- 
 chaser. 44 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 After suspension of negotiations. 44 
 L.R.A. 346. 
 
 After withdrawal or termination of 
 agency, etc. 44 L.R.A. 347; 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 328. 
 
 After broker has failed to secure pur- 
 chaser or to close negotiations. 44 
 L.R.A. 348. 
 
 Within time limited by contract. 44 
 L.R.A. 349. 
 
 When broker has option or sole agency. 
 44 L.R.A. 350. 
 
 Effect of modification of terms. 44 
 L.R.A. 350. 
 
 When sale is made by owner in igno- 
 rance of broker's instrumentality 
 in procuring purchaser. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 153. 
 Effect upon the right to commission, of fact 
 that owner sells to broker's cus- 
 tomer at reduced price. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 272; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1050. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BROKERS, II.— cont'd 
 
 The continuity of the services or of 
 the agency is an important cle- 
 ment. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1052, 
 
 Where the course pursued by the own- 
 er is for the purpose of depriving 
 the broker of his commissions, the 
 owner will be liable therefor. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1053. 
 
 But when the commission is a fixed 
 sum, the broker is entitled to re- 
 cover that. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1054. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1055. 
 
 § 12. Performance of contract. 
 
 By a real estate broker to find a purchaser 
 or effect an exchange of his principal's 
 
 property. 44 L.R.A. 593. 
 General rule. 44 L.R.A. 593. 
 Custom as affecting performance. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 600. 
 The necessity of a written contract. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 601. 
 Necessity of consummated sale. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 605. 
 Time of performance. 44 L.R.A. 608. 
 In case of a special contract. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 611. 
 In case of an exchange. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 612. 
 Negotiations by principal. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 612. 
 Acceptance of purchaser by principal. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 616. 
 Broker's presence at sale by principal. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 617. 
 Ratification of broker's acts. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 618. 
 Position of purchaser found. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 619. 
 Effect of purchaser's default. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 623. 
 Failure of broker to report purchaser. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 624. 
 Acts held sufficient performance. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 625. 
 Acts held not to constitute performance. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 § 13. Amount of. 
 
 Nature of contract by which owner agrees 
 to pay another all over specified sum 
 for procuring a sale. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 116. 
 
 » « » 
 
 BROTHELS. 
 
 See DisoBDERLT Houses. 
 
 BROTHERS AND SISTERS. 
 
 Inheritance by illegitimates from. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 7551. 
 Insurable interest in life of. 2 L.R.A. 844;* 
 
 54 L.R.A. 231. 
 As members of family of insured. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 334. 
 
136 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 BROTHERS AND SISTERS— cont'd 
 
 Implied agreement to pay for services ren- 
 dered to. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 
 Enforcement in equity of grantee's oral 
 promise to grant or to hold in trust 
 in case of conveyance between brotlier 
 and sister. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 928. 
 
 Killing or assaulting of, as sufficient prov- 
 ocation to reduce homicide to man- 
 slaughter. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 BROTHERS-IN-LAW AND SISTERS- 
 IN-IiAAV. 
 
 As member of family of insured. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 336. 
 
 Implied agreement to pay for services 
 rendered to. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 887. 
 
 Sister-in-law as a "dependent" within re- 
 strictions as to beneficiaries of mutual 
 benefit associations. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 209. 
 
 BUBONIC PIjAGUE. 
 
 Right to injunction against being sent to 
 pest house. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1188. 
 
 BUCKET SHOP. 
 
 Mandamus to compel delivery of market 
 quotations to. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 
 Rights of, as to market quotations. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 889. 
 
 Applicability to bucket shops of penal stat- 
 utes in relation to "games of hazard," 
 "gambling devices," etc. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 158. 
 
 "place for gaming." 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 347. 
 
 As 
 
 BUFFERS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 675. 
 
 BUIIiDING AND CONSTRUCTION 
 CONTRACTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 IJond of contractor, see Bonds, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 Construction of, see Contkaots, § 65. 
 
 Performance of, see Cots'tracts, §§ 133-142. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach nf, see Dam- 
 aces, § 22a. 
 
 Lien of contractor, see Mechanics' Liens. 
 
 Contract for public improvement, see Pub- 
 lic Improvements, §§ 7-9. 
 
 Validity of contract in violation of law 12 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 607. 
 
 BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION CON- 
 TRACTS— cont'd 
 
 Effect of statute of frauds on parol eon- 
 tracts which may but are not intended 
 to be performed within a year. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 336. 
 
 .4iding interpretation of, by extrinsic docu- 
 ments or examples. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1007. 
 
 Right to rescind or abandon contract be- 
 cause of other party's default. 30 
 L.R.A. 67. 
 
 Assignability of contracts which contain no 
 provision with reference thereto. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 350. 
 
 Maritime liens under. 70 L.R.A. 413. 
 
 Promise of additional compensation for 
 completing an executory contract other 
 than for the payment of money. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 450. 
 
 Building and construction contractors as 
 independent contractors. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 371. 
 
 Contractor's liability to replace bridge de- 
 stroyed by unprecedented flood against 
 which he does not contract. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S:) 833. 
 
 § 2. Provision in, for paying laborers 
 and materialmen. 
 
 Right of laborers or materialmen in fund 
 retained pursuant to contract for 
 public work, to insure payment of 
 their claims. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 575. 
 Right of city to waive provision. 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 576. 
 Right as between materialmen or their 
 assignees where fund is still re- 
 tained. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 577. 
 Right as against assignee of fund. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 578. 
 Right as against general creditors of 
 contractor. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 578. 
 Implied power to incorporate in contract for 
 public work, or in contractor's bond, a 
 requirement that the contractor shall 
 pay materialmen. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 3028. 
 Constitutionality of statute making owner 
 personally liable to laborers or ma- 
 terialmen because of noncompliance 
 with provisions for their protection^ 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 868. 
 
 Begin tvith this hoole on every laic quention. 
 
 BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIA- 
 TIONS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 
 STITUTIONAL LAW, § 42. 
 
 Usury by, see LTsdrt, § 4. 
 
 Change of plan of; effect on contract. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1047. 
 
 Transfer of amount from another associa- 
 tion; principal of loan. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.> 
 98. 
 
 ^'^'^If ?^'^*° transfer loan made to member 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 439. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 137 
 
 BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS 
 — cont'd 
 
 Validity and effect of statute requiring de- 
 posit of securities as a prerequisite to 
 tlie right to transact business. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 461. 
 
 Appointment of receivers for, when no other 
 relief is asked. 20 L.R.A. 214. 
 
 § 2. Powers generally. 
 
 Power to borrow money. 11 L.R.A. 847.* 
 Power to borrow monev to pay withdrawing 
 
 members. 20 L.R".A.(N.S.) 393. 
 Power to issue negotiable paper. 43 L.R.A. 
 
 419. 
 
 § 3. Stock. 
 
 Shares of stock in building and loan asso- 
 ciation as "credits" within taxing stat- 
 ute. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 137. 
 Estoppel of association to assert illegality 
 of its by-law, or stipulation in stock, 
 that the stock will mature at a fixed 
 time. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 503. 
 Eight to apply payments made on stock in 
 a building and loan association up- 
 on a mortgage given for a loan by 
 the same member. 29 L.R.A. 120. 
 Associations not protected by law. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 120. 
 Payments not ipso facto a reduction of 
 
 the mortgage. 29 L.R.A. 121. 
 Right of third persons to require the 
 
 application. 29 L.R.A. 121. 
 Associations on the terminating plan. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 123. 
 Rule under changed conception of loan 
 
 association. 29 L.R.A. 127. 
 Eight to a credit of profits. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 129. 
 Forfeiture. 29 L.R.A. 131. 
 Insolvency or abandonment of scheme 
 
 29 L.R.A. 132. 
 Change of rules. 29 L.E.A. 134. 
 Right of third person to resist appli- 
 cation. 29 L.R.A. 134. 
 Effect of special agreement. 29 L.R.A. 
 134. 
 
 § 4. Premiums. 
 
 Fixed premiums or fixed minimum of premi- 
 ums in building and loan associations. 
 ■ rj L.R.A. 244. 
 
 § 5. Mortgage. 
 
 Right to apply payments made on stock, on 
 a mortgage given by same member for a 
 loan. 29 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Provision in mortgage for payment of fines. 
 35 L.R.A. 220. 
 
 Liability of advanced member of loan asso- 
 ciation to assessment for losses after 
 release of mortgage. 29 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 Application of withdrawal account to mort- 
 gage. 35 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 S 6. ;\ssessinents. 
 
 Liability of advanced member of building 
 ' iind loan association to assessment 
 for losses. 29 L.R.A. 177. 
 Decisions proceeding on the partner- 
 ship theory. 29 L.R.A. 177. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS 
 — cont'd 
 
 The original loan association theory. 
 29 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Effect of rules or provisions in mort- 
 gage. 29 L.R.A. 180. 
 
 Change of rules. 29 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 Liability as members after release of 
 mortgage. 29 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 Statutory provisions. 29 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 § 7. Fines. 
 
 Nature and validity. 35 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 Power to impose. 35 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 On whom. 35 L.R.A. 216. 
 
 For what. 35 L.R.A. 216. 
 Amount; reasonableness. 35 L.R.A. 217. 
 Construction of provisions imposing. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 218. 
 Cumulative and successive fines. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 219. 
 Fines on fines. 35 L.R.A. 220. 
 Interest on fines. 35 L.R.A. 220. 
 Secured by mortgage. 35 L.R.A. 220. 
 Enforcement. 35 L.R.A. 221. 
 Payment; crediting. 35 L.R.A. 221. 
 Remission; failure to enforce. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 222. 
 When fines cease. 35 L.R.A. 222. 
 Provision in mortgage for payment of. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 220. 
 
 § 8. Withdrawals. 
 
 What is a withdrawal. 35 L.R.A. 289. 
 Right to withdraw. 35 L.R.A. 289. 
 Status of withdrawing member. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 290. 
 Change of rules affecting withdrawal. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 291. 
 Notice of withdrawal. 35 L.R.A. 292. 
 Terms and conditions of withdrawal. 35 
 L.R.A. 292. 
 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. 292. 
 
 Effect of losses on withdrawing mem- 
 bers. 35 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 Interest on withdrawals. 35 L.R.A. 
 293. 
 
 Applying withdrawal accounts on mort- 
 gage. 35 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 Arbitration of claims. 35 L.R.A. 294. 
 Payment of withdrawals; priorities. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 294. 
 Withdrawal by borrowing members. 35 
 L.R.A. 296. 
 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. 296. 
 
 Effect of losses. 35 L.R.A. 296. 
 
 Amount to be paid. 35 L.R.A. 297. 
 When association is insolvent or is being 
 
 wound up. 35 L.R.A. 298. 
 Termination of liability by withdrawals. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 300. 
 Orders to pay withdrawals. 35 L.R.A. 300. 
 Action to enforce withdrawal. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 301. 
 I'ower of associations to borrow money to 
 
 pay withdrawing member. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 393. 
 
 BUIIjDING lilNE. 
 
 Power to establish. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1123. 
 
138 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BUILDING MATERIALS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. ^^ , j x 
 
 Huilding materials not actually attached to 
 
 land as fixtures. 69 L.B.A. 898; ]5 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 727. 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance' as implied 
 
 to injury from. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1]29. 
 
 § 3. In street. 
 
 Obstruction of street by. 14 L.R.A. 560; 
 
 19 L.R.A. 643. . . 
 Rifht of abutting owner to deposit, in 
 
 street. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510. 
 Municipal liability for injury by, in street. 
 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 655. 
 
 Duty of municipality to guard building ina- 
 "terial in street. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 386. 
 
 BUILDING PERMIT. 
 
 See Buildings, § 2. 
 
 « « » 
 
 BUILDING RESTRICTIONS. 
 
 See Covenants, §§ 5-7, 21-25. 
 
 *-•-• 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 1. Statutori/ and municipal regula- 
 tions, §§ 1-6. 
 II. Private rights and liabilities, §§ 
 7-13. 
 
 Public buildings, see Public Buildixgs. 
 
 I. Statutory and municipal regulations, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 43. 
 
 Municipal control over buildings as nui- 
 sances, see Municipal Cobpobations, 
 § 38. 
 
 Municipal control over erection of build- 
 ings. 12 L.R.A. 150;* 13 L.R.A. 481.* 
 
 Effect of building regulations on right to 
 lateral and subjacent support. 68 
 L.R.A. 680. 
 
 Constitutionalitv of police regulations con- 
 cerning. 16 L.R.A. 400. 
 
 Delegation of municipal power as to. 20 
 L.R.A. 725. 
 
 Private action for violation of building law. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 376. 
 
 § 2. Building permit. 
 
 Power of municipality to require permit 
 to construct or repair buildings within 
 its limits. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 737. 
 
 Revocation of municipal license for. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 458. 
 
 § S. Restrictions on height of. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute limiting height 
 of. 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1160. 
 
 Begin ivith tliis hooJc on every law question. 
 
 BUILDINGS, I.— contd 
 
 8 3a. Building line. ,„ t r. a 
 
 Power to establish building line. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1123. 
 
 § 4. Fire limits. ,, t d a 
 
 Municipal power to prescribe. 13 L.K.A. 
 150;* 13 L.R.A. 481.* . 
 
 Police regulation for protection against hre. 
 10 L.R.A. 187.* 
 
 Iniunction by municipality against wooden 
 buildings. 41 L.R.A. 328. 
 
 Municipal control over wooden and frame 
 buildings as nuisances. 38 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 Power of municipality granting permission 
 to build or repair wooden building with- 
 in fire limits to limit the time of the 
 continuance of the structure. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 402. 
 
 What is a suiEcient compliance with ordi- 
 nance requiring buildings to be con- 
 structed of noncombustible material. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 483. 
 
 Moving building within fire limits as viola- 
 tion of prohibition against erection 
 within such limits. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 457. 
 
 Power to require removal, or to prohibit 
 repairs, of wooden building within fire 
 limits when damaged or partially de- 
 stroyed by fire. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 454. 
 
 Remodeling, reconstructing, or augmenting 
 building as construction or erection 
 within fire-limit statute or ordiuance- 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 120. 
 
 What constitutes repair, reconstruction, al- 
 teration, etc., of building within fire- 
 limit statute or ordinance. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 124. 
 
 Private action for violation of statute as to 
 fire limits. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 381. 
 
 § 5. Fire escapes. 
 
 Change of ordinance requiring fire escapes 
 after compliance therewith. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 398. 
 Conclusiveness of official certificate approv- 
 ing fire escapes. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1091. 
 Liability for absence or condition of, to 
 tenant of part of premises. 23 L.R.A. 
 157. 
 Effect of lack of fire escapes on liability of 
 tenant for rent. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 894. 
 Private action for violation of statute re- 
 quiring. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 Violating ordinance as to fire escapes as 
 ground for private action. 5 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 261. 
 Liability for injuries caused by lack or in- 
 sufficiency of fire escapes. 15 
 L.E.A. 160; 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177; 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 178; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 744. 
 At common law. 15 L.R.A. 160. 
 Effect of neglect of statutory require- 
 ments. 15 L.R.A. 161. 
 Contributor^' negligence as a defense. 
 
 15 L.R.A. Ifil. 
 Construction of statutes. 15 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 § 6. Destruction of. 
 
 Effect of destruction generally on private 
 rights, see infra, § 8. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 139 
 
 BUILDINGS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Liability of city for destroying bulidings to 
 
 stop spread of fire. 19 L.E.A. 197. 
 Municipal liability for destroying infected 
 
 house. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1128. ' 
 Liability for destruction of, as a nuisance. 
 
 19 L.E.A. 198. 
 Limit of power of municipality to destroy 
 
 building as a nuisance. 38 L.E.A. 166. 
 
 //. Private rights and Uahilities. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Contracts for erection of, see Building and 
 Construction Contkacts. 
 
 Building materials, see Building Mate- 
 rials. 
 
 Restrictive covenants as to, see Covenants, 
 §§ 5-7, 21-25. 
 
 As to dwellings generally, see Dwellings. 
 
 Encroachment of, see Encroachments. 
 
 As fixtures, see Fixtures. 
 
 As to flats, see Flats. 
 
 Vacancy of insured building, see Insur- 
 ance, §§ 75, 86. 
 
 Insurance against fall of, see Insurance, 
 § 154. 
 
 Support of, see Lateral Support; Sub- 
 jacent Support; Support, § 6. 
 
 Mechanics' lien on building, see Mechanics' 
 Liens. 
 
 Party walls, see Pasty Walls. 
 
 Walls of, see Walls. 
 
 On leased premises, mortgage on. 21 L.R..4. 
 347. 
 
 Presumption as to authority to place build- 
 ing on another's land. 9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 603. 
 
 Prescriptive right to maintain. 53 L.E.A. 
 901. 
 
 Efl^ect of sale of part of. 13 L.E.A: 158.* 
 
 Compelling purchaser at judicial sale to 
 complete purchase where title to build- 
 ings is imperfect. 21 L.E.A. 48. 
 
 Separating and severing in taking property 
 under power of eminent domain. 57 
 L.E.A. 941. 
 
 Effect of placing buildings on land on ques- 
 tion of adverse possession. 33 L.E.A. 
 f N.S.I 934. 
 
 Import of word "addition" in policy of fire 
 insurance. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1.56. 
 
 Right of life tenant to timber for. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 765. 
 
 Right to maintain action for conversion of 
 buildings on land in another state or 
 country. 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 940; 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 994. 
 
 Relationship of owners of difi'erent floors. 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510. 
 
 Time for removal of, after revocation of 
 parol license. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1002. 
 
 Land as appurtenance to. 15 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 Cpvenants on division of building by sale of 
 part thereof. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 706. 
 
 When provision in conveyance as to eror- 
 tion of, regarded as condition subse- 
 quent. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 741; 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 771. 
 
 Creation of easement of support by sever- 
 ance of tract of land. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 .364. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BUILDINGS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Eight to interfere with light and air by 
 building over right of way. 16 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 193. 
 
 Use for building of land dedicated for 
 squares, parks, or commons, as a di- 
 version. 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 982. 
 
 Measure of damages for wrongful injunction 
 restricting erection of building. 39 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) ISO. 
 
 § 8. Injury to, or destrviction of. 
 
 Liability of municipality for destruction of, 
 
 see supra, § 6. 
 Criminal liability for setting fire to,« see 
 
 Arson. 
 Effect of destruction of buildings pending 
 
 contract for purchase of land, see 
 
 Vendor and Pubchasee, § 6. 
 
 Injury to, by blasting. 17 L.E.A. 220. 
 
 Liability in actions for negligence for dam- 
 ages to, from substances thrown in 
 blasting. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 211. 
 
 Destruction of building as a, nuisance. 38 
 L.R.A. 166. 
 
 Effect of destruction of building upon build- 
 ing contract. 12 L.R.A. 571.* 
 
 Who must bear loss of, when destroyed in 
 process of construction. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1105; 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 
 Effect of destruction of building to termi- 
 nate adjoining owner's easement of sup- 
 port. 19 L.E.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 
 § 9. Duty and liability as to condition 
 of. 
 
 Negligence as to condition of, see Landlord 
 AND Tenant, IV. d; Negligence. 
 
 Precipitation of water from, see Waters, 
 § 54. 
 
 Liability of county for injury to real prop- 
 erty on account of condition of build- 
 ings. 39 L.E.A. 70. 
 
 Liability of vendor to purchaser on account 
 of misanitarv conditions. 34 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1035." 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for tort 
 in connection with buildings used by it. 
 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 
 To whom is the duty to keep office building 
 in proper condition, owing. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1213. 
 
 Imputing to master coscrvant's negligence 
 in respect to dangers incident to demo- 
 lition of. 54 L.E.A. 140. 
 
 Negligence as to electric wires on or in 
 buildings. 32 L.E.A. 400. 
 
 Eight to interfere with wires of pu.blie 
 service corporation in moving house 
 along a street. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 44S. 
 
 §10. — individual liability for falling 
 building. 
 
 Liability of owner or occupier. 34 L.E.A. 
 557. 
 
 Building in possession of contractor. 34 
 L.E.A. 558. 
 
 Liability for injury to person in street. 
 34 L.E.A. 559. 
 
 Liability for injury to person on adjoin- 
 ing property. 34 L.R.A. 560. 
 
140 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 BUILDINGS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Liability for injury to person on property. 
 
 34 L.K.A. 561.' 
 Neglect to eom'ply with covenants in lease. 
 
 34 L.E.A. 562. 
 Illegal building. 34 L.R.A. 562. 
 Liability of firemen. 34 L.R.A. 562. 
 Act of third person. 34 L.R.A. 563. 
 Vis major. 34 L.R.A. 563. 
 Firo. 34 L.R.A. 563. 
 Contributory negligence. 34 L.R.A. 563. 
 Liability of landlord to third person. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 § ^1. Master's liability for negligence 
 of independent contract or working 
 on. 
 
 Persons engaged in construction of, as inde- 
 pendent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 462. 
 486, 402. 
 
 Persons engaged in demolition of, as inde- 
 pendent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 488. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for acts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in work on. 65 
 L.R.A. 643. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in construction of. 
 65 L.R.A. 648. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in repair, recon- 
 struction or demolition of. 65 L.R.A. 
 649. 
 
 Employer's liability for acts of independent 
 contractor in erection of, when danger- 
 ous to persons using highways. 65 
 L.R.A. 843. 
 
 Liability of contractor to third person for 
 defect in his work after completion 
 and acceptance. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 96S. 
 
 § 12. Contributory negligence of per- 
 son injured. 
 
 Contributory negligence in walking through 
 open do'orway in. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 246. 
 
 Forgetfulness of defects in, by person in- 
 jured, as contributory negligence. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 
 § 13. Moving of. 
 
 Right to interferfi with wires of public serv- 
 ice corporation while moving. 14 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 448. 
 
 BULK. 
 
 Sales in bulk, see Sales, § 6. 
 
 *-—¥■ ■ — ■ 
 
 BULLETIN BOARDS. 
 
 Publication by, of matters derogatory to 
 parties to litigation as contempt of 
 court. 2 B. R. C. 498. 
 
 ♦<-• 
 
 BURDEN or PROOF. 
 
 See Evidence. ITT. f^ 
 
 Begin with this bool^ on every Imv question 
 
 BURGLARY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Indictment for, see Indictment, Informa- 
 tion, AND Complaint, § 15; 
 
 Homicide in attempting to prevent. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 534. 
 Instigation to commit. 25 L.R.A. 342. 
 Several offenses gi-owing out of same facts. 
 
 31 L.R.A.{N.S.) 727. 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 
 ofl'eiise in bail bond or recognizance. 38 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 Cliaracter of occupation by servant in case 
 
 of. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 727. 
 Burglary by raising window already partly 
 
 open. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1102. 
 Burglary by forcing screen door or window. 
 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1100; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 770. 
 Procuring or providing instrumentalities for 
 
 commission of, as attempt to commit. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804. 
 Cr\iel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 § 2. As affected by value of goods taken 
 or sought to be taken. 
 
 Where building empty, or chattel sought 
 
 not there. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 243. 
 Where goods sought not valuable. 34 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 244. 
 Where value of goods sought is so small 
 that their larceny would not be a fel- 
 ony. 34 L.R.A. (isr.S.) 245. 
 Pleading and proving value. 34 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 246. ' 
 Where petit larceny reduced to misde- 
 meanor. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 Where statute requires stolen chattel 
 to be of value. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 247. 
 Whether stating collective value of 
 articles stolen sufficient. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 247. 
 Where statute requires building bur- 
 glarized to contain valuable prop- 
 erty. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 247. 
 What words necessarily import value. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 249. 
 
 § 3. Liability for. 
 
 Criminal liability for agent's acting. 41 
 
 L.E.A. 652. : " 
 
 Criminal liability of children for. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 201. 
 Liability of one assisting in, during which 
 
 his companion commits murder. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1154. 
 
 § 4. Defenses. 
 
 What intoxication will excuse. 36 L.R.A. 
 470. 
 
 Instigation of offense as a defense to prose- 
 cution. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 951. ■ 
 
 § 5. Evidence. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 62 L.R.A. 236, 285, 317, 324 
 
 Necessity of instruction as to law on cir- 
 cumstantial evidence on prosecution 
 for. 69 L.R.A. 197, 207. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 Ul 
 
 BUK(^ LAKY— cont'd 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in. 68 L.R.A. 4], 
 TO, 71, 72, 73. 
 
 Possession of recentlv stolen property as evi- 
 dence of. ]2 L.-R.A.(N.S.) mo; 
 
 Riglit of one to testify as to liis intent. 23 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 390. 
 
 Right to admit evidence of value to assess 
 punishment. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 249. 
 
 BURIAL. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Funeral expenses, see Fcnebal Expenses. 
 Injunction as to, see Injunction, § 75. 
 See also Bueial Lot; Cemeteries; Corpse. 
 
 Rights and duties in regard to. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 85. 
 Prescriptive right with respect to burial of 
 
 dead. 53 L.R.A. 895. 
 Burial insurance and funeral benefits. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 197. 
 Injunctive relief as to burials. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 481. 
 
 § 2. Regulation of. 
 
 Regulation of. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 Municipal regulation of burial, as nuisance. 
 
 38 L.E.A. 327. 
 Constitutionality of restriction on business 
 
 of undertaking. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 147. 
 Improper burial or lack of proper funeral 
 
 services as a criminal offense. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 211. 
 
 BURIAL GROUND. 
 
 See Cemeteries. 
 
 BURIAL INSURANCE. 
 See Insurance, § 219. 
 
 BURIAL LOT. 
 
 Character of owner's estate or property in, 
 
 see Cemeteries, § 2. 
 
 Liability of decedent's estate for. 33 
 L.R.A. 666. 
 
 Allowance for burial lot against deceased's 
 estate. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 572. 
 
 Prescription or adverse possession of. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 752. 
 
 Validity of testamentary provision for 
 erection uf monument, or for the care 
 and maintenance of tombs, burial 
 grounds, etc. 1 B. R. C. 931. 
 
 Right to specific performance of contract 
 to convey real estate as affp.cted by 
 attempted reservation of. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 384. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 BURIAL PERMIT. 
 
 See Corpse, § 4. 
 
 • ■*—* 
 
 BURNING. 
 
 Cancelation of wills by, see Wnxs, §§ 39, 
 
 40. 
 See also Arson. 
 
 BURNT RKCORDS. 
 
 Destruction of record of deed or mortgage 
 as affecting constructive notice import- 
 ed thereby. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 
 BUSINESS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Rights of bank to do, see Banks, § 2. 
 
 Equality of business privileges, see Consti- 
 tutional Law, § 22. 
 
 Constitutionality of restrictions on, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 24. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes regulating, see 
 Constitutional Law, §§ 112-146. 
 
 Contracts in restraint of competition in, see 
 Contracts, §§ 107-109, 117, 118; 
 Monopolies and Combinations. 
 
 Doing of by foreign corporation, see Corpo- 
 rations, §§ 145-148. 
 
 Good will of, see Good Will. 
 
 Effect of suspension of, on insurance, see 
 Insurance, § 76. 
 
 Municipal regulation of, see License, II; 
 Municipal Corporations, §§ 42-50. 
 
 What constitutes. 14 L.R.A. 530. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 course of. 52 L.R.A. 708. 
 
 Patentability of method of transacting busi- 
 ness apart from the means for carrying 
 it out. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 665. 
 
 Appropriations of public funds for business 
 enterprise. 14 L.R.A. 478. 
 
 Kinds of business aiTected with a public 
 interest subjecting them to regulation 
 and control in respect to rates or prices. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 8,34. 
 
 Right of attorney at law to solicit. 9 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 282; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 941. 
 
 Validity and effect of statute requiring de- 
 posit of securities by loan association 
 as prerequisite to right to transact. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 
 Personal representative, testamentary 
 trustee or guardian carrying on busi- 
 ness. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 201. 
 
 Emplover's duty to employee to continue 
 in. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 807. 
 
 Mutuality of accepted proposition to fur- 
 nish such materials as one needs in his 
 business. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 713. 
 
 Power of municipality to grant or lease 
 space on street or sidewalk for busi- 
 ness purposi's. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 400. 
 
142 
 
 iXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 Bt'SINESS— cont'd 
 
 Ability to transact business as affecting 
 testamentary capacity. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 j (N.S.) 49. 
 
 § 2. Injury to. 
 
 .Measure ot damages for injury to, see 
 Damages, §§ 61, 81, 88, 111. 
 
 Injunction against interference with, see 
 TXJUNOTION. 
 
 Libel or slander injurious to, see Libel and 
 Sla>'dee, §§ 14-20, 24-27. 
 
 Municipal control over nuisance relating 
 to, see Mdkicipal Cobpobations, § .39. 
 
 As to unfair competition in, see U.XFAIB 
 Competition. 
 
 Injunction by municipality against nui- 
 sance relating to. 41 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 Liability for damage to business by injur- 
 ing tangible property of other party. 
 64 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 Liability of individual in absence of any 
 element of conspiracy for driving away 
 another's customers. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1224. 
 
 Validity of agreement at common law by 
 which employer seeks to direct the 
 trade of his employees to other party. 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 649. 
 
 Distinction between indirectly securing 
 specific performance and preventing in- 
 jury to business as affecting necessity 
 that services be unique, to warrant in- 
 junction against breach of covenant 
 not to enter another's employment. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 119. 
 
 Liability of user of electricity for inter- 
 ference with the business of another 
 resulting from induction or from use 
 of earth as a return electric circuit. 
 2 B. R. C. 129. 
 
 Effect of bad motive on liability for injury 
 to. 62 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 BUSINESS ESTABIjISHMENT. 
 
 Name of as part of good will, see Good 
 Will, § 5. 
 
 BUSINESS NAME. 
 
 Acquisition and use of. 14 L.R.A. 693. 
 Transfer of trademark consisting of, by 
 
 bankruptcy or insolvency assignment. 
 
 46 L.R.A. 541. 
 Effect of adopting agent's other name on 
 
 principal's liabilitv on paper executed 
 
 by agent. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1076. 
 
 BUTCHERS. 
 
 Validity of restrictive agreement ancillary 
 to sale of business of. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 929. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by stat- 
 ute or municipal ordinance imposing 
 license tax on. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 291. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 BUTTEK. 
 
 Imitation butter, see Food, § 9. 
 
 BY-LAWS. 
 
 Of benevolent society, see Benevolent So- 
 cieties, § 4. 
 
 Of building and loan association, see Build- 
 ing AND Loan Associations, § 3. 
 
 Of corporation, see Cokpobations, §§ 20- 
 22. 
 
 Of insurance companies, see Insubance, 
 §§ 46, 47. 
 
 Of municipality, see Municipal Cobpo- 
 RATIONS, § 52. 
 
 Reasonableness of, see Reasonableness, 
 § 7. 
 
 Defined. 3 L.R.A. 261.* 
 
 Of savings bank as affecting liability for 
 
 payments to fraudulent claimants. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 BYSTANDERS, 
 
 As grand jurors. 28 LiR.A. 203. 
 
 Accidental killing of, by shooting in self- 
 defense. 2 L.R.A.(isr.S.) 719. 
 
 Liability of sureties on bond of peace officer 
 for latter's act in killing or ' htring 
 one person while attempting l. .c^cutc 
 criminal process on another. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 463. 
 
 BYWAYS. 
 
 Taking of property for as a public use. 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 
 CABLE. 
 
 Obstruction of navigation bv, liability for. 
 59 L.R.A. 7.5. 
 
 JBegtn with this hool! on every Jair qitefttinn. 
 
 CABLE RATTyROAD. 
 
 As additional servitude in street 
 (N.S.) 721. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 
 
INDEX TO L.II.A. NOTES. 
 
 143 
 
 CABOOSE. 
 
 RidiTig on top of as contributory negligence. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 
 CABS. 
 
 See Hacks. 
 
 CAUAVER. 
 
 See Corpse. 
 
 CAFES. 
 
 Liability for serving unfit food. 40 L.R.A. 
 {N.S.) 480. 
 
 CALABOOSE. 
 
 Liability of municipality for injuries by 
 confinement in unfit calaboose. 2 
 L.E.A.(X.S.) 95. 
 
 CALLS. 
 
 On corporate stock, see Corpoeations, §§ 
 109-111. 
 
 CAMPAIGN FUNDS. 
 
 Actionability of statement as to, see Libel 
 AND Slander, § 21. 
 
 CANALS. 
 
 5 I. Generally. 
 
 Condemnation of land for, see Eminent 
 Domain, § 20. 
 
 Municipal liability for using canal as 
 sewer outlet. 61 L.E.A. 696. 
 
 Bounrlarv on. 51 L.E.A. 179. 
 
 As navigable water. 22 L.R.A.{N.S.) 435. 
 
 Railroad on land taken for canal as addi- 
 tional servitude. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 731. 
 
 § 2. Construction and operation of. 
 
 Persons engaged in construction of, as in- 
 dependent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 488. 
 
 Use of navigable stream as. 67 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 Taking of property for, as a public purpose. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 152. 
 
 As public improvement. 61 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 Acquisition of rights. 61 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 Wliat may be acquired. 61 L.R.A. 834. 
 What is taken or acquired. 61 L.R.A. 
 836. 
 Coneult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CANALS— cont'd 
 
 Extent of title. .61 L.R.A. S38, 
 
 Compensation. 61 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 Amount. 61 L.R.A. 844. 
 
 How paid. 61 L.R.A. 848. 
 Remedy. 61 L.R.A. 846. 
 
 Procedure. 61 L.R.A. 847. 
 Other matters. 61 L.R.A. 848. 
 Location. 61 L.R.A. 849. 
 Use of. 61 L.R.A. 850. 
 As highway. 61 L.R.A. 850. 
 Other uses. 61 L.R.A. 852. 
 
 For water power. 61 L.R.A. 853. 
 Injury by construction and use. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 858. 
 Duty to patrons. 61 L.R.A. 862. 
 Adjuncts to canal. 61 L.R.A. 863. 
 Rights of owner. 61 L.R.A. 808. 
 Abandonment and transfer. 61 L.R.A. 871. 
 Repair and improvement. 01 L.R.A. 876. 
 Riparian rights. 61 L.R.A. 877. 
 Prescription. 61 L.R.A. 877. 
 Legislative regulation of tolls on. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 180. 
 Necessity of franchise for taking tolls on. 
 
 37 L.R.A. 715. 
 Specific performance of agreement for 
 
 maintenance of easement for. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 519. 
 Reciprocal easements as to artificial water 
 
 rights. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 945. 
 Liability of counties for injury to real prop- 
 erty from. 39 L.R.A. 69. 
 Claims against state for injuries on. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 65. 
 Personal liability of canal commissioners 
 
 for negligence. 22 L.R.A. 834. 
 When does statute of limitations commence 
 
 to run against action for damages 
 
 caused by seepage from canal. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 Allowance of interest on damages to prop- 
 erty caused by negligent construction 
 
 of. 18 L.R.A. 454. 
 Occupancy of locks. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 717. 
 
 CANCELATION OF INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of contracts generally, see Contkacts, 
 
 §§ 149-156. 
 Jurisdiction of suit for, see Equity, §§ 1.5, 
 
 15a. 
 Of insurance policy, see Insurance, §§ 40- 
 
 52. 
 Of liquor license, see Intoxicatikg Liquors, 
 
 § 15. 
 Of judgment, see Judgment, § 77. 
 Revocation of will by, Bee Wills, §§ 39, 40. 
 
 Of bonus stock. 38 L.R.A. 494. 
 
 Alteration of instrument by cancelation of 
 material provision without substituting 
 new matter. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 519. 
 
 Effect of cancelation of delivered but unre- 
 corded deed. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1167; 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 495. 
 
 Cancelation of will as affected by invalidity 
 of second will. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1107. 
 
 EfTect of failure to cancel stamp on instru- 
 ment. 48 L.R.A. 305. 
 
144 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 CANCELATION OF INSTRUMENTS— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 2. Grounds for. 
 
 -Mistake of law as to effect of instrument 
 as ground of. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 May deed of real property executed by an 
 " incompetent not judicially declared such 
 be avoided in an action at law. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 
 Right to cancelation of contract made with 
 foreign corporation because it has not 
 complied with the laws entitling it to 
 do business within the state. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 707. 
 
 Creditor's right to have satisfaction of judg- 
 ment canceled where the property levied 
 on or its proceeds is returned to the 
 debtor as exempt, or to a third person 
 who establishes a claim thereto. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 
 § 3. — fraud. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to cancel instrument 
 on ground of fraud, see Equitt, § 15a. 
 
 Of deeds, see Deeds, §§ 33, 33a. 
 
 Cancelation of written instruments for 
 fraud. 11 L.R.A. 66.* 
 
 CANDIDATES. 
 
 As to nominations for office generally, see 
 
 Election, §§ 25, 26. 
 Libel or slander of, see Libel and Slander, 
 
 § 21. 
 
 Validity of agreements made in consider- 
 ation of withdrawal of candidacy for 
 office. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 
 Constitutionality of primary election laws 
 imposing new restrictions or qualifi- 
 cations on. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1142. 
 
 Right of candidate receiving next highest 
 number of votes in event person receiv- 
 ing highest number is ineligible. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 
 Power to determine eligibility to office of 
 one nominated at primary election. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 
 CANNON. 
 
 Negligence in discliarge of, in street. 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 759. 
 
 CANVASSING. 
 
 Of votes, see Elections, § 18. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by stat- 
 ute or ordinance as to licensed can- 
 vassers. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 CAPACITY. 
 
 To make contract, see Contracts, § 24. 
 
 CAPACITY — cont'd 
 
 Riglit of court to hold as matter of law 
 that child of tender years is incapable 
 of rendering valuable services. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 CAPIAS AD SATISFACIENDU3I. 
 
 See Executiox, § 18. 
 
 CAPITAL. 
 
 Of corporation, see Corpokations, VIII. 
 Taxation of, see Taxes, § 36. 
 
 Prevention of illegal removal of state capi- 
 tal. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 380. 
 
 Creation of partnership by provision for 
 taking profits from investment of, as 
 compensation. IS L.R.A. (N.S.) 1047. 
 
 Right to grade license tax according to 
 amount of capital employed. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 898, 
 
 CAPITAL CASE. 
 
 Bail in, see Bail and Recognizance, § la. 
 Execution of death sentence in, see Crimi- 
 nal Law, § 75. 
 
 Statute allowing plea of guilty in. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 358. 
 Duty of court before accepting plea of 
 
 guilty. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 463. 
 Permitting separation of jury in. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 776. 
 
 CAPTAIN. 
 
 Whose servants crew of chartered vessel 
 are where charterer is captain of the 
 ship. 37 L.R.A. 58. 
 
 CAPTURE. 
 
 Running into danger of, effect of, upon lia- 
 bility on marine insurance policy. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1097. 
 
 CARBON COPIES. 
 
 Copies of document made by mechanical 
 means as original. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 343. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question 
 
 CARCASS. 
 
 See Corpse; Dead Animals. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 145 
 
 CARD GAME PARAPHERNALIA. 
 
 As gaming device. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1210. 
 
 CARELESSNESS. 
 See Negligence. 
 
 CARE TAKERS. 
 
 Character of occupancy of premises by. 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 717. 
 Duty of carrier to caretaker accompanying 
 
 shipment of livestock. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 632. 
 Liability of carrier to owner's caretaker for 
 
 condition of stock pens. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 576. 
 
 CAR HOUSE. 
 
 Right to use railroad right of way for. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 516. 
 
 CAR INSPECTORS. 
 
 As fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 435, 457. 
 
 CARSIACK AMENDMENT. 
 See Cabeiees, §§ 128-135. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 CARNAL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 See Abduction; Adulteet; Incest; Lasciv- 
 ious Cohabitation; Lewdness; Peos- 
 titution; rape; seduction; sodomt. 
 
 CARRIAGES. 
 
 Location of, as affecting insurance on. 26 
 L.E.A. 240. 
 
 CARRIERS. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Who are common carriers, § 2. 
 III. Carriers of passengers and other 
 persons, §§ 3-100. 
 a. In general, § 3. 
 t. Rules and regulations of 
 carrier, § 4. 
 
 c. Who are passengers, §§ 5-9. 
 
 d. Misconduct toward, and 
 
 abuse of passenger gener- 
 ally, §§ 10-lOa. 
 Consult also Ii.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, III.— cont'd 
 
 e. Assault, §§ 11- li. 
 
 f. Arrest; false imprisonment, 
 
 §§ 15-15a. 
 
 g. Tickets; conditions; fares, 
 
 §§ 16-29. 
 ft. Ejection, §§ 30-35. 
 i. Performance of contract of 
 
 transportation, §§ 36-48. 
 J, Personal injuries, §§ 49-74. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 49-53. 
 
 2. Toward whom liable, §§ 
 
 54-62. 
 
 3. Getting on or off; start- 
 
 ing and stopping, §§ 
 63-69. 
 
 4. Safety of stations, ap- 
 
 proaches, and plat- 
 forms, §§ 70-72. 
 
 5. Condition of cars or ves- 
 
 sels, §§ 73-74. 
 Te. Contributory negligence of 
 
 person injured, §§ 75-84. 
 I. RisTcs assumed by passenger, 
 
 §§ 84a, 85. 
 m. Baggage and property of 
 
 passenger, §§ 86-92. 
 n. Corpse, § 93. 
 
 0. Stations, § 94. 
 
 p. Passengers on freight train, 
 § 95. 
 
 q. Pullman and sleeping car 
 companies, §§ 96-97. 
 
 r. Connecting cartHers; negli- 
 gence of other company, § 
 98. 
 
 s. Penalty, § 99. 
 
 t. Tax on passenger traffic, § 
 100. 
 IT. Carriers of freight, §§ 10 1-1 46a. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 1O1-106. 
 
 J>. Bills of lading; special con- 
 tracts, §§ 107-lOS. 
 
 c. Duty to receive and trans- 
 
 port, § 109. 
 
 d. Loss of, or injury to, prop- 
 
 erty, §§ 110-111. 
 
 e. Delivery to carrier, § 112. 
 
 f. Delivery by carrier; conver- 
 
 sion; delay, §§ 113-121. 
 
 g. Liens; freight charges, §§ 
 
 122-123. 
 
 h. Carrying live stock, §§ 124- 
 127. 
 
 i. Limitation of liability, SS 
 128-135. 
 
 j. Duty as to cars, §§ 136-140. 
 
 fc. Demurrage; dielaiy in un- 
 loading, § 141. 
 
 1, Connecting carriers; liahility 
 
 beyond own line, §§ 142- 
 143. 
 
 m. Transporting intoxicating 
 liquor, § 144. 
 
 n. Insurance, § 145. 
 
 o. Taxation of freight, § 146. 
 
 p. Penalties, § 146a. 
 T. Governmental control; rates; dis- 
 crimination; duty as to 
 stopping places, §§ 147- 
 162. 
 10 
 
146 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CARRIERS, V. — cont'd 
 
 a. In general, §§ 14:7-14.9. _ 
 
 b. Discrimination, §§ 150-133. 
 
 c. Bates; rehates, §§ 154-100. 
 
 d. As to stations and trains, §§ 
 
 161-163. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 S 1. Generally. 
 
 Matters as to, aflfecting interstate com- 
 merce, see CoMMEKCK, §§ 4-12. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 Delegation of power as to, see Constitu- 
 tional Law, § 17. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 44. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to carrier's contracts, sue Courts, § .58. 
 
 Custom of. see Custom and Usage, § 8. 
 
 Damages against, see Damages, §§ 4, 15, 
 , <)-2-47, 104-106, 118. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to mat- 
 tere, relating to, see Evidence, § 59. 
 
 Garnishment of, see Garnishment, § 6. 
 
 Duty and liability of, as to health, see 
 Health, § 3. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §§ 66- 
 68. 
 
 Interurban railroad as, see Interurban 
 Railroad, § 3. 
 
 Unla^rful combination of, see Monopoly and 
 Combinations, § 7. 
 
 Penalty against, see Penalty, § 6. 
 
 Liability in case of leased railroad, see 
 Railroads, § 7. 
 
 Time as to matters relating to, see Time, 
 §§ 5, 6. 
 
 As to the duty and liability of railroads or 
 street railways in respect of matters 
 not incident to the transportation of 
 passengers or freight, see Railroads ; 
 Street Railways. 
 
 Liability to servants of other persons. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 56. 
 Authority of agent or representative of 
 
 railroad company to employ medical 
 
 services for employee or other third 
 
 person. 20 L.R.A.'695. 
 Power of conductor to hire physician to 
 
 treat person injured by train. 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1081. 
 Claim against state for services by. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 55. 
 Liability of carrier to garnishment. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 600. 
 Proximate cause of injury caused by car or 
 
 engine set in motion by third person. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 719. 
 Recovery back of excessive pavments to. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 124. 
 Validity of restrictive agreement on sale of 
 
 stage and coach lines. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 932. 
 Validity of ordinance requiring conductor 
 
 on street car. 15 L.R.A. 604. 
 Liability of receiver as common carrier for 
 
 torts or negligence of servants. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 CARRIERS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Liability of one railroad corporation pos- 
 sessing stock control of another for acts 
 and contracts of the latter. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 770. 
 
 Implied power of railroad company to en- 
 gage in or guarantee enterprise other 
 than transportation of goods or pas- 
 sengers. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 887; 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 830. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence of account books 
 of carriers. 53 L.R.A. 530. 
 
 Locality of crime committed tlirough_ the 
 agency of carriers. 39 L.R.A. 77.5. 
 
 II. Who are common carriers. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Ferrymen as, see Ferries, § 5. 
 
 Generally. 10 L.R.A. 415.* 
 Baggage transfer company as. 
 137; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 188 
 
 34 L.R.A. 
 
 Sleeping car company as. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 291. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 Ferryman as. 68 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 Person maintaining elevator as. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 745. 
 
 Cartman, etc.. as. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 188. 
 
 Railroad companies as private carriers in 
 drawing special trains or special cars. 
 30 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Character as common carriers of persons or 
 corporations other than express com- 
 panies that neither own nor operate 
 transportation routes, but undertake to 
 transport goods. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 902. 
 
 Is an interurban railroad company con- 
 trolled by general railroad law in re- 
 gard to the operation of railroads as 
 carriers of passengers? 67 L.R.A. 637. 
 
 Effect of special arrangement with respect 
 to particular class of business upon 
 character of railroad company as. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 458. 
 
 ///. Carriers of passengers and other 
 persons, 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Government control of, see infra, V. 
 
 Duty and liability to passengers on eleva- 
 tors, see Elevators, §§ 2-7. 
 
 Liability generally for injuries inflicted by 
 servant, see Master and Servant, IV. 
 
 Usage or custom as affecting carrier's lia- 
 bility. 2 L.E.A. 76.* 
 
 l>. Rules and regulations of carrier. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Reasonable rules for carriage of passengers. 
 
 5 L.R.A. 817;* 7 L.R.A. 111.* 
 As to use of depot and grounds. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 754.* 
 Regulations as to passage on freight trains. 
 
 5 L.R.A. 817.* 
 Regulations respecting tickets. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 185.* 
 As to admission of passenger to train house. 
 
 16 L.R.A. 449. 
 
IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 147 
 
 CAKRIERS, III. b— cont'd 
 
 As affecting passenger's right to stop over. 
 ■28 L.R.A. 776. 
 
 Passengers riding in baggage or express 
 car in violation of rules as contributory 
 negligence. 16 L.R.A. 631. • 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making viola- 
 tion of transfer rules established by 
 carrier criminal. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 499. 
 
 Regulation as to baggage for protection of 
 carrier. 11 L.R.A. 761.* 
 
 c. Who are passengers. 
 
 . § 5. Generally. 
 
 Generally. 2 L.R.A. 66;* 7 L.R.A. 688.* 
 Witliin provision as to place for ejection. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 132. 
 When passenger becomes a trespasser. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 733.* 
 Mail agents as. 2 L.R.A. 166.* 
 Postal clerks as. 19 L.R.A. 339. 
 Liability of carrier for injury to mail clerk. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 218; 26 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 10.58. 
 Express messengers as. 22 L.R.A. 796. 
 Xewsbovs as. 22 L.R.A. 796. 
 Tramps" as. 2 L.R.A. 166.* 
 Passenger on wrong car or train by his own 
 
 mistake. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 588; 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 611. 
 Cleaning of phrase "a passenger being trans- 
 ported," in statute defining duty and 
 
 liability of carriers to passengers. 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 254. 
 Rights of one going to station to deposit 
 
 baggage. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 311. 
 Right on train of person procuring ticket by 
 
 fraud or misrepresentation. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1146. 
 One at union station or union terminal as 
 
 a passenger. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 778. 
 Effect of express refusal to accept one as a 
 
 passenger upon his status as such. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S,) 960. 
 Person wrongfully on train by collusion 
 
 with train employee. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1025; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 419. 
 
 § 6. Employees of carrier. 
 
 Railroad employees or officers as. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 321. 
 Riding in course of, or as part of, em- 
 ployment. 31 L.R.A. 321. 
 Rule in case of one being transported 
 
 to or from work. 31 L.R.A. 321; 
 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 853; 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 717; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 954. 
 Person riding for purposes of his own. 
 
 31 L.R.A. 324. 
 Riding on pass. 31 L.R.A. 321; 50 
 
 L.R.A. 462. 
 
 § 7. Persons riding free. 
 
 Person riding free, entitled to protection as. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 167.* 
 Freight owner as free passenger. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 166.* 
 Drover or stockman using car after reacli- 
 
 ing destination as. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 571. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. c— cont'd 
 Employee riding on pass as passenger. 31 
 L.R.A. 321; 50 L.R.A. 462. 
 
 § 8. When relation commences. 
 
 When a person who has started for a train 
 becomes a passenger. 24 L.R.A. 521. 
 
 Necessity of payment of fare to constitute 
 one a passenger. 11 L.R.A. 720.* 
 
 Effect of signaling car to make one a pas- 
 senger. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 283; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N^S.) 408. 
 
 § 9. Termination of relation. 
 
 Passengers temporarily leaving vehicle. 1.5 
 
 L.R.A. 399. 
 Termination of passenger's relation as sucii 
 upon reaching destination. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 873; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1019. 
 The general rule. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 873. 
 In general. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 873. 
 What is a reasonable time. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 875. 
 In general. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 875. 
 Question for the jury. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 876. 
 Illustrative cases, 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 876. 
 Looking after baggage, 2 
 
 L.R.A. 876. 
 Attending to private business, 
 
 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 876. 
 Remaining for unlawful pur- 
 pose. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 876. 
 Effect of intent to remain un- 
 reasonable time. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 876. 
 
 d. Miscondtict toward, and abuse of 
 passenger generally. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Liability for torts to passengers. 12 L.R.A. 
 113,* 337.* 
 
 Duty to protect from violence and insult. 
 3 L.R.A. 634,* 733.* 
 
 Duty of carrier to passenger on train or 
 boat chartered to third person for ex- 
 cursion or other similar purpose. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 426. 
 
 Liability of carrier for injury to pregnant 
 woman by seeing lunatic on train. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 647. 
 
 § 10a. By employees. 
 
 Passenger's right to proper treatment from 
 carrier's employees. 1 L.R.A. 682;* 3 
 L.R.A. 133.* 
 
 Carrier's liability for insults, threats, and 
 obscene language of employees towards 
 passengers. 14 L.R.A. 739. 
 
 Insulting passenger by suggesting he be- 
 longs in the colored compartment. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 206. 
 
 Liability of carrier for mental suffering of 
 passenger from mere verbal abuse un- 
 accompanied by other breach of duty. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 159. 
 
148 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. d— cont'd 
 Liability of carrier for wilful torts of serv- 
 ants to passengers. 40 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 999. 
 Introduction. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 999. 
 Effect of decisions in each jurisdiction. 
 40 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1000. 
 United Kingdom and the British 
 Colonies. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1000. 
 Federal courts of the United 
 States. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1004. 
 State courts. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1006. 
 General discussion of theories respect- 
 ing the nature and extent of a 
 carrier's liability. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1048. 
 Theory which treats the contract 
 as a negligible factor. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1048. 
 Theory wliich treats the contract 
 as a factor extending the car- 
 rier's liability to a limited 
 class of acts. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1049. 
 Theory which treats the contract 
 as imposing absolute obliga- 
 tions on the carrier. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1050. 
 Rationale of the theory of abso- 
 lute obligations. 40 L.R.A. 
 I N.S.) 1054. 
 Carrier's liability considered with 
 reference to the existence 
 or nonexistence of bis con- 
 tractual obligation at the 
 time when the alleged tort 
 was committed. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1059. 
 Commencement of the rela- 
 tion of carrier and pas- 
 senger. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1059. 
 Continuity of the obligation. 
 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1060. 
 Termination of the obligation. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1061. 
 Carrier's liability considered with 
 reference to the capacity in 
 which the tort feasor was act- 
 ing. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1067. 
 Meaning of the phrases, "scope of 
 employment," etc., as used 
 with reference to the carrier's 
 absolute liability. 40 L R A 
 (N.S.) 1070. * 
 Pleading and practice. 40 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 1085. 
 Forms of action. 40 L R A 
 
 (N.S.) 1085. 
 Allegata et probata. 40 L.R.A 
 
 (N.S.) 1087. 
 Amendment of complaint. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1088. 
 Suits in rem. 40 L.R.A. (N S ) 
 1088. ' 
 
 Liability for acts of special police officer ap- 
 pointed by public authority. 23 L R A 
 (N.S.) 289; .30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 4Sl'- W 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 122. 
 
 CARRIERS, 
 
 ill. — cont'd 
 e. Asuault. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Duty of carrier to passenger on train or 
 boat chartered to third person for ex- 
 cursion or other similar purpose. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 
 § 12. By stranger. 
 
 Liability for stranger's assault on passen- 
 ger. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 10.5. 
 
 Liability for injury to passenger by wrong- 
 ful act of stranger directed against cars 
 or passengers therein. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 318. 
 
 Liability for as.sault upon passenger by 
 strikers, mob, or third persons. 55 
 L.R.A. 713- 
 
 § 13. By fellow passenger. 
 
 Assault bv fellow passenger. 16 L.R.A^ 
 627; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1206. 
 
 Liability for injury to passenger by another 
 passenger permitted to remain in ear 
 in violation of separate coach law. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 133. 
 
 Carrier's duty to protect passenger from as- 
 sault by fellow passenger. 16 L.R.A. 
 627. 
 
 § 14. By employees. 
 
 Liability of carrier for assaults by employ- 
 ees upon passengers. 14 L.R.A. 
 738. 
 During transportation. 14 L.R.A. 738. 
 Generally. 14 L.R.A. 738. 
 Effect of passenger's misbehavior. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 738. 
 Insults, threats, obscene language. 
 14 L.R.A. 739. 
 At station; before and after trans- 
 portation. 14 L.R.A. 730. 
 By servants of sleeping and palace car- 
 company. 14 L.R.A. 740. 
 When assault results in death. 14- 
 
 L.R.A. 740. . 
 Remedy m rem. 14 L.R.A. 740. 
 Assault by servant on passenger wiiile on 
 train. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201. 
 Scope of authority. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1202. 
 Assault continued off the car. 32 L.R A 
 
 (N.S.) 1203. 
 Punitive damages. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1203. 
 Self-defense. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1203. 
 Injury to passenger by sportive act of serv- 
 ant. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 605. 
 Liability for malicious act of servant. '4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 485. 
 Liability of railway or street railway for 
 assault by employee on passenger out- 
 sKk of car or train. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Master's liability for injury to passengers- 
 by servant in use of dangerous agency 
 placed m his control. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Carrier's liability, how far affected by mis- 
 conduct of passenger. Antecedent 
 violence of passenger. 40 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 1070. 
 
IjS'UEX to L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 149 
 
 CARRIERS, III. e— cont'd 
 
 Assault made by servant in repelling 
 an assault made upon him by the 
 injured passenger. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1075. 
 Assault made in repelling an assault 
 made by a passenger other than the 
 one injured. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1078. 
 Assault made in dealing with a dis- 
 orderly passenger. 40 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 1079. 
 Assault made by servant for purpose of 
 protecting the carrier's property. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1079. 
 By antecedent provocative words or 
 conduct on the passenger's part. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1079. 
 Assault induced by passenger's conduct 
 or words. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1079. 
 Insolence of servant provoked by in- 
 solence of passenger. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1080. 
 Abusive language as justification for as- 
 sault on passenger by a train employee. 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 280. 
 Carrier's liability for assault in self-de- 
 fense by servant on passenger while on 
 train. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1203. 
 Liability for acts of special police ofl&cer 
 appointed by public authority. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 481; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 122. 
 Mental anguish as element of damages for 
 indecent assault on female passenger. 
 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 
 /. Arrest; false imprisonment. 
 
 % 15. Generally. 
 
 Liability of carrier for wrongful arrest of 
 passenger. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 162. 
 
 False arrest of passenger. 14 L.R.A. 791. 
 
 Duty to protect passenger from arrest. 32 
 "L.R.A.(N.S.) .326. 
 
 Limit of carrier's absolute obligation to pro- 
 tect passengers from wrongful arrest. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 
 S 15a. By employees of carrier. 
 
 Liability of carrier for wrongtul arrest of 
 pas.-icnger by servant. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 ]62: 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 
 Carrier's liability for arrest or false im- 
 prisonment by servant employed as de- 
 tectiye, policeman, or watchman. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 282; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 
 Carrier's liability for arrest by special po- 
 lice officers appointed by public au- 
 thority. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 289; 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 481. 
 
 g. Tickets; conditions; fare. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 As to privilege of stop-over, see infra, § 47. 
 
 Ejection for nonpayment of, see infra, § 32. 
 
 Sufficiency of tender of fare to prevent ejec- 
 tion, see infra, § 33. 
 
 Goyemmental regulation of rates, see in- 
 fra, §§ 154-160. 
 
 Injunction as to tickets, see Injunction, 
 § 68. 
 (^onsuJt also L.M.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. g— cont'd 
 
 Regulations respecting tickets. 2 L.R.A. 
 185.* 
 
 Ticket as a mere receipt for passage. 5 
 L.R.A. 818.* 
 
 Duty of passengers to exhibit and surrender 
 tickets when requested. 5 L.R.A. 818.* 
 
 Duty to keep ticket office open at reason- 
 able time. 5 L.R.A. 818.* 
 
 Lost ticket. 5 L.R.A. 819.* 
 
 How far ticket may he used for passage 
 after expiration of time limited. 10 
 L.R.A. 471. 
 
 Carrier's liability for assault by employee 
 on passenger while purchasing ticket. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 765. 
 
 Duty of passenger when by the carrier's 
 fault he has not the proper ticket or 
 token. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 779. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring car- 
 rier to sell tickets good on connecting 
 line. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 541. 
 
 § 17. Passengers without tickets gener- 
 ally. 
 
 Rights of passenger who is unable to get 
 ticket before train starts. 24 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 758. 
 
 Necessity of setting out copy of forged tick- 
 ets in indictment for forging or utter- 
 ing same. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 227. 
 
 Right of carrier to refuse to aoeept non- 
 ticket holders as passengers. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 299. 
 
 § 18. Conditions in tickets generally. 
 
 Stipulation in ticket. 12 L.R.A. 340.* 
 How far purchaser bound by terms and con- 
 ditions on ticket. 5 L.R.A. 819.* 
 Notice to passenger of conditions on ticket. 
 23 L.R.A. 746. 
 Steamship tickets. 23 L.R.A. 746. 
 Railroad ticlcets. 23 L.R.A. 746. 
 
 § 19. Condition or character of money 
 tendered. 
 
 Character or condition of coin or currency 
 that may be tendered in payment of 
 fare. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1030. 
 
 § 2 0. Tender of amount in excess of 
 fare. 
 
 Tender of a sum in excess of that due, with 
 demand for change. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 624. 
 
 What is a reasonable sum out of which a 
 carrier may be required to take fare 
 and return change. 35 L.R.A. 489; 
 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 579; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 868. 
 
 § 21. Assignability. 
 
 Confining sale of tickets to carrier's agents, 
 see infra, § 148. 
 
 Assignability of railroad ticket. 18 L.R.A. 
 55. 
 
 § 2 2. Round trip, coupon and through 
 
 tickets. 
 Round-trip tickets. 2 L.R.A. 185.* 
 Through tickets. 2 L.R.A. 186.* 
 
150 
 
 IXDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CAEPJEES, III. g— cont'd 
 
 Waiver of requirement of signature of tick- 
 et or coupon. 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 432. 
 
 Passenger's right to stop over in ease of 
 coupon ticlcets. 28 L.R.A. 774. 
 
 Duty of connecting carrier to passenger 
 holding coupon ticket as affected by de- 
 lay on part of other carriers. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 459. 
 
 Responsibility assumed by one corporation 
 in issuing tickets good upon line of an- 
 other. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 76. 
 
 § 23. Passes. 
 
 Liability for injury to free passenger, see 
 infra, § 57. 
 
 When person riding free entitled to protec- 
 tion as passenger. 2 L.R.A. ]67.* 
 Employee riding on, as passenger. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 321 ; 50 L.R.A. 462. 
 Rights of person riding on pass or contract 
 for free passage. 22 L.R.A. 794. 
 Stock drover. 22 L.R.A. 794. 
 Drover's pass ; assuming risk. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 794. 
 Express agents, newsboys, and the like. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 796. 
 Complimentary or gratuitous pass. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 796. 
 Eight of a party to the use of a pass. 
 22 L.R.A. 797. 
 Freight owner as free passenger. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 166.* 
 Drover or stockman using car after reach- 
 ing destination as passenger. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 571. 
 Eight of conductor to waive conditions in 
 stock drover's pass. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 646. 
 Is pass issued as part of consideration for 
 contract vpithin statute prohibiting free 
 transportation of passengers or dis- 
 crimination in passenger rates? 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 217; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 657. • 
 
 S 24. Extra fare. 
 
 Right to cliarge additional fare for neglect 
 to procure ticket. 5 L.R.A. 817.* 
 
 Validity of extra charge for passenger fare 
 when paid upon train. 20 L.R.A. 483. 
 
 Right to require passenger to pay second 
 fare on passing from one car to another 
 on same line. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 445. 
 
 § 2 5. Duty to pay fare wrongfully de- 
 manded. 
 
 Duty of passenger to pay fare wrongfully 
 demanded in order to avoid ex- 
 pulsion and lessen damages. 43 
 L.R.A. 706; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 282. 
 
 Where the failure to have a proper 
 ticket is the fault of the ticket 
 agent. 43 L.R.A. 707; 14 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 464; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 283. 
 
 Where another conductor is in fault 
 43 L.R.A. 710; 34 L.R.A. (N.S) 
 283. ' 
 
 Where the conductor demanding fare is 
 in fault. 43 L.R.A. 712; 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 284. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. g— cont'd 
 
 Where the passenger loses his ticket. 
 43 L.R.A. 715. 
 Validity of regulatinr requiring passenger 
 
 to pay fare in ease of dispute. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 695. 
 
 § 26. On street cars. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to contract 
 for free transportation or special rates 
 on street cars. 16 L.E.A. (N.S.) 651. 
 
 Eight of street car company to require a 
 passenger to pay a second fare where 
 he passes from one car to another on 
 the same line. 13 L.E.A. (N.S.) 445. 
 
 Requiring passenger to put coin in box or 
 automatic registering device. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 695. 
 
 § 27. — transfers. 
 
 Transfer between lines of different street 
 railway companies. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 720. 
 
 Eights and duties of passenger receiving de- 
 fective street-car transfer. 7 L.R.A. 
 97; 9 L.E.A.(N.S.) 851. 
 
 Right of street railroad company to limit 
 time or point of transfer. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 287. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making viola- 
 tion of transfer rules established by 
 carrier criminal. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 499. 
 
 § 2 7a. Extent of ticket agent's implied 
 authority as to transportation of 
 passengers. 
 
 Extent of ticket or passenger agenfs im- 
 plied authority in respect of trans- 
 portation of passengers. 31 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 229. 
 
 Validity of ticket. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 230. 
 
 Time limit. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 
 Eoute. 31 L.B.A.(N.S.) 231. 
 
 Connections. 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 231. 
 
 Stop-over. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 
 Time of arrival: 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) •32. 
 
 Stop at destination. 31 L.E A (NS ) 
 232. ■ 
 
 Carriage on freight train. 31 L.E A 
 (N.S.) 233. 
 
 § 28. Limitation of liability. 
 
 As to baggage, see infra, § 91. 
 
 As to freight, see infra, §§ 128-135. 
 
 Eestrietion of liabilitv. 12 L.E.A .340 * 
 Burden of proof as to knowledge by pas- 
 senger of memorandum on ticket limit- 
 ■g"^! /""Pany's liability. 12 L.E.A. 
 
 Eight of passenger carrier to stipulate 
 against liability in consideration of re- 
 duced fare. 4 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1081. 
 
 Risks of negligence assumed by contract 
 with carrier as including gross negli- 
 genee. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 675 
 
 Eefusal to give effect to foreign contract ex- 
 empting carrier from liability. 5 L.E.A. 
 (rN>.) 425. 
 
 ^^^"IrLY'^^^T '° t™"^ t«-bles on lia- 
 bili^ty for default or delav in 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law qtieation 
 
 train. 32 L.E.A. 544. 
 
 ning 
 
IjSdex to l.r.a. notes. 
 
 151 
 
 CARRIERS, III. g— cont'd 
 
 Contract exempting railroad company from 
 liability for negligent injury to sleep- 
 ing car employees or others sustaining 
 a similar relation to the company. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 432. 
 
 § 29. — In pass. 
 
 Exemption from liability for negligence by 
 
 stipulation in pass. 1 L.R.A. .501.* 
 Validity of stipulation in pass limiting car- 
 rier's liability. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 235. 
 Degree or nature of negligence. 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 238. 
 Degree. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 238. 
 Carrier's and servant's negligence 
 distinguished. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 242. 
 Relation and status of parties. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 243. 
 In ease of gratuity. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 243. 
 As affected by presence of consid- 
 eration. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 249. 
 Generally. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 249. 
 Er-iployee's pass. 37 L.R.A. j 
 (N.S.) 250. 
 Eight of conductor to waive conditions in 
 stock drover's pass. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 646. 
 
 h. Ejection, 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 Extent of recovery for, see Damages, §§ 45, 
 105. 
 
 Ejection of trespasser from train. 11 L.R.A. 
 432;* 12 L.R.A. 338.* 
 
 From sleeping car. 21 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 What constitutes ejection. 3 L.R.A. 733,* 
 7.34.* 
 
 Duty of conductor in expelling passenger. 
 3 L.R.A. 733,* 734.* 
 
 Use of excessive or unnecessary force. 12 
 L.R.A. 338.* 
 
 Carrier's liability for wrongful ejection 
 from train by employee. 27 L.R.A. 170, 
 188. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for negligence 
 in ejecting trespasser from moving 
 train. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 
 Where employee acts in violation of instruc- 
 tions. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 416. 
 
 Carrier's liability for malicious ejection of 
 passenger. 4 L.E..A.(N.S.) 485. 
 
 Express authority to certain train em- 
 ployees to eject trespassers as negativ- 
 ing implied authority of other em- 
 ployees. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1164. 
 
 Liability of carrier for turning one other 
 than passenger out of depot. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 373. 
 
 § 31. Grounds for. 
 
 Eight of carrier to remove disorderly pas- 
 senger. 1 L.E.A. 513.* 
 
 Liability for ejecting passenger through 
 mistake as to identity. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 472. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. h— cont'd 
 
 Right to defend e.xpulsion of passenger upon 
 ground otlier than that relied upon at 
 the time. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 368. 
 
 § 3 2. —nonpayment of fare or defec- 
 tive ticket. 
 For refusal to pay fare. 1 L.R.A. 513:* 5 
 
 L.R.A. 819, 820;* 12 L.R.A. 338,* 823.* 
 Payment of back fare for distance already 
 
 ridden as condition of being carried 
 
 further. 16 L.R.A. 55. 
 Right of passenger to pay fare after train 
 
 begins to stop for purpose of ejecting 
 
 him. 16 L.R.A. 53. 
 Ejection of custodian for nonpavment of 
 
 child's fare. 38 L.R.A. 140. 
 Duty of passenger to pay fare wrongfully 
 
 demanded in order to avoid expulsion. 
 
 43 L.R.A. 706; .34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 282. 
 
 § 33. SufBciency of tender of fare to 
 prevent. 
 
 Excessive demand. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 992. 
 Tender after stops toward ejection. 31 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 992. 
 Tender accompanied by disorderly conduct. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 994. 
 Tender after steps toward ejection. 31 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 995. 
 Tender of fare by custodian. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 995. 
 Tender by third person. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 996. 
 Tender of something other than money. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 Tender of a worn or peculiar coin. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (X.S.) 997. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 997. 
 
 § 34. At what place. 
 
 Exposure of drunken passenger to da-nger 
 
 by ejection from car. 19 L.R.A. 327. 
 Place where one refusing to pay fare may 
 be ejected. 26 L.R.A. 129. 
 Expulsion in absence of statutory pro- 
 visions. 26 L.R.A. 129. 
 Expulsion in states having statutory 
 provisions. 26 L.R.A. 130. 
 At station. 26 L.R.A. 130. 
 Between stations. 26 L.R.A. 131. 
 Amount of damages. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 132. 
 "Stopping place," or "near dwell- 
 ing," defined. 26 L.R.A. 132. 
 "Passengers" defined. 26 L.R.A. 132. 
 Statutory provisions. 26 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 § 35. Measure of damages for. 
 
 See Damages, §§ 45, 105. 
 
 i. Performance of contract of traii'^por- 
 tation. 
 
 §3 6. Generally. 
 
 Duty and liability as to sleeping accommo- 
 dations, see infra, §§ 96, 97. 
 
 Duty of carrier as to route. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 222. 
 Right of street railway company to carry 
 
 passengers on platforms. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 129.* 
 
152 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 3AERIERS, III. i— cont'd 
 
 Duty to stop train or car for article dropped 
 by passenger. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 313. 
 
 Duty of vessel to return to wharf to permit 
 visitor to depart. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 
 Rights of passenger who boards ear or train 
 destined for a point short of his des- 
 tination. 19L.R.A.(N.S.) 704. 
 
 § 87. Misdirection by agent. 
 
 Misdirection of passenger by carrier's em- 
 ployee. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 110; 24 L.R.A. 
 (N'.S.) 1178. 
 
 § 38. Duty to receive and transport. 
 
 Disabled, diseased, or drunken passenger, 
 see infra, § 40. 
 
 Running trains on Sunday. 14 L.R.A. 194. 
 
 Duty to give regular train service on Sun- 
 day. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 401. 
 
 Duty to hold train for passenger seen ap- 
 proaching station. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 442. 
 
 Damages incident to attempt to reach desti- 
 nation by other means as element of 
 recovery for failure to stop train for 
 intending passenger. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 880. 
 
 Liability to passenger for default or delay 
 in ruijning trains. 32 L.R.A. 543. 
 Duty of railroads as to punctuality. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 543. 
 Effect of limitation of liability in time- 
 tables. 32 L.R.A. 544. 
 Passenger's rights. .32 L.R.A. 545. 
 What damages are recoverable. 32 
 L.R.A. 545. 
 
 Liability for failure to provide train for 
 crowd. 24 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 Right of passenger on street car which turns 
 back before' reaching destination. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 571. 
 
 Duty of street railway to run car through 
 to end of route indicated by sign there- 
 on. 1 B. R. C. 442. 
 
 Duty of sleeping car company as to contin- 
 uous passage. 21 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 § 39. Duty toward sick, disabled, or 
 intoxicated passenger. 
 
 Dutv of carrier as to passengers taken ill 
 "during iourney. 31 L.R.A. 261; 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 813. 
 
 Dutv of carrier to blind passenger. 38 
 "L.R.A.(N.S.) 564. 
 
 Duty of railroad company to assist infirm 
 passenger. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 299. 
 
 Duty of carrier to look after drunken pas- 
 senger after he has left the train. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298. 
 
 Exposure of drunken passenger to danger 
 by ejection from car. 19 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 Liability of carrier for forcing sick or in- 
 toxicated passenger out of car and onto 
 platform. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 197. 
 
 Liability of carrier for contraction of con- 
 tagious disease by passenger. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 337. 
 
 Effect of sickness of passenger on carrier's 
 liability for baggage after reaching 
 destination. 30 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 Begin with this 'book on every law question 
 
 CARRIERS, III. i— cont'd 
 
 § 40. —duty to transport. 
 
 Dutv of carrier to accept as a passenger 
 one physically or mentally disabled. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 171. 
 Generally. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 171. 
 Sick persons. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 172. 
 Insane persons. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 172. 
 Blind persons. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 172. 
 Intoxicated persons. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 173. 
 Right of carrier to reject persons having 
 contagious disease. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 103. 
 
 §41. Right of passenger to seat. 
 
 Generally. 22 L.R.A. 259. 
 Rights of passenger when ■ seat is refused. 
 " 22 L.R.A. 260. 
 
 §42. Duty as to heating. 
 
 Dutv of railroad companies to heat cars. 
 42 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 State legislation. 42 L.R.A. 110. 
 Duty of carrier to protect passenger from 
 
 cold. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1142. 
 
 §43. Separation of passengers. 
 
 Rights of colored passengers. 18 L.R.A. 
 639. 
 Statutory regulations. 18 L.R.A. 641. 
 Right of carrier, independently of statute, to 
 separate passengers on account of race. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 268. 
 Duty to provide separate compartments for 
 colored passengers in sleeping and 
 palace cars. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801. 
 Liability for placing white passenger in car 
 for colored persons. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1108. 
 Liability for injury to passenger by another 
 passenger permitted to remain in vio- 
 lation of separate coach law. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 133. 
 Liability for placing white passenger in a 
 ear for colored persons. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 958. 
 Liability to statutory penalty. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 960. 
 Measure of damages. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 960. 
 Punitive damages. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 960. 
 Excessive damages. 41 L.R.A. 
 ' (N.S.) 960. 
 Insulting passenger by suggesting that he 
 belongs in the colored compartment. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 206. 
 
 § 44. Quarantine. 
 
 Duty of carrier to give information as to 
 quarantine. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1009. 
 
 Liability of carrier for injury or loss caused 
 by the enforcement of quarantine reg- 
 ulations. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 360. 
 
 §45. Announcement of stations. 
 
 Duty to make. 15 L.R.A. 347. 
 
 Effect of. 15 L.R.A. 348. 
 
 As to change of cars. 15 L.R.A. 349. 
 
 Duty to notify passenger in sleeping car of 
 
 arrival at destination. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 907. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 15S 
 
 C \RRIERS, III. i— cont'd 
 
 § 46. Carrying beyond station. 
 
 Extent of recovery for, see Damages, § 44. 
 
 Liability of carrier for. 7 L.R.A. 111* 
 Duty of carrier to use care and caution in 
 
 stopping trains at stations. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 684.* 
 Contract duty to stop at particular station. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 505. 
 Duty of passenger to give notice of desire 
 
 to alight at flag station. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1132. 
 Duty upon running train past station to 
 notify passengers of intention to re- 
 turn. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 264. 
 
 Contributory negligence. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 266. 
 
 Proximate cause. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 266. 
 Liability for failure to notify passenger 
 
 when and where to change cars. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 663. 
 
 § 47. Right of passenger to stop over. 
 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A. 773. 
 
 Rule in case of coupon tickets. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 774. 
 Effect of particular stipulations. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 775. 
 Agreements or representations as to right to 
 
 stop over. 28 L.R.A. 775. 
 Statutory permission. 28 L.R.A. 775. 
 Limited tickets. 28 L.R.A. 775. 
 Special rates or contracts. 28 L.R.A. 776. 
 Rules and custom of carrier. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 776. 
 Effect of delay of train. 28 L.R.A. 776. 
 Through train must be taken. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 776. 
 No stop-over without ticket. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 776. 
 Time within which stop-over must be used. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 776. 
 Right to take up ticket. 28 L.R.A. 776. 
 Right of passengers to act upon conductor's 
 
 assurance that a stop-over is allowed. 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 Extent of ticket agent's implied authority 
 
 as to. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 231. 
 
 § 48. Keeping station open; turning 
 passenger out of. 
 
 As to stations generally, see infra, § 94. 
 Announcement of, see supra, § 45. 
 Carrying beyond, see supra, § 46. 
 Safety of, see infra, §§ 70-72. 
 Discrimination at, and governmental regu- 
 lations as to, see infra, §§ 161, 162. 
 
 Reasonable time to keep station open before 
 and after trains. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 851. 
 
 Duty to keep ticket office open at reason- 
 able time. 5 L.R.A. 818.* 
 
 Liability for turning waiting passenger out 
 of depot. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 799. 
 
 j. Personal injuries. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 49. Generally. 
 
 Contributory negligence of passenger, see 
 infra, §§ 75-84. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. j, 1— cont'd 
 
 Passenger on elevated railroad, see Elevat 
 
 ED Ralleoads, § 3. 
 Liability to passenger on elevator, see Ele 
 
 VATOES, § 3. 
 On ferry boat, see Ferries, § 6. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, sec^ 
 
 Evidence, § 70. 
 Proximate cause of injury, see Peoximaje 
 
 Cause, §§ 8, 9. 
 
 Care and diligence required. 2 L.R.A. 83:" 
 
 6 L.R.A. 241;* 11 L.R.A. 720;* 3 3 
 L.R.A. 95.* 
 
 Distinctions as to liability between carriers 
 of goods and carriers of passengers. 2 
 L.R.A. 252.* 
 
 Liability for injuries arising from inevi- 
 table accident. 2 L.R.A. 252.* 
 
 Not liable as insurers. 2 L.R.A. 252.* 
 
 Use of emphatic words like "great care," 
 "utmost care" or "highest care" in in- 
 structing jury as to duty of carrier to 
 passengers. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence. 59 L.R.A. 239. 
 
 Liability of, for personal injury to passenger 
 struck by sparks or cinders escaping 
 from locomotive. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 241. 
 
 What injuries may be deemed the proximate 
 result of discharging passengers at im- 
 proper place or one not his destination. 
 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1177. 
 
 § 50. Injury by collision or derailment. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 passenger by collision. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 608; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 812. 
 
 Liability for personal injury by collision 
 between carriers. 1 L.R.A. 681.* 
 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 passenger by collision of car with vehi- 
 cle not under carrier's control. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 725. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to car- 
 rier's negligence when passenger in the 
 exercise of due care is injured by col- 
 lision with vehicle under control of 
 third person. 68 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from collision 
 with object on side of carriage. 15 
 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 Duty of motorman, for protection of passen- 
 ger, to warn one driving along highway 
 of the approach of a car. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 197. 
 
 Liability of street railway company for in- 
 juries to passenger caused by collision 
 with fire apparatus. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 630. 
 
 Liability of carrier to passenger who fails 
 caused by obstruction placed on track 
 by stranger. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 840. 
 
 § 51. What carriers liable. 
 
 Duty and liability of proprietor of public 
 hack or cab to passengers. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1069. 
 
 Liability of proprietor of private railroad 
 for injuries sustained by one other than 
 an employee while being carried there- 
 on. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 131; 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 190. 
 
154 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. j, 1— cont'd 
 
 Liability of operator of scenic railroad or 
 similar device to passengers. 26 L.R.A. 
 jN.S.) 1054. 
 
 Liability for injury to passenger by negli- 
 gent operation of automobile. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 81; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 658. 
 
 Liability of sleeping car company for per- 
 sonal injuries to passengers. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 § 52. For whose acts liable. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for accidents 
 caused by wrongful act of stranger. 22 
 L.R.A. 306. ' 
 Liability of railroad company for negligent 
 injury to passenger at station by per- 
 sons coming there to transact business. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 589. 
 Liability of carrier for injury to passenger 
 by dog or other animal. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 947. 
 Injuries by fellow passengers on crowded 
 
 trains. 24 L.R.A. 711. 
 Liability of carrier for injury resulting 
 
 from negligent or meddlesome act 
 
 of fellow passenger. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 724. 
 Accidental discharge of firearms. 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 724. 
 Articles negligentlv placed. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 725. 
 Fires. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 725. 
 Couplings and air brakes. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 726. 
 Announcements and signals. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 726. 
 MiseoUaneous cases. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 727. 
 
 § 53. — employee or Indeiiendent con-' 
 tractor. 
 
 Liability of union depot company for neg- 
 ligence of its own or carrier's employ- 
 ees. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
 Liability of carrier for assistance negligent- 
 ly rendered passenger by employee. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 411. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to child in- 
 vited into place of danger by employee. 
 4L.R.A.(N.S.) 84. 
 
 Liability for injury to child passenger ex- 
 posing himself to danger in consequence 
 of employee's conduct. 20 L.R.A. (N.S ) 
 1124. 
 
 Liability for injuries inflicted by employees 
 on trespasser after he has left train. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 200. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for negligence 
 of one of its employees while running 
 on the road of another company sub- 
 ject to the orders of the latter's train 
 despatcher. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 323. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 passenger by acts of employees. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 617. 
 
 Carrier's liability for tort committed by 
 servant in course of employment with 
 view to furtherance of master's busi- 
 ness, but contrary to master's express 
 instructions. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 416. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. j, 1— cont'd 
 Liability of carrier for acts of independent 
 contractor. 66 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 2. Toward whom liable. 
 
 g 54. Generally. 
 
 Duty toward sick, disabled or intoxicated 
 passenger, see supra, § 39. 
 
 Liability to person assisting passenger on 
 train, see infra, § 69. 
 
 To whom carrier liable for injuries at sta- 
 tions, see infra, § 72. 
 
 Measure of diligence required toward pas- 
 senger on street railwav. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 122. 
 
 Liability for injuries inflicted by employees 
 on trespasser after latter has left the 
 train. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 200. 
 
 Liability for injury to one riding on train 
 run over tracks by another company 
 under license, through negligence of 
 licensee. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 887. 
 
 Duty of carrier to one whom it permits to 
 enter its cars upon his own business, 
 and not as a passenger. 8 L.R.A. (N.S ) 
 1240; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 715. 
 
 § 55. Children; newsboys. 
 
 Carrier's liability for acts of employees in 
 permitting children to be in danger. 27 
 L.R.A. 171. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to child in- 
 vited into place of danger by employee. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 84. ■ 
 
 Liability for injury to child passenger who 
 exposes himself to danger in conse- 
 quence of conduct of employee. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1124. 
 
 Duty to child trespassing on cars. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 572. 
 
 Liability for injury to children jumping on 
 and off trains in motion. 21 L R A 
 355. 
 
 Carrier's duty to prevent minor passenger 
 from alighting from moving car. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 101 
 
 Doctrine of attractive nuisance as applied 
 to injury by railroad cars. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1136. 
 
 Duty of carrier to. 8 L.R.A. (N.S-.) 1240. 
 
 Duty and liability of street railway com- 
 pany to newsboys who board cars to 
 sell papers. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 265. 
 
 §56. Postal clerk. 
 
 Generally. 19 L.R.A. 339. 
 Relief from liability by statute. 
 
 Liability for failure to keep car 
 condition. 3 L.R.A. (N S ) 
 
 L.R.A.(N,S.) 1058. 
 
 §57. Free passengers; drovers 
 
 Degree of care owed to free passenger in 
 absence of stipulation upon the subject. 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 721. 
 
 Liability of carrier to passengers traveling 
 on passes or contracts contrary to pro- 
 
 T'i'°?',xT^o^*^*"*'' ""^ Constitution. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 526. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 
 
 in proper 
 218; 26 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 155 
 
 CARRIERS, III. j, 2— cont'd 
 
 Duty of carrier to caretaker accompanying 
 
 shipment of livestock. 22 L.R.A. 794; 
 
 31 L.RA..(N.S.) 632. 
 
 § 58. Person wi-ongfully on train by 
 collusion with employee. 
 
 Liability for injury to person wrongfully 
 
 on train by collusion with train 
 
 employee. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1025; 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 419. 
 Riding on passenger train. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 419. 
 Riding on street car. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 420. 
 Riding on freight train. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1025; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 421. 
 Riding on locomotive. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 426. 
 Riding on work train. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 427. 
 Riding on hand car. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 427. 
 
 § 59. Passenger temporarily leaving 
 veliicle. 
 
 At regular stations. 15 L.R.A. 399. 
 
 At sidings and coaling stations. 1.5 L.R.A. 
 
 399. 
 Leaving to avoid anticipated danger. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 400. 
 Leaving to rectify mistake in taking train, 
 
 etc. 15 L.R.A. 400. 
 
 § 60. Passenger on platform. 
 
 Contributory negligence of passenger on 
 platform, see infra, § 80. 
 
 Injure' to passenger on platform of veati- 
 buled train. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 313; 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 253. 
 
 Dutv of street car company to passenger on 
 "running board. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 160. 
 
 Liability to passenger riding on platform 
 of railroad car with knowledge of car- 
 rier. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1145. 
 
 § 61. Passenger on freight train. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury 
 to person wrongfully on freight 
 train by collusion with a train 
 employee. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1025; 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 421. 
 
 By permission of conductor. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 421. 
 
 By permission of brakeman. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 423. 
 
 By permission of engineer, fireman, or 
 other employee. 37 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 425. 
 
 § 62. Passenger on tracls:. 
 
 Injury by other train while passengers 
 are getting on or off, see infra, § 65. 
 
 Duty to keep lookout for passenger on track. 
 25 L.R.A. 290. 
 
 Injury to street car passenger who, upon 
 alighting, passes around end of car, 
 and is struck bv car on other track. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 887. 
 
 Duty of carrier to passenger who has fallen 
 
 from train. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 738. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digesta to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. j— cont'd 
 3. Getting on or off; starting and stop- 
 ping. 
 
 §63. Generally. 
 
 Contributory negligence in getting on or 
 
 off, see infra, §§ 81, 82. 
 Failure to stop train as proximate cause 
 
 of injury, see Peoximate Catjse, § 9. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from accident to 
 passenger while embarking or alight- 
 ing. 15 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 Duty of carrier of passengers to keep steps 
 of cars free from snow and ice. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 523; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592. 
 
 Duty to passenger who attempts to board 
 car when door or gate is closed. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 
 Duty and liability of street railway com- 
 pany to passenger attempting to enter 
 or leave car on wrong side. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1217. 
 
 Liability of carrier for injuries to intending 
 passenger who enters car prematurely. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 583. 
 
 Duty to prevent passengers at stations from 
 going into dangerous places. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 198. 
 
 Liability for personal injury to passenger 
 by crowd at station or stopping place. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 470. 
 
 Injury by crush in entering car at elevated 
 or subway station. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 729. 
 
 Liability of carrier for injury to passenger, 
 or intending passenger, through block 
 ing way to station or train. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 740. 
 
 § 64. Right and duty to prevent board- 
 ing or alighting from moving car. 
 
 Right to prevent one boarding a moving 
 car for purpose of becoming a passen- 
 ger. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 36. 
 
 Duty to prevent passenger from leaving 
 train while in motion. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 625. 
 
 Duty of carrier to prevent minor passenger 
 from alighting from moving car. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) iOl. 
 
 Injury tn passenger alighting from moving 
 train which he had boarded through 
 negligence of carrier. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 280. 
 
 § 65. Injury by other train. 
 
 Contributory negligence, see infra, § 83. 
 
 Running train or car between standing train 
 and station. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 620; 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 338. 
 
 Passing at high speed, train discharging 
 passengers, , as gross negligence. 3 
 L.R.A. 684.* 
 
 Stopping passenger train at point where 
 trains are standing or moving on par- 
 allel, adjacent tracks. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 179. 
 
 § 66. Negligence in stopping and start- 
 ing. 
 
 Duty in stopping and starting train.s, 13 
 L.R.A. 95.* 
 Length of stoppage. 13 L.R.A. 95.* 
 
156 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. j, 3— cont'd 
 
 Signal; starting of train. 13 L.R.A. 
 95.* 
 What injuries may be deemed the proxi- 
 mate result of failure to stop street 
 ear for waiting passenger. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1007. 
 Negligence in starting street ear with jerk. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 891; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 225 
 Presumption of negligence from sudden 
 start, stop, jolt, or jerk of car. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S._) 611; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 814. 
 Liability for injuries to passengers inside 
 car from sudden starting or stop- 
 ping of train. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 229. 
 Freight trains. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 Res vpsa loqvAtiw doctrine as applied to 
 jerks and jolts causing injury to passen- 
 gers on vehicles. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1076. 
 Starting car before passenger is seated. 
 42 L.R.A. 293; 4 L.R-A.(N.S.) 
 558. 
 Ordinary railway cars. 42 L.R.A. 293. 
 Elevated railway cars. 42 L.E.A. 294. 
 Street ears. 42 L.R.A. 294. 
 Stagecoaches. 42 L.R.A. 296. 
 
 § 6 7. ^ while passenger is alighting. 
 
 Negligence in starting train while passen- 
 ger alighting. 1 L.R.A. 542.* 
 
 Duty of carrier to give opportunity to pas- 
 senger to alight. 7 L.R.A. 689.* 
 
 Duty to see that passenger has alighted be- 
 fore starting train at station. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 217. 
 
 Duty of street-car conductor to see that 
 passenger is off before starting the car. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 140. 
 
 Negligence in starting street car with jerk 
 while passenger is alighting. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 891; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 225. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from sudden 
 starting of ear while passenger is 
 alighting. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 611; 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 814. 
 
 Liability of street car company for injury 
 to alighting passenger by starting of 
 car on signal of fellow passenger. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 764; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 724. 
 
 Time allowed passenger to alight. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 140. 
 
 Measure of care owed to passengers wish- 
 ing to leave street car which has 
 stopped, but not for the purpose of al- 
 lowing passengers to alight. 3 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 94. 
 
 Liability of street railway company for 
 stopping ear at improper place for pas- 
 senger to alight. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 467. 
 
 § 68. Duty to assist passenger. 
 
 Duty to assist passenger in landing safelv. 
 
 11 L.R.A. .367.* 
 Duty to guide or conduct passenger to or 
 
 from train. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1041, 
 
 CARRIERS, III. j, 3— cont'd 
 § 69. Injury to person assisting pas- 
 senger. 
 
 Duty to person entering vehicle to assist 
 passenger. 15 L.R.A. 434. 
 
 Duty to one assisting passenger on train. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 432; 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 910; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 773. 
 
 Injuries received by persons assisting pas- 
 sengers on board the cars.' 21 L.R.A. 
 354. 
 
 4. Safety of utations, approaches, and 
 platforms. 
 
 § 7 0. Generally. 
 
 As to stations generally, see infra, § 94. 
 Announcement of stations, see supra, § 45. 
 Carrying beyond station, see supra, § 46. 
 Keeping station open, see supra, § 48. 
 Discrimination at and governmeiital reg- 
 ulation as to, see infra, §§ 161, 162. 
 
 Duty as to platforms and approaches, gen- 
 erally. 6 L.R.A. 193;* 7 L.R.A. Ill,* 
 687.* 
 Duty of carrier with respect to means of 
 approach and departure. 7 L.E.A. 
 688.* 
 Degree of care toward passenger at sta- 
 tion. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 855. 
 Highest or extraordinary care. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 858. 
 Less care at station than in transporta- 
 tion generally. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 860. 
 Duty same as that 
 nary premises. 
 861. 
 Reasonable 
 
 862. 
 Eeasonably safe. 
 
 863. 
 
 Ordinary care. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 865. 
 Duty to maintain safe approaches beyond 
 
 its own premises. 16 L.R.A. 593'. 
 Liability of railroad for injuries caused by 
 defective platforms. 3 L.R.A 76;* 11 
 L.R.A. 720.* 
 Regulations as to use of depot and grounds. 
 
 8 L.R.A. 754.* 
 Right of passenger using, as approach to 
 station, a way not provided bv carrier. 
 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 633. 
 Presumption of negligence from occurrence 
 of accident to passenger at stations. 
 15 L.E.A. 35. 
 Measure of care which a carrier must ex- 
 ercise to keep its platforms and ap- 
 proaches safe. 20 L.E.A. 520. 
 Duty of carrier to guard passenger against 
 walking through station doorway lead- 
 ing to place of danger. 24 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 250. 
 Duty of street railway as to condition of 
 approaches to cars. ,32 LE.4.. 
 (N.S.) 88L 
 Places under control of companv. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 881. 
 
 of owner of ordi- 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 care. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.). 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question 
 
 Places not under control of company. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 157 
 
 CARRIERS, III. j, 4— cont'd 
 
 Duty of carrier as to condition of place 
 used as flag station. 39 L.R.A.(jSr.S.) 
 55S. 
 
 Duty of interurban road with respect to 
 accommodations for boarding or leav- 
 ing car at country crossing. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 476. 
 
 § 71. Dxity as to lights. 
 
 Duty as to lights and guards. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 "75:* 7 L.R.A. G88.* 
 Duty to light stations. 6 L.R.A. 193.* 
 Duty of carrier to keep station lighted. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 851. 
 
 § 7 2. Toward whom duty owed. 
 
 To whom railroads owe the duty of keep- 
 ing station platform safe. 20 L.R.A. 
 527. 
 
 Duty owed to strangers and licensees. 11 
 L.R.A.720.* 
 
 Xiability for injury to trespasser or bare 
 licensee at station by train. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 162. 
 Theory of liability. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 164. 
 
 Injury to intending passenger attempting 
 to flag train at flag station. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 741. 
 
 "Duty of carrier to person at station for 
 business consultation with individual 
 passenger. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 837. 
 
 Duty of carrier to persons who accompany 
 passengers to, or wait for them at, 
 stations. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 833. 
 
 Duty to one who goes on station grounds 
 to mail letter on train. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 535. 
 
 5. Condition of cars or vessels. 
 
 § 7 3. Generally. 
 
 Duty as to heating, see supra, § 42. 
 
 Duty as to freight cars generally, see in- 
 'fra, §§ ] 36-140. 
 
 Liability for personal injury due to con- 
 dition of freight cars, see infra, § 138. 
 
 Liability for defects in cars and appliances. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 86.* 
 
 Responsibility for defects attributable to 
 the fault of the manufacturer. 2 
 L.R.A. 86.* 
 Liability of railroad company for injury to 
 passenger by latent defect in car. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 790. 
 Duty of raijroad carrier in respect to 
 furnishing proper cars for pas- 
 sengers. 31 L.R.A. 313. 
 Duty to adopt improvements. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 31.5. 
 Rule as affected by character of train. 
 31 L.R.A. 315. 
 Carrier's liability to passenger on account 
 of unsanitary condition of car. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 263. 
 Liability of carrier to postal clerk for fail- 
 ure to keep car in proper condition. 
 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 218; 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 10.58. 
 
 Connult also L.B.A.. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. j, 5— cont'd 
 
 Liability of carrier for injury to passenger 
 by draft or rain from open windows or 
 doors 11 L.R.A.( N.R.I 926. 
 
 Liability of carrier to passenger who falls 
 over fender. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 406. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury to 
 persons, not employees, caused by de- 
 fectively loaded car. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 204. 
 
 Liability for accident through leaving ves- 
 tibule doors open. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 645. 
 
 Liability of carrier for injury to passenger 
 from baggage or parcels in aisle of car. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 481. 
 
 Duty of carrier to keep steps of cars free 
 from snow and ice. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 523; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592. 
 
 Duty of carrier of passengers to keep steps 
 of car free from slippery substances 
 other than snow and ice. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 419. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to passenger 
 from door of vehicle. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 878. 
 
 Liability of carrier for personal injuries to 
 consignor or consignee or their em- 
 ployees caused by unsafe car. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 857. 
 
 Duty to provide and keep gates on street 
 cars or interurban cars closed. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 346. 
 
 Duty of steamship company to passengers 
 as to condition of deck^. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 532. 
 
 §7 4. Overcrowded cars. 
 
 Contributory negligence on, see infra, § 80. 
 
 Injuries received on crowded railroad 
 
 trains. 24 L.R.A. 710. 
 On crowded car on elevated railroad. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 713. 
 On crowded street cars. 24 L.R.A. 712. 
 Duty to passenger on overcrowded street 
 
 "car. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 399. 
 Injuries caused by fellow passengers on 
 
 crowded trains. 24 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 fe. Contrihutory negligence of person 
 injured. 
 
 § 7 5. Generally. 
 
 Question for jury as to, see Trial, § 46. 
 
 Intoxication as affecting negligence of pas- 
 sengers. 40 L.R.A. 134. 
 
 On crowded street car. 24 L.R.A. 712. 
 
 On crowded car on elevated railroad. 24 
 L.R.A. 713. 
 
 Contributory negligence of intending pas- 
 senger who enters car prematurely. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 
 Contributory negligence of persons struck 
 by street car while waiting for a car. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) .228. 
 
 Child passenger exposing himself to dan- 
 ger in consequence of conduct of em- 
 ployees. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1124. 
 
 Duty of passengers to leave crowded street 
 car at request of conductor. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 993. 
 
158 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. k— cont'd 
 
 Duty of passenger to protect himself dur- 
 
 infr an affray on the train. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (?s\S.) 1209. 
 Imputing negligence of carrier to passenger. 
 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 Effect of contributory negligence to defeat 
 
 action for baggage. 11 L.R.A. 762.** 
 
 § 76. Exposure of part of body. 
 
 Passenger's negligent expo.sure of person at 
 car window. 10 L.R.A. 91. 
 Question of law or fact. 16 L.R.A. 92. 
 Passengers on street cars. 16 L.R.A. 
 93. 
 Exposure by passenger, inside of street car, 
 of part of his bodv beyond side of car. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 274. 
 
 § 7 7. Passing from one car to an- 
 other. 
 
 Negligence of passenger in passing from 
 
 one car to another. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 720; 37 L.R.A.IN.S.) 518. 
 The general rule. 34 L.R.A. 720. 
 Passenger assumes incidental risks. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 720. 
 Obedience of instructions. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 721. 
 Vestibuled trains. 34 L.R.A. 721. 
 Negligence in fact. 34 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 § 7 8. Riding in dangerous or unusual 
 place generally. 
 
 Riding in dangerous places on crowded rail- 
 road trains. 24 L.R.A. 710. 
 
 Riding on top of car as contributory negli- 
 gence. 30 L.R.A. (N.s.) 425. 
 
 § 7 9. Riding In wrong car. 
 
 I'asseuger's riding in baggage or express 
 car as contributory negligence. 16 
 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 Violation of rules. 16 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 'Where riding in such car did not con- 
 tribute to accident. 10 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 Power of conductor to waive rule. 16 
 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 § 80. Riding on platform. 
 
 .VegliL'cnce of carrier, see supra, § 60. 
 
 In riding on platform or footboard. 11 
 L.R.A. 130;" 12 L.R.A. 129.* 
 
 Ridinff on platform of railroad car as neg- 
 ligence. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 325. 
 
 Riding on platform where railroad train is 
 crowded. 24 L.R.A. 710. 
 
 Contributory negligence of passenger in rid- 
 ing or standing on running board of 
 street car. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1191, 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 352; 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 831; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 972. 
 
 Negligence in getting on platform or steps 
 of car just before reaching station. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 715. 
 
 Riding on platform as affecting right to 
 recover for injury through accident to 
 train or car. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 158. 
 
 § 81. Getting on and off railroad train. 
 
 Negligence of carrier, see supra, §§ 63-09. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question, 
 
 CARRIERS, III. k— cont'd 
 Injury to passenger on track before board- 
 ing or after alighting, see infra, § 83. 
 
 Boarding a moving train. 21 L.R.A. 356. 
 
 (Negligence of passenger in getting on or 
 
 oft' moving train. 21 L.R.A. 354; 
 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 741 
 
 Alighting from moving train 21 
 
 L.R.A. 358: 24 L.R.A. 711; 
 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 742. 
 
 Insufficient stop. 21 L.R.A. 363; 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 745. 
 Failure to stop. 21 L.R.A. 360; 
 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 Before reaching stop. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 359; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 748. 
 After sufficient stop. 21 L.R.A. 
 363; 22 L.R.A. (N.R.) 749. 
 Getting off whei'e train makes a pre- 
 liminary stop. 21 L.R.A. 359. 
 By direction or invitation of those 
 in charge of train. 21 L.R.A. 
 361; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 751. 
 After being warned. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 358; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 755. 
 To avoid impending danger. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 756. 
 Boarding train while in motion. 21 
 L.R.A. 356; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 757. 
 After insufficient stop. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 758. 
 After sufficient stop. 22 L.R..A. 
 
 (N.S.) 759. 
 By direction of employee. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 7.59. 
 Negligence of passenger attempting to board 
 car when door or gate is closed. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 Contributor}' negligence in getting on or off 
 cars where train is crowded. 24 L.R.A. 
 711. 
 Contributory negligence of passenger where 
 train is run past station. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 266. 
 Parties compelled to alight from train. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 354. 
 Contributory negligence of child in jump- 
 ing on or off moving railroad train. 
 21 L.R.A. 355; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 846. 
 Assumption of passenger that car will stop 
 at proper place for alighting. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 11.5; 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1113. 
 Construction and pfTeet of statute making 
 it an offense to get on a moving car or 
 train. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 513. 
 Negligence of passenger in going upon plat- 
 form or steps of car just before reach- 
 ing his station. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 715. 
 Boarding or alighting from movipg train 
 as defense under general provision in 
 policy as to exposure to danger. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 957. 
 
 §82. Getting on or off street car. 
 
 Negligence of carrier, see supra, §8 63- 
 69. 
 
 Negligence of passenger who attempts to 
 board car when door or gate is closed. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 139 
 
 CAKRIEES, III. k— cont'd 
 
 Negligence in getting on or oflf a moving 
 
 street car. 38 L.R.A. 786; 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 270. 
 Carrier must liave been negligent in 
 
 order to raise question of contribu- 
 tory negligence. 38 L.R.A. 786. 
 Passenger takes the risk. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 786. 
 How far negligence a question of law. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 786; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 270. 
 How far act is due care, as matter of 
 
 law. 38 L.R.A. 787. 
 Question for jury. 38 L.R.A. 788; 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 271. 
 Negligence dependent on circumstances. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 7SS. 
 Particular classes of cases. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 788. 
 To avoid danger. 38 L.R.A. 790; 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 275. 
 Negligence after knowing peril. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 790. 
 Against warning. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 276. 
 Distinction between street and steam 
 
 railways. 30 L.R.A. f N.S. i 273. 
 Failure or insufficiency of stop. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 274. 
 Speed of car. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 274. 
 Conflict as to whether car was moving 
 
 or stationary. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 276. 
 
 § 83. Crossing track. 
 
 Negligence of carrier, see supra, § 65. 
 
 Contributory negligence in passing between 
 or under cars. 13 L.R.A. 634.* 
 
 Injury to street car passenger who, upon 
 alighting, passes around end of car, 
 and is struck bv car on other track. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 887. 
 
 Duty of passenger embarking or disem- 
 barking at station to stop, look, and 
 listen before crossing track adjacent 
 to train. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 621; 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 128. 
 
 § 84. Alter ejection. 
 
 Negligence of passenger ejected from train, 
 in walking on railroad track. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 
 I. Bishs assumed by passenger. 
 
 § 84a. In general. 
 
 Risks of negligence assumed by passenger 
 
 as including gross negligence. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 675. 
 By passenger getting on or off moving car. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 786. 
 By passenger riding or standing on running 
 
 board of street car. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1191. 
 
 § 85. On freight train. 
 
 As to jerking the ears in stopping or start- 
 ing a train. 19 L.R.A. 310. 
 As to risk in stock car. 19 L.R.A. 311. 
 Consult also L.R.A. JOtgesta to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. 1— cont'd 
 
 As to wliat degree of care is required . in 
 
 other cases., 19 L.R.A. 311. 
 By person riding on drover's pass. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 794. 
 
 m. Baggage and property of passenger. 
 
 §86. Generally. 
 
 Delivery of baggage checli; to carrier as de- 
 livery of baggage. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 859. 
 
 How far is carrier bound by act of baggage- 
 man in receiving articles as baggage. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1119. 
 
 Duty to checli baggage to destination. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 537. 
 Right of passenger to carry baggage or 
 
 packages in street car. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 889. 
 Liability of carrier for injury to passenger 
 
 from baggage or parcel in aisle of car. 
 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 481. 
 Implied exceptions in statute as to free 
 
 transportation of. 25 L.R.A. 569. 
 Duty of carrier to transport baggage on 
 
 same train with passenger. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1091. 
 Continuation of relation while looking after 
 
 baggage after reaching destination. 2 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 876. 
 Rights of one going to station to deposit 
 
 baggage. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 311. 
 Carrier's liability for assault by employee 
 
 while attending to baggage. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 765. 
 
 §87. What is baggage. 
 
 Liability for loss of property carried as 
 baggage, see infra, § 89. 
 
 What is baggage. 3 L.R.A. 346;* 11 L.R.A. 
 
 759.* 
 Articles of baggage worn or carried by hand. 
 
 11 L.R.A. 760.* 
 
 Bicycle as baggage. 47 L.R.A. 306. 
 Books and manuscript as baggage. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 371. 
 Household goods or supplies as baggage. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 634. 
 Articles intended for gifts as baggage for 
 
 which carrier is responsible. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 850. 
 
 § 88. Duty and liability of sleeping car 
 company. 
 
 Liability of sleeping car company for bag- 
 gage of passenger. 21 L.R.A. 289. 
 Duty of sleeping car company as to baggage 
 
 or personal effects of passengers. 
 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 407; 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 799. 
 Eflfects for which recovery may be had. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 801. 
 Effect of contributory negligence. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802. 
 Who mav recover. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 802. " 
 
 § 89. Liability for loss of generally. 
 
 Extent ©f recovery for loss, see Damages, 
 §§ 46, 106. 
 
160 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CARRIERS, III. m— cont'd 
 Liability for loss of baggage. 3 L.R.A. 
 342;* 11 L.R.A. 7ofl.* 
 Responsibility for loss of merchandise 
 carried as baggage. 11 L.R.A. 
 761.* 
 Regulation for protection of carrier. 
 11 L.R.A. 761.* 
 Notice to passengers of nonliabil- 
 ity. 11 L.R.A. 762.* 
 Liability for money stolen by employee. 
 
 11 L.R.A. 762".* 
 Effect of contributory negligence to de- 
 feat action. 11 L.R.A. 762.* 
 Liability for baggage not accompanied by a 
 
 passenger. 55 L.R.A. 650. 
 Liability of carrier for loss of drummer's 
 
 baggage. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1035. 
 Liability of passenger carrier transporting 
 merchandise intrusted to it by passen- 
 ger. 14 L.R.A. 515. 
 Recovery by parent for loss of personal ef- 
 fects of infant that pays no fare. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 353. 
 Liability of carrier for loss of property in 
 a check room. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295; 
 29 L.E.A.(N.S.) 834. 
 Burden of proof as to liability of common 
 
 carrier for baggage. 36 L.R.A. 781. 
 Right of owner of baggage to testify as to 
 its yalue in action for its loss. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 588. 
 
 § 90. lyiability after reaching destina- 
 tion. 
 
 Liability for baggage after reaching desti- 
 nation of passenger. 36 L.R.A. 
 781; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 383. 
 
 General statements as to liability. 36 
 L.R.A. 782. 
 
 When carrier's liability terminates. 36 
 L.R.A. 782; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 383. 
 
 Baggage retained for carrier's benefit. 
 36 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 Effect of agreement to care for bag- 
 gage. 36 L.R.A. 785. 
 
 Duty when baggage not called for. 36 
 L.R.A. 785. 
 
 Liability as warehouseman. 36 L.R.A. 
 786; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 385. 
 
 How liability limited. 36 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 Liability at junctions. 36 L.R.A. 787. 
 in custody of carrier's serv- 
 ant. 36 L.R.A'. 788. 
 
 Sickness of passenger. 36 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 Negligence of passenger. 36 L.R.A. 
 788. 
 
 Burden of proof. 36 L.R.A. 788; 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 387. 
 Termination of liability for baegaee. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 183. ^ 
 
 § 91. Limitation of liability. 
 
 As to passengers generally, see supra, §§ 28, 
 
 29. 
 As to freight, see infra, §§ 128-135. 
 
 Limitation of carriei-'s liability for passen- 
 ber's luggage. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1006; .34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 Immunity from liability. 19 LRA 
 
 (N.S.) TOOT. 
 
 C\RRIERS, III. m— cont'd 
 
 Amount of liability. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1008. 
 Handbag-gage. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1011; 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 819. 
 Statutes prohibiting limitation. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1011. 
 Statutes authorizing limitation of lia- 
 bility. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 819. 
 Application to hand baggage of limitation 
 of liability for loss of baggage. 5 
 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 650. 
 Does stipulation exempting carrier from lia- 
 bility for passenger's baggage, or lim- 
 iting amount thereof, cover losses due 
 to negligence. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199; 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 Limitation of liability for baggage after 
 reaching destination of passenger. 36 
 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 § 92. Measure of damages. 
 
 See Damages, §§ 15, 46, 106. 
 
 n. Corpse. 
 
 § 93. 
 
 Duty 
 
 Generally, 
 
 of carrier as 
 corpses. 38 
 
 to transportation 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 432. 
 
 of 
 
 Duty to transport. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 432. 
 Delay. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 Care in transportation, 
 
 (N.S.) 434. 
 
 433. 
 
 38 L,R.A. 
 
 o. Stations. 
 
 § 94 
 
 Duty 
 
 Begin with this book 07i every law question 
 
 Generally. 
 
 of company at, generally, see supra, 
 § 48. 
 
 Announcement of, see supra, § 45. 
 
 Carrying beyond, see supra, § 46. 
 
 Safety of, see supra, §§ 70-72. 
 
 Discrimination at, and governmental regu- 
 lations as to, see infra, §§ 161, 162. 
 
 Formation of union depot. 13 L.R.A. 415.* 
 Taking land for station. 9 L.R.A. 295.* 
 Right to change the location of station. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 412. 
 
 p. Passengers on freight train. 
 
 § 95. Generally, 
 
 Liability for injury to passenger on, see 
 
 supra, § 61. 
 Risks assumed by passenger on, see supra, 
 
 § B5. 
 
 Freight owner as free passenger. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 166.* 
 Regulation as to passage on freight trains. 
 
 5 L.R.A. 817.* 
 What risk is assumed by passengers on 
 
 freight trains. 19 L.R.A. 310. 
 Carrier's liability for injury to person 
 
 wrongfully on freight train bv collusion 
 
 with tram employee. 5 L R 'i ( \ S ) 
 
 1025: 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 421. 
 Extent of ticket agent's authority as to 
 
 carnage on. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 233. 
 Liability for injuries to passenger from 
 
 sudden starting or stopping of train. 
 
 .34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 161 
 
 CARRIERS. III.— cont'd. 
 
 q. Pullman and sleeping car 
 companies. 
 
 § 96. Duty and liability of Pullman 
 or sleeping car companies. 
 
 Liability of sleeping car company to pas- 
 senger. 21 L.R.A. 289. 
 For money stolen from passenger. 11 
 
 L.R.A, 762. 
 For baggage. 21 L.R.A. 289; 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 407; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 799. 
 As innkeepers. 21 L.R.A. 289. 
 As common carriers. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 291. 
 For negligence. 21 L.R.A. 292. 
 Extent of liability. 21 L.R.A. 295. 
 Effect of notice. 21 L.R.A. 295. 
 Ejection of passenger by sleeping car com- 
 pany. 21 L.R.A. 295. 
 Duty of sleeping car company as to con- 
 tinuous passage. 21 L.R.A. 295. 
 Liability of sleeping car company for per- 
 sonal injuries to passenger. 21 L.R.A. 
 296. 
 Liability for wilful misconduct of employ- 
 ees. 4 L.R.A.{N.S.) 492, 502. 
 Liability for failure to furnish passenger 
 with sleeping car accommodations. 
 21 L.R.A. 295; 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1012; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 Liability of railroad company. 21 
 L.R.A. 297; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 259. 
 Liability of sleeping car company. 21 
 L.R.A. 295; 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1012; 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 Duty to notify passenger in. of arrival at 
 
 destination. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 907. 
 Duty to provide separate compartments 
 for colored passengers in sleeping or 
 palace ears. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801. 
 
 5 9 7. Rights, duties, and liabilities of 
 railroad company. 
 
 Right of carrier to run trains composed ex- 
 clusively of sleeping or parlor cars. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1139. 
 
 Carrier's liability for assaults on passengers 
 by servants of sleeping and palace car 
 company. 14 L.R.A. 740; 21 L.R.A. 
 297. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for acts of 
 employee of sleeping or Pullman Car 
 Company toward passengers. 21 
 L.R.A. 297; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1056. 
 
 Contract exempting railroad company from 
 liability for negligent injury to sleep- 
 ing car employees or others sustain- 
 ing a similar relation to the company. 
 11 L.K.A.(N.S.) 432. 
 
 r. Connecting carriers; negligence of 
 other company. 
 
 % 98. Generally. 
 
 Of freight, see infra, §§ 142, 143. 
 
 Responsibility assumed by one corporation 
 in issuing tickets good upon line of 
 another. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 76. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, HI. r— cont'd. 
 
 Duty of connecting carrier to passenger 
 holding coupon ticket, as afl'ected by 
 delay on part of the other carriers. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 459. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to its passen- 
 ger through negligence of another com- 
 pany which it permits to use its tracks. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 987. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring car- 
 rier to sell tickets good on connecting 
 line. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 541. 
 
 =(. Penalty. 
 
 §99. Generally. 
 
 For overcrowding steamers. 2 L.R.A. 381;* 
 4 L.R.A. 125.* 
 
 Motive of plaintiflF as affecting right to re- 
 cover statutory penalty from carrier. 
 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 497. 
 
 t. Tax on passenger traffic. 
 
 § 100. Generally. 
 
 Taxation on passenger traffic. 57 L.R.A. 
 59. 
 
 State taxation of passenger travel as af- 
 fected by commerce clause. 60 L.R.A. 
 666. 
 
 IT. Carriers of freight. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 % 101. Generally. 
 
 Governmental control, see infra, V. 
 Authority of agent, see Principal and 
 
 Agent, § 21. 
 Effect of delivery of goods to carrier as 
 
 between seller and purchaser, see Sale, 
 
 § 11. 
 Right of stoppage in transitu, see Sale, 
 
 § 61. 
 
 Carrier as insurers. 1 L.R.A. 702;" 3 
 
 L.R.A. 424.* 
 Carriers as bailees. 6 L.R.A. 619,* 853.* 
 Distinction as to liability between carriers 
 
 of goods and passengers. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 252.* 
 Responsibilities of carrier by water. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 173.* 
 Rights, duties, and obligations in general. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 102;* 3 L.R.A. 342,* 424;* 
 
 5 L.R.A. 587;' 6 L.R.A. 849;* 10 
 
 L.R.A. 415.* 
 Transportation contract made by agent. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 833.* 
 Authority of agent of initial carrier to 
 
 extend its undertaking beyond its own 
 
 line. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 32'! 
 Mandatory injunctions to. 20 L.R.A. 166. 
 Conflict of laws as to contracts of. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 513; 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 874. 
 Inquiry and representation as to value of 
 
 goods. 13 L.R.A. 33.* 
 Liability for failure to forward bonded mer- 
 chandise. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1060. 
 Oi'der for goods in carrier's possession as 
 
 subject of forgery. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 338. 
 
 11 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 162 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. a— cont'd. 
 
 Right to use railroad right of way for pur- 
 pose of depot. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 
 Right to use railroad right of way for 
 freight facilities. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 517. 
 
 Rights of third persons claiming under 
 carriers to assert title as against own- 
 er. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 781. 
 
 Right of bailee to assert against bailor the 
 hostile title of a third person. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 681. 
 
 SufBoiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence. 59 L.R.A. 239. 
 
 Estoppel to plead defense of limitation to 
 action on carrier's contract. 63 L.R.A. 
 206. 
 
 § 102. Who may maintain action 
 against carrier. 
 
 Matters affecting interstate commerce, see 
 Commerce, §§ 7, 8. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom 
 action against carrier of goods must 
 be brought. 64 L.R.A. 617. 
 Right of consignee to maintain action 
 
 against carrier. 22 L.R.A. 428; 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68. 
 Right in general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 
 Suit for possession or conversion. 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 70. 
 Necessity of interest in the consignee. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 As affected by nature of contract. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 71. 
 Where consignee is purchaser. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 71. 
 Where consignee iB factor or agent. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 Where consignor and consignee are 
 
 same person, or both are interested 
 
 in ownership. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Where consignment procured through 
 
 fraud of third person. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 Where consignor releases claim to 
 
 goods. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 Who may maintain action against carrier 
 for nondelivery of goods delivered to 
 carrier bv vendor for transportation to 
 purchaser. 32 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 § 103. Effect of deviation. 
 
 Effect of deviation upon rights and liabili- 
 ties of carriers. 2 B. R. C. 587. 
 What constitutes deviation. 2 B. R. C. 
 588. 
 Preliminary statement. 2 B. R. C. 
 
 588. 
 Carriage by water. 2 B. R. C. 589. 
 Carriage by land. 2 B. R. C. 595. 
 Contractual provisions permitting de- 
 viation. 2 B. R. C. 599. 
 In contracts of carriage by water. 
 
 2 B. R. C. 599. 
 In contracts of carriage by land. 
 2 B. R. C. 603. 
 Effect of Harter act. 2 B. R. C. 604. 
 Effect of deviation. 2 B. R. C. 604. 
 On rights and obligations arising 
 from relation of carrier 
 and shipper. 2 B. R. C. 
 604. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. a— cont'd. 
 
 Proximate cause as condition 
 of liability. 2 B. R. C. 
 608. 
 Liability for loss from causes 
 for which carrier not 
 ordinarily liable. 2 
 
 B. R. C. 610. 
 Right to freight. 2 B. R. C. 
 611. 
 On rights and obligations arising from 
 special contract. 2 B. R. C. 
 612. 
 On exception of certain perils. 2 
 
 B. R. C. 615. 
 Stipulation as to carriage at 
 owner's risk. 2 B. R. C. 615. 
 Stipulation against liability for 
 
 delay. 2 B. R. C. 616. 
 Stipulation limiting responsibility 
 to carrier's own line. 2 
 B. R. C. 616. 
 Stipulation limiting amount for 
 which liable. 2 B. R. C. 617. 
 Stipulation as to time for present- 
 ing claim. 2 B. R. C. 618. 
 Miscellaneous. 2 B. R. C. 619. 
 On rights under statutory provisions. 
 
 2 B. R. C. 619. 
 Matters for which carrier becomes 
 liable. 2 B. R. C. 620. 
 Effect of deviation on carrier's right to 
 avail itself of provisions of special con- 
 tract of affreightment. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1046, 
 Loss or damage from, due to initial car- 
 rier's own negligence or breach of con- 
 tract. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 85. 
 
 § 104. Injury to persons loading or 
 vmloading. 
 
 Injuries due to condition of cars, see 
 infra, § 138. 
 
 Liability of consignee to servants of car- 
 rier. 46 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Shipper's duty to notify carrier of danger- 
 ous character of article shipped. 36 
 L.R.A. 648. 
 
 Liability of railroad to employees for negli- 
 gence of shippers in use of instrumen- 
 talities for loading and unloading cars. 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1020. 
 
 Duty of carrier to protect one other than 
 employee from injury by movement of 
 cars or trains while loading or un- 
 loading freight or express. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 960. 
 
 § 105. Right of agent, etc., as con- 
 signee. 
 
 Right of agent, factor, broker, or commis- 
 sion merchant to whom goods are 
 consigned for sale, to maintain ac- 
 tion against a common carrier for 
 damage to or loss of goods during 
 transit. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 4.37. 
 
 Right of consignee in general. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 437. 
 
 Where consignee is agent, factor, or 
 broker for consignor. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 438. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 163 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. a— cont'd. 
 
 Where consignee as agent, factor, or 
 broker has made advances to con- 
 signor. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 439. 
 
 § 106. Liability of baggage transfer 
 companies. 
 
 As common carriers. 34 L.R.A. 137; 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 188. 
 When liable. 34 L.K.A. 138. 
 Limitation of liability. 34 L.R.A. 138. 
 When not liable. 34 L.R.A. 139. 
 The effect of a custom. 34 L.R.A. 140. 
 
 b. Bills of lading and special contracts. 
 
 § 107. Generally. 
 
 To whom delivery may be made under bill 
 
 of lading, see infra, § 115. 
 As to bills of lading generally, see Bills 
 
 OF Lading. 
 
 Restriction in. 6 L.R.A. 849;' 10 L.R.A. 
 
 415.* 
 Character and effect of bill of lading. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 416.* 
 A receipt and contract. 4 L.R.A. 244;* 10 
 
 L.R.A. 416.* 
 Rule as to valuation fixed in bill of lading. 
 
 12 L.R.A. 799.* 
 Validity of contract for transportation in 
 violation of particular statutes. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 609. 
 Rebates and discriminations. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 609. 
 Carriage of mail matter. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 610. 
 False bills of lading. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 610. 
 Services of emplovees. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 610. 
 Carrier's liabilities. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 610. 
 Impossibilities of performance as affecting 
 liability under carrier's contract. 14 
 L.R.A. 216. 
 Carrier's liability for servant's act in mak- 
 ing out false bill of lading. 27 L.R.A. 
 172. 
 To whom may delivery be made under bill 
 
 of lading. 38 L.R.A. 358. 
 Effect of, on delivery to impostor by car- 
 
 ■ rier. 37 L.R.A. 178. 
 Effect of deviation on rights and obliga- 
 tions of carrier arising from special 
 contract. 2 B. R. C. 612. 
 Deviation as affecting carrier's right to 
 avail itself of provisions of special 
 contract of affreightment. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1046. 
 Specific stipulations. 35 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1049. 
 Liability of carrier to bona fide holder up- 
 on bill of lading issued by negligence 
 or mistake of agents without delivery 
 of any goods to carrier. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 500. 
 
 § 108. Conclusiveness of. 
 
 Kight to contradict. 9 L.R.A. 263.* 
 Constitutionality of statute making bill of 
 lading conclusive proof of receipt of 
 property. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 821. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. b— cont'd. 
 
 Liability of carrier to a bona fide holder 
 upon bill of lading issued by negligence 
 or mistake of agent without delivery 
 of any goods to carrier. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 302; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 828. 
 
 Right of carrier to deny, as against bona 
 fide holder of bill of lading, that goods 
 were delivered to it. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 302. 
 
 Conclusiveness of bill of lading as to char- 
 acter and amount of goods as between 
 carrier and bona fide transferrer. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1177. 
 
 c. Duty to receive and transport, i 
 
 §109. Generally. 
 
 Duty as to collection of packages by ex- 
 press company. 33 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 Right of carrier to refuse to receive in 
 afternoon valuables to go on morning 
 train. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 558. 
 
 Right to discontinue receipt of freight at 
 place other than regular station. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 932. 
 
 Duty of carrier to accept freight originat- 
 ing and terminating within city limits. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 
 Duty of carrier to accept liquor for trans- 
 portation to points where its sale is 
 prohibited or restricted. . 40 L.IR.A. 
 (N.S.) 798. 
 
 Effect of strike on carrier's duty to accept 
 freight. 35 L-R-A. 623. 
 
 Effect of strike on liability of carrier for 
 sta,tutory penalty for refusal to receive 
 goods offered for shipipent. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1200. 
 
 Right to refuse to transport dangerous 
 articles. 36 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 Damages for failure to transport live stock. 
 9 L.R.A. 450.* 
 
 d. Loss of, or injury to, property. 
 
 §110. Generally. 
 
 To live stock, see infra, §§ .124-127. 
 Limitation of liability as to, see infra, 
 
 §§ 128-135. 
 Liability of connecting carrier for loss, see 
 
 infra, § 143. 
 Extent of recovery for, see Damages, § 47. 
 
 Railroad liability for loss of registered let- 
 ter. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 459. 
 
 Liability of carrier for loss of or injury 
 to dog. 40 L.R.A. 508. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury by goods be- 
 coming wet. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 645. 
 
 Liability of carrier in respect of property 
 which it accepts improperly packed or 
 crated. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1214. 
 
 Effect of misrepresentation as to character, 
 quantity, or value of goods by shipper 
 on his right to recover for loss. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 745. 
 
 Right of consignee who refuses to accept 
 goods to maintain action for damages 
 against carrier. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1071. 
 
 Liability of carrier for loss or damage to 
 goods while being returned to shipper. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 945. 
 
164 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. d— cont'd. 
 Carrier'a duty to hasten shipment or take 
 other precautions to prevent 
 loss threatened without any 
 antecedent fault on its part. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 640. 
 Abandonment. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 644. 
 Delay. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 644. 
 Fire." 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 645. 
 Freezing. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 645. 
 Goods becoming wet. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 645. 
 Miscellaneous. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 647. 
 Eight of shipper or consignee, as against 
 carrier, to refuse to accept goods dam- 
 aged while in carrier's hands. 2.5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 842; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 783. 
 Effect of strike on carrier's liability for 
 destruction of property. 25 L.R.A. 623. 
 Constitutionality of legislation affecting 
 amount of liability or penalty for de- 
 struction of freight. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 126. 
 Burden of proof as to negligence where 
 property was destroyed while in pos- 
 session of a carrier as a warehouse- 
 man. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 975. 
 Liability for interest on amount allowed 
 for damage to goods. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 19. 
 
 § 111. By act of God or Inevitable ac- 
 cident. 
 
 Inevitable accident; what is; as defense to 
 carrier. 2 L.R.A. 252;* 11 L.R.A. 615.* 
 
 Act of God as excuse; exception In con- 
 tract; inevitable accident. 11 L.R.A. 
 615.* 
 
 Effect of, on carriers' contracts, law govern- 
 ing. 63 L.R.A. 531. 
 
 Snowstorm as act of God which will re- 
 lieve carrier from liability. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1209. 
 
 Duty of carrier where act of God has oc- 
 curred or is threatened. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 671. 
 
 Liability of carrier for damage to or loss 
 of livestock by contagious disease con- 
 tracted during transit. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 712. 
 
 Burden of proof when the defense in an ac- 
 tion to recover for loss or injury to 
 goods during carriage is act of God or 
 vis major. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 663. 
 
 K. Delivery to carrier. 
 
 § 112. What constitutes. 
 
 Passing of title to goods sold on, see Sale, 
 § 11. 
 
 What constitutes delivery of freight to car- 
 rier. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 313. 
 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 313. 
 
 As affected by lack of shipping con- 
 tract. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 3]6. 
 
 Partial delivery. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 
 At warehouse. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 
 On side-tracked car. 32 L.R.A. (N.S ) 
 318. 
 
 Begin irith this hoolc on evert/ law question 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. e— cont'd. 
 What constitutes delivery of live stock to 
 carrier. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 322. 
 
 f. Delivery by carrier; conversion; de- 
 lay. 
 
 § 113. Generally. 
 
 Custom or usage at port of delivery as part 
 of contract. 1 L.R.A. 651.* 
 
 Duty as to delivery of packages by express 
 "company. 33 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 Delivery by express agent to addressee and 
 collection of price of intoxicating liquor 
 sent C. O. D. as sale thereof by the 
 agent. 2 B. R. C. 467. 
 
 Right of one who is to be notified of arrival 
 of goods consigned to another to main- 
 tain action against carrier. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 309. 
 
 When goods deemed delivered to the con- 
 signee before removal from car. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 773. 
 
 Discrimination by carrier as to delivery of 
 freight. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510. 
 
 § 114. Place of delivery. 
 
 Contract to deliver at a designated point. 
 
 10 L.R.A. 416.* 
 Right of shipper to demand a redelivery of 
 property at intermediate point. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 756. 
 Duty of carrier to deliver car at consignee's 
 place of business. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 678. 
 Illinois grain regulations. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 680. 
 Stockyards. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 682. 
 
 § 115. To whom delivery may be made 
 under bill of lading. 
 
 Goods deliverable to order. 38 L.R.A. 358. 
 Must deliver to holder of bill of lading. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 359. 
 Necessity of production of bill of lading. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 359. 
 Shipper's rights. 38 L.R.A. 361. 
 Duplicate bills. 38 L.R.A. 362. 
 Shipping receipts. 38 L.R.A. 362. 
 Indorsement required. 38 L.R.A. 363. 
 Wrongful holder. 38 L.R.A. 363. 
 Effect of order to notify certain person. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 363. 
 Rights of true owner. 38 L.R.A. 364. 
 Delivery on carrier's copy. 38 L.R.A. 364 
 Incidents of delivery. 38 L.R.A. 364. 
 Exceptions in bills of lading. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 365. 
 Instructions for collections. 38 L.R.A. 365, 
 Conflicting claims. 38 L.R.A. 365. 
 Acts of third persons. 38 L.R.A. 365. 
 Consignment to consignor's agent. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 366. 
 
 § 116. Nondelivery generally. 
 
 Failure to deliver to consignee as prima 
 facie evidence of negligence and lia- 
 bility. 13 L.E.A. 33.» 
 
 Who may maintain action against carrier 
 for nondelivery of goods delivered to 
 carrier by vendor for transportation to 
 purchaser. 22 L.R.A. 427 
 
INDKX TO L.II.A. NOTES. 
 
 les 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. f— cont'd. 
 
 Time of notice to warrant special damages 
 for failure of carrier to deliver prop- 
 erty. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) mi. 
 
 Action of public authorities under police 
 power as defense of carrier for nonde- 
 livery of freight. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 731; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 139. 
 
 Applicability in case of nondelivery of pro- 
 vision in shipping contract requiring 
 presentation of claim for damages. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 
 Liability for interest on damages for non- 
 delivery of goods. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 18. 
 
 § 117. Conversion; refusal to deliver. 
 
 Conversion by carrier. 2 L.R.A. 80.* 
 
 Permitting unauthorized inspection as con- 
 version. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1136. 
 
 Liability of common carrier for conversion 
 by accepting goods for transportation 
 from one not the owner. 18 L.R.A. 
 fN.S.) 494. 
 
 Refusal of connecting carrier to surrender 
 freight induced by a mistake as to the 
 rate due, or as to prepayment of char- 
 ges, as a conversion. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1048. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for malicious 
 refusal of freight agent to deliver 
 freight. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 
 Liability of connecting carrier for detain- 
 ing freight on account of mistake as to 
 amount due. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 Valuation of property for purpose of trans- 
 portation as affecting carrier's liabil- 
 ity where it is converted or embezzled 
 while In its possession. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 309. 
 
 When tender of freight money not condition 
 of conversion by carrier's refusal to 
 surrender goods. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1058. 
 
 Payment or tender of freight charges as 
 a condition precedent to an action of 
 trover against carrier. 21 L.R.A. 117. 
 
 § 118. Notice of arrival; termination 
 of liability. 
 
 Generally. 10 L.R.A. 417.* 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 531. 
 
 The two rules. 17 L.R.A. 691. 
 
 The Massachusetts rule. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 691. 
 The New Hampshire rule. 17 L.R.A. 
 693. 
 
 Reasonable time. 17 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 What is a reasonable time for removal of 
 goods by consignee, after which the lia- 
 bility of the carrier as such terminates. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 935; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 
 Termination of carrier's liability as such 
 as affected by its fault preventing re- 
 moval of goods. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 235. 
 
 Eight of carrier to terminate its responsi- 
 bility as warehouseman. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 577. 
 
 Termination of liability of carriers of live 
 stock as to pens or vards at stations. 
 44 L.R.A. 292. 
 Consult alfio L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. f— cont'd. 
 
 Duty of express company with respect to 
 propert}' awaiting delivery at destina- 
 tion. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 393. 
 
 Necessity of notice of arrival of goods to 
 reduce liability of carrier to that of 
 warehouseman. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 427. 
 
 Absence of consignee, lack of address, or 
 other similar circumstances, as excus- 
 ing performance of carrier's duty to 
 give notice of arrival. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 .572. 
 
 Delegation by legislature of power to 
 change carrier into warehouseman. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 651. 
 
 § 119. Misdelivery ; wrongful delivery. 
 
 Liability for misdelivery of goods. 1 L.R.A. 
 650.* 
 
 Liability for wrong delivery of goods. 6 
 L.R.A. 853.* 
 
 Effect of misdelivery. 6 L.R.A. 849.* 
 
 Liability for miscarriage and wrongful de- 
 livery of live stock. 9 L.R.A. 451.* 
 
 Duty of carrier to recognize demands of 
 stranger on property delivered to it for 
 transportation. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 254. 
 
 Liability of carrier for property removed 
 by, or delivered to, one whom it was di- 
 rected to notify. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1056. 
 
 Effect of seizure of goods by judicial proc- 
 ess to relieve carrier from liabilitv. 
 9 L.R.A. 263;* 13 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 Applicability in case of misdelivery of pro- 
 vision in shipping contract requiring 
 presentation of claim for damages. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1179. 
 
 § 120. — delivery to impostor. 
 
 General rule as to delivery. 37 L.R.A. 177. 
 Imposition on carrier. 37 L.R.A. 179. 
 Imposition on consignor. 37 L.R.A. 180. 
 
 §121. Belay. 
 
 Extent of recovery for, see Damages, § 47. 
 
 What will excuse delav in transportation. 
 
 9 L.R.A. 836.* 
 Duty of carrier to take precautions to pre- 
 'vent loss from. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 640, 
 642, 644. 
 Liability for delay caused by mobs or un- 
 lawful conduct of employees. 4 L.R.A. 
 545.* 
 Conflict of laws as to contract as to delay 
 at destination. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 882. 
 Liability for delay in shipment and de- 
 livery of live stock. 9 L.R.A. 451.* 
 Effect of strike on carrier's liability for 
 delay in transportation. 35 L.R.A. 
 624. 
 Mere refusal of employees to work. 3.> 
 
 L.R.A. 625. 
 Effect of violence and intimidation. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 627. 
 Strike on connecting line. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 629. 
 Sale of perishable property. 35 L.R.A. 
 630. 
 Of carrier in transportation of corpse. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 433. 
 
166 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. f— cont'd. 
 
 Effect of strike on carrier's liability for 
 delay in unloading vessel. 35 L.R.A. 
 630. 
 
 Liability of railroad for delay in trans- 
 portation of freight, due to inadequate 
 facilities. 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 432; 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 
 Right of consignee, as against carrier, to 
 reject consignment of freight for delay 
 in transportation. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 431. 
 
 Liability for delay due to initial carrier's 
 own negligence or breach of contract. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 
 Effect of deviation on rights and obliga- 
 tions arising from stipulation against 
 liability for delay. 8 B. R. C. 616. 
 
 Action of public authorities under police 
 power as defense to carrier for delay 
 of freight. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 731; 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 139. 
 
 Legislative requirements as defense to car- 
 rier for delay in transportation. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1184. 
 At unusual place. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 321. 
 On vessels. 32 L.R.A.(N.8.) 322. 
 Live stock. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 322. 
 
 Constitutionality of legislation affecting 
 amount of liability or penalty for de- 
 lav in delivery or for destruction of 
 freight. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 
 Right to interest on damages for delav. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 
 Right of shipper or consignee, as against 
 carrier, to refuse to accept goods de- 
 layed while in its hands. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 782. 
 
 g. Liens; -[reiglit charges. 
 
 § 122. Generan,y. 
 
 Governmental control of rates, see infra, 
 §§ 154-160. 
 
 Recovery back of excessive payments made. 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 124. 
 
 Purchaser's election to rescind for breach 
 of warranty as affecting recovery 
 against seller for freight paid. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 928. 
 
 Discrimination by requiring prepayment of 
 freight charges. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 982. 
 
 Payment or tender of freight charges as 
 condition precedent to action of trover 
 against carrier. 21 L.R.A. 117. 
 
 When tender of freight money not condition 
 of conversion by carrier's refusal to 
 surrender goods. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1058. 
 
 Liability of connecting carrier for detain- 
 ing freight on account of mistake as to 
 the amount due. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1054- 
 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 Refusal of connecting carrier to surrender 
 freight induced by mistake as to rate 
 due or as to prepayment of charges, as 
 a conversion. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) l'b48. 
 
 Effect of deviation on carrier's right to 
 freight. 2 B. R. C. 611. 
 
 § 12S. Lien. 
 
 Lien for freight. 
 
 4 L.R.A. 376.* 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. g— cont'd. 
 
 Maritime lion for freight. 70 L.R.A. 358, 
 368. 
 
 Lien for demurrage. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 327. 
 
 Maritime lien for. 70 L.R.A. 358, 374. 
 
 Waiver of lien of, by attachme"nt or execu- 
 tion. 50 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 h. Carrying live stocTc. 
 
 § 124. Generally. 
 
 Personal injury to drover, see supra, § 57. 
 
 Duties and liabilities, generally. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 75;* 4 L.R.A. 545.* 
 Duty as to shipment of stock. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 449.* 
 Forwarding by connecting line. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 450.* 
 Damages for failure to transport. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 450.* 
 Liability for delay in shipment and de 
 
 livery. 9 L.R.A. 451.* 
 Liability for miscarriage and wrongful 
 
 delivery. 9 L.R.A. 451.* 
 Damages for negligent loss or injurv 
 
 9 L.R.A. 451.* 
 Notice of claim for damages. 9 L.R.A, 
 
 452.* 
 Contract limiting liability. 9 L.R.A, 
 
 452.* . 
 Duty as to loading live stock. 13 L.R.A 
 
 '262.* 
 Is carrier an insurer of live stock trans 
 
 ported by it. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 86, 
 As affected by natural propensities of 
 
 stock. 18 L.R.A.(N.S) 91. 
 What constitutes delivery of live stock to 
 
 carrier. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 322. , 
 Carrier's liability for injury to live! stock 
 by weatlier conditions. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1013. 
 Duty of carrier to hasten shipment or take 
 
 other precaution to prevent loss 
 
 to live stock threatened without 
 
 any antecedent fault on its part. 
 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 640. 
 Cold. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 640. 
 Down and dying. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 641. 
 Fright. 39 L.R,A.(N.S.) 642.' 
 Heat, suffocation, and overcrowding. 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 642. 
 Sickness. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 643. 
 Starvation. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 643. 
 Strangulation. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 643. 
 Disposal of carcass. 39 L.R.A. (NS) 
 
 644. 
 Duty of carrier to care taker accompany- 
 ing shipment of live stock. 31 L R A 
 (N.S.) 632. ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Liability for loss or damage to live stock 
 shipments due to initial carrier's own 
 negligence or breach of contract; 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 81. 
 Constitutionality of statute fixing minimum 
 rate of speed at which carrier may 
 transport special kinds of freight. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1018. 
 Reasonableness of time fixed in contract of 
 shipment of livestock for presentation 
 ot^daim for damages. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 Begin irith this Vook on everi/ law question 
 
 1041. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 167 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. h— cont'd. 
 
 Removal of live stock from carrier's 
 
 premises before notice of claim for 
 
 damages where such notice is given in 
 
 time for examination. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 866. 
 Burden of proof as to injury to live stock 
 
 during transportation. 17 L.RA. 339. 
 Liability for interest on amount allowed 
 
 for damage to live stock. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 19. 
 
 § 12 5. Stock pens and yards. 
 
 Duties of carriers of live stock as to pens 
 
 or yards at stations. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 289. 
 
 The general rule. 44 L.R.A. 289. 
 
 Application generally. 44 L.R.A. 290. 
 
 Commencement and termination of 
 
 risk. 44 L.R.A. 292. 
 Effect of contributory negligence. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 294. 
 Relief from liability by contract. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 295. 
 Compensation. 44 L.R.A. 295. 
 Discrimination. 44 L.R.A. 296. 
 Matters of procedure. 44 L.R.A. 296. 
 Liability of carrier of live stock to owner's 
 care taker for condition of stock pens. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 576. 
 Duty of carrier as to condition of stock 
 
 pens. 10 L.K.A.(N.S.) 571. 
 Discrimination in delivering live stock to 
 
 stock yards. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 511. 
 Stock pens as a nuisance. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 375. 
 
 § 126. Caring for, during transit. 
 
 Duty to feed and water live stock during 
 
 shipment. 9 L.R.A. 449.* 
 Extraordinary unloading of live stock in 
 
 transitu. 14 L.R.A. 550. 
 Statutory duties of carriers of live stock 
 with reference to care of stock dur- 
 ing transportation. 44 L.R.A. 449. 
 The United States statute. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 449. 
 The South Carolina statute. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 452. 
 The Texas statute. 44 L.R.A. 453. 
 Miscellaneous statutory provisions. 44 
 L.R.A. 456. 
 Duty of carrier to shower hogs during ship- 
 ment. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 Duty of carrier to furnish bedding for live- 
 stock. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 278. 
 
 § 12 7. Communication of disease to. 
 
 Liability of carrier for damage to or loss 
 of live stock by contagious disease con- 
 tracted during transit. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 712. 
 
 i. Umitatton of liahility. 
 
 § 128. Generally. 
 
 As to passengers generally, see supra, §§ 28, 
 
 29. 
 As to baggage, see supra, § 91. 
 Matters affecting commerce, see Commerce, 
 
 § 9- 
 eonsnlt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. i— cont'd. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict or 
 
 Laws, § 10. 
 Limited liability of carriers by water, sec 
 
 Shipping, § 20. 
 
 Right of carrier to restrict common-law li- 
 abilitv, generally. 1 L.R.A. 500;* 3 
 L.R.A. 343,* 425;* 6 L.R.A. 849;* 7 
 L.R.A. 214;* 10 L.R.A. 419;* 13 L.R.A. 
 518.* 
 
 Contracts for reasonable exemptions. 13 
 L.R.A. 362.* 
 
 Contract limiting liability as to live stock. 
 9 L.R.A. 452.* 
 
 Right to limit common-law liability by 
 contract in the absence of negligence. 
 18 L.R.A. 527. 
 
 Relief by contract of carriers of live stock 
 from liability as to pens or yards at 
 stations. 44 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 Of baggage transfer company. 34 L.R.A. 
 138. 
 
 Effect of limitation of liability in receipt 
 prepared by shipper. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 645. 
 
 Effect of deviation on rights and obliga- 
 tions arising from special contract 
 limiting liability. 2 B. R. C. 612. 
 
 Validity of provision imposing responsibil- 
 ity of inspecting and selecting cars on 
 shipper. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 
 Effect of shipping contract limiting car- 
 rier's common-law liability, signed un- 
 der compulsion. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 
 § 129. In case of dangerous articles. 
 
 Limitation of common carrier's duty and 
 liability in case of dangerous 
 articles. 36 L.R.A. 648. 
 
 Duty to give notice of dangerous char- 
 acter of article. 36 L.R.A. 648. 
 
 Statutory provisions. 36 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 Right to refuse shipment. 36 L.R.A. 
 649. 
 
 Carrier may take dangerous substances, 
 36 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 §,130. In case of connecting carriers. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to contract limiting lia- 
 bility beyond own line. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 882. 
 Limitation of carrier's undertaking to its 
 own line. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 Validity. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 i^rovision in contract of shipment neg- 
 ativing undertaking for through 
 carriage. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 Oral and written contracts, merger, 
 modiflcation. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 64. 
 Extent of liability under such limita- 
 tion. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 Limitation of carrier's liability to its own 
 line. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68. 
 What constitutes. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 68. 
 Validity. 31 L.R.A. (N.§.) 69. 
 Effect. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 78. 
 Limitation of liability of terminal carrier. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 Express contracts extending or restricting 
 obligation of intermediate carrier. 3l 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 92. 
 
168 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. i— cont'd. 
 
 Limiting liability on joint undertaking 
 between initial and connecting carriers. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 50. 
 
 Effect of stipulation exempting carrier from 
 liability for losses not arising from its 
 negligence, where loss is due to the 
 negligence of the employees of a con- 
 necting carrier. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
 Effect of deviation on rights and obligations 
 arising from stipulation limiting re- 
 sponsibility to carrier's own line. 2 
 B. R. C. 616. 
 
 § 131. As to amount. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 529; 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 881. 
 
 Restriction of liability by valuation. 6 
 L.R.A. 851.* 
 
 Rule as to valuation fixed in bill of lading. 
 12 L.R.A. 799.* 
 
 Conclusiveness of shipper's valuation. 4 
 L.R.A. 545.* 
 
 Extent of liability under limitation of car- 
 rier's undertaking to its own line. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67. 
 
 Validity of stipulation limiting carrier's lia- 
 bility to agreed valuation as affected 
 by the Hepburn act. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 293. 
 
 Valuation of property for purposes of trans- 
 portation as affecting carrier's liabil- 
 ity where it is converted or embezzled 
 while in its possession. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 309. 
 
 Effect of deviation on rights and obligations 
 arising from stipulation limiting 
 amount for which carrier is liable. 2 
 B. R. C. 617. 
 
 § 132. —in case of negligence. 
 
 Power to limit amount of liability in cases 
 of negligence. 14 L.R.A. 433. 
 
 Limiting valuation of property as affecting 
 amount of recovery for loss by negli- 
 gence. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985. 
 
 § 13 3. As to time of giving notice or 
 commencing suit. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to contractual limitation 
 period. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 883. 
 
 Validity of contracts limiting time for 
 bringing suit. 3 L.R.A. 344.' 
 
 Reasonableness of the time fixed in a con- 
 tract of shipment of live stock foi; pres- 
 entation 01 claim for damages. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1041. 
 
 Validity of stipulation in carrier's contract 
 requiring notice of loss within a speci- 
 fied time, ajs applied to loss due to car- 
 rier's negligence. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 628. 
 
 Validity of contract limiting time for bring- 
 ing action, or for presentation of 
 claims, for damages, where statute or 
 Constitution prohibits carrier from 
 limiting its common-law liability. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 753. 
 
 Removal of live stock from carrier's premi- 
 ses before notice of claim for damages, 
 where such notice is given in time for 
 examination. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 866. 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. i — cont'd. 
 
 Effect of deviation on rights and obligations 
 
 arising from stipulation as to time for 
 
 presenting claim. 2 B. R. C. 618. 
 Conflict of laws as to contract fixing period 
 
 for bringing action against carrier. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 
 § 134. As to necessity for notice of 
 claim. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to necessity for notice 
 of claim. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 191; 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 882. 
 Notice of loss or injury to goods, required 
 by carrier's contract as a condition 
 precedent. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 642. 
 Applicability in case of misdelivery or non- 
 delivery of provision in shipping 
 contract requiring presentation of 
 claim for damages. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1178. 
 In cases of misdelivery. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1179. 
 In cases of nondelivery. 31 LiB.A. 
 (N.S.) 1180. 
 
 § 135. Excepted perils. 
 
 Exemption from liability by fire or flood. 
 
 10 L.R.A. 417.* 
 What constitutes damage by the elements 
 
 in contracts of. 53 L.R.A. 676. 
 
 j. Duty OS to cars. 
 
 i^er cars, see supra, 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question, 
 
 § 13 6. Generally. 
 
 Condition of pa^s 
 §§ 42, 73, 74. 
 
 Duty of carrier with respect to refrigerator 
 cars. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 317. 
 
 Duty as to reicing. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 318. 
 
 Liability of carrier for injury by failure to 
 adjust ventilators. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 801. 
 
 Liability for loss or damage due to de- 
 fective cars owing to initial carriers 
 negligence or breach of contract. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 81. 
 
 § 137. Duty as to inspection and se- 
 lection. 
 
 Duty of shipper to inspect car. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1034. 
 Validity of provision in carrier's contract 
 
 imposing responsibility of inspeetng 
 
 and selecting cars upon shipper. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 412. 
 
 S 138. Liability for personal injnry 
 due to condition of cars. 
 
 Duty of consignor or consignee to his em- 
 ployees as to condition of car. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 972. 
 
 Liability of carrier to employee for injuries 
 by defectively loaded car. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 384. 
 
 Liability of carrier for personal injuries to 
 consignor or consignee or their em- 
 ployees, caused by unsafe car. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 857. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 169 
 
 ■CAEEIBRS, IV. i— cont'd. 
 
 Effect of shipper's negligence in loading 
 oar, or as to condition of car, upon the 
 carrier's common-law liability. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 952. ' 
 
 § IS 9. Duty as to furnishing. 
 
 Matters of interstate commerce as to, see 
 COMMEKCE, § 10. 
 
 Duty to furnish cars for transportation 
 of live stock. 9 L.R.A. 449.* 
 
 Duty of a railroad company to furnisli cars 
 to shippers. 43 L.R.A. 225. 
 General or statutory dutv. 43 L.R.A. 
 
 225. 
 Contract duty. 43 L.R.A. 227. 
 Interstate Commerce Act. 43 L.R.A. 
 
 230. 
 As affected by strike. 35 L.R.A. 623. 
 
 Duty of carrier to furnish cars, independ- 
 ently of contract. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 108. 
 
 Mutuality of contract to furnish cars to 
 shipper. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 
 Liability for delay in transportation of 
 freight due to inadequate facilities. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 432. 
 
 State regulations requiring carriers to fur- 
 nish cars to shippers as interference 
 with interstate commerce. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 364; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802; 42 
 LJl.A.(N.S.) 984. 
 
 Right of state to require railroad company 
 to equip its road. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 320. 
 
 Discrimination as to facilities for loading 
 and unloading cars. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 508. 
 
 Exclusiveness of statutory remedy for fail- 
 ure to furnish ears. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 851. 
 
 Validity of penalty for failure to furnish 
 freight cars. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 
 Loss of profits because of inability of ship- 
 per to fulfil contract for sale of goods 
 as element of damages for carrier's 
 breach of contract to furnish cars. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1191. 
 
 Which party is to furnish under contract 
 to ship goods f. o. b. 62 L.R.A. 797; 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 928. 
 
 § 140. — kind of car to be furnished. 
 
 Duty of carrier to furnish car adapted to 
 the subject of the shipment. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 508. 
 
 Duty of carrier to furnish cars of a type 
 not owned by it. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 310. 
 
 fc. Demurrage ; delay in unloading. 
 
 § 141. Generally. 
 
 Jurisdiction of admiralty as to. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 226. 
 Demurrage; charge for detention of its 
 
 cars by consignees. 22 L.R.A. 530. 
 Lien for demurrage. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 327. 
 Maritime lien for demurrage. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 358. 374. 
 Power of state as to demurrage charges on 
 
 interstate shipments. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 137. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. k— cont'd. 
 
 Effect and construction of express provision 
 in charter party against demurrage in 
 case of strike. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 
 Delay in unloading caused by strike. 35 
 L.R.A. 630. 
 
 Delegation by legislature to railroad com- 
 mission of power as to reciprocal de- 
 murrage charges. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 
 I. Connecting carriers; liability beyond 
 ouin tine. 
 
 § 142. Generally. 
 
 Matters as to interstate commerce, see Com- 
 merce, § 6. 
 
 Authority of freight agent to contract for 
 transportation beyond line. 9 L.R.A. 
 833.* 
 
 Forwarding live stock by connecting line. 9 
 L.R.A. 450.* 
 
 Position of employees of servants working 
 for connecting carriers. 37 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 Refusal of connecting carrier to surrender 
 freight induced by mistake as to rate 
 due or as to prepayment of charges as 
 a conversion. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1048. 
 
 Liability of connecting carrier for detaining 
 freight on account of mistake as to the 
 amount due. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1054; 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 § 143. Liability for loss. 
 
 In case of passengers, see supra, § 98. 
 Limitation of liability, see supra, § 130. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to liabilitv beyond own 
 
 line. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 882. 
 Joint liability. 4 L.R.A. 545;* 9 L.R.A. 
 
 834.* 
 Effect of strike on connecting line on car- 
 rier's liability. 35 L.R.A. 629. 
 Liability of connecting carrier for loss be- 
 yond its own line. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1. 
 Initial or first contracting carrier. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 3. 
 Duty to undertake through car- 
 riage. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 3. 
 Implied contracts for through car- 
 riage. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 3. 
 In absence of statute; English 
 and American rules. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 5. 
 Effect of statutes. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 20. 
 Express contracts extending car- 
 rier's undertaking beyond 
 its own line. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 31. 
 Validity generally. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 31. 
 Oral contracts. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 32. 
 Authority of agents. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 32. 
 What constitutes through con- 
 tract. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 37. 
 
170 
 
 CARRIERS 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 31 L.R.A. 
 
 31 L.E.A. 
 
 31 L.R.A. 
 
 undertak- 
 31 L.R.A. 
 
 IV. 1— cont'd. 
 
 Extent of liability under such 
 contracts. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 42. 
 Partnership or joint undertakings. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 44. 
 Validity and effect. 
 
 (N.S.) 44. 
 What constitutes. 
 
 (N.S.) 45. 
 Limiting liability. 
 (N.S.) 50. 
 Limitation of carrier's 
 ing to its own line. 
 (N.S.) 52. 
 Loss or damage due to initial car- 
 rier's own negligence or 
 breach of contract. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 80. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 80. 
 Defective cars. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 81. 
 Delay. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 Live stock shipments. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 83. 
 Perishable freight. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 84. 
 Misrouting; deviation. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 85. 
 Defaults as to waybilling or 
 shipping instructions. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 Other cases. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 89. 
 Intermediate carrier. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 90. 
 Liability generally. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 90. 
 Effect of statutes. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 91. 
 Express contracts extending or re- 
 stricting carrier's obligation. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 92. 
 Loss or damage due to intermedi- 
 ate carrier's own negligence or 
 breach of contract. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 92. 
 Terminal carrier. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 94. 
 Liability generally. 31 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 94. 
 Liability beyond terminus. 31 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 Limitation of liability. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 98. 
 Effect of statutes. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 99. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as 
 to where loss or damage oc- 
 curred. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 102. 
 Terminal carriers. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 102. 
 Damage. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 Loss. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 105. 
 Who is terminal carrier. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 106. 
 Shifting of presumption. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 107. 
 Proving delivery in good or- 
 der; carrier's receipts. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 107. 
 Other carriers. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 108. 
 Rebuttal; evidence inconsist- 
 ent with presumption. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 111. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on exery law mipsUnn,—^ 
 
 CARRIERS, IV. 1— cont'd. 
 
 Liability of carrier of property for loss oc- 
 curring on connecting line, but due to 
 its own negligence. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 State statutes regulating the liability of 
 carriers as to shipments over connect- 
 ing lines as interference with inter- 
 state commerce. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 388. 
 
 m. Transporting intoxicating liquor. 
 
 § 144. Generally. 
 
 Liability of carrier for. 46 L.R.A. 417. 
 What is a transportation or convey- 
 ance. 46 L.R.A. 419. 
 The question of knowledge. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 419. 
 Evidence to support conviction. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 420. 
 Sufficiency of indictment or complaint. 
 46 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 What is sufficient to terminate interstate 
 transportation of intoxicating liquors. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 550; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1020; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 745. 
 
 Duty of carrier to accept liquor for trans- 
 portation to points where its sale is 
 prohibited or restricted. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 798. 
 
 Ignorance of contents of package as defense 
 to carrier in prosecution for transport- 
 ing intoxicating liquor into prohibition 
 territory. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1182. 
 
 n. Insurance. 
 
 § 145. Generally. 
 
 Subrogation of carrier to rights of insured. 
 3 L.R.A. 426.* 
 
 o. Taxation of freight, 
 
 § 146. Generally. 
 
 State taxation of freight carried by inter- 
 state carriers. 60 L.R.A. 657. 
 
 p. Penalties, 
 
 § 146a. Generally. 
 
 Validity of penalty for failure to furnish 
 freight cars. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 
 Motive of plaintiff as affecting ri^ht to re- 
 cover statutory penalty from carrier. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 497. 
 
 Effect of strike on liability of carrier for 
 statutory penalty for refusal to re- 
 ceive goods offered for shipment. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1200. 
 
 Constitutionality of legislation affecting 
 
 ' amount of liability or penalty for delay 
 in delivery or for destruction of freight. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 126. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute imposing pen- 
 alty or added liability for failure tJ> 
 pay claim. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 106. 
 
 State statutes imposing penalty on carrier 
 for failure to settle claims as interfer- 
 ence with interstate commerce. 15 
 L.R,A.(N.S.) 983. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 171 
 
 C^VRRIERS— cont'd. 
 
 T. Gove^'ntnental control; rates; dis- 
 crimination; cbiity as to stopping 
 places. 
 
 a. In general, 
 
 § 147. Generally. 
 
 As to matters affecting interstate com- 
 merce, see Commerce, §§ 4-12. 
 
 As to regulation of public service corpora- 
 tions generally, see Public Service 
 Corporations. 
 
 As to contracts with reference to, see Rail- 
 roads, § 27. 
 
 Compulsory service of carriers. 15 L.R.A. 
 321. 
 
 Through traffic arrangements. 12 L.R.A. 
 437.* 
 
 Constitutional and statutory provisions af- 
 fecting combinations between railroads 
 to prevent competition. 1 L.R.A. 849.* 
 
 Municipal regulation of the carriage of pas- 
 sengers by street railroads. 19 L.R.A: 
 570. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making bill of 
 lading conclusive proof of the receipt 
 of property. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 821. 
 
 State legislation requiring heating of cars. 
 42 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 Requiring passenger to put coin in box or 
 automatic registering device. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 695. 
 
 Constitutionality of legislation affecting the 
 amount of liability or penalty for de- 
 lay in delivery or for destruction of 
 freight. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 
 Right of common carrier to contract for the 
 use of its ears for advertising purposes. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1010. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring car- 
 rier to sell tickets good on connecting 
 line. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 541. 
 
 State regulations requiring carriers to fur- 
 nish cars to shippers as interference 
 with interstate commerce. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 364; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 984. 
 
 Legislative requirements as defense to car- 
 rier for delay in transportation. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1184. 
 
 Delegation by legislature of power to regu- 
 late carriers. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 639. 
 
 § 148. Confining sale of tickets to 
 agents. 
 
 Assignability of tickets, see supra, § 21. 
 
 Statutes against ticket brokerage or "scalp- 
 ing." 24 L.R.A. 152. 
 
 Injunction against dealing in nontransfer- 
 able railroad tickets. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 437. 
 
 Constitutionality of anti-scalping legisla- 
 tion. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558; 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 480. 
 
 S 149. Compulsory connection with 
 Bide track. 
 
 Power to compel railroad to build, main- 
 tain, or connect with, side tracks for 
 accommodation of shippers. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1013. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRIERS, v.— cont'd 
 
 &. Discrimination, 
 
 § 150. Generally. 
 
 Right of carrier to discriminate aa to tele- 
 graph and telephone companies. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 507. 
 
 Discrimination by carrier as to facilities 
 for loading and unloading cars, li 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 508. 
 
 Right of carrier as to furnishing equal con- 
 necting facilities to different carriers. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 513. 
 
 Right of carrier to grant exclusive train 
 privilege to baggage or passenger trans- 
 fer companies. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1181. 
 
 § 151. Between express companies. 
 
 Right of railroad to give exclusive or prefer- 
 ential facilities to an express company 
 for express business. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 783. 
 
 Duty of railroad company to give equal 
 facilities to express companies. 18 
 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 § 152. Between hackmen, etc. 
 
 Discrimination as to hackmen and other 
 solicitors of patronage at depots, 
 wharves, etc. 13 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Right to discriminate between hackmen and 
 other solicitors of patronage at depots. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 777. 
 
 Right to exclude undesirable hackmen, dray- 
 men, etc., from depot. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 126. 
 
 Remedy by injunction for unlawful dis- 
 crimination by railroad against hack 
 driver. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1027. 
 
 § 153. Between passengers or shippers. 
 
 As to rates, see infra, § 159. 
 
 Right of company to discriminate as to pas- 
 sengers. 5 L.R.A. 818;* 18 L.R.A. 105. 
 Against colored persons. 18 L.R.A. 639. 
 Right of carrier at common law to discrim- 
 inate between shippers. 18 L.R.A. 105. 
 Liability of lessor of railroad for discrimi- 
 nation by lessee against shippers. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 519. 
 As to pens and yards for live stock at sta- 
 tions. 44 L.R.A. 296. 
 Discrimination in furnishing cars to ship- 
 pers. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 112. 
 Right of carrier to discriminate as to 
 special or unusual service. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 506. 
 Discrimination as to facilities for load- 
 ing and unloading cars. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 508. 
 Right to equal wharfage facilities. 12 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 Furnishing site for elevator to one 
 shipper as discriminating against 
 others. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 Discrimination as to delivery of freight. 
 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510. 
 
 Discrimination in delivering live stock 
 
 to stock yards. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 511. 
 
 Discrimination by requiring prepayment of 
 
 freight charges. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 982. 
 
172 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CARRIERS, v.— cont'd. 
 
 ] o. Bates; rebates. 
 
 § 154. Generally. 
 
 Rates as affected by interstate commerce 
 act, see Commekce, §§ 4-12. 
 
 State regulation of fares and freights. 3 
 L.R.A. 661;* 9 L.R.A. 754;* 11 L.R.A. 
 452.* 
 
 Regulation of, by railroad commission. 3 
 L.R.A. 661 ;• 9 L.R.A. 75.* 
 
 Under interstate commerce act. 2 L.R.A. 
 444.* 
 
 When rates by penal statute are suffi- 
 ciently definite and certain. 33 L.R.A. 
 209. 
 
 Recovery back of excessive freight paid. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 124. 
 
 Right of attorney general or other repre- 
 sentative of state to maintain action 
 to enforce or prevent violation of statu- 
 tory regulations affecting rates, etc. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 664. 
 
 Injunction against enforcement of railroad 
 rate legislation under unconstitutional 
 statute as affected by other remedies. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 124. 
 
 Power of state court to pass on interstate 
 rates. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 108. 
 
 Right of shipper where carrier negligently 
 misquotes rate vfhich lias been filed or 
 published as required by statute. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 § 155. Power of carrier to make spe- 
 cial rates. 
 
 Right of carrier to make special rates. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 758.* 
 Contract by railroad company to maintain 
 special rate to a particular locality. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 157. 
 Contracts fixing rates other than those es- 
 tablished in accordance with interstate 
 commerce act. 38 L.R.A, (N.S.) 351. 
 Validity of contract for transportation in 
 violation of particular statutes. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 609. 
 Carriage of mail matter. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.)6]0. 
 False bills of lading. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 610. 
 Services of employees. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 610. 
 Carrier's liabilities. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 610. 
 
 § 156. Power to fix rates. 
 
 Business of carriers affected with a public 
 interest subjecting them to regulation 
 and control in respect to rates or prices. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 834. 
 
 Legislative power to regulate. 33 L.R.A. 
 179. 
 
 Delegation by legislature of power to fix 
 rates. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 649. 
 
 Power of legislature to delegate to commis- 
 sions the right to fix rates. 18 L.R.A 
 (X.S.) 713. 
 
 Power of judiciary to fix rates to be 
 charged by public service corporations. 
 S L.E.A.(N.S.) 529. 
 
 Begin with this boolz on ecery law question. 
 
 CARRIERS, V. c— cont'd. 
 
 Municipal regulation of fares charged by 
 street railways. 19 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Power of municipality apart from contract 
 to regulate rates of street railway com- 
 pany. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 761. 
 
 § 15 7. — power to require reduced 
 rates. 
 
 Power to require carriers to give reduced 
 rates to classes of persons. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 973; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524. 
 
 Power to require carriers to transport per- 
 sons in public service at reduced rates. 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 
 Validity of statute requiring issuance of 
 mileage books at reduced rates. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1086. 
 
 Right of municipality to contract for free 
 transportation or special rates on street 
 cars. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 651. 
 
 § 158. Reasonableness of rates. 
 
 Necessity that rates fixed be reasonable. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 759;* 12 L.R.A. 436.* 
 Allowance for depreciation in plant in fix- 
 ing rates. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1209. 
 Elements entering into determination of 
 reasonableness of railroad rates 
 prescribed by the state for local 
 traffic. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 108; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1001. 
 Presumption. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1001. 
 Valuation upon which return or Income 
 is to be computed. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1002. 
 Ratio of return or income to valuation. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1002. 
 Sufficiency of rates to produce mini- 
 mum return or income. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1004. 
 Cost of operation. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1005. 
 Business to be considered. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1006. 
 
 § 159. Discrimination as to. 
 
 Discrimination in rates, when justified. 4 
 L.R.A. 331.* 
 
 What are unlawful discriminations as to 
 rates. 3 L.R.A. 662.* 
 
 Remedy against discriminating charges. 3 
 L.R.A. 662.* 
 
 Preferences as to localities. 2 L.R.A. 445.* 
 
 Discrimination between local and through 
 transportation. 9 L.R.A. 758.* 
 
 Different rates for delivery to different 
 warehouses in same city. 9 L.R.A. 
 758.* 
 
 Carrier's right to make discriminating rate 
 for material to be employed in manu- 
 facture of a finished product which will 
 be shipped over its road. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 225. 
 
 Is pass issued as part of consideration for 
 contract within statute prohibiting free 
 transportation of passengers or dis- 
 crimination in passenger rates. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 217; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 657. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 173 
 
 CAKRIEES, V. c — cont'd. 
 § 160. Rebates. 
 
 Agreement for rebates. 9 L.R.A. 758.* 
 Right of carrier to grant rebate or allow- 
 ance to shipper for use of latter's 
 tracks. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 551. 
 Effect of provisions of interstate commerce 
 act against rebates upon contracts pre- 
 scribing rates less than those estab- 
 lished in accordance with the act. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 400. 
 
 d. As to stations and. trains. 
 
 § 161. Generally. 
 
 Grant of special privilege to hackmen, etc., 
 at station, see supra, § 152. 
 
 As to duty to passengers with respect to 
 station, see supra, §§ 45, 46, 48, 70-72, 
 94. 
 
 Use of, by hackmen, etc. 13 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Right of state or municipality to forbid 
 solicitation of patronage at railway 
 stations. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 715; 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 483. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to grant or 
 lease space in street for depot. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 Power to compel establishment of stations. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 821. 
 
 Delegation by legislature of power to re- 
 quire erection of station. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 650. 
 
 May railroad companies be required to es- 
 tablish or maintain a station that will 
 not pay expenses. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 444. 
 
 Right to change location of station. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 412. 
 
 Power to limit speed of interstate and mail 
 trains. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 293. 
 
 § 162. Stopping of trains. 
 
 Power to compel stopping of trains at sta- 
 tions. 17 L.R.A(N.S.) 821; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 159. 
 
 Right to require the stopping of interstate 
 and mail trains. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 293; 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 159. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to compel 
 interurban cars to stop for passengers, 
 le L.R.A.(N.S.) 914. 
 
 Delegation by legislature of power to re- 
 quire stopping at station. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 650. 
 
 CARRYING ON BUSINESS. 
 
 By foreign corporation, see Coepo rations. 
 §§ 145-148. 
 
 What constitutes. 14 L.R.A. 529. 
 By personal representative, testamentary 
 trustee, or guardian in behalf of estate. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 201. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CARRYING WEAPONS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutional rights to bear arms. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 168; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1007; 36. L.R.A. (N.S.) 115. 
 
 Constitutionality of laws restricting right. 
 14 L.R.A. 600. 
 
 Right of peace officer to cany weapons out- 
 side his district. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 998. 
 
 Conviction as condition of forfeiture of 
 weapons. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 358. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 L.R.A. 571. 
 
 § 2. Concealed weapons. 
 
 Admissibility of weapons taken from de- 
 fendant charged with carrying con- 
 cealed weapons. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 
 What manner of carrying of weapon vio- 
 lates statute against carrying concealed 
 weapons. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 173. 
 
 Right to convict for several offenses of car- 
 rying concealed weapons growing out 
 of same facts. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 693. 
 
 § 3. — what are weapons. 
 
 What are weapons within offense of carry- 
 ing concealed weapons. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1174. 
 Where statute forbids carrying con- 
 cealed deadly weapons. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1174. 
 Where statute forbids carrying con- 
 cealed dangerous weapons. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1174. 
 Where statute enumerates the forbid- 
 den concealed weapons by 
 name. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1175. 
 Pistols. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1175. 
 Knives. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1176. 
 Brass knuckles. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1176. 
 
 CARS. 
 
 Condition of passenger cars, see Carriers, 
 
 §§ 42, 73, 74. 
 Duty as to freight cars, see Carriers, §§ 
 
 136-140. 
 Gates on, see Gates, § 2. 
 Use of highway for storing, see Highways, 
 
 § 28. 
 Master's liability for injury to employee 
 
 due to condition of, see Master and 
 
 Servant, § 9.S. 
 As attractive nuisance, see Negligence, § 
 
 23. 
 
 Attachment or garnishment of foreign rail- 
 road cars. 64 L.R.A. 501; 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1026. 
 
 Duty, as to employees, of inspection. 41 
 L.R.A. 88, 101. 
 
 Determining order of cars in train as a 
 delegable duty. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 
 Upon whom duty of furnishing cars lies 
 under contract to ship goods f. o. b. 
 62 L.R.A. 797; 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 298. | 
 
174 
 
 IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CARTMEN VXD TEAMSTERS, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Hackmen, see Hacks. 
 
 As common carrier. 21 L.R.A.{N.S.) 188. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for negligence of. 
 65 L.E.A. 044. 
 
 As independent contractor. 65 L.R.A. 467, 
 468, 494; 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1122; 16 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 As fellow servant of one employing team. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 338. 
 
 Validity of contract witli unlicensed cart- 
 men. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 617. 
 
 Exclusion of, from railroad depot. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 126. 
 
 § 2. tiien of. 
 
 Teamster as a laborer within lien statute. 
 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 Right to statutory lien on property of third 
 
 person for rental of teams. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 585, 
 
 CASE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Itight of action for unlawful combinations, 
 see COKSPIEACY; MONOPOLY AND COM- 
 BINATIONS. 
 
 Liability for conspiracy to injure business 
 of another, see Conspikacy, II. 
 
 Right of action for causing death, see 
 Death, II. 
 
 Alienation of affections of husband or wife, 
 see Husband and Wife, §§ 66, 67. 
 
 Master's liability for malicious act of serv 
 ant generally, see Master and Serv 
 ANT, § 176. 
 
 At common law; what action founded upon 
 11 L.R.A. 547.* 
 
 Injury to right imports damage. 6 L.R.A. 
 553.* 
 
 Liability for damage to business by injuring 
 tangible property of other party. 64 
 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 Action by general creditor for damages 
 against third person for fraud in pre- 
 venting plaintiff from collecting his 
 claim. 47 L.R.A. 433. 
 
 For injury to business or occupation; effect 
 of malice on liability. 62 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 Interposition of unfounded defense in a 
 civil action as basis of action for dam- 
 ages. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1026. 
 
 Remedy of one who fails to record a deed, 
 against his grantor, who subsequently 
 conveys to an innocent third person. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 284. 
 
 Arbitrary or mala fide termination of part- 
 nership as basis of action in tort. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 959. 
 
 Right of principal to maintain case for 
 money collected by agent or attorney. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 
 Liability of individual, in absence of any 
 element of conspiracy, for driving away 
 another's customer. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Begiuwith this book on every laxv qaesUon. ^^^"^^^ '''' "'°"''^- 
 
 CASE— cont'd. 
 
 Master's liability in case for wrongful or 
 negligent act of servant. 27 L.R.A. 
 197. 
 
 Personal liability to other contracting par- 
 ty of one who, without authority, as- 
 sumes to contract as agent for another. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 533. 
 
 Liability for acts in pursuance of judgment 
 afterwards reversed. 45 L.R.A. 800 ; 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1197. 
 
 Right to recover for physical injury result- 
 ing from fright qaused by wilful tort. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66; 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1073; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1159. 
 
 Mental anguish as element of damages for 
 trespass on the person of a woman af- 
 fecting her character or reputation for 
 chastity. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 
 Liability for causing withdrawal of surety 
 from bond. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 388. 
 
 Basis of distinction between absolute and 
 qualified rights as affecting right to 
 inquire into motive. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 869. 
 
 § 2. Breach of contract. 
 
 Liability for negligent breach of contract 
 between private parties. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 924. 
 
 § 3. Inducing breach of contract. 
 
 Liability of a person in damages for induc- 
 ing a third party to break his con- 
 tract. 21 L.R.A. 233; 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 746; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 The fundamental principles of the ac- 
 tion. 21 L.R.A. 234. 
 Malice the gist of the action. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 235. 
 Contracts generally. 21 L.R.A. 236. 
 Good faith as affecting liability for inter- 
 ference with contract relations. 1 B. 
 R. C. 18. 
 Injunction against inducing breach of con- 
 tract or assisting in a continuance of 
 such breach. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 202. 
 Effect of malice on liability for causing. 
 62 L.R.A. 678. 
 
 § 4. — inducing discliarge of servant 
 or preventing his employment. 
 
 Bad motive as affecting liability for caus- 
 ing loss of employment. 62 L.R.A. 714. 
 
 Civil liability for inducing discharge' of 
 servant. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 561. 
 
 Liability of person procuring discharge of 
 workmen upon ground of his nonmein- 
 bersbip in a labor organization. 5 
 _ _ L.R.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 
 Civil liability for maliciously procuring 
 discharge of employee or preventing 
 employment, in absence of conspiracy 
 or concerted action. 27 L.R.A. (NS) 
 966. 
 
 Liability for causing discharge of servant 
 by acts not intended to have that effect. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 986. 
 
 Liability of labor union or its members to 
 persons with whose employment it 
 has interfered. 1 B. R. C. 514. 
 
 1 B. R. C. 515. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 176 
 
 CASE— cont'd. 
 
 Aa affected by means employed. 1 B. 
 
 E. C. 520. 
 Aa affected by purpose or object. 1 
 B. R. C. 523. 
 Competition. 1 B. E. C. 523. 
 Forcing nonmembers to join union, 
 
 1 B. R. C. 526. 
 Discipline. 1 B. R. C. 527. 
 Action on the case for blacklisting servants. 
 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1120. 
 Forcing discharge of foreman or coemployee 
 as justification for strike. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1048. 
 
 § 5. — inducing servant to quit gener- 
 ally. 
 
 Choice of remedies for enticement of serv- 
 ant, see Election of Remedies, § 9. 
 
 Liability of third person for inducing a 
 servant to break his contract. 21 
 L.R.A. 238. 
 Bad motive as affecting liability for caus- 
 ing loss of employee or servant. 62 
 L.R.A. 719. 
 Civil liability for enticing servant to quit. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1091. 
 The general rule. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1092. 
 What constitutes enticement. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1094. 
 In general. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1094. 
 Attempt to entice. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1095. 
 Inducing to leave at end of em- 
 ployment. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1095. 
 Enticement before service begins. 
 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1095. 
 The remedy. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1096. 
 Form of. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1096. 
 In general. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1096. 
 Injunctions. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1096. 
 Time of bringing action. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1097. 
 
 Effect of prior satisfaction from 
 
 servant. 5 L.R.A.(N,S.) 1097. 
 
 Scope of its application. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1097. 
 
 In general. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1097. 
 What constitutes a suflHcient 
 contract of employment. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1099. 
 Effect of penal statutes upon. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1100. 
 Measure of damages. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 noo. 
 
 la contempt for violation of injunction 
 against interfering with another's em- 
 ployee, civil or criminal. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N'.S.) 598. 
 
 § 5a. — Inducing servant to quit to aid 
 strike. 
 
 Eight in aid of strike to use money to in- 
 duce persons not under contract to quit 
 or not accept employment. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 453. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CASE— cont'd. 
 
 Right in aid of strike to employ peaceable 
 persuasion to induce persons not under 
 contract to quit or not accept employ- 
 ment. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 445. 
 
 § 6. Inducing minor to quit parent. 
 
 Liability for enticement of minor from par 
 ent'a service. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 205. 
 
 Mother's right of action for enticing oJ 
 minor. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 
 CASE MADE. 
 
 As part of record on appeal, see Appeal 
 
 AND EltBOB, § 23. 
 
 CASES CERTIFIED. 
 
 Definiteness of question to be certified. 31 
 L.R.A. 392. 
 
 The whole case must not be sent up. 
 31 L.R.A. 392. 
 
 The case cannot be split up into dis- 
 tinct points to take up whole case. 
 3] L.R.A. 392. 
 
 The importance of the question is im- 
 material. 31 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 The point of difference must be certi- 
 fied. 31 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 The question must not be general. 31 
 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 The question must not be abstract. 31 
 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 The question must be perfectly stated. 
 31 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 It must not involve a question of fact. 
 31 L.R.A. 394. 
 
 Necessary facts must be stated. 31 
 L.R.A. 394. 
 
 Question whether evidence or indict- 
 ment sufScient. 31 L.R.A. 394. 
 
 Question whether demurrer should be 
 sustained. 31 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 What will be considered. 31 L.R.A. 
 395. 
 
 Questions which have been held proper. 
 31 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 CASES SUBMITTED. 
 
 Under New York Code. 4 L.R.A. 685.* 
 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 CASH DIVIDENDS. 
 
 Right to, as between life tenant and re- 
 maindermen. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 780; 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 503. 
 
 CASHIER. 
 
 Powers of, see Banks, § 8. 
 
176 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CASHIER— cont'd. 
 
 Of foreign corporation, service of process 
 
 on. 23 L.R.A. 496. 
 Liability of bank directors for cashier's 
 
 default or negligence. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 597. 
 
 < «» 
 
 CASH sale;. 
 
 Right of creditors levying on goods sold 
 
 for cash to deliver without payment. 
 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 697; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 709. 
 Right of purchaser or creditor levying 
 
 on goods sold for cash but delivered 
 
 without payment. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 696; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 709. 
 Admissibility of memoranda on chteck stubs 
 
 as evidence of. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 728. 
 
 CASH SURRENDER VALUE. 
 
 Of policy, see Insurance, § 57. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 CASINO. 
 
 Power of municipality to construct. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 
 CASTING VOTE. 
 
 See Pabliamentabt Law, § 2. 
 
 < « » 
 
 CASTLE. 
 
 What constitutes. 67 L.R.A. 545. 
 
 « ■ > 
 
 CATALOGUE. 
 
 Sufficiency of identification for purposes of 
 executory contract, where goods are or- 
 dered by reference to a catalogue or 
 price list. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 927. 
 
 CATERER. 
 
 Liability for serving unfit food. 40 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 480. 
 
 CATTLE. 
 
 Transportation of, see Carbiees, 68 124- 
 
 127. 
 Injuries to, on railroad track, see Rail- 
 
 BOADS, §§ 73-76, 85. 
 See also Animals. 
 
 CATTLE— cont'd. 
 
 Liability of vendor of unwholesome food 
 for. 21 L.R.A. 140. 
 
 CATTLE GUARDS. 
 
 See Railroads, § 34. 
 
 CAUCUS. 
 
 See Elections, §§ 25, 26. 
 
 CAUSA MORTIS. 
 
 Gift causa mortis, see Gift, § 10. 
 
 CAUSE. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, § 60. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to, see Evidence, § 187. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence as to, generally, 
 see Evidence, § 248. 
 
 Question for jury as to, see Trial, § 22. 
 
 Of loss of insured property or death of in- 
 sured, see Insurance, VIII. 
 
 Of loss of vessel or cargo, see Shipping. 
 § 20. 
 
 Proximate cause, see Proximate Cause. 
 
 CAUTION. 
 
 Removal of inducement to confess by ac- 
 cused. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 867. 
 
 Caution against incrimination as an in- 
 ducement to make confession. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 824. 
 
 Effect of cautioning or failure to caution 
 accused on voluntariness of confession. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 791. 
 
 Right of court to caution jury as to be- 
 lieving testimony of accused in his own 
 behalf. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802. 
 
 CAVEAT EMPTOR. 
 
 See also Sale. 
 
 Rule of. 6 L.R.A. 73.» 
 
 Application of doctrine of, to judicial sale. 
 3 L.R.A. 441.* 
 To execution sales. 13 L.R.A. 304.* 
 
 Applicability of rule of, to sales for parti- 
 tion. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409. 
 
 CELEBRATIONS. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 Appropriations of public monev for. 14 
 L.R.A. 475. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 177 
 
 CELEBRATIONS— cont'd. 
 
 I CEMETERIES— cont'd. 
 
 Right of taxpayer In absence of statute to Abandonment or sale by town or municipal- 
 
 enjoin unlawful expenditures by munic- 
 ipality for celebrations. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 2. 
 
 CEIiLABWAY. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by cellar- 
 way in street, see Highways, § 62. 
 See also Abeaway. 
 
 CEMETERIES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Abandonment of, see Abandonment, § 8. 
 Injunction as to, see Injunction, § 75. 
 As a nuisance, see Nuisances, § 8. 
 See also Bukxal; Corpse. 
 
 Effect of language in grant specifying or 
 restricting property for use of ceme- 
 teries. 19 L.R.A. 266. 
 Prescriptiye right to maintain. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 895. 
 Prescription or adverse possession of grave 
 
 or burial lot. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 When right of burial in private burial 
 ground is barred by adverse possession. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1138. 
 When right of burial in private burial 
 ground is barred by adverse possession. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1138. 
 What is necessary to effect a dedication of 
 land as a cemeterv or burial plot. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 875." 
 Right to specific performance of contract 
 to convey real estate as affected by 
 attempted reservation of cemetery or 
 burial plot. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 384. 
 Use of school grounds for purposes of. 31 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 595. 
 Taking of property for, as =• public purpose. 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 171. 
 Public character of charitable bequest for. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 Validity of testamentary provision for 
 erection of monument, or for the care 
 and maintenance of tombs, burial 
 grounds, etc. 1 B. R. C. 931. 
 Regulations of burials and cemeteries. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 260. 
 Existence and nature of power to reg- 
 ulate generally. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 260. 
 Power of state. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 262. 
 Power of municipality. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 262. 
 Exercise of power, generally. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 264. 
 Imposing conditions upon right 
 of burial. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 265. 
 Imposing limitations with respect 
 to certain localities or ceme- 
 teries. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 266. 
 Entire prohibition. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 269. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ity of ground used for cemetery. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1216. 
 Forbidding burial of negro in cemetery con- 
 trolled by white persons. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 155. 
 
 § 2. Cbaracter of estate or property of 
 owner In burial lot. 
 
 Introductory. 67 L.R.A. 118. 
 
 Easement. 67 L.R.A. 119. 
 
 License. 67 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Devise. 67 L.R.A. 121. 
 
 Cemetery dedicated to a class. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 122. 
 When held in common. 67 L.R.A. 122. 
 Right to mortgage. 67 L.R.A. 122. 
 Power of cemetery authorities. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 123. 
 Trespass on lot owner's possession. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 124. 
 Ejectment. 67 L.R.A. 125. 
 Effect upon, of legislative act or municipal 
 
 ordinance closing cemetery. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 125. 
 
 § 3. Assessment and taxation of. 
 
 Liability to assessment for local improve- 
 ments. 35 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Exemption of, from general taxation. 10 
 L.R.A. 365.'' 
 
 CENSORSHIP. 
 
 Of films for moving pictures. 40 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 194. 
 
 CENSUS. 
 
 Census returns as evidence of age. 9 L.R.A.. 
 (N.S.) 718. 
 
 CERTAINTY. 
 
 Of charitable gift, see Charities, §§ 6-9. 
 As condition of specific performance, see 
 Specific Performance, § 23. 
 
 Of special verdict. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 46. 
 
 Devise or bequest in severalty of undesig- 
 nated parcels of property to different 
 persons. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1049. 
 
 CERTIFICATE. 
 
 § t. Generally. 
 
 Of acknowledgment, see Acknowmdomewt. 
 
 Of deposit, see Banks, § 30. 
 
 As to character of employee, see Chabac- 
 
 TEB, § 2. 
 Of performance of contract, see Contracts, 
 
 §§ 140-142. 
 As to cause of death, see Corpse, § 4. 
 Of nomination, see Elections, § 25. 
 12 
 
178 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CERTiriCATE— cont'd. 
 
 Of records of other state for purpose of 
 
 evidence, see Evidence, § 128. 
 Of receiver, see Receivebs. 
 Tax certificate, see Taxes, § 80. 
 
 Forgery by making or altering. 54 L.R.A. 
 796, 798. 
 
 Of foreign insurance company's right to 
 do business. 24 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 Clearing house loan certificates. 25 L.R.A. 
 826. 
 
 Of drawing of grand jury. 27 L.R.A. 782. 
 
 Of magistrate in case of fire insurance. 44 
 L.R.A. 860. 
 
 Respective rights of life tenant and re- 
 mainderman in distributions by corpo- 
 ration in form of certificates of declar- 
 ing corporation. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 812. 
 
 Master's duty as to giving certificate of 
 character to servant. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1091. 
 
 Conclusiveness of official certificate approv- 
 ing fire escapes. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1091. 
 
 Impeachment o{ enrolled bill by certificates 
 of legislative officers. 40 L.K.A. (N.S.) 
 31. 
 
 Issuing certificates of elerj£ in name of dep- 
 uty. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 883. 
 
 § a. On appeal. 
 
 Amendment of record on, to cure defect for 
 which motion in arrest of judgment 
 has been made. 67 L.R.A. 185. 
 
 Efi'eet of certificate of state court to show 
 jurisdiction of United States Supreme 
 Court of writ of error to state court. 
 63 L.R.A. 477. 
 
 Of state court as part of record on review 
 in United States Supreme Court. 63 
 L.R.A. 332. 
 
 Should certificate to bill of exceptions or 
 case made be made by regular or spe- 
 cial judge. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 
 S 3. Of physician. 
 
 Sale of liquor on physician's certificate, 
 see Intoxicating Liquobs, § 21a. 
 
 Conclusiveness of doctor's certificate as to 
 cause of death of insured. 44 L.R.A. 
 854. 
 
 Validity of regulation requiring certificate 
 as to cause of death as condition of 
 burial permit. 5 L.R.A. (N.S,) 727. 
 
 CERTinCATE 
 
 See Banks, § 30. 
 
 OP DEPOSIT. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 CERTIFICATION. 
 
 Of check, see Checks, § 7. 
 See also Cases Ckbtipied. 
 
 * • » 
 
 CERTIFIED CHECK. 
 
 See Checks, § 7. 
 
 CERTIORARI. 
 
 § 1. When lies. 
 
 Use of writ; to review habeas corpus. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 248.* 
 To review excessive sentence. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 158. 
 As remedy for refusal to award contract 
 
 to lowest bidder. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 
 § 2. —existence of remedy by appeal. 
 
 Exceptions to the rule that certiorari will 
 not lie where there is an appeal. 
 50 L.R.A. 787. 
 Generally. 50 L.R.A. 787. 
 When exigency of the case calls for 
 the remedy. 50 L.R.A. 789. 
 When remedy by appeal is un- 
 doubted. 50 L.R.A. 789. 
 Where the remedies are cumula- 
 tive. 50 L.R.A. 793. 
 Want of jurisdiction. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 794. 
 Where appeal is a, trial de novo. 
 50 L.R.A. 795. 
 Constitutional grants and legislative 
 
 encroachments. 50 L.R.A. 798. 
 From United States Supreme Court 
 to circuit court of appeals. 50 
 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 § 8.^ ^jurisdiction of highest court. 
 
 In exercise of superintending control over 
 inferior courts. 51 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Exclusiveness of jurisdiction of court of 
 last resort to issue remedial writs for 
 prerogative purposes. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 768. 
 
 § 4. Who entitled to. 
 
 Who is entitled to invoke certiorari to re- 
 view a decree or order affecting sale of 
 intoxicatiiig liquors. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 610. 
 
 § 5. Bond. 
 
 Penalty as limit of liability on bond. 55 
 
 L.E.A. 388. 
 Form of judgment on certiorari bond. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 446. 
 
 § 6. Amendment of record on. 
 
 Amendment on appeal, see Appeal and Eb- 
 BOB, § 6. 
 
 To cure defect for which motion in arrest 
 of judgment has been made. 67 L.R.A. 
 185. 
 
 « I » 
 
 CESSPOOLS. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third persons as to. 
 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 ifcyin ii-ith this book on every law guesHon 
 
 CHAIN OP TITLE. 
 
 Eifect of remote quit claim in, on rights of 
 subsequent purchaser. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 10.35. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 179 
 
 CHAIN THEORY. 
 
 Does chain theory apply where the evidence 
 is wholly circumstantial. 41 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 749. 
 
 « «» 
 
 CHAIRS. 
 
 As deadly weapons. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 506. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 CHALLENGES. 
 
 Of jurors, see Jury, § 9. 
 
 « « » 
 
 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 
 
 Review of decisions of, against members. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 358, 361, 364, 371. 
 Conclusiveness of decisions' of. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 672. 
 Membership in chamber of commerce as 
 
 asset in bankruptcy. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 613. 
 
 CHAMPERTY AND MAINTENANCE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Contract by attorney to take case on con- 
 tingent fee, see Attoknets, § 20. 
 
 Champertous contract with attorney gener- 
 ally, see Attobneys, § 21. 
 
 Modification of common-law doctrine. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 113.* 
 Effect of interest; relationship. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 747. 
 Maintenance defined; assisting litigant, 
 
 contract for, void. 10 L.R.A. 190.* 
 Champertous contracts of laymen. 14 
 L.R.A. 745. 
 
 For prosecution of suits. 14 L.R.A. 
 745. 
 
 For defense of suits. 14 L.R.A. 746. , 
 
 Contemplated litigation as an element. 
 14 L.R.A. 746. 
 Validity of champertous contract. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 606. 
 Validity of agreement to defeat probate 
 
 of will. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 236. 
 Agreement to defend against claims as 
 
 maintenance. 1 B. R. C. 176. 
 
 § a. Right of third person to take ad- 
 vantage of champerty. 
 
 In generaL 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 513. 
 
 Actions by original owner. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 513. 
 Wisconsin. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 515. 
 State statute in Federal courts. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 Assignees under champertous assign- 
 ments. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 Attorneys against opposite party 
 to suit after settlement. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 518. 
 Paying claim twice. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 519. 
 Consult also L.K.A'. Digests to date. 
 
 CHAMPERTY AND MAINTENANCE— 
 cont'd. 
 
 Bona fide holder. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 519. 
 Assignee as coplaintiff with as- 
 signor. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 5in. 
 Raising the question. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 519. 
 Special statutes. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 520. 
 Louisiana. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52(i. 
 Tennessee. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 520. 
 Miscellaneous. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 520. 
 Collateral champerty as a defense. 14 
 L.R.A. 785. 
 
 § 3. Effect of conveyance of land held 
 adversely. 
 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 729. 
 
 Knowledge of parties as to fact of ad- 
 verse possession. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 734. 
 Instruments affected by rule. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 734. 
 Generally. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 734. 
 Devises. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 7.34. 
 Releases. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 735. 
 Effect of rule on various persons. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 736. 
 As between grantor and possessor. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 736. 
 ' As between grantee and possessor. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 736. 
 As between grantor and grantee. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 736. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 736. 
 Covenants. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 739. 
 Consideration. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 739. 
 Subsequent acts; attornment. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740. 
 Rule as affected by character of sale. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 740. 
 Sales by order of court; convey- 
 ances which chancery would 
 compel. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 740. 
 Judicial sales. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 741. 
 Execution sales. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 742. 
 Tax sales. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 743. 
 Completing executory contracts : 
 correcting mistakes. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 743. 
 Rule as affected by nature of the inter- 
 est or circumstances of the 
 property. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 744. 
 Easements. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 744. 
 Mineral rights. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 745. 
 Equitable interests. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 745. 
 Where only part of land is held 
 adversely. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 746. 
 Disputed boundaries. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 746. 
 Rule as affected by character of per- 
 sons. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 
180 
 
 AND 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 MAINTENANCE— 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 CHAMPERTY 
 cont'd. 
 
 Crown or state 
 
 747. 
 Corporations. 35 
 
 748. 
 Members of a family. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 748. 
 Conveyances by Iieirs. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 748. 
 Conveyances by infants. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 749. 
 Executor with naked power of sale. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 749. 
 Relation of grantor and possessor as 
 affecting adverse possession. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 749. 
 Grantor and grantee in prior con- 
 veyance. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 749. 
 Parties to executory contracts. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 750. 
 Mortgagor and mortgagee. 35 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 751. 
 Landlord and tenant. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 752. 
 Tenants in common. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 752. 
 Tenant for life and remainderman. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 753. 
 Trustee and cestui que trust. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 754. 
 Miscellaneous. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 755. 
 The meaning of adverse possession 
 within the champerty rule. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 755. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 755. 
 In Kentucky. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 756. 
 In New York and jurisdictions 
 having similar statutes. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 The rule in various jurisdictions. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 7.58. 
 
 CHANGE. 
 
 Tender of sum in excess of that due carrier, 
 with demand for change. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 624. 
 
 What is a reasonable sum out of which a 
 carrier may be required to take fare 
 and return change. 35 L.R.A. 489; 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 579; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 868. 
 
 In 
 
 CHANGE OF BENEFICIARY. 
 
 benefit certificate, see Insurance, 
 §S 127-129. 
 
 CHANGE OF CONTRACT. 
 
 Release of surety by; see PbiNcipal and 
 SUBETY, § 13. 
 
 35 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 CHANCE. 
 
 As element in lottery, see Lottebt. 
 « »» 
 
 CHANGE OF GRADE. 
 
 See Highways, §§ 52, 53. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 CHANGE OP NAME. 
 
 See Name, § 12. 
 
 CHANCERY. 
 
 See Equity. 
 
 CHANCE VERDICT. 
 
 See Trial, § 79. 
 
 CHANDELIERS. 
 
 CHANGE OF OCCUPATION. 
 
 By insured, effect, see Insubakoe, § 95. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 CHANGE OF POSSESSION. 
 
 Of mortgaged chattels, see Chattel Mobt- 
 
 gagb, §§ 14, 14a. 
 Necessity of, as against creditors, see 
 
 Fbaudulent Conveyances, §§ 19, 20. 
 On judicial sale, see Judiciai, Sale, § 10. 
 Of pledged property, see Pledge and Col- 
 
 lateeal Sboubity, § 5. 
 Change of possession of chattels sold, see 
 
 Fbaudulent Conveyances, SS 19 20- 
 
 Sale, §§ 10-12, 14. - ss ' ' 
 
 CHANGE OF RESIDENCE. 
 
 See DoMiciL and Residence, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 CHANGE OP TITLE. 
 
 To insured property, see Insubance, §§ 69- 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 Tenant's right to remove. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 69. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 181 
 
 CHANGE OF VENUE. 
 See Vends, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 » ■ » 
 
 CHANGING CARS. 
 
 Carrier's liability for failure to notify pas- 
 senger when and where to change cars. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 663. 
 
 CHANGING CONDITIONS. 
 
 Master's duty as to safety of place where 
 conditions are changing, see Master 
 AND Sekvant, § 80. 
 
 CHANNEL. 
 
 Artificial channel, see Aetificial Channel. 
 Cliange of channel of water appropriated, 
 see Watebs, § 87. 
 
 Jurisdiction over. 46 L.E.A. 266. 
 Of boundary river, effect of change on juris- 
 diction' 65 L.E.A. 967. 
 Cliange of, as change of state boundary. 39 
 
 L.K.A.(N.S.) 200. 
 
 CHARACTEK. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, 
 
 see Evidence, § 25. 
 Parol evidence as to character of parties 
 
 to instrument, see Evidence, §§ 172, 
 
 184. 
 Evidence as to generally, see Evidence, 
 
 §§ 249-253. 
 Of deceased as affecting homicide, see 
 
 Homicide, § 3. 
 Competency of witness as to, see Wit- 
 nesses, § 25. 
 Cross-examination of witness as to, see 
 
 Witnesses, § 34. 
 As to reputation, see Reputation. 
 
 Expenditure by administrator for protec- 
 tion of decedent's character. 16 L.R.A. 
 743. 
 
 Comment of prosecuting attorney on char- 
 acter as ground of reversal for new 
 trial. 46 L.R.A. 666; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 818. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes to rebut defense 
 of good character. 62 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 Of indorser of paper as putting purchaser 
 on inquiry. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 373. 
 
 Removal for separable controversy of ac- 
 tion for injury to. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 93. 
 
 Of accused as affecting voluntariness of 
 confession. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 786. 
 
 Eight of jurors to act on their own knowl- 
 edge as to character of accused. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 797. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CHARACTER— cont'd. 
 
 Right of defendant charged with sexual 
 offense to impeach character of woman 
 for chastity by reason of his own inter- 
 course with lier prior to acts charged. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 173. 
 
 Effect of character of traveler on inn- 
 Iceeper's duty as to slielter and enter- 
 tainment. 2 B. R. C. 692. 
 
 Mental anguish as element of damages for 
 trespass on the person of a woman af- 
 fecting her character or reputation for 
 chastity. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 
 § 2. Of employee; certificate as to. 
 
 Libelous statement as to servant's char- 
 acter, see Libel aivd Slander, §§ 20, 
 27. 
 
 Duty to give certificate of, to discharged 
 employee. 62 L.R.A. 922. 
 
 Certificate of, to servant; rights and liabil- 
 ities as to. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1091. 
 
 § 2a. Of accused. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter of. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 735. 
 
 Witness's right to testify to character of 
 accused from personal Icnowledge^ 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 661. 
 
 Eight of jurors to act on their own knowl- 
 edge as to cliaracter or previous con- 
 duct of. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 797. 
 
 § 3. Effect of misrepresentation or con- 
 cealment as to, on marital relation. 
 
 Fraudulent concealment of bad character 
 as ground for avoiding promise of mar- 
 riage. 26 L.R.A. 431. 
 
 Misrepresentation as to disposition or gen- 
 eral character as ground for annulment 
 of marriage. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 301. 
 
 § 4. Determination as to satisfaction of 
 condition in Avill as to. 
 
 See Wills, § 88. 
 
 § 5. Effect of on damages recoverable. 
 
 Bad character or reputation of plaintiff as 
 mitigating damages for libel or slan- 
 der. 38 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1176. 
 
 Evidence of habits and character of one 
 injured or Icilled as affecting damages. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 198. 
 
 CHARGE. 
 
 By carrier, see Cabbiers, §§ 23-25, 122. 
 For use of telephone, see Telephones, §§ 
 
 5-7. 
 By warehouseman, see Warehouseman, § 3. 
 For wharfage, see Wharves, §§ 10, 11. 
 On devise or legacy, see Wills, § 119. 
 Rates charged, see Rates. 
 To jury, see Trial, §§ 60-68. 
 
 CHARITABLE INSTITUTION. 
 
 Liability of, see Charities, § 12. 
 
182 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CHARITABLE TRUSTS. 
 
 See Chaeities. 
 
 < «» 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Charitable gifts to corporation, see Cobpo- 
 
 RATIONS, § 26a. 
 Rule of perpetuities as to, see Perpetuities, 
 
 § 2. 
 Exemption from taxation of property of 
 
 charitable society, see Taxes, §§ 24- 
 
 26. 
 Restriction on charitable gifts by will, see 
 
 Wills, §§ 72, 73. 
 See also Benovolent Societies; Hospital. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to charitable bequests. 
 2 L.R.A.{N.S.) 438. 
 
 Gift of fund to be maintained. 4 L.R.A. 
 699.* 
 
 Doctrine of charitable uses; where recog- 
 nized. 3 L.R.A. 145.* 
 
 Exercising power of appointment for a 
 charitable use. 64 L.R.A. 911. 
 
 Charitable trusts under the statute. 3 
 L.R.A. 146.* 
 
 Gift to public charity favored in law. 3 
 L.R.A. 148;* 4 L.R.A. 699;* 6 L.R.A. 
 511.* 
 
 Statute of Elizabeth. 1 L.R.A. 417;* 5 
 L.R.A, 33.* 
 
 Presumption as to charitable use when none 
 declared. 5 L.R.A. 37.* 
 
 When trust results to testator's legatees 
 or next of kin. 5 L.R.A. 36.* 
 
 Right of legislature to transfer title to oes- 
 tue que trust. 5 L.R.A. 36.* 
 
 Distinction between charitable and other 
 trusts. 5 L.R.A. 34.* 
 
 Secret trusts for. 20 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 Using property of lunatic for charitable 
 purposes. 34 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 Trustee or member of a charitable bene- 
 ficiary as a witness to the will. 36 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 504. 
 
 Obtaining money by false representations 
 for charity as false pretenses. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 575. 
 
 Requiring payment from inmate as affecting 
 right of charitable institution to pub- 
 lic aid, or exemption from taxation. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 190. 
 
 What constitutes residence of inmate of 
 charitable home entitling him to privi- 
 lege of public schools. 36 L.R.A. (N.S ) 
 344. 
 Right of educational, charitable, or reli- 
 gious institution to exclude person on 
 account of race or color. 24 L R A 
 (N.S.) 447. 
 
 Character of occupancy of employees of 
 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 718, 720. 
 Applicability of statutes limiting time or 
 amount of bequests for charitable pur- 
 poses to devise or bequest to individual 
 absolutely in the hope that he will de- 
 vote it to such purposes. 22 L R A 
 (N.S.) 1262. 
 Begin with this ItooTe on every law question. 
 
 CHARITIES— cont'd. 
 
 Liability of property of charitable insti- 
 tution to assessment for local improve- 
 ments. 35 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 § 2. Creation and requisites; validity 
 generally. 
 
 Creation of charitable trusts by precatory 
 
 words in will. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 646. 
 Creation and general requisites of the 
 trust. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 75; 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 999. 
 
 General rules. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 75. 
 
 Precatory words as creating trust. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 
 Trust as distinguished from absolute 
 gift to trustee. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 79. 
 
 Effect of reference to particular direc- 
 tions not given. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 81. 
 
 Disposition to meet invaliditv of pre- 
 vious bequest. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 81. 
 
 Rules in jurisdictions repudiating the 
 statute of uses. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 82. 
 Effect of direction for accumulation upon 
 validity of charitable gift. 2 
 B. R. C. 880. 
 
 As rendering gift too remote. 2 
 B. R. C. 881. 
 
 Effect of provision on gift otherwise 
 valid. 2 B. R. C. 889. 
 
 Limits within which direction to ac- 
 cumulate will be given effect. 2 
 B. R. C. 889. 
 
 New York decisions. 2 E. R. C. 894. 
 When charitable trusts void. 5 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 purposes. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 25 L.R.A. 
 
 § 3. What are charities; purposes of 
 trust. 
 
 Certainty of purpose, see infra, § 7. 
 
 What are public charities. 1 L.R.A. 418;' 
 
 3 L.R.A. 147;* 5 L.R.A. 37,* 106;* 
 
 6 L.R.A. 84;* 12 L.R.A. 414.* 
 
 What are charitable gifts. 5 L.R.A. 36.* 
 
 Purposes of trust; when separable 5 
 
 L.R.A. 108.* 
 Gifts to promote public good. 5 L.R.A 33 * 
 
 104,* 106.* 
 Gift for educational 
 
 106,* 858.* 
 Validity of bequests for masses. 
 
 .360; 40L.R.A. 717. 
 Validity of testamentary provision for erec- 
 tion of monument or for the care 
 and maintenance of tombs, burial 
 grounds, etc. 1 B. R. C. 931 
 Provisions authorizing an immediate 
 
 expenditure. 1 B. R. C 931 
 Provisions for continued care and 
 maintenance. 1 B. R. C. 933. 
 Private tombs or burial' grounds. 
 1 B. R. C. 933. 
 Where tomb or monument is 
 part of church. 1 B. R. C. 
 936. 
 Trust for limited time. 1 
 
 B. R. C. 937. 
 As affected by capacity of 
 donee. 1 B. R. C. 9:)8. 
 
INDEX TO L.E,.A. NOTES. 
 
 183 
 
 CHARITIES— cont'd. 
 
 As affected by statutory pro- 
 visions relating thereto. 1 
 B. R. C. 939. 
 As affected by other statutory 
 provisions. 1 B. R. C. 
 943. 
 Public cemeteries or monuments. 
 1 B. R. C. 943. 
 As affected by statutory pro- 
 visions. 1 B. R. 0. 946. 
 Bequests conditioned on care and main- 
 tenance. 1 B. R. C. 947. 
 Gift for religious purposes. 3 L.R.A. 148;* 
 
 5 L.R.A. 107.* 
 Validity of trust to propagate a par*'cular 
 religious belief as a chai . 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 320. 
 Opinions as to validity of limitations. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 321. 
 Illustrative cases. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 323. 
 Gift for the benefit of members of a par- 
 ticular organization, as a, charity. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 687. 
 Effect of limitation of beneficiaries on 
 validity of gift otherwise chari- 
 table. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 687. 
 Illustrative cases. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 692. 
 Gifts held charitable vpithout ques- 
 tion as to limitation of bene- 
 ficiaries. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 692. 
 Gifts held invalid because purpose 
 of organization not chari- 
 table. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 694. 
 Existence of public free-school system as 
 affecting validity of trust for educa- 
 tion of children. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 471. 
 Effect of specifying use of real estate in 
 devise to religious society. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 509. 
 Effect of provision directing the particular 
 purpose to which property granted or 
 devised to or for the benefit of a char- 
 itable organization shall be devoted. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1119. 
 
 § 4. Gift to unincorporated society. 
 
 Effect of subsequent incorporation. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 410. 
 Validity of gift to unincorporated charity. 
 32 L.R.A. 625. 
 
 Early decisions. 32 L.R.A. 625. 
 
 Right to take real estate or permanent 
 fund. 32 L.R.A. 625. 
 
 Personal property. 32 L.R.A. 628. 
 
 Association as trustee. 32 L.R.A. 630. 
 
 Statutes. 32 L.R.A. 630. 
 
 § 5. Trnstees. 
 
 Certainty as to, see infra, § 9. 
 
 Municipal corporation as trustee of char- 
 ity. 7 L.R.A. 765;* 13 L.R.A. 217;* 
 14 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Effect of want of trustee. 5 L.R.A. 39.* 
 
 Association as trustee. 32 L.R.A. 630. 
 
 Authority of legislature to remove munici- 
 pality from trusteeship. 16 L.R.A. 
 695. 
 
 § 6. Uncertainty; Indefiniteness. 
 Of bequests. 3 L.R.A. 149.* 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CHARITIES— cont'd. 
 
 As to object of charity. 1 L.R.A. 419;* 
 
 5 L.R.A. 35,* 42;* 12 L.R.A. 414.* 
 Certainty as to subject-matter. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 146. 
 As to amount. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 147. 
 Certainty as to mode of performance. 14 
 'L.R.A. (N.S.) 149. 
 Application to particular cases. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 150. 
 Explanation of uncertainty. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 151. 
 Application in particular cases. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 151. 
 
 § 7 . — certainty as to purpose. 
 
 In general. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 84; 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1001. 
 Selection of purpose by trustee. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 85; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1002. 
 Rule of cases rejecting statute of uses. 14 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 86. 
 Inclusion of purposes not charitable. 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 87: 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1002. 
 Provisions commingling nonchari- 
 table with charitable purposes. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 Particular purposes and classes of pur- 
 poses. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 92; 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1003. 
 Religious purposes. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 92; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1003. 
 Educational and literary purposes. 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 97; 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1006. 
 Relieit of the poor. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 100; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1008. 
 Relief in sickness or other diffi- 
 culty. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 102; 
 V 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1008. 
 
 Matters of municipal, government- 
 al, or public interest. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103; 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1009. 
 Validity of charitable bequest or devise 
 which leaves the selection of the objects 
 of the charity entirely to the discretion 
 of the executor or trustee. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1177. 
 
 § 8 — certainty as to beneficiaries. 
 
 In general. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 116; 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1012. 
 Uncertainty as a characteristic. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 116. 
 The necessary certainty. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 116. 
 General rules in jurisdictions follow- 
 ing English practice. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 116. 
 General rules in Jurisdictions repudiat- 
 ing the statute of uses and cy prf.s. 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 119. 
 Application to particular charities and 
 classes of charities. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 120. 
 Designation or description of the bene- 
 ficiary. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 129. 
 
)S4 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CHARITIES— cont'd. 
 
 Selection of beneficiaries by trustees. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 130; 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1017. 
 Corporations as beneficiaries. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 140; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1019. 
 Unincorporated associations as beneficiaries. 
 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 142; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1019. 
 Effect of change of purpose or condition by 
 
 beneficiary. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 144; 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1020. 
 Particular applications of English rule. 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1012. 
 
 Religion. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1012. 
 
 Relief of poor. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1013. 
 
 Education. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1013. 
 
 Other matters. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1013. 
 Where English rule repudiated. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1013. 
 Partial return to English rule in New York. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1014., 
 Misnomer of beneficiaries. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1019. 
 Validity of devise or bequest for charitable 
 
 purposes which leaves the selection of 
 
 the beneficiaries entirely to the dis- 
 cretion of the executor or trustee. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1177. 
 
 § 9. — certainty as to trustees. 
 
 In general. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 104; 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1010. 
 Sufficiency of designation. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 105. 
 Misnomer. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 107; 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1010. 
 Absence or incapacity of trustees. 14 
 L.R.A.(N..S.) 109; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1011. 
 Corporations as trustees. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 Ill; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1011. 
 Particular corporations and classes of 
 corporations. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 112. 
 Unincorporated associations as trustees. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 114. 
 
 § 10. Administration; enforcement. 
 
 Chancery jurisdiction over gifts to charity. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 418.* 
 Right of donor or his heirs to enforce 
 proper administration of charitable 
 trust. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 Devising scheme to carry out trust. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 40.» 
 Power of court to require trustee to execute 
 
 trust. 5 L.R.A. 39.* 
 Enforcement of general bequest for charity 
 or religion. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49; 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 993. 
 "Charities" and "charitable trusts" 
 
 defined. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 Charities distinguished from ordinary 
 
 trusts. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 53. 
 Origin and nature of chancery jurisdic- 
 tion over charities. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 55; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 994. 
 Application of statute of uses in 
 particular jurisdictions. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 
 CHARITIES— cont'd. 
 
 Effect of rules against perpetuities. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 The requisite pulblic character. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68; 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 996. 
 Application to particular charities 
 and classes of charities. 14 
 L.R.A.(:N.S.) 69; 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 997. 
 Necessary accordance with law and public 
 policy. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 71; 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 998. 
 Different bequests in same will as af- 
 fecting each other. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 73. 
 Application to particular cases. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 74. 
 Remedy for enforcement of legacy for edu- 
 cation when charged on devise. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 824. 
 
 § 11. Cy pres doctrine. 
 Doctrine of cy pr^s stated. 5 L.R.A. 33;' 6 
 L.R.A. 147.* ■ 
 
 Applicability of, in construction of 
 wills. 5 L.R.A. 34.* 
 
 Exercise of cy pris power by courts of 
 equity. 5 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 Giving effect to general intention of 
 testator. 5 L.R.A. 39.* 
 Doctrine of cy pr6s in enforcement of gen- 
 eral bequest for charity or religion. 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 59. 
 
 Definition and application. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 59. 
 
 Exercise of prerogative power. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 
 Extraordinary chancery jurisdiction. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 63. 
 
 Rule in jurisdiction repudiating doc- 
 trine of charitable uses. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 65. 
 Rule of cy pr4s as to certainty as to bene- 
 
 ficaries. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 120. 
 Application of cy pr4s doctrine to chari- 
 table gift. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1005,1007. 
 
 § 12. Liability of charitable institution. 
 
 Liability of hospital, see Hospital, § 4. 
 
 For negligence. 23 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Liability of charitable institution conduct- 
 ing hospital for personal injuries. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 481; 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 74; 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 486; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 62; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1144. 
 
 What are charitable institutions within 
 rule exempting from liability for negli- 
 gence. 2 L.R.A.{N.S.) 556. 
 
 Liability of eleemosynary institution main- 
 tained by state or municipality for per- 
 sonal tort of agent or servant. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 269. 
 
 Begin with this iooTc on every law question. 
 
 CHARTERER. 
 
 Lien of charterer for advances. 
 416. 
 
 70 L.R.A. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 185 
 
 CHARTER PARTY. 
 
 See Shipping, §§ 17, 18. 
 
 CHARTERS. 
 
 Of elub, see Clubs. 
 
 Of corporation, see Cobporation, §§ 18, 19. 
 Of municipality, see Municipal Cospoka- 
 TIONS, § 7. 
 
 *•¥ 
 
 CHASTISEMENT. 
 
 Homicide by, see Homicide, § 9. 
 
 •-•-♦— — 
 
 CHASTITY. 
 
 Actionability of words reflecting on, see 
 Libel and Slander, § 12. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter for. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 714. 
 
 Impeachment of character of prosecutrix 
 for chastity by proof of prior acts of 
 intercourse with defendant. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 173. 
 
 Mental anguish as element of damage for 
 trespass on person of woman affect- 
 ing her character or reputation for 
 chastity. 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 
 CHATTEL. 
 
 Mortgage of, see Chattel Mobtgagb. 
 In general, see Peesonal Peopekty. 
 
 »»» 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IT. 
 
 r. 
 
 VI. 
 TII. 
 
 nil. 
 
 IX. 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGE. 
 
 In general, § 1. 
 What constitutes, § 2. 
 Execution and delivery, § 3. 
 Validity generally, §§ 4-6. 
 Description of property, § 7. 
 Property covered, §§ 8-12. 
 Sights and remedies of creditors, 
 
 §§ 13-13. 
 Filing; recording; renewal, §§ 
 
 16-22. 
 Effect generally, §§ 23, 24. 
 Rights of parties ; priorities, §§ 
 
 25-27. 
 Sale or removal of mortgaged 
 
 chattels, § 28. 
 Assignment; discharge; loss or 
 
 waiver of lien, §§ 29-31. 
 Enforcement, remedies, § 82. 
 
 I, In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 32. 
 Consult also L.R.A- Digests to date. 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGE, I.— cont'd. 
 
 For purchase money, see Purchase Monet, 
 
 § 8. 
 On vessel; jurisdiction of admiralty as to. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 200, 234. 
 Specific performance of contract to give. 
 
 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 588. 
 How far proceeds of exempt property on 
 
 which chattel mortgage is given are 
 
 exempt. 19 L.R.A. 39. 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 
 to. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 416. 
 
 //. What constitxites. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Mortgage as distinguished from pledge, see 
 Pledge and Collateral Security, § 2. 
 
 What constitutes. 6 L.R.A. 641.* 
 
 Sale; when not construed a mortgage. 1 
 L.R.A. 240.* 
 
 When transaction deemed a chattel mort- 
 gage rather than a conditional sale. 6 
 L.R.A. 643.* 
 
 Sale of chattels absolute on its face shown 
 by parol to be intended as a mortgage. 
 6 L.R.A. 643.* 
 
 III. Execution and delivery. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Delivery and acceptance. 6 L.R.A. 642.* 
 
 Registration and filing as equivalent of de- 
 livery. 13 L.R.A. 388.* 
 
 Validity of mortgage partially made on 
 Sundav and perfected on secular day. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1151. 
 
 Effect of chattel mortgagee taking posses- 
 sion before any specific right or lien of 
 creditors has attached to cure original 
 defect in execution. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 110. 
 
 IV. Validity generally. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Validitv as against creditors, see infra, 
 
 §§- 13-15. 
 Effect of failure to file on record, see infra, 
 
 § 17. 
 Effect of filing or recording, see infra, § 21. 
 
 Validity of verbal chattel mortgage. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 418. 
 
 Validity of mortgage partially made on 
 Sunday and perfected on secular day. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1151. 
 
 Voidability of chattel mortgage within four 
 months previous to bankruptcy given 
 pursuant to executory agreement ante- 
 dating such period. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 937. 
 
 § 5. Partial invalidity. 
 
 May a chattel mortgage fraudulent as to 
 a portion of the property be up- 
 held as to the remainder. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 921. 
 
 Constructive fraud. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 921. 
 
 Fraud in fact. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 925. 
 
186 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGE, 
 Mortgage embracing 
 and personalty. 
 927. 
 
 IV. — cont'd, 
 both real estate 
 13 L.K.A.(N.S.) 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 § 6. Pre-existing debt as consideration 
 for. 
 
 As against other creditors or equities. AS 
 L.K.A. 305. 
 As against prior claims. 33 L.K.A. 
 
 305. 
 As against subsequent claims. 
 L.R.A. 308. 
 Of purchasers and mortgagees 
 
 L.R.A. 308. 
 Judgments and attachments. 
 L.R.A. 309. 
 Where there was an extension of time 
 or a new consideration. 33 L.R.A. 
 309. 
 To give rights as a bona fide purchaser or 
 mortgagee. 19 L.R.A. 590. 
 
 V. Description of property. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Description of goods. 3 L.R.A. 795.* 
 
 On sale or mortgage of future crops. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 458. 
 Curing of insufficient or inaccurate descrip- 
 tion by chattel mortgagee taking pos- 
 session before any specific right or 
 lien of creditors has attached. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 117. 
 
 TI. Property covered. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Property covered. 13 L.R.A. 390.* 
 On buildings upon leased premises. 21 
 L.R.A. 347. 
 
 § 9. After-acquired or manufactured 
 property. 
 
 On after-acquired property, generally. 1 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 451. 
 Effect of mortgagee taking possession before 
 
 any specific right or lien of creditors 
 
 has attached. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 Voidability of mortgage on after-acquired 
 
 property given within four months of 
 
 bankruptcy pursuant to executory 
 
 agreement antedating such period. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 938. 
 EflBcacy of mortgage on chattels to be man- 
 ufactured or acquired, as independ- 
 ent articles, and not as the in- 
 crease or fruits of existing proper- 
 ty. 18 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 The general rule. 18 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 Efl'ect as between the parties. 18 
 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 Effect of further act to perfect title in 
 mortgagee. 18 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 Property contemplated as additions to 
 other property. 18 L.R.A. 299. 
 
 The exception established by equity. 
 18 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 Application of the equitable exceptions. 
 18 L.R.A. 301. 
 
 Where the equitable exception is not 
 recognized. 18 L.R.A. 302. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGE, VI.— cont'd. 
 
 The attitude of courts of law towards 
 the equitable doctrine. 18 L.R.A. 
 302. 
 Sufficiency of record notice. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 The effect of Holroyd v. Marshall in 
 
 England. 18 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 Effect of attempt to cover after-acquired 
 
 property in mortgage of merchandise 
 
 „,;i-v. T^rnv^ainn for mortsagor's posses- 
 
 with provision for mortgagor's posses- 
 sion with power of sale. 18 L.R.A. 
 606. 
 
 § 10. Future earnings. 
 
 Future accounts or earnings 
 
 126. 
 Of future earnings of threshing outfit, 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 505. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 
 
 20 
 
 451. 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 Begin Mith this hooTc on every law question. 
 
 § 11. Future crops. 
 
 How assignable. 23 L.R.A. 449. 
 Sales. 23 L.R.A. 449. 
 Statute of frauds. 23 L.R.A. 450. 
 Mortgages. 23 L.R.A. 450. 
 Upon sale of the land. 23 L.R.A. 
 General doctrine. 23 L.R.A. 452. 
 Necessity and effect of ratification. 
 
 L.R.A. 453. 
 Necessity and effect of possession. 
 
 L.R.A. 453. 
 Potential interests. 23 L.R.A. 455. 
 Equitable doctrine. 23 L.R.A. 456. 
 Description. 23. L.R.A. 458. 
 
 General rules. 23 L.R.A. 458. 
 Sufficient. 23 L.R.A. 459. 
 Insufficient. 23 L.R.A. 460. 
 Parol evidence to identify. 23 L.R.A. 461. 
 Notice. 23 L.R.A. 462. 
 
 General. 23 L.R.A. 462. 
 Constructive. 23 L.R.A. 462. 
 Necessity and effect of recording. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 463. 
 To what crop or part of crop it extends. 
 
 23 L.R.A. 464. 
 Title of a mortgagee. 23 L.R.A. 464. 
 Effect of. 23 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 As against creditors. 23 L.R.A. 465. 
 As against purchasers. 23 L.R.A. 465. 
 As between husband and wife. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 466. 
 Judgment against. 23 L.R.A. 466. 
 Severance of the property. 23 L.R.A. 467. 
 Application ot proceeds. 23 L.R.A. 467. 
 To secure crop advances. 23 L.R.A. 467. 
 Crops raised upon shares. 23 L.R.A. 468. 
 Upon whom binding. 23 L.R.A. 468. 
 Landlord and tenant. 23 L.R.A. 468. 
 Conversion. 23 L.R.A. 471. 
 Special state doctrines and laws. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 472. 
 On crops generally. 10 L.R.A. 490.* 
 On crops to be grown on land on which 
 mortgagor has no present interest. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 910. 
 
 § 12. Increase of animals. 
 
 Does chattel mortgage on domestic animals 
 cover their increase when not men- 
 tioned therein. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 431. 
 
 Title to increase of animals as between 
 mortgagee of dam and other claim- 
 ants. 17 L.R.A. 82. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 187 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGE, VI.— cont'd 
 Necessity that increase of animals be in 
 geste,tion at time of execution of mort- 
 gage in order to be covered thereby. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 203. 
 
 Til. Bights and remedies of creditors. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Effect of failure to record, see infra, § 17. 
 
 Eight of creditors at large to assail mort- 
 gage. 5 L.R.A. 140.* 
 
 Governing law of, as affected by fraud 
 against creditors. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1007. 
 
 Pre-existing debt as consideration as 
 against other creditors. 33 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 May mortgage for an actual contempora- 
 neous loan be set aside as fraudulent 
 against creditors. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1068. 
 
 Is chattel mortgage within scope of sales 
 in bulk law. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 178. 
 
 Garnishment of claim to surplus on chattel 
 mortgage. 59 L.R.A. 370. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations by mortgagor 
 made out of court as to his purpose 
 in making mortgage attacked as fraud- 
 ulent as against creditors. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1. 
 
 § 14. ^Permitting mortgagor to retain 
 possession generally. 
 
 Effect of retention of possession. 5 L.R.A. 
 138.* 
 
 Law governing necessity of change of pos- 
 session. 64 L.R.A. 355, 361. 
 
 Necessity for change of possession to up- 
 hold sale under, as against creditors 
 of former owner. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1018. 
 
 Setting aside pledged or mortgaged prop- 
 erty retained by pledgor or mortgagor 
 on his own premises, or under his 
 own control, as a delivery or change 
 of possession. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) ,525. 
 
 § 14a. — with power of sale. 
 
 Effect of mortgagor's retention with power 
 
 of sale. 5 L.R.A. 139.* 
 Effect of statutes making fraud a question 
 for the jury where mortgagor of mer- 
 chandise is left in possession with 
 power of sale. 18 L.R.A. 611. 
 Validity of a chattel mortgage of stock of 
 merchandise as affected by a pro- 
 vision dr agreement giving the 
 mortgagor the possession with 
 power of sale. 18 L.R.A. 604; 36 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1181. 
 Mortgage showing possession with pow- 
 er of sale. 18 L.R.A. 605.^ 
 Stipulation that mortgagor may 
 dispose of proceeds. 18 L.R.A. 
 605. 
 Possession with power of sale sim- 
 ply. 18 L.R.A. 606. 
 Attempting to cover future-ac- 
 quired property. 18 L.R.A. 
 606. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGE, VII.— cont'd. 
 
 Provisions as to keeping up stock. 
 18 L.R.A. 607; 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1190. 
 Provisions for paying business and 
 living expenses. 18 L.R.A. 
 607; 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1189. 
 Construction of particular mort- 
 gages. 18 L.R.A. 608. V 
 Effect of extraneous agreement. 18 
 L.R.A. 608; 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1182. 
 Kind of agreement necessary. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 609. 
 Effect of evidence of good faith. 
 18 L.R.A. 609. 
 Sales by mortgagor as agent for mort- 
 gagee. 18 L.R.A. 609. 
 Requirement to account for pro- 
 ceeds. 18 L.R.A. 609; 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1187. 
 Construction of particular mort- 
 gages. 18 L.R.A. 610. 
 Application of proceeds. 18 L.R.A. 
 610. 
 How far the instrument is void in totOi 
 
 18 L.R.A. 610. 
 Effect of recording acts. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 610. 
 Effect of statutes making fraud a queS' 
 
 tion for the jury. 18 L.R.A, 611. 
 Effect of mortgagee's taking possession. 
 18 L.R.A. 611; 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1192. 
 Analysis of the law in different juris- 
 dictions. 18 L.R.A. 611. 
 Provision for possession and sale for 
 mortgagor's benefit. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1181. 
 Validity as between the parties. 
 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1181. 
 Validity as to creditors and. subse- 
 quent purchasers. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1181. 
 Construction of particular provisions 
 of mortgage. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1185. 
 Effect of actual possession and sale by 
 mortgagor. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1186. 
 Where mortgage contains no pro- 
 visions for sale by mortgagor 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1186. 
 'Where mortgage prohibits sale by 
 mortgagor. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1187. 
 Rule when mortgage secures purcliase 
 
 price. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1191. 
 
 Possession by mortgagor as agent of 
 
 mortgagee. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1192. 
 
 §15. Effect of mortgagee's taking pos- 
 session. 
 
 Effect of chattel mortgagee taking posses- 
 sion before any specific right or 
 lien of creditors has attached to 
 cure original defect in mortgage 
 as against creditors. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 110. 
 Where defective because fraudulent in 
 fact. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 110. 
 
188 
 
 IXBEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGE, VII.— cont'd. 
 
 Where mortgagee is permitted to re- 
 tain possession and use or sell 
 mortgaged chattels. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 110. 
 
 Defect in manner or form of execution. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 113. 
 
 Where defective because of insufficient 
 or inaccurate description of prop- 
 erty. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 114. 
 
 Failure to record. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 115. 
 
 After-acquired property. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 117. 
 
 Effect of possession independent of 
 mortgage or by voluntary delivery. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 117. 
 
 Till. Filing; recording; renewal. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Registration and filing as equivalent to de- 
 livery. 13 L.R.A. 388.* 
 Extraterritorial force of record. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 127. 
 
 § 17. Necessity of. 
 
 Necessitv of filing or recording as between 
 parties. 13 L.R.A. 388.* 
 
 Failure to record as fraud on other credit- 
 ors. 31 L.R.A. 638. 
 
 Necessity of recording mortgage of future 
 crops. 23 L.R.A. 463. 
 
 When local law deemed to require register- 
 ing or recording of a transfer within 
 § 60 a. of the Bankruptcy law. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 148; 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1233. 
 
 Effect of chattel mortgagee taking posses- 
 sion before any specific right or lien 
 of creditors has attached to cure fail- 
 ure to record. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 115. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance requiring 
 persons engaged in the business of loan- 
 ing money on chattel security or se- 
 eurlty of wages to file a record of loans 
 made. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 686. 
 
 § 18. Sufficiency. 
 
 Sufficiency of record notice of mortgage on 
 chattels to be manufactured or ac- 
 quired as independent articles and not 
 as the increase or fruits of existing 
 property. 18 L.B,.A. 303. 
 
 § 19. Time. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for. 
 49 L.R.A. 243. 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGE, VIII.— cont'd. 
 
 Effect of recording mortgage of future 
 crops. 23 L.R.A. 463. 
 
 Eflfect of recording on validity of moptgage 
 of merchandise leaving mortgagor in 
 possession with power of sale. 18 
 L.R.A. 610. 
 
 Retroactive effect of filing ehattel mort- 
 gages for record in regard to liens ac- 
 quired on the same property after the 
 execution of the mortgage. 33 L.R.A. 
 163. 
 
 Effect of recording, within four months' 
 period prescribed in bankruptcy act of 
 1898, mortgage given for a present loan 
 or future advances. 25 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 144. 
 
 § 22. Renewal. 
 
 Renewal of mortgage; rules in different 
 states. 13 L.R.A. 389.* 
 
 IX. Effect generally. 
 
 § 23. Generally. 
 
 Effect of mortgage of future crops. 23 
 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 Effect of, to create a maritime lien. 70 
 L.R.A. 417. 
 
 Effect of instrument in form of chattel 
 mortgage to create a lien on real es- 
 tate. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 869. 
 
 Assumption of individual debts of partner 
 by mortgage of partnership property. 
 29 L.R'.A.(N.S.) 692. 
 
 Mortgage of receipts or property as indebt- 
 edness within meaning of debt limit 
 provision. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1085. 
 
 Mortgaging property as a ground of at- 
 tachment. 30 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 Mortgaging chattel as waiver of purchaser's 
 right to return. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1035. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 
 § 24. Efficacy of mortgage on fixtures. 
 
 Generally. 15 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 As against mortgagor and persons consent- 
 ing to or recognizing them as valid. 
 15 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 As against landlord. 15 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 As against real-estate mortsaae. 15 L.R.A. 
 57. 
 
 Effect of execution of chattel mortgage be- 
 fore annexation. 15 L.R.A. 57. 
 
 Effect of agreement that articles shall re- 
 main chattels. 15 L.R.A. 58. 
 
 Execution of mortgage as evidence of agree- 
 ment. 15 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 § 20. Place. 
 
 Necessity of filing or recording in state ! Effect of chattel mortgage as against sub 
 
 where property located. 64 L.R.A. 361. 
 Necessity of recording mortgage in state to 
 which property is subsequently re- 
 moved. 64 L.R.A. 356; 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 940; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 386. 
 
 § 21. Effect. 
 
 Validity and effect of unrecorded chattel 
 mortgage. 13 L.R.A. 388.* 
 
 Effect of actual notice of unrecorded mort- 
 gage. 13 L.R.A. 389.* 
 
 Begin with this took on every law question. 
 
 sequent purchaser or encumbrancer. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 61. 
 Filing mortgage as constructive notice. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 61. 
 Prior New Hampshire decisions. 15 L.K.A. 
 
 63. 
 
 X. Rights of parties; priorities. 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 Title in mortgagee. 6 L.R.A. 641.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 189 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGE, X.— cont'd. 
 
 Rights of mortgagee of bailee to claim title 
 as against the bailor. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 782. 
 
 Rights of mortgagee of conditional vendee, 
 to assert title as against conditional 
 vendor. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 789. 
 
 Effect of death of mortgagor in possession 
 upon right of mortgaaoo under chattel 
 mortgage. 21 L.R.A.In.S.) 182. 
 
 ^ 26. Effect of "danger." "safety," or 
 "insecurity" clause. 
 
 Generally. 23 L.R.A. 780; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 915. 
 
 Right to interfere with third persons. 23 
 L.R.A. 780. 
 
 Effect of taking possession. 23 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 How far right is without control. 23 L.R.A. 
 781. 
 
 The effect of malice. 23 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Facts which justify taking possession. 23 
 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Selling. 23 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 Construction of different provisions and 
 circumstances. 23 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 Other rights conferred. 23 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 Effect of provision authorizing mortgagee 
 to take possession when he deems him- 
 self insecure. 17 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 Acceleration provision as affecting negotia- 
 bility of notes. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 390. 
 When payee deems himself insecure. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 392. 
 
 § 2 7. Priorities. 
 
 Priority of mortgages on buildings upon 
 
 leased premises. 21 L.R.A. 348. 
 Priority as between agister's lien and chat- 
 tel mortgage. 17 L.R.A. 792; 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 310. 
 Right of seller of chattel retaining title 
 thereto or a lien thereon as against 
 existing mortgagees of the realty 
 to which it is affixed by the owner. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 119. 
 Seller taking chattel mortgage. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 122. 
 Rights of seller of fixtures, retaining title 
 thereto or a lien thereon, as against 
 purchasers or encvimbrancers of the 
 realty. 1 B. R. C. 664. 
 Priority as between a chattel mortgagee 
 who surrenders mortgage and accepts 
 new form of security on same property, 
 and an intervening lienor. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 496. 
 Retroactive effect of filing chattel mortgage 
 for record in regard to liens acquired 
 on same property after execution of the 
 mortgage. 33 L.R.A. 163. 
 
 XI. Sale or removal of mortgaged 
 chattels. 
 
 $28. Generally. 
 
 Validity of sale of mortgaged property in 
 violation of law. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 599. 
 
 Personal liability of purchaser of property 
 
 subject to mortgage. 59 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CHATT'EL MORTGAGE, XI.— cont'd. 
 
 Injunction against execution sale of mort- 
 gaged chattels. 30 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 Necessity of refiling or re-recording in statt 
 to which property removed after execu- 
 tion of mortgage. 64 L.R.A. 356; 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940; 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 380. 
 
 XII. Assignment; discharge; loss or 
 ivaiver of lien. 
 
 § 29. Assignment. 
 
 Rights of assignee as against subsequent 
 bona fide purchaser or encumbrancer 
 relying on apparent discharge by mort- 
 gagee. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1025. 
 
 Effect of assignment of mortgage by or 
 with consent of mortgagor to third per- 
 son after payment of debt originally 
 secured. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 111. 
 
 §30. Discharge, loss, or waiver. 
 
 Renewal of notes as discharge of chattel 
 mortgage. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 
 Rights of assignee as against subsequent 
 bona fide purchaser or encumbrancer 
 relying on apparent discharge of mort- 
 gage by mortgagee. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1025. 
 
 Mortgagee's consent to the removal of 
 mortgaged property from state as af- 
 fecting his lien. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 940. 
 
 Waiver of lien of, by attachment or execu- 
 tion. 50 L.R.A. 714; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 490. 
 
 § 31. — effect of unaccepted tender. 
 
 Effect of tender of amount due on chattel 
 
 mortgage to discharge lien thereof. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 55.* 
 Generally. 33 L.R.A. 235. 
 Before and at maturity. 33 L.R.A. 235. 
 After maturity. 33 L.R.A. 235; 15 L.R.A 
 
 (N.S.) 1165. 
 By whom made. 33 L.R.A. 236. 
 Sufficiency. 33 L.R.A. 236. 
 
 In amount. 33 L.R.A. 236. 
 
 Made on condition. 33 L.R.A. 236. 
 
 Other instances. 33 L.R.A. 237. 
 Equivalent of tender. 33 L.R.A. 237. 
 Remedy of the mortgagor. 33 L.R.A. 237. 
 
 XIII. Enforcement; remedies. 
 
 §32. Generally. 
 
 Amount in dispute in case of injunction to 
 restrain enforcement of, against specific 
 property. 61 L.R.A. 785. 
 
 Attempt to enforce lien under clause in a 
 lease giving landlord a lien on crops 
 and chattels as election preventing its 
 enforcement as a chattel mortgage. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 
 Chattel mortgagee as real party in interest 
 by whom action relating to property 
 must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 618. 
 
 Insisting on cash sale under a chattel mort- 
 gage. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 627. 
 
 Foreclosure of chattel mortgage when prop- 
 erty is out of state. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 627. 
 
190 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CHAtlFPEUB. 
 
 See Automobiles. 
 
 CHEATING. 
 
 Illegal intent of prosecutor as affecting 
 guilt of obtaining property by. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment of. 35 
 L.R.A. 571. 
 
 CHECK ROOM. 
 
 Liability of carrier for loss of property in. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 295; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 834. 
 
 CHECKS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Duty and liability of bank with respect to, 
 see Banks, §§ 22-26, 31-35. 
 
 Collection of, by banks, see Banks, §§ 31- 
 35. 
 
 As to bills and notes, see Bills and Notes. 
 
 Gift by, see Gift, § 4. 
 
 Sufficiency of tender of, see Tendbh, § 5. 
 
 Nature of. 7 L.R.A. 595.* 
 
 As subject of gift by maker. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 308. 
 
 Banking customs as to. 21 L.R.A. 443. 
 
 Tender by. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 232. 
 
 Effect on^ of death of party. 23 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 Power of president of corporation as to 
 drawing. 14 L.R.A. 357. 
 
 Right of payee of cheek to sue drawer 
 thereon instead of on original consid- 
 eration. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 704. 
 
 Risk of giving second check, upon alleged 
 loss of first. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 623. 
 
 Right of holder of draft or check as against 
 receiver of drawer, as affected by provi- 
 sion of negotiable instrument law, that 
 check shall not operate as assignment. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 83. 
 
 Rights and duty of one receiving check 
 payable to his own order from hands 
 of one not a party thereto. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 613. 
 
 Mere drawing of check on bank in which 
 drawer has no funds or credit, and 
 passing same, as false pretense. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 244; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1032. 
 
 Giving post-dated check as a. false pretense. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 173. 
 
 Check as subject of larceny or embezzle- 
 ment. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 498. 
 Unindorsed check. 42 L.R A ( N S ) 
 
 499. ■ 
 
 Checks indorsed in blank. 42 L E A 
 
 (N.S.)499. 
 Undelivered check. 42 L.RA(NS) 
 499. •> . ., 
 
 Unstamped check. 42 L.R 4 (N SI 
 499. ■ ■ 
 
 Begin witji this hook on every law question 
 
 CHECKS— cont'd. 
 
 Personal liability of one who signs check 
 by adding words indicating represen- 
 tative capacity to his signature. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26, 32,43. 
 
 Exemption from state taxation of checks 
 given for interest on obligations of 
 Federal government. 5 L.R. A. (N.S.) 
 608. 
 
 Limitation of actions on. 22 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 g 2. What are. 
 
 What are. 7 L.R.A. 489.* 
 
 Drafts on bank as. 23 L.R.A. 173. 
 
 § 3. Payable to Imposter or fictitious 
 person. 
 
 Bills and notes payable to, see Bills and 
 
 Notes, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 Who must bear loss when check is issued 
 to impostor. 50 L.R.A. 75 ; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 514; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1111. 
 
 Fictitious payee as affecting validity of. 
 39 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 § 4. Negotiability. 
 
 Of bill or note, see Bills and Notes, §§ 19- 
 
 23. 
 Definitions. 26 L.R.A. 568. 
 Date of check. 26 L.R.A. 568. 
 Notice. 26 L.R.A. 569. 
 Payee. 26 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Fictitious. 26 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Bearer. 26 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Indorsement. 26 L.R.A. 570. 
 Proof. 26 L.E.A. 571. 
 Lost or stolen checks. 26 L.R.A. 571. 
 Statutes. 26 L.R.A. 571. 
 Payable in money. 26 L.R.A. 571. 
 Possession. 26 L.R.A. 571. 
 
 § 5. Effect of. 
 
 As accord and satisfaction. 20 L.R.A. 791.. 
 
 As an equitable assignment. 7 L.R.A. 596 ■ * 
 9 L.R.A. 109.* 
 
 As an assignment of funds drawn upon. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 83. 
 
 When may check be admitted to probate 
 or otherwise be given effect as a will? 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 43. 
 
 Garnishment of debt after delivery of check 
 in payment. 19 L.R.A. 475. 
 
 Effect of giving cheek for an indebtedness 
 or part thereof, to toll statute of limi- 
 tations upon the original indebtedness. 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 223. 
 
 § 6. Indorsement; transfer. 
 
 ^^ 'ss'^ ^^^ ^°*^^' ^^^ ^I'^'^s and Notes, 
 
 Gift of check. 18 L.R.A. 855 
 
 Indorsement "for deposit." 23 L R A 164 
 
 Power of agent to indorse. 27 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 JlHect of transfer without, indorsement (»f 
 worthless check or note of third per- 
 son. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510. 
 
 Remedy of payee of a check against one 
 who has taken it on indorsement of un- 
 authorized agent. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 191 
 
 CHECKS— cont'd. 
 
 Effect of transfer, on time allowed for pre- 
 sentment. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1153. 
 
 May indorser of lost cheek maintain an ac- 
 tion thereon. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 645. 
 
 Bona fides of purchaser of checlc as affected 
 by his knowledge that there are no 
 funds to meet it. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1207. 
 
 Release of indorser by delay in presenting 
 check. 22 L.R.A. 785. 
 
 Certification of check as release of drawer 
 or indorser. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698; 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 205. 
 
 Defense against check transferred after ma- 
 turity. 46 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Who must bear loss when check is indorsed 
 to impostor. 50 L.R.A. 75; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 514; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1111. 
 
 Who must bear loss where check is pur- 
 chased upon the spurious indorsement 
 of one who bears . the same name as 
 payee or indorsee. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1101. 
 
 Effect, of exchange of check to constitute 
 one a holder in due course for value. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 747. 
 
 Right of bank to set off unmatured claim 
 against deposit as against bona fide 
 holder of check. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 
 § 7. Certification. 
 
 Parol certification. 7 L.R.A. 428. 
 Effect of certification. 12 L.R.A. 492.* 
 
 On liability of drawer. 16 L.R.A. 510. 
 Certification of check as release of drawer 
 
 or indorser. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698; 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 205. 
 Certifying cheek as payment of debt for 
 
 which given. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 35. 
 Effect of transfer without indorsement of 
 
 worthless certified check of third per- 
 son. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 536. 
 Right of drawer to stop payment of certified 
 
 check. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 290. 
 Limitation of actions on certified check. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 111. 
 
 § 8. Payment. 
 
 Stopping payment, see Banks, § 25a. 
 Dishonor of check, see Banks, § 26. 
 Collection of, see Banks, §§ 31-35. 
 Of bill or note, see Bills and notes, §§ 
 
 58-60. 
 Payment by check, see Payment, § 11. 
 
 Powers of president of corporation as to. 
 14 L.R.A. 357. 
 
 Accepting something besides money as pay- 
 ment. 25 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Liability of one to whom an insolvent bank 
 has paid a check. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 185. 
 
 Effect of direction on check to pay same 
 through specified agency. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 697. 
 
 Who must bear loss where check is paid on 
 spurious indorsement of one bearing 
 same name as payee or indoree. 34 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1101. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date 
 
 CHECKS— cont'd. 
 § 9. Presentment. 
 
 Of bill or note, see Bills and Notes, §§ 43- 
 53. 
 
 What is an ordinary mode of presentment. 
 13 L.R.A. 43.* 
 
 § 10. — necessity. 
 
 Of bill or note, see Bills and Notes, § 44. 
 
 Necessity of demand. 7 L.R.A. 490.* 
 Necessity of actual presentation of commer- 
 cial paper to effect its dishonor. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 303. 
 Effect of loss of check upon right of holder 
 to recover against maker without pre- 
 sentment. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 
 § 11. — time ; delay and Its effect. 
 
 Of bill or note, see Bills and Notes, §§ 52, 
 53. 
 
 Time for presenting. 13 L.R.A. 43.* 
 
 •When check considered stale or over- 
 due. 13 L.R.A. 44.* 
 What is reasonable time. 13 L.R.A. 
 44.* 
 Effect of transfer on time allowed for. 10 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1153. 
 Release of indorser of check by delay in 
 presenting it. 22 L.R.A. 785. 
 Unreasonable delay. 22 L.R.A. 785. 
 Reasonable delay. 22 L.R.A. 786. 
 Effect on drawer's liability of delay in pre- 
 senting check where drawee re- 
 mains solvent. 53 L.R.A. 432; 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 255. 
 Necessity of loss to drawer's discharge. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 432. 
 What loss sufficient to work discharge. 
 53 L.R.A. 433. 
 Time of closing or departure as affecting 
 time allowed for mailing check or no- 
 tice of dishonor. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 132. 
 
 § 12. Forged paper. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of bank and depositor, 
 
 see Banks, § 24. 
 Recovery back of money paid on forged 
 
 check, see Banks, § 29. 
 Forgery of bill or note, see Bills and 
 
 Notes, § 16. 
 Forgery of as a crime, see Forgeet. 
 
 Liability of person whose name ia forged 
 to. 36 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 CHECK STUBS. 
 
 Admissibility of memoranda on. 
 
 (N.S.) "727. 
 
 42 L.R.A. 
 
 CHIEF OF POLICE. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession to. 
 IN.S.) 849. 
 
 18 L.R.A, 
 
192 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CHILD LABOR. 
 
 See Mastee and Servant. §§ 12, 50, 51, 
 55, 76-78, 122, 124. 
 
 CHILDREN. 
 
 Limitations to, under rule in Shelley's Case, 
 see Deeds, § 30; Wills, § 82. 
 
 In general, see Infants ; Paebnt and 
 Child. 
 
 Right of children or representative of de- 
 ceased child to share in proceeds of 
 poliev of life insurance payable to 
 "child." 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 250. 
 
 »»» 
 
 CHILLING BIDDING. 
 
 At judicial sale. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1198. 
 
 CHIMNEYS. 
 
 Liability for fire set by sparks from chim- 
 ney. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1003. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third persons for 
 fall of. 26 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injuries from de- 
 fective condition of. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1142. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third person for 
 smoking chimney. 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 Jurisdiction and powers of consul in China 
 in civil cases. 45 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 CHINESE. 
 
 Right of ft, Chinese person to bail in depor- 
 tation proceedings. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1088. 
 
 Constitutionality of discrimination based 
 on race or color in police regulations 
 affecting morality. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 604. 
 
 How far use of mails by Chinese physician 
 is fraudulent. 70 L.R.A. 989. 
 
 CHIROPRACTIC. 
 
 Application of statutes regulating the prac- 
 tice of medicine to treatment known 
 as. 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 179. 
 
 » ■ » 
 
 CHISELS. 
 
 CHLOROFORM. 
 
 Use of, as affecting responsibility and capac- 
 ity. 39 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 •-»-• 
 
 CHOICE. 
 
 Between different kinds of action, see Elec- 
 tion OF Remedies, §§ 2-12. 
 
 CHOLERA. 
 
 Liability of carrier for loss of live stock 
 by cholera contracted during transit. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 712. 
 
 CHOSE IN ACTION. 
 
 Assignment of, see Assignment. 
 
 What included in term. 2 L.R.A. 747.* 
 Attachment of, in hands of assignee for 
 
 creditors., 26 L.R.A. 593. 
 Equitable remedy to subject to judgment 
 after return of no property found. 63 
 L.R.A. 673; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 976. 
 
 CHRISTIAN NAME. 
 
 See Name. 
 
 CHRISTIAN SCIENCE. 
 
 Applicability of statute regulating prac- 
 tice of medicine. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763; 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1297. 
 
 Effect of failure to provide medical attend- 
 ance because of belief in, to render 
 one guilty of manslaughter. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 685. 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 Charitable bequest for, see Charities. 
 Sale of liquor within prohibited distance 
 
 of, see Intoxicating Liqtjobs, § 27. 
 See also Religious Societies. 
 
 Mandatory injunction to require opening of 
 church. 20 L.R.A. 167. 
 
 Master's liabilitv for injury by defect in. 
 
 13 L.R.A (N.S.) 676. ' ' See Parish House 
 
 Begtn with this book on every law question 
 
 CHURCH PARSONAGE. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 CHURCH WARDEN. 
 
 193 
 
 Injunctive i-elief affecting. 3 L.E,.A. (N.S. 
 861. 
 
 CIDER. 
 
 As intoxicating liquor. 20 L.R.A. 648. 
 As a, fermented liquor. 10 L.E.A. 520.* 
 
 CIGARETTES. 
 
 As articles of commerce. 48 L.R.A. 230. 
 
 Right of state to confiscate cigarettes im- 
 ported for personal use. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 528. 
 
 CIGAR MAKERS' UNION. 
 
 Protection of trade union labels or trade- 
 marks. 29 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 CIGARS. 
 
 Misrepresentation as to, as affecting valid- 
 ity of trademark. 19 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 CINDERS. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for personal 
 
 injury to person struck by. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 241. 
 Liability of railroad company for personal 
 
 injuries by, to persons on adjoining 
 
 property or highway. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 983. 
 Liability of elevated railway company for 
 
 personal injury by falling cinders to 
 
 person on surface of street. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 92. 
 Eight to compensation for consequential 
 
 damages to property from. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1054. 
 
 CIPHER MESSAGES. 
 
 Notice to telegraph company of importance 
 of. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1196. 
 
 CIRCUIT COURTS. 
 
 Jurisdiction of civil actions against con- 
 suls. 45 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 CIRCUIT COURTS OP APPEAI/S. 
 
 Review of decision of, by Supreme Court on 
 certiorari. 50 L.R.A. 801. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CIRCULARS. 
 
 Admissibility of, as proof of partnership. 
 
 20 L.R.A. 598. 
 Publication by, of matters derogatory to 
 
 parties to litigation as contempt of 
 
 court. 2 B. R. C. 498. 
 
 CIRCULATING NOTES. 
 
 Effect of transfer without indorsement of 
 worthless circulating note to third per- 
 son. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 526. 
 
 Validity of contract as to, which violates 
 statute. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 610. 
 
 CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE. 
 
 Admissibility of, see Evidence, § 271. 
 Weight of, see Evidence, §§ 293, 319. 
 
 Of guilt of burglary by one in possession 
 
 of recently stolen property. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 220. 
 Character and reputation of deceased as 
 
 affecting homicide in cases depending 
 
 on. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 362. 
 
 CIRCUS. 
 
 Liability of proprietor for injury to patron. 
 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 427; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 713. 
 
 Contract exempting railroad company from 
 liability for negligent injury to em- 
 ployee of circus company. 11 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 432. 
 
 CITATION. 
 
 On appeal or writ of error to or from Fed- 
 eral Supreme Court. 66 L.R.A. 843. 
 
 CITIZENS. 
 
 Corporations as, see Cobpokations, § 10. 
 See also Citizenship; Taxpayers. 
 
 CITIZENSHIP. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 .Jurisdiction as affected by, see Courts, 
 § 19-26. 
 
 Presumptions and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, § 23. 
 
 Removal of cause to Federal Court on 
 ground of diverse citizenship, see Re- 
 moval OP Causes, §§ 7-9. 
 
 See also Domicil and Residence. 
 13 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 :94 
 
 CITIZENSHIP— cont'd. 
 
 As attecting governing law in action for 
 death or bodily injury. 56 L.R.A. 218. 
 
 As a qualification of grand juror. 28 
 L.E.A. 196. 
 
 State citizenship. 12 L.R.A. 364.* 
 
 Question relating to citizenship as Federal 
 question. 62 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Presumption of, from residence. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1245. 
 
 Constitutionality of requirement that hold- 
 er of liquor license must be resident of 
 state. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1033. 
 
 Who may raise objection that statute con- 
 tains an unconstitutional discrimina- 
 tion based on citizenship. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 958. 
 
 § 2. Who are citizens. 
 
 Of corporation, see Cobpobationb, § 10. 
 For purpose of jurisdiction of Federal 
 Court, see Coubts, §§ 42, 43. 
 
 Indians in tribal relations as citizens. 7 
 
 L.R.A. 126.* 
 Of women. 1 L.R.A. 113.» 
 
 § 3. Rights of citizens. 
 
 Political rights of citizens. 8 L.R.A. 337.* 
 Bight of citizen to locate mining claim. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 812. 
 
 CITY. 
 
 See Municipal Cobpobations. 
 
 <« » 
 
 CITY COMPTROI/LER, 
 
 Character and extent of relief by manda- 
 mus against. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 525. 
 
 CITY HAI/t. 
 
 Power of municipality to construct for pur 
 poses other than use by public officers 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 425. 
 
 Liability for municipality for torts in con 
 nection with. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 
 civiij action. 
 
 Arrest in, see Aebest, § 9. 
 In gemeral, see Action ob Suit. 
 
 CIVIL DAMAGE ACT. 
 
 See Intoxicating Liquobs, § 41. 
 
 Begin loith this Tiook on every law 
 
 CIVIL DEATH. 
 
 S 1. By conviction of crime. 
 
 Law as to, in United States. 18 L.R.A. 82. 
 
 Effect of civil death of debtor after judg- 
 ment upon the remedy by execution. 
 61 L.R.A. 386. 
 
 Effect of civil death on gift conditioned up- 
 on contingency of death of devisee or 
 legatee without child or issue. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1045. 
 
 Effect of civil death on contingency of death 
 of legatee or devisee without child or 
 issue on which a gift is conditioned. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1172. 
 
 At what time does suspension of civil or 
 political rights of one under sentence 
 commence. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 502. 
 
 Effect of conviction and sentence upon mar- 
 riage relation. 31 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 Effect of suspension of sentence upon right 
 to vote. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 684. 
 
 Restoration of right to vote by service of 
 sentence upon conviction for crime. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 418. 
 
 § 2. By dissolution of corporation. 
 
 Dissolution of corporation as affecting lia- 
 bility for running contract for services. 
 69 L.E.A. 137. 
 
 CrVIIi DIVISIONS. 
 
 Judicial notice with respect to. 4 L.R.A. 
 37.* 
 
 CIVIL POWER. 
 
 Discretion and authority of military Vrhen 
 called to aid. 65 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 CIVIL RIGHTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to passengers, see Caeeiebs, § 43. 
 
 In schools, see Schools, § 7. 
 
 Civil death of convict, see Civil Death. 
 
 Protection of. 9 L.R.A. 589;* 14 L.R.A. 
 579. 
 
 Right of negroes to equal privileges, im- 
 munity, and protection. 14 L.R.A. 
 579. 
 
 Of colored persons, protection of, by Four- 
 teenth Amendment. 1 L.R.A. 293.* 
 
 Constitutionality of discrimination based 
 on race or color in police regulations 
 affecting morality. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 604. 
 
 At what time does suspension of civil rights 
 of one under sentence commence. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 502. 
 
 Who is a negro, mulatto, or person of color 
 within statutes not specificallv defining 
 same. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 180." 
 question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 193 
 
 CIVIL RIGHTS— cont'd. 
 
 Forbidding burial of negroes in cemetery 
 controlled by white persons. 7 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 155. 
 
 Eight of educational, charitable, or reli- 
 gious institution to exclude person on 
 account of race or color. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 447. 
 
 Question relating to, as a Federal question. 
 62 L.E.A. 538. 
 
 Removal of cause to Federal court because 
 of discrimination against negroes. 53 
 L.R.A. 574. 
 
 Who may raise objection that statute con- 
 tains unconstitutional discrimination 
 based on race. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 960. 
 
 § 2. In places of amusement. 
 
 What are places of amusement within civil 
 rights acts. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 907. 
 
 What are places of public accommodation, 
 within the meaning of civil rights 
 acts. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 601. 
 
 Humiliation as element of damages for 
 exclusion from place of amusement be- 
 cavise of race or color. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1242. 
 
 § 3. Right of snflrage. 
 
 See Elections, §§ 1-8. 
 
 § 4. As to jnry. 
 
 Negroes as grand jurors. 28 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 Removal of cause from state to Federal 
 court because of discrimination against 
 negroes as jurors. 53 L.R.A. 574. 
 
 Cn'^IL SERVICE. 
 
 S 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of civil service laws, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 47. 
 
 Eight to compel public employees to sub- 
 mit to physical examination to deter- 
 mine fitness. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 
 § 2. Veterans. 
 
 Validity of statute giving veterans prefer- 
 ence in appointment to oflBce. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 825. 
 
 Power of legislature to require municipali- 
 ty to pension veterans. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 608. 
 
 OlVHi SERVICE COMMISSION. 
 
 Delegation of power to civil service com- 
 missioners, see Constitutional Law, 
 § 14. 
 
 CIvAIM AGENT. 
 
 Implied authority of, to promise employ- 
 ment to induce settlement of claim. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CLAIM AND DELIVERY. 
 
 See Replevin. 
 
 In 
 
 In 
 
 CLAIMS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Accord and satisfaction of, see Accobd and 
 Satisfaction. 
 
 Alabama claims, see Alabama Claims. 
 
 Against estate of bankrupt, see Bankrupt- 
 cy, §§ 24-31. 
 
 Against estate of insolvent, see Insolvency, 
 §§ 5-8. 
 
 Against carrier, time for presenting, see 
 Cakriees, § 133. 
 
 Against county, see Counties, §§ 9-11. 
 
 Against municipality, see Municipal Cob- 
 porations, §§ 102-107. 
 
 Against state, see States, §§ 13, 13a. 
 
 Against United States, see United States, 
 § 4. 
 
 Against decedent's estate, see Executors 
 AND Administrators, §§ 33-46. 
 
 Against receiver, see Receivers, IV. 
 
 In favor of estate of decedent, see Execu- 
 tors AND Administrators, §§ 28, 29. 
 favor of municipality, see Municipal 
 CoBporations, § 108. 
 favor of United States, see United 
 States, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 Court of claims, see Courts, § 45. 
 
 Compromise of claim for death, see Death, 
 § 14. 
 
 Set-off of or against, see Set-off and. 
 Counterclaim. 
 
 Presentation of claim for delay or nonde- 
 livery of telegram, see Telegraphs, 
 § 21. 
 
 Mining claims, see Mines. 
 
 Power of corporate president to settle or 
 surrender. 14 L.R.A. 359. 
 
 Illegality of, as defense to mandamus to- 
 compel payment of municipal debt. 14^ 
 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 Valuation and adjustment of claims against- 
 insolvent insurance company. 3S 
 L.R.A. 100. 
 
 Power of counsel to assert claims for hia 
 citizens and country. 45 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 Right to file claim against estate of guar- 
 dian after termination of guardianship 
 but before settlement of account. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 793. 
 
 Agreement to defend against as mainte- 
 nance. 1 B. R. C. 176. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute imposing pen- 
 alty or added liability for failure of 
 railroad company to nay. 42 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 102. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute imposing pen- 
 alty or added liability for failure of 
 carrier to pay. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 106. 
 
 § 2. Time to present. 
 
 Limitation of time to present. 7 L.R A 
 861.* 
 
 Right to compute statutory period for pres- 
 entation of claims from date of filing 
 message. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 185. 
 
196 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CLASS. 
 
 Legacy to, see Wiixs, §§ 96-98. 
 
 Bight ot member of class to maintain 
 action for libel based on charges 
 against the class to which he belongs. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 726; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 382; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 870. 
 
 *—* 
 
 CLASSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 Ab a necessary for an infant. 42 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 Of cities, see Municipal Coepobations, § 4. 
 By statutes, see Statutes, §§ 15-18. 
 For purpose of succession tax, see Taxes, 
 § 105. 
 
 CLAW BARS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 681. 
 
 CLEARANCE CARD. 
 
 Duty to g'wn to discharged employee, see 
 Master and Servant, § 46. 
 
 CLEARING. 
 
 Life tenant's rights as to clearing land. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 770. 
 
 -•-•-•- 
 
 CLEARING-HOUSE. 
 
 See Banks, § 38. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ . 
 
 CLEARNESS. 
 
 Of special verdict. 24 L.R.A.(N.8;) 54. 
 
 CLERGY HOUSE. 
 
 See Parish House. 
 
 < ' » 
 
 CLERK. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1, 3. 
 II. Of court or county, §§ 3-7. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Communication to, as publication of libel. 
 1 B. R. C. 455. 
 
 Character of occupancy of premises by. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 
 Maritime lien for services of. 70 L.R.A. 
 387. 
 
 Validity of contract restraining practice 
 of profession after expiration of term 
 of service with another. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 961. 
 
 Employment of, by insurance agent. 10 
 L.R.A. 609.* 
 
 Execution of certificates of, in name of dep- 
 uty. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 
 § 2. Liability of, or for acts or. 
 
 Liability of clerk of auction for return of 
 money. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 481; 
 
 Storekeeper's liability for malicious acts of. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 485. 
 
 II. Of court or county. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 In whose name deputy clerk should act. 
 19 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 grand jury by. 28 L.E.A. 371. 
 
 Certification of copies of records by, for 
 evidence in other state. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 955, 967. 
 
 Right to attach or garnish fund in hands 
 of, after he has been ordered to pay 
 same to party. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 758; 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 720. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence of books of ac- 
 count kept by. 52 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Right of sureties of clerk who have made 
 good a loss occasioned by their prin- 
 cipal's default or misconduct to be 
 subrogated to rights of obligee or bene- 
 ficiary of the bond against a third per- 
 son. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 155. 
 
 § 4. Women as. 
 
 Right of women to be. 38 L.R.A. 213. 
 Women as deputy clerks. 13 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 § 5. Powers of. 
 
 Power of, to take bail. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 CLERGYMEN. 
 
 See REtiGious Society, §§ 6-9. ^ 
 
 Begin with this boole on every law question 
 
 § 6. Compensation of. 
 
 Fees of, on filing record and docketing causo 
 
 in Federal Supreme Court. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 o50. 
 Right of clerk on salary basis to retain 
 
 fee for naturalization. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 810. 
 
 § 7. Liability of. 
 
 Liability of, for defective abstract. 22 
 L.R.A. 99. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 197 
 
 CLERK, II.— cont'd. 
 
 Liability on ofBcial bond for loss by bank 
 failure. 22 L.E.A. 449. 
 
 Character and extent of relief by mandamus 
 against circuit court clerk who has ren- 
 dered decision on grounds not within 
 his discretion. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 525. 
 
 CLOSED SHOP. 
 
 See CoNSPiKAOT, III, 
 
 CLOSE TIME. 
 
 For fishery. 39 L.R.A.. 385. 
 
 < » » 
 
 CLOTHING. 
 
 Power to regulate traffic in secondhand 
 clothing. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1168. 
 
 CLOUD ON TITLE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Bill to quiet title on invalid sale of prop- 
 erty for sewer assessment. 60 L.R.A. 
 243. 
 
 Eight of one in possession under void fore- 
 closure sale as against action to quiet 
 title. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 845. 
 
 Bar of statute of limitations as ground for 
 quieting title as against encumbrance. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 
 Applicability of statute of limitations. 29 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 930. 
 
 § 2. Equity jurisdiction of action to 
 remove. 
 
 Jurisdiction of court of equity to quiet 
 
 title. 10 L.E.A. 297.* 
 Jurisdiction of court of equity to remove, 
 generally. 8 L.R.A. 727.* 
 Jurisdiction founded on inadequacy of 
 
 legal remedy. 8 L.R.A. 727.* 
 Possession as essential to right of ac- 
 tion. 8 L.R.A. 728.* 
 Eemedy of party out of possession. 
 8 L.E.A. 728.» 
 Jurisdiction of equity of suit to remove 
 cloud on title to land in other state or 
 country. 09 L.E.A. 682; 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 924. 
 Jurisdiction upon constructive service of 
 process against a nonresident as to 
 lands within state. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 625. 
 
 § 3. — effect of remedy at law. 
 
 The general rule. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 
 When right to remedy exists. 12 
 
 L.E.A.fN.S.) 50. 
 Origin of rule and reasons for its ac- 
 tion. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 Bills of peace. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 52. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CLOUD ON TITLE— cont'd. 
 
 Bills quia timet. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 53. 
 
 Effect of rule on right to maintain 
 
 action. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 
 Where defendant is in possession. 
 
 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 Crossbill by defendant not in pos- 
 session. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 64. 
 Complainant in possession, but ac- 
 tion at law pending. 12 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 65. 
 Where action at law has pro- 
 ceeded to judgment. 12 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 66. 
 Action by purchaser at sheriff's 
 sale. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 Effect of statutes enlarging equitable juris- 
 diction. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 In general; trial by jury. 12 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 67. 
 Statutes permitting action by party in 
 
 possession. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 Statutes permitting action by claimant 
 to vacant lands. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 71. 
 Statutes permitting action against one 
 in possession. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Effect of state statutes on Federal ju- 
 risdiction. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 Effect of statutes enlarging legal rem- 
 edy. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 78. 
 Miscellaneous statutes. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 81. 
 
 § 4. Injunction to prevent. 
 
 Injunction to prevent. 8 L.R.A. 729.' 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to avert. 10 L.R.A. 
 293.* 
 
 Injunction against tax as a cloud. 22 
 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 When sale for taxes will be restrained. 10 
 L.R.A. 294.* 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity when only relief 
 sought is an injunction or receiver to 
 preserve status quo pending litigation 
 before another tribunal to determine 
 title to land. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229. 
 
 § 5. Who may sue. 
 
 Who may maintain bill to quiet title or 
 
 remove cloud. 10 L.R.A. 295.* 
 Right of purchaser on execution to set 
 
 aside fraudulent convpvance. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 784. 
 Necessity and sufficiency of possession as 
 
 condition of bill to remove. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 295.* 
 Right of one holding a bond for title to 
 
 maintain a bill against a third person 
 
 to remove cloud. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 413. 
 Eight of one who has placed a purchaser in 
 
 possession to maintain a bill to quiet 
 
 title against an outstanding claim. 12 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 652. 
 
 § 6. Conclusiveness of, and attaclc on, 
 judgment in action to remove. 
 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 jurisdiction on judgment eonfinuing 
 title to land. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 983. 
 
198 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CLOUD ON TITLE— cont'd. 
 
 Judgment dismissing bill to set aside tax 
 deed as a cloud on title, as res judicata 
 in action under tax deed to recover 
 possession of property. 25 L.R.A. 
 iN.S.) 1011. 
 
 CLUB. 
 
 § 1. In general. 
 
 Sale of liquor by, see Intoxicatino Li- 
 quors, § 22. 
 
 As deadly weapon. 21 L.R.A. (N.g.) 504. 
 Character of occupancy of steiVard. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 718j 728. 
 
 § 2. Members of. 
 
 Mandanlus to compel reinstatement in. 8 
 L.R.A. 195.* 
 
 Enforceability of dues of merabei-sof so- 
 cial clubs. 34 L.R.A..(N.S.) 647. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity oil the ground 'of pre- 
 venting a multiplicity of suits, to en- 
 
 I fore liability of members of a club 
 or cerebration.; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 743. 
 
 Distribution of suits by tailor among mem- 
 bers of club as lottery. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 876. 
 
 Power of courts to review decisions of, 
 against members. 49 L.R.A. 369,' 362, 
 365. 
 
 § 3. Dissolution of. 
 
 Annulling charter of club for' violating the 
 law. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 683. 
 
 Disposition of real estate upon dissolution 
 of corporation created for social pur- 
 poses. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 896. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 COAL. 
 
 In mine, see Mines, §§ 31, 32. 
 
 Use of soft coal as a, nuisance. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 465. 
 Right of municipality to engage in business 
 
 of selling coal. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 119. 
 
 COAL HOLE. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third persons as 
 
 to. 26 L.R.A. 199. 
 Municipal liability for injury by. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 583; 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 424; 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 516. 
 Liability for failure to guard coal hole in 
 
 sidewalk for commercial purposes, 
 
 while in use by third person. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 993. 
 
 < ■ » 
 
 COAL MINES. 
 
 COAL YARDS. 
 
 Servants in, as fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 460. 
 As a nuisance. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 522. 
 As breach of covenant against offensive 
 
 business. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1039. ' 
 Use of railroad right of way for, as against 
 
 owner of fee. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 516. 
 
 COAST. 
 
 •Turisdiction over coast water. 46 L.R.A. 
 267. 
 
 COASTING. 
 
 In street, as a nuisance; municipal power 
 
 over. 39 L.R.A. 679. 
 Municipal liability for failure to prevent. 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 639; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 862. 
 Injury to one while coasting in street. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 865. 
 
 COCKTAIL. 
 
 Judicial notice of intoxicating character 
 of. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 848. 
 
 C. O. D. 
 
 Transfer of' title on delivery to carrier of 
 goods sent C. 0. D., 22 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Where title passes upon shipment of liquor 
 C. O. D. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 383; 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 143. 
 
 Shipping liquor from one state into another 
 C. 0. D., without previous order, as in- 
 terstate commerce. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 630. 
 
 Delivery by express agent to addressee and 
 collection of price of intoxicating liquor 
 sent C. 0. D. as a sale thereof by the 
 agent. 2 B. R. C. 467. 
 
 CODE. 
 
 Power of legislature to enact or amend by 
 single statute. 55 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 CODEPENDANTS. 
 
 See Mines, §§ 31, 32. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every taw question 
 
 Right of one defendant to benefit of other's 
 demurrer. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 310. 
 
 Admissibility on joint trial of admission or 
 confession by one defendant tending to 
 incriminate codefendant. 2 B. R. C. 
 353. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 199 
 
 CODEFENDANTS— cont'd. 
 Communications between eodefendants as 
 
 privileged. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585. 
 Opinion gained from newspaper reports of 
 
 trial of eodefendants as disqualification 
 
 of juror in criminal case. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1013. 
 
 CODICILi. 
 
 See WniS, § 58. 
 
 CODIKECTORS. 
 
 Liability for acts and omissions of. 
 L.E.A. 771. 
 
 55 
 
 COERCION. 
 
 Of jury, see Tbiai,, § 72. 
 Of wife, eflfect on liability for libel and 
 Blander. 30 L.R.A. 527. 
 
 COEXISTING DEMANDS. 
 
 Set off of, on mortgage foreclosure. 
 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 21 
 
 COGWHEELS. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as applied 
 to injury from. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130. 
 
 COHABITATION. 
 
 As evidence of marriage, see Maebiage, § 4. 
 Effect of, see Mareiage, § 7. 
 
 Presumptive agency of wife to purchase 
 
 necessaries arising from. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 539. 
 As consideration for subsequent promise t6 
 
 pay. 53 L.R.A. 357. 
 Effect of removal of impediment to marriage 
 
 after commencement of. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 244. 
 
 COIN. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Validity of contract to pay in gold or sil- 
 ver, see Contbacts, § 89. 
 
 As medium of payment, see Payment, §§ 7, 
 8. 
 
 Judgments for. 29 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Consult also Zi.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COIN— cont'd. 
 
 § a. Sufficiency of coin tendered. 
 
 Tender of old, worn, or mutiliated coin. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 824. 
 Sufficiency of tender of worn or peculiar 
 
 coin to prevent ejection. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 997. 
 Character and condition of coin tendered in 
 
 payment of fare. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1030. 
 
 COLD. 
 
 Duty of carrier to protect passenger from, 
 
 see Caekiebs, § 42. 
 Master's duty to protect servant whose 
 
 work requires exposure to, see Master 
 
 AND Servant, § 62. 
 
 Duty of carrier to guard freight carried 
 against effects of. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 640, 645. 
 
 COLD CHISEL. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 676. 
 
 COLD STORAGE. 
 
 Duty and liability of bailee of property in 
 cold storage, «ee Bailment, § 7. 
 
 Cold storage plant as a fixture. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 576. 
 
 COLLAR. 
 
 See DoQ Collar. 
 
 COLLATERAL AGREEMENT. 
 
 Oral promise to answer for debt of another, 
 
 see Contbacts, § 37. 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, §§ 162, 
 
 163. 
 In general, see Guarantt. 
 
 As defense to promissory note. 43 L.R.A. 
 464. 
 
 Agreements collateral to contracts forming 
 illegal combinations and the enforce- 
 ment thereof by members of such illegal 
 combinations. 64 L.R.A. 712; 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 368; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 143; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 580. 
 
 Right to recover from obligor the damages 
 which the obligee was compelled to 
 pay because of his breach of a contract 
 with a third person in consequence of 
 failure or delay in performance of 
 collateral contract. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 575. 
 
200 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COLLATERAL ATTACK. 
 
 On judgments, see Judgment, §§ 51-57, 71, 
 
 72. 
 On judicial sale, see Jxidiciai Sale, § 18. 
 
 On sale or mortgage of land by guardian 
 without giving bond. 33 L.E.A. 763. 
 
 Review of proceedings to establish drains 
 and sewers. 60 L.R.A. 225. 
 
 COLLATERAL-INHERITANCE TAX. 
 
 See Taxes, §§ 90-105. 
 
 COLLATERAL KINDRED. 
 
 Damages recoverable by, for negligent kill- 
 ing of relative. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 623. 
 
 < «» 
 
 COLLATERAL SECURITY. 
 
 See Pledge and Collatebai, Secubitt. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 COLLECTION. 
 
 By bank, see Bauks, §§ 31-.35. 
 
 Of costs, see Costs and Fees, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 Of debts, see Debt, § 3. 
 
 Effort to collect debt as extortion, see 
 
 EXTOBTION. 
 
 Limitation of action on money collected, 
 see LiMiTATio."* of Actions, §§ 31,' 32. 
 
 Agent's authority to make, see Principal 
 ANu Agent, § 19. 
 
 Of tax, see Taxes, IV. 
 
 Of purchase money for land, see Vendob 
 and Puechasek, §§ 11, 12. 
 
 Authority of attorney for collection to ac- 
 cept cancelation of his own debt as 
 payment, li L.R.A. 235. 
 
 Right of one who has collected part of 
 judgment to appeal from the rest. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 15. 
 
 Effect on pledgee's rights of delivery of 
 pledged property for collection. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 890. 
 
 Of forged instrument as uttering or publish- 
 ing. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 
 4 ■ » 
 
 COLLECTOR. 
 
 Of port, see Collectoe of Poet. 
 Deputy collector, see Deputy, § 3. 
 Tax collectors, see Taxes, § 61. 
 
 Right to make bids on sales conducted by 
 
 them. 20 L.R.A. 505. 
 Application to, for affixing of omitted 
 
 stamp to instrument. 48 L.R.A. 316. 
 Penalty as limit of liability on bond. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 393. 
 Begin with this toole on every law question. 
 
 COLLECTOR— cont'd. 
 
 iExecution. of collector's bond on condition 
 that others shall sign. 45 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 COLLECTOR OF PORT. 
 
 Character and extent of relief by manda- 
 mus against. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 527. 
 
 COLLEGE EDUCATION. 
 
 As a necessary for an infant. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 COLLEGES. 
 
 § 1. In general. 
 
 License of, see License, § 39. 
 
 Character of occupation of premises by pro- 
 fessors. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 714, 719, 725. 
 
 Exemption from suit as agency of state- 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 243. 
 
 Mandamus to compel issuance of diploma. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 
 Right to require or prohibit wearing of 
 uniforms or religious garb in. 42 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 337. 
 
 § a. Taxation of. 
 
 Liability of property of private educational 
 institutions to assessment for local im- 
 provements. 35 L.R.A. 37. 
 Exemption of, from taxation. 10 L.R.A. 
 376.* 
 Property used for profit. 19 L.E.A. 
 291. 
 Collateral-inheritance tax on bequest to. 
 3 L.E.A. 206;* 12 L.E.A. 405.* 
 
 COLLISION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Injury to passenger by, see Caeriebs, § 50. 
 Between street car and other vehicle, see 
 Street Railways, §§ 18, 19. 
 
 Liability of tug and tow. 3 L.R.A. 234.* 
 
 Liability of owners for wrongful or negli- 
 gent acts of master of vessel causing 
 collision. 27 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 Limitation of liability for. 7 L.R.A. 56.* 
 
 Duty of navigator to avoid injury by pro- 
 pelling vessel against property of 
 others. 64 L.R.A. 979. 
 
 Jurisdiction in admiralty of action growing^ 
 out of collision of vessel with bridge. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 324. 
 
 Relative duties of steamers and small craft 
 propelled by oars on rivers and in nar- 
 row channels. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 303. 
 
 Private action for violation of law and rules 
 of navigation. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 375. 
 
 Right of vessel causing collision to claim 
 salvage for rescuing other vessel. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 873. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 201 
 
 COLLISION— cont'd. 
 
 § 2. Interest on loss by. 
 
 Allowance of interest on value of property 
 destroyed in collision. IS L.R.A. 453. 
 
 Right to interest on unliquidated damages 
 incurred in collision of vessels. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 7, 80. 
 
 COLLUSION. 
 
 As defense to divorce suit, see Divorce and 
 
 SErAEATION, § 31. 
 As ground for relief from judgment, see 
 
 Judgment, § 95. 
 See also Featjd. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to persons 
 wrongfully on train by collusion with 
 train employee. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1025; 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 419. 
 
 What is; effect on suit. 12 L.R.A. 815.* 
 
 Effect of, on compromise or release by 
 personal representatives of claims due 
 estate. 14 L.R.A. 415. 
 
 Effect of collusion with creditor on surety's 
 right to intervene in action against 
 principal or vice versa. 68 L.R.A. 
 741. 
 
 Questioning validity of attachment for. 35 
 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 In obtaining judgment on unauthorized ap- 
 pearance by attorney. 21 L.R.A. 854. 
 
 Injunction against judgment obtained by. 
 30 L.R.A. 392. 
 
 Eight to enjoin prosecution of collusive suit 
 in court of co-ordinate jurisdiction. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 581. 
 
 COLONIZATION. 
 
 Alien's right to inherit lands granted for. 
 31 L.E.A. 180. 
 
 COLOR BLINDNESS. 
 
 State statute requiring engineers to be 
 examined for, as interference with inter- 
 state commerce. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 134. 
 
 COLORED NETTING. 
 
 Constitutionality of discriminations in stat- 
 utory regulations concerning colored 
 netting over food products. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 652. 
 
 COLORED PERSONS. 
 
 See Civil Rights; Negroes. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COLORING MATTER. 
 
 Use of in food stuffs, oil, etc., as adulter- 
 ation. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1234. 
 
 COLOR OP RIGHT. 
 
 As affecting questirfn whether invalid claim 
 may be the subject of a valid compro- 
 mise. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 280. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 COLOR OF TITLE. 
 
 As element of adverse possession, see Ad- 
 verse Possession, §§ 15-18. 
 
 Right to allowance for improvements made 
 
 before color of title. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 918. 
 Location of mining claim on public domain 
 
 occupied without color of title. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Illegality of, see Conspiracy; Monopoly 
 AND Combinations. 
 
 As to contracts in restraint of trade, gen- 
 erally, see Contracts, §§ 107-109, 117, 
 118. 
 
 Patent of, see Patents, § 8. 
 
 Of railroads, see Railroads, §§ 9-11. 
 
 Common-law rights of original authors in 
 case of. 51 L.R.A. 379. 
 
 COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. 
 
 See FiBES. 
 
 ■♦«» 
 
 COMITY. 
 
 See Conflict op Laws. 
 
 < ■ » 
 
 COMMAND. 
 
 Obedience of, by employee, see Master and 
 Servant, §§ 4, 70, 117, 126, 127. 
 
 -♦-•-♦- 
 
 COMMENCEMENT, 
 
 Of action, see Action or Suit, § 21, 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 COMMENTATOR. 
 
 Common-law rights of commentator upon 
 literary work. 51 L.R.A. 358. 
 
202 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COMMENTS. 
 
 Libel or slander by, see Libel and Slandek, 
 §8. 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 /. State control of domestic commerce, 
 
 § i. 
 II, Interstate' comm,erce, §§ 3-31. 
 a. In general, § 2. 
 h. Control of navigable waters 
 and navigation, § 3. 
 
 c. Regulation of carriage and 
 
 transportation, § § 4-12. 
 
 d. Forbidding exportation from 
 
 state, §13. 
 
 e. Regulation of sales and other 
 
 business, §§ It- IS. 
 
 f. Relation between carrier and 
 
 employees, § 19. 
 
 g. Taxation, §§ 20, 21. 
 
 I. State control of domestic com,merce. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Right of states to regulate their internal 
 
 commerce. 5 L.R.A. 559.* 
 State sovereignty over domestic commerce. 
 
 12 L.R.A. 673.* 
 
 II. Interstate commerce, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Combinations in restraint of, see Monopo- 
 lies AND Combinations, II. 
 
 Contracts in restraint of trade, generally, 
 see CONTEACTS, §§ 107-109, 117, 118. 
 
 Power of Congress to regulate commerce. 
 11 L.R.A. 246.* 
 
 Supreme power of Congress to regulate. 
 12 L.R.A. 624.* 
 How far power of Congress exclusive. 
 6 L.R.A. 580.* 
 
 State inspection laws. 11 L.R.A. 180.* 
 
 Police power of state. 5 L.R.A. 559 ; ' 6 
 L.R.A. 580.* 
 
 Right of states - to regulate matters inci- 
 dentally affecting commerce. 5 L.R.A. 
 559.* 
 
 Restraint on, in violation of anti-trust act. 
 64 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 Effect and construction of Federal anti- 
 trust law. 64 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 What is interstate commerce under anti- 
 trust laws. 64 L.R.A. 700. 
 
 Game laws as affecting. 13 L.R.A. 804.* 
 
 State regulation of right to fish as inter- 
 ference with commerce. 60 L.R.A. 504. 
 
 Natural gas as a subject of interstate com- 
 merce. 12 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 Instruction by correspondence as interstate 
 commerce. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 
 State legislation for protection of health of 
 live stock, as interference with inter- 
 state commerce. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279, 
 
 Begin with this book on every law questi^7~ 
 
 COMMERCE, II. a— cont'd. 
 
 Effect of commerce clause on validity of 
 state police regulations as to branding 
 or labeling' articles of commerce. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 880. 
 
 Jurisdiction under commerce clause to pun- 
 ish crimes committed by or against 
 Indians. 21 L.R.A. 169. 
 
 Effect of commerce clause on admiralty 
 jurisdiction of contracts. 66 L.R.A. 
 213. 
 
 Jurisdiction of United States court when 
 person illegally held in custody for 
 violation of state law. 10 L.R.A. 617.* 
 
 Mandatory injunction in matters affecting. 
 20 L.R.A. 166. 
 
 Injunction against strikes affecting. 28 
 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 h. Control of navigable waters and 
 navigation. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Power of Congress over navigable waters 
 under common law. 2 L.R.A. 540.* 
 
 When vessel engaged in. 2 L.R.A. 380.* 
 
 Local license tax on vessels licensed by the 
 United States. 27 L.R.A. 414. 
 
 Regulation of ferries as interference with 
 commerce. 59 L.R.A. 519. 
 
 Effect of commerce clause on right to mari- 
 time lieu for ship's services. 70 L.R.A. 
 433, 
 
 Boes transportation over navigable waters 
 between points in same state by route 
 part of which is in another state con- 
 stitute interstate commerce. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 988. 
 
 c. Regulation of carriage and trans- 
 portation. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Relation between carrier and employees, 
 
 see infra, § 19. 
 As to governmental regulation of carriers 
 
 generally, see Cabeiees, V. 
 
 Includes transportation and intercourse. 
 6 L.R.A. 579;* 13 L.R.A. 107. 
 
 Interstate commerce act construed. 2 
 L.R.A. 444.* 
 
 Exclusion of foreign railroad company as 
 interference with commerce. 24 L.R.A. 
 312. 
 
 State regulation of equipment of railroad 
 rolling stock as interference with in- 
 terstate commerce. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 20. 
 
 State regulations requiring carriers to fur- 
 nish cars to shipper as interference 
 with interstate commerce. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 984. 
 
 Implied contract for through carriage in 
 case of interstate shipments. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 27. 
 
 State statutes imposing penalty on carrier 
 for failure to settle claims as inter- 
 ference with interstate commerce. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 983; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 107. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 203 
 
 COMMERCE, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Right to limit speed or to require tlie stop- 
 ping of interstate trains. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 293. 
 
 State taxation of railroad receipts as inter- 
 ference with interstate commerce. 1 
 L.R.A. 232.* 
 
 Power of state as to demurrage charges by 
 carrier on interstate shipments. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 137. 
 
 § 5. When transportation is Interstate. 
 
 When vessel engaged in commerce. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 380.* 
 Shipment within a state as part of inter- 
 state or foreign transportation. 17 
 L.R.A. 643. 
 Whether shipments between points in same 
 state lose their character of domestic 
 commerce by passing out of the state 
 during transportation. 17 L.R.A. 443. 
 Does transportation between points in same 
 state over a route part of which 
 is in another state constitute in- 
 terstate commerce. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 985. 
 Railroad companies. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 985. 
 Telegraph companies. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 987. 
 High seas and navigable waters. 28 
 L.RA..(N.S.) 988. 
 
 § 6. Connecting carriers. 
 
 State statutes regulating the liability of 
 carriers with respect to shipments over 
 connecting lines as interference with 
 interstate commerce. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 388. 
 
 § 7. Charges of carriers. 
 
 Regulation of freight rates, generally, see 
 Cabeiees, §§ 154-160. 
 
 Classification. 2 L.R.A. 445.* 
 
 Right of distributing trade centers to pref- 
 erence. 2 L.R.A. 446.* 
 
 Preference as to localities. 2 L.R.A. 445.* 
 
 Rates must be reasonable and fairly ad- 
 justed. 2 L.R.A. 444.* 
 
 Difference in rates; when justified. 2 
 L.R.A. 444.* 
 
 Long and short hauls. 12 L.R.A. 436.* 
 
 State power to regulate freights and fares. 
 9 L.R.A. 754;* 11 L.R.A. 452.* 
 
 Effect of interstate business on reasonable- 
 ness of railroad rates prescribed by the 
 state for local traffic. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 112. 
 
 Right of shipper where carrier negligently 
 misquotes rate which has been filed or 
 published as required by statute. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 Power of state court to pass upon inter- 
 state rates. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 108. 
 
 Effect of provisions of interstate commerce 
 act against rebates upon contracts pre- 
 scribing rates less than those estab- 
 lished in accordance with the act. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 400. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COMMERCE, II. c— cont'd 
 
 § 8. — contracts fixing rates otlier tlian 
 those establislied in accordance 
 «ltli interstate commerce act. 
 
 Introduction. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 351. 
 General rule. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 353. 
 
 Right of shipper to recover back charge 
 
 in excess of contract rate. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 353. 
 Right of shipper to maintain replevin 
 
 or trover. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 354. 
 Right of carrier to recover established 
 
 rate, regardless of contract for 
 
 lesser rate. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 354. 
 Shipper's right of action against carrier 
 
 for damages. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 Particular classes of contracts. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 357. 
 Contracts to "meet" or "protect" rates. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 357. 
 Contracts to accept compensation other 
 
 than money. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 357. 
 Private agreements to reduce estab- 
 lished rates. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 357. 
 Contracts fixing rates for a series of 
 
 years. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) • 358. 
 Contracts where local rates are in force 
 
 but no joint through rate. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 Contracts providing devices to affect 
 rates. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 359. 
 
 Validity of the contract as such. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 
 As basis for criminal prosecution. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 361. 
 Contracts for transportation of a pri- 
 vate nature. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 Contracts for transportation to or from 
 
 foreign countries. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 362. 
 Criminal liability. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 363. 
 Intention of parties. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 364. 
 Number of offenses. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 365. 
 Time when offense is complete. 38 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 365.. 
 
 § 9. liimitation of liability. 
 
 Validity of stipulation limiting carrier's 
 liability to agreed valuation as affect- 
 ed by the Hepburn act. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 293. 
 
 § 10. Furnis^iing of cars. 
 
 Duty of carrier under interstate commerce 
 act to lurnish cars to shippers. 43 
 L.R.A. 230. 
 
 State regulations requiring carriers to fur- 
 nish cars to shippers as interference 
 with interstate commerce. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 364; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802. 
 
 Validity of penalty imposed by state for 
 failure to furnish freight cars. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 733. 
 
 § 11. Telegraph and telephones. 
 
 Exclusion of foreign telegraph company as 
 interference with commerce. 24 L.R.A. 
 311. 
 
204 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COMMERCE, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Power to state,? to control or impose bur- 
 dens upon interstate telegraph and 
 telephone companies. 24 L.R.A. 
 161. 
 Licenses for doing business. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 161. 
 Tax on messages. 24 L.R.A. 161. 
 Tax on gross receipts. 24 L.R.A. 162. 
 Tax on franchises. 24 L.R.A. 162. 
 Tax on property or capital stock. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 162. 
 Charge for poles and wires. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 163. 
 State monopolies. 24 L.R.A. 164. 
 Revocation of license. 24 L.R.A. 165. 
 Placing wires under ground. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 165. 
 State regulation of business. 24 L.R.A. 
 165. 
 
 State statutes imposing penalties upon tele- 
 graph companies for failure to trans- 
 mit or deliver messages properly. ■ 31 
 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 State statutes imposing license fees on 
 telegraph companies. 31 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Statutes regulating telephone prices and 
 requiring service on equal terms to all. 
 31 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 Power of state to control or impose burdens 
 upon interstate telegraph and telephone 
 companies. 24 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Interstate telegrams as interstate commerce. 
 24 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 State law affecting telegraphs as regula- 
 tion of interstate commerce. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 220. 
 
 Transmission of message between points in 
 same state over a line part of which 
 is in another state as interstate com- 
 merce. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985. 
 
 § 12. Express companies. 
 
 Exclusion of foreign express company as 
 interference with interstate commerce. 
 24 L.R.A. 312. 
 
 Statute requiring express companies to 
 make free deliveries in certain cities, 
 as interference with interstate com- 
 merce. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 
 d. Forbidding exportation from state. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Right of state to 
 
 natural resources. 
 1193. 
 
 forbid exportation of 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 c. Regulation of sales and other busi- 
 ness. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Regulation of carriers, see supra, II. c. 
 Regulation of telegraph and telephone com- 
 panies, see supra, § 11. 
 
 Right of state to regulate occupation. 6 
 L.R.A. 581.* 
 
 Power of state to regulate nursery business. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 138. 
 
 Police regulations as to branding or label- 
 ing articles of commerce. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 184. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 COJIJIERCE, II. e— cont'd 
 
 Validity of state statute regulating the in- 
 spection of meat which is subject of - 
 interstate commerce. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 677. 
 
 Right of state to confiscate cigarettes im- 
 ported for personal use. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 528. 
 
 Contracts for "futures" to be executed in 
 other states as interstate commerce. 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1081. 
 
 §15. Intoxicating liquor. 
 
 State power to regulate the sale of import- 
 ed liquor. 7 L.R.A. 183,* 296;* 9 
 L.R.A. 366,* 780;* 10 L.R.A. 616.* 
 
 State power to prohibit manufacture and 
 sale of spirituous liquors. 7 L.R.A. 
 295.* 
 
 Validity of state license tax imposed on im- 
 porter. 11 L.R.A. 180.* 
 
 Subjection of liquor imported in original 
 package to police laws of state. 10 
 L.R.A. 616;* 12 L.R.A. 624.* 
 
 State tax on liquors or persons engaged in 
 selling liquor. 9 L.R.A. 782.* 
 
 Power of state to prohibit solicitation of 
 orders for intoxicating liquors by mail 
 sent from another state. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 443. 
 
 Shipping liquor from one state into another 
 C. 0. D. without previous order, as in- 
 terstate commerce. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 630. 
 
 Regulating sale of intoxicants on vessels en- 
 gaged in interstate commerce. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 639. 
 
 Right of prohibition as limited by constitu- 
 tional power of Congress to regulate in- 
 terstate and foreign commerce (U. S. 
 Const. Art. 1, sec. 8). 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 923. 
 
 What is sufficient to terminate interstate 
 transportation of intoxicating liquors. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 550; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1020; 29 L.R.A.{N.S.) 745. 
 
 § 16. Original packages. 
 
 As to original paclcages generally, see 
 Original Packages. 
 
 What are. 60 L.R.A. 664. 
 
 What constitutes an original or unbroken 
 
 package. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1051. 
 Cigarettes in original packages as articles 
 
 of commerce. 48 L.R.A. 230. 
 Subject of liquor imported in original 
 
 packages to police regulations of state. 
 
 10 L.R.A, 616;' 12 L.R.A. 624.* 
 
 § 17. Foreign corporations. i 
 
 As to foreign corporations, generally, see 
 
 COBPOKATIONS, XI. 
 
 Doing of business within state by foreign 
 corporation, see Coepoeatiosts, 5S 145- 
 148. 
 
 Generally. 60 L.R.A. 677. 
 Telegraph companies. 24 L.R.A. 311. 
 Insurance companies. 24 L.R.A. 312. 
 Packet company. 24 L.R.A. 312. 
 Express companies. 24 L.R.A. 312. 
 Railroad companies. 24 L.R.A. 312. 
 Bridge company. 24 L.R.A. 313. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 203 
 
 COSIJIEECE, II. e— cont'd 
 
 Trading companies. 24 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 Publishing companies. 24 L.R.A. 314. 
 
 Loaning companies. 24 L.R.A. 314. 
 
 Liability of foreign corporation engaged 
 in interstate commerce to franchise 
 tax. 57 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 Sale by foreign corporation of goods stored 
 in state as intrastate business. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 
 Agreement by foreign corporation to install 
 articles within the state as bringing 
 it within the statute relating to for- 
 eign corporations. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 S74 
 
 § 18. License; peddlers. 
 
 Liquor license, see supra, § 15. 
 
 State authority to impose license. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 219.* 
 Peddlers as related to interstate commerce. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 97. 
 State license tax as interference with com- 
 merce, generally. 9 L.R.A. 366.* 
 Tax on occupations as interference with 
 
 commerce. 60 L.R.A. 691. 
 Validitv of state license tax imposed on im- 
 porter. 11 L.R.A. 180.* 
 State statutes imposing license fees on tele- 
 graph companies. 31 L.R.A. 808. 
 Local license tax on vessels licensed by the 
 
 United States. 27 L.R.A. 414. 
 PedSlers and drummers as related to inter- 
 state commerce. 14 L.R.A. 97. 
 License or occupation tax on hawkers and 
 peddlers, and persons engaged in 
 soliciting orders by sample or oth- 
 erwise as a violation of the com- 
 merce clause. 19 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 297; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 265. 
 Discrimination against manufacturers 
 or products of other states. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 265. 
 Validity as an exercise of the police 
 power. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 301; 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 265. 
 Validity as an exercise of the taxing 
 
 power. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 303. 
 Solicitation of orders by sample Or oth- 
 erwise as interstate commerce. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 304. 
 Solicitation of orders by sample or oth- 
 erwise as affected by delivery 
 through agent. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.') 
 309; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 265. 
 Solicitation of orders by sample or oth- 
 erwise as affected by shipments in 
 bulk to agent. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 310; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 265. 
 Interstate character of transaction as 
 affected by deliverv through 
 agent. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 265. 
 As affected by shipment in bulk 
 to agent. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 265. 
 Solicitation of orders by sample or oth- 
 erwise as affected by presence of 
 goods within the state. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 312. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COMMERCE, II. g— cont'd 
 
 Sale of picture frames as incidental to 
 transaction protected by the com- 
 merce clause. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 315; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 266. 
 
 f. Relation hetiveen carrier and em- 
 ployees. 
 
 §19. Generally. 
 
 As to construction and effect of Federal 
 safety-appliance act, generally, see 
 Master and Servant, § 96. 
 
 State regulation of relations between rail- 
 road companies engaged in interstate 
 commerce and their employees. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 240. 
 
 g. Taxation. 
 
 §2 0. Generally. 
 
 License tax, see supra, § 18. 
 
 Whether state tax violates commerce clause, 
 
 as a Federal question. 62 L.R.A. 530. 
 State taxation as interference with inter- 
 state commerce. 9 L.R.A. 366;* 
 11 L.R.A. 179.* 
 
 Taxation of railroad receipts as. 1 
 L.R.A. 232.* 
 State taxes or penalties as affecting; whal 
 
 includes; right of carriers to land pas- 
 sengers. 13 L.R.A. 686.* 
 Invalidity of tax on sale of imports. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 179.* 
 Power of state to tax interstate telegrapli 
 
 messages. 24 L.R.A. 161. 
 Invalidity of state laws imposing taxes oi 
 
 penalties upon immigration. 13 L.R.A 
 
 686. 
 Taxation of bridge over a navigable rivei 
 
 as regulation of interstate commerce. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 § 21. Corporate taxation and the com- 
 merce clause. 
 
 Taxation of corporations generally, see 
 Taxes, §§ 11, 33-39, 45, 46, 67. 
 
 Generally. 60 L.R.A. 641. 
 
 What is commerce. 60 L.R.A. 642. 
 
 Congressional inaction means freedom. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 647. 
 State powers. 60 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 None to tax external commerce. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 649. 
 Legislation affecting external commerce 
 not always invalid. 60 L.R.A. 650. 
 Property taxation. 60 L.R.A. 651. 
 
 Corporate property. 60 L.R.A. 652. 
 Generally. 60 L.R.A. 652. 
 Vehicles of commerce. 60 L.R.A. 
 653. 
 Mobile. 60 L.R.A. 654. ' 
 Immobile. 60 L.R.A. 656. 
 Freight carried by interstate carriers. 
 
 60 L.R.A. 657. 
 Traffic. 60 L.R.A. 659. 
 
 Beginning. 60 L.R.A. 659. 
 In transit. 60 L.R.A. 660. 
 Termination. 60 L.R.A. 602. 
 Original packages. 60 L.R.A. 664. 
 
,206 
 
 INDEX. TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COMMERCE, II. g— cont'd 
 
 I Property sent into a state for sale. 
 
 ' 60 L.R.A. 664. 
 
 Intercourse. 60 L.R.A. 666. 
 
 Passenger travel. 60 L.R.A. 666. 
 Telegrams. 60 L.R.A. 669. 
 Internal commerce. 60 L.R.A. 669. 
 Eeceipts from commerce across state lines. 
 
 60 L.R.A. 671. 
 Excises. 60 L.R.A. 674. 
 I Domestic corporations. 60 L.R.A. 674. 
 Consolidated corporations and corpora- 
 tions holding franchises from dif- 
 ferent governments. 60 L.R.A. 
 676. 
 Foreign corporations. 60 L.R.A. 677. 
 Exclusion and conditional admis- 
 sion. 60 L.R.A. 677. 
 Business and the privilege of do- 
 ing business. 60 L.R.A. 680. 
 Agents and agencies. 60 L.R.A. 686. 
 )~ Telegraph, railroad, express, and 
 '.:■, other transportation business. 
 'iH^ 60 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 Trade. 60 L.R.A. 689. 
 Occupation. 60 L.R.A. 691. 
 Charges for facilities, services, and polic- 
 ing. 60 L.R.A. 693. 
 Taxation of receipts of corporations en- 
 gaged in interstate or foreign com- 
 merce. 57 L.R.A. 59. 
 Liability of domestic corporation engaged 
 in interstate commerce to franchise tax. 
 57 L.R.A. 79. 
 Liability of foreign corporation engaged in 
 interstate commerce to franchise tax. 
 S7 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 COMMERCIAL AGENCIES. 
 
 Libel by, see Libbi, and Slander, §§ 17, 26. 
 
 Misrepresentations to, as a fraud upon 
 
 seller. 14 L.R.A. 264. 
 Reliance on fraudulent statements to. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 »»» 
 
 COMMERCIAL BONDS. 
 
 See Bonds, §§ 17-27. 
 
 COMMERCIAL EDUCATION. 
 
 Ai a nccessarv for an infant. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 COMMERCIAL PAPER. 
 
 See Bills and Notes; Bonds, §§ 17-27; 
 Checks. 
 
 COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS. 
 
 Extent of authority of, see Peincipal and 
 Agent, § 13. 
 
 Sale of liquor by drummer in nonlicense 
 county. 4 L.R.A. 835.* 
 
 Drummers as related to interstate com- 
 merce. 14 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Liability to license tax. 3 L.R.A. 706.* 
 
 Innkeeper's liability for loss or destruc- 
 tion of samples. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 350. 
 
 Liability of carrier for loss of baggage of. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1035. 
 
 Agreement in restraint of future employ- 
 ment of. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 937. 
 
 Notice to traveling salesman as notice to 
 his employer. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 
 COMMISSION. 
 
 Delegation of power to, see Constitution- 
 al Lavf, § 13. 
 
 Constitutionality of commission form of 
 government, see Municipal Coepoea- 
 TIONS, § 8. 
 
 * ■ » 
 
 COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 Delegation of power to, see Constitutional 
 
 Law, § 13. 
 Of drains and sewers, see Deains and 
 
 Sewees, § 7. 
 
 Right to make bids on sales conducted by 
 them. 20 L.R.A. 505. 
 
 Right of woman to be. 38 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Harbor commissioners as independent con- 
 tractors. 65 L.R.A. 474. 
 
 Right to attach or garnish fund in hands 
 of, after direction to pay same to party. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 758. 
 
 Injunction against acts of food commis- 
 sioner which affect sale of foods. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 331. 
 
 Power of court to set aside award in con- 
 demnation for misconduct of commis- 
 sioners. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 567. 
 
 Character and extent of relief by mandamus 
 against commissioner of patents. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 527. 
 
 COMMISSION FORM OP GOVERN- 
 MENT. 
 
 See Municipal Corpobations, § 8. 
 ♦ »» 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANT. 
 
 See Factoes. 
 
 Begin with this took on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 207 
 
 COMMISSIONS. 
 
 Of broker, see Bbokers, §§ 8-13. 
 
 Of personal representative, see Executors 
 
 AND Administbatoes, § 52. 
 Of insurance agent, see Iksuhance, § 21. 
 Of agent generally, see Pbincipal and 
 
 Agent, § 36. 
 Commissions charged by lender's agent as 
 
 usury, see Usuet, § 3. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 delivery for sale on commission. 52 
 L.E.A. 695. 
 
 Priority of claims against property in hands 
 of receiver for. 2 L.R.A. (K'.S.) 1051, 
 1067. 
 
 Creation of partnership by provision for 
 division of commissions. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1040. 
 
 Effect of itact that one is entitled to com- 
 missions out of fund on his prosecu- 
 tion for embezzlement on his retaining 
 the vrhole fund. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 511.' 
 
 Right to recover in action for wrongful 
 dismissal, damages for loss of com- 
 missions. 1 B. R. C. 123. 
 
 Payment of, for sale of bonds as violating 
 requirement that bonds shall not be 
 sold for less than par. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 248. 
 
 Priority of claims for, against property in 
 bauds of receiver over recorded liens. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 710. 
 
 COMMITMENT. 
 
 Warrant of, see Ceiminal Law, § 33. 
 
 Of person convicted of crime, see Ceiminal 
 
 Law, VL 
 To hospital, see Hospitals, § 3. 
 See also Contempt. 
 
 Necessity of commitment to render im- 
 prisonment valid. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 609. 
 
 Informality of, as justification of prison 
 breach. 15 L.R.A. 191. 
 
 COMMITTEE, 
 
 $ 1. Generally. 
 
 Liability of corporate directors for acts and 
 omissions of. 55 L.R.A. 773. 
 
 Power of, to employ one of its own members 
 as counsel, or to render other special 
 services. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 849. 
 
 Report by, as privileged communication. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 164. 
 
 Eight of taxpayer, in absence of statute, 
 to enjoin unlawful expenditures by 
 municipality for entertaining commit- 
 tee. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 2. 
 
 § 2. Of legislature. 
 
 Failure to refer bill to. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 4. 
 Impeachment of enrolled bill by committee 
 reports. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 32. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COMMITTEE— cont'd. 
 
 Appropriation for expenses of legislative 
 committee. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 409. 
 
 Power of legislature or branch thereof to 
 appoint a committee to sit after close 
 of session. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 172. 
 
 COMMON. 
 
 Of estovers. 68 L.R.A. 649. 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 COMMON ASSAULT. 
 
 Upon female, liability of infant for. 36 
 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 COMMON CALAMITY. 
 
 Presumption of survivorship among those 
 perishing in. 51 L.R.A. 863. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 COMMON CARRIERS, 
 
 See Caeeiebs. 
 
 < »» 
 
 COMMON COUNCIL. 
 
 Meetings of, see Municipal Coepoeations, 
 § 20. 
 
 COMMON COUNTS. 
 
 Sufficiency of the common counts under the 
 Code. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 
 CO:WMON DEALER. 
 
 Necessity that indictment or information 
 for sale of liquor by comon dealer state 
 name of purchaser. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 582. 
 
 COMMON EMPLOYMENT. 
 
 Persons engaged in, as fellow servants, see 
 Mastee and Servant, §§ 139-143. 
 
 COMMON ERROR. 
 
 May pass for right. 8 L.R.A. 629.* 
 
208 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COMMON KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 Right of jurors to act on. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 793. 
 
 COMMON LAW. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Common-law right of action for death, see 
 Death, § 5. 
 
 Of United States. 5 L.R.A. 508.* 
 
 As to title under nontidal rivers. 42 L.R.A. 
 166. 
 
 Common-law right of action of parent for 
 loss of services of child killed. 41 
 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 Conflicting interpretations of common-law 
 rules in diflferent jurisdictions. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 212; 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 880. 
 
 When rules of common Jaw differently in- 
 terpreted in diflferent states. 56 L.R.A. 
 219. 
 
 Incorporation of common-law principles in 
 constitutional law. 2 L.R.A. 655.* 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions 
 based on. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 388. 
 
 Oral proof of modification of. 25 L.R.A. 
 462. 
 
 Sufficiency of common-law indictment for 
 forgery to support conviction for simi- 
 lar statutory offense. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 946. 
 
 Effect upon common-law right to change 
 one's name of statute providing for 
 such change by judicial proceedings. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1167. 
 
 § 2. Presumption as to. 
 
 Jurisdiction with respect to which pre- 
 sumption in favor of common law may 
 be indulged. 67 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Conflict between presumption in favor of 
 common law and presumption that law 
 of other jurisdiction is the same as 
 that of the forum. 67 L.R.A. 41. 
 
 Presumption as to common law of other 
 state. 21 L.R.A. 472. 
 
 Presumption in favor of, when law of other 
 state not proved. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 270. 
 
 § 3. Adoption of, in United States. 
 
 Adoption of the common law in the United 
 
 States. 22 L.R.A. 501. 
 Effect of English decisions. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 502. 
 Constitutional and statutory adoption 
 
 of common law. 22 L.R.A. 503. 
 What constitutes the common laAV 
 
 adopted. 22 L.R.A. 503. 
 Adoption in particular matters. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 504. 
 As to remedies. 22 L.R.A. 504. 
 Limitation of the adoption. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 505. 
 In United States courts arid territories. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 506. 
 In criminal matters. 22 L.R.A. 507. 
 Adoption ' of British statutes. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 508. 
 
 COMMON LAW— cont'd 
 
 Particular illustrations. 22 L.R.A. 509. 
 Repeal of English statutes. 22 L.R.A. 
 511. 
 
 -♦-»-*- 
 
 COMMON-LAW BOND. 
 
 May bond of public officer intended as stat- 
 utory bond, but not binding as such, be 
 enforced as a common-law bond. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 766. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 COMMON PRACTICE. 
 
 See Custom. 
 
 « » » 
 
 COMMONS. 
 
 What use of, amounts to diversion from the 
 use for which they were dedicated. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 980. 
 
 COMMON SCHEME. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes to show. 
 L.R.A. 199, 218, 291. 
 
 62 
 
 * «» 
 
 COMMON SCHOOLS. 
 
 See Schools. 
 
 COMMON SCOLD. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment of. 35 
 L.R.A. 571. 
 
 COMMUNISM. 
 
 Public policy as related to communistic life 
 or tenure of property. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 909. 
 
 COMMUNITY OF INTEREST. 
 
 Creation of partnership by community of 
 interest in capital stock. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1084. 
 
 Begin ivith this hook on every law qucftion. 
 
 COMMUNITY PROPERTY. 
 
 See Husband and Wife, §§ 28-32. 
 
1^'DEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 209 
 
 COMMXJNITY RESIDENCE. 
 
 As violation of restrictive covenant in deed. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 COMMUTATION, 
 
 Of sentence, effect on marriage relation. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 519. 
 Effect of commutation of sentence of crime 
 
 on conjugal rights. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 COMORTGAGEES. 
 
 As parties to proceeding to enforce mort- 
 : for part of debt. 37 L.R.A. 741. 
 
 COMPACT. 
 
 Effect of, on jurisdiction over boundary 
 rivers. 65 L.R.A. 957. 
 
 COMPANION. 
 
 Imputing negligence of driver to, see Negli- 
 gence, §§ 42, 44. 
 
 COMPARATIVE INJURY. 
 
 Doctrine of, in injunction suit, see Injunc- 
 TiOJSf, §§ 26, 69a. 
 
 COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE. 
 
 In case of violation of police ordinance 
 affecting operation of railroads. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 239. 
 
 Burden of proof as to. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1151. 
 
 COMPARISON. 
 
 Admissibility of instrument for purpose of, 
 
 see Evidence, § 149. 
 Of handviriting, see Evidence, §§ 149, 201- 
 
 203. 
 
 Exhibition of person for purpose of com- 
 parison, in order to show resemblance. 
 52 L.R.A. 502. 
 
 COMPENSATION. 
 
 COJIPENSATION— cont'd 
 
 Of personal representative, see Executoes 
 AND Administrators, § 52. 
 
 Of insurance agent, see Insurance, § 21. 
 
 Of employee, see Master and Servant, 
 §§ 24-31. 
 
 Of officers, see Municipal Corporations, 
 § 120; Officers, §§ 31-37, 44. 
 
 Of copartner, see Partnership, §§ 27, 35, 
 43. 
 
 Of physician, see Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, §§ 19, 20. 
 
 Of agent, see Principal and Agent, § 36. 
 
 Of seamen, see Seamen, § 2. 
 
 Of trustee, see Trusts, § 24. 
 
 Of witnesses, see Witnesses, §§ 48-51. 
 
 Measure of, see Damages, III. 
 
 For private property taken for public use, 
 see Damages, §§ 82-93; Eminent Do- 
 main, §§ 45-53. 
 
 For use of land by tenant, see Landlord 
 AND Tenant, V. 
 
 Right to compensation for propei'ty de- 
 stroyed in abating nuisance, see Nui- 
 sances, § 23. I 
 
 Receiver's right to, see Receivers, § 13. 
 
 Compensation charged by lender's agent as 
 usury, see Usury, § 3. 
 
 Right of finder of property to. 37 L.R.A. 
 119. 
 
 Right of pastor to. 38 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 For services by member of syndicate. 40 
 L.R.A. 226. 
 
 Of carrier for pens and stock yards. 44 
 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 For purchase of plant for supplying vi'ater 
 to municipality. 61 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 For water power granted. 67 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 Right of abutting owner for compensation 
 for vacation of highway. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 Tenant's right to compensation for improve- 
 ments under covenant by landlord to 
 pay at expiration of term, where lease 
 is forfeited for default of tenant. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1082. 
 
 Libel in charging one with exacting exces- 
 sive compensation for goods or services. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 
 COMPETENCY. 
 
 Of judge, see Judges, § 3. 
 
 Of juror, see Jury, §§ 11, 14. 
 
 Of witnesses, see Witnesses, §§ 9-25. 
 
 COMPETING R.MIiROADS. 
 
 Consolidation of, see Railroads, §§ 9-11. 
 
 Of attorney, see Attorneys, §§ 18-22. 
 Of broker, see Brokers, §§ 8-13. 
 Of corporate officers, see Corporations, 
 § 49. 
 r'onsult also L.R.A. T>ioe.<itf! to date. 
 
 COMPETITION. 
 
 As to contracts in restraint of, see Con- 
 tracts, §§ 107-100, 117, 118; Monop- 
 oly AND Combinations. 
 14 
 
210 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COMPETITION— cont'd 
 
 Injunction against engaging in, see Injunc- 
 TIOK, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 Suppression of, at judicial sale, see Jtroi- 
 ciAi Saxe, § 9a. 
 
 Agreement by servant not to engage in com- 
 peting business, see Masteb and Serv- 
 ant, §§ 8, 16. 
 
 Eight to trademark as against competitor, 
 see Tbadbmaek. 
 
 Eight to trade name as against competitor, 
 see Teadenamb. 
 
 Unfair competition, see Unfair Compe- 
 tition. 
 
 Does the competition with one's business, 
 which results from the ultra vires act 
 of a corporation, entitle him to chal- 
 lenge the power of the corporation to 
 engage therein. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 757. 
 
 Eight of one selling business and good will 
 to engage in competing business. 19 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 762. 
 
 Liability of individual in absence of any 
 element of conspiracy for driving away 
 another's customers. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1224. 
 
 Eight of husband to prevent wife engaging 
 in separate business in competition 
 with his own., 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 837. 
 
 Competition with owner of fee as affect- 
 ing use to which railroad right of 
 way may be devoted. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 515. 
 
 Subsequent competition with employer as 
 defense to action for damages by wrong- 
 fully discharged employee. 6 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 79. 
 
 COMPILATION. 
 
 Of laws, power of legislature to enact or 
 amend by single statute. 55 L.E.A. 
 833. 
 
 COMPILER. 
 
 Common-law right of compiler of literary 
 materials. 51 L.E.A. 358. 
 
 COMPLAINT. 
 
 In criminal prosecution, see Indictment, 
 
 etc. 
 In civil cases, see Pleading, §§ 16-35. 
 
 COMPLETE OWNERSHIP. 
 
 Of insured property, see Insurance, § 67. 
 
 COMPLICATED ISSUES. 
 
 Denial of jury trial because of. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 45, 
 
 COMPLIMENTARY PASS. 
 
 Right of person riding on. 22 L.E.A. 796. 
 
 COMPOSITION WITH CREDITORS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Validity of, generally. 20 L.E.A. 802. 
 Set-off in case of overpayment. 55 L.E.A. 
 
 50. 
 New promise after discharge by. 53 L.E.A. 
 
 363. 
 Applicability to composition agreements of 
 
 rule as to payment of part of liquidated 
 
 and undisputed debt as consideration 
 
 for discharge of the whole. 11 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1024. 
 Composition with creditors: preference 
 
 created by act or undertaking of third 
 
 party. 2 B. R. C. 460. 
 
 § 2. Effect of giving one creditor s 
 secret advantage. 
 
 Effect on the composition. 27 L.E.A. 33. 
 
 Action on original claims. 27 L.E.A. 35. 
 
 Contracts to induce assent to a composition. 
 27 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Action for balance. 27 L.E.A. 38. 
 
 Reservation of part of the original claim 
 from the composition. 27 L.E.A. 38. 
 
 Liability to creditor on obtaining a fraudu- 
 lent preference. 27 L.E.A. 39. 
 
 Composition not general. 27 L.E.A. 39. 
 
 COMPOUNDING FELONY. 
 
 Validity of contracts for, see Contracts, 
 § 91. 
 
 Effect of award founded upon. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 182. 
 Compounding, injunction against enforcing 
 contract for. 48 L.E.A. 848. 
 As ground of injunction against judg- 
 ments by confession. 30 L.R.A. 
 240. 
 Effect of award founded upon. 58 
 L.R.A. 182. 
 Actual commission of antecedent crime as 
 an ingredient of the offense of com- 
 pounding a felony. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 709. 
 
 COMPOUNDING MEDICINE. 
 
 Duty of druggist or apothecary in com- 
 pounding of drugs or medicines. 29 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 900. 
 
 Begin with this ftooifc on every law question. 
 
 COMPOUND INTEREST. 
 
 In general, see Interest, § 20. 
 As usury, see Usurt, § 8. 
 
INDEX TO L.B.A. NOTES. 
 
 211 
 
 COMPOUND INTEREST— cont'd 
 Conclusiveness of stated or settled account 
 containing inaccuracy or error in 
 charging compound interest. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 790. 
 
 COMPKESSING COTTON. 
 
 Delegation by legislature to railroad com- 
 mission of power as to. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 652. 
 
 COMPROMISE AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of suit by client, see Attorneys, § 20. 
 
 Of claim for wrongful death, see Death, 
 
 § 14. 
 Of divorce suit, see Divoece and Sepab- 
 
 ATION, § 6. 
 
 Of infant's cause of action, see Infants, 
 
 § 34. 
 Effect of good faith in respect to, see Good 
 
 Eaith, § 3. 
 See also Accoed and Satisfaction. 
 
 Favored by courts. 13 L.R.A. 601.* 
 
 Attempt to compromise action for death or 
 bodily injury in other state as condi- ' 
 tion of maintaining action. 56 L.R.A. 
 222. 
 
 As defense on action for debts assumed on 
 dissolution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 111. 
 
 Basis for computing share of attorney en- 
 titled to certain proportion of recovery, 
 where suit is compromised for certain 
 sum and attorney's fee. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 776. 
 
 Liability of public officer to sureties of an- 
 other public officer for loss sustained 
 by them through former's neglect to 
 require proper settlement of accounts. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 
 Injunction against judgment obtained in 
 violation of agreement for. 30 L.R.A. 
 790. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession induced by 
 promise to obtain compromise of crimi- 
 nal prosecution. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 822. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession induced by 
 promise to settle civil action. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 823. 
 
 Loss by attorney of compensation by un- 
 authorized compromise. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 852. 
 
 § 2. What Is a proper subject of. 
 
 Must a claim be doubtful to sustain a 
 
 compromise. 15 L.R.A. 438. 
 Claims not in litigation. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 438 
 When legal rights of parties are clear. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 438. 
 Existence of controversy only. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 438. 
 Good faith of parties. 15 L.R.A. 439. 
 Suits threatened and pending. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 440. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COMPROMISE AND SETTLEMENT — 
 
 cont'd 
 May void, invalid, or unfounded claim be 
 the subject of a valid compromise. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 275. 
 Elements in valid compromises. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 Doubt. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 Good faith and color of right. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 280. 
 Controversy. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 282. 
 Force and effect of compromise. 25 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 283. 
 The judicial attitude toward compro- 
 mises. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 287. 
 The question of consideration, with il- 
 lustrations by concrete cases. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 288. 
 Unfounded claims. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 294. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 294. 
 Knowledge of baselessness. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 295. 
 Claimant's knowledge. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 295. 
 Purchases of peace. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 296. 
 Claims illegal or void by statute or 
 public policy. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 297. 
 Settlement and avoidance of litigation. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 Abandoning pending suits. 25 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 299. 
 Forbearing threatened suits. 25 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 302. 
 Controversies over estates of de- 
 cedents. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 305. 
 Post- judgment agreements. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 307. 
 Rescission of compromises. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 308. 
 Fraud. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 308. 
 Duress. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 308. 
 Mistake. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 309. 
 
 § 3. Who may make. 
 
 Authority of attorney to compromise cause 
 of action, see Attobneys, § 14.' 
 
 Of action for death, who may make. 21 
 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Validity of contract between husband and 
 wife to compromise pending or con- 
 templated divorce suit. 60 L.R.A. 406. 
 
 By assignee for creditors. 23 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 Power of guardian to compromise or settle 
 claims of ward. 1 L.R.A. 305.* 
 
 Right of parent, guardian, or next friend to 
 compromise infant's cause of action for 
 personal injuries. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 338. 
 
 By personal representative of claim due 
 estate. 14 L.R.A. 414. 
 
 Settlement of cause of action for death by 
 beneficiaries without assent of exe- 
 cutor or administrator. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 207. 
 
 Authority of pledgee to compromise obliga- 
 tions held as collateral security. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 980. 
 
 Implied authority of claim agent to promise 
 employment to induce settlement of 
 claim. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 826. 
 
-212 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COMPROMISE AND SETTLEMENT — 
 cont'd 
 
 Power of president and vice president of 
 corporation to compromise or settle 
 claims. 14 L.R.A. 359. 
 
 Power of indemnity insurer witli respect to 
 settlement of claims. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 562. 
 
 Right of town, county or municipality to 
 surrender valid claim on partial pay- 
 ment thereof. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 320. 
 
 § 4. Consideration for. 
 
 SuflSciency of consideration for compromise 
 of void, invalid, or unfounded claim. 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 288. 
 
 Partial payment of liquidated and undisput- 
 ed debt as consideration for discharge 
 of entire debt. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1018; 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1005. 
 
 Promise of additional compensation for 
 completing an executory contract other 
 than for the payment of money. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 789; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 450. 
 
 § 5. As consideration for promise. 
 
 Compromise or settlement of invalid claim 
 as consideration for a promise. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 725. 
 
 § 6. Validity; effect. 
 
 Effect of fraud on, see Fraud and Deceit, 
 
 § 17. 
 Effect of mistake, see Mistake, § 13. 
 
 Binding effect of settlement by sole heir or 
 distributee of claim belonging to estate 
 upon administrator. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 148. 
 
 Validity of new contract based on compro- 
 mise of illegal contract. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 568. 
 
 Effect of compromise of void, invalid, or 
 unfounded claim. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 283. 
 
 Effect of compromise agreement locating 
 division line at place known not to be 
 the true boundary. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 610.. 
 
 Does settlement by injured person of his 
 claim against tort feasor preclude an 
 action for his death resulting from the 
 injury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 176. 
 
 Unaccepted offer of, as tolling statute of 
 limitations. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 885. 
 
 As affecting right to protection under re- 
 cording law of mortgage given for pre- 
 existing indebtedness. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 61. 
 
 Termination of civil action by, so as to sup- 
 port suit for malicious prosecution. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 952. 
 
 Termination of criminal prosecution by, so 
 as to support suit for malicious prose- 
 cution. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 945. 
 
 § 7. Relief from. 
 
 Rescission of compromise of Void, invalid, 
 or unfounded claim. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 308. 
 
 Relief from mistake as to compromise and 
 settlement. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 841. 
 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 jurisdiction, on compromise. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 982. 
 
 COMPULSION, 
 
 See Duress. 
 
 COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 
 
 Power of school authorities to require at- 
 tendance at particular school as affected 
 by location, accessibility or distance. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 584. 
 
 COMPULSORY DRAINAGE. 
 
 Compulsory provision for permitting con- 
 nection of property with drain or 
 sewer. 70 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 COMPULSORY EDUCATION. 
 
 See Schools, § 3a. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 COMPULSORY FEES. 
 
 Of pilot, see Pilot, § 2. 
 
 ♦-»> • 
 
 COMPULSORY INDUSTRIAL INSUR- 
 ANCE. 
 
 See Insurance, § 3. 
 
 COMPULSORY PAYMENT. 
 
 Recovery back of money paid involuntarily, 
 see Assumpsit, § 4. 
 
 Extinction of judgment against principals 
 by compulsory payment by surety. 68 
 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 When payment of license fee is compulsory. 
 22 L'.R.A.(N.S.) 873. 
 
 COMPULSORY REFERENCE. 
 
 See Reference, § 2. 
 
 Begin loifh this hook on even/ law question. 
 
 COMPULSORY SERVICE. 
 
 By carrier, se(j Carriers, §§ 40, 109, 139, 
 
 140, 149. 
 By gas company, see Gas, §§ 5, 6. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 213 
 
 COMPULSIRY SERVICE— cont'd 
 By innkeeper, see Innkeepebs, § 12. 
 By railroad company, see Eailro.^ds, § 44. 
 By street railway company, see Street 
 
 Railways, § 9. 
 By telegraph company, see TELEOBAPits, § 6. 
 By telephone company, see Telephones, § 8. 
 By water company, see ^yATERS, §§ 114, 115. 
 
 By party whose business it is to serve the 
 public. 15 L.R.A. 321. 
 Board of trade. 15 L.R.A. 322. 
 Log driving company. 15 L.R.A. 322. 
 
 Power to require carriers to transport per- 
 sons in public service at reduced rates. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 956. 
 
 Power to require public service corpora- 
 tion to carry municipal wires on its 
 poles. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 
 Compulsory use of private property in road 
 work. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1045. 
 
 COMPULSORY VACCINATION. 
 
 See Vaccination. 
 
 COMPULSORY WITNESS. 
 
 Right of party calling to impeach. 21 
 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 COMPUTATION. 
 
 Of time, see Time, §§ 16-19. 
 
 Mistake in computation by contractor as 
 ground for relief. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 114. 
 
 Necessity of jury to compute damages on 
 default judgment. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 CONCEALED WEAPONS. 
 
 Carrying of, see Caebying Weapons. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 CONCEALMENT. 
 
 Of property by bankrupt, see Bankbuptot, 
 
 § 21. 
 As defense to action for breach of promise, 
 
 see Breach of Promise, §§ 4, 5. 
 Effect of concealment as to character on 
 ^ marital relation, see Character, § 3. 
 As basis of estoppel, see Estoppel, § 28. 
 As fraud, see Fraud and Deceit, § 6. 
 Effect of generally, see Fraud and Deceit, 
 
 §§ 29-31. 
 Eifeet of, on running of limitations, see 
 
 Limitation of Actions, § 36. 
 
 Effect of delay in probating concealed wills. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 258. 
 Of other crime, as motive for crime charged. 
 62 L.R.A. 211. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONCERTS. 
 
 As violation of . Sunday laws. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 468. 
 
 CONCESSIONARIES. 
 
 Liability of one conducting fair or exposi- 
 tion for injury to patron through negli- 
 gence of concessionary. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 284; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 717; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 CONCLUSIVENESS. 
 
 Of account stated, see Accounts, § 2. 
 
 Of findings on appeal, see Appeal and 
 
 Error, §§ 31-34. 
 Of bill of lading, see Carriers, § 108. 
 Of evidence, see Evidence, XIIJ. 
 Of judgment, see Judgment, III. 
 Of an enrolled bill, see Statutes, § 12. 
 
 Of recitals in legislative journals. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 
 Of witness's statement that documents 
 ordered to be produced would tend to 
 criminate him. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 170. 
 
 CONCUBINE. 
 
 Eight to recover for household services 
 rendered by. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
 4 » » 
 
 CONCURRENT ACTIONS. 
 
 For death and injury. 34 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 CONCURRENT JURISDICTION. 
 
 Of court, see Courts, §§ 48-54. 
 
 CONCURRENT LIABILITY. 
 
 In case of injury by electric wires in high- 
 way. 31 L.R.A. 586. 
 
 For injuries caused by condition of chat- 
 tels delivered to master of one injured 
 thereby. 46 L.R.A. 122. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by defect or 
 obstruction in street concurring with 
 liability of third person. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.)' 760. 
 
 CONCURRENT NEGLIGENCE. 
 
 In general, see Master and Servant, § 49; 
 
 Negligence, § 8. 
 Of master and fellow servant, see Master 
 
 4Nn Servant, §§ 133, 134. 
 
214 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONCURRENT REMEDIES. 
 
 In patent cases. 51 L.Il.'A. 801. 
 
 CONCUSSION. 
 
 Liability for injury to person or property 
 from concussion caused by blasting. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 389; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 425. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 CONDEMNATION PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 In general, see Eminent Domain. 
 Measure of damages in, see Damages, 
 §§ 82-93. 
 
 CONDITION. 
 
 Of money tendered as fare, see Caebibes, 
 
 § 19. 
 Conditions, see Conditions. 
 
 CONDITIONAL ESTATE. 
 
 Dower in. 22 L.R.A.{N.S.) 691; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 307. 
 
 Effect of specifying conditions in use of 
 real estate in devise to religious so- 
 ciety. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 509. 
 
 CONDITIONAL GUARANTY. 
 
 See Guabantt. 
 
 CONDITIONAL INSTRUMENT. 
 
 Forgery of. 24 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 CONDITIONAL PARDON. 
 
 See Criminal Law, § 86. 
 
 CONDITIONAL PROMISE. 
 
 Effect of to constitute account stated. 
 
 L.R.A. 817. 
 By indorser to pay note after dishonor. 
 
 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 CONDITIONAL SALE. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Confuot of 
 
 Laws, § 33. 
 In general, see Sale, §§ 15-20, 48-52. 
 
 , Begin with this hoolc on every taw question. 
 
 CONDITIONS. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-7. 
 II. Relating to real property, §§ 8-13. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 To transfer of cause to appelate court, see 
 
 Appeal and Eeeoe, § 13. 
 Conditions at auction, see Auction. 
 Conditions of issuance of commercial bonds, 
 
 see Bonds, § 22. 
 In railway ticket or pass, see Caeeiees, 
 
 ni, g. 
 
 As to performance of contract, see CoN- 
 
 TEACTS, §§ 140-142. 
 To rescission of contract, see Conteacts, 
 
 § 155. 
 Covenants, see Covenants. 
 In pardon, see Ceiminal Law, § 86. 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, §§ 173, 
 
 180. 
 In insurance policy, see Insueance, V, h. 
 To cancelation of insurance policy, see 
 
 INSUEANCB, § 51. 
 
 In contract of sale, see Sale, §§ 16-20, 48- 
 
 52. 
 To specific performance of contract, see 
 
 Specific Pesfoemance, § 3. 
 In telegraph blank, see Tblegbaphs, § 20, 
 
 21. 
 In will, see Wills, §§ 83-90. 
 
 Of suit against heirs for debts of ancestor. 
 21 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 Effect of payment on condition to take 
 debt out of bar of limitations. 55 
 L.R.A. 320. 
 
 Reasonableness of new by-laws as implied 
 condition of consent to change of by- 
 laws. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 521. 
 
 Continuance of family as condition of con- 
 tinuance of homestead where its exist- 
 ence is a condition of the inception of 
 the homestead. 16 L.R.A.{N.S.) 111. 
 
 Independent advice as condition of valid 
 gift inter vivos between parties occupy- 
 ing confidential relations. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1087. 
 
 In penal bond, effect on form of judgment. 
 62 L.R.A. 433. 
 
 Validity of condition in restraint of mar- 
 riage. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 545. 
 
 Rebuttal of presumption of acceptance of 
 assignment or deed of trust for credit- 
 ors by conditions in. 24 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 Imposition of conditions indicating intent 
 to retain title on delivery of personalty 
 to carrier. 22 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Sufficiency of conditional tender of amount 
 due on mortgage or pledge. 33 L.R.A. 
 234, 236. 
 
 Is servant bound by restrictive provision 
 against conducting rival business where 
 he is wrongfully discharged. 1 B. R. C. 
 502. 
 
 § 2. Relating to bills or notes. 
 
 Extrinsic evidence to show who is liable 
 as maker of note where signature is 
 conditional. 20 L.R.A. 713. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 215 
 
 CONDITIONS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Contemporaneous agreements constituting 
 condition of delivery of note. 43 L.E.A. 
 480. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to show that 
 bill or note Avas delivered upon con- 
 dition. 18 L.E.A.(X.S.) 288. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence that writ- 
 ten instrument for payment of money 
 was executed in reliance upon parol 
 promise that payment was subject to 
 a condition not incorporated therein. 
 18 L.E.A.(N.S.) 434. 
 
 § S. Relating to corporations. 
 
 Conditional sanction by legislature to con- 
 solidation of corporation. 52 L.R.A. 
 372. 
 
 Condition against foreign corporation in- 
 voking Federal jurisdiction. 24 L.E.A. 
 294. 
 
 Express or implied condition in service of 
 process on foreign corporation. 50 
 L.R.A. 590. 
 
 § 4, To consent by municipality. 
 
 On giving consent to laying of street rail- 
 way tracks, see Street Eailwats, § 6. 
 
 Imposition of conditions upon municipality 
 
 on permitting use of highway for water 
 
 pipes. 61 L.E.A. 78. 
 Municipal power to impose conditions when 
 
 giving consent to railway in street. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 33. 
 Power to impose conditions on right of 
 
 burial. 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 265. 
 
 § 5. Conditions precedent. 
 
 To action, see Action oe Suit, §§ 8-11. 
 
 To judgment creditor's right to receiver- 
 ship, see Receivebs, § 4. 
 
 To rescission of contract of sale, see Sale, 
 §§ 63, 64. 
 
 To recovery back of tax paid, see Taxes, 
 § 87. 
 
 Condition against taking effect of deed 
 until signed by others. 45 L.R.A. 
 341. 
 
 Execution of contract on condition that 
 others shall sign. 45 L.E.A. 321. 
 
 Sale with particular description as to kind 
 or quality as a condition precedent or 
 a warranty. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 265. 
 
 Condition in fire policy as to keeping, pro- 
 ducing, and preserving books as a con- 
 dition precedent. 51 L.R.A. 699, 702, 
 710. 
 
 Payment for, as condition precedent to use 
 of party wall. 66 L.E.A. 691. 
 
 To equitable relief against forfeiture of 
 estate. 69 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 Conditions precedent to execution sale of 
 property owned by third parties. 30 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 Conditions precedent to rescission or aban- 
 donment of contract for other party's 
 default. 30 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Membership in association as condition of 
 right to transact particular kind of 
 business. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 Co7isiilt also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONDITIONS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Demand for trial as condition precedent to 
 discharge of accused for delay of prose- 
 cution. 56 L.E.A. 538. 
 
 § 6. Condition subsequent. 
 
 Effect on a condition subsequent of a suc- 
 ceeding law or act of God preventing 
 its performance. 21 L.E.A. 58. 
 
 § 7. —forfeiture for breach of. 
 
 Forfeiture for breach of covenants, , see Cov- 
 enants, §§ 20, 24. 
 
 For breach of conditional pardon. 14 
 L.E.A. 288. 
 
 Municipal declaration of forfeiture of 
 street franchise or privilege- for breach 
 of conditions as a judicial determina- 
 tion. 4 L.E.A. (N.S.) 321. 
 
 Effect of provision for forfeiture of suras 
 paid or retained under executory con- 
 tract to prevent recovery of any other 
 damages after breach of contract. 4 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 755. 
 
 What amounts to a contest within forfeiture 
 clause in a will. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 953. 
 
 //. Relating to real property, 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Eestrietive conditions or covenants, see 
 
 Covenants, §§ 5-7, 21-25. 
 As to delivery of deed, see Deeds, §§ 6-9; 
 
 Escrow. 
 
 Conditions in deeds, generally. 4 L.R.A. 
 373.* 
 
 Covenants distinguished from conditions 
 in. 1 L.R.A. 380;* 5 L.R.A. 422.* 
 
 Rule that conditions in deed must be ex- 
 press and certain. 13 L.R.A. 173.* 
 
 Liability of grantee upon a condition in 
 deed poll. 23 L.R.A. 396. 
 Doctrine against liability upon the cove- 
 nant. 23 L.R.A. 397. 
 Contrary doctrine. 23 L.R.A. 399. 
 
 Right of purchaser under title bond in 
 possession to question grantor's right to 
 collect purchase money where condi- 
 tions of title bond are dependent. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 380. 
 
 Eight of purchaser under title bond in pos- 
 session to question grantor's right to 
 collect purchase money where condi- 
 tions of title bond are independent. 21 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 
 Condition in deed that land is to be used 
 for a, specified charitable or quasi pub- 
 lic purpose. 19 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Effect of specifying condition in use of real 
 estate in devise to religious society. 11 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 509. 
 
 Breach of condition in devise of real estate 
 to religious society for specified use. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 525. 
 
 Validity of limitation of power of aliena- 
 tion imposed upon grant or devise of 
 equitable estate to married woman. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 426. 
 
 Parol evidence that release was delivered 
 on condition. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1147. 
 
216 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONDITIONS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Dower in conditional estate. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 691. 
 Sale of real property as an abandonment. 
 
 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 633. 
 
 § 9. For construction of railroad with- 
 in specified time. 
 
 Character and effect of provision in deed 
 to railroad for construction of 
 road within a specified time. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 
 Where deed expressly provides for re- 
 verting. 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 117. 
 
 Where deed does not expressly provide 
 for reverting. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 118. 
 
 Agreement to allow building traclcs on 
 road. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 120. 
 
 Agreement to give deed. 32 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 120. 
 
 Waiver of condition. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 120. 
 
 When time for completion not fixed. 
 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 120. 
 
 Eminent domain proceedings after for- 
 feiture. 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 120. 
 
 § 10. Conditions subsequent. 
 
 Conditions subsequent, what are; distin- 
 guished from covenants. 1 L.E.A. 
 380;* 5 L.R.A. 422.* 
 
 Effect on a condition subsequent of a suc- 
 ceeding law or act of God preventing 
 its performance. 21 L.E.A. 58. 
 
 Effect of license to commit a breach of a 
 condition subsequent, or waiver of a 
 past breach thereof, to extinguish the 
 condition. 11 L.E.A.(N.S.) 398. 
 
 Right to compensation, in eminent domain, 
 of grantor in conveyance of determin- 
 able fee, or estate upon condition sub- 
 sequent. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1063. 
 
 §11.— forfeiture for breach of. 
 
 Forfeiture by breach of condition. 2 L.E.A. 
 526;* 5 L.E.A. 422.* 
 As to manufacture or sale of liquors on 
 premises. 5 L.E.A. 423.* 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of estate 
 for breach of condition. 69 L.E.A. 836, 
 841, 842. 
 
 Suit for damages as waiver of right to for- 
 feit deed for breach of condition. 5 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 
 Tender of deed or abstract of title as condi- 
 tion of enforcing forfeiture for vendee's 
 failure to pay last instalment of pur- 
 chase money. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 
 Effect upon remainder of forfeitux-e of life 
 estate for breach of condition subse- 
 quent. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 605. 
 
 Suit for damages on waiver of right to for- 
 feit deed for breach of condition. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 
 Necessity of entry or formal declaration of 
 forfeiture as a condition of maintaining 
 action other than for damages, based on 
 breach of condition subsequent in con- 
 veyance of freehold. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1188; 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 
 CONDITIONS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Reverter of land dedicated or conveyed for 
 purposes of courthouse upon removal 
 of courthouse, or failure to use land for 
 courthouse purposes. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 603. 
 
 § 12. — right of entry on condition 
 broken. 
 
 Landlord's right of re-entry for, see Land- 
 lord AND Tenant, § 94. 
 
 Right of re-entry on condition broken. 5 
 L.R.A. 424.* 
 Availability of remedy by or against 
 assignees. 5 L.E.A. 424.* 
 Nature of the right. 60 L.E.A. 750. 
 Rule against transferability. 60 L.R.A. 754. 
 Before breach of condition. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 754. 
 After breach of condition. 60 L.E.A. 
 758. 
 Exceptions to rule. 60 L.E.A. 760. 
 Statutory. 60 L.E.A. 760. 
 After breach where the law against 
 maintenance is not in force. 60 
 L.E.A. 762. 
 As to devises. 60 L.R.A. 762. 
 Easements on condition. 60 L.R.A. 
 764. 
 
 § 13. — right to rescind for breach. 
 
 Does grantor's right to rescind for breach 
 of condition as to support descend to 
 his heirs or representatives. 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 232. 
 
 CONDITIONS BROKEN. 
 
 See Conditions, §§ 7, 11-13. 
 
 •*-»-* 
 
 CONDITIONS PRECEDENT. 
 
 See Conditions, § 5. 
 
 CONDITIONS SUBSEQUENT. 
 
 See Conditions, §§ 6, 7, 10-13. 
 
 CONDONATION. 
 
 As defense to divorce, see DivoBCE, § 32. 
 Of servant's breach of duty, see Master 
 AND Seevant, § 39. 
 
 Begin with this hooh- on every law question. 
 
 CONDUCT. 
 
 Estoppel by, see Estoppel, §§ 13-15. 
 
 Effect of conduct of traveler on innkeeper's 
 duty as to shelter and entertainment. 
 2 B. E. C. 092. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 217 
 
 CONDUCTORS. 
 
 In general, see Cakeiers, III. 
 As fellow servant of other railway employ- 
 ees, see Master and Servant, § 150. 
 
 CONDUIT. 
 
 Under highway, see Highways, § 25. 
 
 CONFINEMENT— cont'd 
 Of incompetent person, see Incompetent 
 Persons, § 17. 
 
 Danger to health from, as ground for re- 
 moval or release on bail. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 916. 
 
 CONFEDERATE MONEY. 
 
 As medium of payment, see Payment, § 9. 
 
 Award on contract for. 58 L.E.A. 183. 
 Injunction against enforcing contracts for. 
 
 48 L.R.A. 843. 
 Injunction against judgment on debt for; 
 
 31 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 CONFEDERATE STATES. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment of courts of. 20 
 L.R.A. 681. 
 
 CONFESSION. 
 
 Admissibility of, see Evidence, IX. 
 
 Of judgment, see Jtjdgment, §§ 5, 6, 30, 68, 
 
 » »» 
 
 CONFIDENCE GAME. 
 
 See False Pretenses. 
 
 « »» 
 
 CONFIDENTIAL ADVISER. 
 
 Oral promise by confidential adviser to one 
 conveying land to him to hold in trust 
 as giving rise to constructive trust. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 924. 
 
 CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION. 
 
 See Evidence, §§ 220-226; Libel and Slan- 
 der, §§ 22-30. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 CONFIDENTIAL RELATIONS. 
 
 See Fiduciary Relations. 
 
 < « » 
 
 CONFINEMENT. 
 
 Of convicted criminal, see Criminal Law, 
 VI. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to daW.. 
 
 CONFIRMATION. 
 
 Of bid for public contract. 26 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 CONFISCATION. 
 
 For illegal fishing. 39 L.R.A. 590. 
 
 Of nets found in illegal use. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 997. 
 
 Right of state to confiscate cigarettes im- 
 ported for personal use. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 528. 
 
 CONFLICTING GRANTS. 
 
 Of water power. 67 L.R.A. 372. 
 
 CONFLICT OF AUTHORITY. 
 
 As to ratification of forged instrument. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1007. 
 
 CONFLICT OF INTERESTS. 
 
 Of principal and agent, see Principal and 
 Agent, §§ 33-35. 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS. 
 
 /. As to rights, §§ 1-37. 
 a. In general, § 1 . 
 h. As to contracts; insurance, 
 §§ 2-12. 
 
 c. Domestic relations, §§ 13-17. 
 
 d. Corporate matters, §§ lS-19a. 
 
 e. Torts and crimes generally; 
 
 penal statutes, §§ 20-24:. 
 
 f. Assignment for creditors; in- 
 
 solvency and bankruptcy pro- 
 ceedings; receivers, § 25. 
 
 g. Rights in property generally, 
 
 §§ 26, 27. 
 
 h. Transfers of property gener- 
 ally, §§ 28-31. 
 
 i. Chattel mortgages; conditional 
 sales, §§ 32, 33. 
 
 J. Descent and distribution; 
 icills, §§ 84:, 35. 
 
 fc. Taking liquor into prohibition 
 territory, §36. 
 
 I. As to copyrights, § 37. 
 II. As to remedies, §§ 3S-4-^ . 
 
218 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTKS. 
 
 CONFIJCT OF LAWS— cont'd 
 
 Abatement of action by pendency of suit 
 
 in other state, see Abatement and 
 
 Revival, § 6. 
 Jurisdiction over nonresidents generally, 
 
 see CotJBTS, §§ 19-26. 
 Jurisdiction of action with respect to land 
 
 In another state, see Couets, §§ 21, 22. 
 Conflict of jurisdiction, generally, see 
 
 CoTJBTS, §§ 48-54. 
 Presumption as to foreign laws, see Evi- 
 dence, § 20. 
 Situs of property for purposes of taxation, 
 
 see Taxes, III. 
 Jurisdiction as affected by mode of service 
 
 of process, see Wbit and Peocess, II. 
 
 /. Aa to rights. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 S 1. Generally. 
 
 Recognition of foreign laws; comity. 10 
 L.R.A. 767.* 
 
 Law of comity in enforcement of rights. 6 
 L.R.A. 110.* 
 
 Conflicting interpretations of common-law 
 rules in different jurisdictions. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 212; 18 L.R.A.(N'.S.) 880. 
 
 Enforcement of wife's liability under stat- 
 ute of another state, for a debt con- 
 tracted by hftr husband. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 426. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 426. 
 
 1>. As to contracts; insurance. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Interpretation and effect. 1 L.R.A. 655;* 
 6 L.R.A. 108.* 
 
 Validity. 1 L.R.A. 656;* 2 L.R.A. 355;* 
 6 L.R.A. 108.* 
 
 When lex loci contractus governs. 3 L.R.A. 
 523,* 702.* 
 
 When law of place of performance governs. 
 3 L.R.A. 524.* 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of contract. 
 56 L.R.A. 301, 62 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 Interest by way of damages for breach of 
 contract. 56 L.R.A. 303, 62 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 Law governing stipulation in contract mak- 
 ing notice of damages a condition of 
 right of action. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 191. 
 
 Place of consummation of contract when 
 offer by letter is accepted by telegram 
 or vice versa. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1016. 
 
 Law governing warrant of attorney to con- 
 fess judgment. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 
 Law governing limitation of actions on eon- 
 tract. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 658. 
 
 What statute of limitations will govern ac- 
 tion on contract in another state or 
 country. 48 L.R.A. 625. 
 
 ^ 3. Sunday contracts. 
 
 •Contracts made on Sunday. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 67. 
 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 
 As between law of place where 
 
 made and law of place where 
 
 performable. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 70. 
 
 rONFLICT OF LAWS, I. b— cont'd. 
 Contract perfo;rmable on Sunday. 34 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Public policy of forum. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 72. 
 
 § 4. Gambling and lottery contracts. 
 
 Gambling contracts. 64 L.R.A. 160. 
 
 Public policy of forum; transitory 
 character of action. 64 L.R.A. 
 160. 
 Governing law when public policy of 
 forum does not interfere. 64 
 L.R.A. 165. 
 Lottery contracts. 64 L.R.A. 169. 
 
 § 5. Bills and notes. 
 
 General commercial principles as opposed 
 to local law. 61 L.R.A. 193; 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 666. 
 Time of payment. 61 L.R.A. 195. 
 Mode of dccieptance of bill. 61 L.R.A. 196. 
 Collateral effect of instrument. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 199. 
 Character and liability of irregular indors- 
 er. 61 L.R.A. 200; 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 668. 
 Character of holder. 61 L.R.A. 202; 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S'.) 668. 
 Negotiability in general; bill or note 
 fraudulently transferred. 61 L.R.A. 
 205; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 667. 
 Liability of, and defenses available to, 
 maker, or acceptor. 61 L.R.A. 
 206; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67O. 
 In gfineral. 61 L.R.A. 206. 
 As between the law of the substantive 
 contract and the law of the reme- 
 dy. 61 L.R.A. 207. 
 As between the law of the original con- 
 tract and the law of the contract 
 of indorsement. 61 L.R.A! 208. 
 As between the law of the place where 
 the contract is made and that of 
 the place where it is payable. 61 
 L.R.A. 209. 
 Liability of, and defenses available to, 
 drawer or indorser. 61 L.R.A. 
 212; 19 L.R.A.' (N.S.) 672. 
 The nature of the drawer's or indors- 
 
 er's contract. 61 L.R.A. 212. 
 Substantive liability. 61 L.R.A. 213. 
 Conditions precedent to liability of the 
 drawer or indorser. 61 L.R.A. 
 215. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 215. 
 Demand and protest. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 216. 
 Notice. 61 L.R.A. 217. 
 Necessity of suing primary obligor 
 as condition of holding draw- 
 er or indorser. 61 L.R.A. 220. 
 Wlio may bring action; sufficiency of the 
 indorsement or assignment. 61 L.R.A. 
 222. 
 Right to join primary and secondary obli- 
 gors. 61 L.R.A. 226. 
 Law governing extent of recovery. 56 L.R.A- 
 
 307. 
 Conflict of laws as to the validity of trans- 
 fer of commercial paper. 2 B. R. C. 
 304. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 219 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. b— cont'd 
 
 As to acceptance of commercial paper as 
 
 payment of debt. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 108. 
 Law governing notes given for insurance 
 
 premiums. 20 L.E.A. 409. 
 Estoppel to deny that note veas made in 
 
 the state where it is dated and payable. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 
 § 6. Mortgages. 
 
 Usury in, see infra, § 7a. 
 
 Law governing covenant in real estate mort- 
 gage, 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 
 Enforcement of mortgage on real property 
 
 valid according to the law of the place 
 
 where made and payable, but usurious 
 
 according to the lew fori et rei sitae. 
 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1191. 
 
 § 7. Interest; usury. 
 
 Presumption as to law of other state as to. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 471 ; 67 L.E.A. 60. 
 Interest by way of damages. 56 L.R.A. 
 303; 62 L.R.A. 37. 
 For breach of contract or detention of 
 money or other property. 56 L.E.A. 
 303; 62 L.R.A. 37. 
 On foreign judgment. 56 L.R.A. 309. 
 Conflict of laws as to interest on legacy. 
 
 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 468. 
 What statute of limitations will govern 
 as to usury in action in another state 
 or country. 48 L.E.A. 637. 
 General principles; intention of parties. 
 
 62 L.E.A. 33. 
 Contractual interest. 62 L.R.A. 35. 
 Usury. 62 L.R.A. 42. 
 
 Effect of penal or remedial character 
 
 of foreign statute. 62 L.E.A. 42. 
 
 General principles governing choice of 
 
 law; intention. 62 L.E.A. 44. 
 Rule that law upholding the contract 
 will be applied. 62 L.E.A. 49. 
 In general. 62 L.R.A. 49. 
 When contract usurious by lex 
 loci contractus, but valid by 
 lex led solutionis. 62 L.E.A. 
 51. 
 When contract usurious by lex loci 
 solutionis, but valid by lex 
 loci contractus. 62 L.E.A. 55. 
 When claim of usury based on 
 transaction with drawer or 
 indorser. 62 L.R.A. 59. 
 When usurious by both lex loci con- 
 tractus and lex loci solutionis. 
 62 L.R.A. 60. 
 Effect of mortgage security. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 61. 
 Place where money is to be used. 62 
 
 L.E.A. 62. 
 Lex loci considerationis. 62 L.R.A. 63. 
 Contracts of foreign building and loan 
 
 associations. 62 L.R.A. 64. 
 Which contract to be regarded; con- 
 tract of principal and surety. 62 
 L.R.A. 73. 
 Effect of restriction as to rate of in- 
 terest in charter of corporation. 
 62 L.R.A. 76. 
 Applicability of lex fori. 62 L.E.A. 78. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. b— cont'd 
 
 Statute forbidding corporation to plead 
 usury. 62 L.R.A. 79. 
 
 Applicability of statute forbidding corpora- 
 tion to interpose defense of usury as 
 affected by its foreign or domestic 
 character, the situs of the contract, or 
 the place of suit. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 § 7a. — usury in mortgage. 
 
 Effect of mortgage security upon question 
 as to governing law with respect to 
 usury. 62 L.R.A. 61. 
 
 Does lex rei sitw with respect to interest 
 and usury necessarily control in an ac- 
 tion to foreclose a mortgage on real 
 property. 65 L.R.A. 933. 
 
 Enforcement of mortgage on real property 
 valid by law where made and payable, 
 but usurious by lex fori et rei sitw. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1191. 
 
 § 8. Insurance. 
 
 Where contract of insurance deemed to have 
 been made. 63 L.R.A. 834; 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 968. 
 In general. 63 L.R.A. 834. 
 When proposition, embodying terms, 
 emanates from the insurer. 63 
 L.R.A. 835. 
 When concluded in first instance by lo- 
 cal agent. 63 L.E.A. 835. 
 When local agent has no authority to 
 accept application. 63 L.E.A. 
 836. 
 When policy mailed directly to in- 
 sured. 63 L.E.A. 837; 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 968. 
 When policy mailed to agent of in- 
 sured. 63 L.E.A. 839; 23 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 When policy delivered to insured 
 by local agent of insurer. 
 63 L.R.A. 840. 
 When local agent required to 
 countersign policy. 63 
 L.R.A. 840. 
 Stipulation that contract is 
 not to take effect until de- 
 livery or payment of pre- 
 mium. 63 L.R.A. 841. 
 When no conditions precedent 
 expressly imposed. 63 
 L.R.A. 843. 
 Revival; open policy. 63 L.R.A. 846. 
 Choice of laws. 63 L.R.A. 847; 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 971. 
 General principles; intention; express 
 stipulations as to governing law; 
 public policy. 63 L.R.A. 847; 23 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 971. 
 Local statutes relating to foreign in- 
 surance companies and their agents. 
 63 L.E.A. 850. 
 Laws of state of incorporation as limi- 
 tation upon powers of insurance 
 company. 63 L.R.A. 853; 23 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 973. 
 Law of place of performance. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 854; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 973. 
 Law of place where insured property is 
 situated. 63 L.E.A. 855. 
 
220 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONFLICT or LAWS, I. b— cont'd 
 
 Law of state of insured's residence. 23 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 974. 
 Law of place where loss occurs. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 855. 
 Construction and interpretation of the 
 language of the policy. 63 
 L.R.A. 856; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 975. 
 
 In general. 63 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 As to the designation of beneficia- 
 ries, 63 L.R.A. 856; 23 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 978. 
 Assignment of policy. 63 L.R.A. 858; 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 978. 
 Right of insured to dispose of proceeds ; 
 
 validity of change of beneficiary. 
 
 63 L.R.A. 862. 
 Rights of creditors in proceeds. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 862. 
 As to notice; forfeiture; commutation; 
 
 extended insurance; surrender val- 
 ue. 63 L.R.A. 862; 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 978, 980. 
 As to effect of misrepresentation in the 
 
 application. 63 L.R.A. 864; 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 981. 
 As to valued policy. 63 L.R.A. 866. 
 Suicide. 63 L.R.A. 867; 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 981. 
 As to necessity of attaching applica- 
 tion, or copy thereof, to poliev. 
 
 63 L.R.A. 867; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 982. 
 Transitory character of action. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 868. 
 As to damages and interest ex -mora. 
 
 63 L.R.A. 868. 
 As to contractual limitation. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 868; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 982. 
 Miscellaneous. 63 L.R.A. 869. 
 Law governing notes given for insurance 
 
 premiums. 20 L.R.A. 409. 
 As to whether insurance broker is agent for 
 the insured. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 640. 
 
 § 9. Carriers' contracts. 
 
 General principles. 63 L.R.A. 513; 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 874. 
 Intention of the parties generally, 
 
 when expressed. 63 L.R.A. 513. 
 Presumed intention; subsidiary rules. 
 63 L.R.A. 515; 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 880. 
 When transportation wholly with- 
 in one state. 63 L.R.A. 515 
 When transportation within two 
 or more states or countries. 
 63 L.R.A. 516. 
 liOcal law as opposed to general princi- 
 ples of commercial law. 63 L.R.A. 
 523; 18 L.R.A; (N.S.) 880. 
 Public policy. 63 L.R.A. 525. 
 Application of general principles to partic- 
 ular matters. 63 L.R.A. 525. 
 Prima facie character of subsidiary 
 
 rules. 63 L.R.A. 525. 
 As to liability of carrier beyond own 
 line; liability of connecting carri- 
 er. 63 L.R.A. 530; 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 882. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every laic question. 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. b— cont'd 
 
 As to continuance of carrier's liability 
 after arrival of goods at. destina- 
 tion. 63 L.R.A. 531; 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 882. 
 
 Vis major; act of God. 63 L.R.A. 531. 
 
 Telegraph cases. 63 L.R.A. 532. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 63 L.R.A. 533. 
 
 § 10.— limitation of liability. 
 
 As to limitatioB of carrier's common law 
 liability. 63 L.R.A. 525; 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 881. 
 Exemption from liability for loss or in- 
 jury. 63 L.R.A. 525; 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 881. 
 Limitation of amount of carrier's lia- 
 bility. 63 L.R.A. 529; 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 881. 
 Refusal to give effect to foreign contract ex- 
 empting carrier from liability. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 Interstate or foreign shipment as affected 
 by Hepburn act and Carmack amend- 
 ment in relation to liability of connect- 
 ing carrier for loss beyond its own line. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 27. 
 
 § 11. Telegraph companies. 
 
 Law governing liability of telegraph com- 
 pany. 63 L.R.A. 532; 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 751; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 648; 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 490; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 795; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 223. 
 
 Law governing right to recover for 
 mental anguish. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 223. 
 
 Notice of claim. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 224. 
 
 § 12. Contracts of married women. 
 
 Capacity of married woman to contract. 
 57 L.R.A. 513; 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 764. 
 As between lex loci contractus and lem 
 domicilii. 57 L.R.A. 513. 
 General rule. 57 L.R.A. 513. 
 Exceptions; when domicil is at 
 forum. 57 L.R.A. 517. 
 As between lex loci contractus, and lex 
 fori; remedy. 57 L.R.A. 520; 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 776. 
 As between lex loci contractus or lex 
 domicilii, and lex rei sitw. 
 67 L.R.A. 523. 
 Personal property. 57 L.R.A. 523. 
 Real property. 57 L.R.A. 524. 
 Enforceability of contracts of married 
 women outside of state in which 
 they are legally made. 25 L.R.A. 
 178. 
 Contracts in relation to real estate sit- 
 uated where the suit is brought. 
 25 L.R.A. 179. 
 Contract outside of state of domicil. 
 
 25 L.E.A. 180. 
 The remedy applicable. 25 L.R.A. 180. 
 Enforcement of personal contract of mar- 
 ried woman capable of contracting ac- 
 cording to the law of another state or 
 country where the contract was made 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 774. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 221 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. b— cont'd 
 Enforcement of wife's liability under stat- 
 ute of another state for a debt con- 
 tracted bv the husband. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 426. 
 
 c. Domestic relations. 
 
 § 13. Marriage. 
 
 Contracts of married women, see supra, 
 § 12. 
 
 Manner or form of solemnization ; prelimi- 
 naries. 57 L.R.A. 155; 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1082; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 800; 26 
 L.R.A.{N.S.)179; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 753. 
 Polygamous marriages; temporary marital 
 
 unions. 57 L.R.A. 159. 
 Matrimonial capacity of the parties. 57 
 L.R.A. 161. 
 In general; lex loci or lex domicilii; 
 
 public policy. 57 L.R.A. 161. 
 Incestuous marriages. 57 L.R.A. 166. 
 Marriages between members of diiferent 
 
 races. 57 L.R.A. 167. 
 Remarriage of divorced person. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 831; 57 L.R.A. 169. 
 Former husband or wife living. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 171. 
 Nonage ; consent of parents or guard- 
 ian. 57 L.R.A. 172. 
 Effect on marriage relation of conviction 
 in another state. 31 L.R.A. 520. 
 
 § 14. Divorce; alimony. 
 
 Jurisdiction of suit for divorce, as affected 
 by residence, see Divorce and Sepaba- 
 TION, §§ 8, 9. 
 
 Foreign judgment of divorce, see Divobce 
 
 AND SePABATION, § 15. 
 
 In general. 59 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 What law determines right to divorce. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 141. 
 Jurisdiction of subject-matter. 59 L.R.A. 
 342. 
 Domicil. 59 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 General rule. 59 L.R.A. 142. 
 When neither party domiciled or 
 permanently residing at fo- 
 rum. 59 L.R.A. 143. 
 Domicil of wife for purpose of 
 bringing suit. 59 L.R.A. 146. 
 Domicil or residence of defendant 
 as condition of relief on cross 
 bill. 59 L.R.A. 149. 
 Place of marriage and of original 
 matrimonial domicil. 59 L.R.A. 
 151. 
 Place of marital offense. 59 L.R.A. 154. 
 Time of marital offense relatively to 
 acquisition of domicil at forum. 
 59 L.R.A. 155. 
 Jurisdiction of the person or of the res; 
 foreign decrees upon constructive 
 service. 59 L.R.A. 162. 
 In general. 59 L.R.A. 162. 
 Decrees rendered upon constructive 
 service. 19 L.R.A. 814; 59 
 L.R.A. 162. 
 When defendant a resident of state 
 where rendered. 59 L.R.A. 
 162. 
 Consult also LM.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. c— cont'd 
 
 When defendant a nonresident. 59 
 L.R.A. 165. 
 Custody of children when international ele- 
 ments involved. 59 L.R.A. 177. 
 Effect upon property rights of divorce in- 
 volving international elements. 59 
 L.R.A. 178. 
 Alimony. 59 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Award of, upon constructive serv- 
 ice. 59 L.R.A. 178. 
 Enforcing award of, in another 
 
 state. 59 L.R.A. 178. 
 Effect of divorce in one state or 
 country upon right of action 
 for alimony in another. 59 
 L.R.A. 180. 
 Dower. 59 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 When divorce obtained by husband. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 181. 
 When divorce obtained by wife. 
 59 L.R.A. 182. 
 Other property rights. 59 L.R.A. 183. 
 Impeaching decree granted in other state. 
 59 L.R.A. 183. 
 On jurisdictional facts. 59 L.R.A. 183. 
 On the merits; fraud. 59 L.R.A. 186. 
 Suits for same cause in different jurisdic- 
 tions. 59 L.R.A. 187. 
 Valid divorce granted in one state as af- 
 fecting independent suit for ali- 
 mony in another. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1106. 
 Where divorce in other state obtained 
 by husband. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1107. 
 Where divorce in other state obtained 
 
 by wife. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 Conclusion. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1111. 
 Validity of divorce according to Indians' 
 
 custom. 35 L.r!A.(N.S.) 795. 
 Action to recover instalments of alimony 
 accruing under a decree rendered in an- 
 other state. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1168; 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1068. 
 Equitable jurisdiction to enforce a foreign 
 decree for alimony. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 107L 
 
 § 15. Legitimacy. 
 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 177. 
 Applicability of lex rei sitw, or lex 
 domicilii decedentis. 65 L.R.A. 
 177. 
 Legitimacy dependent upon validity of 
 
 marriage. 65 L.R.A. 177. 
 Legitimacy dependent upon acts subse- 
 quent to birth. 65 L.R.A. 178. 
 What is proper law after eliminating lex 
 domicilii decedentis, and lex rei sitw, 
 as such. 65 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 § 16. Adoption. 
 
 Adoption. 65 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 Extraterritorial effect of adoption of chil- 
 dren. 17 L.R.A. 439. 
 
 Right of child adopted in other state to 
 take under local statute of descent or 
 distribution. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 679, 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1285. 
 
222 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. c— cont'd 
 
 § 17. Custody and control of children. 
 
 Recognition of right, emanating from for- 
 eign power, to the custody and control 
 of a child. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 306. 
 
 d. Corporate matters. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 As to foreign corporations generally, see 
 
 COEPOBATIONS, XI. 
 
 Applicability of statute forbidding corpo- 
 ration to interpose defense of usury as 
 affected by its foreign or domestic char- 
 acter, the situs of the contract, or the 
 place of suit. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 
 Enforceability, in Federal court, or court of 
 another state, of a contract ma,de by a 
 foreign corporation which had not com- 
 plied with the conditions of doing busi- 
 ness within the state. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 999. 
 
 8 19. Stockholder's liability. 
 
 As to liability of stockholder of foreign cor- 
 poration. 6 L.R.A. 676;* 13 L.R.A. 
 56.* 
 
 Right to enforce stockholder's liability out- 
 side of state of incorporation. 34 
 L.R.A. 737; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 895. 
 
 What statute of limitations will govern as 
 to liability of stockholder. 48 L.R.A. 
 637. 
 
 § 19a. Liability of directors. 
 
 Extraterritorial enforcement of statutory 
 liabilitv of directors of corporations. 
 41 L.R'.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
 e. Torts and 
 
 crimes generally ; penal 
 statutes. 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 Damages for, generally. 56 L.R.A. 
 Penaltv as part of recovery for 
 L.R.A. 315. 
 
 312. 
 tort. 
 
 66 
 
 § 21. Conversion. 
 
 Right to maintain action for conversion of 
 timber, crops, buildings, etc., from land 
 in another state or country. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 994. 
 
 Interest by way of damages for detention 
 of property. 56 L.R.A. 303; 62 L.R.A. 
 37. 
 
 § 22. Personal injuries; death. 
 
 As to action for death or bodily injury. 56 
 L.R.A. 193. 
 What law determines the right of ac- 
 tion. 56 L.R.A. 193. 
 Taking jurisdiction of cause of action 
 arising outside of state. 56 
 L.R.A. 195. 
 Generally, 56 L.R.A. 195. 
 Comity; public policy; similar 
 statute at forum as a condi- 
 tion. 56 L.R.A. 202. 
 Degree of similarity or dissimilari- 
 ty. 56 L.R.A. 204. 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 204. 
 Differences affecting amount of 
 recovery. 56 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every lair question. 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. e— cont'd 
 
 Differences affecting parties 
 and beneficiaries. 56 L.R.A. 
 206. 
 Other conditions of jurisdiction. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 208. 
 Penal statutes. 56 L.R.A. 209. 
 Law applicable in action upon foreign 
 cause of action. 56 L.R.A, 
 210. 
 Generally. 56 L.R.A. 210. 
 Who may sue. 56 L.R.A. 211. 
 Place of contract. 56 L.R.A. 215. 
 Place of negligence or of accident. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 216. 
 Place of accident or of death. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 218. 
 As affected by place of residence or 
 
 citizenship. 56 L.R.A. 218. 
 When rules of common law dif- 
 ferently interpreted. 56 L.R.A. 
 219. 
 Fellow-servant rule. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 219. 
 Contributory negligence. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 221. 
 Assumption of risk. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 221. 
 Delegation of duty. 56 L.B.A, 
 
 222. 
 Duty to warn. 56 L.R.A. 222. 
 Criminal prosecution or attempt to 
 compromise as condition. 56 
 L.R.A. 222. 
 Survival of cause of action; reviv- 
 or of action. 56 L.R.A. 222. 
 Distribution and beneficiaries. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 222. 
 Presumption a,nd burden of proof 
 as to negligence. 56 L.R.A. 
 223. 
 Assignment or release of claim, 
 56 L.R.A. 223. 
 Measure of damages. 56 L.R.A. 312. 
 Action for death, under foreign statute. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 585; 56 L.R.A. 211. 
 Action for death when negligent act is done 
 in one jurisdiction and death occurs in 
 another. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1078. 
 Law governing as to survival of cause of 
 action or revival of action for personal 
 injuries. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 756. 
 Jurisdiction of action for death under stat- 
 ute of another state as affected by 
 penal or remedial character of 
 statute, or differences between lex 
 loci delicti and lex fori as to char- 
 acter of damages. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1095. 
 Penal character. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1096. 
 Differences as to character of damasres 
 recoverable. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1097. 
 Law governing distribution of fund collect- 
 ed or recovered for negligent killing of 
 person. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 Right of foreign or domestic representative 
 to maintain action for death of dece- 
 dent under statute of another state 
 which provides that the action shall be 
 brought by the personal representative. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1252. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. e— cont'd 
 What statute of limitations will govern as 
 to. 48 L.R.A. 638; 56 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 § 23. Penal laws. 
 
 Penalty as part of recovery for tort. 50 
 L.E.A. 315. 
 
 Enforcement of penal lavifs of another state. 
 2 L,E.A. 779;* 13 L.R.A. 56.» 
 
 Conflict of laws as to right -of action under 
 penal statute for death or bodily in- 
 jury. 56 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 Effect of penal or remedial character of for- 
 eign usury statutes. 62 L.R.A. 42. 
 
 Enforcement of foreign laws requiring affix- 
 ing of stamp to instruments. 48 L.R.A. 
 319. 
 
 Question whether suit for statutory penal- 
 ty is a civil or criminal prosecution as 
 affecting extraterritorial enforcement. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 758. 
 
 § 24. Crimes. 
 
 Locality of crime committed through the 
 agency of the mails or of carriers. 19 
 L.R.A. 775. 
 
 What law defines larceny for purposes of a 
 statute against bringing stolen prop- 
 erty into the state. 15 L.R.A. 722 ; 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 556. 
 
 Effect of prior conviction in other state or 
 country to enhance penalty. 34 L.R.A. 
 403. 
 
 Prosecution for receiving stolen property 
 where property in question was stolen 
 in foreign state or country. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 750. 
 
 Locality of crime committed by shooting or 
 striking across state boundary. 28 
 L.R.A. 59. 
 What constitutes the offense. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 59. 
 The question of locality. 28 L.R.A. 59. 
 Statutory provisions regarding. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 63. 
 Constitutionality of such statutes. 28 
 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 Question whether suit for statutory penalty 
 is civil or criminal prosecution as af- 
 fecting extra-territorial enforcement. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 758. 
 
 /. Assignment for creditors; insolvency 
 and bankruptcy proceedings; re- 
 ceivers. 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 Foreign proceedings in bankruptcy, see 
 Bankeuptct, § 4. 
 
 Protection of domestic creditors. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 86. 
 Law governing validity of assignment. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 84. 
 Extraterritorial effect of state insolvent 
 
 laws on devolution of property. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 84. 
 Priority of foreign assignment over subse- 
 quent domestic attachment. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 85. 
 Priority of foreign attachment over foreign 
 
 assignment. 17 L.R.A. 88. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Dif/ests to date. 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. f— cont'd 
 Transfer of property by foreign insolvency 
 proceedings. 23 L.R.A. 33; 65 L.R.A. 
 353. 
 Effect of foreign bankruptcy or insolvency 
 assignment on personal property where 
 no rights of creditors are involved. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 173. 
 As to transfer of property out of the state 
 by bankruptcy or insolvency pro- 
 ceedings or assignment for credi- 
 tors. 23 L.R.A. 33; 65 L.R.A. 353. 
 Voluntary assignments. 23 L.R.A. 33 ; 
 65 L.R.A. 353. 
 When assignment regarded as vol- 
 untary. 65 L.R.A. 353. 
 Discrimination between residents 
 and nonresidents, generally. 
 23 L.R.A. 37, 38; 65 L.R.A. 
 354. 
 When foreign assignment not op- 
 posed to lex rei sitw et fori. 
 65 L.R.A. 355. 
 Law determining validity of as- 
 signments. 65 L.R.A. 358. 
 Personal property. 23 L.R.A. 
 33; 65 L.R.A. 358. 
 General rule. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 358. 
 Formal validity. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 358. 
 Notice ; record ; taking 
 possession. 65 L.R.A. 
 359. 
 Preferences. 23 L.R.A. 33, 
 35, 37, 38; 65 L.R.A. 
 360. 
 Exemptions. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 362. 
 Assignment by corpora- 
 tion. 65 L.R.A. 362. 
 Real property. 23 L.R.A. 44; 
 
 65 L.R.A. 362. 
 Ships on high seas. 23 L.R.A. 
 46. 
 Law determining assignee's right 
 to avoid fraudulent transfers 
 and conveyances. 65 L.R.A. 
 365. 
 As to effect of assignment to avoid 
 previous attachment or trans- 
 fer. 65 L.R.A. 365. 
 As between law of assignor's dom- 
 icil and that of place where 
 assignment made. 65 L.R.A. 
 365. 
 Assignments under insolvency or bank- 
 ruptcy statutes. 23 L.R.A. 40, 
 42; 65 L.R.A. 366. 
 General rule. 23 L.R.A. 40, 42; 
 
 65 L.R.A. 366. 
 Choses in action. 23 L.R.A. 40, 
 
 42; 65 L.R.A. 367. 
 Discrimination between residents 
 and nonresidents. 23 L.R.A. 
 40, 41 ; 65 L.R.A. 368. 
 Right of assignee to sue in other 
 state. 23 L.R.A. 42; 65 L.R.A. 
 369. 
 Rights of receiver as to property in other 
 jurisdiction. 23 L.R.A. 52. 
 
■i-n 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. f— cont'd 
 I'ower of receiver to sue out of jurisdiction 
 
 of appointment. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 824. 
 injunction against insolvency proceedings in 
 
 foreign jurisdiction. 21 L.R.A. 74. 
 Injunction against action or proceeding in 
 
 foreign jurisdiction when insolvency 
 
 proceedings are pending. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 270. 
 
 g. Rights in property generally. 
 
 § 2 6. Liens. 
 
 Mechanics' lien under contract made in 
 other state. 38 L.R.A. 410. 
 
 Right of attorney under local statute to lien 
 on money in hands of adverse party to 
 suit or proceeding in another state. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1215. 
 
 § 2 7. Matrimonial property. 
 
 In general. 57 L.R.A. 353; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 781. 
 When lex domicilii is opposed to the lex 
 rei sitae or lex fori. 57 L.R.A. 353. 
 Real estate, or immovables. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 353. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 781. 
 Personal property or movables. 57 
 L.R.A. 354; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 782. 
 What law determines character of 
 property as real or personal. 57 
 L.R.A. 359. 
 When law of matrimonial domicil is op- 
 posed to that of place where marriage 
 celebrated. 57 L.R.A. 359. 
 How original matrimonial domicil ascer- 
 tained. 57 L.R.A. 360. 
 Change of matrimonial domicil. 57 L.R.A. 
 363. 
 Property acquired prior to change. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 363. 
 Property acquired after the change. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 366. 
 Tacit mortgages or liens. 57 L.R.A. 
 367. 
 Marriage settlements. 57 L.R.A. 368; 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 783. 
 Conflict of laws as to capacity of married 
 woman to contract with reference to. 
 57 L.R.A. 524. 
 
 h. Transfers of property generally. 
 
 § 2 8. Generally. 
 
 Real estate mortgages, see supra, § 6. 
 
 Chattel mortgages, see infra, § 32. 
 
 Transfer of property by bankruptcy or in- 
 solvency proceeding or assignment for 
 creditors, see supra, § 25. 
 
 Law governing covenant in deed of real 
 property. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1094. 
 
 § 29. Power of appointment. 
 
 In ascertaining donee's intent to exercise 
 power of appointment. 64 L.R.A. 892. 
 
 As to validity of attempt to ex'ercise power 
 of appointment by will. 64 L.R.A. 892. 
 
 § 30. Sale of personal property. 
 
 Distinction between personal rights and ob- 
 ligations and rights in property. 64 
 L.R.A. 823. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every law question. 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. h— cont'd 
 Place of contract; distinction between exec- 
 utory and executed contract. 64 L.R.A. 
 824. 
 Personal rights and obligations under the 
 contract. 64 L.R.A. 825. 
 In general; construction of contract; 
 
 warranty. 64 L.R.A. 825. 
 Laws prohibiting or regulating the sale 
 
 of property. 64 L.R.A. 826. 
 As to rescission of sale for fraud; 
 resolutory conditions. 64 L.R.A. 
 827. 
 As to right to maintain action for pur- 
 chase price before expiration of 
 credit. 64 L.R.A. 828. 
 The contract as affecting the title to, or in- 
 terest in, property. 64 L.R.A. 828. 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 828. 
 Validity of sale depending upon trans- 
 fer of possession generally. 64 
 L.R.A. 829. 
 Vendor's lien. 64 L.R.A. 831. 
 Conditional sale. 64 L.R.A. 833. 
 Place of consummating sale where goods are 
 
 delivered to carrier. 22 L.R.A. 425. 
 Governing law of sales of personal property 
 as affected by fraud against creditors. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.'S.) 1007. 
 
 §31.— Intoxicating liquor. 
 
 General principles. 61 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 Where executed contract consummated; de- 
 livery to carrier generally. 61 L.R.A. 
 419. 
 
 When executory contract consummated in 
 one state and executed contract in an- 
 other. 61 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Effect of soliciting order within state hav- 
 ing prohibitory law. 61 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 Public policy of forum: intention to violate 
 prohibitory statute of forum. 61 L.R.A, 
 429. 
 
 New or substituted contract. 01 L.R.A. 
 433. 
 
 When sale invalid by law of place where 
 made, but valid by law of forum. 61 
 L.R.A. 434. 
 
 Where title passes upon shipment of liquor 
 C.O.D. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 383; 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 143. 
 
 i. Cliattel mortgages ; conditional sales. 
 
 § 32. Chattel mortgage. 
 
 As contract inter partes. 64 L.R.A. 353. 
 As alien or right prior to claims of third 
 persons. 64 L.R.A. 355. 
 Effect of removal of property to an- 
 other jurisdiction after exe- 
 cution of mortgage. 64 L.R.A. 
 355. 
 Necessity of change of possession. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 355. 
 Necessity of refiling or re-record- 
 ing in state to which property 
 removed. 64 L.R.A. 356; 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940; 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 386. 
 When property located in another state 
 at time of execution of mort- 
 gage. 64 L.R.A. 361. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 225 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. i— cont'd 
 
 Necessity of filing, or recording, or 
 change of possession in state 
 where located. 64 L.E.A. 361. 
 Oath as to consideration. 64 L.R.A. 
 363. 
 Necessity of complying with law of 
 domioil, and of place where mort- 
 gage executed. 64 L.R.A. 363. 
 Judgment in attachment as res judicata 
 against mortgagee. 64 L.R.A. 366. 
 As between lex loci contractus and lex 
 domicilii. 64 L.R.A. 366. 
 Extraterritorial force of chattel mortgage 
 
 record. 17 L.R.A. T27. 
 Governing law of mortgages of personal 
 property as affected by fraud against 
 creditors. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1007. 
 Foreclosure of chattel mortgage when prop- 
 erty is out of state. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 627. 
 
 § 33. Conditional sale. 
 
 Necessity of recording instrument reserving 
 title to personal property sold in 
 state to which property is subse- 
 quently removed. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 387. 
 When registration not required in state 
 where contract is executed. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 388. 
 
 j. Descent and distribution; tvills, 
 
 § 3 4. Descent and distribution; claims 
 against estate. 
 
 As to descent of real property. 13 L.R.A. 
 282.* 
 
 Supremacy of state or nation over devolu- 
 tion of property; law of comity. 17 
 L.R.A. 84. 
 
 Law governing distribution of fund collect- 
 ed or recovered for negligent killing of 
 person. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 
 Right of child adopted in other state to take 
 under local statute of descent and dis- 
 tribution. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 679; 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1285. 
 
 Widow's right to allowance for support out 
 of personal assets of deceased husband, 
 who was a nonresident. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 361. 
 
 Effect of failure to present claim within 
 time allowed by administration statute 
 of domicil as bar to its allowance in 
 state of ancillary administration or 
 vice versa. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 5.33. 
 
 § 35. Wills. 
 
 Character of property as personal or real, 
 
 movable or immovable. 2 L.E.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 410. 
 
 Capacity of testator. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 
 Personal property. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 414. 
 Real property. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 414. 
 Formal validity. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 415. 
 
 Personal property. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 415. 
 General rule. 2" L.R.A. (N.S.) 415. 
 Effect of change of domicil after 
 execution of will. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 419. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, I. j— cont'd 
 
 Modification of general rule by 
 local statutes. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 421. 
 Real property. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 424. 
 Generally. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 424. 
 Effect of local statutes to change 
 rule, 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 426. 
 Essential validity. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 430. 
 Perpetuities; suspension of power of 
 alienation. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 432. 
 Real property; effect of equitable 
 conversion. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 432. 
 Personal property. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 433. 
 Charitable bequests, generally, 2 L.R.A 
 
 (N.S.) 438. 
 Mortmain acts, generally. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 440. 
 Limitation of time and amount. 2 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 440. 
 
 Spendthrift trust. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 443. 
 
 Construction of will. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 443. 
 
 By what law members of a class to be 
 
 determined. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 447. 
 
 Effect, as distinguished from construction, 
 
 of will. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 453. 
 Capacity of legatee or devisee. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 456. 
 Equitable conversion. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 457. 
 Election; dower; disinheritance. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 459. 
 Effect of subsequent events upon wills. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 464. 
 Revocation. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 464. 
 Rights of posthumous child. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 467. 
 Lapse and abatement. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 467. 
 After-acquired property. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 468. 
 Medium of payment of, and interest upon, 
 
 legacies. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 468. 
 Effect of delay in probating will from other 
 
 state. 57 L.R.A. 263. 
 As to validity of attempt to exercise poAver 
 of appointment by will. 64 'L.R.A. 892. 
 By what law are members of class to whom 
 testamentary gift is made to be ascer-' 
 tained. 2 B. R. C. 557. 
 .Jurisdiction to admit to probate will not 
 probate at testator's domicil. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 658. 
 
 Ic. Taking liquor into prohibition terri- 
 tory. 
 
 §36. Generally. 
 
 As to sale of liquor, see supra, § 31. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute forbidding car- 
 rying of intoxicating liquors into pro- 
 hibition district. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 299. 
 
 I. As to copyrights. 
 
 §3 7. Generally. 
 
 Sufficiency of compliance with law of origin 
 to secure protection under intentional 
 copyright act. 1 B.R.C. 785. 
 15 
 
226 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONrLICT OF LAWS— cont'd 
 
 II. As to remedies. 
 
 § 38. Generally. 
 
 Foreign judgment, see Judgment, §§ 66-73. 
 
 Oral proof of foreign laws. 25 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Injunction against suit in foreign jurisdic- 
 tion. 21 L.R.A. 71; 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 267. , , 
 
 Enforcement of personal contract of married 
 woman capable of contracting according 
 to law of another state or country 
 where the contract was made. 26 L.R. 
 A.(N.S.) 776. 
 
 § 39. When proper foreign law not 
 proved. 
 
 How case determined when proper foreign 
 
 law not proved. 67 L.R.A. 33; 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 261; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 40. 
 Judicial cognizance of foreign law. 67 
 L.E.A. 33. 
 
 Specific rules of law of other juris- 
 diction. 67 L.R.A. 33. 
 Law of foreign country. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 33. 
 Law of other state. 67 L.R.A. 
 34. 
 
 General system of law upon which 
 foreign jurisprudence based. 
 ' 67 L.R.A. 37. 
 Different theories as to proper practice. 
 67 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 In general. 67 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 Jurisdictions with respect to which 
 the presumption in favor of 
 common law may be indulged. 
 67 L.R.A. 40; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 270. 
 
 Conflict between presumption in 
 favor of common law and pre- 
 sumption that law of other ju- 
 risdiction is same as that of 
 forum. 67 L.R.A. 41; 34 L. 
 R.A.(N.S.) 268. 
 
 [Application of lex fori without in- 
 dulging any presumption. 67 
 L.R.A. 56; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 271. 
 
 Eefusal to apply any substantive 
 law. 67 L.E.A. 59; 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 271. 
 
 Presumption of prevalence of 
 fundamental principles. 34 L. 
 R.A.(N.S.) 266. 
 
 § 40. Attacbment; garnishment. 
 
 Garnishment of nonresident creditor. 19 
 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 Priority of foreign attachment over foreign 
 assignment. 17 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 Attachment or garnishment of foreign rail- 
 road ears. 64 L.R.A. 501. 
 
 Where debt garnishable. 67 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 Place of payment of debt as affecting juris- 
 diction to garnish same. 3 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 608; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 264. 
 
 § 41. — of exempt property. 
 
 Evasion of exemption laws by garnishment 
 in other state. 19 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 Begin with this hooJc on every law question. 
 
 CONFLICT OF LAWS, II— cont'd 
 
 Effect in state where debt is garnished of 
 statutory exemption at domicil of prin- 
 cipal defendant. 19 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 Action for loss of exemption by garnish- 
 ment in another state. 19 L.R.A. 580; 
 36 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Law governing exemption of wages from 
 garnishment. 67 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 § 42. Statute of frauds. 
 
 Generally. 19 L.R.A. 792; 64 L.R.A. 119. 
 As between law of forum and substantive 
 
 law of contract. 64 L.R.A." 119. 
 As between law of place where contract is 
 
 made and that of place where it is peV- 
 
 formable. 64 L.R.A. 122. 
 A» between law of place where contract is 
 
 made and that of place where property 
 
 is situated. 64 L.R.A. 123. 
 
 § 43. Ijimitatiori of action. 
 
 Absence from forum as affecting running of 
 statute, generally, see Limitation op 
 Actions, § 46. 
 
 What statute of limitations will govern ac- 
 tion in another state or country. 
 48 L.R.A. 625. 
 General rule. 48 L.R.A. 625. 
 Exceptions. 48 L.R.A. 625. 
 Where there is no statutory provision 
 in forum as to effect of bar 
 of other state. 48 L.R.A. 625. 
 Contracts. 48 L.R.A. 625. 
 
 In general. 48 L.R.A. 625. 
 Cases in which the doctrine 
 that the law of the forum 
 governs, questioned or de- 
 nied. 48 L.R.A. 629. 
 When right of action extin- 
 quished, as well as the 
 remedy affected. 48 L.R. 
 A. 630. 
 Judgment. 48 L.R.A. 632. 
 
 In general. 48 L.R.A. 632. 
 Where right of action extin- 
 guished as well as the 
 remedy affected. 48 L.R. 
 A. 634. 
 Decedent's estates. 48 L.R.A. 634. 
 Adverse possession. 48 L.R.A. 635. 
 Usury. 48 L.R.A. 637. 
 Liability of stockholders. 48 L.R. 
 
 A. 637. 
 Personal injuries. 48 L.R.A. 638. 
 Death. 48 L.R.A. 639. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 48 L.R.A. 
 639. 
 Where statutes of forum provide as to 
 effect of bar of other state. 48 
 L.R.A. 639. 
 Law governing limitation of action for death 
 accruing under foreign statutes. 15 L. 
 R.A. 585. 
 Different limitations as to time for bringing 
 action for death or bodily iniurv. 56 
 L.R.A. 208. 
 Statute requiring notice of claim before 
 commencing an action as a statute of 
 limitations. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 097. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 227 
 
 CONFLICT OP LAWS, II— cont'd 
 
 Law governing limitation of actions on con- 
 tract. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 658. 
 
 Construction and effect of statute of forum 
 admitting bar of statute of state or 
 country in which cause of aetiou arises 
 or accrues. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1029; 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 776. 
 
 Effect of failure to present claim within 
 the time allowed by the administration 
 statute of the domicil as a bar to its 
 allowance in the state of the ancillary 
 administration, or vice versa. 19 L.E. 
 A.(N.S.) 553. 
 
 Amendment of pleadings after limitation 
 period by changing from statute of one 
 jurisdiction to statute of another. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1099. 
 
 § 44. Exemption laws. 
 
 Garnishment of exempt property, see supra, 
 § 41. 
 
 Enforcing exemption laws of other state. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 195. 
 
 Injunction against suit in another state to 
 
 evade local exemption laws. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1008. 
 
 [Liability for evasion of exemption laws of 
 
 1 domicil by action in other state. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 582. 
 Widow's right to exemption out of personal 
 assets of deceased husband who was 
 nonresident. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 361. 
 
 § 45. Measure of damages. 
 
 For breach of contract, generally. 56 L.R. 
 
 A. 301; 62 L.R.A. 37. 
 Damages for tort generally, 56 L.R.A. 312. 
 
 Penalty as part of recovery. 56 L.R.A. 
 315. 
 Law governing measure of damages for 
 
 death or bodily injury. 56 L.R.A. 312. 
 Interest by way of damages. 56 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 For breach of contract, or detention of 
 money or other property. 56 L.R. 
 
 I A. 303; 62 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 On foreign judgments. 56 L.R.A. 309. 
 
 CONFUSION. 
 
 See Accession and Confusion, 
 
 CONGRESS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Members of, as public oiEcers. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 247. 
 Privilege of members of, as to service of 
 
 process. 23 L.R.A. 632. 
 Judicial notice of congressional acts. 4 L. 
 
 R.A. 39.* 
 
 § 2. Congressional elections. 
 
 Extent of Federal control of. 53 L.R.A. 
 663. 
 
 Provision in primary election law for popu- 
 lar election of United States senators. 
 22L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONGRESS— cont'd 
 
 Constitutionality of popular elections of 
 
 United States senators. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 140. 
 
 § 3. Powers of. 
 
 Power of, as to commerce, generally, see 
 Commerce. 
 
 Powers of, as to equality of privileges, im- 
 munities, and protection. 14 L.R.A. 
 579. 
 
 Power to proclaim and maintain martial 
 law. 65 L.R.A. 195. 
 
 Right of Congress to prohibit or delegate 
 power to prohibit sales of intoxicating 
 liquors in the territories. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 922. 
 
 CONNECTING CARRIERS. 
 
 See Caekieks, §§ 98, 142, 143. 
 
 CONNECTIONS. 
 
 With drains and sewers, see Dkains and 
 Sewebs, § 5. 
 
 Right to compel consumer to pay for con- 
 nection with water mains. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 485. 
 
 Liability of telephone company for failure 
 to make connections for subscribers. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 554; 39 L.R.A. (NJS.) 402. 
 
 CONNIVANCE. 
 
 As defense to divorce suit, see Divorce and 
 Separation, § 31. 
 
 What is collusion; effect on suit. 12 L.R. 
 
 A. 815.* 
 By obligee in principal's fraud in obtaining 
 
 guaranty or surety. 21 L.R.A, 410. 
 As defense to suit for divorce. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 524.* 
 Of successful party in perjury as ground for 
 
 relief against judgment. 10 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 224. 
 
 CONSCIENTIOUS SCRUPLES. 
 
 Disqualifying grand juror. 28 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 CONSCRIPTION. 
 
 Of labor for working highway as a 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130. 
 
 tax. 
 
228 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONSENT. 
 
 § 1 . Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, § 33. 
 
 Age of, see Age of Consent. 
 
 Effect of, on liability for assault and bat- 
 tery, see Assault and Battery, § 4. 
 
 To crime, see Criminal Law, § 20. 
 
 Estoppel by, see Estoppel, § 17,. 
 
 To making of improvements, see Improve- 
 
 MEKTS, § 3. 
 
 Judgment by, see Judgment, § 29. 
 
 Owner's consent to work as essential to me- 
 chanics' lien, see Mechanics' Liens, 
 §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Of parent to adoption of child, see Parent 
 AND Child, § 18. 
 
 Liability of newspaper proprietor for libel 
 published without. 26 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 Nonenforceability for want of, of contract 
 procured by threat to prosecute relative. 
 26 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 LTse of negative or engraved plates without 
 consent of party paying for same. 50 
 L.R.A. 397. 
 
 To assignment or deed of trust for creditors. 
 24 L.R.A. 369 ; 26 L.R.A. 599. 
 
 To erection of party wall. 66 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 To obstruction of navigation. 59 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 To suppression of competition at judicial 
 ^ sale. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1204. 
 
 Effect of owner's consent to dam back water 
 of stream. 59 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 Effect of master's consent to giving of lien 
 on vessel under charter for supplies and 
 repairs. 70 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 Necessity of, to entitle third person to sue 
 on contract for his_benefit. 25 L.R.A. 
 265. 
 
 To delegation of power of taxation to local 
 board. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 70. 
 
 To violation of injunction as justification 
 therefor. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 
 Validity and effect of stipulation in con- 
 tract for sale of land against assign- 
 ment by a vendee without vendor's con- 
 sent. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1064. 
 
 Acceptance of remittance of part of un- 
 liquidated or disputed claim with state- 
 ment that it is "in full" as consent to 
 its receipt in full payment. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 443; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 439. 
 
 Requiring or permitting another to make 
 improvements on land at his own ex- 
 pense as a consent by the owner which 
 , will subject his interest to a lien. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 764. 
 
 Validity of provision in contract for con- 
 tingent fee, forbidding client to settle 
 the claim without attornev's consent. 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1101. 
 
 Right of one whose property has been taken 
 for public use without his consent and 
 without condemnation proceedings to 
 maintain action for compensation or 
 for permanent damages. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 968. 
 
 Power of municipality to make right to 
 transact certain business dependent on 
 consent of municipal authorities. 9 L. 
 
 1 R.A.(N.S.) 659. 
 
 Begin with this hooJc on every law question. 
 
 CONSENT^oont'd 
 
 Power of municipal corporations to make 
 use of property for particular purpose 
 or in a particular manner, conditional 
 upon consent of neighbors. 8 Ii.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 978. 
 
 § 2. To change in, or abandonment of, 
 contract. 
 
 Necessity for mutual consent to rescission 
 or abandonment of contract. 30 L.R.A. 
 40. 
 
 To discharge after part performance of con- 
 tract. 24 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Effect of servant's consent to wrongful dis- 
 charge on right to recover wages for 
 subsequent period. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 448. 
 
 To alteration of note. 35 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 As affecting alteration of deed after de- 
 livery. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 
 Consent to removal of insured property as 
 affecting insurer's liability. 26 L.E.A. 
 242. 
 
 § 3. To account stated. 
 
 Want of consent to account stated. 2T L.R. 
 A. 816. 
 
 Effect of dispute as to certain items of ac- 
 count on assent to other items, t L.R. 
 A. (N.S.) 924. 
 
 § 4. To sale of expectancy. 
 
 Of ancestor to sale of expectancy by pros- 
 pective heir. 33 L.R.A. 274, 281; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 438. 
 
 § 5. Matters as to mortgages. 
 
 Of mortgagee to removal of mortgaged prop- 
 erty from state as affecting hie lien. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940. 
 
 Effect of consent by mortgagee of realty to 
 affixing tliereon of a, chattel, the seller 
 of which retained title thereto or a 
 lien thereon. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 127. 
 
 Effect of assignment of mortgage by or with 
 mortgagor's consent to third person 
 after pavment of debt originally se- 
 cured. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 111. 
 
 § 6. Corporate matters. 
 
 Acquiring jurisdiction over foreign corpora- 
 tion by. 70 L.R.A. 536. 
 
 Liability of corporate directors for acts in 
 excess of their powers as affected by. 
 55 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 Duty of officers or majority stockholders, 
 against consent of minority to sell prop- 
 erty of corporation essential to its ex- 
 istence as a going concern. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 396. 
 
 To assessment on paid up stock. 46 L.R.A. 
 648. 
 
 Liability on unpaid subscription of trans- 
 feree of corporate stock who does not 
 consent to transfer. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 288. 
 
 By stockholders to consolidation of corpora- 
 tions. 52 L.R.A. 381. 
 
 Effect of consent of holders of all corporate 
 stock issued at time of transaction to 
 sale of property to corporation by pro- 
 moter. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1116. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 229 
 
 CONSENT— cont'd 
 
 To appointment of receivers of corporation. 
 20 L.R.A. 213. 
 
 § 7. Partnership matters. 
 
 Of creditor to assumption of debts on dis- 
 solution of partnership. 9 L.R.A.(N. 
 S.) 79. 
 
 Application of partnership assets with con- 
 sent of all partners to payment of in- 
 dividual debt of partner as a. voidable 
 preference under bankruptcy act. 17 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1040. 
 
 Right to purchase one partner's interest 
 in real property belonging to partner- 
 ship, without consent of other partners. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 
 § 8. Between landlord and tenant. 
 
 Waiver of provision for consent to assign- 
 ment of lease. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 488. 
 
 Efl'ect of proviso in lease against assign- 
 ment without consent upon right of as- 
 signee to assign. 2 B. R. C. 803. 
 
 Enforcement of landlord's consent to sub- 
 letting or assignment of lease. 25 L. 
 R.A.(N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Necessity of consent by tenant who has 
 abandoned premises to reletting by 
 landlord. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 403. 
 
 Power of lessee or vendee to subject owner's 
 interests to mechanics' liens where stat- 
 ute gives lien for improvements made 
 with owner's consent. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 612. 
 
 § 9. Between husband and wile. 
 
 Implication of wife's authority to purchase 
 necessaries from husband's assent to 
 previous transactions. 65 L.R.A. 548. 
 
 Sufficiency of husband's consent to wife's 
 will. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1133. 
 
 Husband's power to create easements in 
 homestead without wife's consent. 27 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 963. 
 
 Husband's power without wife's consent to 
 abandon horriestead or convey premises 
 by his sole deed after abandonment. 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 807. 
 
 To divorce, effect on right to contest its 
 validity. 60 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 Lease as encumbrance or conveyance with- 
 in statute requiring consent of spouse. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 675. , 
 
 Effect of consent to separation between hus- 
 band and wife on question of desertion 
 by spouse leaving. ^9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1121. 
 
 § 10. By employee. 
 
 Of employee to particular risk, necessity for 
 proving. 47 L.R.A. 192. 
 
 To discharge after part performance of con- 
 tract. 24 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Effect of servant's consent to wrongful dis- 
 charge on right to recover wages for 
 subsequent period. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 448. 
 
 § 11. Matters as to infants. 
 
 Effect of consent of parents to marriage of 
 infaints. 22 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 1 206. 
 Consult also L.K.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONSENT— cont'd 
 
 Of parent or guardian to marriage of in- 
 fant, conflict of laws as to. 57 L.R.A. 
 172. 
 
 Validity ,of adoption without consent of 
 natural parents. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 146. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute permitting 
 adoption of children without consent of 
 parents. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 
 Of mother or reputed father to custody or 
 control of illegitimate ciiild. 30 L.R.A. 
 696. 
 
 Parent's right to recover for injury to minor 
 servant employed without his consent. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 
 § 11a. Matters as to incompetent per- 
 sons. 
 
 Power of court or guardian of incompetent 
 or habitual drunkard to consent to con- 
 veyance by trustee under trust requir- 
 ing consent by cestui que trust. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 39. 
 
 § 12. Matters as to Insurance. 
 
 By insurance company or its agent to modi- 
 fication of policy, see Insurance, VII. 
 
 Of person whose life is insured, see I-\SUK- 
 ANCB, § 35. 
 
 Right to surrender insurance policy without 
 beneficiary's consent, see Insurance,- 
 § 54. 
 
 Consent to removal of insured property as 
 affecting insurer's liability. 26 L.R.A. 
 242. 
 
 Variance between assignment or transfer of 
 insured property and insurer's consent 
 thereto. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 173. 
 
 §13. To railway in street. 
 
 Of municipality to construction of street 
 railway tracks, see Street Railways, 
 § 6. 
 
 Effect of consent, by town or municipality 
 to construction or use of railroad in 
 street or highway to estop it from ob- 
 jecting thereto. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1187. 
 
 To railroad in street as affecting abutting 
 owner's right to compensation. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789. 
 
 Remedy of abutting owner as affected by 
 his consent to construction of railroad 
 or street railway in street or highway. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 991; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 433. 
 
 Abutter's right to enjoin railroad in street 
 for lack of consent. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 828. 
 
 §14. To surgical operation. 
 
 See Physicians and Surgeons, § 14. 
 
 § 15. To assault. 
 
 Consent to assault, see Assault and Bat- 
 tery, § 4. 
 
 § 16. To mode of service. 
 
 On nonresident. 50 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 § 17. Matters as to jury. 
 
 To less than full jury. 43 L.R.A. 59. 
 
230 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONSENT— cont'd 
 
 Showing consent by record to verdict by 
 less than full jury. 43 L.R.A. 73. 
 
 To communication by judge with juror not 
 in open court. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 614. 
 
 Of defendant to separation of jury in capi- 
 tal case. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 781. 
 
 Of parties to separation of jury in criminal 
 eases other than capital, after finding 
 but before rendition of verdict. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1007. 
 
 CONSEQTJENTIAIi DAMAGES. 
 
 Allowance for, in eminent domain, see 
 Damages, §§ 87, 88. 
 
 Extent of trespasser's liability for conse- 
 quential injuries. 53 L.R.A. 626. 
 
 By act of municipality with reference to 
 surface water. 65 L.R.A. 269. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action at law for consequen- 
 tial damages to real property in another 
 state or country. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 936. 
 
 CONSERVATION. 
 
 Of natural resources, see Constitutional 
 Law, § 48. 
 
 Right of one who pumps oil, gas, or water 
 on his premises to enjoin similar acts 
 by his neighbor. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1057. 
 
 CONSERVATOR. 
 
 Power of conservator to adeem legacy. 28 
 L.K.A.(N.S.) 403. 
 
 CONSIDERATION. 
 
 See CoNTBACTS, §§ 7-17. 
 
 CONSIGNOR AND CONSIGNEE. 
 
 Right of agent as consignee of freight, see 
 
 Carriers, § 105. 
 Consignee as proper party to sue, see 
 
 Parties, § 15. 
 
 Passing of title as between consignor and 
 consignee by delivery to carrier. 22 
 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 When title passes under consignment of 
 goods for sale with provision in effect 
 that consignee purchase balance of con- 
 signment. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 620. 
 
 Dividing consignment of liquor as a sale. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S,) 872. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of assignee of bill of 
 lading with draft attached as against 
 consignee who does not get the goods or 
 finds them defective. 49 L.R.A. 679; 
 1 L.E.A.(N.S.) 242; 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1221; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1173 
 
 CONSIGNOR AND CONSIGNEE— cont'd 
 
 Negotiability of draft against consignment. 
 35 L.R.A. 650. 
 
 Lien of consignee for advances. 70 L.R.A. 
 416. 
 
 Liability of consignee for injury to servants- 
 of carrier. ■ 46 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Duty of consignor or consignee to his em- 
 ployees, as to condition of car. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 972. 
 
 Carrier's liability for personal injuries to 
 consignor or consignee or their em- 
 ployees caused by unsafe car. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 857. 
 
 To whom delivery may be made under con- 
 signment fe consignor's agent. 38 
 ' L.R.A. 366. 
 
 Consignee's right as against carrier to re- 
 ject consignment of freight for delay 
 in transportation. 12 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 431. 
 
 Right to charge demurrage for detention of 
 cars by consignees. 22 L.R.A. 536. 
 
 CONSOCIATION. 
 
 Of duties as test of common employment. 
 
 50 L.R.A. 444. 
 Mere consociation as affecting legal relation 
 
 of servant of employer and servant of 
 
 contractor as fellow servants. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 335. 
 
 CONSOLIDATION. 
 
 Of corporations, see Coeporations, III. 
 
 Of criminal prosecutions, see Indictment, 
 
 Information, and Complaint, § 9. 
 Of railroads, see Railroads, § 9. 
 
 CONSORTIUM. 
 
 See Husband and Wife. 
 
 CONSPIRACY, 
 
 II. 
 III. 
 
 In general, § 1. 
 To injure business 
 
 §§ 3-4. 
 Of laborers; strikes, , 
 
 of another. 
 
 S-S. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Blacklisting employees, see BlacklistinGi 
 
 'i^quity jurisdiction in case of, see Equity, 
 § 14. 
 
 Criminal liability for acts of co-conspirator, 
 see Criminal Law, § 27. 
 
 Combinations in restraint of trade or com- 
 merce, see Monopoly and Combina- 
 tions, II. 
 
 Admissibility of acts and declarations of 
 co-conspirator, see Evidence, § 237. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 231 
 
 CONSPIKACY, I.— cont'd 
 
 Homicide in canvino' out, see Homicide, 
 
 § IS. 
 
 Defined. 12 L.E.A. 193.* 
 Instigation to. 25 L.R.A. 345. 
 To qpmmit tort. 6 L.R.A. 629.* 
 Actionable quality of. 11 L.E.A. 546;* 12 
 
 L.R.A. 196.* 
 Homicide in carrying out. 68 L.R.A. 193. 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 571. 
 Illegal intent of prosecutor as affecting guilt 
 
 of obtaining property by means of. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 277. 
 Between real estate broker and purchaser, 
 
 effect on commissions. 45 L.R.A. 39. 
 To suppress competition at Judicial sale as 
 
 ground for avoiding same. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1206'. 
 To alienate affections. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 470. 
 Attempt to procure violation of Elkins act 
 
 as conspiracy. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 720. 
 Several offenses growing out of same facts. 
 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 731. 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation for. 
 
 2 B. R. C. 246. 
 Eight of party to a conspiracy to the aid 
 
 of equity to compel a corporation to 
 
 transfer on its books stock acquired in 
 
 aid of such conspiracy. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 108. 
 Effect of overt act vpithin limitation period, 
 
 where the conspiracy was originally 
 
 formed and the first act committed be- 
 yond the period of limitation. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1053. 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 317. 
 
 //. To injure .business of another. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 To injure trade. 2 L.R.A. 33;* 6 L.R.A. 
 457;* 8 L.R.A. 500.* 
 
 § 3. Boycott. 
 
 As conspiracy. 12 L.R.A. 194.* 
 Enjoining use of threats and intimidation 
 to prevent one entering another's em- 
 ployment. 12 L.R.A. 195.* 
 Interference by competitor or others' with 
 agents of dealer or manufacturer. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 904. 
 Lawfulness of boycott by other than labor 
 union. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1034. 
 Where act is violative of public policy. 
 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1034. 
 As affected by nature of object. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1036. 
 Where motive is malicious. 33 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1038. 
 Doctrine that malicious motive 
 does not affect otherwise law- 
 ful act. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1038. 
 Where complaining person is mem- 
 ber of combination. 33 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1040. 
 Legality of combination by dealers not to 
 patronize wholesalers who sell to un- 
 desirable persons. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1054. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to elate. 
 
 CONSPIRACY, II.— cont'd 
 § 4. — by labor union. 
 
 Boycotting. 12 L.R.A. 194.« 
 
 Right of labor union to notify persons not 
 to deal with a certain individual. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 85; 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 707; 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 748. 
 
 Right of labor union to forbid its members 
 to handle one's product. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 642; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 792. 
 
 Liability of members of trade combination 
 for injury to boycotted dealer. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 824. 
 
 Recovery ,of money paid to labor organiza- 
 tion in order to avoid boycott. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1198. 
 
 Injunction against publishing or circulating 
 statements relative to industrial dis- 
 putes by labor union. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1013. 
 
 Right of labor union to divert trade from 
 one with whom it is in controversy. 
 1 B. R. C. 245. 
 Doctrine that it may be an unlawful 
 conspiracy for many to combine to 
 do what one may lawfully do. 1 
 
 B. R. C. 246. 
 
 Doctrine that conspiracy depends upon 
 unlawfulness of object or means 
 used to attain it. i B. R. C. 246. 
 
 Unlawfulness of object sought. 1 B. E. 
 
 C. 250. 
 
 Unlawfulness of means used. 1 B. E. 
 C. 255. 
 Refusal to handle product. 1 
 
 B. R. C. 259.. 
 Refusal to work on same job. 1 
 
 B. R. C, 263. 
 Threat to call strike against per- 
 sons contracting to do work. 
 1 B. R. C. 264. 
 Requesting the public not to pat- 
 ronize. 1 B. R. C. 264. 
 Threat similarly to boycott pat- 
 rons. 1 B. E. C. 268. 
 Physical intimidation of prospec- 
 tive patrons. 1 B. R. C. 273. 
 The right to a free market. 1 B. R. C, 
 
 274. 
 Effect of Sherman act. 1 B. R. C. 281. 
 Liability of members of trade combination 
 for injury to boycotted dealer. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 824. 
 Liability of labor union or its members to 
 persons with whose employment it has 
 interfered. 1 B. R. C. 514. 
 
 III. Of laborers; striTces. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Injury by labor organization to business 
 of another, see supra, § 4. 
 
 Lawfulness of combinations of workmen. 
 12 L.R.A. 193.* 
 
 Coercing choice of employment. 12 L.R.A. 
 193.* 
 
 Dictation to and coercion of employers an(i 
 employees. 12 L.R.A. 195."'' 
 
 Liability for procuring discharge of non- 
 union man. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 
232 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONSPIRACY, III.— cont'd 
 § 6. Strikes. 
 
 Inducing servant to quit to aid strike, see 
 Case, § 5a. 
 
 Injunction against strikes. 28 L.R.A. 464. 
 Injunction, generdlly. 28 L.R.A. 464. 
 Proceedings under the interstate com- 
 merce act. 28 L.R.A. 467. 
 Receivers. 28 L.R.A. 471. 
 Lawfulness of strike or of threat to cause, 
 or to so act as to induce strike, when 
 there is no dispute between the strikers 
 and their own employers. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1067. 
 Right of labor union to impose fine on mem- 
 bers as a means of inducing them to 
 join in strike. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1236. 
 Controversy over "open" or "closed" shop 
 as justification for means employed to 
 aid strike. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 162; 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 787. 
 System of work as justification for strike. 
 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 179. 
 Forcing discharge of foreman or coemployee 
 as justification for strike. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1048. 
 Right of individual to refuse to work 
 with obnoxious coemployee. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1049. 
 Right of workmen to combine to re- 
 fuse to work with another. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1050. 
 What constitutes justification. 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1052. 
 Criminal aspects of combination to pro- 
 cure another's discharge. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1056. 
 Right, in aid of strike, to employ peaceable 
 persuasion to induce persons not un- 
 der contract to quit, or not accept em- 
 ployment. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 445. 
 Right, in aid of strike, to use money to 
 induce persons not under contract, to 
 quit or not accept employment. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 453. 
 
 § 7. — effect of. 
 
 Construction and effect of "strike" clause 
 in contract of sale and delivery. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1187. 
 
 Strike as aflTecting carrier's liability. 35 
 L.R.A. 623. 
 
 Effect of, on carrier's duty to furnish cars. 
 43 L.R.A. 623. 
 
 lifl'ect and construction of express provision 
 in charter party against demurrage in 
 ease of strike. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 
 Effect of, on liability for statutory penalty 
 for refusal to receive goods offered for 
 shipment. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1200. 
 
 Liability of carrier for injury to passenger 
 by strikers. 55 L.R.A. 713. 
 
 Liability of telegraph company for delay in 
 transmitting or delivering message due 
 to strike of its employees. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1214. 
 
 CONSTABLE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Bond of, see Bonds, §§ 12-15. 
 
 Deputy constables', see Constables, g 2. 
 
 As public officers. 17 L.R.A. 247. 
 
 Place at which official acts of, may be per- 
 formed. 33 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 Right to make bids on sales conducted by 
 them. 20 L.R.A. 505. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession to. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 849. 
 
 Effect upon surety on bond of, of judgment 
 against principal. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 704, 732. 
 
 § 2. Liability. 
 
 Liability on bond, see Bonds, §§ 12-15 
 
 Liability of, for his deputy's tort in making 
 arrest. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1019. 
 
 Liability of officer who uses criminal proc- 
 ess to collect a debt. 24 L.RA.(N.S.) 
 301. 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Of 
 
 Of 
 
 state or country, see Constitoiional 
 
 Law. 
 
 insurance company, see Insubance, 
 
 §§ 46, 47. 
 
 § 8. —picketing. 
 
 Law as to picketing. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 302 
 
 Begin tvith this hook on every law question. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. 
 
 I. In general, g§ 1, 2. 
 II. Adoption; atnendment; construc- 
 tion, §§ 3-6. 
 III. Ex post facto laws, § 7. 
 IT. Retroactive statute §§ 8-10. 
 
 T. Delegation of powers, §§ 11-17. 
 VI. Separation of powers, §§ 18-30. 
 Til. Local self government, § 21. 
 Till. Rights of persons and property, 
 §§ 21a-161. 
 
 a. In general, § 21a. 
 
 b. Privileges and immunities; 
 
 equal protection, § 22. 
 
 c. Due process of law, § 23. 
 
 d. Police poxver, § 23a. 
 
 e. Restrictions on contracts and 
 
 Imsiness, § 24. 
 
 f. Property rights, §§ 25-2S. 
 
 g. Tested rights, § 29. 
 
 h. Impairment of ohligation of 
 contract, §§ 30-38. 
 
 1. In general, §§ .30-33. 
 
 2. What are contracts, § 
 
 34:. 
 
 3. As to rem,edies, §§ 35- 
 
 37. 
 4:. By change in decisions, 
 / § 3S. 
 i. Rights on various particular 
 suhjects, §§ 89-161. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 39-111. 
 
 2. Regulation of business 
 or occupation; license, 
 §§ 112-14(1 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 233 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW— cont'd 
 
 3. Remedies and proced- 
 ure, §§ 147-139. 
 4:. Criminal matters; im- 
 pritioiunent, §§ 160- 
 161. 
 
 I, III general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 ilatters of interstate commerce, see CoM- 
 
 HEKCE. 
 
 Constitutional guaranty against self crim- 
 ination, see Crimixal Law, §§ 49-53, 
 
 Constitutionality of statutory credits for 
 good behavior of convict, see Criminal 
 Law. § 81', 
 
 Power of eminent domain, see Eminent Do- 
 
 5tAIN. 
 
 Freedom of speech, see Fbeedoxi; of Speech 
 AND OF THE Press. 
 
 Imprisonment for debt, see Imprisonment 
 for Debt-. 
 
 Eeeognition of judgment of other state un- 
 der full faith and credit provision, see 
 Judgment, §§ 67-70. 
 
 Powers of legislature generally, see Legis- 
 lature, § 3. 
 
 Constitutionality of modern anti-trust 
 laws, see Monopoly and Combina- 
 tions. 
 
 Purposes for which public money may be 
 used, see Public Money, § 4. 
 
 Searches and seizures, see Search and Seiz- 
 ure. 
 
 Who may attack constitutionality of stat- 
 ute, see Statutes, § 9. 
 
 Partial unconstitutionality of statute, see 
 Statutes, § 10. 
 
 As to enactment, entitling, and construc- 
 tion of statutes, see Statutes, II. 
 
 Pluralitv of subjects in statute, see Stat- 
 utes. '§§ 13, 14. 
 
 Title of statute, see Statutes, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 Special legislation, generally, see Stat- 
 ' utes, §§ 15-18. 
 
 Corporate taxation as affected by contract 
 clause, see Taxes,^ § 37. 
 
 Incorporation of common-law principles in 
 constitutional law. 2 L.R.A. 655.* 
 
 Consideration of extrinsic evidence to show 
 unconstitutionality of statute. 14 
 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 Constitutional command to enact law as im- 
 plied prohibition against further legis- 
 lation on the same subject. 1 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 489. 
 
 Validity of claims against state as affected 
 by state constitution. 42 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to recover 
 back money paid out in violation of the 
 Constitution. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 157. 
 
 § 2. Constitutional objection In man- 
 damns proceeding. 
 
 Right of relator in mandamus proceedings 
 to attack constiijutionality of statute 
 relied upon bv respondent. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 266. 
 
 Unconstitutionality of statute as against 
 mandamus to compel its enforcement. 
 47 L.R.A. 512: 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1200; 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1060. 
 Consult ahio L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, I.— cont'd 
 //. Adoption; amendment; oonstriic- 
 tioii. 
 
 § 3. Adoption. 
 
 Power of court to determine the question 
 of adoption. 15 L.R.A. 524. 
 
 Upon what basis is the majority essential 
 to the adoption of constitutional or 
 other special propositions submitted at 
 a general election to be computed. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478. 
 
 § 4. Amendment. 
 
 Power to cure unconstitutional statute by 
 amendment. 60 L.R.A. 564. 
 
 Amendment of statute, see Statutes, §§ 14, 
 29, 30. 
 
 Effect of noncompliance with prescribed 
 
 method of amending Constitution. 10 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 149. 
 Validation of unconstitutional statute by 
 
 constitutional amendment. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 77. 
 
 § 5. Construction. 
 
 Rules in construction of Constitution. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 390.* 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 
 to construction of Constitution. 40 
 
 L.R.A, (N,S.) 393. 
 Condition as to vote by people to adopt 
 
 statute. 23 L.R.A. 113. 
 Construction of particular constitutions as 
 
 to legislative divorce. 18 L.R.A. 96. 
 Constitutional provisions as to number and 
 
 agreement of jurors necessary to ver- 
 dict. 43 L.R.A. 37. 
 When "may," in constitutional provision, 
 
 deemed to be mandatory. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 340. 
 
 §6. — sell-executlng provisions. 
 
 Generally. 16 L.R.A. 281. 
 
 Prohibitions generally. 16 L.R.A. 282. 
 
 Cases as to taking property for public use, 
 16 L.R.A. 283. 
 As to jury. 16 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Exemptions may be regarded as prohibi- 
 tions. 16 L.R,A. 284. 
 
 Taxation. 16 L.R.A. 284. 
 
 Appropriations, 16 L,R.A. 285. 
 
 Stockholders' liability. 16 L.R.A. 285. 
 
 III. Ex post facto laws. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 What are. 3 L.R.A. 181.* 
 
 Unconstitutionality of. 1 L.R,A. 632.» 
 
 Right of prohibition against sale of liquors 
 as limited by provisions of Federal con- 
 stitution against ex post facto laws. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 929. 
 
 Constitutional or statutory provisions for 
 prosecution of felony upon information 
 without indictment as an ex post facto 
 law. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 600, 
 
 Statute reducing number of presiding 
 judges at criminal trial. 37 L.R.A, 
 ■(N,S.) 567, 
 
 Statute affecting challenges to the jur>- as 
 ex post facto. 31 L,R.A, (X,S.)' S'io. 
 
234 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, III.— cont'd 
 Repeal of statute excluding evidence dis- 
 covered or obtained by judicial proceed- 
 ings against accused. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 96. 
 Constitutionality of statute providing for 
 increased punishment because of prior, 
 conviction. 34 L.R.A. 399. 
 
 IT. Retroactive statutes. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 What statutes are retroactive, see Stat- 
 utes, § 28. 
 General rule against construing statute so 
 as to give it a retrospective eflfect. 
 10 L.R.A. 407;* 12 L.R.A. 50.* 
 Constitutionality of laws charging the ex- 
 pense of police regulations on the busi- 
 ness to be regulated. 16 L.R.A. 380. 
 Constitutionality of retroactive statute 
 creating right of action or of set- 
 off on account of past acts or 
 transactions. 52 L.R.A. 934. 
 Improvement acts. 52 L.R.A. 935. 
 Divorce., 52 L.R.A. 937. 
 Miscellaneous statutes creating rights 
 of action against individuals or 
 private corporations. 52 L.R.A. 
 938. 
 Statutes creating right of action 
 against municipal corporations. 
 52 L.R.A. 940. 
 Power to impose succession tax retrospect- 
 ively. 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 602. 
 
 § 9. Curative acts. 
 
 Statutes legalizing invalid municipal con- 
 tracts, see Municipal Corpobations, 
 § 56. 
 
 Curative act as special legislation. 5 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 327; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 534; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 465. 
 Curing constitutional defect in prior stat- 
 ute. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 431. 
 Power to cure unconstitutional statute by 
 amendment. 60 L.R.A. 564. 
 Generally. 60 L.R.A. 564. 
 Statutes only partially unconstitution- 
 al. 60 L.R.A. 564. 
 Statutes unconstitutional in entirety. 
 60 L.R.A. 565. 
 In general. 60 L.R.A. 565. 
 Curing defect in title of statute by 
 amendment of title only. 60 
 L.R.A. 566. 
 Validation of unconstitutional statute by 
 constitutional amendment. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 77. 
 Constitutionality of statutes curing defect- 
 ive aclcnowledgments of conveyances of 
 real property. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1076. 
 Curative act relieving ofiSeer from lia- 
 bility for loss of funds deposited in 
 bank. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 294. 
 Curative statutes for purpose of curing 
 statutory defects in map or plat. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 591. 
 
 § 10. —acts legalizing contracts. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute legalizing an 
 invalid private contract. 22 
 L.R.A. 379. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 CINSTITUTIONAL LAW, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Under Federal Constitution. 22 L.R.A. 
 379. 
 
 Retroactive laws and vested rights. 22 
 L.R.A. 380. 
 
 Due process of law. 22 L.R.A. 382. 
 
 Application of the rules to acknowl- 
 edgments. 22 L.R.A. 382. 
 
 Application of the rules to contracts 
 unenforceable because usurious. 
 22 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 Conflict with judicial power. 22 L.R.A. 
 385. 
 
 Rights of third persons cannot be im- 
 paired. 22 L.R.A. 385. 
 Statutes legalizing municipal contract. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 096. 
 
 F. delegation of powers, 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Relation of courts to other departments, see 
 Coukts, §§ 14-18. 
 
 By municipality, see Mitnicipai, Corpoba- 
 tions, § 18. 
 
 Strict construction of redelegated powers. 
 
 11 L.R.A. 583.* 
 Maxim that delegated authority cannot be 
 
 redelegated. 11 L.R.A. 582.* 
 Power to fix tolls, rates, and prices. 33 
 
 . L.R.A. 182. 
 Power to compel prisoner to labor. 27 
 
 L.E.A. 603. 
 Delegation of legislative power to regulate 
 
 internal management of corporations. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 251. 
 By primary election law. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1146. 
 
 Legislative. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1146. 
 
 Judicial. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1147. 
 Delegation of power to determine place of 
 
 confinement of prisoners committed for 
 
 crime. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 978. 
 
 § 12. To people. 
 
 Power of legislature to make a statute 
 contingent on approval by a vote of the 
 people. 23 L.R.A. 113. 
 
 Initiative and referendum. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1092; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 
 Validity of' local option laws and submis- 
 sions to popular vote. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 942. 
 
 § 13. To commission. 
 
 Power of legislature to delegate to commis- 
 sion the right to fix rates to be charged 
 by a public service corporation. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 713. 
 
 Constitutionality of commission form of 
 government as against objection to 
 delegation of legislative power to mu- 
 nicipalities. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 802. 
 
 § 14. To Civil service commissioners. 
 
 Legislative power. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 481. 
 Judicial power. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 481. 
 
 § 15. To local authorities and boards. 
 
 Delegation of power by municipality, see 
 Municipal Coepobations, § 18. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 235 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, V.— cont'd 
 
 Delegation of legislative power to county 
 board of supervisors. 16 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Eight of legislature to delegate to munic- 
 ipal corporations power to make by- 
 laws and ordinances. 11 L.K.A. 582.* 
 
 To legislate on subjects covered bv state 
 laws. 1 L.E.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 
 As to local option law. 1 L.E.A.(N.S.) 483. 
 
 To what boards or bodies may power of 
 taxation be delegated. 15 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 61; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1078. 
 
 Authority of legislature to make punish- 
 able, failure to comply with rule of 
 health board. 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 
 § 16. To courts or judges. 
 
 May appointment of municipal officers be 
 constitutionally delegated to courts or 
 judges thereof. 19 L.E.A.(N.S.) 579. 
 
 Constitutionality of succession taxes with 
 respect to jurisdiction of probate 
 courts. 33 L.R.A.{N.S.) 600. 
 
 Validity of statute establishing courts for 
 juvenile offenders. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 564. 
 
 § 17. As to railroads and carriers. 
 
 To apportion liability for cost of abolish- 
 ing grade crossing. 26 L.E.A. 94. 
 Delegability of power to compel railroads 
 
 to fence tracks. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 By, legislature of power to fix tolls, rates, 
 
 or prices. 33 L.R.A. 182. 
 Delegation by legislature of power to regu- 
 late carriers. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 639. 
 
 Combination of powers. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 639. 
 
 Conferring judicial power on regulator. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 641. 
 
 Conferring legislative power on courts. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 645. 
 Flagmen; gates. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 646. 
 
 Conferring executive power. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 647. 
 
 Administrative and legislative func- 
 tions distinguished. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 647. 
 
 Fixing rates. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 649. 
 
 Providing stations and stopping at sta- 
 tions. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 650. 
 
 Changing carrier into warehouseman. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 651. 
 
 Appliances. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 651. 
 
 Cattle quarantine. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 651. 
 
 Compressing cotton. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 652. 
 
 Inspection of grain. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 652. 
 
 Ordering lease of ground to grain ele- 
 vator. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 652. 
 
 Eeeiproeal demurrage charges. 32 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 652. 
 
 Time of trains. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 653. 
 
 Increase of service. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 6.54. 
 
 Track connections and crossings. 32 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 654. 
 
 Entrance into terminals. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 054. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, V.— cont'd 
 
 Building spur tracks. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 654. 
 Suspending a law or exempting car- 
 rier from its operation. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 655. 
 Miscellaneous. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 655. 
 
 TI. Separation of powers. 
 
 § 18. GeAerally. 
 
 Separation of departments of government. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 361;* 3 L.R.A. 53,* 210;* 4 
 
 L.R.A. 79.* 
 By commission form of government. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 802. 
 Initiative and referendum. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1092; 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 Eight of executive officer to fix date of 
 
 execution in a capital case. 14 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 268. 
 
 § 19. Usurpation of power by courts. 
 
 Power of courts generally, see Couets. 
 
 Eelation of courts to other departments, see 
 
 CouETS, g§ 14-18. 
 Constitutional power of courts or judges 
 
 to appoint officers. 16 L.E.A. 737. 
 Power of judiciary to fix rates to be charged 
 
 by public service corporation. 8 L.E.A. 
 • (N.S.) 529. 
 Judicial power over the right of eminent 
 
 domain. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 May judges of municipal or police courts 
 
 be vested or burdened with powers or 
 
 duties of a nonjudicial character. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 Power of legislature to impose upon judges 
 
 the duty to assist in drawing jurors. 
 
 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 § 20. Encroachment on judicial power. 
 
 Power of legislature to abridge power of 
 court to punish for contempt, see Con- 
 tempt, § 12. 
 
 Legislative divorce as conflicting with judi- 
 cial 'power. 18 L.E.A. 95. 
 
 Legislative authority to abridge power of 
 courts to punish for contempt. 36 
 L.E.A. 254. 
 
 Power of legislature to prescribe the quali- 
 fications of attorheys. 10 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 289. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring hus- 
 band, upon conviction of abandonment, 
 to provide for support of wife or fam- 
 ily. 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 854. 
 
 Permitting chancery to set aside a verdict 
 upon an issue directed by it to a law 
 court as an unconstitutional infringe- 
 ment upon the latter's powers. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 866. 
 
 VII. Local self-government. 
 
 §21. Generally; 
 
 Local self-government in Rhode Island. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 330. 
 Eight of local self-government; legislative 
 
 regulation of municipal officers. 1 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 512. 
 
236 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VII.— cont'd 
 Right of state to control municipal fire de- 
 partment. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 575. 
 Power of the legislature to impose burdens 
 upon municipalities and to con- 
 trol their local administration and 
 property. 48 L.R.A. 465. 
 Power to impose burdens. 48 L.R.A. 
 467. 
 Generally. 48 L.R.A. 467. 
 Public and quasi-publit improve- 
 ments. 48 L.R.A. 469. 
 Compelling payment of nonlegal de- 
 mands. 48 L.R.A. 473. 
 Validating defective obligations. 
 48 L.R.A. 476. 
 Power in respect to officers and local 
 
 administration. 48 L.R.A. 479. 
 Power in respect to property and fran- 
 chises. 48 L.R.A. 485. 
 
 Vlll. Rights of persons and property. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 21a. Generally. 
 
 Right to bear arms, see Cakbyinq Weapons. 
 Right to jury trial, see Jury, §§ 3-7. 
 
 Protection of private rights from interfer- 
 ence by public. 18 L.R.A. 543. 
 
 Decision against constitutional right as a 
 nullity subject to collateral attack. 39 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Right to enjoin acts under unconstitutional 
 statute as affected by other remedies in 
 case such acts are done. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 124. 
 
 b. Privileges and immunities; equal 
 protection. 
 
 § 22. Generally. 
 
 Equal protection and privileges as to par- 
 ticular matters, see infra, VIII. i. 
 Civil rights, see Civil Rights. 
 As to general or special legislation, see 
 
 STATX.-TES, §§ 15-18. 
 
 Validity of class legislation. 6 L.R.A. 621;* 
 
 21 L.R.A. 789. 
 What are privileges and immxinities of citi- 
 zens. 1 L.R.A. 56.* 
 Rqual privileges and immunities. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 57!). 
 Equal accommodations. 14 L.R.A. 579. 
 Who entitled to equal privileges. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 579. 
 Extent of right generally. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 580. 
 Traveling. 14 L.R.A. 580. 
 As to sexual relations. 14 L.R.A. 580. 
 Eight to vote and hold office. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 580. 
 Right to be jurors and witnesses. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 581. 
 School privileges. 14 L.R.A. 581. 
 Right to practise professions. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 581. 
 Commercial and business privileges, 
 
 generally. 14 L.R.A. 582. 
 Property rights. 14 L.R.A. 582. 
 Taxation. 14 L.R.A. 583. 
 As to litigation. 14 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 'CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VITI. b— cont'd 
 I Equal protection. 14 L.R.A. 583. 
 General rules. 14 L.R.A. 583. 
 Rights of aliens. 14 L.R.A. 583. ' 
 
 Police power. 14 L.R.A. 584. 
 As to jurors and witnesses. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 584. 
 As to property. 14 L.R.A. 584. 
 As to punishments and liabilities. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 584. 
 As to courts and proceedings. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 585. 
 Corporations. 14 L.R.A. 585. 
 Unjust discrimination. 14 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 As to attorneys' fees. 14 L.R.A. 586. 
 C'lass legislation restricting contracts in 
 
 business. 21 L.R.A. 790. 
 Consideration by Federal Supreme Court of 
 questions relating to equal protection 
 in reviewing judgment of state court. 
 63 L.R.A. 581. 
 Question relating to equal protection as 
 Federal question. 62 L.R.A. 531, 
 
 V. Due process of law. 
 
 § 23. Generally. 
 
 Due process of law as to particular mat- 
 ters, see infra, VIII. i. 
 As affecting' commerce, see Commerce. 
 
 What constitutes. 5 L.R.A. 359;* 11 L.R.A. 
 
 224;* 13 L.R.A. 305.* 
 As regulated by state law. 2 L.R.A. 655.* 
 Due process defined. 2 L.R.A. 258,* 655.* 
 Denial of, making judgment void. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 449. 
 As a Federal question. 62 L.R.A. 530. 
 
 d. Police power. 
 
 § 2 3a. Generally. 
 
 Police power as to particular matters, see 
 infra, VIII. i. 
 
 The term "police power" defined. 13 L.R.A. 
 131.* 
 
 What is a legitimate exercise of. 13 L.R.A. 
 132.* 
 
 Where lodged. 10 L.R.A. 135.* 
 
 Private interests subservient to public in- 
 terests. 8 L.R.A. 854.* 
 
 Extent of its exercise. 6 L.R.A. 622;* 10 
 L.R.A. 135.* 
 
 Equal protection as to matters within po- 
 lice power. 14 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 Municipal police power over railroads in 
 public streets. 70 L.R.A. 851. 
 
 e. Restrictions 
 
 on contracts 
 ness. 
 
 and husi' 
 
 Begin with this hooli on every lair question. 
 
 §2 4. Generally. 
 
 Restrictions as to particular kinds of busi- 
 ness, see infra, VIII. i, 2. 
 
 Restrictions as to contracts with employees, 
 see infra, §§ 62-66. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes restricting con- 
 tracts and business. 21 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 Testing statutes by the unwritten Con- 
 stitution. 21 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 Class legislation. 21 L.R.A. 790. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 237 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. e— cont'd 
 
 Freedom of contract. 21 L.E.A. 792. 
 
 Contracts molded by statute. 21 L.R.A. 
 793. 
 
 Police restraints upon business. 21 
 L.E.A. 794. 
 
 English legislation and opinions. 21 
 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Restrictions placed by courts upon free- 
 dom of contract. 21 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Literature. 21 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 f. Property rights. 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 Property rights to particular matters, see 
 also infra, VIII. i. 
 
 Eight to compensation for private property 
 taken for public use, see Eminent Do- 
 main, §§ 45-53. 
 
 Equal privileges and immunities as to prop- 
 erty rights. 14 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Equal protection as to property. 14 L.R.A. 
 584. 
 
 Power to make use of property for particu- 
 lar purposes, or in a particular man- 
 ner, conditional upon consent of neigh- 
 bors. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 978. 
 
 § 2 6. Contingent interests. 
 
 Legislative power to defeat contingent in- 
 terests in property. 19 L.R.A. 247. 
 Power of legislatures to change or destroy 
 estates by dower, curtesy, or simi- 
 lar estates. 19 L.R.A. 256. 
 As to dower. 19 L.R.A. 256. 
 As to curtesy. 19 L.R.A. 257. 
 Rights in wife's personal property. 19 
 L.R.A. 259. 
 
 § 2 7. Disposal of private property. 
 
 Constitutionality of private statutes to au- 
 thorize. 16 L.E.A. 251. 
 
 Limitations of the power. 16 L.R.A. 
 252. 
 
 Distinction between those sui juris and 
 those who are not. 16 L.R.A. 253. 
 
 Giving power to guardian of infants. 
 16 L.R.A. 254. 
 
 i^on compos mf^.ntis. 16 L.R.A. 254. 
 
 As to decedents' estates. 16 L.R.A. 254. 
 
 § 28. — power of husband as to. 
 
 Power of legislature to restrict husband's 
 right to alienate or encumber com- 
 munity property. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1040. 
 
 Power of legislature to take away husband's 
 right to convey or encumber homestead 
 property. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1029. 
 
 g. Tested rights. 
 
 §29. Generally. 
 
 Impairment of obligations of contract, see 
 
 infra, VIII. h. 
 In statute of limitations, see Limitation or 
 
 Actions, § 3. 
 
 Retrospective statutes taking away vested 
 rights. 10 L.R.A. 407.* 
 Covsnlt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. g— cont'd 
 
 l<^xemptions of firemen from jury or militia 
 duty as vested rights. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 498. 
 
 Effect of constitutional provision asserting 
 title to navigable water on vested ri- 
 parian rights. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 257. 
 
 Increase in proportion of tax or assessment 
 imposed on property as impairment of 
 vested rights. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 546. 
 
 License to engage in profession or occupa- 
 tion as creating a vested right to con- 
 tinue in same. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1272. 
 
 Question relating to vested water rights as 
 Federal question. 62 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 h. Impairment of obligation of con- 
 tracts. 
 
 1. In general, 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 As to vested rights, see supra, § 29. 
 
 To what contracts rule applies. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 405.* 
 Power of Congress to impair obligation. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 246.* 
 Impairment by state Constitution. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 406.* 
 Contract of state. 13 L.R.A. 169.* 
 Retrospective statutes taking away vested 
 
 rights. 10 L.R.A. 407.* 
 Effect of state insolvency laws. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 359.* 
 Consideration by Federal Supreme Court of 
 
 questions relating to, in reviewing 
 
 judgment of state court. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 578. 
 
 §31. Exemptions. 
 
 Effect of exemption laws. 1 L.R.A. 359.* 
 Application to existing judgments of stat- 
 ute abolishing or diminishing exemp- 
 tions. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 § 32. Taxes and assessments. 
 
 Contract as to extent of street railway com- 
 pany's liability for paving assessment. 
 46 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 Corporation taxation as affected by contract 
 clause in" Federal Constitution. 60 
 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Change of law as to effect of tax certificates 
 as evidence of title. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1074. 
 
 Constitutionality of succession tax. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 592. 
 
 § 33. Miscellaneous. 
 
 Impairment of third person's rights on 
 legalizing invalid private contract. 22 
 L.E.A. 385. 
 
 Contract exemptions against power of legis- 
 lature to fix tolls, rates or price. 33 
 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 By police regulation of electric companies. 
 31 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 Power of municipality to prevent laying an 
 additional track under a franchise to 
 lay double tracks. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 850. 
 
238 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. h, 1— 
 cont'd 
 
 Statute extending mortgagor's right of pos- 
 session on foreclosure of pre-existing 
 mortgages. 31 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Statute limiting hours of labor. 65 L.R.A, 
 42. 
 
 Effect of legislation limiting cost of new in- 
 surance on existing contracts with 
 agents. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 946. , 
 
 Right under reserved power to amend or re- 
 peal charter of corporation to change 
 the rights of stockholders as to voting 
 the stock. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 420. 
 
 Statutes requiring railroad company to 
 fence tracks and build cattle guards as 
 impairing contract obligation. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 866. 
 
 Right to prohibit sale of liquors as limited 
 by provision of Federal Constitution 
 against. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 929. 
 3. What are contracts. 
 
 § 34. Generally. 
 
 Land grants as contracts within provision 
 against impairing obligation of con- 
 tracts. 10 L.R.A. 406.* 
 Generally. 17 L.R.A. 611. 
 'change of interest on judgments. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 612. 
 Constitutional provisions as to impairment 
 
 of obligation. 17 L.R.A. 613.' 
 Obligations created by judgments. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 614. 
 Corporate charters as contracts. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 257;* 10 L.R.A. 406.* 
 Privilege of using streets as a contract. 50 
 L.R.A. 142. 
 Use of streets for railroad or street- 
 railway tracks. 50 L.R.A. 143. 
 Water pipes and mains. 50 L.R.A. 145. 
 Gas pipes. 50 L.R.A. 146. 
 Telegraph and telephone lines. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 146. 
 Electric light poles and wires; subway. 
 
 50 L.R.A. 147. 
 Other uses. 50 L.R.A. 147. 
 Necessity that privilege be accepted 
 
 and acted upon. 50 L.R.A. 148. 
 When privilege invalid in whole or in 
 
 part. 50 L.R.A. 150. 
 Capacity in which municipality acts in 
 granting, revoking, or impairing 
 the privilege. 50 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 3. As to remedies. 
 
 § 35. Generally. 
 
 Impairment of remedy. 1 L.R.A. 358.* 
 
 •Alteration or abolition of remedy. 1 L.R.A. 
 3.59.* 
 
 Effect of new and less convenient or more 
 tardy remedy. 1 L.R.A. 357.* 
 
 Impairing rights bv procrastinating remedy. 
 4 L.R.A. 349.* 
 
 Effect of change of remedy, to impair obli- 
 gation of contract. 1 L.R.A. 357.* 
 
 Effect of stay laws as. 1 L.R.A. 358.* 
 
 § 36, liiniltatlon of actions. 
 
 Reasonableness of period allowed by statute 
 of limitations in respect to existing 
 cause of action. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 157. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every law question. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. h, 3— 
 cont'd 
 
 Applicability to existing contracts of stat- 
 ute avoiding contractual stipulations 
 limiting time for action. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1016. 
 
 § 3 7. Enforcement of liability of stock- 
 holder. 
 
 Validity of act changing remedy to enforce 
 stockholder's liability. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 954. 
 
 By change of remedy for enforcement of 
 stockholder's liability in foreign juris- 
 diction. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 909.> 
 
 Impairment of obligation by change of 
 remedy of creditor of corporation 
 against stockholder. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.)'' 
 1171. 
 
 i. By change in decisions. 
 
 §38. Generally. 
 
 Effect of change of judicial decision to im- 
 pair the obligation of a contract. 16 
 L.R.A. 646; 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 860; 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 500. 
 
 i. Rights on various particular subjects. 
 1. In general. 
 
 §39. Aliens. 
 
 Treaty guaranties to alien. 16 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Equal protection of rights of aliens. '14 
 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 Power of state, under 14th Amendment to 
 the United States Constitution, to deny 
 to aliens the right to engage in a law- 
 ful occupation. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 799. 
 
 Discrimination against, by statute or ordi- 
 nance imposing license or occupation 
 tax. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 281. 
 
 § 40. Animals. 
 
 Right to kill dogs under police power. 15 
 L.R.A. 249; 40 L.R.A. 510; 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 835; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 673. 
 
 Killing of unlicensed dogs as takilig prop- 
 erty without due process of law. 40 
 L.R.A. 523. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes authorizing 
 seizure of animals by humane officers. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 
 Power to require destruction of diseased do- 
 mestic animals without making com- 
 pensation therefor. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 369. 
 
 Validity of statute permitting the summary 
 killing of domestic animals other than 
 dogs, running at large. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 699. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute allowing cattle 
 to graze on highway. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1055. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes making rail- 
 road companies absolutely liable for 
 damage to stock irrespective of negli- 
 gence. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1018. 
 
 Police power as to dead animals. 38 L.R.A. 
 330. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 239 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 1— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 40a. Assessments. 
 
 As to taxes, see infra, §§ 102-105. 
 Impairment of contract obligations, see 
 supra, § 32. 
 
 Special assessment as a tax. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 837. 
 
 Power of legislature to make special assess- 
 ment superior to prior liens. 35 L.R.A. 
 373; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 762. 
 
 Assessments for improvements . by front- 
 foot rule. 17 L.R.A. 330; 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1124. 
 
 Personal liability of property owner to pay 
 assessments for local improvements. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1259; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 770. 
 
 Selection of interested person to assesss 
 benefits for improvements. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 292. 
 
 Increase in proportion of assessment im- 
 posed on property as impairment of 
 vested rights. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 546. 
 
 Impairment of obligation of contract as to 
 extent of street railway company's 
 liability for paving assessment. 46 
 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 Landowner's right to notice and hearing of 
 assessment for public improvements. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201. 
 
 § 41. Associations. 
 
 Building and loan associations, see infra, 
 
 § 42. 
 Corporations, see infra, § 49. 
 Religious societies, see infra, § 95. 
 
 Right to prohibit wearing badge of society 
 by nonmember. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 795. 
 
 § 41a. Attorneys, compensation and 
 lien of. 
 
 Attorneys' fees, see infra, § 149. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring an 
 attorney to perform services for the 
 public without remuneration. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 527. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes providing for 
 attorneys' liens. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 529. 
 
 § 42. Building and loan association. 
 
 Validity and effect of statute requiring de- 
 posit of securities by building and loan 
 association as a prerequisite to the 
 right to transact business. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 461. 
 
 § 43. Buildings. 
 
 Police power over conditioii of buildings. 
 16 L.R.A. 400. 
 
 Power of municipality to require permit to 
 construct or repair building within its 
 limits. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 737. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute or ordinance 
 limiting height of building. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1160. 
 
 Right of municipality to permit use of pub- 
 lic buildings for private purposes. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 580. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 1— 
 cont'd 
 
 Constitutionality of statutory regulations 
 as to safety and sanitary conditions of 
 tenement, lodging, and boarding 
 liouses. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 486. 
 
 Constitutionality of party wall statutes. 
 66 L.R.A. 710. 
 
 § 44. Carriers. 
 
 .Governmental regulation of carriers gener- 
 ally, see Carriers, V. 
 
 Action of public authorities under police 
 power as defense to carrier for delay 
 or nondelivery of freight. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 139. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring car- 
 rier to sell tickets good on connecting 
 line. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 541. 
 
 Constitutionality of legislation affecting the 
 amount of liability or penalty for delay 
 in delivery, or for destruction, of 
 freight. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making bill of 
 lading conclusive proof of receipt of 
 property. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 821. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute fixing mini- 
 mum rate of speed at which carrier 
 may transport special kinds of freight. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1018. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute imposing pen- 
 alty or added liability for failure 
 of carrier to pay claim. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 106. 
 As interference with interstate com- 
 merce. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 107. 
 
 §45. Gbildren. 
 
 Minor employees, see infra, § 63. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute permitting 
 adoption of child without consent of 
 parents. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 
 Validity of statute regulating admission of 
 minors to saloons. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Restraint on freedom of child as impair- 
 ment of child's constitutional 
 rights. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 886. 
 As violating constitutional guaranty of 
 
 liberty, 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 887. 
 ,As deprivation of right to jury trial. 
 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 890. 
 As creating involuntary servitude. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 893. 
 As imposing unequal penalty. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 894. 
 Statute authorizing commitment of minors 
 to reformatories without conviction of 
 crime. 16 L.R.A. 691. 
 
 §46. — after born children. 
 
 Divestiture of estates of persons not in 
 being. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 
 § 47. Civil service laws. 
 
 Delegation of legislative power. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 481. 
 Delegation of judicial power. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 481. 
 Privileges and immunities of citizens. 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S-) 481. 
 
240 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 1— 
 
 cont'd 
 Free speech and action. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 482. 
 Right of trial by jury. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 482. 
 Penalties. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 483. 
 Local and special legislation. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (X.S.) 483. 
 Sufficiency of title. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 483. 
 Partial invalidity. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 484. 
 Power of appointment. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 484. 
 Tenure of office. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 485. 
 Examination as illegal test. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 486. 
 Provision as to fitness. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 486. 
 Validity of statute giving veterans pref- 
 erence in appointment to office. 10 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 825. 
 
 § 4 8. Conservation of natural re- 
 sources. 
 
 Constitutionality of legislation restricting 
 or regulating the right to cut timber on 
 private land. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 422. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes to prevent 
 waste of subterranean water, natural 
 gas, or oil. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 436. 
 
 Right of state to forbid exportation of 
 natural resources. 35 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1193. 
 
 § 49. Corporations. 
 
 Impairment of obligations of contract as to 
 enforcing liability of stockholders, see 
 supra, § 37. 
 
 As to carriers, see supra, § 44. 
 
 As to railroad companies, see infra, § 94. 
 
 As to foreign corporations, see Corpo- 
 
 EATIONS, XI. 
 
 status of corporations as persons or citi- 
 zens, see COEPOBATIONS, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 Equal protection as to. 14 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 Rights of corporations subject to police 
 power. 9 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 Constitutionality of provisions as to bonus 
 stock of corporation. 38 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 Corporate charter as contract within pro- 
 vision against impairing obligations of 
 contracts. 2 L.R.A. 357;* 10 L.R.A. 
 406.* 
 
 Constitutionality of retroactive statute cre- 
 ating right of action against private 
 corporation. 52 L.R.A. 938. 
 
 Right under reserved power to amend or re- 
 peal charter of corporation to change 
 right's of stockholders as to voting the 
 stock. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 420. 
 
 § 50. Curtesy. 
 
 Power of legislature to change or destroy 
 estates by curtesy. 19 L.R.A. 257. 
 
 §51. Department stores. 
 
 Restrictive statutes against ''company 
 
 stores." 21 L.R.A. 797.. 
 Legal restrictions on department stores. 
 
 48 L.R.A. 261. 
 Begin with this hooTc on every laiv q 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VITI. i, 3— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 52. Divorce; alimony. 
 
 Constitutionality of retroactive statute 
 creating right of action or set-off on 
 account of past acts or transactions as 
 to. 52 L.R.A. 934. 
 
 Imprisonment for failure to pay alimony. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1140. 
 
 § 53. Descent and distribution. 
 
 Power to give child under existing adoption, 
 right to inherit from parent or parent's 
 relatives. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 216. 
 
 § 5 4. Destruction of property by jnob. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes imposing lia- 
 bility for property destroyed by mob. 
 24 L.R.A. 600. 
 
 § 54a. Devestiture of estates. 
 Devestiture of estates of persons not in 
 being. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 
 § 55. Dower. 
 
 Power of legislature to change or destroy 
 estates by dower. 19 L.R.A. 256. 
 
 Power of legislature to increase dower 
 right. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 319. 
 
 § 5 6. Elections. 
 
 Constitutional right to vote, see Elec- 
 tions, I. 
 
 Power of state legislature to regulate right 
 
 of suffrage. 1 L.R.A. 113.* 
 Equal privileges and immunities as to 
 
 right to vote. 14 L.R.A. ,580. 
 Constitutionality of popular elections of 
 
 United States senators. 41 L R A 
 
 (N.S.) 140. 
 Statutes restricting vote of elector to less 
 
 than all when several officers are to be 
 
 chosen for same office. 33 L.R.A. 141. 
 Constitutionality of decision of tie vote bv 
 
 lot. 47 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 § 5 7. — ballots. 
 
 Constitutionality of Australian ballot stat- 
 utes. 16 L.R.A. 754. 
 Constitutionality of statute for numbering 
 
 ballots. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 888. 
 Validity of statute as to marking official 
 
 ballot. 47 L.R.A. 806. 
 Constitutionality of legislation affecting 
 
 party representation on official ballot, 
 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 353. 
 Constitutionality of legislation restricting 
 
 candidate to one place on ballot. 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 825. 
 
 § 58. — voting machine. 
 
 Use of voting machine as violation of con- 
 stitutional requirement that all elec- 
 tions shall be by ballot. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 621; 24 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 188. 
 
 § 59. —primary elections. 
 
 Constitutionality of primary election laws. 
 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 11.36; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 132. ' 
 
 Discrimination in primary election laws. 
 
 • 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1144. 
 
 As tb parties. 22 L.R.A. (N.S) 1144 
 
 nestion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 241 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 1— 
 cont'd 
 
 As to candidates or voters. 22 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1145. 
 
 § 60. Electric companies. 
 
 Police regulation of electric companies. 31 
 L.R.A. 804. 
 Limitations in state Constitutions. 31 
 
 L.E.A. 804. 
 Impairment of obligation of con- 
 tracts. 31 L.E.A. 804. 
 Deprivation of property without 
 
 due process of law. 31 L.E.A. 
 
 805. 
 Class legislation. 31 L.E.A. 805. 
 Limitations in Federal Constitution. 
 
 31 L.E.A. 805. 
 Statutes requiring electric wires to 
 
 be put underground. 31 
 
 L.E.A. 806. 
 Statutes imposing penalties upon 
 
 telegraph companies for not 
 
 transmitting and delivering 
 
 messages properly. 31 L.E.A. 
 
 807. 
 Statutes regulating telephone 
 
 prices and requiring service on 
 
 equal terms to all. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 807. 
 Statutes imposing license fees on 
 
 telegraph companies. 31 L.E.A. 
 
 808. 
 
 § 61. Elevators. 
 
 Validity of regulations concerning ele- 
 vators and hoistways. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 899. 
 
 Legislative power to fix tolls, rates, or 
 prices. 33 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 § 62. Employers and employees. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes affecting re- 
 lation generallv, see Master and Sebv- 
 A?*T, § 10. 
 
 Who may raise question that employers' 
 liability law involves unconstitutional 
 discrimination. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 958. 
 
 Validity of statute abrogating fellow-serv- 
 ant rule. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1040. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute rendering mas- 
 ter liable for injury to servant, irre- 
 spective of negligence. 34 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 162. 
 
 Validity of statutes and ordinances for pro- 
 tection or comfort of street car oper- 
 atives. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1060. 
 
 § 63. — children and women employees. 
 
 See Master and Servant, § 12. 
 
 § 63a. — affecting right to contract. 
 
 See- Master and Servant, § 11. 
 
 §64.— hours of labor. 
 
 See ilASTER AND SERVANT, § 33. 
 
 § 65. —wages. 
 
 See Master a>;d Servant, §§ 30, 31. 
 
 ConsuU also L.R.A. THrje.'<ts to date. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 1— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 6 6. ^ labor organizations. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes forbidding em- 
 ployer to exact an agreement from em- 
 plovee not to join labor union. 7 L.R.A. 
 (NIs.) 282. 
 
 Right of municipality or other public body 
 to discriminate in favor of organized 
 labor. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 815. 
 
 §6 7. Esthetics. 
 
 Exercise of police power for esthetic pur- 
 poses. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 998. 
 
 § 68. Exemptions. 
 Jifl'ect of exemption laws. 1 L.E.A. 359.* 
 Application to existing judgments of stat- 
 ute abolishing or diminishing exemp- 
 tions. 25 L.E.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 § 69. Firemen. 
 
 Validity of law imposing tax on insurance 
 companies for benefit of firemen. 13 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1147. 
 
 § 7 0. Fish and game laws. 
 
 Legislative grants of right to fish. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 490. 
 Constitutionalitv of governmental control 
 
 over right of fishery. 39 L.E.A. 591. 
 Extension of regulation as to fishing, to 
 
 private bed. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 809. 
 Confiscation of nets found in illegal use. 
 
 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 Statutory prohibition of pollution of water 
 
 to protect fishery: 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 286. 
 Discrimination as to waters in legislation 
 
 restricting or regulating fishing rights. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409. 
 What discrimination as to persons is per- 
 missible in fish and game laws. 26 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 794. 
 Forbidding possession of game during 
 
 closed season. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 163. 
 Power to prohibit sale, by person lawfully 
 
 in possession, of game taken within the 
 
 state. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 608. 
 
 §71. Flag., 
 
 Statutes against desecration of flag. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1079. 
 
 § 72. Gambling device. 
 
 Gambling device as property within consti- 
 tutional protection. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 394. 
 
 § 73. Game laws. 
 
 See supra, § 70. 
 
 §7 1. Gas. 
 
 Privilege of using streets for gag pipes as 
 a contract within rule against impair- 
 ing obligation of contracts. 50 L.E.A. 
 146. 
 
 ^ 7 (a. Habitual drvinkards. 
 
 See infra, § 78. 
 
 § T.i. Health. 
 Protection of health. 
 16 
 
 10 L.R.A. 136.* 
 
242 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LAW, VIII. i, 1— 
 employees. 32 
 
 of 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL 
 cont'd 
 
 Protection of health 
 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Power of health authority to require alter- 
 ation on private property in a par- 
 ticular manner to abate nuisance en- 
 dangering public health. 24 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 241. 
 
 § 7 6. Highways. 
 
 Power of municipality to prohibit loitering 
 on public street. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 973. 
 
 Validity of enactments restricting use of 
 highways by bicyclists. 47 L.R.A. 290. 
 
 Privilege of using streets as a contract 
 within rule against impairing obliga- 
 tion of. 50 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Validity of statutes or ordinances regu- 
 lating horse drawn vehicles in city 
 streets. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 682. 
 Management of traffic. 31 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 684. 
 Weight of loads. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 685. 
 Width of tires. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 68S. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute allowing cattle 
 to graze on highway. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1055. 
 
 § 7 7. Horse racing. 
 
 Power of state to prohibit or regulate horse 
 racing. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 905. 
 
 § 7 8. Inebriates. 
 
 v'alidity of statute providing for governmen- 
 tal assistance of. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1196. 
 
 Validity of statute providing for commit- 
 ment of inebriates, without their con- 
 sent, to private or public institution. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 984. 
 
 § 7 9. Insolvency. 
 
 liffect of state insolvency laws to impair 
 obligations of contracts. 1 L.E.A. 359.* 
 
 § 80. liigbts. 
 
 Validity of statute holding property of 
 owner liable for light furnished tenant. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 198. 
 
 Privilege of using street for electric light 
 poles and wires as a contract within 
 rule against impairing obligation. 50 
 L.R.A. 147. 
 
 § 81. Low lands. 
 
 Power to fill low lands at expense of owner. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 709. 
 
 § 82. Marriage. 
 Power to forbid marriage. 
 531. 
 
 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 § 82a. Master and servant. 
 
 See supra, §§ 62-66. 
 
 § 83. Mechanics' liens. 
 
 See Mechanics' Liens, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VHI. i, 1— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 85. Municipal corporations ; counties. 
 
 Local self-government of municipalities, see 
 supra, § 21. 
 
 Vested right of municipal corporation in 
 defense of statute of limitations. 27 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1188. 
 
 Constitutionality of retroactive statute 
 creating right of action against. 52 
 L.E.A. 940. 
 
 Power of legislature to require municipality 
 to pension employees. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 608. 
 
 Power of legislature to impose burdens 
 upon municipalities and to control 
 their local administration and prop- 
 erty. 48 L.E.A. 465. 
 
 Authority of legislature to remove munici- 
 pality from trusteeship. 13 L.E.A. 
 217;* 16 L.E.A. 695. 
 
 Constitutionality of legislation relieving 
 municipalities, counties, or towns, from 
 liability for defects in highway, street, 
 or sidewalk. 42 L.E'.A.(N.S.) 493. 
 
 Power to authorize counties or other politi- 
 cal divisions to build or acquire rail- 
 road or street railway as affected by 
 limitations or restrictions on power to 
 , aid private enterprises. 28 L.IJ.A. 
 (N.S.) 412. 
 
 § 86. — annexation to. 
 
 Extending boundaries of municipality. 27 
 L.E.A. 741. 
 
 Annexation of territory to municipality as 
 taking property without due process of 
 law. 27 L.E.A. 741. 
 
 Discrimination between resident or prop- 
 erty owner within a territory annexed 
 as to right to defend against annexation 
 to municipality. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 421. 
 
 § 87. Natural resources. 
 
 Conservation of, see supra, § 48. 
 
 § 88. Nonresidents. 
 
 Aliens, see supra, § 39. 
 
 Discrimination in favor of residents in 
 transfer of property out of state by 
 bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings. 
 23 L.E.A. 37. 
 
 Discrimination against, in imposing license 
 or occupation tax. 16 L.E.A. 49 ; 40 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 279. 
 
 Discrimination between resident and nour 
 resident creditors of insolvent. 65 
 L.E.A. 354, 368. 
 
 Constitutionality of discrimination in statu- 
 tory regulations as to nonresident 
 dealers in food products. "" 34 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 653. 
 
 § 89. Nuisances. 
 
 Municipal control of nuisances, see MuNIci- 
 § 84. Mortgages. pal Cohporations, §§ 34-41. 
 
 Statute extending mortgagor's right of pos- Municipal authority as defense to liability 
 session on foreclosure of pre-existing j for nuisance, see Nuisances. § 27. 
 
 mortgages as impairing obligation of | Legislative authority as defense to liability 
 contracts. 31 L.E.A. 721. for nuisance, see NtnsANOES, §§ 28, 29. 
 
 Begin witli this hool! on every lair question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 243 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 1— 
 cont'd 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes expressly 
 granting power to create nuisance. 1 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 
 Power of health authorities to require alter- 
 ation on private property in particular 
 manner to abate nuisance endangering 
 public health. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 241. 
 
 § 90. Officers. 
 
 Civil service laws, see supra, § 47. 
 
 Equal privileges and immunities as to right 
 to hold office. 14 L.E.A. 580. 
 
 Policeman or fireman as an officer with- 
 in constitutional provisions. 36 L.R.A. 
 {N.S.) 883. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute regulating ap- 
 pointment to public office with refer- 
 ence to party affiliation. 27 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 720. 
 
 Constitutionality of provision for testing 
 election of city officer before city coun- 
 cil or other municipal body. 26 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 210. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making resi- 
 dence within the district a, qualifica- 
 tion of a public officer. 32 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 835. 
 
 Applicability to nonconstitutional officer of 
 constitutional provision against in- 
 crease of salarv of officer during term. 
 26 L.E.A. (N.S.") 289. 
 
 Power of legislature to extend term of office 
 beyond that fixed by the constitution. 3 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 886. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute releasing pub- 
 lie officer or his sureties from liability 
 for loss of public fund. 41 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 97. 
 
 Constitutionality of commission form of 
 government. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 111. 
 Guaranty of a republican form of gov- 
 ernment. 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 112. 
 Special and local legislation. 41 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 112. 
 Impairment of the obligation of con- 
 tract. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 112. 
 Delegation of legislative powers. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 113. 
 Reference to other laws; 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 113. 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 114. 
 
 § 91. Parks and squares. 
 
 Power of legislature to control use to which 
 property taken for purposes of a park 
 or square may be used. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 938. 
 
 § 92. Party wall. 
 
 Constitutionality of party wall statutes. 
 67 L.E.A. 710. 
 
 § 92a. Public contracts. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes requiring work 
 incident to public contract to be done in 
 the state or a local division thereof. 
 41L.E.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 
 § 93. Public improvements. 
 
 Assessments for, see supra, § 40. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 1— 
 
 cont'd 
 §94. Railroads. 
 
 As carriers, see supra, § 44. 
 Street railways, see infra, § 98. 
 
 Power to prevent consolidation of parallel 
 or competing railroads. 45 L.R.A. 272. 
 
 Privilege of using streets for railroad tracks 
 as a contract within rule against im- 
 pairing obligation of contracts. 50 
 L.R.A.'143. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes requiring rail- 
 road company to fence tracks and 
 build cattle guards. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 861. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes making rail- 
 road companies absolutely liable 
 for damage by fires set out by 
 them or for stock killed by 
 them, irrespective of negligence. 
 25 L.E.A. 161; 35 L.E.A. 1016. 
 Fires. 25 L.R.A. 161; 35 L.E.A. 1016. 
 Killing stock. 25 L.E.A. 162; 35 L.R.A. 
 1018. 
 
 Power to require railroad to establish or 
 maintain at its own expense an over- 
 head or underground crossing where 
 street was open subsequently to con- 
 struction of railroad. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 298. 
 
 Power to authorize counties or other politi- 
 cal divisions to build or acquire rail- 
 road as affected by limitations or re- 
 strictions on power to aid private enter- 
 prises. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 412. ' 
 
 Constitutionality of statute conferring 
 power of eminent domain on private 
 person or corporation other than rail- 
 road coippany for spur or lateral track. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 646. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute imposing pen- 
 alty or added liability for failure to 
 pay claim. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 
 § 95. Religious societies. 
 
 Limit of police power over religious organi- 
 zation. 2 L.E.A. 110.* 
 
 §96. Scliools. 
 
 As to use of school funds, see Schools, § 38. 
 
 Equal school privileges. 14 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Power to regulate or prohibit private 
 schools. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 53. 
 
 Validity of statute giving nonresident of 
 school district right to attend school 
 without charge. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1104. 
 
 § 97. Sexual relations. 
 
 Equal, privileges and immunities as to sex- 
 ual relations. 14 L.E.A. 580. 
 
 § 98. Street railroads. 
 
 Impairment of obligation of contract as to 
 extent of street railway company's lia- 
 bility for paving assessment. 46 L.R.A. 
 203. 
 
 Privilege of using streets for street railway 
 track as a contract within rule against 
 impairing obligation of contracts. 50 
 L.E.A. 143. 
 
244 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 1— 
 cont'd 
 
 Power to avithorize counties or other pol- 
 litical divisions to build or acquire 
 street railway as aflfeeted by limitations 
 or restrictions on power to aid private 
 enterprises. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 
 § 99. Subways. 
 
 Privilege of using streets as subway as a 
 contract within rule against impairing 
 obligation of. 50 L.R.A. 147. 
 
 § 100. Support of family. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring hus- 
 band on conviction of abandonment to 
 provide for support of wife or family. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 854. 
 
 § 101. Support of insane. 
 
 Power of state to make estate of person com- 
 mitted to insane asylum, or his rela- 
 tives, liable for cost of his maintenance 
 therein. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 
 § 102. Taxes. 
 
 Assessments for public improvements, see 
 
 supra, § 40. 
 As to license tax, see License, II. 
 Situs of property for purpose of taxation, 
 
 see Taxes, III. 
 Taxation of corporations, see Taxes, §§ 11, 
 
 33-39, 45, 46, 67. 
 Pui-poses for which taxes may be levied, see 
 
 Taxes, § 13. 
 
 Special assessment as tax. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 837. 
 
 Due process in state revenue laws. 2 L.R.A. 
 657.* 
 
 Equal privileges and immunities as to tax- 
 ation. 14 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 Due process in assessment or tax matter. 
 2 L.R.A. 656.* 
 
 Fees as taxes within constitutional provision 
 relating to taxation. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 153. 
 
 To what boards or bodies may the power of 
 taxation be delegated. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 61; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1078. 
 
 Increase in proportion of tax imposed on 
 property as impairment of vested 
 rights. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 546. 
 
 Validity of statute subjecting to the doom 
 of the assessor a tax payer who fails to 
 furnish a list of his property. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 388. 
 
 Constitutionality of specific tax upon 
 judgments. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 179. 
 
 Constitutionality of provision for deducting 
 debts from credits or other property. 
 23 L.E.A. 278. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute allowing d'educ- 
 tion of only assessed value of real estate 
 in assessing capital stock of corpora- 
 tion. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 704. 
 
 Power of the legislature to permit appeal to 
 court for purpose of reviewing the 
 amount of a tax assessment. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 716. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute giving priority 
 to claims for taxes against assets of 
 debtor. 29 L.R.A. 278. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 1— 
 
 cont'd 
 Change of law as to effect of tax certificates 
 
 as evidence of title. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1074. 
 
 § 103. — sucdfession tax. 
 
 Constitutionality of laws imposing. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 826;* 12 L.R.A. 402.* 
 Constitutionality of succession taxes. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 592. 
 Rule of uniformity and equality. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 593. 
 Discrimination between relatives. 
 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 593. 
 Exemptions. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 595. 
 Due process of law. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 596. 
 Equal protection of the laws. 33 
 
 L.R.A(N.S.) 598. 
 Impairing obligation of contract. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 598. 
 Privileges and immunities of citizens 
 of the several states. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 599. 
 14th Amendment in general. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 599. 
 Conflict of state and Federal powers. 
 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 600. 
 Local or special law. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 600. 
 Jurisdiction of probate courts. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 600. ' 
 
 Miscellaneous cases. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 601. 
 Power to impose retrospectively. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1180; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 602. 
 Classification of inheritance or gift, for 
 purposes of succession tax, on basis of 
 amount. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 732. 
 Inheritance or succession tax on property 
 covered by antecedent power of ap- 
 pointment. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 236. 
 Conflict of state and Federal powers in re- 
 spect to succession taxes. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 600. 
 
 § 104. — income tax. 
 
 Constitutionality of income tax. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 864. 
 
 § 105. —poll tax. 
 
 Constitutionality of poll tax as affected by 
 
 exemptions therefrom. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 901. 
 Power of legislature to compel employer to 
 
 pay employee's poll tax. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 306. 
 
 § 106. Telegraphs and telephones. 
 
 Legislative power to fix tolls, rates, or 
 prices. 33 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 Privileges of using streets' for telegraph 
 and telephone line as a contract with- 
 in rule against impairing obligation of 
 contracts. 50 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Legislative power to fix rates, tolls, or 
 prices. 33 L.R.A. isl 
 
 §107. Trademarks. 
 
 Validity of penal statute to protect trade- 
 marks 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 473. 
 
liVDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 245 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 1=— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 108. Traveling. 
 Equal privileges and immunitiea as to. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 § 108a. Trusts. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute subjecting 
 spendthrift trusts to debts. 40 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1215. 
 
 § 108b. ITnlon labels. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes for protection 
 of union labels. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1199. 
 
 § lOSc. Vital statistics. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes in relation to 
 vital statistics. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1015. 
 
 § 109. Water rights generally. 
 
 Laws as to fishing, see supra, § 70. 
 
 Legislative authority to dam back water of 
 stream. 59 L.R.A. 823. 
 
 Power over right of way on shore. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 881. , 
 
 Effect of constitutional provision asserting 
 title to navigable water upon vested ri- 
 parian rights. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 257. 
 
 § 110. Water supply. 
 
 Privilege of using streets for waterpipes 
 and mains as a contract within rule 
 against impairing obligation of con- 
 tracts. 50 L.R.A. 145. 
 
 Validity of statute holding property owner 
 liable for water furnished tenant. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 198. 
 
 Protection of municipal water supply from 
 pollution by exercise of police power. 
 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1164. 
 
 Power to forbid pollution of stream frpm 
 which municipal water supply is taken. 
 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 321. 
 
 Power of state or health authorities to for- 
 bid the use of a polluted water supply. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 766. 
 
 § 111. Women. 
 
 As employees, see Master and Servant, 
 § 12. • 
 
 Constitutionality of discrimination against 
 
 women in police regulations. 49 
 
 L.E.A. 111. 
 In granting licenses to sell liquors. 49 
 
 L.R.A. in. 
 Ib excluding women from employments 
 
 and places of business. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 111. 
 In restricting freedom, society, or right 
 
 to live in locality. 49 L.R.A. 115. 
 Power to exclude, from saloons. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 657. 
 Who may raise objection that statute con- 
 tains unconstitutional discrimination 
 against women. .32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 96,0. 
 
 3. Regulation of business or occupa- 
 pation; license. 
 
 § 112. Generally. 
 
 Matters between master and servant, see 
 supra, §§ 62-66. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 2— 
 cont'd 
 
 As to licenses, generally, see LiCEisfsE, II. 
 
 Revocation of license, see License, §§ 17, 
 IS. 
 
 Discrimination as to license fees, see Li- 
 cense, §§ 46, 46a. 
 
 Municipal regulation of business, see Mu- 
 nicipal Coepokations, §§ 42-50. 
 
 Equality as to commercial and business 
 privileges, generally. 14 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Equal privileges and immunities as to right 
 to practice professions. 14 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Discrimination between residents of city 
 and other residents of state. 16 L.R.A. 
 49. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making license, 
 occupation, or privilege tax a lien on 
 real property owned by one otlier than 
 person assessed. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 42. 
 
 Power to prohibit stipulation forbidding 
 purchaser to handle goods of other deal- 
 ers. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 968. 
 
 License to engage in profession or occupa- 
 tion as creating a vested right to con- 
 tinue in same. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) :27'2. 
 
 Police regulations of other business in which 
 patents are used. 29 L.R.A. 791. 
 
 Constitutionality of discrimination in ex- 
 cluding women from employments and 
 places of business. 49 L.R.A. 111. 
 
 Power of state under 14th Amendment to 
 deny to aliens right to engage in law- 
 ful "occupation. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 799. 
 
 §113. Bakeries. 
 
 Power to regulate the location or condition 
 of bakeries. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 842. 
 
 § 114. Bankers. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute prohibiting 
 private banking. 15 L.R.A. 477. 
 
 Power to prohibit or regulate banking busi- 
 ness by individuals. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 874; 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1217. 
 
 Constitutionality of bank guaranty law. 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1065. 
 
 § 114a. Barbers. 
 
 Constitutionality and eflfect of restrictions 
 on right to practise trade of barber. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 629. 
 
 § 115. Brokers. 
 
 Police power to restrict business in case of 
 ticket brokers. 24 L.R.A. 152. 
 
 Power of legislature to prohibit offering 
 another's real estate for sale without 
 written authority. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 707. 
 
 Power of legislature to require that eon- 
 tracts for commissions for finding a 
 purchaser for real estate shall be in 
 writing. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 973. 
 
 §116. Bulk sale. 
 
 As to construction and effect of "bulk sale" 
 laws, see Sales, § 6. 
 
 Constitutionality of bulk sale legislation. 
 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 331; 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 160. 
 
246 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 2— 
 
 cont'd 
 Statutory requirements on sale of stock of 
 
 goods in bulk. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 331. 
 
 § 117. Dmployment agencies. 
 
 Police power to license employment agen- 
 cies. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 859; 21 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 263. 
 
 § 118. Food and drink. 
 
 Water supply, see supra, § 110. 
 Intoxicating liquors, see infra, §§ 123-128. 
 
 Legislative power to fix tolls, rates, or 
 
 prices. 33 L.E.A. 181. 
 Regulation of dairy produce; oleomargarin 
 
 act. 1 L.R.A. 52.* 
 Validity of statute or ordinance for destruc- 
 tion of food products below prescribed 
 
 standard or unfit for use. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 260. 
 Constitutionality of discriminations in stat- 
 utory regulations concerning food 
 products. 34 L.R.A.(N,S.) 650. 
 
 Producers. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 650. 
 
 Substitute products. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 651. 
 
 Kind or quality of product. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 652. 
 
 Extent of business. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 653. 
 
 Locality. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 653. 
 
 Transient or nonresident dealers. 34 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 653. 
 
 § 119. —milk. 
 
 Constitutionality of discriminations in stat- 
 utory regulations as to. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 651. 
 
 Police regulations prescribing standard of 
 quality of milk. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 918. 
 
 Police power to prohibit adulteration or ad- 
 dition of other substance to milk. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 928. 
 
 Police regulations as to food for milch cows. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 932. 
 
 Requiring license for sale of milk. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 936; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1151. 
 
 Particular test or analysis of milk pre- 
 scribed by police regulations. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 926. 
 
 Right to prohibit sale of milk except in bot- 
 tles. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 401. 
 
 § 120. —soft drinks. 
 
 See Intoxicating Liquors, § 4. 
 
 § 121. Insurance. 
 
 Fire insurance as a business affected by pub- 
 lie interest. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1195. 
 
 Power of legislature to regulate life insur- 
 ance rates. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 778. 
 
 Constitutionality of compulsory industrial 
 insurance. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 466. 
 
 Validity of law imposing tax on insurance 
 companies for benefit of firemen. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 
 Power of legislature to forbid defense of 
 suicide in life insurance. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 831. 
 
 Effect of legislation limiting cost of new in- 
 surance on existing contracts with 
 agents. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 Begin with this 'booJt, on every law questiott. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 2— 
 cont'd ' 
 
 Constitutionality of statute denying insur- 
 er's right of subrogation against person 
 responsible for destruction of property. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 
 § 122. Interest; usury. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutory discrimina- 
 tion as to interest rates. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 813; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 
 Impairment of obligation of contracts by 
 change of interest on judgments. 17 
 L.R.A. 632. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes exempting 
 building and loan associations from 
 general usury' laws. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1135. 
 
 Power of legislature to restricjt fees in con- 
 nection with loans. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 175. 
 
 Power to make taking of usury a criminal 
 offense. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 530. 
 
 § 123-128. Intoxicating liquors; sa- 
 loons. 
 
 Prohibition and regulation of, generally, see 
 Intoxicating Liquoes, §§ 2-8. 
 
 Constitutionality of prohibition, see In- 
 toxicating Liquobs, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 As to exclusion from saloons, see Intoxi- 
 cating Liquobs, § 6. 
 
 Of local option laws, see Intoxicating Li- 
 quobs, § 8a. 
 
 Of provisions as to licenses, see Intoxicat- 
 ing Liquobs, §§ 13a, 14. 
 
 As to revocation of license, see Intoxicat- 
 ing Liquors, § 15a. 
 
 § 129. Junk dealers, etc. 
 
 Municipal control over, see Municipal 
 Cobpokations, § 28. 
 
 Power to regulate traffic , in rags, second- 
 hand articles and junk. 32 L.R.A. 116 ; 
 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1168. 
 
 § ISO. Labels. 
 
 Police regulations as to branding or label- 
 ing articles of commerce. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 184; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 684. 
 
 § 131. Logs. 
 
 Legislative power to fix tolls, rates, or 
 prices for care or salvage of logs. 33 
 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 § 132. Money lenders. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance requiring 
 persons engaged in the business of loan- 
 ing money on chattel security or se- 
 curity of wages to file a record of loans 
 made. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 686. 
 
 Validity of legislation respecting lenders of 
 money based upon classification relating 
 to the nature of the security taken. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 635. 
 
 Validity of license upon business of lending 
 money as affected by excessive amount 
 of the license fee. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 583. 
 
 § 133. Peddlers; hawkers. 
 
 As affected by commerce clause, see Com- 
 merce, § 18. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 247 
 
 COXSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 2— 
 cont'd 
 
 Eight to discriminate between harmless 
 articles in legislation regulating ped- 
 dlers. 2] L.R.A.{N.S.) 349; 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1079. 
 
 Validity of ordinance regulating conduct of 
 licensed street hucksters or peddlers. 
 8 L.E.A.(N.S.) 304. 
 
 Validity of license tax on peddlers so High 
 as to be prohibitory in effect. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1074. 
 
 Validity of license or occupation tax on 
 hawkers and peddlers and persons en- 
 gaged in soliciting orders by sample or 
 otherwise as an exercise of the police 
 power. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 301; 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 265. 
 
 § 134. Plumbers. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring 
 plumbers to be licensed. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 674; 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1116; 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 283: 
 
 § 135. Poisons. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute prohibiting or 
 regulating sale of poisons. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 519. 
 
 § 135a. Prizes. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring prizes 
 or other inducements to attract trade to 
 be paid in cash. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1041. 
 
 § 136. Rates of public service corpo- 
 rations. 
 
 Regulation of carrier's rates by government, 
 see Cabbiebs, V. c. 
 
 Legislative power to fix tolls, rates, or 
 prices. 33 L.R.A. 177. 
 The general doctrine. 33 L.R.A.' 177. 
 Whether limited to monopolies or not. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 178. 
 To what applicable. 33 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Elevators and warehouses. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 178. 
 Carriers. 33 L.R.A. 179. 
 
 In general; railroads. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 179. 
 Street railways. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 180. 
 Canals. 33 L.R.A. 180. 
 Ferries. 33 L.R.A. 180. 
 Toll roads. 33 L.R.A. 180. 
 Bridges. 33 L.R.A. 181. 
 Wharves. 33 L.R.A. 181. 
 Telegraphs. 33 L.R.A. 181. 
 Telephones. 33 L.R.A. 181. 
 Gas. 33 L.R.A. 181. 
 Water. 33 L.R.A. 181. 
 Bread. 33 L.R.A. 182. 
 Mills. 33 L.R.A. 182. 
 Personal services. 33 L.R.A. 182. 
 Care or salvage of logs. 33 L.R.A. 
 182. 
 Delegation of power. 33 L.R.A. 182. 
 Extent and limits of power. 33 L.R.A. 
 183. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. 183. 
 Judicial interference. 33 L.R.A. 
 183. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 2— 
 cont'd 
 
 Tests of reasonableness. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 185. 
 Inequality or discrimination. 33 
 
 L.E.A. 186. 
 Contract exemptions. 33 L.R.A. 
 186. 
 Power of legislature to regulate life insur- 
 ance rates. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 778. 
 Kinds of business afi'ected with a public in- 
 terest subjecting them to regulation and 
 control in respect to rates or prices. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 834. 
 Power of legislature to delegate to commis- 
 sion the right to fix rates to be charged 
 by a public-service corporation. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 713. 
 Power of judiciary to fix rates to be charged 
 by public-service corporations. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 529. 
 State regulation of rates of irrigation com- 
 pany. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 Power of equity to regulate charges of pub- 
 lic warehouseman. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 399. 
 
 § 13 7. Receptacles. 
 
 Legislation to protect manufacturers or 
 dealers against loss of receptacles in 
 which their products are put up. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1128. 
 
 § 138. Saloons. 
 
 See supra, §§ 123-128. 
 
 § 139. Sunday laws. 
 
 Constitutionality of Sunday laws. 22 L.R.A. 
 721. 
 
 Validity of classification in Sunday law. 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1259; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1190. 
 
 Special penalty for violation of Sunday clos- 
 ing act. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 646. 
 
 § 140. Telegraphs and telephones. 
 
 Legislative power to fix tolls, rates, or 
 prices. 33 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 §141. Tickets. 
 
 C6nstitutionality of anti-scalping legisla- 
 tion. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558; 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 480. 
 
 Validity of legislation forbidding specula- 
 tion in theater tickets. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 183. 
 
 Power to restrict business in case of ticket 
 brokers. 
 
 § 142. Trading stamps. 
 
 Forbidding or regulating use of trading 
 stamps. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 588; 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1131; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 957. 
 
 § 143. Undertakers. 
 
 Constitutionality of restriction on business 
 of undertaking. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 147. 
 
 § 144. Usury. 
 
 See supra, § 122. 
 
 § 14 5. Warehousemen. 
 
 Legislative power to fix tolls, rates, or 
 prices. 33 L.R.A. 178. 
 
248 
 
 INDEX TO L.E,.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 3— 
 cont'd 
 
 Power of equity to regulate charges of pub- 
 lic warehouseman. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 399. 
 
 § 146. Weight. 
 
 Power to require weight of package to be 
 indicated upon it. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 684. 
 
 3. Remedies and procedure. 
 
 § 147. Generally. 
 
 Xecessity of judicial proceedings. 2 L.R.A. 
 656.?* 
 
 Equal protection as to courts and proceed- 
 ings. 14 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 Equal privileges and immunities as to liti- 
 gation. 14 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 Prisoner's constitutional right to appear un- 
 manacled at the trial. 39 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 § 148. Appeal. 
 
 Consideration by Federal Supreme Court of 
 questions relating to, in reviewing judg- 
 ment of state court. 63 L.R.A. 581. 
 Revival of appeal or writ of error after stat- 
 ute of limitations has run. 45 L.R.A. 
 614. 
 Constitutional power of appellate court up- 
 on reversing judgment for plaintiff on 
 verdict, to direct a Judgment for de- 
 fendant without remanding case for a 
 new triaL 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 Constitutionality of statute denying right 
 of appeal from decision of courts 
 in certain classes of cases. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 377. 
 Legislative right in general as to final- 
 ity of judgments. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 .377. 
 Right of appeal dependent upon 
 
 amount. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379. 
 As affected by other mode of reviews. 
 
 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 380. 
 Denial of appeal in proceedings not ac- 
 cording to common law. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 381. \ 
 
 Finality of decisions pertaining to local 
 improvements. ,19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 382. 
 Effect of failure to provide for an ap- 
 peal. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 382. 
 Power of legislature to permit appeal to 
 court for purpose of reviewing amount 
 of tax assessment. 13 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 716. 
 
 § 149. Attorneys' fees. 
 
 Unjust discrimination as to attorneys' fees. 
 14 L.R.A. 586. 
 
 Validity of statutory provision for attor- 
 neys' fees. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 910. 
 
 Validity of statutory provision for attor- 
 neys' fees in proceedings involving col- 
 lections of taxes or special assessments. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1062. 
 
 § 150. Costs. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute authorizing im- 
 position of costs of prosecution on 
 prosecuting witness. 61 L.R.A. 489. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 3— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 151. Evidence. 
 
 Power of legislature to enact prima facie 
 rules of evidence for criminal cases. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1007. 
 
 Power of legislature to make injury prima 
 facie evidence of negligence. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 226. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making bill of 
 lading conclusive proof of the receipt 
 of property. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 821. 
 
 Power to declare liquor intoxicating irre- 
 spective of the fact in that respect. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 186. 
 
 As to statute making possession of liquor 
 prima facie evidence of illegal intent to 
 violate. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 626. 
 
 § 152. Judgments. 
 
 Denial of due process ma'king judgment 
 void. 39 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Is judgment a contract within provision 
 against impairing obligation of con- 
 tracts. 17 L,R.A. 611. 
 
 Application to existing judgments of stat- 
 ute abolishing or diminishing exemp- 
 tions. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 Constitutionality of specific tax upon. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 179. 
 
 § 15 3. Jury; grand jury; verdict. 
 
 Equal protection as to jurors. 14 L.R.A. 
 584. 
 
 Equal privileges and immunities as to riglit, 
 to be jurors. 14 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring ju- 
 rors to be taxpayers. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 414. 
 
 Effect of provision that jury shall deter- 
 mine the law and the facts in libel 
 {ases. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207. 
 
 Power of legislature as to number and 
 agreement of jurors necessary to ver- 
 dict. 43 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 Power of legislature to change number of 
 grand jurors req\iired at common law. 
 ' 27 L.R.A. 846. 
 
 Constitutionality of verdict by less than all 
 the jurors. 24 L.R.A. 272. 
 
 § 154. liimitation of actions. 
 
 Impairment of obligation of contracts as to, 
 
 see supra, § 36. 
 Vested right in defense of limitations, see 
 
 Limitation or iVciiONS, § 3. 
 In general, see Limitation of Actions, § 4. 
 
 § 155. Notice and hearing. 
 
 Necessity of notice and hearing. 2 L.R.A. 
 657;* 3 L.R.A. 194;* 11 L.R.A. 225.* 
 
 Necessity of hearing before granting pre- 
 liminary mandatory injunction. 9 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1225. 
 
 Right to revoke a license from the public 
 without notice or hearing. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 894. 
 
 Right of one charged with contempt to no- 
 tice and hearing. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1098. 
 
 Necessity of providing in statute for notice 
 of hearing on question of damages or 
 compensation in eminent domain pro- 
 ceedings. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 169. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 249 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII, i. 3— 
 cont'd 
 
 Landowner's right to notice and hearing for 
 assessment and public improvement. 
 28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1201. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes providing for 
 administration of estate of absentee. 4 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 944. 
 
 When may notice of application for appoint- 
 ment of receiver of growing crop be 
 dispensed with. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 960. 
 
 Necessity of notice to alleged lunatic of 
 lunacy proceedings. 23 L.E.A. 737; 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 232. 
 
 § 155a. Notice of Injury. 
 
 Validity of requirement of written notice 
 of defect to render municipality liable 
 for injuries caused by defective high- 
 way. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 Constitutionality of requirement of notice 
 of defect or of injuries as a condition 
 of liability for personal injuries. 15 
 I..R.A.(N.S.) 203. 
 
 § 156. Reference. 
 
 Constitutionality of compulsory reference in 
 actions at law. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 
 § 157. Service of process. 
 
 What service of process is sufficient to con- 
 stitute due process of law. 50 L.R.A. 
 577. 
 
 Validity of personal judgment rendered up- 
 on constructive service of process. 16 
 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 Constructive or substituted service on resi- 
 dent in action in personam as due proc- 
 ess of law. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 292. 
 
 Service of process upon foreign corporation 
 not doing business within state, as 
 basis of judgment in personam. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 538. 
 
 Validity and effect, as against defendant 
 not personally served within the state, 
 of a judgment in personam against 
 joint debtors. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 312. 
 
 § 158. Venue. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to venue in 
 action in state court against foreign 
 corporation. 70 L.R.A. 703. 
 
 Power of legislature to provide for indict- 
 ment in county or district other than 
 that in which crime is alleged to have 
 been committed. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 669. 
 
 § 159. Witnesses. 
 
 Equal privileges and immunities as to right 
 to be witnesses. 14 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Equal protection as to witnesses. 14 L.R.A. 
 584. 
 
 Right of state to require service of witness 
 without compensation. 39 L.R.A. 115. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute permitting 
 court to appoint expert witnesses. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 917. 
 
 Power to regulate or restrict constitutional 
 right of defendant in criminal cases to 
 compulsory process to procure attend- 
 ance of witnesses in his behalf. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 509. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIIT.— cont'd 
 4. Criminal matters; im,'prisonm,ent. 
 
 § 160. Generally. 
 
 Eac post facto laws, see supra, § 7. 
 
 Matters as to evidence, see supra, § 151. 
 
 Constitutional guaranty against self-crimi- 
 nation, see Ceiminai. Law, g§ 49-53. 
 
 Municipal poviJer as to crimes under state 
 law, see Criminai, Law, § 70. 
 
 Validity of penal statute to protect trade- 
 marks. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 473. 
 
 Constitutional right of prisoner to appear 
 unmanacled at the trial. 39 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring a hus- 
 band upon conviction of abandonment 
 to provide for support of wife or fam- 
 ily. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 854. 
 
 Right to take or retain in rogue's gallery 
 picture of one accused of crime before 
 conviction. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 274; 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 739. 
 
 Vested right in defense of statute of limita- 
 tions. 45 L.R.A. 614. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for violation of a 
 statute after a judicial ruling that it 
 was unconstitutional, and before that 
 ruling had been changed. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 788. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes permitting 
 substitution of copy of lost indictment. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1083. 
 
 Power of legislature to provide for indict- 
 ment in county or district other than 
 that in which crime is alleged to have 
 been committed. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 669. 
 
 Power to regulate or restrict right of de- 
 fendant in criminal cases to compul- 
 sory process to procure attendance of 
 witnesses in his behalf. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 509. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes making receiv- 
 ing of deposits after bank is insolvent 
 a crime. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 266. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making viola- 
 tion of transfer rules established by 
 carrier criminal. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 499. 
 
 Power to make taking of usuiy a criminal 
 offense. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 530. 
 
 Power to pardon. 34 L.R.A. 251. 
 
 § 161. Punishment; imprisonment. 
 
 Imprisonment for debt, see Imprisonment 
 FOR Debt. 
 
 Legislative control of extent of punishment. 
 35 L.R.A. 562. 
 
 Delegation of power to determine place of 
 confinement of prisoners committed for 
 crime. 42 L.R.A. (N.S!) 978. 
 
 Equal protection as to punishment. 14 
 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute punishing es- 
 cape by reimprisonment for term de- 
 pendent upon length of original term. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.') 1123. 
 
 Confinement of one acquitted of crime by 
 reason of insanity. 1 L.R.A. (N.S. I 
 540; 25 L.R.A. (N.'S.) 946. 
 
 Statute authorizing commitment of minors 
 to reformatories without conviction of 
 crime. 16 L.R.A. 691. 
 
250 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, VIII. i, 4— . 
 
 cont'd 
 Enhancing penalty for crimes committed 
 
 by habitual criminals or prior offenders. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 398; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 432. 
 Constitutionality of statutes reducing term 
 
 of imprisonment for good behavior. 34 
 
 L.E.A. 509; 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 520. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Of constitution, see Constitutional Law, 
 §§ 5, 6. 
 
 Of contract generally, see Contracts, III. 
 
 Of contract limiting carrier's liability, see 
 CaeBieks, §§ 28, 29, 91, ,128-135. 
 
 Of chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mort- 
 gage, especially §§ 8-12. 
 
 Of contracts by corporation, see Cobpoea- 
 TIONS, V, b. 
 
 Of subscription to corporate stock, see Cor- 
 porations, VIII, b. 
 
 Of covenants generally, see Covenants, II. 
 
 Of covenants in lease, see Landlord and 
 Tenant, III, b. 
 
 Of deeds, see Deeds, III. 
 
 Of insurance policy, see Insitrance, §§ 59- 
 62. 
 
 Of lease, see Landlord and Tenant, § 14. 
 
 Of mortgage on land, see Mortgage. 
 
 Of charter party, see Shipping, §§ 17, 18. 
 
 Of will, see Wills, V. 
 
 Suit to construe will, see Wills, §§ 130, 
 131. 
 
 Of conditions, see Conditions. 
 
 Of corporate charter, see Corporations, 
 §§ 18, 19. 
 
 Of corporate by-laws, see Corporations, 
 §§ 20-22. 
 
 Of provisions as to courts and their juris- 
 diction, see Courts. 
 
 Of provisions in regard to eminent domain, 
 see Eminent Domain. 
 
 Of provisions as to exemption generally, see 
 Exemptions. 
 
 Of provisions as to exemption of homestead, 
 see Homestead. i 
 
 Of provisions as to infants, see Infants. 
 
 Of license, see Intoxicating Liquors; Li- 
 cense. 
 
 Of mechanics' liens, and provisions for 
 same, see Mechanics' Liens. 
 
 Of municipal ordinance, see Municipal 
 Corporations, V, c. 
 
 Of provisions for control and regulation of 
 physicians and surgeons, see Physi- 
 cians AND Surgeons, II. 
 
 Of statute, see Statutes, §§ 19-28. 
 
 Of railroad, see Railroads, VI. 
 
 Of street railway, see Street Railwats, II. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS. 
 
 See Building and Construction Con- 
 tracts. 
 Begin with this hook on every law question, 
 
 CONSTRUCTION WORK. 
 
 As railroad hazard within statute changing 
 fellow-servant rule. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 479. 
 
 CONSTRUCTIVE FORCE. 
 
 Constituting robbery. 57 L.R.A. 439. 
 Carrier's liability for ejection of trespasser 
 
 from moving train by. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 369. 
 
 CONSTRUCTIVE KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 See Notice, § 12. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE. 
 
 In general, see Notice, § 12. 
 
 # » » 
 
 CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION. 
 
 Right of one in constructive possession of 
 land to sustain action of trespass 
 quare clausum fregit. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 250. 
 
 CONSTRUCTIVE SERVICE. 
 
 Of process, see Writ and Process, §§ 15- 
 19. 
 
 4 • » 
 
 CONSTRUCTIVE TOTAL LOSS. 
 
 See Insurance, § 173. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS. 
 
 See Trusts, §§ 12, 13. 
 « t » 
 CONSUL. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Injunction against proceedings before. 21 
 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 § 2. Jurisdiction and powers. 
 
 Jurisdiction in criminal cases. 45 L.R.A. 
 481. 
 Generally. 45 L.R.A. 481. 
 In non-Christian countries. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 484. 
 Power to send criminals to home coun- 
 try for trial. 45 L.R.A. 485. 
 In case of deserting seamen. 45 L.R.A. 
 486. 
 
IKDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 251 
 
 In 
 
 As 
 
 45 L.R.A. 486. 
 45 L.R.A. 486. 
 countries. 45 
 
 CONSUL— cont'd 
 Jurisdiction in civil cases 
 In China and Japan. 
 
 other non-Christian 
 
 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 to controversies between seamen 
 
 and masters of foreign vessels. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 488. 
 As to discharge of seamen abroad. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 493. 
 As to disabled vessels. 45 L.R.A. 
 In prize cases. 45 L.R.A. 495. 
 In suits between French citizens. 
 
 L.R.A. 495. 
 Powers of consul in 
 
 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 assert claims 
 
 495. 
 
 45 
 
 other matters. 45 
 
 To 
 
 and 
 
 for his citizens 
 
 country. 45 L.R.A. 496. 
 To administer on estates. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 496; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. - 
 To exercise diplomatic functions. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 497. 
 To perform marriage ceremonv. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 497. 
 To grant certificates. 45 L.R.A. 497. 
 To take depositions and affidavits. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 499. I 
 
 To take acknowledgments of deed and 
 
 powers of attorney. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 499. 
 To retain ship's papers. 45 L.R.A. 500. 
 To license illegal acts. 45 L.R.A. 500. 
 To contract. 45 L.R.A. 500. 
 To serve process. 45 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 § 3. Exemptions and privileges. 
 
 Generally. 45 L.R.A. 579. 
 Jurisdiction of civil actions against con- 
 suls. 45 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 Supreme Court of the United States. 
 45 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 Circuit courts of the United States. 
 45 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 United States district courts. 45 
 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 State courts. 45 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 English courts. 45 L.R.A. 584. 
 Jurisdiction of criminal actions against 
 
 consuls. 45 L.R.A. 584. 
 Exemption from obligation to appear as a 
 
 witness. 45 L.R.A. 586. 
 Exemption from taxation. 45 L.R.A. 587. 
 Exemption from military and jury duties. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 587. 
 Domicil. 45 L.R.A. 587. 
 Trading with an enemy. 45 L.R.A. 588. 
 Exemption from liability for judicial and 
 
 other acts. 45 L.R.A. 588. 
 
 CONSUI^TING PHYSICIAN. 
 
 What constitutes a consultation with a 
 physician within the meaning of an 
 application for life insurance. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 362. 
 
 Does privilege as to communication or in- 
 formation acquired by physician extend 
 to consulting physician. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 887. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONSUMER. 
 
 Of water, see Watbks, III. 
 
 *-»-* 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of animal, see Animals, § 17. 
 
 Protection against and regulations as to, 
 
 see Health, §§ 6-10. 
 Vaccination against smallpox, see Health, 
 
 §§ 9, 10. 
 Hospital for, see Hospitals. 
 Municipal , liability for spread of, see 
 
 ilUJMICIPAL COKPORATIONS, § 76. 
 
 As to syphilis, see Syphilis. 
 
 Isolation of infected persons. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 489. 
 Right of carrier to reject persons having 
 
 contagious disease. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.)' 
 
 103. 
 
 § 2. Liability as to. 
 
 Liability for communicating or exposure to. 
 19 L.R.A. 725. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporations for 
 spreading contagious disease by its 
 method of caring for patients. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1190. 
 
 Liability of carrier for contraction of con- 
 tagious disease by passenger. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 337. 
 
 Landlord's duty and liability as to premises 
 upon which a contagious disease has 
 existed. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 977. 
 
 Infecting premises with, as waste. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 474. 
 
 § 3. Epidemics of. 
 
 Protection of health during, see Health, 
 § 7. 
 
 Power of municipality during, see Munici- 
 pal Corporations, § 26. 
 
 Right of teacher to salary during epidemic. 
 50 L.R.A. 371. 
 
 CONTEMPORANEOUS AGREEMENT. 
 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, §§ 162, 
 163. 
 
 As defense to promissory note. 43 L.R.A. 
 449. 
 
 CONTEMPT. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-4:. 
 II. What constitutes, §§ 5-9. 
 HI, Power to punish for, §§ 10-13. 
 IV, Punishment, § 13. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Liability of corporation for, see Coepoba- 
 TIONS, § 39. 
 
252 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTEMPT, I.— cont'd 
 
 Injunction against publication constituting. 
 32 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 Criminal liability of corporation for. 2 
 B. E. C. 246. 
 
 Personal 'liability of judicial officer com- 
 mitting person for contempt. 14 
 L.R.A. 144. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation for. 
 2 B. E. C. 246. 
 
 § 2. Nature of proceeding to punish 
 for. 
 
 Is proceeding for contempt for violation of 
 an injunction' civil or criminal. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 591; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 874; 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 793. ■ 
 
 Is contempt for violation of an injunction 
 against interfering with another's em- 
 ployees civil or criminal. 13 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 598. 
 
 § 3. Purging; justification; defenses. 
 
 Effect of denial under oath to purge one of 
 criminal contempt. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1119. 
 
 Invitation or solicitation to violate injunc- 
 tion, or consent or acquiescence there- 
 in, as justification for so doing. 9 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 
 Inability to pay alimony as defense to con- 
 tempt. 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1001. 
 
 Truth as defense to publication, pending 
 trial, of article tending to influence 
 result. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 572. 
 
 § 4. Procedure. 
 
 Right to take judicial notice of decree in 
 proceeding to punish violation of same 
 as contempt. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 Necessity of finding facts before adjudging 
 one guilty of contempt. .30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 564. 
 
 Eight of one charged with contempt to 
 notice and hearing. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1098., 
 
 Collateral attack on commitment proceed- 
 ings. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 
 II. What constitutes, 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Jjack of jurisdiction of matter in which 
 
 contempt alleged. 2 L.R.A. 223.* 
 By petition to change venue. 9 L.R.A. 566.* 
 Failure to appear, or tardiness, of attorney, 
 
 as. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 389. 
 Disclosure by grand juror of evidence given 
 
 before grand jury. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1049. 
 Summoning biased or otherwise improper 
 
 jurors ot talesmen as a, contempt. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013. 
 Intoxication in court room as. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 138. 
 Procuring one having knowledge of offense 
 
 to leave jurisdiction as. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 976. 
 Evasive or false answer by witness as. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478, 
 
 CONTEMPT, II.— cont'd 
 
 Conduct designed to annoy a litigant and 
 induce him to abandon suit as. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 722. 
 
 Refusal to restore money or property se- 
 cured under judgment subsequently re- 
 versed or set aside, as. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1100. 
 
 § 6. Action toward judge; statement or 
 publication as to case or decision. 
 
 Attorney's statement in court concerning 
 
 decisions. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 916. 
 Reflection on judge as ministerial ofl5«er. 
 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 621. 
 Publishing court proceedings in newspapers 
 
 as. 8 L.R.A. 586.* 
 Publishing inaccurate report of court de- 
 cision. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 583. 
 Assault on or abuse of judge after he has 
 retired from court room. 2 IaH.A. 
 (N.S.) 603. 
 Liability of newspaper proprietor in ease of 
 publication without his knowledge, 26 
 L.R.A. 781. 
 Publication of matters derogatory to par- 
 ties to litigation as contempt of 
 court. 2 B. R. C. 483. 
 Publications in newspapers. 2 B. R. C. 
 488. 
 ' Publications held contempts. 2 
 B. R. C. 488. 
 Publications held not contempts. 
 2 B. R. C. 494. 
 Publishing advertisements. 2 B. E. C. 
 
 497. 
 Publication by bulletin boards, notices, 
 
 or circulars. 2 B. R. C. 498. 
 Publication by pamphlets. 2 B, B. C. 
 
 499. 
 Exhibition of models. 2 B. E. C. 500. 
 Public addresses. 2 B. R. C. 500. 
 Publishing pleadings or affidavits in 
 pending actions. 2 B. R. C. 500. 
 
 § 7. — after case has ended. 
 
 At common law. 68 L.R.A. 251. 
 
 Under statute. 68 L.R.A. 260. 
 
 What constitutes a "pending" action. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 261. 
 Miscellaneous. 68 L.R.A. 262. 
 Personal criticism of, or insult to, court 
 
 because of decision after determination 
 
 of cause. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585.' 
 Criticism of decision or opinion after ease 
 
 has been determined. 17 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 572, 
 
 § 8. Disobedience. 
 
 Compelling payment of alimony by con- 
 tempt proceedings. 24 L,E.A. 433. 
 
 Disobedience of order of court as. 8 L.E.A. 
 587.* 
 
 Disobedience of void order. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1063. 
 By witnesses. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1066. 
 
 Violation by private citizen of decree 
 against a municipality as contempt. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 226. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 253 
 
 CONTEMPT, II.— cont'd 
 Failure or refusal of bankrupt or peraon 
 having money or property belong- 
 ing to a bankrupt to deliver it to 
 a trustee. 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 255. 
 Proof necessary to justify contempt 
 
 order. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 256. 
 Effect of inability to comply with order. 
 
 23 L.B.A.(N.S.) 258. 
 When property is in banlcrupt's pos- 
 session. 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 When property is in possession of, or 
 claimed by, third person. 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 261. 
 When property is in custody of the 
 law. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 261. 
 By refusal to testify. 13 L.E.A. 66.* 
 • Refusal to produce books or papers in re- 
 sponse to subpoena upon ground that 
 thev contain private matter. 29 L.E.A^. 
 (N'.S.) 716. 
 Marrying out of state contrary to decree 
 as contempt of court. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 765. 
 Power to punish disobedience to order in 
 case bv striking pleadings. 4 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.)" 1185; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1062. 
 Right to take judicial notice of decree in 
 proceeding to punish violation of same 
 as contempt. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 404. 
 
 § 8a. — of injunction. 
 
 Nature of proceeding to punish for, see 
 supra, g 2. 
 
 Violation of injunction as. 7 L.R.A. 300;* 
 8 L.E.A. 589.* 
 
 By board of health in disobeying injunc- 
 tion. 48 L.E.A. 708. 
 
 Disobedience of void injunction as con- 
 tempt. 16 L.R.A.(X.S.> 1063. 
 
 Effect of appeal from injunction on juris- 
 diction of trial court to punish for con- 
 tempt for its violation. 14 L.E.A, 
 (N.S.) 1150. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of notice of in- 
 junction to render one not a party, 
 guilty of contempt in disobeying it. 23 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1295. 
 
 Invitation or solicitation to violate injunc- 
 tion, or consent or acquiescence there- 
 in, as justification for so doing. 9 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 
 In violation of preliminary injunction 
 whicli would have effect of transferring 
 possession of property from defendant 
 to plaintiff. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 32. 
 
 § 9. — notice as essential. 
 
 Knowledge necessary to charge owner with 
 conduct of tenants or others in selling 
 intoxicating liquor on premises in vio- 
 lation of injunction. 25 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 602. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of notice of in- 
 junction to render one not a party 
 guilty of contempt in disobeying it. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1295. 
 
 ///. Pou-er to punish for. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Power to punish for. 8 L.E.A. 584.* 
 
 fonnitlt alio r..R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTEMPT, III.— cont'd 
 
 Refusal to testify; power to punish. 13 
 L.E.A. 66.* 
 
 Notary's power to punish for contempt. 
 36 L.E.A. 822. 
 
 Effect of appeal from injunction upon juris 
 diction of trial court to punish for con- 
 tempt for its violation. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1150. 
 
 Qualification of judge to sit on trial of one 
 for contempt consisting of reflections 
 upon himself. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 619. 
 
 § 11. Povrer of magistrate to punisli 
 witness. 
 
 In general. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1135. 
 
 Source of the power. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1135. 
 . Power inferred from other legislation. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1137. 
 Specific statutory authority. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1138. 
 In general. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1138. 
 Miscellaneous instances not within 
 scope of statutes. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1138. 
 Defective proceedings. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1139. 
 Necessity of pendency of action, 
 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1140. 
 Contempt of witness in justice's court 
 punishable by higher court. 1 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1141. 
 Want of jurisdiction. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1142. 
 Depositions to be used in another's state. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1142. 
 Review of commitment by habeas corpus. 1 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1142. 
 Collateral attack on commitment proceed- 
 ings. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 
 § 12. Power of legislature to abridge 
 court's power to punish. 
 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. 254, 
 In case of Federal courts. 36 L.R.A. 258. 
 Distinction between constitutional courts 
 and others. 36 L.R.A. 258. 
 
 IT. Punishment. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 I'owcr to punish, see supra. III. 
 
 Summary punisliment. 4 L.E.A. 128;* 8 
 
 L.R.A. 586,* 
 Punishment of corporation for contempt. 
 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1001. 
 Power to punish disobedience to orders in 
 
 case by striking pleadings. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1185; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1062. 
 Imprisonment for failure to pay alimony 
 
 as violation of constitutional provision 
 
 against imprisonment for debt. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1140. » 
 Punishing counsel for contempt of court 
 
 during trial as prejudicing rights of 
 
 party. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 428. 
 
 CONTEST. 
 
 Of election, see Elections, §§ 27, 28. 
 
254 
 
 INDEX TO L.E..A. KOTES. 
 
 CONTEST— cont'd 
 
 Of title to office, see Municipal Cobpo- 
 
 BATioNS, § 118; Oeficebs, § 27. 
 Prize contest, see Peize Contest. 
 Of will, see Wills, § 57. 
 
 ^Of assessment for drains and sewers. 60 
 L.E.A. 241. 
 
 CONTINGENCY. 
 
 Effect on contract of leaving price depend- 
 ent on. 53 L.K.A. 293. 
 
 Character of tenancy created by letting 
 until happening of a specified event. 
 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1069. 
 
 Contingencies iii possible action of sendee, 
 or other person as affecting liability 
 for failure properly to transmit and 
 deliver a telegram. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 748. 
 
 Recovery for loss of time in action for per- 
 sonal injury as affected by contingent 
 character of compensation. 8 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 1228. 
 
 Application of property to support of in- 
 fant where his rights are contingent. 
 57 L.R.A. 736. 
 
 Does contingency of death without issue, 
 children, etc., import their survival of 
 the first taker. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 
 To what time contingency of death of a 
 legatee' or devisee without child or issue 
 on which a gift is conditioned is refer- 
 able. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1045. 
 
 CONTINGENT INTERESTS— cont'd 
 Right of owner of, to maintain suit to 
 
 establish or enforce a trust. 7 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 999. 
 What contingent interest may be reached 
 
 by creditor's bill. 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 454. 
 
 CONTINGENT LIABILITY. 
 
 Set-off of contingent liability against judg- 
 ment in hands of assignee. 23 L.E.A. 
 339. 
 
 CONTINGENT CLAIMS. 
 
 Set off of, or against, see Set-Off and 
 
 COUNTEECLAIM, § 17. 
 
 30 
 
 CONTINGENT FEE. 
 
 Of attorney, see Attoeneys, § 20. 
 
 For services in procuring legislation 
 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 Validity of contract to pay attending phy- 
 sician percentage of damages recovered 
 for personal injury. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 87. 
 
 CONTINGENT INTERESTS. 
 
 Constitutional rights as to, see Constittj- 
 TiONAL Law, § 26. 
 
 Under deed, see Deeds, § 31. 
 
 Under will, see Wills, §§ 99-102. 
 
 Contingency of claim against decedent's 
 estate as affecting time for presenta- 
 tion, see ExECUTOEs and Administbat- 
 OES, § 41. 
 
 As subject to levy, see Levy and Seizubb, 
 §4. 
 
 As to expectancy, see Expectancy. 
 
 Begin with this bo'ole on every law question. 
 
 CONTINGENT REMAINDERS. 
 
 See Deeds, § 31 ; Wills, §§ 101, 102. 
 
 ♦■•-• 
 
 CONTINUANCE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Master's duty to continue business, see 
 Masteb and Sbbvant, § 35. 
 
 Continuance of family as condition of con- 
 tinuance of homestead where its exist- 
 ence is a condition of the inception of 
 the homestead. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 111. 
 
 Liability of one erecting or creating a nui- 
 sance on his land for its continuance 
 after he has parted with the title. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 731. 
 
 Necessity ot. finding as to continuance of 
 insanity of one confined after acquittal 
 of crime for insanity. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 540. 
 
 § 2. Of trial. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, §§ 61, 61a. 
 
 When appliaction for, denied. 10 L.E.A. 
 
 749.* 
 Continuance because of illness of a partv. 
 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 660. 
 Where refusal not an abuse of dis- 
 cretion. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 662. 
 When refusal an abuse of discretion. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 665. 
 Intoxication. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 667. 
 Insanity. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 667. 
 Inability to attend trial because of ill- 
 ness in party's family. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 668. 
 SuflSciency of showing on presentation 
 of motion for continuance. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 668. 
 Practice before justice of the peace. 42 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 669. 
 Injunction against judgment for refusal of. 
 
 30 L.R.A. 703. 
 Injunction against judgment obtained by 
 agreement to continue. 30 L.E.A. 790. 
 As ground for admitting to bail in capital 
 
 case. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 768. 
 As ground for discharge of accused. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 526. 
 By withdrawal of juror. 48 L.R.A. 432. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES, 
 
 255 
 
 CONTINUANCE— cont'd 
 
 Presence of witnesses at trial as curing er- 
 ror in denying motion for continviance 
 on ground of absent witnesses. 2 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 721. 
 
 Privilege of suitor or witness from service 
 of process during adjournment. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 667. 
 
 § 3. — admission pn application foi\ 
 
 Denial of continuance, upon admissions by 
 the prosecution, as affected by 
 right of accused to meet witnesses. 
 16 L.E.A. 239. 
 Impeaching a contradicting affidavit. 
 16 L.E.A. 240. 
 Admissibility on subsequent trial of admis- 
 sion made to defeat continuance. 25 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 169. 
 
 § 4. Of grand jury. 
 
 Adjourned terms of grand jury. 27 L.K.A. 
 
 785. 
 
 CONTINUING CONTRACTS. 
 
 Specific performance of, see Specific Pbr- 
 
 FOEMANCE, § 10a. 
 
 Eight to rescind or abandon because of 
 other party's default. 30 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Acceptance of portion of instalment as af- 
 fecting right to rescind contract for 
 failure to deliver whple. 21 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 864. 
 
 CONTINUING GUARANTY. 
 
 See GuAEANTT, § 6. 
 
 < « » 
 
 CONTINUING NUISANCE. 
 
 Liability for, see Nuisances. 
 
 • » » 
 
 CONTINUING OFFENSE. 
 
 Violation of Sunday law as. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 783. 
 When larceny deemed continuous. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 520.> 
 Practising medicine, surgery, or dentistry 
 
 without license as. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 768. 
 
 < ■ » 
 
 CONTINUITY. 
 
 Of adverse possession, see Adverse Posses- 
 sion, § 20. 
 
 CONTINUING PARTNER. 
 
 Povifers of, see Partneeship, § 34. 
 
 ♦» » 
 
 CONTINUING TRESPASSES. 
 
 Injunction against. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 173; 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 417. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTOR. 
 
 In general, see Contracts. 
 
 Bond of, see Bonds, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 Building contractor, see Building and Con- 
 struction Contracts. 
 
 Performance or breach of contract of, see ' 
 Contracts, V. 
 
 Liability for injury in highway, see High- 
 ways, § 92. 
 
 Liability for injury to tenant, see Land- 
 lord AND Tenant, § 73. 
 
 Liability of, for injuries generally, see Mas- 
 ter AND Servant, §§ 196-198. 
 
 Liability for nuisances, see Nuisances, § 14. 
 
 As to independent contractor, see Mastee 
 and Servant, IV, h. 
 
 For public improvement, see Public Im- 
 provements. 
 
 Servant of, as fellow servant with servant 
 of employer. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 334. 
 
 As a necessary party to a bill to enforce 
 a mechanics' lien. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 
 Will breach of contract with municipality 
 to keep a street or highway in repair 
 sustain an action by a person injured 
 directly against the contractors. 39 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1112. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making owner 
 personally liable to employees of con- 
 tractors or materialmen becavise of 
 noncompliance with provisions for their 
 protection. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 868. 
 
 CONTRACTS. 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. Nature and requisites, §§ 2-60, 
 a. In general, §§2, 2a. 
 6. Implied agreements, §§ 3-6. 
 c. Consider atioii, §§ 7-17. 
 1. In general, § 7. 
 3. Necessity of, § S. 
 
 3. Sufflciency of, §§ 9-14. 
 
 4. Failure of, § 15. 
 
 5. Return of, §16. 
 
 6. Proof of; recitals as to, 
 
 § 17. 
 
 d. Mutuality, § IS. 
 
 e. Meeting of minds; deflnlte- 
 
 ness, §§ 19-23. 
 /. Capacity to make, § 24. 
 g. Form,al requisites; statute of 
 frauds, §§ 25-59. 
 1. In general, §§ 25-33. 
 S. Contracts relating to per- 
 sonalty, §§ 34-36. 
 
 3. Contracts to answer for 
 
 debt or default of an- 
 other, § 37. 
 
 4. Contracts not to be per- 
 
 formed within a year, 
 §§ 3S, 39. 
 
256 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 III. 
 
 ir. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g— cont'd 
 
 6. Contracts as to realty, 
 §§ 40-49. 
 
 6. .Sufficiency of writing, §§ 
 
 50-54. 
 
 7. Effect of part perform- 
 
 ance, §§ 55-50. 
 h. Merger, § 60. 
 Construction, §§ 6t-69a. 
 
 a. In general, § 61, 
 
 b. Entirety, § 62. 
 
 c. Time, § 63. 
 
 d. Particular words, phrases, 
 and cases, §§ 64-69a. 
 
 Essential validity and effect, §§ 
 70-120. 
 
 a. In general; public policy, 
 §§ 70-103. 
 
 b. Fraud; %infair advantage, § 
 104. 
 
 c. Gambling and wagering con- 
 tracts, §§ 105, 106. 
 
 d. In restraint of trade, §§ 
 107-109. 
 
 e. Ratification, §§ 110, 111. 
 
 f. Belief from, or enforcement 
 of, §§ 112-120. 
 
 T. Perfopinnnce; breach, §§ 121- 
 142. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 121-132. 
 
 1. Generally, §§ 121, 122. 
 
 2. Excuse for failure to 
 perform, §§ 123-126. 
 
 8. Incomplete performance; 
 sufficiency of perform- 
 ance, §§ 127-130. 
 
 4. Breach, §§ 131, 131a. 
 
 5. Time of performance, § 
 132. 
 
 b. Building and construction 
 contracts, §§ 133-142. 
 
 Chnngc ; extinguishment, §§ 143- 
 136. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 143-148. 
 
 b. Rescission; cancelation, §§ 
 149-156. 
 
 Actions; liabilities, g 157. 
 Public contracts, §§ 158-161. 
 
 ri. 
 
 VII. 
 VIII. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Particular kinds of contracts, see specific 
 titles, e. g., Bills and Notes; Beok- 
 
 EES; HtrSBAND AND WiFE; iNStlEANCE; 
 
 Sale; Vendor and Purchaser. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction over, see Admiral- 
 ty, § 3. 
 
 Assignability of, see Assignment, § 4. 
 
 Matters peeuliaj to auctions, see Auctions. 
 
 Conflict of laws, as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, §§ 2-12. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute legalizing, see 
 
 CONSTHtniONAL LAW, § 10. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes restricting 
 contracts, see Constitutional Law, 
 VTTT. e. 
 
 Impairment of obligation, see Constitu- 
 tional Law, §§ 30-38. 
 
 Rights and powers of corporate officers as 
 to, see Corporations, §§ 44, 45, 48. 
 
 Tiiability of corporation on contracts of 
 promoters, see Cobpoeations, § 63. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on evenj law Question 
 
 CONTRACTS— cont'd 
 
 .4.3 aifected by custom or usage, see Cus- 
 tom .4.ND Usage. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, § 90. 
 
 Evidence as to, generally, see Evidence, §§ 
 278, 279. 
 
 Limitation by, of time to sue on policy, see 
 Insurance, §§ 207, 208. 
 
 Judgment as a contract, see Judgment, § 
 27. 
 
 What contracts will support maritime lien, 
 see Maritime Liens, § 2. 
 
 Officer's liability on, see Officers, § 39. 
 
 Provision for penalty in, see Penaltt, § 2. 
 
 Pleading in action on contracts, see Plead- 
 ing, §§ 18-22. 
 
 Privity of, see Privity. 
 
 As to location of public buildings, see Pub- 
 lic Buildings, § 2. 
 
 Specific performance of, see Specific Peb- 
 fobmancb. 
 
 Compromise, see Compromise and Settle- 
 ment. , 
 
 With corporation, see Corporations, §§ 
 28-34, 44, 45, 48. 
 
 Of county, see Counties, § 6. 
 
 Of guaranty, see Guaranty. 
 
 By husband and wife with third persons, 
 see Husband and Wife, § 4. 
 
 Of married woman, see Husband and Wife, 
 §§ 15-19. 
 
 Contracts between husband and wife, see 
 Husband and Wife, V. 
 
 Between landlord and tenant, see Landlord 
 AND Tenant. 
 
 Of employment, see Bb6kers; Master and 
 Servant, II. 
 
 Of municipality, see Municipal Cobpoea- 
 tions, §§ 53-60. 
 
 Of partnership, see Partnership, §§ 8, 9. 
 
 Party wall agreement, see Pakty Walls. 
 
 With physician, se^ Physicians and Sub- 
 GEOSS, § 19. 
 
 Liability of surety on, see Principal and 
 Surety. 
 
 For public improvement, see Public Im- 
 provements, §§ 7-9. 
 
 Of sale of personal property, see Sale. 
 
 To maintain spur track on sidings, see Spur 
 Tracks and Sidings. 
 
 For support, see Suppobt, §§ 3-5. 
 
 For exclusive service by telephone company, 
 see Telephones, § 2. 
 
 Of sale of real property, see Vendor and 
 Purchaser. 
 
 Agreement to make will, see Wills, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 For work and labor, see Work and Labob, 
 § 2. 
 
 As to partition fences. 22 L.R.A. 109. 
 Delegation of municipal power as to. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 727. 
 Private contracts for erection of wharves. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 647. 
 Contract rights in artificial condition of 
 
 body of water. 50 L.R.A. 836. 
 Adverse ^possession following agreement as 
 
 to boundary. 2] L.R.A. 833. 
 Acquiring right of way for drains and 
 
 sewers by. 60 L.R.A. 197. 
 Injunction against judgment fraudulently 
 
 obtained by agreement. 30 L.R.A. 787". 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 257 
 
 CONTRACTS— cont'd 
 
 Liability of infant for tort in inducing con- 
 tract, 57 L.R.A. 675. 
 
 Right of one in possession of another's 
 property to appropriate it to an ex- 
 ecutorv contract with the latter. 36 
 L.R.A."(N.S.) 622. 
 
 Execution of chattel mortgage on fixtures 
 as evidence of agreement. 15 L.R.A. 
 59. 
 
 Denial of making of contracts upon infor- 
 mation and belief. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 773. 
 
 Question relating to, as Federal question. 
 62 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to. 40'L.R.A.(N.S.) 402. 
 
 Betaking property upon failure to carry 
 out contract as larceny. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 553. 
 
 Suflfieieney of service of notice necessary to 
 fix contract rights upon bankrupt after 
 initiation of bankruptcy proceedings 
 but before appointment of trustee. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 276. 
 
 When may instrument in form of contract 
 be given effect as a will? 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 4L 
 
 When claim against state deemed based on 
 contract within statute permitting 
 action against state. 42 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 256. 
 
 II. Nature and requisites. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Contracts by telegraph, see Telegraphs, § 
 10. 
 
 Nature of contract by which owner agrees 
 to pay another all over specified sum 
 for procuring a sale. 35 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 116. 
 
 § 2a. What are contracts. 
 
 Entries in bank book as. 24 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Bill of lading as. 4 L.R.A. 244.* 
 
 Oflfer and acceptance without execution of 
 
 contemplated formal instrument. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 431. 
 
 6. Implied agreements, 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Election to sue on implied contract, see 
 
 Election of Remedies, § 3. 
 By municipal corporation, see Municipal 
 
 COEPOKATIONS, §§ 58-60. 
 
 When arise, generally. 4 L.R.A. 202;' 6 
 
 L.R.A. 702.* 
 To pay in gold or silver. 29 L.R.A. 522. 
 Not to use negative or engraved plates 
 
 without consent of party who has paid 
 
 for them. 50 L.R.A. 397. 
 Implied promise to share expense of party 
 
 wall erected without express contract. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 705. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Implied contract to compensate one furnish- 
 ing relief to poor person. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 101. 
 
 Implied contract with intoxicated person. 
 54 L.R.A. 440. 
 
 Husband's liability under, for wife's pur- 
 chases on his credit' of articles for 
 personal use. 65 L.R.A. 549. 
 
 For compensation of partner. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 412. 
 
 Implied contract for through carriage by 
 initial or first contracting carrier. 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 5. 
 
 Right of physician to recover for emergency 
 services rendered unconscious person. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1090. 
 
 Implied power of attorney to bind client for 
 expenses incidental to trial including 
 associate counsel's office. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 702. 
 
 Acceptance of chattel before agreenient as 
 to purchase price, as assent to seller's 
 price. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 254. 
 
 Placing one's child in another's custody as 
 implying contract not to reclaim child. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1004. 
 
 Employer's duties as to acts of independent 
 contractor arising out of implied con- 
 tract. 66 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 Statute of limitations applicable to action 
 to enforce an implied promise arising 
 from acceptance of devise chargeable 
 with payment of legacy. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 393. 
 
 Right of third person to sue on. 25 L.R.A. 
 263. 
 
 Liability of public corporation. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 
 § 4. To pay for services of relative or 
 member of household. 
 
 Implication of agreement to pay for serv- 
 ices rendered by relative or mem- 
 ber of household. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 873 
 Generally, 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 874. 
 
 Theories with regard to the jurid- 
 ical significance of these re- 
 lationships. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 874. 
 Rationale of the significance at- 
 tributed to these relationships. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 879. 
 Implication from relationship 
 avails in favor of creditors of 
 recipient of services. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 879. 
 Implication from the felationship of 
 parent and child. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 879. 
 Services rendered by child to par- 
 ent. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 879. 
 Services rendered by parent to 
 child. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 Implication from more remote relation- 
 ships by blood or marriage. 11 
 L.R.A.(isr.S.) 881. , 
 
 Implication where the parties are mem- 
 bers of the same household, but not 
 related by blood or marriage. 11 
 L.R.A. (N'.S.) 887. 
 17 
 
258 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Infancy of claimant .not a circumstance 
 which of itself rebuts the impli- 
 cation as to a gratuitous perform- 
 ance of services. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 ' 888. 
 Circumstances corroborating the infer- 
 ence based on kinship, affinity, and 
 membership of the same family. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 889. 
 Nature of services considered as an ele- 
 ment bearing upon the enforce- 
 ability of the claim. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 890. 
 Rebuttal of presumption as to the gra- 
 tuitous character of services by 
 proof of an agreement to remuner- 
 ate them. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 891. 
 Doctrine that proof of an express con- 
 tract is necessary to entitle a 
 claimant to recover. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 893. 
 iWhat description of evidence is suf- 
 ficient to support a recovery 
 in jurisdictions in vi'hich this 
 doctrine is adopted. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 896. 
 Generally, 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 896. 
 Illustrative decisions veith regard 
 to the effect of declarations of 
 the recipient of the services. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 896. 
 Illustrative decisions with regard 
 to the effect of elements other 
 than declarations. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 896. 
 Doctrine that claimant may recover 
 upon proof of either an implied, or 
 an express, contract. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 896. 
 What evidence is sufficient to support 
 a recovery in jurisdictions in 
 which this doctrine is adopted. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 Generally, 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 901. 
 Illustrative decisions with regard 
 to the effect of declarations of 
 the recipient of the services. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 902. 
 Illustrative decisions with regard 
 to the effect of elements other 
 than declarations. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 902. 
 General discussion of the doctrines re- 
 viewed in the preceding sub- 
 divisions. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 908. 
 Effect of evidence that the claimant 
 performed the services at the re- 
 quest pf the beneficiary. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 910. 
 Execution of promissory note for serv- 
 ices already rendered; effect of. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.5 910. 
 Necessity for proving that the inten- 
 tion to charge for the services was 
 entertained at the time when they 
 were rendered. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Louisiana. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 913. 
 Quebec. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 913. 
 
 Right of child who supports parent at re- 
 quest of other children to recover 
 therefor from the latter. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 683. 
 
 Implied contract to pay for services to rel- 
 ative not living as part of same family. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 819. 
 
 §5. — husband or wife. 
 
 Right of husband or wife to compensation 
 for services rendered to other. 15 
 L.R.A. 2l'5. 
 
 § 6. — persons living in illicit re- 
 lations. 
 
 Implied contract to pay for household serv- 
 ices where parties are living in 
 illicit relations. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 787. 
 Living together under void marriage. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 788. 
 
 c. Consideration. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 g 7. Generally. 
 
 For bill or note, see Bills and Notes, § 18. 
 
 For compromise, see Compbomise and 
 
 Settlement, § 4. 
 For deeds, see Deeds, §§ 13, 14. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, § 90. 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, §§ 175, 
 
 176. 
 For fraudulent conveyance, see Fraudulent 
 
 Conveyances, §§ 6, 7. 
 For antenuptial contract, see Husband and 
 
 Wipe, § 57. 
 For real estate mortgage, see Mobtgage, 
 
 § 22. 
 Return of consideration on setting aside 
 
 release, see Release,- § 7. 
 Return of, as prerequisite to rescission of 
 
 contract of sale^ see Sale, § 64. 
 
 False representations as to. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 676.* 
 Effect of consideration moving from bene- 
 iieiary originally named in certificate 
 issued by mutual benefit association on 
 right of member to change benefici- 
 aries. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1207; 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 773. 
 Effect of consideration paid or expense in- 
 curred on right to revoke license to 
 maintain burden on land. 49 L.R.A. 
 499. 
 Effect of additional consideration on pro- 
 tection under recording acts of mort- 
 gage given as security for pre-existing 
 in civil-law jurisdictions with Of-; debt. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 61. 
 
 gard to services to near re- j Injunction against judgment entered by 
 lations. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 911. | confession where consideration ia not 
 
 Scotland. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 911. due. 30 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 259 
 
 CONTRACTS, II c, 1— cont'd 
 
 Merger of mortgage by conveyance from 
 mortgagor to mortgagee or revival 
 thereof after such conveyance where 
 there are intermediate encumbrances on 
 the property and tlie mortgagor gives 
 or receives additional consideration. 
 39 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 841. 
 
 3. Necessity of. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 New consideration as essential to waiver of 
 presentment of commercial paper, see 
 Bills A^D Xotes, § 47. 
 
 To entitle to specific performance, see 
 Specific Perfobmasce, § 26. 
 
 Generally. 12 L.R.A. 463.* 
 
 Validity of voluntary deed. 13 L.R.A. 640.* 
 
 Gift of check. 18 L.R.A. 8S5. 
 
 Gift of promissory note. 26 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 For option. 21 L.R.A. 129. 
 
 For conveyance from husband to wife. 69 
 L.R.A. 368. 
 
 To accord and satisfaction by part payment. 
 20 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 For assumption of debts on dissolution of 
 partnership. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52, 80. 
 
 For compromise of void, invalid or un- 
 founded claim. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 288. 
 
 For contract limiting initial carrier's lia- 
 bility to its own line. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 75. 
 
 As affecting third party's right to sue on 
 contract for his benefit. 25 L.R.A. 257. 
 
 Set-off against judgment assigned without 
 consideration. 23 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Lack of consideration for contract between 
 corporations having common directors 
 or officers. 33 L.R.A. 793. 
 
 Lack of consideration as defense to action 
 for specific performance of contract for 
 sale of corporate stock. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 498. 
 
 Necessity for new consideration to support 
 waiver of failure to give notice of dis- 
 honor or subsequent promise by in- 
 dorser. 29 L.R.A. 305; 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1079. 
 
 To sustain ratification of unauthorized 
 alteration. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 131. 
 
 3. Sufficiency of. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Invalidity of consideration, see infra, IV. 
 For chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mort- 
 gages, § 6. 
 For compromise, see Compromise and 
 
 Settleme.\t, § 4. 
 Compromise as consideration for promise, 
 
 see Compromise and Settlement, § 5. 
 For deed, see Deeds, § 13. 
 For fraudulent conveyance, see Fraudulent 
 
 Conveyances, § 6. 
 For bona fide purchase of nonnegotiable 
 
 property, see Sale, § 72. 
 Release as consideration, see Release, § 5. 
 Vi'hat consideration will make purchaser of 
 
 land a bona fide purchaser, see Ve.ndoe 
 
 AND Purchaser, § 39. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. c, 3— cont'd 
 
 Generally. 3 L.R.A. 761;* 5 L.R.A. 856;* 
 
 12 L.R.A. 46.* 
 
 When valuable. 2 L.R.A. 530.* 
 
 Term "valuable consideration" in deed con- 
 strued. 2 L.R.A. 530.* 
 
 For new contract. 13 L.R.A. 581.* 
 
 For subscription to common object. 3 
 L.R.A. 468.* 
 
 For transfer by creditor in satisfaction of 
 debt. 36 L.R.A. 346. 
 
 For contract for permanent employment. 
 35 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 For gift of promissory note. 26 L.R.A. 
 306. 
 
 For contract to supply city with water. 61 
 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 For conveyance from husband to wife. 69 
 L.R.A. 368. 
 
 For contract limiting initial carrier's lia- 
 bility to its own line. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 75. 
 
 For assumption of debts on dissolution of 
 partnership. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52,80. 
 
 Waiver of legal right. 3 L.R.A. 4Q6;* 12 
 L.R.A. 466.* 
 
 Benefit to promisor and detriment to prom- 
 isee. 12 L.R.A. 465.* 
 
 Relinquishment of security as eonsiderati,op 
 for deed. 2 L.R.A. 530.* 
 
 Promise to support person. 3 L.R.A. 836;* 
 
 13 L.R.A. 640.* 
 
 Validity of agreement to transfer future 
 acquired property in consideration of 
 maintenance. 70 L.R.A. 485. 
 
 Marriage as a consideration. 2 L.R.A. 372;* 
 12 L.R.A. 464.* 
 
 Release of promise to marry as considera- 
 tion for contract. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 656. 
 
 New promise as consideration when original 
 promise was illegal. 53 L.R.A. 370. 
 
 Will contract induced by a promise to fur- 
 nish a surety sustain a subsequent con- 
 tract of suretyship. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 189. 
 
 Mere forbearance to sue as consideration for 
 promise by a third person to pay an ex- 
 isting obligation. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 842. 
 
 Cancelation of invalid contract as consid- 
 eration for a promise. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 725. 
 
 Promise of additional compensation for 
 completing an executory contract other 
 than a contract for the payment of 
 money. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) '789; 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 450. 
 
 Unlawfulness of consideration for contract 
 in business which it is a misdemeanor 
 to transact. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) ,593. 
 
 Sufliciency of consideration for contract re- 
 quiring servant to elect between ac- 
 ceptance of benefits out of a relief fund 
 and prosecution of his claims in an 
 action for damages. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 187. 
 
 Concurrent promises. 12 L.R.A. 463.* 
 
 Xtcp-sity in a complaint for specific per- 
 formance of alleging facts showing ade- 
 quacv of consideration. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 178 
 
260 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. c, 3— cont'd 
 § 10. Pre-existing debt. 
 
 Pre-existing debt as consideration for bona 
 fide purcliase of property not nego- 
 tiable, see Sale, § 72. 
 
 Pre-existing debt as consideration for chat- 
 tel mortgage as against other creditors 
 or equities. 33 L.E.A. 305. 
 
 Discharge of antecedent debt as a considera- 
 tion sustaining one's character as a 
 bona fide purchaser or encumbrancer for 
 value entitled to protection of recording 
 acts. 27 L.K.A.(N.S.) 620. 
 
 § 11. Payment of existing debt as. 
 
 Payment of existing debt as consideration. 
 34 L.E.A. 33. 
 
 Compliance with obligation to deliver pa- 
 pers or property. 34 L.E.A. 35. 
 
 Agreement to comply vpith lease. 34 L.E.A. 
 36. 
 
 Agreement to comply with marriage con- 
 tract. 34 L.E.A. 37. 
 
 Promise to do duty. 34 L.E.A. 37. 
 
 Cases to be distinguished. 34 L.E.A. 37. 
 
 Promise of additional compensation for 
 completing contract. 34 L.E.A. 38. 
 
 Promise to perform additional duty for 
 same consideration. 34 L.R.A. 42. 
 
 Promise by stranger to the contract. 34 
 L.E.A. 43. 
 
 Parol evidence that consideration of deed 
 was payment of grantor's debts. 20 
 ' L.E.A. 103. 
 
 § 12. — payment of part of liquidated 
 and undisputed debt as considera- 
 tion for discharge of whole. 
 
 Generally 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1018; 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1005. 
 No conflict with rule relating to acceptance 
 
 of payment on condition. 11 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1018. 
 Eule criticized and limited. 11 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1019. 
 Eule repudiated. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1020. 
 Statutory abrogation of rule. 11 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1020. 
 Unliquidated or disputed questions. 11 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1021. 
 Payment of conceded part of claim. 11 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1022. 
 Composition agreements. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1024. 
 Payment by third person; borrowing. 11 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1024. 
 Effect of insolvency. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1024. 
 Giving security or applying exempt prop- 
 erty. 11 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1025. 
 Giving debtor's own negotiable paper. 11 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 Payment before maturity. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1026. 
 Surrender of bill or note. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1026. 
 Formal release under seal or in writing. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 Payment in property. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1027. 
 Miscellaneous exceptions. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1027. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every lotc question. 
 
 CONTEACTS, II. c, 3— cont'd 
 § 13. Moral obligation. 
 
 For new promise after discharge in bank- 
 ruptcy, see Bankeuptcy, § 36. 
 
 For new promise after bar of limitations, 
 see Limitation of Actions, §§ 68-71. 
 
 In general. 53 L.E.A. 353; 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 520. 
 History and abstract statement of doctrine. 
 
 53 L.E.A. 353. 
 Moral obligation unconnected with material 
 or pecuniary benefit to promisor. 2B 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 520. 
 Moral obligation arising from former legal 
 liability no longer enforceable. 26 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 522. 
 Moral obligation arising from receipt of ma- 
 terial or pecuniary benefit without 
 any original legal liability. 26 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 524. 
 In general. 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 524. 
 When original contract vras void under 
 statute of frauds. 53 L.E.A. 370; 
 26 L.E.A.(N.S.) 524. 
 Where promisor received material or 
 pecuniary benefit without any ante- 
 cedent promise. 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 526. 
 When original promise was illegal. 53 
 L.E.A. 370. 
 Promise to pay for past support of relative. 
 
 53 L.E.A. 305; 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 520. 
 Cohabitation. 53 L.E.A. 357; 26 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 520. 
 Promise to pay for past support of pauper. 
 
 53 L.E.A. 358; 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 520. 
 
 Promise to remedy mistake or hardship or 
 
 to supplement past agreement. 53 
 
 L.E.A. 358; 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 523. 
 
 New promise after discharge by operation 
 
 of law. (Eestrictive). 53 L.E.A. 362. 
 
 New promise after voluntary discharge. 
 
 S3 L.E.A. 363. 
 New promise after majority. 53 L.E.A. 365. 
 New promise to be party to negotiable 
 
 paper. 53 L.E.A. 365. 
 New promise after judgment. 53 L.E.A. 
 
 365. 
 New promise after discoverture. 53 L.E.A. 
 366; 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1053; 33 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 741. 
 Past legal consideration. 53 L.E.A. 371; 
 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 526. 
 Generally. 53 L.E.A. 371; 26 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 526. 
 Promise to repay one who voluntarily 
 pays another's debt. 53 L.R.A. 
 372; 26L.E.A.(N.S.) 526. 
 Promise to pay for past services. 53 
 
 L.E.A. 373; 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 526. 
 Promise to pay for improvements to 
 property. 53 L.E.A. 375 ; 26 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 526. 
 Does moraF obligation arising from relation- 
 ship afford a sufficient consideration to 
 support a promise to become responsi- 
 ble for another's debt. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 436. 
 Validity of husband's express promise to 
 pay debt contracted by wife. 7 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1048. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 261 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. c, 3— cont'd 
 
 Validity of new promise by woman after 
 discoverture to pay debt incurred dur- 
 ing coverture. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1053; 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 741. 
 
 § 14. EfiFect of inadequacy. 
 
 Refusal of specific performance of contract 
 to convey property' because of in- 
 adequacy of consideration. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 317. 
 
 Precedence as between conveyance of land 
 for nominal or inadequate considera- 
 tion and senior unrecorded conveyance. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 
 Refusal of specific performance of contract 
 to convey property because of inade- 
 quacy of consideration. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 317. 
 
 Inadequacy of consideration for sale of ex- 
 pectancy by prospective heir. 33 L.R.A. 
 275, 281. 
 
 4. Failure of. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Failure of, as defense to action on note, see 
 Buxs AND Notes, § 66. 
 
 Right of alleged fraudulent grantee to show 
 failure of consideration of contract on 
 which judgment against grantor was 
 based. 67 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 As defense to action for assessment by mu- 
 tual fire insurance companies. 32 
 L.R.A. 492. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judg- 
 ment. 31 L.R.A. 747. 
 
 Right of grantee m possession to question 
 grantor's right to collect purchase 
 money on failure of consideration. 21 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 363. 
 
 Failure of employer to fulfill stipulations 
 which were the consideration of a re- 
 lease by the servant from liability for 
 injuries received. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 201. 
 
 5. Return of. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Return of, as prerequisite to rescission, see 
 infra, § 156. 
 
 Necessity for returning before bringing re- 
 plevin for property obtained by fraud- 
 ulent purchase. 21 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 Return of consideration as condition of de- 
 fending against contract because made 
 on Sunday. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 
 Necessity for returning, in order to disaf- 
 firm infant's contract. 26 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 0. Proof of; recitals as to. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Oral evidence of consideration in sealed in- 
 strument. 5 L.R.A. 596.* 
 
 Burden of proof as to, for transfer by hus- 
 band to wife. 56 L.R.A. 828. 
 
 Presumption as to, in absence of express 
 acknowledgment on face of contract. 
 12 L.R.A. 845.* 
 
 Recital of receipt of. 3 L.R.A. 804.* 
 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II.— cont'd 
 
 d. Mutuality. 
 
 §18. Generally. 
 
 Lack of mutuality as affecting right to 
 specific performance, see Specific Per- 
 formance, §§ 21, 22. 
 
 Privity of contract, see Privity. 
 
 Enforcement of unilateral contract. 
 L.R.A. 554;* 6 L.R.A. 807.* 
 
 Unilateral contracts against employees en- 
 tering service of rival. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 253. ' 
 
 Mutuality of contract for permanent em- 
 ployment. 35 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 Eifect upon servant's rights of master's 
 contract with third person exempting 
 latter from liability to servants. 46 
 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Mutuality of obligation where one party's 
 obli.iatibn is not definite and certain. 
 1 L'JR.A. (N.S.) 445. 
 
 Mutuality of accepted proposition to furnish 
 such material as one needs in his busi- 
 ness. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 713. 
 
 Mutuality of contract giving real-estate 
 broker exclusive authority to sell, or 
 promising him commissions in case of 
 sale by anyone else but which does not 
 in terms impose any obligation upon 
 him. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 596. 
 
 Mutuality of contract of employment which 
 by its terms is binding upon only one 
 of the parties for the time designated. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 
 Effect of partial performance of contract to 
 obviate lack of mutuality. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 433. 
 
 Mutuality of contract to furnish cars to 
 shipper. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 164. 
 
 e. Meeting of minds; deflniteness. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Necessity of meeting of minds as to price 
 
 in contract for sale of personalty. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 429. 
 Executed contract. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 429. 
 Where the ' contract is executory. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 430. 
 Effect of mistake or misunderstanding 
 
 as to price. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
 § 20. Deflniteness; certainty. 
 
 Indefiniteness and uncertainty of contract 
 
 for permanent employment. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 515. 
 Validity of purchase of indefinite quantity. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 218. 
 Mutuality of obligation where one party's 
 
 obligation is not definite and certain. 
 
 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 445. 
 Validity and effect of stipulation in contract 
 
 to renew on terms to be agreed upon. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 201. 
 
 §21. — effect of leaving- price indef- 
 inite. 
 
 Total absence of price. 53 L.R.A. 289. 
 
262 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. e— cont'd 
 
 Option between different amounts. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 292. 
 Price dependent on contingency. 53 L.R.A. 
 293. 
 Market price or value. 52 L.R.A. 293. 
 ; Appraisement or award. 53 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 Action of, or with, other parties. 53 
 L.R.A. 294. 
 When price definite or certain. 53 L.R.A. 
 295. 
 To be fixed by subsequent agreement. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 295. 
 By happening of subsequent event. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 296. 
 By reference to former relations. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 296. 
 By action of other parties. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 297. 
 Misunderstanding of parties. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 297. 
 Vague general statements. 53 L.R.A, 
 
 298. 
 Promise by decedent to pay for serv- 
 ices. 53 L.R.A. 298. 
 Executed contract; value instead of price. 
 53 L.R.A. 299. 
 
 acceptance or 
 
 § 2 2. OfiFers and their 
 withdrawal. 
 
 Without execution of contemplated formal 
 instrument, see infra, § 29. 
 
 Necessity that acceptance of proposal be un- 
 equivocal. 3 L.R.A. 94.* 
 
 Illustrations of the distinction between a 
 definite proposal or acceptance, and a 
 mere preliminarv step in the negotia- 
 tion of a contract. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 177. 
 
 Time and place of consummation of contract 
 when offer by letter accepted by tele- 
 gram, or vice versa. 6 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 
 1016. 
 
 Effect of death of party after the mailing, 
 but before the receipt, of his letter ac- 
 cepting an offer. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 439. 
 
 Right to withdraw order given agent before 
 acceptance by principal. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1138. 
 
 Liability of telegraph company for failure 
 properly to transmit or deliver a mes- 
 sage pertaining to negotiation for. or 
 offer of a, contract. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 419. 
 
 § 23. — rights conferred by ''refusal" 
 or "option.'" 
 
 As to options generally, see Option. 
 Option for sale of personalty, see Sale, § 2. 
 Option for sale of real estate, see Vendor 
 
 AND PUECHASEB, § 4. 
 
 Rights conferred by a "refusal" or "option." 
 21 L.R.A. T27. 
 The contract and its validity. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 127. 
 The early English doctrine. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 127. 
 Modern views of the subject. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 127. 
 Acceptance of an offer makes a 
 
 contract. 21 L.R.A. 128. 
 
 Begin with this boola on every law question. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. e— cont'd 
 
 Offer may be withdrawn. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 128. 
 What is an option. 21 L.R.A. 128. 
 Effect of option. 21 L.R.A. 129. 
 Necessity of consideration. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 129. 
 Effect of writing. 21 L.R.A. 129. 
 Time and manner of accepting of- 
 fer. 21 L.R.A. 129. 
 Time for performance. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 130. 
 Retraction of offer. 21 L.R.A. 130. 
 Effect of possession under option. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 130. 
 Enforcement of option. 21 L.R.A. 130. 
 Enforcement of contract not to 
 
 withdraw. 21 L.R.A. 131. 
 Enforcement of completed contract. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 131. 
 What is an acceptance. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 13:. • 
 
 Necessitv for a consideration. 21 
 L.R'A. 131. 
 
 Enforcement against third person. 
 21 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 No relief prior to acceptance. 21 
 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 The contract must be specific. 21 
 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 Action for breach of option con- 
 tract. 21 L.E.A. 332. 
 
 Effect of option to repudiate. 21 
 L.R.A. 132. 
 Transferability of option. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 133. 
 
 /. Capacity to malce. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 Contracts by intoxicated persons, sec 
 Deunkenness, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Contract by married woman, see Husband 
 AND Wife, §§ 15-19. 
 
 Contracts by incompetent persons general- 
 ly, see Incompetent Pe3Sons, §§ 8-10. 
 
 Contracts by infants, see Infants, §§ 16-23. 
 
 Capacity of parties to marriage, see Mae- 
 kiage, §§ 8-13. 
 
 Power of consul as to. 45 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Morphinism as affecting capacity to con- 
 tract. 39 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Ability to contract as affecting testamen- 
 tary capacity. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 53. 
 
 g. Formal requisites; statute of frauds. 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 Of contract by corporation, see CoEPOKA- 
 TIONS, § 32. 
 
 Conflict of laivs as to statute of frauds, see 
 Conflict of Laws, § 42. 
 
 Parol evidence to vary or contradict con- 
 tract, see Evidence, VII. 
 
 Use of statue of frauds as protection to 
 fraud, see Fraud and Deceit, § 2. 
 
 Effect of statutes of frauds on antenuptial 
 contract, see Husband and Wife, § 56. 
 
 Oral purchase by agent in his own name, 
 see Principal and Agext, § 35. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 263 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g, 1— cont'd 
 
 Oral contracts for work and labor, see 
 
 Work and Labok, § 3. 
 Specific performance of oral contract, see 
 
 Specific Peefobmance, §§ 11-13. 
 
 Contract void in part under statute. 3 
 L.R.A. 468.* 
 
 \^ ho is bona tide purchaser within statute. 
 31 L.R.A. 612. 
 
 New promise as consideration when original 
 promise was in violation of statute of 
 frauds. 53 L.R.A. 370; 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 524. 
 
 Right of defendant in action for conversion 
 to impeach plaintiff's title as being 
 based upon a contract void under the 
 statute of frauds. 2 B. R. C. 733. 
 
 Oral agreement to waive statute of limita- 
 tions. 63 L.R.A. 195. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of custom to cre- 
 ate an exception to written contract. 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 248. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of statute of 
 frauds. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 421. 
 
 § 2 6. Wliat forms part of contract. 
 
 Matter following signature as part of con- 
 tract. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.)' 436. 
 
 Memorandum on back of note at time of 
 execution as substantive part thereof. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 612. 
 
 Effect of party's ignorance of contents of 
 extraneous paper upon attempt to in- 
 corporate it into contract by reference. 
 70 L.R.A. 106. 
 
 § 2 6a. Character in which party signs. 
 
 Character of party to note, see Bills and 
 NaTES, § 15. 
 
 Personal liability of one who signs contract 
 by adding words indicating represent- 
 ative capacity to his signature. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) I. 
 
 § 2 7. Effect of omitting; revenue stamp. 
 
 See Inteenal Revenue, § 2. 
 
 § 28. Conditional execution. 
 
 Under parol agreement that contract shall 
 
 not take effect until others have 
 
 signed it. 45 L.R.A. 321. 
 Bonds. 45 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Rule that nonperformance of con- 
 dition vitiates. 45 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Rule that validity depends upon 
 knowledge or notice. 45 
 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 Rule when bond is joint. 45 
 L.R.A. .325. 
 
 What a sufficient condition. 45 
 L.R.A. 325. 
 
 Knowledge of, or notice to, obligee 
 45 L.R.A. 327. 
 Effect of. 45 L.R.A. 327. 
 Sufficiency of. 45 L.R.A. 328, 
 Evidence of. 45 L.R.A. 329. 
 
 Waiver and estoppel. 45 L.R.A. 
 329. 
 Consult also Ij.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g, 1— cont'd 
 
 Particular classes of bonds. 45 
 L.R.A. 331. 
 Application of general rules. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 331. 
 Bonds for payment of debts. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 331. 
 Bonds of contractors. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 332. 
 Bonds of employees. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 333. 
 Appeal bonds. 45 L.R.A. 333. 
 Bonds in attachment, execu- 
 tion, etc. 45 L.R.A. 334. 
 Bail bonds. 45 L.R.A. 334. 
 Revenue bonds. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 335. 
 Official bonds, generally. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 335. 
 Bonds of sheriffs, deputies, 
 constables, etc. 45 L.R.A. 
 336. 
 Treasurers' bonds. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 336. 
 Collector's bonds. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 338. 
 Guardians' bonds. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 .339. 
 Bonds of- executors and ad- 
 ministrators. 45 L.R.A. 
 340. 
 Miscellaneous unclassified 
 
 bonds. 45 L.R.A. 341. 
 Conveyances. 45 L.R.A. 341. 
 Ordinary contracts or agreements. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 342. 
 Negotiable instruments. 45 L.R.A. 
 343. 
 Conflict of authority as to. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 343. 
 Rule that failure to perform con- 
 dition vitiates instrument. 45 
 L.R.A. 343. 
 Rule that failure to perform is no 
 
 defense. 45 L.R.A. 344. 
 The condition; sufficiency and 
 
 waiver. 45 L.R.A. 346'. 
 Notice of condition. 45 L.R.A. 
 347. 
 Non-negotiable notes. 45 L.R.A. 348. 
 
 § 29. Offer and acceptance without 
 execution of contemplated formal 
 instrument. 
 
 Sufficiency of, as contract. 29 L.R.A. 431. 
 
 General statement of the law. 29 
 L.R.A. 431. 
 
 Suggestion of formal contract. 29 
 L.R.A. 432. 
 
 Underfstiinding that there is to be a 
 formal contract. 29 L.R.A. 432. 
 
 Where some terms unsettled. 29 L.R.A. 
 433. 
 
 Where the execution of a formal con- 
 tract is one of the terms of the 
 agreement. 29 L.R.A. 434. 
 
 Agreement to execute formal contract 
 may be binding. 29 L.R.A. 435. 
 
 Where it appears that the contract 
 when finished should be a formal 
 one. 29 L.R.A. 436. 
 
264 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g, 1— cont'd 
 
 Failure to execute draft of contract. 
 
 29 L.E.A. 436. 
 Estoppel. 29 L.E.A. 436. 
 Illustrations of proposals for formal 
 
 contract. 29 L.R.A. 436. 
 Intention to have formal contract as 
 
 evidence. 29 L.R.A. 437. 
 Offer by purchaser to sell property to a 
 third person as acceptance which vifill 
 satisfy statute of frauds. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.") 76. 
 
 § 30. Parol modiflcation of contract. 
 
 Parol evidence as to modification, see Evi- 
 dence, § 164. 
 
 Parol modification of original contract re- 
 quired to be in writing. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 980. 
 
 Statute of frauds as affecting parol varia- 
 tion of instrument. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 876. 
 
 Parol modification of an original contract 
 required to be in writing. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 980. 
 
 § 31. As to liability of initiai carrier. 
 
 Oral contract extending initial carrier's 
 undertaking beyond its own line. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 32. 
 
 Oral contracts limiting initial carrier's un- 
 dertaking to its own line. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 64. 
 
 § 31a. As to insurance matters. 
 
 Validity of oral insurance contract. 22 
 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 Requisites of present oral contract of in- 
 surance. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 407. 
 
 Power of agents to bind insurer by oral 
 waiver or estoppel in pais as to for- 
 feitures occurring after issuance of 
 policy and before loss under policies 
 of insurance requiring consent or 
 waiver to be in writing. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1064. 
 
 § 32. As to commercial paper. 
 
 Validity of parol promise to accept an or- 
 der or bill of exchange. 26 L.R.A. 620. 
 
 Validity of promissory note given as a for- 
 feit or as collateral to an invalid oral 
 agreement within the statute of frauds. 
 18 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Statute of frauds as affecting accommoda- 
 tion indorser. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1045. 
 
 Necessity for writing to support failure to 
 give notice of dishonor or subsequent 
 promise by indorser. 29 L.R.A. 315. 
 
 Contemporaneous parol agreements as de- 
 fense to note. 43 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 § 33. Agreement to give property by 
 will. 
 
 Generally. 8 L.R.A. 414;* 14 L.R.A. 862. 
 
 Will as part performance. 14 L.R.A. 863. 
 
 Right to recover for services rendered be- 
 yond statutory period of limitations on 
 breach of parol contract to make pro- 
 vision by will. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 703. 
 
 Begin with this 6oo7c on evert) law question. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g, 1— cont'd 
 
 Right to recover value of services rendered 
 in consideration of contract to convey 
 or devise property, which is void by the 
 statute of frauds. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 639. 
 
 2. Contracts relating to personalty, 
 
 § 34. Generally. 
 
 Sufficiency of writing as to, see infra, §§ 
 
 50-54. 
 Part performance of contract, see infra, 
 
 §§ 56, 57. 
 
 Receipt by carrier to satisfy statute. 22 
 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Validity of verbal chattel mortgage. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 418. 
 
 Necessity of writing to make binding a 
 commission to purchase personal prop- 
 erty. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 650. 
 
 § 35. Contracts of sale. 
 
 Sale of growing crops, see infra, § 44. 
 Part performance of contract, see infra, 
 
 §§ 55-57. 
 Transfer of corporate stock, see Cobpoba- 
 
 TIONS, § 88. 
 
 Contract to transfer personal property in 
 consideration of services, as ailected 
 by statute of frauds relating to con- 
 tracts for the sale of goods, etc. 16 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 381. 
 
 Right to show parol warranty in connec- 
 tion with a contract of sale of per- 
 sonalty. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1183. 
 
 Necessity of writing to make binding com- 
 mission to purchase personal property. 
 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 650. 
 
 Who maj' enforce contract for sale of goods 
 where only one party signed contract. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 694. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to sales of intoxicating 
 liquor. 61 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 § 35a. Contracts for worlc and labor. 
 
 Oral contract to manufacture, see Manu- 
 ka ctuee, § 2. 
 
 Contracts for work and labor. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 507.* 
 Contract for services as affected by statute 
 
 of frauds. 1 L.R.A. 507.* 
 Contract for manufacture as affected by 
 
 statute of frauds. 14 L.R.A. 232. 
 
 § 36. Distinction between sales and 
 contracts for work and labor. 
 
 In general. 14 L.R.A. 230; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 319. 
 Tests and rules. 14 L.R.A. 230. 
 Special orders. 14 L.R.A. 231; 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 320. 
 Manufacture of ordinary articles not ac- 
 cording to special directions. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 232. 
 Finishing articles already in existence. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 233. 
 For crops to be raised. 14 L.R.A. 233: 30 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 323. 
 For timber to be cut or for logs. 14 L.R..\. 
 
 233; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 324. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 365 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g— cont'd 
 3. Contracts to answer for debt or de- 
 fault of another. 
 
 § 3 7. GeneraUy. 
 
 Promise to pay third person. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 264. 
 Guaranty of contract of a person under dis- 
 ability. 33 L.R.A. 359. 
 Contracts between sureties to fix tlieir 
 
 shares of liability. 39 L.R.A. 378. 
 Statute of frauds as affecting parol viola- 
 tions of collateral contract. 28 L.R.A. 
 iX.S.) 882. 
 Is agreement by vendee to pay encum- 
 brance within statute of frauds as 
 promise to answer for the debt of an- 
 other. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1087. 
 Statute of frauds as affecting right to as- 
 sume debts on dissolution of partner- 
 ship. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 Applicability of statute requiring that rep- 
 resentations as to another's credit 
 must be in writing in order to sustain 
 an action. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 212. 
 Contemporary promise of one person to pay 
 where benefit inures to another as 
 a promise to answer for default of 
 another within statute of frauds. 
 15 L.R.A.fN.S.) 214; 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 598. 
 Direct and unconditional promise to 
 
 pay. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 214. 
 Collateral promise. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Intention of parties. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 •216. 
 
 Promise to see salary paid. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 217. 
 
 Promise to pay if debtor does not. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 219. 
 
 Promise to he responsible for price of 
 goods sold. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 221. 
 
 Miscellaneous promise. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 221. 
 
 Interest of promisor. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 222. 
 
 Independent agreement. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 223. 
 
 Promise to pay out of money in hands 
 of promisor belonging to debtor. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 224. 
 
 Charges in books of account. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 224. 
 Is oral promise to pay another's pre-exist- 
 ing debt made in order to secure 
 benefit to promisor without releas- 
 ing original debtor within statute 
 of frauds. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1077; 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 242. 
 
 Original promise. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 
 Where principal object was to secure 
 benefit to promisor. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1079. 
 
 Where benefit to promisor was not a 
 principal object. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1082. 
 
 Promise collateral in form. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1083; 40 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 244. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g, 3— cont'd 
 
 Doctrine that release of original debtor 
 is necessary. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1084. 
 Subscribing one's name under word "surety" 
 in written contract as satisfying stat- 
 ute of frauds. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1197. 
 
 4. Contracts not to be performed ivith- 
 in a year. 
 
 §3 8. Generally. 
 
 Lease for more than a year, see infra, § 42. 
 
 Generally. 3 L.R.A. 337;* 7 L.R.A. 784;" 
 11 L.R.A. 621.* 
 
 For a series of years. 3 L.R.A. 338."'' 
 
 Contracts for permanent employment. 35 
 L.R.A. 514. 
 
 Application to transfer of interest in real- 
 ty. 3 L.R.A. 339.* 
 
 Oral promise to pay by request. 3 L.R.A. 
 339.* 
 
 Antenuptial agreements. 2 L.R.A. 273;* 3 
 L.R.A. 339.* 
 
 Contingent performance after a year. 3 
 L.R.A. 337.* 
 
 Performance depending upon contingent 
 events. 3 L.R.A. 340.* , 
 
 Validity of oral contract for a year's serv- 
 ices to commence in futuro. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 738. 
 
 § 39. Contracts for services which may, 
 but are not Intended to, be per- 
 formed within a year. 
 
 In general. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 313. 
 Relating to lumber and timber. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 313. 
 For railroad privileges. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 315. 
 Building and fencing contracts. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 316. 
 Sharing profits. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 317. 
 Farming contracts. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 318. 
 Contracts relating to minors. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 318. 
 Contracts of employment. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 321. 
 Generally. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 321. 
 Principal and agent. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 ■324. 
 Professional work. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 326. 
 On releasing damage claims. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 327. 
 For life of employee. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 328. 
 To be paid for at death of employer. 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 329. 
 Contracts to support for life. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 330. 
 
 5. Contracts as to realty. 
 
 § 40. Generally. 
 
 Contract to devise real property, see supra, 
 
 § 33. 
 Contracts as to, not to be performed within 
 
 a year, see supra, §§ 38, 39. 
 Sufficiency of writing as to, see infra, 
 
 §§ 50-54. 
 
•266 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g, 5— cont'd 
 
 Part performance of contract as to, see in- 
 fra, §§ 58, 59. 
 
 Parol trusts, see Trusts, § 11. 
 
 Specific performance of verbal contract, see 
 Specific Performance, §§ 11-13. 
 
 Interference of equity to prevent obtaining 
 estate by fraud notwithstanding stat- 
 ute. 2 L.R.A. 662.* ^ 
 
 Contracts to transfer interest in realty. 3 
 L.R.A. 337.* 
 
 Enforceability of verbal contracts for ex- 
 change of lands. 5 L.R.A. 245.* 
 
 Transaction between heir and ancestor re- 
 lating to expectancy. 32 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 Right to compensation for improvements on 
 land, made in good faith under oral 
 contract or gift. 53 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Parol agreement to construct private way 
 across railroad. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 702; 
 24 L.R.A.(N.s.) 375. 
 
 Validity of award under parol submission 
 involving title to real property. 22 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 716. 
 
 Right of a purchaser of real estate to rely 
 on the statute of frauds against con- 
 tract bv his vendor' with a third per- 
 son. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 883. 
 
 Validity of oral agreement to share contract 
 for purchase of land. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 147. 
 
 Parol agreement to take title to real prop- 
 erty, sell the same, and divide the 
 proceeds, as affected by the stat- 
 ute of frauds. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1137; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1160.^ 
 Agreement between vendor and vendee. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1160. 
 
 Void parol conveyance of easement as foun- 
 dation for easement by prescription. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991. 
 
 Rights in respect to compensation for im- 
 provements on land made in good faith 
 under an oral contract or gift. 53 
 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Degree of proof necessary to establish 
 parol gift of real estate. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 508. 
 
 Measure of damages, for breach of oral 
 contract to convey realty. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 713. 
 
 § 41. Partnership. 
 
 Effect of statute upon partnership lands. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 477. 
 Applicability of statute of frauds to part 
 
 nership real estate. 37 L.R.A. (N.S. ' 
 
 902. 
 Validity of parol partnership for dealing in 
 lands. 16 L.R.A. 745; 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 427; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 883. 
 
 Parol agreement to procure land on 
 joint account. 16 L.R.A. 745. 
 
 Incorporation of contract in partner- 
 ship agreement. 16 L.R.A. 746. 
 
 Validity of parol partnership, general- 
 ly. 16 L.R.A. 746. 
 
 Parol partnership for dealing in lands. 
 16 L.R.A. 747. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g, 5— cont'd 
 
 Jlethods of enforcing rights. 16 Ij.R.A. 
 
 749. 
 Partnership in securing products from 
 
 land. 16 L.R.A. ,750. 
 Other contracts relating to lands. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 750. 
 Transfer of partnership interest. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 750. 
 Availability of statute as a defense. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 750. 
 Agreement to share real property in pay- 
 ment for services as within the statute 
 of frauds. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 184. 
 
 § 42. Leases. 
 
 Effect of part performance, see infra, § 58. 
 
 Compensation when lease is invalid under 
 
 statute of frauds, see Lakdlord and 
 
 Tenant, § 82. 
 
 Lease to commence at future time; what 
 
 is lease for one year. 10 L.R.A. 726.* 
 Lease for more than one year. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 671.* 
 As to lease for not more than three years. 
 
 12 L.R.A. 67.* 
 Assignment of lease. 15 L.R.A. 754. 
 Insurable interest of tenant in leased prop- 
 
 ertv under parol agreement. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N'S.) 135. 
 
 §43. Sale of timber. 
 
 Validity of oral sale of standing timber. 
 19 L.R.A. 721. 
 Effect of oral sale as a license. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 722. 
 Sale of bark. 19 L.R.A. 723. 
 
 Contract for timber to be sawed as a sale 
 within the statute of frauds. 14 
 L.R.A. 233; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 324. 
 
 Purchase of standing timber as a purchase 
 of realty. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 278. 
 
 Effect of statute of frauds on parol con- 
 tracts relating to, which may, but are 
 not intended to, be performed within 
 a year. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 313. 
 
 Agreement for, as a contract for work and 
 labor or a contract of sale within stat- 
 ute of frauds. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 324. 
 
 § 44. Sale of or agreement as to croiis. 
 
 Sale or mortgage of crops. 23 L.R.A. 450. 
 Must a. contract for the sale of growing 
 crops or a reservation of the same 
 by the grantor in deed be in writ- 
 ing? 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1218. 
 Sale of growing crops. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1219. 
 Fruit. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1220. 
 Hops. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1220. 
 Grasses. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1221. 
 Parol reservation of growing crops. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1221. 
 Agreement for as a contract for work and 
 labor or a contract of sale within stat- 
 ute of frauds. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 323. 
 
 § 45. Agreement as to fences. 
 Validity of oral agreement as to erection 
 
 or maintenance of fences. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 226, 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 267 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g, 5— cont'd 
 
 Partition of fences. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 227. 
 Contracts not performable within year. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(jSf.S.) 229. 
 Running with land. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 229. 
 Effect of statute of frauds on parol fencing 
 contract which may, but are not in- 
 tended to, be performed within a year. 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 
 § 4 6. Broker's contract with princi- 
 pal. 
 
 Contract by real estate broker to find pur- 
 cliaser or effect exchange of principal's 
 property. 44 L.R.A. 601. 
 
 Power of legislature to require contracts 
 for commissions for finding a pur- 
 eliaser for real estate to be in writing. 
 33 L.R.A.(X.S.) 973. 
 
 Power of legislature to prohibit offering of 
 another's real estate for sale without 
 written authority. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 707. 
 
 Necessity that authority of agent to pur- 
 chase or sell real property be in writ- 
 ing to enable him to recover compen- 
 sation for his services. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 933. 
 
 Ratification of agent's unauthorized con- 
 tract for purchase or sale of real prop- 
 erty as affected by statute of frauds. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 
 § 47. Broker's contract with purchas- 
 er. 
 
 Written authority to agent to contract for 
 sale of property as dispensing with ne- 
 cessity that contract of sale itself be 
 in writing. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 738. 
 Principal's default in entering into or car- 
 rying out oral contract with purchaser 
 as affecting broker's right to commis- 
 sions. 43 L.R.A. 599. 
 Parol evidence that one of the persons who 
 signed an instrument relating to real 
 property was agent for an undisclosed 
 principal. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 Ratification of agent's unautliorized con- 
 tract for the purchase or sale of 
 real property as affected by the 
 statute of frauds. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 783. 
 Where the agent is unauthorized. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 783. 
 Where there is a parol authorization. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 784. 
 
 § 48. Contract to purchase land in 
 name of another. 
 
 Statute of frauds as affecting legal remedy 
 for breach of contract to purchase land 
 for and in the name of another. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 123. 
 
 Statute of frauds as affecting right to equi- 
 ' table relief against one who has pur- 
 chased land in his own name, in viola- 
 tion of his agreement to purchase it for 
 and in the name of another. 5 L.R.A. J 
 (N.S.) 112. 
 CoiisttU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g, 5— cont'd 
 § 49. Assignment of interest in land 
 contract. 
 
 \'alidity of oral agreement to assume or as- 
 sign land contract. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 147. 
 
 Applicability of statute of frauds to assign- 
 ment or surrender of purchaser's inter- 
 est under land contract. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N..S.) 879. 
 
 Printed or stamped signature. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 352. 
 
 6. Sufficiency of writing. 
 
 § 50. Generally. ' 
 
 In several writings. 2 L.R.A. 212.* 
 Telegrams as writings to make a contract 
 within the statute of frauds. 50 
 L.R.A. 240. 
 Generally. 50 L.R.A. 240. 
 Parol evidence to explain. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 245. 
 Contract cases not referring to the 
 statute of frauds, 50 L.R.A. 247. 
 Is the message delivered to the tele- 
 graph company a contract? 50 
 L.R.A. 250. 
 Which is the original — the message de- 
 livered to, or by, the telegraph 
 company? 50 L.R.A. 202. 
 Subscribing one's name under word "sure- 
 ty" in written contract as satisfying 
 statute of frauds. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1197. 
 
 § 51. Sufficiency of description. 
 
 Description of property by local appella- 
 tion. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 154. 
 
 Sufficiency of description in land contract 
 which gives right to select particular 
 tract to be conveyed. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 147. 
 
 § 52. Sufficiency of memorandum. 
 
 Essentials of memorandum. 2 L.R.A. 
 212;* 11 L.R.A. 97.* 
 Terms and price. 1 ] L.R.A. 97.* 
 Description of subject-matter. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 98,* 143.*' 
 Consideration. 11 L.R.A. 98.* 
 Auctioneer's memorandum. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 99.* 
 Necessity that it be in writing and 
 signed. 2 L.R.A. 212.* 
 
 Undelivered deed as memoi-andum to satis- 
 fy statute of frauds. 22 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 May statute of frauds relating to sales of 
 real property be satisfied by a memo- 
 randum which discloses that one of the 
 parties acted for an undisclosed prin- 
 cipal. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 733. 
 
 Maj' an extrinsic document, not referred to 
 in a memorandum of sale of real prop- 
 erty, be resorted to in aid of a, defec- 
 tive description in the memorandum 
 or contract, so as to satisfv the stat- 
 ute of frauds. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 Necessity of specifying time of payment of 
 purchase price in contract or memo- 
 randum for the sale of real propertv. 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 84 
 
268 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g, 6— cont'd 
 § 5 3. Signing. 
 
 Signing by proxy. 22 L.E.A. 297. 
 Sigiiing by mark. 22 L.R.A. 372. 
 Necessity that witnesses see testator sign 
 
 or that they see his signature. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 161. 
 
 § 54. — who must sign. 
 Who must sign note or memorandum of ex- 
 ecutory contract for the sale of 
 real property or chattels within 
 the statute of frauds. 2S L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 680. 
 Not necessary that both parties sign, 
 
 28 L.R.A.{N.S.) 681. 
 View that "party to be charged" is 
 the party sought to be charged 
 with the suit. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 689. 
 View that "party to be charged" is the 
 vendor or owner, as such. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 691. 
 Statutes not employing the phrase, 
 "party to be charged." 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 692. 
 ;Who may enforce contract. 28 L.R.ii. 
 (N.S.) 694. 
 Vendor who did not sign against 
 vendee who did. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 694. 
 Contracts as to real property. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 694. 
 Contracts for sale of goods. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 695. 
 Vendee who did not sign against 
 vendor who did. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 696. 
 ' Contracts as to real property. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 696. 
 Contracts for sale of goods. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698. 
 Vendor who did sign against ven- 
 dee who did not. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 699. 
 Contracts as to real property. 
 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 699. 
 Contracts for sale of goods. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 701. 
 Vendee who did sign against vend- 
 or who did not. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 701. 
 May the statute of frauds be satisfied by a 
 declaration of trust signed by the 
 trustee alone. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 046. 
 
 7. Effect of part performance, 
 
 § 55. Generally. 
 
 On right to specific performance, see 
 Specific Perfoemance, § 13. 
 
 Effect of part performance. 14 L.R.A. 863. 
 
 Effect of full performance on one side 
 within year, of contract not to be per- 
 formed within a year. 3 L.R.A. 338.* 
 
 Will as part performance. 14 L.R.A. 863. 
 
 Part performance of grantee's oral promise 
 to grantor to hold in trust as taking 
 case out of statute of frauds. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 928. 
 
 Begin with this 1>ook on every law question. 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g, 7— cont'd 
 § 5 6. Of sale of personalty. 
 
 Work in fitting up for delivery as payment 
 , of price to take the contract out of the 
 
 statute of frauds. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 654. 
 Symbolic delivery by sample to satisfy 
 
 statute of frauds. 70 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 § 56a. — acceptance as taking out of 
 statute. 
 
 Effect of subsequent acceptance to talte sale 
 out of staute of frauds. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 638. 
 
 Receipt and accceptance to satisfy the stat- 
 ute of frauds when goods are in pos- 
 session of purchaser at time of agree- 
 ment. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1186: 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 498. 
 
 § 5 7. — delivery to carrier. 
 
 General rule. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1039. 
 Designation of the carrier. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1041. 
 Carrier designated by buyer. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1041. 
 Particular circumstances indicating Ac- 
 ceptance. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1043. 
 Rule under particular statute. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1044. 
 Indiana. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1044. 
 Iowa. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1044. 
 Georgia. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1045. 
 
 § 58. Leases of land. 
 
 Improvements under oral contract of gift, 
 see Impkovements, § 13. 
 
 Effect of part performance of verbal as- 
 signment of lease. 15 L.R.A. 754. 
 
 Effect of performance to take parol assign- 
 ment of lease out of statute of frauds. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 162. 
 
 Entry under parol agreement for a lease as 
 part performance. 20 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Nature of tenancy by entry under lease 
 void under statute of frauds. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 648. 
 
 Effect at law of entry under lease void un- 
 der statute of frauds. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 654. 
 
 Effect of making improvements under oral 
 lease for term beyond that permitted 
 by statute, to entitle lessee to hold dur- 
 ing term. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 852. 
 
 § 59. Talflng possession of land. 
 
 Effect of, on right to specific performance, 
 see Specific Pekformance, | 13, 
 
 Taking possession of real property as part 
 performance to satisfy statute of 
 frauds. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 790. 
 Foundation of doctrine of part per- 
 formance. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 790. 
 Effect of part performance in courts 
 of law and equity. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 793. 
 Effect of possession in absence of writ- 
 ing. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 793. 
 As to transfers generally. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 793. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 269 
 
 CONTRACTS, II. g, 7— cont'd 
 
 Where sufficient. 3 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 793. 
 Where insufficient. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 798. 
 Where doctrine of part per- 
 formance is repudiated. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) .803. 
 As to exchange of lands. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 804. 
 As to settlement of disputed 
 boundaries. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 805. 
 As to partition. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 806. 
 Kind of possession necessary. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 807. 
 Must be under the contract. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 807. 
 The general rule. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 807. 
 Possession before or after 
 agreement relied on 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 808. 
 Under different contract 
 or arrangement. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 808. 
 Under or during prior 
 tenancy. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 810. 
 Must be accounted for in no other 
 
 way. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 811. 
 Must be actual, open, and notori- 
 ous. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 813. 
 Must be exclusive. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 814. 
 General application of rule. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 814. 
 Rule as applied to tenants in 
 common. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 81.5. 
 Must be with knowledge and con- 
 sent of party from whom de- 
 rived. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816. 
 Sufficiency of possession. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 816. 
 Parol transfer of possession as basis of 
 tacking for purposes of adverse posses- 
 sion. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 498. 
 
 h. Merger. 
 
 % 60. Generally. 
 
 Preliminary negotiations merged in written 
 contract. 3 L.E.A. 308.* 
 
 Estoppel of party to deny terms of his writ- 
 ten contract. 3 L.R.A. 308.* 
 
 Of oral and written contracts limiting ini- 
 tial carrier's undertaking to its own 
 line. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 64. 
 
 Merger of stipulations as to title in execu- 
 tory contract for the sale of real es- 
 tate in subsequently executed convey- 
 ance. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 457. 
 
 ///. Construction, 
 a. In general. 
 
 §61. Generally. 
 
 Provision for penalty or liquidated dam- 
 ages in case of delay, see Damages, 
 §§ 38-40. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, III. a— cont'd 
 
 General rules of construction. 4 L.R.A. 
 202.* 
 
 When primary meaning prevails over tech- 
 nical meaning. 12 L.R.A. 375.* 
 
 Province of court and jury, generally. 4 
 L.R.A. 204;* 12 L.R.A. 376.* 
 
 Distinction between executory and executed. 
 3 L.R.A. 761.* 
 
 Separate instruments construed ■ together. 
 3 L.R.A. 579.* 
 
 Law, usage, and custom as a part of. 3 
 L.R.A. 860;* 4 L.R.A. 392;* 10 L.R.A. 
 785.* 
 
 Rule that when terms of agreement have 
 been intended in a different sense, that 
 sense is to prevail,'against either party, 
 in which he had reason to suppose the 
 other party understood it. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1140. 
 
 Parol evidence that parties to a written 
 contract which merely names a class or 
 species, contemplated a particular qual- 
 ity or kind. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 967. 
 
 Perjury in statement involving matters of 
 opinion or belief in construction of con- 
 tract. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 658. 
 
 :. 6. Entirety, 
 
 §62. Generally. 
 
 Whether contract entire or severable. 1 
 L.R.A. 826.* 
 
 Separable agreement for repair of pavement 
 by contractor. 44 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 Divisibility of contract in restraint of trade. 
 22 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Divisibility in respect of time or territorial 
 e-xtent, of contracts in restraint of 
 trade. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 942. 
 
 Contract which fixes compensation at a cer- 
 tain amount per unit of work done, as 
 entire or severable. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1069. 
 
 Rights and remedies of servant discharged 
 for good cause under entire and divisi- 
 ble contracts. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) ^24. 
 
 c. Time, 
 
 § 63. Generally. 
 
 Time of performance, see infra, § 132. 
 Time in contractual matters generally, sec 
 Time, § 3. 
 
 Time as essence of contract. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 828;* 12 L.R.A. 239,* 241.* 
 Making time of the essence by demand or 
 
 notice. 15 L.R.A. 737. 
 Implied agreement as to. 11 L.R.A. 526.* 
 First and last days in computation of time 
 
 on. 49 L.R.A. 205. 
 Divisibility in respect of time, or contract 
 
 in restraint of trade. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 342. 
 Intention of parties to, to adopt standard 
 
 instead of sun time. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 364; 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1046. 
 Standard or solar time as the criterion in 
 
 determining questions dependent upon, 
 
 time. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 611. 
 
270 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, III. c— cont'd 
 
 Construction and effect of provision for ex- 
 tension of time for removal of standing 
 timber. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 Duration of contract of hiring which fixes 
 no term but specifies compensation at a 
 certain amount per day, week, month 
 or year. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 529. 
 
 Rent period as criterion of term implied by 
 holding over after expiration of lease 
 for a fixed term. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 855. 
 
 d. Particular words, phrases, and 
 
 cases. 
 
 § 64. Generally. 
 
 As to penalties or liquidated damages, see 
 Damages, §§ 38-40. 
 
 Meaning of terms of art or business, for 
 jury. 12 L.R.A. 376.* 
 
 What conditions or defects are covered by 
 provision in paving contract requiring 
 contractor to keep pavement in repair. 
 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 154. 
 
 Effect of promise to pay ''as soon as prom- 
 isor can." 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 300. 
 
 § 65. Building contracts. 
 
 Provision for penalty or liquidated dam- 
 ages in case of delay, see D.4MAGEs, 
 §§ 38-40. 
 
 Construction of building contract. 10 L.R.A. 
 826.* 
 
 Aiding the interpretation of building con- 
 tracts by extrinsic documents or ex- 
 amples. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1007. 
 
 § 6 6. Sale of personalty. 
 
 Assignability of contract to supply such 
 quantity of goods as purcliaser may re- 
 quire in his business. 2 B. R. C. 444. 
 
 Effect of retention of title to personal prop- 
 erty until payment of purchase price 
 to characterize sale as executory. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 475. 
 
 § 6 7. Agreements as to real property. 
 
 What constitutes "satisfactory title" with- 
 in requirement of land contract or other 
 agreement relating to land. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 741. 
 
 Will real estate pass under the word "ef- 
 fects" in a written instrument. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 
 Destruction by decay rendering premises 
 untenantable as within landlord's cove- 
 nant to repair. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 
 § 68. Damages "by the elements." 
 
 What constitutes, within the meaning of 
 contracts with stipulations refer- 
 ring thereto. 53 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 What constitutes damage by the ele- 
 ments generally. 53' L.R.A. 673. 
 
 As applied to covenants in leases. 53 
 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 As applied to contracts by carriers. 53 
 L.R.A. 676. 
 
 Other miscellaneous contracts. 53 
 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 Begin with this booli on every law question. 
 
 CONTRACTS, III. d— cont'd 
 § 69. Subscription contract. 
 
 Subscription to corporate stock, see Cor- 
 porations, § 77-81a. 
 As to subscriptions, generally, see Subscsip- 
 
 TIONS. 
 
 Is a subscription contract joint or several. 
 22 L.R.A. 80. 
 
 Stock subscriptions. 22 L.R.A. 81. 
 
 Contracts in which there is a promise. 
 22 L.R.A. 82. 
 
 Effect of agreements among subscrib- 
 ers and their relation to each other. 
 22 L.R.A. 83. 
 
 § 69a. Not to engage in rival business. 
 
 Entering another's business as breach of 
 covenant not to engage in rival busi- 
 ness. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 769; 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1191 
 
 IV. Essential validity and effect 
 
 a. In general; -public policy. 
 
 §7 0. Generally. 
 
 Validity as affected by consideration gen- 
 erally, see supra, I. c. 
 
 Mutuality as affecting validity, see supra, 
 § 18.' 
 
 Certainty and definiteness as affecting valid- 
 ity, see supra, §§ 20, 21. 
 
 Capacity to make valid contract, see supra, 
 L f. 
 
 Formal requisites affecting validity, see su- 
 pra, I. g. 
 
 Validity as affected by statute of frauds, see 
 supra, I. g. 
 
 Of public contracts, see infra, VIII. 
 
 Validitv of assignment, see Assignment, 
 
 Validity of provision against assignment, 
 see Assignment, § 10. 
 
 Validity of assignment for creditors, see As- 
 signment FOE Cbemtoss, § 14. 
 
 Stipulation for attorney's fees, see Attor- 
 ney's Fees, § »2. 
 
 Validity of commercial paper, see Bills and 
 Notes, §§ 10-17. 
 
 Validity of bond, see Bonds. 
 
 Validity of chattel mortgage, see Chattel 
 Mortgage, §§ 4-6. 
 
 Of compromise, see Compromise and Set- 
 tlement, § 6. 
 
 Validity of contracts by foreign corporation 
 which has not complied with conditions 
 as to doing business, see Cokpobations, 
 § 148. 
 
 Contract procured by duress, see Duress, 
 § 4. 
 
 Validity of oral contract of insurance, see 
 Insurance, § 43. 
 
 Validity of agreement as to rate of inter- 
 est, see Interest, § 19; Usuet. 
 
 As to illegal monopolies or trusts, see Mo- 
 nopoly and Combinations 
 
 Validity of mortgage, see Mortgage, §§ 20- 
 24. 
 
 Municipal contracts, see Municipal Cob- 
 POl'.ATIONS, §§ 53-60. 
 
 Validity of conveyance suspending power 
 of alienation, see Perpetuities. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOIES. 
 
 271 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Contracts made on Sunday, see Sunday, § 4. 
 
 Usurious contract, see Usury. 
 
 Of contract for water supply, see Watebs, 
 
 § 111. 
 Estoppel by, see Estoppel, § 11. 
 Injunction against illegal contract, see In- 
 
 JUXCTION, § 12. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute legalizing. 22 
 L.R.A. 379. 
 
 Right of partner to compensation under 
 express contract. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 409. 
 
 Validity of agreement against right to par- 
 tition. 16 L.R.A. 220. 
 
 Contract not to protest against application 
 for patent to public land. 9 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 529. 
 
 Effect of contract as to standing timber 
 to pass title to same. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 469. 
 
 Validity of agreement to transfer future- 
 acquired property in consideration of 
 maintenance. 70 L.R.A. 485. 
 
 Validity of agreement to pay money after 
 death of promisor. 14 L.R.A. 860. 
 
 Effect of extrinsic promise to sign or in- 
 dorse a note or bill. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 175. 
 
 Validity of provision in contract for pay- 
 ment of money, that it sliall be payable 
 to obligee only, and not to his estate. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1239. 
 
 Validity of stipulation against assignment 
 in contract for payment of money. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 597. 
 
 Right to duplicate portrait or photograph 
 without the consent of the person un- 
 der contract with whom the original 
 was produced. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 
 Implied power to incorporate in contract 
 for public work, a requirement that the 
 contractor shall pay laborers and ma- 
 terialmen. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1028. 
 
 Effect of agreement for set-off against hold- 
 er of negotiable paper transferred after 
 maturity. 46 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Validity of sale of, or agreement to sell 
 commercial paper to one primarily lia- 
 ble thereon. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 
 Validity and effect of stipulation in con- 
 tract to renew on terms to be agreed 
 upon. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 201. 
 
 Validity of contract by yendor to repur- 
 chase vendee's interest after latter's 
 default. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 544. 
 
 Validity of agreement with surety as to 
 cirstodv or control of trust fund. 16 
 L.RA.''(N.S.) 994. 
 
 Validity, in absence of statute, of contract 
 exempting property within improve- 
 ment district from special assessment 
 in consideration of acts done or other 
 obligations assumed. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 781. 
 
 Validity of contract for detection of crime. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 847. 
 
 Contracts fixing rates other than those es- 
 tablished in accordance with interstate 
 commerce act. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 351. 
 
 Contract to induce assent to composition 
 with creditors. 27 L.R.A. 36. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to d.ate. 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Effect of agreement for immunity of accom- 
 plice who testifies for prosecution. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 439. 
 
 Validity of contract to supply city with 
 water. 61 L.R.A. 67. 
 
 § 71. Contract made on holiday. 
 
 Contracts made on Sunday, see Sunday. 
 § 4. 
 
 Law of holidays as applied to contracts 
 other than negotiable instruments. 19 
 L.R.A. 317. 
 
 §7 2. Liability on original contract as 
 affected by void renewal or sub- 
 stitution. 
 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. 628. 
 
 Where the renewal is void for forgery. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 628. 
 For want of authority. 33 L.R.A. 631. 
 For time, mode, and manner of execution. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 632. 
 For disability of party. 33 L.R.A. 633. 
 For usury. 33 L.R.A. 633. 
 For other causes contrary to public policy. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 635. 
 
 § 73. Contract connected with illegal 
 contract or transaction. 
 
 Recovery of purchase price of property sold 
 for illegal purpose, see infra, § 1 14. 
 
 Remotely connected with illegal transac- 
 tion; not void. 9 L.R.A. 657.* 
 
 Effect of award upon claim arising out of 
 illegal transaction. 58 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 New promise as consideration when original 
 promise was illegal. 53 L.R.A. 370. 
 
 Validity of new contract based on compro- 
 mise of illegal contract. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 568. 
 
 Is promise by a third party to pay claim 
 arising out of performance of contract 
 between two other persons tainted by 
 the illegality of that contract. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 
 Effect of landlord's knowledge that tenant 
 intends to use premises for purposes 
 of prostitution. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 662. 
 
 § 74. By unlicensed person. 
 
 Effect of failure to procure license for busi- 
 ness on validity of contract there- 
 in. 16 L.R.A. 423. 
 
 Generally. 16 L.R.A. 423. 
 
 Where contract prohibited. 16 L.R.A. 
 424. 
 
 Effect of imposition of penalty. 16 
 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Sales of liquor. 16 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Contracts of agents, brokers, etc. 10 
 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Contracts of physicians, surgeons, etc. 
 16 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 United States revenue laws. 16 L.R.A. 
 425. 
 
 Contracts in other kinds of business. 
 16 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 Application and limitation of the rule. 
 16 L.R.A. 425. 
 
272 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Extent of restriction on right of unlicensed 
 
 person to transact legal business. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 750. 
 Validity of contract when made in business 
 
 carried on without license, where li- 
 cense is required. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1159. 
 Effect of contract by unlicensed teacher. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 412. 
 Right of unlicensed person to recover for 
 
 services rendered by licensed person. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 392; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 176. 
 Validity of contract in violation of statute 
 
 regulating and licensing trades and 
 
 occupations. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 613. 
 Burden of proof as to physician's license 
 
 in suit to recover for services. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1238. 
 
 § 75. Contracts In violation of statute. 
 
 Right to recover for property sold for un- 
 lawful use, see infra, § 114. 
 
 Validity of contracts in business which it 
 is a misdemeanor to transact. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 Contracts in violation of law. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 577. 
 In general. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 577. 
 Expressly prohibited by statute. 
 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 583. 
 Impliedly prohibited by statute. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 584. 
 The implication from a penalty. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 586. 
 The general rule. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 586. 
 The legislative intention. 12 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 588. 
 Penal revenue statutes. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 590. 
 Effect of repeal of prohibitory stat- 
 ute. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 59L 
 Relation between illegality and con- 
 tract. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 592. 
 Subject. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592. 
 Consideration. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 593. 
 Ethical quality in contracts. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 594. 
 Ethics of particular transactions. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 595. 
 Unlawful purpose of one party in 
 lawful contract. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 595. 
 Sales in violation of law. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 595. 
 In general. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 595. 
 By culpable vendors. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 596. 
 Of lumber and wooden 
 wares. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 596. 
 Of fertilizers. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 596. 
 Of foods. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 597. 
 Of forage. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 597. 
 Of fuel. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 597. 
 
 Begin "oith this book on every laic question. 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Of live stock. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 597. 
 Of slaves. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 598. 
 Of real estate. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 598. 
 Of mortgaged property, 
 12 L.R.A.{N.S.) 599. 
 Of patent rights. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 599. 
 By false weights and mea- 
 sures. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 599. 
 By corrupting purchaser's 
 servant. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 600. 
 In business conducted un- 
 der fictitious name. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 600. 
 To promote a monopoly. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 600. 
 By blameless vendors. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 601. 
 Culpable purchasers. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 Loans. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 Leases. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 605. 
 Champterous contracts. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 606. 
 Aiding and abetting public ene- 
 mies. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 606. 
 Contracts violative of particular stat- 
 utes. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 607. 
 Building and labor contracts. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 607. 
 Construction. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 607. 
 Work and services. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 608. 
 Transportation. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 609. 
 Rebates and discriminations. 
 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 609. 
 Carriage of mail matter. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 610. 
 False bills of lading. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 610. 
 Services of employees. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 610. 
 Carrier's liabilities. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 610. 
 Circulating notes and token cur- 
 rency. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 610. 
 Insurance. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 612. 
 Fees of public officers. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 612. 
 Game laws. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 612. 
 Unauthorized administration of es- 
 tates. 12 'L.R.A. (N.S.) 613. 
 Statutes regulating and licensing 
 trades and occupations. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 In general. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 613. 
 Physicians and surgeons. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 Lawyers. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 614. 
 Architects. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 614. 
 Teachers. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 614. 
 Brokers. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 615. 
 Money lenders. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 616. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 273 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Merchants. 12 L.K.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 ■Hawkers. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 Theaters. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 Innkeepers. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 Stock breeders. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 617. 
 Engineers. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 Plumbers. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 Cartmen and scavengers. 12 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 When illegal contracts are valid. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 618. 
 Pursuit of remedies. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 620. 
 The judicial attitude. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 620. 
 Parties in pari delicto. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 620. 
 Victims. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 621. 
 Effect of forced disclosure of il- 
 legality. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 621. 
 Pleading. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 622. 
 Evidence. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 623. 
 Liability of municipality or other public 
 corporation for benefits received under 
 contract violative of statutory re- 
 strictions. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1120. 
 Municipal liability for labor performed or 
 services accepted by it under contract 
 violating statutory or charter restric- 
 tions on power to contract. 27 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 1127. 
 
 § 7 6. — use of leased premises in vio- 
 lation of law. 
 
 Effect of landlord's knowledge that tenant 
 intends to use premises in violation of 
 law. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 662; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1104. 
 
 § 7 7. Public policy generally. 
 
 Contracts against public policy; instances. 
 
 3 L.R.A. 631.* 
 Validity of claim against state which is 
 
 contrary to public policy. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 3a. 
 
 § 7 8. Indemnity contract. 
 
 To indemnify for illegal act. 4 L.R.A. 682.* 
 
 Validity of agreement to indemnify bail 
 
 in a criminal ease. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 § 79. Contracts of employment. 
 
 Contract by servant relieving master from 
 liability for injuries, see MASTBat and 
 Sebvant, §§ 52, 53'. 
 
 Contract to employ union labor only. 2 
 
 L.R,A.(N.S.) 292. 
 Contracts for permanent employment. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 513. 
 Binding effect of contract for servicea of 
 
 pastor. 38 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 § 80. —with attorney. 
 
 As to compensation, see Attobkets, §§ 20, 
 
 21 ; Champerty and Maintenance. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Validity of contract by attorney to secure 
 suspension of criminal law as to offens- 
 es thereafter committed. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 842. 
 
 §81. — with physician; for medical 
 services. 
 
 Validity of contract to pay attending phy- 
 sician percentage of damages recovered 
 for personal injury. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 87. 
 
 Validity of contract to furnish a patient 
 medical services for life. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1112. 
 
 Duty and liability of one other than a 
 physician or surgeon, who contracts 
 to provide medical or surgical atten- 
 tion to another. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 
 § 82. Affecting marriage relation. 
 
 Living in illicit relations, see infra, § 120. 
 Agreements as to divorce and separation, see 
 
 Divorce and Separation, § 58. 
 Agreement as to alimony, see Divorce and 
 
 Separation, § 35. 
 Validity of marriage, see Marriage, §§ 5-7. 
 
 Validity of agreement to marry where one 
 of the parties is already married. 1 
 B. R. C. 917. 
 
 Validity of agreement to marry on death or 
 divorce of present husband or wife. 52 
 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 Contract between husband and wife to com- 
 promise pending or contemplated di- 
 vorce suit. 60 L.R.A. 406. 
 
 Validity of contract by third person to pay 
 one spouse to return to the other. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 141. 
 
 Validity of agreement made after divorce 
 as a substitute for an award of ali- 
 mony. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1167. 
 
 § 83. To pay debt of married woman. 
 
 Validity of husband's express promise to 
 pay debt previously contracted by wife. 
 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1048. 
 
 Validity of new promise by woman after 
 discoverture to pay debt incurred dur- 
 ing coverture. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1053. 
 
 § 84. To affect bid. 
 
 Validity of agreement to purchase property 
 at judicial sale for joint benefit, 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 719. 
 
 Rule that mere agreement to purchase 
 for joint benefit is not against pub- 
 lic policy. 38 L.R.A.(N:s.) 720. 
 
 Rule that agreement to purchase for 
 joint benefit is void and vitiates the 
 sale. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 724. 
 
 § 85. As to patents. 
 
 Validity of contract in restraint of trade 
 as to patented articles without limita- 
 tion of place. 22 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 Contract to assign future inventions upon 
 sale of patent. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1094. 
 
 Validity and effect of agreement to pay roy- 
 alties on device not in fact covered by 
 a patent, but assumed to be so covered. 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 274. 
 18 
 
274 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Validity of contract for material patented 
 or held in monopoly where a public let- 
 ting to the lowest bidder is required. 
 18 L.R.A. 45; 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 680. 
 
 § 86. As to wills. 
 
 Validity of agreement for bequest or devise. 
 14 L.R.A. 860. 
 Right to change will as affected by con- 
 tract. U L.R.A. 861. 
 Effect on right to transfer property dur- 
 ing life. 14 L.R.A. 861. 
 What constitutes agreement to give 
 
 property by will. 14 L.R.A. 861. 
 Enforcement of contract against dece- 
 dent's estate. 14 L.R.A. 862. 
 Effect of statute of frauds. 14 L.R.A. 
 862. 
 Effect of part performance. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 863. 
 Will as part performance. 14 
 L.R.A. 863. 
 Effect of agreement to give property by 
 will upon right to change will. 14 
 L.R.A. 861. 
 Effect of agreement to give property by will 
 on right to transfer property during 
 life. 14 L.R.A. 861. 
 Clauses in will against public policy as 
 affecting right to probate. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 967. 
 Validity of contract not to contest probate 
 
 of will. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 484. 
 Validity of agreement to defeat probate of 
 
 will. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 236. 
 Validity and effect of stipulation of inca- 
 pacity of testator. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 783. 
 Validity of agreement that costs of con- 
 testing a will shall be paid out of the 
 estate. 2 B. R. C. 633. 
 
 § 87.' As to custody, control, and sup- 
 port of infant. 
 
 Custody and support of children generally, 
 see Infants, §§ 6-13. 
 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. 56; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1013. 
 Right of parent to relieve himself of his 
 obligations. 27 L.R.A. 56; 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1014. 
 
 Exceptions to general rule. 27 L.R.A. 
 57; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1015. 
 Right to revoke. 27 L.R.A. 58; 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1016. 
 Contract not enforced. 27 L.R.A. 59. 
 Children restored. 27 L.R.A. 59; 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1017. 
 Right under statute. 27 L.R.A. 59; 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1018. 
 Rights of third person. 27 L.R.A. 60; 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1018. 
 Estoppel of parent. 27 L.R.A. 60; 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1018. 
 Child's welfare will be regarded. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 61; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1020. 
 Effects of child's choice. 27 L.R.A. 61. 
 Child may enforce contract. 27 L.R.A. 61. 
 Agreement as to residence of child. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 61. 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Such contract, to be enforced, must be clear, 
 
 definite, and certain. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1016. 
 
 § 87a. — after or pending divorce suit. 
 
 Custody and support of divorced children 
 generally, see Divorce and Separation, 
 I 55-57. 
 
 Rights of divorced persons to contract as 
 to custody of children. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 744. 
 
 Validity of agreement between parents as 
 to custody and support of child pend- 
 ing divorce. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 201. 
 
 § 88. As to expectancy. 
 
 See Expectancy, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 § 89. Special contracts and obligation 
 to pay in gold or silver. 
 
 Before legal tender act. 29 L.R.A. 512. 
 
 Application of legal tender act to specific 
 
 contracts for coin. 29 L.R.A. 512. 
 
 Decisions before Bronson v. Rhodes. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 512. 
 
 Denying eft'ect to such contracts. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 512. 
 Supporting such contracts. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 515. 
 In equity cases. 29 L.R.A. 516. 
 Effect of state statutes. 29 
 L.R.A. 516. 
 Doctrine of Bronson v. Rhodes and later 
 cases. 29 L.R.A. 517. 
 Federal eases. 29 L.R.A. 517. 
 State decisions generally. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 518. 
 Alternative provisions; coin or 
 equivalent. 29 L.R.A. 521. 
 * Municipal and state contracts. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 522. 
 Implied contracts or obligations imposed 
 by law. 29 L.R.A. 522. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. 522. 
 Bailment and conversion of coin. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 522. 
 Bank deposits. 29 L.R.A. 523. 
 Accounting for trust. 29 L.R.A. 528. 
 Other actions for damages. 29 L.R.A. 
 523. 
 
 § 90. As to statute of limitations. 
 
 Limitation of time to sue on policy, see 
 Insurance, §§ 207, 208. 
 
 Effect of promise to pay on running of limi- 
 tations, see Limitation op Actions, 
 §§ 68-71. 
 
 Effect on running of limitations of agree- 
 ment not to plead the statute. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 645. 
 
 § 91. Threat of prosecution; to com- 
 pound felojiv. 
 In general. 26 L.R.A. 48; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 484; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 539. 
 General nature of. 26 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 Voidable upon the ground of duress. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 48. 
 Contrary to public policy. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 49." 
 
 Begin with this book on every latv question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 275 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Not enforceable for want of consent. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 51. 
 Relievable against in equity. 26 L.R.A. 
 52. 
 
 Duress as a defense. 26 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 Nature of tlie duress or menace. 26 L.R.A. 
 55. 
 
 In the case of parent and child. 26 L.R.A. 
 56. 
 
 To relieve husband or wife. 26 L.R.A. 60. 
 
 Other relations. 26 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 Validity of agreement in settlement of 
 cause of action for criminal conver- 
 sation. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 995. 
 
 Legality of contract to pay thief for re- 
 turn of stolen property. 7 L.R.A. 
 iN.S.) 175. 
 
 Effect of agreement to stifle prosecution up- 
 on contract to pay existing indebted- 
 ness, or the value of property or money 
 feloniously obtained. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 971. 
 
 Injunction against enforcement of contracts 
 for compounding crime. 48 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 § 92. Immoral consideration general- 
 ly- 
 Right to invoke aid of court, see infra, 
 § 120. 
 
 Kight of alleged fraudulent grantee to show 
 that judgment against grantor was 
 based on an immoral consideration. 67 
 L.R.A. 602. 
 
 § 93. With, or as to, corporations or 
 associations. 
 
 Foreign corporation which has not complied 
 with conditions as to doing business, 
 see CoEPORATioNs, § 148. 
 
 Validity of agreement to abide by decision 
 of tribunal of associations or corpora- 
 tions. 49 L.R.A. 372. 
 
 Validity of agreement to elect dummy di- 
 rectors. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 658. 
 
 Contracts between corporations having com- 
 mon directors or officers. 33 L.R.A. 
 788. 
 
 § 9 J . — as to corporate stock. 
 
 As to voting trusts, see Corpoeatioxs, 
 § 124. 
 
 Validity of subscription for corporate stock 
 where subscription contract was illeaal. 
 33 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 Illegality of contract for sale of corporate 
 stock as defense to action for specific 
 performance. 50 L.R.A. 508 ; 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 500. 
 
 Validity of agreements to control the vot- 
 ing power of corporate stock. 16 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1136. 
 
 § 95. — witli railroad company. 
 
 As to contracts limiting carrier's liability, 
 see Caerieks, §§ 28, 29, 91, 128-135. 
 
 Right of common carrier to contract for 
 use of its cars for advertising purposes. 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1010. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Contract by railroad company to maintain 
 special rate to a particular locality. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 157. 
 
 Validity of contract made to influence lo- 
 cation of railroad. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 800. 
 
 Validity of contract which contemplates the 
 turning over by a railroad company to 
 a construction company of bonds and 
 stocks of the former of a par value in 
 excess of the cost of construction. Kl 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 191. 
 
 Contract to pay an officer of a railroad 
 company for his own benefit, condi- 
 tioned on specified location of the road 
 or a depot. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524; 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 967. 
 
 Validity of contract of railroad to ck- 
 tablish and maintain station. 1.5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 594. 
 
 Validity, as affected by public policy, of con- 
 tract by railroad company to maintain 
 private sidings. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 
 § 96. — wltli street railway. 
 
 Effect on liability of street railway for pav- 
 ing assessments of agreement at time 
 of extending tracks. 46 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 § 97. Contracts against liability. 
 
 Validity of carrier's limitation of liability, 
 see Carriers, §§ 28, 29, 91, 128-135. 
 
 Validity of agreement by servant relieving 
 master from liability for injuries, see 
 Master and Servant, §§ 52, 53. 
 
 Contract limiting liability of telegraph com- 
 pany, see Telegraphs, §§ 20, 21. 
 
 § 98. Affecting official action. 
 
 Contracts to procure location of railroad 
 
 or station, see supra, § 95. 
 Contract to infiuence action of officer, see 
 
 infra, § 100. 
 Contract to influence legislation, see infra, 
 
 § 102. 
 
 Contracts to control operations of govern- 
 ment. 3 L.R.A. 632.* 
 
 Validity of contract as affected by the fact 
 that its performance may involve the 
 necessity of procuring some action by 
 public officials. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 116i. 
 
 Validity of agreement by which compen- 
 sation is dependent on success in pro- 
 curing contract with public officer or 
 board. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 
 Validity and effect of agreement among 
 banks to prevent competition for de- 
 pci^ifs of public money. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1052. 
 
 Contract as to location of public buildings. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 589. 
 
 § 99. Contracts witli pnblic olTicers. 
 
 Liability of public officers on contracts 
 
 made bv them for the public. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 509. 
 Instances and illustrations. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 509. 
 Exceptional cases where liability exists. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 511. 
 On negotiable paper. 15 L.R.A. 512. 
 
276 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Charging public official with graft in 'pub- 
 lic contracts as libel or slander. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 498. 
 
 § 99a. — as to compensation. 
 
 Validity of contract as to fees in viola- 
 tion of law. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 612. 
 Agreement to accept less than amount of 
 
 appropriation, salary, or fee. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 244. 
 Agreement by fee officer to reduce fees. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 245. 
 Agreement to accept salary in lieu of 
 
 fees. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 245. 
 Agreement to accept smaller salary. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 Promise by candidate to electors to 
 
 serve for less than regular salary. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 
 § 100. — to Influence action. 
 
 Contract to influence legislation, see infra, 
 
 § 102. 
 
 Tending to influence election or appoint- 
 ment to public office. 12 L.R.A. 120.* 
 
 Agreement to induce public officer to do 
 illegal act or neglect duty. 4 L.R.A. 
 682.* 
 
 § 100a. — contract in vyhich oflicer is 
 personally interested. 
 
 Power of an officer to contract with the 
 public body or municipality whicli 
 he represents. 15 L.R.A. 520. 
 Contracts which do not involve a con- 
 flict of interests. 15 L.R.A. 621. 
 Statutes prohibiting contracts with 
 officers. 15 L.R.A. 522. 
 Obligation of municipality to pay for prop- 
 erty purchased from an officer or mem- 
 ber of board intrusted with the duty 
 of making purchases. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1014. 
 Liability of municipality or other public 
 corporation on contract invalid because 
 executed with officer of municipality. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1123. 
 Obligation of public corporation to pay for 
 services rendered under contract 
 In which officer is personally in- 
 terested. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 129. 
 Eight as affected by public policy. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 129. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 129. 
 Where contract is performed. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 131. 
 Right to recover on contract. 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 131. 
 Eight to recover on quantum 
 meruit. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 131. 
 Eight to enforce unperformed con- 
 tract. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 Where forbidden by statute. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 135. 
 Validity of contract. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 135. 
 Eight to recover on quantum mer- 
 uit. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 136. 
 To whom prohibition applies. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 137. 
 Begin with this ioolc on (very law qv 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Sufficiency of interest. 34 L.R.A. (N.S. > 
 139. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 139. 
 Assignment to officers. 34 L.R.A.. 
 
 (N.S.) 140. 
 Resignation of officers or disposal 
 of interest. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 140. 
 Where officer is related to con- 
 tracting party. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 141. 
 Who may raise question. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 141. 
 Municipal liability for labors performed 
 or services accepted by it on contract 
 invalid because made with officer of 
 municipality. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1127. 
 Appointment of member of body having ap- 
 pointive power. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 Power of municipal board or committee to- 
 employ one of its own members as coun- 
 sel or to render other special services. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 849. 
 § 100b. — for period extending beyond 
 
 term of office. 
 Power of public officers to make contracts^ 
 binding on their successors, or for 
 a term of years. 16 L.R.A. 257. 
 For services of teachers, attorneys, de- 
 positaries. 16 L.R.A. 257. 
 Contracts of municipalities for water, 
 gas, etc. 16 L.R.A. 258. 
 Power of board to appoint officer or to 
 make a contract for term extend- 
 ing beyond its own term. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 As affected by nature of contract. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 Contracts for water supply, street, 
 lighting, etc. 29 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 653. 
 Leases. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 655. 
 Contracts for public printing. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 655. 
 Appointments to office and con- 
 tracts of employment. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 656. 
 Employment of superintendents 
 and teachers of public schools. 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 657. 
 May officer make a prospective appointment 
 the term of which cannot begin until 
 after his own term has expired. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 514. 
 
 § 1 1 . — for purchase or sale of office. 
 
 Agreement for purchase of office or official 
 influence. 4 L.R.A. 683.* 
 
 Sale of office. 5 L.R.A. 217.* 
 
 Validity of contracts tending to influence 
 election or appointment to office. 12 
 L.R.A. 120.* 
 
 Validity of agreement made in considera- 
 tion of withdrawal of candidacy for 
 office. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 289. 
 
 Injunction against enforcing contract to- 
 obtain office. 48 L.R.A. 842. 
 
 § 102. For services to procure leglsla-- 
 
 tion. 
 Generally. 30 L.E.A. 737; 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 213. 
 \iestion. 
 
INDEX TO L.II.A. NOl-ES. 
 
 277 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Condemnation of such contracts generally. 
 30 L.E.A. 738: 
 
 Contracts for legitimate professional serv- 
 ices upheld. 30 L.E.A. 738. 
 
 Contingent fee makes contract void. 30 
 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 CoQtract for personal influence or lobby 
 services. 30 L.E.A. 739. 
 
 Application of rules. 30 L.E.A. 741. 
 
 Analogous cases. 30 L.E.A. 742. 
 
 § 103. Contract to procure testimony. 
 
 Generally. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 371; 30 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 278. 
 Contracts for evidence to a particular 
 
 effect. 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 278. 
 Agreements for disclosure of information. 
 
 19 L.E.A. 372; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 279. 
 Agreements for ascertaining facts. 30 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 279. 
 Agreements with witnesses generally. 19 
 
 L.E.A. 373. 
 Agreements to pay witnesses extra com- 
 pensation. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 280. 
 Agreements with expert witnesses. 30 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 281. 
 Agreements to procure evidence or witnesses 
 
 to be used in a suit. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 372. 
 
 i). Fraud; unfair advantage. 
 
 § 104. Generally. 
 
 Enforceability of, or relief from, see infra, 
 
 § 119. 
 Fraud as ground for rescission, see infra, 
 
 § 153. 
 Rescission of t>jle of personalty for fraud, 
 
 see Sale, § 67. 
 Eescission of contract for sale of land for 
 
 fraud, see Vendor and Puechasek, 
 
 §§ 22-25. 
 Contract with intoxicated person, see 
 
 Drunkenness, §§ 3, 4. 
 As to what constitutes fraud, see Fratto 
 
 AND Deceit, §§ 4-12. 
 Conveyances in fraud of creditors, see 
 
 Feaud"di,ent Conveyances. 
 
 Fraud in contract. 2 L.R.A. 817.* 
 
 Secret promise for individual advantage of 
 promoter of enterprise. 12 L.E.A. 
 123.* 
 
 Bohemian oats transactions. 6 L.E.A. 498,* 
 501.* 
 
 Obtained by circumvention and deceit; neg- 
 lect of precaution; suflRcieney of proof 
 of fraud. 10 L.E.A. 606.* 
 
 c. Gambling and wagering contracts. 
 
 § 105. Generally. 
 
 Enforcement of, or relief from, see infra, 
 
 § 115. 
 As to betting, see Betting. 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 4. 
 Criminal liability for gaming, see Gaming, 
 
 II. 
 Validity of wagering policy, see Instjkanoe, 
 
 IV. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTEACTS, IV. c— cont'd 
 
 Invalidity of, generally. 3 L.R.A. 679;* 
 5 L.E.A. 200;* 7 L.E.A. 705.* 
 
 Invalidity of bonds given for gambling con- 
 sideration. 7 L.E.A. 705.* 
 
 Evidence as to character of contract. 1 
 L.R.A. 140.* 
 
 Legality of wagers. 18 L.R.A. 859. 
 
 Efl'ect of transfer of negotiable instruments 
 to secure money for gambling purposes. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 627. 
 
 Negligence of telegraph company causing 
 discontinuance of contract terminable 
 at pleasure of other party thereto as 
 ground of liability. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 891. 
 
 Validity of new contract based on compro- 
 mise of illegal contract, 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 568. 
 
 Efl'ect of award founded on gambling agree- 
 ment. 58 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 Right of party to gambling contract to tes- 
 tify as to his intent. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 398. 
 
 § 106. Dealings in futures or on mar- 
 gin. 
 
 Relief from, see infra, § 116. 
 Transactions in bucket shops, see Bucket 
 Shop. 
 
 Dealings in futures; option deals. 1 L.E.A. 
 140,* 656;* 3 L.R.A. 679.* 
 
 Contracts for future delivery of propertv. 
 4 L.R.A. 398;* 5 L.R.A. 201;* 12 
 L.E.A. 776.* 
 
 Purchase or sale of futures. 12 L.E.A. 
 121.* : 
 
 Validity of executory contract, for sale of 
 corporate stock. 3 L.R.A. 784.* 
 
 When real intention is merely to speculate 
 on rise and fall of market. 12 L.R.A. 
 121.* 
 
 Effect of award based on transactions in. 
 58 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to dealings in. 64 
 L.R.A. 160. 
 
 Deposits by way of margin. 3 L.R.A. 680.* 
 
 Contracts for futures to be executed in oth- 
 er states as interstate commerce. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1081. 
 
 Right of broker to recover commission or 
 advance in furthering wagering con- 
 tracts. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 Inference as to character of transaction, 
 arising from fact that it Avas on mar- 
 gin. 22 L.E.A.(N.S.) 174. 
 
 Evidence as to character of contract. 1 
 L.E.A. 140.* 
 
 d. In restraint of trade, 
 
 § 107. Generally. 
 
 Enforcement of, or relief from, see infra, 
 § 117. 
 
 Breach of contract, see infra, § 131a. 
 
 Validity of agreements between druggists, 
 see Drugs and Dkuggi.sts, § 6. 
 
 Contract not to engage in practice as phy- 
 sician, see Physicians and Surgeons, 
 § 4. 
 
27S 
 
 IXDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. d— cont'd 
 
 As to illegal monopolies and trusts, see 
 
 MOXOPOLY AND COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Validity of contracts in restraint of trade 
 without limitation of place. 22 
 L.E.A. 673. 
 Eestraint, unlimited as to time and 
 
 place. 22 L.E.A. 673. 
 Divisibility of contract. 22 L.E.A. 
 
 673. 
 Restriction as to time, but not as to 
 
 place. 22 L.E.A. 673. 
 Publications. 22 L.E.A. 674. 
 Secrets of trade, compounds, and medi- 
 cine. 22 L.E.A. 674. 
 Patented articles. 22 L.E.A. 674. 
 Contracts of purchase. 22 L.E.A. 675. 
 Contract by selling shareholder not to en- 
 gage in business in competition with 
 corporation. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 506. 
 Validity of contract giving one an exclusive 
 right to handle goods in a given lo- 
 cality. 9 L.E.A.(N.S.) 501. 
 Validity of agreement to patronize particu- 
 lar concern exclusively. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 843. 
 Validity of stipulation to discontinue, or 
 not to engage in, a particular business, 
 when not ancillary to a lawful con- 
 tract. 6 L.E.A.(N'.s.) 847. 
 Effect of incorporation of business by per- 
 sons contracting not to engage in cer- 
 tain business. 9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 979. 
 Agreements collateral to contracts forming 
 illegal combinations, and the enforce- 
 ment thereof by members of such il- 
 legal combinations. 41 L.E.A. (N.S. ) 
 1034. 
 
 § 108. Partial i-estraint. 
 
 Validity of contracts in partial restraint 
 
 of \rade, gsnerally. 8 L.E.A. 469.* 
 Presumption with respect to validity of 
 
 contracts in partial restraint of trade. 
 
 11 L.E.A. 437.* 
 Restrictions as to time. 1 L.E.A. 457;* 
 
 8 L.E.A. 469.* 
 Eestraint of trade throughout the state. 
 
 11 L.E.A. 503.* 
 Divisibility in respect of time or territorial 
 
 extent of contracts in restraint of 
 
 trade. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 942. 
 Validity of agreement in restraint of trade 
 or profession as affected by its ter- 
 ritorial scope. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 913. 
 
 Reasonableness as sole test of public 
 policy. 24 L.E.A. (y.S.) 914. 
 
 Business as affected by special consid- 
 eration of public policy. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 917. 
 
 General restraint. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 918. 
 
 Effect of limitation as to time. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 923. 
 
 When restraint general in form will be 
 construed as partial. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 923. 
 
 Partial restraint: public interest as cri- 
 terion independently of reasonable- 
 ness of restraint as a protection to 
 covenantee. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. d— cont'd 
 
 What Is reasonable restraint considered 
 as a protection to covenantee. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 925. 
 What consideration is grossly inade- 
 quate. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 920. 
 Illustrative cases. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 926. 
 Attorneys and solicitors. 24 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 Physicians. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 927. 
 Dentists. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 927. 
 Mercantile business. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 928. 
 Drug business. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 928. 
 Saloon business. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 928. 
 Meat business. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 929. 
 Grocery business. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 929. 
 Bakery business. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 929. 
 Hardware business. 24 L.R.A. 
 ' (N.S.) 929. 
 
 Lumber business. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 929. 
 Agricultural implements. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 929. 
 Livery stable. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 -"'"" 929. 
 
 Blacksmith. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 9.30. 
 Harness and saddlery business. 24 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 930. 
 Laundi'y business. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 930. 
 Hotels and inns. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 930. 
 Manufacturing business. 24 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 930. 
 Publishing business. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 931. 
 Operating boats. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 932. 
 Stage and coach lines, carrying 
 
 business, etc. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 932. 
 Validity of agreement by employee not to 
 engage in competing business as af- 
 fected by its scope in time and terri- 
 torial extent. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 933. 
 
 § 109. Agreements by employee. 
 
 Enforcement of, or relief from, see infra, 
 § 118. 
 
 Contracts for permanent employment. 35 
 L.R.A. 512. 
 
 Validity of agreement by employee not to 
 engage in husiness in competition with 
 employer. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 892. 
 
 Validity of contract restraining practice of 
 one's profession after expiration of 
 term of service with another. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 961. 
 
 Validity of agreement by employee not to 
 engage in competing business", as affect- 
 ed by its scope in time and territorial 
 extent. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 933; 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 473 
 
IKDEX TO L.R.A. XOTES. 
 
 279 
 
 OTXTEACTS, IV. d— cont'd 
 
 Entering another's employment as breach 
 of covenant not to engage in rival 
 business. 20 L.R.A.lN.S.) 769. 
 
 e. Ratification. 
 
 § 110. Generally. 
 
 By corporation, see Coepokations, § 34. 
 Ratification of agent's contract, see Prin- 
 cipal AKB Agent, §§ 28-31. 
 
 Attempt to ratify contract opposed to pub- 
 lic policy. 12 L.R.A. 121.* 
 
 Of contract between corporations having 
 common directors or ofRcers. 33 L.R.A. 
 790. 
 
 Of contract to supply city with water. 61 
 L.R.A. 74. 
 
 Of sale of expectancy by prospective heir. 
 33 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Of contract made Avith intoxicated person. 
 54 L.R.A. 448; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 600. 
 
 Of invalid sale of pledged property. 43 
 L.R.A. 760. 
 
 Necessity and effect of ratifying sale or 
 mortgage of future crops. 23 L.R.A. 
 453. 
 
 Of real estate broker's acts in finding pur- 
 chaser or effecting exchange of pur- 
 chaser's property. 44 L.R.A. 618. 
 
 Ratification bv school district of unauthor- 
 ized contracts. 20 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 Xecessity of consideration to sustain ratifi- 
 cation of unauthorized alteration. 
 39 L.R.A.(K.S.) 131. 
 Doctrine that consideration is neces- 
 sary. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 
 § 111. — of married woinan's contract. 
 
 Husband's liability by reason of ratifica- 
 tion for wife's purchases on his credit 
 of articles for personal use. 65 L.R.A. 
 549. 
 
 By husband's express promise to pay debt 
 contracted by wife. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1048. 
 
 By woman's promise after diseoverture to 
 pay debt incurred during coverture. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1053. 
 
 /. Relief from, on enforcement of. 
 
 § 112. Generally. 
 
 In case of foreign corporation not comply- 
 ing with statutory requirements, see 
 COBPORATIOXS, § 148. 
 
 Actions on contracts generally, see infra, 
 VII. 
 
 Contracts wholly void are void as to every- 
 body. 6 L.R.A. 588.* 
 
 Denial of relief in case of fraudulent con- 
 tracts. 6 L.R.A. 458.* 
 
 Unenforceability of contracts in violation 
 or evasion of law, generallv. 3 L.R.A. 
 631;* 6 L.R.A. 218;* 8 L.R.A. 497," 
 501.* 
 
 Promotive of illegal transactions, when 
 party may enforce. 9 L.R.A. 506.* 
 
 Injunction against enforcing illegal con- 
 tract. 48 L.R.A. 842. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. f— cont'd 
 
 Invalidity of contract as ground for in- 
 junction against judgment on. 31 
 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Power of court to require accounting be- 
 tween members of partnership which is 
 illegal or void or which has been en- 
 gaged in illegal business. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 478. 
 
 Right of principal who has placed money in 
 hands of agent for illegal purpose to 
 compel its return. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 267. 
 
 Pursuit of remedies on contracts in busi- 
 ness which it is a misdemeanor to 
 transact. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 620. 
 
 Right to refuse payment of draft the pro- 
 ceeds of which are used in an illegal 
 transaction. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1005. 
 
 Right of vendor in conditional sale to re- 
 cover property as afi'eeted by his 
 knowledge that the purchaser intended 
 to make an unlawful use of it. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 967. 
 
 Right to maintain action for prize offered 
 in prize contest. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 305. 
 
 Right of subscriber to lottery scheme to re- 
 cover his subscription. 16 L.E.A,(N,S. ) 
 571. 
 
 Right to recover on quantum meruit for 
 service performed or materials fur- 
 nished under express contract, invalid 
 because the minds of the parties did 
 not meet as to its terms. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 810. 
 
 Right of attorney to recover on quantum 
 meruit for services rendered under il- 
 legal or champertous contract. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 261; 3S L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 1202. 
 
 Effect of illegality in contract on right to 
 recover loss of profits from breach. 
 53 L.E.A. 111. 
 
 Effect of illegality of contract on rights of 
 beneficiaries in contractor's bond to 
 OAvnor against sureties. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 597. 
 
 Effect of illegality of contract of sale or 
 purchase on right to recover profits lost 
 by breach. 52 L.R.A. 260. 
 
 Recovery of money loaned a county on in- 
 valid contract to pay its indebtedness. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 567. 
 
 Obligation of municipality to pay for prop- 
 erty purchased from an officer or mem- 
 ber of board intrusted with the duty of 
 making purchases. 9 L.R.A. (K.S.) 
 1014. 
 
 Equitable enforcement for limited time to 
 prevent public inconvenience, though 
 contract is against public policy. 1 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 § 113. Doctrine of in pari tlelicto. 
 
 Parties in pari delicto. 2 L.R.A. 817;* 6 
 L.R.A. 458;* 8 L.R.A. 511;* 12 L.R.A. 
 121.* 
 
 Relief to less guiltv party to illegal con- 
 tract. 17 L.R.A. 113.» 
 
280 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. f— cont'd 
 
 Allowing injunction in favor of party m 
 pari delicto against enforcing or other- 
 wise proceeding against illegal con- 
 tract. 48 L.R.A. 842. 
 
 Injunction against negotiation of note 
 where parties are in pari delicto. 28 
 L.R.A. 579. 
 
 Effect of rule as to parties in pari delicto 
 where note is transferred to a bona fide 
 holder. 27 L.R.A. 520. 
 
 Remedies on contracts in business which it 
 is a misdemeanor to transact where 
 both parties are m pari delicto. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 620. 
 
 § 114. Recovery of purchase price of 
 property sold for unlawful pur- 
 pose. 
 
 Goods sold to smugglers. 15 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 Sales in aid of rebellion. 15 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 Sale of property to be used in aid of prosti- 
 tution or lewdness. 15 L.R.A. 835. 
 
 Sales in aid of lotteries or gambling. 15 
 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 Sales of intoxicating liquors for illegal 
 uses. 15 L.R.A. 83C. 
 Mere knowledge of purchaser's pur- 
 pose. 15 L.R.A. 836. 
 Assistance of seller. 15 L.R.A. 837. 
 
 § 115. Gambling and wager contracts. 
 
 Injunction against enforcement of betting 
 and gambling contracts. 48 L.R.A. 844. 
 
 Injunction against judgment for gambling 
 debts. 31 L.R.A. 759. 
 
 Injunction against judgment by confession 
 for gambling debts. 30 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 Right of broker to recover commissions or 
 advances made in furthering wagering 
 contract. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 § 116. —contract as to futures. 
 
 Right of principal who has placed money in 
 hands of broker for dealing in futures 
 to compel its return. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 267. 
 
 § 117. Contracts In restraint of trade. 
 
 Restraining use of secrets of trade. 13 
 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 Power to prohibit stipulation forbidding 
 purchaser to handle goods of other 
 dealers. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 968. 
 
 Effect of invalid provision for an exclusive 
 agency upon right to recover for goods 
 purchased under the contract. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 547. 
 
 Injunction to prevent breach of stipulation 
 to handle or use the product of one 
 producer only. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 475. 
 
 § 118. —agreements by employee. 
 
 Injunction against breach of contract, see 
 Injunction, § 14. 
 
 Is servant bound by restrictive provision 
 against conducting rival business where 
 he is wrongfully discharged. 1 B. R. 
 C. 502. 
 
 Begin with this hoole on every law question 
 
 CONTRACTS, IV. f— cont'd 
 § 119. Fraud. 
 
 Fraud as ground for rescission, see infra, 
 
 § 153. 
 Relief or remedies in case of transfer in 
 
 fraud of creditors, see Fraudulent 
 
 Conveyances, §§ 24-26. 
 
 For fraild or illegality. 8 L.R.A. 476.* 
 
 When party entitled to relief on ground of 
 fraud. 3 L.R.A. 806;* 5 L.R.A. 153;* 
 6 L.R.A. 836.* 
 
 Relief to party defrauded by fraudulent 
 scheme, where he went into it with in- 
 tent to defraud others. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 906. 
 
 Relief to party defrauded by fraudulent 
 scheme, where he went into it with the 
 intention of defrauding others. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 906. 
 
 Secret bonus to officer or director of corpo- 
 ration as affecting right to enforce con- 
 tract against corporation. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 467. 
 
 Right to recover on quantum, meruit for 
 conveyed to avoid nonexistent or un- 
 founded demand. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1007. 
 
 Right to recover on quantum meruit for 
 services performed or materials fur- 
 nished under express contract invalid 
 because the minds of the parties did 
 not meet as to its terms. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 810. 
 
 § 12 0. Parties living in illicit rela- 
 tions. 
 Right to recover for household services 
 rendered while parties were living 
 in illicit relations. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 787. 
 Express contract. 29 L.R.A. ( N.S. > 
 
 787. 
 Implied contract. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 . .'^^^■ 
 Living together under void mar- 
 riage. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 Right to invoke aid of court to determine 
 rights to property accumulated in 
 common by parties living in illicit 
 relations. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 838. 
 Cohabiting under void marriage. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 839. 
 Rule under the civil and Spanish 
 
 law. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 Rights under state land grants. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 841. 
 Miscellaneous. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 841. 
 
 T. Performance ; breach. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 1. Generally. 
 
 § 121. Generally. 
 
 As to special agreement to pay in gold or 
 
 silver, see supra, § 89. 
 Performance of broker's contract, see Bkok- 
 
 EBS, § 12. 
 
 Of contract of transportation, see Caeriebs. 
 §§ 36-48. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 281 
 
 CONTRAOTS, V. a, 1— cont'd 
 
 Option as to performance; election. 12 
 L.R.A. 690.* 
 
 Compliance by insured with provision in 
 fire policy as to keeping, producing, and 
 preserving books and papers. 51 
 L.R.A. 700, 703, 712. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove. 
 52 L.R.A. 714. 
 
 Performance of contract for permanent em- 
 ployment. 35 L.R.A. 516. 
 
 Right of one who completes, in disregard of 
 notice to desist. 16 L.R.A. 655. 
 
 Guaranty of performance of contract of 
 agency. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 369. 
 
 Liability of Infant for tort in performance 
 of contract. 57 L.R.A. 680; 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 574. 
 
 Necessity of perfecting title before time for 
 performance in order to hold vendee 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103. 
 
 Gift as a fraud on contract to will prop- 
 erty. 20 L.R.A.(N.S,) 1154. 
 
 Mandamus to compel municipality, officer, 
 or board to perform duty resting in 
 contract alone. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801. 
 
 Pleading performance or readiness to per- 
 form contract in action for damages for 
 wrongful discharge of servant. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67. 
 
 § 122. Recovery for extra work. 
 
 On building contract, see infra, § 134. 
 Servant's right to compensation for, see 
 Masteb and Servant, § 27. 
 
 Right of partner to compensation for extra 
 services necessitated by partner's ill- 
 ness. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 395. 
 
 Surviving partner's right to compensation 
 for extraordinary services. 17 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 40L 
 
 2. Excuse for failure to perform. 
 
 § 123. Generally. 
 
 Of building or construction contract, see 
 infra, § 135. 
 
 Waiver of provisions. 6 L.R.A. 551.* 
 
 When party entitled to relief from forfei- 
 ture. 10 L.R.A. 828.* 
 
 Excuses for noncompliance with special con- 
 tract as to delivery of telegram. 53 
 L.R.A. 736. 
 
 Construction and effect of "strike" clause in 
 contract of sale and delivery. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1187. 
 
 Effect upon contract obligation of failure 
 of third person to take action essential 
 to performance. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698. 
 
 § 124. Impossibility of performance. 
 
 Effect of inability to perform on right to 
 specific performance, see Specific Peb- 
 rOEMANCE, § 20. 
 
 Effect of intervening impossibility to per- 
 form. 14 L.R.A. 215. 
 Governmental interference. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 215. 
 Carriers' contracts. 14 L.R.A. 216. 
 Destruction of subject-matter. 14 
 L.R.A. 216. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, V. a, 2— cont'd 
 
 Contracts of employment. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 Other instances. 14 L.R.A. 218. 
 
 § 124a. —passage of statute. 
 
 Effect of passage, before expiration of time 
 for performance of contract, of statute 
 rendering performance impossible. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 415; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 559. 
 
 Effect on lease of property for saloon of 
 passage of prohibitory laws during the 
 term. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 497; 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 773. 
 
 § 125. — sickness or death. 
 
 Termination of contract of employment by 
 death of party, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, § 37. 
 
 Sickness or death rendering performance 
 
 impossible. 14 L.R.A. 217. 
 Recovery for services interrupted by sick- 
 ness or death. 16 L.R.A. 858. 
 Effect on contract of the death of a party 
 thereto. 23 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 Generally. 23 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 Landlord and tenant. 23 L.E.A. 707. 
 
 Sale. 23 L.R.A. 708. 
 
 Guaranty. 23 L.R.A. 709. 
 
 Agencv. 23 L.R.A. 709. 
 
 Attorney. 23 L.R.A. 710. 
 
 Notes, bills, and cheeks. 23 L.R.A. 
 711. 
 
 Personal services. 23 L.R.A. 712. 
 
 Apprentice. 23 L.R.A. 713. 
 
 § 126. Prevention or hindrance hy 
 other party. 
 
 Nonperformance of condition precedent as 
 exonerating other party. 30 L.R.A. 
 39. 
 
 Excuse for not performing conditions prece- 
 dent to rescission or abandonment for 
 other party's default. 30 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Effect of preventing performance on right 
 to recover for profits lost by breach 
 of contract. 33 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 Right to rescind or abandon partially per- 
 formed contract for other party's de- 
 fault. 30 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 Right of grantor to rescind deed executed in 
 consideration of future support where 
 performance by grantee is, without 
 fault on his part, prevented by grantor. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 932. 
 
 Right to rescind or abandon contract be- 
 cause of failure or inability of other 
 party to perform within time desig- 
 nated, where time is not of the essence 
 of the contract. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 691. 
 
 3. Incomplete performance; sufficiency 
 of performance. 
 
 § 12 7. Generally. 
 
 Of building or construction contract, see 
 infra, §§ 136-138. 
 
 Substantial performance by employer of 
 contract for permanent employment. 
 35 L.R.A, 516. 
 
282 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, V. a, 3— cont'd 
 
 Effect of partial performance of contract to 
 obviate lack of mutuality. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 433. 
 
 Right to rescind or abandon partially per- 
 formed contract for other party's de- 
 fault. 30 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 § 128. Effect of part performance of 
 contract for services. 
 
 Discharge for cause. 24 L.R.A. 231. 
 Discharge without cause. 24 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 Damages. 24 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 Wages. 24 L.R.A. 232. 
 
 Common count. 24 L.R.A. 232. 
 
 Quantum mertiit. 24 L.R.A. 232. 
 
 Assumpsit. 24 L.R.A. 233. 
 Accord and satisfaction, and consent. 24 
 
 24 L.R.A. 233. 
 Forfeiture. 24 L.R.A. 233. 
 Infants. 24 L.R.A. 233. 
 Time for payment. 24 L.R.A. 233. 
 Slaves. 24 L.R.A. 233. 
 Abandonment by employee without cause. 
 
 24 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 § 12 9. Recovery on part performance; 
 quantum meruit. 
 
 Right to recover for services performed un- 
 der oral contract to give property by 
 will, see supra, § 33. 
 
 Recovery on illegal contract, see supra, §§ 
 112-320. 
 
 On building or construction contract, see 
 infra. §§ 137, 138. 
 
 Garnishment of claims on quantum meruit. 
 59 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 Right of party rescinding to recover for 
 what he has done. 30 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 Right to recover for services rendered on 
 rescission or abandonment of contract. 
 30 L.R.A. 52. 
 
 Recovery on quantum, m^eruit on discharge 
 without cause. 24 L.R.A. 232. 
 
 As remedy for wrongfully discharged serv- 
 ant. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 582. 
 
 Infant's right to repudiate contract for 
 services and recover on quantum mer- 
 uit. 15 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Right to recover on, for services performed 
 or materials furnished under express 
 contract, invalid because the minds of 
 the parties did not meet as to the 
 terms thereof. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 810. 
 
 Right of one who breaks contract to sup- 
 port another for life, to recover on 
 quantum meruit. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 537. 
 
 Right of attorney to recover on quantum 
 meruit for services rendered under ille- 
 gal or champertous contract. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 261; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 
 Right of public officer to be paid quantum 
 w.eruit. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1263. 
 
 Right of officer personally interested in con- 
 tract with public corporation to recov- 
 er on quantum- meruit for services ren- 
 dered. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 131, 136. 
 
 Recovery on quantum meruit for value of 
 services of broker employed for defi- 
 nite period who claims revocation of 
 his authority. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) .369 
 
 Begin with this booli on every law question. 
 
 CONTRACTS, V. a, 3— cont'd 
 
 Part performance entitling one to reward 
 offered for procuring arrest. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 217. 
 
 Recovering for services and expenses under 
 running contract with corporation end- 
 ed by its insolvency and dissolution. 
 69 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 Right to recover for services rendered be- 
 yond statutory period of limitation on 
 breach of parol contract to make pro- 
 vision by will. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 703. 
 
 § 130. Acceptance. 
 
 Of building or construction contract, see 
 infra, § 139. 
 
 Of option contract, what is. 21 L.R.A. 131. 
 4:. Breach. 
 
 § 131. Generally. 
 
 Excuse for nonperformance, see supra, §§ 
 123-126; infra, §§ 135, 135a. 
 
 Rescission or abandonment because of other 
 party's default, see infra, § 152. 
 
 Breach of marriage promise, see Bebach oe 
 Promise. 
 
 Action on the case for, see Case, § 2. 
 
 Breach of conditions subsequent, see Condi- 
 tions, §§ 11-13. 
 
 Measure of damages for breacli of contract, 
 see Damages, §§ 5, 21-40, 114-118. 
 
 Penalty or liquidated damages in case of 
 breach, see Damages, §§ 38-40. 
 
 Injunction against breach, see Injunction, 
 §§ 7-14. 
 
 Of contract to make loan, see Loan, § 5. 
 
 Negligent breach, see Negligence, § 5. 
 
 Garnishment of damages for. 59 L.R.A. 
 359. 
 
 Breach of contract to supply city, with 
 water. 61 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 Breach of contract to assume debts on dis- 
 solution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 105. 
 
 Breach of contemporaneous agreement as 
 defense to promissory note. 43 L.R.A. 
 449. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence. 59 L.R.A. 267. 
 
 Pleading breach of contract in action for 
 damages for wrongful discharge of 
 servant. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 65. 
 
 Set-off of damages for breach in bankrupt- 
 cy cases. 55 L.R.A. 37, 58. 
 
 Action for breach of option contract. 21 
 L.R.A. 132. ' 
 
 Right to abandon performance and recover 
 for breach of other party. 30 L.R.A. 
 54. ■^ 
 
 Anticipatory breach of contract as basis 
 of suit for specific performance. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 408. 
 
 Right of seller, upon breach of an executory 
 contract, to maintain an action for the 
 contract price. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 808. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action at law for damages 
 for breach of contract as to real prop- 
 erty in another state or country. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 928. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 283 
 
 CONTRACTS, V. a, 4— cont'd 
 
 Parents' common-law , right of action for 
 loss of services of child killed where 
 injury consists of a breach of contract. 
 41 L.E.A. 81.5. 
 
 Tort for negligent breach of contract be- 
 tween private parties. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 924. 
 
 Remedy of wrongfully discharged servant by 
 action for damages for breach of con- 
 tract. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 
 Right to defend action on stated account, 
 by showing breach of contract on 
 which founded. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 
 Liability for breach of contract to lease 
 building when completed. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 426. 
 
 Constitutionality of imprisonment for 
 breach of contract of labor or rental. 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 
 § 131a. Of contract not to engage in 
 rival business. 
 
 Entering another's employment aa breach 
 of covenant not to engage in rival busi- 
 ness. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 769; 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1191. 
 
 5. Time of performance. 
 
 § 132. Generally. 
 
 Construction of contract as to, see supra, 
 
 § 63. 
 Provision for penalty or liquidated damages 
 
 in case of delay, see Damases, §§ 38-40. 
 
 Extension of time when last day of per- 
 formance falls on Sunday. 14 L.R.A. 
 120. 
 
 Of performance of real estate broker's con- 
 tract to find purchaser or effect ex- 
 change of principal's property. 44 
 L.R.A. 608. 
 
 Right to rescind or abandon contract be- 
 cause of failure or inability of other 
 party to perform within the time desig- 
 nated where time is not of the essence 
 of the contract. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 691. 
 
 For performance of contract, when none 
 fixed. 11 L.R.A. .526.* 
 
 Time for completion of road under provision 
 in deed to railroad for construction of 
 road when time for completion is not 
 fixed. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 120. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence as to 
 time for delivery of goods where none 
 is specified in written contrart. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 619. 
 
 &. Building and construction contracts. 
 
 § 133. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of, see Dam- 
 .\QES, § 22a. 
 
 Generally. 5 L.R.A. 270.* 
 
 Effect of delay in performance to defeat re- 
 covery. 5 L.R.A. 271.* 
 
 When work to be done to satisfaction of 
 architect. 5 L.R.A. 272.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, V. b— cont'd 
 
 Promise of additional compensation for 
 
 completing an executory contract other 
 
 than for payment of money. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 138; 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789: 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 450. 
 Eflect of change of conditions from natural 
 
 causes after completion of constrution 
 
 contract. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698. 
 Duty of building contractor to protect work 
 
 from freezing. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801. 
 
 § 134. Recovery for extra work. 
 
 Extra work. 12 L.R.A. 502.* 
 
 § 13 5. Destruction of work and its 
 effect. 
 
 Effect of destruction of building on building 
 contract. 12 L.R.A. 571.* 
 
 Of subject-matter as excuse for nonperform- 
 ance of contract. 14 L.R.A. 216. 
 
 Who must bear loss from destruction of or 
 deterioration of property before con- 
 tract has been completely performed 
 by transfer of legal title. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 233. 
 
 Who must bear loss caused by destruction 
 of building or other structure in proc- 
 ess of erection. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1105; 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 
 Destruction of boom or dam by unprece- 
 dented flood as affecting liability of one 
 under contract to build and maintain 
 i^;. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Liability of contractor to replace bridge 
 destroyed by unprecedented flood 
 against which he does not contract. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 833. 
 
 Effect of change of condition from natural 
 causes after completion of construction 
 contract. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698. 
 
 § 13 5a. Excuses for nonperformance. 
 
 Destruction of subject-matter as, see supra, 
 § 135. 
 
 Delay in paying instalments as excusing 
 building contractor's delay in complet- 
 ing contract. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1223. 
 
 Responsibility of contractor, under contract 
 for performance of entire work for 
 gross sum, for defective condition of 
 portion of completed work, due to in- 
 terference or directions of other party. 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1171. 
 
 § 136. Sub.staiitial performance. 
 
 Recovery on, see infra, § 138. 
 
 Substantial compliance. 9 L.R.A. 52.* 
 
 § 137. Recovery on part performance; 
 quantum meruit. 
 
 Right of contractor to sup on quantum 
 meruH upon breach of construction 
 contract by other partv thereto. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 448. 
 
 Right to recover on iiiiantum meruit where 
 work on local improvement is defective. 
 56 L.R.A. 915, 
 
284 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, V. b— cont'd 
 
 Right to reeover on quantum meruit for 
 services performed or material fur- 
 nished under express contract invalid 
 because the minds of the parties did 
 not meet as to terms thereof. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 810. 
 
 Right of sureties on contractor's bond who 
 perform contract on abandonment by 
 contractor, to moneys unpaid on con- 
 tract, as against the assignees or credit- 
 ors or contractor. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 457. 
 
 § 138. — substantial performance. 
 
 Introductory. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 327. 
 General rule as to recovery. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 332. 
 What constitutes substantial performance. 
 24 L.R.A.{N.S.) 336. 
 Rules for determining. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 336. 
 In general. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 336. 
 Good faith. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 337. 
 Object of contract; defects pervad- 
 ing whole' work. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 340. 
 Application in particular cases. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 341. 
 Details ; workmanship ; materials. 
 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 341. 
 Value of incomplete or defective 
 work. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 348. 
 When question for jury. 24 L.R.A . 
 (N.S.) 350. 
 Measure of recovery. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 351. 
 
 § 139. Acceptance; waiver ot objec- 
 tions. 
 
 Acceptance of work. 5 L.R.A. 274.* 
 Effect of using building by owner as an ac- 
 ceptance of work of construction or re- 
 pair. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 489. 
 Waiver of strict performance. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 272.* 
 Taking possession of building with knowl- 
 edge of defects as waiver thereof, as 
 against contractor. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 872. 
 Proceeding with work as waiver by con- 
 tractor of stipulations by other 
 party to furnish appliances or 
 facilities for the work. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 969. 
 Where contractor may not waive. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 972. 
 Liability of contractor to third persons for 
 defects in his work after acceptance. 
 26 L.R.A. 504. 
 
 § 140. Conditions; certificate of per- 
 formance. 
 
 Effect of stipulation to give satisfaction. 
 17 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 Effect of stipulation in contract that work 
 shall be done to satisfaction of archi- 
 tect. 5 L.R.A. 272.* 
 
 Necessity of referring to architect ques- 
 tions arising between owner and con- 
 tractor involving dereliction of duty 
 bv the architect himself. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1248, 
 
 CONTRACTS, V. b— cont'd 
 Personal liability of arbitrator. 
 (N.S.) 279. 
 
 42 L.R.A, 
 
 Begin with this iooTc on every laio question. 
 
 § 141. — necessity for certificate. 
 
 Architect's certificate as condition precedent 
 to recovery under building contract. 
 
 L.R.A. 273;* 17 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Will full or substantial performance of a 
 construction contract excuse, as a mat- 
 ter of law, the failure to secure the 
 architect's or engineer's certificate re- 
 quired by the contract. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 774. 
 
 § 142. — effect and conclusiveness of 
 certificate or decision. 
 
 Binding effect of decisions of architect and 
 
 engineer. 5 L.R.A. 273.* 
 Effect of decision of architect, engineer, or 
 
 umpire in case of fraud or mistake. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1050. 
 Conclusiveness as between municipality and 
 
 contractor of decision of engineer or 
 other empowered officer as to matters 
 concerning contract for public improve- 
 ment. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 317. 
 
 TI. Change; extinguishment, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 143. Generally. 
 
 Consent to change, see Consent, § 2. 
 Effect of death of party on, see Death, § 17. 
 Reformation of, see Reformation of In- 
 
 STEUIIENTS. 
 
 Changing terms of offer of prize after efforts 
 to secure it have begun. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 183. 
 
 Contract not to engage in certain business; 
 effect of incorporation of business by 
 covenantees. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 979. 
 
 Ignorance or carelessness, as affecting the 
 right to equitable relief from a con- 
 tract by which one has been over- 
 reached. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 799. 
 
 Revoeability of mutual will viewed as a 
 contract. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 511. 
 
 § 144. Modification. 
 
 Parol modification, see supra, § 30. 
 
 Generally. 6 L.R.A. 551.* 
 
 Modification of sealed instrument. 12 
 L.R.A. 274.* 
 
 Modification of contract to supply city with 
 water. 61 L.R.A. 73. 
 
 Modification of contract limiting initial 
 carrier's undertaking to its own line. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 64. 
 
 Effect, upon mortgagor's obligation, of modi- 
 fication between mortgagee and subse- 
 quent grantee. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 666. 
 
 S 145. Abandonment. 
 
 Consent to, see Consent, § 2. 
 
 Abandonment of contract for service. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 231. 
 Of employment as defense to action by 
 
 wrongfully discharged servant for dani- 
 
 ages from breach of contract. 6 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 74. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 285 
 
 CONTRACTS, VI. a— cont'd 
 
 Eight of servant to compensation in case 
 of abandonment of contract because of 
 physical disability. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 315. 
 
 Of bid for public contract. 26 L.R.A. 709. 
 
 Discretion in choosing between bidders for 
 public contract where first award is 
 abandoned. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 665. 
 
 Right to abandon contract because of other 
 party's default. 30 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Applicability of provision for stipulated 
 damages or penalty for delay in com- 
 pletion of contract where entire con- 
 tract is abandoned or repudiated. 20 
 L.RA.(N.S.) 350. 
 
 Eight to abandon contract because of fail- 
 ure or inability of other party to per- 
 form within the time designated, where 
 time is not of the essence of the con- 
 tract. 21 L.E.A.(N.S.) 691. 
 
 Necessity for placing in statu quo on 
 abandonment of contract for sale of 
 land. 30 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 Duty to restore or tender back what has 
 'been received. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379. 
 
 Right of sureties on contractor's bond who 
 perform contract on abandonment by 
 contractor to money unpaid on con- 
 tract as against assignees or creditors 
 , of contractor. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 457. 
 
 Right to mechanics' lien for labor or ma- 
 terial furnished on order of architect 
 before abandonment of contract by con- 
 tractor. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 
 § 146. Termination; survival. 
 
 Termination of contracts of employment, 
 see Mastee and Seevant, §§ 34^6. 
 
 Of contract for hiring of convicts. 27 
 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 Survival, after death of promisor, of con- 
 tract to pay for personal services ren- 
 dered to third person. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 643. 
 
 Termination of contract of employment by 
 death of one of the parties. 39 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 1187. 
 
 Termination of contract of employment con- 
 taining stipulations permitting rescis- 
 sion by employer if work is not satis- 
 factorily performed. d2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 403; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1003. 
 
 § 14 7. Mistake as ground of equltaMe 
 relief. 
 
 As ground for rescission, see infra, § 154. 
 
 Generally. 5 L.R.A. 153;* 6 L.R.A. 835;* 
 
 11 L.R.A. 857;* 12 L.R.A. 273.* 
 Mistake as to incidental or collateral mat- 
 ter. 4 L.R.A. 483.* 
 Equity jurisdiction to correct mistakes in 
 contracts. 12 L.R.A. 273.* 
 Necessity of mutuality of mistake. 5 
 L.R.A. 157.* 
 Mistake of law or of legal rights. 5 L.R.A. 
 154:* 6 L.R.A. 836.* 
 Mistake as to lesal effect of instrument. 
 6 L.R.A. 837.* 
 Necessity that mistake be material and free 
 from culpable negligence. 4 L.R.A. 
 483;* 6 L.R.A. 8.35.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CONTRACTS, VI. a— cont'd 
 
 Mistake as to incidental or collateral mat- 
 ter. 4 L.R.A. 483.* 
 
 Mistake of fact. 6 L.R.A. 836.* 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of 
 instrument. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 785. 
 
 Mistake in computation by contractor as 
 ground for relief. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 114. 
 
 § 148. — evidence as to mistake. 
 
 Burden of proof as to. 5 L.R.A. 159.* 
 Character of evidence to show mistake. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 159.* 
 Showing mistake by parol proof. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 158;* 6 L.R.A. 838.* 
 
 h. Rescission; cancelation. 
 
 § 14 9. Generally. 
 
 Cancelation of instruments generally, sec 
 
 Cancelation of Instkuments. 
 Jurisdiction to cancel contract, see Equity, 
 
 §§ 15, 15a. 
 Right to rescission for breach of condition 
 
 subsequent, see Conditions, § 13. 
 Of deed, see Deeds, §§ 33, 33a. 
 Of insurance policy, see Insubance, §§ 49- 
 
 52. 
 Of contract of sale of chattels, see Sale, 
 
 §§ 62-70. 
 Of contract for sale of real property, see 
 
 Vendor and Pubchasek, §§ 22-25. 
 
 Rescission of contract to supply city with 
 
 water. 61 L.R.A. 73. 
 Action or suit for rescission. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 608.* 
 Remedy of party who elects to rescind after 
 stoppage of contract; recovery on quan- 
 tum meruit. 1 L.R.A. 827.* 
 Effect of rescission. 6 L.R.A. 503.* 
 When sale of expectancy by prospective heir 
 will be set aside. 33 L.R.A. 278, 284. 
 Contracts of members of mutual fire insur- 
 ance companies. 32 L.R.A. 492. 
 Discretion to rescind award of public con- 
 tract to lowest responsible bidder. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 656. 
 Implied power of agent to assent to rescis- 
 sion of contract. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 91. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 Authority to sell. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 Land contracts. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 92. 
 Where authority not terminated by con- 
 tract. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 92. 
 Where agency general. 37 L.R.A. 93. 
 Authority to rent or collect rent. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 93. 
 Miscellaneous. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 93. 
 Right to agree to subsequent rescission. 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 Cancelation of invalid contract as consid- 
 eration for a promise. 5 LJl.A.(N.S. ) 
 725. 
 
 § 150. Loss of right to rescind. 
 
 Effect of ratification or acquiescence to de- 
 feat right to rescind. 9 L.R.A. 609.* 
 
 Acceptance of portion of instalment, as af- 
 fecting right to rescind continuing con- 
 tract for failure to deliver whole. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 864. 
 
286 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. XOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, VI. b— cont'd 
 § 151. Grounds for. 
 
 Of insurance policy, see Insurance, § 50. 
 
 Rescission for breach of warranty. 9 L.R.A. 
 611.* • 
 
 Right of rescission of contract which is void 
 because made on Sunday. 17 L.R.A. 
 779. 
 
 Expression of opinion as ground for rescis- 
 sion. 35 L.R.A. 434. 
 
 Riglit to rescind the taking of worthless 
 paper. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 552. 
 
 § 152. — default or inability of other 
 party to perform. 
 
 Generally. 30 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Right to rescind contract without liability 
 
 for nonperformance. 30 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Necessity of mutual consent. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 40. 
 Contract may be rescinded. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 41. 
 Duty to place other party in statu quo. 
 
 30 L.R.A. 44. 
 Partial performance. 30 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 Party seeking to rescind must not be in de- 
 fault. 30 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 Right of party rescinding to recover for 
 what he has done. 30 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 Right to abandon performance and recover 
 
 for breach. 30 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Performance excused. 30 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Recovery for breach. 30 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 Lost profits as damages. 30 L.R.A. 57. 
 
 What will warrant rescission. 30 L.R.A. 
 59. 
 
 Application of above rules to various kinds 
 of contracts. 30 L.R.A. 64. 
 Vendor and purchaser. 30 L.R.A. 64. 
 Construction contracts. 30 L.R.A. 67. 
 Insurance contracts. 30 L.R.A. 69. 
 Continuing contracts. 30 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Right to rescind for failure or inability of 
 other party to perform within time 
 designated, whex-o time is not of the 
 essence of the contract. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 69L 
 
 Right to rescind contract because of antici- 
 pated inability of other party to com- 
 plete the same within the time limit. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 60. 
 
 § 153. — fraud. 
 
 Invalidity of contract for fraud, see supra, 
 § 104. 
 
 Relief generally on ground of fraud, see 
 supra, § 119. 
 
 Rescission of subscription to stock for fraud 
 or misrepresentation, see Cokporations, 
 § 79. 
 
 Rescission of deed, see Deeds, § 33a. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to cancel instruments, 
 see Equity, § 15 a. 
 
 As to fraud, generally, see Pratjd and De- 
 ceit. 
 
 Transfers in fraud of creditors, see Fraudu- 
 lent Conveyances. 
 
 Fraudulent representations as ground of re 
 scission of contract. 11 L.R.A. 196.' 
 Begin with this hool,- on evcrij Inic qti 
 
 CONTRACTS, VI. b— cont'd 
 
 Rescission for fraud of compromise of void, 
 
 invalid, or unfounded claim. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 308. 
 
 § 154. — mistake. 
 
 Reformation or rescission of contract be- 
 cause of mistake of law as to its effect. 
 28 L.R.A.(N,S.) 900. 
 
 § 155. Conditions; promptness; re- 
 storing benefits. 
 
 To rescission of insurance policy, see In- 
 surance, § 51. 
 
 Conditions precedent to rescission for other 
 party's default. 30 L.R.A. 36. 
 How far right of rescission controlled 
 by question of condition precedent, 
 30 L.R.A. 36. 
 Charter party. 30 L.R.A. 37. 
 Party excused by nonperformance of 
 condition precedent. 30 L.R.A. 39. 
 Excuse for not performing condition, 
 precedent. 30 L.R.A. 40. 
 Necessity that election to rescind be exer- 
 cised promptly. 9 L.R.A. 607.* 
 
 § 156. — restoring benefits. 
 
 PuttinjEf other party in statu quo as a con- 
 dition of right to rescind. 1 L.R.A. 
 827;* 9 L.R.A. 608.* 
 
 Duty to place other party in statu quo. 30 
 'L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Necessity for placing in, statu quo on re- 
 scission of contract for sale of land. 
 30 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 Necessity for returning consideration in 
 order to disaffirm infant's contract. 26 
 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Return or offer to return benefit as condi- 
 tion of rescinding contract. 9 L.R.A. 
 610.* 
 
 Duty to restore or tender back what has 
 'been received. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379. 
 
 Return or tender of consideration for release 
 of claim for personal injuries set aside 
 on ground of fraud. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 660. 
 
 Return of consideration as condition of de- 
 fending against contract because made 
 on Sunday. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 
 Necessity of ret^irning in specie all, or part 
 of, product received from land under 
 a contract in relation thereto as a con- 
 dition of rescinding contract. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1302. 
 
 Effect of inability to restore to statu quo 
 on right to rescind stock subscription 
 for fraud. 33 L.R.A. 725. 
 
 YII. Actions; liahilities. 
 
 § 157. Generally. 
 
 Action for relief from, or to enforce, illegal 
 contract, see supra, S§ 112-120. 
 
 Liability for breach, see supra, § 131. 
 
 Recovery on quantum meruit, see supra, 
 §§ 137, 138. 
 
 Defenses to actions, see Action ob Suit, 
 § 13. 
 
 Assumpsit on, see Assumpsit. 
 
 esfi'on. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 2S7 
 
 C9NTRACTS, VII.— cont'd 
 
 Bight of action for damages for inducing 
 breach of contract, see Case, §§ 3-5. 
 
 Jurisdiction to cancel, see Eqlity, §§ 15, 
 15a. 
 
 Running of limitations on, see Limitatiojst 
 OF AcTioiifs, §§ 22-32, 49, 50. 
 
 Right of third person to enforce, see 
 Parties, §§ 12-17. 
 
 Liability of agent on contract, see Pkinci- 
 PAL AND Agent, § 41. 
 
 Liability of railroad under agreement with 
 other road, see Railroads, III. 
 
 Counterclaim based on contract, see SET- 
 OFF AND Counterclaim, II. 
 
 Specific performance of contract, see Specif- 
 ic Performance. 
 
 Question for jurv as to contractual matters, 
 see Trial, §"51. 
 
 Claim against state on. 42 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Right to plead inconsistent defenses. 48 
 L.R.A. 191. 
 
 Evidence of character in action on. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 
 Law governing stipulation in contract mak- 
 ing notice of damages a condition of 
 right of action. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 191. 
 
 Right of creditor to enforce promise of one 
 allowed to secure property at judicial 
 sale upon faith of his promise to pay 
 owner's debt. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 399. 
 
 Effect of permitting assignor of a contract 
 to receive non-negotiable instruments is- 
 sued in payment thereof to estop as- 
 signee as against a subsequent assignee 
 of such an instrument. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 472. 
 
 Right of buyer to maintain separate action 
 for nondelivery of each instalment un- 
 der entire contract. 3 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1042. 
 
 Obligation of receiver on contract of the 
 party whose property he holds. 10 
 L.E.A. 90. 
 
 Demand as a condition precedent to an 
 action on a promise to pay on demand 
 the debt of another. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 154. 
 
 Liability of title abstracter dependent on 
 privity of contract. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 452. 
 
 Till. Public contracts. 
 
 § 158. Generally. 
 
 Validity and effect of contract with public 
 officer, see supra, §§ 98-] 01. 
 
 Rights of subcontractors, laborers, and ma- 
 terialmen on bond of contractor for 
 public work, see BoXDS. §§ !l, 10. 
 
 Injunction against breach of, see I.XJUNC- 
 TION, § 8. 
 
 Mandamus to enforce rights in, see JIaxDA- 
 MXJS, § 7. 
 
 For municipal contracts, generally, see 
 MUNICIPAL Corporations, §§ 5,3-60. 
 
 Contracts for public improvements, see Pub- 
 lic Improvements, §§ 7-9. 
 
 Contracts for municipal water supply, see 
 Waters, § 111. 
 
 Provision in, for payment in gold or silver. 
 29 L.R.A. 522. 
 Conmilt also L-R.-i. Digests to date 
 
 CONTRACTS, VIII.— cont'd 
 
 Liability of municipality or otliev publi.j 
 corporation on implied contract. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 43, 72. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes requiring work 
 incident to public contract to be done 
 in state or a local division thereof. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 711. 
 
 Right to inspect public records relating to 
 public contracts. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 280. 
 
 § 159. Letting generally. 
 
 Statutory requirements as to letting con- 
 tracts. 13 L.R.A. 353.* 
 
 Letting contracts for establishing drains 
 and sewers. 60 L.R.A. 217. 
 
 Distinction between definite proposal or ac- 
 ceptance and mere preliminary step in 
 negotiation of. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177. 
 
 § 160. Rights and remedies of lowest 
 bidders. 
 
 Cases affirming right of lowest bidder. 26 
 
 L,R.A. 707. 
 Absence of statute requiring award to low- 
 est bidder. 26 L.R.A. 707. 
 Rights under statute or ordinance requiring 
 
 award to lowest bidder. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 707. 
 Reservation of right to reject any and 
 
 all bids. 26 L.R.A. 707. 
 Opening bids — letting. 26 L.R.A. 708. 
 Defective bid or bond. 26 L.R.A. 708. 
 Specifications^quality of article. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 709. 
 Change of plans or bid — abandonment. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 709. 
 Deposit. 26 L.R.A. 709. 
 Lowest . bidder — determination. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 709. 
 Qualification of bidder. 26 L.R.A. 710. 
 Readvertisement. 26 L.R.A. 710. 
 Confirmation by council. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 711. 
 Street railroad grants. 26 L.R.A. 711. 
 Discretion in choosing between bidders for 
 
 public contract. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 653. 
 "To lowest bidder." 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 654. 
 "To lowest responsible bidder." 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 655. 
 
 Majority rule. 38 L.R.A. (N.S,) 
 655. 
 
 Arbitrary 'decision. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S,) 656. 
 
 As affected by fraud. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 6.56. 
 
 Minority rule, 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 656. 
 Right to reject reserved. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 657. 
 Under other statutory limitations as to 
 
 award. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 657. 
 Under no statutory limitations. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S,) 659, 
 Discretion to reject lowest hid without 
 
 hearing. 38 L.R.A, (N,S,) 659, 
 Discretion to modify terms after bids 
 
 are in. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 660. 
 Discretion to rescind award. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 661. 
 
288 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CONTRACTS, VIII.— cont'd 
 
 Particular subjects of discretion. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 663. 
 As to quality of material or work- 
 manship. 3S L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 663. 
 As between different kinds of ma- 
 terials. 38 L.R,A.(N.S.) 663. 
 As between different types or sys- 
 tems. 38 L.R.A.(isr.S.) 663. 
 As to bond or surety. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 664. 
 As to place. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 664. 
 As to classes of labor. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 664. 
 As to standard set in specifica- 
 tions. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66.5. 
 As to definiteness in bid. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 665. 
 When first award fails or is aban- 
 doned. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 665. 
 Discretion as to other matters. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 666. 
 Elements to be consider in determining re- 
 sponsibility of bidder for public con- 
 tract. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 672. 
 Remedy of lowest bidder for refusal of au- 
 thorities to award contract to him. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 Injunction. 26 L.R.A. 711; 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 127. 
 Mandamus. 26 L.R.A. 711; 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 128. 
 Action for damages. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 129. 
 Where bid has been accepted. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 130. 
 Eight to appeal. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 Certiorari. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 Validity of contract for material patented 
 or held in monopoly where a public 
 letting to the lowest bidder is required. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 680. 
 
 § 161. Specifications. 
 
 Sufficiency of specifications for guidance of 
 
 bidder for public contract. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 214. 
 Necessity and sufficiency of specifica- 
 tions in general. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 214. 
 
 Where statutes state what specifi- 
 cations ■shall contain. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 216. 
 
 Where statutes require amount of 
 security, terms, and time of 
 payment to be stated. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 219. 
 
 Where bidder is asked to furnish 
 specifications. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 219. 
 
 Where specifications are not con- 
 tained in notice, but are ac- 
 cessible. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 220. 
 Unbalanced bids. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 220. 
 Bids on alternative materials or work. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 221. 
 
 Under statutes expressly requiring 
 specifications. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 222. 
 
 CONTRACTS 
 FORMED 
 
 NOT TO BE PER. 
 WITHIN A YEAR. 
 
 See Contracts, §§ 38, 
 
 CONTRADICTION. 
 
 Of witness, see Witnesses, § 43. 
 
 CONTRADICTORY STATEMENTS. 
 
 Impeachment of witness by, see Witnesses, 
 § 43. 
 
 CONTRIBUTION. 
 
 Iksue- 
 
 'Begin with this 'booh on every law question 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Indemnity, see Indemnity. 
 Subrogation, see Stjbeogation. 
 Between insurance companies, see 
 
 ance, § 199. 
 To cost of party wall, see Party Wall, §§ 
 
 4, 5. 
 
 To capital, expenses, and losses of syndi- 
 cate. 40 L.R.A. 225. 
 
 Bv widow as condition of preservation of 
 dower. 4 L.R.A. 119.* 
 
 Between heir or widow in case of payment 
 of mortgage. 5 L.R.A. 520.* 
 
 Between successive purchasers of parcels of 
 land subject to mortgage. 5 L.R.A. 
 282.* 
 
 As between legatees and devisees to pay 
 testator's debts. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461, 
 
 Right of, as between accommodation parties 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1039. 
 
 Contingency of claim for, as affecting lim- 
 itation of time for presentation to es- 
 tate of deceased person. 58 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 § 2. Between wrongdoers. 
 
 Right to indemnity from joint tort feasor, 
 see Indemnity, §§ 2-4. 
 
 Between wrongdoers. 1 L.R.A. 
 L.R.A. 859;* 6 L.R.A. 631.* 
 Right of action of one legally responsi- 
 ble for another's death against a third 
 person whose negligence caused the 
 death. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 60. 
 Right of one constructively liable for a 
 tort, to contribution from one act- 
 ually responsible for its commis- 
 sion. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 Scope. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1147. 
 Statement of the rule. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1M8. 
 Persons or corporations within rule. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1148. 
 Owner or occupant of premises. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1148. 
 Lessor or lessee. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1148. 
 
 313;' 
 
 • ^^vKj' 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 289 
 
 CONTRIBUTION— cont'd 
 
 Proprietor of railroad, high- 
 way, canal, or lighting 
 plant. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1149. 
 Abutter. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1149. 
 Carrier. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1150. 
 Miscellaneous. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1151. 
 Right of one constructively liable for tort 
 to contribution from one actually re- 
 sponsible for its commissions. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1147. 
 Right of employer who has been held liable 
 for tort of, or upon, servant or 
 contractor, to recover over from 
 the actual wrongdoer. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1153. 
 Right against negligent servant. 40 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1153. 
 Right against negligent contractor. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1154. 
 Master's right of indemnity against 
 third person in case of injury to 
 servant. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1156. 
 Right of municipality to recover contribu- 
 tion from one for whose tort it 
 has been held liable. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1165. 
 The governing principle. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1165. 
 Specific applications of the principle. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1165. 
 Discharge of sewage. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1165. 
 Condition of streets. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1165. 
 General character of mufiiciT>ality's du- 
 ty or fault. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 3168. 
 Primary or secondary. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) lias. 
 Failure to remedy condition. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1169. 
 Consent to or supervision of acts. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1170. 
 Rule denying contribution between joint 
 tort feasors as affected by question of 
 proximate cause. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 583. 
 Conclusiveness of judgment against a con- 
 structive tort feasor in a subsequent 
 action for contribution. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1172. 
 
 § 3. Between stockholders. 
 
 Between stockholders of foreign corpora- 
 tions. 34 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 Right of one stockholder to sue another for 
 contribution outside state of incorpor- 
 ation. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 909. 
 
 § 4. Between partners. 
 
 Between partners. 1 L.R.A. 313.* 
 Revival of partnership debt by contribution 
 between partners. 15 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 § 5. Between cotenants. 
 
 Right to, among cotenants. 9 L.R.A. 740.* 
 Liability of cotenants for improvements 
 and repairs. 29 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 CONTRIBUTION— cont'd 
 
 Liability of cotenants to account for use 
 
 and occupation and rents and profit 
 
 28 L.R.A. 829. 
 
 § 6. Between cosureties. 
 
 Between cosureties. 9 L.R.A. 411.* 
 
 When limitations commence to run against 
 
 action for. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585; 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1131. 
 
 CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE. 
 
 See Negligence, II. 
 
 *—* 
 
 CONTROL. 
 
 Over resale as element of monopoly, see 
 Monopoly and Combinations, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 CONVENTION HALL. 
 
 Power of municipality to construct assem- 
 bly, convention, exhibition, or amuse- 
 ment hall. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 
 CONVENTS. 
 
 Character of occupancy of. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 726. 
 
 CONVERSATION. 
 
 By telephone, evidence of, see Evidence, § 
 240. 
 
 Through interpreter, evidence of, see Evi- 
 dence, § 241. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of conversation 
 expressly referred to in written con- 
 tract. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 383. 
 
 CONVERSION. 
 
 Equitable conversion, see Equitable Con- 
 version; Wills, §§ 116-118. 
 Tortious, see Tbover and Conveksion. 
 
 CONVEYANCE. 
 
 See also Deed; Qditclaim Deed; Fraudu- 
 lent Conveyances. 
 
 Parol gift as. 67 L.R.A. 461. 
 Of partnership lands, form of. 27 L.R.A. 
 479. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 19 
 
290 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CON\'ICTION. 
 
 Effect of, see Criminal Law, § 41. 
 Cross-examination of witness to show, see 
 Witnesses, § 36. 
 
 Power of appellate court to reverse for in- 
 sufficiency of evidence to sustain ver- 
 dict. 17 L.R.A. 484. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 Law, 
 
 CONVICT LABOR. 
 
 See Convicts, § 2. 
 
 ♦*-* 
 
 CONVICTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Civil death of, see Civil Death. 
 Effect of conviction, see Criminal 
 
 § 41. 
 As to punishment for crime, generally, see 
 
 Criminal Law, VI. 
 Pardon of, see Criminal Law, §§ 85-89. 
 Escape of, see Escape. 
 Recapture of, see Recapture. 
 Right of action for confinement in un- 
 
 healthful or unfit person, see Jails and 
 
 Prisons, § 3. 
 
 Right of prisoner to appear unmanacled at 
 trial. 39 L.R.A. 821. 
 
 Service of process on prisoner. 46 L.R.A. 
 706. 
 
 Right to put upon trial one undergoing im- 
 prisonment for another offense. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1095. 
 
 § 2. Convict labor. 
 
 Right to compel, see Criminal Law, § 77. 
 
 Claim against state on contract for prison 
 
 labor. 42 L.R.A. 59. 
 Responsibility of one hiring convict labor, 
 
 for acts of laborer. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 317. 
 
 COPARCENERS. 
 
 Liability for use and occupation, and rents 
 and profits. 28 L.R.A. 854. 
 
 # « » 
 
 COPY. 
 
 Admissibility of, in evidence, see Evidence, 
 § 121. 
 
 Mandamus to compel delivery of copy of 
 act passed by legislature. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1089. 
 
 Necessity of setting out copy of forged in- 
 strument in indictment for forgery or 
 uttering forgery. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) '215. 
 
 Stockholder's right to take from books. 45 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 COPYHOLD. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 858. 
 Applicability of rule in Shelley's Case to. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1036. 
 
 COPYRIGHT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 37. 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, §§ 
 
 19, 95, 112. 
 
 Distinction between common-law right and 
 copyright. 11 L.R.A. 268.* 
 
 Directions for securing under revised act 
 of Congress. 9 L.R.A. 433.* 
 
 Copyright in report of public speech. 2 
 B. R. C. 335. 
 
 Is compliance with law of origin sufficient 
 to secure protection under internation- 
 al copyright act. 1 B. R. C. 785. 
 
 § 2. Common law rights of authors 
 and others in intellectual produc- 
 tions. 
 
 General theories. 51 L.R.A. 353. 
 Prerogative publications. 51 L.R.A. 355. 
 Parties. 51 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 Originators. 51 L.R.A. 358. 
 Compilers. 51 L.R.A. 358. 
 Annotators and commentators, 51 
 
 L.R.A. 358. 
 Successors. 51 L.R.A. 359. 
 Masters and servants. 51 L.R.A. 359. 
 Works. 51 L.R.A. 359. 
 
 In general. 51 L.R.A. 359. 
 
 Immoral, libelous, or irreligious works. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 360. 
 Letters. 51 L.R.A. 360. 
 Rights. 51 L.R.A. 363. 
 
 Before publication. 51 L.R.A. 363. 
 After publication. 51 L.R.A. 367. 
 What constitutes publication. 51 
 L.R.A. 374. 
 General principles. 51 L.R.A. 374. 
 What is a publication. 51 L.R.A. 
 375. 
 What is not a publication. 51 
 L.R.A. 376. 
 Infringements. 51 L.R.A. 378. 
 
 Names or designations. 51 L.R.A. 378. 
 Abridgements. 51 L.R.A. 378. 
 Translations. 51 L.R.A. 378. 
 Reproductions. 51 L.R.A. 379. 
 Originals. 51 L.R.A. 379. 
 
 Author's own obtained surrepti- 
 tiously. 51 L.R.A. 379. 
 Independent creations. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 379. 
 Combinations. 51 L.R.A. 379.' 
 Remedies. 51 L.R.A. 380. 
 Liabilities. ' 51 L.R.A. 380. 
 Creditors. 51 L.R.A. 381. 
 Taxation. 51 L.R.A. 381. 
 Rights at common law in intellectual 
 
 „ . ■♦^ .:^. , , duction. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 174. 
 
 Begin with this book on every laic question. 
 
 pro- 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 291 
 
 COPYRIGHT— cont'd 
 
 § 3. — as between employer and em- 
 ployee. 
 
 See ilASTEB AND SERVANT, § 14. 
 
 § 4. Effect of omitting- notice of, from 
 licensed publication. 
 
 Necessity of notice. 66 L.R.A. 444. 
 Variant notices. 66 L.R.A. 445. 
 Trade names. 66 L.R.A. 445. 
 Redundancy. 66 L.R.A. 445. 
 Inversion. 66 L.R.A. 445. 
 Location. 66 L.R.A. 446. 
 Defective notices. 66 L.R.A. 446. 
 
 Material omissions. 66 L.R.A. 446. 
 Immaterial omissions. 66 L.R.A. 446. 
 Works in several parts. 66 L.R.A. 446. 
 When notice is entirely absent. 66 L.R.A. 
 447. 
 Unpublished copies. 66 L.R.A. 447. 
 Authorized publications. 66 L.R.A. 
 447. 
 Before copyright. 66 L.R.A. 447. 
 After copyright. 66 L.R.A. 447. 
 Unlicensed publications. 66 L.R.A. 
 44S. 
 Bv parties in privity with the pro- 
 
 "prietor. 66 L.R.A. 448. 
 By pirates. 66 L.R.A. 448. 
 After notice has been erased. 66 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 Patents. 66 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 § 5. Control of price of copyrighted 
 article. 
 
 Right to fix retail price of book as incident 
 of copyright. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 767. 
 
 Validity of contract seeking to control 
 price at Avhicli a copyrighted article 
 shall be resold. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 401. 
 
 § 6. Transfer of. 
 
 Assignment of. 9 L.R.A. 433.* 
 
 Right of purchaser of, to sell it free from 
 
 restrictions affecting it in hands of 
 
 vendor. 55 L.R.A. 632. 
 Sale or assignment of story as carrying the 
 
 exclusive right to dramatize it. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1002. 
 
 § 7. Infringement. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 71. 
 
 Infringement generally. 51 L.R.A. 378. 
 Name or designation. 51 L.R.A. 378. 
 Abridgement. 51 L.R.A. 378. 
 Translations. 51 L.R.A. 378. 
 Reproductions. 51 L.R.A. 379. 
 Originals. 51 L.R.A. 379. 
 
 Author's own obtained surrepti- 
 tiously. 51 L.R.A. 379. 
 Independent creations. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 379. 
 Combinations. 51 L.R.A. 379. 
 Liability of officers of a corporation for its 
 
 infringement. 28 L.R.A. 426. 
 Common-law action for infringement. 2 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 913 
 Perforated rolls and wax cylinders as in- 
 fringements of copyright of sheet mu- 
 sic. 2 B. R. C. 91. 
 What constitutes infringement of dramatic 
 copyright. 2 B. R. C. 107. 
 CotisuU also L.R.A. Difjests to date. 
 
 COPYRIGHT— cont'd 
 
 Acts held infringements. 2 B. R. C. 
 
 107. 
 What not infringements. 2 B. R. C. 
 
 111. 
 Who liable as infringer. 2 B. R. C. 
 
 112. 
 Miscellaneous. 2 B. R. C. 112. 
 
 § 8. — damages for. 
 
 Damages for infringement as affected by 
 loss of profits. 51 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 Punitive damages for infringement of, 
 where amount of actual damages is not 
 established. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 533. 
 
 Must penalty in aggregate for infringing 
 copyright be multiple of what would be 
 given for each separate offense. 1 B. 
 R. C. 768. 
 
 Power of equity, upon enjoining infringe- 
 ment of copyright, to require defendant 
 to pay damages sustained by complain- 
 ant as distinguished from profits re- 
 alized by defendant. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 526. 
 
 Burden of proof as to profits in suit for 
 profits from infringement of. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 653. 
 
 § 9. Rights after expiration of. 
 
 Right on expiration of, to use of name by 
 which article has become known. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 550; 1 B. R. C. 649. 
 
 § 10. Taxation of. 
 
 State taxation of. 51 L.R.A. 381; 57 
 
 L.R.A. 57. 
 As an element in taxation of capital stock 
 
 of corporation. 58 L.R.A. 564. 
 
 CORAM NOBIS. 
 
 Writ of error coram nobis. 18 L.R.A. 838. 
 Scope of the writ. 18 L.R.A. 839. 
 Right to the writ. 18 L.R.A. 841. 
 Limitations. 18 L.R.A. 842. 
 Procedure. 18 L.R.A. 842. 
 
 CORDIALS. 
 
 Misrepresentation as to, as affecting valid- 
 ity of trademark. 19 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 CORDWOOD. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of, on sale out of 
 larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 38. 
 
 CORNORIB. 
 
 Use of railroad right of way for purposes 
 of, as against owaer of fee. 36 L.R.A. 
 (NS.) 519. 
 
292 
 
 INDEX TO L.R,.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORONERS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Coroner's inquest as part of proofs of loss. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 853. 
 Opinion gained from newspaper reports of 
 
 coroner's inquest as disqualification of 
 
 juror in criminal case. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1010. 
 
 § 2. Power to order inquest; when 
 proper. 
 
 Power of, to order post mortem examina- 
 tion. 31 L.E.A. 540. 
 
 IVVhen coroner's inquest necessary or prop- 
 er. 21 L.R.A. 394. 
 Second inquest. 21 L.R.A. 395. 
 One inquest on several bodies. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 395. 
 Locality. 21 L.R.A. 395. 
 Statutory provisions. 21 L.R.A. 396. 
 
 g 3. Admissibility of finding or evi- 
 dence at inquest. 
 
 Admissibility of testimony of accused at 
 coroner's inquest, see Evidence, § 244. 
 
 'Admissibility of finding of, to show cause 
 of death. 68 L.R.A. 285. 
 
 Admissibility of previous consistent state- 
 ments of witness at coroner's inquest. 
 41 L.R.A.{N.S.) 934. 
 
 COltPORAL PUNISHMENT. 
 
 Liability of school teacher for personal in- 
 jury to pupil. 65 L.R.A. 896. 
 
 Bight ©f teacher to inflict on pupil. 1 
 B. R. C. 718. 
 
 As cruel and unusual punishment. 35 
 L.R.A. 565. 
 
 CORPORATE CONVEYANCES. 
 
 In general, see C!oepobations, V. b. 
 Creditors' bill to set aside, see Cebditobs' 
 Bill. 
 
 CORPORATE STOCKS. 
 
 Bee CoEPOBATiONS, VIII. 
 ■» « » 
 
 CORPORATIONS. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1, 2. 
 JI. Nature: creation; existence; 
 franchises ; governmental con- 
 trol §§ 8-12. 
 III. Consolidation ; merger; reorgani- 
 sation, §§ 13-17. 
 IT. Charters; 'bij-laivs, §§ 18-22. 
 T. Bights, powers, duties, and lia- 
 hility; contracts, §§ 23-39. 
 Begin with this booU on every law question. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, V.— cont'd 
 
 a. Rights and powers general- 
 ly, §§ 23-27. 
 ft. Contracts, generally; ultra 
 
 vires, §§ 28-34:. 
 o. LiaMlity of corporation, §§ 
 35-39. 
 VI. Officers and agents, §§ 4=0-61. 
 a. In general, §§ 40-42. 
 6. Bights and powers of, §§ 
 43-48. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 43-46. 
 
 2. Of president and vice- 
 
 president, §§ 47, 48. 
 
 c. Compensation, § 49. 
 
 d. Fiduciary relation, §§ 50, 
 
 51. 
 
 e. Duties and personal liabili- 
 
 ties of, §S 52-59. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 52-56. 
 
 2. Directors, §§ 57-59. 
 
 f. Meetings; elections, § 60. 
 
 g. Bemoval of, § 61. 
 
 Til. Promoters and incorporators, 
 §§ 62-65. 
 Till. Capital; stocJc and stockholders, 
 §§ 66-126. 
 a. In general, §§ 66-76. 
 6. Subscriptions, §§ 77-81a. 
 
 c. Transfer; sale, §§ 82-95. 
 
 d. Bights of shareholders, §§ 
 
 96-102. 
 
 e. Liabilities of shareholders, 
 
 §§ 103-121. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 103-108. 
 
 2. Calls; assessments, §§ 
 
 109-111. 
 
 3. Effect of transfer, §§ 
 
 112, 113. 
 
 4. Proceedings to enforce, 
 
 §§ 114-121. 
 
 f. Stockholders' meetings; vot- 
 
 ing, §§ 122-136. 
 /X, Dissolution; winding up; for- 
 feiture, §§ 127-133. 
 X. Insolvency; rights and prefer- 
 ences of creditors, §§ 134-137. 
 XI. Foreign corporations, §§ 138- 
 151. 
 a. In general, §§ 138-144. 
 ft. Doing business within state, 
 
 §§ 145-148. 
 c. Actions by or against, §§ 
 149-151. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Banks, see Banks. 
 
 Building and loan associations, see Build- 
 ing AND Loan Associations. 
 Railroad companies, see Caeeiees; Rail- 
 
 KOADS. 
 
 Clubs, see Clubs. 
 
 Insurance companies, see Insueance, II. 
 
 Joint stock company, see Joint Stock Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Municipal corporations, see Municipal 
 Cobporations. 
 
 Public service corporations, see Public 
 Service Corporations. 
 
 Bonds of, see Bonds, III. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 293 
 
 CORPORATIONS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Conditions relating to, see Conditions, § 3. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to corporate matters, 
 
 see Conflict op Laws, §§ 18, 19. 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoN- 
 
 STITDTIONAL LAW, § 49. 
 
 Federal jurisdiction over, see Courts, §§ 
 40, 43. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction over, see Equity, § 19. 
 
 Demand in corporate matters, see Demand, 
 § 5. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to 
 corporate matters, see Evidence, §§ 
 57, 58. 
 
 Identity or identification of, see Identity 
 AND Identification, § 7. 
 
 Injunction as to corporate matters, see In- 
 junction, §§ 34-36. 
 
 Indictment against, see Indictment, Infor- 
 mation, AND Complaint, § 3. 
 
 Larceny by, see Larceny, § 7. 
 
 Mandamus against corporation, see Manda- 
 mus, §§ 12-15. 
 
 As parties defendant, see Parties, § 28. 
 
 Quo warranto as proper remedy in corpor- 
 ate matters, see Quo Warranto, § 4. 
 
 Receivers of, see Receivers. 
 
 Removal of suits against corporations, see 
 Removal of Causes, § 8. 
 
 Taxation of, see Taxes, §§ 11, 33-39, 45, 
 4fi, 67. 
 
 Service of process on, see Writ and Pro- 
 cess, §§ 22-29. 
 
 Particularity required in description of 
 document of, in subpoena duces tecum. 
 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 838. 
 
 Set-off of assigned claims by and against 
 corporations. 23 L.R.A. 309. 
 
 Effect of erroneously describing defendant 
 in process as a corporation instead of 
 an individual or partnership. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 566. 
 
 Relationship to private corporation or asso- 
 ciation for profit which will disqualify 
 juror. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 973, 978. 
 
 Libel or slander of a corporation. 52 
 L.E.A. 525. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of statutes 
 in relation to. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
 § 2. Decisions of tribunals of. 
 
 See CoTJRTS, §§ 11, 12. 
 
 //. Nature; creation; existence; fran- 
 chises; governmental control. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Corporations classified. 9 L.R.A. 33.* 
 Judicial notice in respect to. 4 L.R.A. 36.* 
 Counties as quasi corporations. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 757.* 
 
 § 4. Nature generally. 
 
 What are manufacturing companies? 14 
 L.E.A. 107. 
 
 Nature of public corporation owned by 
 state. 29 L.R.A. 378. 
 
 Nature of incorporated institutions belong- 
 ing to the state. 29 L.R.A. 378. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, II.— cont'd 
 
 § 5. Creation. 
 
 Acts essential to creation of. 7 L.R.A. 
 591.* 
 
 Presumption as to incorporation. 22 
 L.R.A. 276. 
 In civil cases. 22 L.R.A. 276. 
 In criminal cases. 22 L.R.A. 278. 
 
 At what stage in the proceedings is a cor- 
 poration deemed to be organized. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 748. 
 
 New corporations created by consolidation. 
 2 L.R.A. 564.* 
 
 Fiction of incorporation to evade law. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 176. 
 
 Effect of subsequent incorporation to make 
 valid a gift to an unincorporated as- 
 sociation. 14 L.R.A. 410. 
 
 Effect of incorporation of local religious so- 
 ciety on litigation growing out of 
 schism or division. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 715. 
 
 Incorporation of covenantee as affecting cov- 
 enant not to engage in a competing 
 business. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 979. 
 
 Formation of and transfer of property to, 
 as ground of attachment for fraud. 30 
 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 Denial of incorporation on information and 
 belief. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 778. 
 
 Dissolution of partnership by reason of for- 
 mation of corporation. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 471. 
 
 § 6. Existence. 
 
 Estoppel to deny, see Estoppel, § 9. 
 
 Existence; how shown. 13 L.R.A. 370.* 
 
 § 7. Franchise. ' 
 
 Railroad franchise, see Railroads, § 3. 
 Expiration of charter, see infra, § 132. 
 Forfeiture of franchises, see infra, VIII. 
 Judicial sale of, see Judicial Sale, § 7. 
 Injunction against sale of, see Inju.n'CTION, 
 
 § 36. 
 Taxation of franchise, see Taxes, § 35. 
 
 Conditions attached to grant of franchise. 
 9 L.R.A. 34.* 
 
 Grants of corporate rights or privileges to 
 be construed strictly. 9 L.R.A. 34.* 
 
 Covenants in grant to corporation. 2 
 L.R.A. 199.* 
 
 Corporate franchise as a public grant. 8 
 L.R.A. 498.* 
 
 Restriction of power to terms of grant. 3 
 L.R.A. 175.* 
 
 Right to be a corporation as a franchise 
 within constitutional or statutory pro- 
 visions taxing franchises as property. 
 28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 255. 
 
 § 8. De facto corporations. 
 
 De facto foreign corporation. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 293. 
 Partnership liability of stockholders in case 
 
 of corporations de facto. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 551. 
 Right of de faoto corporation to exercise 
 
 power of eminent domain. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 144. 
 
294 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, II.— cont'd 
 § 9. As persons. 
 
 As persons, generally. 19 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 As persons within the meaning of statutes. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 225; 60 L.R.A. 331. 
 As persons within 14th Amendment. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 129;* 14 L.R.A. 585; 60 L.R.A. 
 
 330. 
 Corporations as "persons" with respect to 
 
 criminal responsibility. 2 B. R. C. 243. 
 
 § 10. As citizens. 
 
 As citizens within Federal Constitution. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 580; 60 L.R.A. 330. 
 As citizens for purposes of Federal jurisdic- 
 tion. 11 L.R.A. 216.* 
 Citizenship for purpose of Federal juris- 
 diction in state other than that where 
 created,. 14 L.R.A. 184. 
 Consolidated interstate corporation as do- 
 mestic corporation of one of the 
 states. 15 L.R.A. 82. 
 How far new corporation created. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 82. 
 Extent and limit of state authority. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 83. 
 Privileges and obligations under state 
 
 statutes. 15 L.R.A. 84. 
 Taxation. 15 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 § 11. Domicil; residence. 
 
 Citizenship of, see supra, § 10. 
 
 Constructive domestic residence of foreign 
 
 corporation. 70 L.R.A. 693. 
 Domicil of corporation for taxation of tan- 
 gible personal property. 69 L.R.A. 
 431. 
 
 Principal office as domicil. 69 L.R.A. 
 433. 
 Effect of certificate of incorporation on 
 
 question of domicil. 69 L.R.A. 437. 
 Residence of corporation for purpose of 
 Federal jurisdiction in state other 
 than that where created. 14 
 L.R.A. 184. 
 
 Adoption or new incorporation. 14 
 L.R.A. 185. 
 
 Consolidation with domestic corpora- 
 tion. 14 L.R.A. 185. 
 
 Residence an "inhabitant" where. 14 
 L.R.A. 185. 
 
 Where "found" under act of 1875. 14 
 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 § 12. Governmental control and regu- 
 lation. ' 
 
 Dissolution of corporation by government, 
 
 see infra, VIII. 
 Of foreign corporation, see infra, X. 
 Governmental regulation of carriers, see 
 
 Cabkiees, V. 
 Judicial notice as to, see Evidence, § 11. 
 
 Delegation of legislative power to regulate 
 internal management of. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 251. 
 
 Reasonableness of regulation of public serv- 
 ice corporation requiring payment of 
 rentals in advance. 19 L.R'a. (N.S.) 
 693. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Extent and limit of state authority over 
 
 consolidated interstate corporation. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 769. 
 
 ///. Consolidation; merger; 
 zation. 
 
 reorgam- 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Monopolistic combinations, see Monopolt 
 
 AKD Combinations. 
 Combinations of railroads, see Railroads, 
 
 §§ 9-11. 
 
 English doctrine of amalgamation. 13 
 L.R.A. 781.* 
 
 Consolidated interstate corporation as do- 
 mestic corporation of one of the states. 
 15 L.R.A. 82. 
 
 Suit to restrain. 2 L.R.A. 594.* 
 
 Extent and limit of state authority over 
 consolidated interstate corporation. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 769. 
 
 52 L.E.A. 
 
 Begin with this booJc on every law question. 
 
 § 14. Right to consolidate. 
 
 Definition. 52 L.R.A. 369. 
 Necessity of legislative sanction. 
 370. 
 
 In general. 52 L.R.A. 370. 
 Requisite for each constituent. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 371. 
 May be conditional. 52 L.R.A. 372. 
 How expressed. 52 L.R.A. 372. 
 
 In charter or prior general act. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 372. 
 Statute antecedent to consolida^ 
 
 tion. 52 L.R.A. 373. 
 Ratification of unauthorized con- 
 solidation. 52 L.R.A. 373. 
 Consolidation as affected by law. 52 L.R.A. 
 373. 
 Organic 52 L.R.A. 373. 
 Statutory. 52 L.R.A. 374. 
 Permissive statutes. 
 
 374. 
 Restrictive statutes. 
 
 376. 
 Interpretation, application, 
 construction. 52 L.R.A. 
 Common law. 52 L.R.A. 380. 
 Necessity of stockholder's consent. 
 "L.R.A. 381. 
 In general. 52 L.R.A. 381. 
 How given. 52 L.E.A. 381. 
 
 Expressly. 52 L.R.A. 381. 
 Implied. 52 L.E.A. 382. 
 When dispensed with. 52 L.R.A. 
 Rights and remedies upon unauthorized con- 
 solidation. 52 L.R.A. 387. 
 Public. 52 L.E.A. 387. 
 Private. 52 L.R.A. 387. 
 
 The constituent corporations. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 388. 
 Stockholders. 52 L.R.A. 388. 
 Subscribers to stock. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 390. 
 Creditors, bondholders, and others. 
 52 L.R.A. 390. 
 Authority of railroads to consolidate. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 726.*' 
 Restrictions on consolidation of parallel or 
 competing railroads. 45 L.E.A. 271. 
 
 52 L.E.A. 
 52 L.R.A. 
 
 and 
 
 377. 
 
 52 
 
 387. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 295 
 
 CORPORATIONS, III.— cont'd 
 § 15. Effect of; debts of old corpora- 
 tions. 
 
 Effect of. 3 L.E.A. 435.* 
 
 New corporations created by. 2 L.E.A. 
 
 564.* 
 Effect of consolidation of foreign witli do- 
 mestic corporation on residence or citi- 
 zenship for purpose of Federal juris- 
 diction. 14 L.R.A. 185. 
 Succession to rights and obligations of con- 
 stituent corporations. 2 L.R.A. 565;* 
 3 L.R.A. 747;* 5 L.R.A. 726.* 
 Rights of creditors on unauthorized consoli- 
 dation of corporations. 52 L.R.A. 390. 
 Effect of consolidation, merger, or absorp- 
 tion of corporation, on its unse- 
 cured liabilities, in absence of 
 statutory or contract provision 
 relative thereto. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1119; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 Liability of consolidated corporation. 
 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 Liability of corporation into which 
 another is merged. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 616. 
 Liability of successor corporation for 
 claims against predecessor. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 Liability of corporation purchasing as- 
 sets and business of another. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 Liability of a consolidated railroad company 
 for the debts of its predecessor. 
 23 L.R.A. 231. 
 Assumption of liability bv contract. 
 
 23 L.R.A. 232. 
 Statutory liability. 23 L.R.A. 232. 
 Liens and priorities. 23 L.R.A. 233. 
 Pleading and practice. 23 L.R.A. 234. 
 What unsecured claims are covered by the 
 express assumption by one corpora- 
 tion of the indebtedness of another, 
 upon consolidation, merger, or ab- 
 sorption. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1101. 
 Liability for torts. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1101. 
 Liability for contract debts. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1102. 
 Right of creditor of insolvent corporation 
 to maintain action at law against new 
 corporation to which assets have been 
 transferred. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 863. 
 Right of creditors of a corporation which 
 has transferred all, or substantially all, 
 of its assets to another corporation to 
 subject the assets so transferred to an 
 equitable lien or preference. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 520. 
 
 § 16. Rights of stockholders. 
 
 Rightg of shareholder when consolidation 
 unauthorized. 4 L.R.A. 365.* 
 
 Right of minority stockholders to represen- 
 tation in new or reorganized corpora- 
 tion. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725. 
 
 Respective rights of life tenant and re- 
 mainderman in distributions by corpo- 
 ration in process of consolidation or 
 merger with other corporations. ]2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 805. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, III.— cont'd 
 § 17. Taxation of consolidated cor- 
 porations. 
 
 See Taxes, § 34. 
 
 IV i Charters; hy-laws, 
 
 § 18. Charter. 
 
 Forfeiture of charter, see infra, VIII. 
 Expiration of, see infra, § 132. 
 
 Corporate charters as contracts. 2 L.R.A. 
 257;* 10 L.R.A. 406.* 
 
 Charter rights of railroads; subject to legis- 
 lative control. 9 L.R.A.- 754.* 
 
 What is within charter power to build 
 lateral railroad. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 326. 
 
 Charter limitations as to period of exist- 
 ence. 33 L.R.A. 576. 
 
 Charter restrictions on eligibility to be- 
 come shareholder. 46 L.R.A. 618. 
 
 Effect of charter provision granting rights 
 in percolating waters. 19 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 Charter provisions against power of legis- 
 lature to fix tolls, rates or prices. 33 
 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 Right to question power of corporation to 
 take by will property in excess of its 
 charter authority. 9 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 689. 
 
 Legislative sanction of consolidation. 52 
 L.R.A. 372. 
 
 Extraterritorial effect of restriction in char- 
 ter as to rate of interest. 62 L.R.A. 
 76. 
 
 § 19. — amendment or repeal. 
 
 Reserved right to amend and repeal charter 
 as to taxation. 60 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Right under reserved power to amend or 
 repeal charter of corporation to change 
 the rights of stockholders as to voting 
 'the stock. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 420. 
 
 §2 0. By-laws. 
 
 Of benevolent society, see Benevolent So- 
 cieties, § 4. 
 
 Of insurance company, see Insurance, 
 §§ 46, 47. 
 
 Effect of, on contract of corporation. 1 
 L.R.A. 482.* 
 
 Effect of, as notice. 25 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 As to members of the corporation. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 48. 
 As to lien on stock. 25 L.R.A. 48. 
 As to public generally. 25 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 Lien by, on corporate stock as notice of lien 
 to pledgee or assignee. 39 L.R.iV. 
 (N.S.) 295. 
 
 Effect of change in, with respect to lien 
 on corporate stock on priorty of lien 
 of corporation as against pledgee or 
 bona fide purchaser of stock. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 300. 
 
 Effect on lien of corporation on stock cer- 
 tificate of failure to post by-law giving 
 lien. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 300. 
 
 Whether third party dealing with agents of 
 private corporation chargeable with 
 knowledge of. 10 L.R.A. 355.* 
 
 To compel acceptance of office. 24 L.R.A. 
 492. 
 
296 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, IV.— cont'd 
 Mandamus to enforce provision of by-laws 
 of corporation. 32 L.R.A. 575. 
 
 § 21. —as to voting and elections. 
 
 Right to vote by proxy under. 18 L.R.A. 
 584; 29 L.R.A. 845. 
 
 Regulation by by-laws of elections by pri- 
 vate corporations. 18 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Modification by, of quorum for meeting of 
 stockholders. 21 L.R.A. 175. 
 
 g 22. — as to stock and stockholders 
 generally. 
 
 Restricting transfer of stock. 27 L.R.A. 
 271. 
 
 Assessments on paid up stock under by- 
 laws. 45 L.R.A. 651. 
 
 Effect of by-law requiring transfer of stock 
 on books. 67 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 Estoppel of building association to assert 
 illegality of its by-law that the stock 
 will mature at a fixed time. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 503. 
 
 Effect of by-law on stockholder's right to 
 inspect corporate books. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 196. 
 
 T. Bights, powers, duties and liabili- 
 ties; contracts. 
 
 a. Bights and powers, generally. 
 
 § 23. Generally. 
 
 Right to consolidate, see supra, § 14. 
 
 Of consolidated corporation, see supra, § 15. 
 
 Powers of bank, see Banks, § 2. 
 
 Powers of loan associations, see Buiij)ing 
 AND Loan Associations, § 2. 
 
 Powers of railroad company, see Rail- 
 eoads, § 4. 
 
 Estoppel to deny corporate powers, see Es- 
 toppel, § 10. 
 
 Common-law powers; auxiliary transaction. 
 6 L.R.A. 661;* 11 L.R.A. 845.* 
 
 Restriction of powers. 3 L.R.A. 174;* 5 
 L.R.A. 100;* 7 L.R.A. 605.* 
 
 Rights subject to police power. 9 L.R.A. 
 35.* 
 
 Strict construction of corporate powers. 1 
 L.R.A. 458.* 
 
 Incidental powers. 11 L.R.A. 845.* 
 
 Legal powers and privileges of surety and 
 trust companies. 48 L.R.A. 587. 
 
 Power to borrow money. 6 L.R.A. 661;* 
 11 L.R.A. 845.* 
 
 Injunction against judgments confessed by. 
 30 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 Delegation of power of taxation to corpo- 
 ration. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 
 Power of corporation to insure life of officer 
 for benefit of corporation. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1020. 
 
 Right of corporation to circulate a black 
 list among its own agents and em- 
 ployees. 63 L.R.A. 292. 
 
 Right to sue for libel. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 741. 
 
 Practice of law or medicine by corporation. 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 56. 
 
 What is within charter power to build lat- 
 eral railroad. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 326. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question 
 
 CORPORATIONS, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Implied power of railroad company to guar- 
 antee enterprise other than the trans- 
 portation of goods or passengers. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 830. 
 
 § 24. Power to deal in its own stock. 
 Power of corporation to deal in its own 
 stock. 18 L.R.A. 254. 
 Taking own stock in satisfaction of 
 
 debts. 18 L.R.A. 255. 
 Donations. 18 L.R.A. 255. 
 Right of, to purchase its own shares of 
 stock. 61 L.R.A. 621; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 50; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 694. 
 In the absence of statutory authority. 
 61 L.R.A. 621. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 621. 
 Taking shares in payment of in- 
 debtedness due corporation. 
 61 L.R.A. 629. 
 Statutory grant of power. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 630. 
 Statutes forbidding purchase. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 631. 
 Rights of creditors. 61 L.R.A. 632. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 632. 
 Creditors who are entitled to pro- 
 tection. 61 L.R.A. 632. 
 What constitutes a purchase within 
 meaning of rule forbidding same. 
 61 L.R.A. 633. 
 
 § 25. Power to deal In stock of other 
 corporations. 
 
 Restriction on power to take under will, 
 see Wills, §§ 72, 73. 
 
 Power to deal in stock of other corpora- 
 tions. 18 L.R.A. 252. 
 Taking stock in payment of debts. 18 
 L.R.A. 253. 
 
 § 26. Property rights; charitable gifts 
 to. 
 
 Disposition of property essential to corpo- 
 rate existence, see infra, § 133. 
 Of foreign corporation, see infra, § 142. 
 
 Power to hold property. 2 L.R.A. 387.* 
 Power to sell property. 6 L.R.A. 678.* 
 Power to mortgage property. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 565,* 661;* 11 L.R.A. 846.* 
 Power to take property by will. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 387.* 
 As beneficiaries of charitable bequest. 14 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 140; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1019. 
 Law governing validity of bequest to. 2 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 440. 
 Effect of subsequent incorporation to make 
 
 valid a gift to an unincorporated asso- 
 ciation. 14 L.R.A. 410. 
 Right to locate mining claim. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 816. 
 Right of de facto corporation to exercise 
 
 power of eminent domain. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 144. 
 Power of corporation to dedicate property 
 
 for public use. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 966. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 297 
 
 CORPORATIONS, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Disposition of real property, on dissolution 
 of corporation created for benevolent 
 or social purposes. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 895. 
 
 Injunction against execution sale of prop- 
 erty of quasi public corporation. 30 
 L.R.A. 104. 
 
 § 2 6a. — who may contest power of 
 corporation to take or hold prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Right of private persons to contest the pow- 
 er of a corporation to take or hold 
 property. 32 L.R.A. 293; 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 689. 
 
 State alone can question right of corpora- 
 tion in possession. 32 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 The inability of the corporation to hold the 
 property does not give immunity to 
 wrongdoers. 32 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 Right of persons contracting with corpora- 
 tion. 32 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 Defective organization and forfeitiire. 32 
 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 Suits by the corporation. 32 L.R.A. 296. 
 
 Speciiie performance. 32 L.R.A. 296. 
 
 Property acquired by will. 32 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 Who may take advantage of statute ren- 
 dering foreign corporation incapable of 
 taking title to real property. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 355. 
 
 § 2 7. As trustee for charitable trust. 
 
 As trustee for charitable trust. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) Ill; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1011. 
 
 6. Contracts generally ; ultra vires. 
 
 § 28. Generally. 
 
 Of foreign corporations, see infra, § 148. 
 Rights and powers of corporate officers as 
 
 to, see infra, §§ 44, 45, 48. 
 Validity of contract, see Contracts, §§ 93- 
 
 96. 
 Power to give mortgage, see Mortgage, 
 
 § 10. 
 
 Acts ultra vires. 2 L.R.A. 420;* 6 L.R.A. 
 290.* 
 
 Estoppel to set up plea of ultra vires. 1 
 L.R.A. 285;* 11 L.R.A. 847;* 12 
 L.R.A. 168;* 20 L.R.A. 765. 
 
 Power to contract. 1 L.R.A. 285;* 6 
 L.R.A. 290.* 
 
 Contracts against public policy. 8 L.R.A. 
 497.* 
 
 Execution of deed by corporation. 12 
 L.R.A. 588.* 
 
 Conveyance by corporation of land held ad- 
 versely. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 748. 
 
 Liability of insurance company on con- 
 tracts of another company which it 
 has absorbed or attempted to absorb. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 597. 
 
 Liability of corporation on contracts of 
 promoters. 26 L.R.A. 544. 
 
 Enforceability of loan to private corpora- 
 tion, which alone, or in connection 
 with existing indebtedness, exceeds the 
 corporation's power to incur indebted- 
 ness. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 598. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, V. b— cont'd 
 Recovery for services and expenses under 
 running contract with a corpora- 
 tion ended by its insolvency and 
 dissolution. 69 L.R.A. 124. 
 Employment contracts. 69 L!R.A. 144. 
 With officers. 69 L.R.A. 144. 
 With superintendents. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 145. 
 With agents. 69 L.R.A. 146. 
 With ordinary employees. 69 
 L.R.A. 150. 
 Removal for separable controversy of suit 
 by stockholders growing out of ultra 
 vires acts. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 
 § 2 9. Contracts of guaranty. 
 
 Implied power of railroad company to guar- 
 antee enterprise other than the trans- 
 portation of goods or passengers. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 830. 
 
 Liability under continuing guaranty run- 
 ning to corporation for goods sold or 
 credits extended after a change in the 
 corporation. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1231. 
 
 Power of corporation organized for the 
 manufacture and sale of liquor to en- 
 ter into contracts of guaranty or sure- 
 tyship on behalf of its customers, 
 or prospective customers. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 186. 
 
 § 30. As to negotiable paper. 
 
 Rights and powers of officers as to, see 
 
 infra, § 45. 
 Liabilitv of corporate officers on, see infra, 
 
 § 55. 
 
 Power to issue negotiable securities. 11 
 L.R.A. 846.* 
 
 Protection of bona fide holders. 11 
 L.R.A. 846.* 
 
 Power of corporation to issue accommoda- 
 tion paper. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 The general rule. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 Exception as to private corporations in 
 certain cases. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 196. 
 
 Circumstances sufficient to put one taking 
 corporation paper on inquiry. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 359. 
 
 Commercial paper of, as payment of corpo- 
 rate debt. 35 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 79. 
 
 Liability of corporation on negotiable pa- 
 per executed by officer or agent. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1046. 
 
 Right of one who takes commercial paper 
 of corporation in payment of, or se- 
 curity for, an individual debt of offi- 
 cer. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 169. 
 
 Power of agents to indorse negotiable paper. 
 27 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 Seal as affecting negotiability of bill or 
 note of corporation. 35 L.R.A. 606. 
 
 Effect of naming nonexistent corporation 
 as payee in negotiable instrument. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 507. 
 
 g 31. Availability of defense of usury 
 to or against corporation. 
 
 Effect of statute forbidding corporation to 
 plead usury. 62 L.R.A. 79. 
 
298 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, V. b— cont'd 
 
 Applicability of statute forbidding corpo- 
 ration to interpose defense of usury, as 
 affected by the foreign or domestic 
 character of the corporation, the situs 
 of the contract, or the place of suit. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 
 Issuance of corporate bonds at less than 
 par as usury. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1106. 
 
 § 32. Formal requisites. 
 
 Manner of executing corporate mortgage. 
 
 6 L.R.A. 565.* 
 Effect of vote or resolution by directors of 
 
 private corporation, without more, to 
 
 complete a contract. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 293. 
 Acknowledgment of corporate instrument 
 
 before one who is a stockholder or ofii- 
 
 cer of corporation. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1075. 
 Seal as affecting negotiability of bill or 
 
 note of corporation. 35 L.R.A. 606. 
 
 § 33. Who may question power of cor- 
 poration to make contract. 
 
 Who may contest power of corporation or 
 hold property, see supra, § 26a. 
 
 Does the competition with one's business, 
 which results from the ultra vires act 
 of a corporation, entitle him to chal- 
 lenge the power of the corporation to 
 engage therein. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 
 Right of subsequent creditor to question 
 corporate mortgage in favor of, or for 
 the benefit of, directors, in absence of 
 fraud. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 825. 
 
 Laches or acquiescence by stockholder as 
 affecting his right to complain of act 
 by which corporation devests itself of 
 the title or control of its entire prop- 
 erty. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 606. 
 
 § 34. Ratification. 
 
 Implied ratification of unauthorized loan 
 effected by agent. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 
 Ratification of acts of directors by vote of 
 stockholders including those who are 
 directors. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199. 
 
 Of contracts of promoters. 26 L.R.A. 548. 
 
 Of unauthorized consolidation of corpora- 
 tion. 52 L.R.A. 373. 
 
 c. Liability of corporation. 
 
 § 35. Generally. 
 
 Liability on contracts, see supra, V. b. 
 
 Power of officers and agents to bind cor- 
 poration, see Infra, VI. b. 
 
 Of consolidated corporation, see supra, § 
 15. 
 
 Of carrier, see Cabbiers. 
 
 Of railroads, see Railroads, VII. a. 
 
 Of street railway, see Street Railways, 
 IV. 
 
 Liability for libel or slander, see Libel and 
 Slander, II. 
 
 To employees, see Master and Servant, 
 III. a. 
 
 Taxation of corporations, see Taxes, §§ 11, 
 33-39, 45, 46, 67. 
 
 Liability for trespass, see Trespass, § 9. 
 
 Begin with Ihis hook on every law question 
 
 CORPORATIONS, V. c — cont'd 
 
 Constitutionality of retroactive statute 
 creating right of action against. 52 
 L.R.A. 938. 
 
 Liabilities of incorporated Institutions be- 
 longing to state. 29 L.R.A. 383. 
 
 Power of railroad company to devest itself 
 of its duties or responsibilities by 
 lease. 4 L.R.A. 135.* 
 
 Liability as between corporation and one 
 acting in good faith, to whom it issues 
 new certificate of stock on forged au- 
 thority. 2 B. R. C. 528. 
 
 At whose instance judgment against cor- 
 poration may be set aside. 54 L.R.A. 
 763. 
 
 § 3 6. For vrhat liable. 
 
 For breach of duty imposed by law. 4 
 L.R.A. 299.* 
 
 May a corporation be convicted of homi- 
 cide. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 998. 
 
 Liability of corporation formed by firm, 
 partnership, or association for debts of 
 old concern, in the absence of express 
 assumption or fraud. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 589. 
 
 Duty to give clearance card to discharged 
 employee. 62 L.R.A. 925. 
 
 § 36a. —torts. 
 
 Liability for libel or slander, see Libel 
 and 'Slander. 
 
 For torts. 10 L.R.A. 129.* 
 
 For malicious prosecution. 14 L.R.A. 791. 
 
 Liability of corporation for exemplary dam- 
 ages In action for malicious prosecu- 
 tion or abuse of process in suing out 
 attachment for collection of debt only. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 280. 
 
 Liability for torts as within express as- 
 sumption by one corporation of indebt- 
 edness of another on consolidation, 
 merger, or absorption. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1101. 
 
 Liability of private corporation for re- 
 moval of lateral or subjacent support 
 while exercising power of eminent do- 
 main. 68 L.R.A. 701. 
 
 For damming back water of stream. 59 
 L.R.A. 858. 
 
 Liability growing out of the giving or re- 
 fusing of Information affecting the 
 character or reputation of a servant. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1091. 
 
 Liability of public corporation for safety 
 of wharf or dock. 61 L.R.A. 953. 
 
 § 3 7. For whose acts liable. 
 
 Of railroad, for the acts of a receiver. 1 
 L.R.A. 179.* 
 
 Criminal prosecution of corporation for 
 acts or omissions while in hands of 
 receiver. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 710. 
 
 For acts of independent contractor in re- 
 spect of matters incident to the exer- 
 cise of corporate franchise. 66 L.R.A. 
 136. 
 
 Duties of corporation in regard to acts of 
 independent contractors in exercise of 
 corporate franchise. 66 L.R.A. 133. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 299 
 
 CORPORATIONS, V. o— cont'd 
 
 Liability of one railroad corporation pos- 
 sessing stock control of another for 
 the acts and contracts of the latter. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 770. 
 
 § 3 8. — for acts of officers or agents. 
 
 For acts of officers. 12 L.R.A. 714;* 13 
 L.R.A. 193.* 
 
 Application of rule of respondeat superior 
 to corporation. 1 L.R.A. 607.* 
 
 For fraud or forgery of officers in issue of 
 stock. 19 L.R.A. 331; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 187. 
 
 Of corporation for charitable purposes for 
 act of servant. 23 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Liability of corporation on negotiable pa- 
 per executed by officer or agent. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1046. 
 
 Liability of corporation for slander by an 
 agent or employee. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 873. 
 
 Liability of, for acts of special police offi- 
 cer appointed by public authority. 23 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 289; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 481; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 122. 
 
 False statements in reports required to be 
 filed with public officers, as fraud which 
 will sustain an action against the cor- 
 poration. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 858. 
 
 Liability of corporation for fraud or for- 
 gery of its officers in the issue of 
 stock. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 187. 
 Forgery. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 188. 
 Acts without power. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 188. 
 Officer acting on his own account. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 § 39. Criminal liability; contempt. 
 
 Liability for homicide, see Homicide, § 4. 
 
 For felonies as public wrongs. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 299.* 
 Criminal prosecution of corporation for 
 acts or omissions while in hands of 
 receiver. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 710. 
 Criminal responsibility of corporations. 2 
 B. R. C. 231. 
 For misfeasance. 2 B. R. C. 233. 
 The matter of criminal intent. 2 B. 
 
 R. C. 238. 
 Applicability of criminal statutes to 
 corporations. 2 B. R. 0. 242. 
 Corporations as "persons." 2 B. 
 
 E. C. 243. 
 As affected by nature of penalty. 
 2 B. R. C. 245. 
 Particular offenses. 2 B. R. C. 246. 
 May a corporation be convicted of homi- 
 cide. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 998. 
 Criminal prosecution of corporation for acts 
 or omissions while in hands of receiver. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 710. 
 Punishment of corporation for contempt. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1001. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CORPORATIONS— cont'd 
 
 VI. Officers and agents. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 40. Generally. 
 
 Liability of corporation for acts of officers 
 
 or agents, see supra, V. c. 
 Of bank, see Banks, § 6-8a. 
 Notice to officer or agent of corporation as 
 
 binding corporation, see Notice, § 15. 
 Service of process on, see Writ and Pkoc- 
 
 Ess, § 26. 
 
 Distinction between servants and agents. 
 2 L.R.A. 192.* 
 
 Directors, trustees, and officers of incorpo- 
 rated institutions belonging to state. 
 29 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 Mandamus to compel surrender of office. 
 31 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 Mandatory injunction to officers. 20 L.R.A. 
 167. 
 
 Service of process on director of foreign 
 corporation. 23 L.R.A. 494. 
 
 Insurance on life of officer of corporation 
 for benefit of the corporation. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1020. 
 
 Reports to corporation by agents as privi- 
 leged communication. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 325. 
 
 Right of one who takes commercial paper 
 of corporation in payment of, or se- 
 curity for, an individual debt of officer. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 169. 
 
 Ratification of acts of directors by vote of 
 stockholders including those who are 
 directors. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 199. 
 
 Secret bonus to officer or director as af- 
 fecting right to enforce contract against 
 corporation. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 467. 
 
 Inherent jurisdiction of equity at instance 
 of stockholder to appoint receiver, or 
 wind up the corporation because of 
 mismanagement or fraud of its officers. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1032. 
 
 § 41. Directors de facto. 
 
 Who are. 15 L.R.A. 418. 
 Eligibility. 15 L.R.A. 419. 
 Termination of right to act as directors. 
 15 L.R.A. 419. 
 
 § 42. Affidavit or verification by. 
 
 Does description of affiant in an affidavit 
 for attachment, as a specified officer of 
 a corporation, import that he is an 
 agent of the corporation, as required 
 by statute. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1135. 
 
 Is affidavit or verification by officer of 
 corporation to be regarded as made by 
 an agent of the corporation. 16 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 703. 
 
 b. Rights and powers of, 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 43. Generally. 
 
 Officers of bank, see Banks, § 8. 
 
 Bound to notice by-laws. 25 L.R.A. 48. 
 
300 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VI. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 Whether third persons dealing with agents 
 of private corporations are charged 
 with knowledge of by-laws of corpora- 
 tion. 10 L.R.A. 355.* 
 
 How far corporation charged with knowl- 
 edge of managing officer engaged in il- 
 legal act. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 993. 
 
 Directors and officers as preferred creditors. 
 22 L.R.A. 806. 
 
 Power of directors to increase capital stock. 
 38 L.R.A. 617. 
 
 Right of directors, when creditors of cor- 
 poration, to enforce stockholders' lia- 
 bility to creditors. 50 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 Right of officer of corporation to refuse to 
 turn over books to a receiver upon the 
 ground that they have a tendency to 
 incriminate him. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 725. 
 
 Power of corporation to insure life of offi- 
 cer for benefit of corporation. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1020. 
 
 Right of minority stockholder to restrain 
 voluntary dissolution of corporation by 
 directors. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1177. 
 
 § 44. As to contracts. 
 
 Of president or vice president, see infra, 
 
 § 48. 
 
 Contracts by agents. 12 L.R.A. 715.* 
 Time for which contracts of employment 
 may be made on behalf of corpo- 
 ration by its officers, directors, and 
 agents. 49 L.R.A. 471; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 177. 
 Contracts of permanent employment. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 471. 
 Other contracts of employment. 49 
 L.R.A. 472. 
 Implied or presumed authority of superin- 
 tendent of department to contract as 
 to matters relating to his department. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1135. 
 Power of directors to sell property of cor- 
 poration. 6 L.R.A. 678.* 
 Power of officers against consent of mi- 
 nority stockholders to sell property of 
 corporation essential to its existence 
 as a going concern. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 396. 
 Implied power of employee of corporation 
 to employ pliysician to attend injured 
 employee. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58; 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 351. 
 
 § 45. — as to negotiable paper. 
 
 Liability on, see infra, § 55. 
 
 Power of president or vice president of a 
 corporation to make. 14 L.R.A. 357. 
 
 Liability of corporation on negotiable pa- 
 per executed by officer or agent. 21 
 , L.R.A. (N.S.) 1046. 
 
 Right of one who takes commercial paper 
 of corporation in payment of note or 
 as security for individual debt of offi- 
 cer. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 169. 
 
 Power of agents to indorse negotiable paper. 
 27 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VI. b, 1— cont'd 
 § 4 6. To take acknowledgraent. 
 
 Right of officer of corporation to take ac- 
 knowledgment of instrument in which 
 corporation interested. 33 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Acknowledgment before officer of corpora- 
 tion which is a party to the instru- 
 ment. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1078, 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 375. 
 
 S. Of president and vice president. 
 
 § 47. Generally. 
 
 Powers of president. 14 L.R.A. 356. 
 
 Time for which contracts of employment 
 may be made by. 49 L.R.A. 472. 
 
 When vice president may exercise author- 
 ity of president. 14 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 § 48. As to contracts. 
 
 As to contracts, generally. 14 L.R.A. 356. 
 Effect of express provisions to limit 
 
 authority. 14 L.R.A. 357. 
 As to borrowing money. 14 L.R.A. 357. 
 As to drawing or paying checks, 14 
 
 L.R.A. 357. 
 To transfer negotiable papers. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 358. 
 Employment of agents. 14 L.R.A. 358. 
 As to transfers of property. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 358. 
 As to mortgages. 14 L.R.A. 359. 
 As to admissions and representations. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 359. 
 As to settlement or surrender of claims. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 359. 
 As to litigation and employment of at- 
 torneys. 14 L.R.A. 360. 
 Presumption that a contract with a corpo- 
 ration is within the authority of its 
 president. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 376. 
 
 V. Compensation. 
 
 § 49. Generally. 
 
 Compensation for services of. 3 L.R.A. 
 378.* 
 
 Validity of a contract to pay an officer of 
 a railroad company for his own bene- 
 fit conditioned on specified location of 
 road or a depot. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524; 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 967. 
 
 Liability of corporate directors as affected 
 by compensation. 55 L.R.A. 773. 
 
 Priority of claims against property in hands 
 of receiver for services of officers. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1036, 1060. 
 
 Effect of corporate dissolution on employ- 
 ment contracts of officers. 69 L.R.A. 
 144. 
 
 Right aa between trustee and cestui que 
 trust to compensation due for former's 
 services as director. 1 B. R. C. 313. 
 
 d. Fiduciary relation. 
 
 §50. Generally. 
 
 Trust relation of directors in stock corpo- 
 rations. 2 L.R.A. 534;* 4 L.R.A. 746.' 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 301 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VI. d— cont'd 
 Secret bonus to officer or director of corpo- 
 ration as affecting right to enforce 
 contract against corporation. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 467. 
 Liability of promoter on sale to corpora- 
 tion of property for sale of which he 
 is agent. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 § 51. Dealings between corporations 
 having common officers or direc- 
 tors. 
 
 Validity in general. 33 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 Ratification. 33 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 When one company controls the other. 33 
 L.R.A. 791. 
 
 Lack of consideration; transactions out of 
 the usual course of business. 33 L.R.A. 
 793. 
 
 Actual fraud or unfair advantage to direct- 
 ors. 33 L.R.A. 794. 
 
 Presumption as to unfairness. 33 L.R.A. 
 796. 
 
 e. Duties and personal liabilities of. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 52. Generally. 
 
 Of promoters, see infra, §§ 64, 65. 
 Liability to garnishment for corporate debt, 
 see Gabnishment, § 5. 
 
 Personal liability of officers of incorporated 
 institutions belonging to state. 29 
 L.R.A. 385. 
 
 Personal liability of officer for act or trajis- 
 action in excess of corporate powers or 
 in violation of law. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1003. 
 
 Liability of officers of mutual insurance 
 company to members for permitting 
 diversion of funds. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 165. 
 
 Personal liability to other contracting par- 
 ty of one who, without authority, as- 
 sumes to contract as agent for a cor- 
 poration. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524. 
 
 Personal liability at common law of offi- 
 cers to other party to act or transac- 
 tion in excess of corporate authority. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1003. 
 
 § 5 3. To purchasers of stock. 
 
 Liability of corporate officer for misrepre- 
 sentations which induce the sale or pur- 
 chase of stock. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 258. 
 
 Liability of officers of a corporation to one 
 who purchases stock from an individ- 
 ual in reliance on a prospectus issued 
 to induce purchase of treasury stock. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 
 § 54. To creditors of corporation. 
 
 Liability of directors, see infra, § 58. 
 
 Garnishment of officer or agent of, by cred- 
 itor of corporation. 36 L.R.A. 561. 
 
 Does statutory liability of officers for debts 
 include liability for torts. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 256. 
 Consult also L.It.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CORPORATIONS. VI. e, 1— cont'd 
 Liability of corporate officers who fail to 
 file report required by statute, to sure- 
 ty or guarantor of corporate paper. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 855. 
 
 § 5 5. On negotiable paper. 
 
 Personal liability of officers on note made 
 for corporation. 19 L.R.A. 676. 
 
 When promise is by the company and 
 signature is official. 19 L.R.A. 
 676. 
 
 When a, promise is, "We," or "I," and 
 the signature is in the name of 
 the company by its officers. 19 
 L.R.A. 676. 
 
 When the promise is official and the 
 signature is individual. 19 L.R.A, 
 677, 680. 
 
 Notes in the form of duebills. 19 
 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 Notes promising, "on behalf of," or 
 "on account of." 19 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 Indorsements made officially. 19 L.R.A. 
 678. 
 
 When the promise is individual and 
 the signature is official. 19 L.R.A. 
 679. 
 
 Notes made under seal of the corpora- 
 tion. 19 L.R.A. 679. 
 
 When the promise is made officially 
 and the signature is official. 19 
 L.R.A. 680. 
 
 Notes where the consideration is ex- 
 pressed on the face of the paper. 
 19 L.R.A. 681. 
 
 Notes having company name thereon. 
 19 L.R.A. 681. 
 
 Where the official designation is al- 
 tered. 19 L.R.A. 681. 
 Personal liability of officer signing paper 
 
 and adding words indicating represen- 
 tative capacity to his signature. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 53. 
 Extrinsic evidence to show who is liable 
 
 as maker of note. 20 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 § 56. For torts, fraud, or negligence. 
 
 Personal liability of officers for torts or 
 
 negligence of corporation. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 421. 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. 421. 
 Fraud. 28 L.R.A. 421. 
 Conversion. 28 L.R.A. 422. 
 Trespass. 28 L.R.A. 422. 
 Infringement. 28 L.R.A. 423. 
 
 Of patent. 28 L.R.A. 423. 
 
 Of trademark. 28 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Of copyright. 28 L.R.A. 426. 
 Injury to persona generally. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 426. 
 Injury to employee. 28 L.R.A. 427. 
 Libel. 26 L.R.A. 781. 
 Negligence. 28 L.R.A. 427. 
 Personal liability of officer of corporation 
 for personal injuries from torts in con- 
 nection with its business. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 901. 
 Liability of officers to corporation for 
 amount it has been compelled to pay 
 because of their tort. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1102. 
 
302 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VI. e, 1— cont'd 
 
 False statements in reports required by 
 statute to be made to public officers as 
 basis of action by individuals at com- 
 mon law for deceit against officers per- 
 sonally. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 872. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity over suits by a cor- 
 poration or its representative to hold 
 the officers liable for losses occasioned 
 by their fraud, bad faith, or negligence. 
 8 L.E.A.(N.S.) 739. 
 
 Liability of editor or manager of a news- 
 paper for libel published without his 
 knowledge. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 332. 
 
 2. Of directors. 
 
 % 57. Generally. 
 
 Liability of bank directors, see Banks, § 7. 
 Measure of damages against directors, see 
 Damages, § 51. 
 
 Personal liability of directors on their con- 
 tract. 3 L.R.A. 397.* 
 
 Liability of directors for misconduct of 
 executive officers and employees. 55 
 L.R.A. 766. 
 
 Liability for nonattendance of codirectors 
 at meetings. 55 L.R.A. 771. 
 
 Extraterritorial enforcement of statutory 
 \ liability of directors of corporations. 
 * 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
 A.dmissibility of account books in evidence 
 to establish personal liability of di- 
 rectors. 53 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 § 57a. —for torts and fraud. 
 
 Liability to corporation for, see infra, § 59. 
 
 Liability for fraud and breaches of trust 
 by.' 2 L.R.A. 534.* 
 
 Personal liability of directors for personal 
 injuries resulting from tort. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 901. 
 
 Liability of directors to corporation for 
 amount it has been compelled to pay 
 because of their tort. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1102. 
 
 False statements in reports required by 
 statute to be made to public officers as 
 basis of action by individuals at com- 
 mon law for deceit against directors 
 personally. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 
 § 58. To creditors of corporation. 
 
 Personal responsibility to creditors. 4 
 L.R.A. 747.* 
 
 Liability of directors for permitting busi- 
 ness before capital stock is all sub- 
 scribed. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 453. 
 
 Liability of directors for corporate debts 
 where they sell the entire corporate 
 property and distribute the proceeds. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 267. 
 
 § 59. To the corporation. 
 
 Of promoters, see infra, § 65. 
 
 When corporation must bring suit to en- 
 force liability of directors. 9 
 L.E.A. 653.* 
 When stockholders may sue. 9 L.R.A. 
 6,54,* 655.* 
 Kequest of corporation as condi- 
 tion. 9 L.R.A. 654.* 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VI. e, 2— cont'd 
 
 Necessity of joining corporation as 
 a party. 9 L.R.A. 656.* 
 Standard or degree of care. 55 L.R.A. 752. 
 Relation of directors to corporation, 
 
 generally. 55 L.R.A. 752. 
 General principles. 65 L.R.A. 753. 
 Gross or ordinary negligence. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 754. 
 Standard of reasonable care. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 755. 
 Nonfeasance and misfeasance. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 757. 
 Questions of law or fact; burden. 55 
 L.R.A. 758. 
 Liability for acts in excess of their power. 
 55 L.R.A. 758. 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 758. 
 As affected by mistake. 55 L.R.A. 759. 
 Effect of assent or acquiescence. 55 
 L.R.A. 761. 
 Liability for their own acts and omissions 
 with respect to matters within 
 their authority. 55 L.R.A. 761. 
 General rule. 55 L.R.A. 761. 
 Specific application. 55 L.R.A. 762. 
 Loans and investments. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 762. 
 Other transactions. 55 L.R.A. 764. 
 Liability for misconduct of executive offi- 
 cers and employees. 55 L.R.A. 766. 
 Liability for acts and omissions of codirect- 
 ors. 55 L.R.A. 771. 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 771. 
 Nonattendance at meetings. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 771. 
 Duty to protest and oppose. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 772. 
 Partial participation. 55 L.R.A. 772. 
 Acts and omissions of committees. 55 
 L.R.A. 773. 
 Liability as affected by compensation. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 773. 
 Measure of damages; items of loss. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 774. 
 Jurisdiction of equity over suits by corpo- 
 ration or its representative to hold the 
 directors liable for losses occasioned by 
 their fraud, bad faith or negligence. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 739. 
 
 /. Meetings; elections. 
 
 § 60. Generally. 
 
 Meetings of stockholders, see infra, VII. f. 
 
 How directors chosen. 12 L.R.A. 784.* 
 
 Validity of agreement to elect "dummy" 
 directors. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 658. 
 
 Liability for nonattendance of codirectors 
 at meetings. 55 L.R.A. 771. 
 
 What constitutes a unanimous or a ma- 
 jority vote of directors. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 130. 
 
 Directors voting by proxy. 29 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Effect of vote or resolution by directors of 
 private corporation without more to 
 complete contract. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 293. 
 
 Right to receiver on failure to elect offi- 
 cers. 20 L.R.A. 213. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 303 
 
 CX)RPOEATIONS, VI.— cont'd 
 g. Removal of. 
 
 § 61. Generally. 
 
 Eight of attorney general or other repre- 
 sentative of state to maintain suit or 
 proceeding to remove officers of private 
 corporation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 672. 
 
 Power of directors to remove their own ap- 
 pointee who is one of the class of offi- 
 cers to whom the management of the 
 business is confided. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1293. 
 
 Yll. Promoters and incorporators. 
 
 § 62. Generally. 
 
 As to payment for stock by transfer of 
 property, see infra, § 106. 
 
 Relations and rights of syndicate members. 
 40 L.R.A. 216. 
 
 Validity of contract which contemplates the 
 turning over by a railroad company to 
 a construction company of bonds and 
 stocks of the former of a par value in 
 excess of cost of construction. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 191. 
 
 § 63. Liability of corporation on con- 
 tracts of. 
 
 Cases recognizing liability. 26 L.R.A. 544. 
 Modification of the doctrine of liability. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 545. 
 Denial of liability. 26 L.R.A. 545. 
 Statutory liability. 26 L.R.A. 546. 
 Apparent exceptions to the rule. 26 L.R.A. 
 546. 
 
 Limits of the exception. 26 L.R.A. 546. 
 Services rendered after incorporation. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 547. 
 Ratification. 26 L.R.A. 548. 
 Means of ratification. 26 L.R.A. 548. 
 Adoption. 26 L.R.A. 549. 
 Receiving benefit. 26 L.R.A. 550. 
 Fraud. 26 L.R.A. 551 
 Becoming party. 26 L.R.A. 551. 
 Enforcing. 26 L.R.A. 551. 
 Question for jury 26 L.R.A. 651. 
 
 § 64. Duties and liability. 
 
 Measure of damages against promoters, see 
 
 Damages, § 51. 
 
 Individual liability of corporators. 12 
 
 L.E,.A. 366.* 
 Liabilitv of corporators as partners. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 515.* 
 Partnership liability of stockholders in case 
 
 of defective or illegal incorporation. 
 
 17 L.R.A. 550. 
 
 § 65. — liability to corporation and its 
 
 members. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. 90; 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1106. 
 Nature of the relation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1106. 
 Duty of promoter generally. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 '90. 
 Duty of promoter to make disclosure. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1107. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VII.— cont'd 
 
 To who and how disclosure to be made. IS 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1108. 
 
 What constitutes false representations. IS 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Meaning of "representation." 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1110. 
 
 Liability of promoter for secret profits. 25 
 L.R.A. 92; 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1110. 
 
 Liability of promoter on sale to corporation 
 of property owned by promoter. 18 
 L.R.A.(X.S".) 1112. 
 
 Sales by promoter to corporation generally. 
 25 L.R.A. 90. 
 
 Liability of promoter on sale to corpora- 
 tion of property on which promoter 
 holds option. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1114. 
 
 Liability of promoter on sale to corpora- 
 tion of property for sale of which pro- 
 moter is agent. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 
 Liability of promoter to corporation gen- 
 erally. 25 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 Liability of promoter to subscribers gen- 
 erally. 25 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 Character of promoter's liability. 25 L.R.A. 
 99. 
 
 Effect on liability of promoter selling prop- 
 erty to corporation, of assent of hold- 
 ers of all the stock issued at the time 
 of the transaction. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1116. 
 
 Liability of promoter for damages for fail- 
 ure to organize corporation. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1119. 
 
 Liability of promoter to bonus givers. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1119. 
 
 Liability of aiders and principals of pro- 
 moters. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1119. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of promoters inter 
 se. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1121. 
 
 Remedies of corporation at law. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1122. 
 
 Remedies of corporation in equity. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1123. 
 
 Remedies of corporation as affected by 
 rights of third persons. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1124. 
 
 Remedies of stockholders. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1125. 
 
 Measure of damages. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1131. 
 
 Various defenses of promoters in actions 
 by the corporation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1134. 
 
 Defenses of promoters in actions by stock- 
 holders or subscribers. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1134. 
 
 Duty to bondholders. 25 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 Effect of promoter's fraud upon corpora- 
 tion's right against subscriber. 25 
 L.R.A. 100. 
 
 Feigned subscriptions. 25 L.R.A. 101. 
 
 Waiver of fraud. 25 L.R.A. 102. 
 
 How suit should be brought. 25 L.R.A. 
 102. 
 
 Liability of incorporators for funds sub- 
 scribed to organize corporation, where 
 the incorporation is never completed. 
 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 348. 
 
304 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VII.— cont'd 
 
 Subscriber's right to recover from promoter 
 where subscription was procured by 
 fraud or misrepresentation. 33 L.R.A. 
 721. 
 
 Liability of promoters of a corporation to 
 one who purchases stoclc from an indi- 
 vidual in reliance on a prospectus is- 
 sued to induce purchase of treasury 
 stock. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 
 Till. Capital; stock and stockholders. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 66. Generally. 
 
 By-laws as to, see supra, § 22. 
 
 Right of corporation to purchase its own 
 
 stock, see supra, § 24. 
 Power to deal in stock of other corporation, 
 
 see supra, 23. 
 Liability of promoters to, see supra, § 65. 
 Stock in foreign corporations, see infra, X. 
 Of bank, see Banks, §§ 3-5. 
 Corporate stock of municipality, see MtrNioi- 
 
 PAL COEPOBATIONS, § 62. 
 
 Bonds, see Bonds, III. 
 
 Validity of agreement as to stock, see Con- 
 tracts, § 94. 
 
 Conclusiveness against stockholders of judg- 
 ment against corporation, see Judg- 
 ment, § 46. 
 
 Liability of stock to levy, see Levy and 
 Seizube, § 3. 
 
 Rights of life tenant as to stocks, see Life 
 Ten.\nts, § 6. 
 
 Tax on corporate stock and stockholders, see 
 Taxes, § 36. 
 
 Competency of stockholder as a witness, see 
 Witnesses, § 24. 
 
 Distinction between capital stock and 
 shares. 2 L.R.A. 798.* 
 
 Issuance of corporate stock not subject to 
 mandate. 3 L.R.A. 265.* 
 
 Situs of corporate stock for purposes of ad- 
 ■ ministration. 24 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 Issuance of paid-up stock certificates. 6 
 L.R.A. 677.* 
 
 Liability of directors for permitting busi- 
 ness before capital stock is all sub- 
 scribed. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 453. 
 
 Creation of partnership by community of 
 interest in capital stock. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1084. 
 
 Assumption on dissolution of partnership 
 of debts for capital or partnership 
 stock. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 71. 
 
 Acknowledgment before stockholder of a 
 corporation which is a party to the in- 
 strument. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1075; 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 375. 
 
 Effect of assent of all stockholders at time 
 of transaction to promoter's sale of 
 property to corporation. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) '1116. 
 
 Status of holder of "voting trust" certifi- 
 cates as a stockholder for purposes 
 other than voting the stock. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 732. 
 
 Attachment of shares of stock in foreign 
 corporation. 55 L.R.A. 796. 
 
 Begin with this 'book on every law question. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. a— cont'd 
 
 Service of process on stockholder of foreign 
 corporation. 23 L.R.A. 494. 
 
 Qualified privilege of communication be- 
 tween members. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1080. 
 
 Competency of stockholder as a witness 
 frhere a corporation is a party to a 
 suit prosecuted by or against a personal 
 representative. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816. 
 
 § 67. Ownership of stock; who may be 
 stockholders. 
 
 Charter restrictions on eligibility to become 
 a shareholder in a corporation. 46 
 L.R.A. 618. 
 
 Right of nonresidents to become stockhold- 
 ers. 24 L.R.A. 252. 
 
 Sole ownership of stock of a corporation. 
 19 L.R.A. 684. 
 
 § 68. Bonus stock. 
 
 General principles. 38 L.R.A. 490. 
 Constitutional and statutory provisions. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 491. 
 Effect of recitals and nominal payment. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 492. 
 Stock as bonus to purchasers of bonds. 38 
 
 L.E.A. 493. 
 Mere acceptance of shares; surrender; can- 
 celation. 38 L.R.A. 494. 
 Rights of creditors. 38 L.R.A. 494. 
 Bona fide purchasers. 38 L.R.A. 494. 
 § 69. Forged or fraudulent issue. 
 Issue of watered or fictitious stock. 8 
 
 L.E.A. 677.* 
 Liability of corporation for fraud or forgery 
 of its officers in the issue of stock. 
 19 L.R.A. 331; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 187. 
 
 Who entitled to protection as bona fide 
 purchasers. 19 L.R.A. 332. 
 
 Forged transfers. 19 L.R.A. 333. 
 
 § 70. Increase of capital stock. 
 
 Generally. 9 L.R.A. 631.* 
 
 Power to increase capital stock of corpora- 
 tions. 38 L.R.A. 616. 
 In general. 38 L.R.A. 616. 
 Power of directors. 38 L.R.A. 617. 
 Constitutional and statutory provi- 
 sions. 38 L.R.A. 617. 
 
 Right as between owner of capital and in- 
 come, to increased stock. 16 L.R.A. 
 461. 
 
 Right of existing stockholder to subscribe 
 for increase. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 969. 
 
 § 71. Reduction of capital stock. 
 
 Injunction against reduction of capital 
 stock. 1 L.E.A.(N.S.) 571. 
 
 Of preferred, guaranteed, and interest-bear- 
 ing stock. 27 L.R.A. 151. 
 
 § 72. Forfeiture of corporate stock. 
 
 Power to forfeit. 27 L.R.A. 305. 
 Validity of exercise of power. 27 L.R.A. 
 307. 
 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. 307. 
 
 Necessity of notice. 27 L.R.A. 310. 
 
 Sufficiency of notice. 27 L.R.A. 310. 
 Redemption or other remedy of stockholder. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 311. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 305 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. a— cont'd 
 
 Effect of forfeiture on personal liability of 
 stockholder. 27 L.E.A. 314. 
 As to unpaid assessments. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 314. 
 As to creditors. 27 L.R.A. 317. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 27 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Effect of, on right to rescind subscription 
 for fraud. 33 L.R.A. 722. 
 
 Action by corporation for unpaid balance 
 of stock subscription after sale of for- 
 feited stock. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 902. 
 
 § 73. Condemnation of shares of mi- 
 nority stockholder. 
 
 See Eminekt Domain, § 6a. 
 
 § 7 4. Preferred, guaranteed, and in- 
 terest-liearing Steele. 
 
 Guaranty of dividends on corporate stock. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 183.* 
 Power to issue. 27 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 In the first instance. 27 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 Given bv change of charter or articles. 
 27 L.R.A. 138. 
 Estoppel to deny validity. 27 L.R.A. 139. 
 Nature of interest created by. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 140. 
 Rights and preferences as to assets. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 142. 
 Rights and preferences in dividends. 27 
 L.R.A. 143. 
 
 In general. 27 L.E.A. 143. 
 
 Payment out of capital. 27 L.R.A. 144. 
 
 Payment when capital is impaired or 
 debts unpaid. 27 L.E.A. 144. 
 
 Guaranteed dividends. 27 L.R.A. 145. 
 
 Preference over common stock. 27 
 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Accumulations and arrears. 27 L.R.A. 
 147. 
 Remedy to obtain or protect dividends. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 148. 
 Guaranty of dividends by outside party. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 149. 
 Interest-bearing stock. 27 L.R.A. 149. 
 Special stock. 27 L.R.A. 151. 
 Reduction of shares. 27 L.R.A. 151. 
 Miscellaneous matters. 27 L.R.A. 153. 
 Right of preferred stock to preference as to 
 
 capital. 27 L.R.A. 136; 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 228; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1007. 
 Eight to have earnings applied to payment 
 
 of dividends on preferred stock of 
 
 previous years. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1034. 
 Eight of holder of preferred stock, in ab- 
 sence of express statutory provision or 
 
 agreement to share in earnings, in ad- 
 dition to the stipulated dividends. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1078. 
 Eight of holder of preferred stock to vote 
 
 at corporate meetings. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 121. 
 
 § 75. Stolen certificates. 
 
 Rights of owner to stolen certificates. 13 
 L.R.A. 605.* 
 
 § 7 6. Lien on stock. 
 
 Effect of by-laws as notice as to lien on 
 
 stock. 25 L.R.A. 48; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 205. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 20 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. a— cont'd 
 Priority as between lien of corporation and 
 pledgee or bona fide purchaser of 
 corporate stock. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 292. 
 Scope. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 292. 
 Priority as affected by time of incur- 
 ring indebtedness. 39 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 293. 
 The question of notice. 39 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 292. 
 Notice to the pledgee or assignee. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 293. 
 Actual notice of prior debt and 
 claim of lien. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 293. 
 Where no actual notice. 39 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 294. 
 Notice of lien on certificate. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 267. 
 Where corporation has notice of 
 the pledge or sale. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 298. 
 Effect of changes in statutes, by-laws, 
 etc., with respect to liens. 39 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 300. 
 Statute of limitation barring debt to 
 corporation. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 301. 
 Obligations matured or unmatured. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 301. 
 Miscellaneous. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 302. 
 
 b. Subscriptions. 
 
 § 7 7. Generally. 
 
 As to liability upon, see infra, VII. e. 
 Rights as to, on insolvency of corporation, 
 see infra, § 135. 
 
 Agreement to subscribe as a subscription. 
 4 L.R.A. 507.* 
 
 Agreements between proposed subscribers. 
 4 L.E.A. 508.* 
 
 Validity of. 4 L.E.A. 508.* 
 
 Validity of conditional subscriptions. 4 
 L.E.A. 509.* 
 
 Right to vary terms of subscription by pa- 
 rol. 3 L.R.A. 798.* 
 
 Subscriber bound to know effect of contract. 
 3 L.R.A. 796.* 
 
 Simulated subscriptions a fraud in law. 3 
 L.E.A. 37.* 
 
 Whether joint or several. 22 L.R.A. 81. 
 
 Rights and remedies of subscribers on un- 
 authorized consolidation of corpora- 
 tions. 52 L.R.A. 390. 
 
 When statute of limitations bef;ins to run 
 on subscription to corporate stock. 7 
 L.R.A. 660.* 
 
 Defenses of promoters in actions by sub- 
 scribers. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1134." 
 
 Action by corporation for unpaid balance 
 of subscription after sale of forfeited 
 stock. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 902. 
 
 Enforceability of subscription to stock of 
 foreign corporation that has not com- 
 plied with local laws. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 92. 
 
 Validity of subscription induced by false 
 statements that certain other persons 
 were to invest in the enterprise. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 477. 
 
306 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. b— cont'd 
 
 § 7 8. Release from. 
 
 Release from subscriptions. 7 L.E.A. 706.* 
 
 § 7 9. — rescission for fraud and mis- 
 representation . 
 
 Riglit to and manner of relief. 33 L.R.A. 
 721. 
 
 Estoppel to rescind. 33 L.R.A. 722. 
 
 No relief against equally innocent persons. 
 33 L.E.A. 725. 
 
 Effect of insolvency or winding up proceed- 
 ings. 33 L.R.A. 727. 
 
 Must be fraud of corporation. 33 L.E.A. 
 728. 
 
 What fraud will authorize rescission. 33 
 L.R.A. 729. 
 
 Effect of promoter's fraud on corporation's 
 right against subscriber. 25 L.E.A. 
 100. 
 
 Fraud as a ground of relief from subscrip- 
 tion to stock after insolvency of cor- 
 poration. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 900. 
 
 § 8 0. "Withdrawal of. 
 
 General rule. 33 L.E.A. 593. 
 
 After organization of corporation. 33 
 
 L.E.A. 593. 
 Eule in case of preliminary subscriptions. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 595. 
 Cases holding that subscriptions cannot be 
 
 withdrawn. 33 L.R.A. 595. 
 Cases permitting withdrawal. 33 L.E.A. 
 
 596. 
 Illegal contract. 33 L.E.A. 597. 
 Agreement to subscribe. 33 L.E.A. 597. 
 Statutory rules. 33 L.R.A. 597. 
 Effect of death of subscriber. 33 L.E.A. 
 
 597. 
 
 § 81. Payment of. 
 
 Commercial paper as payment of subscrip- 
 tion to stock. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 80. 
 
 § 81a. — with property. 
 
 Liability of stockholders in case of, see in- 
 fra, § 106. 
 
 Payment of subscription with property. 42 
 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 Effect of express provision by statute or 
 charter for payment of subscription to 
 stock in cash or money, to exclude 
 payment in services or property. 27 
 L.E.A.{N.S.) 315. 
 
 c. Transfer ; sale. 
 
 g 82. Generally. 
 
 Liability of corporate officers to purchasers 
 of stock, see supra, § 53. 
 
 Effect of transfer on right to dividends, see 
 infra, § 101. 
 
 Effect of transfer on liabilitv of stockhold- 
 er, see infra, §§ 112, 11.3". 
 
 Of foreign corporation, see infra, § 143. 
 
 Of bank, see Banks, §§ 4, 46. 
 
 Bona fide holder of stock, see Bona Fide 
 HOLDEE, § 2. 
 
 Specific performance of contract for, see 
 Specific Peeformance, § 14. 
 
 Begin with this 'book on every' law question. 
 
 COEPORATIONS, VIII. c— cont'd 
 lax on transfers, see Taxes, § 107. 
 Bequest of stocks, see Wills, § 128. 
 
 Sufficiency of transfer. 12 L.R.A. 781.* 
 
 Forged transfers. 19 L.E.A. 331. 
 
 Liability as between corporation and one 
 acting in good faith, to whom it issues 
 new certificate of stock on forged au- 
 thority. 2 B. E. C. 528. 
 
 Validity of executory contracts for sale of 
 corporate stock. 3 L.E.A. 784.* 
 
 Specific performance of contract for sale 
 of corporate stock. 50 L.E.A. 501; 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 491. 
 
 Absence of legal organization as defense to 
 contract for purchase of corporate 
 stock. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 410. 
 
 Contract by selling shareholder not to en- 
 gage in business in competition with 
 the corporation. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 506. 
 
 Effect of disposal of stock on stockholder's 
 competency as witness in suit between 
 corporation and a personal represen- 
 tative. 27 L.E.A.(N.S.) 821. 
 
 § 83. Ijialjility for fraud or misrepre- 
 sentations Inducing purchase. 
 
 Liability of corporatle officer for misrepre- 
 sentations which induced the sale or 
 purchase of stock. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 258. 
 
 Liability of officers of corporation to one' 
 who purchases stock from an individual 
 in reliance on a prospectus issued to in- 
 duce purchase of treasury stock. 28 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 359. 
 
 § 84. Gift of. 
 
 Bequest of, see Wills, § 128. 
 
 Of corporate stock ; necessity of writing. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 806. ^ 
 
 Donation to corporation of shares of its 
 
 own stock. 18 L.E.A. 255. 
 Necessity of actual delivery of certificate 
 
 to complete gift of shares of stock. 29 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 166. 
 
 § 85. Negotiability of certificate. 
 
 Certificates of stock as negotiable instru- 
 ments. 12 L.E.A. 781.* 
 
 Effect of putting certificates of stock in- 
 dorsed in blank into another's posses- 
 sion to estop owner as against purchas- 
 er in good faith. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 254. 
 
 § 86. Rights of transferee. 
 
 Rights of pledgee, see infra, § 93. 
 
 Implied warranty on sale of stock. 53 
 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 Rights of transferee of stock paid for by 
 transfer of property. 42 L.R.A. 620. 
 
 Eight of infant to rescind purchase of cor- 
 porate stock. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 128. 
 
 Priority as between lien of corporation and 
 bona fide purchaser of stock. 39 L.R.A. 
 CN.S.) 292. 
 
 § 8 7. Duty of transferee. 
 Duty of pledgee, see infra, § 94. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 307 
 
 CORPORATIOXS, VIII. c— cont'd 
 Duty of pureliaser of corporate stock to 
 verify statements made as to its finan- 
 cial condition. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1176, 
 
 § 88. Necessity of writing; statvxte of 
 frauds. 
 
 Contract for sale of corporate stock as one 
 
 for sale of goods, etc., witliin statute of 
 
 frauds. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 874. 
 
 Necessity of writing to transfer shares of 
 
 "stock. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804; 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 874. 
 
 In general. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804; 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 874. 
 Gifts. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 804. 
 
 § 89. Transfer on books. 
 
 Effect of pledgee's failure to transfer shares 
 
 on company's books. 12 L.R.A. 781.* 
 Eight of corporation to refuse to transfer 
 stock on its books because of objec- 
 tions of former holder. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 200. 
 Validity of pledge or transfer of stock of 
 corporation when not made in 
 books of company, as against at- 
 tachments, executions, or subse- 
 quent transfers. 67 L.E.A. 656; 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 Registry not necessary in absence of 
 statute or by-law. 67 L.R.A. 660. 
 Statutes requiring transfer on boolts. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 664. 
 By-law requiring transfer on books. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 672. 
 Provision of certificate requiring trans- 
 fer on books. 67 L.R.A. 675. 
 Requirement of record with county 
 
 clerk. 67 L.R.A. 675. 
 Effect of effort to secure transfer. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 676. 
 Effect of notice to purchaser or credit- 
 or. 67 L.R.A. 677. 
 Persons not entitled to benefit of stat- 
 utes. 67 L.R.A. 680. 
 Estoppel of pledgee. 67 L.R.A. 682. 
 Statutory recognition of transfers of 
 certificates. 67 L.E.A. 683. 
 Power of court to compel foreign corpora- 
 tion to register transfer of stock. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 551. 
 Right to the aid of equity to compel a cor- 
 poration to transfer on its books stock 
 acquired in aid of a conspiracy. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 108. 
 Effect on statutory liability of stockholder 
 who sells his shares of a technical fail- 
 ure to record the transfer. 11 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 818. 
 Removal for separable controversy of action 
 to compel transfer. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 
 § 90. Duty of corporation as to trans- 
 fer of stock held in trust. 
 
 Generally. 15 L.R.A. 643. 
 
 What amounts to notice of trust. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 643. 
 The English rule. 15 L.R.A. 644. 
 Notice from circumstances. 15 L.R.A. 645. 
 Application of the rules. 15 L.R.A. 645. 
 Enforcement of liability. 15 L.R.A. 646. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. c— cont'd 
 
 § 91. Restrictions on right to sell. 
 
 By by-law. 27 L.E.A. 271. 
 
 in general. 27 L.R.A. 271. 
 
 Of national banks. 27 L.R.A. 273. 
 By articles of association. 27 L.R.A. 273. 
 Exercise of power to approve or disapprove. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 274. 
 
 § 93. Pledge. 
 
 Liability of pledgee as shareholder, see in- 
 fra, § 113. 
 
 Necessity of writing to transfer of stock in 
 pledge. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 804. 
 
 Effect of pledgee's failure to transfer shares 
 on company's books. 12 L.R.A. 781.* 
 
 Validity of pledge of stock of corporation 
 when not made in the books of the com- 
 pany as against attachments, execu- 
 tions, or subsequent transfers. 67 
 L.R.A. 656; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 996. 
 
 § 93. — rights of pledgee. 
 
 Pledgee's title. 12 L.R.A. 782.* 
 
 Right to dividends on pledged stock. 12 
 L.R.A. 783;* 45 L.R.A. 394. 
 
 Right to vote stock. 12 L.R.A. 783.* 
 
 Implied authority of pledgee to sell corpo- 
 rate stock. 43 L.R.A. 742. 
 
 Priority as between lien of corporation and 
 pledgee of corporate stock. 39 L.E.A, 
 (N.S.) 292. 
 
 § 94. —duty of pledgee. 
 
 Duty of pledgee of stock to sell at maturity 
 of debt. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1199. 
 
 § 95. Tax on transfers. 
 
 See Taxes, § 107. 
 
 d. Rights of shareholders, 
 
 § 96. Generally. 
 
 In consolidated corporation, see supra, § 16. 
 In foreign corporation, see infra, § 143. 
 Rights of transferee, see supra, §§ 86, 93. 
 
 Stockholders as preferred creditors. 22 
 L.R.A. 805. 
 
 Necessity for stockholders' consent to con- 
 solidation. 52 L.R.A. 381. 
 
 Effect upon one's rights as a stockholder of 
 the fact that paid-up stock was wrong- 
 fully issued to him for a sum less than 
 its par value. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1077. 
 
 Stockholder's interest in corporation as sub- 
 ject of garnishment by his creditors. 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1158. 
 
 Laches or acquiescence by stockholder as 
 affecting his right to complain of act 
 by which corporation devests itself of 
 the title to or control of its entire prop- 
 erty. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 606. 
 
 Remedies of stockholders against promot- 
 ers. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1125. 
 
 Power of majority stockholders to dissolve 
 corporation. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 
 Right of majority stockholder to purchase 
 or lease corporate property. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 892. 
 
308 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. d— cont'd 
 Inherent jurisdiction of equity independent- 
 ly of statute at instance of stockholder 
 to wind up a corporation because of 
 mismanagement or fraud of its officers. 
 39 L.R.A. 1032. 
 
 § 9 7. Rights of minority stockholders. 
 
 Right of minority stockholders to represen- 
 tation in new or reorganized corpora- 
 tion. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725. 
 
 Power of majority stockholders against con- 
 sent of minority to sell property of 
 corporation essential to its existence as 
 a going concern. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 
 Right of minority stockholder to restrain 
 voluntary dissolution of corporation by 
 directors or majority stockholders. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1177. 
 
 § 97a. Rights and remedies of credit- 
 or stockholder of Insolvent corpora- 
 tion, as affected by his own statu- 
 tory liability. 
 
 Rights and remedies of creditor who is 
 also a stockholder of an insolvent 
 corporation, as aflfecteu by his own 
 statutory liability. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 981. 
 Rights and remedies of creditor stock- 
 holder against other stockhold- 
 ers. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 981. 
 Creditor stockholders as bene- 
 ficiaries of statute. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 981. 
 Eight to maintain suit to enforce 
 statutory liability. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 982. 
 Eight to sue at law. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 982. 
 In general. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 982. 
 Necessity of discharging 
 in whole or in part 
 his own liability. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 984. 
 Eight to invoke aid of equity. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 986. 
 Eight to attach property of 
 corporation. 41 L.R.A. 
 ;(N.S.) 987. 
 Bight to join or be joined in 
 suit by the creditors. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 987. 
 Right as ailected by conduct 
 of creditor stockholder. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 988. 
 Eight of creditor stockholder against 
 other creditors. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 988. 
 Eight to assert claim as bar to 
 suit by creditor. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 988. 
 Eight to ofTset debt due from cor- 
 poration. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 989. 
 As affected by distinction be- 
 tween actions at law and 
 in equity. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 989. 
 Bepin with this hook on cveri) lotr q\ 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. d— cont'd 
 
 Actions at law by individual 
 creditor. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 990. 
 Action by creditor in behalf 
 of all the creditors. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 994. 
 Action by receiver or assignee. 
 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 996. 
 Action bv corporation. 41 
 L.E.Ar(N.S.) 997. 
 Eight to offset debt paid another 
 creditor. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 998. 
 Where debt is paid subsequent- 
 ly to suit. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 999. 
 Where less than full face 
 value is paid. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 999. 
 Eight of creditor stockholder to share 
 in dividends. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 999. 
 Estoppel as against other stockholders. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1001. 
 Estoppel as against other creditors. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1001. 
 Where claim is barred by statute of 
 limitations. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1002. 
 
 § 9 8. Actions by stockholders. 
 
 When stockholders may maintain action for 
 protection of corporate property and 
 rights. 4 L.R.A. 746;* 9 L.R.A. 273.* 
 
 When stockholders may sue to enforce li- 
 ability; of directors. 9 L.R..4i. 654.* 
 
 Whether corporation or stockholder real 
 partv in interest by whom action must 
 be brought. 64 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 Right of stockholder to assail agreement on 
 ground that it tends to promote mo- 
 nopoly, 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 153. 
 
 Requiring stockholder to seek relief from 
 corporation before applying for ap- 
 pointment of receiver. 20 L.K.A. 214. 
 
 Right of stockholder to attack fraudulent 
 transaction occurring before he acquires 
 his stock. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 988. 
 
 Inherent jurisdiction of equity at instance 
 of stockholder to appoint receiver, or 
 wind up the corporation because of mis- 
 management or fraud of its officers. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1032. 
 
 Mandamus to enforce the right of a stock- 
 holder of a water company to water. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372. 
 
 Defenses of promoters in action by stock- 
 holders. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1134. 
 
 Removal for separable controversy of suit 
 by stockholders growing out of ultra 
 vires acts. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 
 8 99. Right to Inspect corporate books. 
 
 In general. 45 L.R.A. 446 ; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 185; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 291; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 332. 
 At common law. 45 L.E.A. 446. 
 Under statutes. 45 L.R.A. 446. 
 Extent of the right generally. 45 L.R.A. 
 448. 
 At common law. 45 L.R.A. 448. 
 testion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 309 
 
 COEPOEATIO^-S, VIII. d— cont'd 
 Under statutes. 45 L.R.A; 448. 
 Assistance of attorney or expert. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 Making memoranda and talcing copies. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 449. 
 Time of inspection. 45 L.R.A. 450. 
 Tlie boolvs and papers inspected. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 45] . 
 EfJ'ect of business convenience or neces- 
 sity on. 45 L.R.A. 4.53. 
 To what corporo-tions applicable. 45 
 L.R.A. 454: 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 197. 
 Domestic corporations. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 454. 
 Foreign corporations. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 454. 
 Insolvent corporations. 45 L.R.A. 
 456. 
 The remedy. 45 L.R.A. 457; 20 L.R.A. 
 (X.S'.) 198. 
 B3' mandamus. 45 L.R.A. 457. 
 Bv imposition of a penalty. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 457. 
 By action for damages. 45 L.R.A. 458. 
 Other remedies. 45 L.R.A. 458. 
 Sufficiency of demand and refusal to sus- 
 tain remedy. 45 L.R.A. 458. 
 Effect of purpose of stockholder on remedy. 
 45 L.R.A. 461; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 186. 
 Generally. 45 L.R.A. 461. 
 For hostile purposes. 45 L.R.A. 463. 
 To obtain grounds for litigation. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 465. 
 To obtain knowledge of condition of 
 
 company. 45 L.R.A. 467. 
 What purposes are proper. 20 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 191. 
 Rule that there must be a specific dispute. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 468. 
 Matters of procedure. 45 L.R.A. 469; 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 201. 
 In mandamus. 45 L.R.A. 469. 
 In other proceedings. 45 L.R.A. 471. 
 Effect of limiting' by-law or statute. 
 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 196. 
 Who entitled to enforce. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 197. 
 Assistance of attorney, stenographer, 
 or accountant. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 197. 
 Demand and refusal. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 199. 
 May the right of a stockholder in a cor- 
 poration, to inspect the books of the 
 corporation, be delegated to an agent. 
 2 B. R. C. 976. 
 Power to compel production of corporate 
 books to aid in assessing holder of 
 stocks or his estate. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 788. 
 
 § 100. Dividends; stock rights; pre- 
 ferred stock. 
 
 On preferred, guaranteed, and interest- 
 bearing stock, see supra, § 74. 
 
 Right of existing stockholders to subscribe 
 for increase of stock. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 969. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CORPORATIOXS, VIII. d— cont'd 
 
 Right of creditor of stockholder to share 
 
 in dividends. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 Appreciation in value of capital assets as 
 
 fund distributable as dividend, without 
 
 reference to losses. 1 B. R. C. 965. 
 Taxation of dividends as part of capital 
 
 stock of corporation. 58 L.R.A. 572, 
 
 585. 
 
 § 101. —effect of transfer. 
 
 Pledgee's right to dividends. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 783.* 
 Right to dividends on transfer of stock. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 392. 
 Undeclared dividends pass with the 
 
 stock. 45 L.R.A. 393. 
 Rule applies between testator and lega- 
 tee. 45 L.R.A. 393. 
 Between life tenant and remainderman. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 394. 
 Between pledgeor and pledgee. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 394. 
 Sale for future delivery. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 394. 
 Special contracts. 45 L.R.A. 395. 
 Peculiar circumstances under which 
 
 dividend was declared. 45 L.R.A, 
 
 395. 
 Apportionment. 45 L.R.A. 396. 
 Right to deal with dividend separately. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 396. 
 Right to demand order for dividend as 
 
 condition of performing contract to 
 
 purchase. 45 L.R.A. 396. 
 Right as between corporation and 
 
 transferee. 45 L.R.A. 397. 
 
 § 102. — as between owner of capital 
 and income. 
 
 See Life Tenants, § 6. 
 
 e. lAdbilities of shareholders. 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 103. Generally. 
 
 Liability of incorporators, see s'.mra, 
 
 §§ 64, 65. 
 In foreign corporation, see infra, § 144. 
 Of bank, see Banks, § 5. 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 19. 
 Contribution between stockholders, see CoN- 
 
 ieibution, § 3. 
 
 Release of. 7 L.R.A. 708.* 
 
 Liability upon subscription. 3 L.R.A. 797.* 
 
 Self-executing constitutional provision as 
 to. 16 L.R.A. 285. 
 
 Effect of secret arrangement between corpo- 
 ration and shareholder. 3 L.R.A. 797.* 
 
 Liability of members of incorporated relig- 
 ious society for its debts. 69 L.R.A. 
 2.)6. 
 
 Liability of stockholders of insolvent in- 
 surance company. 38 L.R^A. 110. 
 
 Liability of members of mutual fire insur- 
 ance companies. 32 L.R.A. 481. 
 
 Who are laborers, servants, or employees 
 under statute making stockholders in- 
 dividually liable. 18 L.R.A. 308. 
 
310 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. e, 1— cont'd 
 
 May one who procures a judgment garnish- 
 ing indebtedness from a corporation to 
 his debtor avail himself of the rights 
 of the latter as against stockholders. 
 11 L.E.A.(N.S.) 230. 
 
 Effect of forfeiture of stock on stockholder's 
 personal liability as to unpaid assess- 
 ments. 27 L.E.A. 314. 
 
 Discharge of corporation as affecting stock- 
 holder's- liability for its debts. 38 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 648. 
 
 Personal liability of stockholder at common 
 law to other party on act or transac- 
 tion in excess of corporate authority. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1003. 
 
 Personal liability at common law of stock- 
 holders of a corporation to the other 
 party to an act or transaction in ex- 
 cess of the corporate powers, or in vio- 
 lation of law. 6 L.E.A.(N..S.) 1003. 
 
 Liability of majority stockholders for mis- 
 appropriation of corporate funds 
 through corporate action. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 898. 
 
 Does statutory liability of stockholder or 
 officer for debts of corporation include 
 liability for torts. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 256. 
 
 Liability of member of corporation for libel 
 published by corporation. 26 L.E.A. 
 781. 
 
 Eights and remedies of creditor who is also 
 a stockholder of an insolvent corpora- 
 tion as affected by his own statutory 
 liability. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 981. 
 
 § 104. Liability of legal representa- 
 tive. 
 
 Personal liability of executor, administra- 
 tor, or trustee on corporate stock be- 
 longing to estate or trust, but stand- 
 ing in hs name. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1092. 
 
 § 105. Stock issued at discount. 
 
 Issuance of stock at discount as affecting 
 stockholder's liability for debts. 8 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 263. 
 
 Effect of creditor's knowledge that stock 
 was improperly issued as full paid up- 
 on his right to resort to holder of 
 same. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 271. 
 
 § 106. Payment for stock by transfer 
 of property as protection against 
 liability to creditors of corpora- 
 tion. 
 
 Preliminary statement. 42 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 The English law. 42 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Exceptional American cases. 42 L.E.A. 594. 
 
 Subscription contracts. 42 L.E.A. 597. 
 
 Purchase of property with stock. 42 L.E.A. 
 612. 
 
 Provisions imposing liability. 42 L.E.A. 
 617. 
 
 Effect of creditor's knowledge of facts. 42 
 L.E.A. 619. 
 
 Rights of transferee. 42 L.R.A. 620. 
 
 Payment for corporate stock with unpatent- 
 ed formula or invention. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 520. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. e, 1— cont'd 
 Right of corporation itself to complain that 
 property purchased by it was of less 
 value than the stock issued in exchange 
 therefor, in the absence of actual fraud. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 
 § 107. Partnership liability in case of 
 defective or Illegal incorporation. 
 
 Liability of corporators as partners. 11 
 L.E.A. 515.* 
 
 Corporations not authorized by law. 17 
 L.R.A. 550. 
 
 Effect of incorporation out of the state. 17 
 L.E.A. 550. 
 
 Fraudulent corporations.' 17 L.R.A. 550. 
 
 Corporations de facto. 17 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 Defectively organized companies. 17 L.E.A. 
 551. 
 
 Statutory as distinguished from partner- 
 ship liability. 17 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Intent to incorporate. 17 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Subsequent loss of corporate character. 17 
 L.E.A. 554. 
 
 Partnership inter sese. 17 L.E.A. 554. 
 
 § 108. Liability for interest. 
 Does statutory liability of stockholders for 
 debts of corporation include inter- 
 est-thereon. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 428. 
 
 Actions by creditors against stockhold- 
 ers generally. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 428. 
 
 Right to interest as against the insol- 
 vent estate of the corporation. 19 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 430. 
 
 Eight to interest in addition to statu- 
 tory liability. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 431. 
 
 3. Calls; assessments. 
 
 § 109. Generally. 
 
 Liability to assessment; calls. 4 L.R.A. 
 232.* 
 
 Contingent liability on call. 58 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 Right to defend suit for calls where sub- 
 scription was procured by fraud. 33 
 L.E.A. 722. 
 
 Effect of assessment on stockholders made 
 under order of court in another state 
 as res judicata. 34 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 § 110. Successive assessments. 
 
 Right to make successive assessments on 
 stockholders to pay debts. 66 L.R.A. 
 971. 
 
 § 111. Assessments on paid-up stock. 
 
 Generally. 45 L.R.A. 648; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1013. 
 The question of assent. 45 L.R.A. 648. 
 Under state statutes. 45 L.R.A. 648. 
 Under charter provisions. 45 L.R.A. 651. 
 Assessments under by-laws. 45 L.R.A. 651. 
 Assessment by resolution. 45 L.R.A. 652. 
 Voluntary assessments. 45 L.R.A. 652. 
 Nonassessable stock ; estoppel. 45 L R A. 
 
 653. 
 Injunction restraining. 45 L.R.A. 653. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 311 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. e, 2— cont'd 
 3. Effect of transfer. 
 
 § 112. Generally. 
 
 On liability for unpaid subscriptions. 47 
 L.R.A. 240. 
 In general. 47 L.R.A. 246. 
 Statutes continuing liability. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 256. 
 Transfer prohibited. 47 L.R.A. 256. 
 Generally transfer releases subscriber. 
 47 L.R.A. 257. 
 Under statutory provisions. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 257. 
 Corporation scheme contemplates 
 
 release. 47 L.R.A. 258. 
 Transfer must be perfected. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 260. 
 Transfer must be bona fide. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 262. 
 After insolvency of corporation. 47 
 L.R.A. 262. 
 Transfer to or release by corporation. 
 
 47 L.R.A. 262. 
 Rights of creditors. 47 L.R.A. 264. 
 Time of transfer. 47 L.R.A. 264. 
 Liability of transferee of corporate stock 
 on unpaid subscription. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 283. 
 Transferees with notice. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 284. 
 Bona fide purchasers without notice. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 Express statutory regulations. 30 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 287. 
 No consent to transfer. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 288. 
 Miscellaneous. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 288. 
 Effect on statutory liability of stockholder 
 who sells his shares of a technical fail- 
 ure to record the transfer. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 818. 
 
 § 113. lilabllity of pledgee. 
 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. 139; 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 249. 
 Dummy holder for pledgee's benefit. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 140; 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 252. 
 Payment of debt or retransfer. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 140; 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 252. 
 Taking stock from corporation itself. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 141; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 253. 
 What sales of corporate stock by pledgee 
 
 ixmount to conversion. 43 L.R.A. 739. 
 Measure of damages for conversion of 
 
 pledged stocks by invalid sale. 43 
 
 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 4. Proceedings to enforce. 
 
 § 114. Generally. 
 
 Impairment of contract obligation as to, 
 see Constitutional Law, § 37. 
 
 Law governing liability of and remedy . 
 against. 6 L.R.A. 676.* ' ' 
 
 Admissibility of account books in evidence 
 to establish personal liability of stock- 
 holder. 53 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Removal for separable controversy of action 
 to enforce liability. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 87. 
 Confnilt also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. e, 4— cont'd 
 
 Necessity of notice to stockholder to bind 
 him by an order for unpaid stock suli- 
 scription in insolvency proceeding. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177. 
 
 Right, in action by corporate receiver to 
 recover unpaid balance of stock sub- 
 scriptions, to interpose a defense that 
 would have been available against the 
 corporation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 347. 
 
 Allowance of attorney's fees in suit to en- 
 force stockholder's liability. 54 L.R.A. 
 825. 
 
 § 115. Prerequisites to. 
 
 Conditions precedent to right to sue to en- 
 force statutory liability. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 906. 
 
 Bankruptcy, insolvency, or dissolution of 
 corporation as excusing creditor from 
 exhausting remedies against it, as con- 
 dition of enforcing stockholder's liabil- 
 ity to stock. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 628. 
 
 § 116. Who may enforce. 
 
 Right of creditor of corporation to proceed 
 
 against stockholder. 2 L.R.A. 270.* 
 Action by creditor to enforce liability for 
 unpaid subscriptions outside of state. 
 34 L.R.A. 742; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 896. 
 Action by creditor to enforce statutory lia- 
 bility outside of state. 34 L.R.A. 747; 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 Right of directors, when creditors, to en- 
 force. 50 L.R.A. 273. 
 Right of assignee, or trustee to recover stat- 
 utory added liability of corporate 
 Miareholder. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 365. 
 In absence of statutory authority. 31 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 365. 
 Authority conferred by statute. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 371. 
 
 § 1 1 6a. — receiver. 
 
 Right of receiver to recover statutory added 
 liability of corporate shareholder. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 365. 
 
 Enforcement by receiver of stockholder's 
 liability in other state. 34 L.R.A. 738; 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 897, 904. 
 
 Right in action by corporate receiver to re- 
 cover unpaid balance of stock subscrip- 
 tions, to interpose a defense that would 
 have been available against the corpo- 
 ration. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 347. 
 
 When statute of limitations begins to run 
 against unpaid balance of stock sub- 
 scription in suit by receiver. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 903. 
 
 § 117. Nature of remedy. 
 
 Enforcement of stockholder's liability out- 
 side of state by action at law. 34 
 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Enforcement of stockholder's liability out- 
 side of state by suit in equity. 34 
 L.R.A. 759. 
 
 Equitable remedy to subject to judgment 
 against corporation debt due it for un- 
 paid stock. 63 L.R.A. 698. 
 
312 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. e, 4— cont'd 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity on the ground of 
 preventing a multiplicity of suits to en- 
 force liability of members of a club or 
 corporation. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 743. 
 
 Right to maintain single suit in equity to 
 enforce separate liability of members 
 of an insolvent insurance association. 
 33 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1057. 
 
 Enforcement of unpaid subscriptions to 
 stock of foreign corporation by credi- 
 tor's bill. 34 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Remcdj' in Federal courts to enforce stock- 
 liolder's liability outside of state. 34 
 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 § 118. Change of remedy. 
 
 Impairment of obligation of contract by 
 change of remedy of creditor of corpo- 
 ration against stockholder. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1171; 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 954. 
 
 impairment of obligation of stockholder's 
 contract by change of remedy for en- 
 forcement cf his liabilitv in foreign 
 jurisdiction. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 
 § 119. Right of set-off. 
 
 Set-off between corporation and stockholder. 
 23 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 Eight of set-off in bankruptcy against un- 
 paid shares of corporate stock. 55 
 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 When is an assignment by a stockholder of 
 a claim against a corporation subject 
 to the right to set off the stockholder's 
 liability against such claim. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 472. 
 
 § 12 0. Accrual of right of action. 
 
 Limitation of action, see Limitation of 
 Actions, §§ 8, 34. 
 
 Contingency of liability of stockholder as 
 affecting time for presentation of claim 
 against his estate. 58 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 § 121. Kiglit to enforce outside of 
 state of Incorporation. 
 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 737; 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 895. 
 In action by corporation or its representa- 
 tive. 34 L.R.A. 738. ' 
 In action by creditor of corporation. 34 
 L.B..A. 741. 
 Remedy according to law of forum. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 741. 
 For unpaid subscriptions to stock. 34 
 L.R.A. 742; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 896. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 742. 
 By creditor's bill. 34 L.R.A. 743. 
 For statutory liability after stock is 
 fully paid for. 34 L.R.A. 
 747; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 747. 
 Nature of the liability. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 750. 
 Liability absolute or distinct from 
 statutory remedy. 34 L.R.A. 
 753. 
 Constitutional liability. 34 L.R.A. 
 755. 
 
 Begin with this Jiook on every law question. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. e, 4r-cont'd 
 
 Exclusiveness of statutory remedy 
 provided in state of incorpor- 
 ation. 34 L.R.A. 755. 
 Conditions prescribed by statutes 
 in state of incorporation. 34 
 L.R.A. 757. 
 Action at law. 34 L.R.A. 758. 
 Suit in equity. 34 L.R.A. 759. 
 Remedies in Federal courts. 34 L.R.A. 
 761. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 761. 
 In equity. 34 L.R.A. 761. 
 At law. 34 L.R.A. 762. 
 Contribution between stockholders of for- 
 eign corporations. 34 L.R.A. 763. 
 Right to enforce liability for unpaid sub- 
 scription. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 895. 
 Action by creditor. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 896. 
 Actions by receivers and assignees. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 897. 
 Right to enforce statutory liability. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 Action by creditor. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 901. 
 Action by receiver. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 904. 
 Conditions precedent to right to sue. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 906. 
 Right to enforce tax against nonresident 
 
 stockholder. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 907. 
 Right of state to impose personal liability 
 on stockholder of foreign corporation. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 Right of one stockholder to sue another 
 for contribution outside state of incor- 
 poration. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 909. 
 Impairment of obligation of stockholder's 
 contract by change of remedy for en- 
 forcement of his liability in 'oreign 
 jurisdiction. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 Conclusiveness of order of assessment in 
 domicil of corporation. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 910. 
 To cut off individual defenses. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 912. 
 
 /. Stoclcholders' tneetings; voting. 
 
 § 122. Generally. 
 
 By-laws as to, see supra, § 21. 
 Meetings of officers and directors, see supra, 
 VL f. 
 
 Conclusiveness of decision of corporate tri- 
 bunal as to vote. 49 L.R.A. 368. 
 
 Conclusiveness of decision of corporate tri- 
 bunal as to notice of meeting. 49 
 L.R.A. 368. 
 
 Regulation by by-laws of elections by pri- 
 vate corporations. 18 L.R.A. 582. 
 As to right to vote. 18 L.R.A. 583. 
 As to proxies. 18 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 What constitutes a unanimous or majority 
 vote of stockholders. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 130. 
 
 Report of meeting of private corporations 
 as subject of privilege. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 862. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 313 
 
 CORPORATIONS, VIII. f— cont'd 
 Right under reserved power to amend or re- 
 peal charter to change rights of stock- 
 holders as to voting stock. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 420. 
 Ratification of acts of directors by vote 
 of stockholders includina; those who are 
 directors. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199. 
 
 g 123. Who entitled to vote. 
 
 Who entitled to vote stock. 12 L.R.A. 783.» 
 Vote on pledged stock. 12 L.R.A. 783.* 
 Power to vote on stock held by joint ovpn- 
 
 ers. 15 L.R.A. 665. 
 Right of holders of preferred stock to vote 
 
 at corporate meetings. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 12:. 
 Regulation by by-laws as to right to vote. 
 
 18 L.Rji.. 583. 
 
 § 12 4. Voting trusts. 
 
 Voting trusts of corporate stock. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 683. 
 Validity of agreement to control the voting 
 
 power of corporate stock. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1136; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1186. 
 
 § 125. Proxies. 
 
 Right to vote by proxy. 29 L.R.A. 844. 
 At common law. 29 L.R.A. 844. 
 Under statutes and by-laws. 29 L.R.A. 
 845. 
 Statutes. 29 L.R.A. 845. 
 By-laws. 18 L.R.A. 584; 29 L.R.A. 
 845. 
 Form of proxy. 29 L.R.A. 846. 
 When and for what purpose a proxy 
 
 may be used. 29 L.R.A. 847. 
 Rejection of proxy by inspectors. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 848. 
 Revocation of proxy. 29 L.R.A. 848. 
 Directors voting by proxy. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 848. 
 Miscellaneous matters. 29 L.R.A. 849. 
 Regulation by by-laws as to. 18 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 g 12 6. Qnonim. 
 
 What constitutes a quorum. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 174; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 799. 
 Where number indefinite. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 174. 
 Where number is definite. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 ]75. 
 Where the "stock" votes. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 175. 
 Presumption as to quorum. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 175. 
 Modifications by statute or by law. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 175. 
 Withdrawal of stockholders from meeting to 
 break quorum. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 45. 
 
 IX. Dissolution; winding-up; -for- 
 feiture. 
 
 § 127. Generally. 
 
 Dissolution of club, see Clxjbs, § 3. 
 Injunction against dissolution, see Injunc- 
 tion, § 35. 
 
 Dissolution of benefit associations. 2 
 L.R.A. 550.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, IX.~cont'd 
 How forfeiture of charter or franchise de- 
 dared. 2 L.R.A. 256;* 9 L.R.A. 35.* 
 Restraining exercise of corporate franchise. 
 
 9 L.R.A. 273.* 
 Equity jurisdiction as to. 2 L.R.A. 551;* 
 
 !) L.R.A. 651.* 
 Proceedings to forfeit franchise. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 273.* 
 Action of one stockholder or creditor in be- 
 half of others to restrain exercise of 
 franchise. 9 L.R.A. 273.* 
 How and in what proceedings forfeitiire of 
 charter taken advantage of. 9 L.R.A. 
 37.* 
 Continued existence of corporation till for- 
 feiture declared. 9 L.R.A. 274.* 
 Right of private person to raise question 
 
 of forfeiture. 32 L.R.A. 295. 
 Power of majority stockholders to dissolve. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.). 493. 
 Right of minority stockholder to restrain 
 voluntary dissolution of corporation by 
 directors or other stockholders. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1177. 
 Inherent jurisdiction of equity, independ- 
 ently of statute, at the instance of 
 stockholder, to wind up a corpora- 
 tion because of mismanagement or 
 fraud of its officers. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1032. 
 General rule. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1032. 
 Where fraud or mismanagement is 
 charged. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1034. 
 Dissolution of corporation. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1034. 
 Appointment of receiver. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1038. 
 Receiver pendente lite. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1041. 
 Where corporation is no longer a go- 
 ing concern. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1043. 
 Where purpose of organization is im- 
 possible of attainment. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1044. 
 Effect of laches upon state's right to oust 
 a corporation of its rights and fran 
 chise. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 336. 
 Relative rights of life tenant and remain- 
 dermen in distributions by corporation 
 in process of liquidation. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 805. 
 Removal for separable controversy of pro- 
 ceeding for forfeiture of corporate fran- 
 chise. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 86. 
 Dissolution as excuse for not exhausting 
 remedies at law before bringing cred- 
 itor's bill. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 99. 
 
 § 128. What works a dissolution. 
 
 What works a dissolutioh. 2 L.R.A. 549;* 
 
 8 L.R.A. 498,* 858;* 9 L.R.A. 33,* 274.* 
 Effect of insolvency to work a dissolution. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 256.* 
 
 § 129. Grounds for. 
 
 For what causes may corporation be dis- 
 solved. 9 L.R.A. 33.* 
 For what causes charter may be forfeited. 
 
 9 L.R.A. 37.* 
 
314 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, IX.— cont'd 
 
 Forfeiture and dissolution for misuser of 
 franchise. 8 L.R.A. 498.* 
 
 Proceedings against corporation to forfeit 
 franchise for misuser or nonuser. 3 
 L.R.A. 510.* 
 
 Quo warranto for illegal exercise of corpo- 
 rate franchise. 7 L.R.A. 319.* 
 
 Quo warranto against corporation for mak- 
 ing illegal charges in the course of 
 authorized business. 63 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 Forfeiture of franchise of water company 
 for breach of duty. 61 L.R.A. 93. 
 
 Annulling charter of club for violation of 
 law. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 683. 
 
 Migration of corporation as ground for for- 
 feiting corporate charter. 24 L.R.A. 
 462. 
 
 Dissolution of partnership by reason of for- 
 mation of corporation. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 471. 
 
 § 130. Effect of. 
 
 Abatement of action by, see Abatement 
 
 AND Revival, § 4. 
 As civil death, see Civil Death, § 2. 
 Effect of proceedings for dissolution of cor- 
 poration upon its rights of action. 
 15 L.R.A. 627. 
 At common law. 15 L.R.A. 627. 
 Under the statutes. 15 L.R.A. 628. 
 Effect and validity of statutes. 15 
 L.R.A. 629. 
 Dissolution as excusing creditor from exer- 
 cising remedies against corporation as 
 condition of enforcing stockholder's lia- 
 bility on unpaid subscription. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 628. 
 Effect of winding up proceedings on right 
 to rescind subscription for fraud or 
 misrepresentation. 33 L.R.A. 727. 
 ibatement of action by or against corpora- 
 tion, in the absence of a saving 
 statute, by dissolution or expira- 
 tion of charter. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 446. 
 Equitable suits. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 446. 
 Actions at law in general. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 447. 
 Attachment or garnishment. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 449. 
 Appeals. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 450. 
 Effect on pending actions of expiration 
 of statutory period permitting liti- 
 gation by corporations after dis- 
 solution. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 452. 
 Recovering for services and expenses under 
 a running contract with a, corpo- 
 ration ended by its dissolution. 
 69 L.R.A. 124. 
 Scope of note. 69 L.R.A. 124. 
 -Breaches of contracts in general. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 125. 
 The measure of damages in such cases. 
 
 69 L.R.A. 126. 
 How corporations are dissolved. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 128. 
 When dissolution is not effected. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 129. 
 The earlier common-law dortrine con- 
 cerning the effect of dissolution. 
 69 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 Bepin with this hool; on every law question 
 
 CORPORATIONS, IX.— cont'd 
 
 Comment and criticism concerning it. 
 
 69 L.R.A. 132. 
 The trust fund, or "American," doc- 
 trine. 69 L.R.A. 134. ' 
 The effects of corporate dissolution ac- 
 cording to modern views, 69 
 L.R.A. 37. 
 Civil death. 69 L.R.A. 137. 
 Upon litigation. 69 L.R.A. 138. 
 Upon property and assets. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 139. 
 Upon debts and credits. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 141. 
 Upon contracts in general. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 142. 
 Upon employment contracts. 69 
 L.R.A. 144. 
 With officers. 69 L.R.A. 144. 
 With superintendents. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 145. 
 With agents. 69 L.R.A. 146. 
 With ordinary employees. 69 
 L.R.A. 150. 
 Remedies. 69 L.R.A. 151. 
 
 Abstract. 69 L.R.A. 151. 
 Concrete. 69 L.R.A. 152. 
 Construction and effect of statutes. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 153. 
 Conclusion. 69 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 § 131. Period of existence of private 
 corporation. 
 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. 576. 
 
 Charter limitations. 33 L.R.A. 576. 
 
 General statutes limiting existence. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 577. 
 Constitutions limiting existence. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 579. 
 Effect of expiration of time. 33 L.R.A. 579. 
 
 § 132. Expiration of charter. 
 
 Expiration of charter. 1 L.R.A. 781;* 9 
 L.R.A. 273.* 
 
 Abatement of action by or against corpora- 
 tion in absence of a saving statute by 
 expiration of charter. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 446. 
 
 § 133. Disposition of property essen- 
 tial to corporate existence. 
 
 Disposition of real estate upon the disso- 
 lution of a corporation created for 
 benevolent or social purposes. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 895. 
 Execution or judicial sale of corporate fran- 
 chise, or property necessary to its en- 
 joyment. 20 L.R.A. 737. 
 Liability of directors for corporate debts 
 where they sell the entire corporate 
 property and distribute the proceeds. 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 267. 
 Power of officers or majority stockholders, 
 against consent of minority, to sell 
 property of corporation essential 
 to its existence as a going concern. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 At common law. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 Corporation solvent and prosper- 
 ous. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 396. '" 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 315 
 
 CORPORATIONS, IX.— cont'd 
 
 Corporation unable to accomplish 
 purpose of its creation. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 400. 
 Under statutory or charter provisions. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 402. 
 Laches or acquiescence by stockholder as 
 affecting his right to complain of act 
 by which corporation devests itself of 
 the title or control of its entire prop- 
 erty. 9 L.R.A.{N.S.) 606. 
 
 X. Insolvency; rights atid preferences 
 of creditors. 
 
 § 134. Generally. 
 
 Liability of stockholders of insolvent cor- 
 poration, see supra, VII. e. 
 
 Insolvency of bank, see Banks, §§ 39-42. 
 
 Receivers for insolvent corporation, see Re- 
 ceivers. 
 
 Law determining validity of assignment for 
 creditors by corporation. 65 L.R.A. 
 362. 
 
 Set-off in bankruptcy cases. 55 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Distribution of assets of insolvent insur- 
 ance company. 38 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Construction on ground as manufacturing 
 within provision defining corporations 
 which may be adjudged involuntary 
 bankrupts. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 475. 
 
 Insolvency as excuse for not exhausting 
 remedies at law before bringing cred- 
 itor's bill. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 97. 
 
 Removal for separable controversy of pro- 
 ceeding against insolvent corporation. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 86. 
 
 Rights and remedies of creditor who is 
 also a stockholder of an insolvent cor- 
 poration as affected by his own statu- 
 tory liability. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 981. 
 
 Right of creditor of insolvent corporation to 
 maintain action at law against new 
 corporation to which assets have been 
 transferred. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 863. 
 
 Recovering for services and expenses under 
 running contract with corporation end- 
 ed by its insolvency. 69 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 Right of creditor of insolvent corporation 
 to maintain action at law against new 
 corporation to which assets have been 
 transferred. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 866. 
 
 § 135. Rights as to stock and subscrip- 
 tions. 
 
 Capital stock as a trust fund for payment 
 of debts. 5 L.R.A. 378,* 649;* 7 L.R.A. 
 707.* 
 
 Unpaid subscriptions as part of assets. 
 5 L.R.A. 650.* • 
 
 Necessity of notice to stockholder to bind 
 him by an order for unpaid stock sub- 
 scription in insolvency proceedings. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177. 
 
 Fraud as ground of relief from subscrip- 
 tion to stock after insolvency of cor- 
 poration. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 900. 
 
 Stockholder's right to inspect books of in- 
 solvent corporation. 45 I^.R.A. 456. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, X.— cont'd 
 § 13 6. Effect of insolvency. 
 
 Effect of insolvency to work a dissolution. 
 2 L.R.A. 256.* 
 
 Right to receiver on corporation ceasing to 
 act. 20 L.R.A. 213. 
 
 Effect of insolvency on right to rescind sub- 
 scriptions for fraud or misrepresenta. 
 tion. 33 L.R.A. 727. 
 
 Liability for unpaid subscription on trans- 
 fer of stock after insolvency of corpo- 
 ration. 47 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Discharge of corporation as affecting stock- 
 holder's liability for debts. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 648. 
 
 Effect of appointment of receiver or assignee 
 for creditors of a corporation on com- 
 pensation of officers, agents, or em- 
 ployees for unexpired term of employ- 
 ment. 51 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Effect of adjudication of insolvency of cor- 
 poration on its rights of action. 15 
 L.R.A. 627. 
 
 Effect of insolvency of corporation on com- 
 petency of stockholder as witness in 
 suit between corporation and a per- 
 sonal representative. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 820. 
 
 Bankruptcy or insolvency of corporation as 
 excusing creditor from exhausting 
 remedies against it, as condition of en- 
 forcing stockholder's statutory liability 
 or liability on unpaid subscriptions to 
 stock. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 628. 
 
 Right to return of premiums on adjudica- 
 tion of insolvency of insurance com- 
 pany. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 639. 
 
 § 13 7. Preferences. 
 
 Purchase of its own stock by insolvent cor- 
 poration as fraudulent transfer. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 130. 
 
 What classes of employees are entitled to a 
 preference out of assets of insolvent 
 corporation. 18 L.R.A. 306. 
 
 Preferences among creditors given by insol- 
 vent corporations. 22 L.R.A. 802. 
 Preferences prohibited. 22 L.R.A. 804. 
 Stockholders as preferred creditors. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 805. 
 Directors and officers as preferred cred- 
 itors. 22 L.R.A. 806. 
 Preferences by legal proceedings. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 808. 
 Remedies. 22 L.R.A. 809. 
 English decisions. 22 L.R.A. 810. 
 
 Are claims of creditors of an insolvent com- 
 pany, who undertake to conduct its 
 business, postponed to claims or debts 
 incurred during their management. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1166. 
 
 Injunction against judgment confessed by 
 corporation. 30 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 XI. Foreign corporations. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 13 8. Generally. 
 
 As to citizenship of, see supra, § 10. 
 Regulation of, as interference with com- 
 merce, see CoMMEBCE, § 17. 
 
316 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, XI. a— cont'd 
 
 Jurisdiction over, see Coukts, § 26. 
 
 License of, see License, § 29. 
 
 Penalty against foreign corporation, see 
 Penalty, § 5. 
 
 Taxation of, see Taxes, §§ 11, 33-39, 45, 
 46, 67. 
 
 Foreign insurance companies, see Insiik- 
 ANCE, §§ 6-8. 
 
 Foreign railroad company, see Railroads, 
 § 2. 
 
 Foreign telegraph company, see Tele- 
 graphs, § 4. 
 
 Law of comity as to. 8 L.R.A. 236;* 12 
 L.R.A. 366.* 
 
 Amenable to local law. 13 L.R.A. 584.* 
 
 Conflict of laws as to usury in contracts of 
 foreign loan association. 62 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 Attachment of shares of stock in foreign 
 corporation. 55 L.R.A. 796. 
 
 Legal powers and privileges of foreign sure- 
 ty companies. 48 L.R.A. 592. 
 
 Plight of foreign corporation to make con- 
 tract. 24 L.R.A. 290. 
 
 Right of foreign corporation to plead stat- 
 ute of limitations. 18 L.R.A. 524. 
 
 §§ 139, 140. Recognition or exclusion 
 of. 
 
 Exclusion of, as interference with inter- 
 state commerce, see Corporations, § 
 17. 
 
 Of foreign insurance company, see Insite- 
 
 ANCE, §§ 6-8. 
 
 Right to sue. 24 L.R.A. 289. 
 
 Right of contract. 24 L.R.A. 290. 
 
 Ownership of property. 24 L.R.A. 291. 
 
 Power to act as trustee, administrator, etc. 
 24 L.R.A. 291. 
 
 Limitations by charter or statute of state 
 where incorporated. 24 L.R.A. 291. , 
 
 Good faith of foreign corporation. 24 
 L.R.A. 291. 
 
 Statutory exclusion of, or restrictions upon, 
 foreign corporations. 24 L.R.A. 292. 
 
 De facto foreign corporations. 24 L.R.A. 
 293. 
 
 Designation of agent and place of business. 
 24 L.E.A. 293. 
 
 License tax. 24 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 Conditions against invoking Federal juris- 
 dictions. 24 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 Remedies against. 24 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 What constitutes "doing business" as pro- 
 hibited by statute. 24 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 Estoppel to deny character or powers. 24 
 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 § 141. Revocation of license. 
 
 On account of removal of action to Federal 
 court. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1019. 
 
 § 142. Right of, to own real estate. 
 
 Generally. 24 L.R.A. 322. 
 
 Limitation by charter or laws of the state 
 
 of incorporation. 24 L.R.A. 324. 
 Railroads. 24 L.R.A. 326. 
 Telegraphs. 24 L.R.A. 327. 
 Interest in mines. 24 L.R.A. 327. 
 Exercise of eminent domain. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 327. 
 
 Begin with, this took, on every laiv question. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, XI. a— cont'd 
 
 As to mortgages. 24 L.R.A. 328. 
 
 Enforcement of restrictions. 24 L.R.A. 329. 
 
 Conveyance by public service corporation 
 to foreign corporation incapable of tak- 
 ing title, continued duty ar.d liability 
 of former to members of public. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 362. 
 
 Who may take advantage of statute ren- 
 dering foreign corporation incapable 
 of taking title to real property. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 355. 
 
 § 143. Rights of stockholders; trans- 
 fers of stock. 
 
 Stockholder's right to inspect books. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 454. 
 Power of court to compel corporation to 
 
 register transfer of stock. 3 L.R.Ji, 
 
 (N.S.) 551. 
 
 § 144. Liability of stockholders. 
 
 Eight to enforce stockholder's liability out- 
 side of state of incorporation. 34 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Right of state to enforce personal lia- 
 bility of stockholders. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 907. 
 
 6. Doing business within state, 
 
 § 145. Generally. 
 
 Regulation of business of, by state. 9 
 L.R.A. 601. 
 
 Conditions imposed upon right to transact 
 business in state. 8 L.R.A. 236.* 
 
 Right to do business in domestic states. 
 70 L.R.A. 519. 
 
 Taxation of right of. 60 L.R.A. 680. 
 
 Compelling designation of person upon 
 whom process may be served as a con- 
 dition of right to do business. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 558. 
 
 § 14 6. What constitutes. 
 
 Sale of single cargo as doing business. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 127. 
 
 Single or isolated transaction by foreign 
 corporation as "doing business" within 
 the state. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 693. 
 
 Soliciting trade as doing business within 
 the state. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1214; 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 834. 
 
 Sale by foreign corporation of goods stored 
 in state as intrastate business. 18 
 L.R.A.{N.iS.) 134. 
 
 Establishing agency to handle a corpora- 
 tion's product within the state as do- 
 ing business therein. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 142. 
 
 Effect of agreement by foreign corporation 
 to install article within the state to 
 bring it within statute regulating for- 
 eign corporations. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 674. 
 
 Effect of location of insured property with- 
 in the state to prevent an action by a 
 foreign insurance company upon a con- 
 tract made in another state. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 417. 
 
INDEX TO L.a.A. NOTES. 
 
 317 
 
 COEPOEATIONS, XI. b— cont'd 
 § 1J7. Effect of noncompliance with 
 statutory conditions. 
 
 As to foreign insurance company, see In- 
 SUBANCE, § 8. 
 
 Right of foreign corporation to set up non- 
 compliance with conditions of doing 
 business in order to defeat recovery 
 against it. 25 L.E.A. 569. 
 
 Right of foreign corporation which has not 
 complied with local laws to defend ac- 
 tion. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1117. 
 
 Effect upon right of foreign corporation to 
 maintain suit, of compliance with local 
 law after suit is instituted. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 561; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 492. 
 
 Enforceability of subscription to stock of 
 foreign corporation that has not com- 
 plied with local laws. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 92. 
 
 Lack of authority of foreign corporation to 
 do business within a state as affecting 
 embezzlement by agent. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 415. 
 
 § 148. — on contracts. 
 
 Validity of contracts made by foreign cor- 
 porations which have not complied 
 with statutory conditions of the 
 right to do business in a state. 
 24 L.R.A. 315. 
 Where a penalty is imposed. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 316. 
 Mere prohibition of business. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 318. 
 Contracts expressly declared void. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 320. 
 Effect of foreclosure. 24 L.R.A. 320. 
 Estoppel. 24 L.R.A. 320. 
 Validity of contracts of foreign corpora- 
 tions before getting permission to do 
 business. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1041. 
 Statutory provision for penalty as affect- 
 ing validity or enforceability of con- 
 tract made by foreign corporation with- 
 out complying with conditions of do- 
 ins business; 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 688; 
 40''L.R.A.(N.S.) 857. 
 Right to cancelation of contract made with 
 foreign corporation because it has not 
 complied with the laws entitling it to 
 do business within the state. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 707. 
 Enforceability in Federal court, or court 
 of another state, of a contract made by 
 a foreign corporation which had not 
 complied with the conditions of doing 
 business within the state. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 999. 
 Recovery back of money paid under a con- 
 tract to a foreign corporation which 
 has not complied with the conditions 
 of doing business in the state. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 210. 
 
 c. Actions by or against. 
 
 § 149. Generally. 
 
 Effect of noncompliance with statutory con 
 ditions, see supra, g§ 147, 148. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CORPORATIONS, XI. c— cont'd 
 
 Attachment against, see Att.vohment, § 5. 
 
 Jurisdiction over, see Coukts, §§ 11, 12, 
 23, 24, 40, 43. 
 
 Removal of causes by or against, see Re- 
 moval OF Causes, § 8. 
 
 Service of process upon, see Writ and 
 Pbocess, §§ 24-29. 
 
 Right of foreign corporation to sue. 24 
 L.R.A. 289. 
 
 Abatement of action by or against corpora- 
 tion in absence of saving statute by 
 dissolution or expiration of charter. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 446. 
 
 Right of foreign corporation to prosecute 
 or defend pending actions after dissolu- 
 tion under statutes of domicil or forum. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 451. 
 
 Effect of consolidation of domestic with for- 
 eign corporation on residence or citizen- 
 ship for purpose of jurisdiction. 14 
 L.R.A. 185. 
 
 Who may take advantage of statute ren- 
 dering foreign corporation Incapable of 
 taking title to real estate. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 355. 
 
 § 150. Attachment or garnishment 
 against. 
 
 Liability of foreign corporation which has 
 complied with conditions of doing busi- 
 ness in state to attachment as non- 
 resident. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 278. 
 
 Garnishment of debt due from foreign cor- 
 poration in state where it is engaged 
 in business. 67 L.R.A. 214. 
 
 Place of payment of debt due from a for- 
 eign corporation as affecting juris- 
 diction to garnish the same. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 608; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 264. 
 
 § 151. Right of nonresident to sue. 
 
 Generally. 70 L.R.A. 513. 
 The right of foreigners to sue. 70 L.R.A. 
 514. 
 Of natural persons. 70 L.R.A. 514. 
 Of foreign corporations. 70 L.R.A. 514. 
 Of one foreigner to sue another. 70 
 L.R.A. 51. 
 The right of foreign corporations to do 
 business in domestic states. 70 L.R.A. 
 519. 
 Public policy. 70 L.R.A. 521. 
 The liability of natural persons to suits in 
 
 foreign courts. 70 L.R.A. 522. 
 The liability of foreign corporations to suit. 
 70 L.R.A. 523. 
 At common law. 70 L.R.A. 523. 
 
 Earlier doctrine. 70 L.R.A. 523. 
 Modern view. 70 L.R.A. 523. 
 By statute. 70 L.R.A. 525. 
 The effect of entering a state by a foreign 
 corporation. 70 L.R.A. 525. 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 525. 
 Submission to judicial jurisdiction. 70 
 L.R.A. 526. 
 Tacitly. 70 L.R.A. 526. 
 i Expressly. 70 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 I Acquiring jurisdiction over foreign corpora- 
 ' tions. 70 L.R.A. 530. 
 
318 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 COEPORATIONS, XI. c— cont'd 
 
 When they remain abroad. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 530. 
 When found within the jurisdiction. 
 
 70 L.R.A. 530. 
 By service of process. 70 L.R.A. 532. 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 532. 
 Upon officers casually present. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 532. 
 Upon resident representatives. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 533. 
 Upon persons specially designated. 
 70 L.R.A. 535. 
 After leaving the jurisdiction. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 535. 
 Service out of the jurisdiction. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 535. 
 By appearance and consent. 70 L.R.A. 
 536. 
 Judicial discretion to decline jurisdiction. 
 70 L.R.A. 538. 
 Generally. 70 L.R.A. 538. 
 In litigation over internal affairs of 
 foreign corporations. 70 L.R.A. 
 539. 
 In suits by citizens of the United 
 States. 70 L.R.A. 541. 
 Locus of the cause or subject of action. 
 70 L.R.A. 543. 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 543. 
 Domestic. 70 L.R.A. 544. 
 Foreign. 70 L.R.A. 546. 
 
 Jurisdiotion entertained. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 546. 
 Jurisdiction declined. 70 L.R.A. 
 548. 
 Actions arising upon foreign statutes. 
 70 L.R.A. 550. 
 
 CORPSE. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Carrier's liability as to, see Cabbiees, § 93. 
 Allowance for mental anguish in respect to, 
 
 see Damages, 98. 
 Exhibition of, in court, see Evidence, § 152. 
 See also Burial; Burial Lot; Cemeteries. 
 
 Control and disposition of. 14 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 § 2. Identification. 
 
 Sufficiency of circumstantial evidence to 
 identify remains found as those of 
 person charged to have been killed. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 181. 
 
 § 3. Mutilation. 
 
 Damages for mutilation of. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 883. . 
 
 Right of action against railroad company 
 for mutilation of the body of person 
 killed on track. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 405. 
 
 § 4. Burial permit. 
 
 Validity of regulation requiring certificate 
 as to cause of death as a condition of 
 burial permit. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 727. 
 
 CORPSE— cont'd 
 
 § 5. Disinterment. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 75. 
 
 Liability for disinterment of dead bodies, 
 and actions relating thereto. 42 
 L.R.A. 721. 
 Civil actions. 42 L.R.A. 722. 
 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. 722. 
 Actions maintained. 42 L.R.A, 
 
 724. 
 Equitable relief. 42 L.R.A. 725. 
 Damages. 42 L.R.A. 729. 
 Disinterment by the authorities or 
 for public purposes. 42 
 L.R.A. 730. 
 English authorities. 42 L.R.A. 
 731. 
 Criminal actions. 42 L.R.A. 733. 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. 733. 
 Under state statutes. 42 L.R.A. 
 733. 
 Right of court to order disinterment of 
 corpse for evidential purposes. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 513. 
 Right to compel restoration of remains of 
 deceased person removed from their 
 resting place. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 332. 
 
 CORPUS DELICTI. 
 
 In prosecution for arson, see Arson, § 5. 
 Proof of, see Criminal Law, §§ 65-68. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, 
 
 see Evidence, § 115. 
 Admissibility of evidence of, see Evidence, 
 
 § 285. 
 Sufficiency of evidence of, see Evidence, 
 
 § 318. 
 
 CORRECTION. 
 
 In general, see Amendment. 
 Of verdict, see Tbial, §§ 83-86. 
 
 Alteration of note by making. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 467. 
 Of photograph, proof of, as requisite to use 
 
 in evidence. 35 L.R.A. 803. 
 
 CORRELATIVE RIGHTS. 
 
 In percolating waters. 64 L.R.A. 236. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every la>r question. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 Using of, as standard for comparison of 
 handwriting. 63 L.R.A. 432. 
 
 Knowledge of nonexpert witness to hand- 
 writing from. 63 L.R.A. 971. 
 
 Instruction by correspondence as interstate 
 commerce. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. KOTES. 
 
 319 
 
 CORROBORATION. 
 
 Necessity of, see Evidence, §§ 289, 320, 321. 
 Of witness, see Witnesses, §§ 45, 46. 
 
 COSMETICS. 
 
 Misrepresentation as to, as affecting valid- 
 ity of trademark. 19 L.E.A. 56. 
 
 COST. 
 
 False statement as to, see Fraud and De- 
 ceit, § 10. 
 Of receivership, see Keceivebs, § 26. 
 
 COSTS AND FEES. 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. Bight to recover; liability for, 
 §§ 3-5. 
 
 III. Amount; items; priority, §§ 6-S. 
 
 IV. Practice concerning; collection, 
 
 §§ 9, 10. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 
 COKSTITUTIONAL LaW, § 150. 
 
 Effect of pardon on, see Ceiminal Law, 
 § 89. 
 
 Fees of public officers, see Officers, §§ 31- 
 37, 44. 
 
 Fees of witnesses, see Witnesses, §§ 48- 
 51. 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Error, § 42. 
 
 In bankruptcy proceedings, see Bankrupt- 
 cy, § 7. 
 
 In ejectment, see Ejectment, § 15. 
 
 In action on insurance policy, see Insur- 
 ance, § 206. 
 
 In action to enforce mechanics' lien, see 
 Mechanics' Liens, § 25. 
 
 In suit for appointment of receiver, see 
 Receivers, § 9. 
 
 As element of damages for injuries caused 
 
 by damming back water of stream. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 898. 
 Expense of litigation as element or limit 
 
 of punitive damages. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 907. 
 Expenses of litigation as included within 
 
 employers' indemnity policy. 12 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 479. 
 Effect of award on private agreement as 
 
 to costs in criminal actions. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 182. 
 Condition against taking effect of bond for, 
 
 until signed by others. 45 L.R.A. 341. 
 Fees as taxes within constitutional provi- 
 sions as to taxation. 1 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 153. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Dlgexts to date. 
 
 COSTS AND FEES, I.— cont'd 
 
 Creation of partnership by provision for 
 division of fees in place of compensa- 
 tion. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1040. 
 
 Appeal from decree for. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1083. 
 
 Acceptance of costs awarded by order al- 
 lowing amendments to pleadings as af- 
 fecting right to appeal from order. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 25. 
 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 jurisdiction on judgment for. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 985. 
 
 Power of state court to render judgment 
 for costs in case removed to Federal 
 court and not remanded. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1059. 
 
 //. Right to recover; liability for. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Exemption of homestead from liability for. 
 
 24 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 Liability of vessel or owner for compulsory 
 pilotage fees. 39 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 On withdrawal of jurors. 48 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 Effect, on costs, of allowance of compound 
 interest. 29 L.R.A. 658. 
 
 Claims against state for. 42 L.R.A. 41. 
 
 Effect of pardon on. 15 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 Allowance for, in recovery on bond. 55 
 L.R.A. 386. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute authorizing 
 costs of prosecution to be imposed 
 upon prosecuting witness. 61 L.R.A. 
 489. 
 
 Liability for, of party controlling or carry- 
 ing on litigation in name of another. 
 62 L.R.A. 618. 
 
 Liability of covenantor in conveyance of 
 real property for expense of success- 
 ful defense. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 
 Personal liability of arbitrator to costs on 
 bill of discovery. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 280. 
 
 Right to tax amount paid to surety com- 
 pany for undertaking. 48 L.R.A. 591. 
 
 Right of accommodation party who is 
 obliged to pay bill or note to recover 
 costs from accommodated party. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 788. 
 
 Right of receiver to be indemnified for 
 costs of defending an action charging 
 him with fraud or misconduct. 2 
 B. R. C. 423. 
 
 Clerks' fees on filing record and docketing 
 cause in Federal Supreme Court. 66 
 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 Right of clerk on salary basis to retain fee 
 for naturalization. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 810. 
 
 Of application for instructions in will case. 
 9 L.R.A. 251.* 
 
 Of view by jury. 42 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 In partition. 10 L.R.A. 55.* 
 
 In proceedings to perpetuate testimony. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 681. 
 
 In replevin action as element of damages 
 in action on replevin bond. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 373. 
 
320 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COSTS AND FEES, II.— cont'd 
 
 § 3. Against personal representative. 
 
 Costs of application for opinion of court 
 as to duty under will. 9 L.R.A. 251.* 
 
 Personal liability of executors and admin- 
 istrators for. 14 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 In suit by or against executor or adminis- 
 trator to enjoin execution sales. 30 
 L.R.A. 122. 
 
 Right of executor or administrator to sue, 
 defend, or appeal in forma pauperis, 
 68 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 Allowance of attorneys' fees in suit for ad- 
 ministration of decedent's estate. 54 
 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 § 4. Out of fund or estate. 
 
 What fund is chargeable with costs and 
 expenses of sale when encumbered 
 property is sold in bankruptcy free of 
 liens. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 737. 
 
 Allowance of attorneys' fees out of fund 
 for attorneys of creditors who sue in 
 behalf of themselves and other credit- 
 ors. 54 L.R.A. 817. 
 
 Validity of agreement that costs of con- 
 testing will shall be paid out of the 
 estate. 2 B. R. C. 633. 
 
 § 5. Security for. 
 
 Right of executor or administrator to sue, 
 defend, or appeal in forma pauperis. 
 68 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 Duty of attorney to secure costs in action 
 taken by him on contingent fee. 11 
 'L.R.A.(N.S.) 1153. 
 
 I'ailure to give security for, as termina- 
 tion of prosecution for purpose of ac- 
 tion for malicious prosecution. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 939. 
 
 Effect upon surety on, of judgment against 
 principal. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 
 III. Ammint; items; priority, 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Cost of defending poBsession seeking to ob- 
 tain ptssession as special damages 
 from breach of warranty by existence 
 of unexpired lease. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 781. 
 
 Liability for cost of receivership where 
 final judgment is against the party 
 who procured the receivership. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 412. 
 
 Of correction of record after appeal or writ 
 of error. 3] L.R.A. (N.S.) 213. 
 
 Allowance of expenses of business carriei^. 
 on by personal representative as costs 
 of administration. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 229. 
 
 § 7. Attorneys' fees. 
 
 Attorney's right to fees from his own 
 client, see Attorneys, §§ 18-22. 
 
 Stipulation in contract for, see Attobnbys' 
 Fees. 
 
 In action to enforce mechanics' lien, see 
 Mechanics' Liens, § 25. 
 
 In action to enforce tax, see Taxes, § 71. 
 
 Claims against state for. 42 L.R.A. 51 
 
 Begin with this hoojc on every law question. 
 
 COSTS AND FEES, III.— cont'd 
 
 Right to, in action on replevin bond. 30 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 372. 
 Attorneys' fees as part of compensatory 
 damages recoverable in action for tort. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 761. 
 Right of executor to allowance for attor- 
 neys' fees for services rendered in at- 
 tempt to establish, or resist attack 
 upon, will. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 Allowance of attorneys' fees out of fund 
 for attorneys of creditors who sue 
 in behalf of themselves and other 
 creditors. 54 L.R.A. 817. 
 In general. 54 L.R.A. 817. 
 Suit to have conveyance set aside. 54 
 L.R.A. 818. 
 In general. 54 L.R.A. 818. 
 From what part of fund allowance 
 made. 54 L.R.A. 819. 
 Suit for administration of decedent's 
 estate. 54 L.R.A. 820. 
 In general. 54 L.R.A. 820. 
 From what part of fund allow- 
 ance made. 54 L.R.A. 822. 
 Where plaintiff's debt not reached. 
 54 L.R.A. 822. 
 Suit for appointment of receiver and 
 to wind up insolvent corpora- 
 tion. 54 L.R.A. 823. 
 In general. 54 L.R.A. 823. 
 From what part of fund allow- 
 ance made. 54 L.R.A. 824. 
 Where plaintiff's debt not reached. 
 54 L.R.A. 825. 
 Suit to enforce stockholder's liability. 
 
 54 L.R.A. 825. 
 Proceedings in bankruptcy cases. 54 
 L.R.A. 826. 
 In general. 54 L.R.A. 826. 
 Amount of fee. 54 L.R.A. 826. 
 Recovery on injunction bond of attorneys' 
 fees necessarily expended in dissolving 
 the injunction. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 
 § 8. Priority. 
 
 Preference of, in distribution of assets ot 
 insolvent insurance company. 38 
 L.R.A. 107. 
 
 Priority of claim for, against property in 
 hands of receiver. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1051, 1067. 
 
 Priority in bankruptcy as between taxes 
 and costs and fees. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 988. 
 
 Priority of costs of receivership over re- 
 corded liens. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 710. 
 
 IV. Practice concerning; collection. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Accord and satisfaction by part payment 
 of. 20 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 As to payment in coin. 29 L.R.A. 596. 
 
 Acceptance of costs awarded by judgment 
 or order as affecting right to appeal 
 therefrom. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 Duty of attorney to pay or secure costs in 
 an action which he takes on a con- 
 tingent fee. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) i:33. 
 
 Setting off costs in bankruptcy cases. 56 
 L.R.A. 55. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 321 
 
 COSTS AND FEES, IV.— cont'd 
 § 10. Compelling' payment of. 
 
 Stay until costs are paid. 11 L.R.A. 620.* 
 
 Imprisonment for nonpayment of. 27 
 L.R.A. 601. 
 
 Compelling labor in payment of. 27 L.R.A. 
 601. 
 
 Costs as debts within constitutional provi- 
 sion as to imprisonment. 34 L.R.A. 
 655. 
 
 Cruel punishment for failure to pay. 35 
 L.R.A. 567. 
 
 COSURETIES. 
 
 Remedies between, see Principal and Sure- 
 ty, § 29. 
 
 COTENANCY. 
 
 COTENANCY, III.— cont'd 
 
 Demand of cotenant, see Demand, § 3. 
 
 Interest against cotenants, see Interest, 
 § 10. „ 
 
 Limitation of actions between joint ten- 
 ants, see Limitation of Actions, §§ 
 I 30, 42. 
 
 Right of tenant in common to crops. 9 
 L.R.A. 625.* 
 
 Right of cotenants to fish. 60 L.R.A. 516. 
 
 Right of one cotenant who pays mortgage 
 to be subrogated to the rights of mort- 
 gagee as against other cotenant or his 
 privies. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 559. 
 
 Failure to account for fund to one jointly 
 interested therein as theft, larceny, or 
 embezzlement. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 822. 
 
 Right to invoke aid of court to determine 
 rights to property accumulated in com- 
 mon by parties living in illicit rela- 
 tions. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 838. 
 
 r. In general, §§ 1, 8. 
 II. Creation; existence, § 3. 
 III. Bights, remedies, and liabilities as 
 
 to each other, §§ 4=- 10. 
 IT. Transfer of interests, §§ 11, 12. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to tenancy by entireties, see Husband 
 
 AND Wife, § 27. 
 As to partition, see Paetition. 
 
 Extent of recovery in ejectment by tenants 
 in common against stranger. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 710. 
 
 Kind of possession necessary to satisfy 
 statutes of frauds as applied to ten- 
 ants in common. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 815. 
 
 Notice of title from possession by cotenants. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 124. 
 
 Applicability of rule in Shelley's Case to 
 tenancy in common in remainder. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1036. 
 
 § 2. Running of limitations against. 
 
 Effect of part payment on mortgage by one 
 cotenant to toll statute of limitations 
 as to others. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 146. 
 
 Disability of some, but not all, of the joint 
 tenants as affecting the statute of limi- 
 tations. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 407. 
 
 //. Creation and existence. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Creation of estate by entireties. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 322. 
 When burial lot held in common. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 122. 
 
 III. Rights, remedies, and liabilities 
 as to each other. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Adverse possession by tenants in common, 
 
 see Adverse Possession, § 8. 
 Contribution between cotenants, see Con- 
 tribution, § 5. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 21 
 
 § 5. Relation between. 
 
 Trust relations between cotenants. 12 
 
 L.R.A. 485. 
 Joint owners and tenants in common as 
 
 partners. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 Relationship of owners of different floors 
 
 of buildings. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510. 
 
 § 6. Acquiring of outstanding Interest 
 by one cotenant. 
 
 Effect of purchase of outstanding title by 
 cotenant, generally. 9 L.R.A. 571;* 
 10 L.R.A. 101.* 
 Purchase of tax title. 2 L.R.A. 172;' 
 10 L.R.A. 101.* 
 
 Acquiring adverse claim by payment of 
 taxes. 2 L.R.A. 172;* 9 L.R.A. 740.* 
 
 Right of one cotenant to purchase the prop- 
 erty in his own right at a sale under 
 an encumbrance created by one through 
 whom the cotenants derive title. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 591. 
 
 Right of former cotenant to acquire title 
 in his own right through or under a 
 purchaser at a sale under a title or 
 interest paramount to the common 
 title.- 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 831. 
 
 Right of cotenant to relocate mining claim 
 for his own benefit. 50 L.R.A. 184. 
 
 Relocation by cotenant of mining claim as 
 abandonment or forfeiture. 68 L.R.A. 
 842. 
 
 § 7. — other cotenants acquiring in- 
 terest in. 
 
 Tender of share of expense as condition of 
 right to share in beneiit of purchase 
 by cotenant of outstanding interest. 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 863. 
 
 Laches as affecting right of one cotenant 
 to benefit of purchase of outstanding 
 title by another. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 526; 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 242. 
 
 § 8. Liability to account for use and 
 occupation, and rents and profits. 
 
 Lien of cotenant for rent, see Landlobd 
 AND Tenant, § 89. 
 
322 
 
 IKDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 COTENANCY, III.— cont'd 
 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. 829; 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 224. 
 The common-law doctrine. 28 L.R.A. 829. 
 Reason of the common-law doctrine. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 830. 
 States not adopting the English statute. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 832. 
 
 When held liable. 28 L.R.A. 832. 
 
 In case of ouster. 28 L.R.A. 832; 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 228. 
 In eases where an agreement exists. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 834; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 227. 
 
 Mere occupation without ouster. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 224. 
 When occupied by one alone. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 836. 
 The remedy as between cotenants. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 840. 
 Statutory action of account. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 840; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 Proceedings in equity. 28 L.R.A. 842; 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 230. 
 
 In action of assumpsit. 28 L.R.A. 844; 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 230. 
 Liability to account for rents received. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 848; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229. 
 Lien for rents received. 28 L.R.A. 849; 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 236. 
 
 The question, What is more than a just 
 
 share. 28 L.R.A. 849. 
 Necessity of a demand. 28 L.R.A. 850; 29 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 232. 
 Necessary allegations in action of account. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 850. 
 In what character liable. 28 L.R.A. 850. 
 Position of cotenant holding over. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 851. 
 Extent of liability. 28 L.R.A. 852; 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 232. 
 When liable to pay interest. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 853; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 233. 
 Deductions. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 234. 
 When held for the rental value. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 853. 
 Position of purchaser of cotenant's share. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 854; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229. 
 As to coparceners. 28 L.R.A. 854. 
 The question of deductions. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 854. 
 Mesne profits. 28 L.R.A. 857. 
 The application of the statute of limita- 
 tions. 28 L.R.A. 859; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 239. 
 Construction of the state statutes. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 860; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 226. 
 
 § 9. Liability for improvements and 
 repairs. 
 
 Allowance for improvements; on partition. 
 
 7 L.R.A. 731;* 8 L.R.A. 289.* 
 Improvements. 29 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Liability at common-law. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 449. 
 Liability in assumpsit. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 452. 
 Rule in equity. 29 L.R.A. 452. 
 Lien for. 29 L.R.A. 456. 
 Interest on. 29 L.R.A. 457. 
 Position of grantee of cotenants' share. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 457. 
 
 COTENANCY, III.— cont'd 
 Repairs. 29 L.R.A. 457. 
 
 General doctrine. 29 L.R.A. 457. 
 
 Liability in assumpsit. 29 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 Necessity of demand and notice. 29 
 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 Lien for repairs. 29 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 § 10. Remedies. 
 
 As to action for partition, generally, see 
 Paetition. 
 
 When action of trover will lie by one co- 
 tenant against another. 12 L.R.A. 261,* 
 262.* 
 
 Ejectment by one against third person. 18 
 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 Right to injunction against each other. 12 
 L.R.A. 484.* 
 
 Trespass quare cUmsum fregit by tenant 
 in common of realty against cotenant. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 212. 
 Contribution among cotenants. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 740.* 
 Levy on crops owned by cotenants. 23 
 L.R.A. 260. 
 
 IT. Transfer of interests. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Cotenant's conveyance by metes and bounds. 
 
 11 L.R.A. 278.* 
 
 Effect of conveyance by one cotenant to 
 third person to found adverse posses- 
 sion against others. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 702. 
 
 Dedication of land in which third persons 
 have an interest. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1023. 
 
 Assignment to cotenant as breach of cove- 
 nant not to assign without license. 2 
 B. R. C. 816. 
 
 Power of husband or his creditors to de- 
 feat wife's right of dower in lands held 
 by husband as tenant in common. IS 
 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 §12. By will. 
 
 Right of wife under statutes removing dis- 
 abilities of married women to devise 
 property held by her husband and her- 
 self as joint tenants. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 701. 
 
 Devise or bequest of property in which 
 testator had but a part interest, as 
 putting co-owner, who is a beneficiary, 
 to his election 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 644. 
 
 CO-TRUSTEES. 
 
 Liability for acts of, see Tbusts, § 28. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 Sufficiency of selection of part sold out of 
 
 a larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 32. 
 Delegation by l^islature to railroad com- 
 mission of power as to compressing 
 „ . .„. .^. ^ , cotton. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 652. 
 
 Begin with this oooJc an every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 323 
 
 OOtTGHING BIjOOD. 
 
 What constitutes within meaning of in- 
 surance policy. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 917. 
 
 COUNCIL. 
 
 Meeting of, see Municipal Corfobations, 
 § 20. 
 
 COUNSEL. 
 
 See ATTOEmsTS, 
 
 COUNSEL PEES. 
 
 In general, see Attoknets' Fees. 
 In divorce suit, see Divorce and Separa- 
 tion, §§ 39-40a. 
 
 COUNTERCLAIM. 
 
 See Set-Off and Cottntesclaim. 
 
 COUNTERFEITING. 
 
 Of union label. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1191. 
 Instigation to. 25 L.R.A. 34.5. 
 Ii.stigation to offense as defense to prose- 
 cution. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 053. 
 Kecessity and sufficiency of description of 
 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for 
 
 passing counterfeit money. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 56, 73. 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 225, 257. 
 Several offenses growing out of same facts. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725, 730. 
 Cruel and illegal punishment for. 35 
 
 L.R_A. 571. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 
 II. Nature; organization; toundaries; 
 
 alteration, §§ S, 3. 
 
 III. County seat, § 4. 
 
 IT. Bights and powers; contracts, §§ 
 5, 6. 
 V. Duties and liabilities; indebted- 
 ness, §§ 7-11. 
 
 VI. Officers; county hoard, §' 12. 
 
 Til. Actions affecting, § 13. 
 
 I, In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 
 CONSTITXTTIONAL LaW, §§ 85, 86. 
 
 Garnishment of, see Garnishment, § 9. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COUNTIES, I.— cont'd ' 
 
 Right of subcontractor, materialman, or 
 laborer to maintain action on con- 
 tractor's bond running to. 27 L.R.A.. 
 IN.S.) 581. 
 
 //. Nature; organization; boundaries; 
 alteration. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 As quasi corporations. 1 L.R.A. 757.* 
 
 Extrinsic evidence to show unconstitution- 
 ality of statutes incorporating coun- 
 ties. 14 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 Legislative power to change boundaries. 1 
 L.R.A. 757.* 
 
 Division of territory of, as affecting its 
 assets and liabilities. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 285. 
 
 § 3. Adjustment of debts on alteration 
 of county. 
 
 Liability of original county for debts of 
 county defectively organized from part 
 of its territory. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 791. 
 
 Liability of territory annexed to county 
 to pay proportion of share of exist- 
 ing debts. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1147. 
 
 ///. County seat. 
 
 § 4. Generally. ' ' 
 
 Establishment of. 13 L.R.A. 174.* 
 
 Bribery by gift in consideration of loca- 
 tion of. 14 L.R.A. 62. 
 
 Bribery in vote for. 15 L.R.A. 501. 
 
 Right to withdraw names from petition for 
 removal of. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1113. 
 
 On what basis majority essential to adop- 
 tion of proposition for change of coun- 
 ty seat is to be computed. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 478. 
 
 Reverter of land dedicated or conveyed for 
 purpose of court-house on removal of 
 county seat or failure to use land for 
 such purposes. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 
 IV. Bights and powers; contracts. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 As trustees of charities. 14 L.R.A. 70; 14 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 113. 
 Authority of county to employ "tax ferret." 
 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 339; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 261. 
 Right of county to collect tolls for use of 
 
 bridge or highway. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 836. 
 Power of legislature to authorize counties 
 
 to build, purchase, or operate railroad 
 
 as affected by restrictions on power to 
 
 aid private enterprises. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 412. 
 Reputed father's right to custody or con- 
 trol of illegitimate child as against. 
 
 65 L.R.A. 694. 
 Right to surrender valid claim upon partial 
 
 payment thereof. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 320. 
 Estoppel of, to tax land, by wrongfully 
 
 claiming ownership. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 ]074. 
 
324 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COUNTIES, IV.— cont'd. 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to powers. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 442. 
 
 § 6. Contracts. 
 
 Liability of, on implied contract. 27 I1.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1117; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 Liability of county on implied contract for 
 
 publishing notices in newspaper. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1130. 
 Power of board to make contract for term 
 
 extending beyond its own term. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 652. 
 
 v. Duties and liahilities; indebtedness. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Liability oh contracts, see supra, § 6. 
 Liability to garnishment, see Gabnish- 
 
 MENT, § 9. 
 
 Duty and liability in respect to poor per- 
 sons, see Poor and Poob Laws. 
 
 Division of territory of county as affecting 
 its liability. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 
 Obligation of, as operator of ferry. 68 
 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 Are counties within constitutional provi- 
 sion requiring "municipal and other 
 corporations" to make just compensa- 
 tion for property injured by public 
 work. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 
 Federal . courts following state decisions as 
 to liabilities. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 442. 
 
 § 8. For torts and negligence. 
 
 Liability for injury by defects in bridge, 
 
 see Bridges, §§ 5, 6. 
 Liability for injury by defects in highways, 
 
 see Highways, § 78. 
 
 Injuries to' travelers and vehicles. 39 
 L.R.A. 33. 
 By bridges and approaches being out of 
 repair. 39 L.R.A. 33. 
 Implied liability. 39 L.R.A. 33. 
 -. Where statute imposes liability. 
 
 ?' 39 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 From defective roads and highways. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 53. 
 Where the injury was caused by the 
 fright of a horse. 39 L.R.A. 56. 
 By negligence of employee. 39 L.R.A. 
 59. 
 Injuries to other persons. 39 L.R.A. 59. 
 From condition of buildings. 39 L.R.A. 
 59. 
 Generally. 39 L.R.A. 59. 
 On account of escape from prison. 
 39 L.R.A. 60. 
 By negligence of wrongful act of em- 
 ployee. 39 L.R.A. 62. 
 Injuries to real property from public im- 
 provements. 39 L.R.A. 63. 
 Generally. 39 L.R.A. 63. 
 By construction and operation of 
 
 bridges. 39 L.R.A. 65. 
 By roads. 39 L.R.A. 68. 
 By ditches, canals, and dams. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 69. 
 By buildings. 39 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 Begin with this hooh- on every latv question. 
 
 COUNTIES, IV.— cont'dL 
 Other wrongful and ne^igeirif acts affect-- 
 ing persons or property. 39 L.E.A.. 
 71. 
 
 Generally. 39 L.R.A 71. 
 
 Affecting property. 39 LJC.A. 72. 
 Infringement of patents. 39 SjJt.A. 73. 
 Damages by defaulting afficer. 39 L.R.A1. 
 
 74. 
 By misapplication, conversion;- or taking- 
 property. 39 L.R.A. 75. 
 Presentation of claims before county board i 
 
 as a condition precedent to snit. 39' 
 
 L.R.A. 77. 
 Liability of county for iiijuriesi caused by 
 
 construction or maintenance of bridge 
 
 to property thereto adjoiiiiDg. 21' 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 Liability for imprisonment of person ini 
 
 unhealthful or unfit prison. 36 L.RA. 
 
 293; 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 95. 
 Liability for injuries to one emplbyed about 
 
 house of detention.. 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 910. 
 
 § 9. Warrants; indefttedness>' claims 
 against. 
 
 Adjustment of debts on: alteratJbm of coun- 
 ty, see supra, § 3: 
 County bonds, see Bonds, §§ ]!T-27. 
 
 Are holders necessary partiesj to proceed- 
 ings to invalidate warrants or other 
 moneyed obligations of county, stale, 
 or municipal corporation 3 L.R;A. 
 (N.S.) 256. 
 
 Recovery of money loaned a county on in- 
 valid contract to pay its- indebtedness. 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 567. 
 
 What services or supplies to jurors are 
 proper subjects of eoiiaty charge. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 200. 
 
 When limitations begin to run against ac- 
 tion on county warrant. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 478. 
 
 Right of municipal corpoiration, county or 
 town authorities to reconsider action 
 as to allowance or elaim. 21 L.R..41. 
 (N.S.) 289. 
 
 Presentation of claims against county by 
 county board as condition precedent to 
 suit. 39 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 Acceptance of partial allowance of claim 
 as an accord and satisfaction. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 118. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 county warrant. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) US. 
 
 § 10. — limitation ot Indebtedness. 
 
 Constitutional limitation on debts. 2 
 L.R.A. 426;* 6 L.R.A. 665.* 
 
 Creation of indebtedness within meaning 
 ot debt limit provision. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1058. 
 
 § 11. —liability for interest. 
 
 Liability of county for interest on its ob- 
 ligations in absence of statute or 
 express contract. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 552. 
 County warrants or orders. 17 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 552. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 325 
 
 OOlNTiES, v.— cont'd 
 
 Coupons. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 556. 
 Contracts, etc., of county. 17 L.R.A. 
 <N.S.) 557. 
 
 VI. Officers; county boavd, 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 Power of officers to act as determined by 
 place of performance. 33 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 ■ Delegation of power of taxation to county 
 authorities. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62. 
 
 ' Delegation of legislative power to county 
 boards of supervisors. 16 L.R.A. 161. 
 Power of board to appoint officer or to 
 make contract for term extending be- 
 yond its own term. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 652. 
 
 Til. Actions affecting. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 By whom action affecting counties must be 
 brought. 64 L.R.A. 619. 
 
 Garnishment of. 37 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 Right to go behind judgment against 'coun- 
 ty or municipality in mandamus pro- 
 ceedings to enforce the same. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1002. 
 
 Applicability of statute of limitations to 
 actions by. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 746; 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 921. 
 
 COUNTING. 
 
 Necessity of counting goods sold out of a 
 larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 17. 
 
 COUNTS. 
 
 Election between, see Tbial, § 10. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 COUNTY CLERK. 
 
 See Clerks, §§ 3-7. 
 
 «-•-* 
 
 COUNTY SEAT. 
 
 See CotTNTiES, § 4. 
 
 COUNTY TREASURER. 
 
 Bond of, see Bonds, §§ 12-15. 
 
 COUPLING. 
 
 Matters as to safety appliance acts, see 
 Master and Servant, § 96. 
 Consult also L.n.4. Digests to date. 
 
 COUPLING— cont'd, 
 
 ^Valking in front of moving car to prepare. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 881. 
 Servant's disobedience of rules regulating 
 
 work of coupling cars. 43 L.R.A. 364. 
 
 COUPONS. 
 
 On bonds, see Bonds, § 27. 
 Coupon tickets, see Cakkibrs, § 22. 
 
 COURSES AND DISTANCES. 
 
 In description of mining claim. 7 LJl.A. 
 (N.S.) 838. 
 
 COURT ATTENDANT. 
 
 As a public officer. 17 L.R.A. 245. 
 
 COURTHOUSE. 
 
 Validity of contract as to location of. 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 589. 
 
 Bribery by gift to obtain location of. 14 
 L.R.A. 62. 
 
 Right of municipality to secure erection of, 
 by paying for instalments as erection 
 progresses. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
 Right of taxpayer in absence of statute to 
 enjoin erection of, by municipality. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 18. 
 
 Mechanics' lien on. 35 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Lease or license of, for private use. 33 
 L.R.A. 118. 
 
 Liability of municipality for tort in con- 
 nection with. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute, 
 to enjoin issuance or payment of court- 
 house bonds by municipality. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 6. 
 
 Reverter of land dedicated or conveyed for 
 purposes of courthouse upon removal 
 of county seat. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 
 COURT OF CLAIMS. 
 
 See Alabama Claims; Courts, § 45. 
 
 -♦-•-♦- 
 
 COURT ROOM. 
 
 Validity of proceedings in course of trial 
 outside of. 41 L.R.A. 563. 
 
 Right of court to exclude public from, dur- 
 ing criminal trial. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 277; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 487. 
 
 Intoxication in, as a contempt. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 138. , 
 
326 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COURTS. 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. Jurisdiction and powers in gen- 
 eral, §§ 2-13. 
 a. In general, §§ 2-i. 
 6. As to ivhat matters, §§ 5-9. 
 
 c. Over what persons or bodies, 
 
 §§ 10-12. 
 
 d. Legislative power as to, § 
 
 13. 
 
 III. Relation to other departments of 
 government, §§ 14:-1S. 
 
 IT. Jurisdiction as affected by resi- 
 dence, citizenship, or territorial 
 limitations, §§ 19-20. 
 
 V. Jurisdiction as affected by atnount 
 
 involved, §§ 27-29. 
 
 VI. Original jurisdiction of court of 
 
 last resort; superintending con- 
 trol, §§ 30, 31. 
 Til. Tarious particular tribunals, 
 §§ 32-4:5. 
 
 a. In general, § 32. 
 
 b. State courts, §§ 33, 3i. 
 
 0. Territorial courts, §§ 35, 
 35a. 
 
 d. Federal courts, §§ 36-4:4:. 
 
 1. In general, §§30, 36a. 
 
 2. Jurisdiction, §§ 37-44. 
 
 e. Court of claims, § 45. 
 Till. Time; terms; vacation, §§ 46, 
 
 47. 
 IX. Concurring and conflicting juris- 
 diction; relation of state to 
 Federal, §§ 48-54. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 48-51. 
 
 b. State and Federal courts, 
 
 §§ 52-54. 
 X. Rules of decision, §§ 55-59. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Abatement of action by pendency of action 
 
 in other court, see Abatement and 
 
 Revival, §§ 5-7. 
 Relation of attorneys to, see Attorneys, 
 
 §§ 2-6. 
 Clerks of, see Clebks, §§ 3-7. 
 Contempt of, see Contempt. 
 Courts-Martial, see Coubts-Maetiai,. 
 Property in custody of, see Custodt of 
 
 Law. 
 Evidence in, see Evidence. 
 Judicial notice by, see Evidence, II. 
 ■Tudicial notice as to courts and judicial 
 
 matters, see Evidence, §§ 7, 8. 
 Courts of equity, see Equity. 
 As to judges, see Judges. 
 Judgment of, see Judgment. 
 Mandamus to, see Mandamus, § 4. 
 Records of, see Records and Recording 
 
 Laws, §§ 7, 8. 
 Questions for, see Trial, III. 
 
 Coercion of disagreeing jury by. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 643. 
 Equal protection as to. 14 L.R.A. 585. 
 Personal liability of highway officers for 
 
 negligence as affected by order of court. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 829. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 COURTS, I.— cont'd 
 
 What constitutes offense of attempt to in- 
 fluence officers of. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 905. 
 
 Use of pledged instrument in, as uttering 
 or publishing. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1180. 
 
 Does privilege as to communications or 
 information acquired by physician ex- 
 tend to physician employed by, 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 888. 
 
 Duty of court before accepting plea of 
 guilty in capital case. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 463. 
 
 Does standard or solar time govern in legal 
 proceedings. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364; 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1046; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 611. 
 
 Validity of court business transacted on 
 legal holiday. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 791. 
 
 II. Jurisdiction and powers in 
 general. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 As affected by territorial limitations, see 
 infra, IV. 
 
 In probate matters, see infra, § 34. 
 
 Of Federal court, see infra, VII. d, 2. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction, see Admiralty. 
 
 Appellate jurisdiction, see Appeal and Er- 
 ror, §§ 4-6. 
 
 Acquiring jurisdiction by appearance, see 
 Appearance, § 4. 
 
 In bankruptcy proceedings, see Bank- 
 ruptcy, § 8. 
 
 Of equity, see Equity, I. 
 
 In patent cases, see Patents, § 5. 
 
 Of quo warranto proceedings, see Quo War- 
 ranto, § 2. 
 
 Of action of trover, see Trover and Con- 
 version, § 5. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action to construe wills, see 
 Wills, § 131. 
 
 Delegation of power to court or judge, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 16. 
 
 Usurpation of power by courts, see Consti- 
 tutional Law, § 19. 
 
 Encroachments on judicial power, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 20. 
 
 Power to punish for contempt, see Con- 
 tempt, § 10. 
 
 Power to grant new trial, see New Trial, 
 § 2. 
 
 Jurisdiction to appoint receiver, see Re- 
 ceiver, § 3. 
 
 Removal of causes to Federal courts, see 
 Removal of Causes. 
 
 As affected by mode of serving process, see 
 Writ and Process, II. 
 
 Judicial notice of jurisdiction and author- 
 ity of courts. 4 L.R.A. 34.* 
 
 Power of court to act as determined by 
 place of performance. 33 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 On unauthorized appearance by attorney. 
 21 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Necessity of judicial proceedings to consti- 
 tute due process of law. 2 L.R.A. r.ir * 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 327 
 
 COUKTS, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Judicial control of discretion as to rein- 
 statement of insured. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 148. 
 
 Conclusiveness of prior decisions on appeal 
 as to jurisdiction. 34 L.R.A. 334. 
 
 Retention of jurisdiction to afford complete 
 relief. 3 L.R.A. 191.* 
 
 Presumption as to. 12 L.R.A. 575. 
 
 Jurisdiction as affected by question whether 
 suit for statutory penalty is a civil 
 or criminal prosecution. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 744. 
 
 Waiver of lack of, or defects in, service of 
 process by special appearance on ap- 
 peal from justice's court, 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 664. 
 
 Taking steps to contest a cause on the mer- 
 its after a special appearance, as 
 waiver of objections to the jurisdiction 
 over the person. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177. 
 
 What courts have jurisdiction to grant re- 
 lief from mistake of law as to effect of 
 instrument. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 896. 
 
 Power of court to permit personal repre- 
 sentative, testamentary trustee, or 
 guardian to carry on business in be- 
 half of estate. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 210. 
 
 § 3. Ouster of jurisdiction. 
 
 Provision for testing election of city officer 
 before city council or other municipal 
 body as exclusive of remedies in court. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 Xonouster of jurisdiction of courts by con- 
 tracts requiring servant to elect be- 
 tween acceptance of benefits out of 
 relief fund and prosecution of his 
 claims in an action for damages. 11 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 191. 
 
 Is state court's jurisdiction of creditor's 
 attack on preference ousted by bank- 
 ruptcy proceedings commenced more 
 than four months after preference. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 363. 
 
 § 4. Effect of lack of jurisdiction; 
 challenging jurisdiction. 
 
 Estoppel of party who has invoked juris- 
 diction to deny it. 15 L.R.A. 273. 
 After obtaining benefit of the court's 
 taking jurisdiction. 15 L.R.A. 
 274. 
 
 Estoppel to deny facts pleaded to defeat 
 jurisdiction of court. 15 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 423. 
 
 Devestiture of estates of persons not in be- 
 ing by decree beyond court's jurisdic- 
 tion. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 441. 
 
 Injunction against judgments for want of 
 jurisdiction. 31 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Right of alleged fraudulent grantee to at- 
 tack judgment against grantor for lack 
 of jurisdiction. 67 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 Effect of lack of jurisdiction of court in 
 which malicious prosecution is begun 
 on right to maintain action therefor. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1100. 
 
 As affecting liability for false imprison- 
 ment. 18 L.R.A. 356. 
 
 ."is affecting perjury. 54 L.R.A. 513; 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 250. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COURTS, II.— cont'd 
 
 6. As to ivhat matters, 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Power to grant new trial, see New Teial. 
 Power to grant remittitur, see New Teial, 
 
 § 14. 
 Jurisdiction of partition suit, see Paeti- 
 
 moN, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Judicial power to review action of board 
 as to licenses of physicians, dentists, 
 etc. 20 L.R.A. 355. 
 
 Constitutional power to appoint officers. 
 16 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Power to vacate highway. 26 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 Jurisdiction over proceedings for estab- 
 lishment of drains and sewers. 60 
 L.R.A. 174. 
 
 Power to regulate or prohibit private 
 schools. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 
 Power to compel establishment of railway 
 stations. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 822. 
 
 Power of court to call and examine wit- 
 nesses, 57 L.R.A. 785. 
 
 Power to require ballot boxes to be pro- 
 duced and opened in proceedings other 
 than election contests. 33 L.R.A. 386. 
 
 Power of trial court to correct its records 
 after appeal or writ of error. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 Power to provide necessary places and 
 equipment for their business. 22 
 L.R.A. 398. 
 
 Equitable jurisdiction to protect civil 
 rights. 10 L.R.A. 616.* 
 
 Jurisdiction of suit to enjoin execution 
 sales or other proceedings under final 
 process. 30 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 .lurisdiction of courts in actions on con- 
 tractor's bonds given to owners. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 600. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action growing out of colli- 
 sion of vessel with bridge. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 324. 
 
 Right to resort to court to recover taxes 
 paid on erroneous or excessive assess- 
 ments without previous resort to stat- 
 utory remedies. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 685. 
 
 Right of creditor of taxing district to in- 
 voke aid of court to obtain satisfac- 
 tion of debt, where ordinary remedies 
 not available. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1020. 
 
 Permitting chancery to set aside a verdict 
 upon an issue directed to a law court 
 as infringing the powers of the latter. 
 b L.R.A.(N.S.) 866. 
 
 § 6. With respect to statutes and ordi- 
 nances. 
 
 Power to interpret and construe statutes. 
 
 12 L.R.A. 856.* 
 Inquiry into conclusiveness of enrolled bill. 
 
 23 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 § 7. In cases of trust. 
 
 In enforcement of charitable trust, see 
 Chakities, §§ 10, 11. 
 
 Power to dissolve trust. 18 L.R.A. 745. 
 Assistance of, in revoking or setting aside 
 
 voluntary trust or settlement. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 78. 
 
328 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 COURTS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Power of court to change number of trus- 
 tees designated in trust instrument. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 802. 
 
 Power of court to consent to conveyance by 
 trustee under a trust requiring consent 
 by cestui que trust. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 39. 
 
 Power to permit carrying on of business by 
 personal representative, testamentary 
 trustee, or guardian. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 210. 
 
 § 8. In annulment cases. 
 
 In divorce cases, see Divorce and Separa- 
 tion, §§ 7-12. 
 Equity jurisdiction, see Equity, § 12. 
 
 Jurisdiction to annul marriage for insanity 
 of one of the parties. 40 L.R.A. 745. 
 
 Local domicil or residence as a condition 
 of jurisdiction in action to annul mar- 
 riage. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 745. 
 
 § 9. Criminal cases. 
 
 As affected by territorial limitations, see 
 
 infra, § 25. 
 Power in criminal matters generally, see 
 
 CsiMi.\AL Law, IV. VI. 
 
 Jurisdiction of state courts over criminal 
 proceedings under Federal la\vs. 48 
 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 Jurisdiction of criminal actions against 
 consul. 45 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 Power of consul to send criminals to home 
 country for trial. 45 L.E.A. 485. 
 
 Jurisdiction to punish crimes committed 
 by or against Indians. 21 L.R.A. 169. 
 
 SufBciency of averment in indictment or 
 information for perjury as to jurisdic- 
 tion of court to administer oath. 32 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 142. 
 
 Eight of court to exelude-public from court 
 room during criminal trial. 9 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 277; 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 487. 
 
 Eight of court in criminal case to direct a 
 verdict of guilty. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 
 Power to suspend sentence or stay execu- 
 tion thereof. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 112; 39 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 242. 
 
 Power to advise but not to compel exercise 
 of power by public prosecutor to dis- 
 miss prosecution. 35 L.E.A. 708. 
 
 Abduction or wrongful bringing of crim- 
 inals into jurisdiction as a defense to 
 prosecution. 15 L.E.A. 177. 
 
 c. Over what persons or bodies. 
 
 § 10. Over consuls. 
 
 Jurisdiction over consuls. 
 
 45 L.E.A. 580. 
 
 § 11. Over corporations and associa- 
 tions. 
 
 Jurisdiction of Federal court, see infra, 
 §§ 40, 43. 
 
 Over foreign corporations, see infra, §§ 23, 
 24. 
 
 itandamus against corporation, see Manda- 
 mus, §§ 12-15. 
 
 Service of process on corporation, see Writ 
 and Process, §§ 22-29. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 COURTS, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Equity jurisdiction over corporations. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 551;* 9 L.R.A. 651.* 
 What service of process upon corporation is 
 sufficient to constitute due process of 
 law. 50 L.R.A. 588. 
 When civil courts have jurisdiction of con- 
 troversy between association and its 
 members. 49 L.R.A. 353. 
 Validity of requirement by mutual benefit 
 society that remedies within the order 
 must be exhausted before resort to the 
 civil courts. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 916. 
 Conclusiveness of decisions of tribunals of 
 associations or corporations. 49 
 L.R.A. 353; 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 672. 
 Tribunals other than ecclesiastical. 49 
 L.R.A. 353. 
 In general ; when civil courts have 
 
 jurisdiction. 49 L.R.A. 353. 
 Discipline. 49 L.R.A. 354. 
 
 Extent of review, generally. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 354. 
 For insufficient or unauthor- 
 ized cause. 49 L.E.A. 
 359. 
 In general. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 359. 
 When power conferred in 
 general terms. 49 
 L.R.A. 360. 
 Notice and opportunity to be 
 
 heard. 49 L.R.A. 363. 
 Miscellaneous defects : proce- 
 dure. 49 L.R.A. 367. 
 Waiver of defects. 49 L.R.A. 
 371. 
 Decisions directly on property 
 rights; validity of agreement 
 to abide by decision. 49 
 L.E.A. 372. 
 Miscellaneous decisions. 49 L.E.A. 
 
 378. 
 Duty to exhaust remedies within 
 the organization. 49 L.R.A. 
 379. 
 
 § 12. — over religious societies; con- 
 clusiveness of decisions of ecclesi- 
 astical tribunals. 
 
 Civil power to review excommunication of 
 
 church member. 15 L.R.A. 801. 
 Jurisdiction of litigation growing out of 
 
 schism or division in religious society. 
 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 692. 
 Review by civil court of dismissal or re- 
 moval of priest or minister by an 
 ecclesiastical tribunal. 35 l!r.A. 
 (N.S.) 919. 
 
 Grounds of civil court's jurisdiction. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 919. 
 
 Civil or property right. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 919. 
 
 Contractual rights. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 921. 
 
 Conclusiveness on merits. 35 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 921. 
 
 Jurisdiction of ecclesiastical tribunal. 
 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 922. 
 
 Eegularity of procedure. 35" L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 923. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 329 
 
 Courts, II. c — cont'd 
 
 Duty to exhaust remedies within the 
 society. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) !)2-t. 
 Review by civil courts of expulsion of mem- 
 ber of a religious soicety. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1154. 
 Power of civil court to compel restoration 
 of member expelled by religious so- 
 ciety. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 945. 
 Distinction between membership in the 
 church proper and in the corporate 
 body. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 949. 
 Power of courts to order new election for 
 trustee of religious society because of 
 doubt as to result of original election. 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 686. 
 Conclusiveness of decisions of ecclesiastical 
 tribunals. 49 L.R.A. 384. 
 Basis of court's jurisdiction over eccle- 
 siastical controversies. 49 L.R.A. 
 384. 
 Conclusiveness of decisions, generally. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 386. 
 Jurisdiction of ecclesiastical tribunals. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 390. 
 Regularity of procedure. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 395. 
 Fairness and validity of decisions as 
 tested by church laws. 49 L.R.A. 
 397. 
 Duty to obtain decision by higher tribu- 
 nal. 49 L.R.A. 399. 
 Congregational and independent 
 
 churches. 49 L.R.A. 399. 
 Conclusiveness of decision of ecclesiastical 
 tribunal as to its own jurisdiction or 
 powers. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 701. 
 Conclusiveness on merits of decision remov- 
 ing priest or minister. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 921. 
 
 d. Legislative power as to. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Delegation of power to courts by legislature, 
 see CONSTITUTIOJSTAL Law, § 16. 
 
 Encroachment by legislature on power of 
 courts, see Constitutional Law, § 20. 
 
 Legislative authority to abridge power of 
 court to punish for contempt. 36 
 L.R.A. 254. 
 
 Power of legislature to impose on judges 
 duty to assist in drawing jurors. 23 
 L.r".A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 
 Power of legislature to interfere with su- 
 perintending control over inferior tribu- 
 nals. 51 L.R.A. 111; 20 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 !)46. 
 
 Power of legislature to permit appeal to 
 court to review amount of tax assess- 
 ment. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 716. 
 
 May judges of municipal or police courts 
 be vested or burdened with powers or 
 duties of a nonjudicial character. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 Tribunal for juvenile offenders; validity of 
 statutes establishing. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 564. 
 ConsnU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COURTS— cont'd 
 
 ///. Relation to other departments of 
 goveinmetit. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Power of legislature as to courts, see supra, 
 § 13. 
 
 Delegation of judicial power, see Consti- 
 tutional Law, V. 
 
 Delegation of power to courts, see Consti- 
 tutional Law, § 16. 
 
 Encroachments on judicial power, see Cox- 
 stitutional La-\\-, § 20. 
 
 Independence of different departments of 
 government. 4 L.R.A. 79.* 
 
 Power of judiciary over co-ordinate depart- 
 ment. 3 L.R.A. 53.* 
 
 Interference with other departments of gov- 
 ernment. 3 L.R.A. 53.* 
 
 Restriction on original jurisdiction of court 
 of last resort in mandamus case from 
 independence of co-ordinate department 
 of government. 58 L.R.A. 866. 
 
 May judges of municipal or police courts 
 be vested or burdened with powers or 
 duties of nonjudicial character. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 Interference by with revocation of school 
 teacher's license. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1148. 
 
 § 15. Legislative department. 
 
 Conclusiveness of enrolled bill, see Stat- 
 utes, § 12. 
 
 Reluctance to annul statute. 13 L.R.A. 
 304.* 
 
 Power to declare act of legislature uncon- 
 stitutional. 17 L.R.A. 838. 
 
 Judicial interference with legislative power 
 to fix tolls, rates, and prices. 33 
 L.R.A. 183. 
 
 Power of judiciary to fix rates to be 
 charged by public-service corporations. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 529. 
 
 Judicial regulation of rates of irrigation 
 company. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 
 Power of equity to regulate charges of pub- 
 lic warehousemen. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 399. 
 
 Power of court to control legislative power 
 to annex territory to municipalities. 
 27 L.R.A. 739. 
 
 § 16. — eminent domain. 
 
 Expediency of exercise of right, a legisla- 
 tive question. 4 L.R.A. 785;* 7 L.R.A. 
 151.* 
 
 Effect upon court of legislative declaration 
 that use is a public one. 8 L.R.A. .IS.* 
 
 Where the power rests to decide what is a 
 public use. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 
 Necessity of taking particular land by em- 
 inent domain, as a judicial question. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940. 
 
 Judicial power over the right of eminent 
 domain. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 Property subject to appropriation for 
 
 public use. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 6. 
 Nature of the eminent domain. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 7. 
 
330 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 COURTS, III.— cont'd 
 
 Where the power of eminent domain is 
 
 lodged. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 11. 
 How the power of eminent domain is 
 
 exercised. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 17. 
 Limitations upon the power of eminent 
 
 domain. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 23. 
 What is a public use. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 35. 
 The extent of user as affecting, the pub- 
 lic nature of a use. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 48. 
 Where the power rests to decide what 
 is a public use. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 50. 
 Public necessity as a gauge of power, 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 The degree of necessity requisite to the 
 exercise of the power of eminent 
 domain. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 The judge of necessity. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 64. 
 Primary. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 64. 
 Secondary. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 In general. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 67. 
 By constitutional creation. 22 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 When the courts may judge. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 71. 
 As to the extent of the estate to 
 betaken. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 The blending of public and private uses. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 The mask of public character. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 Plural purposes. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 80. 
 Incidental private advantage. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 81. 
 Private payment of compensation. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 The selection of property for condemna- 
 tion. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 The extent and limitations of the judi- 
 cial power in eminent domain cases. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 84. 
 Ways and means of exercising the judi- 
 cial powers in eminent domain cas- 
 es. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 92. 
 Ancient usage and the doctrine of stare 
 
 decisis. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 95. 
 Applications of the principles to partic- 
 ular uses. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 Introduction. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 Eoads. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 99. 
 
 Highways. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 99. 
 Turnpikes. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 101. 
 Byways. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 Streets and alleys. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 111. 
 Eailroads. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 118. 
 In general. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 118. 
 Appurtenances. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 122. 
 Location of route. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 123. 
 
 COURTS, III.— cont'd 
 
 Quantity of land that may be 
 
 taken. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 126. 
 
 Spur tracks and sidings. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 129. 
 
 Street railways. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 134. 
 Bridges. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 135. 
 Ferries. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 135. . 
 Wharves. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 135. 
 Pipe lines. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 136. 
 The generation and diffusion of 
 electric energy. 22 L.R.A. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 136. 
 The transmission of intelli- 
 gence. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 136. 
 The production and distribu- 
 tion of light, heat, and 
 power. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 137. 
 Milldams. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 140. 
 Booms and logging ways. 22 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 151. 
 Fisheries. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 152. 
 Canals. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 152. 
 Improvement of navigation. 22 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 Mining. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 Water purveying. 22 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 156. 
 For governmental and dome<<- 
 tic consumption. 22 L.R.A. ' 
 (N.S.) 156. 
 For manufacturing power. 22 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 160. 
 For irrigation. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 162. 
 Drainage. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 163. 
 Reclamation of marshes. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 163. 
 To improve highways. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 167. 
 Sewers. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 168. 
 Municipal purposes. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 168. 
 Common schools. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 169. 
 Parks. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 170. 
 Cemeteries. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 171. 
 
 § 17. Executive department. 
 
 Departments of government distinct and in- 
 dependent. 3 L.R.A. 53.* 
 
 Power of judiciary to interfere with ex- 
 ecutive. 3 L.R.A. 316.* 
 
 How far courts will interfere by mandamus 
 with heads of executive department. 3 
 L.R.A. 55.* 
 
 Mandamus to members of, to restore to office 
 one who has been illegally removed. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 
 Power of court to review action of governor 
 in removing officer. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 788. 
 
 Power of courts to interfere with rulings of 
 Postoffice Department. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 366. 
 
 Begin with thin hook on every laic question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 331 
 
 COURTS, III.— cont'd 
 SIS. Mvmiclpal matters. 
 
 Reasonableness of ordinance as a subject of 
 judicial inquiry. 2 L.R.A. 723.* 
 
 Municipal declaration of forfeiture of street 
 franchise or privilege for breach of con- 
 dition as a judicial determination. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 321. 
 
 IV. Jurisdiction tis affected T>y resi- 
 dence or citizenship or territorial 
 limitations, 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Federal jurisdiction as affected by residence 
 or citizenship, see infra, §§ 42, 43. 
 
 Abatement of action bj' pendency of action 
 in court of other state, see Abatement 
 AXD Revivax, § 6. 
 
 Right of courts of one state to enforce laws 
 or causes of action arising in another 
 state, see Conflict of Laws. 
 
 Jurisdiction in divorce as affected by domi- 
 cil, residence, or place of marital of- 
 fense, see Conflict of Laws, § 14. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action for death or bodily 
 harm occurring in another state, see 
 Conflict of Laws, § 22. 
 
 Enforcement of penal laws of another state, 
 see Conflict of Laws, § 23. 
 
 Judgments of courts of sister state, see 
 Judgment, §§ 66-73. 
 
 Discriminating against citizens of other 
 states. 14 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 Necessity of exhaustion of remedy as to 
 property situate beyond jurisdiction as 
 condition precedent to creditors' bill. 
 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 
 Place of payment of debt as affecting juris- 
 diction to garnish same. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 608; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 264. 
 
 .Jurisdiction to award custody of child tem- 
 porarily within the state but domiciled 
 elsewhere. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 690. 
 
 Right to sue executor or administrator on 
 hia bond in a state other than that of 
 his appointment. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 334. 
 
 § 2 0. Over bonndary waters. 
 
 Over sea, see Watees, § 4. 
 
 Over boundary rivers or lakes, see Watees, 
 
 §§ 5, 6- 
 Over inland rivers, see Watees, § 7. 
 
 § 21. Matters as to real property. 
 
 In general; jurisdiction limited to suits in 
 
 personam. 69 L.R.A. 673; 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 924; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 420. 
 
 Conditions of jurisdiction. 69 L.R.A. 675. 
 
 Necessity of proper case for equitable 
 
 intervention. 69 L.R.A. 675. 
 Ability to grant effective relief by a de- 
 cree in personam the criterion of 
 jurisdiction. 69 L.R.A. 676. 
 Xonresidence of defendant as affecting 
 
 jurisdiction. 69 L.R.A. 677. 
 Discretion as to exercising jurisdiction. 
 69 L.R.A. 678. 
 Particular subjects of jurisdiction. 69 
 L.R.A. 678. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COURTS, IV.— confd 
 
 Creation and enforcement of trusts; 
 substitution of trustees. 69 L.R.A. 
 678. 
 Suit for specific performance. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 681. 
 Suit to remove cloud on title; to cancel 
 
 void mortgage. 69 L.R.A. 682. 
 Foreclosure of mortgage or other lien. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 208; 69 L.R.A. 682. 
 Suit to redeem. 69 L.R.A. 685. 
 Suit to reform deed; or to have deed 
 declared a mortgage. 69 L.R.A. 
 685. 
 Relief from fraud. 69 L.R.A. 686. 
 
 As between parties or privies. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 686. 
 As between one party and creditors 
 of the other. 69 L.R.A. 688. 
 Injunction. 69 L.R.A. 689. 
 Accounting and incidental relief by 
 requisition of conveyance. 69 
 L.R.A. 691. 
 Partition. 69 L.R.A. 692. 
 Appointment of receiver. 69 L.R.A. 693. 
 Miscellaneous. 69 L.R.A. 693. 
 Form of relief; effect and enforcement of 
 
 decree. 69 L.R.A. 694. 
 Jurisdiction to enjoin acts with respect to 
 real property in another state. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 114. 
 May jurisdiction of suit to quiet title or 
 remove cloud on title of land within 
 the territorial jurisdiction rest upon 
 constructive service of process against 
 a nonresident. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 625. 
 May jurisdiction of suit for specific perform- 
 ance of a contract for the conveyance 
 of land within the territorial jurisdic- 
 tion rest upon constructive service of 
 process against a nonresident. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1135. 
 Jurisdiction of action at law for damages 
 for breach of contract, or for tort 
 concerning real property in another 
 state or country. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 928. 
 Action for breach of contract. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 928. 
 Action based on tort against real prop- 
 erty. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 933. 
 The general rule. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 933. 
 Trespass quare clausum fregit. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 935. 
 Action for indirect or consequen- 
 tial damages. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 936. 
 Effect upon rule of abrogation of 
 local venues. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 938. 
 The rule repudiated. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 938. 
 Exceptions to rule. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 939. 
 Action for conversion of timber 
 crops, buildings, etc. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940. 
 Right to maintain action for conversion of 
 timber, crops, buildings, etc., taken 
 from land in another state or country. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 994. 
 
332 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COURTS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 § 2 2. — foreclosure suit. 
 
 Foreclosure of mortgage upon land in an- 
 other state. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 986. 
 
 Jurisdiction to order foreclosiire sale of 
 railroad in different states. 32 L.R.A. 
 208; 69 L.R.A. 682. 
 
 § 23. Over foreign corporation. 
 
 Jurisdiction of Federal court, see infra, 
 VII. d, 2. 
 
 Right to enforce stockholder's liability out- 
 side of state of incorporation, see CoK- 
 POEATIONS, § 121. 
 
 Right of nonresident to sue foreign corpora- 
 tion. 70 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Power of court to compel a foreign corpora- 
 tion to register transfers of stock. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 551. 
 
 Enforceability in court of another state of 
 a contract made by a foreign corpora- 
 tion which had not complied with the 
 conditions of doing business within the 
 state. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 999. 
 
 Locus of cause or subject of action as af- 
 fecting jurisdiction of action by nonres- 
 ident against foreign corporation. 70 
 L.R.A. 543. 
 
 Enforcement of stockholder's liability out- 
 side of state in equity. 34 L.R.A. 759, 
 761. 
 
 § 24. — locality of .iurisdlction of state 
 court over. 
 
 Generally. 70 L.R.A. 692. 
 
 Jurisdiction coextensive with the state. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 692. 
 Constructive domestic residence. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 693. 
 Counties in which railroads extend. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 696. 
 Venue determined by doing business. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 696. 
 Resident agent. 70 L.R.A. 697. 
 Place of origin of the cause or situation 
 of the subject of the action. 70 
 L.R.A. 699. 
 Local actions. 70 L.R.A. 699. 
 Transitory actions. 70 L.R.A. 699. 
 Of domestic origin. 70 L.R.A. 699. 
 Of foreign origin. 70 L.R.A. 700. 
 When the foreign corporation is not sole de^ 
 
 fendant. 70 L.R.A. 701. 
 Effect of appearance and waiver. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 701. 
 Federal corporations. 70 L.R.A. 702. 
 Counties where plaintiff resides. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 702. 
 Plaintiff's choice. 70 L.R.A. 702. 
 Courts of limited jurisdiction. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 702. 
 Constitutionality of venue statutes. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 703. 
 Construction of venue statutes. 70 L.R.A. 
 703. 
 
 614. 
 25. Over crimes. Where there was a waiver of 
 
 Locality of crimes committed by shooting or I the excess. 37 L R A 
 
 striking across state boundary. 28 I (N.S.) 615 
 
 L.R.A. 59. In appellate court. 37 L.R.A. (N.S ) 616 
 
 Begin tcith this 'booTc on every law question. 
 
 COURTS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Jurisdiction of homicide where mortal 
 wound is inflicted in one state or coun- 
 try and death occurs in another. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 822. 
 
 Locality of crime committed through the 
 agency of the mails or of carriers. 19 
 L.R.A. 775. 
 
 Jurisdiction to punish crimes committed by 
 or against Indians. 21 L.R.A. 169. 
 
 Absence of accused from territorial Juris- 
 diction at time of offense as affecting 
 jurisdiction. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 331. 
 
 Prosecution for larceny of one who receives 
 or sells within the state property actu- 
 ally stolen with his connivance by an- 
 other in another state. 42 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 207. 
 
 § 2 6. Suit against foreign sovereign. 
 
 Jurisdiction of suit against foreign sover- 
 eign. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 276. 
 
 V. Jurisdiction as affected by amount 
 involved. 
 
 § 27. Generally. 
 
 In injunction suit, see Injunction, § 81. 
 
 Jurisdiction of Federal court as affected by 
 amount in dispute. 2 L.R.A. 226.* 
 
 Jurisdiction as affected by amount in contro- 
 versy. 9 L.R.A. 203.* 
 
 Injunction against judgment for matters 
 as to amount. 31 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 Amount in dispute in case of injunction 
 against enforcement of liens or claims 
 against specific property. 61 L.R.A. 
 781. 
 
 Is amount of attorney's fee expressly stip- 
 ulated for to be included in computing 
 amount involved, for purpose of ascer- 
 taining jurisdiction. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 157. 
 
 § 28. Effect of counterclaim in amount 
 in excess of jurisdiction. 
 
 In court of original jurisdiction. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 607. 
 Effect upon plaintiff's claim. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 607. 
 Disposition of counterclaim. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 608. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 608. 
 Where counterclaim is pleaded as 
 a defense merely. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 611. 
 Where a balance within the juris- 
 dictional amount is 
 claimed. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 611. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 611. 
 Where counterclaim is treated 
 as a payment or extin- 
 guishment of plaintiff's 
 claim. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 333 
 
 COURTS, v.— cont'd 
 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 Where counterclaim is first exliibited 
 in appellate court. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 616. 
 
 Where counterclaim is amended in ap- 
 pellate court. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 618. 
 
 § 2 9. Voluntary credits to bring debt 
 witliin jurisdictional amount. 
 
 The rule permitting remission. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 222. 
 The rule as affected bv the character of the 
 claim. 28 L'R.A. 223. 
 Actions for an uncertain amount. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 223. 
 Actions for an amount certain. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 224. 
 Actions in which jurisdiction depends 
 upon the value of the property in 
 suit. 28 L.R.A. 224. 
 Remission of interest. 28 L.R.A. 225. 
 Rule denving the right to remit. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 226." 
 What constitutes a remission. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 228. 
 When made. 28 L.R.A. 229. 
 
 YI. Original jurisdictioti of court of 
 last resort; superintending control. 
 
 § 30. Superintending control and su- 
 pervisory jurisdiction over Inferior 
 courts. 
 
 Generally. 51 L.R.A. 33; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 942. 
 Inherent power of supervisory or superin- 
 tending control over inferior tribu- 
 nals.. '51 L.R.A. 34. 
 Existence and derivation of power. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 34. 
 In what courts the inherent power ex- 
 ists. 51 L.R.A. 35; 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 946. 
 In the highest law court of orig- 
 inal general jurisdiction. 51 
 L.R.A. 35. 
 In courts of appellate jurisdiction. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 36. 
 In courts of local jurisdiction. 51 
 L.R.A. 37. 
 Constitutional and statutory grants of su- 
 perintending control, general super- 
 vision, etc. 51 L.E.A. 37; 20 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 943. 
 In states which have no express constitu- 
 tional or statutory grants of power. 51 
 L.R.A. 74. 
 In courts of the United States. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 103; 20 L.R.A. fN.S.) 945. 
 Where the application to correct should be 
 first made. 51 L.R.A. 107; 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 946. 
 To the court sought to be controlled. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 107. 
 To an inferior jurisdiction having the 
 power. 51 L.R.A. 107. 
 When the power is exercised without des- 
 ignating it as such. 51 L.R.A. 107. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COURTS, VI.— cont'd 
 
 By courts of original jurisdiction as 
 successor of the King's bench. 51 
 L.R.A. 107. 
 By courts having no grant of the spe- 
 cific power. 51 L.R.A. 108. 
 By courts having grants of the juris- 
 diction. 51 L.R.A. 108. 
 Use in place of appeal or other remedy. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 109. 
 For what purposes exercised. 51 L.R.A. 109. 
 Compelling lower court to act. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 109. 
 Controlling lower court's discretion or 
 judgment. 51 L.R.A. 110; 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 949. 
 To aid appellate jurisdiction. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 110. 
 In exercise of revisory jurisdiction. 51 
 L.R.A. 111. 
 Power of legislature to interfere. 51 L.R.A. 
 Ill; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 946. 
 To enlarge the power. 51 L.R.A. 111. 
 To encroach upon the power. 51 L.R.A. 
 111. 
 Exercise of the power by courts of local 
 
 jurisdiction. 51 L.R.A. 111. 
 Over what courts or jurisdictions power may 
 
 be exercised. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 947. 
 Mode in which power may be exercised. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 947. 
 Policy governing its exercise. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 948. 
 Use in place of appeal or other remedy. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 949. 
 Occasions for its exercise. 20 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 949. 
 To compel change of venue. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 951. 
 To correct erroneous decision of juris- 
 dictional question. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.)951. 
 To correct decision of other preliminary 
 
 questions. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 952. 
 Grant or refusal of injunction by in- 
 ferior court. 20 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 952. 
 Exclusiveness of jurisdiction of court of 
 last resort to issue remedial writs for 
 prerogative purposes. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 769. 
 Superintending control of civil courts over 
 courts-martial. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 413. 
 
 § 31. Original jurisdiction in manda- 
 mus cases. 
 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 833; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1000. 
 What constitutes original jurisdiction. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 833. 
 Origin and nature. 58 L.R.A. 834. 
 Jlethod of conferring and extent of. 58 
 L.R.A. 836. 
 (Ipiipral rules. 58 L.R.A. 836. 
 Under grant of general common-law ju- 
 risdiction. 58 L.R.A. 838. 
 Under express general grant. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 838. 
 Under general grant of appellate juris- 
 diction. 58 L.R.A. 844. 
 Under express grant for appellate pur- 
 poses. 58 L.R.A. 846. 
 
334 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1. 
 
 COURTS, VI.— cont'd 
 
 Under express grant for particular 
 
 named purposes. 58 L.E.A. 847. 
 Under grant of jurisdiction in appeal 
 
 and mandamus. 58 L.R.A. 848. 
 Under grant as to mandamus, and other 
 writs for appellate purposes. 
 58 L.R.A. 851. 
 The conflict of authority. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 851. 
 Rule limiting authority to appel- 
 late purposes. 58 L.R.A. 851. 
 Rule that authority includes origi- 
 nal jurisdiction. 68 L.R.A. 
 852. 
 Restrictions and limitations on jurisdiction. 
 58 L.R.A. 855; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1000. 
 General statement as to. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 855. 
 Concurrent jurisdiction elsewhere as a 
 
 restriction. 58 L.E.A. 855. 
 Want of proper facilities as a restric- 
 tion. 58 L.R.A. 858. 
 Another adequate remedy as a restric- 
 tion. 58 L.R.A. 859. 
 General rules. 58 L.E.A. 859. 
 What remedies are adequate. 58 
 L.E.A. 860. 
 Restriction as to matters publici juris. 
 i 58 L.E.A. 863; 38 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1000. 
 General rules. 58 L.E.A. 863. 
 What matters are publici juris 
 within such rules. 58 L.R.A. 
 864. 
 Restriction from independence of co-or- 
 dinate departments of government. 
 58 L.E.A. 866. 
 As to cases of exigency or emergency. 
 
 38 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1002. 
 Where there is a disputed question of 
 
 fact. 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1002. 
 Where lower court has concurrent juris- 
 diction. 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1003. 
 Miscellaneous. 38 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1003. 
 
 Til. Various particular tribunals. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 32. Generally. 
 
 Conclusiveness of decisions of tribunals of 
 corporations and associations, see 
 supra, §§ 11, 12. 
 
 Jurisdiction and powers of consuls. 45 
 
 L.E.A. 481. 
 Jurisdiction of ecclesiastical tribunals. 49 
 
 L.E.A. 390. 
 
 6. State courts. 
 
 § 33. Generally. 
 
 Jurisdiction generally, see supra, II. 
 
 Jurisdiction as affected by residence, citizen- 
 ship, or territorial limitations, see 
 supra, IV. 
 
 Locality of jurisdiction of state court over 
 foreign corporation, see supra, § 24. 
 
 Jurisdiction as affected by amount involved, 
 see supra, V. 
 
 Begin ivith this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 COURTS, VIII. b— cont'd 
 
 Original jurisdiction, and superintending 
 
 control, see supra, VI. 
 Concurring jurisdiction of state and Fed- 
 eral courts, see infra, §§ 52-54. 
 Power and jurisdiction of state courts as to 
 
 Federal matters, see infra, § 54. 
 State courts following Federal decisions, 
 
 see infra, § 57. 
 Federal courts following state decisions, see 
 
 infra, § 58. 
 Locality of jurisdiction of state court over 
 
 foreign corporation, see supra, 24. 
 Jurisdiction of United States Supreme Court 
 
 to review judgments of, see Appeal and 
 
 Erboe, § 4. 
 Removal of cause from, see Rbmovai, of 
 
 Causes. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence in, of copies of 
 Federal records. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 947. 
 
 Change of decision of state court as an im- 
 pairment of contract. 16 L.R.A. 646. 
 
 Jurisdiction of criminal actions against con- 
 suls. 45 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 Jurisdiction of civil actions against con- 
 suls. 45 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 § 34. Courts of ' probate juristliction. 
 
 Probate jurisdiction. 3 L.R.A. 812.* 
 Jurisdiction of surrogate's court, generally. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 175.* 
 Concurrent jurisdiction of courts of equity 
 
 with surrogate's court. 2 L.E.A. 176.* 
 Interference by chancery with proceeding's 
 
 before surrogate. 2 L.R.A. 176.* 
 Jurisdiction of suit to determine validity of 
 
 devise. 2 L.R.A. 175.* 
 Power of surrogate to vacate or set aside 
 
 decree or order. 2 L.R.A. 644.* 
 Jurisdiction o'ver executors and adminis- 
 trators. 2 L.R.A. 828.* 
 Jurisdiction to admit to probate will not 
 
 probated at testator's domieil. 33 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 658. 
 Xotice of distribution in probate proceed- 
 ings as jurisdictional. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 368. 
 Right of representative of decedent's estate 
 
 to interplead claimants as affected by 
 
 exclusiveness of surrogate's jurisdiction. 
 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 986." 
 Power to dismiss proceedings. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 644. 
 Power to elect against will on behalf of 
 
 insane widow. 17 L.R.A. 297; 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1210. 
 
 e. Territorial courts. 
 
 § 35. Generally. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence in, of copies of 
 records from other tribunals. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 948. 
 
 Removal of criminal oases from territorial 
 courts. 53 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 § 35a. Jurisdiction of. 
 
 Jurisdiction to punish crimes committed by 
 or against Indians. 21 L.R.A. 173. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 335 
 
 COURTS, VII.— cont'd 
 
 d. Federal courts. 
 
 1. In ge-neral. 
 
 § 36. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of authority between state and 
 
 Federal courts, see infra, IX. 
 State courts following Federal decisions, see 
 
 infra, § 57. 
 Federal courts following state decisions, see 
 
 infra, § 58. 
 Lien of judgment of, see Judqment, § 59. 
 Removal of action to, see Removai, of 
 
 Causes. 
 
 Adoption of common law in. 22 L.R.A. 
 506. 
 
 Effect of state statutes on Federal jurisdic- 
 tion of suit to remove cloud on title. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 
 Sustaining, in Federal court, in bankruptcy 
 case, equitable rights of wife which 
 were not recognized by local law. 1 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 321. 
 
 Superintending control over inferior tribu- 
 nals. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 945. 
 
 Ser\ing process of Federal courts on foreign 
 corporations. 23 L.R.A. 501. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence in, of copies of 
 records of other states. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 944. 
 
 What entry or record is necessary in, for 
 purposes of appeal. 28 L.R.A. 627. 
 
 Review of decision of, by supreme court on 
 certiorari. 50 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 Lien of judgment of Federal court. 47 
 L.Rji.. 469. 
 
 Application of statute requiring practice 
 and proceeding in Federal court to con- 
 form "as near as may be" to those of 
 state court. 11 L.R.A. 275.* 
 
 § 3 6a. Adoption by Federal courts of 
 remedies created by state statutes. 
 
 Preservation of equity jurisdiction. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 266. 
 Enlargement of equitable remedies. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 266. 
 Limitation or enlargement of equity powers. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 267. 
 Extending legal remedies. 18 L.R.A. 268. 
 Limiting equitable jurisdiction. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 269. 
 
 2. Jurisdiction. 
 
 § 3 7. Generally. 
 
 Concurring jurisdiction of state and Federal 
 
 courts, see infra, §§ 52-54. 
 Jurisdiction of national banks, see Banks, 
 
 § 48. 
 Jurisdiction on habeas corpus, see Habeas 
 
 Corpus, § 2. 
 
 Circuit court jurisdiction. 1 L.R.A. 377,* 
 817;* 2 L.R.A. 746.* 
 
 Jurisdiction as affected by amount in dis- 
 pute. 2 L.R.A. 226.* 
 
 Ancillary jurisdiction. 3 L.R.A. 190.* 
 
 Jurisdiction of circuit court not conferred 
 by attachment process against nonresi- 
 dent. 6 L.R.A. 252.* 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COURTS, VII. d, 2— cont'd 
 
 Jurisdiction of civil actions against con- 
 suls. 45 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 Jurisdiction of criminal actions against 
 consuls. 45 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 Jurisdiction of suit against state railroad 
 commissioners. 3 L.R.A. 238.* 
 
 Extending legal remedies of Federal courts 
 by state statutes. 18 L.R.A. 268. 
 
 Authority of Congress to abridge power of 
 Federal courts to punish for contempt. 
 36 L.R.A. 258. 
 
 § 38. Equity jurisdiction. 
 
 Adoption of remedies created .by state stat- 
 utes affecting, see supra, § 36a. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction of. 2 L.R.A. 225.* 
 
 Jurisdiction of Federal courts to enjoin exe- 
 cution sales or other proceedings under 
 final process. 30 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 Availability in Federal courts of statutory 
 remedies limiting or enlarging equity 
 powers. 18 L.R.A. 266. 
 
 Eflfect of state legislation to extend equity 
 jurisdiction. 18 L.R.A. 268. 
 
 Effect of state legislation to limit, or re- 
 strain equity jurisdiction. 18 L.R.A. 
 269. 
 
 § 39. Federal questions. 
 
 Power and jurisdiction of state court with 
 reference to Federal matters, see infra, 
 § 54. 
 
 In patent cases, see Patents, § 5. 
 
 Jurisdiction of, with respect to bridge over 
 navigable waters. 2 L.R.A. 541.* 
 
 Jurisdiction of United States Supreme 
 Court in action against national bank 
 to recover penalty for taking usurious 
 interest. 56 L.R.A. 680. 
 
 Questions as to national banks as Federal 
 questions. 62 L.R.A. 536. 
 
 § 40. Over corporations. 
 
 As dependent on citizenship of, see infra, 
 § 43. 
 
 Enforcement of stockholder's liability out- 
 side of state in Federal courts. 34 
 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 Enforceability in Federal court of a con- 
 tract made by a foreign corporation 
 which had not complied with conditions 
 of doing business within the state. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 999. 
 
 Conditions against foreign coporation in- 
 voking Federal jurisdiction. 24 L.R.A. 
 294. 
 
 § 41. Of action by assignee. 
 
 Suit by assignee of chose in action. 1 
 L.R.A. 817;* 12 L.R.A. 681.* 
 
 When assignee of chose in action may sue 
 in United States circuit court. 2 
 L.R.A. 746.* 
 
 § 42. As dependent on citizenship. 
 
 Citizenship in District of Columbia. 1 
 L.R.A. 108.* 
 
336 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COURTS, VII. d, 2— cont'd 
 
 Eight of citizen of District of Columbia to 
 
 maintain suit in circuit court on the 
 
 ground of diverse citizenship. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 108.* 
 Necessity of diversity in citizenship at time 
 
 suit brought. 1 L.R.A. 108.* 
 
 § 43. —or corporations. 
 
 Corporations as citizens for purposes of 
 Federal jurisdiction. 11 L.R.A. 216.* 
 
 Citizenship of corporation, for purposes of 
 Federal jurisdiction, in state other 
 than that where created. 14 L.R.A. 
 184. 
 
 § 44. Over crimes by or against In- 
 dians. 
 
 See Indians, § 2. 
 
 e. Court of claims. 
 
 § 45. Generally. 
 
 Act creating. 2 L.R.A. 572.* 
 Jurisdiction, practice, and procedure. 3 
 L.R.A. 463.* 
 
 Till. Time; terms; vacation. 
 
 § 46. Generally. 
 
 Delay of prosecution caused by failure to 
 
 hold court, as ground for discharge of 
 
 accused. 56 L.R.A. 530. 
 Extension of time for court proceedings 
 
 when last day falls on Sunday. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 122. 
 Sitting on holidays. 19 L.R.A. 317. 
 Judicial notice of terms. 4 L.R.A. 34.* 
 
 § 4 7. Vacation. 
 
 Personal liability of executor or adminis- 
 trator to distributees for interest where 
 settlement of estate is delayed by va- 
 cation of court. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 359. 
 
 Entry of nunc pro tunc judgments in. 20 
 L.R.A. 147. 
 
 IX. Concurring and conflicting juris- 
 diction; relation of state to Federal. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 48. Generally. 
 
 When jurisdiction of law and equity eon- 
 current. 1 L.R.A. 191;* 5 L.R.A. 226.* 
 
 Concurrent jurisdiction of courts of equity 
 with surrogates' courts. 2 L.R.A. 170.* 
 
 Concurrent jurisdiction over boundary 
 rivers. 65 L.R.A. 964. 
 
 Conflicting authority in drainage proceed- 
 ings. 60 L.R.A. 175. 
 
 Conflict of jurisdiction as to garnishment of 
 debt. 67 L.R.A. 220. 
 
 Exclusiveness of jurisdiction of court of 
 last resort to issue remedial writs for 
 prerogative purposes. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 769. 
 
 Superintending control of civil courts over 
 courts-martial. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 413. 
 
 Concurrent jurisdiction over offense under 
 municipal ordinance and state statute. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 57. 
 
 Begin with this liooTc on every la%v question. 
 
 COURTS, IX. a— cont'd 
 ^ 49. Exclusiveness of jurisdiction 
 first acquired. 
 
 Between state and Federal courts, see infra, 
 § 53. 
 
 Retention of suit in court whence process 
 first issued. 2 L.R.A. 177.' 
 
 Priority of right obtained by actual seizure. 
 5 L.R.A. 223.* 
 
 Retention of jurisdiction by court first ac- 
 quiring same. 5 L.R.A. 222.* 
 
 Exclusive jurisdiction in court first acquir- 
 ing possession of property. 5 L.R.A. 
 223.* 
 
 Exclusiveness of jurisdiction by appoint- 
 ment of receiver. 20 L.R.A. 391. 
 
 § 50. — where receiver has been ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 As between a receiver and an assignee in 
 bankruptcy. 20 L.R.A. 391. 
 
 As to property that is outside of the juris- 
 diction of the court appointing a re- 
 ceiver. 20 L.R.A. 392. 
 
 As to right of possession between the re- 
 ceiver and a creditor levying an execu- 
 tion or attachment on the property. 
 20 L.R.A. 392. 
 
 As to receiver's right of possession as af- 
 fected by the time of appointment, giv- 
 ing bond, and taking possession. 20 
 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 As to questions between state and Federal 
 courts. 20 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 As to the effect of an appeal. 20 L.R.A. 
 395. 
 
 Effect of order to turn back the property 
 after appeal from appointment of re- 
 ceiver upon right of other courts to 
 exercise jurisdiction over it. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 963. 
 
 Effect of appeal from order appointing re- 
 ceiver of corporation to enable a court 
 of concurrent jurisdiction to take ju- 
 risdiction. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 
 Effect of attachment of real estate to de- 
 feat right of receiver subsequently ap- 
 pointed by another court, to possession. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 
 § 51. Interference with other courts; 
 injunction. 
 
 Courts of concurrent jurisdiction cannot act 
 in conflict. 1 L.R.A. 573.* 
 
 Injunction against suit in foreign juris- 
 diction. 21 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 Right to enjoin prosecution of collusive suit 
 in court of co-ordinate jurisdiction. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 581. 
 
 b. State and Federal courts. 
 
 § 52. Generally. 
 
 Jurisdiction of Federal courts generally, see 
 supra, VII. d, 2. 
 
 Concurrent jurisdiction of Federal and 
 state. 12 L.R.A. 725.* 
 
 Pendency of actions in both state and Fed- 
 eral courts sitting in same state. 42 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 337 
 
 COURTS, IX. b-co.it'd 
 
 ihitual independence of state and Federal 
 courts. 5 L.E.A. 221.* 
 
 Noninterference by Federal courts with pro- 
 ceedings in state courts. 5 L.R.A. 224.* 
 
 Jurisdiction of estate of inmate of Federal 
 home or institution. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 586. 
 
 May a state court protect an inchoate in- 
 terest in real property under an at- 
 tachment in a suit pending in a Fed- 
 eral court, or vice icrsa. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 624. 
 
 Power of Federal court to enforce its own 
 judgment against a decedent's estate. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 154. 
 
 Privilege of suitor or witness in Federal 
 court from arrest or service of sum- 
 mons out of state court. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 992. 
 
 Jurisdiction to enjoin execution sales or 
 other proceedings under final process. 
 30 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 Power of state court to enforce right under 
 Federal employer's liability act. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 684. 
 
 § 53. Exclusiveness of jurisdiction 
 first acquired. 
 
 Is state court's jurisdiction of creditor's 
 attack on preference ousted by bank- 
 ruptcy proceedings commenced more 
 than four months after preference. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 363. 
 
 Exclusiveness of jurisdiction by appoint- 
 ment of receiver as between state and 
 Federal courts. 20 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 § 54. Power and jurisdiction of state 
 court with respect to Federal mat- 
 ters. 
 
 Administration of Federal laws in state 
 courts. 48 L.R.A. 33. 
 Generally. 48 L.R.A. 33. 
 Civil laws. 48 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Actions by or against national 
 
 banks." 48 L.R.A. 35. 
 Actions by or against assignee in 
 
 bankruptcy. 48 L.R.A. 36. 
 Naturalization proceedings. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 36. 
 When jurisdiction of state courts 
 
 excluded. 48 L.R.A. 37. 
 When question arises incidentally. 
 48 L.R.A. 38. 
 Criminal and penal laws. 48 L.R.A. 
 38. 
 Jurisdiction to punish crimes committed by 
 
 or against Indians. 21 L.R.A. 169. 
 Jurisdiction of state court to enforce for- 
 feiture of interest provided by national 
 banking act. 56 L.R.A. 688. 
 Jurisdiction of state court over action to re- 
 cover from national bank twice the 
 amount of usurious interest paid to it. 
 56 L.R.A. 690. 
 State jurisdiction over lands of the United 
 States within the state. 17 L.R.A. 720. 
 With respect to naturalization. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 761. 
 Power of state court to pass on inter- 
 state rates. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 108. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 22 
 
 COURTS— cont'd 
 
 -\'. Rules of ilciision. 
 
 § 55. Generally. 
 
 lOffect and conclusiveness of decision on ap- 
 peal, see Appeal anii Erhok, §§ 43. 44. 
 
 Weight of decisions of commoM-laA\' courts 
 as to what contracts will support mari- 
 time lien. 70 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 Conclusiveness of prior decisions on appeal 
 as to effect of dicta. 34 L.R.A. 344. 
 
 § 5 6. Following- decisions of courts of 
 other state. 
 
 Binding effect of decisions of state supreme 
 courts on courts of other states. 5 
 L.R.A. 512.* 
 
 § 5 7. State courts following Federal 
 decisions. 
 
 State courts following Federal decisions in 
 construing statute to impose penalty 
 on n<a.tional banks for taking illegal 
 interist. 56 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 Questions as to which decisions of Federal 
 court are conclusive. 5 L.R.A. 513.* 
 
 § 58. Federal courts following state 
 decisions. 
 
 Federal court following decision of state 
 court as to rule of property. 5 L.R.A. 
 509.* 
 Rule of decision by Federal court with re- 
 spect to questions of general commer- 
 cial law. 5 L.R.A. 510.* 
 General rule that United States Supreme 
 Court will follow decisions of state 
 courts. 5 L.R.A. 509.* 
 As to construction of state Constitution 
 or statute. 5 L.R.A. 509.* 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of statutes in 
 relation to state courts. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 447. 
 Questions of state law as to which the de- 
 cisions of the highest state court 
 must be followed in actions origi- 
 nating in, or removing to, the Fed- 
 eral courts. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 380. 
 Introduction. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 383. 
 Unwritten or common law. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 388. 
 Local rules; rules of property. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 391. 
 Constitutional and statutory questions. 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) .393. 
 Change of state decisions after 
 rights of parties accrued. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 Questions decided for the first 
 time after rights of parties ac- 
 crued. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.') 397. 
 State court decision rendered after 
 earlier Federal decision. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 398. 
 Effect as distinguished from con- 
 struction; decisions resting on 
 general' reasoning; scope of 
 decision. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 399. 
 
338 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COURTS, X.— cont'd 
 
 Application of general rule of 
 construction to particular 
 facta. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 401. 
 Statutes declaratory of common 
 law; codificatioii. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 402. 
 Passage or repeal of statute; con- 
 clusiveness of enrolled bill. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 402. 
 Particular subjects. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 402. 
 Personal contracts. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 402. 
 Commercial paper. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 404. 
 Municipal and county bonds. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 407. 
 Insurance contracts. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 4^1. 
 Carriers' contracts. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 413. 
 Telegraphs. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 414. 
 Contracts in relation to property. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 Deeds, mortgages, and leases 
 of real property. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 Chattel mortgages; condition- 
 al sales. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 416. 
 Title and incidents of real prop- 
 erty generally; water rights. 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 419. 
 Recording laws. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 420. 
 Fraudulent transfers of property. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 420. 
 Statute of frauds. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 421. 
 Statute of limitations. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 421. 
 Actions at law. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 421. 
 In equity. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 423. 
 Adverse possession. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 425. 
 Liens. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 425. 
 Conflict of laws. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 426. 
 Measure of damages. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 428. 
 Interest and usury. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 428. 
 Decedents' estates generally. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 429. 
 Wills. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 430. 
 Domestic relations ; married wom- 
 en. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 431. 
 Assignments for creditors; insol- 
 vency proceedings ; receiver- 
 ship. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 431. 
 Agency; partnership. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 433. 
 Corporations. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 433. 
 Judgments. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 435. 
 Attachment; execution; judicial 
 sales. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 436. 
 
 COURTS, X.— cont'd 
 
 Debtors' exemptions. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 437. 
 Torts. 40 L.E.A.(N.S.) 437; 
 
 Negligence and contributory 
 
 negligence generally. 40 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 437. 
 
 Master and servant. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 438. 
 
 At common-law. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 438. 
 Under statutes in relation 
 to master and serv- 
 ant. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 439. 
 Statutory action for death. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 441. 
 License : intoxicating liquor. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 442. 
 Public bodies; municipal corpora- 
 tions. 40 L.R.A. (N.S. I 442. 
 Public service corporations. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 Monopolies. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 444. 
 Eminent domain. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 444. 
 Taxes. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 444. 
 Courts. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 447. 
 Equity. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.i 448. 
 Evidence; witnesses. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 449. 
 Practice and pleading generally. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 451. 
 Set-off. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 453. 
 Process. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 453. 
 
 § 59. Stare decisis. 
 
 Doctrine of stare decisis in exercise of ju- 
 dicial power over right of eminent do- 
 main. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 95. 
 
 Stare decisis; construction of penal statute 
 as rule of personal liberty. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1081. 
 
 Effect of change of judicial decision to im- 
 pair the obligation of a contract. 16 
 L.R.A. 646; 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 860; 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 500. 
 
 over 
 
 413. 
 
 both 
 
 31 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 COURTS-MARTIAL. 
 
 Right of member of, to maintain action for 
 libel or slander based on charges against 
 court generally. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 728. 
 
 Superintending control of civil courts 
 courts-martial. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Right to convict for same offense in 
 civil courts and courts-martial. 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 710. 
 
 Are state militias subject to the articles of 
 war of the United States. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 354. 
 
 Right of minor unlawfully enlisted in Army 
 or Navy to discharge on habeas corpus 
 from custody of court-martial under 
 charge of desertion or fraudulent en- 
 listment. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 339 
 
 COUSINS. 
 
 Insurable interest in cousin's life. 54 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 233; 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1172. 
 
 Implied agreement to pay for services ren- 
 dered to. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 885. 
 
 Measure of damages for negligent death of. 
 17 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 COVE. 
 
 Division of rights in, between riparian own- 
 ers. 21 L.R.A. 776. 
 
 COVENANTS. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Construction; validity; effect, §§ 
 2-15. 
 HI. Performance; breach; enforce- 
 ment; who liable, §§ 16-33. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 16-20. 
 
 b. Restrictive covenants and con- 
 
 ditions, §§ 21-25. 
 
 c. Covenants of seisin and of 
 
 right to convey, §§ 26, 27. 
 
 d. Covenants against encum- 
 
 brances, §§ 2S-30. 
 
 e. Covenants of warranty and for 
 
 quiet enjoyment, §§ 31-33. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to reservations and exceptions, see 
 
 Deeds, §§ 24-27. 
 In lease, see Lakdlokd And Tenant, §§ 
 
 15-22. 
 
 Covenants on division of building by sale of 
 part thereof. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 706. 
 
 Effect of alteration of deed after delivery 
 upon covenants. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 288. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action of covenant in re- 
 lation to land in another state or 
 country. 26 L.R.A. (K.S.) 928. 
 
 //. Construction; validity; effect. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Against engaging in rival business, see Con- 
 tracts, §§ 107-109, 117, 118. 
 
 Estoppel by, see Estoppel, §§ 3-5. 
 
 Covenant of title on sale of chattels, see 
 Sale, § 28. 
 
 Defined and construed. 6 L.R.A. 107.* 
 
 Distinguished from conditions; construc- 
 tion. 1 L.R.A. 380;* 5 L.R.A. 422.* 
 
 Law n-rjverning covenant in deed or mort- 
 gage of real property. 17 L.R.A. (X.S.) 
 1074. 
 
 In grant to corporation. 2 L.R.A. 199.* 
 
 In oil lease. 12 L.R.A. 290.* 
 
 In grant of water power. 67 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 In deed poll. 23 L.R.A. 396. 
 
 Dependent and independent covenants as af- 
 fecting right to rescind or abandon con- 
 tract for other party's default. 30 
 L.R.A. 34. 
 C07isult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COVENANTS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Right of mortgagee to benefit of insurance 
 where mortgage contained a covenant 
 to insure. 25 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 How far is tide land within protection of 
 covenants in deed. 62 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 Covenants on division of building by sale 
 of part thereof. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 706. 
 
 Covenants in deed of land held adversely. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 739. 
 
 Provision directing particular purposes to 
 which property granted for benefit of 
 religious or charitable organization 
 shall be devoted as creating » cove- 
 nant. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1122. 
 
 Do eminent domain proceedings secure title 
 "through or under" the former owner 
 within meaning of covenant. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1092. 
 
 Liability of covenantor in conveyance of 
 real property for expenses of successful 
 defense. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 
 § 3. Implied covenants. 
 
 Recitals in a deed as basis of implied cove- 
 nants of title. 18 L.R.A. 343. 
 
 Implied covenant of title on sale of chat- 
 tels, as protection against outstanding 
 encumbrances. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 410. 
 
 Right of grantee to claim implied covenant, 
 as against tlie grantor, by a call in the 
 deed for a street or alley in which the 
 grantor owns the fee. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.- 
 878. 
 
 Bounding land on street or alley as cove- 
 nant that the street or alley exists, 
 where grantor does not own the fee 
 thereof. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 964. 
 
 § 4. — not to sue. 
 
 Effect of covenant not to sue one joint tort 
 feasor as a release of other. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 451. 
 
 Release of one joint tort feasor as cove- 
 nant not to sue others, 58 L.R.A. 299. 
 
 § .1. Restricting use of property. 
 
 Enforcement, breach and its effect, see infra, 
 §§ 21-25. 
 
 Generally. 3 L.R.A. 580.* 
 
 Covenants to keep street open. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 581.* 
 Covenants not to build. 3 L.R.A. 580.* 
 f'ondition in deed that land is to be used 
 for a specified charitable, public, 
 or quasi-public purpose. 19 L.R.A. 
 262. 
 ExprcHS conditions or stipulations for 
 
 reversion. 19 L.R.A. 262. 
 Language merely specifying or restrict- 
 ing the use. 19 L.R.A. 263. 
 Grants for school purposes. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 265. 
 For municipal purposes. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 265. 
 For cemeteries. 19 L.R.A. 266. 
 For railroad uses. 19 L.R.A. 2(1(1 
 For other business purposes. 1 9 
 L.R.A. 266. 
 Conveyance "so long as used" for pur- 
 pose named. 19 L.R.A. 266. 
 
340 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 COVENANTS, II.— cont'd 
 
 When provision in conveyance as to erection 
 of building or other structure regarded 
 as condition subsequent. 3 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 741; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 771. 
 
 Provision in conveyance directing particular 
 mode to which property granted or de- 
 vised to or for benefit of religious or 
 charitable organization shall be devoted 
 as creating a condition. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1121. 
 
 § 6. —validity. 
 
 Validity of condition forbidding sale of in- 
 toxicating liquor upon premises. 4 L. 
 R.A. 373.* 
 
 Validity of restriction in deed as to use of 
 building inserted for the purpose of 
 securing a monopoly to the grantor. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 910. 
 
 Validity of restriction in a deed as to use 
 of property reserved for purpose of se- 
 curing monopoly to the grantor. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 909. 
 
 § 7. — construction and effect. 
 
 Construction and effect of general restrict- 
 ive covenant against the use of real 
 property for purpose offensive or detri- 
 mental to the neighborhood. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1039. 
 
 Effect of recorded agreement, not incorporat- 
 ed in a conveyance, restricting use of 
 property, upon successor in title. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1129. 
 
 Effect of restrictions on use of property on 
 marketability of title. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 34. 
 
 § 8. Of seisin. 
 
 Enforcement and breach, see infra, §§ 26, 
 27. 
 
 Effect of covenant or seisin. 6 L.R.A. 360.* 
 
 Scope and effect of covenants of seisin where 
 the granting clause merely purports to 
 convey the interest of the grantor in 
 the property. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 588. 
 
 As one running vi'ith the land. 6 L.R.A. 
 361.* 
 
 § 9. To stand seised. 
 
 When may instrument otherv\'ise ineffective 
 as a conveyance of real property be up- 
 held as a covenant to stand seised to 
 uses. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 937. 
 
 § 10. Against encumbrances. 
 
 Performance and breach, see infra, §§ 28- 
 30. 
 
 In lease, see Landloed and Tenant, § 20. 
 
 In general. 3 L.R.A. 789.* 
 
 Will covenant of general warranty sustain 
 action by remote grantee evicted under 
 encumbrance, where deed also contains 
 covenants against encumbrances not 
 running with the land. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1094. 
 
 § 11. — what is an encumbrance. 
 
 What deemed an encumbrance. 3 L.R.A. 
 789.* 
 
 Begin ivith this hoolc on every latv question 
 
 COVENANTS, II.— cont'd 
 Easement as an encumbrance. 3 L.R.A. 
 790.* 
 
 § 12. For quiet enjoyment. 
 
 Enforcement and breach, see infra, §§ 31- 
 33. 
 
 Effect of covenant for quiet enjoyment. 2 
 L.R.A. 334.* 
 
 § 13. Of warranty. 
 
 Enforcement and breach, see infra, §§ 31- 
 
 33. 
 Of warranty on sale of personalty, see Sale, 
 
 §§ 26-38, 53-59, 68. 
 
 Recitals in deed as basis of implied cove- 
 nant of title. 18 L.R.A. 343. 
 Effect of warranty in partition deed. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 333. 
 Scope and effect of covenants of title where 
 the granting clause merely pur- 
 ports to convey the interest of the 
 grantor in the property. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 588. 
 Where instrument purports to convey 
 mere interest of the grantor. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 588. 
 Where intention is to convey a specific 
 interest in the land. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 592. 
 Intention as affected by general cove- 
 nants of title. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 595. 
 Will covenant of general warranty sustain 
 action by remote grantee evicted under 
 encumbrance where deed also contains 
 covenants against encumbrance not run- 
 ning with the land. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1094. 
 Effect of warranty clause in contract on fail- 
 ure of consideration as defense to ac- 
 tion on purchase money note. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 946. 
 
 § 14. Covenants running with land. 
 
 Test by which to determine whether grant 
 runs with land. 2 L.R.A. 199.* 
 
 Necessity of use of word "assigns" in order 
 to make covenant as to a thing not in 
 esse run with the land. 14 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 185. 
 
 Covenant of seisin as. 6 L.R.A. 361.* 
 
 Covenant in grant of water power as 67 
 L.R.A. 402. 
 
 Covenant of lessor to pay for repairs or im- 
 provements as one running with the 
 land. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 466. 
 
 Parol agreement as to fences as a covenant 
 running with the land. 27 L.R.A. (N 
 S.).229. 
 
 May covenant running with the land be 
 created by acceptance of deed polj with 
 stipulations purporting to bind grantee 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 436. 
 
 Does action for damages to real prop- 
 erty run with land. 2 L.R.A. (NS) 
 819. ' 
 
 Danger of litigation to enforce or restrain 
 violation of covenants running with the 
 land as affecting marketability of title 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 16. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 341 
 
 .-'OVENANTS, II.— cont'd 
 § 15. —as to paitv wall. 
 
 Agreement to build a party wall as. 1 
 
 L.K.A. 33.* ^ 
 
 To contribute to cost of party wall as. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 III. Performance; breach; enforcc- 
 me»t; wlio liable. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach, see Dam- 
 .^GES, §§ 32-34. 
 
 Injunction against breach, see Injunction, 
 § 9. 
 
 Vohintary; how far enforceable. 13 L.E.A. 
 7-23.* 
 
 Power of equity to compel observance of. 
 5 L.R.A. 422.* 
 
 Enforcement in equity of agreement relat- 
 inff to, but not running with, the land. 
 3 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 
 Consideration in deed as contractual in ac- 
 tion for breach of covenant. 68 L.R.A. 
 931. 
 
 Parol evidence as to consideration of a deed 
 in action for breach of covenant. 20 
 L.R.A. 107. 
 
 Eight to set off damages for breach of, on 
 mortgage foreclosure. 21 L.R.A. 324. 
 
 Breach of covenant in grant of water power. 
 67 L.E.A. 403. 
 
 Vendee's right to rescind executory con- 
 tract for purchase of land because of 
 vendor's breach of covenant to make im- 
 provements. 21 L.R.A.(X.S.) 823. 
 
 Remedy on covenants in deed as affecting 
 right of grantee in possession to ques- 
 tion right of grantor to collect purchase 
 money. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 376. 
 
 § 17. What con.stitutes a breach. 
 
 Of restrictive covenant, see infra, § 22. 
 Of covenant of seisin and right to convey, 
 
 see infra, § 27. 
 Of covenant against encumbrances, see infra, 
 
 § 29. 
 Of covenant of warranty or quiet enjoyment, 
 
 see infra, § 32. 
 
 Purchase by covenantee from true owner as 
 breach. 6 L.R.A. 107.* 
 
 Right of third person to remove fixtures as 
 breach of a covenant in a deed of real 
 property. .35 L.R.A. (N.S.) r!76. 
 
 Deficiency in quantity of property described 
 as a section or a fraction of a section 
 as breach of a covenant. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 558. 
 
 § 18. Who liable. 
 
 Personal covenants binding on purchaser. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 200.* 
 Liability of heirs on covenant or specialty 
 
 debt of ancestor. 21 L.R.A. 90. 
 Necessity of demand or request of covenan- 
 tor to defend in order to bind him by 
 decree against grantee. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 732. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 C0\'1':NANTS, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Liability under covenants in deed of tax ot- 
 ficcrs or their bond for failure of tax 
 purchaser's title on account of irregu- 
 larities in procedure. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 696. 
 
 8 19. Who may enforce. 
 
 Restrictive covenants, see infra, § 23. 
 Covenant of warranty, see infra, § 33. 
 
 Covenant with several; when one may sue 
 alone. 9 L.R.A. 704.* 
 
 Right of party to antenuptial settlement 
 who is in default to enforce covenants 
 to be performed by other party. 26 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 858. ' 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion must be brought on covenant. 64 
 L.R.A. 621. 
 
 Right of remote grantee to sue for breach 
 of covenant when covenantor had nei- 
 ther title nor possession. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 514. 
 
 § 2 0. Forfeiture for breach. 
 
 Restrictive covenants, see infra, § 24. 
 Forfeiture for breach of condition subse- 
 quent, see Conditions, § 7. 
 
 Forfeiture for breach of covenant. 5 L.R.A. 
 423.* 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of es- 
 tate for breach of collateral covenants. 
 69 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 l). Restrictive covenants and conditions. 
 
 8 21. Generally. 
 
 Construction, validity, and effect, see supra, 
 §§ 5-7. 
 
 Injunction to restrain breach of covenant. 
 5 L.R.A. 423.* 
 
 Enforcement of covenant in equity. 3 L.R.A. 
 581.* 
 
 Equitable remedy for encroaclunent on 
 rights. 3 L.R.A. 581.* 
 
 Enforcement of restrictive covenants in 
 grant. 2 L.R.A. 200.* 
 
 Breach of condition in deed that land is to 
 be used for a specified charitable, public, 
 or quasi-public, purpose. 19 L.R.A. 
 267. 
 
 Mistake as to restrictive covenant as ground 
 of relief from purchase at auction sale. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 930. 
 
 Mistake as to building restrictions as af- 
 fecting righti to specific performance. 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 86. 
 
 Effect of purchaser's knowledge of, in ac- 
 tion for breach of covenant against en- 
 cumbrances. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 319. 
 
 § 22. What constitutes a breach. 
 
 Assignment for creditors as violation of 
 covenant against assignment or sale, see 
 Assignment for Creditors, § 3. 
 
 Garage or stable as within restrictive cove- 
 nants in conveyances of real estate. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 730. 
 
342 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 (JOVENAKTS, in. b— cont'd 
 
 Hotel or lodging house as violation of re- 
 strictive covenant. 41 L.K.A. (N.S.) 
 625. 
 
 Community residence as violation of re- 
 strictive covenant. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 615. 
 Educational institutions. 41 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 616. 
 Hospitals, sanatoriums, and asylums. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 
 Temporary railroad as violation of cove- 
 nant against offensive trade or business. 
 9 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1039. 
 
 Billboard as violative of restrictive cove- 
 nant as to use of premises, or struc- 
 tures permissible thereon. 2 B. R. C. 
 434. 
 
 Structure designed for separate accommoda- 
 tion of more than one family as viola- 
 ting building restriction against erec- 
 tion of more than one house, or dwel- 
 ling, or some similar restriction. 1 
 B. R. C. 993. 
 
 § 23. Who may enforce. 
 
 Who may enforce restrictive covenant or 
 agreement as to use of property. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 12. 
 Introduction. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 12. 
 Restrictions for benefit of land re- 
 tained. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 15. 
 Restrictions for benefit of land con- 
 veyed. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 23. 
 Restrictions for benefit of whole tract. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 24. 
 Where whole tract is sold. 37 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 24. 
 Mutual covenants. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 25. 
 Building scheme. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 27. 
 Effect of priority of purchase. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 34. 
 Restrictive covenants as easements. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 36. 
 Right of grantee to enforce restrictive cove- 
 nants in prior conveyances by his 
 grantor of other parcels. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 General rules. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 624. 
 Covenants intended for benefit of gran- 
 tor's remaining land. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 Intention indicated by deed. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 Intention indicated by surrounding 
 circumstances. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 625* 
 Intention indicated by uniform 
 scheme of restrictions. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 627. 
 Covenants personal to grantor. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 629. 
 
 § 24. Forfeiture for breach. 
 
 Forfeiture by breach of condition as to 
 manufacture or sale of liquors on prem- 
 ises. 5 L.R.A. 423.* 
 
 Forfeiture for breach of condition as to 
 manufacture or sale of liquors. 5 
 L.R.A. 423.* 
 
 Begin with this lioolc on every law question. 
 
 COVENANTS, III. b— cont'd 
 § 25. Right to enforcement as affected 
 by cliange in neighborhood. 
 
 Inapplicability of doctrine in law. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 707. 
 Change due to act or default of 'com- 
 plainant or his predecessor. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 707. 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 707. 
 Failure to carry out scheme. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 709. 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 709. 
 What amounts to. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 709. 
 What does not amount to. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 709. 
 Acquiescence in violations of restric- 
 tion, 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 710. 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 710. 
 As affected by materiality of viola- 
 tion. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 Where other violations not injuri- 
 ous to complainant. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 712. 
 Under what circumstances a bar. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 712. 
 Under what circumstances not a 
 bar. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 713. 
 Change due to other causes. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 715. 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 715. 
 Under what circumstances a bar. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 716. 
 Under what circumstances not a bar. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 718. 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 718. 
 Where restriction still beneficial. 
 28 L,R.A.(N.S.) 719. 
 
 c. Covenants of seisin and of right to 
 convey. 
 
 § 26. Generally. 
 
 Construction, validity, and effect, see supra, 
 § 8. 
 
 Recovery for breach of covenant of seisin. 
 4 L.R.A. 427.* 
 
 Right of grantee in possession to question 
 grantor's right to collect purchase mon- 
 ey in case of covenant of seisin. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 Accrual of cause of action for breach of 
 covenant of seisin so as to set in motion 
 statute of limitations. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1189. 
 
 Necessity of eviction to maintenance of ac- 
 tion for breach of covenant of seisin. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1178. 
 
 § 27. What constitutes a breach. 
 
 When covenant of seisin broken. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 425.* 
 Existence of water right on land at time 
 
 of conveyance as breach. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 314. 
 Existence of public highway across land at 
 
 time of conveyance as breach. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 834. 
 Existence of private rights of way across 
 
 land at time of conveyance as breach. 
 
 30 L.K.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 343 
 
 COVENANTS, III. c— cont'd 
 
 Existence of railroad rights of way across 
 
 land at time of conveyance as breach. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 
 d. Covenants against encumbrances. 
 
 § 28. Generally. 
 
 Construction, validity, and effect, see supra, 
 § 10. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of cove- 
 nant, see Damages, § 34. 
 
 Action for breach of covenant. 3 L.R.A. 
 791.* 
 
 Damages for breach of covenant. 3 L.R.A. 
 791.* 
 
 Measure of damage where easement exists. 
 3 L.R.A. 790.* 
 
 Effect of encumbrance as breach of cove- 
 nant. 3 L.R.A. 790.* 
 
 Damages for breach of warranty by exist- 
 ence of unexpired lease. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 779. 
 
 § 2 9. What constitutes a breach. 
 
 Existence of public highway across land at 
 
 time of conveyance as. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 835. 
 Existence of private rights of way across 
 
 land at time of conveyance as. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 841. 
 Existence of railroad rights of way across 
 
 land at time of conveyance as. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 844. 
 Pending condemnation proceedings as 
 
 breach. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1067. 
 Existence of water right on land at time of 
 
 conveyance as. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 314. 
 
 § 3 0. Effect of knowledge of encum- 
 brance. 
 
 The general rule. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 310; 32 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 737, 
 Encumbrances affecting the title to land. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 312; 32 L.R.A. 
 
 / v" g \ 73g 
 
 Mortgages. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 312. 
 Leases. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 313. 
 Miscellaneous encumbrances. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 314. 
 Encumbrances affecting the physical con- 
 dition of land. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 314; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 738. 
 Easements. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 314. 
 
 In general. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 314. 
 Public and private rights of way. 
 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 Railroad rights of way. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 318. 
 Restrictions. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 319. 
 Timber rights and other burdens. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 Illustrative eases. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 320. 
 
 e. Covenants of warranty and for quiet 
 enjoyment. 
 
 § 31. Generally. 
 
 Constructions, validity, and effect, see supra, 
 §§ 12, 13. ... 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of covenant, 
 see Damages, § 33. 
 Coivmlt aUo L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 COVENANTS, 111. e— cont'd 
 
 Action for breach of warranty. 2 L.R.A. 
 334.* 
 
 Action on covenants in deed as remedy for 
 failure of title. 5 L.R.A. 47.* 
 
 Contingency of claim for breach of cove- 
 nant of warranty as affecting its pre- 
 sentation to decedent's estate. 58 
 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 Necessity of eviction to maintenance of ac- 
 tion for breach of covenant of Mai- 
 ranty of title. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1178. 
 
 Accrual of cause of action for breacli of 
 covenant of warranty so as to set in 
 motion the statute of limitations. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1189. 
 
 Liability of landlord under implied cove- 
 nant for quiet enjoyment for damages 
 to tenants in consequence of acts of 
 third persons affecting the leased prem- 
 ises. 42L.R.A.(N.S.) 775. 
 
 § 32. What constitutes a breach. 
 
 Existence of public highway across land at 
 
 time of conveyance as. 30 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 838. 
 Existence of railroad rights of way across 
 
 land at time of conveyance as. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 845. 
 Existence of private rights of way across 
 
 land at time of conveyance as. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) §42. 
 Existence of water right on land at time of 
 
 conveyance as. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 317. 
 
 § 33. Who may enforce. 
 
 Will a covenant of general warranty sus- 
 tain an action by remote grantee evict- 
 ed under an encumbrance, where the 
 deed also contains covenants against 
 encumbrances not running with the 
 land. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 COVERTURE. 
 
 See Husband and Wife. 
 ♦« » 
 
 CRAFTSMEN. 
 As independent contractors. 65 L.K.A. 467. 
 
 CREDIBILITY. 
 
 Of witness, see Witnesses. § 47. 
 
 CREDIT. 
 
 To bring debt within jurisdiction of court, 
 
 see COUETS, § 29. 
 Fraud in obtaining, see Fraud and Deceit, 
 
 § 11. 
 Guaranty of, see Guaranty. 
 Taxation of credits, see Taxes, § 18. 
 
344 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CREDIT— cont'd 
 
 Continuing representation of financial stand- 
 ing as basis of. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 245. 
 
 Contract for giving, on mortgage foreclo- 
 sure. 21 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 Validity as against vendor's creditors of 
 sales on credit. 32 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 To bring debt within jurisdiction of court. 
 28 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 Effect of corporate dissolution on. G'j 
 L.R.A. 141. 
 
 Lack of maritime lien for supplies sold on 
 personal credit in foreign port. 70 
 L.R.A. 405. 
 
 Action for purchase price before expiration 
 of. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 908. 
 
 Law governing right of action for purchase 
 price before expiration of credit. 64 
 L.R.A. 828. 
 
 Applicability of statute requiring that rep- 
 resentations as to another's credit must 
 be in writing in order to sustain an ac- 
 tion. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 212. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence as to manner 
 or means of paying written contract not 
 within statute of frauds purporting tu 
 be payable in money so as to show 
 credits. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 238. 
 
 Implied power of municipality to construct 
 improvements on. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 746. 
 
 Effect of transfer without indorsement of 
 worthless debit and , credit entries. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 537. 
 
 Increasing price upon sale on credit as 
 usury. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 
 Omission of credits as affecting mechanics' 
 lien. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 310. 
 
 Extension of credit on faith of apparent 
 ownership of real property by person 
 in whose name the title stands as es- 
 toppel of real owner to assert title as 
 against creditors. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 11. 
 
 CREDITORS. 
 
 See Deetoe and Ceeditob. 
 
 CREDITORS' BILL. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to fraudulent conveyances, generally, 
 see Feaudtjlent Conveyances. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment on which ac- 
 tion is based, see Judgment, § 38. 
 
 When lies. 1 L.R.A. 368.* 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity over. 1 L.R.A. 788.* 
 
 To subject choses in action to judgment 
 after return of no property found. 63 
 L.R.A. 673, 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 976. 
 
 Plaintiff's control over suit brought for all 
 similarly situated. 46 L.R.A. 839. 
 
 Effect of bankruptcy on. 45 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Suspension of other suits. 1 L.R.A. 639.* 
 
 Allowance of attorney's fees. 54 L.R.A. 817. 
 
 Effect of discharge in bankruptcy on lien ac- 
 quired by filing creditor's bill. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 Begin with this book on every laiv question. 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 23 
 
 CREDITORS' BILL—cont'd 
 
 Effect of right to attach property fraudu- 
 lently conveyed, on running of limita- 
 tions as against right to file. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 988. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity over suit to set aside 
 fraudulent conveyance of property in 
 another state or country. 69 L.R.A. 
 688; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924; 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 420. 
 
 Removal of, because of separable controver- 
 sy, 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 89. 
 
 § 2. Conditions precedent. 
 
 Conditions precedent to equitable remedies 
 
 of creditors. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 Basis of equitable relief. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 4. 
 Extent to which legal remedy must be 
 pursued. 33 L.R.A. 546; 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 10. 
 As to judgments. 
 10. 
 Necessity of. 
 10. 
 ' Sufficiency, nature, effect, 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 Proceedings at law affecting 
 judgment. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 26. 
 As to execution, levy, and return, 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 As to property subject to lew. 
 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 As to property not subject to 
 levy. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 59. 
 What amounts to exhaustion of reme- 
 dies at law, 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 62. 
 In general. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62. 
 Regularity of proceedings at law, 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 63. 
 County to which execution must 
 be sent; return. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 64. 
 Return of execution. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 66. 
 Sufficiency of. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 66. 
 Conclusiveness of. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 68. 
 Return on or before return 
 day. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 71. 
 Effect of collusion as to. 23 
 
 L.R.A. CN.S.) 74. 
 Demand before return. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 Necessity of issuing new execution. 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 74. 
 Pursuit of joint debtors. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 75. 
 Several claims; exhaustion of rem- 
 edy as to one. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 77. 
 Exhaustion as to surety, principal, 
 indorser. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 78. 
 Exhaustion of remedy as to debt- 
 or and third person. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 79. 
 Proceedings on inferior court judg- 
 ments. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. KOTES. 
 
 345 
 
 CREDITOES' BILL— cont'd 
 
 Exceptions to general rules; excuses 
 for noncompliance. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 80. 
 Where claim is admitted or al- 
 lowed. 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 80. 
 Where compliance with rules would 
 be a mere matter of form. 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 Where law and equity are admin- 
 istered by same court. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 84. 
 Where debtor is a nonresident, or 
 is absent. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 Where property is situate beyond 
 jurisdiction. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 88. 
 Effect of insolvency; lack of prop- 
 erty subject to execution. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 Effect of debtor's death. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 92. 
 In general. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 92. 
 Allowance of claim against es- 
 tate. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 96. 
 Actions against corporations. 23 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 97. 
 Effect of insolvency. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 97. 
 Effect of dissolution or aban- 
 donment. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 99. 
 Actions against partners. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 99. 
 In general. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 99. 
 Failure to exhaust remedy as 
 to all the partners. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 100. 
 Actions by sureties; promissory 
 notes. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 101. 
 Miscellaneous grounds for non- 
 compliance with general rules. 
 23L.R.A.(N.S.) 101. 
 Necessity of exhausting remedy at law, 
 where equity jurisdiction is 
 original. 23 ' L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 102. 
 In general; special equities. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 102. 
 Fraud. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 104. 
 Trusts in general. 23 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 105. 
 Statutory trusts. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 107. 
 Trust-fund theory. 23 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 109. 
 As to corporations. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 109. 
 As to ordinary partnerships. 
 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 110. 
 As to special partnerships. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 111. 
 Estates of deceased debtors. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 111. 
 In general. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 111. 
 Exhaustion (jf personal assets. 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 112. 
 Effect of special statutes. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 113. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CREDITORS' BILL— cont'd 
 
 Release of indorser of note by failure to 
 
 exhaust security against maker. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 551. 
 
 § 3. What property may be reaolicd. 
 
 What may be reached by. 8 L.R.A. 623.* 
 
 What contingent interests may be reached 
 by creditors' bill. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 454. 
 
 For unpaid subscriptions to stock of foreign 
 corporation. 34 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Liability of alimony for debts. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 270. 
 
 Right to subject endowment or tontine poli- 
 cies to claims of creditors. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 456. 
 
 To reach insurance policy or its cash sur- 
 render value. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 319. 
 
 Right to subject debtor's interest under a 
 contract for his support to the claims 
 of creditors. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1213. 
 
 May provision in will for support of person 
 which is made a lien or charge upon 
 property devised or bequeathed to 
 others be reached by his creditors. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 526. 
 
 Exemption of officer's salary from. 54 
 L.R.A. 566. 
 
 § 4. Priority as to proceeds of. 
 
 Generally. 17 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Effect of judgments as liens. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 345. 
 Bill for all similarly situated. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 348. 
 Creditors at large. 17 L.R.A. 348. 
 
 CREW. 
 
 Of ship as fellow servants. oO L.R.A. 438. 
 
 Whose servants are the crew of a chartered 
 vessel. 37 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Duty and obligation of vessel on inland lake 
 or river in respect of sick or injured 
 member of. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199. 
 
 CRIME AGAINST NATURE. 
 
 See Sodomy. 
 
 CRIMES. 
 
 In general, see Criminal Law. 
 Jurisdiction over, see COURTS, §§ 9, 25, 44. 
 Various particular crimes, see Criminal 
 Law, § 4. 
 
 » ■ >- 
 
 CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY. 
 
 See Conspieact. 
 
34fi 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 CRIMINAL CONTEMPT. 
 
 See Contempt. 
 
 « » » 
 
 CRIMINAL CONVERSATION. 
 
 See Husband and Wife, § 68. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ ■ 
 
 CRIMINAL INTENT. 
 
 As element of crime, see Cbiminal Law, 
 § 6. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. Various particular crimes, § 4. 
 III. Criminal liability; excuses; de- 
 fenses, §§ 5-30. 
 a. In general, §§ 5-23. 
 ft. Parties to offenses, §§ 24:-29. 
 
 c. Criminal negligence, § 30. 
 IT. Procedure, §§ 31-68. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 31-4:2. 
 
 ft. Protection and rights of ac- 
 cused generally, §§ 43-54:. 
 
 o. Arraignment; plea; motions, 
 §§ 55-58. 
 
 d. Former jeopardy, §§ 59-64. 
 
 e. Proof of corpus delicti, §§ 65- 
 
 6S. 
 V. Offenses against different sov- 
 ereignties, §§ 69, 70. 
 VI. Sentence and imprisonment, §§ 71- 
 89. 
 a. In general, §§ 71-84. 
 6. Parole; pardon, §§ 85-89. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 % 1. Generally. 
 
 As to arrest, see Arrest. 
 
 As to bail, see Bail and Eecognizancb. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to crimes, see Confuct 
 
 OF I/AWS, § 24. 
 Constitutionality of criminal statutes, see 
 
 Constitutional Law, §§ 160, 161. 
 Demand in criminal matters, see Demand, 
 
 § 6. 
 As to forfeiture of property by conviction, 
 
 see FOBFEITUEE. 
 
 Injunction against crimes or criminal pros- 
 ecution, see Injunction, §§ 18, 46. 
 
 Libel or slander in charging crime, see 
 Libel and Slander, § 11. 
 
 Privilege in respect to criminal charge, see 
 Libel and Slander, §§ 22-30. 
 
 Reward for arrest of criminals, see Re- 
 wards. 
 
 As to search, see Search and Seizure. 
 
 Adoption of common law in United States 
 in criminal matters. 22 L.R.A. 507. 
 
 Right to take or retain in rogues' gallery 
 picture of one accused of crime before 
 conviction. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 274; 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 739, 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, I.— cont'd 
 
 Crime disqualifying grand juror. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 203. 
 Denial of custody of child to parent who 
 
 is a criminal. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 592. 
 Validity of contract for detection of crime. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 278; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 847. 
 Conflict of laws as to criminal prosecution 
 as condition of maintaining action for 
 death. 56 L.R.A. 222. 
 Grantee's oral promise to grantor to hold 
 in trust for purpose of avoiding crim- 
 inal prosecution, as giving rise to con- 
 structive trust. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 916. 
 Liability of bondsmen of peace officer for 
 acts of latter as to property taken 
 from prisoner. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) S73. 
 Right of counsel assigned to defend in- 
 digent person, to compensation 
 from public, in absence of statute. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 377. 
 Theory that attorney owes duty in 
 correlation to privileges. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 378. 
 Theory that county is not liable for ex- 
 pense of state's prosecution. 36 
 L.R.A.(N".S.) 379. 
 Not afi'ected by constitutional and gen- 
 eral statutory provisions. 36 
 L.R.A.(N".S.) 380. 
 Right of officer in executing criminal proc- 
 ess to take possession of evidentiary 
 articles. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 253. 
 Liability of officer who uses criminal proc- 
 ess to collect a debt. 24 L.R.A. (X.,-'. 
 301. 
 Liability of officer who turns over articles 
 taken from prisoner to a third person 
 in recognition of the lattfr's adverse 
 claim. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 833. 
 Right to put upon trial one undergoing im- 
 prisonment for another offense. 
 41 L.R.A(N.S.) 1095. 
 Offense committed before sentence. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1095. 
 Offense committed while undergoing 
 sentence. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1096. 
 Trial of life termer for murder. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1097. 
 
 § 2. Effect of repeal of statute or ordi- 
 nance. 
 
 Effect of repeal for repugnancy of criminal 
 statute on prior offense. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 165. 
 
 Effect of repeal, without saving clause, of 
 penal statute or ordinance upon prior 
 conviction under it. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 
 § 3. Prohibition against criminal prcs- 
 ecution. 
 
 Injunction against crimes or criminal pros- 
 ecutions, see Injunction, §§ 18, 46. 
 
 Prohibition to prevent numerous unfounded 
 prosecutions for alleged violation of 
 statute or ordinance. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 448. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 S47 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW— cont'd 
 
 II. Vai'ioiis pavtioiilar crimes. 
 
 % 4. Generally. 
 
 Various particular crimes, see Abduction; 
 Aboetion; Adultery; Arson; As- 
 sault AND Battery; Banks, § 5; 
 Bastakdy; Betting; Bigamy; Blas- 
 phemy; Bribery; Burglary; Carry- 
 ing Weapons; Compounding Felony; 
 Conspiracy; Counterfeiting; Dis- 
 turbing Meeting; Dueling; Elec- 
 tions, § 24; Embezzlement; Extor- 
 tion ; False Pretenses ; Forgery ; 
 Fornication ; Gambling ; Homicide ; 
 Husband and Wite, § 11; Incest; In- 
 fants, § 13; Intoxicating Liquors; 
 Kidnapping; Larceny; Libel and 
 Slander; Lottery, § 3; Monopoly 
 AND Combinations; Xuisance, §§ 30, 
 31; Obscenity; Obstructing Justice; 
 Perjury; Postoffice, §§ 9-12; Pro- 
 fanity; Railroads, § 87; Rape; Rob- 
 bery; Seduction, §§ 6, 7; Smuggling; 
 Sodomy; Suicide; Sunday; Trespass, 
 II. ; Warehousemen ; Wounding. 
 
 Criminal killing of dogs. 15 L.R.A. 252. 
 Criminal liabil' for injuries to dogs. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 511. 
 Criminal responsibility of parent for fail- 
 ure to support child where support is 
 furnished by others. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 841. 
 Criminal responsibility for failure to pro- 
 vide child with medical attendance 
 and remedies. 1 B. R. C. 747. 
 At common law. 1 B. R. C. 747. 
 Under statutory provisions. 1 B. R. 
 C. 748' 
 Sufficiency of proof. 1 B. R. C. 
 749. 
 Good faith as a, defense. 1 B. R. C. 
 7.50. 
 At common law. 1 B. R. C. 750. 
 In prosecution based upon statute. 
 1 B. R. C. 752. 
 Contracts providing devices to affect rates 
 of carrier as basis for criminal prose- 
 cution. .S8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 361. 
 Criminal liability on contracts fixing rates 
 other than those established by inter- 
 state commerce act. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 363. 
 Constitutionality of statute making viola- 
 tion of transfer rules established by 
 carrier criminal. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 499. 
 Evidence admissible in prosecution of car- 
 rier for transporting intoxicating li- 
 quors. 46 L.R.A. 420. 
 Criminal liability for disinterment of dead 
 
 bodies. 42 L.R.A. 733. 
 Remedy by indictment against one dam- 
 ming back water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 
 886. 
 Criminal responsibility for maintenance of 
 dam in non-navigable stream which 
 creates nuisance injurious to public 
 health. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1259. 
 Criminal liability for giving or procuring 
 a false character of servant. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1126. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, II.— cont'd 
 
 Criminal liability for violation of statuta 
 limiting hours of labor. 65 L.R.A. 50. 
 
 Validity of statute making it criminal to 
 have possession of property which is 
 capable of criminal use. 20 L.R.A. 52. 
 
 Improper burial or lack of proper funeral 
 services as a criminal offense. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 211. 
 
 Failure to pay alimony or allowance for 
 support granted by decree of divorce, 
 as criminal offense. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1065. 
 
 Prosecution for violation of statute for 
 protection of union labels. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1202. 
 
 Power of legislature to make failure to 
 comply with rule of health board crim- 
 inal. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 
 Resisting service of civil process, fair on 
 its face, but invalid in fact, as an of- 
 fense. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 
 Power to make taking of usury a criminal 
 offense. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 530. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for violation of 
 statute after a judicial ruling that it 
 was unconstitutional and before that 
 ruling had been changed. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 788. 
 
 III. Criminal liability; excuses; de- 
 fenses. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Defense in prosecution for adultery, see 
 Adultery, § 3. 
 
 In prosecution for assault and battery, see 
 Assault and Battery, §§ 3-6. 
 
 Defense to prosecution for bribery, see 
 Bribery, § 5. 
 
 Defense to prosecution for burglary, see 
 Burglary, § 5. 
 
 Defenses to contempt proceedings, see Con- 
 tempt, § 3. 
 
 Defense to prosecutions for homicide, see 
 Homicide, §§ 19-30. 
 
 Defenses in prosecution for larceny, scp 
 Larceny, § 8. 
 
 Defense to prosecution for libel or slander, 
 see Libel and Slander, §§ 37-39. 
 
 Defenses in prosecution for perjury, see 
 Perjury, § 7. 
 
 As to self defense, see Assault and Bat- 
 tery, § 4a; Homicide, §§ 27-30. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporations, see 
 Corporations, § 39. 
 
 Criminal liability of railroad company, see 
 Railroads, § 47. 
 
 Criminal liability for obstructing railroad 
 track, see Railroads, § 87. 
 
 Fraud as element of crime, see Fraud and 
 Dtcpeit. § 3. 
 
 Negation of defense in indictment, see In- 
 dictment, Information and Com- 
 plaint, § 8. 
 
 Criminal liability for failure to provide 
 physician, see Physicians and Sur- 
 
 QBONSi, § 3. 
 Effect of repeal of Statute on liability, see 
 Statutes, § 35. 
 
348 
 
 l.NUEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CRIMIA'AL LAW, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Good character as a defense. . 8 E.E.A. 
 
 301.* 
 What constitutes defense to admission of 
 
 minors to saloons. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1010. 
 Offer of marriage as defense to prosecution 
 
 for seduction. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 421. 
 Abduction or wrongful bringing of crim- 
 inals into Jurisdiction as defense. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 177. 
 Criminal responsibility of municipality for 
 
 maintaining or permitting a nuisance. 
 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 411. 
 Evidence of other crimes to rebut special 
 
 defenses. 62 L.R.A. 299. 
 
 § 6. Criminal intent. 
 
 Effect of ignorance, mistake, or belief, see 
 infra, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 Of prosecutor, see infra, § 21. 
 
 Intent as element of homicide, see Homi- 
 cide, § 5. 
 
 Negligence as supplying place of criminal 
 intent. 3 L.R.A. 645.* 
 
 Intent as an element of crime. 11 L.R.A. 
 807; 13 L.R.A. 134.* 
 
 In violation of fish laws. 39 L.R.A. 591. 
 
 Intent as ingredient of offense by ware- 
 houseman selling goods for which he 
 has issued receipt. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 160. 
 
 Criminal intent as essential to larceny of 
 property found. 37 L.R.A. 122. 
 
 Prohibiting the keeping of intoxicating li- 
 quor irrespective of any intention to 
 sell it in violation of law. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 394. 
 
 Criminal intent as affecting criminal re- 
 sponsibility of corporations. 2 B. R. 
 C. 238. 
 
 Necessity of instruction as to law of cir- 
 cumstantial evidence as to intent of 
 accused. 69 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 Effect of intent of parties on criminal lia- 
 bility on contracts fixing rates other 
 than those established in accordance 
 with interstate commerce act. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 
 § 7. Criminal liability of children. 
 
 For assault and battery, see AssAUM and 
 Battery, § 7. 
 
 Youth as defense to homicide, see Homi- 
 cide, § 20. 
 
 Liability for rape, see Rape, § 2. 
 
 The period of indiscretion — innocence legal- 
 ly presumed. 36 L.R.A. 196. 
 The common-law rule. 36 L.R.A. 196. 
 The common-law rule changed by stat- 
 ute. 36 L.R.A. 197. 
 The dubious age of discretion — innocence 
 presumed prima facie, guilt may 
 be proved. 36 L.R.A. 197. 
 'As to felonies other than rape. 36 
 L.R.A. 197. 
 Murder. 36 L.R.A. 200. 
 Assault with intent to inflict great 
 bodily injury. 36 L.R.A. 201. 
 Arson. 36 L.R.A. 201. 
 Burglary. 36 L.R.A. 201 
 
 Begin with thl» TjooTc on every law question 
 
 CRIillNAL LAW, III. a— cont'd 
 Larceny. 36 L.R.A. 201. 
 Larceny by bailee. 36 L.R.A. 202, 
 Accessory to theft. 36 L.R.A. 202. 
 Bigamy or polygamy. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 202. 
 False pretenses. 36 L.R.A. 203. 
 Perjury. 36 L.R.A. 203. 
 As to rape. 36 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 The English rule. 36 L.R.A. 203. 
 The American rule. 36 L.lt.A. 
 203. 
 Lesser crimes not amounting to rape. 
 36 L.R.A. 204. 
 Assault with intent to commit 
 rape. 36 L.R.A. 204; 36 
 L.R.A. 205; 36 L.R.A. 206. 
 Aiding and assisting. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 204. 
 Common "assault" upon a, female. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 205. 
 Indecent assault. 36 L.R.A. 205. 
 Assault and battery upon a fe- 
 male. 36 L.R.A. 206. 
 Misdemeanors. 36 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 Assault and battery in ordinary 
 
 cases. 36 L.R.A. 206. 
 Gambling. 36 L.R.A. 207. 
 Malicious trespass. 36 L.R.A. 207. 
 Misdemeanors connected with own- 
 ership of land. 36 L.R.A. 207. 
 Vagrancy. 36 L.R.A. 207. 
 The age of presumed discretion. 36 L.R.A. 
 207. 
 The rule stated. 36 L.R.A. 207. 
 Particular applications of the rule. 36 
 L.R.A. 207. 
 To manslaughter and murder. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 207. 
 To Sabbath desecration. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 208. 
 To riot. 36 L.R.A. 208. 
 To obstruction of railway track. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 208. 
 To rape. 36 L.R.A. 208. 
 To failure to support wife (Mich- 
 igan). 36 L.R.A. 208. 
 To seduction. 30 L.R.A. 208. 
 To treason. 36 L.R.A. 208. 
 Confession of infants. 36 L.R.A. 208. 
 Command of parent no excuse for infant's 
 criminal act done thereunder. 36 
 L.R.A. 210. 
 Punishment of infants. 36 L.R.A. 210. 
 Does statute fixing age of consent render a 
 girl below that age incapable of sexual 
 crime. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 Criminal liability of infant as accessory to 
 theft. 36 L.R.A. 212. 
 
 § 8. Mental condition as affecting 
 criminal responsibility. 
 
 Insanity after commission of criminal act, 
 see infra, § 42. 
 
 Sentence and imprisonment of insane per- 
 son, see infra, § 72. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to 
 sanity, see Evidence, §§ 38-40. 
 
 Expert and nonexpert evidence as to sanity, 
 see Evidence, §§ 189-193. 
 
IJsDJiX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 349 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, III. a— cont'd 
 Siifticiency of evidence as to sanity, see 
 
 Evidence, § 316. 
 As defense to homicide, see Homicide, § 5. 
 
 Weakness of mind as affecting responsibil- 
 ity for criminal act. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 999. 
 
 Impairment of memory as defense to prose- 
 cution for perjury. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 993. 
 
 Effect of insanity on question of heat of 
 passion to mitigate homicide. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 825. 
 
 Insanity induced by intoxication as excuse 
 for crime. 36 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 Responsibility for crime committed in fit 
 of anger. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 What are insane delusions. 37 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 Morphinism as affecting responsibility. 39 
 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Effect of hypnotism In criminal cases. 40 
 L.R.A. 269. 
 
 Kleptomania as a, defense to theft. 18 
 L.R.A. 229. 
 
 Right of prosecution to show feigned in- 
 sanity. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 113. 
 
 Measure of proof of insanity in criminal 
 ease. 39 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Proof of other crimes to rebut defense of 
 . insanity. 62 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 Necessity for instruction as to law on cir- 
 cumstantial evidence on plea of insan- 
 ity. 69 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 § 9. Irresistible impulse as excuse for 
 crime. 
 
 Anger as defense, see infra, § 11. 
 
 As defense to homicide, see Homicide, § 21. 
 
 Generally. 18 L.R.A. 224; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 461." 
 
 Effect of disease to create irresistible im- 
 pulse. 18 L.R.A. 228. 
 
 Impulse obliterating sense of right and 
 wrong. 18 L.R.A. 229. 
 
 Kleptomania. 18 L.R.A. 229. 
 
 § 10. What intoxication will excuse 
 crime. 
 
 Intoxication as defense to homicide, see 
 Homicide, § 22. 
 
 Voluntary intoxication in extenuation of 
 
 crime. 8 L.R.A. 33.* 
 The general rule. 36 L.R.A. 465. 
 When intoxication may be shown. 36 
 L.R.A. 467. 
 Generally. 36 L.R.A. 467. 
 Larceny! robbery. 36 L.R.A. 469. 
 Burglary. 36 L.R.A. 470. 
 Forgery. 36 L.R.A. 470. 
 Homicide. 36 L.R.A. 470. 
 Intent. 36 L.R.A. 470. 
 Wilful drunkenness. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 473. 
 Deliberation and premeditation. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 473. 
 Provocation ; self-defense. 36 
 L.R.A. 476. 
 Assaults. 36 L.R.A. 477. 
 Rape. 36 L.R.A. 479. 
 Consult dlRO L.R. I- Digests to dntf. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Attempts to commit suicide. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 479. 
 
 Insanity induced by intoxication. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 The general doctrine. 36 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 What degree of insanity excuses. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 480. 
 Effect of particular suseeptibilit\ to 
 insanity from drink. 36 L.R.A. 
 482. 
 Intoxication under the Texas statute. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 483. 
 Involuntary intoxication. 36 L.R.A. 4S4. 
 Drunkenness as a defense to homicide. 13 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1024; 25 L.R.A. (X.S.) 
 376. 
 Effect of intoxication on question of heat 
 of passion to mitigate homicide. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 825. 
 When evidence of drunkenness admissible. 
 8 L.R.A. 33.* 
 
 § 11. Anger as a defense. 
 
 Responsibility for crime committed in fit of 
 anger. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 Heat of passion which will mitigate or re- 
 duce the degree of a homicide. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 809. 
 
 Eft'ect of intoxication on the question of 
 heat of passion to mitigate homicide. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 825. 
 
 § 12. Good faith as defense. 
 
 Good faith as defense to criminal respon- 
 sibility for failure to provide child 
 with medical attendance and remedies. 
 
 I B. R. C. 750. 
 
 Good faith as affecting criminal responsi- 
 bility for illegal registration or voting. 
 37 L.R.A.(N..S.) 1177. 
 
 Good faith of offer of marriage as affect- 
 ing defense to prosecution for seduc- 
 tion. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 423. 
 
 Larceny or embezzlement as affected by be- 
 lief in right to property taken. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 549. 
 
 § 13. Effect of Ignorance, mistake, or 
 belief. 
 
 Homicide by accident or misadventure, see 
 
 Homicide, § 14. 
 In sale of liquor, see Intoxicating Li- 
 
 QuoR.s, §§ 29, 31, 33. 
 Guilty knowledge as an element of crime. 
 
 10 L.R.A. 35.* 
 Ignorance of law as an excuse for crime. 
 
 II L.R.A. 810.* 
 
 Ignorance of fact as an excuse. 11 L.R.A. 
 810.* 
 
 Jfistake as to beverage as defense to charge 
 of illegal liquor sale. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 477; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 525. 
 
 Ij^nnrance of contents of package as de- 
 fense to carrier in prosecution for 
 transporting intoxicating liquor into 
 prohibition territory. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1182. 
 
 Ignorance that article furnished as butter 
 is oleomargarine as a defense. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.'^) 740. 
 
3i0 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CEIMINAL LAW, ni. a— cont'd 
 
 Larceny or embezzlement as affected by be- 
 lief in right to property talien. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. 
 
 Religious belief as excuse for failure to 
 furnish medical aid to child. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 633. 
 
 Belief in termination of former marriage 
 as a defense to prosecution for bigamy. 
 27 L.R.A,(N.S.) 1097; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 613. 
 
 Ignorance of defendant in prosecution for 
 adultery that other party was married 
 as a defense. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 527. 
 
 Ae to identity of victim as affecting as- 
 sault or homicide. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1070. 
 
 Assault with intent to murder or kill by 
 unlawful act under mistaken identity 
 of person assaulted. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 172. 
 
 Proof of other crimes to rebut defense of 
 mistake in criminal prosecution. 62 
 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 § 14. — as to age. 
 
 Seller's ignorance of minority of purchaser 
 as defense to prosecution for sale of 
 liquor to minor. 25 L.K.A.(N.S.) 669. 
 
 Effect of defendant's mistake as to age of 
 girl under statute denouncing sexual 
 offenses against females below specified 
 age. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 661. 
 
 Ignorance that parties to marriage are un- 
 der age, as defense to prosecution for 
 officiating at the marriage. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 504. 
 
 § 15. Accident as defense. 
 
 Homicide by accident or misadventure, see 
 Homicide, § 14. 
 
 Proof of other crimes to rebut defense of, 
 in criminal prosecution. 62 L.R.A. 
 300. 
 
 § 16. Attempt. 
 
 To commit arson, see Akson, § 4. 
 To commit robbery, see Robbeby, § 3. 
 
 Attempt to commit crime. 10 L.R.A. 109.* 
 
 Attempt to commit suicide as a crime. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 
 Attempt to commit suicide while intoxi- 
 cated. 36 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 Attempt to procure violation of Elkins act 
 as conspiracy. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 720. 
 
 Charge of attempt to commit offense based 
 on attempt to do an act under mis- 
 taken belief in the existence of a fact 
 without which the act, if consum- 
 mated, would not have constituted the 
 offense. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 263. 
 
 Unsuccessful attempt to utter or publish 
 forged instrument. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1177. 
 
 g 17. — what constitutes. 
 
 What constitutes an attempt to commit a 
 
 crime. 3 L.R.A. 743.* 
 Solicitation as attempt to commit crime. 
 
 25 L.R.A. 434. 
 
 Begin with this 'book on every lair question. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, III. a— cont'd 
 
 What constitutes an attempt to commit ar- 
 son. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 417; 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 439. 
 
 What constitutes offense of attempt to in- 
 fluence officers of court. 21 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 905. 
 
 What constitutes an attempt to commit 
 homicide as distinguished from assault 
 with intent to kill. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 898. 
 
 Procuring or providing instrumentalities 
 adapted to commission of a crime with 
 intent to commit the same, as an at- 
 tempt to commit the crime. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 804. 
 
 § 18. Solicitation. 
 
 Criminality of solicitation to crime which 
 
 is not consummated. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 434. 
 How far punishable as assault. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 434. 
 How far punishable as attempt. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 434. 
 How far punishable as solicitation. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 434. 
 Charging solicitation slanderous. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 435. 
 Solicitation a crime in itself. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 436. 
 Solicitation for murder. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 437. 
 Solicitation to fight a duel. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 437. 
 Solicitation to commit arson. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 437. 
 Solicitation to 
 
 L.R.A. 437. 
 Solicitation to 
 
 L.R.A. 438. 
 Solicitation to commit sexual crimes. 
 
 25 L.R.A. 438. 
 Solicitation to avoid legal process. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 439. 
 Solicitation to bribe. 25 L.R.A. 439. 
 Interference with witnesses. 25 L.R.A 
 
 439. 
 Interference with jury. 25 L.R.A. 439. 
 
 § 19. Instigation to crime; facilitating 
 crime. 
 
 Instigation to commit robbery, see Rob- 
 beby, § 2. 
 
 Instigations to crime for purpose of detect- 
 ing criminal as defense to prosecution. 
 25 L.R.A. 341; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 946. 
 
 Inciting suicide. 66 L.R.A. 304. 
 
 Effect on criminal responsibility for lar- 
 ceny of owner's conduct in intention- 
 ally facilitating the taking. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 756. 
 
 § 20. Consent to crime. 
 
 As to crime of dueling, see Dueung. 
 
 For the purpose of detecting criminal, as a 
 defense to prosecution. 25 L.R.A. 
 341; 30. L.R.A. (N.S.) 946. 
 Burglary. 25 L.R.A. 342; 30 L.E.A.. 
 (N.S.) 951. 
 
 commit larceny. 25 
 commit assault. 25 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 351 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, IIL a^cont'd 
 
 Rol>bery. 26 L.E.A. 343; 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N£.) 952. 
 Larceny. 25 L.I^A. 343; 30 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 950. 
 Stealing slave. 25 L.R.A. 344. 
 Trading with slave. 25 L.R.A. 344. 
 Offering bribe. 25 L.R.A. 345; 30 
 
 L.RA.(N.S.) 952. 
 Counterieiting. 25 L.R.A. 345; 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 953. 
 Receiving stolen goods. 25 L.R.A. 345. 
 False pretenses. 25 L.E.A. 345. 
 Putting away forged instruments. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 345. 
 Obstructing railway track. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 345. 
 Conspiracy. 25 L.R.A. 345. 
 Selling obscene prints and lottery 
 
 tickets. 25 L.R.A. 345. 
 Selling liquor. 25 L.R.A. 346; 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 946. 
 Offenses against mails. 25 L.R.A. 346 ; 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 948, 949. 
 Subornation of perjury. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 953. 
 Extortion. 30 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 953. 
 Criminal libel. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 953 
 Shipment of misbranded food. 30 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 053. 
 Abortion. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 954. 
 Illegal practice of dentistry. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 954. 
 Consent as justification for assault. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 854. 
 Of woman to abortion as justification or 
 excuse for homicide in commission of. 
 63 L.R.A. 909. 
 Efl"ect of deceased's consent upon degree of 
 homicide committed by defendant. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 988. 
 Effect of consent of bailee, agent, or serv- 
 ant to taking of property on liability 
 for larceny. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1149. 
 
 § 21. Illegal intent or transaction by 
 prosecutor as a defense. 
 
 Illegality of transaction by which owner 
 obtained money or other property as 
 defense to prosecution for embezzle- 
 ment. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 415. 
 
 Illegal intent of, as affecting guilt in ob- 
 taining property by means of false pre- 
 tense or confidence game. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 276; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 423. 
 
 § 22. Duress as an excuse for crime. 
 
 Generally. 19 L.R.A. 357. 
 
 Duress of wife by husband. 19 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 § 23. Different offenses by same act. 
 
 Offenses against different sovereignties, see 
 infra, V. 
 
 Prosecution and punishment of distinct of- 
 fenses committed by single sale of 
 intoxicating liquor. 45 L.R.A. 
 858. 
 General rule. 45 L.R.A. 858. 
 Principles exemplified. 45 L.R.A. 859. 
 Forgery of different instruments at one 
 time as constituting one or more than 
 one crime. 61 L.R.A. 819. 
 Consult alfo l,.R.A. Dir/rsts to date. 
 
 CRUnNAL LAW, III. a— cont'd 
 Stealing property from different owners at 
 same time as distinct offenses. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 967. 
 Conviction and punishment of both for;^ing 
 and uttering in one prosecution. IB 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 561. 
 Right to convict for several offenses giuw 
 ing out of the same facts. :;i 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 693. 
 Offenses against different jurisdiction.^. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 695. 
 United States and siate or terri- 
 tory. 31 L.R.A.(N.S. I 
 695. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 695. 
 Specific offenses. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 697. 
 State and municipality. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 697. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 699. 
 Specific offenses. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 704. 
 Different states. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 709. 
 Military and civil. 31 L.E.-' 
 
 (N.S.) 710. 
 Legislature and state. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 711. 
 Courts and state. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 711. 
 Same act; different offenses. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 712. 
 Violation ,of liquor laws. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 712. 
 Miscellaneous offenses. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 717. 
 Same transaction; different acts. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 720. 
 Constituting repetition of same 
 offense. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 720. 
 Assault and homicide. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 720. 
 Larceny. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 723, 
 Robbery. 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 725. 
 Sale of intoxicating liquors. 
 
 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 725. 
 Forgery and counterfeiting. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725. 
 Miscellaneous offenses. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 726. 
 Constituting commission of dis- 
 tinct offenses. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 727. 
 Burglary and other crimes. 
 
 31 'l.R.A.(N.S.) 727. 
 Forgery and counterfeiting, 
 and uttering. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 730. 
 Conspiracy and the completed 
 crime. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 731. 
 Assault; carrying concealed 
 weapon. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 732. 
 Miscellaneous offenses. 31 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 732. 
 
352 
 
 l^'DEX TO L.R.A. NOlhS. 
 
 CRIMINAI, LAW, III.— cont'd 
 
 b. Parties to offenses. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 Admissibility of acts and declarations of 
 coconspirators, see Evidence, § 237. 
 
 In sale of intoxicating liquor, see Intoxi- 
 CATIKG Liquors, §§ 22, 23. 
 
 Confederates in uttering or publishing 
 forged instruments: 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1178. 
 
 Unlawfully issuing license for disorderly 
 house as keeping the same. 29 L.R... 
 (N.S.) 721. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for homicide in car- 
 rying out unlawful conspiracy. 68 
 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Effect of participating in purchase and di- 
 vision of quantity of liquor to rendei 
 one guilty of unlawful sale. 22 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 560. 
 
 Is one who obtains liquor for, and delivers 
 it to another, using the latter's money, 
 guilty of selling the same. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 268; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 334. 
 
 Procuring liquor for another on physician's 
 prescription for self as an illegal sale. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1008. 
 
 Knowledge necessary to charge owner with 
 conduct of tenants or others in selling 
 intoxicating liquors on premises in 
 violation of injunction. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 602. 
 
 § 25. Aiding and abetting crime. 
 
 Liabilitv for act of assistants, see infra, 
 § 27. 
 
 Liability for assisting in unlawful arrest 
 
 or subsequent detention. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1123. 
 Aiders and abettors guilty as principals. 
 
 8 L.R.A. 297.* 
 Aiders and abettors of principals. 13 
 
 L.R.A. 195.* 
 Abetting suicide. 66 L.R.A. 304; 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 243. 
 
 § 2 6. Accessories. 
 
 Child as accessory to theft. 36 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 Offense of accessory before the fact. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 334. 
 
 Abortionist as an accessory before the fact 
 in case of death. 63 L.R.A. 909. 
 
 Absence of accused from territorial juris- 
 diction at time of offense of accessory 
 before the fact as affecting jurisdic- 
 tion of offense. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 334. 
 
 § 27. Liability for acts of associates or 
 assistants. 
 
 Liabilitv for acts of associates. 1 L.R.A. 
 211.* 
 
 Liability for collateral crimes by confed- 
 erates. 1 L.R.A. 211.* 
 
 Principal's liability for homicide by as- 
 sistant. 67 L.R.A. 312. 
 
 Liability of one assisting in burglary dur- 
 ing which his companion commits mur- 
 der. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1154. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, III. b— cont'd 
 Is one assisting relative in peril bound by 
 the latter's act in bringing on the diffi- 
 culty. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013. 
 Criminal responsibility of one who aids an- 
 other in assault in which the latter, 
 without his knowledge or consent, uses 
 a deadly weapon. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 273. 
 
 § 28. Who are accomplices. 
 
 Within riile requiring corroboration of tes- 
 timony, see Evidence, § 321. 
 
 Spectators at prize fight as accomplices. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 516. 
 One accepting aid to escape from jail as 
 
 an accomplice of person giving the aid. 
 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 625. 
 
 § 2 9. Criminal and penal liability for 
 act of copartner, servant, or agent. 
 
 See also Intoxicating Liquoks, § 23. 
 General rules. 41 L.R.A. 650. 
 Application to particular subjects. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 652. 
 Crimes against the person. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 652. 
 Forgery, burglary, larceny. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 652. 
 Libel. 41 L.R.A. 653. 
 Violation of revenue laws. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 654. 
 Maintenance of nuisances. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 655. 
 Adulteration of food products. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 656. 
 Trespass in wilfully cutting trees. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 657. 
 Sabbath breaking. 41 L.R.A. 658. 
 Dealing with slaves. 41 L.R.A. 658. 
 Gaming on licensed premises. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 659. 
 Miscellaneous offenses. 41 L.R.A. 660. 
 Violation of liquor laws. 41 L.R.A. 661 ; 
 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 786; 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 321. 
 Conflict of authority. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 661. 
 41 L.R.A. 
 
 Begin with this booTe on every law question 
 
 Unlawful sale generally. 
 661. 
 By partner. 41 L.R.A. 661. 
 By agent or servant. 41 L.R.A. 
 662. 
 Selling without license. 41 L.R.A. 664. 
 By partner. 41 L.R.A. 664. 
 Bv agent or servant. 41 L.R.A. 
 665. 
 Selling to minors. 41 L.R.A. 666. 
 By partners. 41 L.R.A. 666. 
 By agents or servants. 41 L.R.A. 
 666. 
 Selling to habitual drunkards. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 669. 
 Selling on Sunday. 41 L.R.A. 670. 
 Violation of other miscellaneous pro- 
 visions. 41 L.R.A. 670. 
 Evidence of. 41 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 672. 
 Admissibility. 41 L.R.A. 672. 
 Sufficiency. 41 L.R.A. 673. 
 Question for jury. 41 L.R.A. 676 
 
INDEX TO L.U.A. NOTES. 
 
 353 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, III. b— cont'd 
 Homicide by acting through innocent or 
 
 irresponsible agent. 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 897. 
 Criminal liability of newspaper proprietor 
 
 for libel published witliout his consent. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 c. Criminal negligence. 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 Negligent homicide, see Homicide, § 15. 
 
 Defined. 3 L.R.A. 644.* 
 
 Negligence as supplying place of criminal 
 
 intent. 3 L.E.A. 645.* 
 Imputing negligence of servant to master. 
 
 3 L.R.A. 644.* 
 Criminal liability of highway officers for 
 
 negligence. 22 L.E.A. 835. 
 
 IV. Procedure, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 31. Generally. 
 
 Nature of proceeding as civil or criminal, 
 
 see Action oe Suit, § 6. 
 Eight of appeal in criminal case, see Ap- 
 peal AND Errob, §§ 2. 7a. 
 Review, on appeal, of decisions in criminal 
 
 cases, see Appeal and Error, VIII. 
 Review of facts on appeal in criminal case, 
 
 see Appeal and Error, § 33. 
 Instructions in criminal prosecution, see 
 Appeal and Error, § 36; Trial, §§ 
 60-68. 
 Argument? and conduct of counsel, see 
 Appeal and Error, § 37; Trial. §§ 
 15-17. 
 Ex post facto laws, see Constitutional 
 
 Law, § 7. 
 Continuance in criminal cases, see Continu- 
 ance. 
 Liability,' for costs in criminal prosecution, 
 
 see C'o.sTs AND Fees, II. 
 Jurisdiction in criminal cases, see CouRT.s, 
 
 §§ !', 25, 44. 
 Dismssal of criminal prosecution, see Dis- 
 missal AND Discontinuance, § 4. 
 As to prosecuting attorney, see District 
 
 AND Prosecuting Attoenet. 
 Judicial notice as to criminal matters, see 
 
 Evidence, II. 
 Presumptions and burden of proof as to 
 criminal matters, generally, see Evi- 
 dence, III. 
 Best and secondary evidence in criminal 
 
 prosecution, see Evidence, IV. 
 Documentary evidence in criminal case, see 
 
 Evidence, V. 
 Demonstrative evidence in criminal pros- 
 ecution, see Evidence, VI. 
 Expert and nonexpert evidence as to san- 
 ity, sec Evidence, §§ 189-193. 
 Admissibility of opinion evidence in crimi- 
 nal prosecution, see Evidence, VIII. 
 Admissibility of confessions, see Evidence, 
 
 IX. 
 As to evidence with respect to handwrit- 
 ing, generally, see Evidence, §§ 198- 
 205 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 23 
 
 CRIMINAL LAAV, IV. a—cont'd 
 
 As to confessions, see Evidence, SS 207- 
 214. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence wrongfully ob- 
 tained, see Evidence, § 213. 
 
 Admissions of accused, see Evidence, § 215. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of third per- 
 sons in criminal prosecutions, see Evi- 
 dence, XI. 
 
 Evidence of threats, see Evidence, § 239. 
 
 Admissibility of dying declarations, see Evi- 
 dence, § 242. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of accused, see 
 Evidence, § 227. 
 
 Admissibility of acts and declarations of 
 coconspirators and codefendants, see 
 Evidence, § 237. 
 
 Evidence as to character of accused or other 
 person, see Evidence, §§ 249-253. 
 
 Evidence as to character, or reputation, 
 see Evidence, §§ 251, 252. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes, see Evidence, § 
 275. 
 
 Eelevaney of evidence in criminal cases, 
 generally, see Evidence, §§ 277, 284- 
 287. 
 
 Weight of evidence in criminal cases, gen- 
 erally, see Evidence, §§ 315-328. 
 
 Matters as to grand jury, see Grand Jury. 
 
 Competency of evidence before grand jury, 
 see Grand Jury, § 7. 
 
 Limitation of time for prosecution, see Lim- 
 itation OF Actions, § 38b. 
 
 Termination of prosecution for purpose of 
 action for malicious prosecution, see 
 Malicious Prosecution, § 9. 
 
 Motion for new trial in criminal case, see 
 New Trial. 
 
 Nolle prosequi, see Nolle Prosequi. 
 
 Eemoval of criminal cause to Federal court, 
 see Eemoval of Causes, § 19. 
 
 Province of court and jury in criminal pros- 
 ecution, see Trial, §§ 54, 55. 
 
 Verdict in criminal prosecution, see Trial, 
 VIII. 
 
 Venue of criminal prosecution, see Venle, 
 § 3. 
 
 Witnesses generally in criminal cases, see 
 Witnesses. 
 
 Competency of witnesses in criminal case, 
 see Witnesses, II. 
 
 Cross-examination of accused, see Witness- 
 es, § 37. 
 
 Effect of writ or process, without seal of 
 
 court. 20 L.R.A. 424. 
 Want of internal revenue stamp on instru- 
 ment requiring stamp, as affecting 
 criminal prosecution. 46 L.E.A. 454. 
 Criminal prosecutions where statutes regu- 
 lating business of foreign insurance 
 companies have not been complied 
 with, 20 L.E.A. 40!). 
 Procedure on prosecution of habitual crim- 
 inal or prior offender. 34 L.E.A. 
 404; 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 435. 
 Necessitv of alleging former conviction. 
 
 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 436. 
 Order of trial, separating issues. 34 
 L.R.A. 405; 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 437. 
 Proof. 34 L.E.A. 406; 24 L.EJL 
 (N.S.) 437. 
 
354 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Validity of proceedings in course of trial 
 outside of court room. 41 L.K.A. 563. 
 
 Right of private person to exhibit criminal 
 information in court of record. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1050. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 prosecutions. 49 L.R.A. 216, 224. 
 
 Basing an indictment upon testimony of 
 accomplices. 28 L.R.A. 319. 
 
 Entry of judgment nunc pro tunc in crim- 
 inal case. 20 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Consolidated trial upon several indictments 
 against same defendant. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 412. 
 
 Eight of court to order disinterment of 
 corpse for evidential purposes. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 513. 
 
 Construction and effect of provisions requir- 
 ing prosecution for adultery to be on 
 complaint of husband or wife. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 786. 
 
 Prosecution under general liquor law for 
 sale in local-option territory. 3 L.RA. 
 (N.S.) 620. 
 
 Effect of escape on appeal from conviction: 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 921. 
 
 Intimation that a recommendation to mercy 
 will be entertained as ground for rever- 
 sal of conviction. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 -239. 
 
 § 32. Preliminary examination. 
 
 Admissibility of testimony on, of witness 
 not available at time of trial, see Evi- 
 dence, § 245. 
 
 Complaint or information based on infor- 
 mation and belief as basis for examina- 
 tion preliminary to issuance of war- 
 rant. 10 L.R.A.{N.S.) 159; 25 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 60. 
 
 Admissibility in criminal trial of testimony 
 given on preliminary examination by 
 witnesses not available at tiaie of trial. 
 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 868. 
 
 § 33. Warrant; coinmitnient. 
 
 Complaint or information based on infor- 
 mation and belief as basis for issuance 
 of warrant. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 159; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 60. 
 
 Necessity of commitment to render impris- 
 onment valid. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 609. 
 
 Informality of commitment as justification 
 for prison breach. 15 L.R.A. 191. 
 
 § 34. Effect of agreement for immunity 
 of accomplice wlio testifies lor pros- 
 ecution. 
 
 Tn general. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 439. 
 
 Who can promise immunity. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 442. 
 
 Dutv to make full disclosure. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 443. 
 
 Necessity to immunity of accomplice's ful- 
 filling agreement. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 444. 
 
 Efl'ect of agreement on competency as wit- 
 ness. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 445. 
 
 Effect of voluntary testimony by accom- 
 plice. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 445. 
 
 Begin with this hooJc on every law question 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, IV. a— cont'd 
 § 35. Necessity lor indictment or pre- 
 sentment. 
 
 As to indictment or information, generally, 
 see Indictment, etc. 
 
 Sufficiency of information, without indict- 
 ment, in common-law felonies. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1153. 
 
 Constitutional or statutory provisions for 
 prosecution of felony upon information 
 without indictment as an ex post facto 
 law. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 600. 
 
 What is an infamous crime within consti- 
 tutional provisions requiring present- 
 ment by a grand jury. 17 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 § 35a. Loss of indictment. 
 
 Right to substitute copy. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1079. 
 
 Loss before arraignment. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1080. 
 
 Loss during trial. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1081. 
 
 Loss after verdict. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1081. 
 
 Statutes of limitation. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1082. 
 
 Nature and time of objection to sub- 
 stitution. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1082. 
 
 Constitutionality and effect of stat- 
 utes. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1083. 
 Right of grand jury to refind or to find a 
 
 new indictment. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1084. 
 Original subsequently found. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1084. 
 Formal requisites of substitution. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1085. 
 
 Order for and fact of substitution 
 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1085. 
 
 Fact of existence or loss of original. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1036. 
 
 Sufficiencv of paper substituted. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1087. 
 
 New arraignment. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1087. 
 
 § 36. Matters as to jury. 
 
 Discharge of jury as bar to further prose- 
 cution, see infra, § 63. 
 
 Right to jury trial in criminal case, see 
 Jury, § 5. 
 
 Number and agreement of jurors in crim- 
 inal case, see Juey, § 15. 
 
 Competency of jurors in criminal case, see 
 JUKT,'§§ 11-14. 
 
 Selection of jurors in criminal case, see 
 Jury, III. 
 
 In civil cases, see Trial, §§ 70-74. 
 
 Right of jurors to act on their own knowl- 
 edge as to matters not in evidence. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 489; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 796. 
 
 How long shall a jury be permitted to de- 
 liberate before a mistrial may be or- 
 dered. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 178. 
 
 Right to waive absence of juryman in crim- 
 inal case. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 862. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. .N'OTES. 
 
 355 
 
 CRIMIXAL LAW, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Right in criminal case to substitute an- 
 otlier juror and proceed witli tlie trial 
 when a juror becomes disabled or in- 
 competent. 2.-> L.R.A. (N.S.) 36. 
 
 Effect of jury ill criminal case hearing 
 speech or address out of court on sub- 
 ject related to issues before them. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) IIIG. 
 
 Effect of statutory declaration that murder 
 committed by certain means or while 
 engaged in commission of felony shall 
 be murder in the first degree, upon 
 right of jury to pass upon the degree. 
 12 L.R.A.(]Si.S.) 935. 
 
 Delay of prosecution caused by failure to 
 have a jury as ground for discharge 
 of accused. 56 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 § 37. — seijaration of jury. 
 
 Separation of jury generally, see Tbial, § 
 73. 
 
 Separation of jury. 3 L.R.A. 211.* 
 Permitting separation of jury in capital 
 
 case. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 776. 
 
 Separation as sufficient ground for new 
 trial. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 777. 
 
 Discretion of court. 24 LR.A.(N.S.) 
 778. 
 
 Burden of proof as to injury. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 779. 
 
 Consent of defendant. 24 L.R.A. {N.S ) 
 781. 
 
 Waiver bv defendant. 24 L.R A. 
 (N.S.)" 782. 
 
 Separation before jury has been com- 
 pleted. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 
 Separation retirement. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 783. 
 
 Temporary separations. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 784. 
 Right to permit separation of jury in crim- 
 inal cases, other than capital, 
 after finding but before rendition 
 of verdict. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1005. 
 
 Discretion of court. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1005. 
 
 Allowance with consent of parties. 31 
 L.R.A.(N,S.) 1007. 
 
 Regulation by statute. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1007. 
 
 Separation without direction or con- 
 sent. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1008. 
 
 § 38. —withdrawal of juror. 
 
 Withdrawal of juror generally, see TBi.\r., § 
 
 18a. 
 Power to withdraw juror in criminal cases. 
 
 48 L.R.A. 434. 
 Effect of withdrawal of juror in criminal 
 
 case. 48 L.R.A. 440. 
 
 § 39. Matters as to jiidses. 
 
 Right of court to direct a verdict of guilty. 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S ) 304. 
 When temporary absence of judge during 
 
 trial is fatal. 41 L.R.A. 569. 
 Statute reducing number of presiding 
 
 judges at criminal trial as ex post 
 
 facto law. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 567. 
 Consult alf^o L.R A. DifieKtu to datr. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 § 40. Power of public prosecutor to 
 
 dismiss prosecution. 
 The origin and nature of the power. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 701. 
 The power absolute, when and where. 35 
 L.R.A. 701 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. 701. 
 After verdict. 35 L.R.A. 704. 
 The power limited by the will of the court. 
 
 when and where. 35 LR.A. 705. 
 The court may advise, but cannot compel, 
 the exercise of the power. 35 L.R.A. 
 708. 
 The power limited by the will of the ac- 
 cused, when. 35 L.R.A. 709. 
 The power exercised toward one of several. 
 35 L.R.A. 710 
 For the purpose of qualifying him as a 
 witness against others. 35 L.R.A. 
 710. 
 When others only are found guilty. 
 35 L.R.A. 711. 
 The power to correct the indictment or in- 
 formation by dismissal as to a 
 part. 35 L.R A. 712. 
 When it contains several counts. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 712. 
 When it contains only one count. 35 
 L.R.A. 714. 
 The power absolute after new trial granted, 
 
 or appeal taken. 35 L.R.A 716. 
 The power of the reviewing court. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 716. 
 The power to recall the dismissal of the- 
 prosecution. 35 L.R.A. 716. 
 
 § 41. Effect of coiiTiction or acquittal 
 
 generally. 
 Former conviction as a bar, see infra, §§ 
 
 59-04. 
 Effect of, to revoke liquor license, see infra, 
 
 § 74. 
 Civil deatli resulting from conviction, see 
 
 Civil. Death. 
 As ground for divorce, see Divobce and 
 
 Sepaeation, § 29. 
 
 Acquittal or discharge on criminal charge 
 as evidence of want of probable cause 
 in action for malicious prosecution. 
 64 L.R.A. 474. 
 
 Effect of conviction on marriage. 31 
 L.R. A. 515. 
 
 As ground of disbarment of attorney. 19 
 L.R.A.(NS.) 892. 
 
 For other crime, effect on admissibility of 
 evidence of such crime. 62 L.R.A. 341. 
 
 § 42. Insanity after commission of 
 criiuinal act. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of insane person, 
 see supra, §§ 8—10. 
 
 Sentence and imprisonment of insane per- 
 son, see infra, § 72. 
 
 EtTect; generally. 38 L.R.A. 577. 
 Question when and hovr raised 38 L.R.A. 
 
 578. _ ,, 
 
 Test of insanity which will prevent trial. 
 
 38 L.R.A. .579. 
 
356 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 CRIMINAL law; IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Determination as to submission of issue. 
 38 L.R.A. 580. 
 Doubt as to sanity. 38 L.R.A. 580. 
 Evidence to establish doubt. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 581. 
 Discretion of the court as to. 38 
 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Disposition of the issue. 38 L R.A. 582. 
 How tried; generally. 38 L.R.A. 582. 
 Procedure on trial. 38 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 Effect of the determination. 38 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 Insanity after verdict. 38 L.R.A. 587. 
 
 Insanity after judgment. 38 L.R.A. 588. 
 
 Appeals. 38 LR.A. 589. 
 
 Effect of recovery. 38 L.R.A. 590. 
 
 Method of raising insanity supervening aft- 
 er conviction. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1129. 
 
 b. Protection and rights of accused 
 i generally. 
 
 § 43. Generally. 
 
 Right to trial by jury in criminal prosecu- 
 tion, see. Jury, § 5. 
 
 Right to appear in person and with counsel. 
 5 L.R.A. 832.* 
 
 Right of prosecutrix in bastardy proceed- 
 ings to private counsel. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 403. 
 
 Right to be informed of nature of accusa- 
 tion. 5 L.R.A. 833.* 
 
 Right to a separate trial. 5 L.R.A 836.* 
 
 Protection of deaf defendant in criminal 
 prosecution. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 
 Eight of indicted person to inspect minutes 
 of grand jury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S ) 558. 
 
 Right to limit time of argument for coun- 
 sel of accused. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1027; 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S ) 209. 
 
 Vested right in defense of limitations in 
 criminal actions. 45 L.R.A. 614. 
 
 § 44. Public trial; misconduct of spec- 
 tator. 
 
 Right of defendant to public trial. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 809. 
 Right of court to exclude public from court 
 
 room during criminal trial. 9 LR.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 277; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 487. 
 Effect of misconduct of spectator during 
 
 criminal trial. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 Permitting hostile crowd in court room as 
 
 denial of fair trial. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.)" 
 
 667. 
 
 § 45. Delay of prosecution as ground 
 of discharge. 
 
 Where there is no cause for delay. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 513. 
 In failing to indict or to file an information. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 515. 
 Where the statutory time has not elapsed. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 518. 
 Caused by appeal or error. 56 L.R.A. 518. 
 Where there is a mistrial or new trial. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 519. 
 'Where the indictment is set aside or nolled 
 
 and new indictment found. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 522. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, IV. b— cont'd 
 Where defendant is held under several in- 
 dictments. 56 L R.A. 524. 
 Where there are other defendants. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 525. 
 Caused by change of venue. 56 L.R.A. 525. 
 Caused bv continuance for evidence. 56 
 
 L.R.A". 526. 
 For want of time to try. 56 L.R.A. 527. 
 In neglecting to provide a prosecuting at- 
 torney or expense money for court. 56 
 L.R.A. 528. 
 In failing to have a jury. 56 L.R.A. 529. 
 In failing to hold court. 56 L.R.A. 530. 
 "Court" and "term" defined. 66 L.R.A. 531. 
 Where the defendant is not in jail or is out 
 
 on bail. 56 L.R.A. 533. 
 Where the defendant is in the penitentiary. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 534. 
 Caused by acts or condition of accused. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 535. 
 Presumption that delay is for good cause. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 536. 
 Demand as a condition precedent to a dis- 
 charge. 56 L.R.A. 538. ' 
 Remedy to obtain discharge. 56 L.R.A. 
 539. 
 Bv habeas corpus in another court. 56 
 L.R.A. 539. 
 Where trial court has refused to 
 
 discharge. 56 L.R.A. 539. 
 On original applications. 56 L.R.A. 
 541. 
 By habeas corpus in trial court. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 542. 
 By application in trial court under 
 statute directing discharge. 56 
 L.R.A. 543. 
 By other pleading or motions. 56 
 L.R.A. 544. 
 Effect of discharge. 56 L.R.A. 544. 
 
 §46. Presence of accused. 
 
 Presence of accused at view by jury. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 378. 
 At time of making of dying declaration. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 453. 
 Right to be present during trial. 5 L.R.A. 
 834.* 
 Waiver of right to be present. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 835.* 
 Presence, when not necessary. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 835.* 
 Necessity that record show that he 
 was present. 5 L.R.A. 835.* 
 Waiver of presence of one charged with 
 misdemeanor at time of receiving ver- 
 dict. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 56. 
 Right of accused to waive his presence at 
 time of receiving verdict upon trial for 
 felony. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603; 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 306. 
 
 § 47. Right to meet witnesses. 
 
 Right to be confronted with witnesses 
 against him. 5 L.R.A. 833.* 
 
 Admissibility of testimony given on pre- 
 liminary examination as affected by 
 right of accused to be confronted with 
 witnesses against him. 25 L.R A (NS ) 
 868. ' ' 
 
 IScgin with this hook OJi every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 357 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, IV. b— cont'd 
 § 48. Compulsory process to procure 
 witnesses. 
 
 Right to process to procure witnesses. 5 
 L.R.A. 833.* 
 
 Power to regulate or restrict constitutional 
 right of defendant in criminal cases to 
 compulsory process to procure attend- 
 ance of witness in his behalf. 8 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 509. 
 
 § 4 9. Self -crimination. 
 
 Admissibility of confession, see Evidence 
 IX. 
 
 Exemption from, generallv. 4 L.R.A. 766;* 
 9 L.R.A. 323;* 11 L.R.A. 591.* 
 
 Constitutional guaranty against self-incrim- 
 ination; equivalent exemption to wit- 
 ness. 1 L.E.^.(N.S.) 167. 
 
 Use of testimony given in course of legis- 
 lative investigation upon subsequent 
 criminal prosecution of witness. 1 
 L.R.A. 274.* 
 
 Effect of statutes prohibiting the use of 
 testimony against the witness. 14 
 L.R.A. 407; 26 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 By experiment in presence of jury. 15 
 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 Merely demanding that accused produce in- 
 criminating document as violation of 
 his privilege. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1171. 
 
 Power to require one who has caused injury 
 to identify himself. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 622. 
 
 Incriminating evidence furnished by defend- 
 ant acting under compulsion. 32 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 772. 
 
 Effect of agreement for immunity of accom- 
 plice on his competency as a, witness. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 445. 
 
 Admissibility of schedules filed in Federal 
 bankruptcy proceedings, in prosecution 
 of bankrupt for concealment of prop- 
 erty. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1194. 
 
 Eight of ofEcer of a corporation to refuse 
 to turn over its books to a receiver, 
 upon the ground that they have a 
 tendency to incriminate him. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 725. 
 
 May records of sales of liquor which a drug- 
 gist is required by law to keep be used 
 as evidence against him in a criminal 
 prosecution. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 
 False testimony under immunity statute as 
 perjury. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 237. 
 
 Conclusiveness of witness's statement that 
 the answer to questions against which 
 he pleads his privilege would tend to 
 criminate him. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 165. 
 
 § 50. — necessity for claiming protec- 
 tion. 
 
 Necessity of claiming constitutional protec- 
 tion against being compelled to give in- 
 criminating evidence. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1144. 
 
 I 51. —use in civil case of Informa- 
 tion gained. 
 Constilt also L.B.A. DIgefilft to date. 
 
 CRIMINAL LA\\', IV. b— cont'd 
 Constitutional protection against being 
 forced to furnish evidence to be 
 used against one's self in a civil 
 case. 29 L.R.A. 811. 
 Provisions against self-accusation. 29 
 L.R.A. 811. 
 Limitation to criminal proceed- 
 ings. 29 L.R.A. 811. 
 Application to proceedings for pen- 
 alties and forfeitures. 29 
 L.R.A. 813. 
 General doctrine as to evidence 
 against one's self. 29 L.R.A. 
 815. 
 The contrary doctrine. 29 L.E.A. 
 
 817. 
 Parties in interest. 29 L.R.A. 818. 
 Unreasonable searches and seizures. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 818. 
 Right of trial by jury. 29 L.E.A. 819. 
 Due process of law. 29 L.R.A. 819. 
 Distinction between civil and criminal 
 or penal proceedings. 29 L.R.A. 
 820. 
 May self-incriminating testimony elicited 
 under an immunity statute be used in 
 a civil proceeding. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 622. 
 
 § 52. — admissibility against accused 
 of documents or things taken from 
 him. 
 
 In general. 59 L.R.A. 465; 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 762; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 Constitutional restrictions. 59 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 General statement — application. 59 
 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 Unreasonable searches and seizures. 59 
 L.R.A. 466. 
 
 Compelling evidence against self. 59 
 L.R.A. 468. 
 Effect of illegal or improper seizure. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 470; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 59. 
 Rule as to articles unlawfully possessed, or 
 
 in which the public has an interest. 59 
 
 L.E.A. 472. 
 To what proceedings foregoing rules apply. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 473. 
 Effect of illegality of taking. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 59. 
 Prosecution for carrying concealed weap- 
 ons. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 ^liscellaneous. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 64. 
 
 § 53. — right to compel accu,sed to ex- 
 hibit himself for examination. 
 
 Pases denying the right. 28 L.R.A. 699. 
 Cases asserting the right. 28 L.E.A. 700. 
 Comparison of cases. 28 L.E.A. 703. 
 Waiver of the constitutional exemption. 28 
 
 L.E.A. 703. 
 The English rule. 28 L.EJ^. 704. 
 
 § 54. Right of prisoner to appear un- 
 manacled at trial. 
 
 In general. 39 L.R.A. 821. 
 
 When justifiable. 39 L.R.A. 822. 
 
 Upon his arraignment and sentence. 39 
 
 39 L.E.A. 824. 
 As a ground of reversal and review. 39 
 
 L.E.A. 824. 
 
358 
 
 JXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, IV. b— cont'd 
 Provisions of state Constitutions and stat- 
 utes. 39 L.E.A. 825. 
 
 i>. Arraignment; plea; motions. 
 
 § 55. Arraignment. 
 
 Necessity of arraignmerit. 10 L.R.A. 91.* 
 Effect of failure to arraign. 10 L.R.A. 91.* 
 Proceedings on arraignment. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 92.* 
 May defendant be arraigned after com- 
 mencement of trial. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1181. 
 
 § 56. Pleas. 
 
 Plea of former jeopardy, see infra, IV. d. 
 
 Effect of defendant's standing mute. 10 
 L.R.A. 92.* 
 
 Statute allowing plea of guilty in capital 
 case. 16 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 Plea of guilty under Intimidation. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 257. 
 
 In prosecution under statute enhancing 
 penalty for crime by prior offenders. 34 
 L.R.A. 405; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 436. 
 
 Duty of court before accepting plea of guilty 
 in capital case. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 463. 
 
 May defendant plead after commencement 
 of trial. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1181. 
 
 Right upon plea of guilty to sentence ac- 
 cused without intervention of jury. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1146. 
 
 Conclusiveness of plea of guilty in subse- 
 quent civil action. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 328. 
 
 Plea of guilty as affecting action for illegal 
 arrest, false imprisonment, or malicious 
 prosecution. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 
 § 56a. — plea of nolo contendere. 
 
 Pleadable only by leave of court. 41 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 71. 
 
 Showing by record that plea -was ac- 
 cepted. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 71. 
 Effect of plea. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 71. 
 Sentence may be entered forthwith. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 Admissibility of evidence in mitigation and 
 
 aggravation of punishment. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 Right to use against defendant in another 
 proceeding. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 73. 
 
 To impeach defendant as a witness. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 74. 
 Admissibility in a proceeding against a 
 
 third person. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 Where plea of nolo contendere is permis- 
 sible. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75. 
 Duty of court before accepting plea of 
 
 guilty in capital case. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 463. 
 
 § 57. — effect of failure to give oppor- 
 tunity to plead. 
 
 Necessity of plea. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 811. 
 Necessity of pleading in person. l3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 813. 
 Where there has been a reversal of a jud"-- 
 ment. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 814. 
 
 Begin with this booh- on everif law question. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, IV. c— cont'd 
 
 Where there has been a mistrial. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 814. 
 
 Where there has been a change from one 
 court to another. 13 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 815. 
 
 Where plea of not guilty has been with- 
 drawn. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 815. 
 
 Where indictment or charge has been 
 amended. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 815. 
 
 § 58. Motion in arrest. 
 
 Amendment of record to cure defect in in- 
 dictment for which motion in arrest 
 of judgment has been made. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 182. 
 
 d. Former jeopardy. 
 
 § 59. Generally. 
 
 As a defense; when jeopardy attaches. 1 
 L.R.A. 451;* 4 L.R.A. 543.* 
 
 Plea of. 1 L.R.A. 451.* 
 
 Decision as to, as a Federal question. 62 
 L.R.A. 530. 
 
 Question whether suit for statutory penal- 
 ty is a civil or criminal prosecution as 
 affecting former jeopardy. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 752. 
 
 Validity, under constitutional provision for- 
 bidding second jeopardy, of statute au- 
 thorizing injunction against commis- 
 sion of crime. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1111. 
 
 Trial under erroneous theory^ as to crime 
 charged as former jeopardy. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 481. 
 
 Acquittal of crime as a bar to a subsequent 
 prosecution of defendant for perjury 
 committed on the former trial. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 385. 
 
 Conviction under municipal ordinance as 
 bar to prosecution under state stat- 
 utes, and mce versa. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 69. 
 
 Conviction or acquittal of marital offense 
 as bar to a subsequent prosecution. 40 
 L."R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 Does impaneling jury and proceeding with 
 the trial, without arraigning defend- 
 ant, place him in jeopardy. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 137. 
 
 Does jeopardy attach where trial is begun 
 with unsworn jury. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1213. 
 
 Trial of insane person as former jeopardy. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 470. 
 
 Eight to have claim of former jeopardy de- 
 termined in habeas corpus proceeding. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 
 Collateral attack on former conviction or 
 acquittal for fraud not affecting juris- 
 diction. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985. 
 
 Judgment in criminal action as res judicata 
 in civil action. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 653; 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 
 Increasing severity of punishment for sec- 
 ond or subsequent offense. 34 L.R.A. 
 400. 
 
 §6 0. Different offenses in same trans- 
 action. 
 
 Conviction or acquittal of offenses as a bar 
 
INDEX TO L-EA. NOTES. 
 
 359 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, IV. d— cont'd 
 
 to prosecution for homicide in com- 
 mission of the offense. 63 L.E.A. 405. 
 
 Conviction on charge of assault as bar to 
 subsequent prosecution for homicide fol- 
 lowing death of victim. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 209. 
 
 Acquittal of larceny as bar to prosecution 
 for forgery in same transaction. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 402. 
 
 § 61. Effect of pending appeal. 
 
 Effect of a pending appeal from a convic- 
 tion upon its operation as a bar to an- 
 other prosecution for the same offense. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 596. 
 
 ^ 62. Conviction of lower degree as ac- 
 quittal of higher degree. 
 
 Former jeopardy in retrial on higher charge 
 after setting aside verdict for lower 
 charge. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 571; 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 959. 
 
 Effect of conviction of lower degree in pros- 
 ecution for homicide as acquittal of 
 higher degree. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 20. 
 
 § 63. Discharge of jury. 
 
 On dismissal of jury. 1 L.R.A. 452.* 
 By reason of the discharge of the jury in 
 the prisoner's absence. 44 L.R.A. 694. 
 Effect of discharge of jury upon the dis- 
 covery of prejudice, disqualifieation, or 
 misconduct of one or more of their 
 number, to sustain a plea of former 
 jeopardy. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 548. 
 
 § 64. Discharge for want of prosecu- 
 tion. 
 
 Effect of second indictment or information 
 for same offense after accused is en- 
 titled to discharge for want of prosecu- 
 tion under first. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 257. 
 
 e. Proof 0/ corpus delicti. 
 
 % 65. Generally. 
 
 In general. 68 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Order of proof immaterial. 68 L.R.A. 79. 
 
 Province of court and jury. 68 L.R.A. 79. 
 
 § 6 6. What constitutes. 
 
 In general. 68 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Homicide. 68 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 Larcenv. 68 L.R.A. 40; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 536. 
 Arson. 68 L.R.A. 41. 
 Burglary. 68 L.R.A. 41. 
 Other crimes. 68 L.R.A. 41. 
 When proof of marriage necessary. 68 
 L.R.A. 42. 
 
 Bigamy. 68 L.R.A. 42. 
 
 Adultery. 68 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Other cases. 68 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 § 67. Necessity. 
 
 General rule. 68 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 Homicide. 68 L.R.A. 35, 46. 
 
 Larceny. 68 L.R.A. 48; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 536. 
 Other crimes. 68 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 Conffult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, IV. e— cont'd 
 
 To corroborate confession. 68 L.R.A. 50. 
 
 In general. 68 L.R.A. 50. 
 
 Homicide. 68 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 Larceny. 68 L.R.A. 54; 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 536. 
 
 Arson. 68 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 False pretenses. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 443. 
 
 Other crimes. 68 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 § 68. Chai'acter and sufBciency. 
 
 General rule. 68 L.R.A. 57. 
 Homicide. 68 L.R.A. 57, 73, 75-78; 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 181. 
 To corroborate confession. 68 L.R.A. 
 64. 
 Larceny. 68 L.R.A. 65; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 537. 
 To corroborate confession. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 64, 68, 71; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 536. 
 False pretenses. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 Other crimes. 68 L.R.A. 69. 
 In general. 68 L.R.A. 69. 
 To corroborate confession. 68 L.R.A. 
 71. 
 Use of confession in aid of other evidence 
 
 to establish. 68 L.R.A. 73. 
 Necessity of direct or positive evidence of. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 75. 
 Evidence of, tending to connect accused. 
 68 L.R.A. 78. 
 
 Y. Offenses against different sovereign- 
 ties. 
 
 % 69. Federal and state or territorial. 
 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 695. 
 Offenses against state and municipality. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 699. 
 Offenses against different states. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 709. 
 Military and civil offenses. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 710. 
 Offenses against legislature and state. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 Offenses against courts and state. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 
 §70. State and municipal. 
 
 Power of municipality to punish what is 
 
 also an offense under state law. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 
 Ordinances authorized by power in 
 
 statute or charter. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 49. 
 
 Generally. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 
 Liquor. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 
 Sunday observance. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 51. 
 Gambling. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 52. 
 Vagrants and disorderly per- 
 sons. 17L.R.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 Nuisances, streets and ped- 
 dling. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 53. 
 Peace and good order. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 53. 
 Two distinct offenses. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 54. 
 Additional penalties. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 56. 
 
360 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, V.— cont'd 
 
 Concurrent jurisdiction. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 57. 
 Different regulations and offenses. 
 
 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 57. 
 Superseding statute. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 58. 
 Ordinances conflicting with stat- 
 utes. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 58. 
 Ordinances in excess of power. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 59. 
 Where power to enact ordinance was 
 not stated. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 60. 
 Generally. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 60. 
 Two distinct offenses. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 61. 
 Difference in regulations and of- 
 fenses. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 62. 
 Conflicting with the statute. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 62. 
 General welfare clause. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 63. 
 Generally. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 63. 
 Two offenses. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 64. 
 Cumulative penalties. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 65. 
 Different regulations and offenses. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 65. 
 IncOTisistent and conflicting ordi- 
 nances. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67. 
 Ordinances in excess of power. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67. 
 As a bar to further prosecution. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 69. 
 Jeopardy. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 Civil suit. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 Ordinances as a bar. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 Ordinances prohibited or controlled by 
 Constitution or statute. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 Right of both state and municipality to 
 convict of violation of Sunday closing 
 laws. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 Validity of municipal ordinance declaring 
 that all or certain classes of offenses 
 denounced by law of state shall be 
 offenses also under the ordinance. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 493. 
 
 VI. Sentence and imprisonment. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 §71. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 161. 
 
 Conviction and sentence as ground for di- 
 vorce, see Divorce and Separation, 
 § 20. 
 
 Fines as punishment, see Fines, § 2. 
 
 Habeas corpus to procure release of one 
 improperly confined, see Habeas Cor- 
 pus. 
 
 Constitutionality of imprisonment for debt, 
 see Impbisonment foe Debt. 
 
 Escape from prison, see Jails and Prisons, 
 §6. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment in criminal ac- 
 tion, see Judgment, § 39. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, VI. a— cont'd 
 Punishment in bastardy proceedings, see 
 
 Bastardy, § 5. 
 Punishment for contempt, see Contempt, 
 
 § 13. 
 Punishment for keeping disorderly house, 
 
 see DisoKDEELY Houses, § 4. 
 Punishment for gambling, see Gaming, § 8. 
 Punishment for homicide, see Homicide. § 
 
 35. 
 Punishment for offenses as to intoxicating 
 
 liquor, see Intoxicating Liquoks, § 
 
 35. 
 Punishment for larceny, see Larceny, § 12. 
 Punishment for maintaining nuisance, see 
 
 Nuisances, § 31. 
 Punishment for robbery, see Robbery, § 7. 
 
 Equal protection as to punishment. 14 
 L.E.A. 584. 
 
 Correction of verdict by court to assess 
 punishment. 23 L.R.A. 726. 
 
 Power to amend commitment or sentence by 
 increasing punishment. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 90. 
 
 Necessity of formal commitment to render 
 imprisonment valid. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 609. 
 In civil cases. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 611. 
 
 Effect of absence from jail in computing 
 time of imprisonment. 13 L.R.A. 574.* 
 
 Right to admit evidence of value of goods 
 taken or sought to be taken in prose- 
 cution for burglary in order to assess 
 punishment. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 249. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession induced by 
 promise of mitigation of punishment. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 820. 
 
 § 72. Of Insane person. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of Insane person, see 
 
 supra, §§ 8-10. 
 Insanity commencing after commission of 
 
 criminal act, see supra, § 42. 
 
 Confinement of one acquitted of crime by 
 
 reason of insanity. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 540; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 946. 
 In general. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 540. 
 Necessity of finding as to continuance 
 
 of insanity. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 543. 
 Place and nature of confinement. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 545. 
 Removal to place of confinement. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 546. 
 Time for which sentenced. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 546. 
 Right to, and proceedings for, discharge 
 
 after restoration to sanity. 1 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 Validity of statute providing for commit- 
 ment of inebriates without their con- 
 sent, to a public or private institution. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 984. 
 Power of court to suspend sentence tem- 
 porarily on suggestion of insanity. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 
 § 73. Of infant. 
 
 Punishment of infants. 36 L.R.A. 210. 
 
 Commitment of minors to reformatory with- 
 out conviction of crime. 16 L.R.A. 
 691. 
 
 Begin with this boo!,- on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 361 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, VI. a— cont'd 
 § 74. Effect of convictions to revolce 
 liquor license. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute by which con- 
 viction of violation of liquor law en- 
 tails revocation of license and prohibi- 
 tion of sale of liquor. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1004. 
 
 § 7 5. Execution of death sentence. 
 
 Homicide in execution of death sentence. 67 
 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 Effect of execution of insured for crime on 
 right to recover life or accident insur- 
 ance. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 
 Right of executive officer to fix date of exe- 
 cution in a capital case. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 268. 
 
 § 7 6. Recommitnient or resentence. 
 
 Power to commit after expiration of term 
 of sentence. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1041. 
 
 Recommitment without further hearing of 
 person discharged from insane hospital. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 468. 
 
 Power of appellate court to resentence for 
 lower degree on reversal of conviction 
 of homicide for higher degree. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 
 § 7 7. Right to compel prisoner to 
 labor. 
 
 The power, generally. 27 L.R.A. 593. 
 Constitutional restrictions. 27 L.R.A. 594. 
 Necessity of express authority. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 595. 
 Exception when labor is a part of the 
 
 prison discipline. 27 L.R.A. 596. 
 Construction of statutes conferring the pow- 
 er generally. 27 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 Upon what courts conferred. 27 L.R.A. 
 598. 
 
 For what crimes imposed. 27 L.R.A. 
 598. 
 
 Place of performance. 27 L.R.A. 599. 
 
 The term of duration. 27 L.R.A. 600. 
 Imposition for nonpayment of costs. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 601. 
 Necessity of strict compliance. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 602. 
 Delegation of the power. 27 L.R.A. 603. 
 Hiring out convicts. 27 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Power to hire out. 27 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 The contract. 27 L.R.A. 606. 
 
 Hiring by surety. 27 L.R.A. 607. 
 
 Leasing prisons. 27 L.R.A. fiOS. 
 
 Assignability of contract. 27 L.R.A. 
 608. 
 
 Custody and management of convicts. 
 27 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 Termination of contract. 27 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 Recovery of agreed compensation. 27 
 L.R.A. 610. 
 
 Disposition of proceeds. 27 L.R.A. 611. 
 Effect of delay in execution of sentence. 27 
 
 L.R.A. ail. 
 Discharge because of inability to pay. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 611. 
 Remedy for improper imposition. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 612. 
 As cruel punishment. 35 L.R.A. 566. 
 ConifuU nlfio L.R.A. Vigests to date. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, VI. a— cont'd 
 Ordinance against convict labor in streets. 
 3!) L.R.A. 680. 
 
 § 7 8. Cruel and unusual punishment. 
 
 Constitvitional and statutory provisions. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 561. 
 General principles governing punishments. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 561. 
 Cruel and vinusual. 35 L.R.A. 561. 
 Legislative control. 35 L.R.A. 562. 
 Discretion of court. 35 L.R.A. 563. 
 Nature of punishments. 35 L.R.A. 564. 
 Penitentiary. 35 L.R.A. 564. 
 Flogging and other corporal pvinisli- 
 
 ments. 35 L.R.A. 565. 
 Convict labor. 35 L.R.A. 566. 
 Hard labor. 35 L.R.A. 566. 
 House of refuge. 35 L.R.A. 567. 
 Imprisonment for costs. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 567. 
 Fine or imprisonment. 35 L.R.A. 567. 
 Special statute. 35 L.R.A. 569. 
 Imprisonment for life. 35 L.R.A. 569. 
 Disfranchisement and forfeiture. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 569. 
 Ducking-stool. 35 L.R.A. 569. 
 Bread and water. 35 L.R.A. 569. 
 Punishment for particular crimes. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 569. 
 Arson and burning. 35 L.R.A. 569. 
 Assault and battery. 35 L.R.A. 569 
 Bastardy. 35 L.R.A. 570. 
 Burglary. 35 L.R.A. 570. 
 Carrying concealed weapons. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 571. 
 Common scold. 35 L.R.A. 571. 
 Conspiracv. 35 L.R.A. 571. 
 Conterfeit coin. 35 L.R.A. 571. 
 Disorderly houses and persons. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 571. 
 Dueling. 35 L.R.A. 571. 
 False pretenses, cheats, and frauds. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 571. 
 Fisherv and game-law offenses. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 572. 
 Fornication. 35 L.R.A. 572. 
 Gambling. 35 L.R.A. 572. 
 Highway offenses. 35 L.R.A. 573, 
 Horse stealing. 35 L.R.A. 573. 
 Larceny. 35 L.R.A. 573. 
 Libel. 35 L.R.A. 573. 
 Liquor laws offenses. 35 L.R.A. 574. 
 Murder and manslaughter. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 575. 
 Nuisance. 35 L.R.A. 576. 
 Profane language. 35 L.R.A. 576. 
 Perjury. 35 L.R.A. 576. 
 Rape. 35 L.R.A. 576. 
 Receiving stolen goods. 35 L.R.A. 577. 
 Robbery. 35 L.R.A. 577. 
 Special statutory offenses. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 577. 
 'Inlawful publications. 35 L.R.A. 578. 
 Vagrancy. 35 L.R.A. 578. 
 Violation of ordinances. 35 L.R.A. 578. 
 Extent of United States Constitution 3.^ 
 
 L.R.A. 578. 
 Increased punishment, second offense. ■''■' 
 L.R.A. 579. 
 
362 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, VI. a— cont'd 
 Enhancing penalty for crime committed by 
 
 habitual criminals or prior offenders 
 
 as. 34 L.E.A. 400. 
 Asexualization or sterilization of criminals 
 
 or defectives. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 419. 
 
 § 79. Effect of excessive sentence. 
 
 General rule. 45 L.R.A. 137. 
 
 In state courts. 45 L.R.A. 137. 
 
 In United States courts. 45 L.R.A. 
 138. 
 Effect of application for habeas corpus. 45 
 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 Sentence void, prisoner discharged. 45 
 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 Discharged, proper sentence served. 45 
 L.R.A. 144. 
 
 Discharge refused on habeas corpus. 
 45 L.R.A. 145. 
 
 Discharge refused until legal sentence 
 served. 45 L.R.A. 148. 
 
 Sentence corrected or modified and af- 
 firmed. 45 L.R.A. 149. 
 
 Sentence ordered modified, and case re- 
 manded. 45 L.R.A. 149. 
 
 Proper sentence imposed,, and prisoner 
 remanded. 45 L.R.A. 149. 
 
 Execution stayed, bail for future ap- 
 pearance. 45 L.R.A. 149. 
 
 Remanded and record corrected. 45 
 L.R.A. 150. 
 Effect on appeal, or on writ of error. 45 
 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 In general. 45 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 Sentence reversed, prisoner discharged. 
 45 L.R.A. 151. 
 
 Prisoner discharged, legal sentence 
 served. 45 L.R.A. 152. 
 
 Judgment reversed in part and af- 
 firmed in part. 45 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 Sentence corrected or modified, and 
 judgment affirmed. 45 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 Judgment ordered modified, and case 
 remanded. 45 L.R.A. 154. 
 
 Judgment reversed, and case remanded. 
 45 L.R.A. 156. 
 
 Judgment reversed, and new sentence 
 imposed. 45 L.R.A. 157. 
 
 Judgment reversed, and new trial 
 granted. 45 L.R.A. 157. 
 
 Execution stayed, bail for future ap- 
 pearance. 45 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Discharged upon suing out writ of 
 error. 45 L.R.A. 158. 
 On certiorari. 45 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Discharge refused. 45 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Judgment reversed, and case remanded. 
 45 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Prisoner discharged. 45 L.R.A. 159. 
 Knglish decisions. 45 L.R.A. 159. 
 
 § 80. Cumulative sentences. 
 
 Power to impose generally. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 124. 
 Necessity of specifying that sentences are 
 
 cumulative. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 Sufficiency and effect of specifications. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 126. 
 Sufficiency of single judgment or sentence. 
 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 127. 
 
 Begin with tliis hooJc on every law question 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, VI. a— cont'd 
 
 As affected by deduction of time for good be- 
 havior. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 128. 
 
 Effect of reversal or invalidity of first con- 
 viction. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 128. 
 
 Cumulative penalties for offense under both 
 municipal ordinance and state statute. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 65. 
 
 § 81. Kednction of term for good be- 
 havior. 
 
 Suspension of sentence for good behavior. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 285. 
 Constitutionality of statutory credits for 
 
 good behavior. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 520. 
 Constitutionality of statutes providing 
 
 therefor. 34 L.R.A. 509. 
 Construction and effect of statutes. 34 
 L.R.A. 510. 
 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 510. 
 
 Federal cases. 34 L.R.A. 512. 
 Cumulative sentences as affected by de- 
 duction of time for. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 128. 
 
 § 82. Place of imprisonment. 
 
 Designation of wrong place of imprison- 
 ment as ground for discharge upon 
 habeas corpus. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 518. 
 
 Delegation of power to determine place of 
 confinement of prisoners committed for 
 crime. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 978. 
 
 § 83. Enhancing penalty when crime 
 committed by liabitual criminals or 
 prior offenders. 
 
 Validity of statutes and ordinances. 34 
 L.R.A. 398; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 432. 
 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 398. 
 
 Ex post facto laws. 34 L.R.A. 399. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment. 34 
 L.R.A. 400. 
 
 Equal protection of the laws. 34 L.R.A. 
 400. 
 
 Second punishment or jeopardy for the 
 same offense. 34 L.R.A. 400. 
 Construction and effect of statutes. 34 
 L.R.A. 400; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 400. 
 
 Third and subsequent offenses. 34 
 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 Conditions as to prior conviction before 
 commission of later offense. 34 
 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 Conditions as to execution of or re- 
 lief from prior sentence before com- 
 mission of later offense. 34 L.R.A. 
 402. 
 
 Effect of pardon of prior offense. 34 
 L.R.A. 402. 
 
 Effect of appeal or writ of error to 
 review prior conviction. 34 L.R.A. 
 403. 
 
 Effect of prior conviction in other state 
 or country. 34 L.R.A. 403. 
 
 What prior sentence must have been. 
 34 L.R.A. 403. 
 
 Similarity or identity of prior and sub- 
 sequent offenses. 34 L.R.A. 404; 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 434. 
 
 Procedure. 34 L.R.A. 404; 24 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 435. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 404. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 363 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, VI. a— cont'd 
 
 Pleas and admissions. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 405. 
 Order of trial; separating issues. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 405. 
 Proof. 34 L.R.A. 406. 
 Attacking validity of prior con- 
 viction. 34 L.R.A. 407. 
 Verdict and jndgment. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 407. 
 Appeal or writ of error. 34 L.R.A. 
 408. 
 Increased punishment for second offense as 
 cruel and unusual punishment. 35 
 L.R.A. 579. 
 
 § 84. Suspension of sentence. 
 
 Power of court to suspend sentence or stay 
 
 execution of sentence. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 112; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 242. 
 
 Power to suspend sentence. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 113. 
 
 Temporarily. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 113; 
 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 Indefinitely. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 114; 
 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 Suspension upon suggestion of in- 
 sanity. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 Power to suspend part. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 115. 
 Statutes regulating suspension. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 116; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 243. 
 Power to sentence after suspension. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 Power to stay execution of sentence. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 119; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 244. 
 Power to enforce after stay of execu- 
 tion. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 121; 39 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 244. 
 Suspension of sentence for good behavior. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 285. 
 Effect of suspension of sentence upon right 
 to vote. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 684. 
 
 ft. Parole; pardon. 
 
 § 85. Generally. 
 
 Right to recall pardon. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 238. 
 Power of municipal authorities to remit 
 
 penalties or punishment for violation 
 
 of municipal ordinances. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 198. 
 Voluntariness of confession induced by 
 
 promise of. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 823. 
 
 § 86. Parole; conditional pardon. 
 
 Conditional pardons and parole of prisoner. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 285. 
 Generally. 14 L.R.A. 286. 
 What conditions allowable. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 287. 
 Acceptance of condition. 14 L.R.A. 287. 
 Compliance with conditions. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 287. 
 Breach of condition. 14 L.R.A. 288. 
 How forfeiture enforced. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 288 
 Cmisult aJfio T..n.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, VI. b— cont'd 
 
 Power to impose in pardon conditions ex- 
 tending beyond term of sentence. -5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1064; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 337; 26 L.R.A.(N.S.)' 110. 
 
 Is time prisoner is out on parole or condi- 
 tional pardon to be deducted from term 
 of sentence. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 
 Release on parole as affecting right to 
 habeas corpus. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 882, 
 
 § 87. Legislative power to grant. 
 
 After conviction. 34 L.R.A. 251. 
 Before conviction. 34 L.R.A.. 252. 
 Incidental or implied pardon. 34 L.R.A. 
 254. 
 
 § 88. Effect of pardon. 
 
 Pardon as affecting enhanced punishment 
 for later offense. 34 L.R.A. 402; 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 435. 
 
 Effect of pardon or commutation of sen- 
 tence on conjugal rights. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 272. 
 
 Effect of pardon on right to disbar attorney 
 convicted of felony. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 272. 
 
 Effect of pardon of husband or wife upon 
 marriage relation. 31 L.R.A. 519. 
 
 Effect of pardon on civil liability for libel 
 or slander. 21 L.R.A. 503; 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 147. 
 
 § 89. —on fine, forfeiture, or costs. 
 
 On fines and forfeitures. 15 L.R.A. 395. 
 In general; as to government. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 395. 
 As to third persons; informers; prose- 
 cutors. 15 L.R.A. 395. 
 On costs. 15 L.R.A. 396. 
 
 Before sentence. 15 L.R.A. 396. 
 After sentence. 15 L.R.A. 396. 
 
 CRIMINAL LIABILITY. 
 
 See Cbiminal Law, III. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE. 
 
 See Cbiminai, Law, § 30; Homicide, § 15. 
 
 ♦<-♦ 
 
 CRIMINALS. 
 
 In general, see Ckiminal Law. 
 Competency of, as witness, see WITNESSES, 
 § 10. 
 
 «-»♦ 
 
 CRI3IINATION OF SELF. 
 See Criminal Law, §§ 49-53. 
 
364 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 CRIPPLE. 
 
 Duty of carrier to accept sick or disabled 
 passenger, see Cabbiers, § 40. 
 
 CRITICISM. 
 
 Libel by, see Libel and Slander, § 15. 
 
 Of decision or opinion after case has been 
 determined as contempt or ground for 
 disbarment. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 572. 
 
 Personal criticism of or insult to court 
 because of decision after determination 
 of cause as ground for contempt or 
 disbarment. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 
 CROPPERS. 
 
 As tenants. 4 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 698. 
 
 Levy on cropper's share of crops. 23 L.R.A. 
 260. 
 
 Persons cultivating land on shares as inde- 
 pendent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 469. 
 
 Measure of damages for forcing from prem- 
 ises. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 714. 
 
 < « » 
 
 CROPS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Agreement as to, within statute of frauds, 
 see CONTBAOTS, § 44. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to, see Dam- 
 ages, § 74. 
 
 Relief as to, in ejectment, see Ejectment, 
 § 12. 
 
 Exemption of crops grown on homestead, 
 see Homestead, § 6. 
 
 On public land, see Public Lands, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 \V liat constitute growing crops. 6 L.R.A. 
 617.* 
 
 Time allowed tenant for removal of crop. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 707. 
 
 Crops grown on homestead, or proceeds 
 thereof, as exempt. 32 L.R.A. (N.8.) 
 577. 
 
 When may notice of application for appoint- 
 ment of receiver of growing crop be 
 dispensed with. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 960. 
 
 § 2. Right or title to. 
 
 Tenant's rights as to, see Landlobd and 
 
 Tenant, § 52. 
 Right to, as between vendor and purchaser, 
 
 see Vendoe and Pukchasee, § 8. 
 
 Growing crops as emblements. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 618.* 
 Right to crops upon death of life tenant. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 427;* 11 L.R.A. 800.* 
 Right of lessee of life tenant to, on death 
 
 of latter. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 688. 
 Rights of tenant in common to. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 625.* 
 In case of estate by entireties. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 308. 
 
 CROPS— cont'd 
 
 Right as between successful plaintiff and 
 evicted defendant to crops unsevered 
 at time of final judgment. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 531. 
 
 Right of one who buys or makes lawful 
 entry on public land to crops placed 
 thereon by another. 70 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 Right to vegetation growing in highway. 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1053. 
 
 Title by accession to crops wrongfully sev- 
 ered. 32 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 Right to, on foreclosure. 4 L.R.A. 453.* 
 
 § 3. Iievy on. 
 
 Levy on, see Levy and Seizure, § 9. 
 
 § 4. Lien on. 
 
 Chattel mortgage on crops, see Chattel 
 Mortgage, § 11. 
 
 Attempt to enforce lien under clause in 
 lease giving landlord lien on crops as 
 election to prevent its enforcement as 
 a chattel mortgage. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 259. 
 
 § 5. Sale of. 
 
 Statute of frauds as to, see Contracts, § 
 44. 
 
 Sale of future crops. 23 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Contract for crops to be raised, as a sale. 
 14 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Sufficiency of designation of part of grow- 
 ing crops for purposes of sale. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 30. 
 
 § 6. Replevin or trover for. 
 
 Right to maintain replevin for several crops 
 by or against one in adverse posses- 
 sion of land. 69 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Trover for crops. 23 L.R.A. 471. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action for conversion of, 
 from land in another state or country. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 994. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 CROSS. 
 
 In marking of ballot, see Elections, § 21. 
 
 ♦<-• 
 
 CROSS APPEALS. 
 
 Conclusiveness of prior decisions on appeal 
 as to. 34 L.R.A. 335. 
 
 CROSS BILLS. 
 
 See Pleading, § 39. 
 
 Begin with this book on evert/ law question 
 
 CROSS-EXAMINATION. 
 
 Of witnesses, sec Witnesses, §§ 31-38. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 365 
 
 CROSSING. 
 
 As to lailroad ciossins;, see Railroads, §§ 
 29-33, 58-05, 81-84. 
 
 CROSSING OUT. 
 
 Alteration of instrument by crossing out 
 material provision without substituting 
 new matter. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 519. 
 
 CROSSWALKS. 
 
 Duty to remove snow or ice from. 20 
 
 L.'R.A.(N.S.) 656; 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1167. 
 Liability of municipality for injuries from 
 
 unevenness in crosswalk. 29 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 180; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 513. 
 
 CROWBARS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 680. 
 
 CROWD. 
 
 Carrier's liability for overcrowded cars, 
 
 see Carkibbs, § 74. 
 See also Ceush. 
 
 Liability of carrier for personal injury to 
 passenger bv crowd at station or stop- 
 ping place." 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 470. 
 
 Duty of carrier to protect live stock from 
 injury by crowding. 39 L.R.A.(X.S.) 
 642. 
 
 Liability of owner of vacant property per- 
 mitting it to be used in such a way as 
 to attract crowds to injurv of neighbor- 
 hood. 11 L.R.A.(X.S.i 463. 
 
 Assault with intent to murder or kill by 
 shooting into crowd. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 173. 
 
 Permitting hostile crowd in court room as 
 denial of fair trial. 39 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 667. 
 
 CROWN. 
 
 Crown grants in America of right to fish. 
 60 L.R.A. 489. 
 
 CKUiJL AND T NITSUAL PIJNISH- 
 :\fENT. 
 
 See Criminal Law, § 78. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CRUELTY. 
 
 To animals, see Animals, § 23. 
 
 As ground for divorce, see Divorce, § 25. 
 
 Evidence of fellow servant's cruelty, in ac- 
 tion by injured servant. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 772. 
 
 Of husband or wife, insanity as affecting. 
 34 L.R.A. 164. 
 
 Effect of, on parent's right to custody of 
 child. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 590, 604. 
 
 CRUSH. 
 
 See also Ceovto. 
 
 Injury by crush in entering car at elevated 
 or subway station. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 729. 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 As condition of patent under Federal home- 
 stead entry. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 
 CULVERTS. 
 
 Municipal liability for overflow through in- 
 sufficiency of. 59 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 As defect in highway for which township 
 is liable. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1246. 
 
 Necessity of notice to purchasing railroad 
 company to construct, where road was 
 originally constructed without them. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 571. 
 
 cumberijAND church. 
 
 See Religious Societies. 
 
 cumulative dividends. 
 
 On preferred stock, see Corporations, § 
 100. 
 
 CUMULATIVE EVIDENCE. 
 
 As ground for new trial, see New Trial, 
 §11. 
 
 * » *- 
 
 CUMULATIVE FINES. 
 
 In loan association. 35, L.R.A. 219. 
 
366 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 oumuijAtive remedies. 
 
 Certiorari and appeal. 50 L.R.A. 793. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 CUMULATIVE SENTENCE. 
 
 See Cbiminal Law, § 80. 
 
 CUKATIVE ACT. 
 
 In general, see Constitutional Law, §§ 
 9, 10. 
 
 Statutes legalizing invalid municipal con- 
 tracts, see Municipal Cobpoeatioss, 
 § 56. 
 
 Power to cure unconstitutional act by 
 amendment, see Statutes, § 30. 
 
 CURATIVE DEED. 
 
 Curing statutory defects in map or plat by 
 conveyance with reference to it. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 587. 
 
 CURATOR AD HOC. 
 
 Admissions and waivers by. 32 L.R.A. 686, 
 688. 
 
 CURRENCY. 
 
 Meaning of term. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 240. 
 Special contracts and obligations to make 
 
 payments in gold or silver. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 512. 
 Validity of contract for token currency in 
 
 violation of statute. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 610. 
 Payment in forged paj^er or base coin. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 199.* 
 Character of condition of currency tendered 
 
 in pavment of fare. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1030.' 
 
 CURRENT EXPENSES. 
 
 As an indebtedness within municipal limi- 
 tation of indebtedness. 23 L.R.A. 406. 
 
 CURSING. 
 
 As disturbance of public peace. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 505. 
 
 CURTESY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 ConstitutionaUty of statutes as to, see Cok- 
 w:itutional Law, § 50. 
 
 liPfjin u'ith this book on every law question. 
 
 CURTESY— cont'd 
 
 Tenancy by the curtesy, generally. 7 L.R.A. 
 693;* 11 L.R.A. 825.* 
 Effect of statute upon husband's right. 
 
 7 L.R.A. 693.* 
 Necessity of seisin during coverture; 
 rule at common law. 7 L.R.A. 
 694;* 11 L.R.A. 826.* 
 Qualification of the rule. 7 L.R.A. 
 694.* 
 Entry on land. 7 L.R.A. 694.* 
 When estate becomes initiate. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 826.* 
 When estate by the curtesy fails. 7 
 
 L.R.A. 695.* 
 Effect of husband's wrongful act to 
 
 forfeit curtesy. 7 L.R.A. 695.* 
 Liability for husband's debts. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 696.* 
 Disposal of estate by wife. 7 L.R.A. 
 696.* 
 Adverse possession against tenant by the 
 curtesy and remainderman. 19 L.R.A. 
 841. 
 Husband's insurable interest in wife's prop- 
 erty as tenant by the curtesy. 66 
 L.R.A. 659. 
 Right of alien to take estate by, under alien 
 
 statutes. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 659. 
 Effect upon curtesy of death of issue before 
 seisin by wife. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 825. 
 Power of legislature to destroy. 19 L.R.A. 
 256. 
 
 § 2. In what. 
 
 To what estate tenancy by the curtesy at- 
 taches. 11 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 Right of curtesy vested in remainder or life 
 estate. 7 L.R.A. 695.* 
 
 Right of curtesy in determinable fee. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 858. 
 
 Curtesy in equity of redemption. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 454. 
 
 Right of tenant by the curtesy in partner- 
 ship real estate. 27 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 Husband's right of curtesy in property con- 
 veyed by him to his wife. 69 L.R.A. 
 375; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 776. 
 
 § 3. Rights of tenant by. 
 
 Mineral rights of tenant by. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1099. 
 Rights of tenant by, as to oil and gas. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1108. 
 Curtesy rights as affecting marketability 
 
 of title. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 § 4. Levy of property held by. 
 
 Levy on estate by. 23 L.R.A. 648. 
 As subject of attachment or levy on execu- 
 tion. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 118. 
 
 § 5. Tax on land held by. 
 
 Effect of tax sale of land held by tenant 
 
 by curtesy. 32 L.R.A. 808. 
 Duty of tenant by, to pay taxes. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 748. 
 Succession tax on curtesy. 29 L.R.A ( N S ) 
 
 428. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 367 
 
 CURVES. 
 
 Presumption 61 negligence from injury to 
 passenger while passing over curve. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615: 29 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 815. 
 
 CUSTODIAN. 
 
 Tender of railroad fare by. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 995. 
 Ejection of, for nonpayment of child's fare. 
 
 38 L.R..A. 140. 
 Liability of, for assault by punishment of 
 
 child. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 216. 
 
 CUSTODY. 
 
 Of children of divorced persons, see Di- 
 
 VOECE AND Sepaeation, §§ 55, 56. 
 Of infant generally, see Infants, §§ 6-10. 
 
 Of convicts compelled to labor. 27 L.E.A. 
 609. 
 
 Of holographic wiU. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 842. 
 
 Uncontradicted statement in presence of ac- 
 cused while in custody as confession or 
 admission. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 558; 42 
 L.RA.(N.S.) 892. 
 
 CUSTODY OF LAW. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Money in court, see Money in Couet. 
 Replevin of property in, see Replevin, 
 §§ 9, 10. 
 
 Maritime lien on vessel in custody of law. 
 70 L.R.A. 391. 
 
 Effect of property being in custodia legis on 
 rio'ht to enforce payment of delinquent 
 taxes. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 465. 
 
 Mandamus to compel officer to dispose of 
 property as directed by court. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 664. 
 
 Failure or refusal to deliver to trustee 
 money or property belonging to bank- 
 rupt in custody of law as contempt of 
 court. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 261. 
 
 § 2. Seizure or sale of property in. 
 
 Right to sell property while in custody of 
 law. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1055. 
 Title of property in custody of law. 1 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1056. 
 outer dicta opinions in respect to. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1056. 
 Effect of custody upon tight to 
 
 alienate personal property. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1057. 
 Effect as to real estate. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1062. 
 
 § 3 —judicial seizure or sale. 
 
 Liability of property in, to levy, see Levy 
 AND Seizure, §§ 6, 7. 
 Coiisult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 CUSTODY OF LAW— cont'd 
 
 Garnishment of property in custody of law. 
 12 L.R.A. 508.* 
 
 Equitable remedy to subject property in, to 
 judgment after return of no property 
 found. 63 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Injunction against execution sale of prop- 
 erty in. 30 L.R.A. 103. 
 
 CUSTOM AND USAGE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Judicial notice of, see Evidence, § 6. 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, § 161. 
 Admissibility of evidence as to, see Evi- 
 dence, § 247. 
 
 Validity of. 10 L.R.A. 366.* 
 
 As law; conflict with rules of law; reason- 
 ableness of; knowledge of; to affect ex- 
 press contract. 13 L.R.A. 438.* 
 
 As part of contract; usage of trade to aid 
 interpretation. 3 L.R.A. 860;* 4 
 L.R.A. 392;* 10 L.R.A. 785.* 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of custom to 
 create an exception to written contract. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 248. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of, to vary writ- 
 ten contract. 13 L.E.A. 440.* 
 
 That grantee or successor in interest shall 
 contribute to cost of party wall. 66 
 L.R.A. 702. 
 
 To permit fall of land by removal of lateral 
 or subjacent support. 68 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 Effect of street car using tracks contrary 
 to custom on liability for collision. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1194. 
 
 Effect of custom or usage on liability of 
 one accused of larceny who claims to 
 have taken the property in good faith. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 
 Validitv of divorce according to Indian cus- 
 tom. 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 Proof of agency by evidence of similar acts 
 by alleged agent. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 219. 
 
 Effect on legal right. 2 L.R.A. 87.* 
 
 Necessity of specially pleading local usage 
 and custom. 2 L.R.A. 709.* 
 
 § 2. As to negligence. 
 
 Of servant, see infra, § 4. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of, on question of 
 negligence or contributory negligence. 
 10 L.R.A. 366;* 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 683. 
 
 Effect of custom or habit on contributory 
 negligence in attempting to cross train 
 standing on a crossing. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1068. 
 
 Effect of custom or habit on duty towards 
 person attempting to cross train ob- 
 structing crossing. 13 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1076. 
 
 Evidence of habits of person injured or 
 killed as affecting damages. 1 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 198. 
 
 Effect of custom giving flre apparatus right 
 of way over street cars. 19 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 626. 
 
368 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CUSTOM AND USAGE— cont'd 
 § 3. Of master or servant. 
 
 Duty to give clearance card when uniform 
 custom to do so is shown. 62 L.R.A. 
 928. 
 
 § 4. — as to negligence. 
 
 Habitual practice of employee as substitute 
 for rule. 43 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 As affecting dutv of master to promulgate 
 rules. "43 L.R.A. 311. 
 
 As measure of master's duty to guard ma- 
 chinery. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 140. 
 
 Inference *f employee's authority to expel 
 trespassers from practice of doing so. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 693. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances of habit of 
 servant for carelessness, disobedience 
 and intemperance. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 768. 
 
 Failure of master to prevent practice by 
 employees not in performance of any 
 duty owed to him as ground of lia- 
 bility. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1038. 
 
 § 5. As to cutting timber. 
 
 Custom of estate as to life tenant's cutting 
 timber for sale. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 768. 
 
 § 6. — on public land. 
 
 As to right to cut timber on public land. 
 70 L.R.A. 879. 
 
 Custom as a defense to action of prosecu- 
 tion for cutting timber on public lands. 
 70 L.R.A. 878. 
 
 § 7. Of banks. 
 
 Usages and customs with respect to bank 
 
 collections. 2 L.R.A. 699;* 7 L.R.A. 
 
 855.* 
 Banking customs. 21 L.R.A. 440. 
 Validity of custom to send paper to drawee 
 
 for collection. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 194. 
 Payment of former bills drawn by agent 
 
 without authority as ground of implied 
 
 authority to draw others. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 440. 
 Effect of clearing-house rules and customs. 
 
 25 L.R.A. 830. 
 
 § 8. Of carriers. 
 
 As affcctino- carrier's liability. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 76.* 
 As to delivery of goods by carrier. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 651.* 
 As to allowing stop over. 28 L.R.A. 776. 
 As affecting liability of baggage transfer 
 
 company. 34 L.R.A. 140. 
 
 § 9. As to waters iinci water rights. 
 As to prior appropriation of water. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 669. 
 As to right of way on shore. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 880. 
 Effect of custom, on right to erect wharves. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 638. 
 Long usage as determining navigability of 
 "waters. 42 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 CUSTOM AND USAGES— cont'd 
 § 11. Of real estate brokers. 
 
 As affecting performance of real estate 
 broker's contract. 44 L.R.A. 600. 
 
 As to receipt of double commissions by 
 real estate broker. 45 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 Custom among real estate agents to take 
 rebates or commissions from other 
 party as affecting right to compensa- 
 tion from employer. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1047. 
 
 § 12. Insurance cases. 
 
 Representations as to habits of insured, see 
 Instjbance, §§ 97, 98. 
 
 As affecting waiver by officer of subordi- 
 nate lodge of forfeiture for nonpay- 
 ment of assessments. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 573. 
 
 To pay certain class of losses as affecting 
 liability of insurer for such a loss not 
 covered by the policy. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 421. 
 
 Effect of custom to give insured notice of 
 maturity of premium where insured is 
 not otherwise entitled to notice. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1037. 
 
 § 13. How proved. 
 
 How proved. 13 L.R.A. 440.* 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove. 
 52 L.R.A. 708. 
 
 CUSTOMERS. 
 
 Conspiracy to divert, see Conspikacy, II. 
 Duty of storekeeper towards, see Stoke- 
 
 KEEPEE, § 1. 
 
 Loss of, as element of damages from ob- 
 struction of highway. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 253. 
 
 Applicability of rule res ipsa loquitur as 
 between storekeeper and customer. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 931. 
 
 Right of vendor of business and good will 
 to solicit customers from patrons of 
 business sold. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 767. 
 
 Right of municipality owning electric light 
 plant to supply private customers. 15 
 L.R.A. 713. 
 
 Liability of individual in absence of any 
 element of conspiracy for driving away 
 another's customers. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1224. 
 
 CUSTOM OF LONDON. 
 
 As to actionability in charging woman with 
 unchastity. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 597. 
 
 § 10. — as to fishing. 
 
 Prescriptive right to fish by custom. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 498. ' ' See Ditties. 
 
 Begin ivith this hook on every law question. 
 
 CUSTOMS DUTIES. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 CUTTING TIMBER. 
 
 Eight as to, s«e Timbek, §§ 6, 7. 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 CYC. 
 
 See Encyclopedia. 
 
 369 
 
 CYLINDERS. 
 
 Wax cylinders as infringement of copyright 
 of sheet music. 2 B. R. C. 91. 
 
 CY PRES. 
 
 Doctrine of, see Chaeities, § 11. 
 
 D 
 
 DAIRIES. 
 
 Municipal power over, as nuisances. 
 L.R.A. 637. 
 
 38 
 
 DAMAGES. 
 
 a. 
 6. 
 
 /. In general ; nominal damages; mit- 
 igation or aggravation, 
 §§ 1-13. 
 
 In general, §§ 1, 3. 
 
 Mitigation; reduction; Iteej)- 
 ing down da>nages, §§ S- 
 11. 
 
 c. Aggravation of damages, § 
 
 13. 
 II. Punitive or exemplary, §§ 13-19. 
 III. Measure of compensation, §§ 30- 
 119. 
 a. In general, § 30. 
 l». On contracts, §§ 31-40. 
 1. In general. §§ 31-36. 
 3. Bonds, §§ 37-39. 
 
 3. ,4s to real property, 
 
 §§ 30-34. 
 
 4. Sales of personalty ; war- 
 
 ranty, §§ 35-37. 
 
 5. Penalty; liquidated 
 
 damages, §§ 38-40. 
 e. Telegraph cases, § 41. 
 
 d. Against carrier, §§ 43-47. 
 
 e. Torts generally, § 48. 
 
 f. Fraud, § 49. 
 
 g. Sexual offenses; 'breach of 
 
 promise; seduction; crim- 
 inal conversation; aliena- 
 tion of affections, §§ 50- 
 506. 
 
 H. Against corporate directors 
 or promoters, § 51. 
 
 i. Assault; false imprisonment ; 
 malicious prosecution; 
 
 abuse of process,, §§ 53-55. 
 
 j. Libel or slander, § .56. 
 
 fc. Personal injuries, §§ 57-64. 
 
 I. Death, §§ 65-67. 
 
 tn. Injur;/ to or detention of 
 personal pi'operty ; conver- 
 sion, §§ 68-70. 
 
 n. Injur]) to, or detention of, 
 real property, §§ 71- 
 79. 
 1. In general, §§ 71-73. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. n— cont'd 
 
 3. Injury to, or destruction 
 of, crops or trees, §§ 
 74, 75. 
 3. Injury to water rights; 
 overflotv; pollution, §§ 
 76-79. 
 o. Nuisance, § 80. 
 p. Injury to business, § 81. 
 q. Condemnation or deprecia- 
 tion in value by eyni- 
 nent domain, §§ 83-93. 
 1. In general, §§ 83-86. 
 3. Consequential injuries, 
 §§ 87, 88. 
 
 3. As to abutting otvners, 
 
 §§ 89, 90. 
 
 4. In highway cases, §§91, 
 
 93. 
 
 5. Setting off benefits, § 93. 
 r. Injunction cases, § 94. 
 
 s. In tradeniarJc, patent, and 
 
 copyright cases, § 95. 
 t. Mental anguish, §§ 96-106. 
 1. In general, §§ 96-101. 
 3. As to telegrams, §§ 103, 
 
 103. 
 3. Carrier^' cases, §§ 104- 
 106. 
 u. Loss of profits §§ 107-118. 
 1. In general, §§ 107-113. 
 3. For breach of contract, 
 §§ 114-118. 
 V. Prospective, § 119. 
 IV. Double and treble damages, § 130. 
 V. Assessment of damages, § 131. 
 
 I. In general; nominal damages; miti- 
 gation or aggravation. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Effect of character on damages recoverable, 
 see ClIAEACTER, § 5. 
 
 Burden of proof as to, see Evidence, § 107a. 
 
 Relevancy and materiality of evidence as 
 to, see Evidence, §§ 263-265. 
 
 For suing out injunction, see Injunction, 
 § 84. 
 
 Interest as damages and on amount re- 
 covered as damages, see Interest, § 6. 
 
 Excessiveness of damages as ground for new 
 trial, see New Tkial, § 5. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 24 
 
370 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DAMAGES, I. a— cont'd 
 
 Inadequacy of damages as ground for new 
 
 trial, see New Trial, § 6. 
 Remittitur of excessive damages, see New 
 
 Teial, § 14. 
 Proximate cause of, see Pboximate Cause. 
 In lieu of specific performance, see Specific 
 
 Pekformance, § 29. 
 
 General rule against allowance of remote 
 damages. 3 L.R.A. 587;* 6 L.R.A. 
 230.* 
 
 For results too remote. 3 L.R.A. 587;* 6 
 L.R.A. 230.* 
 
 Necessity of admitting quantum of damages 
 
 . in order to change burden of proof and 
 
 right to open and close. 61 L.R.A. 555. 
 
 Priority of claim for, against property in 
 hands of receiver of railroad over re- 
 corded liens. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 700, 702. 
 
 Injunction against judgment for excessive- 
 ness of allowance. 30 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 Power of appellate court to interfere with 
 verdict for excessive damages. 26 
 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 Conclusiveness of expert opinion as to dam- 
 ages. 42 L.R.A. 767. 
 
 § 2. Nominal damages. 
 
 For laying out street across railroad prop- 
 erty. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1228. 
 For carrying passenger beyond destination. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1230. 
 
 For wrongful cutting or destruction of 
 standing timber. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 250. 
 
 Nominal damages for telegraph or telephone 
 line on railroad right of way. 26 
 L.R_4..(N.S.) 192. 
 
 6. Mitigation; reduction; Iceeping down 
 damages. 
 
 % 3. Generally. 
 
 Evidence in mitigation, see Evidence, 
 
 § 265. 
 Eflfeet of insurance on amount of recovery 
 
 for injury, see Insukancb, § 181. 
 
 Duty to minimize. 1 L.R.A. 76;* 6 L.R.A. 
 
 454.* 
 Right to set up judgment in criminal action 
 
 in mitigation of damages in civil action. 
 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 Duty to commit wrongful acts in order to 
 
 minimize damages. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1092. 
 Failure of person injured or damaged to 
 
 remove cause of injury or damage as 
 
 affecting right to recover. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1092. 
 Advice of counsel as ground for mitigation 
 
 of damages for malicious prosecution. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 54. 
 
 § 4. Against carrier. 
 
 Passenger's duty to minimize damages from 
 
 carrier's default of duty towards him. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1087. 
 Duty of passenger to pay fare wrongfully 
 
 demanded in order to lessen damages. 
 
 43 L.R.A. 706; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 
 Begin with this Jtook on every law question 
 
 DAMAGES, I. b— cont'd 
 
 § 5. For breach of contract. 
 
 Duty to prevent or reduce damage on 
 breach of contract. 53 L.R.A. 108. 
 
 Duty of vendee to avoid or reduce injury for 
 breach of contract of sale of article 
 having no market price. 57 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 Duty to prevent or reduce damages on breach 
 of contract for sale or purchase. 52 
 L.R.A. 259. 
 
 Other employment in mitigation or reduc- 
 tion of damages for wrongful discharge 
 of servant, 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 
 § 6. For breach of promise. 
 
 Of damages for breach of promise of mar- 
 riage. 26 L.R.A. 432. 
 
 § 7. For personal injury. 
 
 Effect of insurance on amount of recovery 
 for injury, see Insueance, § 181. 
 
 Duty of person inflicting injury to prevent 
 aggravation of the injury. 69 L.R.A. 
 533. 
 Effect of previous disease of person injured 
 on liability for causing the in- 
 juries. 16 L.R.A. 268. 
 Causing death of diseased person. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 269. 
 Limitations and exceptions to general 
 rule. 16 L.R.A. 269. 
 Evidence of habits or character of person 
 injured as affecting damages. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 198. 
 Mitigation of damages for personal injury 
 by fact that injured person has re- 
 ceived from some source other than 
 the wrongdoer money because of 
 the injury. 67 L.R.A. 87. 
 In actions by injured person. 67 
 L.R.A. 87. 
 Insurance money. 67 L.R.A. 87. 
 Wages. 67 L.R.A. 89. 
 Other gratuities. 67 L.R.A. 90. 
 In actions for wrongful death. 67 
 L.R.A. 91. 
 Property received from deceased. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 91. 
 Insurance money. 67 L.R.A. 92. 
 Pensions and subscriptions. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 94. 
 Remarriage. 67 L.R.A. 95. 
 Payments made at instance of wrong- 
 doer. 67 L.R.A. 95. 
 Obeying or disobeying physician as affecting 
 remedy of injured person against one 
 who injured him. 49 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 § 8. For assault. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of provocation to 
 mitigate damages for assault. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) -137; 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 
 Evidence of provocation to mitigate dam- 
 ages in civil action for assault. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 670. 
 
 § 9. For libel or slander. 
 
 For libel or slander bv wife. 30 L.R.A. 
 529. 
 
 Bad character or reputation of plaintiff as 
 mitigating damages for libel or 
 slander. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1176. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DAMAGES, I. b— Kjont'd 
 
 General character or reputation. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1176. 
 English and Canadian cases. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1178. 
 New York rule. 38 L.R.A.fN.S.) 
 1179. 
 Character or reputation as regards the 
 matter charged. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1180. 
 Rumors or suspicions of guilt of offense 
 charged. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1181. 
 English cases. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1183. 
 Particular acts to show bad character 
 or reputation. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1183. 
 Bad character or reputation in given 
 particular other than that to which 
 the libel or slander relates. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1184. 
 Time to which character or repiitation 
 has reference. 38 L.R.4. (N.S.) 
 1184. 
 Admissibility of bad character or repu- 
 tation where justification is filed. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1185. 
 
 Sufficiency of retraction to reduce damages, 
 as question for court or jury. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 796. 
 
 § 10. For Injury to real property. 
 
 Duty to mitigate damages from trespass. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 244. 
 
 § 10a. — by water. 
 
 Measure of damages against municipality 
 for injury bv surface waters. 65 L.R.A. 
 284. 
 
 Duty to mitigate damaares from surface 
 water. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 372. 
 
 Duty of riparian proprietor whose rights 
 are interfered with, or one whose prop- 
 erty is flooded, because of the obstruc- 
 tion of a natural water course, to min- 
 imize the damages. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 684. 
 
 § 11. In condemnation proceeding,?. 
 
 Mitigating damages from laying out street 
 across railway property. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1236. 
 
 Mitigation of damages in condemnation 
 cases by preserving to owner estate, 
 rights, or easement. 26 L.R.A. 751. 
 
 c. Aggravation of damages. 
 
 8 12. Generally. 
 
 Of damages for breach of promise to marry. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 846. 
 Personal wrong as aggravation of damages 
 
 for trespass on realty. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1034; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 912. 
 Right to prove seduction in aggravation of 
 
 damages in breach of promise case. 
 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616; 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 388. 
 Admissibility of evidence of family relations 
 
 of plaintiff on question of damages in 
 
 an action for libel or slander. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 362. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 371 
 
 DAMAGES— cont'd 
 
 //. Punitive or exemplary. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 In cases other than for personal injuries. 
 13 L.R.A. 600.* 
 
 For negligence, generally. 11 L.R.A. 43,* 
 690;* 17 L.R.A. 72.* 
 
 For causing death. 17 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 Expense of litigation as element, or as limit, 
 of pvmitive or exemplary damages. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 
 Allowance of interest on exemplary dam- 
 ages. 18 L.R.A. 457. 
 
 § 14. For act of servant. 
 
 For wilful or malicious acts of servant or 
 agent. 27 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Effect of servant's malice, wantonness, or 
 personal motive on amount of damages 
 recoverable from master for injury to 
 third person due to negligence of serv- 
 ant having custodv of dangerous 
 agency. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 
 § 15. Against carrier. 
 
 Carrier's liability for. 1 L.R.A. 682;* 13 
 L.R.A. 600.* 
 
 Punitive damages for wanton failure to 
 transport baggage. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1218. 
 
 Refusal of conductor to listen to passenger's 
 explanation as to his contract, as justi- 
 fication for punitive damages for pas- 
 senger's expulsion. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 344. 
 
 Exemplary damages for carrying passenger 
 bevond destination. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1230; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 746. 
 
 For placing white passenger in a car for 
 colored persons. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 960. 
 
 Punitive damages for assault by carrier's 
 servant on passenger. 32 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 1201. 
 
 § 16. For torts generally. 
 
 For tort, generally. 9 L.R.A. 445;* 13 
 L.R.A. 600.* 
 
 Necessity of actual malice to justify exem- 
 plary damages for tort. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 440. 
 
 § 16a. For malicious prosecution or 
 
 abuse of process. 
 Exemplary damages in action for malicious 
 prosecution or for abuse of process 
 in suing out attachment for collec- 
 tion of debt only. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 272. 
 General principles. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 272. 
 In common-law action. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 274. 
 Action on the attachment bond. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 275. 
 Action against the sureties. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 Circumstances under which exemplary 
 damages are recoverable. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 277. 
 
372 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DAJIAGES, II.— cont'd 
 
 Conditions under which punitive dam- 
 ages are not recoverable. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 270. 
 
 Exemplary damages where no actual 
 damages are awarded. 29 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 279. 
 
 Liability of principal where attachment 
 was sued out by agent. 29 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 279. 
 
 Liability of corporation for exemplary 
 damages. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 2S0. 
 
 Liability of attaching officer for ex- 
 emplary damages. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 280. 
 
 Advice of counsel as affecting liability 
 for exemplary damages. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 28L 
 
 Amount of exemplary damages. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 281. 
 Want of probable cause to believe alleged 
 
 ground of attachment as condition of 
 
 action for wrongful attachment where 
 
 exemplary damages are sought. 38 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 127. 
 
 § 1 6b. For libel on slander. 
 
 Liability for, of newspaper proprietor for 
 
 libel published witliout his knowledge 
 
 or consent. 26 L.R.A. 779. 
 Damages against telegraph company for 
 
 handling libelous message. 9 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 141. 
 
 § 17. For nuisance. 
 
 Liability for punitive damages for main- 
 taining nuisance. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1119. 
 
 g 18. For personal injuries or death. 
 
 For personal injury by dog. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 867. 
 
 Exemplary damages against municipality 
 for injury by defect or obstruction in 
 street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 764. 
 
 For death by negligence. 17 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 S 19. For Infringing trademark, trade- 
 name, or copyriglit. 
 
 Punitive damages for infringing trademark, 
 tradename, or copyright, where amount 
 of actual damages not established. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 533. 
 
 III. Measure of compensation. 
 
 a. In gencrid. 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 45. 
 
 Necessity of jury to compute damages on 
 default judgment. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 Requisite of special verdict in relation to 
 damages. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 15. 
 
 Jurisdiction of a court of equity to award 
 compensatory damages for a breach of 
 trust. 14 L.R.A.(N'.S.) 900. 
 
 Right to interest on unliquidated damages. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) V. 
 
 Begin with this booli on every law question. 
 
 DAiU-GES, III. a— cont'd 
 
 For expulsion from benefit society. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 Measure of damages for removal of tele- 
 phone. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 651. 
 
 Extent of allowance or recovery against 
 national bank for reserving illegal in- 
 terest. 56 L.R.A. 706. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to measure of. 40 L.R A. (N.S.) 428. 
 
 b. On contracts, 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 §21. Generally. 
 
 With telegraph company, see infra, §§ 41, 
 
 102, 103. 
 With carrier, see infra, §§ 42-47, 104-106. 
 Loss of profits as an element of damages 
 
 for, see infra. III. a, 2. 
 
 General rules. 2 L.R.A. 766.* 
 
 Conflict of laws as to measure of damages 
 for breach of contract. 56 L.R.A. 301, 
 303. 
 
 General rule that damages recoverable must 
 be the natural and proximate conse- 
 quence of breach. 3 L.R.A. 587.* 
 
 Special circumstances known to both par- 
 ties. 3 L.R.A. 589.* 
 
 Right to interest on damages for breach of 
 contract. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 24, 46, 82. 
 
 Duty to prevent or reduce damages on 
 breach of contract. 53 L.R.A. 108. 
 
 Effect of provision for forfeiture of sums 
 paid or retained under executory con- 
 tract, to prevent recovery of any other 
 damages after breach of contract. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 755. 
 
 § 2 2. Miscellaneous contracts. 
 
 For pledgee's conversion of property by in- 
 valid sale. 43 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 For breach of contract to loan or advance 
 money. 37 L.R.A. 233; 29 L.R.A. 194. 
 
 For breach of advertising contract. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 272. 
 
 For breach of agreement to assume debts on 
 dissolution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 113. 
 
 Measure of damages for failure to perform 
 contract to compensate for services bv 
 win. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 
 Right to recover from obligor under collat- 
 eral contract the damages which the 
 obligee was compelled to pay because 
 of his breach of a contract with a third 
 person in consequence of the failure or 
 delay in performance of collateral con- 
 tract. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 Mental anguish as element of damages in 
 action for breach of contract relative to 
 corpse. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 564. 
 
 Basis for computing share of attorney en- 
 titled to certain proportion of recovery 
 where suit is compromised for certain 
 sum and attorney's fee. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 776. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 373 
 
 DAMAGES, III. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 Measure of compensation to physician em- 
 ployed to examine and report on physi- 
 cal condition of one who contemplates 
 bringing action for personal injuries. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 
 Measure of damages in action against one 
 who, without authority, assumed to 
 contract as agent for a third person. 
 34 L.RA.(N.S.) 540. 
 
 § 22a. Building contracts. 
 
 Damages recoverable by building contractor 
 
 on breach of contract. 5 L.R.A. 275.* 
 Measure of recovery upon substantial per- 
 formance of building contract. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 327. 
 Measure of damages for defects or omissions 
 in the performance of a building 
 contract. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 591. 
 
 Cost of conforming work to specifica- 
 tions. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 594. 
 
 Diflference in value. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 595. 
 
 Cost of doing work over. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 599. 
 
 Difference between contract price and 
 value of building contracted for. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) ^600. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 600. 
 Stipulation for damages in, as penalty or 
 
 liquidated damages. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 588. 
 
 § 23. Insurance contracts. 
 
 Extent of recovery on insurance policy, see 
 IxsuE.iXCE, §§ 172-181. 
 
 Refusal of benefit society to levy assess- 
 ment. 2 L.R.A. 786.*' 
 
 For wrongful cancelation of policy issued 
 on assessment plan. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1163. 
 
 § 2 4. Measure of employers' recovery 
 for breach of contract. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract for services. 53 
 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 Right of one who employs minor without 
 parent's consent to allowance of ac- 
 count of expenditures for necessaries. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 411. 
 
 § 25. Measure of employer's recovery 
 for breach of contract. 
 
 Contract of permanent employment. 35 
 L.R.A. 516. 
 
 Where contract for services terminated by 
 insolvency and dissolution of corpora- 
 tion. 69 L.R.A. 126. 
 
 In case of discharge of servant for good 
 cause. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 529. 
 
 Right to recover for services rendered be- 
 yond statutory period of limitation up- 
 on breach of parol contract to make 
 provision by will. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 703. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract by employer. 53 
 L.R.A. 57. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 g 3 5a. — wrongful discharge. 
 
 Wrongful discharge from service. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 137;* 5 L.R.A. 759.* 
 For wrongful discharge of servant. 6 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 Damages for discharge without cause after 
 part performance of contract. 24 
 L.R.A. 231. 
 Right of wrongfully discharged servant to 
 recover wages for contract period sub- 
 sequent to discharge. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 439; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 577. 
 Measure of recovery by wrongfully dis- 
 charged servant for services actu.ally 
 rendered. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 582, 585. 
 Other employment in mitigation or reduc- 
 tion of damages for wrongful discharge 
 of servant. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 Right to recover in action for wrongful dis- 
 missal, damages for loss of com- 
 missions. 1 B. R. C. 123. 
 Where employment is subject to risk 
 of business being discontinued. 1 
 B. R. C. 124. 
 Recovery for commissions earned. 1 
 
 B. R. C. 125. 
 Recovery for possible future commis- 
 sions. 1 B. R. C. 127. 
 Doctrine that they are not recover- 
 able. 1 B. R. C. 127. 
 Doctrine that thev are recoverable. 
 1 B. R. C. 129. 
 Right to recover as affected by 
 contract provisions. 1 
 B. R. C. 131. 
 Evidentiary basis for assess- 
 ment of damages. 1 
 B. R. C. 133. 
 
 § 2 6. XoRollable paper. 
 
 Law governing extent of recovery. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 307. 
 By bona fide holder when execution of note 
 
 obtained by fraud. 36 L.R.A. 441. 
 Dishonor of check. 15 L.R.A. 134. 
 For negligence as to collection of clieck: 
 
 limiting to the amount actually lost in 
 
 consequence of the neglect. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 246. 
 Extent of recovery by pledgee on negotia- 
 able paper which pledgor could 
 not collect. 44 L.R.A. 243. 
 
 The general rule. 44 L.R.A. 243. 
 
 Limitation to unpaid advances made 
 without notice. 44 L.R.A. 24.i. 
 
 Application to accommodation paper. 
 44 L.R.A. 249. 
 
 Matters of procedure. 44 L.R.A. 250. 
 Amount of recovery by accommodation 
 
 party who has been obliged to pay bill 
 
 or note against accommodated party. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 788. 
 Measure of damages for conversion of 
 
 pledged notes by invalid sale. 43 
 
 L.R.A. 771. 
 
 2. Bonds. 
 
 S 2 7. Generally. 
 
 Extent of recovery on injunction bond, see 
 Injunction, '§§ 86, 87. 
 
.374 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. b, 2— cont'd 
 Liability on bond for interest. 
 (N.S.) 11. 
 
 28 L.E.A. 
 
 § 28. Elements of damages recoverable 
 in action on replevin bond. 
 
 Value of property. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 367. 
 Eflfect when ownership not absolute. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 369. 
 Interest. .30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 370. 
 Dama£;es for detention. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 370. 
 Depreciation. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 371. 
 Injury to business. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 371. 
 Attorney fees. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 372. 
 Costs. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 373. 
 
 Condition to pav or perforin judgment. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 373. 
 Condition to pay costs and damages 
 eo nomine. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 373. 
 Condition to prosecute action. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 374. 
 Condition to return property. 30 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 374. 
 Conditions of bond not given. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 374. 
 Limit imposed by penalty. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 374. 
 Liability of surety to principal. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 375. 
 Right to interest on replevin bond. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 12. 
 Penalty as limit of recovery on bond. 55 
 L.R.A. 390. 
 
 § 29. Penalty as limit of liability on 
 statutory bond. 
 
 The original rule. 55 L.R.A. 381. 
 Exception when equitable relief is sought. 
 
 55 L.R.A. 382. 
 Exception as to bonds for money or for di- 
 rect performance by sureties. 55 L.R.A. 
 383. 
 The modern rule allowing interest. 55 
 L.R.A. 384. 
 Statement of and reasons for. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 384. 
 Measure of recovery under. 55 L.R.A. 
 385. 
 Allowance for costs. 55 L.R.A. 386. 
 Application of rules to particular classes of 
 bonds. 55 L.R.A. 387. 
 General statement as to. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 387. 
 Bonds for appeal or writ of error. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 387. 
 Certiorari and supersedeas bonds. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 388. 
 Injunction bonds. 55 L.R.A. 389. 
 Replevin bonds. 55 L.R.A. 390. 
 Bail bonds. 55 L.R.A. 391. 
 Administration bonds. 55 L.R.A. 392. 
 Guardians' bonds. 55 L.R.A. 392. 
 Treasurers', collectors', and paymas- 
 ters' bonds. 55 L.R.A. 393. 
 Sheriffs' and constables' bonds. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 393. 
 Bonds of other public officers and con- 
 tractors generally. .55 L.R.A. 393. 
 Indemnity bonds. 55 L.R.A. 394. 
 
 Begin with this took on every law qtiestion 
 
 DAMAGES, III. b, 2— cont'd 
 
 Bonds in bastardy proceedings. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 395. 
 Stipulations for release in admiralty. 
 55 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 Right, in an action on a bond, to recover in- 
 terest when the total sum is thereby 
 made to exceed the penalty. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 84. 
 
 In replevin bond as limiting damages re- 
 coverable. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 374. 
 
 3. As to real property. 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of contract 
 to furnish water for irrigation. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 938; 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 743. 
 
 Loss of rents as damages for breach of con- 
 tract to install elevator or other equip- 
 ment incidental to use of building. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1130. 
 
 §31. Contract to sell. 
 
 Contract to convey. 4 L.R.A. 670.* 
 
 For breach of contract to convey real es- 
 tate. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 768. 
 
 For breach of parol contract to convey real 
 estate. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 713. 
 
 Measure of damages for fraudulent repre- 
 sentations in sale or exchange of real 
 estate. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 804; 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 818. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages. 62 
 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 Provision for damages in land contract as 
 penalty or stipulated damages. 34 
 L.R.A(N.S.) 4. 
 
 § 32. Breacli of covenant. 
 
 Voluntary covenant. 13 L.R.A. 723.* 
 Covenant in grant of water power. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 405. 
 For tenant's breach of covenant to repair, in 
 
 action brought after expiration of the 
 
 term. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 210. 
 Parol evidence as to consideration for deed 
 
 in action for damages for breach of 
 
 covenant. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1205. 
 
 § 33. — covenant of warranty. 
 
 Damages for breach of warranty by exist- 
 ence of unexpired lease. 35 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 779. 
 General rule. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 779. 
 Special circumstances. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 779. 
 Ratification of the lease. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 779. 
 Absence of actual damage. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 779. 
 Miscellaneous. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 780. 
 Special damages. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 780. 
 Where remote. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 780. 
 Cost of defending possession or 
 
 seeking to obtain possession. 
 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 781. 
 Loss of fixtures. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 781. 
 
liSfDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 375 
 
 DAMAGES, III. b, 3— cont'd 
 
 Loss of growing crops. 35 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 781. 
 
 § 34. — coTenant against encum- 
 brances. 
 
 Covenant against encumbrance. 3 L.R.A 
 791.* 
 Nominal damages. 3 L.E.A. 792.* 
 
 4. Sales of personalty; u^arrantij. 
 
 § 35. Generally. 
 
 Loss of profits from breach, see infra, § 115. 
 
 On breach by seller. 3 L.E.A. 589.* 
 
 On breach by purchaser. 3 L.E.A. 589.* 
 
 Contract to deliver goods. 1 L.E.A. 656.* 
 
 Is a claim for damages for breach of con- 
 tract to deliver goods a liquidated 
 claim. 9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1134. 
 
 Right to interest on damages for breach of 
 contract of. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 46. 
 
 Right of buyer to maintain separate action 
 for nondelivery of each instalment un- 
 der entire contract. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1042. 
 
 Measure of damages for purchaser's refusal 
 to accept goods specially manufactured 
 for him. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 740; 18 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 613. 
 
 Measure of damages for purchaser's refusal 
 to execute purchase-money notes. 12 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 182. 
 
 Delay by purchaser in securing substitute 
 as affecting his damages for seller's 
 failure to deliver. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 192. 
 
 Offer by seller to furnish goods at advanced 
 price as affecting measure of damages 
 for refusal to furnish them at contract 
 price. 38 L.E.A. (N.S.) 837. 
 
 Duty to prevent or reduce damages on 
 breach of contract for sale or purchase. 
 52 L.E.A. 259. 
 
 Rescission by purchaser for seller's fraud as 
 affecting former's right to recover dam- 
 ages, other than loss of contract. 31 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 910. 
 
 Profits lost in consequence of breach of con- 
 tract of sale of machinery purchased 
 for vendee's use as an element of dam- 
 ages. 2 B. E. C. 79. 
 
 Against vendor of seeds. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 85. 
 
 § 35a. Resale to fix damage for refusal 
 of purchaser to accept goods. 
 
 Introductory. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 670. 
 As affected by question whether contract is 
 executed or executory. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 671. 
 Resale as election of remedy. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 672. 
 In general. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 672. 
 Effect of election. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 673. 
 What constitutes election. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 673. 
 Relation between the parties created by 
 election to resell. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 674. 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 674. 
 Conmtlt also L.R.A. TUf/ents to date. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. b, 4— cont'd 
 
 As affecting right of vendor to pur- 
 chase. 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 675. 
 Necessity and effect of giving purchaser 
 notice of resale or of intention to 
 resell, as affecting right of action. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 677. 
 Distinction between notice of resale 
 and notice of intention to resell. 
 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 677. 
 Notice of resale. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 677. 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 677. 
 The Indiana rule. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 679. 
 Notice of intention to resell. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 679. 
 As concluding purchaser by price re- 
 ceived. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680. 
 As affecting time and place of sale. 42 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 681. 
 Form and sufficiency of notice. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 681. 
 Manner of resale. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 682. 
 Exercise of good faith, etc. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 682. 
 Character of resale. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 682, 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 682. 
 Whether at public or private sale. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 683. 
 Time of resale. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 683. 
 
 Necessity of diligence. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 683. 
 Illustrative cases. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 685. 
 Whether computed from notice of 
 breach or date for delivery. 42 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 685. 
 Place of resale. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 6S5. 
 
 Place of delivery. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 685. 
 Place of contract. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 686. 
 Nearest available market. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 686. 
 Distant market. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 687. 
 Conclusiveness of resale as to vendor's 
 damages. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 687. 
 In generaL 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 687. 
 Where resale is according to statute or 
 
 Code. 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 689. 
 As affected bv place of resale. 42 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 689. 
 Evidence — burden of proof. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 690. 
 Questions for jury. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 691. 
 Miscellaneous questions of practice. 42 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 691. 
 
 § 36. For breach of contract of sale of 
 article having no market price. 
 
 Breach of vendor. 57 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 General rules as to recovery. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 193. 
 Measure of damages. 57 L.R.A. 195. 
 In case of total absence of market. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 195. 
 
 When goods were obtainable at 
 
 other markets. 57 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 When goods were obtainable at 
 
 other times. 57 L.R.A. 198. 
 
376 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DAMAGES, Til. b, 4— cont'd 
 
 When purchased for special pur- 
 pose. 57 L.R.A. 19S. 
 Duty of vendee to avoid or reduce 
 injury. 57 L.R.A. 202. 
 Breach by vendee. 57 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 Rule in the entire absence of a market. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 204. 
 Rule where neighboring market may be 
 reached. 57 L.R.A. 205. 
 Determination as to existence or condition 
 
 of market. 57 L.R.A. 205. 
 Damages measured by profits lost. 57 
 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 § 37. Breach of warranty. 
 
 Recoupment of damages for breach of war- 
 ranty. 1 L.R.A. 339.* 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages. 52 
 L.R.A. 233, 240. 
 
 For breach of implied warranty on contract 
 of sale. 18 L.R.A. 385. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of warranty 
 on sale of seeds. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 85. 
 Where seed is not sowed or planted. 
 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 86. 
 Where seed is mixed with other seed. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 86. 
 Where seed is not true to name. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 86. 
 Where seed does not possess germinat- 
 ing power. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 87. 
 Where seed contains noxious seed, etc. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 Interest. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 88. 
 
 Price at which goods are resold as affecting 
 measure of damage for breach of war- 
 ranty as to quality. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1151. 
 
 Right of purchase of goods to recover costs 
 and other expenses incurred by him in 
 defending a collateral action, as dam- 
 ages for breach of the seller's warranty. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 492. 
 
 May purchaser recover damages for breach 
 of warranty or fraud as to both articles, 
 where one article is substituted for an- 
 other at his request, and both are de- 
 fective. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 298. 
 
 Damages recoverable for breach of warranty' 
 in selling diseased animals. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 698. 
 
 Personal injuries as element of damages 
 for breach of warranty. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1047. 
 
 Purchaser's election to rescind for breach 
 of warranty as affecting recovery 
 against seller. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 925. 
 
 Profits lost in consequence of breach of 
 warranty of machinery purchased for 
 vendee's use as element of damages. 
 2 B. R. C. 83. 
 
 5. Penalty; liquidated damages. 
 
 § 38. Generally. 
 
 Reasonableness of amount fixed as liquidated 
 damages, see Reasonableness, § -6. 
 
 Penalty as limit of liability on bond, see 
 supra, § 29. 
 
 Begin with this hooih on every law question. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. b, 5— cont'd 
 
 When liquidated. 6 L.R.A. 551;' 10 L.R.A. 
 
 826;* 13 L.R.A. 671.* 
 Liquidated damages and penalty distin- 
 guished. 13 L.R.A. 671.' 
 Whether stipulation for payment in case of 
 default to be considered a penalty 
 or liquidated damages. 10 L.R.A. 
 826.* 
 Effect of use of term "forfeiture." 10 
 L.R.A. 827.* 
 Sum deposited to secure performance of a 
 contract as a penalty or liquidated 
 damages. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 847. 
 Deposit held to be penalty. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 848. 
 Deposit held to be liquidated damages. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 849. 
 Effect of stipulation for liquidated damages 
 in contract not to engage in business, 
 upon equitable jurisdiction to enjoin 
 breach thereof. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 204. 
 Is a claim for damages for breach of con- 
 tract to deliver goods a liquidated 
 claim. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1134. 
 Amount stipulated to be paid in case of 
 breach of contract for support as a 
 penalty or liquidated damages. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 937. 
 Applicability of provision for stipulated 
 damages or penalty for delay in com- 
 pletion of a contract where the entire 
 contract is abandoned oi- repudiated. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 Set-off of unliquidated damages in bank- 
 ruptcy cases. 55 L.R.A. 37. 
 Specific performance of land contract as af- 
 fected by provision for. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 210. 
 
 § 39. Building and construction con- 
 tracts. 
 
 Stipulation for damages in building con- 
 tract as penalty or liquidated dam- 
 ages. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 588. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 588. 
 Tests for determining wliether the sum 
 is a penalty or liquidated dam- 
 ages. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 590. 
 Difficulty in ascertainment of dam- 
 ages. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 590. 
 Intention of the parties. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 593. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 593. 
 Language of the contract. 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 596. 
 Breach of one of several stipu- 
 lations. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 599. 
 Payment of sum in gross. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 600. 
 Reasonableness of stipulation. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 600. 
 Statutes. 34 L.R.A. (N.S;) 603. 
 Applicability of provision for stipulated 
 damages or penalty for delay in com- 
 pletion of a contract where the entire 
 contract is abandoned or repudiated 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 sn 
 
 DAMAGES, III. b, 5— cont'd 
 § 4 0. Land contracts. 
 
 Provision for damages in land contract as 
 penalty or stipulated damages. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 4. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 4. 
 Tests for determining whether sum is 
 penalty or stipulated damages. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 7. 
 Difficultv in ascertaining damages. 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 7. 
 Intention of the parties. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 9. 
 General consideration of, how 
 far controlling. 34 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 9. 
 Language not controlling. 34 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 15. 
 Stipulations of varying im- 
 portance. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 22. 
 Sum payable in gross. 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 2(i. 
 Deposit of amount payable. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 27. 
 Reasonableness of amount stipu- 
 lated. .34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 27. 
 Statutes. .34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 31. 
 Specific performance of land contract as af- 
 fected by provision for liquidated dam- 
 ages. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 210. 
 
 V. Telegraph cases. 
 
 § 41. Generally. 
 
 Liabilitv for mental anguish, see infra, 
 §§ 102, 103. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. .532; 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 751; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 648; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 490; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 795. 
 
 For neglect of duty to deliver telegram. 
 7 L.R.A. 583;* 9 L.R.A. 669;* 10 L.R.A. 
 51 5.* 
 
 For nondelivery of telegram sent after office 
 hours. 5.3 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 Damages recoverable in action by addressee 
 of telegram for delay in delivery. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1133. 
 
 Right to recover against telegraph company 
 the loss sustained upon a commercial 
 transaction entered into in consequence 
 of a breach of its duty. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 262. 
 
 Loss of opportunity to respond to a call for 
 professional services as a ground for 
 action against telegraph company. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 533. 
 
 Liability of telegraph company for con- 
 tinued physical suiTering of sender of 
 message because of negligence in trans- 
 mission and delivery. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1149. 
 
 Damages recoverable for nondelivery or mis- 
 take in telegram preventing one from 
 being met at railroad station. 35 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 930. 
 Damages for breach of company's duty as to 
 message asking for, or transmitting 
 funds. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Dif/ests to date. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. c— cont'd 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breat'li of contract to transmit telegram 
 53 L.R.A. 91; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6.39. 
 
 For handling libelous message. 9 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 141. 
 
 d. Against carrier. 
 
 § 42. Geneially. 
 
 Right to interest on damages. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 17, 82. 
 
 § 43. Failure of duty to passenger. 
 
 Punitive damages for, see supra, § 15. 
 Liability for mental anguish, see infra, 
 § 104. 
 
 Measures of damages for misconduct of em- 
 ployee toward passenger. 3 L.R.A. 
 735> 
 
 Carrier's default or delay as to transporta- 
 tion of passenger. 32 L.R.A. 545. 
 
 Measure of damages for placing white pas- 
 senger in a car for colored persons. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 960. 
 
 What injuries may be deemed the proximate 
 result of failure to stop street car for 
 waiting passenger. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1007. 
 
 Damages incident to attempt to reach des- 
 tination by other means as an element 
 of recovery for failure to stop train for 
 intending passenger. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 880. 
 
 Passenger's duty to minimize damages from 
 carrier's default of duty towards him. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1087. 
 
 § 44. — carrying beyond destination. 
 
 Punitive damages for, see supra, § 15. 
 
 In general. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1226; 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 745. 
 Physical suffering and sickness. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1227. 
 State of weather. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1228. 
 Condition of way back to destination. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.j 1228. 
 Mental anguish. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1228. 
 Peril. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1230. 
 Trouble and inconvenience. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1230. 
 Loss of time and expenses. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1230. 
 Other losses. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1230. 
 Nominal damages. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1230. 
 
 § 45. Ejection of passenger. 
 
 Liability for mental anguish, see infra. 
 § 105. 
 
 Right to interest on damages allowed for 
 ejection. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 24. 
 
 For wrongful ejection from car. 1 L.R.A. 
 667;* 3 L.R.A. 733.* 
 
 Damages recoverable by passenger who sub- 
 mits to ejection to lay foundation for 
 action. 9L.R.A.(N.S.) 1060. 
 
 Conductor's refusal to listen to passenger's 
 explanation as to his contract, as jus- 
 tification for punitive damages for pas- 
 senger's expulsion. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 344. 
 
378 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. d— cont'd 
 
 Passenger's duty to pay fare wrongfully de- 
 manded in order to lessen damages. 43 
 L.E.A. 706; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 
 § 4 6. In respect to baggage. 
 
 Punitive damages, see supra, § 15. 
 Liability for mental anguish, see infra, 
 § 106. 
 
 Right to recover expenses or damages inci- 
 dental to loss of, or delay in delivering, 
 baggage. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 188. 
 
 § 47. In respect to freight. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages, see 
 infra, § 118. 
 
 Carrier's failure to transport goods. 9 
 ' L.R.A. 451.* 
 
 Allowance of interest on damages to prop- 
 erty injured, delayed, or lost in trans- 
 portation. 18 L.E.A. 451. 
 
 Measure of carrier's liability for preventing 
 exhibition or show by breach of con- 
 tract' of carriage. 4 L.E.A. (N.S.) 563. 
 
 Amount of carrier's liability for loss of 
 goods. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 773. 
 
 For failure to furnish ears. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 112. 
 
 Measure of damages for carrier's delay in 
 delivery of receptacles for perishable 
 goods. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 
 Constitutionality of legislation affecting 
 amount of liability or penalty for de- 
 lay in delivery ,or for destruction of 
 freight. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 126. 
 
 Extent of initial carrier's liability under 
 contract limiting undertaking to its 
 own line. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67. 
 
 Time of notice to warrant special damages 
 for failure of carrier to deliver prop- 
 erty. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1111. 
 
 Effect of misrepresentation as to character, 
 quantity, or value of goods by shipper 
 on his right to recover for loss. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.'S.) 745. 
 
 e. Torts generally. 
 
 § 48. Generally. 
 
 Allowance of punitive or exemplary dam- 
 ages for, see supra, § 16. 
 Against passenger, see supra, §§ 43-45. 
 
 Liability for mental anguish, see infra, 
 §§ 97-99. 
 
 Loss of profits as an element of damages, 
 see infra, § 108. 
 
 Right to interest on damages. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1. 
 
 Law governing measure of damages for. 
 56 L.R.A. 312. 
 
 Rule of damages for negligent acts or omis- 
 sions. 11 L.R.A. 690.* 
 
 For withholding or destroying evidence to 
 which adversary is entitled. 34 L.R A 
 589. 
 
 Counsel fees and other expenses of brino-- 
 ing suit as part of compensatory dam- 
 ages recoverable in an action for tort 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 761. 
 
 Measure of damages for enticement of serv- 
 ant. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1100. 
 
 Begin with tliis J)ooli on every law question 
 
 DAMAGES, III. e— cont'd 
 
 For disinterment of dead bodies. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 , 729. 
 For interference with rights of ferryman. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 553. 
 For being prevented from voting at a pub- 
 lic election. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1106. 
 Measure of damages for forcing cropper 
 from premises. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 714. 
 Texas rule. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 714. 
 Rule in other jurisdictions. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 715. 
 
 /. Fraud. 
 
 § 49. Generally. 
 
 Right to interest on damages for fraud and 
 
 deceit. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 Right to interest on damages from fraud 
 in sale of personalty. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 49. 
 Damages recoverable for fraud and deceit 
 in selling diseased animals. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 697. 
 Warranty. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698. 
 Measure of damages for false representa-' 
 tions in sale of real estate. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 804; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 Measure of damages for fraud in the ex- 
 change of property. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 465. 
 Doctrine that the measure of damages 
 is the difference between actual 
 value and represented value. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 465. 
 Doctrine that measure of damages is 
 the difference between the value of 
 the property parted with and that 
 received. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 467. 
 Where value of property parted with by 
 plaintiff is talcen at exaggerated 
 figure. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 468. 
 Where property received by plaintiff is 
 of a value equal to or greater than 
 that parted with. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 469. 
 Measure of damages as affected by char- 
 acter of representation. 38 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 471. 
 False statement as to title. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 471. 
 May purchaser recover damages for breach 
 of warranty or fraud as to both articles 
 where one article is substituted for an- 
 other at his request and both are de- 
 fective. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298. 
 Rescission of purchaser for seller's fraud 
 as affecting former's right to recover 
 damages other than loss of contract. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 910. 
 
 g. Sexual offenses; breach of promise; 
 seduction; criminal conversation; 
 alienation of affections. 
 
 § 50. In general. 
 
 Mental anguish as element of damages for 
 trespass on person of a woman affect- 
 ing her character or reputation for 
 chastity. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 379 
 
 DAMAGES, III. g— cont'd 
 
 § 5 0a. Breach of promise; seduction. 
 
 Mitigation of damages for breach of promise 
 of marriage, see supra, § 6. 
 
 Breach of promise of marriage. 10 L.R.A. 
 585.* 
 Seduction as an element of. 10 L.R.A. 
 585. 
 Measure of damages for breach of promise 
 to marry. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 840. 
 Punitive or exemplary damages. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 841.' 
 Compensatory. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 842. 
 In general. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 842. 
 Mental sulTering. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 842. 
 Injury to feelings and affec- 
 tions. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 843. 
 Loss of social position. 41 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 Loss of chance of marriage. 
 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 843. 
 Expenses incurred in prepara- 
 tion for marriage. 41 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 Loss of benefits. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 844. 
 Length of ensagement. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.SO 845. 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 845. 
 [Aggravation. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 846. 
 Remarks derogatory to plain- 
 tiff's character. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 846. 
 Defense of unchastity. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 846. 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 849. 
 Mitigation. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 849. 
 Character and conduct of 
 plaintiff generally. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 849. 
 Plaintiff's lack of virtue. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 850. 
 Physical or mental condition. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 851. 
 Subsequent offer of marriage. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 851. 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 852. 
 Pecuniary and social position of 
 defendant. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 852. 
 Amount of award. 41 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 853 
 Excessive. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 853. 
 Not excessive. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 854. 
 Right to prove seduction in aggravation 
 of damages in breach of promise case. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616; 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 388. 
 Necessity of averring seduction in order to 
 recover therefor in an action for breach 
 of promise. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. )702. 
 Mental anguish as element of damages in 
 cases of seduction. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 99. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. g— cont'd 
 § 5 0b. Criminal conversation; alien- 
 ation of affections. 
 
 Excessive damages in action for alienation 
 
 of affections or criminal conversation. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 582. 
 Mental suffering of husband as element of 
 
 damages for criminal conversation. 16 
 
 L.E.x\.(N.S.) 674. 
 
 7i. Against corporate directors or pro- 
 tnoters. 
 
 § 51. Generally. 
 
 For breach of duty by directors. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 774. 
 Measure of damages against promoters of 
 
 corporations. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1131. 
 
 i. Assault; false inipriso.nment ; tna- 
 licio^is prosecution; abuse of process. 
 
 § 52. Assault. 
 
 Damages in civil action for. 9 L.R.A. 445.* 
 
 Inadequacy of damages as ground for set- 
 ting aside verdict. 47 L.R.A. 44; 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 487. 
 
 Right to recover for mental suffering caused 
 by assault where no bodily injury is in- 
 flicted. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 976. 
 
 Mental anguish as element of damaaes for 
 trespass on person of woman affecting 
 her character or reputation for chas- 
 tity. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 
 Punitive damages for assault by carrier's 
 servant on passenger. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1201. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of provocation to 
 mitigate damasres. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 3 37; 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 
 § 53. False imprisonment. 
 
 Condition of place of imprisonment and 
 treatment while in custody as elements 
 of damages. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 291. 
 
 Release upon defendant's own recognizance 
 or on bail as affecting damages recov- 
 erable. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1196. 
 
 § 54. Malicious prosecution. 
 
 Punitive damages, see supra, § 16a. 
 
 For malicious prosecution. 4 L.R.A. 255.* 
 
 Mitigation of damages because of advice of 
 counsel. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) .54. 
 
 Condition of place of imprisonment and 
 treatment while in custody as elements 
 of damages. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 201 
 
 Inadequacy of damages as ground for set- 
 ting aside verdict. 47 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 In action for malicious prosecution for 
 wrongful search of premises. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 207. 
 
 § 55. Abuse of process. 
 
 Exemplary damages, see supra, § 16a. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 conversion under color of judicial pro- 
 cess. 52 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Right to interest on damages from wrong- 
 ful levy. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 36. 
 
380 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DAMAGES, III— cont'd 
 
 j. Libel or slander. 
 
 § 56. Generally. 
 
 Punitive damages for, see supra, § 16b. 
 
 Special damages which will sustain an ac- 
 tion for libel or slander in charging a 
 woman with unchastity. 24 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 577. 
 
 Damages against telegraph company for 
 handling libelous message. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 141. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of family rela- 
 tions of plaintiff on question of dam- 
 ages. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 
 Mitigation of damages for libel or slander 
 by wife. 30 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 Sufficiency of retraction to reduce damages 
 in an action for libel as a question for 
 the court or for the jury. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 796. 
 
 Bad character or reputation of plaintiff as 
 mitigating damages. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1176. 
 
 Inadequacy of damages as ground for set- 
 ting aside verdict. 47 L.R.A. 42. 
 
 fc. Personal injuries. 
 
 § 57. Generally. 
 
 Mitigation or reduction of damages, see 
 
 supra, § 7. 
 Punitive damages for, see supra, § 18. 
 To passenger, see supra, §§ 43, 44. 
 Liability for mental anguish, see infra, 
 
 § 100. 
 
 Limit of liability for negligence to direct 
 consequences. 13 L.R.A. 193.* 
 
 Award of damages within discretion of jury. 
 11 L.R.A. 46.* 
 
 Remote and sentimental consideration. 12 
 L.R.A. 699.* 
 
 Law governing measure of damages for. 56 
 L.R.A. 312. 
 
 Compensation for pain. 12 L.R.A. 698.* 
 
 Pain and suffering. 11 L.R.A. 45.* 
 
 As affected by loss of profits. 52 L.E.A. 
 36. 
 
 Right to interest on damages. 28 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 70. 
 
 Interest on amount of damages for negligent 
 infliction of personal injury. 14 L.R.A. 
 548; 18 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Difference between law of forum and of 
 place of injury affecting amount of re- 
 covery. 56 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 -Against municipality for injury from defect 
 or obstniption in street. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 763. 
 
 Measure of damages recoverable from land- 
 lord for injury to tenant from defect 
 in premises. 34 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Extent of trespasser's liability for, as a 
 consequential injury. 53 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 Measure of damages for personal injury 
 by dog. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 805. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 865. 
 Medical treatment. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 866. 
 Apprehension, fright, etc. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 866 
 
 DAMAGES, III. k— cont'd 
 
 Future damages. 37 L.K.A.(N.S.) 867. 
 Punitive damages. 37 LJl.A.fN.S.) 
 867. ■ 
 
 fjiability of telegraph company for continued 
 physical suffering of sender of message 
 because of negligence in transmission 
 and delivery. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1149. 
 
 Personal injuries as element of damages for 
 breach of warranty of article sold. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1047. 
 
 Damages recoverable in action by master 
 for injury to servant or apprentice. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 38. 
 
 Wife's right to recovery for loss of consor- 
 tium resulting from negligent injury to 
 husband. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1024. 
 
 § 58. Cost of medical attendance as 
 element. 
 
 Expenses of nursing and medical attend- 
 ance. 10 L.R.A. 794;* 11 L.R.A. 46.* 
 
 Allowance for physician's services in action 
 for personal injuries, without; evidence 
 of the value thereof. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 920. 
 
 Cost of medical treatment as element of 
 damages for injury by dog. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 866. 
 
 § 5 9. Extent of recovery by husband 
 for Injuries to wife. 
 
 Husband's right to recover for loss of con- 
 sortium through personal Injury to 
 wife. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1042. 
 
 Right of married woman to recover for loss 
 of time, services, wages, or impaired 
 capacity. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 215. 
 
 § 59a. Extent of recovery generally by 
 married woman for injuries to her. 
 
 Eight of married woman to recover for loss 
 of time, services, wages, or impaired 
 capacity to labor. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 215. 
 
 Effect of temporary cessation from inde- 
 pendent employment upon right of 
 married woman to recover for loss of 
 earning capacity due to personal in- 
 jury. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 408. 
 
 § 60. Damages for miscarriage. 
 
 Recovery of damages for miscarriage. 32 
 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Miscarriage as an element of damages. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 345. 
 
 Off-set against damages for suffering from 
 miscarriage, of suffering which would 
 have resulted from natural parturition. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 598. 
 
 Mental anguish as element of damages for. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 594. 
 
 Right to recover for miscarriage resulting 
 from fright caused by wrongful act. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49; 22 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 1073; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 
 § 61. Injury to business or time lost. 
 
 Considering occupation of plaintiff. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 46.* 
 Value of time lost. 10 L.R.A. 794;* 11 
 
 L.R.A. 45.* 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every 1a\c qvestlon. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 381 
 
 DAMAGES, III. k— cont'd 
 
 Admissibility on question of damages for 
 personal injuries of amount paid for 
 services of substitute during incapacity. 
 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 737. 
 
 Reco%'ery for loss of time, in action for per- 
 sonal injury, as aiTected by contin- 
 gent character of compensation. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1228. 
 
 § 62. Prospective damages. 
 
 Continuing effect of injury. 11 L.R.A. 45.* 
 Damages probable in the future. 11 L.R.A. 
 46.* 
 
 S 63. — injury to earning power. 
 
 Impaired capacity for work or business. 
 11 L.R.A. 46.* 
 
 Right of married woman to recover for im- 
 paired capacity to labor. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 215. 
 
 Effect of temporary cessation from inde- 
 pendent employment on married wom- 
 an's right to recover for loss of earning 
 capacity due to personal injury. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 408. 
 
 Right of infant to recover damages for loss 
 of services or diminished earning capac- 
 ity, during minority, from personal in- 
 juries. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 552. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of earnings in 
 higher position on question of damages 
 for injury to person in line of pro- 
 motion. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1150. 
 
 § 64. Excessive or inatleqnate recovery. 
 
 When verdict set aside as excessive. 11 
 L.R.A. 47.* 
 
 Excessive verdicts in suits for daniagus for 
 personal injuries. 14 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 Setting aside for inadequacy. 11 L.R.A. 50.* 
 
 Review by appellate court of trial court's 
 ruling on motion to grant a new trial 
 in an action for bodily injuries, on the 
 ground of inadequacy of damages 
 awarded. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 
 I. Death. 
 
 § 65. Generally. 
 
 Punitive damages for, see supra, § 18. 
 Liability for mental anguish, see infra, 
 
 § ioi. 
 
 Generally. 17 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 Pecuniary loss only recoverable. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 71. 
 Pain and suffering. 17 L.R.A. 72. 
 Exemplary and punitive damages. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 72. 
 State statutes construed. 17 L.R.A. 73. 
 Contributive causes of death. 17 L.R.A. 76. 
 Action for death of relative. 17 L.R.A. 76. 
 Of husband. 17 L.R.A. 76. 
 For death of wife. 17 L.R.A. 77. 
 For death of cousin. 17 L.R.A. 77. 
 Action by parent for death of child. 
 17 L.R.A. 77. 
 Contributory negligence of parent. 
 
 17 L.R.A. 78. 
 Contributory negligence of child as 
 no bar to recovery. 17 L.R.A. 
 78. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. 1— cont'd 
 
 Question for jury as to. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 79. 
 Negligence of parent not imputable 
 
 to child. 17 L.R.A. 79. 
 Loss of services of child. 17 L.R.A. 
 79. ■ 
 Law governing measure of damages for. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 585; 56 L.R.A^ 312. 
 Interest on sum allowed as damages. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 Differences as to amount of recovery as af- 
 fecting action for death based on stat- 
 ute of another state. 56 L.R.A. 205. 
 Effect of previous disease of person injured 
 resulting in death oij liability for cans- 
 ins; the injuries. 16 L.R.A. 269; 17 
 L.R.A. 71. 
 Effect of benefit from other source to miti- 
 gate damages. 67 L.R.A. 91. 
 For death from sale of intoxicating liquor. 
 
 3 L.R.A. 327.* 
 Settlement of cause of action for death by 
 beneiieiaries without assent of executor 
 or administrator. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 207. 
 Damages recoverable by collateral kindred 
 for negligent killing of their relative. 
 11 L.RA.(N.S.) 623. 
 Recovery by administrator, in action for 
 benefit of estate, of probable accumula- 
 tions of deceased as damages for death. 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 451. 
 Right to recover funeral or medical expenses 
 of person negligently killed. 2 
 B. R. C. 711. 
 In absence of statute. 2 B. R. C. 713. 
 In admiralty. 2 B. R. C. 714. 
 Under statutes. 2 B. R. C. 714. 
 Evidence of habits or character of person 
 killed as affecting damages. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 198. 
 Right to interest on damages in action for. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 
 § 66. Of husband or wife. 
 
 Measure of damages recoverable for negli- 
 gent killing of husband. 17 L.R.A. 
 76. 
 Effect of remarriage to mitigate. 67 
 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 Measure of damages for death of wife. 17 
 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 Husband's right at common law to recover 
 for loss of time and funeral expenses 
 necessitated by negligent killing of his 
 wife. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1193. 
 
 Right of husband or wife at common law to 
 recover for loss of services or consor- 
 tium against person negligently causing 
 death of spouse. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 633. 
 
 Widow's right to year's support or allow- 
 ance out of fund recovered for negli- 
 gent killing of husband. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 725. 
 
 g 6 7. Damages recoverable by minor 
 for death of parent. 
 
 Elements of damages recoverable by child 
 for death of mother. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 128. 
 
S82 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. XOTES. 
 
 DAMAGES, in. 1— cont'd 
 
 Is minor's right to damages for negligent 
 killing of parent limited to period of 
 minority. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1205; 39 
 L.R.A.('N.S.) 1156. 
 
 m. Injury to or detention of personal 
 property. 
 
 § 68. Injury or destruction. 
 
 Injury to growing crops, see infra, § 74. 
 
 Injury to trees, see infra, § 75. 
 
 Injury to personalty, as element of damages 
 
 from condemnation of realty, see infra, 
 
 III. q. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to personal 
 property, generally. 6 L.E.A. 454.* 
 
 Measure of recovery for damages, to goods 
 received for cold storage. 52 L.R.A. 
 108; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 
 Extent of liability of municipality for prop- 
 erty destroyed by mob. 24 L.R.A. 595. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes relating to 
 fixing value of stock killed on unfenced 
 road. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 Right to interest on damages for injury 
 to stock. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 68. 
 
 Right to interest on damages from fire. 
 18 L.R.A. 450; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 
 Measure of damages for loss or destruction 
 of manuscript, legal papers, and the 
 like. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 369. 
 
 Loss of time as element of damages for de- 
 struction or loss of use of implements 
 or tools of laborer or professional man. 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 625. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 ■wrongful destruction of logs or timber. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 250. 
 
 Right to interest on damages. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 12, 28, 38, 42, 81. 
 
 § 69. Replevin. 
 
 Measure of recovery on replevin bond, see 
 supra, § 28. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 seizure under wrongful replevin. 52 
 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 Right to interest on value of property 
 taken. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 42. 
 
 S 70. Conversion. 
 
 For conversion. 1 L.R.A. 306;" 2 L.R.A. 
 449.* 
 Loss of profits as element of. 52 L.R.A. 
 51. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 conversion. 52 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 wrongful conversion of logs or timber. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 250. 
 
 Measure of damages for pledgee's conver- 
 sion of property by invalid sale. 43 
 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 Damages recoverable by conditional vendor 
 of personalty from third person wlio 
 converts the same after partial pay- 
 ment of the purchase price. 10 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 458. 
 
 Measure of damages in trover for injury tn, 
 or destruction of, trees. 19 L.R.A.' 654. 
 
 Begin iritli this hoolc on everi/ lair question. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. m— cont'd 
 
 Measure of damages in action in nature of 
 trover, for unlawful cutting or de- 
 struction of standing timber. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 247. 
 
 n. Injury to, or detention of, real prop- 
 erty. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 71. Generally. 
 
 In condemnation proceedings, see infra, 
 III. q. 
 
 Cost of restoration as measure of. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 426. 
 Right to interest on damages. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 38. 
 
 From fire. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 66. 
 Measure of damages against tenant for con- 
 dition of premises. 64 L.R.A. 665. 
 
 Effect of demolition of- premises by 
 lessor. 64 L.R.A. 667. 
 Extent of liability of municipality for prop- 
 erty destroyed by mob. 24 L.R.A. 595. 
 Measure of damages for allowing land to 
 
 become infested with weeds. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 88. 
 Loss of customers as element of damages 
 
 from obstruction of highway. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 253. 
 Measure of damages for injury to public 
 
 land before homesteader receives pat- 
 ent. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 958. 
 Duty to commit wrongful acts to minimize 
 
 damages. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1092. 
 Duty to mitigate damages from trespass. 
 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 244. 
 Mental anguish as element of damages for 
 
 trespass. 53 L.R.A. 632. 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 
 trespass. 52 L.R.A. 42. 
 Personal wrong as aggravation of damages 
 
 for trespass on realty. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1034; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 912. 
 
 § 7 2. Removal of lateral or subjacent 
 support. 
 
 For removal of lateral or subjacent support. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 701. 
 Prospective. 68 L.R.A. 701. 
 Diminished market value. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 703. 
 Value of soil lost. 68 L.R.A. 705. 
 Restoration to original condition. 6S 
 
 L.R.A. 706. 
 Repairs. 68 L.R.A. 706. 
 Cost of retaining wall. 68 L.R.A. 706. 
 Adapting property to new level. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 707. 
 Collateral or direct injuries. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 707. 
 Removal of lateral support as constituting 
 damage or injury within meaning of 
 constitutional provision against taking, 
 damaging, or injuring property ■ for 
 public use without compensation. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1086. 
 
 § 7 3. Kxtent ol' trespasser's liabilltj' 
 for consequential injuries. 
 
 In general. .1.S L.R.A. 626. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. IsOTES. 
 
 383 
 
 DAMAGES, III. n, 1— cont'd 
 CuiisequeTitial injuries to property. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 627. 
 In general. 53 L.R.A. 627. 
 From removal of fence. 53 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 In general. 53 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 Loss of stock. 53 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 Injuries to crops. 53 L.R.A. 630. 
 Caused by third persons. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 631. 
 Consequential injuries to the person. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 631. 
 In general; health. 53 L.R.A. 631. 
 Mental suffering. 53 L.R.A. 632. 
 Fright and its consequences. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 633. 
 Injury to reputation. 53 L.R.A. 634. 
 
 3. Injury to, or destrtiction of crops or 
 trees. 
 
 § 7 4. Crops. 
 
 By overflow, see infra, § 77. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to or de- 
 struction of growing crops. 12 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 267; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 168; 37 
 L.RA.{N.S.) 976. 
 
 Right to interest on value of timber de- 
 stroved by fire. 18 L.R.A. 450; 28 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 66. 
 
 Measure of damages for destruction of per- 
 ennial crops. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 310; 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 977. 
 
 Injuries to crops, as element of damages 
 from removal of fence. 53 L.R.A. 630. 
 
 Loss of crops as element of damages for 
 breach of warranty because of unex- 
 pired lease. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 781. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of contract 
 to furnish water for irrigation. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 938; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 743. 
 
 § 75. Trees and tinitier. 
 
 For injury to, or destruction of, trees. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 653. 
 Effect of the cutting upon the title. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 653. 
 Replevin. 19 L.R.A. 654. 
 Trover. 19 L.R.A. 654. 
 Trespass de bonis. 19 L.R.A. 656. 
 Trespass quare clausum. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 656. 
 Special and statutory actions. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 657. 
 Injury to fruit trees. 15 L.R.A. 612; 19 
 
 L.R.A. 658. 
 Injury to shade trees. 19 L.R.A. 658. 
 Injury by fire. 19 L.R.A. 659. 
 Measure of damages for injury to, or de- 
 struction of, trees or shrubbery not 
 valuable for their timber or firewood. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 930; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 757; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1115. 
 Measure of damages for wrongful cutting 
 
 or destruction of standing timber. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 244. 
 Destruction of timber by fire or gases, 
 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 246. 
 Actions in nature of trover. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 247. 
 Con.'iiilt filKO L.Ii.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. n, 2— cont'd 
 
 Nominal damages. 18 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 250. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 wrongful destruction or conversion of 
 logs or timber. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 250. 
 
 In action for trespass by entering upon 
 land to remove timber after time lim- 
 it. 2!) L.R.A. (N.S.) 551. 
 
 3. Injury to water rights; overflows; 
 pollution. 
 
 §7 6. Generally. 
 
 For cutting off access of riparian owner to 
 navigable waters. 15 L.R.A. 618. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of contract 
 to furnish water for irrigation. 19 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 938; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 743. 
 
 Jleasure of damages for taking of water 
 by right of eminent domain. 58 L.R.A. 
 253. 
 
 Measure of damages for property taken for 
 purposes of canal. 61 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 Right to interest on damages in cases in- 
 volving water rights. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 76. 
 
 § 7 7. Flooding; obstruction; surface 
 water. 
 
 Mitigation of damages, see supra, § 10a. 
 
 Measure of damages for the occasional 
 flooding of land. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 973. 
 
 For obstructing water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 
 892. 
 For permanent obstruction. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 892. 
 Temporary structure. 59 L.R.A. 893. 
 Injury to crops. 59 L.R.A. 894. 
 Injury to mill privileges. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 896. 
 Measure. 59 L.R.A. 896. 
 Rule of estimating. 59 L.R.A. 896. 
 Profits and interest. 59 L.R.A. 897. 
 Costs and expenses. 59 L.R.A. 898. 
 Other matters. 59 L.R.A. 898. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to, or de- 
 struction of, growing crop by overflow. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 267; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 168; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 976. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 obstruction of water way. 52 L.R.A. 
 47. 
 
 Measure of damages recoverable from mu- 
 nicipal corporation for overflow from 
 defective sewer or street. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 860. 
 
 § 7 8. Municipal liability with respect 
 to drains and sewers. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of dutv by 
 municipality with respect to drainage. 
 61 L.R.A. 712. 
 
 Measure of damages recoverable from mu- 
 nicipal corporation for overflow from 
 defective sewer or street. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 860. 
 
 § 7 9. Pollution. 
 
 For pollution of stream. 7 L.R.A. 457.' 
 
384 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. n, 3— cont'd 
 
 Injury to iishing right as damages from 
 pollution. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 74. 
 
 Pollution of water as an element of dam- 
 ages for taking railroad right of way. 
 47 L.R.A. 782. 
 
 o. Nuisance. 
 
 § 80. Generally. 
 
 Punitive damages for, see supra, § 17. 
 
 Rule as to damages from. 13 L.R.A. 322.* 
 Loss of profits as element of damages. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 49. 
 Right to interest on damages from nui- 
 sances. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 74. 
 
 p. Injury to business. 
 
 § 81. Generally. 
 
 By personal injury, see supra, § 61. 
 
 In condemnation proceedings, see infra, 
 
 § 88. 
 Loss of profits as element of damages, see 
 infra, § 111. 
 
 Loss of customers as element of damages 
 from obstruction of highway. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 253. 
 
 As element of damages in action on replevin 
 bond. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 371. 
 
 q. Condemnation or depreciation in 
 value by eminent domain. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 82. Generally. 
 
 Loss of profits as element, see infra, § 113. 
 Right to compensation generally, see Emi- 
 BST Domain, §§ 45-53. 
 
 What injuries not considered. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 218.*' 
 Damages reasonably anticipated. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 218.* 
 Considering market value. 3 L.R.A. 83;* 
 li L.R.A. 604;* 12 L.R.A. 611.* 
 
 Market value defined. 12 L.R.A. 610.* 
 Depreciation of neighboring property. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 330.* 
 Injury t'o farm or tract as a whole. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 218;* 3 L.R.A. 84;* 9 L.R.A. 
 
 298.* 
 Value of tract cut off. 2 L.R.A. 219.* 
 Separation of parcels of land by stream, 
 
 canal, highway or railroad as affecting 
 
 the right to treat them as one tract 
 
 for the purpose of assessing damages. 
 
 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 426. 
 Injury to, or expense of removing, person- 
 alty, as element of damage for taking 
 
 real estate. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 890. 
 Measure of damages in condemnation of 
 
 land for railroad purposes, generally. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 219;* 7 L.R.A. 409;* 8 L.R.A. 
 
 330;* 9 L.R.A. 299.* 
 Taking of water. 58 L.R.A. 253. 
 Property taken for purposes of canal. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 841. 
 Measure of damages for right of way taken 
 
 for drains and sewers. 60 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 Begin with this booli on every law question 
 
 DAMAGES, III. q, 1— cont'd 
 
 For removal of lateral or subjacent sup- 
 port. 68 L.R.A. 701. 
 
 Amount of damages recoverable by tenant 
 and reversioner. 21 L.R.A. 217, 223. 
 
 Right to interest on award. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 51, 79. 
 
 Allowance of interest on value of projjerty 
 destroyed from negligent construction 
 of railroads, canals, etc. 18 L.R.A. 
 454. 
 
 Conclusiveness of testimony of experts as 
 to value and damages in eminent do- 
 main proceedings. 42 L.R.A. 767. 
 
 Right to allowance for improvements made 
 with knowledge that property would 
 be required for public use. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 273. 
 
 § 83. Value (or special use. 
 
 Value of land for its uses and purposes. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 219.* 
 
 Special damages. 2 L.R.A. 218.* 
 
 Special value of property for the purpose 
 for which it is taken as an element of 
 compensation in condeiiir.;ition proceed- 
 ings. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 906. 
 
 Compensation allowable in eminent domain 
 proceedings as affected by adaptability 
 of property for uses other than that to 
 which it is applied by owner. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 679. 
 
 Right to consider value of property as a 
 part of a natural water power, in fix- 
 ing compensation in eminent domain. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 912. 
 
 § 84. Improvements made by one tak- 
 ing property as element of dam- 
 ages. 
 Value of improvements made by one takin>; 
 property by eminent domain, as an 
 element of damages. 16 L.R.A. 
 805. 
 When Improvement is consented to by 
 owner, mortgagor, etc. 16 L.R..^. 
 805. 
 When construction of improvement is 
 
 a trespass. 16 L.R.A. 806. 
 Effect of good faith or mistake of tres- 
 passer. 16 L.R.A. 807. 
 Owner's right to compensation for improve- 
 ments made by taker before condemna- 
 tion without owner's consent. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 922. 
 Right to allowance for improvements made 
 with knowledge that property would be 
 required for public use. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 273. 
 Evidence of structural value of improve- 
 ments to fix damages in condemnation. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 411. 
 
 § 85. Kffecl of preserving to owner an 
 estate, rights, or easement. 
 
 Mitigation of damages in condemnation 
 cases by preserving. 26 L.R.A. 
 751. 
 Discretion to take less than might be 
 
 taken. 26 L.R.A. 751. 
 Temporary occupation. 26 L.R.A. 753. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 385 
 
 DA.MAGES, III. q, 1— cont'd ' 
 
 Easements or improvements secured to 
 
 the landowner. 26 L.R.A. 753. 
 Effect of filing plan and description. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 758. 
 Payment to be made in monej'. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 § 86. For telephone or telegraph right 
 of way. 
 
 When private propertv is taken. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (X.S.) 189. 
 Lines in street or highway. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 189. 
 Lines on railway right of wav. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 191. 
 Decreased value for railway purposes. 
 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 191. 
 Nominal damages. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 192. 
 Possible future use of right of wav. 
 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 Cost' of constructing and clearing right 
 
 of way. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 Rental value for other lines. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 195. 
 Value of use to telegraph company. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 195. 
 Miscellaneous. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 195. 
 
 3. Consequential injuries. 
 
 § 8 7. Generally. 
 
 Inconvenience caused. 2 L.R.A. 217.* 
 
 Data necessary to warrant recovery for 
 consequential damages to real proper- 
 ty. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 333. 
 
 Considering diminution in value from oper- 
 ation of trains. 9 L.R.A. 298.* 
 
 Pollution of water as an element of dam- 
 ages for taking railroad right of way. 
 47 L.R.A. 782.^ 
 
 Obstruction of surface water as element of 
 damages in eminent domain proceed- 
 ings for a railroad right of way. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 237. 
 
 Danger of injury to owner of property or 
 members of "his family, or to his live 
 stock, as element of damages for rail- 
 road right of way. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1003. 
 
 § 8 7a. By smoke. 
 
 Richt to recover for in condemnation pro- 
 ° ceedings. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 48. 
 
 Right under constitutional provision against 
 "damaging" private property for pub- 
 lie use without compensation, to com- 
 pensation for consequential damages 
 to property no part of which is taken 
 from smoke incident to ordinary oper- 
 ation of railroad. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1054; 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 48. 
 
 § 87b. By noise. 
 
 Allowance for noise in proceedings to con- 
 demn railroad right of way. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 497. .■ . .^ , 
 
 Right to compensation for noise incident 
 to ordinary operation of railroad under 
 constitutional provisions against dam- 
 aging where no part of property taken. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1054. 
 Consult also L.Tt.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. q, 2— cont'd 
 
 Abutting owner's right to compensation 
 from noise from operation of railroad 
 in street. ,36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 780. 
 
 § 88. Injury to "business. 
 
 Loss of customers as element of damages 
 from obstruction of highway, lo L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 253. 
 
 Interruption of business, as element ,of dam- 
 ages for laying out street across rail- 
 road property. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1231. 
 
 Loss of profits from suspension of business 
 while moving as element of damages. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 124. 
 
 3. As to abutting outlet's. 
 
 § 89. Generally. 
 
 In highway cases, see infra, §§ 91, 92. 
 
 Measure of damages for right of way for 
 telegraph or telephone line in street or 
 highway. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1'89. 
 Damages on condemnation of tiie fee of 
 land over which there is an exist- 
 ing highway. 15 L.R.A. 413: 37 
 L.E.A.(N.S.') 281. 
 Where owner oit fee is not abutting 
 
 owner. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 281. 
 Where owner of fee is abutting owner. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 Interference with access to highway from 
 the part of parcel not taken by the tak- 
 ing of another part as element of dam- 
 ages in condemnation. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 385. 
 
 § 9 0. By railroad or street railway in 
 street. 
 
 To abutting owner for laying street rail- 
 way near side of street. 43 L.R.A. 560. 
 
 Injury to abutter's easements by railroad 
 in street. 14 L.R.A. 383. 
 
 Does release of damages for construction of 
 railroad in highway include damages 
 from elevation of grade. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1202. 
 
 Nature of damages recoverable by abutting 
 owner on account of railroad in street. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 760. 
 
 Damages to abutting owner for right to 
 run interurban cars over the tracks of 
 a street railway company. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 531. 
 
 4. In liighivay cases. 
 
 § 91. Generally. 
 
 Matters as to abutting owner generally, see 
 supra, III. q. 3. 
 
 Measure of compensation to abutting owner 
 for vacation of highway. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1118. 
 
 § 92. For laying out street across rail- 
 road property. 
 
 Nominal damages. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1228. 
 Value of land taken. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1229. 
 Decreased value for railway purposes. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1229. 
 
386 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. q, 4— cont'd 
 
 Value of land for future- railway uses. 24 
 
 ' ' L.R.A.(N.S.) 1230. 
 
 Damage to property not taken. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1231. 
 Increased operating expenses. 24 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1231., 
 Interruption of business. 24 L.R.A (N.S.) 
 
 1231. 
 Increased liability for accidents. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (X.S.) 1232. 
 Compensation for construction and main- 
 tenance of crossing and safeguards. 
 
 fences. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1232. 
 Compensation for making approaches. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N".S.) 1233.1 
 Compensation for planking crossing. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1233. 
 Compensation for cattle guards and wing 
 
 fences. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1234. / 
 Compensation for sign boards and whistle 
 
 posts. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1235. 
 Compensation for safety gates and flagmen. 
 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1235. 
 Compensation for necessary structural 
 
 changes. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1236. 
 Compensation for future alterations. 24 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1236; 
 Offsetting benefits to railroad company. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1236. 
 ilitigating damages. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1236. 
 
 5. Setting off heneflts. 
 
 § 93. Generally. 
 
 Benefits considered. 7 L.R.A. 289.* 
 Setting off benefits and injuries from drain- 
 age. 58 L.R.A. 370. 
 In proceedings to establish drains and 
 
 sewers. 60 L.R.A. 245. 
 
 Right to set off benefits against damages in 
 
 eminent domain proceedings. 9 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 781. 
 
 Nature of benefits. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 
 General and special benefits. 9 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 783. 
 Remote and speculative benefits. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789. 
 Kinds of benefits that may be consid- 
 ered. In general. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 790. 
 Must relate to particular tract or 
 interest. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 790. 
 Must relate to tract as a, whole. 
 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 792. 
 Must result from the particular 
 improvement for which the 
 land is taken. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 793. 
 Must relate to the land, and not to 
 the owner. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 794. 
 Rules in various jurisdictions, where 
 land is actuallj' taken, 9 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 794. 
 Rule that general and special bene- 
 fits may be set off against 
 value of land taken and dam- 
 ages to reniainder. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 794. 
 
 Begin witJi this book on every law question 
 
 DAMAGES, III. q, 5— cont'd 
 
 Rule that special benefits, only, 
 may be set off against value 
 of land taken and damages to 
 remainder. 9 L.R.A. (N.S^) 
 794. 
 Rule that land actually taken must 
 be paid for in full, but thnt 
 general and special benefits 
 may be set off against damages 
 to remainder. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 809. 
 Rule that land actually taki-ii 
 must be paid for in full, and 
 that special benefits, only, may 
 be set off against damages to 
 remainder. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 813. 
 Rule that neither general, nor sfpe- 
 cial benefits may be set off 
 against value of land taken, or 
 damages to remainder.-' 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 824. ' - 
 The Kentucky rule. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 824. 
 Rules under special Constitutions. 
 
 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 827. 
 Jurisdictions in which rule is only 
 partially established. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 834. 
 Rules in various jurisdictions where 
 land is not taken, but only dam- 
 aged. 9 L-.R.A.(N.S.) 837. 
 Offsetting benefits to railway company 
 against damages from laying out street 
 across railway property. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1236. 
 
 r. Injunction cases. 
 
 § 94. Generally. 
 
 Damages in lieu of injunction. 20 L.R.A. 
 752. 
 
 Damages recoverable in action on injunc- 
 tion bond: 13 L.R.A. 312. 
 
 Penalty as limit of liability on bond. 55 
 L.R.A. 389. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 wrongful injunction. 52 L.R.A. 58. 
 
 Measure of damages for wrongful injunc- 
 tion restraining erection of buildint;. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 180. 
 
 s. In trademark, patent and copyrigiit 
 cases. 
 
 § 9 5. Generally. 
 
 Punitive damages for infringement, see 
 
 supra, § 19. 
 Loss of profits, see infra, § 112. 
 
 Power of equity, upon enjoining unfair com- 
 petition or infringement of trademark, 
 tradename, patent, or copyright, to re- 
 quire defendant to pay damages sus- 
 tained by complainant as distinguished 
 from profits realized by defendant. 21 
 L.R.A;(N.S.) 526. 
 
 Must penalty in aggregate for infringing 
 copyright be multiple of what might 
 be given for each separate offeilse. 1 
 B. R. C. 768. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 '387 
 
 DAMAGES, III. s— cont'd 
 Right to interest on damages for infringe- 
 ment 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75. 
 
 £. Mental anguish. 
 
 1. In general, 
 
 S 9 6. Generally. 
 
 Sec iilso Fright, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Mental anguish as element of damages, s;en- 
 
 erally. 2 L.R.A. 767;* 13 L.R.A. 859.* 
 Effect of bad motive on liability for. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 719. 
 What evidence admissible to show mental 
 
 anguish. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 409. 
 Apprehension of injury to health as basis 
 
 of recovery for mental anguish. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 458. 
 
 § 9 7. For miscellaneous torts. 
 
 Parent's mental anguish as element of dam- 
 ages, at common law. for personal tort 
 to minor child. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 518. 
 
 Right to recover for mental suffering 
 caused by an assault where no bodily 
 injury is inflicted. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 976. ' 
 
 Humiliation as element of da"!;i;;es for ex- 
 clusion from place of amusement. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1242; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 204. 
 
 As element of damages for trespass. 53 
 L.R.A. 632. 
 
 § 98. Matters as to corpse. 
 
 For mutilation of corpse. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 883. 
 
 Mental anguish as element of damages in 
 action for breach of eonti'act relative 
 to corpse. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 564. 
 
 Right to recover for mental anguish conse- 
 quent on failure of itelegraph company 
 to transmit money to prepare corpse 
 for burial. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 § 9 9. Sexual offen.ses. 
 
 Mental suffering of husband as an element 
 of damages in criminal conversation. 
 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 674. 
 Mental anguish as element of damages for 
 trespass ,on the person of a woman 
 affecting her character or reputa- 
 tion for chastity. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 98. 
 In cases of seduction. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 99. 
 
 § 100. From personal Injuries gener- 
 ally. 
 
 From personal injury. 8 L.R.A. 76.T;' 12 
 L.R.A. 698.* 
 
 Right to recover for mental suffering on ac- 
 count of another's mental or pliysical 
 suffering. 19 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 300. 
 
 Parent's mental anguish as element of dam- 
 ages at common law for personal tort 
 to minor child. '7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 518. 
 
 Mental suffering arising from contempla- 
 tion of disfigurement or mutilaticm as 
 element of damages for personal in- 
 juries. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 775. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests, to date. 
 
 DAMAGES, in. t, 1— cont'd 
 
 Liability for apprehension, fright, etc., 
 through personal injury by dog. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 866. 
 
 Mental anguish as an element of damages 
 for personal injuries to pregnant wom- 
 an. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 594. 
 
 Right to recover for miscarriage resulting 
 from fright caused by wrongful act. 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1073; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 
 § 101. From death. 
 
 From death. 13 L.R.A. 860.* 
 
 From death caused by sale of intoxicating 
 
 liquor. 3 L.R.A. 327.* 
 Mental suffering of parent as element of 
 
 damages in action for death of child. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 
 2. As to telegrams. 
 
 § 102. Generally. 
 
 As to measure of damages against telegraph 
 companies, generally, see supra, § 41. 
 
 In telegraph cases. 9 L.R.A. 669;* 13 
 L.R.A. 859.* 
 
 Injury to feelings caused by neglect of duty 
 to transmit or deliver. 2 L.R.A. 767;* 
 9 L.R.A. 669;* 13 L.R.A. 859.* 
 
 Conflict of laws as to right to recover for 
 mental anguish. 63 L.R.A. 532; 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 751; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 648; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 490; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 795; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 223. 
 
 Mental suffering as element of damages in 
 action by addressee for delay in de- 
 livery of telegram. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 11371 
 
 Right of person not mentioned in telegram, 
 and whose interest is not communicated 
 to the company, to recover for mental 
 anguish. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 249; 19 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 475. 
 
 Mental suffering that would have been re- 
 lieved by a telegram, as element of 
 damage for nondelivery, or delay in 
 delivery, of the telegram. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 497. , 
 
 Liability of telegraph company for mental 
 anguish due to nondelivery of telegram, 
 preventing one from being met at rail- 
 ,way .station. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 927. 
 
 Right to damages against telegraph com- 
 pany for mental anguish on account of 
 business affairs. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 886. 
 
 Right to damages against telegraph com- 
 pany for mental anguish on account of 
 business affairs. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 886. 
 
 § 103. As to illness or death. 
 
 Necessity, and degree, of relationship es- 
 sential to recovery for mental anguish 
 for failure to deliver telegram an- 
 nouncing death or illness. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 277; 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 374. 
 
 Mental angtiish suffered by the sender of a 
 telegram in being deprived of advice 
 and consultation as an element of dam- 
 ages for failure to deliver telegram an- 
 nouncing sickness or death. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 499. 
 
38S 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. t, 2— cont'd 
 
 Right to recover for mental anguish conse- 
 quent upon failure of telegraph com- 
 pany to transmit money to prepare 
 corpse for burial. 19 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 - 575. 
 
 3. Carriers' cases. 
 
 § 104. Generally. 
 
 As to measure of damages against carrier, 
 generally, see supra, III. d. 
 
 For carrying passenger beyond destination. 
 17 L.R.A.(N,S.) 1228. 
 
 As proximate result "of discharging passen- 
 ger at improper place or one not his 
 destination. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1182. 
 
 Liability of carrier for mental suffering of 
 passenger from mere verbal abuse, un- 
 accompanied by other breach of duty. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 159; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 386. 
 
 § 105. Ejection. 
 
 From ejection from car. 1 L.R.A.667.* 
 Mental suffering as an element of damages 
 for wrongful expulsion^ from vehicle of 
 common carrier. 12 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 184. 
 
 § 10 8. Baggage. 
 
 Loss of baggage of intended bride causing 
 postponement of wedding; husband's 
 right of action for mental suffering. 
 ;3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 225. 
 
 i u. Loss of profits, 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 % 10 7. Generally. 
 
 On interference with fishing rights. 60 
 L.R.A. 525. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 cutting off supply of heat, water, or 
 gas from premises. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 !.: 588. 
 
 § 108. For tort. 
 
 General rules. 52 L.R.A. 33. 
 Personal injuries. 52 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 General rules as to. 52 L.R.A. 36. 
 Profits lost as an element of damages. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 37. 
 Profits lost as^ evidence. 52 L.R.A. 38. 
 Trespass against the person. 52 L.R.A. 42. 
 Trespass against property. 52 L.R.A. 42. 
 The general rule. 52 L.R.A. 42. 
 Profits lost as an element of damages. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 43. 
 Profits lost as evidence. 52 L.R.A. 45. 
 Negligence. 52 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 Scope and general rules. 52 L.R.A. 46. 
 Failure to perform and improper per- 
 formance of legal duties. 52 L.R.A. 
 46. 
 Performance of acts in violation of 
 legal duty. 52 L.R.A. 47. 
 Obstruction of highways and water- 
 ways. 52 L.R.A. 47. 
 Maintenance of nuisances and 
 otlier breaches of duty. 52 
 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. u, 1— cont'd 
 Conversion. 52 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 General rules as to. 52 L.R.A. 51. 
 Without judicial process. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 52. 
 Under judicial process. 52 L.R.A. .54. 
 By seizure under wrongful attiich- 
 
 ment. 62 L.R.A. 54. 
 By seizure under wrongful replev- 
 in. 52 L.R.A. 56. 
 By seizure under wrongful e.vecu- 
 tion or other process. 52 
 L.R.A. 57. 
 Wrongful injunction. 52 L.R.A. 58. 
 Fraud and false representations. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 59. 
 Marine torts. 52 L.R.A. 61. 
 
 Future and uncertain profits. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 61. 
 Profits of voyage or charter partv in 
 
 hand. 52 L.R.A. 62. 
 How ascertained and computed. 52 
 L.R.A. 64. 
 Infringement of patents, copyrights, and 
 
 trademarks. 52 L.R.A. 66. 
 Effect of illegality of business giving rise 
 
 to tlie profits. 52 L.R.A. 66. 
 Loss of prpfits as element of damages for 
 cutting off' supply of heat, water, or 
 gas from premises. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 588. 
 For injury from damming back water of 
 stream. 59 L.R.A. 897. 
 
 § 109. For conversion. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of. 52 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 
 wrongful destruction or conversion of 
 
 , logs or timber. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 250. 
 
 § 110. Personal Injury. 
 
 Damages for, as affected by loss of profits. 
 52 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 § 111. Injury to business. 
 
 Loss of profits of sale or purchase of busi- 
 ness, as damages. 52 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 Loss of profits from suspension of business, 
 while moving as element of damages 
 in eminent domain. 51 L.R.A. j330; 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 124. 
 
 § 112. For inlringem,ent of patfnts. 
 copyrights, or trademarks. 
 
 Burden of proof as to, see Evidence, § 107a. 
 
 The concurrent remedies in patent cases. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 801. 
 Actions in equity. 51 L.R.A. 802. 
 Actions at law. 51 L.R.A. 802. 
 
 Statement as to existence of the rem- 
 edy. 51 L.R.A. 802. 
 Measure of damages generallv. 51 
 
 L.R.A. '803. 
 As affected by mode of enjoyment of 
 patent. 51 L.R.A. 804. 
 Different rules with relation to. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 804. 
 By granting licenses. 51 L.R.A. 
 804. 
 Application of the rule. 51 
 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 Begin with thin hook on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 389 
 
 DAMAGES, III. u, 1— cont'd 
 
 What suflScient to constitute 
 an established fee. 51 
 L.R.A. 805. 
 Right to base fee on utility. 
 51 L.R.A. 808. 
 By holding close monopoly. 51 
 L.R.A. 809. 
 Application of the rule. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 809. 
 Establishment of loss of sales. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 810. 
 Establishment of reduction of 
 
 price. 51 L.R.A. 811. 
 Consideration of profits of the 
 infringer. 51 L.R.A. 813. 
 When profits of infringer may 
 be made the criterion. 51 
 L.R.A. 814. 
 Separation of profits due to 
 patent. 51 L.R.A. 815. 
 The rule in equity under statutes author- 
 izing damages. 51 L.R.A. 817. 
 Scope of subdivision. 51 L.R.A. 817 
 The act of Congress of 1870. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 817. 
 Estimation of damages under. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 818. 
 Separation of profits and damages due 
 
 to patent. 51 L.R.A. 820. 
 The English act of 1S5S. 51 L.R.A. 
 821. 
 Effect of recovery. 51 L.R.A. 821. 
 The rule in copyright cases. 51 L.R.A. 822. 
 The rule in trademark cases. 51 L.R.A. 
 823. 
 
 .§ 113. In eminent domain cases. 
 (Generally. 51 L.R.A. 320. 
 Early rule confining damages to the actual 
 
 taking. 51 L.R.A. 320. 
 Rules under provisions for compensation 
 for property taken or injured. 51 
 L.R.A. 321. 
 General statement of. 51 L.R.A. 321. 
 Where property is taken, in whole or 
 in part, for railvpay purposes. 51 
 L.R.A. 321. 
 Where tangible property is taken for 
 other than railway purposes. 51 
 L.R.A. 324. 
 Where property taken consists of a 
 franchise or privilege. 51 L.R.A. 
 32.5. 
 Where property is injured, but not tak- 
 en. 51 L.R.A. 326. 
 Loss of profits from suspension of business 
 
 while moving. 51 L.R.A. 330. 
 Loss of profits from suspension of business 
 while moving, as an element of damage 
 in eminent domain. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 J 24. 
 
 2. For breach of contract. 
 
 § 114. Generally. 
 
 General rules applicable to breach of all 
 
 kinds of contracts. 53 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Allowance of profits lost generally. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 34. 
 Right of action for. 53 L.R.A. 36. 
 Effect of remoteness. 53 L.R.A. 37. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. u, 2— cont'd 
 
 Effect of speculativeness or contingen- 
 cy. 53 L.R.A. 38. 
 Effect of uncertainty in amount. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 40. 
 Requirement that profits should have 
 been within contemplation of par- 
 ties. 53 L.R.A. 41. 
 Distinction between direct and collat- 
 eral profits. 53 L.R.A. 43. 
 Loss of subcontracts and special bar- 
 gains. 53 L.R.A. 45. 
 General effect of preventing perform- 
 ance. 53 L.R.A. 45. 
 What amounts to prevention of per- 
 formance. 53 L.R.A. 47. 
 Contracts for services. 53 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 Breach by contractor or employee. 53 
 L.R.A. 48. 
 General rules. 53 L.R.A. 48. 
 Particular contracts. 53- L.R.A. 
 49. 
 For construction or repair of 
 ways, bridges, public 
 works, etc. 53 L.R.A. 49. 
 Por construction or repair of 
 buildings, vessels, etc. 
 53 L.R.A. 50. 
 Logging and lumber contracts. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 52. 
 For general service or labor. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 53. 
 For services as agent or at- 
 torney. 53 L.R.A. 57. 
 Breach by employer or owner. .53 
 L.R.A. 57. 
 General rules. 53 L.R.A. 57. 
 Effect of preventing performance. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 59. 
 What constitutes prevention of 
 
 performance. 53 L.R.A. 61. 
 Particular contracts. 53 L.R.A. 
 62. 
 For railway construction. 53 
 
 L.R.A.'62. 
 Elevator and storage con- 
 tracts. 53 L.R.A. 65. 
 For construction of buildings. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 66. 
 For construction or repair of 
 bridges, roads, or streets. 
 53 L.R.A. 68. 
 For grading, excavating, 
 dredging, etc. 53 L.R.A. 
 70. 
 Logging and lumber contracts. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 71. 
 For mechanical work. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 73. 
 For services or labor general- 
 ly. 53 L.R.A. 74. 
 For real estate, insurance, and 
 loan agencies. 53 L.R.A. 
 76. 
 Contracts with salesmen and 
 for other agencies. 53 
 L.R.A. 77. 
 
yyo 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. u, 2— cont'd 
 
 Between attorney and client. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 79. 
 For compensation based on 
 share of profits. 53 
 L.R.A. 80. 
 Partnership contracts. 53 L.R.A. 81. 
 Contracts for sale or purchase. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 83. 
 Contracts for carriage. 53 L.R.A. 83. 
 Breach by shipper. 53 L.R.A. 83. 
 Breach by carrier. 53 L.R.A. 84. 
 
 Measure of damages generally. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 84. 
 Remoteness, contingency, and un- 
 certainty, and their effect. 53 
 L.R.A. 86. 
 Notice of sale and its effect. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 88. 
 Notice of use and its effect. 53 
 L.R.A. 90. 
 Contracts for transmission of telegrams. 
 53 L.R.A. 91. 
 Rule as to message in cipher, or not 
 
 showing meaning. 53 L.R.A. 91. 
 Rule when message is in plain terms. 
 53 L.R.A. 92. 
 The general right to recover. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 92. 
 Remoteness, contingency, and un- 
 certainty, and their effect. 53 
 L.R.A. 94. 
 Rule when altered message is sent. 53 
 L.R.A. 95. 
 Contracts with relation to railroad and sta- 
 tion construction, i 53 L.R.A. 96. 
 Agreements not to compete. 53 L.R.A. 97. 
 Leases, and contracts and covenants with 
 reference to. 53 L.R.A. 97. 
 General rules. 53 L.R.A. 97. 
 Breach of covenant to lease or renew. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 98. 
 Breach of covenant to give possession. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 99. 
 Breach of covenant for peaceable pos- 
 session. 53 L.R.A. 100. 
 Breach of covenant to repair or re- 
 build. 53 L.R.A. 101. 
 Eviction. 53 L.R.A. 102. 
 Tenancy on shares. 53 L.R.A. 104. 
 Breaches by tenant. 53 L.R.A. 105. 
 The charter or rental of vessels. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 105. 
 Miscellaneous contracts. 53 L.R.A. 106. 
 Duty to prevent or reduce damages. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 108. 
 Deduction for release from responsibility. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 110. 
 Effect of illegality in contract. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 111. 
 On abandonment of contract for other par- 
 ty's default. 30 L.R.A. 57.' 
 Loss of use of plant as element of damages 
 for failure to deliver material to manu- 
 facturer. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 709. 
 Measure of damages for breach of contract 
 preventing operation of industrial busi- 
 ness in contemplation, but not estab- 
 lished or in actual operation. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 155. 
 
 Begin with thin boolc on every law question. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. u, 2— cont'd 
 
 Extent of recovery for wrongful discharge 
 of servant where compensation is based 
 on profits of enterprise. 6 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 85. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract for construction or 
 repair of buildings. 53 L.R.A. 50, 66. 
 
 § 115. Of sale or purchase generally. 
 
 Breach by vendor. 52 L.R.A. 209. 
 General rules. 52 L.R.A. 209. 
 The rule as to special curcumstances. 
 52 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Generally. 52 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 As applied to notice or knowledge 
 of sale or purpose to resell. 
 52 L.R.A. 212. 
 
 What notice or knowledge of re- 
 sale sufficient. 52 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 As applied to notice or knowledge' 
 of special use. 52 L.R.A. 217. 
 
 What notice or knowledge of use 
 sufficient. 52 L.RA. 218. 
 The rule as to the absence of a market. 
 52 L.R.A. 219. 
 
 When goods are practically unob- 
 tainable. 52 L.R.A. 219. 
 
 When a siibstitute mav be ob- 
 tained. 52 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 When other markets mav be re- 
 sorted to. 52 L.R.A." 222. 
 The rule as to remoteness, contingency, 
 and uncertainty. 52 L.E..\. 
 223. 
 
 Generally. 52 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 As applied to cases of purchase to 
 resell. 52 L.R.A. 224. 
 
 As applied to cases of purchase 
 for manufacture. 52 L.E.,\. 
 226. 
 
 As applied to cases of purchase 
 for use. 52 L.R.A. 227. 
 The rule as to sale of articles to be 
 manufactured. 52 L.R..-^. 230. 
 
 Application of general rules. ~>2 
 L.R.A. 230. 
 
 As applied to special circumstan- 
 ces. 52 L.R.A. 230. 
 
 As applied to remoteness, contin- 
 gency, and uncertainty. 52 
 L.R.A. 231. 
 Breach of warranty. 52 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 General rules. 52 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Purchase and warranty for special 
 purpose. 52 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 Purchase to resell. 52 L.R.A. 237. 
 Sale of a business, goodwill, or exclu- 
 sive right. 52 L.R.A. 238. 
 Breach of contract to convey real es- 
 tate. 52 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 General statement as to. 52 
 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 When vendor acts in good faith. 
 52 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 When vendor acts mala fides. 52 
 L.R.A. 242. 
 Breach by vendee. 52 L.R.A. 244. 
 
 Alternatives, rights' of recovery. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 244. 
 When title does not pass. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 244. 
 
l^UEX TO L.E.A. :notes. 
 
 :i»l 
 
 DAMAGES, III. u, 2— cont'd 
 
 Measure of damages generallv. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 246. 
 Effect of notice of refusal to perform. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 24S. 
 Resale by vendor. 52 L.R.A. 249. 
 
 Right to make, and effect of. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 249. 
 Prerequisites to validity of. 52 
 L.R.A. 251. 
 Effect of absence of market, in which 
 
 to resell. 52 L.R.A. 252. 
 The rule as to purchase of articles to 
 be manufactured. 52 L.R.A. 
 253. 
 Right to recover profits. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 253. 
 The measure of damages. 52 
 
 L.E.A. 254. 
 Resale. 52 L.R.A. 256. 
 Remoteness, contingency, uncertainty. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 257. 
 Breach of contract to purchase real es- 
 tate. 52 L.E.A. 258. 
 Dutv to try to prevent or reduce damages. 
 
 ■52 L.R.A. 259. 
 Effect of illegality. 52 L.R.A. 260. 
 From breach of contract for sale or pur- 
 chase. 53 L.R.A. 83. 
 Loss of profits of sale or purchase, as dam- 
 ages. 52 L.R.A. 209. 
 Damages for breach of contract of sale of 
 article without market price measured 
 by profits lost. 57 L.R.A. 206. 
 Loss of profits as damages upon refusal of 
 vendee to take articles manufactured 
 for him. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 740; 18 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 Loss of profits on possible sales as measure 
 of damages for breach of contract 
 where no contingent sales have been 
 effected. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 255. 
 Profits lost in conseqvienee of breach of con- 
 tract of sale or warranty of machinery 
 purchased for vendee's use as an ele- 
 ment of damages. 2 B. R. C. 79. 
 
 § 116. — breach of warranty. 
 
 On breach of warranty. 52 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Profits lost in consequence of breach of 
 warranty of machinery purchased for 
 vendee's use as element of damages. 
 2 B. R. C. 79. 
 
 § 117. As to telegram. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 Ijreach of contract to transmit tele- 
 gram. 53 L.R.A. 91; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 639. 
 
 § lis. Liability of carrier. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract for carriage. 53 
 L.R.A. 83. 
 
 Liability of carrier for loss of profits inci- 
 
 articles intended for use, and not 
 for sale. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 483. 
 
 Remoteness and contingency. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 483. 
 
 Effect of notice. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 486. 
 Co>i.-:ult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DAMAGES, III. u, 2— cont'd 
 
 Loss of profits because of inability of ship- 
 per to fulfil contract for sale of goods 
 as element of damages for carrier's 
 breach of contract to furnish cars. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1191. 
 
 V. Prospective. 
 
 § 119. Generally. 
 
 From personal injury, see supra, §§ 62, 6,S. 
 
 In action for wrongful discharge of servant. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 111. 
 
 Is minor's right to damages for negligent 
 killing of parent limited to period of 
 minority. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1205; 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1156. 
 
 Abutter's right to future damages for rail- 
 road in street. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 
 IV. Doxible and treble damages. 
 
 § 120. Generally. 
 
 Power to impose double damages for fail- 
 ure of railroad company to fence or 
 maintain cattle guards. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 863. 
 
 For violation of Federal anti-trust law. 
 64 L.R.A. 716. 
 
 V. Assessment of damages. 
 
 § 121. Generally. 
 
 Constitutional right to jury for assessment 
 of damages on default. , 15 L.R.A. 614. 
 
 Necessity of jury to compute damages on 
 default judgment. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 DAMNUM ABSQUE INJURIA. 
 
 As cause of action. 6 L.R.A. 573.* 
 Depreciation in value of property of one 
 
 proprietor by lawful use of property of 
 
 adjacent proprietor. 8 L.R.A. 787.* 
 Effect of legislative authority on liability 
 
 for private nuisance constituting. 1 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 
 DAMS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Indictment for maintaining, see Indictment, 
 Information, and Complaint, § 16. 
 
 For logs, see Logs and Logging, § 9. 
 
 Damming back of water generallv, see 
 Waters, §§ 46-50, 63, 75. 
 
 Rights "conveyed by grant of dam. (i? 
 
 L.R.A. 384. 
 Damming back waters of stream by. -i!' 
 
 L.R.A. 817. 
 Change in obstruction of water by dam. 
 59 L.R.A. 873. 
 
 Repairing dam. 59 L.R.A. 87:i. 
 
 Increased height of dam. 59 L.K..-\. 
 874. 
 
 Change of location. 59 L.R.A. ¥,lf,. 
 
392 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DAMS— cont'd 
 
 What streams are navigable Avithin mean- 
 ing of milldam acts. 16 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 420. 
 
 Mandatory injunction relating to milldams. 
 20 L.R.A. :63. 
 
 Destruction of dam by unprecedented flood 
 as affecting liability of one under con- 
 tract to build and maintain it. 35 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Relative rights and duties of those main- 
 taining dam in floatable stream and 
 those floating logs and timber therein. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 545; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 144. 
 
 Right of prior appropriator of vi'ater. 30 
 L.R.A. 668. 
 
 Taking of property for, as a public purpose. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 140. 
 
 Right of riparian owner to compensation 
 for damages to his property by con- 
 struction under legislative authority 
 of dams or booms for floating or stor- 
 ing logs. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 641. 
 
 § 2. License or easement to maintain. 
 
 Specific performance of agreement for 
 license to maintain. 49 L.R.A. 520. 
 
 Relief from license for maintenance of. 49 
 L.R.A. 526. 
 
 Creation of easement to use of dam by sale 
 of mill. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 359. 
 
 Abandonment of privilege or casement in- 
 cidental to milldam. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 47. 
 
 § 3. Liability as to. 
 
 Duty as to sluiceways and dams. 3 L.R.A. 
 809.* 
 
 Liability of county for injury to real prop- 
 erty from. 39 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in construction of. 
 65 L.R.A. 647. 
 
 Interference by, with wharf rights in navi- 
 gable waters. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 430. 
 
 Extraordinary floods which one obstructing 
 water course need not anticipate. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 252. 
 
 Character of liability of several persons 
 whose independent wrongs of the same 
 kind contribute to enhance the degree 
 or extent of injury from dams. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 167. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for maintaining 
 dam in non-navigable stream which 
 creates nuisance injurious to public 
 health. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1259. 
 
 Application of statute of limitations to 
 actions for injuries by mill4am. 17 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 206. 
 
 DANCE HALL. 
 
 License of, see License, § 23. 
 
 DANCING. 
 
 License of, see License, § 23. 
 
 Use of public school building for. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 591. 
 Dancing as a nuisance. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 699. 
 Power of municipality to declare public 
 
 dance a nuisance per se. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 548. 
 As violation of Sunday laws. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 469. 
 
 DANGER. 
 
 Voluntary exposure to unnecessary danger, 
 see Ikstjkance, § 164. 
 
 DANGER CLAUSE. 
 
 Effect of, in chattel mortgage, see Chattel, 
 Mortgage, § 26. 
 
 DANGEROUS AGENCIES. 
 
 Fireworks as, see Fireworks. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant by, 
 
 see Master and Servant, III. a, 6. 
 Master's [liability for injury by servant- to 
 
 third) person, by, see Master and 
 
 Servant, >§§ 177, 178. 
 
 Liability for killing or injuring trespassers 
 by means of. 29 L.R.A. 154. 
 
 Liability to servants of other persons for 
 injuries by. 46 L.R.A. 116. 
 
 « • » 
 
 DANGEROUS ANIMALS. 
 
 See Animals. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 DANGEROUS ARTICLES. 
 
 Limitation of carrier's liability in case of, 
 
 see Carriers, § 129. 
 In general, .see Negligence, §§ 13-15. 
 
 DANGEROUS ATTRACTIONS. 
 
 See Negligence, §§ 23, 23a. 
 
 DANGEROUS PREMISES. 
 
 Power of municipality to construct. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. See Negligence, §§ ]6-23a. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 333 
 
 DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES. I DAYS OF GRACE. 
 
 Limitation of carrier's liability in case of, Death of insured during. 14 L.R.A. 284. 
 see Caeeiees, § 129. ' , Bank customs as to. 21 L.R.A. 442. 
 
 Liability for damage by, see Negligence, 
 §§ 13-15. 
 
 DANGEROUS WEAPONS. 
 
 See Cabbting 
 Weapons. 
 
 Weapons ; Fieeaems ; 
 
 DARK. 
 
 Contributory negligence of employee in con- 
 tinuing to work in the dark notwith- 
 standing master's promise to improve 
 conditions. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 S 1 . Generall.v. 
 
 Jlisstatements as to, in proofs of loss. 44 
 L.R.A. 851. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of insurer's 
 mistake or fraud as to date of policy. 
 67 L.R.A. 719. 
 
 -Judicial sale on date other than that ap- 
 pointed therefor. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 248. 
 
 Omission of charitable gifts from will as af- 
 fected by date of will. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 975. 
 
 Of location of mining claim. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 835. 
 
 Of location or discovery in record of mining 
 claim. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 868. 
 
 Charging commission of alleged crime at an 
 impossible date. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 251. 
 
 Forgery by falsification of. 54 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 § 2. Of negotiable instruments. 
 
 Of check. 26 L.R.A. 568. 
 
 Of negotiable paper as putting a purchaser 
 
 on inquiry. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 375. 
 Alteration of date of note. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 515. 
 Effect of change in date of note. Co L.R.A. 
 
 466. 
 
 DAUGHTER-IN-IiAW. 
 
 A.<! member of family of insured. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 336. 
 
 DAYS. 
 
 See Holiday; Sitndat; Time. 
 
 ConfuXt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 Inclusion of, in computing interest, as 
 usury. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 839. 
 
 Computation of days of grace allowed for 
 payment of insurance premium or as- 
 sessment where date of payment or 
 expiration of such period falls on Sun 
 day or holiday. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 759. 
 
 DEAD ANIMALS. 
 
 Municipal regulation as to nuisance of. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 330. 
 Ordinances in respect to disposal of. 9 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1197. 
 Carrier's duty as to disposal of carcass of 
 
 animal killed during transit. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 644. 
 Power of municipal corporation to grant 
 
 exclusive, right or create monopoly for 
 
 removal of. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 833. 
 
 DEAD BEATS. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute providing for 
 imprisonment for beating board bill. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 
 DEAD BODIES. 
 
 See CoEPSE. 
 
 DEADLY WEAPON. 
 
 In general, see Cabeyinq Weapons; Fiee- 
 aems; Weapons. 
 Homicide while using, see Homicide, § 16. 
 
 DEAF AND DUMB. 
 
 Actions by 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 961. 
 
 Deaf and dumb persons as witnesses. 24 
 L.R.A. 126. 
 
 Care due to, in absence of contract relation. 
 69 L.R.A. 521. 
 
 Defective hearing of person injured as bear- 
 ing upon contributory negligence. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1,93. 
 
 Protection of, in criminal prosecution. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 509. 
 
 DEALERS. 
 
 Monopolistic combinations of, see Monoply 
 AND Combinations, n. 
 
394 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DEALERS— cont'd 
 
 Liability of, for injury by article sold, see 
 Negligence, § 15. 
 
 Blacklisting dealer as libel. 49 L.R.A. 612; 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 783. 
 
 Interference by competitor or others with 
 agents of. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 90'4. 
 
 Legislation to protect against loss of re- 
 ceptacles in which their goods are put 
 up. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1128. 
 
 Implied warranty of fitness of particular 
 article, purchased from, for a par- 
 ticular use. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 868. 
 
 Mistake in beverage as defense to charge of 
 illegal liquor sale by dealer. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 477. 
 
 * • » 
 
 DEALING. 
 
 What constitutes. 14 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 < » » 
 
 DEATH. 
 
 I. In general, §§ l-3a. 
 II. Bight of action for, §§ 3-10. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 3-6. 
 
 b. Who may maintain action, and 
 
 for whom, §§ 7-10. 
 III. Who liable for causing, § 11. 
 ir. Defenses, §§ 13, 13. 
 T. Compromise of claim for, §14:. 
 VI. Effect of, §§ 15-33. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Civil death, see Civil Death. 
 
 Revival of action abated by, see Abatement 
 
 AND Revival, §. 8. 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, §§ 
 
 18, 65-67, 101. < 
 Allowance for mental anguish from' failure 
 
 to deliver telegram announcing, see 
 
 Damages, § 303. 
 Delivery of deed for delivery after grantor's 
 
 death, see Deeds, § 8. 
 Descent and distribution of property after, 
 
 see Descent and Distribution. 
 Attack on decree in divorce suit after death 
 
 of one or both of parties, see Divobce 
 
 and Sepakation, § 19. 
 Presumption as to, see Evidence, § 30. 
 Admissibility of acts and declarations of 
 
 deceased person, see Evidence. §§ 229- 
 
 231. 
 As to dying declarations, see Evidence, § 
 
 242. 
 Transmission of homestead in case of, see 
 
 Homestead, §§ 17-20. 
 Payment of insurance premium or assess- 
 ment, after death of insured, see In- 
 
 StTBANCE, § 114. 
 
 Rights on death of life tenant, see Life 
 
 Tenants, § 7. 
 Recovery of parent or child for death of 
 
 other, see Damages, §§ 65-67, 101; 
 
 Parent and Child, § 14. 
 
 Begin with thift hoolt on every law question. 
 
 DEATH, I.— cont'd 
 
 Specific performance of contract as to dis- 
 position of property at, see Specific 
 Perfoemance, § 19. 
 
 Time of, see Time,,§ 11. 
 
 Testimony of witness, since deceased, at 
 former trial. 2 L.R.A. 78.* 
 
 Expectation of, as affecting admissibility 
 of dying declarations. 56 L.R.A. 353. 
 
 Payment of savings bank deposit to fraudu- 
 lent claimant after death of depositor. 
 69 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Validity of agreement to marry on death of 
 present husband or wife. 1 B. R. C. 
 919. 
 
 Personal liability of executor or adminis- 
 trator to distributees for interest 
 where settlement of estate is delaved 
 b^ his death. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 
 Administration based on right of action for 
 negligent killing of a person as an as- 
 set. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 885. 
 
 VoluntaTiness of confession induced by fear 
 of death. IS L.R.A. (N.S.) 840. 
 
 Belief in death of former spouse as defense 
 to prosecution for bigamv. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1102. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to reporting 
 and registering deaths. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1015. 
 
 Alimony in arrears at time of. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N. S.) 242. 
 
 § 2. Of insured. 
 
 Effect of death of insured, see infra, § 19. 
 Liability for, under policy, see Insurance. 
 Cause of death, see Insurance, §§ 159-171. 
 
 Payment of premium after death to keep 
 life insurance in force. 14 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Validity of payment of insurance premium 
 or assessment during period of ex- 
 tension agreed upon, but after in- 
 sured's death. 2 B. R. 0. 191. 
 
 § 3a. Cause of. 
 
 Certificate as to cause of, see Corpse, § 4. 
 From inhaling gas, see Gas, § 35. 
 Of insured, see Insurance, §§ 159-171. 
 Proximate cause of, see Proximate Cause. 
 
 Admissibility of finding of coroner to show 
 cause of death. 68 L.R.A. 285. 
 
 II. Bight of action for. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Survival of cause of action for death, see 
 Abatement and Revival, § 3. 
 
 Conflict of. laws as to, see Co.xelict or 
 Laws, § 22. 
 
 Right of action for, as basis of jurisdiction 
 to appoint administrator. 24 L.R.A. 
 686. 
 Liability for death caused by negligence. 
 2 L.R.A. 68;* 520;* 3 L.R.A. 385;* 
 4 L.R.A. 261;* 5 L.R.A. 3 72:* 7 
 L.R.A. 3 54.* 
 Where injuries are inflicted beyond 
 state limits. 4 L.R.A. 261.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 395 
 
 DEATH, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Instances. 4 L.E.A. 262.* 
 Venue in action. 4 L.R.A. 262.* 
 
 Liability for killing trespasser by means of 
 spring guns, traps, and other danger- 
 ous instruments. 29 L.R.A. 154. 
 
 Civil liability for death of trespasser caused 
 by ^ spring gun or other dangerous 
 man trap on one's own premises. 24 
 L.R.A.(^-.S.) 369. 
 
 Liability for causing death as affected by 
 previous disease of person killed. 16 
 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 Eight of action in absence of civil damage 
 act for death following unlawful sale 
 of liquor. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1036. 
 
 Recovery for, on circumstantial evidence. 
 i L.R.A.(N.S.) 905. 
 
 Effect of statute declaring a cause of action 
 for death survivable to render it as- 
 signable. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 Necessity of pleading limitation as bar to 
 statutory action for. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1221. 
 
 Applicability of tolling provision in general 
 statute when defendant absent from 
 state to special limitation imposed by 
 statute creating cause of action for 
 wrongful 'death. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 521. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to statutory right of action for death. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 441. 
 
 § 4. Action under foreign statute; con- 
 flict of laws. 
 
 See Co^TFLicT of Laws, § 22. 
 
 § .^. Right of action at common law. 
 
 Common-law right of action of parent for 
 
 Joss of services of child killed. 41 
 
 L.E.A. 807. 
 
 Rule that no action will lie. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 Different theories as to. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 807. 
 Doctrine that private injury is 
 merged in public wrong. 41 
 L.R.A. 807. 
 Doctrine that human life is not a 
 subject of civil damages. 41 
 L.R.A. 808. 
 Effect when death is not instanta- 
 neous. 41 L.R.A. 810. 
 The contrary rule. 41 L.R.A. 811. 
 The true rule. 41 L.R.A. 814. 
 Rule when injury consists of a breach 
 of contract. 41 L.R.A. 815. 
 Distinction between statutory actions 
 against railroad receiver for death and 
 common-law actions for negligence. 
 15 L.R.A. 264. 
 Right to amend a common-law action for 
 personal injuries resulting in death 
 into a statutory action for death. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1003. 
 
 § 6. Distinct causes of action. 
 
 How many distinct causes of action arise 
 from injuries resulting in death. 
 34 L.R.A. 788. 
 Alternative action for death or injury. 
 34 L.R.A. 789. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DEATH, II. a— cont'd i 
 
 Generally. 34 L.R.A. 789. 
 Actions for death as affected by re- 
 lease. 34 L.R.A. 790. 
 By injured party. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 . 790. 
 By others. 34 L.R.A. 792. 
 By plaintiffs. 34 L.R.A. 793. 
 Other actions as a bar. 34 L.R.A. 
 794. 
 Actions for the injury. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 794. 
 Other actions for the death. 
 34 L.R.A. 795. 
 Multiplicity of actions for death 
 
 34 L.R.A. 796. 
 Bar of other actions by limitation 
 
 34 L.R.A. 797. 
 For death of infants. 34 L.R.A. 
 798. 
 Concurrent actions for death and in- 
 jury. 34 L.R.A. 801. 
 Several actions for wrongful death. 8 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 384. 
 Right to maintain both action for bene- 
 ficiary, and for injuries suffered by one 
 killed by another's negligence. 14 
 L.R.A.(N'.S.) 893. 
 Right to recover in one action for the death 
 of a person and for his suffering be- 
 fore death. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 h. Who may maintain action, and for 
 whom. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Right of action for death of infant, see In- 
 VA^is, % 39. 
 
 Who may maintain action for causing. 4 
 L.R.A. 263;* 13 L.R.A. 458.* 
 
 Action by or on behalf of statutory bene- 
 ficiary as affected by desertion or non- 
 support by deceased. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 362. 
 
 Sufficiency of relationship by adoption to 
 sustain an action for death. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 199. 
 
 Failure of beneficiary first entitled under 
 death statute to bring action, as giv- 
 ing such right to beneficiary next en- 
 titled. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 78. 
 
 Right of action of one legally responsible 
 for another's death against a third 
 person whose negligence caused the 
 death. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 60. 
 
 Master's right of recoupment for damages 
 caused by servant's death or disabilitv. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 326. 
 
 Right of action for benefit of nonresident 
 aliens. 54 L.R.A. 984; 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 473; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 267. 
 
 Law govering distribution of fund collected 
 or recovered for negligent killing of a 
 person. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 
 § 8. For death or benefit of illegiti- 
 mate. 
 
 Right to recover for negligent killing , of 
 illegitimate, or to maintain action for 
 benefit o'f illegitimate for negligent kill- 
 ing of relative. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 640. 
 
396 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DEATH, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Action for death of illegitimate. 2 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 640. 
 Action for benefit of illegitimate. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 642. 
 
 § 9. Parents. 
 
 Parent's common law right of action for 
 
 loss of services 'of child killed. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 807. 
 Right of deserted wife to recover for death 
 
 or injury to child. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 519. 
 Parent's right of action at common law for 
 
 loss of services of minor child whose 
 
 death is caused by negligence. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 Recovery for death of child by parent who 
 
 had abandoned child. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1161. 
 
 § 10. Personal representative. 
 
 Does statutory action for wrongful death 
 survive to personal representatives of 
 'original beneficiary. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 844. 
 
 Right of foreign or domestic representative 
 to maintain action for death of de- 
 cedent under a statute of another 
 state which provides that the action 
 shall be brought by th& personal repre- 
 sentative. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1252. 
 
 III. Who liable for causing. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Liability for causing generally, see Negli- 
 gence, I. 
 
 Carrier's liability for causing, see Car- 
 riers, III. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for causing, see 
 Homicide. 
 
 Master's liability for, see Master and 
 Servant, III. a. 
 
 Liability of railroad company generally for 
 causing, see Railroads, VII. 
 
 Liability of railroad receiver for. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 262. 
 Carrier's liability for assault by employee 
 
 resulting in death. 14' L.R.A. 740. 
 Liability of municipal corporation for 
 
 death caused bv sewage or drainage. 
 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.)" 940. 
 Liability of sureties on the bond of a peace 
 
 oiBcer for death of a person due to act 
 
 or default of principal or one of his 
 
 deputies. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 758. 
 
 IV. Defense.'^. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 Justifiable killing as a defense in an action 
 for death intentionally inflicted. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 
 § 13. Contributory negligence of de- 
 ceased or parent. 
 
 Contributory negligence as a defense gen- 
 
 ■ erally, see Negligence, II. 
 Contributory negligence as a defense. 4 
 L.R.A. 263.* 
 
 Begin icith thin boole on every law question. 
 
 DEATH, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Burden of proof as to contributory negli- 
 gence in action for. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1230. 
 
 Effect of parent's contributory negligence to 
 defeat his recovery for death of child. 
 17 L.R.A. 79. 
 
 Contributory negligence of parent as ban' to 
 action by parent or administrator for 
 death of child non sui juris. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 328; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 754. 
 
 Imputing negligence of custodian of child 
 non sui juris to parent in action by 
 latter, or by administrator, for death 
 or injury of child. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 410. 
 
 V. Compromise of claim for. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Power to compromise action for. 21 L.R.A. 
 158. 
 
 Compromise by personal representative of 
 suit for damages for causing death. 14 
 L.R.A. 417. 
 
 Settlement of cause of action for death, by 
 beneficiaries without assent of executor 
 or administrator. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207. 
 
 Does settlement by injured 'person of his 
 claim against tort feasor preclude an 
 action for his death resulting from the 
 injury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 176. 
 
 VI. Effect of. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Abatement of action by, see Abatement 
 AND Rbviv^, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Effect of civil death, see Civil Dkath. 
 
 Effect of husband's death on wife's right 
 to alimony, see Divorce and Sepaea 
 TION, § 48. 
 
 Dissolution of partnership by, see Partner- 
 ship, §§ 40-49. 
 
 Revocation of agency by, see Principal and 
 Agent, §§ 7, 10. 
 
 Effect of, on competency of witness, see ' 
 Witnesses, §§ 22-24. 
 
 Effect of declarant's death on admissibility 
 in behalf of accused of extrajudicial 
 confessions by stranger. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 349.' 
 
 On account stated. 27 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 Death of debtor as excuse for not exhaust- 
 ing remedies at law before bringing 
 creditor's bill. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 92. 
 
 Effect of death upon liability of husband 
 and wife for the latter's libel or slander. 
 30 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 Vacancy in office by death of person elected 
 thereto before beginning of his term. 
 14 L.R.A. 858. 
 
 Effect of death of party nominee before pri- 
 mary as creating a vacancy in partv 
 ticket. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1092. 
 
 Abridgement of contingency on which a gift 
 by will is conditioned by death of other 
 parties. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1168. 
 
 Effect of death of beneficiary of testamen- 
 tary gift of annuity before its purchase. 
 2 B. E. C. 909. 
 
INDEX TO L.U.A. KOTKy. 
 
 397 
 
 UEATH, VI.— cont'd 
 
 Effect on liability for default of coexecutor. 
 11 L.E.A.(^;.S.) 343. 
 
 Of parent to whom custody of child was 
 awarded as affecting right of surviving 
 parent. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 171. 
 
 Of entryman before issuance of patent to 
 public lands as affecting its liability 
 for antecedent debts. 34 L.R.A.(X.,S.'j 
 410. 
 
 Effect upon curtesy of death of issue be- 
 fore seisin bv wife. 20 L.E.A.iN.S.) 
 82o. 
 
 Abatement of appeal or error to .Federal 
 Supreme Court by death of party. 
 66 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 Disposition of appeal on death of official 
 stenographer. 2,5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 867. 
 
 § 16. Upon judgment or execution. 
 
 Death of one party as affecting remedy by 
 execution, see EXEtUTiox, § 14. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment, 
 see Injunction, § 54. 
 
 Effect of judgment entered against dead per- 
 ' son, see Judgment, § 32. 
 
 Entry of judgment nunr pro tunc after 
 
 death of party. 20 L.R.A. 148. 
 Right to have judgment set aside for death 
 
 of party. 54 L.R.A. 764. 
 Right to attack decree of divorce after death 
 
 of one or both of parties. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 583. 
 Vacating decree for divorce after death of 
 
 party. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 551. 
 
 § 17. On contract generally. 
 
 As excuse for nonperformance of contract, 
 see CoNTEAOTS, § 125. 
 
 To relieve from contract. 23 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 Klfect of death of party after the mailing, 
 but before the receipt, of his letter ac- 
 cepting an offer. 12 L.R.A. (K.S.) 4.39. 
 
 Survival, after death of promisor, of con- 
 tract to pay for personal services ren- 
 dered to third person. 13 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 643. 
 
 Effect of death of accommodation party on 
 right to recover from accommodated 
 party. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 786. 
 
 Liability of lessee for rent during part of 
 term remaining after death of person 
 whom he agreed to support. 33 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 347. 
 
 Effect of death of subscriber to corporate 
 stock. 33 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 Of third person as condition of performance 
 of contract of marriage. 52 L.R.A. 
 660. 
 
 Effect of death of principal contractor on 
 right of subcontractor or materialman 
 to a lien or payment by owner. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 4.5. 
 
 Effect of deed to a deceased person. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 405. 
 
 § 18. Of one employing attorney. 
 
 Client's death as affecting attorney's author- 
 ity to proceed with suit. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1189. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DEATH, VI.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of death of personal representative on 
 liability of estate to attorney employed 
 by him. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 
 § 19. Of Insured. 
 
 As disability within meaning of accident or 
 health policy. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 358. 
 
 As total disability of insured. 38 L.R.A. 
 537. 
 
 Effect of delivery after death of assured 
 of policy containing stipulation that 
 it shall not become binding unless de- 
 livered while assured is in good health! 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1152. 
 
 Effect of refusal to deliver policy contain- 
 ing stipulation that it shall not become 
 binding unless delivered to assured 
 while in good health because of death 
 of assured. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1146. 
 
 Effect of death of insured before contem- 
 plated change of beneficiary is complete. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 277. 
 
 § 20. Of moi'tgagor or mortgagee. 
 
 Does power of sale in mortgage or deed of 
 trust prevent its revocation by death 
 of mortgagor. 70 L.R.A. 135. " 
 
 Effect of death of mortgagor in possession 
 upon right of mortgagee under chattel 
 mortgage. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 182. 
 
 Necessary parties to foreclosure of senior 
 mortgage where junior mortgagee has 
 died. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
 § 21. Of guarantor or surety. 
 
 Of guarantor, see Gtjabanty, § 10. 
 Of surety or co-surety as release of surety, 
 see Peinoipal and Stjeety, § 17. 
 
 § 2 2. Of master or servant. 
 
 Effect of, to terminate contract of employ- 
 ment, see Master and Servant, § 37. 
 
 Right to recover for services interrupted by 
 .sickness or death. 16 L.R.A. S58. 
 
 Effect of death of servant on contract re- 
 quiring servant to elect bet\veen accep- 
 tance of benefits out of relief fund and 
 a prosecution of his claims in an action 
 for damages. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 
 § 2 3. Of witness. 
 
 Of witness as ground for admission of tes- 
 timony given upon preliminary exam- 
 ination. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 873.' 
 
 Right to have direct testimony stricken 
 out where cross-examination is inter- 
 rupted by death of witness. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 493. 
 
 DEATH SENTENCE. 
 Bxecution of, see Criminal Law, § 75. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 DEBAtJCHMENT 
 
 See Sbdtjotton. 
 
398 
 
 INDEX XO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 I 
 
 DEBENTURES. 
 
 What are; nature of. 1 L.E.A. 787. 
 Liability of government or other 
 , body for its own obligations 
 from it. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 444. 
 
 public 
 stolen 
 
 DEBIT ENTRIES. 
 
 Effect of transfer without indorsement of 
 worthless debit and credit entries. 10 
 L.K.A.(N.S.) 537. 
 
 *»* 
 
 DEBRIS. 
 
 Obstruction of navigation by, liability for 
 
 59 L.R.A. 73. 
 Obstruction of waters of stream by. 
 
 L.R.A. 871. 
 
 59 
 
 DEBT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Asstimption of, see Assumption of Debts; 
 
 Mortgage, §§ 40-46. 
 Application of deposit to payment of de- 
 positors' debts, see Banks, §§ 17-19. 
 Liability of consolidated corporation for 
 
 debts of predecessor, see Corpobations, 
 
 § 15. 
 Adjustment of debts on alteration of coun- 
 ties, see Counties, §, 3. 
 Adjustment' of debts on changing boundaries 
 
 of municipality, see Municipal Coepo- 
 
 RATIONS, § 63." 
 Debt limit, see Counties, § 10; Municipal 
 
 CoEPOKATioNS, §§ 65-67 ; Schools, § 33. 
 Due to decedent's estate, see Executoks 
 
 AND Administratoks, §§ 28, 29. 
 Due from decedent's estate, see Executors 
 
 AND Administrators, §§ 33-46. 
 Promise to answer for debt of another, see 
 
 Guaranty. 
 Liability of community property for, see 
 
 Husband and Wife, § 32. 
 Liability of wife's separate property for her 
 
 debts, see Husband and Wife, § 36. 
 Liability of wife's separate property for her 
 
 •husband's debts, see Husband and 
 
 Wife, § 37. 
 Husband's liability for debts of wife, see 
 
 Husband and Wipe, §§ 39-42. 
 Imprisonment for, see ImpeisoNment fob 
 
 Debt. 
 Liability of officer's salary for, see Officers, 
 
 §§ 34, 35. 
 Payment of, see Payment. 
 Agent's authority to pay own debt from 
 
 principal's money, see Principal and 
 
 Agent, § 23. 
 Liability of public lands for, see Public 
 
 Lands, § 14. 
 Liability of members of religious society 
 
 for, see Religious Societies, § 12. 
 Right to set off debts, see Set-Off and 
 Counterclaim. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every law question. 
 
 DEBT— cont'd 
 
 Due from state, see State, §§ 14, 15. 
 
 Subrogation of person discharging, see Sub- 
 rogation. 
 
 Deduction of debts of taxpayer, see Taxes, 
 §§ 57, 103. 
 
 Trusts for payment of, see Trusts, § 10. 
 
 Of county, see Counties, §§ 9-11. 
 
 Of municipality, see Municipal Corpora- 
 tions, §§ 6i-67. 
 
 Of school districts, see Schools, §§ 32-34. 
 
 Of town, see Towns, § 7. 
 
 Of partnership, see Partnership, §§ 10-17, 
 37. 
 
 See also Debtor and Creditor. 
 
 Purchase subject to, giving third pei-son 
 right to sue on contract. 25 L.R.A. 275. 
 
 Fraudulent contraction of, as ground for 
 attachment. 30 L.R.A. 468. 
 
 To what extent advances by factor create a 
 debt against the principal. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1147. 
 
 Passing of title by delivery to carrier of 
 consignment to sa,tisfy debt. 22 L.R.A. 
 418. 
 
 Effect of corporate dissolution on. 69 
 L.R.A 141. 
 
 Necessity of notice to insane person of ap- 
 plication for sale of his propertv to 
 pay debts. 29 L.R.A: (N.S.) 147." 
 
 Judgment of another state or country 
 against executor or administrator as 
 evidence of indebtedness. 27 L.R.A. 
 111. 
 
 Liability of claim or interest in public lands 
 for debts contracted before patent is- 
 sued. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 405. 
 
 Right of bank to en^.ine in business to 
 save debt. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 243. 
 
 Right of insurer to deduct indebtedness of 
 insured extrinsic to insurance contract. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 556. 
 
 Liability of alimony for. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 270. 
 
 Liability of estate by entireties for hus- 
 band's debts. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 205. 
 
 Right to apply indebtedness owed by credi- 
 tor to debtor for purpose of tolling stat- 
 ute of limitations. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1155. 
 
 Upon whom does the liability of an heir or 
 devisee for his decedent's debts devolve 
 at his own death. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 689. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute subjecting 
 spendthrift trusts to debts. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1215. 
 
 Denials on information and belief or of 
 knowledge or information sufficient to 
 form belief as to indebtedness presump- 
 tively within ' pleader's knowledge. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 776. 
 
 Taking property to pay or secure debt as 
 larceny. 41 L.R.A." (N.S.) 553. 
 
 § 2. Payment of. as con.sicleration. 
 
 See Contracts, §§ 10-12. 
 
 § 3. Collection of. 
 
 Authority of agent to collect, see PRI^'CIPAL 
 and Agent, § 19. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 399 
 
 DEBT— ooiit'd 
 
 Effort to collect, S,s extortion. 18 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 77. 
 
 Liability of officer who uses criminal pro- 
 cess to collect debt. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 301. 
 
 Creation of partnership by participating in 
 profits in order to collect debts. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1062. 
 
 § 4. Situs of. 
 
 Where debt is garnishable, see Garnish- 
 ment, § 12. 
 
 For purpose of taxation, see Taxes, §§ 4], 
 42. 47. 
 
 § 5. Action of. 
 
 Effect of admission to change burden of 
 proof on right to open and close in ac- 
 tion of debt. 61 L.R.A. 545. 
 
 DEBT LIMIT. 
 
 See CoTTNTiES, § 10; Municipal Cobpoba- 
 TioNS, §§ 65-67; Schools, § .33. 
 
 DEBTOR AND CREDITOR. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Insolvent debtors, see Assignment fok 
 Creditoes; Bankruptcy; Banks, §§ 
 39-42; Composition with Creditors; 
 Corporations, §§ 134-137; Insolvbn- 
 cr; Receivers.' 
 
 Remedies of creditor, see Attachment; 
 Creditors' Bill; Execution; Garnish- 
 ment; Levy and Seizure. 
 
 Right of creditors to question validity of 
 attachment, see Attachment, § 13. 
 
 Liability of corporate officers to creditors of 
 corporation, see Corporations, §§ 54, 
 58. 
 
 Corporate creditor's right as against stock- 
 holder, see Corporations, §§ 104-121. 
 
 Power of husband's creditors to defeat wife's 
 right to dower, see Dower, § 11. 
 
 Subjecting dower estate to debts, see Dower, 
 § 20. 
 
 Execution against debtor's property, see 
 Execution. 
 
 Effect of appointing debtor as administra- 
 tor, see Executors and Administra- 
 tors, § 7. 
 
 As to exemptions, see Exemptions; Home- 
 stead. 
 
 Rights of creditors in expectancy of debtor, 
 see Expectancy. 
 
 Transfers in fraud of creditors, see Fraud- 
 ulent Conveyances. 
 
 Child's right in homestead as against credit- 
 tors, see Home.stead, § 20. 
 
 Right of husband's creditors as affected by 
 marital relations of debtor, see Hus- 
 band and Wife, § 44. 
 
 Preference of creditors of insolvent, see 
 Pbeferences ; Priority. 
 
 Creditor's insurable interest in life of debt- 
 or, see Insurance, § 28. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to dat^. 
 
 DEBTOR AND CREDITOR— cont'd 
 
 Validity of life insurance to secure debt to 
 insurer, see Insurance, § 45. 
 
 Transfer of insurance policy to creditor, see 
 Insurance, § 124. 
 
 Rights of creditors of insured, see IxsuH- 
 anoe, §§ 184, 185, 192. 
 
 .loint creditors and debtors, see .Ioi.nt 
 Creditors and Debtors. 
 
 Creditor's liability for wrongful levy, see 
 Levy and Seizure, § 13. 
 
 ilarshaling assets as between creditors, see 
 Marshaling Assets and Seclieities. 
 
 Creditors of partnership, see Partnei!SH1p. 
 §§ 10-17, 24, 37. 
 
 Rights and remedies of surety as to credit- 
 ors, see Principal and Surety, §§ 22- 
 26. 
 
 Rights of creditors in trust estate, see 
 Trusts, §§ 33, 34. 
 
 See also Debt. 
 
 One receiving credit responsible for the 
 debt; effect of taking security. V2 
 L.R.A. 223.* 
 
 ^Vho are debtors of United States. 29 
 L.R.A. 229. 
 
 Liability of member of religious society for 
 ,its debts. 69 L.R.A. 255. 
 
 Rights of creditors as to rents of intestate's 
 property. 40 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Right of creditor to have judgment against 
 debtor set aside. 54 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 Parent's duty to isupport child as affected by 
 rights of creditors, 57 L.R.A. 741. 
 
 Rights of creditors to complain of pur- 
 chase bv corporation of its own shares 
 of stock. 61 L.R.A. 632. 
 
 Reservation of title in bailments for sale 
 as against creditors of bailor and bailee. 
 22 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 Debtor's right of action against creditor for 
 collecting debt in another jurisdiction 
 in evasion of the exemption laws of 
 their domicil. '36 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Liability of funds held by mutual benefit so- 
 cieties to the claims of their creditors. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 235. 
 
 Eight of creditors to make or control elec- 
 tion for or against a will, or between 
 different provisions of a will or statute. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
 Eight of sureties on contractor's bond who 
 perform contract on abandonment by 
 contractor, to moneys unpaid on con- 
 tract, as against the assignees or cred- 
 itors of contractor. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 457. 
 
 Right of creditor of taxing district to in- 
 voke aid of court to obtain satisfac 
 tion of debt, where ordinary remedies 
 not available. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1020. 
 
 Time as of which equitable conversion takes 
 place under direction to sell property 
 which postpones sale to definitely ascer- 
 tainable time after testator's death in 
 determining rights of legatee's credit- 
 ors, 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 
 Effect of option of cestui que trust to re- 
 quire a conveyance or otherwise ter- 
 minate the trust to subject the sanie to 
 claims of his creditors. 25 L.R.A- 
 (N.S.) 236. 
 
400 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DEBTOR AND CREDITOR— cont'd 
 
 Liability of creditor who accepts as payment 
 from debtor checlv of third person which 
 has been wrongfully procured by debtor. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 273. 
 
 Rights and remedies of creditor who is also 
 a stockholder of an insolvent corpora- 
 tion as affected by his own statutory 
 liability. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.)' 981. 
 
 Eight to dower on avoidance of conveyance 
 as against creditors as between wife and 
 creditors. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 105. - 
 
 § 2. Right of creditor In personal serv- 
 ices of debtor. 
 Subjecting earnings not yet due. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 623. 
 Contracts to pay an insolvent debtor wages 
 
 in advance for his services. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 624. 
 Where the debtor gives his time and labor 
 to the business of another gener- 
 ally. 21 L.R.A. 624. 
 
 Exceptions and limitations. 21 L.R.A. 
 628. 
 Profits on farm caused by debtor's labor. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 629. 
 Improvements on wife's land. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 631. 
 Rights of creditors in debtor's intellectual 
 
 productions. 51 L.R.A. 381. 
 
 DEBTS PROVABIjE. 
 
 Against bankrupt, see Baxkruptct, §§ 25, 
 25a. 
 
 DECAY. 
 
 Destruction by decay rendering premises 
 untenantable as within landlord's cove- 
 njint to repair, or statute relieving ten- 
 ant from rent, in case of destruction 
 by act of God or elements. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 130. 
 
 DECAYING TIMBER. 
 
 Life tenant's rights as to. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 767. 
 
 DECEASED PARTNER. 
 
 Estate of, see Partnership, §§ 46-49. 
 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 DECEASED PERSONS. 
 
 Estates of, see Descent and Distribution; 
 Executors and Administrators; Tax- 
 es, §§ 54, 54a. 
 
 Domicil of, see Domicil and Residence, § 
 5. 
 
 DECEASED PERSONS— cont'd 
 Admissibility of declaration of, see Evi- 
 dence, §§ 229-231. 
 
 Admissibility between third parties of en 
 tries against interest made by deceased 
 persons in books of account. 2 B. R. C 
 670. 
 
 Effect of omission of statement tliat owner 
 is unknown in proceedings in rem to 
 enforce tax assessed against deceased 
 person). 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1062. 
 
 DECEDENT'S ESTAl i:S. 
 
 In general, see Descent and Distribution; 
 
 Executors and Administrators. 
 Assessment of property of, see Taxes, §§ 
 
 54, 54a. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 DECEIT. 
 
 See Fraud and Deceit. 
 
 ■*»* 
 
 DECENCY. 
 
 Municipal control over nuisance affecting, 
 see Municipal Corporations, § 40. 
 
 DECEPTIVE TRADEMARK. 
 
 Invalidity of, see Trademark, § 3. 
 
 DECIPHERING. 
 
 Of obscurities in proof of handwriting. 65 
 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 DECISION. 
 
 Criticism of, as ground for disbarment, see 
 
 Attorneys, § 5. 
 Impairment of contract obligations by 
 
 change of, see Constitutional Law, 
 
 § 38. 
 Criticism or publication of, as a contempt, 
 
 see Contempt, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 DECLARATIONS. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question. 
 
 Admissibility of, see Evidence, XI. 
 Plaintiff's pleading, see Pleading, §§ 16- 
 35. 
 
 Of party as cumulative evidence. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 611. 
 Sufficiency of, to establish voluntary trust 
 
 where legal title is retained by settlor. 
 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 40] 
 
 DECLARED TRUSTS. 
 
 See Tbdsts, §§ 4-10. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 DECORATORS. 
 
 As independent contractors. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 373. 
 
 DECOT. 
 
 For purpose of detecting crime in connection 
 with mail matter, see Postoffioe, § 12. 
 
 DECOYING. 
 
 Decoying of criminal into jurisdiction as 
 defense to prosecution. 15 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Right to resist judgment of sister state on 
 ground of decoying within jurisdiction. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 931. 
 
 DECREE. 
 
 See JXJDGMENT. 
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, 
 see Evidence, § 93. 
 
 How eflfected; how shown. 6 L.R.A. 259; 
 ■ 11 L.R.A. 56.* 
 How intent of parties manifested. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 58.* 
 For park purposes. 10 L.R.A. 215;'' 
 13 L.R.A. 251.* 
 For street. 1 L.R.A. 493;* 2 L.R.A. 56.* 
 Right of one to testify as to his intent with 
 
 respect to. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 398. 
 Additional servitude. 3 L.R.A. 831.' 
 Irrevocability of. 11 L.R.A. 58.* 
 What is necessary to effect a dedication of 
 land as a cemeterv or burial plat. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 875.' 
 Power of corporation to dedicate property 
 
 for public use. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 966. 
 Right to use public funds to maintain or 
 improve private ways, or ways dedi- 
 cated to public but never accepted. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524. 
 
 § 2. Of land in which third persons 
 have an interest. 
 
 Only owner may dedicate. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 ■ 1023. 
 Lessees. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1024. 
 Life tenant and remainderman. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1025. 
 Tenants in common. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1025. 
 Husband and wife. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1025. 
 CJonsnlt aUo L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DEDICATION— cont'd 
 
 Dower. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1025. 
 
 Vendor and vendee; possibility of reverter. 
 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1026. 
 Mortgagor. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1026. 
 Judgments. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1028. 
 Easements. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1028. 
 .Miscellaneous. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1028. 
 
 § 3. Restrictions on u.se. 
 
 Restriction to particular use. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 260.* 
 Restriction on use of property dedicated for 
 
 parlc or square. 1 L.R.A. 725.* 
 Power of legislature to control use to which 
 
 property tal<en for purposes of a. parlc 
 
 or square may be used. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 938. 
 
 § 4. Efifect. 
 
 Loss of dower right by, see Dowee, § 12. 
 
 Effect of dedication. 11 L.R.A. 58.* 
 Effect of dedication to public use. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 261.* 
 Effect of statutory dedication. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 833.* 
 Effect of conveyance of lots laid down on 
 
 plats, to prevent a change in the use 
 
 or form of the property. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1067. 
 
 § 5. Estate created by. 
 Estate created by. 6 L.R.A. 260.* 
 Easement acquired by the public. 3 L.R.A. 
 831.* 
 
 § 6. By map, plat, or call in deed. 
 
 By platting and sale of lots. 1 L.R.A. 856;* 
 
 9 L.R.A. 551.* 
 
 Leaving blank in plat as a dedication. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 809. 
 
 Implied easement by exhibiting unfiled plat 
 to intending purchaser. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 9S8. 
 
 Effect of conveyance of lands laid down on 
 plats to prevent a change in the use 
 or form of the property. 137 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 953. 
 
 Right of purchaser of property according to 
 plat to easements in streets or ways in- 
 dicated thereon other than those on 
 which his property abuts. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1024. 
 
 Bounding land on street as covenant that 
 tlte street or alley exists where the 
 grantor does not own the fee tliereof. 
 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 964. 
 
 Right of grantee to claim easement, im- 
 plied covenant or estoppel as 
 against grantor by call in deed for 
 street or allev in which grantor 
 owns the fee. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 878. 
 
 Easement by implication or estoppel. 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 878. 
 
 When description is by reference to 
 plat. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 881. 
 Effect of conveyance of lots laid down on 
 
 plats to prevent a change in the use 
 
 or form of the property. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1067. 
 26 
 
402 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DEDICATION— cont'd 
 
 Effect of bounding grant on private way to 
 carry title thereto. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 539. 
 Curing statutory defects in a map or plat 
 by conveying with reference to it. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 587. 
 General rule. 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 588. 
 Exception in Kansas. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 590. 
 Deed of dedication, when curative. 
 42 L.R.A;(N.S.) 591. 
 Curative statutes. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 591. 
 
 § 7. Acceptance. 
 
 Necessity of. 11 L.R.A. 57.* 
 
 How shown. 11 L.R.A. 58.* 
 
 Public user as acceptance of dedicated high- 
 way. 18 L.R.A. 510. 
 
 Effect of limited use of way by the public 
 as an acceptance of dedication. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1114. 
 
 Dedication and acceptance of streets so as 
 to make municipality liable for defects 
 or obstructions therein. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 558. 
 
 Effect of mere use of highway over public 
 domain as acceptance of grant of right 
 of way. 9 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 1223. 
 
 § 8. Diversion. 
 
 What use of squares, parks, or commons 
 
 amounts to diversion from the use 
 
 for which they were dedicated. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 980. 
 Use for railroad purposes. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 989. 
 Use for highways. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 981. 
 Use for buildings. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 982. 
 Sales or leases of property. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 986. 
 Miscellaneous uses. 25 L.R.A4N.S. ) 
 
 § 9. Reverter. 
 
 Effect of city's permitting use of street by 
 railroad in such a way as practically 
 to exclude public to cause reversion of 
 street to dedicators. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 589. 
 Reverter of land dedicated or conveyed for 
 purposes of courthouse upon re- 
 moval of county seat, or failure to 
 vise land for courthouse purposes. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 Where conveyance is absolute in gen- 
 eral. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 Convevance reciting purpose. 35 
 L'.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 Conveyance on condition of use for 
 courthouse. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 604. 
 Conveyance so long as courthouse re- 
 mains. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 604. 
 Where dedication wider than for court- 
 house purposes. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 604. ' 
 Where manner and terms of dedication 
 are not stated. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 605. 
 
 DEDICATION— cont'd 
 
 Right of donor of land to damages on 
 removal of county seat. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 606. 
 
 Estoppel of dedicator to reclaim. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 606. 
 removal of county seat. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 606. 
 
 Eights of donors of money for court- 
 house. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 606. 
 
 DEDUCTION. 
 
 Of debts, in assessment of taxes, see Taxes, 
 §§ 57, 103. 
 
 Right of insurer to deduct indebtedness of 
 insured extrinsic to insurance contract. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 556. 
 
 Cumulative sentences as affected by de- 
 duction of time for good behavior. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 128. 
 
 Is time prisoner is out on parol or con- 
 ditional pardon to be deducted from 
 time of sentence. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 
 Begin irit7i this TiooTc on every law question. 
 
 DEEDS. 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. Form and requisites, §§ 2-9. 
 
 a. In general, §2. I 
 
 b. Execution, §§ 3-5. 
 
 c. Delivery and acceptance, §§ 
 
 6-9. 
 III. Construction; effect; validity, §§ 
 10-36. 
 a. In general, §§ 10-12. 
 ft. Consideration, §§ 13, 14:. 
 
 c. Parties, §§ 15-19. 
 
 d. Description of property, § 
 
 20. 
 
 e. What property passes, §S 
 
 21-27. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 21-23. 
 
 2. Reservations and excep- 
 
 tions, §§ 2i-27. 
 
 f. Estates and interests created, 
 
 §§ 28-31. 
 
 g. Redelivery; destruction; re- 
 
 version; revocation; relief 
 from, §§ 32-35. 
 h. Reformation, § 36. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 % 1. Generally. 
 
 Adverse possession under deed, see Adverse 
 
 Possession, §§ 15-18. 
 Boundary by, see Boundaries, g§ 4-9. 
 Conditions in, see Conditions, §§ 8-13. 
 Covenants in, see Covenants. 
 Right of entry on condition broken, see 
 
 Conditions, § 12. 
 Dedication by reference to map, plat or call 
 
 in, see Dedication, § 6. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to. see 
 
 Evidence, §§ 100. 101. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 4o;i 
 
 DEEDS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Admissibility of record of, see Evidence, 
 
 § 127. 
 Of homestead, see Homestead, IV. 
 By or to married woman, see Husband and 
 
 Wife, §§ 38-42, 47, 48. 
 Deed poll, see Deeds Poll. 
 Conveyance of mortgaged premises, see 
 
 .MOUTGAGE, §§ 40-46. 
 In partition, see Pabtition, §§ 9, 10. 
 Recording of, see Records and Eecoedinq 
 
 Laws, IV. 
 Quitclaim deed, see Quitclaim Deeds. 
 Tax deeds, see Taxes, § 81. 
 Grant of water rights, see Watebs, §§ 98- 
 
 100. 
 
 Alteration of deed after delivery. 32 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 284. 
 
 Statvite of uses in United States. 16 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1148. 
 
 Denial of deed on information and belief. 
 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 779. 
 
 Tender of, as condition of enforcing for- 
 feiture for vendee's failure to nay last 
 instalment of purchase money. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 956. 
 
 Replevin to recover deed of real property. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 507. 
 
 II. Form and requisites. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Effect of form of conveyance on title to 
 
 accretions to shore lands. 58 L.E.A. 
 
 200. 
 May purchaser of property be required to 
 
 accept deed of third person. 37 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1123. 
 Defect in, as affecting marketability of title. 
 
 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 
 6. Exeeiition. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Acknowledgment of, see Acknowledgment. 
 Of chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mort- 
 gage, § 3. 
 
 Essentials to execution. 13 L.E.A. 676.* 
 
 Execution of partition deed. 57 L.E.A. 
 340. 
 
 Estoppel of r;'rantor to deny proper execu- 
 tion. 2 L.R.A. 530.* 
 
 Execution of, by corporation. 12 L.E.A. 
 .588.* 
 
 Execution of. in name of deputy. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 880. 
 
 § 3a. By attorney in fact or agent. 
 
 Form of. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 805. 
 
 Introductory. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 806. 
 Distinction between sealed and un- 
 sealed instruments. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 807. 
 Particular jurisdictions. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 808. 
 Alabama. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 809. 
 Kentucky. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 809. 
 Louisiana. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 809. 
 Con»uU also L.R.A. nif/esh: to ilatv. 
 
 DEEDS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Maryland. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 81(i 
 Massachusetts. 41 L.R.A. (N.S. , 
 
 810. 
 Missouri. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 811. 
 New York. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 811. 
 Pennsylvania. 41 L.R.A. (N.S. ; 
 
 812. 
 South Carolina. 41 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 813. 
 Virginia. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 England. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 Instruments signed with the principal's, 
 name. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 81.-. 
 The principal's name followed h\ 
 the agent's. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.' 
 815. 
 "For" followed by the principals 
 name. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 81(i 
 The principal's name alone. 4] 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 816. 
 Instruments signed with the attorney's. 
 name with a qualification. 4] 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 817. 
 Where in its body the deed pur- 
 ports to be the principal's. 41 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 817. 
 Body of deed not referring to prin- 
 cipal. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 817. 
 Deeds reading (from) A. B.' at- 
 torney for C. D., etc. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 818. 
 Deeds reading (from) "A. B.. 
 agent." 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 819. 
 Instruments signed with the attorney's 
 name without qualification. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 Where the body of the .instrument 
 refers to the principal. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 Where the deed is apparently the 
 agent's individual deed. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 822. 
 Acknowledgments. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 823. 
 Equitable relief. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 826. 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 827. 
 
 § 4. Attestation. 
 
 Attesting witness. 4 L.R.A. 333.* 
 Estoppel of one attesting deed, to assert 
 title. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 879. 
 
 § 5. Signing. 
 
 Signing by proxy. 22 L.R.A. 297. 
 Signature by mark or cross. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 205;* 22 L.R.A. 372. 
 Proof of signature by mark when attesting 
 
 witnesses are dead or cannot remember 
 
 transaction. 44 L.R.A. 146. 
 Conditions against taking effect of, until 
 
 signed by others. 45 L.R.A. 341. 
 
 c. Deliveri) mid acceptance. 
 
 % 6. Geneiali.v. 
 
 Redelivery, see infra, § 33. 
 
 Of chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mobt- 
 
 gage, § 3. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, 
 
 see Evidence, § 101. 
 
404 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ):>EEDS, II. c— cont'd 
 
 XecesBitv of delivery of. 4 L.R.A. 313;* 12 
 
 L.pJa. 171;* 13 L.K.A. 676.* 
 Sufficiency of delivery. 12 L.R.A. 171.* 
 Necessity of actual manual delivery. 
 
 12 L.R.A. 171.* 
 Effect of retention by vendor till his 
 
 death. 12 L.R.A. 172.* 
 Xpccssity of formal delivery. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 173.* 
 Necessity of intention to deliver. 12 
 
 L.E.A. 173.* 
 Delivery in escrow. 12 L.R.A. 175.* 
 Presumption of delivery. 12 L.R.A. 
 , 175;* 13 L.E.A. 677.* 
 As to time "of delivery. 12 L.R.A. 
 176.* 
 Deed itself as evidence of delivery. 12 
 
 L.R.A. 176.* 
 Parol evidence as to delivery. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 176.* 
 Acceptance by grantee. 12 L.E.A. 177.* 
 Recording by grantee. 12 L.R.A. 177.* 
 Undelivered deed as memorandum to satis-'' 
 
 fy statute of frauds. 22 L.R.A. 273. 
 Validation of undelivered deed by ratifica- 
 tion or estoppel of grantor. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 945. 
 Effect of destruction, cancelation or delivery 
 to grantor for that purpose of delivered 
 but unrecorded deed. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1167; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 495. 
 
 § 7. To grantee. 
 
 Effect of delivery to grantee, subject to a 
 future extrinsic condition. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 941. 
 
 § 8. To tliird person, or for record, or 
 record of. 
 
 As to delivery in escrow, see Escrow. 
 
 In general. 54 L.R.A. 865; 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 224; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 941. 
 Delivery to person previously authorized or 
 designated by grantee. 54 L.R.A. 865; 
 38 L.R.A.(N'.S.) 941. 
 Delivery to person not previously author- 
 ized or designated by grantee; re- 
 cording. S4 L.R.A. 867; 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 941. 
 General rule as to delivery to third per- 
 son. 54 L.R.A. '867. 
 In general. 54 L.R.A. 867. 
 When not to be delivered to grantee 
 until after grantor's death. 54 
 L.R.A. 869. 
 Requisites on part of grantor. 54 
 L.R.A. 871. 
 General statement. 54 L.R.A. 871. 
 Particular instances and illustra- 
 tions. 54 L.R.A. 875. 
 Delivery without directions to 
 await grantor's death. 54 
 , L.R.A. 875. 
 Delivery with directions to 
 await grantor's death. 54 
 L.R.A. 878; 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 942. 
 Deed remaining within phys- 
 ical power of grantor. 54 
 L.R.A. 882, 
 
 Begin with tJiifi boolc on every law question 
 
 I DEEDS, II. c— cont'd 
 
 ■ Effect of grantor's purpose to 
 
 avoid his obligations. 54 
 L.R.A. 884. 
 Reservation of life estate as il- 
 lustrating grantor's intent. 
 54 L.R.A. 884. 
 Recording or delivery for record. 
 54 L.E.A. 884; 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 944. 
 In general; presumption from 
 
 record. 54 L.R.A. 884. 
 Grantor's intent. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 885. 
 Effect of return of deed to 
 grantor. 54 L.R.A. 887. 
 Acceptance; how and when deed takes 
 effect; status of title. 54 
 L.R.A. 888; 38 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 946. 
 Necessity of acceptance. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 888. 
 What sufficient to show actual ac- 
 ceptance; effect of assent or 
 dissent. 54 L.R.A. 889. 
 Different theories with respect to 
 acceptance. 54 L.R.A. 890. 
 In general; their relation to 
 the time when, and man- 
 ner in which, the deed 
 takes effect. 54 L.R.A. 
 890. 
 Theory of relation back. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 891. 
 Presumption of acceptance. 
 
 54 L.R.A. 892. 
 Cases illustrative of the nature 
 of the instrument and of 
 the time when it takes ef- 
 fect. 54 L.R.A. 899. 
 Eight of the grantor to re- 
 voke. 54 L.R.A. 903. 
 Rights of third persons. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 904. 
 Grantor's interest in, and 
 rights respecting the prop- 
 erty. 54 L.R.A: 909. 
 Delivery of deed to third person or record 
 by grantor, as a deliverv to the gran- 
 tee. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 224. 
 Right of grantor to revoke deed delivered 
 to stranger to be delivered by him to 
 grantee after grantor's death. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 816;' 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 317. 
 Permitting undelivered deed wrongfully re- 
 corded by grantee to remain on record, 
 as estoppel of grantor or his successors 
 to deny its delivery as against one pur- 
 chasing in reliance on the record. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 712. 
 
 § 9. Acceptance. 
 
 Acceptance of. 1 L.R.A. 381;" 12 L.R.A. 
 
 177.* 
 Effect of acceptance. 1 L.R.A. 381.* 
 Of deed delivered to third person. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 888. 
 Acceptance of deed with knowledge of defect 
 
 in title as waiver of purchaser's right 
 
 to rescind contract. 30 L.RA(NS) 
 
 879. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 405 
 
 DEEDS, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Presumption of acceptance by grantee from 
 recording of deed. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 224. 
 
 Creation of covenant running with the land 
 by acceptance of deed poll with stipu- 
 lations purporting to bind grantee. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 436. 
 
 ///. Construction, effect, validity. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Deed as color of title, see Adverse Pos- 
 session, §§ 15-18. 
 
 Effect of conveyance of land held adversely, 
 see Champerty and Maintenance. 
 
 Dedication by conveyance with reference to 
 street or alley, see Dedication, § 6. 
 
 Estoppel by, see Estoppel, §§ 3-5. 
 
 Parol evidence as to construction of, see 
 Evidence, VII. 
 
 Effect of conveyance by husband to wife, see 
 
 HUSEA^-D AND WlFE, § 47. 
 
 Absolute deed as a mortgage, see Mort- 
 gage, § 15. 
 
 Effect of tax deeds, see Taxes, § 81. 
 
 Creation of trust by, see Trusts, II. 
 
 Rights of purchasers, generally, see Vendor 
 AND Pdbchaseb, II. 
 
 Rule for construction. 13 L.R.A. 319.* 
 
 Marketability of title where construction of 
 deed is involved. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 18. 
 
 Covenant to renew lease as aiTected by con- 
 veyance of property. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 387. 
 
 Reference in deed, as constructive notice. 
 1 L.R.A. 192.* 
 
 Recitals in, as basis of implied covenants of 
 title. 18 L.R.A. 343. 
 
 Receipts in, as evidence of payment as 
 against third parties. 29 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Parol evidence to explain latent ambiguity. 
 3 L.R.A. 805.* 
 
 Land grants as contracts within constitu- 
 tional provision against impairment. 
 10 L.R.A. 406.* 
 
 When may instrument otherwise ineffective 
 as a conveyance of real property be up- 
 held as a covenant to stand seized to 
 uses. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 937. 
 
 Right of holder of tax deed to take posses- 
 sion. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 398. 
 
 Right of grantee in possession to question 
 right of grantor to collect purchase 
 money. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 363. 
 
 Usury as affecting absolute conveyance of 
 land in payment of a debt. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 134. 
 
 Merger of stipulations as to title in execu- 
 tory contract for the sale of real estate 
 in subsequently executed conveyance. 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 457. 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 414. 
 
 DEEDS, III. a— cont'd 
 
 When to be deemed testamentary in char- 
 acter. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 
 When^ agreement or instrument conferring 
 right to mine and remove coal is to be 
 regarded as an absolute sale or convey- 
 ance of coal m place, as distinguished 
 from a lease or conditional sale. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207. 
 
 § 12. Effect of deed in partition as dis- 
 tinguislied from ordinary deed, 
 
 See Partition, § 10. 
 
 b. Consideration. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 As to consideration for contracts, gener- 
 ally, see Contracts, §§ 7-17. 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, § 176. 
 
 "Valuable consideration'' construed. 2 
 L.R.A. 530.* , 
 
 Relinquishment of security as consideration. 
 2 L.R.A. 530.* 
 
 Promise to support grantee as considera- 
 tion. 3 L.R.A. 836;* 13 L.R.A. 640.* 
 
 Recital of receipt of consideration. 3 L.R.A. 
 804.* 
 
 Validity of voluntary deed. 13 L.R.A. 640.* 
 
 Effect of rule against conveyance of land 
 held adversely on consideration for the 
 conveyance. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 739. 
 
 Necessity for return of consideration on 
 disaffirmance of deed by insane person. 
 19 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 § 14. Recital of money consideration 
 as contractual. 
 
 Consideration clause as importing owner- 
 ship or terms of contract. 68 
 L.R.A. 925. 
 As importing ownership of purchase 
 
 money. 68 L.R.A. 925. 
 As importing an intei-est in land con- 
 veyed. 68 L.R.A. 925. 
 As indicating time of payment. 68 
 L.R.A. 925. 
 Action to recover consideration. 68 L.R..A. 
 926. 
 Recited consideration as ground of lia- 
 bility. 68 L.R.A. 926. 
 Right of action. 68 L.R.A. 926. 
 Assumpsit. 68 L.R.A. 926. 
 Right of action as affected by the stat- 
 ute of frauds. ^8 L.R.A. 927. 
 Acceptance of deed as creating obligation to 
 
 pay consideration. 68 L.R.A. 928. 
 Parol evidence to vary consideration clause. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 928. 
 Consideration as contractual in action for 
 
 breach of covenant. 68 L.R.A. 931. 
 Recital of consideration as contract in writ- 
 ing within statute of limitations. 68 
 L.R.A. 931. 
 
 c. Parties. 
 
 § 11. What is a deed. § 15. Generally. 
 
 Lease as a deed, see Landlord and Ten- | Effect of provision in deed for benefit of 
 ANT § 6. stranger thereto. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.)- 221. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
406 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DEEDS, III. c— cont'd 
 
 Effect of deed or mortgage on one who signs', 
 
 but is not named in it. 13 L.R.A. 
 • (N.S.) 298. 
 Does contingency of death without issue, 
 
 children, etc., import their survival of 
 
 the first taker. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 164. 
 Effect of deed to a deceased person. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 405. 
 To partnership as grantee, validity of. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 157. 
 Effect of conveyance of real property by 
 
 surviving partner. 28 L.R.A. 135. 
 
 § 16. Capacity of. 
 
 By married woman, see Husband and Wife, 
 §§ 39-42, 48. 
 
 Validity of deed by insane person, see In- 
 competent Peksons, § 10. 
 
 Belief in spiritualism, witchcraft, etc., as 
 affecting capacity to make. 16 L.R.A. 
 677. ■ 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to 
 sanity with reference to conveyances. 
 36 l;R.A. 723, 731. 
 
 Opinion evidence by nonexpert as to capac- 
 ity of another to malce. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 592. 
 
 § 17. Unljorn child as grantee. 
 
 Infant en ventre sa mire as grantee in deed. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 489. 
 Ordinary conveyances. 44 L.R.A. 489. 
 Conveyances of uses, trusts, remainders, 
 
 etc. 44 L.R.A. 490. 
 
 § 18. Description of. 
 
 Fictitious name as affecting validity of deed. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 423. 
 Necessity of word "heirs'' in deed of trust, 
 
 to pass title to trustee. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 172. 
 Are the '"heirs" who take under a possibility 
 
 of reverter determined as of the time 
 
 of the ancestor's death, or as of the 
 
 time of the termination of the fee. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 
 § 19. Filling In names of parties left 
 blank. 
 
 Third person authorized to fill in name of 
 grantee. 2 L.R.A. 529.* 
 
 Implied authority to fill in the name of a 
 grantee in a blank left for that pur- 
 pose at the time of delivery. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 423. 
 
 Effect of deed executed with name of grantee 
 blank, where name of grantee is filled 
 in and deed delivered contrary to 
 grantor's authorization. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 326. 
 
 d. Description of property, 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 Parol evidence' to correct, see Evidence, § 
 178. 
 
 General and particular description. 4 
 L.R.A. 426." 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 DEEDS, III. d.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of use of words "more or less" in de- 
 scription. 4 L.R.A. 526.* 
 
 Reference to another deed or to a map. 4 
 L.R.A. 425.* 
 
 Effect on description of map or plat referred 
 to. 13 L.R.A. 142.* 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to descrip- 
 tion. 28L.R.A.(N.S.) 822. 
 
 e. What property passes, 
 
 1. In general, 
 
 § 21. Generally. 
 
 Boundaries of land conveyed, see Bound- 
 aries, §§ 4-9. 
 
 Fixtures as between vendor and purchaser, 
 see Fixtures, § 4. 
 
 What passes by deed from husband and wife, 
 see Husband and Wife, §§ 39-^2. 
 
 What property passes under will, see Wills, 
 §§ 74, 75. 
 
 Conveyance of mill, what passes. 2 L.R.A. 
 285.* 
 
 Will real estate pass under the word "ef- 
 fects" in a written instrument. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 
 How far title to islands is included in pri- 
 vate grant. 58 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 How far grant of mill includes water rights. 
 58 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 Right to use water for irrigation passing 
 by deed. 65 L.R.A. 409. 
 
 Grants of parcel abutting on abandoned 
 street as carrying grantor's title to 
 fee of former street. .32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 778. 
 
 Conveyance of real property as carrying 
 right to telephone service. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1021. 
 
 § 22. Future acqnii'ed property. 
 
 Estoppel to claim, see Estoppel, § 5. 
 
 Conveyance of- property to be acquired in 
 the future. 4 L.R.A. 398.* 
 
 On sale of expectancy by prospective heir. 
 33 L.R.A. 276. 
 
 Effect of covenants to carry title to future 
 or subsequently acquired interest of 
 the grantor, where he had a present 
 interest which passes by the deed. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1003. 
 
 § 2 3. Right to lateral and subjacent 
 support. 
 
 Right to subjacent support upon conveyance 
 of minerals apart from surface. 2 
 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 1115. 
 
 Condemnation or grant of land for railroad 
 right of way as carrying right to lat- 
 eral and subjacent suport. 32 LjR.A. 
 (N.S.) 155. 
 
 2, Reservations and exceptions, 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 Conditions in, see Conditions, §§ 8-13. 
 Forfeiture of estate for breach of condition, 
 see Conditions, § 11. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 407 
 
 DEEDS, 111. e, 2— cont'd 
 
 Cuveiiants in, see Covenants. 
 
 Covenants restricting use of property, see 
 
 Covenants, §§ 5-7, 21-25. 
 Creation of easements by, see Easements, 
 
 § 8. 
 
 Reservations and exceptions in. 2 L.R.A. 
 87;* 13 L.R.A. 289.*. 
 
 Implied reservation. 13 L.R.A. 657.* 
 
 Exception and reservation of easements. 20 
 L.R.A. 631. 
 Of light and air. 22 L.R.A. 541. 
 Of right of way. 5 L.R.A. 279;* 13 
 L.R.A. 657.* 
 
 Enforcement in equity of agreements re- 
 lating to, but not running with, the 
 land. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 
 Reservation of timber and right to remove 
 within specified time; effect. 3 L.R.A. 
 I N.S.) 649. 
 
 Necessity of claimant of land showing that 
 it is not included within the exceptions 
 from the grant or conveyance on which 
 he relies. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 156. 
 
 Effect, upon remote grantee, of reservation 
 or exception of mineral rights. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 477. 
 
 implied reservation on severance of tract 
 of land with apparent benefit existing. 
 26 L.E.A.(N.S.) 321, 355. 
 
 Distinction between implied grants and im- 
 plied reservations in creating easements. 
 8 L.R.A.{N.S.) 337. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to reserva- 
 tion. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 817. 
 
 Inheritance or succession tax on property 
 covered by power of appointment re- 
 served by grantor. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 250. 
 
 § 25. As to water rights. 
 
 In grant of water power. 67 L.R.A. 382. 
 Limitation on giant of mill. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 491. 
 Reservation in deed of right to dam back 
 
 water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 830. 
 
 § 26. Necessity for writing. 
 
 Must a reservation of growing crops by a 
 grantor in a deed be in writing. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1221. 
 
 § 2 7. Parol evidence as to. 
 
 Parol evidence of reservation by the grant- 
 or. 20 L.R.A. 104. 
 
 Parol evidence of agreement for reservation 
 as additional consideration for deed. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1199. 
 
 /. Estates and interests created. 
 
 § 28. Generally. 
 
 Extent of rights under grant of easement, 
 
 see Easements, § 22. 
 Restraints on alienation, generally, see Pee- 
 
 PETUITIES. 
 
 Estates and interests created under will, see 
 
 Wills, §§ 77-102. 
 Creation of estates of inheritance. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 670.* 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DEEDS, III. f— cont'd 
 
 Nature and creation of determinable fees. 
 15 L.E.A. 231. 
 
 Corporeal appurtenances to realtv. 15 
 L.E.A. 652. 
 
 Implied grant of easement in partition deed. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1082. 
 
 Character of estate created by grant, lease, 
 or devise of property to person so long 
 as he shall desire to live upon it, or 
 devote it to a particular use. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 575. 
 
 Effect upon character of estate as one by 
 entireties under a conveyance to both 
 spouses, lof the ^act tliat one of them 
 already had an estate in the land. 25 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 167. 
 
 Effect of reference to extrinsic document to 
 control or modify the character of the 
 estate that would otherwise pass un- 
 der instrument. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1038. 
 
 Effect of other language in deed to cut down 
 estate conveyed by granting clause. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 956; 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 514; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
 Validity of limitation on power of aliena- 
 tion on grant of equitable estate to 
 married woman. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 426. 
 
 § 2 9. Life or fee. 
 
 Under will generally, see Wills, §§ 79-82. 
 Restraint on alienation as repugnant to fee, 
 see Wills, § 78. 
 
 Effect of power of disposal to enlarge life 
 estate. 7 L.R.A. 836,* 838.* 
 
 Power to create remainder after life estate 
 with absolute power of disposal. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1186. 
 
 Character of estate created by grant of 
 property to one so long as he shall de- 
 sire to live upon it, or devote it to a 
 particular use. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 Effect of videlicet following word "heirs" 
 in a grant or devise of real property to 
 restrict estate given to the first taker. 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 19L 
 
 Effect of other language in deed to cut down 
 estate conveyed by granting clause. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 956; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 514; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
 §3 0. Kule in Shelley's Case. 
 
 As to rule in Shelley's Case in its applica- 
 tion to wills, see Wills, § 82. 
 
 Generally. 12 L.R.A. 723.* 
 
 Statement of. 2 L.R.A. 455;* 11 L.R.A. 
 
 670.* 
 Prevalence of. 2 L.R.A. 456.* 
 Abolition of. 11 L.R.A. 671.* 
 As rule of property or rule of construction. 
 
 2 L.E.A. 456.* 
 Application of rule of, generally. 11 L.R.A. 
 670.* 
 
 To equitable interests. 2 L.R.A. 45.'5;' 
 11 L.R.A. 67L* 
 
 To executory trusts. 2 L.R.A. 458.* 
 As affecting estate by entireties. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 312. 
 Terms "heirs," "children," "issue," etc., 
 
 construed. 2 L.R.A. 457.* 
 
408 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DEEDS, III. f— cont'd 
 
 Construction of word "heirs" to mean chil- 
 dren. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 "Children" as a word of purchase or limi- 
 tation. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 283. 
 As a term of purchase. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 283. 
 Generally. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 283. 
 By implication. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 286. 
 Where children's estate is in re- 
 mainder. 12 L.R.A.(^T.g.) 
 289. 
 Generally. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 289. , 
 By implication. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 294. 
 As distinguished from an es- 
 tate tail. 12L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 298. 
 Where there are no children. 
 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 Where Shelley's Case was dis- 
 tinguished. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 300. 
 As a term of limitaiton. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 303. 
 Generally. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 303. 
 Estates tail. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 305. 
 Generally. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 305. 
 Where there are no children. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 307. 
 Where indicative of motive. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 310. 
 Intention of testator governs in equity. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 458.* 
 Devise to granddaughter; remainder in fee 
 to her children, construed. 2 L.R.A; 
 459.* 
 Full treatment of rule in Shelley's Case. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 963. 
 Effect upon rule in Shelley's Case, of ex- 
 ' press prohibition against conveyance or 
 encumbrance of property by life ten- 
 ant. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1109. 
 
 § 31. Remainders; future estates; lim- 
 itations over. 
 
 Contingent interests generally, see Contin- 
 gent Interests. 
 
 Rights and duties of life tenant, see Life 
 Tenants. 
 
 Rights of remaindermen generally, see Life 
 Tenants; Remaindermen. 
 
 Estates; when vested and when contingent. 
 
 1 L.E.A. 432,* 538;* 3 L.R.A. 690,* 
 
 817;* 9 L.R.A. 211;* 12 L.R.A. 73. 
 Construction of wills as to time of vesting 
 
 of estates. 1 L.R.A. 433.* 
 The law favors vesting of estates. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 433.* 
 Assignment of future contingent interests. 
 
 5 L.E.A. 122.* 
 Chattels; estate in; limitation over. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 538.* 
 Effect on absolute gift of fee of failure for 
 
 remoteness of limitation over. 20 
 
 L.E.A. 509. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 DEEDS, III. f— cont'd 
 
 Cliaracter of remainder created by grant or 
 devise to one for life with remainder 
 to his( children who mav survive him. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 888. 
 
 Effect of union of life estate and remote re- 
 mainder or reversion in the same per- 
 son upon intermediate contingent re- 1 
 mainder. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
 Infant en ventre sa mere as grantee in con- 
 veyance of remainder. 44 L.E.A. 490. 
 
 Vested remainder as subject of attachment 
 or levy on execution. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 115. 
 
 g. Redelivery; destruction; reversion; 
 revocation; relief from. 
 
 § 32. Generally. 
 
 Forfeiture of estate for breach of condition, 
 see Conditions, § 11. 
 
 Right to relief in equity from mistake as 
 to quantity of land. 4 L.R.A. 525.* 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 801, 813. 
 
 Relief from deed prepared by grantee, which 
 does not protect the grantor's rights. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1089. 
 
 Misconduct of wife as affecting deed to her 
 before, and in consideration of, mar- 
 riage. 6~L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 Decrees invalidating deeds affecting estates 
 of persons not in being. 8 L.R.A. ( N.S.) 
 65. 
 
 Necessity for return of consideration on dis- 
 affirmance of deed by insane person. 
 19 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 § 33. Destruction: redelivery; cancela- 
 tion ; rescission. 
 
 Rescission of grant of water power. 67 
 L.R.A. 388. 
 
 May deed of real property executed by an 
 incompetent not judicially declared 
 such be avoided in an action at law. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 
 Effect of destruction or cancelatioi;, or re- 
 delivery to grantor for that purpose, of 
 delivered but unrecorded deed. 18 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1167; 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 495. 
 
 May a grantor rescind a deed executed in 
 consideration of future support, where 
 performance by grantee is, without 
 fault on his part, prevented by the 
 grantor. 25 L.E.A. (N.S.) 932. 
 
 § 33a. —for fraud. 
 
 False statements as to use to which prop- 
 erty is to be put as ground for rescis- 
 sion of deed. 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 127. 
 
 Right, as against subsequent bona fide pur- 
 chaser, to avoid deed because of false 
 impression, induced by fraud, as to con- 
 tents or character of paper signed. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 537. 
 
 § 34. Revocation. 
 
 Grantor's right to revoke deed delivered to 
 third -person. 54 L.R.A. 903. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 409 
 
 DEEDS, III. g— cont'd 
 
 Right of grantor to revoke deed delivered 
 to stranger, to be delivered by him to 
 grantee after grantor's death. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 816. 
 
 § 35. RcTersion. 
 
 Reverter of dedicated property, see Dedica- 
 tion, § 9. 
 
 Reversion of street or highvray, see High- 
 ways, § 112. 
 
 Reversion generally, see Reversion. 
 
 Express condition or stipulations for, in deed 
 conveying land for specified charitable 
 or quasi public purpose. 19 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Right of reversion on abandonment of road 
 deeded to railway company. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 806. 
 
 Reverter of land dedicated or conveyed for 
 purpose of courthouse on removal of 
 countv seat or failure to use land for 
 such purposes. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 
 Possibility of reverter on dedication of land 
 in which third persons hive an interest. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 
 Character and effect of provision in deed to 
 railroad for construction of road within 
 a specified time where deed expressly 
 provides for reverting. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 117. 
 
 ft. Refortnation. 
 
 § 36. Generally. 
 
 Reformation of deed. 5 L.E.A. 158;* 12 
 
 L.R.A. 274.* 
 Bv correcting mistake in description, bound- 
 aries, etc. 12 L.R.A. 274.* 
 .Jurisdiction of suit to reform deed of land 
 
 in another state or country. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 685. 
 Reformation of deeds as against persons notJ 
 
 in being. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 66. 
 Relief from deed prepared by grantee which 
 
 does not protect the grantor's rights. 
 
 13 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1089. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 DEEDS OF TRUST. 
 
 See MOBTGAGE. 
 
 DEEDS POLL. 
 
 Deed poll defined. 8 L.E.A. 604.* 
 Liability of grantee on a condition in. 23 
 
 L.E.A. 396. 
 Mav covenant running with ,the land be cre- 
 " ated by acceptance of deed poll with 
 
 stipulations purporting to bind grantee. 
 
 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 436. 
 
 DEER. 
 
 Liability for injury by. H L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 748. 
 Consult also Z.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DE FACTO. 
 
 Corporations, see Coepobations, § 8. 
 Directors, see Cobpoeations, § 41. 
 
 DEFALCATION. 
 
 Of co-executor or co-administrator, see Ex- 
 
 EcuTOBs and Administrators, § 25. 
 Of cotrustee, see Trusts, § 28. 
 Embezzlement, see Embezzlement. 
 
 Duty of obligee in fidelity bond to disclose 
 prior defalcation to sureties in absence 
 of inquiry in regard thereto. 12 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 247. 
 
 Liability of surety under fidelity bond for 
 defalcation subsequent to reappoint- 
 ment of officer or employee before expi- 
 ration of original term or during an 
 indefinite term. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 
 < » » 
 
 DEFAMATION. 
 
 See Libel and Slander. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 DEFAULT. 
 
 Oral promise to answer for default of an- 
 other, see Contracts, § 37. 
 
 Promise to answer for default of another 
 generally, see Guaranty. 
 
 Of other party as ground for rescission of 
 contract generally, see Contracts, 
 § 152. 
 
 As ground for rescission of contract of sale, 
 see Sale, § 66. 
 
 Liability for default of coexecutor, see Ex- 
 ecutors and Administrators, § 25. 
 
 Interest in case of- default in payment, see 
 Interest, § 3. 
 
 Judgment by, see Judgment, §§ 4, 28, 90, 
 91, 97. 
 
 Right of jury to assess damage on, see 
 JUEY, § 4. 
 
 In payment of mortgage, see Mortgage, 
 § 65. 
 
 Eights of conditional seller on default of 
 payment, see Sale, § 49. 
 
 Of cotrustee, see Trusts, § 28. 
 
 Effect of tender by vendee of purchase price 
 before due to put other party in de- 
 fault. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 338. 
 
 Injunction asainst collection of purchase 
 money where title to land is defective 
 and- purchaser is in default. 7 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 459. 
 
 Eight of purchaser to compel return of 
 advance payment on resale by vendor 
 after purchaser's default. 35 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 532. 
 
 Of principal as affecting commissions of 
 real estate broker. 43 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Effect of purchaser's default on real estate 
 broker's right to commissions. 44 
 L.E.A. 623. 
 
410 
 
 INDJDX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DEFEASANCE. 
 
 Effect of, against creditors of grantee of 
 failure to record defeasance. 5 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 387. 
 
 DEFECTIVE INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Defective order or request for goods as sub- 
 ject of forgery. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 334. 
 
 DEFECTIVE MONEY. 
 
 Tender of, see Tender, § 4. 
 
 DEFECTIVES. 
 
 In general, see Incompetent Persons. 
 
 Asexualization or sterilization of criminals' 
 or defectives. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 419. 
 
 DEFECTIVE SIGHT. 
 
 See also Blind. 
 
 Care required from one of defective sight in 
 using street. 14 L.E.A.(N.S.) 648; 39 
 L.E.A.{N.S.) 1055. 
 
 DEFECTS. 
 
 Inspection to discover, see Disogveky and 
 
 Inspection, §§ 6-9. 
 Liability for injury by ' defect in highway, 
 
 see Highways, VI. 
 Lanijlord's liability for injury caused by, 
 
 see Landloed and Tenant, IV, d. 
 Liability of n;iaster for injury by, see 
 
 Master and Sebvant, II. 
 Liability of seller or manufacturer for in- 
 jury by defects in article sold. See 
 
 Negligence, § 15. 
 In personal property sold, see Negligence, 
 
 § 15; Sale, §§ 53-59. 
 Latent defects, see Latent Defects. 
 
 Effect of grammatical defects in certificate 
 of acknowledgment. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 643. 
 
 What defects are covered by provision in 
 paving contract requiring contractor to 
 keep pavement in repair. 9 L.R.A. 
 (K.S.) 154. 
 
 Does warranty extend to obvious defects in 
 animal or slave. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 
 Effect of provision in contract of sale that 
 claim for defects must be made within 
 certain time where defects are latent. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 245. 
 
 DEFECTS— cont'd 
 
 Effect of setting up defects in article pur- 
 chased as counterclaim in action on one 
 of a series of notes given for, or for 
 an instalment of, the purchase price, 
 on right to set up a like counterclaim 
 in subsequent actions. 10 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 734. 
 
 DEPENDANTS. 
 
 Parties defendants, see Paeties, III. 
 
 DEFENSES. 
 
 In civil action, see Action oe Suit, 
 
 §§ 12-16. 
 In criminal prosecution, see Criminal Law, 
 
 §§ 5-25; Homicide, §§ 19-30. 
 
 Interposition of unfounded defense in a civil 
 action as basis of action for damages. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 
 DEFERRED PAYMENTS. 
 
 Usury in interest on deferred payjnents of 
 purchase money, see Uslby, § 7. 
 
 DEFICIENCY. 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 On foreclosure of mortgage, see Mobtgage, 
 § 84. 
 
 Vendor's rights as to, see Vendor and Pub- 
 chaser, § 21. 
 
 Effect of provision that deficiency in assess- 
 ment may be paid from reserve or 
 emergency fund. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 264. 
 
 General liability of municipality for de- 
 ficiency in assessments for local im- 
 provements. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 177. 
 
 Deficiency in quantity of property described 
 as a section or fraction thereof as 
 breach of covenant. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 558. 
 
 May vendor be required to' make good de- 
 , ficiency in tract sold out of other lands. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 § 2. Judgment for. 
 
 On foreclosure of mortgage, see Mortgage, 
 § 84. 
 
 In proceedings to enforce mortgage for part 
 
 of debt. 37 L.R.A. 748. 
 Deficiency decree in action to foreclose 
 
 vendor's lien. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 874. 
 
 DEFILEMENT. 
 
 Begin iiritJi this hook on pvemj laiv question. 
 
 See also Abduction; Seduction. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 411 
 
 DEFILEMENT— cont'd 
 Evidence of other crime in prosecution for 
 defiling young woman. 62 L.K.A. 281. 
 
 DEFINITENESS. 
 
 Of charitable gift, see Charities, §§ 6-9. 
 Of contract, see Contkacts, §§ 19-23. 
 As condition of specific performance, see 
 Specific Pekfobmance, § 23. 
 
 Of spefcial verdict. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 46. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence as against motion to make more 
 definite. 59 LJl.A. 219. 
 
 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Accident. 30 L.E.A. 206. 
 
 Accidental. 9 L.R.A. 685.* 
 
 Accidental means. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 657. 
 
 Accomplice. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 704. 
 
 Accord executory. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1134. 
 
 Account stated. 27 L.R.A. 811. 
 
 Additions. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 
 Adultery. 18 L.E.A.(N.S.) 580. 
 
 Adverse possession. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) ]]84; 
 
 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 755. 
 Affinity. 11 L.E.A. 630.* 
 After. 49 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Agents, general and special. 2 L.E.A. 808.* 
 Aggrieved person. 25 L.E.A. (N.S.) 155. 
 Agricultural laborer. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1039. 
 Alimony. 2 L.Rji..(N.S.) 232. 
 Ancestor. 29 L.R.A. 542. 
 Assets. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 358. 
 Assignor. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1260. 
 At least. 49 L.R.A. 203. 
 Attendance. 18 L.E.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 Author. 1 B. E. C. 324. 
 Beer. 25 L.E.A. (N.S.) 446. 
 Before. 49 L.E:A. 201. 
 Between. 49 L.E.A. 202. 
 Beyond seas. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 25. 
 Bill of exchange. 35 L.R.A. 647. 
 Blasphemy. 22 L.E.A. 353. 
 Blood. 29 L.E.A. 544. 
 Bona fide purchasers. 31 L.E.A. 612. 
 Boundary. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 649. 
 Breach of the peace. 13 L.R.A. 163.* 
 Brothers and sisters. 29 L.R.A. 544. 
 Burden of proof. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1089. 
 Business. 14 L.R.A. 530. 
 Carrying weapon. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 173. 
 Cars. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 Charitable trusts. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 Charities. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 Check. 26 L.R.A. 568. 
 Child. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1158; 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 914. 
 Church. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 195. 
 Claims. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1013. 
 Clerk. 52 L.R.A. 571. 
 Colored person. 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 180. 
 Color of title. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1235; 27 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 340. 
 Collusion. 12 L.E.A. 815.* 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DEFINITIONS— cont'd 
 Commerce. . 60 L.E.A. 642. 
 Competing railroads. 45 L.E.A. 274. 
 Compulsory pilotage. 39 L.E.A. 177. 
 Concealment. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 175. 
 Consolidation. 52 L.E.A. 369. 
 Consultation. 18 L.E.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 Contingent claims. 58 L.E.A. 83. 
 Contributory negligence. 13 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1260. 
 Convert to his own use. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 601. 
 Conveyance. 67 L.E.A. 461. 
 Corpus delieti. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 536. 
 Coughing blood. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 917. 
 Court. 56 L.R.A. 531. 
 Covenants. 6 L.R.A. 107.* 
 Credits. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 60; 38 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 137. 
 Criminal negligence. 3 L.R.A. 644.* 
 Currency. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 240. 
 Current funds. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 240. 
 Cyclone. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 308. 
 Cyclone insurance. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 308. 
 Cy pres. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 59. 
 Damage. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 108. 
 Dano;erous agency. 10 L.R.A..( X.S.) 372. 
 Deadly weapon. ' 21 L.E.A.(N.S.) 497. 
 Dealing. 14 L.E.A. 529. 
 Debt. 34 L.E.A. 636. 
 Deed poll. 8 L.E.A. 604.* 
 Defects. 13 L.E.A.(N.S.) 3246. 
 Demonstrative legacies. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 61. 
 Dependent. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 653; 37 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1191. 
 Deposition. ]3 L.E.A. 366.* 
 Depot grounds. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 203. 
 Desertion. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 614. 
 Deviation. 2 B. E. C. 588. 
 Disability. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 352. 
 Disturbance of public' peace. 32 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 505. 
 Doing business. 24 L.E.A. 295; 57 L.E.A. 
 
 88; 10 L.E.A. (N.S.), 693. 
 Dollars. 3] L.E.A. (N.S.) 241. 
 Drugs. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1013. 
 Due process of law. 2 L.E.A. 258.* 
 Dues. 15 L.E.A. 513. 
 Dwelling house. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 349. 
 Dwellings. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 613. 
 Easement. 6 L.E.A. 159.* 
 Effects. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 661. 
 Elections. 18 L.E.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 Elements. 53 L.E.A. 673. 
 Employed. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.). 371. 
 Enticement. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1094. 
 Escheat. 12 L.E.A. 529.* 
 Escrow. 5 L.E.A. 696;* 10 L.E.A. 469.* 
 Exceptions. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 792. 
 Executory accord. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1134. 
 Expenses. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1013. 
 False representations. 18 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1109. 
 Family. 6 L.E.A. 813;* 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 334; 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 366. 
 Family expenses. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 277. 
 Farm laborer. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1039. 
 JTemale relatives. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 167. 
 Ferry. 59 L.E.A. 513. 
 Fixtures. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 218. 
 
412 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DEFINITIONS— cont'd 
 
 Forgery. 10 L.R.A. 779.* 
 
 Franchises. 57 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 Free. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 
 From. 49 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 General legacy. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 51. 
 
 Geographical name. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 73. 
 
 Gift. 6 L.R.A. 403;* 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 198. 
 
 Goods. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 338; 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 874. 
 Habitual drunkard. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 914; 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 655. 
 Harborer. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 431. 
 Hawkers. 8 L.R.A. 273.* 
 Hazard. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 478; 22 L.R.A 
 
 (N.S.) 969. 
 Heirs. 5 L.R.A. 122;* 8 L.R.A. 732,* 747;* 
 
 12 L.R.A. 721;* 13 L.R.A. 46;* 30 
 
 L.R.A. 593"; 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 904: 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1158; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 970; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 593. 
 Hotel. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 107. 
 Husband. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816. 
 Hypnotism. 40 L.R.A. 269. 
 Immediately. 38 L.R.A. 538. 
 Impressions. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991. 
 Improvement. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 378. 
 In. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 620. 
 Independent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 447. 
 Inevitable accident. 11 L.R.A. 616.* 
 Infamous crime. 17 L.R.A. 764. 
 Injury. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 Inn. 6 L.R.A. 484.* 
 Insane. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 Insane delusions. 37 L.R.A. 26: ; 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 62. 
 Insolvency. 5 L.R.A. 765;* 6 L.R.A. 108;- 
 
 10 L.R.A. 707.* 
 Insolvent. 5 L.R.A. 765.* 
 Intoxicating liquors. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 186; 
 
 7 L.RiA.(N.S.) 195. 
 Issue. 4 L.R.A. 117;* 11 L.R.A. 305;* 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1158; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 914. 
 Junk dealer. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1170. 
 Junk shop. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1170. 
 Jury. 43 L.R.A. 48. 
 Jury trial. 43 L.R.A. 48. 
 Keeper. 17 L.R.A, (N.S.) 431. 
 Kidnapping. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 845. 
 Laborers. 18 L.R.A. 305; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 85. 
 Laches. 10 L.R.A. 125.* 
 Last sickness. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1092. 
 Legal heirs. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) ,904. 
 Legal representatives. 30 L.R.A. 609; 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 247. 
 Libel. 9 L.R.A. 621;* 13 L.R.A. 419.* 
 Limitation. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 970. 
 Line of tunnel. 53 L.R.A. 796. 
 Location. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 765. 
 Lode. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 821. 
 Lottery. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1096. 
 Lunatic. 1 L.R.A. 270.* 
 Machinery. 57 L.R.A. 821. 
 Machinery of every description. 30 L.R.A 
 
 (N.S.) 36. 
 Maintenance. 10 L.R.A. 190.* 
 Male heirs. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 970. 
 Malice. 2 L.R.A. 130;* 11 L.R.A. 546;' 19 
 
 L.R.A.(.N.S.) 273. 
 
 792. 
 
 414. 
 
 DEFINITIONS— cont'd 
 
 Malice aforethought. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1054. 
 Managing agent. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 460. 
 Manufacture. 64 L.R.A. 34. 
 Manufacturers. 14 L.R.A. 107. , 
 Marketable title. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1170; 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 4. 
 Market value. 12 L.R.A. 610.* 
 Martial law. 65 L.R.A. 193. 
 Mav. 6 L.R.A; 162;* 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 340. 
 Mechanics. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 Medicine. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1013. 
 Merchandise. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 338. 
 Mineral. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 805. 
 Mining claim. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 765. 
 Misfeasance. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 Mistake. 6 L.R.A. 835.* 
 Mistake of law. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 Mob. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 925'. 
 Moneyed capital. 45 L.R.A. 745. 
 Money in hand. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 Month. 12 L.R.A. 770.* 
 Mulatto. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 180. 
 Navigable streams. 3 L.R.A. 406.* 
 Nearest of kin. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 Nearest relations. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 Near relations. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 Necessity. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 320; 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 58. 
 Negro. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 180. 
 Next of kin. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 479. 
 Nonfeasance. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 929. 
 Nonresident. 10 L.R.A. 504.* 
 Novation. 10 L.R.A. 369; 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 464. 
 Occupied. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 517. 
 Office. 17 L.R.A. 243. 
 Officer. 13 L.R.A. 177;" 17 L.R.A. 243. 
 On. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 620. 
 Opinions. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991. 
 Option. 21 L.R.A. 128. 
 Original package. 60 L.R.A. 664; 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1051. 
 Out of the state. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 25. 
 Party to be charged. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 689. 
 Party wall. 1 L.R.A. 33; 7 L.R.A. 649.* 
 Passenger being transported. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 254. 
 Passengers. 26 L.R.A. 132. 
 Peddlers. 8 L.R.A. 273.* 
 Pending. 68 L.R.A. 261. 
 Person aggrieved. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 155. 
 Persons. 19 L.R.A. 222; 2 B. R. C. 243. 
 Persons of color. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) ISO. 
 Per week. 38 L.R.A. 539. 
 Place of abode. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 344 
 Plant. 57 L.R.A. 821. 
 Poisons. 26 L.R.A! (N.S.) 1013; 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 520. 
 Police power. 13 L.R.A. 131.* 
 Poll taxes. 29 L.R.A. 404. 
 Privity of estate. 66 L.R.A. 681. 
 Profanity. 22 L.R.A. 353. 
 Property. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 60. 
 Public accommodation. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 601. 
 Publication. 13 L.R.A. 419;* 5] L.R.A. 
 
 375. 
 Public conveyance. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 619. 
 Public purpose. 49 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Public use. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 35. 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 413 
 
 556. 
 
 478; 
 
 (N.S.) 
 
 DEFINITIONS— cont'd 
 
 Public utilities. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.' 
 
 I'urchase. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 970. 
 
 Railroad hazard. 18 L.R.A.(NS) 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 
 Railroads. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 479: 17 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 117. 
 
 Rape. S L.R.A. 297.* 
 
 Ratification. 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 937. 
 
 Reasonable diligence. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 581. 
 
 Reasonable doubt. 17 L.R.A. 705: 39 
 L.R.A. 745. 
 
 Relation. 13 L.R.A. 37.* 
 
 Relative. 14 L.R.A. 342; 4 LRA 
 167. 
 
 Representations. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1110. 
 
 Reservations. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 792. 
 
 Residence. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 759 ; 21 L R A 
 (N.S.) 344. 
 
 Restaurant. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 566. 
 
 Retail. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 622. 
 
 Return. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 547; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 24. 
 
 Right of way. 4 L.R.A. 275.* 
 
 Riot. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 925. 
 
 Riparian land. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1062. 
 
 Rural lands. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 697. 
 
 Sale. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 5. 
 
 Sale of intoxicating liquor. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 037; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 943. 
 ■Same. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 Satisfactory title. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 741 
 
 Scaffolds. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 30. 
 School. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 Sellers. 30 L.R.A.(N.t.) 521. 
 Separable controversy. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 Shore. 45 L.R.A. 242. 
 Sisters. 29 L.R.A. 544. 
 Special verdict. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 2. 
 Specific legacy. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 Spitting blood. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 917. 
 Structures. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 Suicide. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 Surface. 68 L.R.A. 679. 
 Taking. 18 L.R.A. 166; 68 L.R.A. 699: 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 Tavern. 20 L.R.A. (X.S.) 107. 
 Telegraph. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 237. 
 Tenancy by the entiretifs, 30 L.R.A. 
 Term. .56 L.R.A. 531. 
 Testamentary capacity. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 58. 
 
 15 
 
 306. 
 
 .) 37 
 
 308. 
 
 .37 L.R.A. 
 
 Through contract. 31 L.R.A. (N.S 
 Toranado. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 308. 
 Tornado insurance. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 Total disability. 38 L.R.A. 529. 
 Traveler. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1242. 
 Traveling by public conveyance, 
 
 (N.S.) 619. 
 Treating. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 Unbroken package. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 Unmarried. 15 L.R.A. 292. 
 Unoccupied. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 517. 
 Until. 49 L.R.A. 202. 
 Urban lands. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 697. 
 Usual place of abode. 21 L.R.A. (N.S. 
 Vacant. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 517. 
 "Valuable consideration." 2 L.R.A. 530.* 
 Vein. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 821. 
 Verdict, general and special. 6 L.R.A. 573. 
 Volenti rum fit injuria. 47 L.R,A. 162. 
 Wares. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 338. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date 
 
 1051. 
 
 344. 
 
 527; 1 L.R.A. 
 
 DEFINITIONS— cont'd 
 Water course. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 756. 
 Ways. 57 L.R.A. 820. 
 Weapons. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1174 
 Widow. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816. 
 Wife. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816. 
 Will. 10 L.R.A. 93.* 
 Withdrawal. 35 L.R.A. 289. 
 Within. 49 L.R.A. 202. 
 Without having been married. 15 L R A 
 
 292. ' ' 
 
 Workmen. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 Work of necessity. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 Works. 57 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 320. 
 
 DEFL/ECTION. 
 
 Of water, see Waters, § 53. 
 
 DEGREES OF HOMICIDE. 
 
 See Homicide, §§ 31-34. 
 
 DEGREES OF INSANITY. 
 
 Of insanity of insured. 35 L.R.A. 259. 
 Degree of insanity induced by intoxication 
 
 which will excuse crime. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 480. 
 
 DEGREES OF KINSHIP. 
 
 See Next op Kin. 
 
 DE JURE OFFICE. 
 
 See Officers, §§ 37, 43, 44. 
 
 DELAY. 
 
 In 
 
 Of 
 
 presenting commercial paper for pay- 
 ment, see Bills aNd Notes, §§ 52, 53; 
 Checks, § 11. 
 
 carrier in transportation of goods, see 
 Carkiers, § 121. 
 
 In unloading cars, see Carriers, § 141. 
 
 .-\s ground for discharge of accused, sen 
 Criminal Law. § 45. 
 
 ]':i^toppel by, spp Estoppel, §§ 18-26. 
 
 In serving notice and proofs of loss, si>p 
 Insurance, § 146. 
 
 Bar of action by, see Limitation of Ac 
 TIONS, §§ 6-12. 
 
 Penalty for delay in payment, see Pay- 
 ment, § 3. 
 
 In recording instrument, see Records .wn 
 Recording Laws, § 23. 
 
 In probating will, effect, see Wills, § 51. 
 
414 
 
 INDEX TO L.B.A. NOTES. 
 
 DELAY— cont'd 
 
 Delay in giving notice of claim under em- 
 ployer's indemnity policy. 38 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 62. 
 
 Delay by pureliaser in securing substitute 
 as affecting his damages for Tendor't 
 failure to deliver. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 192. 
 
 Effect of delay in passing on application 
 for insurance. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1211. 
 
 Liability of insurance company for negligent 
 delay in passing upon or issuing policy 
 until after loss. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 
 Delay in paying instalments as excusing 
 building contractor's delay in complet- 
 ing contract. 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1223. 
 
 Right of public service corporation to exact 
 charge in addition to maximum rental 
 fixed by public for delay in payment. 
 31 L."R.A.(N.S.) 329. 
 
 As ground for admitting to bail in capital 
 case. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 768. 
 
 As ground for discharge of accused. 56 
 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 DELEGATION. 
 
 Of power, see Delegation of Poweb. 
 Of master's dutv, see Master and Servant, 
 §§ 163-169a. 
 
 Right of debtor to delegate to another the 
 right to select exempt property. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 982. 
 
 Of municipal duty as to defects or obstruc- 
 tions in street. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 538. 
 
 DELEGATION OF POWEK. 
 
 1 n general, see CoNSTITTJTIO^■AL Law, §§ 11- 
 17; Municipal Corporations, § 18; 
 Taxes, § 5. 
 
 By municipality, see Municipal Corpoba- 
 TIONS, § 18. 
 
 As to taxation, see Taxes, § 5. 
 
 Delegation of power to exercise power of 
 appointment. 64 L.R.A. 910. 
 
 DELIBERATION. 
 
 Ab element of homicide, see Homicide, § 6. 
 
 DELIKIUM. 
 
 As affecting testamentary capacity. 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 
 27 
 
 DELIVERY. 
 
 DELIVERY— cont'd 
 
 Of goods by carrier, see Caeeibes, §§ ll3- 
 121. 
 
 Of chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mortgage, 
 § 3. 
 
 Of deed, see Deeds, §§ 6-8. 
 
 Of gift, see Gift, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 Of articles sold in instalments, see Instal- 
 ments,' § 2. 
 
 Of insurance policy, see Insurance, § 38. 
 
 Of pledged property, see Pledge and Col- 
 
 LATEEAL SECURITY, § 5. 
 
 Record as, see Records and Recording 
 
 Laws, § 25. 
 Of goods sold, see Sale, §§ 10-12, 14. 
 
 Necessity of, to entitle third party to sue 
 on contract for his benefit. 25 L.R.A. 
 265. 
 
 DELUSIONS. 
 
 Of commercial paper, see Bills and Notes, 
 
 § 17. 
 Of goods to carrier, see Cabeiebs, § 112. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question 
 
 See Criminal Law, §g 8, 9; Incompetent 
 Persons, § 3; Wills, § 10. 
 
 DEMAND. 
 
 § 1. Genera-lly. 
 
 As condition precedent to actions, see Ac- 
 tion OR Suit, § 9. 
 
 As a condition of trover, see Tboveb, § 7. 
 
 For possession of leased premises, see Land- 
 lord AND Tenant, § 94. 
 
 Necessity of, to set statute of limitations 
 i-unning. see Limitation of Actions, 
 §§ 21, 26, 32. 
 
 Making time of essence of contract bv. 15 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Banking customs as to demand and notice. 
 21 L.R.A. 441. 
 
 As a condition of mandamus to compel sur- 
 render of office. 31 L.R.A. 348. 
 
 Before sale of property by pledgee. 43 
 L.R.A. 750. 
 
 As a condition of recovery of goods by seller 
 in case of purchaser's fraud. 2 L.R.A. 
 155.* 
 
 Necessity of demand or request on cove- 
 nantor to defend, in order to bind him 
 by decree against grantee. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 732. 
 
 As a condition of right to reformation be- 
 cause of mistake of law as to effect of 
 instrument. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 913. 
 
 Denial of, on information and belief. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 778. 
 
 As condition precedent to equitable' remedies 
 
 of creditors. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 66. 
 
 Sufficiency of return. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 66. 
 Conclusiveness of. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 68. 
 Return on or before return day. 23 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 71. 
 Effect of collusion as to. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 74. 
 Demand before return. 23 L^R.A. 
 (N.S.) 74. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 41S 
 
 DEMAND— cont'd 
 
 For return of deposit at auction as a con- 
 dition of recovering interest. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 481. 
 
 When does statute of limitations begin to 
 run against an action on a contract 
 payable on demand. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 486. 
 
 § 2. For payment. 
 
 As condition of holding drawer or indorser 
 of negotiable paper, see Bills and 
 Notes, §§ 43-53. 
 
 Subsequent promise to pay by indorser as 
 admission of. 29 L.R.A. 307. 
 
 Of payment of alimony as condition of con- 
 tempt proceedings. 24 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 § 3. Of cotenant. 
 
 For repairs as a condition of liability of co- 
 tenants. 29 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 On cotenant for rents and profits. 28 L.K_A.. 
 850. 
 
 § 4. Insurance matters. 
 
 For paid-up policy. 15 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 For assessment on members of mutual flre 
 
 insurance company. 32 L.R.A. 502. 
 Sufficiency of demand that insured submit 
 
 to examination. 52 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 § 5. Corporate matters. 
 
 Bv stockholder for inspection of corporate 
 books. 20 L.R.A.{N.S.) 199. 
 
 Wlien demand on - stockholder for unpaid 
 balance of stock subscription should be 
 made. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 915. 
 
 § 6. Criminal matters. 
 
 Necessity of, before entering dwelling to 
 make arrest. 16 L.R.A. 502. 
 
 For trial as a condition of discharge for de- 
 lay in prosecution. 36 L.R.A. 538. 
 
 Mere demand that accused produce incrim- 
 inating document as violation of his 
 privilege. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1171. 
 
 DEMAND NOTES. 
 
 Maturity of, see Bills and Notes, § 55. 
 
 DEMONSTKATIVE EVIDENCE. 
 
 See Evidence, VI. 
 
 » « » 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE LEGACIES. 
 
 See Wills, §§ 122, 127, 128. 
 
 *-— 
 
 DEMURRAGE. 
 
 In general, see Cabbiees, § 141. 
 Provision as to, in charter party see Ship- 
 ping, § 18. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DEMURRER. 
 
 In general, see Pleading; § 41. - 
 Conclusiveness of judgment on, see .Ttjdo- 
 MENT, § 31. 
 
 DENIAIiS. 
 
 In pleading, see Pleading, §§ 3, 38. 
 
 Effect^of denial under oath to purge one of 
 criminal contempt. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1119. 
 
 DENTAL EXAMINERS. 
 
 Character and extent of relief by mandamus 
 against board of. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 528. 
 
 DENTISTS. 
 
 Judicial review of action in respect to li- 
 censes. 20 L.R.A. 355. 
 
 Validity of restrictive agreement, ancillary 
 to sale of practice as affected by terri- 
 torial scope. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 927. 
 
 Validity of contract restraining practice of 
 profession after expiration of term of 
 service with another. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 961. 
 
 Instigating illegal practice as a defense to 
 prosecution. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 954. 
 
 Determining character or standing of dental 
 college for purpose of license statutes, 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 735. 
 
 Right of unlicensed dentist to recover for 
 services rendered by licensed one. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 392. ^ 
 
 Practice of dentistry without license as a 
 continuing offense. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 768. 
 
 DENUNCIATION. 
 
 Of defendant by prosecuting attorney in ar- 
 gument as ground for reversal. 46 
 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 DEPARTMENTAL CONTROL. 
 
 Relation of employees in charge of depart- 
 ments to their subordinates. 51 L.R.A. 
 572. 
 
416 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 Relations between departments of govern- 
 ment, see CoNSTiTUTiosAL Law, §§ 11- 
 20; COTJBTS, §§ 14-18. 
 
 DEPARTMENT STORES. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 51. 
 
 Legal restrictions on. 48 L.E.A. 261. 
 
 Persons conducting departments as inde- 
 pendent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 470. 
 
 Duty of storekeeper toward customer as to 
 condition of premises. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 456. 
 
 DEPARTURE. 
 
 In pleading, see Pleading, § 40. 
 
 DEPENDENTS. 
 
 Who are within provisions of benefit certifi- 
 cates, see Insueanob, § 33. 
 
 DEPENDENT AGREEMENT. 
 
 As defense to promissory note. 43 L.R.A. 
 467. 
 
 < « » 
 
 DEPORTATION. 
 
 See Aliens, § 3. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 DEPOSIT. 
 
 In bank, see Banks, §§ 9-30. 
 
 By bidder for public contract. 26 L.E.A. 
 
 709. 
 Deposit by insurance company as subject of 
 
 taxation. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 226. 
 
 DEPOSITARY. 
 
 Power of public officers to make contract 
 as to, for a term of years, or so as to 
 bind their successors. 16 L.R.A. 257. 
 
 How far pledge is effectual when pledgeor's 
 agent is made depositary. 25 L.R.A. 
 577. 
 
 Liability of public officers for loss of funds 
 by failure of bank designated as de- 
 pository. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 
 DEPOSITARY— cont'd 
 
 Liability of sureties on bond of bank as de- 
 pository of public funds as affected by 
 acquiescence or connivance of public of- 
 ficials in misuse of the funds. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 865. 
 
 DEPOSITION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Power of consul to take depositions. 45 
 
 L.R.A.' 499. 
 Of subscribing witness. 35 L.R.A. 340. 
 Privilege as to statements in. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 837. 
 Power of magistrate to punish for refusal 
 
 to give testimony under commission to 
 
 take. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1142. 
 Waiver by cross-examination of objection to 
 
 competency of witness whose testimony 
 
 is taken by deposition. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 107. 
 
 § 2. Jurisdiction of equity to entertain 
 bill to perpetuate testimony. 
 
 General nature of the remedy. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 673. 
 Impossibility of immediate judicial inves- 
 tigation. 25 L.R.A.(N:S.) 675. 
 Necessity for the preservation of the testi- 
 mony. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 677. 
 Necessity and extent of parties' interest in 
 the subject-matter. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 677. 
 Character of the subject-matter of tlie tes- 
 timony. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 678. 
 Procedure, pleadings. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 679. 
 Amended or supplemental pleadings. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 680. 
 Practice in general. 25 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 680. 
 Publication and admission as evidence 
 of the depositions. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 681. ■ 
 Costs. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 681. 
 
 § 3. Use of as evidence. 
 
 Defined; rejection of, as evidence. 13 L.R.A. 
 366.* 
 
 Use of, before grand jury. 28 L.E.A. 319. 
 
 Admissibility, after death of adversary, of 
 deposition of party taken before for- 
 mer's death and relating to a personal 
 transaction with him. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 488. 
 
 DEPOSITORY. 
 
 See DErosiTABY. 
 
 DEPOSIT TICKET. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 By bank. 17 L.R.A. 580. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 417 
 
 DEPOT. 
 
 Duty of carrier to passenger in relation to, 
 see Carkieks, §§ 45, 46, 48, 70, 71, 94. 
 
 Governmental regulations concerning, see 
 Caeeiees, §§ 161, 162. 
 
 Contracts in relation to, see Railroads, § 
 27. 
 
 Taking land for. 9 L.R.A. 295.* 
 
 Right to use railroad right of way for, as 
 
 against owner of fee. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 516. 
 Formation of union depots. 13 L.R.A. 415.* 
 Supervising employees in, as vice principals. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 552, 581. 
 Work in, as railroad hazard within statutt 
 
 changing fellow servant rule. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 482. 
 
 DEPOT COMPx\NY. 
 
 Exercise of power of eminent domain by. 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 
 Liability of railway company for injury ti/ 
 its servants by negligence of union de- 
 pot employees. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1196. 
 
 DEPOT GROUNDS. 
 
 What are, within meaning of fence laws. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 203. 
 
 DEPRECIATION. 
 
 Implied warranty against depreciation ol 
 
 property bought. 22 L.R.A. 193. 
 Allowance for depreciation in plant in fi.x- 
 
 ing rates of public service corporations. 
 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1209. 
 Right to damages for, in action on replevin 
 
 bond. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 371. 
 
 DEPUTY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of municipal officer, see Municipal CoRro- 
 RATIONS, § 114. 
 
 Certification of copies of records by, for use 
 in other state. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 957. 
 
 Condition against taking effect of bond of, 
 until signed by others. 45 L.R.A. 336. 
 
 Effect against surety on bond of deputy, 
 of judgment against him. 52 L.R.A. 
 184'. 
 
 Implied power of municipality to create of- 
 fice of deputy or assistant to incumbent 
 of an office expressly authorized. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 660. 
 
 Change of salary of deputy as violation of 
 constitutional provision against change 
 of salary of public officer during term 
 of office. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 388, 
 
 DEPUTY— cont'd 
 
 Master's liability to servant for injury due 
 to negligence of deputy superintend- 
 ents. 58 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 grand jury by. 28 L.R.A. 370. 
 
 § 2. Deputy sheriff.s, marshals, con- 
 stables, etc. 
 
 Deputy marshals and sherifl's as public of- 
 ficers. 17 L.R.A. 245. 
 
 When sheriff may act by. 3 L.R.A. 440." 
 
 Infant as deputy sheriff. 13 L.R.A. 721.* 
 
 In whose name acts by deputy sheriff should 
 be performed. 19 L.R.A. 177; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 877. 
 
 Right of deputy sheriffs to make bids on 
 sales conducted by them. 20 L.R.A. 
 505. 
 
 Execution of bond of deputy sheriff on con- 
 dition that others shall sign. 45 L.R.A. 
 336. 
 
 Principal's liability for homicide by deputy. 
 67 L.R.A. 312. 
 
 Liability of sureties on bond of peace officer 
 for death of person due to act or de- 
 fault of one of his deputies. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 758. 
 
 Liability of sheriff, marshal, or constable 
 for his deputy's tort in making arrest. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1019. 
 
 § 3. Dejiuty collector. 
 
 Power of deputy collector to affi.^ omitted 
 stamp on instrument. 48 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 § 4. Woman as. 
 
 Right of woman to be. 38 L.R.A. 210. 
 Competency as deputy clerks. 13 L.R.A. 
 721; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 532. 
 
 § 5. In whose name acts by deputy 
 officers to be performed. 
 
 See Officers, § 30. 
 
 DERAILMENT. 
 
 Injury to passenger by, see Cabriees, § 50. 
 
 Homicide by. 63 L.R.A. 378. 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 
 passenger by. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 606; 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 811. 
 Leaving switch unlocked as proximate cause 
 
 of derailment of train resulting from 
 
 throwing of switch by stranger. .11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 738. 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 
 C8 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 DERELICT. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 27 
 
 Ownership of. 18 L.R.A. 695. 
 
418 
 
 INDEX TO L,R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DERMATOLOGY. 
 
 Application of statute regulating practice 
 of medicine to persons giving special 
 kinds of treatment. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 762; 
 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1297. 
 
 DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Right to inherit, §§ 2-8. 
 III. Property subject to, § 9. 
 IT. Xdture and incidents of interest of 
 heir or distrihutee, §§ 10-13. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Advancement to children, see Advancement. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 34. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 53. 
 
 Conversion of realty into personalty and 
 vice versa, see Equitable Conversion; 
 Wills, §§ 116-118. 
 
 As to distribution of decedent's estate gen- 
 erally, see Executors and Adminis- 
 trators, §§ 47-49. 
 
 As to inheritance taxes, see Taxes, VI. 
 
 As to devise or bequest of property, see 
 Wills, V. 
 
 Disinheriting heir, see Wills, § 68. 
 
 Statute of Merton. 13 L.R.A. 277.* 
 Distribution of estate per stirpes. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 306.* 
 When title vests in state. 12 L.R.A. 531.* 
 Effect of conveyance and reconveyance of 
 estate acquired by inheritance upon its 
 course of descent. 39 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 955. 
 Right to probate will after distribution of 
 property as intestate. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 89. 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction of local statute of de- 
 scent and distribution. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 429. 
 
 II. Bight to inherit. 
 
 § 2. Generally. , 
 
 Rights as to homestead, see Homestead, 
 
 §§ 17-20. 
 Eights of child in parents' homestead, see 
 
 Homestead, §§ 19, 20. 
 
 Who are. 15 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 Illegitimates. 15 L.R.A. 301. 
 
 Half blood. 15 L.R.A. 301. 
 
 Civil-law rule. 15 L.R.A. 301. 
 
 Degrees of kinship. 15 L.R.A. 302. 
 
 Husband. 15 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 Wife. 15 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 15 L.R.A. 304. 
 The word "heirs" construed and defined. 
 8 L.E.A. 732,* 747;* 12 L.R.A. 
 721;* 13 L.R.A. 46.* 
 
 Begin with this T>oole on every law question. 
 
 DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION, II. — 
 cont'd 
 
 ■Within meaning of insurance policy. 
 30 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 "Heir apparent" defined. 5 L.R.A. 122.* 
 
 "Heir presumptive" defined. 5 L.E.A. 122.* 
 
 Father as sole next of kin of unmarried 
 child, to exclusion of mother. 1 B. R. 
 C. 566. 
 
 Eight to rents on lease of intestate's prop- 
 erty. 40 L.E.A. 321. 
 
 To whom property held in trust passes on 
 death of trustee, 1 L.R.A. 334.' 
 
 Respective rights of surviving partner and 
 heirs of deceased partner. 7 L.R.A. 
 793.* 
 
 Rights of heirs in partnership real estate. 
 27 L.R.A. 348. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of relative of 
 claimant upon issue of his relationship 
 or heirship to decedent. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 530. 
 
 Is the right to take property by inheritance 
 a natural or statutory right. 9 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 121. 
 
 Are the "heirs" who take under a possibili- 
 ty of reverter determined as of the time 
 of the ancestor's death, or as of the 
 time of the termination of the fee. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 
 Eight of persons claiming through deceased 
 relative to participate with those stand- 
 ing in equal degree of relationship with 
 such relative, in provision for "next of 
 kin" etc. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 479. 
 
 § 3. Among kindred of half blood. 
 
 Relatives of half blood as next of ki». ll> 
 
 L.R.A. 301. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. 541; 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 603. 
 The common-law doctrine. 29 L.R.A. 541. 
 In the United States. 29 L.E.A. 542. 
 Meaning of the words. 29 L.R.A. 542. 
 
 In general. 29 L.E.A. 542. 
 
 Ancestor. 29 L.E.A. 542. 
 
 Blood. 29 L.E.A. 544. 
 
 Brothers and sisters. 29 L.E.A. 544. 
 No distinction between the whole and half 
 
 blood. 29 L.E.A. 546. 
 In the case of ancestral estates. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 552. 
 When the statute not express. 29 L.E.A. 
 
 561. 
 Cases wherein the whole blood is preferred. 
 
 29 L.E.A. 561. 
 When half blood preferred to remoter rela- 
 tive of the whole blood. 29 L.E.A. 564. 
 When half blood take half portions. 29 
 
 B.R.A. 565. 
 Shifting descents. 29 L.E.A. 566. 
 Equitable conversion. 29 L.R.A. 567. 
 
 § 4. By, through, or from, alien. 
 
 Alien's right to inherit. 31 L.E.A. 177. 
 The common-law doctrine. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 177. 
 Upon what the right depends. 31 L.E.A. 
 
 179. 
 Power of the states to regulate. 31 
 
 L.E.A. 179. 
 In lands granted for military services 
 
 and colonization. 31 L.R.A. 180. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 419 
 
 DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION, II. — 
 
 cont'd 
 
 Inheritance of patent lands. 31 L.R.A. 
 180. 
 
 Eflfect of annexation of territory or di- 
 vision of an empire. 31 L.R.A. 
 181. 
 
 The effect of naturalization. 31 L.R.A. 
 ISl. 
 
 Effect of marriage with an alien and re- 
 siding abroad. 31 L.R.A. 182. 
 Effect of state Constitutions and statutes 
 upon the question of inheritance by 
 or from an alien. 31 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 United States statutes. 31 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 State Constitutions and statutes and 
 their construction. 31 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 Decisions under the English statutes. 
 31 L.R.A. 106. 
 Effect of state Constitutions and statutes 
 
 upon inheritance by or from an alien. 
 
 31 L.R.A. 85. 
 Effect of treaties upon an alien's right to 
 inherit. 32 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 General doctrine respecting treaties. 32 
 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Great Britain. 32 L.R.A. 179. 
 
 France. 32 L.R.A. 183. 
 
 Bremen. 32 L.R.A. 185. 
 
 Germany. 32 L.E.A. 185. 
 
 Grand Duchy of Hesse. 32 L.R.A. 185. 
 
 Guadalupe Hidalgo. 32 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 Hanover 32 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 Hanseatic. 32 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 The Netherlands. 32 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 Spain. 32 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 Sweden. 32 L.R.A. 187. 
 
 Prussia. 32 L.R.A. 187. 
 
 Switzerland. 32 L.R.A. 187. 
 
 Wurttemberg. 32 L.R.A. 189. 
 Effect of state statutes and Constitutions 
 upon inheritance through an alien. 
 31 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 The English doctrine. 31 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 The effect of state legislation. 31 
 L.R.A. 147. 
 Tracing descent through alien. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 108. 
 
 § 5. By, through, or from, Illegitimate. 
 
 On the part of the mother. 23 L.R.A. 753. 
 
 Marriages null. 23 L.R.A. 753. 
 
 Legalizing illegitimate by statute and recog- 
 nition. 23 L.R.A. 754. 
 
 Inheritance by illegitimate from his mother. 
 23 L.R.A. 754. 
 
 Inheritance by illegitimate under will. 23 
 L.R.A. 754. 
 
 Inheritance by illegitimates from brothers 
 and sisters. 23 L.R.A. 755. 
 
 Inheritance by illegitimates through mother 
 or father. 23 L.R.A. 756. 
 
 Inheritance by brothers and sisters of moth- 
 er or father of illegitimate. 23 L.R.A. 
 7.56. 
 
 Inheritance by mother from an illegitimate 
 child. 23 L.R.A. 757. 
 
 Inheritance through illegitimate. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 Inheritance by widow or husband of illegiti- 
 mate. 23 L.R.A. 757. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION, II. ^ 
 cont'd 
 
 Inheritance by legitimate children from il- 
 legitimate children of the same mother. 
 23 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Illegitimates as next of kin. 15 L.R.A. 301. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to legitimacy of distribu- 
 tee. 65 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Rights of lineal descendents of illegitimate 
 to inherit through him. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 220. 
 
 § 6. Effect of adoption. 
 
 Right of adopted children to share in dis- 
 tribution of estate. 8 L.R.A. 747.* 
 Inheritance by or from adopted child. 17 
 L.R.A. 435. 
 Law governing. 65 L.R.A. 186. 
 Right of adopted child to inherit property 
 from a relative of its adoptive parent. 
 17 L.R.A. 435; 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117; 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 139. 
 Right of child adopted in other state to 
 take under local statute of descent or 
 distribution. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 679; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1285. 
 Power to give child under existing adoption 
 right to inherit from parent or parent's 
 relatives. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 216'. 
 Do terms "child," "children," "issue," etc., 
 in statutes governing distribution 
 of decedent's estate include adopt- 
 ed children. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.)_914. 
 As affecting right of surviving widow. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 915. 
 As effecting revocation of will. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 916, 
 As determining right of adopted child 
 
 to inherit. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 917. 
 As affecting inheritance tax. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 919. 
 
 § 7. Rights of husband and wife. 
 Statutory allowance of widow, see ExECU- 
 TOBS AND Administrators, §§ 55, 55a. 
 Rights in homestead, see Homestead, § 18. 
 
 Effect upon right to inherit, of marriage 
 with an alien and residing abroad. 31 
 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 Wife as next of kin of husband. 15 L.R.A. 
 303. 
 
 Husband as next of kin of wife. 15 L.R.A. 
 303. 
 
 Inheritance by widow or husband of illegiti- 
 mate. 23 L.R.A. 757. 
 
 Alimony as wife's distributive share. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 239. 
 
 Gift to one spouse by parent of the other 
 as an advancement. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1050. 
 
 Widow's right to proceeds of insurance on 
 deceased husband's life, payable to him- 
 self or his executors or administrators. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 964. 
 
 Effect of statute making wife an heir of 
 husband upon rule that marriage alone, 
 without birth of issue, does not revoke 
 a man's will. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 182. 
 
 Widow as heir. 30 L.R.A. 595. 
 
 Effect of statute making husband an heir 
 of wife on rule that marriage alone 
 without birth of issue will not revoke 
 a woman's will. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1021. 
 
420 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION, II. — 
 cont'd 
 
 garnishment of husband's interest in wife's 
 legacy or distributive share. 47 L.R.A. 
 360. 
 
 Effect of terms "child," "children," "issue," 
 etc., in statutes governing distribution 
 of decedent's estate on right of surviv- 
 ing widow. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 915. 
 
 § 8. Descent to murderer. 
 
 Descent to murderer. 5 L.R.A. 344.* 
 Homicide as affecting devolution of prop- 
 erty. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 726; 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1088. 
 The public-policy doctrine generally. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 726. 
 As applied to transfers by devise 
 or operation of common-law 
 rules, 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 726. 
 As applied to life insurance. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 727. 
 Exception in case of transfer under 
 positive statutory provisions. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72'9. 
 Effect of homicide, upon liability under poli- 
 cy of life insurance. 6 L.R.A. 495.* 
 Effect of homicide on right to probate will 
 of'faet that legatee is murderer of tes- 
 tator. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 967. 
 
 III. Property subject to. 
 
 § 9. Generall.y. 
 
 Descent of rights in homestead, see Home- 
 stead, §§ 17-20. 
 
 Fixtures as between personal representatives 
 and heirs. 10 L.R.A. 725.* 
 
 Heating apparatus as part of realty where 
 rights of heir are involved. 1 B. R. C. 
 982. 
 
 Descent of unpatented mining claim. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 919. 
 
 Is surplus realised on foreclosure sale of 
 real estate after mortgagor's death to 
 be deemed real or personal property. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 723. 
 
 Does the grantor's right to rescind for 
 breach of condition as to support de- 
 scend to his heirs or representatives. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 232. 
 
 Devolution of vendee's interest under con- 
 tract for the purchase of real prop- 
 erty. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.)' 446. 
 From the deceased vendee. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 447. 
 From the heir. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 450. 
 
 IT. Nature and insidents of interest of 
 heir or distributee. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Sale of expectancy by prospective heir, see 
 Expectancy. 
 
 Remedy of distributee as to accounting of 
 which he had no notice and on which 
 he did not appear. 63 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 Right to have judgment against decedent set 
 aside. 54 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 Right of next of kin to maintain action in 
 interest of estate. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 454. 
 
 DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION, IV. — 
 cont'd 
 
 Conveyance by heirs of land held adversely. 
 35_L.R.A.(N.S.) 748. 
 
 Right of one claiming through heir of devi- 
 see to protection against unrecorded 
 conveyance by ancestor or his personal 
 representative. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 328. 
 
 Right of devisee or heir to completion of 
 improvements at the expense of the 
 estate. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 303. 
 
 Indebtedness of heir to estate as set-off 
 against distributive share of proceeds 
 ' of real estate. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 Right of devisee of encumbered property to 
 exoneration at expense of legatee. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 
 § 11. Impressing share of heir with 
 trust. 
 
 Impressing share of heir, devisee or legatee 
 with constructive trust because of his 
 fraud in frustrating decedent's inten- 
 tion to give the property to a third 
 person. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698; 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 176. 
 
 May a constructive trust be based upon an 
 undertaking to hold, for the benefit of 
 another, property received through de- 
 vise or inheritance, where no actual tes- 
 tamentary intention has been frustrat- 
 ed. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 996. 
 
 § 12. Liability of heirs for obligations 
 of ancestor. 
 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. 89. 
 
 Liability on covenant or specialty debt. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 90. 
 Remedy in equity. 21 L.R.A. 91. 
 Conditions of suits against heirs. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 92. 
 Pleading and proof. 21 L.R.A. 92. 
 Parties. 21 L.R.A. 93. 
 Judgment. 21 L.R.A. 94. 
 In Louisiana. 21 L.R.A. 94. 
 Levy on' interest of heir in ancestor's land. 
 
 23 L.R.A. 643. 
 Liability of heirs of devisee for legacy 
 
 charged on devise. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 818. 
 Upon whom does the liability of an heir or 
 devisee for his decedent's debts de- 
 volve at his own death. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 689. 
 
 Liability of personal representative. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 690. 
 
 § 13. — garnishment of interest. 
 
 Garnishment of husband's interest in wife's 
 legacy or distributive share. 47 L.R.A. 
 360. 
 
 Garnishment of distributive shares befoio 
 settlement. 59 L.R.A. 387. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of offense in bail bond, see Bail and Recoo- 
 
 NIZANCE, § 5. 
 
 In indictment, see Indictment, etc., § 6. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 42] 
 
 DESCRIPTION— cont'd 
 Of parties in process, see Writ and Peooess, 
 §§ 5, 6. 
 
 NTecessity and suflRciency of description of 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 309. 
 
 Particularity required in description of doc- 
 uments in subpoena duces tecum. 31 
 , L,R.A.(N.S.) 835. 
 
 J 
 § 2. Of parties. 
 
 In deed, see Deeds, § 18. 
 Mistake in name in writ or process, see Writ 
 AKD Process, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 Of parties in writ of error or appeal to Fed- 
 eral Supreme Court. 66 L.R.A. 839, 
 
 843. 
 
 § 3. or property. 
 
 Of mortgaged chattels, see Chattel Mort- 
 gage, § 7. 
 
 In deed, see Deeds, § 20. 
 
 In mortgage on land, see Mortgage, § 19. 
 
 Of property devised or bequeathed, see 
 Wilis, "§§ 66, 67. 
 
 Correction of mistake as to, in will, see 
 Wills, § 67. 
 
 Parol evidence to correct description of 
 land, see Evidence, § 178. 
 
 Implied warranty of quality in sales by, see 
 Sales, § 35. 
 
 Warranty on sale of goods by sample and de- 
 scription. 70 L.R.A. 663. 
 
 Effect of sale with description of particular 
 kind or quality. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 258. 
 
 § 4. —of land. 
 
 Sufficiency of, to satisfy statute of frauds, 
 see CoNTEACTS, § 51. 
 
 Erroneous description of property in convey- 
 ance as affecting marketability of title. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 22. 
 
 Lapse of time as curing defective or errone- 
 ous description of property conveyed. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 Tax deed as color of title where description 
 of land is indefinite. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 772. 
 
 Of mining claim. 7 L.R.A. (K.S.) 836. 
 
 Sufficiency of, to pass title to thread of 
 stream. 42 L.R.A. 505. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE WORD. 
 
 As trademark, see Trademark, §§ 2, 2a. 
 Ag tradename, see Tradename, § 2. 
 
 DESECRATION. 
 
 Statutes acninat desecration of flag. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1079. 
 Cmifwlf also l.H.A. Vigests to date. 
 
 DESERTION. 
 
 Of husband or wife, see Divorce and Sep- 
 aration, § 24; Husband and Wife, §§ 
 70, 71. 
 
 See also Abandonment. 
 
 Right of minor unlawfully enlisted in Army 
 or Navy to discharge on habeas corpus 
 from custody of court-martial under 
 charge of. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 
 Jurisdiction of consul over deserting sea- 
 men. 45 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 DESIGN, 
 
 Eight to protection against use by rival of 
 similar design not protected by patent. 
 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 269; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 259. 
 
 DESTRUCTION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of deeds, see Deeds, § 33. 
 Presumption against one destroying evi- 
 dence, see Evidence, § 56. 
 
 Of political party by primary election laws. 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1137. ' 
 
 Effect of destruction of registry lists. 28 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 989. 
 Of record of deed or mortgage as affecting 
 
 constructive notice imparted thereby. 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 
 Eight to destroy wharf rights in navigable 
 waters for public purpose without com- 
 pensation. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 423. 
 
 § 2. Of property. 
 
 Measure of damages for destruction of prop- 
 erty, see Damages, §§ 68, 74, 75. 
 
 Of property in possession of bailee, see Bail- 
 ment, §§ 5-10. 
 
 Of buildings, see Buildings, §§ 6, 8. 
 
 Effect of, on building or construction con- 
 tract, see Contracts, § 135. 
 
 Of intoxicating liquor, see Intoxicating 
 Liquors, § 34. 
 
 Municipal liability' for destruction of prop- 
 erty, see Municipal Corporations, §5 
 74, 75. 
 
 Right to compensation for property de- 
 stroyed in abating nuisance, see Nui- 
 sances, § 23. 
 
 Of party wall, see Party Wall, § 3. 
 
 Of patent, see Patents, § 2. 
 
 Of cargo of vessel, see Shipping, § 3. 
 
 Liability for rents after destruction of prem- 
 ises,' see Landlord and Tenant, § 84. 
 
 By mob, see Mobs and Riots. 
 
 Of property sold before ascertainment of 
 price, see Sales, § 12a. 
 
 Liability of water company for destruction 
 of property by fire, see Waters, § 119. 
 
 Loss of property generally, see Loss. 
 
 By fire; who must bear. 13 L.R.A. 475.' 
 
422 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 DESTEUCTJON-iCont'd 
 
 Innkeeper's liability for destruction of com- 
 mercial traveler's samples. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 350. 
 
 Effect of strikes on carrier's liability for 
 destruction of property. 35 L.E.A. 623. 
 
 Of structure as a nuisance, 38 L.R.A. 166. 
 
 Right to waive tort and sue on implied con- 
 tract where property is negligently de- 
 stroyed. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 230. 
 
 Civil liability of insane person for. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 84. 
 
 § 3. — leased property. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of tenant on destruc- 
 tion of leased building. 22 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 Destruction of premises as affecting rent 
 paid or payable in advance. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 540. 
 
 Aiter execution of assignment of leasehold 
 but before possession of premises given 
 thereunder. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 609. 
 
 g 4. Of will. 
 
 Revocation of will by, see Wills, 
 
 39, 40. 
 
 Evidence to establish destroyed wills. 
 L.R.A. 433. 
 
 38 
 
 DETECTING CRIME. 
 
 Validity of contract for. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 847. 
 
 DETINUE. 
 
 DETECTIVE. 
 
 Liability for acts of servant employed as, see 
 Master and Seevant, § 22. 
 
 As public officer. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 
 Power of municipality to employ private de- 
 tectives. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence of communications 
 to. 67 'L.R.A. 923. 
 
 Voluntariness of confessions to. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 853. 
 
 DETENTION. 
 
 Measure of damages for detention of person- 
 alty, see Damages, III. m. 
 
 Measure of damages for detention of real 
 property, see Damages, III. n. 
 
 Liability of officer for detention of person 
 improperly arrested. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 73. 
 
 DETERMINABLE FEE. 
 
 Nature and creation. 15 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 Right of curtesy in. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 858. 
 
 Right to compensation in eminent domain 
 of grantor in convevance of determina- 
 ble fee. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1063. 
 
 See Replevin. 
 
 DEVASTAVIT. 
 
 Action for, against administrator de homa 
 non. 40 L.R.A. 72, 73. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT WORK. 
 
 On mining claim, see Mines, §§ 16, 25. 
 
 •-*♦ 
 
 DEVESTITURE OF ESTATES. 
 
 Of persons not in being, see Aftehboe!? 
 
 Childben, § 3. 
 Constitutionality of, see Constitutional 
 
 Law, § 54a. 
 
 DEVIATION. 
 
 By carrier, see Carriers, § 103. 
 
 By hirer of t«am. 26 L.R.A. 367. 
 
 Effect of, on privilege of nonresident witness 
 from suit. 25 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Right of person deviating from used part of 
 street to recover for injury by defect or 
 obstruction therein. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 753. 
 
 Abandonment or loss of private way by de- 
 viation therefrom. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 883. 
 
 DEVISE. 
 
 See Wills, V. 
 
 DEVISEES. 
 
 In general, see Wills, V. 
 
 As real party in interest by whom action 
 must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 611. 
 
 Assessment on decedent's estate against. 56 
 L.R.A. 645. 
 
 Payment of interest by devisee of property 
 covered by mortgage, as keeping debt 
 alive against whole estate. 2 B. R. C. 
 293. 
 
 On whom does liability of devisee for dece- 
 dent's debts devolve at his own death. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 689. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 DEVOLUTION OF PROPERTY. 
 
 See Descent and Distribution. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 423 
 
 DIAGNOSIS. 
 
 Liability of physician or surgeon for failure 
 to diagnose fracture or dislocation. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 136. 
 
 DICTA. 
 
 Conclusiveness of prior decisions on appeal 
 as to eflFect of. 34 L.E.A. 344. 
 
 DIET. 
 
 Application of statute regulating practice 
 of medicine to persona giving special 
 kinds of treatment. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 762; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1297. 
 
 DILIGENCE. 
 
 IlM- 
 
 As to laches, see Estoppel, §§ 18-26; 
 
 ITAWON OF Actions, §§ 6-12. 
 As to negligence, see Negligence. 
 
 Presumption of, in presentation and notice 
 
 of dishonor of commercial paper. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 305. 
 What diligence required of one to whom 
 
 false statement is made. 37 L.R.A. 601. 
 In discovery of evidence for vifhich bill of 
 
 review is sought. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1039. 
 
 DIP. 
 
 Right to follow beyond surface lines of mine. 
 53 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 DIPLOMA. 
 
 To physician or surgeon, see Phtsician and 
 Stxegeon, § 11. 
 
 Mandamus to compel issuance of. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 See Consul. 
 
 DIPLOMATIC FUNCTIONS. 
 
 Power of consul to exercise. 45 L.R.A. 497. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DIRECT COMMAND. 
 
 Obedience of, by servant, see Master and 
 Sebvant, §§ 4, 70, 117, 126, 127. 
 
 DIRECT CONVEYANCE. 
 
 By wife to husband, validity. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 844. 
 
 < » » 
 
 DIRECTION OF VERDICT. 
 
 See Tbial, §§ 56-59. 
 
 ♦->-♦ 
 
 DIRECTNESS. 
 
 Of special verdict. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 DIRECTORS. 
 
 Of bank, see Banks, §§ 6-8a. 
 Of corporation generally, see Cobpobations, 
 VI. 
 
 DIRECTORY. 
 
 Telegraph company's duty as to discovering 
 unknown sendee whose name is in di- 
 rectory. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 764. 
 
 DIRECTORY STATUTES. 
 
 See Statutes, § 24. 
 
 * • » 
 
 DISABILITY. 
 
 § 1. In general. 
 
 Persons under, see Aliens; Guardian and 
 Waed; Husband and Wife; Incompe- 
 tent Peesons; Infants. 
 
 Effect of, on running of limitations, see Lim- 
 itations OF Actions, § 47. 
 
 Effect of delay in probating will where devi- 
 sees are under disability. 57 L.R.A. 
 257. 
 
 Effect of partition deed by person under dis- 
 ability. 57 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 Effect of disability of one of makers of re- 
 plevin bond which has served its pur- 
 pose. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 752., 
 
 § 2. Physical disability. 
 
 Duty of carrier in case of, see Carkieks, §§ 
 
 39, 40. 
 Of insured, see Insueance, § 178. 
 Servant's right to compensation on failure 
 
 to complete performance because of, see 
 
 Master and Servant, § 26. 
 
424 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DISiiBILITY— cont'd 
 
 Care due to disabled person when no con- 
 tract relation exists. 69 L.E.A. 513. 
 
 As excuse for failure to give notice of inju- 
 ry required as a condition of municipal 
 liability. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 
 DISABLED PERSONS. 
 
 Carrier's duty as to, see Caebiees, §§ 39, 40. 
 
 DISAFFIRMANCE. 
 
 Of antenuptial contract, see Husband and 
 
 WiTE, § 58. 
 Of contract by infant, see Infants, §§ 21- 
 
 23. 
 
 Of policy on infant's life. 57 L.R.A. 504. 
 
 ♦-«-* 
 
 DISAGREEING JURT. 
 
 Coercion of, see Trial, § 72. 
 
 4>-*^4^ — 
 
 DISBARMENT. 
 Of attorney, see Attoenbys, §§ 4, 5. 
 
 DISBURSEMENT. 
 
 Maritime lien for. 70 L.E.A. 367, 383, 
 438. 
 
 Amount paid substitute for services dur- 
 ing incapacity of injured person as a 
 disbursement. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 738. 
 
 DISCHARGE. 
 
 From army or navy, see Army and Navy, 
 
 § 2. 
 In bankruptcy, see Eankeuptcy, §§ 32-36. 
 In insolvency, see Insolvency, § 16. 
 Of indorser,' see Bills and Notes, § 34. 
 Of chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mort- 
 gage, §§ 30, 31. 
 Of jury, see Criminal Law, § 63; Trial, 
 
 § 74. 
 Of guarantor, see Guaranty, § 9. 
 Of judgment, see Judgment, §§ 74-77. 
 Of iien, see Liens, §§ 18-20. 
 Of employee, see Master and Servant, §§ 
 
 40-46. 
 Of mechanics' lien, see MEfetiANios' Liens, 
 
 § 30. 
 Of mortgage, see Mortgage, §§ 52-60. 
 Of surety, see Principal and Surety, §§ 
 
 10-18. 
 Of school teacher, see Schools, § 16. 
 Grounds for discharge on habeas corpus, 
 
 see Habeas Corpus, § 6. 
 
 DISCHAEGE— cont'd 
 
 As evidence of want of probable cause for 
 prosecution, see Malicious Peosecu- 
 TION, § 7. 
 
 Liability for procuring discharge of em- 
 ployee, see Master and Servant, § 47. 
 
 As affecting justification in libel or slan- 
 der. 21 L.E.A. 503. 
 
 Termination of criminal prosecution by, 
 so as to support suit for malicious 
 prosecution. 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 933. 
 
 Eight to and proceedings for discharge aft- 
 er restoration to sanity of one con- 
 iined after acquittal of crime because 
 of insanity. 1 L.E.A(N.S.) 547. 
 
 DISCIPLINE. 
 
 Teacher's right to enforce, see Schools, §§ 
 20-22. 
 
 Conclusiveness of decisions of tribunals of 
 associations or corporations on ques- 
 tions of. 49 L.E.A. 354. 
 
 Master's liability for assault by superior 
 on inferior servant in way of disci- 
 pline. 8 L.E.A.(N.S.) 798. 
 
 DISCLOSURE. 
 
 Promoter's duty to make disclosure to cor- 
 poration. 18 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1107. 
 
 Validity of agreement for disclosure of in- 
 formation. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 
 DISCONTINUANCE. 
 
 Of action or suit, see Dismissal and Dis- 
 continuance. 
 
 Of highway, see Highways, §§ 109-113. 
 
 Injunction against discontinuance of serv- 
 ice by corporation, see Injunction, § 
 35. 
 
 Enforcing payment for water by discon- 
 tinuing service, see Waters, § 117. 
 
 Eight of street railway company to dis- 
 continue line in absence of statutory or 
 contractual provision to eontrarv. 19 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 866. 
 
 Begin with this J)ook on every law question 
 
 DISCOUNT. 
 
 By bank, see Banks, § 37a. 
 Liability of stockholders on stock issued at 
 a discount, see Corporations, § 105. 
 
 For prompt payment of tax against nation- 
 al bank. 45 L.E.A. 756. 
 
 Eight of one paying invalid tax for purpose 
 of obtaining discount to recover amount 
 paid. 28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1045." 
 
 Effect of discounting note taken in pavment 
 of debt. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 41. " 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 425 
 
 MS COUNT— cont'd 
 
 Effect on negotiability of note of provision 
 for discount in event of payment before 
 maturity. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177. 
 
 DISCOVERED DANGER. 
 
 As 
 
 gen- 
 
 to doctrine of last clear chance 
 erally, see Negligence, §§ 50-52. 
 
 Duty of railroad company after discovering 
 
 ciiild in danger on track. 32 L.R.A° 
 
 (N.S.) 569. 
 Frightened horse on highway parallel with 
 
 railroad or a street railway. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 129. 
 
 DISCOVERTURE. 
 
 Effect of new promise after, see Husband 
 AXD Wife, § 19. 
 
 DISCOVERY AND INSPECTION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Discovery of mining claim, see Mines, § 14. 
 
 Discovery of mining claim. 7 L.K.A. (N.S.) 
 819. 
 
 Dutv of propertv owner to discover tre.s- 
 "passing child". 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 565. 
 
 Reports to corporation by agents as privi- 
 leged communications. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 325. 
 
 § 2. Bill of discovery generally. 
 
 Essentials to bill for discovery. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 223.* 
 Injunction on bill of discovery, to aid de- 
 fense. 32 L.R.A. 325. 
 Order to enter premises for examination. 
 
 31 L.R.A. 169. 
 As affected by constitutional provision 
 against self-crimination. 29 L.R.A. 
 811. 
 Right to discovery by bill where the stat- 
 utes provide for the examination 
 of the party before trial. 24 
 L.R.A. 183. 
 Practice in the United States Supreme 
 Court, and the circuit courts. 24 
 L.R.A. 189. 
 Under the English practice. 24 L.R.A. 
 191. 
 Right to compel publisher of libel to dis- 
 close source of information. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 636. 
 Conditions precedent to bill by creditors for 
 discovery of assets. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 120. 
 Personal liability of arbitrator to costs on. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 280. 
 
 § 3. Production or inspection of docu- 
 ments. 
 
 Right of party producing documents upon 
 notice, to use and control their use 
 as evidence. 15 L.R.A. 138. 
 Consult also L.K.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DISCOVERY AND INSPECTION— cont'd 
 
 Right to require production of books and 
 papers for inspection before trial, un- 
 der U. S. Rev. Stat. § 724 (U. S. Corap. 
 Stat. 1901, p. 583). 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 99. ' 
 
 Effect of calling for and inspecting docu- 
 ment to make it admissible in evidence. 
 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 552. 
 
 Power to compel the production of corpo- 
 rate books to aid in as-iessing holder 
 of stock of his estate. 8 L.R.A. (N.S ) 
 788. ^ ' 
 
 Refusal to produce books or papers in re- 
 sponse to subposna upon ground that 
 they contain private matter. 29 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 716. 
 
 Right to review order granting or denying 
 motion for inspection of books or pa- 
 pers apart from appeal from final iud<'- 
 ment. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 516. 
 
 Denial of relation of attorney as affecting 
 right to summary order on attorney to 
 produce papers. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207. 
 
 Loss or destruction of books, inventory, 
 etc., as excusing tlieir production as re- 
 quired by policy. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 337. 
 
 § 4. Inspection of books, papers, and 
 records generally. 
 
 Right to inspect books generally, see Books 
 § 3. . 
 
 Right to inspect corporate books, see Cok- 
 rORATIOKS, § 99. 
 
 Right of taxpayer to inspect books of mu- 
 nicipality, see Municipal Corpoka- 
 TIONS, § 2. 
 
 Right to inspect public records, see Reg-- 
 
 OEDS and RECOEDI^-G LAWS, § 2. 
 
 Right to inspect records of title, see Rec- 
 ords and Recording Laws, § 13. 
 
 Right of policy holder to inspect books of 
 insurance company. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 3089. 
 
 May right of partner to inspect books of 
 firm be delegated to an agent. 2 B. R. 
 C. 976. 
 
 Inspection as rendering admissible paper 
 or document called for in favor of pro- 
 ducer. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 553. 
 
 Right, for purposes of cross-examination, to 
 inspect paper used by witness to refresh 
 recollection. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 706. 
 
 § 5. Physical examination. 
 
 Inspection in court, see Evidence, VI. 
 
 To prove personal injuries. 3 L.R.A. 808.* 
 Power to compel plaintiff to submit to a 
 
 physical examination. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 466; 2S L.R.A. (N.S.) 463. 
 In civil suits, generally. 14 L.fl.A. 466 
 In suits for annulment of marriage. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 466. 
 Power to order examination before 
 
 trial. 14 L.R.A. 466. 
 Power to order examination at trial. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 467. 
 Manner of enforcing power and effect 
 
 of disobedience. 14 L.R.A. 469. 
 
426 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DISCOVERY AND INSPECTION— cont'd 
 
 Waiver of right to object to physical exam- 
 ination or exhibition of person. 2 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 386. 
 
 Right to compel public employee to submit 
 to physical examination to determine 
 fitness. 3.3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 
 When does a refusal of an order for physi- 
 cal examination amount to an abuse 
 of discretion. 15 L.R.A.{N.S.) 663. 
 
 Does authority for physical examination of 
 a plaintiff in an action for personal in- 
 juries include X-ray examination. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1071. 
 
 Measure of compensation to physician em- 
 ployed to examine and report on physi- 
 cal condition of one who contemplates 
 bringing action for personal injuries. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 
 § 0. Inspection to discovei* defects. 
 
 Carrier's duty as to inspecting cars, see 
 
 CAEEnSRS, § 137. 
 Master's duty of inspection, see Masteb 
 
 AND Seevant, §§ 98-102. 
 Inspection of chattels sold, see Sale, § 38. 
 
 Of passenger elevator. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 749. 
 
 Duty of gas company as to inspection of 
 existing equipment to prevent escape 
 or explosion of gas. 32 L.R.A. (N,S.) 
 810. 
 
 Street railway company's duty to inspect 
 track and street for defects. 52 L.R.A. 
 456. 
 
 Duty of municipality to inspect streets to 
 discover defects and obstructions. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725. 
 
 Permitting of unauthorized inspection by 
 carrier as a conversion. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1136. 
 
 Is fraudulent representation by vendor of 
 extent or proportion of land of particu- 
 lar kind included within tract sold, 
 actionable where purchaser inspects 
 the land. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 
 § 7. — of electric wires. 
 
 Duty of municipality to inspect electric 
 
 wires. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 475. 
 Duty to inspect electric wires over highway. 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1172. 
 Duty to inspect wires strung along highway. 
 
 1 B. R. C. 799. 
 
 § 8. — shipper's duty to inspect car. 
 
 Shipper's duty to inspect car. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1034. 
 
 Validity of provision in carrier's contract 
 imposing responsibility of inspecting 
 cars on shipper. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 
 § 9. — of grain or meat. 
 
 Delegation by legislature to railroad com- 
 mission of power as to inspection of 
 grain. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 
 Validity of state statute regulating inspec- 
 tion of meat which is subject of in- 
 terstate commerce. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 677. 
 
 DISCOVERY WORK. 
 
 In mine, see Mines, §§ 16, 25. 
 
 DISCREDITING. 
 
 Of witness, see Witnesses, §§ 42, 43. 
 
 «-»-♦ 
 
 DISCRETION. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-6. 
 II. Of court or judge, §< 
 
 7-11. 
 
 Begin wiUi this toolc on every law question. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 As to number of liquor licenses, see Intox- 
 icating LiQUOKS, § 13. 
 
 As to amount of license fees. 30 L.R.A. 
 439. 
 
 Validity of ordinance granting discretion 
 to officials. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940. 
 
 In choosing between bidders for public con- 
 tract. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 653. 
 
 Personal liability of highway oflicers in 
 matters of discretion. 22 L.RJi.. 827. 
 
 Character and extent of relief by mandamus 
 against oificer of, who has rendered a 
 decision on grounds not within his dis- 
 cretion. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 525. 
 
 Right of court to control discretion vested 
 by will in one person to determine 
 whether or when another is fit to re- 
 ceive a legacy or devise. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 421. 
 
 § 2. Of tFiistee. 
 
 Equitable control of discretion vested in 
 trustee. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 398. 
 
 Application of child's property to his sup- 
 port where trustees have discretion. 
 67 L.R.A. 734. 
 
 Of trustee in deed of trust to bring fore- 
 closure suit. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1006. 
 
 § 3. Of public prosecutor. 
 
 Scope of discretion of public prosecutor 
 with respect to institution of proceed- 
 ings in nature of quo warranto. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 
 § 4. Of military. 
 
 Of military when called to aid civil power, 
 65 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 § 5. Of legislature. 
 
 Of legislature to prescribe rules of appor- 
 .tionment of assessment for public im- 
 provements. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1158. 
 
 § 6. In eminent domain. 
 
 To take less than might be taken in con- 
 demnation proceedings. 26 L.R.A. 751. 
 
 As to necessity for acquisition of water 
 supply by right of eminent domain. 58 
 L.R.A. 249. 
 
lIvDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 427 
 
 inSCRETlON, I.— cont'd 
 
 Review of exercise of discretion as to 
 amount of land taken by eminent do- 
 main. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 943. 
 
 7/. Of couit or judge. 
 
 i 7. Generally. 
 
 Abuse of, see Appeal and Erbok, § 29. 
 
 Superintending control over discretion of 
 lower court. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 949. 
 
 In requiring bond from guardian. 33 
 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 As to extent of punisbment. 35 L.R.A. 563. 
 
 Discretion as to penalty as ground for ad- 
 mitting to bail in case of crime punish- 
 able by death. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 771. 
 
 As to submission of issue of insanity in 
 criminal case. 38 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 As to specific performance of contract for 
 sale of realty or personalty within 
 statute of frauds. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 687. 
 
 Limitation of time for argument of counsel 
 for accused as abuse of discretion. 25 
 L.R.A.(K.S.) 1027. 
 
 As to granting leave to file bill of review 
 for newlv discovered evidence. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.'S.) 1031. 
 
 When refusal of order for physical examin- 
 ation amounts to abuse of discretion. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 663. 
 
 As to person adjudged to pay cost of re- 
 ceivership where final judgment is 
 against party procuring receivership. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 418. 
 
 § 8. As to taking jurisdiction. 
 
 As to exercising equity jurisdiction over 
 suits affecting real property in another 
 state or country. 69 L.R.A. 678. 
 
 To decline jurisdiction over foreign corpo- 
 ration. 70 L.R.A. 538. 
 
 § 9. As to granting or refusing injunc- 
 tion. 
 
 To suspend injunction pending appeal. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 442. 
 
 As to granting of injunction against nui- 
 sance. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 884. 
 
 § 10. As to evidence or view. 
 
 As to use of photograph as evidence. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 805. 
 As to view by jury. 42 L.R.A. 372. 
 
 § 11. As to separation of jury. 
 
 As to permitting separation of jury in cap- 
 ital case. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 778. 
 
 -is to permitting separation of jury in crim- 
 inal cases other than capital after find- 
 ing but before rendition of verdict. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1005. 
 
 * '*■ 
 
 DISCRIMINATION . 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Unconstitutionality of, generally, see Con- 
 STiTUTioNAi. Law, VIII. b. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DISCRIMINATION— cont'd 
 
 Aa to granting liquor license, see Intoxi- 
 cating Liquoes, § 14. 
 
 In license fee, see License, §§ 46, 46a. 
 
 In annexation to, or extension of, city 
 boiindarics, see Municipal Corpoea- 
 
 TIONS, § 12. 
 
 Power of municipality as to, see Municipal 
 
 Corporations, § 17. 
 In municipal contract, see Municipal Coh- 
 
 roRATIONS, § 54. 
 Against colored children, see Schools, § 7. 
 In taxation, see Taxes, §§ 8-12, 39, 93, 94. 
 In telephone rates, see Telephones, § 6. 
 As to privileges to wharf, see Wharves, § 
 
 9. 
 
 In abatement of nuisance by municipality. 
 36 L.R.A. 608. 
 
 In requiring payment of compulsory pilot- 
 age fees. 39 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 In primary election laws. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 138. 
 
 By landlord as to persons who shall use 
 premises, as an eviction. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 637. 
 
 In interest rates. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 813. 
 
 Law determining validity of discrimination 
 between residents and nonresidents in 
 assignment for creditors or insolven'cy 
 or bankruptcy proceedings. 65 L.R.A. 
 354, 368. 
 
 § 2. By public service corporation. 
 
 Unconstitutionality of, generally, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, VIII. b. 
 
 By carrier, see Carriers, §§ 150-153, 159. 
 
 Between express companies, see Express 
 Companies, § 2. 
 
 By public service corporation by requiring 
 payment of rental in advance. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 315. 
 
 Right of water or light company to discrim- 
 inate between consumers as to rate. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 674. 
 
 In water rates. 61 L.R.A. 113. 
 
 DISEASE. 
 
 Of animals, see Animals, § 17. 
 
 Contagious diseases, see Contagious 
 Diseases. 
 
 Protection against, see Health, §§ 6-10. 
 
 Representations and warranties by insured 
 as to, see Insurance, §§ 93, 94, 96. 
 
 Municipal liability for spread of, see Mu- 
 nicipal Corporations, § 76. 
 
 Distinguished from accident. 30 L.R.A. 
 209. 
 
 As defense for breach of promise to marry. 
 15 L.R.A. 531. 
 
 Condonation of loathsome disease as de- 
 fense to action for divorce. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 729. 
 
 As affecting testamentary capacity. 27 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 30. 
 
 Effect of, to create irresistible impulse. 18 
 L.R.A. 228. 
 
428 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 DISEASE— cont'd 
 
 Effect of previous disease of person injured 
 
 on liability for causing injuries. 16 
 
 L.E.A. 268. 
 Allowance for aggravation of existing 
 
 disease in fixing damages for death. 
 
 17 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 DISFIGUREMENT. 
 
 Mental suffering arising from contempla- 
 tion of, as element of damage for per- 
 sonal injuries. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 775. 
 
 DISFRANCHISEMENT. 
 
 Of voters, see Elections, § 7. 
 
 «-»> 
 
 DISHERISON. 
 See Wills, § 68. 
 
 ♦«-• 
 
 DISHONOR. 
 
 Of check, see Banks, § 26. 
 
 Of note transferred after maturity, effect 
 of, as to interest, instalments, or part 
 of series. 46 L.E.A. 799. 
 
 DISINHERITANCE. 
 
 See Wills, § 68. 
 
 < »» 
 
 DISINTERMENT, 
 
 See Corpse, § 5. 
 
 « «» 
 
 DISLOCATION. 
 
 Liability of phvsician for failure to dia''- 
 nose. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 136. ° 
 
 » • > 
 
 DISMISSAL AND DISCONTINU- 
 ANCE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Discontinuance of eminent domain proceed- 
 ings, see Eminent Domain, § 30. 
 
 As to nonsuit or direction of verdict, see 
 Trial, §§ 56-59. 
 
 Of proceeding; power of officer. 2 L.E.A. 
 
 644.* 
 Pendency of dismissed suit as bar to action 
 
 in other court. 42 L.E.A. 459, 
 
 DISMISSAL AND DISCONTINUANCE— 
 cont'd 
 
 Ot pending litigation as affording consider- 
 ation for a compromise. 2fc L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 299. 
 
 Discontinuance of proceedings by manda- 
 mus to restore to office one who has 
 been illegally removed. 19 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 83. 
 
 Of suit to defeat attorney's lien or claims 
 to compensation. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 390. 
 
 Duty of court, in absence of objection by de- 
 fendant, to dismiss suit for divorce not 
 brought within time allowed by statute 
 after cause given. 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 490. 
 
 Effect on suit of discharge from arrest of 
 one arrested while attending court. 19 
 L.E.A. 560. 
 
 Jurisdiction of court to enter final judg- 
 ment upon dismissal or nonsuit. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 914. 
 
 g 2. Voluntary. 
 
 By plaintiff, bringing suit for all similarlv 
 situated. 46 L.E.A. 839. 
 
 Injunction against judgment obtained by 
 fraudulent agreement to dismiss. 30 
 L.E.A. 788. 
 
 Power of court to protect attorney who has 
 taken case on contingent fee, against 
 voluntary dismissal by claimant witli- 
 out his consent. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1095. 
 
 Eight to dismiss or withdraw proceedings 
 to probate or contest a will or issues 
 thereunder. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 121. 
 
 Eight of condemning party to dismiss con- 
 demnation proceedings after award or 
 verdict and before confirmation or 
 judgment. 28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 9]. 
 
 § 3. Of party. 
 
 As to one joint tort feasor, effect on liabil- 
 ity of others. 58 L.E.A. 303. 
 
 g 4. Of criminal prosecution. 
 
 Power of public prosecutor to dismiss pros- 
 ecution. 35 L.E.A. 701. 
 
 Power to recall dismissal of prosecution. 
 35 L.E.A. 716. 
 
 § 5. Power of attorney as to. 
 
 Power of attorney to discontinue suit. 4 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 244. 
 Eight of attorney to enter retraxit. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1313. 
 
 § 6. Judgment of dismissal. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment of dismissal, 
 see Judgment, § 3ia. 
 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 jurisdiction on judgment of. 38 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 984. 
 
 ■*-— 
 
 DISOBEDIENCE. 
 
 Begin with this Tiooh on every law question. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As a contempt, see Contempt, §§ 8, 9. 
 Of orders, see Motions and Orders', § 4, 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 429 
 
 DISOBEDIENCE— cont'd 
 
 Of physician's orders as affecting remedy 
 of injured person against the person 
 injuring him. 49 L.R.A. 827. 
 
 Power to punish disobedience to orders in 
 case by strilcing out pleadings. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1185; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1062. 
 
 § 2. By servant. 
 
 Disobedience of rules as contributory neg- 
 ligence, see Master and Servant, § 
 125. 
 
 Master's liability to third person for acts 
 of servant while disobeying orders, see 
 
 ilASTEK AND SERVANT, § 184. 
 
 Disoliarge of employee for disobedience of 
 regulations. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 950. 
 
 Disobedience of orders as incompetency 
 within rule as to master's duty to furn- 
 ish competent fellow servants. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 109. 
 
 DISORDERLY CONDtJCT. 
 
 Eavesdropping, see Eavesdropping. 
 
 SuflSciency of tender of fare accompanied 
 by disorderlv conduct to prevent ejec- 
 tion. 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 994. 
 
 DISORDERLY HOUSES. 
 
 § 1. In general. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 28a. 
 License of, see License, § 24. 
 
 Several offenses growing out of same facts. 
 31 L.RA..(N.S.) 707. 
 
 ilunicipal regulation of nuisance of. 39 
 L.R.A. 521. 
 
 Evidence of character of defendant and in- 
 mates in prosecution for keeping. 20 
 L.R.A. 610. 
 
 Insurance of. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 214. 
 
 Slander in charging one with keeping. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 
 § 2. What are. 
 
 What are. 4 L.R.A. 675.' 
 Usurious loan office as. 
 507. 
 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 § 3. Suppression of. 
 
 Suppression of houses of ill fame. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 751.* 
 Right of owner or occupant of neighboring 
 
 property to enjoin the maintenance of. 
 
 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1060. 
 
 S 4. Punishment for keeping. 
 
 Punishment for keeping. 4 L.R.A. 675.* 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for keeping. 
 35 L.R.A. 571. 
 Consult aJKo L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DISORDERLY LANGUAGE. 
 
 As disturbance of public peace. 
 (N.S.) 505. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 
 
 DISORDERLY PERSONS. 
 
 Power of municipality as well as state to 
 punish. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 
 DISPENSARIES. 
 
 Validity of quasi prohibitory laws known 
 as "dispensary acts." 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 946. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to operate 
 liquor dispensary. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 117. 
 
 DISPOSITION. 
 
 Misrepresentation as to, as ground for an- 
 nulment of marriage. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 301. 
 
 DISPUTE. 
 
 Submission of, to arbitration, see Arbitra- 
 tion. 
 
 Validity of regulations requiring passenger 
 to pav fare in case of. 2 • L.R.A. 
 (N.S.)' 695. 
 
 DISPUTED CLAIMS. 
 
 Accord and satisfaction by part payment of. 
 
 20 L.R.A. 795. 
 Discontinuing service to compel payment of 
 
 disputed water bills. 31 L.R.A. (N.a) 
 
 302. 
 
 DISQUALIFICATION. 
 
 Of judge, see Judges, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Effect on public election of wrongful dis- 
 qualification of sufficient number of 
 voters to have changed the result. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1007. 
 
 DISSATISFACTION. 
 
 See Satisfaction. 
 
430 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DISSEISIN. 
 
 See Advebse Possession; Ejectment, § 6. 
 
 » « » 
 
 DISSOLUTION. 
 
 Of attachment, see Attachment, § 18. 
 
 Of benefit association, see Benevolent So- 
 cieties, § 5. 
 
 Of club, see Clues, § 3. 
 
 Of corporation, see Cokposations, IX. 
 
 Of insurance company, see Insurance, §§ 
 9, 10. 
 
 Of partnership, see Partnership, §§ 29- 
 49. 
 
 Of injunction, see Injunction, § 88. 
 
 DISTANCE. 
 
 Proximate cause of damage from fire as af- 
 fected by. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 759. 
 
 DISTILLED LIQUORS. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of distilled liquors 
 sold out of larger lot. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 36. 
 
 DISTINGUISHING MARK. 
 
 On ballot, see Elections, § 21. 
 
 # « » 
 
 DISTRAINT. 
 
 For rent, see Landlord and Tenant, 
 91-93. 
 
 DISTRESS. 
 
 For rent, see Landlord and Tenawt, §§ 
 91-93. 
 
 Use of distress warrant to enforce payment 
 of compensation for use of property 
 other than land. 11 L.R.A.-(N.S.) 836. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 DISTRICT AND PROSECUTING 
 ATTORNEY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Argument or comment as ground for re- 
 versal, see Appeal and Error, § 37. 
 
 Argument of, generally, see Trial, §§ 15, 
 16. 
 
 Reference to witnesses by, see Witnesses, 
 § 8. 
 
 Right of prosecutrix in bastardy proceed- 
 ings to private counsel. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 463. 
 
 Delay of prosecution due to neglect to- pro- 
 vide prosecuting attorney as ground 
 for discharge of accused. 36 L.R.A. 528. 
 
 Does privilege as to communication or in- 
 formation acquired by physican extend 
 to physician employed by. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 886. 
 
 Advice of, as defense to action for malicious 
 prosecution. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 71. 
 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 grand jury by. 28 L.R.A. 368. 
 
 Right of prosecuting attorney to compensa- 
 tion from individual. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 81. 
 
 § 2. Who may act as, or assist. 
 
 Eligibility of women to office of prosecuting 
 attorney. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 532. 
 
 Extent of restriction on right of unlicensed 
 person to act as, or assist, prosecuting 
 ■ attorney. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 753. 
 
 Extent of restriction on right of disbarred 
 or suspended attorney to act as prose- 
 cuting attorney. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 756. 
 
 Right of accused to complain because prose- 
 cution is conducted or assisted by un- 
 official member of bar. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 564. 
 
 § 3. Powers of. 
 
 Power to dismiss criminal prosecution, see 
 Criminal Law, § 40. 
 
 Scope of discretion of, with respect to insti- 
 tution of proceedings in nature of qiW 
 warranto. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 
 Quo warranto as matter of right by. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 
 § 4. As witness. 
 
 See Witnesses, § 16. 
 
 § 5. Confession to, or induced by, 
 
 Voluntariness of confession elicited by quel- 
 tions frbm. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801. 
 
 Voluntariness of confessions to. 18 LJK.A. 
 (N.S.) 849. 
 
 4 ■ » 
 
 DISTRICT COURTS. 
 
 In general, see Descent and Distribution; 
 Executors and Administrators. 
 
 Of assets of insolvent insurance company. Jurisdiction of civil actions against con- 
 38 L.R.A. 97. sul. 45 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Begin ii'ith this book on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 431 
 
 DISTKICT MESSENGER. 
 
 Duty and liability for conduct of. 2 L.R.A. 
 ■.N.S.) 1091. 
 
 DIVERSE CITIZENSHIP— cont'd 
 Removal of cause to Federal court because 
 of, see Removal of Causes, §§ 7-9. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Citizenship in, as affecting jurisdiction of 
 Federal court on ground of diverse 
 citizenship. 1 L.E.A. 108.* 
 
 DISTRICTS. 
 
 School districts, see Schools, §§ 27, 28. 
 
 DISTURBING MEETING. 
 
 Character of meeting essential to the of- 
 fense of disturbing a meeting. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 829. 
 Religious meetings. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 830. 
 In general. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830. 
 Sunday school. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 830. 
 Business meeting of religious so- 
 ciety. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 831. 
 As affected by place where meeting 
 is held. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 831. 
 Temperance meeting. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 831. 
 Meetings for social, entertainment, or 
 educational purposes. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 832. 
 School session. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 832. 
 Political or official meeting. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 832. 
 
 DIVERSION. 
 
 Of accommodation paper, see Bills and 
 Notes, § 74. 
 
 From purpose for which property was dedi- 
 cated, see Dedication, § 8. 
 
 Of water, see Waters, §§ 51, 52, 64, 70, 76. 
 
 Right of labor union to divert trade from 
 one with whom it is in controversy. 1 
 B. R. 0. 245. 
 
 Right of taxpayer in absence of statute to 
 enjoin diversion of funds by municipal- 
 ity. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 8. 
 
 DIVESTITURE OF ESTATES. 
 
 See Devestitcbe of Estates. 
 
 DIVIDED COURT. 
 
 Conclusiveness on subsequent appeals of pri- 
 or decisions by. 34 L.R.A. 346. 
 
 DIVIDENDS. 
 
 DISTURBING PUTiLIC PEACE. 
 
 Disorderly language as disturbance of 
 public peace. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 505. 
 
 DITCH. 
 
 For drainage purposes, see Drains and 
 
 Skwkes. 
 For irrigation, see Waters, § 92. 
 
 When does statute of limitations commence 
 to run against action for damages 
 caused by seepage from ditch. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 DIVERSE CITIZENSHIP. 
 
 Aa ground for Federal jurisdiction, see 
 CoUETS, §§ 42, 43. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 Apportionment of, see Appobtionment, § 2. 
 Of stock, see Cokpobations, §§ 100-102. 
 On insurance policy, see Insurance, § 40. 
 
 Right of creditors to dividends in insolven- 
 cy. 11 L.R.A. 327.* 
 
 ■*«» 
 
 DIVISABII/ITY OF CONTRACT. 
 
 See Contracts, § 62. 
 
 DIVISION. 
 
 Of municipality, see Municipal Corpora- 
 tions, § 13. 
 
 Of religious society, see Religious Society, 
 §§ 4, 5. 
 
 Of water rights, see Waters, § 35. 
 
 DIVISION FENCE. 
 
 See Fences, §§ 2, 3. 
 
432 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 DIVORCE AXD SEPAKATION. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. Suit for divorce, and jurisdiction 
 thereof, §§ 4-19. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 4-6. 
 
 b. Jurisdiction, §§ 7-12. 
 
 c. Decree of divorce, §§ 13-19. 
 
 1. In general, § 13. 
 
 2. Validity, effect, and con- 
 
 clusiveness, §§ 14:, IS. 
 
 3. AttacU upon, §§ 16-19. 
 
 III. Grounds, §§ 20-29. 
 
 IV. Defenses ; collusion; condonation; 
 
 recrimination, §§ 30-33. 
 V. Alimony; counsel fees, §§ 34-49. 
 a. In general, §§ 34-40a. 
 ft. Independent suit for, §§ 41, 
 42. 
 
 c. Remedies; enforcement, §§ 
 
 42a-4B. 
 
 d. Termination of right, §§ 
 
 46-48. 
 
 e. Lien for, § 49. 
 TI. Effect on property rights, §§ 50- 
 
 54. 
 VII. Custody and support of children, 
 §§ 55-57. 
 VIII. Agreements relating to divorce or 
 separation, § 58. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 14. 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoN- 
 
 STITUTIONAL LAW, § 52. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, § 29. 
 
 Liability for causing separation, see Hus- 
 band AND Wife, §§ 66, 67. 
 
 As to remarriage after divorce, see Mab- 
 , niAGE, §§ 12, 15. 
 
 As to annulment of marriage, gee Mae- 
 KIAGE, §§ 16-20. 
 
 Maxim raising implied exception in statutes 
 as to divorce. 25 L.R.A. 565. 
 
 Validity of agreement to marry on divorce 
 of present husband or wife. 52 L.R.A. 
 060; 1 B. R. C. 919. 
 
 Validity of divorce according to Indian cus- 
 tom. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 795. 
 
 Divorced wife as a "dependent" within re- 
 strictions as to beneficiaries of mutual 
 benefit associations. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 655. 
 
 Belief that divorce from former spouse has 
 been obtained as defense to prosecution 
 for bigamy. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1102. 
 
 Seduction of divorced woman. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 265. 
 
 8 2. Presumption as to. 
 
 See Evidence, § 29. 
 
 S 3. Legislative divorce. 
 
 Validity of. 18 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 Granting divorce a rightful subject of 
 
 legislation. 18 L.R.A. 95. 
 How far conflicting with judicial 
 
 power. 18 L.R.A. 95. 
 Construction of particular constitu- 
 tions. 18 L.R.A. 96. 
 Begin with this hook on every law question, 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION— cont'd 
 II. Suit for divorce, and jurisdiction 
 thereof. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Sufficiency of allegations, see Pleading, 
 § 32. 
 
 Actions on behalf of insane persons. 34 
 L.R.A. 166. 
 
 Right to join prayer for return of plain- 
 tiff's property with prayer for divorce. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 819. 
 
 Necessity of corroboration of admission or 
 testimony of party to divorce in rela- 
 tion to his or her mental suffering, in- 
 tent, or other state of mind. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 45. 
 
 Duty of court, in absence of objection by 
 defendant, to dismiss suit for divorce 
 because not brought within the time 
 allowed by statute after cause given. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 490. 
 
 Pendency of suit for divorce or separation 
 as bar to another suit in same state. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 83. 
 
 § 5. Actions in different jnrisdictions. 
 
 Suits for same cause in different jurisdic- 
 tions. 59 L.R.A. 187. 
 
 Injunction against divorce suit in other 
 state. 21 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 § 6. Compromise ot suit. 
 
 Validity of contract between husband and 
 wife to compromise pending or con- 
 templated divorce suit. 60 L.R.A. 
 406. 
 When the agreement is that the par- 
 ties shall live separate. 60 L.R.A. 
 407. 
 Where the agreement is that the par- 
 ties shall resume marital relations. 
 60 L.R.A. 409. 
 When specific performance will be de- 
 creed. 60 L.R.A. 412. 
 When inadequate as against creditors 
 of insolvent husband. 60 L.R.A. 
 413. 
 English decisions on application to re- 
 instate divorce suit. 60 L.R.-^. 
 413. 
 Necessity of third party. 60 L.R.A. 
 415. 
 Third party unnecessary. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 415. 
 Third party necessary. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 416. 
 Third party, but necessity for, not 
 
 stated. 60 L.R.A. 417. 
 Contract -held valid without third 
 party; but absence of, not 
 mentioned. 60 L.R.A. 417. 
 Agreement without third party 
 void; but not for that rea- 
 son. 60 L.R.A. 417. 
 Third party to contract; but con- 
 tract void for other reason. 
 I 60 L.R.A. 417. 
 
INDEX TO L,E.A. NOTES. 
 
 433 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION, II. a— 
 cont'd 
 
 Cases in which it does not appear 
 whether there was, or was 
 not, a third party. 60 L.R.A. 
 417. 
 Other cases. 60 L.R.A. 417. 
 Conclusion. 60 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 J). J-itrisdiction. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Jurisdiction in equity, see Equity, § 12. 
 To annul marriage, see JLvkriage, § 17. 
 
 Jurisdiction of chancery to decree nullity 
 or dissolution of marriage. 25 L.R.A. 
 800. 
 
 Jurisdiction to award temporary alimony, 
 suit money, and counsel fees, pending 
 appeal in divorce suit. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 712. 
 
 Jurisdiction to award custody of child tem- 
 porarily within state, but domiciled 
 elsewhere. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 690. 
 
 § 8. Domicil or residence as affecting. 
 
 Domicil as basis of jurisdiction of divorce. 
 59 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Necessity of alleging jurisdictional resi- 
 dence in divorce proceeding. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1197. 
 
 Character of residence essential to give ju- 
 risdiction in divorce proceeding. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1100; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 992. 
 
 Local domicil or residence as a. condition of 
 jurisdiction of action for annulment of 
 marriage. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 745. 
 
 Jurisdiction of court of state of matri- 
 monial doinicil to grant a divorce upon 
 constructive service of process against 
 defendant who is out of jurisdiction. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1127. 
 
 Award of alimony against nonresident in 
 divorce suit involving international ele- 
 ments. 59 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Effect of appearance by nonresident to give 
 jurisdiction in divorce case. 23 L.R.A. 
 287. 
 
 Impeaching decree of divorce rendered in 
 another state on ground of nonresi- 
 dence or domicil of person in whose 
 favor it was granted. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1254. 
 
 § 9. — of wife. 
 
 Domicil of wife for purposes of divorce. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 497; 59 L.R.A. 146. 
 Right of wife to acquire a separate domicil 
 
 for the purposes of a divorce suit by 
 
 her. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 297. 
 
 § 10. Of person or res; constructive 
 service. 
 
 Award of alimony on constructive service, 
 see infra, § 38. 
 
 Validity of decree of divorce obtained on 
 publication or service out of state 
 where defendant did not appear, 
 generally. 19 L.R.A. 814. 
 When defendant confined' in prison or 
 asylum. 19 L.R.A. 816. 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION, II. b— 
 cont'd 
 
 When defendant a resident of state 
 where decree rendered. 59 
 L.R.A. 162. 
 Domicil of wife as defendant. i6 
 L.R.A. 497; 59 L.R.A. 163. 
 When defendant a nonresident. 59 
 L.R.A. 165. 
 Validity, and effect on statutes, 
 of decree in state where ren- 
 dered. 59 L.R.A. 165. 
 Validity, and effect on status, of 
 decree in other states. 59 
 L.R.A. 167. 
 Opening, setting aside, and vacating de- 
 cree obtained by publication. 19' 
 L.R.A. 817. 
 Collateral attack in same state on de- 
 cree rendered on publication. 19 
 L.R.A. 819. 
 English cases. 19 L.R.A. 819. 
 
 Dispensing with personal service of 
 citation in English courts. 19 
 L.R.A. 819. 
 As to the return on the citation. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 820. 
 As to jurisdiction on publication 
 service where marriage and 
 domicil of the husband is 
 abroad. 19 L.R.A. 820. 
 As to annulling marriage on publi- 
 cation where the defendant 
 is absent from the country. 
 19 L.R.A. 820. 
 As to the effect in England of a 
 divorce abroad, on publication 
 service. 19 L.R.A. 821. 
 Where the respondent is impris- 
 oned. 19 L.R.A. 821. 
 Extraterritorial effect of decree of divorce 
 rendered upon constructive service. IS 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 647. 
 Foreign decree of divorce rendered on con- 
 structive service against nonresident. 
 59 L.R.A. 165. 
 Jurisdiction of court of state of matri- 
 monial domicil to grant a divorce on 
 constructive service of process against 
 a nonresident. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1127. 
 
 § 11. Jurisdiction of subject-matter. 
 
 Domicil as basis of jurisdiction. 59 L.R.A. 
 142. 
 General rule. 59 L.R.A. 142. 
 When neither party domiciled or per- 
 manently residing at forum. 59 
 L.R.A. i43. 
 Domicil of wife for purpose of bring- 
 ing suit. 16 L.R.A. 497;* 59 
 L.R.A. 146. 
 Domicil or residence of defendant as 
 condition of relief on cross bill. 
 59 L.R.A. 149. 
 Place of marriage and of original matri- 
 
 tnonial domicil. 59 L.R.A. .151. 
 Place of marital offense. 59 L.R.A. 154. 
 Time of marital offense relatively to acquisi- 
 tion of domicil at forum. 59 L.R.A. 
 155. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 28 
 
434 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION, II. b— 
 cont'd 
 
 § 12. Effect of appearance by nonresi- 
 dent. 
 
 Appearance, generally. 23 L.R.A. 287. 
 Fraud and collusion. 23 L.R.A. 288. 
 
 e. Decree of divorce, 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Temporary alimony or counsel fees pending 
 appeal or attempt to set aside, see 
 infra, § 40. 
 
 Suit for alimony after decree of divorce, see 
 infra, § 42. 
 
 Effect of decree annulling marriage. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 505.* 
 Right to enter decree of divorce against the 
 
 objection of the spouse aggrieved. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 999. 
 
 2. Validity, effect, and conclusiveness. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Effect of divorce on property rights, see 
 infra, VI. 
 
 Effect of decree of divorce on homestead 
 
 rights. 23 L.R.A. 239. 
 Decree against plaintiff in suit for divorce 
 as bar to subsequent divorce ac- 
 tion. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 577. 
 Action based on same grounds. 26 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 577. 
 Action based upon grounds existing at 
 the time of, but not the subject of, 
 a prior action. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 578. 
 Action based on acts subsequent to first 
 judgment. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 579. 
 Conclusiveness, as to third persons, of de- 
 cree in suit for divorce as to the 
 facts adjudicated, as distinguished 
 from the status established. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 559. 
 In actions for criminal conversation. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 559. 
 In actions for alienation of affections. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 In actions against husband for neces- 
 saries. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 560. 
 In actions involving legitimacy of chil- 
 dren. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 561. 
 In actions involving prior marital 
 
 status. 38 L.R.A.(N.g.) 561. 
 Miscellaneous. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 563. 
 Judgment in civil action as evidence, in a 
 criminal prosecution, to prove divorce 
 obtained before alleged bigamous mar- 
 riage. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 465. 
 Validity of agreement to marry as affected 
 by disabilities imposed by decree of di- 
 vorce. 1 B. R. C. 922. 
 
 .§ 15. Decree of other state or country. 
 
 Attack on, see infra, § 17. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment of divorce under 
 conflict of laws. 11 L.R.A. 444.* 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION, II c, 2— 
 cont'd 
 
 Validity of divorce decree granted by court 
 of a foreign country. 19 L.R.A. 
 515 
 The law of England. 19 L.R.A. 515. 
 American decisions. 19 L.R.A. 518. 
 
 Extraterritorial effect of decree of divorce 
 rendered upon constructive service. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 647. 
 
 Marrying out of state contrary to decree 
 as contempt of court. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 765. 
 
 Invalidity in other state of personal judg- 
 ment for alimony against nonresident 
 not personally served and not appear- 
 ing. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 593. 
 
 Valid decree of divorce granted in one state 
 as affecting independent suit for ali- 
 mony in another. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1106. 
 
 Effect, in third state, of decree upholding a 
 foreign divorce. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 325. 
 
 Extraterritorial effect of judgment award- 
 ing custody of children upon divorce of 
 parents. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 988. 
 
 Effect of foreign divorce upon dower. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 219. 
 
 3. AttacU upon decree. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Award of temporary alimony or counsel fees 
 pending attempt to set aside decree of 
 divorce or separation, see infra, § 40. 
 
 Collateral attack in same state on decree 
 of divorce rendered on publication. 19 
 L.R.A. 819. 
 
 Right of third person to have decree of di- 
 vorce set aside. 54 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Collateral attack for fraud, not affecting 
 jurisdiction on judgment in divorce 
 suit. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 985. 
 
 Right to acccept favorable part of decree 
 and appeal from remainder. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 15. 
 
 g 17. Impeaching decree granted in 
 other state. 
 
 Validity, effect, and conclusiveness of, see 
 supra, § 15. 
 
 On jurisdictional facts. 59 L.R.A. 183. 
 
 On the merits; fraud. 59 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 Impeaching decree of divorce rendered m 
 other state on the ground of nonresi- 
 dence or domicil of person in whose 
 favor it was granted. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1254. 
 
 § 18. By party obtaining or consent- 
 ing. 
 
 Direct attack by party obtaining it. 60 
 L.R.A. 294. 
 In general. 60 L.R.A. 294. 
 Attempt by wife to vacate decree ob- 
 tained in her name without her 
 consent. 60 L.R.A. 296. 
 Application by both parties to set aside de- 
 cree. 60 L.R.A. 296. 
 Direct attack by party who has consented 
 to, or colluded in, its procurement. 
 60 L.R.A. 296. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 435 
 
 DIVOKCE AND SEPARATION, II. c, 3— 
 cont'd 
 
 Const-uL 60 L.R.A. 296. 
 Collusion. 60 L.R.A. 297. 
 Collateral attack. 60 L.R.A. 301. 
 
 By party obtaining. 60 L.R.A. 301. 
 By party who has consented to, or col- 
 luded in, its procurement. 60 
 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 § 19. After death of one or both of 
 parties. 
 
 Attack by surviving party. 67 L.R.A. 583. 
 In direct proceeding to set aside or 
 vacate decree. 57 L.B.A. 583. 
 Appeal. 57 L.R.A. 583. 
 Motion or petition filed in the orig- 
 inal cause. 57 L.R.A. 584. 
 Writ of error. 57 L.R.A. 587. 
 New suit. 57 L.R.A. 588. 
 In collateral proceediiig. 57 L.R.A. 
 593. 
 Attack bv stranger to the decree. 57 L.R.A. 
 "599. 
 In direct proceeding. 57 L.R.A. 599. 
 In collateral proceeding. 57 L.R.A. 
 600. 
 Death of one party pending appeal. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 603. 
 Vacating decree after death of party. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 551. 
 
 III. Grounds. 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 For annulment of marriage, see Mabbiage, 
 
 § JS. 
 
 Constitutionality of retroactive statute cre- 
 ating new grounds. 52 L.R.A. 937. 
 
 What law determines the right to a divorce. 
 59 L.R.A. 141. 
 
 Misrepresentation as to disposition or gen- 
 eral character as ground for annulling 
 marriage. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 301. 
 
 Misrepresentations or concealment as to 
 one's physical or mental condition as 
 ground for annulling of marriage. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 
 § 21. Duress. 
 
 What constitutes duress for which marriage 
 may be annulled. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 803. 
 
 Right to avoid marriage entered into to es- 
 cape prosecution for seduction on 
 ground of duress. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 
 § 22. Sexual relations; adultery. 
 
 Charge of adultery, see infra, § 23. 
 
 Condonation of loathsome disease as defense. 
 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729. 
 Bringing another woman into home as cruel 
 
 and inhuman treatment. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 669. 
 Refusal of marital intercourse as. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 685. 
 Antenuptial pregnancy or unchastity as. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 375. 
 Effect of complainant's knowledge of 
 
 spouse's antenuptial unchastity as bar 
 
 to divorce for subsequent adultery. 23 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 240. , , ^ , 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION, III -cont'd 
 Husband's adultery as preventing him from 
 
 relying on wife's adultery as defense 
 
 to action for support. 19 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 
 468. 
 Insanity as affecting adultery. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 162. 
 Adultery while insane as affecting claim for 
 
 alimony. 34 L.R.A. 164. 
 Effect of wife's subsequent adultery on al- 
 lowance of alimony. 19 L.R.A. 811. 
 Forcing wife to leave marital home by 
 
 adultery as desertion. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 617. 
 Desertion or cruelty as recriminatory da- 
 
 fense to subsequent adultery. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1135. 
 
 § 23. Charge of adultery. 
 
 In general. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) .300; 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 360. 
 Cruelty. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 303; 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 360. 
 Cruel and inhuman treatment. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 304; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 360. 
 Extreme cruelty. 18 L.R.A. (N.S..) 305; 34 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 360. 
 Intolerable cruelty. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 307; 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 360. 
 Extreme and repeated cruelty. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 307. 
 Indignities rendering condition intolerable 
 
 or life burdensome. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 308. 
 Excesses, cruel treatment, and outrages ren- 
 dering living together insupportable. 
 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 309. 
 Public defamation. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 310. 
 Unsafety of cohabitation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S. ! 
 
 310. 
 Abandonment. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 310. 
 Charges in pleadings. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 311. 
 Charges by wife. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 312 
 
 § 24. Abandonment; desertion. 
 
 On ground of desertion. 9 L.R.A. 696.* 
 Drunkenness as affecting desertion. 
 
 L.R.A. 457. 
 Insanity as .affecting abandonment. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 164. 
 Computation of period of abandonment as 
 
 affected by insanity of defendant. 16 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 107L 
 Conviction as desertion. 31 L.R.A. 520. 
 Charges of adultery as abandonment. 18 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 310. 
 Refusal .of wife to follow husba,nd, on 
 
 change of domicil, as desertion. 4 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 145. 
 Relations between one spouse and relatives 
 
 of the other as affecting the question 
 
 of desertion. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 222; 34 
 
 L.R.A>(N.S.) 759. 
 Desertion by forcing spouse to leave mari- 
 tal home. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 614. 
 
 Ordering or driving spouse away. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 Cruelty and abuse forcing spouse to 
 leave. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 615. 
 
 Forcing wife to leave by adultery. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 617. 
 
 34 
 
436 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION, III— cont'd 
 Failure to support. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 618. 
 
 Desertion as recriminatory defense to subse- 
 quent adultery. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1135. 
 
 Condonation of d;sertion. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1131. 
 
 § 2-la. — effort to induce spouse to re- 
 turn home as a condition of deser- 
 tion. 
 
 In general. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1119. 
 Duty of iiusband. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1120. 
 Separation not caused by his miscon- 
 duct. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1120, 
 Consent or mutual agreement. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1121. 
 Unjustified and wilful departure 
 of wife. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1-122. 
 Separation caused by his misconduct. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1123. 
 Duty of wife. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1125. 
 
 Separation not caused by her miscon- 
 duct. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1125. 
 Effect of wife's consent or misconduct. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1126. 
 
 § 25. Cruelty. 
 
 Cruelty as. 6 L.R.A. 187.* 
 
 Sufficiency of reasonable apprehension of in- 
 jury as. 6 L.E.A. 187.* 
 
 Drunkenness as affecting cruel and inhuman 
 treatment. 34 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 Charge of adultery as cruelty. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 303; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 360. 
 
 Conviction as ' cruelty entitling to divorce. 
 31 L.R.A. 521. 
 
 Bringing another woman into home as cruel 
 and inhuman treatment. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 669.. 
 
 Relations between one spouse and relatives 
 of the other as affecting the question of 
 cruelty. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 222; 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 759. 
 
 Profanity and obscenity as ground for di- 
 vorce, as cruel and inhuman treatment. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 820. 
 
 Cruelty and abuse forcing spouse to leave 
 marital home as desertion. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 615. 
 
 Cruelty as recriminatory defense to subse- 
 quent adultery. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1135. 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 § 2 6. Drunkenness. 
 
 Drunkenness as a ground for divorce. 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Provisions for. 34 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 What constitutes drunkenness. 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Degree of drunkenness authorizing di- 
 vorce. 34 L.R.A. 450. 
 
 Pleadings and proof. 34 L.R.A. 452. 
 
 Defenses. 34 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 Incidents and efTects. 34 L.R.A. 454. 
 Drunkenness as aflfecting cruel and in- 
 human treatment. 34 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 Drunkenness as cruelty. 34 L.E.A. 454. 
 
 Drunkenness connected with cruelty. 
 34 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 Drunkenness as evidence of cruelty. 
 34 L.R.A. 457. 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION, III— cont'd 
 
 Drunkenness as affecting desertion. 34 
 L.R.A. 457. 
 
 Drunkenness as aflfecting validity of mar- 
 riage. 34 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 Who is an habitual drunkard within the 
 meaning of divorce laws. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 914; 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 655. 
 
 Pleadings and proof in action on ground of 
 drunkenness. 34 L.R.A. 452. 
 
 § 27. Morphinism. 
 
 Morphinism as. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 264. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 § 28. Insanity. 
 
 Mental incapacity at time of marriage as 
 
 ground. 40 L.R.A. 741. 
 Insanity as a ground for divorce. 34 L.E.A. 
 
 161; 39 L.R.A. 264. 
 Insanity as affecting adultery. 34 L.R.A. 
 162. 
 
 As a ground for divorce. 34 L.R.A. 
 162. 
 
 As a defense to a claim for alimonv. 
 34 L.R.A. 164. 
 Insanity as affecting abandonment and fail- 
 ure to support. 34 L.R.A. 164. 
 Insanity^! as affecting cruelty. 34 L.R.A, 
 
 164. 
 The defense. 34 L.R.A. 166. 
 Actions on behalf of insane persons. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 166. 
 Computation of period of abandonment as 
 
 affected by insanity of defendant. 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1071. 
 
 § 29. Conviction and sentence. 
 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 Necessity of a, conviction. 31 L.R.A. 518. 
 
 Effect of an appeal from conviction. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 518. 
 Effect of commutation of the sentence or of 
 
 a pardon. 31 L.E.A. 519; 7 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 272. 
 Conviction in another state. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 519. 
 Retroactive effect of statute. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 520. 
 Allegation of infamous crime. 31 L.E.A. 
 
 520. 
 Where crime is prior to marriage. 31 
 
 L.E.A. 520. 
 Conviction as desertion. 31 L.E.A. 520. 
 Classed with cruelty. 31 L.R.A. 521. 
 Conviction as a, bar to divorce by the party 
 
 convicted. 31 L.R.A. 521. 
 
 IV. Defenses; collusion; condonation; 
 recrimination. 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 Insanity as defense. 34 L.E.A. 166. 
 
 Computation of period of abandonment as 
 affected by insanity of defendant. 16 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1071. 
 
 In action for divorce on ground of drunken- 
 ness. 34 L.E.A. 453. 
 
 Articles of separation as a bar to divorce. 
 . 6 L.E.A. 487.* 
 
 Conviction as bar to divorce by party con- 
 victed. 31 L.R.A. oCl. 
 
IM)EX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 437 
 
 DIVORCE AXD SErARATION, IV.— cont'd 
 
 § 31. Collusion; coimivar ee. 
 
 Collusive agreement in aid of divorce pro- 
 ceedings. 4 L.R.A. 313.* 
 
 Attack on decree of divorce by party col- 
 ludinff in its procurement. 60 L.R.A. 
 297, '305. 
 
 In appearance by nonresident in divorce 
 case. 23 L.R.A. 288. 
 
 Connivance. 12 L.R.A. 524.* 
 
 S 3 2. Condonation. 
 
 Condonation. 6 L.R.A. 548;* 9 L.R.A. 
 696.' 
 
 Condonation of desertion. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1121, 1126. 
 
 Condonation of loathsome disease as de- 
 fense to action for divorce or annul- 
 ment of marriage. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 729. 
 
 Effect of complainant's knowledge of 
 spouse's antenuptial unehastity as a 
 bar to divorce for subsequent adultery. 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 240. 
 
 § 33. Recrimination. 
 
 Husband's adultery as preventing him from 
 relying on \Aife's adultery as defense to 
 an action for support. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 468. 
 
 Effect of pardon or commutation of sentence 
 of criminal on conjugal rights. 31 
 L.R.A. 519; 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 272. 
 
 Desertion or cruelty as a recriminatory de- 
 fense' to subsequent adultery. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1135. 
 
 V. Alhnony ; counsel fees. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 34. Generally. 
 
 ("ontitutionality of statutes as to, see CoN- 
 STiTUTiox.\L Law, § 52. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction to allow, see Equity, 
 § 12. 
 
 Wife's liability for legal services, see Hus- 
 band AND Wife, § 23. 
 
 Lien for, see Liens, § 13. 
 
 In proceedings for annulment of marriage, 
 see Marbiage, § 20. 
 
 Allowance of. 1 L.R.A. 320;* 3 L.R.A. 349.* 
 
 Appointment of trustee to protect alimony. 
 38 L.R.A. (X.S.) 270. 
 
 Husband's prospects as basis for alimony. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 
 Right of wife against whom an absolute di- 
 vorce is granted to permanent alimony. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 421; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 73. 
 
 Liability of guardian for alimony in di- 
 vorce proceedings instituted by or 
 against the ward. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1034. 
 
 Assignability of decree for alimony. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 179. 
 
 Liability of alimony for debts. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N!s.) 270. 
 
 Judgment for, as a fixed liability for pur- 
 poses of bankruptcy act. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 369. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION, V. a— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 35. Agreements as to. 
 
 Validity of agreement made after divorce 
 as a substitute for an award of ali- 
 mony. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1167. 
 
 Validity of anticipatory contract makin;; 
 provision for wife in the event of her 
 obtaining a divorce for subsequent fault 
 of liusband. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 880. 
 
 Validity of agreement to pay attorney a 
 percentage of amount obtained as ali- 
 mony. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1074. 
 
 § 36. In suit involving international 
 elements. 
 
 Award of alimony on constructive service. 
 59 L.R.A. 178. 
 Against resident. 59 L.R.A. 178. 
 Against nonresident. 59 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 § 3 7. Allowance to husband. 
 
 Permanent allowance. 34 L.R.A. 110. 
 Statutes. 34 L.R.A. 113. 
 Alimony pendente lite. 34 L.R.A. 115, 
 English cases. 34 L.R.A. 115. 
 Allowance of alimony or suit money to hus- 
 band in action for divorce. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 234. 
 
 § 38. Award of, on constructive serv- 
 
 General'ly. 16 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 Against resident. 59 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Against nonresident. 50 L.R.A. 583; 59 
 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Power to grant alimony in a divorce pro- 
 ceeding without personal service of 
 process. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 593. 
 
 § 39. Temporary alimony; suit money. 
 
 Right to temporary alimony on annulment 
 of marriage. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 500. 
 
 Alimony pendente lite or counsel fees in 
 suit for divorce when marriage is de- 
 nied. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 387. 
 
 Husband's liability for services rendered to 
 wife in divorce suit. 24 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 Liability of husband on wife's contract for 
 attorneys' fees in divorce proceedings. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 244. 
 
 Power of court to allow attorneys' fees in 
 divorce suit after reconciliation of par- 
 ties. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1001. 
 
 Validity of agreement to pay attorney a 
 percentage of amount obtained as ali- 
 mony. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1074. 
 
 Liability of guardian for suit money in di- 
 vorce proceedings against ward. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1034. 
 
 § 40. —pending attempt to reverse or 
 set aside decree. 
 
 Jurisdiction to award temporary alimony, 
 suit money, and counsel fee pend- 
 inp- an appeal in divorce suit. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 712. 
 
 Jurisdiction of trial court. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 712. 
 
 Jurisdiction of appellate court. C7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 714. 
 
438 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION, V. a— 
 cont'd 
 
 Power to award temporary alimony or coun- 
 sel fees pending attempt to set aside 
 decree of divorce or separation. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1015. 
 
 § 40a. —wife's liability. 
 
 In general. 24 L.R.A. 634; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1080. 
 Wife's promise to pay. 24 L.R.A. 635. 
 
 Prior promise. 24 L.R.A. 635. 
 
 Subsequent promise. 24 L.R.A. 635. 
 
 Under state statutes. 24 L.R.A. 635. 
 English decisions. 24 L.R.A. 636. 
 
 6. Independent suit for. 
 
 § 41. Generally. 
 
 Power, in absence of statute, to decree ali- 
 mony or maintenance independent- 
 ly of proceedings for divorce. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 950. 
 Historical. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 951. 
 View that equity has inherent power. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 954. 
 In general. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 954. 
 Judicial reasons and explanations. 
 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 958. 
 South Carolina. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 960. 
 Maryland. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 961. 
 View of no inherent power. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 963. 
 Basis of decision in doubt. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 964. 
 Missouri. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 964. 
 Texas. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 965. 
 Wisconsin. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 965. 
 Early Canadian cases. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 965. 
 Miscellaneous. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 966. 
 
 § 42. — alter decree of divorce. 
 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 Limitations and exceptions. 21 L.R.A. 678. 
 
 English cases. 21 L.R.A. 679. 
 
 After legislative divorce. 21 L.R.A. 679. 
 
 Effect of divorce granted in another state or 
 country. 59 L.R.A. 180. 
 
 Valid divorce granted in one state as affect- 
 ing independent suit for alimony in an- 
 other. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1106. 
 
 o. Remedies; enforcement. 
 
 § 42a. Generally. 
 
 Failure to pay alimony or allowance for 
 support granted by decree of divorce as 
 a criminal offense. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1055. 
 
 g 43. By contempt proceedings to com- 
 pel payment. 
 
 Doctrine of contempt. 24 L.R.A. 433. 
 
 Constitutionality of contempt. 24 L.R.A. 
 434. 
 
 When contempt proceedings may be resort- 
 ed to. 24 L.R.A. 435. 
 
 Evidence in support of. 24 L.R.A. 436. 
 
 Necessity of service of order. 24 L.R.A. 
 430. 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION, V. c— 
 
 cont'd 
 Necessity of demand of payment. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 437. 
 Necessity of notice of application. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 437. 
 Right of defendant to be heard. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 437. 
 Excuses for nonpayment. 24 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 Inability to pay. 24 L.R.A. 437. 
 Commitment refused. 24 L.R.A. 438. 
 Application for relief. 24 L.R.A. 438. 
 Power of court to inquire into. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 439. 
 State statutes and decisions thereunder. 
 
 24 L.R.A. 439. 
 English decisions. 24 L.R.A. 442. 
 Inability to pay alimony as defense to con- 
 tempt. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1001. 
 
 § 44. By imprisonment. 
 
 Enforcing payment of alimony as imprison- 
 ment for debt. 34 L.R.A. 665. 
 
 Imprisonment for failure to pay alimony as 
 violation of the constitutional provi- 
 sion against imprisonment for debt. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1140. 
 
 Remedy for the enforcement against dece- 
 dent's estate of alimony which had ac- 
 crued prior to his death. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 257. 
 
 § 45. Outside of state. 
 
 Enforcing award of, in another state. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 178. 
 Equitable jurisdiction to enforce a foreign 
 
 decree for alimony. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1071. 
 Action to recover instalments of alimony 
 
 accruing under a decree rendered in 
 
 another state. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1168; 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1068. 
 
 d. Termination of right. 
 
 § 46. Effect of adultery. 
 
 Effect of wife's subsequent adultery upon 
 an allowance of alimony. 19 L.R.A. 
 811. 
 
 Adultery while insane as affecting claim for 
 alimony. 34 L.R.A. 164. 
 
 § 47. Effect of second marriage. 
 
 Generally. 62 L.R.A. 974. 
 
 Remarriage of husband. 62 L.R.A. 975. 
 
 Remarriage of wife. 62 L.R.A. 975. 
 
 Effect of intermarriage of parties to » di- 
 vorce upon right to alimony or pro- 
 vision in lieu of alimony. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 923. 
 
 § 48. Effect of husband's deatli. 
 
 Does alimony terminate on the deatli of the 
 husband. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 2;'.2. 
 "Alimony" defined. 2 L.R.A. i N.S.) 
 
 232. 
 Alimonv as equivalent to support. 2 
 " L.R.A. (N.S.) 233. 
 Limited divorce. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 233. 
 Absolute divorce. 2 L.R.A. (X.S.) 
 236 
 
 Begin with this 'boolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 439 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION, V. d— 
 cont'd 
 
 Statutory provisions. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) -130. 
 Alimony as tlie wife's distributive 
 share. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 239. 
 Limited divorce. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 239. 
 Absolute divorce. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 239. 
 Statutory provisions. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 239. 
 Alimony as affected by agreement. 2 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 241. 
 Alimony in arrears at time of death. 
 
 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 Abatement and revival of bills for ali- 
 
 _ mony. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 Suits for alimony after decease of hus- 
 band. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 244. 
 
 e. Lien for. 
 
 § 49. Generally. 
 
 Validity of provision in decree for alimony 
 declaring a lieu on husband's person- 
 alty. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1062. 
 
 Money decree for permanent alimony or 
 separate maintenance as lien on real 
 property. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 132. 
 
 VI. Effect on property rights. 
 
 § 50. Generally. 
 
 Effect of decree of divorce generally, see 
 
 supra, §§ 14, 15. 
 Effect of annulment of marriage, see Mae- 
 
 BIAGE, § 19. 
 
 Effect of lis pendetis in divorce suits. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 615.* 
 Effect of absolute divorce. 11 L.R.A. 790.* 
 Effect of divorce in another state upon prop- 
 erty rights, generally. 59 L.R.A. 178. 
 Effect of divorce upon conveyance by hus- 
 band to wife. 69 L.R.A. 379. 
 Effect of divorce on property held by the 
 entireties. 30 L.R.A. 333; 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 463. 
 On community property, in absence of ad- 
 judication. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 103. 
 Applicability of statutory provision for res- 
 toration of property in case of di- 
 vorce, to voluntary gifts or convey- 
 ances. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 General provision for return of prop- 
 erty owned at marriage. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 195. 
 General provision for return of prop- 
 erty "derived from husband." 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 196. 
 Later Kentucky statute. 39 L.R.A. 
 fN.S.) 196. 
 Where consideration is a valuable 
 
 one. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 198. 
 Conveyances in fraud of creditors. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 198. 
 Gifts not "settlements" under English 
 divorce statutes. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 198. 
 Miscellaneous. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 198. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATIOiN', VI.— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 51. On boniestead rights. 
 
 Effect of divorce on homestead. 23 L.R.A. 
 239; 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 114. 
 Husband's claim to homestead where 
 decree of divorce is silent. 23 
 L.R.A. 239. 
 Wife's claim to homestead where decree 
 of divorce is silent. 23 L.R.A. 
 239. 
 Decree awarding homestead. 23 L.R.A. 
 240. 
 On partition of homestead. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 786. 
 On "family" under homestead and exemp- 
 tion laws. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 Effect of dissolution of marriage after 
 initiation but before consummation of 
 right under homestead entry. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 967. 
 Money decree for permanent alimony or 
 separate , maintenance as lien on home- 
 stead. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 137. 
 
 § 5 2. On dower rights. 
 
 Effect of divorce as a bar to claim for 
 
 dower. 11 L.R.A. 790.* 
 Effect on dower of divorce in another state. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 542; 59 L.R.A. 181. 
 Effect of foreign divorce upon dower. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 219. 
 
 § 53. On rights under insurance 
 I)Olicy. 
 
 See iNsuitAKCE, § 191. 
 
 § 54. On rights under will. 
 
 See Wills, § 126. 
 
 VII. Custody and support of children. 
 
 § 55. Custody. 
 
 As to custody and support of children, gen- 
 erally, see Infants, II. 
 
 Validity of contract as to, see Conteacis, 
 § 87a. 
 
 Custody in case of divorce. 6 L.R.A. 682.* 
 Father's liability for support of children as 
 affected bv decree awarding custody to 
 mother. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 851. 
 Necessity of consent or notice, to parents 
 who are divorced or living apart, on 
 adoption of child. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 151. 
 Jurisdiction of court to award custody of 
 children after prayer for divorce 
 has been withdrawn or dismissed. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1159. 
 After bill withdrawn. .35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1159. 
 After divorce refused. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1159. 
 Effect of death of parent to whom custody 
 of child was awarded upon rights of 
 surviving parent. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 171. 
 Effect of provision in decree of divorce or 
 separation on right of parent to cus- 
 tody of child. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 597. 
 
440 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DIVORCE AND SEPARATION, VII.— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 56. — outside of jurisdiction. 
 
 Custody of children wlien interstate or in- 
 ternational elements involved. 59 
 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Jurisdiction to award custody of child tem- 
 porarily within the state but domi- 
 ciled elsewhere. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 690. 
 
 Recognition of right, emanating from for- 
 eign power, to the custody and control 
 of a child. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 306. 
 
 Removal of child from jurisdiction of court 
 during divorce proceedings. 58 L.R.A. 
 939. 
 
 Extraterritorial effect of judgment award- 
 ing custody of children. 
 
 § 57. Support. 
 
 Validity of contract as to, see Contbaots, 
 § 87a. 
 
 Support of children after divorce. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 682.* 
 Power, on annulling marriage, to require 
 
 man to provide for support of child. 
 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 767. 
 
 Recovery by mother against father for 
 money expended in support of phildreu 
 af.ter divorce. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 
 Liability of father for support of children 
 as affected by decree awarding custody 
 to mother. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 851. 
 
 VIII. Agreements relating to divorce 
 or separation. 
 
 § 5 8. Generally. 
 
 Validity of articles of separation. 1 L.R.A. 
 512;* 6 L.R.A. 132;* 9 L.R.A. 113.* 
 
 How far articles of separation a bar to di- 
 vorce. 6 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 Enforcement of articles; effect of divorce 
 upon. 6 L.R.A. 488.* 
 
 Effect of divorce on articles of separation. 
 
 6 L.R.A. 488.* 
 
 Wife's right to sue husband on separation 
 agreement. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 613. 
 
 Validity of agreement between husband and 
 wife renouncing marital rights. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 848. 
 
 Settlement of property rights between hus- 
 band and wife on account of divorce as 
 implied revocation of will. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1073. 
 
 Validity of contract between husband and 
 wife to compromise pending or con- 
 templated divorce suit. 60 L.R.A. 406. 
 
 Validity of agreement made after divorce as 
 substitute for award of alimony. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1167. 
 
 Validity of anticipatory contract making 
 provision for wife in event of her ob- 
 taining a, divorce for subsequent fault 
 of husband. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 880. 
 
 Validity of contract by third person to pay 
 one spouse to return to the other. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 441. 
 
 ♦-•-* 
 
 DOCKET. 
 
 DOCKET— cont'd 
 
 Injunction against judgment for irregular- 
 
 ' ities in. 30 L.R.A. 709. 
 Time for docketing cause on error or appeal 
 
 to Federal Supreme Court. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 850. 
 
 DOCKS. 
 
 See Wharves. 
 
 DOCK WARRANT. 
 
 Effect of putting dock warrant indorsed in 
 blank into another's possession to estop 
 owner as against purchaser in good 
 faith. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 255. 
 
 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE. 
 
 In general, see Evidence, V. 
 Weight of, see Evidence, §§ 305-308. 
 
 DOCUMENTS. 
 
 Production and inspection of, see Discov- 
 ery AND Inspection, §§ 3, 4. 
 As evidence, see Evidence, V. 
 
 Particularity required in description of doc- 
 uments in subpoena duces tecum. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 835. 
 
 Incorporation of extrinsic document into 
 will. 68 L.R.A. 353. 
 
 Use of photograph of, as evidence. 35 
 L.R.A. 811. 
 
 DOG COLLAR. 
 
 Loss of collar as defense to prosecution for 
 keeping dog without collar. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 437. 
 
 Docketing of judgment, see Judgment, § 14. 3, 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question 
 
 DOGS. 
 
 In general, see Animals. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury to, 
 
 see Railroads, § 76. 
 Injury to, on street car tracks, see Street 
 
 Railways, § 15. 
 
 DOING BUSINESS. 
 
 By foreign corporation, see Corporations, 
 §§ 145-148. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 441 
 
 DOLLARS. 
 
 Omission of dollar sign or word dollars 
 from verdict or a judgment. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 653. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 DOMESTIC ANIMiiLS. 
 
 See AxmtALS. 
 
 •-•-» 
 
 DOMESTIC COMSIERCE. 
 State control of, see Commerce, § 3. 
 
 ♦-•-» 
 
 DOMESTIC RELATIONS. 
 
 Id general, see Divorce and Separation ; 
 Guardian and Ward; Husband and 
 Wife: Infants; jNIarkiage; Master 
 and Servant; Parent and Child. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, §§ 13-17. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, §§ 52, 62-66, 100. 
 
 DOMESTIC REMEDY. 
 
 Administration of, for pav, as practising 
 medicine. 12 L.E.A.(N.s.) 1094. 
 
 DOMESTIC USE. 
 
 Public supply of water for, see Waters, III. 
 
 Correlative use of upper and lower proprie- 
 tor! as to use of water for. 41 L.R.A. 
 739. 
 
 DOMICIL AND RESIDENCE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of corporation, see Corpokations, § 11. 
 
 Jurisdiction as affected by residence, see 
 Courts, §§ 19-26. 
 
 In divorce suit, see Divorce and Separa- 
 tion, §§ 8, 9. 
 
 Of voter, see Elections, § 4. 
 
 As to nonresidents, see Nonresidents. 
 
 Residence of poor persons, see Poor and 
 PooE Laws, § 2. 
 
 What constitutes domicil. 2 L.R.A. 203.*^ 
 How domicil determined. 13 L.R.A. 161.* 
 Domicil or residence when boundary line 
 runs through dwelling. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 874. , , 
 
 Domicil as fixing the national character. 
 
 2 L R A 203.* 
 Domicil' as affecting gov«"'"Slaf of chat- 
 tel mortgage. 64 L.R.A. 363, 366. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Dipests to date. 
 
 DOMICIL AND RESIDENCE--cont'd 
 
 Domicil as affecting governing law of as- 
 signment for creditors. 65 L.R.A. 365. 
 
 Domicil as affecting governing law of matri- 
 monial capacity. 57 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Domicil as affecting governing law of matri- 
 monial property. 57 L.R.A. 353. 
 
 Residence as affecting governing law in ac- 
 tion for death or bodily injury. 56 
 L.R.A. 218. 
 
 Residence as a qualiflcation of grand juror. 
 28 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 Right to testify as to intent with respect 
 to. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 397. 
 
 l^resumption of citizenship from residence. 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1245. 
 
 Where process may be served under statutes 
 providing for constructive service by 
 leaving it at one's usual place of abode, 
 residence, or the like. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 344. 
 
 Service on resident in action at law by leav- 
 ing copy at residence. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 293. 
 
 Requiring one's residence to be stated in 
 notice of accident or injury as condi- 
 tion of municipal liability. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 938. 
 
 Residence as condition of patent under Fed- 
 eral homestead entry. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 752. 
 
 § 2. Of infant. 
 
 Residence of pupils, see Schools, § 6. 
 
 Agreement by parent as to domicil of child. 
 27 L.R.A. 61. 
 
 Child's right in parents' homestead as af- 
 fected by domicil of child. 56 L.R.A. 
 62. 
 
 § 3. Of married woman. 
 
 In divorce suit, see Divorce and Separa- 
 tion, § 9. 
 
 Domicil as affecting capacity of married 
 woman to contract. 57 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 § 4. Of officer. 
 
 Residence as requisite to eligibility of offi- 
 cer, see Officers, § 8. 
 
 Domicil of consul. 45 L.R.A. 587. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute mailing resi- 
 dence within tlie district a qualifica- 
 tion of a public officer. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 835. 
 
 § 5. Of decedent. 
 
 Domicil of decedent as affecting governing 
 law with respect to legitimacy. 65 
 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Residence of deceased as affecting validity 
 of acts by executor or administrator 
 under letters testamentary or of admin- 
 istration afterwards revoked or held 
 invalid. 21 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 § 6. Change of. 
 
 Effect of change of domicil after execution 
 of will, on its validity as to personal 
 property. 2 L,R.A.(N'.S.) 419. 
 
442 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 DOMICIL AND RESIDENCE— cont'd 
 Requiring one's residence to be stated in 
 notice of accident or injury as condi- 
 tion of municipal liability. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 938; 35 L:E.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 Change of residence as affecting right to act 
 as executor or administrator. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 341. 
 
 § 7. — how effected. 
 
 Change of domicil as affected by removal 
 
 for benefit of health. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1159. 
 Going to another state, county, or district 
 
 to teach school or preach, as affecting 
 
 a change of domicil or residence. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 When does nonresidence of person intending 
 
 to leave permanently begin for purpose 
 
 of attachment or exemption. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 778. 
 Is a domicil lost by abandonment vpithout 
 intention of returning, before ac- 
 quiring a new one. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 986. 
 
 Domicil of origin. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 986. 
 
 Result of abandonment of domicil. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 989. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 992. 
 Gaining new domicil or residence before 
 abandoniiig occupation of old resi- 
 dence, by purchasing or hiring 
 property in new locality with in- 
 tention of establishing permanent 
 residence there. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 766. 
 
 Necessity of actual removal. 33 L.R.A. 
 (NiS.) 767. 
 
 Removal of family. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 768. 
 
 DONATION. 
 
 In general, see Gift. 
 
 Of public money, see Public Monet. 
 
 Forfeiture of. 13 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 To corporation of shares of its own stock. 
 18 L.R.A. 255. 
 
 On condition of particular location of pub- 
 lic building. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 589. 
 
 DOOM. 
 
 Validity of statute subjecting to doom of 
 assessor a taxpayer who fails to fur- 
 nish a list of his property. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 388. 
 
 DOORS. 
 
 Screen doors, see Sceeens, § 2. 
 
 DOORWAY. 
 
 Duty of carrier to guard passenger against 
 walking through station doorway lead- 
 ing to place of danger. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 250. 
 
 Contributory negligence in walking through 
 doorway leading to place of danger. 24 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 
 DORItfANCY. 
 
 Of judgment, effect of, see Judgment, § 85. 
 
 *-»^ — '■ 
 
 DORMANT PARTNER. 
 
 Under agreement to share profits. 18 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 1082. 
 
 Proof against one, of declarations of anoth- 
 er to show dormant partnership. 20 
 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 In real estate. 28 L.R.A. 105. 
 
 Admissibility of partnership books of ac- 
 count against. 52 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 DOUBLE AGENCY. 
 
 Right of either principal to affirmative re- 
 lief from transaction in which agent 
 acted for both parties. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 622. 
 
 DOUBLE COMMISSIONS. 
 
 Of real estate broker. 45 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 DOUBLE DAMAGES. 
 
 See Damages, § 120. 
 
 •-*♦ 
 
 DOUBLE INSURANCE. 
 See Insukance, §§ 80, 99-101. 
 
 ♦*-♦ 
 
 DOUBLE REINSURANCE. 
 
 Liability of reinsurer in case of. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 855. 
 
 DOUBLE TAXATION. 
 
 Begin with this liooh on every law question. 
 
 See Taxes, §§ 9-12, 94. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 443 
 
 DOUBLE TRACKS. 
 
 Power of municipality to prevent laying of 
 additional tracks under franchise origi- 
 nally granting right to lay double 
 tracks. 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 850. 
 
 DOUBT. 
 
 Effiot of, on validity of compromise of void, 
 invalid, or unfounded claim. 25 L.E.A. 
 ;N.S.) 276. 
 
 DOUBTFUL CLAIM. 
 
 As assets giving jurisdiction to bind admin- 
 istrator. 24 L.E.A. 689. 
 
 DOUBTFUL TITLE. 
 
 Eflfeet of, on right to specific performance of 
 contract, see Specific Perfokmance, 
 § 17. 
 
 DOWER. 
 
 /. Right to, §§ 1-14:. 
 
 a. In general, § 1. 
 
 5. In what property, §§ 2-i. 
 
 c. Nature and extent; prior- 
 
 ities, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 d. How lost or destroyed, §§ 
 
 7-14:. 
 
 II. Bights, duties, and remedies, §§ 
 15-23. 
 
 I. Bight to. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 % 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 55. 
 
 Dower right as affecting marketability of 
 title. 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 6. In what property. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 In partnership real estate, see Partner- 
 ship, § 21. 
 
 In mines. 16 L.E.A. 247. 
 
 In homestead; relative rights of wife and 
 children. 56 L.E.A. 67. 
 
 In conditional estates. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 691; 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 307. 
 
 In land purchased by railroad company. 29 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 726. 
 
 Eights of widow in accretions added to 
 shore lands. 58 L.E.A. 210. 
 
 Eight to dower on avoidance as against 
 creditors of conveyance of land, legal 
 title to which is never in husband dur- 
 ing coverture. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 103. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 DO WEE, I. b— cont'd 
 
 § 3. In land mortgaged or conveyed by 
 husband. 
 
 In equity of redemption. 4 L.E.A. 118;" 
 5 L.E.A. 519.* 
 
 Dower rights of wife who unites with hus- 
 band in mortgage. 5 L.E.A. 519.* 
 
 Widow's right on foreclosure of mortgage. 
 5 L.E.A. 521.* 
 
 In land dedicated by husband. 31 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1025. 
 
 Right of widow to recover from estate the 
 value of her dower interest in land con- 
 veyed by her husband during lifetime. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1101. 
 
 Effect of discharge of vendor's lien upon 
 dower right. 4 L.E.A. 608.* 
 
 Subordination to vendor's lien or purchase 
 money mortgage. 4 L.E.A. 606.* 
 
 Mortgage to secure money advanced to pur- 
 chase property as a purchase money 
 mortgage not subject to dower. 40 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 275. 
 
 § 4. — where conveyance is avoided as 
 to creditors. 
 
 Eight to dower upon avoidance of convey- 
 ance as against creditors. 32 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 103. 
 Where legal title is never in husband 
 during coverture. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1:3. 
 Eight as between wife and creditor, or 
 purchasers or privies. 32 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 105. 
 Generally. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 105. 
 Affirmative rights of wife. 32 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 107. 
 Affirmative rights of creditors, etc. 
 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 110. 
 Eight as between wife and grantee. 32 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 111. 
 
 c. Nature and extent; priorities. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Effect of depreciation in value of land on a 
 widow's right of dower therein. 18 
 L.E.A. 425. 
 
 Estate of widow before assignment of dow- 
 er. 5 L.E.A. 520.* 
 
 Estimating value of dower right. 5 L.E.A. 
 521.* 
 
 Right to consider accrued taxes in assign- 
 ing dower or fixing its cash value. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 609. 
 
 Abatement or preference of legacy in lieu 
 of dower. 9 L.E.A. 250.* 
 
 § 6. Priorities. 
 
 In case of land mortgaged or conveyed by 
 husband, see supra, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Superiority to, of legal title retained by 
 vendor as security. 4 L.E.A. 608." 
 
 d. How lost or destroyed. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Election between dower and provisions of 
 will, see Wills, §§ 110-115. 
 
444 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DOWER, I. d— cont'd 
 
 Bar of inchoate right, generally. 13 L.R.A. 
 , 441.* 
 
 Power of legislature to destroy. 19 L.R.A. 
 256. 
 
 Release of inchoate right by attorney undei 
 power given by married woman. 16 
 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 Effect of husband's insanity upon wife's 
 power to convey or bar dower. 34 
 L.R.A. 224. 
 
 Is a widow's dower right in property al- 
 lotted to her as a homestead extin- 
 guished, or merely in abeyance. ■ 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1206. 
 
 EfiFect of judgment declaring husband's title 
 to an estate to be that of mortgagee, 
 upon dower right of wife who was not 
 a party to the action. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 723. 
 
 § 8. By conveyance. 
 
 Right to dower in land mortgaged or con- 
 veyed by husband, see supra, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Voluntary conveyance in which dower is 
 not released in satisfaction of a mort- 
 gage releasing dower. 31 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 323. 
 
 Estoppel of wife living apart from husband 
 to claim dower as against purchaser 
 ignorant of relationship. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 575; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 762. 
 
 § 9. By antenuptial contract. 
 
 Antenuptial contract as bar to dower. 2 
 L.R.A. 373.* 
 
 Power to bar dower by antenuptial agree- 
 ment suffici(ent in equity, but not con- 
 forming to any of the statutory meth- 
 ods of barring dower. 17 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 866. 
 
 § 10. Effect of misconduct. 
 
 Effect of divorce, see Divokce and Sepaea- 
 TION, § 52. 
 
 Conduct during husband's lifetime as estop- 
 pel to claim of. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 971. 
 
 Effect of fraud to estop widow from claim- 
 ing. 25 L.R.A. 573. 
 
 Effect of abandonment of marriage obliga- 
 tion to bar dower. 11 L.R.A. 791.* 
 
 Eifect of adulterous elopement to bar dower. 
 11 L.R.A. 791.* 
 
 § 11. Power of husband or his credit- 
 ors to defeat. 
 
 Generally. 18 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 As to lands held in common by husband. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 75. 
 As to lands sold under mortgage. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 76. 
 Bankruptcy. 18 L.R.A. 77. 
 Effect of bankruptcy on dower rights of 
 
 banlcrupt's wife. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1180. 
 Sale on execution to satisfy mechanics' lien. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 77. 
 Sale under execution against husband. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 78. 
 
 § 12. By dedication or condemnation. 
 
 Dower in land dedicated by husband. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1025. 
 
 Begin tiith this hook on e'very law question 
 
 DOWER, I. d— cont'd 
 
 Effect of dedication or condemnation of hus- 
 band's lands to public use upon wife's 
 right of dower. 8 L.R.A. 443;* 18 
 L.R.A. 79. 
 
 8 13. By tax sale. 
 
 Effect of tax sale upon inchoate right of 
 
 dower. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1294. 
 Effect of sale of husband's lands for taxes 
 
 upon wife's right of dower. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 79. 
 Effect of tax sale on land held by tenant 
 
 in dower. 32 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 § 14. By adverse possession or parti- 
 tion sale. 
 
 Effect of adverse possession of husband's 
 lands on wife's right of dower. 18 
 L.R.A. 78. 
 
 Effect of partition sale upon dower rights of 
 one not a party. 16 L.R.A. 776. 
 
 //. Bights, duties, and remedies, 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Ejectment by widow. 18 L.R.A. 790. 
 Adverse possession by tenant in dower. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 839. 
 Right of widow prior to assignment of 
 
 dower to maintain trespass quare clau- 
 
 sum. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 Power of legislature to increase dower 
 
 rights. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 Right of doweress to mesne profits or dam- 
 ages for detention of dower. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 180. 
 Right of husband's grantee to exoneration 
 
 of land conveyed, by allotment of dower 
 
 from other lands. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 917. 
 Removal of proceeding for assignment of, 
 
 because of separable controversy. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 
 §16. Doweress as party to foreclosure 
 suit. 
 
 Doweress as a necessary party to foreclo- 
 sure suit. 5 L.R.A. 521.* 
 
 § 17. Right to redeem from mortgage. 
 
 See MoBTaAGE, § 88. 
 
 §18. Mineral rights. 
 
 Rights of tenant in dower as to oil and gas. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1108. 
 Mineral rights of tenant in dower. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1099. 
 
 § 19. Contribution. ^ 
 
 Contribution between heir and widow in 
 case of payment of mortgage. 5 L.R.A. 
 520.* 
 
 S 20. Sub,iccting dower estate to debts. 
 
 Loss of right to dower by execution or fore- 
 closure sale, see supra, § 11. 
 
 Levy on estate of. 23 L.R.A. 647. 
 
 As subject of attachment or lew on exe- 
 cution. 30 L.R.A.(X.S.) 117". 
 
 Equitable remedy to subject unassigned 
 dower to judgment after return of no 
 property found. 63 L.R.A. 697. 
 
DOWER, II.— cont'd 
 
 § 21. Duty as to taxes. 
 
 Loss of right to dower by tax sale, see 
 supra, § 13. 
 
 Duty of tenant in, to pay taxes. 32 L.K.A. 
 748. •^ 
 
 § 22. Succession tax on dower. 
 
 "Succession tax on dower. 29 L.E.A.fN.S.) 
 
 428. 
 Succession tax upon provision in lieu of 
 
 dower. 33 L.K.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DRAIN INSPECTOKS. 
 
 445 
 
 DRAFT. 
 
 In general, see Banks, V. ; Bills and 
 
 Notes; Checks. 
 Collection of, by banks, see Banks, §§ 31- 
 
 35. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to passenger 
 by draft from open doors or windows. 
 11 L.R.A.(X.S.) 926. 
 
 Effect of, to create a maritime lien. 70 
 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 DKAFTSMAjV. 
 
 Undue influence by, on testator, see Wills, 
 § 17. 
 
 Competency of, to testify to his own or tes- 
 tator's intention. 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 
 Evidentiary force of circumstance that one 
 benefited by will was the draftsman 
 thereof. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 270. 
 
 DRAINAGE DISTRICTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Liability of, for expenses of drainage. 58 
 
 L.E.A. 372. 
 Proceedings for incorporation of, as a civil 
 
 suit within statute allowing change of 
 
 venue. 12 L.R.A.(N.S. )900. 
 Liability of, for flooding land. 19 L.K.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 991. 
 
 § 2. Creation of. 
 
 Formation of. 10 L.R.A, 285.* 
 
 Institution of drainage proceedings by or- 
 ganization of. 60 L.R.A. 169. 
 
 laking railroad lands for. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 227. 
 
 Rit^ht to withdraw name from petition for. 
 ° 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372; 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1113. 
 
 Proceeding for incorporation of drainage 
 district, or for other public improve- 
 ment, as a civil suit, within statute al- 
 lowing change of venue. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 900. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 Duty and liability to drain inspectors en- 
 tering premises in jierformance of their 
 duty. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 380. 
 
 DRAINS AND SEWERS. 
 
 I. In general; establishment, §§ 1-7. 
 II. Duty and liahilitij as to, §§ S-10. 
 
 III. Procedure, § 11, 
 
 IV. Assessments, §§ 13-1 i. 
 
 I. In general; establishment. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Drainage districts, see Drainage Districts. 
 Injunction as to, see Injunction, § 31. 
 Parties plaintiff in actions affecting, see 
 
 Parties, § 5. 
 Drainage of water generally, see -Waters, 
 
 § 62. 
 Public, improvements, generally, see Public 
 
 Improvements. 
 
 Statutory regulations. 9 L.R.A. 205.* 
 
 Authority of legislature over; taxation for 
 construction of. 12 L.R.A. 417.* 
 
 Implied reservation of. 13 L.R.A. 657.* 
 
 Injunction against municipality as to. 23 
 L.R.A. 301. 
 
 Mechanic's lien for sewer connections in 
 street. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute, to 
 enjoin unlawful expenditures by munic- 
 ipality. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 23. 
 
 Draining ponds. 21 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Right to drain surface water into water 
 course. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 903. 
 
 Appropriator's right to enter upon land of 
 upper proprietor to clean out ditch. 
 43 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 Interference by, with wharf rights in navi- 
 gable waters. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 430. 
 
 Duty of railroad to construct bridges at its 
 own expense over public drainage 
 ditches. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1118. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk from changing 
 condition of excavations in, during 
 progress of work. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 358. 
 
 § 2. Nuisance as to. 
 
 Drains and sewers as nuisances, see Nuis- 
 ances, § 2. 
 
 Injunction by municipality against nuisance 
 
 from sewers. 41 L.R.A. 325. 
 Municipal regulation of sewers as nuisances. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 319. 
 Presumption as to statutory authority to 
 
 commit nuisance by sewerage system. 
 
 70 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 I? 2a. Necessity for. 
 
 Necessity for establishment of. 60 L.R.A. 
 191. 
 
 Existence of necessity for drainage of pri- 
 vate lands. 49 L.R.A. 782. 
 
448 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DRAINS AND SEWERS, I.— cont'd 
 § 3. Taking of property for. 
 
 See Eminent Domain, § 17. 
 
 § 4. Use of highway for. 
 
 Power of municipality to authorize use of 
 
 highway for private drain. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 715. 
 Construction in streets as additional burden 
 
 on easement. 17 L.R.A. 479. 
 Right of fee owner to use highway for ditch. 
 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 506. 
 
 § 5. Connection with. 
 
 Right and duty to connect property with 
 drain or sewer. 70 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 Duty to make connection. 70 L.R.A. 
 241. 
 
 Drainage ditches. 70 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 Private drains. 70 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Compulsory drainage. 70 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Liability for injuries. 70 L.R.A. 242. 
 Permitting abutting owner to make sewer 
 
 connection in street. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 512. 
 
 § 6. Maintenance of drainage ditches. 
 
 Landowner's right to compel repair. 69 
 L.R.A. 806. 
 
 Action by officials. 69 L.R.A. 806. 
 
 What is repair? 69 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 Who to bear cost of repair. 69 L.R.A. 809. 
 
 The assessment. 69 L.R.A. 810. 
 
 Rights of landowner. 69 L.R.A. 811. 
 
 EstoppeL 69 L.R.A. 811. 
 
 Irregularities. 69 L.R.A. 811. 
 
 How far court may review and control pro- 
 ceedings. 69 L.R.A. 811. 
 
 Liability for nonrepair. 69 L.R.A. 813. 
 
 Certification of cost. 69 L.R.A. 813. 
 
 Repeal of law. 69 L.R.A. 813. 
 
 § 7. Commissioners of drains and 
 sewers. 
 
 Jurisdiction of drain commissioners. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 285.* 
 Right of woman to be commissioner of 
 
 sewers. 38 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 //. Duty and liability as to. 
 
 g 8. Generally. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third persons as to 
 condition of. 26 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 Liability of one connecting with drain or 
 sewer for injuries. 70 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Liability for injury to higher property by 
 hastening drainage from lower land. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 
 Liability for reopening or cleaning out 
 drain or natural water way after body 
 of surface water hbs accumulated. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 160. 
 
 Interference with drainage by damming 
 back water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 819. 
 
 Liability for turning steam or other danger- 
 ous vapors or gases into stream. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 957. 
 
 Employer's liability for negligence of inde- 
 pendent contractor in construction of 
 gewer. 65 L.R.A. 846. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 DRAINS AND SEWERS, II.— cont'd 
 When limitations begin to run against ac- 
 tions for damages for flooding of land 
 by digging of drain. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 894; 25 L.R.A; (N.S.) 645. 
 
 § 9. Of municipality. 
 
 Liability of municipality for injuries due 
 to, see Municipal Cobpobations, §§ 
 86-89. 
 
 Rights, duties and liability of municipal 
 corporation with respect to surface 
 water, see Municipal Cobpobations, 
 §§ 29, 91, 92. 
 
 Extent of municipal liability with respect 
 to, see Damages, § 78. 
 
 Effect of municipal indebtedness on acquisi- 
 tion of sewer system. 59 L.R.A. 604. 
 Abandonment of surface water drain by 
 
 city. 65 L.R.A. 286. 
 Right and duty to provide. 61 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Special circumstances. 61 L.R.A. 675. 
 
 Delegation by city council of power. 
 20 L.R.A. 653. 
 Location. 61 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 In streets. 61 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 On private property. 61 L.R.A. 679. 
 Construction. 61 L.R.A. 683. 
 
 Sufficiency. 61 L.R.A. 683. 
 
 Defective consti-uction. 61 L.R.A. 683. 
 
 For private benefit. 61 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 Extension. 61 L.R.A. 690. 
 Outlet. 61 L.R.A. 690. 
 
 Must be provided. 61 L.R.A. 690. 
 
 Inadequacy or negligent location of. 
 61 L.R.A. 691. 
 
 Use of stream as. 61 L.R.A. 693. 
 Increasing flow. 61 L.R.A. 693. 
 Pollution. 48 L.R.A. 691; 61 
 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 Use of canal. 61 L.R.A. 696. 
 Maintenance. 61 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 Repair. 61 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 Keeping unobstructed 61 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 Sanitary precautions; odors; gases. 61 
 L.R.A. 699. 
 
 Other matters. 61 L.R.A. 700. 
 Parties. 61 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 Who may sue. 61 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 Defendants. 61 L.R.A. 711. 
 Limitation. 61 L.R.A. 711. 
 Damages. 61 L.R.A. 712. 
 Effect of limitation of municipal indebted- 
 ness upon acquisition of sewer system. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 604. 
 Duty of municipality to guard drainage 
 
 ditch along sidewalk. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1169. 
 
 § 10. Interference with streams by. 
 
 As to pollution of water course, generally, 
 see Waters, §§ 55-58, 66, 77, 80, 103, 
 113. 
 
 Liability for intercepting subterranean 
 waters by. 19 L.R.A. 94. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 447 
 
 DRAINS AND SEWERS— cont'd 
 ///. Procedure. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Notice of classification of lands. 10 L R A 
 
 2S5.» 
 General observations as to right to estab- 
 lish. 60 L.E.A. 161. 
 Institution of proceedings. 60 L.R.A. 166. 
 By petition of landowner. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 166. 
 By municipal ordinance. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 168. 
 By organization of drainage district. 
 60 L.E.A. 169. 
 Jurisdiction over proceedings. 60 L.R.A. 
 172. 
 In general. 60 L.R.A. 172. 
 Of courts. 60 L.R.A. 174. 
 Conflicting authority. 60 L.R.A. 175. 
 Flans and specifications. 60 L.R.A. 176. 
 Practicability. 60 L.R.A. 176. 
 In general. 60 L.R.A. 176. 
 Choice of route. 60 L.R.A. 178. 
 Lack of outlet. 60 L.R.A. 181. 
 Expensiveness. 60 L.R.A. 183. 
 Necessity of designating. 60 L.R.A. 
 183. 
 In general. 60 L.R.A. 183. 
 Estimates of cost. 60 L.R.A. 184. 
 Route. 60 L.R.A. 185. 
 Dimensions. 60 L.R.A. 186. 
 Material and openings. 60 L.R.A. 
 186. 
 Departure from. 60 L.R.A. 187. 
 Route. 60 L.R.A. 187. 
 Plans. 60 L.R.A. 188. 
 Default of contractor. 60 L.R.A. 
 190. 
 Departure from statute. 60 L.R.A. 191. 
 Necessity must be shown. 60 L.R.A. 191. 
 To make establishment legal. 60 L.E.A. 
 
 191. 
 To uphold assessment. 60 L.R.A. 193. 
 Who to determine necessity. 60 L.R.A. 
 193. 
 Acquisition of right of way. 60 L.R.A. 195. 
 Eight to acquire. 60 L.R.A. 195. 
 How acquired. 60 L.R.A. 197. 
 By contract. 60 L.R.A. 197. 
 By eminent domain. 60 L.E.A. 
 198. 
 Compensation must be made. 60 L.R.A. 
 199. 
 In general. 60 L.R.A. 199. 
 When and how made. 60 L.R.A. 
 201. 
 Procedure. 60 L.R.A. 202. 
 Measure of damages. 60 L.E.A. 204. 
 CSompletion of improvement. 60 L.R.A. 206. 
 Statutory provisions must be followed. 
 
 60 L.E.A. 206. 
 Jurisdictional facts. 60 L.R.A. 207. 
 Effect of irregularities. 60 L.R.A. 208. 
 Notice; hearing. 60 L.R.A. 209. 
 General rules. 60 L.R.A. 209. 
 To whom. 60 L.R.A. 212. 
 Of what. 60 L.R.A. 214. 
 Form. 60 L.R.A. 214. 
 Hearing. 60 L.R.A. 216. 
 Other matters. 60 L.E.A. 216. 
 Letting contract. 60 L.R.A. 217. 
 ConifuU also L.B.A. Vigests to date. 
 
 DRAINS AND SEWERS, III.— cont'd 
 Remonstrance. 60 L.R.A. 218. 
 Statutory matters. 60 L.R.A. 219. 
 Details of work. 60 L.R.A. 220. 
 Wrongful acts. 60 L.R.A. 221. 
 Compensation for injury. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 223. 
 Others matters. 60 L.R.A. 223. 
 Supervision by court. 60 L.R.A. 224. 
 By appeal. 60 L.R.A. 224. 
 On collateral attack. 60 L.R.A. 225. 
 Acquisition of funds. 60 L.R.A. 226. 
 
 Use of public funds or credit. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 226. 
 Local assessment. 60 L.R.A. 227. 
 
 Authority to make. 60 L.R.A. 227. 
 What is liable. 60 L.R.A. 228. 
 Procedure; method of assessment. 
 
 60 L.R.A. 232. 
 Apportionment and equalization. 
 
 60 L.R.A. 234. 
 For what may be laid. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 234. 
 Rights of property owner. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 235. 
 Other matters. 60 L.R.A. 237. 
 Lien. 60 L.E.A. 237. 
 Enforcement. 60 L.R.A. 238. 
 Collection and distribution of fund. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 240. 
 Curing defects. 60 L.R.A. 240. 
 Contesting assessment. 60 L.R.A. 241. 
 Who may contest. 60 L.R.A. 241. 
 Method of contesting. 60 L.R.A. 242. 
 Grounds of contesting. 60 L.R.A. 243. 
 Defects in worlc as a defense to assess- 
 ment. 56 L.R.A. 919. 
 Benefit must be paid. 60 L.R.A. 246. 
 Laches. 60 L.R.A. 246. 
 Waiver. 60 L.E.A. 246. 
 Estoppel. 60 L.E.A. 247. 
 Suit to recover back money paid. 60 
 
 L.E.A. 248. 
 Other matters. 60 L.E.A. 249. 
 Abandonment of drain. 60 L.R.A. 249. 
 Appeals. 10 L.R.A. 288.* 
 How far court may review and control 
 proceedings. 69 L.R.A. 811. 
 
 IV. Assessments. 
 
 §12. Generally. 
 
 Assessments for local improvements gener- 
 ally, see Public Improvements, IV. 
 
 For drainage ditches. 69 L.E.A. 810. 
 Acquiring funds to establish drains and 
 
 sewers by. 60 L.R.A. 227. 
 Assessments for benefits. 10 L.R.A. 286.* 
 Classification of highways and railroads for. 
 
 10 L.R.A. 286.* 
 Notice of assessment. 10 L.E.A. 287.* 
 Correcting of. 10 L.R.A. 287.*- 
 Contesting of. 60 L.R.A. 241. 
 Defects in work as defense to. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 919. 
 
 § iS. Persons and property liable for. 
 
 For local improvements generally, see Ptjb- 
 Lic Improvements, §§ 16-23. 
 
 Basis for liability. 58 L.R.A. 353. 
 
448 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DRAINS AND SEWERS, IV.— cont'd 
 Consideration of principles involved. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 354. 
 The rule that assessment depends on bene- 
 fit. 58 L.R.A. 358. 
 Assessment according to benefit valid. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 358. 
 Adjustment of the assessment. 58 
 L.R.A. 359. 
 Benefit must be certain. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 359. 
 Indirect benefits. 58 L.R.A. 360. 
 What benefits considered. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 362. 
 Relation between benefits and as- 
 sessments. 58 L.R.A. 362. 
 Excessive assessment. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 363. 
 Lands suflieiently drained. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 367. 
 Set-off of benefits and injuries. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 370. 
 Omission of benefited land. 58 
 L.R.A. 371. 
 Drainage districts. 58 L.R.A. 372. 
 Area assessments. 58 L.R.A. 374. 
 Public liability. 58 L.R.A. 378. 
 Assessment runs with the land. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 379. 
 Exemptions. 58 L.R.A. 380. 
 Renewal and maintenance. 58 L.R.A. 383. 
 Property liable for assessment for construc- 
 tion of drains or sewers. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 973. 
 
 § 14. Enforcement; lien. 
 
 Enforcement of assessments for local im- 
 provements generally, see Public Im- 
 
 PEOVEMENTS, §§ 27-31. 
 
 Enforcement of. 10 L.R.A. 288.* 
 
 Application for judgment on. 10 L.R.A. 
 288.* 
 
 Bill to quiet title on invalid sale of prop- 
 erty for sewer assessment. 60 L.R.A. 
 243. 
 
 Lien of. 10 L.R.A. 287.* 
 
 Foreclosure of lien. 10 L.R.A. 287.* 
 
 Lien on abutting property for cost of sewer. 
 60 L.R.A. 237. 
 
 DRAMATIC PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 Rights of employers to dramatic pieces com- 
 posed by employees. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1189. 
 
 What constitutes infringement of dramatic 
 copyright. 2 B. R. C. 107. 
 
 DRAMATIZATION. 
 
 DRAWBRIDGE. 
 
 Duty of one approaching to stop, look, and 
 listen. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 452. 
 
 Municipal liability for negligence of bridge 
 tender. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1178. 
 
 DRAWING. 
 
 Of grand jury, see Gband Juet, § 2. 
 
 ^« » 
 
 DRAYMEN. 
 
 See Cabtman and Teamsters. 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 DREDGING. 
 
 Duty of dredging wharves or docks. 61 
 L.R.A. 947. 
 
 Right to remove lateral support by dredg- 
 ing water bed. 64 L.R.A. 275. 
 
 DRIFT. 
 
 Obstruction of waters of stream by. 59 
 L.R.A. 871. 
 
 DRILLS. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as applied 
 to injury from. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 678. 
 
 DRIVERS. 
 
 Inaputing Negligence of, to passengers, see 
 Negligence, §§ 42,- 44. 
 
 Who is responsible for acts of driver of 
 
 hired vehicle. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1122; 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 973. 
 Care required of driver of automobile at 
 
 railroad crossings. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 794; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 924. 
 As fellow servant of servants of employer 
 
 of team and driver. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 338. 
 
 DRIVEWAY. 
 
 Sale or assignment of story as carrying the Right of abutting owner to join his land 
 exclusive right to dramatize it. 41 to street by driveway or walk. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1002. ' L.R.A. (N.S.) 1074. 
 
 Begin tvith this hook on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 449 
 
 DRIVING LOGS. 
 
 Right to use stream for, see Logs and Log- 
 GINQ, §§ 4-10. 
 
 DROVERS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As independent contractors. 
 
 65 L.R.A. 468. 
 
 § 2. Accompanying stock during trans- 
 portation. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to, see Cak- 
 ElEKS, § 57. 
 
 Right of conductor to waive condition in 
 pass of. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 646. 
 
 Rights of person riding on drover's pass. 
 22 L.R.A. 794; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 632. 
 
 Right of drover or stockman who uses car 
 after destination is reached. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 571. 
 
 Riding on top of car as contributory neg- 
 ligence. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 
 DROWNING. 
 
 Ab accident. 30 L.R.A. 211. 
 Liability on insurance policy for death by. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 631. 
 
 DRUGS AND DRUGGISTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Validity of classification in Sunday law, as 
 
 to keeping drug store open. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1259. 
 Order for physical examination requiring 
 
 use of. as abuse of discretion. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 665. 
 
 § 2. Effect of use of drugs. 
 
 Use of drugs as affecting responsibility and 
 capacity. 39 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Use of drugs as affecting testamentary ca- 
 pacity. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 31. 
 
 § 3. Refrnlation; license. 
 
 Private action for violation of statutes reg- 
 ulating sales of. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 382. 
 
 Construction and effect of statute prohibit- 
 ing or rtpulating sale of poisons. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 519. 
 
 What are medicines, drugs, or poisons with- 
 in the meaning of statutes regulating 
 pharmacists. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1013. 
 
 Liability of druggist for injury to stranger 
 from drug or poison sold by him. 13 
 L.R.A. (N';S.) 646. 
 
 Right of unlicensed druggists to recover for 
 sf-rvices rendered by licensed one. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 392. 
 
 Does fact that a drug clerk is a licensed 
 pharmacist relieve his employer from 
 liabilitv for his negligence or lack of | 
 skill. .'39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 29 
 
 DRUGS AND DRUGGISTS— cont'd 
 § 4. Sale of liquor l)y drtiggists. 
 
 Permission to pharmacists to sell spiritu- 
 ous liquors. 7 L.R.A. 297.* 
 
 Regulation of sale of intoxicating liquor by. 
 10 L.R.A. 81.* 
 
 Must indictment or information for sale 
 of liquor by druggists on prescription 
 state name of purchaser. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 5S3. 
 
 May records of sales of liquor, which a 
 druggist is required by law to keep, 
 be used as evidence against him in a 
 criminal prosecution. 25 L.R.A. (N.S ) 
 818. 
 
 § 5. Ijiability. 
 
 Liability of vendor of drugs for negligence. 
 21 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 Liability of druggist for injury to stranger 
 from drug or poison sold by him. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1178; 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 646. 
 
 Wife's right of action at common law 
 against one selling drugs to husband. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 360. 
 
 Duty of druggist or apothecary in the sale 
 or compounding of drugs or medicines. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 900. 
 
 Master's liability for injury done by serv- 
 ant to third person in use of deleterious 
 drug placed in his cvistody. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 374. 
 
 Does fact that a drug clerk is a licensed 
 pharmacist relieve his employer from 
 liability for his negligence or lack of 
 skill. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 275. 
 
 § 6. Validity of agreements between 
 
 druggists. 
 Restraint of trade in medicine. 22 L.R.A, 
 
 674. 
 Validity of restrictive agreement to sale 
 
 of trade of drugs. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 926. 
 Validity of agreement in restraint of trade 
 
 ancillary to sale of drug business as 
 
 affected by territorial scope. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 928. 
 Legality under modern anti-trust acts of 
 
 combinations between druggists. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 136. 
 
 DRUMMERS. 
 
 See COMMEECIAL Teavblebs. 
 
 DRUNKARDS. 
 
 Habitual drunkards, see Habittjal Dbunk- 
 
 AEDS. 
 
 DRUNKENNESS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Drunken passengers, 
 40. 
 
 see Caebiebs. §§ 39, 
 
450 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DRUNKENNESS— cont'd 
 
 Effect on criminal responsibility, see Cbim- 
 INAL Law, § 10. 
 
 As ground for divorce, see Divorce and 
 Sepaeation, § 26. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to, see Evidence, § 188. 
 
 As to habitual drunkards, see Habitual 
 Dbttnkakds. 
 
 As to intemperance, see Intemperance. 
 
 Civil liability of seller of liquor for in- 
 juries resulting from intoxication, see 
 Intoxicating Liquors, § 41. 
 
 Effect of, on testamentary capacity, see 
 Wills, § 11. 
 
 Evidence of. 8 L.R.A. 33.* 
 
 Presumption as to continuance of. 35 
 L.R.A. 122. 
 
 Municipal regulation of, as a nuisance. 39 
 L.R.A. 524. 
 
 Effect of intoxication on validity of mar- 
 riage. 34 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 Effect of, on right of parent to custody of 
 child. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592, 605. 
 
 As affecting testamentary capacity. 39 
 L.R.A. 220. 
 
 As justification for discharge of servant or 
 agent. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 339. 
 
 As disturbance of public peace. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 505. 
 
 In court room as contempt. 33 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 138. 
 
 Continuance because of intoxication of par- 
 ty. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 667. 
 
 § 2. Provision 
 against. 
 
 See Insurance, § 
 
 in insurance policy 
 
 § 3. Contracts witli drnnlfen persons. 
 
 Right to affirmative relief in equity from 
 contract on ground that it was pro- 
 cured from complainant while intoxi- 
 cated. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1066. 
 
 § 4. — validity of. 
 
 How far is contract invalidated by intoxi- 
 cation. 2 L.R.A.{N.S.) 666. 
 Validitv of contract made with intoxicated 
 
 person. 54 L.R.A. 440; 25 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 596. 
 Degree of intoxication. 54 L.R.A. 440; 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 596. 
 Taking advantage of intoxicated person. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 443. 
 Fraud. 54 L.R.A. 445. 
 Intoxication produced by the other partv. 
 
 b4 L.R.A. 446. 
 Ratification. 54 L.R.A. 448; 25 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 600. 
 Habitual drunkards. 54 L.R.A. 449. 
 As affecting a bona fide holder of note. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 451. 
 Implied contracts. 54 L.R.A. 451. 
 Obtaining relief. 54 L.R.A. 452. 
 Who may show intoxication of party. 54 
 'L.R.A. 453. 
 
 Applications of the rule. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 598. 
 
 Where contract merely carries out pri- 
 or agreement. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 599. 
 
 Begin with this iooTe on every law question. 
 
 DRUNKENNESS— cont'd 
 
 Statutory provision. 25 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 600. 
 
 § 5. .Is affecting negligence or con- 
 tributory negligence. 
 
 Intoxication no excuse. 40 L.R.A. 131. 
 Effect when there is negligence on both 
 
 sides. 40 L.R.A. 139. 
 Question for the jury. 40 L.R.A. 141. 
 Presumption and burden of proof. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 142. 
 Intoxication amounting to contributorv neg- 
 ligence. 40 L.R.A. 132. 
 Generally. 40 L.R.A. 132. 
 With relation to trespassers. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 132. 
 With relation to miscellaneous matters. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 138. 
 Question for jury as to whether intox- 
 ication contributed to injury. 40 
 L.R.A. 141. 
 Presumption and burden of proof. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 142. 
 Intoxication as evidence of negligence. 
 40 L.R.A. 143. 
 Admissibility. 40 L.R.A. 143. 
 Weight and sufficiency. 40 L.R.A. 
 145. 
 
 § 6. — on railroad track. 
 
 Intoxication of person on railroad track 
 as affecting applicability of doctrine 
 of last clear chance, see Negligence, 
 § 52. 
 
 Intoxication of person injured at crossing 
 as contributory negligence. 40 L.R.A. 
 133. 
 
 § 7. — in highway. 
 
 Liability for injury to drunken person by 
 defect in street. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 481. 
 
 When drunkenness amounts to contributory 
 negligence in case of injury to high- 
 ways, streets, etc. 40 L.R.A. 138. 
 
 Degree of care required of intoxicated per- 
 sons in defective street. 21 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 626. 
 
 Intoxication of driver on defective highway 
 as contributory negligence. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1267. 
 
 § 8. — of passenger. 
 
 Carrier's duty to look after drunken pas- 
 senger after he has left car. 8 L.R.i. 
 (N.S.) 298. 
 
 Carrier's liability for forcing sick or in- 
 toxicated passenger out of car and onto 
 platform. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 197. 
 
 Carrier's duty to accept intoxicated person 
 as a passenger. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 173. 
 
 Exposure of drunken passenger to danger 
 by ejection from ear. 19 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 Intoxication as afl'ecting negligence of pas- 
 senger. 40 L.R.A. 134. 
 
 § 9. — of fellow servant. 
 
 Employment of persons having habits of 
 intoxication. 40 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Master's liability for injuries caused by 
 fellow servant rendered incompetent by 
 use of liquor. 25 L.R.A. 714. 
 
DRUM KENNESS— cont'd 
 
 Evidence of fellow servant's intemperance 
 
 in action bv injured servant. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 770. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 451 
 
 DUMMY STOCKHOLDERS. 
 
 DRY DOCK. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to main- 
 tain dry dock. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 121. 
 
 < « » 
 
 DUCES TECUM. 
 
 Subpoena duces tecum, see Witnesses, § 5. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 DUCKING STOOL. 
 
 As cruel and unusual punishment. 35 
 LJI.A. 569. 
 
 DUEBIDL. 
 
 Personal liability of corporate officers on. 
 
 19 L.E.A. 677. 
 Clearing house due bill. 25 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 DUELING. 
 
 Solicitation to. 25 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 Cruel or unusual punishment for. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 571. 
 Homicide in the commission of. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 377. 
 Degree of homicide in case of killing in 
 
 duel. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 821. 
 
 DUE PROCESS OF LAW. 
 
 See Constitutional Law, VIII, 0. 
 
 DUES. 
 
 Meaning of. 15 L.R.A. 513. 
 Enforceability of dues of members of social 
 clubs. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 647. 
 
 DUMB PERSONS. 
 
 See Deaf and Dumb. 
 
 *-•-• 
 
 DUMMY DIRECTORS. 
 
 Validity of agreement to elect. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 658. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 Liability of dummy-holder of stock for 
 pledgee's benefit. 36 L.R.A. 140. 
 
 Liability of pledgee of stock listed in name 
 of 'dummy "holder. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 252. 
 
 DUMPING GROUND. 
 
 Municipal liability as to, see Municipal 
 Corpokations, § 78. 
 
 DUPLICATE. 
 
 Presumption as to alteration of typewritten 
 instrument made in duplicate. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680. 
 
 To whom delivery may be made under du- 
 plicate bills of lading. 38 L.R.A. 362. 
 
 DUPLICITY. 
 
 In indictment, see Indictment, etc., § 31. 
 In pleading in civil action, see Pleading, 
 
 § 15. 
 In statutes, see Statutes, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 In description of offense in bail bond or 
 recognizance. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 328. 
 
 DURATION. 
 
 Of easement, see Easements, § 17. 
 
 Of employment, see Master and Servant, 
 
 § 5. 
 Of municipal contract, see Municipal Cob- 
 
 porations, § 55. 
 
 Of private corporation. 33 L.R.A. 576. 
 Of period of cornnulsorv labor of prisoner. 
 27 L.R.A. 600. 
 
 DURESS. 
 
 § t. Generally. 
 
 Contract procured by threats of prosecu- 
 tion of a relative, see Contracts, § 91. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction in case of, see Equity, 
 § 8. 
 
 To avoid marriage. 43 L.R.A. 814. 
 
 Cohabitation as ratification of forced mar- 
 riage. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 805. 
 
 Of employee in i-espeet to inventions. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1179. 
 
 Incriminating evidence furnished by de- 
 fendant acting under compulsion. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 772. 
 
 § 2. What constitutes. 
 
 What constitutes. 7 L.R.A. 551 ; " 9 L.R.A. 
 
 633.* 
 By lien on real property. 16 L.R.A. 376. 
 
452 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 DURESS— cont'd 
 
 By demanding receipt as a condition of 
 payment. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 Payment of illegal bonus for discharge of 
 mortgage pending foreclosure. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 574. 
 
 What constitutes duress for which mar- 
 riage may be annulled. 27 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 803. 
 
 When payment of license fee is made under 
 duress. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) "873. 
 
 Voluntariness of payment of license fee un- 
 lawfully exacted under color of author- 
 ity. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 
 Merely demanding that accused produce in- 
 criminating document as violation of 
 his privilege against self-crimination. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1171. 
 
 § 3. Effect of. 
 
 Right to recover back money paid under, 
 
 see Assumpsit, § 4; Taxes, §§ 86, 87. 
 As excuse for crime, see Criminal Law, 
 
 § 22. 
 As ground for divorce, see Divokcb and 
 
 Separation, § 21. 
 As ground for injunction against judgment, 
 
 see Injunction, § 56. 
 Eflfect of, to avoid marriage, see Marriage, 
 
 § 6. 
 
 As aff»cting compromise. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 308. 
 
 Impeachment of certificate of acknowledg- 
 ment because of. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1169. 
 
 As ground of injunction against judgment. 
 30 L.R.A. 802. 
 
 Equitable relief from acts induced by duress 
 and coercion. 6 L.R.A. 493.* 
 
 Annulment of acts done under duress. 6 
 L.R.A. 491.* 
 
 Right to avoid marriage entered into to 
 escape prosecution for seduction, upon 
 ground of duress. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 938. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession made under. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 Effect of shipping contract limiting car- 
 rier's common law liability signed under 
 compulsion. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 637. 
 
 As an excuse for crime. 19 L.R.A. 357. 
 Duress of wife by husband. 19 L.R.A. 
 358. 
 
 DUST. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk from. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 
 Right to recover for, in condemnation pro- 
 ceedings. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 48. 
 
 Right under constitutional provision 
 against "damaging" private property 
 for public use without compensation, 
 to compensation for consequential dam- 
 ages to property no part of which is 
 taken from dust incident to ordinary 
 operation of railroad. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1054 
 
 DUTIES. 
 
 As to smuggling, see Smuggling, 
 
 When is offense of smuggling, denounced by 
 
 U. S. Eev. Stat. § 2865 (U. S. Comp. 
 
 Stat. 1901, p. 1905), complete. 31 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 264. 
 Question relating to, as Federal question. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 538. 
 Permit for unlading. 56 L.R.A. 134. 
 Entry or statement of baggage. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 133. 
 Forfeiture for violation of revenue laws. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 185. 
 Forfeiture of dutiable articles in passen- 
 ger's baggage. 56 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 Concealment. 56 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Omission from manifest of vessel. 56 
 L.R.A. 132. 
 Necessity and sufficiency of statement of 
 
 grounds in notice of protest required as 
 
 condition of recovering back unlawful 
 
 duties paid. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 When is offense of smuggling denounced by 
 
 § 2865, U. S. Rev. Stat., U. S. Comp. 
 
 Stat. 1901, p. 1905, complete. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 264. 
 Right to recover price of goods sold to. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 dwellings; 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to buildings, see Buildings. 
 
 Right of peace officer to enter dwelling to 
 make arrest. 16 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Homicide to prevent attack in, or trespass 
 or assault on. 67 L.R.A. 541. 
 
 "Retreat to the wall" in homicide in defense 
 of. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 71. 
 
 § 2. What are. 
 
 What constitutes. 67 L.R.A. 545. 
 
 What are dwellings within meaning of a 
 water company's obligation to supply 
 water at prescribed rates for dwellings. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 
 DYING DECLARATIONS. 
 
 See Evidence, § 242. 
 
 DYNAMITE. 
 
 Begin with, this book on every law question. 
 
 As to explosives generally, see Explosions 
 AND Explosives. 
 
 Negligence in the manufacture and storage 
 of. 29 L.R.A. 718. 
 
 Master's liability for injuries due to ex- 
 plosion of, by lightning. 28 L.R.A. ,K. 
 S.) 1260. 
 
 As dangerous agency for injury by \Yhich, 
 when used bv servant, master is liable. 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 372, 376, 397. 
 
 Liability for injury to children from dyna- 
 mite left accessible to them. 14 L.K.A. 
 N.S.) 586. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 463 
 
 EARNINGS. 
 
 Future earnings, see Futube Eaeninqs. 
 
 Right of creditors in personal services of 
 debtor. 21 L.R.A. 623. 
 
 Taxation of, as part of capital stock of cor- 
 poration. 5S L.R.A. 569. 
 
 EARTHQtTAIvE. 
 
 21 
 
 Liability of insurer for fire caused by. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103. 
 Fall of building clause in fire insurance 
 
 policy. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 604. 
 
 EASEMENTS. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IT. 
 
 In general, § 1. 
 What constitiites, § 3. 
 Nature; feind, §§ 3-5. 
 Creation; hoiv acquired, §§ 6-15. 
 
 a. In general, § 6. 
 
 h. By express tertns, §§ 7,8. 
 
 c. By •prescription, § 9. 
 
 d. By implication; as appurte- 
 
 nant; of necessity, §§ 10- 
 15. 
 V. Transfer of; duration, §§ 16, 17. 
 VI. Interference with; change of, §§ 
 18-21. 
 Til. Extent of right; maintenance of 
 easement; remedies, §§ 82-24:. 
 Tin. Loss; abandonment; extinguish- 
 ment, §§ 25-28. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Public easement, see Highways; Paeks. 
 
 In highway, see Highways, IV. 
 
 In party wall, see Pasty Wall, § 2. 
 
 fn stairway, see Stairway, § 1. 
 
 In waters, see Watees, II. 
 
 Tenant's easement of light and air, see 
 
 Landlord and Tenant, § 43. 
 Of lateral support, see Latebal Suppobt. 
 As to license, see License, I. 
 As to subjacent support, see Mines, § 29. 
 As to railroad right of way, see Rail- 
 
 eoads, §§ 15-18. 
 
 Effect of lapse of time to cure defect in 
 
 title consisting of easement. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 39. 
 What constitutes a "taking" of. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 166. 
 Possession of easement as notice of title. 
 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 132. 
 Injunction against interference with fences 
 
 under claim of. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 Of right of way on shore. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 872. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EASEMENTS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Dedication of land as affecting easement. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1028. 
 Enforcement of provision for right of way, 
 
 although valid reservation not created. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 Duty to member of public on private way 
 
 used by public generally. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 977. 
 
 II. What constitutes. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Defined. 6 L.R.A. 159;* 8 L.R.A. 617.* 
 Distinguished from license. 6 L.R.A. 159.* 
 Interest of owner in burial lot as. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 119. 
 Restrictive covenants as to use of property 
 
 as. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 36. 
 
 III. Nature; Tcind. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Nature of right to lateral and subjacent 
 
 support. 68 L.R.A. 683. 
 Effect upon easement of unity of seisin of 
 dominant and servient est.ates. 1 
 
 B. R. C. 477. 
 
 Apparent exceptions to rule. 1 B. R. 
 
 C. 480. 
 
 Operation of rule as affected by quali- 
 ty of title. 1 B. R. C. 481. 
 
 Operation of rule as affected by ex- 
 tent of ownership. 1 B. R. C. 483. 
 
 § 4. Effect of, on title to land. 
 
 As affecting marketability of title. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 As an encumbrance within covenant against 
 encumbrances. 3 L.R.A. 790.* 
 Measure of damage where easement ex- 
 ists. 3 L.R.A. 790.* 
 
 Existence of public highway, private way, 
 or railroad right of way across land at 
 time of conveyance as breach of cove- 
 nants. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 833. 
 
 § 5. — knowledge of existence of. 
 
 Effect oP purchaser's knowledge of, in ac- 
 tion for breach of covenant against en- 
 cumDraiice. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 314. 
 
 Physical conditions which will charge pur- 
 chaser of servient estate with notice of 
 easement. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 418. 
 
 IT. Creation; how acquired. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 How created, generally. 8 L.E.A. 617.* 
 Easement of builder of party wall in noD- 
 huilder's land. 66 L.R.A. 704. 
 
454 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EASEMENTS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 b. JBy express terms, 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 By agreement with reference to partv wall. 
 7 L.R.A. 650.* 
 
 Grant of right of way on shore. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 881. 
 
 Validity of contract by public-service cor- 
 poration for exclusive right of way 
 across private property. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 456. 
 
 Power of husband to create easements in 
 homestead without wife's consent. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 963. 
 
 § 8. By exception and reservation. 
 
 General distinctions between exception and 
 reservation. 20 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 Creation of easement by reservation. 20 
 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 Words of inheritance necessary in the res- 
 ervation of easements. 20 L.R.A. 632. 
 
 Exception of easements. 20 L.R.A. 632. 
 
 Words of inheritance not necessary to ex- 
 cept an easement in fee. 20 L.R.A. 633. 
 
 Necessity of technical words. 20 L.R.A. 
 633. 
 
 Reservation out of grantee's other proper- 
 ty. 20 L.R.A. 633. 
 
 Reservation in favor of stranger. 20 L.R.A. 
 634. 
 
 Construction of reservation. 20 L.R.A. 634. 
 
 Duration of easements appurtenant. 20 
 L.R.A. 635. 
 
 Illustration of the use of reservations. 20 
 L.R.A. 637. 
 
 Reserved in condemnation case to reduce 
 damages. 26 L.R.A. 751. 
 
 c. By prescription. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Prescriptive rights as to easements in 
 water, see Waters, §§ 101-105. 
 
 Generally. 10 L.R.A. 484.* 
 
 Acquiescence in adverse use. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 484.* 
 Extent of prescriptive right. 10 L.R.A. 484.* 
 How established. 10 L.R.A. 485.* 
 Intent of original creation. 10 L.R.A. 485.* 
 Way by prescription. 10 L.R.A. 485.* 
 Necessity that possession be continuous and 
 
 uninterrupted. 10 L.R.A. 485.* 
 Presumption of easement. 10 L.R.A. 486.* 
 Prescriptive right to fish. 60 L.R.A. 496. 
 Acquisition of public easement by. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 55.* 
 Prescriptive right by use of underground 
 
 water pipes. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 976. 
 Prescriptive right to lateral support ol 
 
 buildings. 20 L.R.A. 730. 
 Right of way on shore by custom or pre- 
 scription. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 880. 
 Acquisition by prescription of party-wall 
 
 easement in common division wall. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 131. 
 Prescription or adverse possession of grave 
 
 or burial lot. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 Acquisition of prescriptive right of way 
 
 across railroad tracks. 35 L.R A 
 
 (N.S.) 190. 
 
 Brgin with this book on every law question 
 
 ) EASEMENTS, IV. o— cont'd 
 
 I Effect of protest by owner to prevent ac- 
 quisition of right of way by prescrip- 
 tion. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 174. 
 Leaving bars or gates for convenience of 
 neighbor when fencing land, as affect- 
 ing the acquisition of easement of way 
 by prescription. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 941. 
 Void parol conveyance of easement as foun- 
 dation for easement by prescription. 
 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991. 
 
 Burden of showing that use upon which an 
 easement by prescription is claimed was 
 permissive, and not under claim of 
 right. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 149. 
 
 d. By implication; as appurtenant; o{ 
 necessity. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Creation of easement by sale of land a» 
 bounded by street or alley, see Dedioa- 
 TIOK, § 6. 
 
 When implied. 8 L.R.A. 446;* 13 L.R.A. 
 
 126,* 657.* 
 Appurtenant easements. 2 L.R.A. 285;' 
 
 14 L.R.A. 300; 20 L.R.A. 635. 
 
 As appurtenance to mill. 2 L.R.A. 285.* 
 On sale of part of a building. 13 L.RA. 
 
 158.* 
 Implied grant of, in partition deed. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1082. 
 Right of way on shore as appurtenant to 
 
 fishery right. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 879. 
 Reciprocal easements as to artificial water 
 
 rights. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 945. 
 Way appurtenant to close from which it is 
 
 separated by intervening lands. 2 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 983. 
 
 § 11. By conveyance with reference to 
 street, alley, or private way. 
 
 Effect of bounding grant on private way to 
 carry title thereto. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 5.39. 
 
 Riglit of grantee to claim an easement, im- 
 plied covenant, or estoppel, as against 
 the grantor, by a call in the deed for a 
 street or alley in which the grantor 
 owns the fee. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 878. 
 
 Right of purchaser of property according 
 to plat to easements in streets or ways 
 indicated thereon, other than those on 
 which his property abuts. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1024. 
 
 Implied easement by exhibiting unfiled plat 
 to intending purchaser. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 938. 
 
 Bounding land on alley as covenant that 
 alley exists, where grantor does not 
 own the fee thereof. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 964. 
 
 § 12. By severance of tract of land 
 with apparent benefit existing. 
 
 The general rule. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316, 
 Statement of. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 Foundation principle. 26 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 317. 
 Theory. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 318. 
 Application. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 318. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 455 
 
 EASEMENTS, IV. d— cont'd 
 
 To implied grants. 26 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 31S. 
 To implied reservations. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 321. 
 Requisites. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 324. 
 
 Enumeration. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 324. 
 Unity and severance. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 325. 
 Apparent and obvious. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 326. 
 Continuous. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 331. 
 Necessary. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 333. 
 Incidents. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 336. 
 
 Effect of reunion of title. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 336. 
 Order of transfer as affecting ease- 
 ments. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 337. 
 Mode and extent of enjoyment of ease- 
 ment. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 338. 
 Method of transfer as affecting. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 340. 
 Alienation by devolution and divi- 
 sion in case of death. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 340. 
 Severance by partition. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 342. 
 Sale under execution. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 343. 
 
 Transfer under mortgage. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 343. 
 
 Application of rules to easements of way 
 
 or passage. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 344. 
 
 Easement of way as an appurtenance. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 344. 
 Acquisition by use and severance. 26 
 L.K.A.(N.S.) 346. 
 The general rule. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 346. 
 Hie rule that the easement of way 
 must be necessary. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 349. 
 Rule where parcel is cut off from pub- 
 lic way. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 352. 
 Implied grant. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 352. 
 Implied reservation. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 355. 
 Application of rules to easements in waters 
 and water courses. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 356. 
 Natural water courses. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 356. 
 Artificial water courses and conduits. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 356. 
 Mills, dams, races. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 359. 
 Application of rules to easements of drain- 
 age. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 36L 
 Application of rules to easements of sup- 
 port of land and buildings. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 Land. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 Buildings. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 Generally. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 Severance of single buildings. 26 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 365. 
 Party walls. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 366. 
 Encroachments. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 367. 
 Application of rules to easements of light 
 and air. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 369. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 Ex^iSEMENTS, IV. d— cont'd 
 
 The English rule. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 369. 
 The Canadian rule. 26 L.R.A. (N.S. i 
 
 370. 
 Rule of the American states. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 371. 
 Generally. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 371. 
 Application in particular cases. 2U 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372. 
 Exceptions. 26-L.R.A.(N.S.) 373. 
 Effect of division of tract v/itli visible serv- 
 itude in favor of one parcel upon .an- 
 other. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 410. 
 
 § 13. Easements of light, air, and 
 
 prospect. 
 Interference with easements, see infra, §§ 
 
 19-21. 
 
 Tenant's easements, see Landlord and 
 Tenant, § 43. 
 
 Abutting owner's easements of light and 
 air. 11 L.R.A. 634;* 14 L.R.A. 370, 
 381. 
 Implied easement of light, air, and pros- 
 pect. 22 L.R.A. 536. 
 Tenant's easement of light and air. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 540; 23 L.R.A. 158. 
 American law as to easements of light, air, 
 and prospect. 22 L.R.A. 536; 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 Right of prospect. 22 L.R.A. 538. 
 Implied grants. 22 L.R.A. 538. 
 Express grant or reservation of such 
 
 easements. 22 L.R.A. 541. 
 Enforcement- of right. 22 L.R.A. 542. 
 Right to light and air from public high- 
 way. 22 L.R.A. 543. 
 Creation of easements of light and air by 
 severance of tract of land with appar- 
 ent benefit existing. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 369. 
 Does lease carry right to light and air from 
 adjoining premises of landlord. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 333. 
 
 § 14. Way of necessity. 
 
 Right of way by necessity. 8 L.R.A. 58.* 
 Way of necessity where other possible 
 modes of access exist. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1019; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1075. 
 Does the fact that the sale of part of a 
 tract is involuntary prevent the impli- 
 cation of a way by necessity over the 
 remainder. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 
 § 15. Implication from necessity of 
 easement other than rlglit of way. 
 
 In general. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 328. 
 Implication by necessity. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 328. 
 
 In general. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 328. 
 
 Strict necessity. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 334. 
 
 Distinction between implied grantn and 
 implied reservations. 8 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 337. 
 
 Distinction between implication by ap- 
 pearances and implication by ne- 
 cessity. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 343. 
 
 Distinction between implication and 
 construction. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 345. 
 
 Implication by appearances and neces- 
 sity. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 346. 
 
456 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. XOTES. 
 
 EASEMENTS, IV. d— cont'd 
 
 American doctrine of easements of 
 
 light and air. 8 L.E.A.(]Sr.S.) 
 350. 
 
 V. Transfer of; duration. 
 
 § 16. Transfer of. 
 
 Devise as carrying visible easement. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 882. 
 
 Effect of attempt to sever appurtenant ease- 
 ment from the premises for the benefit 
 of which it exists. 14 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 Right to assign or transmit easement in 
 gross. 14 L.R.A. 333. 
 When grantee acquires a profit in the 
 
 grantor's land. 14 L.R.A. 333. 
 The Massachusetts rule. 14 L.R.A. 335. 
 
 Applicability to, of rule against conveyance 
 of land held adversely. 35 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 744. 
 
 Transferability of right to take advantage 
 of breach of condition on which ease- 
 ment granted. 60 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 Right of owner of dominant estate to grant 
 rights in easement to one having no 
 title to or interest in the tract to which 
 it is appurtenant. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1107. 
 
 § 17. Duration. ! 
 
 Duration of easements appurtenant. 20 
 L.R.A. 635. 
 
 yi. Interference with; change of. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Action for interference with easement. 6 
 L.E.A. 262.* 
 
 Right to change easement. 15 L.R.A. 93. 
 Where change is harmless or beneficial 
 to other party. 15 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 Effect of substitution of new way for old. 
 , 5 L.R.A. 652.* 
 
 Building over right of way. 15 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 Revocability of license interfering with ease- 
 ment. 49 L.R.A. 505. 
 
 Grant of "free" right of way; right to ob- 
 struct. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 
 8 19. Easements of light, air, and 
 prospect. 
 
 Creation of easements, see supra, § 13. 
 
 Injury to abutter's easements of light, air, 
 and access by vacating street, changing 
 grade, etc. 14 L.R.A. 370, 383. 
 
 Bad motive as affecting liability for ob- 
 structing light and air. 62 L.R.A. 683. 
 
 Right to interfere with light and air by 
 building over right of way. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 193. 
 
 Injunction against interference with view 
 from street. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 486. 
 
 Mandatory injunction for removal of ob- 
 struction to light. 20 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 What constitutes a "taking" of. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 I 166. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question. 
 
 EASEMENTS, VI.— cont'd 
 
 § 20. — Iby railroad. 
 
 Right of property owner to compensation for 
 interference with light or air by rail- 
 road structure on company's own prop- 
 erty. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1061. 
 
 Abutter's right to compensation for inter- 
 ference with easement of light, air, and 
 access by railroad in street. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 736, 778. 
 
 § 21. —on leased premises. 
 
 Liability of landlord to tenant for obstruc- 
 tion of light. 23 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third person for 
 obstruction of light. 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 VII. EfCtent of right; maintenance of 
 easement ; remedies. 
 
 § 22. Extent of right. 
 
 Extent of indefinite easement as affected by 
 
 the extent to which it has been used. 
 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 851. 
 Rights conferred by grant of unrestricted 
 
 easement as limited to a reasonable 
 
 use. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 292. 
 Right of way for irrigation ditch; right of 
 
 fee owner to cross. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1148. 
 
 § 23. Maintenance of easement. 
 
 Duty of owner of servient tenement to 
 maintain and protect easement. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 992. 
 
 Right of owner of upper floor to compel 
 maintenance of walls. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 510. 
 
 Right to use public funds to maintain or 
 improve private ways, or ways dedi- 
 cated to public but never accepted. 35 
 L.R'.A.(N.S.) 524. 
 
 Negligence in care of private way. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 310. 
 
 § 24. Remedies. 
 
 Action for interference with easement. 6 
 L.R.A. 262.* 
 
 Equitable jurisdiction to protect easement. 
 3 L.R.A. 861.* 
 
 Ejectment for public easement. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.SO 129. 
 
 Right of owner of right of way over an- 
 other's land to compensation when the 
 land is taken for a public highway. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 598. 
 
 Till. Loss; abandonment; extinffuish- 
 ment. 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 Interference with easement by fence, see 
 
 Fences, § 7. 
 Effect of gates on easement, see Gates, § 3. 
 
 Extinguishment of easement for private 
 way by its incorporation into a public 
 way. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1002. 
 
 Effect of destruction of building to termi- 
 nate adjoining owner's easement of sup- 
 port. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 457 
 
 EASEMENTS, VIII.— cont'd 
 
 Right of abutting owner to continue enjoy- 
 ment of pathway across highway. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 918. 
 
 Loss of private way by improvements in- 
 consistent with its use. 22 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 880. 
 
 § 2 6. Adverse possession. 
 
 In case of easements and servitudes. 4 
 L.R.A. 6-15.* 
 
 Use of, as adverse possession. 4 L.R.A, 
 645.* 
 
 Inclosure of right of way as adverse posses- 
 sion. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 565. 
 
 § 27. Effect of noiiusev. 
 
 Mere nonuser will not extinguish easement. 
 
 IS L.R.A. 535. 
 Necessity that nonuse be accompanied by 
 
 adverse use of servient estate. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 537. 
 Duration of adverse use. 18 L.R.A. 538. 
 Intention of owner of easement as indictaed 
 
 by his acts. 18 L.R.A. 538. 
 Public easements. 18 L.R.A. 540. 
 Abandonment or loss of private way by. 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 880; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 741. 
 Abandonment of highway by. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 449. 
 
 § 28. Abandonment. 
 
 Abandonment or loss of private v;ay by 
 dominant owner cutting off access 
 thereto. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 Effect of abandonment of highway. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 659. 
 Abandonment of highway by nonuser or 
 otherwise than by act of public. 26 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 Abandonment of private way by nonuser or 
 improvements inconsistent with 
 its use. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 880; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 741. 
 Nonuser short of period of limitation. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 Intention. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 Deviation from original way or use 
 of substituted way. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 883. 
 Dominant owner cutting off his 
 own access to way. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 884. 
 Dominant owner or stranger ob- 
 structing way with building 
 or fences. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 885. 
 Obstmction of or cutting off access 
 to way by one entitled to its 
 joint use. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 880. 
 Permitting servient owner to erect 
 structure on way. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 887. 
 Permitting servient owner to cul- 
 tivate way. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 888. 
 Whose acts in attempting to aban- 
 don way are binding on dom- 
 inant owner. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 888. 
 Consult also L.R.A.. Digests to date. 
 
 EASEMENTS, VIII.— cont'd 
 Nonuser for period of limitations; adverse 
 possession. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 889. 
 Wavs resting in prescription. 22 
 
 'L.R.A. (N.S.) 889. 
 Ways resting in grant. 22 L.R.A. (N, 
 S.) 889. 
 Will failure to maintain easement raise a 
 presumption of its abandonment. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 832. 
 Right of one to testify to his intent with 
 reference to abandonment of easement. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 397. 
 
 EATING PIjACES. 
 
 See also Boarding Houses; Innkeepers; 
 
 Restaurants. 
 
 Liability for serving unfit food. 40 L.R.A. 
 (NlS.) 480. 
 
 EAVESDROPPING. 
 
 Admissibility, in criminal case, of testimony 
 as to facts learned while eavesdrop- 
 ping. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 451. 
 
 -*-»-*- 
 
 EBB AND FLOW. 
 
 See Tidal Waters. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 ECCENTRICITIES. 
 
 As insane delusions. 37 L.R.A. 267. 
 As affecting testamentary capacity. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 
 ECCIjESIASTICAL TRIBUNALS. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment of, see CoUBTS, 
 
 § 12. 
 See also RBUoiotrs Societies. 
 
 Comparison of handwriting in. 62 L.R.A. 
 829. 
 
 EDITOR. 
 
 Liability of, for libel, see Libel and Slak- 
 DEE, § 4. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 Charitable bequest for, see Charities. 
 As to schools generally, see Schools. 
 
 As a necessary for an infant. 42 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.> iiis. 
 
458 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 , edtjcationaij institutions. 
 
 Taxation of, see Taxes, §§ 24-26. 
 See also Colleges; Schools. 
 
 Liability of property of, to local assess- 
 ment. 35 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 Erection of, as violation of restrictive cove- 
 nant in deed. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 EFFECTS. 
 
 Will real estate pass under the word 
 fects" in a written instrument. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 
 'ef- 
 12 
 
 EGxvESS* 
 
 See Access. 
 
 EIGHT-HOUR I/AW. 
 
 Hours of labor by employee, see Master 
 AND Servant, §§ 32, 33. 
 
 EJECTION. 
 
 Of passenger, see Careiers, §§ 30-35; Dam- 
 ages, § 45. 
 
 Liability of innkeeper for ejecting guests. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 830. 
 Liability for ejecting sick tenant, lodger, 
 
 or other occupant. 55 L.R.A. 258. 
 
 EJECTMENT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Estoppel in pais on debt as basis for action 
 of. 16 L.R.A. 813. 
 
 Appointment of receiver _to preserve status 
 quo pending ejectment action. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 230. 
 
 Effect of remedy by, on equitable jurisdic- 
 tion to remove cloud on title. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 59. 
 
 Right of purchaser to question grantor's 
 right to collect purchase money in ac- 
 tion of ejectment. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 393. 
 
 Conclusiveness of probate in action of. 21 
 L.R.A. 685. 
 
 Injunction against dispossession in eject- 
 ment. 30 L.R.A. 129. 
 
 § 2. When proper remedy. 
 
 For railroad right of way. 66 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Abutter's right to ejectment against rail- 
 road in street. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830. 
 
 To recover possession of burial lot. 67 
 L.R.A. 125. 
 Begin tvlfh this iooTc on every lato qtiestion. 
 
 EJECTMENT— cont'd 
 
 To remove electric wires. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 920. 
 
 For encroachments under surface, or over- 
 head. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 917. 
 
 For a public easement. 11 L.R.A. (N.S. > 
 129. 
 
 Injunction or ejectment as proper remedy 
 where public highway is illegally 
 opened over private property. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.)- 511. 
 
 § 3. Prerequisites to action. 
 
 Necessity of entry or formal declaration of 
 forfeiture as a condition of maintain- 
 ing action based on breach of condition 
 subsequent in a conveyance of freehold. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1188; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 938. 
 
 § 4. Who may maintain. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 620. 
 
 By married woman against husband. 6 
 L.R.A. 506.* 
 
 Right of surviving partner to maintain 
 ejectment for partnership real proper- 
 ty. 28 L.R.A. 134. 
 
 Remedy of pretermitted heirs by. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1146. 
 
 § 5 . — what title or interest will sup- 
 port. 
 
 Estoppel in pais upon defendant as basis of 
 
 action. 16 L.R.A. 813. 
 General rule that plaintiff must recover, if 
 at all, on the strength of his own title. 
 18 L.R.A. 781. 
 Equitable title. 18 L.R.A. 781. 
 Interest in public land. 18 L.R.A. 782. 
 Necessity of right of possession and inter- 
 est in land. 18 L.R.A. 783. 
 Sufficiency of bare possession as against in- 
 truder. 18 L.R.A. 784. 
 What constitutes possession. 18 L.R.A. 
 785. 
 Title acquired by limitation. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 788. 
 Ejectment to obtain possession of burial lot. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 125. 
 Ejectment for pier. 40 L.R.A. 648. 
 Right of action by owner of dominant es- 
 tate subject to easement. 18 
 L.R.A. 787. 
 Land subject to easement of highwav. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 787. 
 To recover easement. 18 L.R.A. 786. 
 Action by riparian owner. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 786. 
 To obtain railroad right of way. 66 
 L.R.A. 40. 
 Sufficiency of mining rights to support. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 787. 
 Interest of a mortgagee. 18 L.R.A. 788. 
 Tenant in common. 18 L.R.A. 789. 
 Executors, administrators, and guardians. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 789. 
 Ejectment by widow to recover dower. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 790. 
 Remaindermen. 18 L.R.A. 790. 
 Miscellaneous instances. 18 L.R.A. 791. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 459 
 
 EJECTJIENT— cont'd 
 
 Establishment of prima facie title in plain- 
 tiff in ejectment by conveyance, or 
 chain of conveyances, not running back 
 to sovereignty, or to the common source 
 of title. 10 L.E.A. (N.S.) 404; 22 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1100. 
 
 § 6. Disseisin. 
 
 What disseisin will support action. 13 
 
 L.E.A. 664. 
 Public use as. 13 L.E.A. 664. 
 Overhanging eaves as. 13 L.E.A. 664. 
 
 § 7. Defenses. 
 
 Defenses in ejectment. 13 L.E.A. 206.* 
 
 § 8. Verdict. 
 
 Eequisites of special verdict in action of. 
 
 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 18. 
 
 § 9. Judgment generally. 
 
 Judgment against plaintiff in trespass to 
 try title involving boundary as estab- 
 lishing boundary claimed by defendant. 
 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 
 Eight to accept favorable part of decree and 
 appeal from the rest. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 9. 
 
 § 10. — effect; conclusiveness. 
 
 See Judgment, 37b. 
 
 § 11. Relief granted. 
 
 Extent of recovery in ejectment by tenants 
 in common against stranger. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 710. 
 
 Introduction. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 710. 
 
 Scope of note. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 712. 
 
 Eecovery as based on right of posses- 
 sion. 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 712. 
 
 Recovery as based upon nature of title, 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 717. 
 
 § 12. — improvements; crops. 
 
 As to improvements generally, see Impbove- 
 
 MEKTS. 
 
 Plowing and cultivating land as an im- 
 provement. 20 L.E.A.(N.S.) 378. 
 
 Right as between successful plaintiff and 
 evicted defendant to crops unsevered 
 at time of final judgment. 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 531. 
 
 § 13. Statutory new trial. 
 
 Effect of prior decision on statutory new 
 trial in real actions. 40 L.E.A. 825. 
 
 § 14. Burden of proof. 
 
 Burden of proof in ejectment case as to tes- 
 tamentary capacity. 17 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 § 1.5. Costs. 
 
 Liability of beneficial plaintiff for costs in 
 
 ejectment. 62 L.R.A. 623. 
 Liability for costs of third party defending 
 
 ejectment suit. 62 L.R.A. 626. 
 
 ELECTION— cont'd 
 
 Between counts, see Tkial, § 10. 
 
 To take under will, see Wlixs, §§ 110-115, 
 
 Effect of insurer's election to rebuild, re- 
 pair, or replace insured property after 
 a loss. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 960. 
 
 Right of one's creditors or personal repre- 
 sentative to make or control election 
 for or against a will, or between differ- 
 ent provisions of a will or a statute. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
 ELECTION. 
 
 Of remedies, see Election of Remedies. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ELECTION DISTRICTS. 
 
 Validity of apportionment. 15 L.E.A. 561. 
 
 Interference with, by annexation of prop- 
 erty to municipality. 27 L.R.A. 744. 
 
 Effect of laches in questioning unconstitu- 
 tional apportionment of. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1184. 
 
 ELECTION OF REMEDIES. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 U. Choice, §§ 2-12. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 2-11. 
 
 b. Exclusiveness of statutory 
 
 remedy, § 12. 
 III. Effect; pursuing two remedies, §§ 
 13-15. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Eight io join defendants, see Partifs, § 36. 
 Election to take gift by will, see Wills, §§ 
 110-115. 
 
 In general. 5 L.E.A. 693;* 13 L.E.A. 91,* 
 
 472.* 
 What is conclusive evidence of election. 13 
 
 L.R.A. 91.* 
 
 II. Choice, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 When plaintiff bound to elect. 4 L.E.A. 
 
 147.* 
 Alternative remedies. 4 L.E.A. 146.* 
 When remedies not concurrent. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 145.* 
 
 § 3. Between assumpsit and other 
 remedy. 
 
 Election between assumpsit and trover. 8 
 L.E.A. 216.* 
 
 Between tort and assumpsit. 17 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 280. 
 
 Waiver of tort. 4 L.E.A. 146.* 
 
 Eight to waive tort and sue upon implied 
 contract, where property is negligently 
 destroyed. 37 L.E.A. ('N.S.) 230. 
 
 Against agent contracting as such with- 
 out authority. 34 L.R.A, (N.S.) 525. 
 
460 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ELECTION OF REMEDIES, II. a— cont'd 
 Action for money had and received as prop- 
 er remedy to recover money secured by 
 fraudulent contract. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 602. 
 
 § 4. Against principal or agent. 
 
 Conclusiveness of election between, see in- 
 fra, § 15. 
 
 To proceed against principal or agent. 2 
 
 ■L.R.A. 812.* 
 Against agent contracting as such vrithout 
 authority. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 525. 
 
 § 5. Ol landlord. 
 
 In ease of forfeiture of lease. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 760.* 
 Remedy of landlord on abandonment of 
 
 premises by tenant. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 398. 
 
 § 6. Of pretermitted heirs. 
 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 
 Right or duty to contest probate. 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1144. 
 Setting aside probate. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1144. 
 
 Statutory remedv as exclusive. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (KS.) 1145. 
 
 As confirming remedy to pursuit of 
 
 proceeds of sale made by executor 
 
 ■or devisee. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1145. 
 
 By proceedings in equity. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1146. 
 By writ of entry, or ejectment. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N..S) "1146. 
 By proceeding for partition. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1147. 
 By intervening in administration. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 By action on executor's bond. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1147. 
 Miscellaneous. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1147. 
 
 § 7. Of servant. 
 
 Remedies as to things produced by labor 
 of employee. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1172. 
 
 Effect, on common-law action, of employ- 
 er's liability act. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1038. 
 
 § 8. — of discharged servant. 
 
 See Mastee and Servant, §§ 42-45. 
 
 § 9. For enticement of servant, or ap- 
 prentice. 
 
 Case as remedy, see Case, § 5. 
 
 Remedy for enticing servant. 11 L.R.A. 
 548,* 550.* 
 
 ^orm of remedy for enticement of servant. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1096. 
 
 Waiver of tort in enticing or harboring ap- 
 prentice. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1161. 
 
 § 10. As to rights in street. 
 
 Remedies of abutting owner for railroad in 
 street. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 807. 
 
 Proper remedy to make available, franchise 
 in street or highway, as against munic- 
 ipality. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 782, 
 
 Begin with this hoole on every law question. 
 
 ELECTION OF REMEDIES, II. a— cont'd 
 Injunction or ejectment as proper remedy 
 where highway is illegally opened over 
 private property- 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 511, 
 
 § 11. Miscellaneoii.s. 
 
 On promise for benefit of third person. 
 
 25 L.R.A. 266. 
 
 For violation of statute not expressly con- 
 ferring right of action. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 388. 
 
 On conditional sale. 32 L.R.A. 471. 
 
 Resale to fix damages for purchaser's re- 
 fusal to' accept goods as election of 
 rem.edies. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 672. 
 
 For injuries resulting in death. ■ 34 L.R.A. 
 788. 
 
 Case of legacy charged upon devise. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 
 For enforcing agreement to assume debts on 
 dissolution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 107. 
 
 For protection from pollution of source of 
 municipal water supply. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1166. 
 
 For infringement of copyright. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 914. 
 
 Remedy of one who fails to record a deed, 
 against his grantor who subsequently 
 conveys to an innocent third person. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 284. 
 
 b. Exclusiveness of statutory remedy. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 Garnishment of personal representative as 
 exclusive remedy. 47 L.R.A. 365. 
 
 Effect of legal remedy to defeat equitable 
 jurisdiction to follow trust funds. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 793. 
 
 Exclusiveness of particular statutory meth- 
 od for revival of action. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 578. 
 
 Exclusiveness of statutory remedy for fail- 
 ure to furnish cars. 26 L.R..A. ( N.S. ) 
 851. 
 
 For enforcement of stockholder's liability 
 in other state. 34 L.R.A. 755. 
 
 Exclusiveness of statutory remedy for pre- 
 termitted heirs. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1145. 
 
 Provision for testing election of city officer 
 before city council or other municipal 
 body as exclusive of remedies in the 
 courts. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 Right to resort to court to recover taxes 
 paid on erroneous or excessive assess- 
 ments without previous resort to stat- 
 utory remedies. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 685. 
 
 Statutory remedy of one whose property 
 has been taken for public i;ss without 
 his consent and without sondemnation 
 proceedings as exclusive of action for 
 compensation or permanent damages. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 974. 
 
 Action for damages for breach of contract 
 as exclusive remedy of wrongfully dis- 
 charged servant. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 53. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 461 
 
 ELECTION OF REMEDIES— cont'd 
 III. Effect ; pursuing two remedies. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Estoppel by judgment, see Judgment, III. 
 
 Effect of, in case of inconsistent remedies. 
 
 5 L.R.A. 693.* 
 Effect of, in case of fraudulent purchase. 
 ]5 L.R.A. 89. 
 
 Attachment cases. 15 L.K.A. 90. 
 Effect of choosing by mistake remedy not 
 
 legally available. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 144; 
 
 22 L.R.A.(X.S.) 1153. 
 Effect of electing to resell goods to fix 
 
 damages for purchaser's refusal to ac- 
 cept. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 673. 
 Purchaser's election to rescind for breach 
 
 of ■warranty as affecting recovery 
 
 against seller. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 925. 
 Defense of another action pending. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 148.* 
 Remedies on note and mortgage; right to 
 
 both. 4 L.R.A. 205.* 
 
 § 14. Conclusiveness of election. 
 
 Conclusiveness of election. 8 L.R.A. 217.* 
 Party confined to remedy first adopted. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 148.* 
 Party bound by his election. 4 L.R.A. 147.* 
 Bringing suit not prosecuted to judgment 
 as a conclusive election of reme- 
 dies. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 309. 
 Inconsistent remedies. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 310. 
 Inconsistent rights. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 313. 
 Knovpledge of facts. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 <N.S.) 313. 
 Extent of proceedings. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 315. 
 Action for price as bar to action for dam- 
 ages for fraud. S L.R.A. (N.S.) 582. 
 Bringing action for purchase price as waiv- 
 er of right of vendor in conditional 
 sale to recover property in specie. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 144. 
 Suit for damages as waiver of right to for- 
 feit deed for breach of condition. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 Waiver of purchaser's right to rescind the 
 contract for purchase of real property. 
 30 L.R.A. (X.S.) 872. 
 Waiver of lien of chattel mortgage by at- 
 tachment or execution. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.P.) 490. 
 Attempt to enforce lien under clause in a 
 lease givintr landlord lien on crops and 
 chattels, as election preventing its en- 
 forcement as a chattel mortgage. 20 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 25!l. 
 
 § 15. — against principal or aseiit. 
 
 Right to choose betwi'on, see supra, § 4, 
 
 Action against agent as bar to one .against 
 principal undisclosed when first action 
 begun. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 729. 
 
 Commencing action or taking judgment 
 against citlier an undisclosed princi- 
 pal or his agent as a bar to a subse- 
 quent action against the other. 21 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 786. 
 Consult tilKo r.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ELECTIONS. 
 
 /. Voters; right to vote, §§ 1-8. 
 II. Elections, §§ 9-24:. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 9-18. 
 
 I). Ballots; voting machines, §§ 
 
 19-33. 
 c. Election frauds and crimes, 
 § 24. 
 
 III. Nominations; primary elections, 
 
 §§ 25, 20. 
 
 IV. Contests, §§ 27, 28. 
 
 I. Voters; right to vote, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Nature of right of suffrage; powers of 
 
 states in respect to suft'rage. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 111.* 
 Elective franchise as affected by 14th 
 
 Amendment. 8 L.R.A. 337.* 
 Effect of first section of 15th Amendment 
 
 on electiv'e franchise. 8 L.R.A. 337.* 
 Right to vote as a privilege or immunity of 
 
 citizen of United States. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 580. 
 Federal control of elections under 15th 
 
 Amendment forbidding abridgement of 
 
 right to vote on account of race, color, 
 
 or previous condition of servitude. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 668. 
 Eight to. vote as a qualification of grand 
 
 juror. 28 L.R.A. 196. 
 Validity of statutory regulation of voters. 
 
 25 L.R.A. 484. 
 
 § 2. Qujilifications of voters generally. 
 
 Qualification of voters. 7 L.R.A. 99;* 8 
 L.R.A. 337.* 
 
 Tax or property qualification. 25 L.R.A. 
 482. 
 
 Payment of poll taxes as a qualification of 
 electors. 29 L.R.A. 414. 
 
 Constitutionality of primary election law 
 imposing new restrictions or qualifica- 
 tions on voters. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1140. 
 
 Effect on public election of wrongful dis- 
 qualification of sufficient number of 
 voters to have changed the result. 38 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1007. 
 
 Disqualification for crime. 25 L.R.A. 483. 
 
 § 3. Right of women to vote. 
 
 Right of women to vote. 21 L.R.A. 662; 27 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 522. 
 
 g 4. Kesiflence. 
 
 Does "residence," as a qualification of 
 voters mean "domicil." 19 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 759. 
 Acquiring residence as a voter while at- 
 tending school or public institu- 
 tion. 23 L.R.A. 215; 40 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 168. 
 Inmates of soldiers' homes, or occu- 
 pants of government posts. 23 
 L.R.A. 215': 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 168. 
 Inmates of almshouses and hospitals. 
 23 L.R.A. 215; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 169. 
 Students. 23 L.R.A. 215; 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 170. 
 
462 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EL3iX)TI0NS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Nature of occupancy of premises as affect- 
 ing elective franchise. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 698, 704, 711. 
 
 § 5. How far right to vote is absolute. 
 
 Generally. 25 L.R.A. 480. 
 
 As affected by acts of Congress. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 480. 
 Registration. 25 L.R.A. 480. 
 Tax or property qualification. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 482. 
 Soldiers voting. 25 L.R.A. 482. 
 Test oaths and disqualification for crime. 
 
 25 L.R.A. 483. 
 Ballots and primaries. 25 L.R.A. 484. 
 Other statutory conditions, restrictions, 
 
 and qualifications. 25 L.R.A. 484. 
 Constitutional right of suffrage. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 480. 
 
 § 6. Registration. 
 
 Registration laves; validity and construc- 
 tion. 8 L.R.A. 337;* 10 L.R.A. 224.* 
 
 Registration as condition of right to vote. 
 25 L.R.A. 480. 
 
 Validity of statutory regulation of. 25 
 L.R.A. 484. 
 
 Rights of voters to be registered. 7 L.R.A. 
 99.* 
 
 Good faith as affecting criminal responsibil- 
 ity for illegal registration. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1177. 
 
 Effect of loss or destruction of registry 
 lists. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 989. 
 
 § 7. Disfranchisement. 
 
 Power to modify or take away right to 
 vote. 1 L.R.A. 112.* 
 
 Denial of right to vote for person whose 
 name is not on ballot as disfranchise- 
 ment. 16 L.R.A. 278. 
 
 Disfranchisement as cruel and unusual pun- 
 ishment. 35 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 § 8. Restoration of right to vote. 
 
 Restoration of right to vote by service of 
 sentence upon conviction for crime. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 418. 
 
 Effect of suspension of sentence upon right 
 to vote. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 684. 
 
 //. Elections. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 g 9. Generally. 
 
 Congressional elections, see Conqbess, § 2. 
 Elections by corporate stockholders, see 
 
 CORPOBATIONS, § 60. 
 
 At stockholders' meetings, see Cobpoba- 
 TIONS, §§ 122-126. 
 
 By school district, see Schools, § 26. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, §§ 56-59. 
 
 Election districts, see Election Districts. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction of matters affecting 
 elections, see Equity, § 11a. 
 
 Injimetion as to, see Injunction, § 39. 
 
 Mandamus as to, see Mandamus, § 11 
 
 ELECTIONS, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Judicial notice with respect to. 4 L.R.A. 
 38.* 
 
 Compensation of supervisor of elections. 
 10 L.R.A. 224.* 
 
 Voting for the same person for incompati- 
 ble offices. 12 L.R.A. 125.* 
 
 Election as distinguished from appoint- 
 ment. 15 L.R.A. 106. 
 
 Statutes restricting the vote of an elector 
 to less than all when several officers 
 are to be chosen for the same office. 
 33 L.R.A. 141. 
 
 Right of taxpayer in absence of statute, to 
 enjoin payment of election expenses by 
 municipality. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 11. 
 
 Promise by candidate to electors to serve 
 for less than regular salary. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 246. 
 
 Applicability of constitutional or statutory 
 provisions relating to general elections, 
 to elections other than for the selec- 
 tion of officers. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 850. 
 
 Right of candidate receiving next highest 
 number of votes in the event that the 
 person receiving the highest number is 
 ineligible. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013; 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 
 § 10. Petition for. 
 
 Right to withdraw name from. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 372. 
 
 § 11. Combination of objects at. 
 
 What objects or purposes may be combined 
 
 in a single question submitted to 
 
 the voters of a municipalitv. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 665. 
 Municipal improvements. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 666. 
 Aid to railroads. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 669. 
 Refunding different issues of bonds. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 671. 
 Combining issuance of bonds, with 
 
 public improvements. 26 L.R A. 
 
 (N.S.) 671. 
 "Purchase" and "erection." 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 671. 
 Charter amendments. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 673. 
 
 § 12. Place of voting. 
 
 Use of public school building for. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 592. 
 Right of municipal corporation to place 
 
 polling booth in street. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 571. 
 
 § 13. Time for. 
 
 First and last days In computing time of 
 elections. 49 L.R.A. 244; 15 L.R. A. 
 (N.S.) 691. 
 
 § 14. Federal control of. 
 
 Existence, sources, and extent of power. 53 
 L.R.A. 660. 
 Existence. 53 L.R.A. 660. 
 Sources. 53 L.R.A. 662. 
 Extent. 53 L.R.A. 663. 
 
 Congressional elections. 53 L.R.A. 
 663. 
 
 Begin ivitli this hook on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 463 
 
 ELECTIONS, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Other elections. 53 L.R.A. 664. 
 
 Requiring state officers to obey 
 state laws. 53 L.R.A. 666. 
 Under U. S. Const, art. 1. 53 L.R.A. 667. 
 Under U. S. Const, art. 2. 53 L.R.A. 668. 
 Under 14th Amendment. 53 L.K.A. 668. 
 Under 15th Amendment. 53 L.R.A. 668. 
 Summary of present statutes. 53 L.R.A. 
 671. 
 
 § 14a. Assisting voter. 
 
 Right to assistance. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 535. 
 
 As affected by requirement of secrecy of the 
 
 ballot. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 535. 
 What necessary to entitle voter to assist- 
 ance. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 536. 
 Oath or declaration of disability. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 536. 
 What constitutes disability and who is 
 judge of it. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 537. 
 Effect of illegal or irregular assistance. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 538. 
 
 9 15. Computation of majority of 
 votes at. 
 
 Upon what basis majority essential to adop- 
 tion of constitutional or other 
 special proposition submitted at 
 general election is to be computed. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 478. 
 Requirement of majority of electors 
 
 or voters. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 479. 
 Requirement of majority of votes cast. 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 481. 
 When special question may be sub- 
 mitted at either seneral or special 
 election. 22 L.Rji.(N.S.) 483. 
 When proposition is submitted at an 
 election "to be held for that pur- 
 pose." 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 484. 
 When vote on special question considered a 
 "special" election although submitted 
 at general election. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 485. 
 Effect on public election of wrongful dis- 
 qualification of suflBcient number of 
 voters to have changed the result. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1007. 
 
 § 16. Decision of tie vote. 
 
 In general. 47 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 In the absence of statutory provisions. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 554. 
 Statutory provisions applicable to tie vote. 
 47 L.R.A. 554. 
 General statement as to. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 554. 
 Decision by lot. 47 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Constitutionality and construction. 
 
 47 L.R.A. 554. 
 Effect of, on contest and right to 
 contest. 47 L.R.A. 559. 
 Casting vote by presiding oflBcer. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 561. 
 Appointment or election on failure to 
 elect or to fill vacancy. 47 L.R.A. 
 563. 
 
 § 17. Duty to receive vote; liability for 
 
 preventing vote. 
 Duty of election officer to accept sworn vote. 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 968. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ELECTIONS, H. a— cont'd 
 
 Oath insufficient. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 971. 
 Miscellaneous. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 972. 
 Personal liability of an election officer for 
 rejecting ballots. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 501. 
 Right to damages for being prevented from 
 voting at a public election. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1106. 
 Action against election officer. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 3106. 
 Malicious or wilful rejection of 
 
 vote. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1106. 
 In absence of malice. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1107. 
 Loss of vote as element of damages in 
 another action. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1109. 
 
 § 18. Canvassing; deciding results. 
 
 Rule for determining when a proposition is 
 
 carried. 6 L.R.A. 308.* 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 
 statement of return of votes made by 
 
 officials. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 115. 
 Mandamus to compel election officers to act 
 
 after they have met and adjourned. 36 
 
 L.Rji..(N.S.) 1089. 
 
 ft. Ballots; voting machines. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to, see Cow- 
 STiTtiTioNAi, Law, § 57. 
 
 Form of ballot. 10 L.R.A. 150.* 
 Irregularities in taking ballots. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 754. 
 Assistance in preparing ballots, rendered 
 by unauthorized person, as affecting 
 their validity. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1170. 
 
 § 20. Numbering. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute providing that 
 
 ballots be numbered. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 888. 
 Effect of failing to number ballots. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 656. 
 Effect of officers numbering or otherwise 
 
 supplying means of identifying ballots. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 730. 
 
 § 21. Marking. 
 
 Irregularities in marking ballots. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 754. 
 Validity and construction of law. 47 Lit.A. 
 
 806. 
 Official marks. 47 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 General rule. 47 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Printer's marks. 47 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Failure to indorse ballot. 47 L.R.A. 
 808. 
 
 Erroneous or mistaken marking of bal- 
 lot by official. 47 L.R.A. 810. 
 
 Correction of errors. 47 L.R.A. 812. 
 Voter's marks. 47 L.R.A. 812. 
 
 Preliminary statement. 47 L.R.A. 812. 
 
 Failure to indicate intent. 47 LJl.A. 
 814. 
 
 Failure to use cross. 47 L.R.A. 815. 
 
 Imperfect cross. 47 L.R.A. 814 
 
 Device other than cross. 47 L.R.A. 816. 
 
 Blots. 47 L.R.A. 819. 
 
464 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ELECTIONS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Superfluous lines or marks. 47 L.R.A. 
 820. 
 Distinguishing marks. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 761; 47 L.R.A. 820. 
 Harmless marks. 47 L.R.A. 824. 
 Mark with wrong implement. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 826. 
 Marli in wrong place. 47 L.R.A. 827. 
 On back of ballot. 47 L.R.A. 827. 
 Out of square. 47 L.R.A. 827. 
 On wrong side of name. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 832. 
 Not opposite candidate's name. 47 
 L.R.A. 833. 
 Conflicting marks. 47 L.R.A. 834. 
 Alteration of ballot. 47 L.R.A. 839. 
 Erasure of names. 47 L.R.A. 839. 
 Addition of names. 47 L.R.A. 841. 
 Attempted erasure of vote mark. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 843. 
 Partial failure to vote. 47 L.R.A. 844. 
 Does marking some but not all of the can- 
 didates on a party ticket defeat the ef- 
 fect of marking under the party emblem 
 as a vote for the omitted candidates, 
 where no votes were cast for their op- 
 ponents. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 461. 
 
 § 22. Pi-eservation of; producing bal- 
 lot boxes. 
 
 Scope and effect of provisions in election 
 law for preservation of ballots. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 602. 
 
 Power of courts to require ballot boxes to 
 be produced or opened in proceedings 
 other than election contests. 33 L.R.A. 
 386. 
 
 § 23. Voting iTiaoliine. 
 Constitiitionality of statute as to, see CoN- 
 STiTUTiOKAi, Law, § 58. 
 
 c. Election frauds and crimes. 
 
 § 2 4. Generally. 
 
 Bribery of voters. 5 L.R.A. 217.* 
 Good faith as affecting criminal responsi- 
 bility for illegal registration or voting. 
 37 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1177. 
 
 III. Nominations ; primary elections. 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 59. 
 
 Statutory regulation of primaries. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 484. 
 Defects in nomination papers. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 754. 
 Conclusiveness of certificate of nomination. 
 
 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 916. 
 "Primary elections" as elections, within 
 
 Constitution or statute reltiting to 
 
 elections generally. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 412. 
 Power to determine eligibility to oflSce of 
 
 one nominated at primary election. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every law question. 
 
 ELECTIONS, III.— cont'd 
 
 § 25a. Filling vacancy In party ticket. 
 
 When does vacancy in party ticket occur 
 within statute authorizing filling 
 of vacancies. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1088. 
 "Vacancies" through failure to file cer- 
 tificate in time. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1088. 
 Vacancy by defalcation. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1089. 
 First certificate mismeaning the politi- 
 cal party. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1090. 
 Committee creating a vacancy. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1090. 
 Vacancies after primaries. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1090. 
 Tie at primary. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1091. 
 Failure to file acceptance. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1091. 
 Death before primary. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1092. 
 Party organized too late for primary. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1092. 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1093. 
 
 §26. Constitutionality of primary elec- 
 tion laws. 
 
 In general. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1136; 41 
 L,R.A.(N.S.) 132. 
 
 Destruction of parties. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1137. 
 
 Sufliciencv of title. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1137; 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 133. 
 
 Primary law as amendment to prior act. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1139. 
 
 Special or local laws. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1139; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 135. 
 
 Imposition of new restrictions or qualifica- 
 tions on voters. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1140: 
 41- L.R.A.(N.S.) 1.35. 
 
 Imposition of new restrictions or qualifica- 
 tions on candidate. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1142; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 136. 
 
 Discrimination as to parties. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1144; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 138. 
 
 Discrimination as to candidates or votfrs. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1145; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 138. 
 
 Secrecy of ballot. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1145. 
 
 Delegation of powers. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1146. 
 
 Popular election of United States senators. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 140. 
 
 Provisions regulating independent nomina- 
 tions. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 140. 
 
 Miscellaneous objections. 41 L.R.A. (NS) 
 141. 
 
 IV. Contests. 
 
 § 2 7. Generally. 
 
 Election contests. 5 L.R.A. 403;' 7 L.R.A. 
 
 831;* 12 L.R.A. 705;* 13 L.R.A. 40.* 
 Notice to contestee. 12 L.R.A. 705.* 
 In case of decision of tie vote. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 559. 
 Right of judge who may be affected by the 
 
 result to hear election case. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 •N.S.) 788. 
 
IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 465 
 
 ELKCTIONS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Right of candidate receiving next highest 
 number of votes in the event that the 
 person receiving the highest number is 
 ineligible. 13 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1013; 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 
 Adequacy of provision for contesting an 
 election other than for selection of of- 
 fices, upon the grounds and in the 
 manner prescribed by a statute which 
 has reference only to the election of of- 
 ficers. 18 L.Eji..(N.S.) 566. 
 
 g 28. Remedy for testing election. 
 Provision for testing election of city officer 
 before city council or other munici- 
 pal body as exclusive of remedies 
 in the courts. 26 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 207. 
 Quo warranto. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 208. 
 Decision of council as res judicata. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.s.) 209. 
 Constitutionality of provision. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 210. 
 Mandamus. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 211. 
 Other remedies in the court. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 212. 
 Effect of making council "final" or 
 "sole" judge. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 212. 
 
 ELECTRIC CHANDEI;IERS. 
 
 Tenant's right to remove. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 69. 
 
 ELECTRIC COMPANIES. 
 
 See Electeicitt, §§ 7-9; Elecieic Lights; 
 Electeic Railways. 
 
 ELECTRIC CONDUIT. 
 
 Under highway, see Highwats, § 25. 
 
 ELECTRICITY. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 1-6. 
 II. Electric companies, §§ 7-9. 
 III. Injuries resulting from, §§ 10-18. 
 
 a. Negligence of party causing, 
 
 §§ 10-17. 
 
 b. Contributory negligence, § 
 
 18. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 Electric lights, see Electmc Lights. 
 Electric railways generally, see Electiuc 
 
 Railways. 
 Use of street for electric conduits, poles, 
 
 and wires, see Highways, §§ 21-25. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 30 
 
 ELECTRICITY, I.— cont'd 
 
 License of electricians and electrical work, 
 
 see License, § 25. 
 
 Poles and wires as real estate or personal 
 property. GO L.R.A. 56. 
 
 Duty to cut off elec'ti-ic connection in case 
 of fire. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1099. 
 
 Revocability of license for poles and wires 
 after licensee has incurred expense iji 
 reliance thereon. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 727. 
 
 Ejectment to remove wires. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 920. 
 
 Liability to abutting owner for mutilating 
 trees in highway by erecting poles or 
 stringing wires. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1125; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 
 Injunction by municipality against nui- 
 sances by telegraph and telephone poles. 
 44 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 § 2. Eminent domain proceedings. 
 
 Generation of electricity as a public pur- 
 pose, see Eminent Domain, § 11. 
 
 Poles as additional burden in highway, see 
 Eminent Domain, § 56. 
 
 Taking of property for generation and dif- 
 fusion of, as a public use. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 136. 
 
 Effect of offer to serve public on right to 
 resort to eminent domain in aid of at- 
 tempt to transmute water power into 
 electricity for sale. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 122. 
 
 § 3. Right ol municipality to own or 
 operate. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to own elec- 
 tric lioht plant. 14 L.R.A. 268; 15 
 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 711. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to engage 
 in business of supplying electrical fix- 
 tures. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 119. 
 
 Right of municipality to make profit from 
 its water or lighting plant. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 290. 
 
 § 4. Liability lor damages from main- 
 tenance. 
 Right of property owner to damages or in- 
 junction for maintenance of elec- 
 tric ligih* plant in vicinity of his 
 property. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 237. 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 237. 
 Operation under legislative sanction. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 When injunction would cause public in- 
 convenience. 27 L.R.A. (J^.S.) 241. 
 Liability to abutting owner for mutilating 
 trees in highway by erecting poles or 
 stringing wires. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1125; 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1084. 
 
 §5. — due lo induction. 
 
 Liability of user of electricity for interfer- 
 ence with the business or injury to 
 the property of another resulting 
 from induction or from use of earth 
 as a return electric circuit. 2 B. 
 R. 0. 129. 
 Rights growing out of priority of user 
 or occupation. 2 B. R. C." 129. 
 
466 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ELECTRICITY, I.— cont'd 
 
 Eights growing out of franchise to oc- 
 cupy highway. 2 B. E. C. 130. 
 
 Out of priority of franchise. 2 B. 
 E. C. 130. 
 
 Out of provisions of franchise. 2 
 B. E. C. 130. 
 
 Out of superior claim of railway 
 to use of streets. 2 B. E. C. 
 131. 
 
 Extent of rights based on such 
 claim. 2 B. E. C. 132. 
 Rights growing out of the duty to exer- 
 cise one's own rights in such a 
 manner as not to interfere 
 with those of another. 2 
 B. E. C. 132. 
 
 Where employment of electricity is 
 in pursuance of authority con- 
 ferred. 2 B. E. C. 137. 
 Miscellaneous. 2 B. R. C. 138. 
 
 § 6. Interference with wires. 
 
 Bight of railroad to cut wires crossing 
 tracks. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1212. 
 
 Bight to interfere with wires of public- 
 service corporation in moving house 
 along street. 14 L.E.A.(N.S.) 448. 
 
 II. Electric companies, 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Electric railroads, see Electeic Railways. 
 
 Corporation supplying as a manufacturing 
 
 company. 64 L.E.A. 59. 
 For purpose of tax laws. 38 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 907. 
 Charge for poles and wires of interstate 
 
 telegraph and telephone companies. 24 
 
 L.E.A. 163. 
 
 § 8. Regulation and control. 
 
 As to regulation of carriers, see Caeriebs, 
 V. 
 
 Power of municipality over nuisances on 
 streets created by electrical company, 
 see MtrNiciPAL Cobpoeations, § 37. 
 
 As to regulation of public service corpora- 
 tions generally, see Ptjblic Service 
 Cobpoeations. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 60. 
 
 Police regulation of. 31 L.E.A. 798. 
 
 Limitations of police power in regulation of 
 electric companies. 31 L.E.A. 804. 
 
 Municipal regulation of nuisances relating 
 to electricity. 38 L.E.A. 306. 
 
 Police regulation of electric companies. 31 
 L.E.A. 798. 
 In general. 31 L.E.A. 798. 
 As to the occupation of highways or 
 
 waters. 31 L.E.A. 799. 
 As to guard wires. 31 L.E.A. 802. 
 As to the operation of electric lines. 
 31 L.R.A. 802. 
 
 Municipal control over public nuisances up- 
 on streets and highways created by elec- 
 trical companies. 39 L.E.A. 609. 
 
 Electrical wires as a nuisance under mu- 
 nicipal control. 38 L.E.A. 306; 39 
 L.R.A. 621. 
 
 Begin witU this book on every law question. 
 
 ELECTRICITY, II.— cont'd 
 
 Injunction by municipality against tele- 
 graph and telephone poles. 44 L.R.A. 
 577. 
 
 Power of state or city to charge for poles 
 and wires of telegraph or .telephone 
 company engaged in interstate business. 
 24 L.E.A. 163. 
 
 Power to compel telegraph company en- 
 gaged in interstate business to place 
 wires underground. 24 L.E.A. 165. 
 
 Power to require public service corporation 
 to carry municipal wires on its poles. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 
 Eight to require telegraph or telephone 
 wires to be placed underground. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 654. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to regulate 
 electricians and the installation of 
 electrical work. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 78. 
 
 § 9. Franchises. 
 
 Grant of franchise to electrical subway 
 company. 34 L.E.A. 369. 
 
 Privilege of using street for poles and wires 
 as a contract within provision against 
 impairing obligation. 50 L.E.A. 147. 
 
 Power of municipality, in absence of ex- 
 press legislative authority, to grant 
 street franchises to electrical company. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 925. 
 
 III. Injuries resulting from. 
 
 a. Negligence of party causing. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Evidence as to condition prior and subse- 
 quent to accident. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1094. 
 
 Violating ordinance as to electric wires as 
 ground for private action. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 260. 
 
 Liability for negligence with respect to elec- 
 tric current as affected by concurring 
 negligence of third person. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 293. 
 
 Liability of electric company for injurv by 
 wire strung by a third person to con- 
 nect with its system. 39 L.E.A, '.N.S.) 
 1046. 
 
 Liability of one furnishing an electrical 
 current to be distributed by another for 
 injury to third person after delivery. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 893. 
 
 Duty, in stringing electric wires, to guard 
 against danger to children. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 449; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1220. 
 
 Liability of physician for injuries resulting 
 from electrical or X-ray treatment. 28 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 262. 
 
 Duty and liability to inspectors entering 
 premises in the performance of their 
 duty. 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 380. 
 
 Right of electric company constructively 
 liable for tort to contribution or in- 
 demnity from one actually responsible 
 for its commission. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1149. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 467 
 
 ELECTRICITY, III.— cont'd 
 § 11. On prlTate property. 
 
 Negligence as to electric wires on or in 
 buildings. 32 L.E.A. 400. 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. 400. 
 Wires on roofs. 32 L.R.A. 401. 
 Contributory negligence. 32 L.E.A. 
 403. 
 
 Duty of company maintaining electric wire 
 over or across private property. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1089. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1089. 
 Duty to trespasser or mere licensee on 
 another's premises. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1094. 
 
 D^ree of care required of one furnishing 
 electricity toward persons rightfully on 
 premises supplied. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 459. 
 
 Duty to protect wires for safety of work- 
 men on premises. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 777. 
 
 Duty of electric light company with respect 
 to wiring or fixtures installed in 
 private property. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 226; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816. 
 
 Applicability of rule res ipsa loquitur to 
 accidents on private property due to 
 escape of electricity from disordered 
 electrical appliances. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1183; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 848. 
 
 Liability of electric railway for injury to 
 trespasser or licensee from exposed 
 third rail. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 
 g 12. — on premises of third persons. 
 
 Liability for injuries caused by wires ex- 
 tended over premises of others. 46 
 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Measure of duty of company maintaining 
 electric wires on another's premises, 
 toward trespasser or licensee on such 
 premises. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 988; 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 
 § 13. Liability of municipality. 
 
 Municipal liability for negligent operation 
 of electric light plant. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 536. 
 
 Municipal liability for injuries by electric 
 wires and appliances. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 648. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by poles in 
 highway. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 649. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to, or death 
 of, traveler from electricity carried by 
 wires strung along highway. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1176; 1 B. R. C. 809. 
 
 Duty of municipality to inspect electric 
 wires maintained by others in its 
 streets. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 475. 
 
 § 14. Master's liability for Injury by 
 servant. 
 
 Master's liability for injury done by serv- 
 ant to third person in use of. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 389. 
 
 § 15. Liability to employee. 
 
 See Master and Sebvakt, § 86. 
 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ELECTRICITY, III. a— cont'd 
 § 16. Liability to passenger. 
 
 Applicability of doctrine of res ipsa loquitur 
 to injury to passenger resulting from 
 disorder of electrical appliances. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 838; 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 760; 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 § 17. In highway. 
 
 Liability for injury or death of traveler 
 
 coming in contact with electric 
 
 wire in highway. 31 L.E.A. 566; 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1169; 1 B. R. C. 
 
 797. 
 General rules. 31 L.R.A. 566. 
 Danger of current. 31 L.R.A. 567. 
 Degree of care required. 31 L.R.A, 
 
 568; 1 B. R. C. 799. 
 Duty as affected by nearness of other 
 
 wires. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1170; 1 
 
 B. R. C. 801. 
 Duty to insulate. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1171; 1 B. R. C. 799. 
 Duty to erect guard wires. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1171. 
 Failure to guard wires from falling 
 
 wires of other owners. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 582. 
 Duty to inspect. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1172; 1 B. R. C. 799. 
 Duty of municipality to inspect wires 
 
 maintained by others in its streets. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S'.) 475. 
 Liability for brolcen, fallen, or sagging 
 wires. 31 L.R.A. 573; 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1172; 1 B. R. 
 C. 8C3. 
 
 Liability of owner. 31 L.R.A. 573. 
 
 Presumption of negligence as to 
 broken or fallen wires. 31 
 L.R.A. 576. 
 
 Liability of party breaking them. 
 31 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 Negligent delay in removing or re- 
 pairing them. 31 L.R.A. 579. 
 
 Municipal liability. 31 L.R.A. 
 581; 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1176; 
 1 B. R. C. 809. 
 Duty as affected by notice that wire is 
 
 down. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1175; 1 
 
 B. R. C. 807. 
 Duty as affected by storms. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1174; 1 B. R. C. 808. 
 Wires charged by lightning. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 588. 
 Noncompliance with ordinance. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1176. 
 Concurrent liability. 31 L.R.A. 586. 
 Noncompliance with ordinance. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1176. 
 Liability for negligence in permitting wires 
 to hang down, notwithstanding inter- 
 vening act of third person in con- 
 nection therewith. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 978. 
 Applicability of rule res ipsa loquitur to 
 accidents on highway due to disordered 
 electrical appliances. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1178; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1043. 
 
468 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ELECTRICITY, III.— cont'd 
 
 ft. Contributory negligence. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 As to electric wires on or in buildings. 32 
 
 L.E.A. 403. 
 Of volunteer handling or testing electric 
 
 wire or apparatus. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 290. 
 In touching live wires in street. 1 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 822. 
 By traveler coming in contact with elec- 
 tric wire in highway. 31 L.E.A. 589; 
 
 32 L.R.A. 403; 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1177; 
 
 1 B. E. C. 810. 
 Duty of one to ascertain if there is danger 
 
 before passing under a wire strung 
 
 over a highway. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1189. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Lighting company as a manufacturing 
 company. 64 L.E.A. 58. 
 
 Privilege of using street for poles and wires' 
 as a contract within provision against 
 impairing contract obligations. 50 
 L.E.A. 147. 
 
 Electric light line in street or highway as 
 an additional burden. 36 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 185. 
 
 Duty of electric light company as to wiring 
 or fixtures installed in private prop- 
 erty. 13 L.E.A.(N.S.) 226. 
 
 Right to interfere with wires in moving 
 house along street. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 448. 
 
 Right of property owner to damages or in- 
 junction for maintenance of electric 
 light plant in vicinity of his property. 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 237. 
 
 Eight of lighting company performing two 
 kinds of service to refuse to furnish 
 one without the other. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1078. 
 
 Taking of property for production and dis- 
 tribution of light by electricity as a 
 public purpose. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 137. 
 
 § a. Rights, duties, and liabilities of 
 municipality. 
 
 Power of city to own plant and manu- 
 facture. 10 L.R.A. 194;* 14 L.R.A. 
 268; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 711. 
 
 Eight of municipality to make profit from 
 its lighting plant. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 290. 
 
 Right of municipality to secure electric 
 light plant by piecemeal to avoid 
 constitutional debt limit. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 433. 
 
 Power of municipality in absence of express 
 legislative authority to grant use of 
 streets for electric lights. 22 L.E.A 
 (N.S.) 933, 937. 
 
 Exemption of municipal light plant from 
 taxation. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHTS— cont'd 
 
 Municipal liability for negligent operation 
 
 of electric light plant. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 536. 
 
 § 3. Rates. 
 
 Eight of lighting company whose rates are 
 fixed by public authority to establish 
 a minimum charge. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1109. 
 
 Right of electric light company to discrimi- 
 nate between consumers as to rates. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 674. 
 
 Power of municipality apart from contract 
 to regulate rates to be charged by 
 lighting company. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 759. 
 
 ELECTRIC POWER. 
 
 Electric power line in street or highway as 
 additional burden. 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 185. 
 
 rs-^o 
 
 ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. 
 
 See also Caebiebs; Ixterubbajji Eail- 
 KOADS; Steeet Railways. 
 
 Right to compensation on laying out elec- 
 tric road across railroad, see Eminent 
 Domain, § 52. 
 
 As additional servitude in street. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 202; 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 722. 
 
 Right of railroad company to compensation 
 for the crossing of its track, where it 
 intersects a street or highway, by an 
 electric road. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 916. 
 
 Liability of user of electricity for inter- 
 ference with the business or injury to 
 the property of another resulting from 
 induction or from use of earth as a re- 
 turn electric circuit. 2 B. R. C. 129. 
 
 Liability for injury to trespasser or 
 licensee from exposed third rail. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 
 Liability for frightening horses by con- 
 struction apparatus in street. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 942. 
 
 Duty to look and listen before crossing the 
 tracks of an electric road. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 254; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1224. 
 
 ELECTRIC SUBWAY. 
 
 Grant of franchises to electrical 
 companies. 34 L.R.A. 369. 
 
 subway 
 
 ELECTRIC TREATMENT. 
 
 Begin with this ioolc on every law question. 
 
 Application of statutes regulating practice 
 of medicine to persons givin" 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 763: 25 
 1297. 
 
 giving. 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 ELECTRIC WIRES. 
 
 See Eleoteicitt. 
 
 469 
 
 < ■ » 
 
 ELECTROTYPE PLATES. 
 
 Right of purchaser to sell or use free from 
 restrictions affecting tbem in hands of 
 vendor. 55 L.E.A. 632. 
 
 ELEEMOSYNARY INSTITUTION. 
 
 See Chasitibs. 
 
 ELEIVIENTS. 
 
 Proximate cause of death, loss or injury by, 
 see Pboximate Cause, §§ 4-7. 
 
 What constitutes damage by. 53 L.K.A. 
 673. 
 
 Liability for removal of lateral or subjacent 
 support of land by exposure to ele- 
 ments. 68 L.E.A. 687. 
 
 ELEPHANT. 
 
 Liability for injury by. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 748. 
 
 ELEVATED RAILROADS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to street railways, generally, see Stbeet 
 Railways. 
 
 Right to construct in street. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 377. 
 Liability for private nuisance. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 117. 
 Duty to light space below tracks. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1081. 
 
 § 2. Damages to abutting ovpner by. 
 
 Construction; appropriation of right of 
 
 way. 8 L.R.A. 173.* 
 Injury by, to abutting owner's easements. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 381; 15 L.R.A. 377. 
 As additional servitude in street. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 673. 
 Right of abutting owner to enjoin. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 Right of aljutting owner to damages for 
 
 special injuries where elevated road is 
 
 not considered an additional burden. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1269. 
 
 § 8. Injury to passenger on. 
 
 Liability for personal injuries. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 !74.* 
 Duty to passengers on overcrowded cars. 
 
 24 L.R.A. 713. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ELEVATED RAILROADS— cont'd 
 Starting ear before passenger is seated. 
 
 42 L.R.A. 294. 
 Injury by crush in entering car at elevated 
 
 station. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 729. 
 
 § 4. Injury to person on surface of 
 street. 
 
 Ground of liability; duty and degree of 
 
 care, generally. 42 L.R.A. (N'.S.) 90. 
 Contributory negligence. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 91. 
 Rule of res ipsa loquitur. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 91. 
 Falling cinders, coals, or sparks from en- 
 gine. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 92. 
 Sparks and explosions from electric care. 
 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 93. 
 Bursting cylinder. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 Fall of iron, wood, etc., from elevated 
 
 structure. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 
 ELEVATORS. 
 
 /. Grain elevators, § 1. 
 II. Freight and passenger elevators, §S 
 
 2-8. 
 
 I. Grain elevators. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages in 
 case of elevator contracts. 53 L.R.A. 
 65. 
 
 Legislative regulation of rates of. 33 
 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Business of elevating grain as affected with 
 a public interest authorizing regu- 
 lation of rates and prices. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 836. 
 
 Furnishing site for elevator to one shipper 
 as discrimination against others. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 
 Right to use railroad right of way for pur- 
 pose of, as against owner of fee. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 516. 
 
 Delegation by legislature of power to re- 
 quire lease of ground to. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 652. 
 
 II. Freight and passenger elevators. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 
 CoNSTITtTTIONAL LAW, § 61. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to in- 
 jury on, see Evidence, § 65. 
 
 Discontinuance of, interference with, ele- 
 vator service as eviction of tenant. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 38. 
 
 Validity of regulations concerning. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 
 Loss of rent as element of damages for 
 failure to install elevator. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1130. 
 
 § 3. Injury to passengers. 
 
 Proximate cause of injury, see Proximate 
 
 Cause, § 10. 
 
470 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ELEVATOKfJ, II.— cont'd 
 Accidents at shafts of. 9 L.R.A. 643.* ' 
 Liability for injury to elevator passenger. 
 25 L.R.A. 33; 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 744. 
 Is one maintaining elevator subject to 
 rules governing liability of com- 
 mon carrier. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 745. 
 Presumption of negligence from hap- 
 pening of accident. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 748. 
 Construction and inspection of pas- 
 senger elevator. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 749. 
 Care in operation and selection of 
 
 operatives. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 751. 
 Injuries by negligence in operation of 
 passenger elevator. 25 L.R.A. 
 33; 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 752. 
 In general. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 When entering car. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 753. 
 When leaving car. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 754. 
 Stepping into shaft through open 
 door. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 756. 
 Contributory negligence. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 757. 
 Injury by being struck by descend- 
 ing car. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 759. 
 Freight elevators. 25 L.R.A. 34; 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 760. 
 Rightful use of. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 760. 
 Putting to use for which not in- 
 tended. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 762. 
 Leaving elevator in position to be operated 
 by stranger as proximate cause _ of in- 
 jury to passenger occasioned by act of 
 third party in connection therewith. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 297. 
 Responsibility of owner or occupier of 
 building where operation of elevator is 
 let to independent contractor. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 945. 
 Violating ordinance as to, as ground for 
 private action. 5 L.R.A. ( (N.S.) 260. 
 Private action for violation of statute as 
 to, not expressly conferring right of 
 action. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 380. 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 passenger on. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 619; 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816. 
 Evidence as to conditions before and after 
 accident. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1093, 1103. 
 Admissibility of evidence of prior acci- 
 dents in. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1103. 
 
 § 4. Injury to trespassers or licensees. 
 
 Liability of owner of elevator for injury 
 
 to trespassers or licensees. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 402; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 124. 
 
 Rights of one who has been prohibited from 
 
 , entering a passenger elevator, but who 
 
 i does so for the purpose of doing busi- 
 
 ! ness with a tenant. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 350. 
 
 § 5. Injury to tenant or guest at inn. 
 
 Liability for . condition of, to tenant of part 
 of premises. 23 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 ELEVATORS, II.— cont'd 
 Duty of innkeeper with respect to operation 
 of. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.') 290. 
 
 § 6. Injury to customer at store. 
 
 Duty of storekeeper towards customer as to 
 condition of elevator shafts. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 458. 
 
 Liability of storekeeper toward customer 
 for negligent operation of elevators. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 460. 
 
 Storekeeper's liability to customer for in- 
 jury by defective elevators. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 461. 
 
 § 7. Injury to employees. 
 
 See also Masteb and Servant, §§ 85, 101. 
 Operator of elevator as fellow servant of 
 
 other employees of the establishment. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 156. 
 
 § 8. Contributory negligence. 
 
 In stepping into elevator shaft through 
 open door. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757; 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 
 ELIGIBILITY. 
 
 To office of judge, see Judges, § 2. 
 
 To office generally, see Ofi'icebs, §§ 4-9. 
 
 ELKINS ACT. 
 
 Violation of, see Monopoly and Combi- 
 nations. 
 
 Right of carrier to grant rebate or allow- 
 ance to shipper for use of latter's 
 track. 2a L.R.A. (N.S.) 551. 
 
 # »♦ 
 
 ELOPEMENT. 
 
 Effect to bar dower. 11 L.R.A. 791.* 
 « « » 
 
 EMANCIPATION. 
 Of infants, see Infants, § 15. 
 
 » «» 
 
 EMBANKMENT. 
 
 Obstruction of stream by, see MuNlcaPAl. 
 Corporations, §§ 90-92; Waters, §S 
 46-50, 63, 102. 
 
 EMBEZZLEMENT. 
 
 Begin with, this hooTc on every law question. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Indictment for, see Indictment, Informa- 
 tion, AND Complaint, § 17. 
 
 From mails. 1 L.R.A. 104.* 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 471 
 
 EMBEZZLEMENT— cont'd 
 
 Check as subject of. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 498. 
 
 -Moaning of phrase "convert to his own 
 use" in criminal statutes. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 601. 
 
 Does wrongful appropriation of money re- 
 ceived through mistake constitute em- 
 bezzlement. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 371. 
 
 Failure to account for fund to one jointly 
 interested therein as embezzlement. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) S22. 
 Partnerships. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 822. 
 Associations. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 823. 
 Miscellaneous 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 825. 
 
 Transfer of fund or security from one es- 
 tate to another by a common trustee. 
 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 205. 
 
 By one spouse of other's property. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 830. 
 
 Embezzlement as affected by want of au- 
 thority of defendant to receive the 
 money or property in the first instance. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 531. 
 
 Valuation of property for purposes of trans- 
 portation as affecting carrier's liability 
 where it is embezzled while in its pos- 
 session. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 309. 
 
 Disbarment of attorney for withholding 
 client's money. 19 L.R.A.(NJS.) 414. 
 
 As affected bv belief in right to property 
 taken. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 556. 
 
 Truth of charge of, as a defense to a civil 
 action for libel or slander. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 144. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 62 L.R.A. 226, 264. 
 
 Necessity and sufSciency of description of 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 314, 320. 
 
 § 2. By agent. 
 
 Effect of fact that one is entitled to com- 
 missions out of fund upon his prosecu- 
 tion for embezzlement in case he re- 
 tains the whole fund. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 311. 
 
 § 3. By bailee. 
 
 Liability of bailee for wrongful appropria- 
 tion of subject of bailment by servant. 
 29 L.K.A. 92. 
 
 § 4. By public officer. 
 
 May estoppel to deny authority to receive 
 money alleged to have been embezzled 
 be invoked against public officer charged 
 with embezzlement, 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 761. 
 
 § 5. From one not properly In posses- 
 sion. 
 
 Title of one who takes money from thief or 
 embezzler. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631. 
 
 Illegality of transaction by which owner 
 obtained money or other property, as 
 a defense. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 415. 
 
 EMBLEMENTS. 
 
 See Cbopb. . . v, , 
 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EMEKGENCY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Error in judgment; in case of danger. 6 
 
 L.R.A. 195;* 7 L.R.A. 843;" 11 L.R.A. 
 
 131.* 
 Care required of one in sudden emergency. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 43. 
 Emergency caused by negligence of defend- 
 ant. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 44. 
 
 General rule. 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 44. 
 
 Explanations and limits of rule. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 47. 
 
 Illustrations of rule. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 51. 
 
 More than one tort feasor. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 54. 
 Emergency caused by negligence of person 
 
 injured. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 Emergency caused by other agencies. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 Texas cases. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 Implied power of attorney to compromise 
 
 cause of action in case of emergency. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 527. 
 
 § 2. Act of employee in. 
 
 As to obtaining medical assistance, see 
 infra, § 5. 
 
 Reliance by servant on orders given in emer- 
 gency as contributory negligence. 17 
 L.R.A. 606. 
 
 Liability of restaurant keeper to customer 
 for injury by act of servant in emer- 
 gency. 21 L.R A. (N.S.) 464. 
 
 § 3. Act of passenger In. 
 
 Negligence of passenger in getting on or off 
 
 moving street car to avoid impending 
 
 danger. 38 L.R.A. 790; 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 275. 
 Negligence in alighting from moving train 
 
 to avoid impending danger. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 756. 
 Causing trespasser to jump from moving 
 
 wagon as actionable misconduct. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1064. 
 
 § 4. Act of person in street in case of. 
 Duty of pedestrian injured by automobile 
 
 in case of emergency. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 494. 
 By pedestrian in front of passing trains. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 165; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 485. 
 As excuse for contributory negligence of 
 
 person injured by defect in street. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(nA) 654. 
 
 § 5. Medical expenses in case of. 
 
 Physician's right to recover for emergency 
 service rendered unconscious person. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1090. 
 
 Power of corporate agents to defray medi- 
 cal expenses of injured employees in 
 case of. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 63. 
 
 Implied power of employee to employ phy- 
 sician to attend injured employee in 
 cases of emergency. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 353, 355. 
 
472 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 KMERGENCY— cont'd 
 
 Existence of, as basis for implied promise 
 by public to compensate for relief fur- 
 nished poor person in cases not pro- 
 vided for by law where there has been 
 no compliance with statutory prereq- 
 uisites. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 
 EMERGENCY ASSISTANTS. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to. 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 
 40 
 
 EMERGENCY CLAUSE. 
 
 Resort to legislative journals to show en- 
 actment of bill with. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 34. 
 
 EMERGENCY FUND. 
 
 Effect of provision that deficiency in assess- 
 ment may be paid from. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 264. 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Right to take property, §§ 2-30. 
 a. In general, §§ 3-4. 
 ft. Who may exercise, § 5, 
 
 c. What may be talcen, §§ 6-S. 
 
 d. For what purpose, §§ 9-33. 
 
 e. Rights and title acquired, 
 
 §§ 34-30. 
 
 III. Procedure, §§ 37-35. 
 
 IV. Rights and rem,edies of owners 
 
 and others, §§ 30-53. 
 a. In general, §§ 36-40. 
 6. What constitutes a taking 
 
 of, or injury to property, 
 
 §§ 41-44. 
 c. Right to cotnpensation, §§ 
 45-53. 
 
 1. In general, § 45. 
 
 3. Who entitled to, § 40. 
 
 3. For what property or 
 
 injury. §§ 47-53. 
 T. Additional burdens, §§ 54-57. 
 
 I. In general, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Power of courts as to right of eminent do- 
 main, see CotTETS, § 16. 
 
 Measure of damages in, see Damages, SS 11 
 82-93. 
 
 Loss of dower right by condemnation pro- 
 ceedings, see Dower, § 12. 
 
 Acquiring mining property by, see Mines, 
 § 3 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, I.— cont'd 
 
 Pending condemnation proceedings as breach 
 of covenant against encumbrances. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1067. 
 
 Power to impose assessments for public im- 
 provement by front-foot rule under 
 power of eminent domain. 28 L.R_4. 
 (N.S.) 1130, 1144. 
 
 Assessment by front-foot rule for public 
 improvements involving power of em- 
 inent domain. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1197. 
 
 Does statute of limitations run during life 
 estate against proceedings by remain- 
 derman to compel appropriation of 
 property by third person having power 
 of eminent domain. 15 L.R.A.(N.S,) 
 1154. 
 
 Eminent domain proceedings after forfeiture 
 of deed to railroad for noncompliance 
 with condition for construction of road 
 within a specified time. 32 L.E,A. 
 (N.S.) 120. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions on 
 questions relating to. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.| 
 444. 
 
 //. Right to take property. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Principles in law of. 13 L.R.A. 332.* 
 
 Constitutional restrictions on the right. 4 
 L.R.A. 786.* 
 
 Means and agencies of its exercise. 4 L.EA. 
 786.* 
 
 Abuse of right. 4 L.R.A. 786.* 
 
 Right to exercise eminent domain as af- 
 fected by the extent to which the gen- 
 eral scheme has progressed. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 198. 
 
 § 3. Extinguishment of right. 
 
 One exercise of the right does not extinguish 
 it. 4 L.E.A. 787.* 
 
 When exercise of power for purposes of wa- 
 ter supply exhausted. 58 L.R.A. 248. 
 
 4. Necessity for taking. 
 Necessity for private road. 16 L.R.A. 83. 
 Necessity for taking railroad right of way 
 for telegraph or telephone lines 42 
 L.R,A.(N.S.) 235. 
 Existence of necessity for drainage of pri- 
 vate lands. 49 L.R.A. 782. 
 Necessity for establishment of drains and 
 
 sewers. 60 L.R.A. 191. 
 Discretion as to necessity of exercise of 
 power for purposes of water supply. 58 
 L.R.A. 249. ^^ ^ 
 
 Judge of necessity. 22 L.R.A. (NS) 64 
 Primary. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 64. 
 Secondary. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 
 By constitutional creation. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 69. 
 When courts may judge. 22 L R A 
 (N.S.) 71. " ' ' 
 
 As to extent of estate to be taken 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 
 Natu^ of eminent domain. 22 L.R.A. ""''To^ll TZI^JT!^^. ^.T^^ 
 Begin u-ith this book on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 473 
 
 EI\nNENT DOMAIN, II. a— cont'd 
 Public necessity as gauge of 'power to ex- 
 ercise riglit of eminent domain. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 Necessity of talking particular land by emi- 
 nent domain as a judicial question. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940. 
 
 b. Who may exercise. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 For purpose of water supply. 58 L.E.A. 
 243. 
 
 Delegation of right. 1 L.R.A. 133;" 2 
 ■L.E.A. 680;* 4 L.R.A. 788.* 
 
 Right of de facto corporation to exercise. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 144. 
 
 Right of foreign corporation to exercise. 
 24 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 Exercise of power by one corporation for a 
 public purpose to be subserved by an- 
 other. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 448. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute conferring 
 power of eminent domain on private 
 person or corporation otiier than rail- 
 road company, for spur or lateral track. 
 35 L.R.A.(N'.S.) 646. 
 
 Exercise of power of eminent domain by 
 depot and belt or terminal railway 
 companies. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 909. 
 
 c. What may be taken. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 What property may be taken. 13 L.E.A. 
 432.* 
 
 Property subject to appropriation for pub- 
 lic use. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6. 
 
 Vested rights subordinate to power of. 7 
 L.R.A. 766.* 
 
 Taking of earth from private land, when 
 justified. 3 L.R.A. 832.* 
 
 What may be acquired for construction and 
 operation of canals. 61 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 For purposes of sewer. 60 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 For purposes of a water supply. 58 L.R.A. 
 244. 
 
 Acquisition of tide lands by right of. 66 
 L.R.A. 897. 
 
 Power to condemn riparian rights apart 
 from the land to which they are appur- 
 tenant. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1005. 
 
 § 6a. Shares of minority stockholder. 
 
 In general. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 605. 
 Relation of stockholder to his associates 
 
 and the corporation. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 607. 
 Remedies. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 609. 
 Property subject to condemnation. 1 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 611. 
 
 In general. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 611. 
 
 Shares of stock. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 615. 
 Some statutes in point. 1 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 615. 
 
 ;§ 7. Property already devoted to pub- 
 lic or quasi public use. 
 
 Generally. 7 L.R.A. 666.* 
 
 Ei^ht and franchises of corporation, gener- 
 
 ° ally. 13 L.E.A. 432.* 
 
 Consult also Z.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Right to take other public property for pur- 
 poses of water supply. 58 L.R.A. 246. 
 
 Power to talce property already devoted to 
 a, pulilie use by a political or govern- 
 mental agency. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 101. 
 
 Right to condemn property previously con- 
 demned or purchased for public use, but 
 whieli is not actually so used. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 383. 
 
 §8. — railroad property. 
 Property and franchises of railroad corpora- 
 tion. 4 L.R.A. 785;* 7 L.R.A. 767.* 
 Power to lay out street or highway across 
 railroad property or right of way. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1213. 
 Taking railroad lands for municipal pur- 
 poses. 2 L,R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 Taking railroad lands for exclusive munici- 
 pal uses. 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 828. 
 Location of railroad; what sufficient to ex- 
 clude another road. 4 L.R.A. 791;* 
 12 L.R.A. 220. 
 What constitutes appropriation of land for 
 right of way by one railroad company 
 wliicli will prevent its condemnation 
 by another railroad companv. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 197. 
 Eight of railroad to condemn a right of way 
 over or across the tracks of another 
 company for a spur track to private 
 establishments. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 512. 
 Condemnation of right of way for telegraph 
 or teleplione line along railroad 
 right of way. 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 225. 
 The post roads act. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 225. 
 State authorization, what constitutes. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 231. 
 "Necessity" for the taking. 42 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 235. 
 Compatibility of concurrent use of 
 railroad, right of way for rail- 
 road and telegraph or tele- 
 phone purposes. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 236. 
 Telephones as "telegraphs.'' 42 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 237. 
 SufBciency of petition. 42 L.E.A. (N.S. ) 
 238. 
 
 d. For what purpose. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 In general; what public. 11 L.E.A. 285;' 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 Necessity that use be a public one. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 680;* 4 L.R.A. 787.* 
 Criterion determining character of use as 
 
 public or private. 2 L.R.A. 681.* 
 Right of court to determine whether use is 
 
 public or private. 4 L.R.A. 788.* 
 Where power resides to declare what is a 
 
 public use. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 Effect upon court of legislative declaratior. 
 
 that use is a public one. 8 L.R.A. 58.' 
 Extent of user as affecting public nature of 
 
 a use. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 48. 
 
474 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, II. d— cont'd 
 For what purposes the flowage of lands may 
 be authorized by statute. 14 L.K.A. 
 487. 
 IvKercise of power by one corporation for 
 public purpose to be subserved by an- 
 other. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 448. 
 
 § 10. Combination of public and pri- 
 vate uses. 
 
 Private use and incidental public use. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 539. 
 
 Public use and incidental private use. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 540. 
 
 Combination of public use and private as 
 principal purposes. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 543. 
 
 Exercise of power for public purpose by 
 corporation whose objects include pri- 
 vate purposes. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 544. 
 
 Mask of public character. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 77. 
 
 Plural purposes. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 80. 
 
 Incidental private advantage. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 81. 
 
 Private payment of compensation. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 
 § 11. Generation of electricity. 
 
 Generation of electricity for sale to public 
 for the purposes of power as a public 
 purpose. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 842; 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725. 
 For generation and diiTusion of electric en- 
 ergy. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 136. 
 Transmission of intelligence. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 136. 
 Production and distribution of light, 
 heat, and power. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 137. 
 
 § 12. Mining purposes. 
 
 For mining purposes. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 For mining road. 1 L.K.A.(N.S.) 977; 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 701. 
 For right of way for mining tunnel. 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 106. 
 
 § 13. Roads. 
 
 Highways. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 99. 
 Turnpikes. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 101. 
 Byways. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 Streets and alleys. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 111. 
 Compulsory use of private property in road 
 
 work. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1045. 
 In the absence of statutory authority. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1045. 
 Statutorv authoritv. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1046. 
 
 § 14. — private road. 
 
 Private road. 16 L.R.A. 81. 
 
 Outlet for communication with public. 
 16 L.R.A. 82. 
 
 Necessity of road. 16 L.R.A. 83. 
 For mining road. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 977; 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 701. 
 
 g 15. Water power. 
 
 Taking of property for manufacturing pow-- 
 er as a public purpose. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 160. 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Furnishing water power for municipal pur- 
 poses as a public purpose. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 410. 
 
 Right of government to divert water from 
 nontidal stream for power purposes 
 without compensation to riparian own- 
 er. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 308. 
 
 EfTect of offer to serve public on right to 
 resort to eminent domain in aid of at- 
 tempt to transmute water power into 
 electricity for sale. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 122. 
 
 Right to consider value of property as a' 
 part of a natural water power, in fixing 
 compensation in eminent domain. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 912. 
 
 §16. Water supply. 
 
 Exercise of power of eminent domain for 
 water supply. 58 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 Discretion as to necessity of exercise of pow- 
 er for purposes of water supply. 58 
 L.R.A. 249. 
 
 Furnishing water and water power to the 
 public for manufacturing purposes as a 
 public purpose justifying the exercise 
 of eminent domain. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 410. 
 
 Taking of water for governmental and do- 
 mestic consumption as a public pur- 
 pose. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 156. 
 
 § 17. Drains and sewers. 
 
 For drains and sewers. 60 L.R.A. 195. 
 
 What property may be taken for purposes 
 
 of sewer. 60 L.R.A. 198. 
 Acquisition by municipality of right of wav 
 
 for drain. 65 L.R.A. 273. 
 Taking property for irrigating or draining 
 
 private lands. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 208. 
 Drainage of private lands as public purpose 
 authorizing exercise of power, of 
 eminent domain. 49 L.R.A. 781 ; 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 208; 22 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 163. 
 Generally. 49 L.R.A. 781; 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 208. 
 Necessity must exist. 49 L.R.A. 782. 
 What is a public purpose. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 783. 
 Public health. 49 L.R.A. 783. 
 Reclamation of large tracts. 49 L.B.A. 
 
 783. 
 Reclamation of marshes. 22 L.E>A, 
 
 (N.S.) 163. 
 For all drainage purposes. 49 L.R-A. 
 
 784. 
 To improve highways. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 167. 
 Other purposes. 49 L.R.A. 786. 
 Limited public sufficient. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 787. 
 Presumption as to public character. 49 
 L.R.A. 787. 
 Taking of property for sewers as a public 
 
 purpose. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 168. 
 Creation of easement of drainage by sever- 
 ance of tract of land with apparent 
 benefit existing. 26 L.RJV.(N.S.) 361. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 475 
 
 EJIJNENT DOMAIN, II. d— cont'd 
 Right to divert water from nontidal stream 
 for drainage purposes without compen- 
 sation to riparian owner. 37 L.Rji.. 
 (N.S.) 311. 
 Taking railroad lands for drainage district. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 
 § 18. Irrigation. 
 
 Taking property for irrigation purposes. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 208; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 807. 
 
 Taking of property for irrigation as a pub- 
 lic purpose. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 162. 
 
 § 19. Levees. 
 
 Exercise of eminent domain to acquire 
 rights of way for levees. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 757. 
 
 § 20. Canals. 
 
 For canals. 22 L.R Ji.. ( N.S. ) 152. 
 What may be acquired for construction and 
 operation of canals. 61 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 § 21. Railroad purposes. 
 
 Right to take other railroad property for, 
 see supra, § 8. 
 
 Railroads as public improvements. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 681;* 4 LJI.A. 785.* 
 Authority of railroad company to take lands 
 
 for its corporate use. 2 L.R.A. 255.* 
 Relocation of railroad. 36 L.R.A. 510. 
 For railroad depot. 9 L.R.A. 295.* 
 To secure right of way for logging railroad. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 For appurtenances. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 122. 
 Location of route. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 123. 
 Quantity of land that may be taken. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 126. 
 Exercise of power of eminent domain by 
 
 depot and belt or terminal railway 
 
 companies. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 Power of railroad to condemn property to 
 
 obtain construction material. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 793. 
 
 § 32. — spurs and sidings. 
 
 For spur tracks and sidings. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 129. 
 
 Power of railroad company to condemn right 
 of way for spur or siding to private 
 establishment. 20 L.R.A. 434; 22 
 L.R.A. 181; 35 L.R.A. 636. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute conferring pow- 
 er of eminent domain on private per- 
 son or corporation other than railroad 
 company for spur or lateral track. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 646. 
 
 Right of railroad to condemn right of way 
 over or across tracks of another com- 
 pany for a spur track to private es- 
 tablishments. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 512. 
 
 Delegation by legislature to railroad com- 
 mission of power as to building spur 
 tracks. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 654. 
 
 g 23. Miscellaneous purposes. 
 
 Street railways. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 Bridges. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 135. 
 Ferries. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 Wharves. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 Consult also U.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Pipe lines. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 136. 
 
 Mill dams. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 140. 
 
 Booms and logging ways. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 151. 
 
 Fisheries. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 152. 
 
 Sewers. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 168. 
 
 Municipal purposes. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 168. 
 
 Common schools. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 169. 
 
 Parks. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 170. 
 
 Cemeteries. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 171. 
 
 Purveying of water for govermental and do- 
 mestic consumption. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 156. 
 
 For improvement of navigability of stream. 
 67 L.R.A. 847; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 
 Production of gold. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 For purpose of toll bridge. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 360. 
 
 For purpose of gristmill. 18 L.R.A. {N.S.) 
 356. 
 
 e. Rights and title acquired. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 Ownership of fee in land condemned for 
 
 highway. 8 L.R.A. 429.* 
 Extent of title or rights taken for purposes 
 
 of canal. 61 L.R.A. 836, 838. 
 Restriction of right taken to easement, when 
 
 that sufficient. 9 L.R.A. 295.* 
 Power of legislature to declare what estate 
 
 shall be taken. 9 L.R.A. 295.* 
 Extent of rights acquired for purposes of 
 
 water supply. 58 L.R.A. 248. 
 Effect of condemnation of husband's lands 
 
 upon wife's right of dower. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 79. 
 Does eminent domain proceeding secure 
 
 title "through or under" the former 
 
 owner. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1092. 
 Judge of necessity as to extent of estate 
 
 to be taken. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 76. 
 
 § 25. For railroad purposes. 
 
 Validity of sale of land by railroad. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 139. 
 Nature of interest acquired in right of way 
 
 for railroad. 8 L.R.A. 180.* 
 Condemnation or grant of land for railroad 
 
 right of way as carrying right to lateral 
 
 and subjacent support. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 155. 
 Uses to which railroad right of way may 
 
 be devoted as against the owner of the 
 
 fee. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 512. 
 
 § 26. Taking subject to liens. 
 
 Estoppel, when property is taken, subject 
 to certain liens, to deny the validity of 
 the liens. 21 L.R.A. (N.S) 72. 
 
 Effect of acquisition of title by eminent do- 
 main to cut off tax liens. 21 L.B.A. 
 (N.S.) 68. 
 
 ///. Procedure. 
 
 § 27. Generally. 
 
 Procedure in condemning property for water 
 supply, generally. 58 L.R.A. 250. 
 
 Proceedings to condemn land for drain or 
 sewer. 60 L.R.A. 198. 
 
476 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, III.— cont'd 
 
 Practice and remedies wlien property sub- 
 ject to lease. 21 L.KA. 219, 222. 
 
 How power of eminent domain is exercised. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 17. 
 
 Fraud in proceedings for opening or extend- 
 ing higliway as defense to proceedings 
 to acquire property for that purpose. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 639. 
 
 Selection of property for condemnation. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 
 When title passes in eminent domain pro- 
 ceedings. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 537. 
 
 § 28. Time for proceedings. 
 
 First and last days in computing time. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 238. 
 Time allowed for making claim for damages 
 
 from taking property for water supply. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 259. 
 Time within which power to condemn land 
 
 and water rights must be exercised. 58 
 ■L.R.A. 258. 
 
 § 29. Removal of proceedings. 
 
 Removal of proceedings in. 1 L.R.A. 65.* 
 Removal of condemnation proceedings be- 
 cause of separable controversy. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 75. 
 
 § SO. Discontinuance of proceedings. 
 
 Abandonment of proceedings for acquisition 
 of water supply. 58 L.R.A. 253. 
 
 Right of condemning party to dismiss con- 
 demnation proceedings after award or 
 verdict and before confirmation or judg- 
 ment. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 
 § 31. Trial. 
 
 Right to jury. 2 L.R.A. 422.* 
 Viewing premises by jury. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 611.* 
 
 g 82. Notice. 
 
 Necessity for notice of hearing, see Consti- 
 TUTiONAL Law, § 38. 
 
 In proceedings to establish drains and sew- 
 ers. 60 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 In proceedings to acquire water supply. 
 58 L.R.A. 253. 
 
 Necessity of providing for notice of hearing 
 on question of damages or compensa- 
 tion. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 169. 
 
 186. 
 
 21 L.E.A. 
 
 18 L.E.A. 
 
 § 33. — to whom. 
 
 To occupant only. 16 L.R.A. 
 To tenants and reversioners. 
 
 222. 
 Right of mortgagee to notice. 
 
 115. 
 Effect of failure to give mortgagee notice. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 117. 
 
 § 34. Appeal. 
 
 P^-ovision for appeal to court in proceed- 
 ings to establish drains and sewers. 60 
 L.R.A. 224. 
 
 Effect of appeal in condemnation proceed- 
 ings. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 313. 
 
 Accepting damages as waiver of right to 
 appeal. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 21. 
 Begin with, this hook on every law question 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, III.— cont'd 
 Liability for costs on appeal from award 
 
 in condemnation proceedings. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 
 § 35. New trial; setting aside award. 
 
 New trials. 2 L.R.A. 422.* 
 
 Power of court to set aside award for mis- 
 conduct of commissioners or jurors. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 567. 
 
 IV, Rights and remedies of owners and 
 others. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 36. Generally. 
 
 Rights on vacation of highway, see High- 
 ways, § 111. 
 
 Remedy of owner ; statutory. 5 L.R.A. 183.* 
 
 Conclusiveness of statutory remedy when 
 
 land is talcen for public use. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 183.* 
 
 Protection, of private rights; remedy in 
 
 equity. 5 L.R.A. 661.* 
 Eight of one whose property has been tak- 
 en for public use without condem- 
 nation proceedings, to maintain ac- 
 tion for compensation or for per- 
 manent damages. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 968. 
 Legal remedies. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 968. 
 Equitable remedies. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 973. 
 Statutory remedy as exclusive of ac- 
 tion for compensation or perma- 
 nent damages. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 974. 
 Data necessary to warrant recovery for 
 consequential damages to real property. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 333. 
 
 § 3 7. Kiglits of tenants and reversion- 
 ers. 
 
 Generally. 21 L.E.A. 212. 
 
 Effect on liability for rent. 17 L.E.A. 276 ; 
 21 L.R.A. 213, 222. 
 When only part taken. 21 L.E.A. 214. 
 
 Damages; application of. 21 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 Damages, right to and" estimation of. 21 
 L.R.A. 217, 223. 
 
 Rights of life tenants, reversioners, and re- 
 maindermen. 21 L.R.A. 219, 221. 
 
 Ground rents. 21 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 As affected by duration of tenancy. 21 
 L.E.A. 222. 
 
 Effect on the lease. 21 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 Rights of tenant receiving proper notice to 
 quit. 21 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 § 38. Rights of mortgagee. 
 
 Rights of mortgagee. 12 L.E.A. 84.* 
 
 As between mortgagor and mortgagee. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 113. 
 As between mortgagee and appropriator. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 114. 
 
 § 39. Payment of compensation. 
 
 Private payment of compensation. 22 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 477 
 
 EMINENT DOIiIAIN, IV. a— cont'd 
 § 40. ■«'hat lands deemed to be part of 
 tract taken. 
 
 Different holdings. 57 L.H.A. 932. 
 
 Property in city. 57 L.R.A. 936. 
 
 Separated by highways, railroads, or 
 
 other proprety. 57 L.R.A. 936. 
 Separated by plat lines. 57 L.R.A. 938. 
 Separating and severing buildings. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 941. 
 Part of lot or lots injured. 57 L.R.A. 
 943. 
 
 Farm lands in a contiguous body. 57 L.R.A. 
 944. 
 
 Farm lands separated by highways, rail- 
 roads, canals, or other property. 57 
 L.RA. 945. ■ 
 
 Lands in different counties. 57 L.R.A. 948. 
 
 Separation of parcels of land by stream, 
 canal, highway, or railroad, as affect- 
 ing the right to treat them as one 
 tract for the purpose of assessing dam- 
 ages~ in eminent domain proceedings. 
 9L.E.A.(N.S.) 426. 
 
 6. What constitutes a taking of, or in- 
 jury to property. 
 
 § 41. Generally. 
 
 Right to compensation for property taken 
 
 or damaged, see infra, IV. c. 
 Additional burdens on property, see infra, 
 
 What constitutes a "taking." 18 L.R.A. 
 166. 
 Easements of light, air, and access. 
 18 L.R.A. 166. 
 
 What is a "damaging." 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1194. 
 
 Injury to land as a taking for public use. 
 1 L.R.A. 298.* 
 
 Injury to land as subject of damages. 3 
 L.R.A. 248.* 
 
 Taking or damaging property by discharg- 
 ing sewers into waters. 48 L.R.A. 
 698. 
 
 Laying pipe through land as a taking for 
 which compensation must be made. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 230. 
 
 Extension of city limits to include toll 
 road as taking of property for which 
 compensation must be made. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1071. 
 
 Injury to riparian property by deflection of 
 water by structure erected under stat- 
 utory authority as a taking. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1040. 
 
 Eight under constitutional provision 
 against "damaging" private property 
 for public use without compensation, 
 to compensation for consequential 
 damages to property, no part of which 
 is taken, from smoke, noise, dust, etc., 
 incident to ordinary operation of rail- 
 roads. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1054; 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 48. 
 
 Does a constitutional prohibition against ! 
 damaging property for public use with- 
 out compensation apply to work done 
 after the provision takes effect, under 
 ordinances passed before that time. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, IV. b— cont'd 
 
 I 4 2. Tax or a.ssessment. 
 
 Taxing for municipal purposes lands which 
 received no benefit from municipal 
 government as a taking without com- 
 pensation. 27 L.R.A. 741. 
 
 § 43. Removal of lateral or subjacent 
 support. 
 
 ijiability of municipal corporation for re- 
 moval of lateral or subjacent support 
 of land. 68 L.R.A. 699. 
 
 Removal of lateral support as constituting 
 damage or injury witliin meaning of 
 constitutional provision against tak- 
 ing, damaging or injuring property for 
 public use without compensation. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1086. 
 
 § 44. Matters as to highways. 
 
 What constitutes a "taking" of ease- 
 ment of light, air and access. ' 18. 
 L.R.A. 166. 
 
 Cutting off access to a highway as a taking 
 or injury. 15 L.R.A. (N.'S.) 49. 
 
 Liability of municipality for injury to 
 abutting property from bringing street 
 to the grade established in the first 
 instance, under constitutional pro- 
 vision against "damaging," private 
 property for public use without com- 
 pensation. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 108. 
 
 Railroad in street as a taking of property. 
 14 L.R.A. 382. 
 
 c. Right to compensation. 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 45. Generally. 
 
 What constitutes a taking or damaging 
 
 which compensation must be made, see 
 
 supra, IV. b. 
 Additional burdens for which compensation 
 
 must be made, see infra, V. 
 Extent of recovery, see Damages, §§ 11, 
 
 82-93. 
 On vacation of highway, see Highwats, 
 
 § 111. 
 
 Right to take interest in highway without 
 compensation. 7 L.R.A. 549.* 
 
 Prepayment as a condition of acquisition 
 of a water supply. 58 L.R.A. 257. 
 
 Self-executing effect of constitutional pro- 
 vision that private property shall not 
 be taken or damaged for public use 
 without compensation. 16 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Right to take private property for pu^ ic 
 use without compensation on the 
 theory that it has been abandoned. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1029. 
 
 Are counties within constitutional provi- 
 sion requiring "municipal and other 
 corporations" to make just compen- 
 sation for property injured by public 
 work. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 884. " 
 
478 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, IV. c— cont'd 
 2. Who entitled to. 
 
 § 46. Generally. 
 
 Who entitled to compensation in proceed- 
 ings to acquire water supply. 58 
 L.K.A. 256. 
 
 Right of tenant of property to compensa- 
 tion. .11 L.E,.A. 839;* 21 L.R.A. 2L7. 
 
 Licensee's right to compensation. 21 L.R.A. 
 219. 
 
 Right to compensation of grantor in con- 
 veyance of determinable fee or estate 
 upon condition subsequent. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1063. 
 
 3. For what property or injury. 
 
 § 47. Generally. 
 
 Abutting owner's right to compensation for 
 taking interest in street. 7 L.R.A. 
 549.* 
 Injuries to abutter's easements of light, 
 air, and access by vacating street, 
 changing grade, etc. 14 L.R.A. 370. 
 Right of owner of easement of way to com- 
 pensation upon its conversion into 
 public highway. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 598. 
 Municipal liability for injury to abutting 
 property from changing street grade 
 under constitutional provision against 
 "damaging" private property for pub- 
 lic use without compensation. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1194. 
 Owner's right to compensation for improve- 
 ments made by talker before condem- 
 nation without owner's consent. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 922. 
 Right to allowance for impi-ovements made 
 with knowledge that property 
 would be required for public use. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 273. 
 After notice that property may be 
 
 required. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 274. 
 After commencement of condemnation 
 proceedings. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 276. 
 Constitutionality of law denying com- 
 pensation after filing of map, etc. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 278. 
 Power to authorize construction of telegraph 
 or telephone line along railroad right 
 of way, without compensation to rail- 
 road company. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 703. 
 
 § 48. For matters as to waters. 
 
 Right to acquire water supply without com- 
 pensation. 58 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 Government's right to divert water from 
 nontidal stream without compensation 
 to riparian owner. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 307. 
 
 Right to compensation for damages to oys- 
 "ter beds by improvement of navigation. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 
 Right of riparian owner to compensation 
 ^ for damages to his property by con; 
 struction, under legislative authority, 
 of dams or booms for floating or stor- 
 ing logs. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 641. 
 
 Right to compensation for appropriation of 
 land for drain or sewer. 60 L.R.A, 
 ■ 199. 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, IV. c, 3— cont'd 
 Compensation for injury from establishment 
 of drains and sewers. 60 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 § 49. For railroads. 
 
 Right to compensation for railroad struc- 
 tures placed on land before condemna- 
 tion. 66 L.R.A. 44. 
 Right of property owner to compensation 
 for interference with light or air by 
 railroad structure on company's own 
 property. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1061. 
 Right to obstruct or destroy wharf rights 
 in navigable waters for railroad 
 without compensation. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 428. 
 Below low water mark. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 428. 
 Between high and low water mark. 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S'.) 428. 
 Across stream or harbor. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 429. 
 At end of wharf. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 429. 
 Obstructing access from land side. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 430. 
 Right, under constitutional provision 
 against "damaging" private property 
 for public use without compensation, to 
 compensation for consequential damag- 
 es to property, no part of which is tak- 
 en, from smoke, noise, dust, etc., inci- 
 dent to ordinary operation of railroad. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1054. 
 
 § 50. — in street. 
 
 Injury to abutter's easement by railroad in 
 
 street. 14 L.R.A. 381. 
 Liability of railroad company to abutting 
 owner for damages from change of 
 grade of highway necessary to carrj' 
 it across tracks. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 226, 
 Right of landowner to damages for obstruc- 
 tion of street or highway by railroad 
 not adjacent to his property. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 496. 
 Right of abutting owner to damages for 
 special injuries where street railway 
 is not considered an additional burden. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1265. 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 673. 
 General principles relating to abutter's 
 rights. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 677. 
 What constitutes highway uses. 36 
 
 L.R,A.(N.S.) 677. 
 Effect of abutter's ownership of fee. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 683. 
 Effect of legislative license to use high- 
 way. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 686. 
 Recovery on theory of taking; general prin- 
 ciples. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 693. 
 What constitutes taking; gpneral prin- 
 ciples. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 693, 
 Railroads as additional servitude. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 698. 
 Ordinary railroads. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 698. 
 Street railroads. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 709. 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 709. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.RA. NOTES. 
 
 479 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, IV. c, 3— cont'd 
 
 Tests for distinguishing from 
 ordinary railroads. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 713. 
 Horse railroads. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 718. 
 Cable railroads. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 721. 
 Electric railroads. 36 L.RA. 
 
 (N.S.) 722. 
 Elevated railroads. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 727. 
 Subway railroads. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 727. 
 Increase of traffic. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 728. 
 Rural and city higliways. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 728. 
 Turnpikes and canals. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 731. 
 Abutter's special interests in street. 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 731. 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 731. 
 Light, air, and access. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 736. 
 Doctrine of New York elevated 
 railroad cases. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 736. 
 Construction at command of 
 state — Park Avenue cases. 
 36 L.R.A.(-N.S.) 739. 
 Recovery on theory of injury to property. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 741. 
 Constitutional provisions against "dam- 
 aging" propertv. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 741. 
 Special injuries to property. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 749. 
 Recovery on theory of nuisance. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 756. 
 Nature of damages recoverable. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 760. 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 760. 
 Interference with access. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 764. 
 Obstruction of street. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 773. 
 Obstruction not in front of abutting 
 
 premises. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 775. 
 Interference with light and air. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 778. 
 Noise. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 780. 
 Temporary and permanent damages. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 782. 
 Future damages. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 Circumstances affecting recovery. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 789. 
 Consents. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 789. 
 Vacation of street. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 790. 
 Ownership and possession of abutting 
 
 property. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 791. 
 Ownership of railroad. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 795. 
 Recovery where railroad changes grade of 
 
 street. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 796. 
 Special statutes. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801. 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801. 
 Compensation. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802. 
 Remedies of abutter. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 807. 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 807. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, IV. c, 3— cont'd 
 Injunction. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 808. 
 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 808. 
 Right to enjoin as nuisance. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 812. 
 Right to enjoin as taking. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 823. 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 823. 
 Elevated railroads. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 826. 
 Right to enjoin for lack of con- 
 sent. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 828. 
 Trespass. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 829. 
 Ejectment. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830. 
 Miscellaneous remedies. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 831. 
 Estoppel and laches. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 832. 
 Statute of limitations. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 835. 
 
 § 51. For street railways. 
 
 Use of, for street railroads; right of owner 
 
 to compensation. 3 L.R.A. 175.* 
 Injury to abutting owner by laying street 
 railway near side of street. 43 
 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 General principles. 43 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Effect of title to bed of street. 43 
 L.R.A. 555. 
 
 Extent of right to compensation. 43 
 L.R.A. 556. 
 
 Damages. 43 L.R.A. 560. 
 
 The California statute. 43 L.R.A. 560. 
 Right of abutting owner to compensation 
 
 where street railway is located on the 
 
 side, rather than in the center, of the 
 
 street. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1278. 
 Right of abutting owner to damages for 
 special injuries where street rail- 
 way is not considered an addition- 
 al burden. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1265. 
 
 Changing grade of street. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1266. 
 
 Interference with ingress and egress. 
 ^25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1267. 
 
 Preventing teams from standing In 
 front of premises. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1267. 
 
 Massachusetts rule. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1269. 
 
 Elevated roads. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1269. 
 
 Trolley poles. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1271. 
 Right of abutting owner to damages for 
 
 special injuries where street railway is 
 
 not considered an additional bui-den. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1265. 
 
 § 52. For laying ont highway or elec- 
 tric road across railroad. 
 
 Necessity of making compensation on lay- 
 ing out street across railroad prop- 
 erty. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1226. 
 Power ito dispense vrtth compensation. 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1227. 
 Right of railroad company to compensation 
 for the crossing of its track, where it 
 intersects a street or highway, by an 
 electric road. 29 L.R.A. 485; 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 916. 
 
480 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, IV. c, 3— cont'd 
 § 53. For obstruction or destruction 
 of wharf rigl.ts in navigaWe waters. 
 
 Right to Obstruct or destroy wharf rights 
 in navigable waters for public pur- 
 poses, without compensation. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 423. 
 Wharf riglit as property to be paid for 
 before taking, generally. 34 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 424. 
 Improvement in aid of navigation. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 Rivers. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 Tide water. 34 L.R.A.(N.S) 427. 
 Railroads. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 428. 
 
 Below low water marlj. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 428. 
 Between high and low water mark. 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 428. 
 Across stream or harbor. 34 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 429. 
 At end of wharf. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 429. 
 Obstructing access from land side. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 430. 
 Public bridges. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 430. 
 Public dam. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 430. 
 Injury to wharf right by sewer or 
 drainage system. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 430. 
 Public highway. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 431. 
 Public ferry. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 431. 
 Tailing for anotlier wharf. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 432. 
 Building second wharf in front of 
 first. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 432. 
 
 T. Additional burdens. 
 
 § 54. Generally. 
 
 What constitutes a taking of, or injury to 
 
 property, see supra, IV. b. 
 Right to compensation for property taken, 
 
 see supra, IV. o. 
 
 Railroads. 3 L.R.A. 175;* 8 L.R.A. 31;* 
 
 17 L.R.A. 474. 
 Telegraph line along railroad right of way. 
 
 7 L.R.A. 200.* 
 
 § 55. On highway. 
 
 As to rights of abutting owners on high- 
 ways, generally, see Highways, §§ 11- 
 14. 
 
 What use of a street or highway constitutes 
 an additional burden. 17 L.R.A. 
 474. 
 Sewers and drains. 17 L.R.A. 479. 
 Markets. 17 L.R.A. 480. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 17 L.R.A. 481. 
 
 Water pipes as. 17 L.R.A. 480. 
 
 Gas-pipe line as. 17 L.R.A. 480; 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 506. 
 
 § 56. —electric poles and wires; tele- 
 graph and telephone line. 
 
 Electric railroad, see infra, § 57. 
 
 Wires as additional servitude in highway. 
 10 L.R.A. 497." 
 
 EMINENT DOMAIN, V.— cont'd 
 
 Poles as an additional burden on highway. 
 24 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Telegraph and telephone poles and wires in 
 street as additional burden on ease- 
 ment. 17 L.R.A. 480; 24 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Telephone or telegraph as additional servi- 
 tude on highway. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 323; 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 
 Electric power or light line in street or 
 highway as an additional burden. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 185. 
 
 § 57. — railroads of various kinds. 
 
 Railroad in street as. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 698. 
 Street railway as. 17 L.R.A. 477; 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 709. 
 Horse railway. 4 L.R.A. 623.* 
 Interurban trolley road as. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 202; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 254. 
 Original taking for interurban pur- 
 poses. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 255. 
 Use of street railroad tracks for inter- 
 urban purposes. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 256. 
 Damages to abutting owner for right to 
 run interurban cars over the tracks of 
 a street railway company. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 53L 
 
 EMOTIONS. 
 
 Protection of personal rights relating to. 
 37 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 EMPLOYEES. 
 
 In general, see Master and Servant. 
 
 Who are, within meaning of statute giving 
 preferences. 18 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 ■ ■»«» 
 
 EMPLOYERS. 
 
 See Master and Servant. 
 ■»«» 
 
 EMPLOYERS' INDEMNITY INSUB> 
 
 ANCE. 
 
 See Insurance, §§ 212-217. 
 • ♦♦-♦ ■ 
 
 EMPLOYERS' LIABILITY. 
 
 Insurance agailist, see Insurance, §§ 212- 
 217. 
 
 < « » 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question, 
 
 EMPLOYERS' LIABILITY ACT. 
 
 See Mabtee and Servant, §§ 56, 57. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 481 
 
 EMPLOYMENT. 
 
 Validity of contract of, see Contracts, SS 
 
 79-81. 
 Contract of, generally, see Masteb and 
 
 Servant, II. 
 Of school teacher, see Schools, § 15. 
 
 Implied authority of claim agent to promise 
 employment to induce settlement of 
 claim. 3S L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 
 EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes regulating, see 
 
 CONSTITtTTIONAL LaW, § 117. 
 
 License of, see License, § 26. 
 
 ENACTING CLAUSE. 
 
 Attack on enrolled bill passed without. 40 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 30. 
 
 ENACTMENT. 
 
 Of ordinance, see Municipal Cokpoeations, 
 
 § 2L 
 Of statutes, see Statutes, §§ 3-7. 
 
 ENCLOSURE. 
 
 Notice of title to land from. 13 L.E.A. 
 {N.S.) 93. 
 
 ENCROACHMENTS. 
 
 On highwar, see Highways, §§ 13, 14, 19a, 
 33-39." 
 
 Awnings as, see Awnings. 
 
 Prescriptive right to maintain, 53 L.B.A. 
 897. 
 
 Projection of building or other structure 
 over a boundary as a continuing tres- 
 pass or nuisance. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1010. 
 
 Easement created by severance of tract of 
 land. 26 L.E.A.(N.S.) 367. 
 
 Plight of riparian owner to protect shore 
 from encroachment of water. 6 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 162. 
 
 Injunction against encroachment on ceme- 
 tery lands. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 
 Ejectment for encroachments under surface 
 or overhead. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 917. 
 
 Mandatory Injunction to compel removal 
 of structure which encroaches on ad- 
 joining property. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 402. 
 
 Effect of, on marketability of title. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 31 
 
 ENCROACHMENTS— cont'd 
 
 Enjoining interference with highway fence 
 
 for purpose of removal of. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 62. 
 
 ENCUMBRANCE. 
 
 Covenant against, see Covejtants, §§ 10, 
 11, 28-30. 
 
 On insured property, see Insurance, §§ 78, 
 88; Landlord and Tenant, § 20. 
 
 On homestead, see Homestead, § 15. 
 
 Condition against, in policv, see Insurance, 
 §§ 66-73. 
 
 Conveyance of property subject to, see 
 Mortgage, §§ 40-46. 
 
 Railroad right of way as, see Railroads, 
 § 18. 
 
 Subrogation of person discharging, see Sub- 
 rogation, § 2. 
 
 Lease as, within statute requiring joinder 
 or consent of spouse. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 675. 
 
 When taxes become an encumbrance on land. 
 15 L.R.A. 236. 
 
 Parol evidence that property was sold "oub- 
 ject to." 20 L.R.A. lOS. 
 
 Power of surviving partner to remove. 28 
 L.R.A. VJi. 
 
 Right of devisee of encumbered property to 
 exoneration at expense of legatee. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 
 Effect of defendant's mistake of fact as to, 
 on right to specific performance of con- 
 tract induced by the mistake. 15 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 86. 
 
 Eights of life tenant who pays off, as 
 against remainderman. 29 L.E.A. ( N.S. ) 
 153. 
 
 What fund is chargeable with costs and 
 expenses of sale when encumbered prop- 
 ertv is sold in bankruptcy free of liens. 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 737. 
 
 Agreement by vendee to pay encumbrance 
 as promise to answer for debt of an- 
 other within statute of frauds. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1087. 
 
 Right of one advancing money to pay off 
 encumbrance on security which proves 
 defective to be subrocated to such en- 
 cumbrance. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) S3S. 
 
 Validity of encumbrance by hxisband and 
 wife of property held by entireties to 
 secure individual debt of husband. 6fi 
 L.R.A. 637. 
 
 Merger of mortgage by conveyance from 
 mortgagor to mortgagee or revival 
 thereof after such conveyance where 
 there are intermediate encumbrances 
 on the property. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 834. 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIA. 
 
 Use of, as evidence. 40 L.E.A. 575. 
 Master's rights in respect to work of em- 
 ployee upon. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1190. 
 
482 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIA— cont'd 
 
 Right of employer and employee with re- 
 spect to work done for. 1 B. R. C. 
 3.3O. 
 
 ENDOWMENT POLICY. 
 
 As assets of insured on bankruptcy or in- 
 solvency. 50 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Right to subject, to claims of creditors. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 
 Are endowment policies within statute ex- 
 empting life insurance policies. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 722. 
 
 Assignability of. 9 L.R.A. 661.* 
 
 ENEMY. 
 
 Consul trading with enemy. 45 L.R.A. 588. 
 Validity of contract made for purpose of 
 
 aiding and abetting. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 606. 
 
 ENFORCEMENT. 
 
 Of illegal contract, see Conteacts, §§ 112- 
 120. 
 
 Of alimony, see Divorce and Separation, 
 §§ 43-45.' 
 
 Of judgment, see Judgment, §§ 73, 81-86. 
 
 Of contract of employment, see Master and 
 Servant, § 9. 
 
 Of mechanics' lien, see Mechanics' Liens, 
 VIII. 
 
 Of mortgage, see Mortgage, VII. 
 
 Of ordinance, see Municipal. Corporations, 
 § 51. 
 
 Of improvement asset jment, see Public Im- 
 provements, IV. e. 
 
 Of tax, see Taxes, IV. 
 
 Of trust, see TRUsrs, §§ 38, 39. 
 
 Of vendor's lien, see Vendor and Pur- 
 chaser, § 34. 
 
 Of payment of legacy, see Wills, § 106. 
 
 ENGINE. 
 
 Liability for fires set by threshing engine, 
 
 see' FlEES, § 7. 
 Frightening of horses by, see Horses, § 
 
 10. 
 
 Eight to use water of stream for. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 741. 
 As fixture when placed on land bv the own- 
 . er of the realty. 8 L.R.A. (N"S.) 376. 
 Neglifrence as to spark arresters on. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 530. 
 
 ENGINEER. 
 
 Certificate of, see Contracts, §§ 140-142. 
 
 ENGINEER— cont'd 
 
 Validity of contract with unlicensed en- 
 gineer. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 
 ENGINE HOUSE. 
 
 Right to use railroad right of way for 
 purpose of. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 516. 
 
 ENGLISH COITBTS. 
 
 Jurisdiction of civil actions against con- 
 suls. 45 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 Master's duty as to instructing and warning 
 servant unable to understand English. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 296. 
 
 Master's liability as affected by fellow serv- 
 ant's inability to understand. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 39. 
 
 ENGLISH STATUTES. 
 
 See Common Law. 
 
 ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 Right to use engraved plates without the 
 consent of the party who has paid for 
 making them. 50 L.R.A. 397. 
 
 ENGROSSED BILL. 
 
 Impeachment of enrolled bill by. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 31. 
 
 ENHANCED PENALTY. 
 
 For habitual criminals or prior offenders, 
 see Criminal Law, § 83. 
 
 ENLARGED COPIES. 
 
 Of handwriting as evidence. 35 L.R.A. 813. 
 
 ENLISTMENT. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 In Army or Navy, see Aemt and Navt. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 483 
 
 EN MASSE. 
 
 Sale en masse on foreclosure, see Mort- 
 gage, § 79. 
 
 ENROLLED BILL. 
 
 Conclusiveness of, see Statutes, § 12. 
 
 •» « » 
 
 ENTERTAINMENT. 
 
 In general, see Amtjsements. 
 Innkeeper's duty as to, see Innkeepers, § 
 12. 
 
 ENTICING. 
 
 Of servant, see Master and Servant, § 43. 
 
 Liability for enticing servant to quit em- 
 ployment, see Case, § 5. 
 
 Liability for enticing minor to leave parent, 
 see Case, § 6. 
 
 Remedy for enticing servant, see Election 
 OF Remedies, § 9. 
 
 Effect of defendant's mistake as to age 
 of girl enticed. 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 
 « « » 
 
 ENTIRETIES. 
 
 Tenancy in, see Husband and Wife, § 27. 
 
 '-*-—* 
 
 ENTIRETY. 
 Of contract, see Contracts, § 62. 
 
 ENTITY. 
 
 Torts Oi partnership as. 51 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 ENTR-iNCES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Duty of storekeeper toward customer as to 
 condition of. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 463. 
 
 Duty as to entrances to building located 
 on street -with ascending grade. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 730. 
 
 § 2. Of leased premises. 
 
 Landlord's liability to third persons as to 
 condition of. 26 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 Landlord's liability as to condition of com- 
 mon entrance. 23 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 Right of tenant to have entrances kept 
 onen. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 565; 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 926. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ENTRY. 
 
 Right of, on condition broken, see Con- 
 ditions, § 12. 
 
 In books of account as evidence, see Evi- 
 dence, §§ 139-144. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence of entries in 
 family Bible, see Evidence, § 145. 
 
 Of judgment, see Judgment, §§ 14-18. 
 
 By mortgagee, see Mortgage, § 31. 
 
 Of public lands, see Public Lands, III. 
 
 Writ of, see Writ of Entry. 
 
 In bank book as contract. 24 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 May entry on land vphich would otherwise 
 constitute a trespass be justified by 
 private necessity. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 152 
 
 Necessity of entry as a. condition of main 
 taining an action, other than for dam 
 ages, based on breach of condition sub 
 sequent in a conveyance of freehold. 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1188; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 938. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 ENTRYMAN. 
 
 See Public Lands. 
 
 *-»-* 
 
 EN VENTRE SA MERE. 
 
 Infant in, as grantee in deed. 
 489. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 
 
 EPIDEMICS. 
 
 See Contagious Diseases; Health. 
 
 EPILEPSY. 
 
 As affecting testamentary capacity. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 30. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 EPITHET. 
 
 See Libel and Slander. 
 
 — * « » 
 
 EQUAL ACCOMMODATIONS. 
 
 Right to. 14 L.R.A. 579. 
 
 EQUALITY. 
 
 Of protection and privileges, see constitu- 
 tional Lavt, VIII. b. 
 
 In license fee, see Licen.se, §§ 40, 46a. 
 
 In taxation, see Taxes, g§ 8-12, 39, 93, 94. 
 
 Of judgment liens on after-acquired prop- 
 erty. 42 L.R.A. 210. 
 
484 
 
 EQUALIZATION 
 
 Of assessment for drains and sewers. 60 
 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 index to l.r.a. notes. 
 
 equitabijE lien. 
 
 See Liens, §§ 5-7. 
 
 EQUAL PROTECTION. 
 
 See Constitutional Law, VIII. b. 
 
 *-»-¥ 
 
 EQUIPMENT. 
 
 State regulation of equipment of railroad 
 rolling stock as interference with in- 
 terstate commerce. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 20. 
 
 EQUITABLE ASSIGNMENT. 
 
 See Assignment, § 8. 
 
 EQUITABLE CONVERSION. 
 
 By will, see Wills, §§ 116-118. 
 
 Of estates; doctrine of. 1 L.R.A. 837,* 
 145;* 5 L.R.A. 104.* 
 
 As applied to land contract. 57 L.R.A. 
 643. 
 
 Effect of agreement converting real estate 
 into personalty, upon widow's right to 
 dower. 27 L.R.A. 347. 
 
 As affecting descent to kindred of the half 
 blood. 29 L.R.A. 567. 
 
 As against persons not in being. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 
 Of partnership realty. 27 L.R.A. 473; 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 900. 
 
 Taxes on succession as affecting real estate 
 in other states, under doctrine of. 1 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 400; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 290. 
 
 Effect of purchase of real property at ju- 
 dicial sale to work an equitable con- 
 version of a corresponding part of the 
 purchaser's personal estate into realty. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 859. 
 
 Allowing period for conversion of property 
 as violation of rule against perpetui- 
 ties or suspension of power of aliena- 
 tion. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 724. 
 
 Surplus realized upon foreclosure sale of 
 real estate after mortgagor's death as 
 real or personal property. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 723. 
 
 Reconversion into real property after equit- 
 able conversion into personalty by con- 
 tract for sale of land. 57 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 EQUITABLE ESTOPPEL. 
 
 See Estoppel, III. 
 
 EQUITABLE LIMITATIONS. 
 
 See Limitation or Actions, §§ 6-12. 
 
 « « » 
 
 EQUITABLE MORTGAGE. 
 
 See Mortgage, §§ 7, 14. 
 
 »« » 
 
 EQUITABLE REMEDY. 
 
 In aid of execution, see Execution, § 17. 
 
 EQUITABLE SET-OFF. 
 
 See Set-Off and Countebclaim, §§ 10-12. 
 
 EQUITABLE TITLE. 
 
 Sufficiency of, to sustain action for trespass. 
 
 47 L.R.A. 637. 
 Sufficiency of, to sustain^ action for injury 
 
 to real property. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 
 Begin ivith this hook on every law question. 
 
 EQUITY. 
 
 /. Jurisdiction and potvers, §§ 1-31. 
 II. Rules; principles; inaxims, § 33. 
 III. Practice, §§ 23, 34. 
 
 Particular kinds of actions in equity, see 
 Accounting; Creditoes' Bill; In- 
 junction; Mortgage, VII; Specific 
 Performance. 
 
 Effect and conclusiveness of decree in, see 
 Judgments, § 22. 
 
 Equitable assignment, see Assignments, 
 § 8. 
 
 Equitable conversion, see Equitable Con- 
 version; Wills, §§ 116-118. 
 
 Equitable estoppel, see Estoppel, III. 
 
 Equitable lien, see Liens, §§ 5-7. 
 
 Equitable limitations, see Limitation of 
 Actions, §§ 6-12. 
 
 Equitable mortgage, see Mortgage, § 14. 
 
 Equitable remedy in aid of execution, see 
 Execution, § 17. 
 
 Equitable set off, see Set-Off and Counter- 
 claim, §§ 10-12. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 485 
 
 EQUITY— cont'd 
 
 /. Jurisdiction and powers. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Jurisdiction in particular cases, see Can- 
 celation OP Instruments; Chaei- 
 TiES; Cloud on Title, §§ 2, 3; Cred- 
 itor's Bill; Discovert and Inspec- 
 tion; Fraud and Deceit, §§ 36-41; 
 Injunction; Judgmf.xt, §§ 87-97; 
 Mortgage, VIII; Specific Perform- 
 ance. 
 
 Jurisdiction of courts, generally, see 
 Courts. 
 
 Jurisdiction as affected by amount in dis- 
 pute, see Courts, § 27. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity as affected by terri- 
 torial limitations, see Courts, IV. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity over suits affecting 
 real property in another state or coun- 
 try, see Courts, § 21. 
 
 Jurisdiction of bill to perpetuate testimony, 
 see Deposition, § 2. 
 
 Jurisdiction of, to set aside judgment, see 
 Judgment, VIII. 
 
 Will not interfere with discretionary power. 
 
 8 L.E.A. 175.* 
 As a separate tribunal. 5 L.E.A. 226.* 
 Remedy in equity when statute defective. 
 
 5 L.R.A. 343.* 
 
 § 2. Federal jurisdiction. 
 
 Federal jurisdiction in equity, see CourTvS, 
 § 38. 
 
 § 3. Remedy at law. 
 
 In action to remove cloud on title, see 
 
 Cloud on Title, § 3. 
 Injunction in case of, see Injunction, § 3. 
 
 When remedv at law exists. 6 L.R.A. 856;* 
 11 L.R.A. 68.* 
 
 When jurisdiction of law and equity con- 
 current. 5 L.R.A. 226;* 11 L.R.A. 
 67.* 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to cancel instrument 
 notwithstanding remedy at law. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1048. 
 
 Effect of legal remedy to defeat equitable 
 remedy to follow trust funds. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 793. 
 
 Effect of adequate remedy at law in relief 
 from mistake of law as to effect of 
 instrument. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 912. 
 
 Effect of remedy at law on equitable juris- 
 diction to remove cloud on title. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to try claims against 
 its receiver which involve purely legal 
 questions. 13 L.E.A. (N.S.) 709. 
 
 § 4. Multiplicity of suits. 
 
 Injunction to prevent, see Injunction, § 4. 
 
 To prevent multiplicity of suits. 1 L.E.A. 
 801;* 11 L.E.A. 207.* 
 
 Power of equity to take jurisdiction because 
 of multiplicity of actions at law for 
 personal injuries growing out of a 
 single tort. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 464. 
 ConxiM also Ij.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EQUITY, I.— cont'd 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity, on the ground of pre- 
 venting a multiplicity of suits, to en- 
 force liability of members of a club or 
 corporation. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 743. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity, upon the ground of 
 avoidance of multiplicity of suits, to 
 entertain suit for possession of separ- 
 ate parcels of land held adversely by 
 different defendants claiming under a 
 common source. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 239. 
 
 Power of equity to take jurisdiction because 
 of multiplicity of actions at law for 
 personal injuries growing out of a sin- 
 gle tort. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 848; .35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 491. 
 
 § 5. Protection of personal rights. 
 
 The general rule. 37 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Rights relating to physical life. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 784. 
 Rights relating to the intellectual, emotion- 
 al, and moral life. 37 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 § 6. Mistake as ground of equitable 
 relief. 
 
 Mistake as ground for relief from contract 
 generally, see Contracts, §§ 147, 148. 
 As to mistake generally, see Mistake. 
 
 Generally. 5 L.R.A. 153;* 6 L.R.A 835;* 1] 
 
 L.R.A. 857;* 12 L.R.A. 273.* 
 Mistake of fact. 6 L.R.A. 836.* 
 Misconception of legal rights. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 155;* 6 L.R.A. 837.* 
 Mistake of law. 5 L.R.A. 154;* 6 L.R.A. 
 
 836.* 
 Correction of mistakes in contracts. 12 
 L.R.A. 273.* 
 Necessity that mistake be mutual. 5 
 L.R.A. 157.* 
 Parol evidence to show mistake. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 158;* 6 L.R.A. 838.* 
 Burden of proof. 5 L.R.A. 159.* 
 Character of evidence necessary to prove 
 
 mistake. 5 L.R.A. 159.* 
 Necessity that mistake be material and free 
 from culpable negligence. 4 L.R.A. 
 483;* 6 L.R.A. 835.* 
 Mistake as to incidental or collateral mat- 
 ter. 4 L.R.A. 483.* 
 Mistake in description or boundaries. 12 
 
 L.R.A. 275.* 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of estate 
 
 due to. 69 L.E.A. 849. 
 Mistake as to legal effect of instrument. 
 
 6 L.R.A. 837.* 
 Mistake in computation by contractor as 
 ground for relief. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 114. 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of 
 instrument. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 785. 
 General rules. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 Statement of and application gen- 
 erally. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 Principles on which relief is grant- 
 ed. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 791. 
 Mistake of law defined. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 792. 
 For what mistakes relief may be had. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 792. 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 792. 
 
486 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EQUITY, I.— cont'd 
 
 Rule that ignorance or mistake of 
 
 law does not excuse; 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 796. 
 General statement of. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 796. 
 Construction of instrument. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 799. 
 Mistake or ignorance as to 
 
 legal consequences. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 799. 
 Rule that mistake of law may be 
 
 cause for reformation. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 808. 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 808. 
 Mistake resulting in failure 
 
 to carry out intention. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 811. 
 Application to particiilar 
 
 cases. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 813. 
 Mistake as to one's own legal 
 rights, interests, or relations. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 Mistake as to legal rights, as af- 
 fecting compromises and set- 
 tlements. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 841. 
 Mutuality, as affecting ignorance 
 ' or mistake of law. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 844. 
 General rules. 28 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 844. 
 Application in particular 
 
 cases. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 847. 
 Mistake superinduced or accom- 
 panied by fraud or in- 
 equitable conduct. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 851. 
 General rules. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 851. 
 Fraud, 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 853. 
 Inequitable conduct. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 858. 
 Effect of character of the act or 
 
 instrument on reforma- 
 
 bility. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 864. 
 Void acts or instruments. 28 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 864. 
 Voluntary acts or instru- 
 ments. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 867. 
 Wills. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 870. 
 Contracts with reference to 
 
 homesteads. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 872. 
 Contracts of married women. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 87.3. 
 Statutes of frauds as affecting parol 
 variation. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 876. 
 The general rule. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 876. 
 Rule that mistake and fraud create 
 
 admissibility. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 877. 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 877. 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 EQUITY, I.— cont'd 
 
 Application to particular 
 cases. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 879. 
 Rule permitting taking from but 
 not adding to contract. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 879. 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 879. 
 Application to particular 
 cases. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 881. 
 Collateral oral contracts. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 882. 
 Effect of negligence accompanying mis- 
 take. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 882. 
 General rules. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 882. 
 Necessity that negligence be detri- 
 mental to other party. 28 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 883. 
 Ability to ascertain real facts. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 884. 
 Obligation to disclose. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 886. 
 Delay in seeking relief. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 887. 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 887. _ 
 Application to insurance con- 
 tracts. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 890. 
 Waiver, confirmation. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 891. 
 By acquiescence. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 891. 
 By attempt to enforce. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 893. 
 Remedies. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 894. 
 
 General rules. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 894. 
 What courts have jurisdiction. 2S 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 896. 
 The relief granted. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 896. 
 Generally. 28 'L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Injunction. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 898. 
 
 Reformation and enforcement. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 
 Reformation or rescission. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 900. 
 
 Keeping alive or reinstating 
 encumbrances. 28 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 904. 
 Contracts and instruments sub- 
 ject to reformation. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 905. 
 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 905. 
 
 Judicial and official sales. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 906. 
 Who may assert mistake. 28 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 907. 
 Against whom relief will be grant- 
 ed. 28 L.R.A.(N.S). 907. 
 
 General rules. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 907. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 487 
 
 EQUITY, I.— cont'd 
 
 Who are innocent purchasers 
 for value against whom 
 reformation cannot be 
 'lad. 28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 910. 
 Necessity that injury be substan- 
 tial. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 911. 
 Effect of adequate remedy at law. 
 
 ■-'S L.R.A.(N.S.) 912. 
 Demand for reformation. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 913. 
 Pleadinffs. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 913. 
 Proof. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 915. 
 
 Nature of. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 915. 
 Burden of. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 916. 
 Cogency of. 28 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 917. 
 
 § 7. In case of fraud. 
 
 To cancel instrument on ground of fraud, 
 see infra, § 15a. 
 
 Denial of remedy under fraudulent con- 
 tract, see Contracts, §§ 112-120. 
 
 Power to relieve from fraud or to protect; 
 equitable rights. 5 L.R.A. 189;* 11 
 L.R.A. 65.* 
 
 Interference of equity to prevent obtaining 
 estate by fraud, notwithstanding stat- 
 ute of frauds. 2 L.R.A. 662.* 
 
 Fraud as affecting purchaser's right to re- 
 lief in equity for failure of title. 5 
 L.E.A. 45.* 
 
 Relief in equity from antenuptial fraud of 
 husband or wife respecting property. 
 8 L.R.A. 14.* 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of estate 
 due to fraud. 69 L.R.A. 849. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to relieve from fraud 
 affecting real property in another state 
 or country. 69 L.R.A. 686. 
 
 Relief in equity against bona fide holder of 
 note obtained by fraud. 36 L.R.A. 
 465. 
 
 Enforcing rights in land as affected by 
 statute of frauds. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 112. 
 
 As ground for enforcement in equity of 
 grantee's oral promise to grantor to 
 hold in trust. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 911, 
 923. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity over suits by cor- 
 poration or its representative to hold 
 directors or oflScers liable for losses 
 occasioned by their fraud. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 738. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction of suit by trustee in 
 bankruptcy to recover a sum of money 
 from one who has received a fraudulent 
 transfer or unlawful preference. 16 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 414. 
 
 Right to affirmative relief in equity from 
 contract upon the ground that it wa.s 
 procured from complainant while in- 
 toxicated. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1066. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity over suits by a cor- 
 poration or its representative to hold 
 the directors or officers liable for the 
 losses occasioned by their fraud, bad 
 faith, or negligence. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 739. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EQUITY, I.— contM 
 
 Ignorance or carelessness as affecting the 
 right to equitable relief from a con- 
 tract by which one had been over- 
 reacbed. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 799. 
 
 § 8. Duress. 
 
 To relieve from duress. 6 L.R.A. 493.* 
 Relief in equity against contract procured 
 by threat to prosecute relative. 26 
 L.R.A. 52; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 489. 
 
 § 9. Trusts. 
 
 Over charitable gifts. 1 L.R.A. 418.* 
 Origin and nature of chancery jurisdiction 
 
 over charities. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55; 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 994. 
 Equitable control of discretion vested in 
 
 trustee. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 398. 
 Effect of legal remedy to defeat equitable 
 
 jurisdiction to follow trust funds, fi 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 793. 
 Jurisdiction of court of equity to award 
 
 compensatory damages for breach of 
 
 trust. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 900. 
 Grounds upon which equity will enforce 
 
 grantee's oral promise to grantor to 
 
 bold in trust. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 910. 
 
 § 10. Foreclosure suits. 
 
 Foreclosure of mortgage upon land in an- 
 other state. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 986. 
 
 Jurisdiction to order foreclosure sale of 
 railroad in different states. 32 L.R.A. 
 208; 69 L.R.A. 682. 
 
 Power of equity in jurisdiction where mort- 
 gage does not convey the title, to im- 
 pound rents and profits of mortgaged 
 property pending foreclosure. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1001. 
 
 § 11. Insurance matters. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to enforce liability 
 of members of mutual insurance com- 
 pany. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 781. 
 
 Jurisdiction to adjust losses between con- 
 current insurance polices on same prop- 
 erty. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 941. 
 
 Right to maintain single suit in equity to 
 enforce separate liability of members 
 of an insolvent insurance association. 
 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1057. 
 
 § 11a. Matters as to elections. 
 
 Interference by equity with matters pre- 
 ceding election. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 382; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 576. 
 Political matters. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 576. 
 Generally. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 576. 
 Enjoining election. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 577. 
 Interfering with preliminaries. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 579. 
 Effect of other remedy. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 580. 
 Effect of property rights. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 581. 
 
488 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EQUITY, I.— cont'd 
 
 § 12. Divorce cases; annulment; ali- 
 mony. 
 
 Inherent power of equity to decree alimony 
 or maintenance independently of pro- 
 ceedings for divorce. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 954. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to award custody of 
 children after prayer for divorce has 
 been withdrawn or dismissed. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 
 To decree nullitv of marriage or its disso- 
 lution. 25 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 Equitable jurisdiction to enforce a foreign 
 decree for alimony. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1071. 
 
 § 13. In case of wills. 
 
 Jurisdiction of suit for construction. 10 
 L.R.A. 766.* 
 
 Right of court to control discretion vested 
 by will in one person to determine 
 whether or when another is fit to re- 
 ceive legacy or devise. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 421. 
 
 Will court determine whether condition in 
 devise or bequest as to good conduct 
 or character of beneficiary has been 
 satisfied where that duty lias been im- 
 posed on no one else. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 424. 
 
 Eqiiity jurisdiction of bills for the con- 
 struction of wills of real property 
 passing only legal estates. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 599. 
 
 § 14. Conspiracy. 
 
 Right of party to a conspiracy to the aid 
 of equity to compel a corporation to 
 transfer on its books stock required in 
 aid of such conspiracy. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 108. 
 
 § 15. Cancelation of instruments. 
 
 Cancelation- of instruments generally, see 
 Cancelation of Instruments, 
 
 Cancelation of contracts, see Contracts, 
 §§ 149-156. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity, notwithstanding 
 
 remedy at law. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1048-. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity of suit to cancel void 
 
 mortgage on realty in other state or 
 
 country. 69 L.R.A. 682. 
 
 Riglit to cancelation of contract made with 
 
 foreign corporation because it has not 
 
 complied with the laws entitling it to 
 
 do business within the state. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 707. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction to cancel oil or gas 
 
 lease for failure to develop the 
 
 leased premises. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 34. 
 General rule. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 Inadequacy of remedy at law. 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 Where remedy at law held adequate. 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 37. 
 Where inadequate. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 39. 
 Fraud of lessee in refusing to protect 
 
 against adjoining wells. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 40. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 EQUITY, I.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of failure to explore for 'or dis- 
 cover mineral. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 42. 
 
 Where contract contains express provi- 
 sions for forfeiture. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 43. 
 
 § 15a. — for fraud. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to cancel instrument 
 on ground of. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1036. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to cancel instrument 
 notwithstanding remedy at law. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1048. 
 
 Power of equity to cancel false record. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 304. 
 
 Power of equity to take jurisdiction of suit 
 to cancel insurance policy for fraud, 
 and to enjoin action at law on the 
 policy. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 881. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction to cancel oil or gas 
 lease for fraud of leasee in refusing to 
 protect against adjoining wells. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 40. 
 
 § 16. Reformation of instruments. 
 
 Reformation of instruments generally, see 
 Reformation of Instruments. 
 
 Of written instrument. 3 L.R.A. 189;* 
 
 5 L.R.A. 156.* 
 Enforcement of corrected agreement. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 159.* 
 Equity jurisdiction to correct mistakes in 
 contracts. 12 L.R.A. 273.* 
 
 Mutuality of mistake as a condition. 
 5 L.R.A. 157.* 
 Character of evidence required to authorize 
 
 reformation. 3 L.R.A. 190.* 
 
 § 17. Actions by or against heirs. 
 
 Remedy in, against heirs for obligations of 
 ancestor. 21 L.R.A. 91. 
 
 Remedy of pretermitted heirs by proceed- 
 ings in equity. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1146. 
 
 § 18. Equitable relief against forfei- 
 ture of estate. 
 General rules. 69 L.R.A. 833. 
 Conditions precedent. 69 L.R.A. 836. 
 Forfeiture will be relieved when compensa- 
 tion can be made. 69 L.R.A. 839. 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 839. 
 Forfeiture to secure payment of money. 
 69 L.R.A. 639. 
 General rule. 69 L.R.A. 839. 
 Grant or devise on condition of 
 
 support. 69 L.R.A. 841. 
 Grant or devise on condition of 
 payment of money. 69 L.R.A. 
 842. 
 Nonpayment of rent. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 844. 
 Nonrenewal of lease. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 846. 
 Nonpayment of taxes. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 848. 
 Failure to remove encumbrance. 
 69 L.R.A. 849. 
 Fraud, accident, mistake. 69 L.R.A. 849. 
 Effect of conduct of obligee. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 851. 
 Collateral covenants. 69 L.R.A. 853. 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 853. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 489 
 
 EQUITY, 1.— cont'd 
 
 Failure to improve or repair. 69 
 L.R.A. 854. 
 
 Failure to insure. 69 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 Other covenants. 69 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 Copyholds. 69 L.R.A. 858. 
 
 Mining leases. 69 L.R.A. 858. 
 Conditions against marriage. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 858. 
 .\fter forfeiture declared. 69 L.R.A. 865. 
 Statutory forfeiture. 69 L.R.A. 866. 
 Statutory jurisdiction. 69 L.R.A. 866. 
 
 § 19. Over corporations. 
 
 Over corporations. 2 L.R.A. 551;* 9 L.R.A. 
 651.* 
 
 Over proceedings to forfeit franchises of 
 corporations. 9 L.R.A. 273.* 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity on ground of pre- 
 venting multiplicity of suits to enforce 
 liability of stockholders. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 743. 
 
 Right of creditor, who is also a stockholder 
 of an insolvent corporation, to invoke 
 aid of equity as afifected bv his own 
 statutory liability. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 986. 
 
 § 20. Fixing public service rates. 
 
 Power of equity courts to fix rate to be 
 charged by public service corporation. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 529. 
 
 Power of equity to regulate charges of pub- 
 lie warehousemen. 24 L.R.A. {N.S. ) 
 399. 
 
 §21. Miscellaneous matters. 
 
 Questioning validity of attachment by bill 
 
 in equity. 35 L.R.A. 771. 
 To protect rights of ferryman. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 552. 
 As to contest for office. 5 L.R.A. 403.* 
 To prevent waste. 11 L.R.A. 207.* 
 Power of court of equity to permit per- 
 sonal representative, testamentary 
 trustee, or guardian to carry on busi- 
 ness in behalf of estate. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 210. 
 Jurisdiction of equity when the only relief 
 sought is an injunction or receiver 
 to preserve status quo, pending 
 action or proceedings before other 
 tribunal. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 228. 
 Pending litigation to determine title. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 229. 
 Ejectment. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 As affected by question of posses- 
 sion. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 Pending action to enforce a, forfeiture. 
 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 Pending administration proceedings in 
 another tribunal. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 231. 
 Interfering with course of administra- 
 tion in another tribunal. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 232. 
 In aid of actions at law by creditors. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 232. 
 Attachment proceedings. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 232. 
 Miscellaneous proceedings. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 233. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EQinXY, I.— cont'd 
 
 Necessity that suit in another tribunal 
 be actually pending. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 233. 
 Right to equitable relief as affected by 
 the merits of the controversy. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 234. 
 
 Right of creditor of taxing district to in- 
 voke aid of court to obtain satisfac- 
 tion of debt where ordinary remedies 
 not available. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1020. 
 
 Equitable remedies available to one whose 
 property has been taken for public 
 use without his consent and without 
 condemnation proceedings. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 973. 
 
 Remedy by proceedings in equity, where 
 debts have been assumed on dissolu- 
 tion of partnership. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 115. 
 
 Remedies of master against servant in re- 
 spect of products of servant's labor. 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1172. 
 
 Inherent power to devest estates of persons 
 not in being. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 
 Equitable remedy to subject choses in ac- 
 tion to judgment after return of no 
 property found. 63 L.R.A. 673; 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 976. 
 
 Equitable relief where form of execution of 
 instrument by attorney in fact or 
 agent is defective. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 826. 
 
 Equitable remedy of creditors where sale 
 is made in violation of bulk sales law. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 374. 
 
 Equitable cognizance of accounts as compli- 
 cated. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 
 Jurisdiction of courts of equity to entertain 
 bill to perpetuate testimony. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 673. 
 
 Jurisdiction in respect of matters criminal 
 or immoral, but not affecting property 
 right. 10 L.R.A. 617.* 
 
 Over equitable assignment of a fund. 4 
 L.R.A. 249.* 
 
 To enforce antenuptial contract. 2 L.R.A. 
 373.* 
 
 To enforce covenant restricting use of real 
 property. 3 L.R.A. 681;* 5 L.R.A. 
 422.* 
 
 II. Rules; principles; maxims. 
 
 § 22. Generally. 
 
 Refusal to enforce illegal or immoral con 
 
 tract, see Contkacts, §§ 112-120. 
 Equitable liens, see Liens, §§ 5-7. 
 As to equitable set-off, see Set-Off and 
 
 COUNTEECLAIM, §§ 10-12. 
 
 Rule that equitable principles govern equita- 
 ble rights. 10 L.R.A. 292.* 
 
 Maxim as to coming with clean hands. 2 
 L.R.A. 368;* 11 L.R.A. 458.* 
 Instances of application of maxim. 2 
 L.R.A. 368.* 
 
 Maxim that equity looks upon that as done 
 which ought to have been done. 5 
 L.R.A. 104.* 
 
 Following the law. 4 L.R.A. 858;* 7 L.R.A. 
 85.* 
 
490 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EQUITY, II.— cont'd 
 
 Requiring infant to do equity. 1 L.E.A. 
 
 863.* 
 Denial of equitable aid for deception and 
 
 fraud in use of trademark. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 130.* 
 Refusal to aid immoral or illegal act. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 344.* 
 Ignorance or carelessness as affecting right 
 
 to equitable relief from contract by 
 
 which one has been overreached. 5 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 799. 
 When equitable relief will be granted 
 
 against usurious contracts. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 293.* 
 Right of party to antenuptial marriage 
 
 settlement who is in default to enforce 
 
 covenants of other party. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 858. 
 Whether equitable title will support eject- 
 ment. 18 L.R.A. 781. 
 Application of statute of limitations to 
 
 equitable actions. 2 L.R.A. 829;* 8 
 
 L.R.A. 481.* 
 Conclusiveness, in court of equity, of judg- 
 ment. 1 L.R.A. 573.* 
 Conclusiveness of probate in action in 
 
 equity. 21 L.R.A. 686. 
 Equitable defense as ground for injunction 
 
 against judgment against surety. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 III. Practice. 
 
 § 23. Generally. 
 
 As to conditions precedent to equitable rem- 
 edy of creditors, see Cbeditous' Bill, 
 § 2. 
 
 Right to jury trial in equity case, see Jury, 
 § 6. 
 
 Exclusiveness of particular statutory meth- 
 od for revival of action in. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 578. 
 
 Right of insane person to institute pro- 
 ceedings by next friend in. 64 L.R.A. 
 530. 
 
 Right to plead inconsistent defenses in. 48 
 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Constitutional right to trial by jury in 
 equitable case on account of demand 
 for damages. 15 L.R.A. 287. 
 
 Right to accept favorable part of decree and 
 appeal from the rest. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1. 
 
 Permitting chancery to set aside a verdict 
 upon an issue directed by it to a law 
 court, as an unconstitutional infringe 
 ment upon the powers of the latter. 
 S L.R.A. (N.S.) 806. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence in, of copies of 
 records of other states. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 948. 
 
 Binding eiJect of decisions of state courts 
 respecting statute of limitations upon 
 Federal courts in suits in equity. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 423, 448, 
 
 § 24. Relief otitalnable on failure to 
 establish equitable jurisdiction. 
 
 Retention of jurisdiction to afford complete 
 relief. 3 L.R.A. 191.* 
 
 EQUITY, III.— cont'd 
 
 Right, upon failure to establish ground at 
 
 equitable jurisdiction, to obtain in 
 
 a suit in equity relief that might 
 
 be obtained at law. 19 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1064. 
 Where pleadings are defective. 19 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1065. 
 What proof fails to establish case. 19 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1066. 
 In case of uncertainty. 19 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1071. 
 In case of laches. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1072. 
 Eflfect of statute of frauds. 19 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 1072. 
 Where claim is found wanting in equitv. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1072. 
 Failure to establish ground of juris- 
 diction. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1073. 
 Instances in which secondary relief has 
 
 been granted. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1074. 
 Existence for other equitable ground 
 
 for relief. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) , 1075. 
 Efifect of Code provisions generally. 19 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1075. 
 Case warranting relief on legal causi> 
 
 of action. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1076. 
 Rule that pleadings must disclose legal 
 
 cause of action. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1077. 
 Instance in which relief obtainable at 
 
 law has been denied. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1078. 
 
 EQUITY OF REDEMPTION. 
 
 See MOKTGAGE. 
 
 ERASURES. 
 
 Of name from official ballot. 47 L.E.A. 
 8.39. 
 
 As affecting admissibility of books of ac- 
 count in evidence. 52 L.R.A. 574. 
 
 Burden of explaining erasure appearing on 
 face of will. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 184. 
 
 As reason for omitting part of will from 
 probate. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 975. 
 
 On negotiable paper as putting purchaser 
 on inquiry. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 376. 
 
 Alteration of instrument by erasure of ma- 
 terial provision thereof without sub- 
 stituting new matter. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 519. 
 
 ERECTION. 
 
 Of public building, see Pttblio Bcildincmi, 
 §§ 3, 4. 
 
 < « » 
 
 EROSION. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question 
 
 See Waters, § 43. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 491 
 
 ERRONEOUS THEORY. 
 
 Trial under erroneous theory as to crime 
 charged as former jeopardy. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 481. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 ERROR. 
 
 See Appeal and Ekroe; Cokam Nobis. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 ERROR OF JUDGMENT. 
 
 Personal liability of highway officers in 
 case of. 22 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 *-»-* 
 
 ESCAPE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Liability for damage by escaping water, see 
 
 Negligence, § 29a. 
 Of slaves, see Slaves, § 3. 
 
 Evidence of crime committed in attempting 
 to escape after commission of crime 
 charged. 62 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Right of peace officer to enter dwelling to 
 recapture escaping prisoner. 16 L.R.A. 
 501. 
 
 Liability of county for. 39 L.R.A. 60. 
 
 Effect of escape on appeal from conviction. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 921. 
 
 Evidence of, to show motive for crime. 62 
 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of defendant's 
 voluntary surrender or refusal to em- 
 brace an opportunity to escape. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 409. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute punishing es- 
 cape by reimprisonment for term de- 
 pendent upon length of original term. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1123. 
 
 Necessity of arrest to prevent, as condition 
 of right to make arrest without a war- 
 rant. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 730. 
 
 § 2. Justification of prison breach. 
 See Jails and Prisons, § 6. 
 
 § 3. Homicide in preventing or at- 
 tempting. 
 
 Homicide to prevent. 67 L.R.A. 302. 
 Homicide while attempting to make. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 378, 380. 
 Homicide in carrying out conspiracy to 
 
 effect. 68 L.R.A. 209. 
 Criminal responsibility for homicide in 
 
 carrying out unlawful conspiracy for. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 ESCHEAT. 
 
 Defined. 12 L.R.A. 529.* 
 How determined. 12 L.R.A. 529.* 
 .■iction to declare; practice and procedure. 
 12 L.R.A. 529.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ESCHEAT— cont'd 
 
 Is judicial proceeding necessary to effect 
 _ escheat. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379. 
 
 Evidence and findings in proceedings for. 
 12 L.R.A. 530.* 
 
 Information; traverse of. 12 L.R.A. 530.* 
 
 Notice of proceedings. 12 L.R.A. 529.* 
 
 Interest in property subject to escheat. 12 
 L.R.A. 531.* 
 
 Devotion of escheated property to educa- 
 tional purposes. 12 L.R.A. 532.* 
 
 Sale of escheated property. 12 L.R.A. 
 533.* 
 
 Statutes relating to escheats. 12 L.R.A. 
 533.* 
 
 Escheated lands, how acquired. 12 L.R.A. 
 533.* 
 
 Effect of escheat proceedings. 12 L.R.A. 
 530.* 
 
 Right of state to contest will so as to es- 
 cheat the property. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 643. 
 
 Termination of right to declare escheat by 
 death of alien or transfer in his life- 
 time. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 186. 
 
 Liability of lands held by corporations to 
 escheat. 12 L.R.A. 531.* 
 
 ESCROW. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to delivery of deed to third person, gen- 
 erally, see Deeds, § 8. 
 
 Defined. 5 L.R.A. 696;* 10 L.R.A. 469.* 
 
 To whom may be delivered. 5 L.R.A. 696;' 
 12 L.R.A. 175.* 
 
 Necessity of delivery to third party. 5 
 L.R'.A. 696;* 12 L.R.A. 175.* 
 
 When second delivery ineffectual. 5 L.R.A. 
 697.* 
 
 Duty and obligation of depositary. 10 
 L.R.A. 471.* 
 
 Revocation of deed. 10 L.R.A. 471;* 12 
 L.R.A. 175.* 
 
 Remedy of parties. 10 L.R.A. 471.* 
 
 Commercial paper as an escrow. 5 L.R.A. 
 697.* 
 
 When escrow takes effect. 5 L.R.A. 697.* 
 
 When title passes to grantee. 10 L.R.A. 
 470.* 
 
 Effect upon escrow, of the imposition of 
 conditions in violation of vendor's con- 
 tract. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1183. 
 
 Proof of escrow agreement by parol. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 337. 
 
 Delivery of deed to third person to be de- 
 livered to grantee after grantor's death 
 and performance of conditions by gran- 
 tee. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 317. 
 
 § 2. Effect. 
 
 Effect of delivery. 5 L.R.A. 697.* 
 Effect of delivery in escrow as to bona fide 
 purchaser from grantee who has wrong- 
 fully obtained and recorded the deed. 
 17 L.R.A. 511. 
 Delivery of deed in, as change of title or 
 interest. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 142. 
 
492 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 ESCROW— cont'd 
 
 Effect of deed delivered in escrow as further 
 
 security for mortgage debt. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 628. 
 Effect of delivery in escrow of 
 
 signed by principal obligor. 
 
 (N.S.) 1120. 
 
 bond un- 
 12 L.R.A. 
 
 ESSENTIAL OILS. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of, on sale out of 
 larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 37. 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 Of highway, see Highways, III. 
 
 ESTATE. 
 
 In real property generally, see Cotenancy; 
 CuKTBSY; Deeds, §§ 28-31; DowEit; 
 Husband and Wife, § 27; Life Ten- 
 ants; Real Property, § 3; Wills, 
 §§ 77-102. 
 
 Created by dedication, see Dedication, § 5. 
 
 Estate created by deed, see Deed, §§ 28-31. 
 
 Estate created by will, see Wills, §§ 77- 
 102. 
 
 Of decedent, see Descent and Distribtj- 
 tion; Executors and Administrators. 
 
 In property mortgaged, see Mortgage, § 27. 
 
 Devestiture of estates of persons not in be- 
 ing, see After-born Children, § 2. 
 
 Constitutionality of devestiture of, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 54a. 
 
 Recovery of costs out of estate, see Costs 
 AND Fees, § 4. 
 
 Equitable jurisdiction against forfeiture 
 of, see Equity, § 18. 
 
 Distinguished from title. 15 L.R.A. 68. 
 Character of estate in burial lot. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 118. 
 Relationship of owners of different floors of 
 
 building. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 ESTATES TAIL 
 See Deeds, § 30. 
 
 «~»>^ 
 
 ESTHETICS. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 67. 
 
 Biercise of police power for purposes of. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 998. 
 
 ESTIMATE. 
 
 Garnishment of claims subject to. 59 L.R.A 
 365. 
 Begin with this boojc on 
 
 ESTOPPKIi. 
 
 /. Of state or municipality, §§ 1, 2. 
 II. By deed or iond, §§ 3-5. 
 III. Equitable estoppel or estoppel in 
 pais, §§ 6-39. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 b. Of married women, § 8. 
 
 c. As to corporate existence or 
 
 powers, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 d. By contracts or agreements 
 
 generally; ratification, §§ 
 11, 12. 
 
 e. By conduct or adm,issions 
 
 generally; consent, §§ 13- 
 17. 
 
 f. By laches, silence, or acqui- 
 
 escence, §§ lS-26. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 18-20. 
 
 2. As to real property, §§ 
 
 21-26. 
 
 g. By negligence, fraud, or 
 
 misrepresentations, §§ 27- 
 
 29. 
 h. By inconsistency in acts, 
 
 claims, etc., §§ 30, 31. 
 i. By receiving benefits, §§ 32, 
 
 33. 
 j. By character or relation of 
 
 parties, §§ 34:-37. 
 fc. Who may set up, § 38. 
 I. Effect of estoppel, § 39. 
 By judgment, see Judgment, III. 
 
 I. Of state or municipality. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to assertion of governmental power over 
 certain territory. 16 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Nonuser of highway as estoppel of public 
 to claim title to. 26 L.R.A. 469. 
 
 Estoppel of taxing power to tax land by 
 wrongful claim of ownership. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1074. 
 
 Estoppel of state because of laches, to at- 
 tack municipal charter. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 533. 
 
 Effect of laches on state's right to oust cor- 
 poration of its franchises. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 336. 
 
 § 2. Of municipality. 
 
 To deny liability for water furnished. 61 
 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 To question validity of an order or license 
 under which a business is being con- 
 ducted. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 
 To cut off access to navigable water by 
 owner of upland. 40 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 By decision of engineer or other empowered 
 officer as to matters concerning con- 
 tracts for public improvements. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 317. 
 
 Effect of improvements by abutting owner 
 with reference to what is erroneously 
 supposed to be the street boundary 
 line, to estop the municipality from as- 
 serting the true line. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E,.A. NOTES. 
 
 493 
 
 2STOPPEL, I.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of acquiescence or consent by a 
 town or municipality to construction 
 or use of a railroad in street or high- 
 way to estop it from objecting thereto. 
 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.). 1187. 
 Encroachment on public street or alley 
 
 by occupier of abutting property for 
 storage or similar purposes, as basis 
 of estoppel. 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1057. 
 
 //. By deed or hand. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 By permitting title to real property to 
 stand in name of another, see infra, 
 § 26. 
 
 By deed. 5 L.R.A. 121.* 
 
 By covenant. 2 L.R.A. 335.* 
 
 By deed or covenant. 22 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 By recitals in deed. 5_ L.R.A. 278.* 
 
 By deed in partition. "57 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Of grantor to deny proper execution of 
 
 deed. 2 L.R.A. 530.* 
 Of grantee to deny validity of mortgage. 
 
 8 L.R.A. 316.* 
 
 Right of grantee to claim estoppel as 
 against the grantor by a call in the 
 deed for a street or alley in which the 
 grantor owns the fee. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 878. 
 
 Effect of warranty deed to prevent grantor 
 from asserting title by adverse posses- 
 sion subsequently initiated as against 
 his grantee or his privies. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 129. 
 
 Estoppel of one who executes a deed as 
 executor or administrator to set up ex- 
 isting title in himself. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 60. 
 
 Effect of one spouse joining in the execu- 
 tion of the other's deed or mortgage to 
 convey the former's separate property 
 included therein. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 289. 
 
 Of sureties on official bond. 1 L.R.A. 119.* 
 
 § 4. Deeds of married women. 
 
 Effect of covenants of married women and 
 their estoppel by deed or mort- 
 gage. 22 L.R.A. 79. 
 
 Liability on covenant. 22 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 Estoppel by recital. 22 L.R.A. 780. 
 
 Conveyances without covenant by wife. 
 22 L.R.A. 782. 
 
 Operation and effect of conveyances. 
 22 L.R.A. 782. 
 Of wife to deny the validity of encumbrance 
 
 of entirety property to secure debt of 
 
 husband. 66 L.R.A. 636. 
 Effect of wife's joining in husband's deed 
 
 or mortgage to convey her separate 
 
 propertv included therein. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) '289. 
 
 § 5j< As to after-acquired title. 
 
 Effect of quitclaim deed, see Quitclaim 
 Deed, § 4. 
 
 By partition deed. 57 L.R.A. 337. 
 When after-acquired title inures to benefit 
 of grantee. 2 L.R.A. 335.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ESTOPPEL, II.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of covenant of warranty upon after- 
 acquired title. 2 L.R.A. 335.* 
 
 Effect of covenant of married woman as an 
 estoppel against acquiring superior 
 title. 22 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 Doctrine of estoppel as affecting notice by 
 record of deed before grantor has title. 
 23 L.E.A. 561. 
 
 Validity of agreement to transfer after-ac- 
 quired title in consideration of main- 
 tenance. 70 L.R.A. 485. 
 
 Effect of covenants to carry title to a fu- 
 ture or subsequently acquired interest 
 of the grantor, where he had a present 
 interest which passed by the deed. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1003. 
 
 Effect of warranty deed to prevent grantor 
 from asserting title by adverse posses- 
 sion subsequently initiated, as against 
 his grantee or privies. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 129. 
 
 Effect of quitclaim deed upon after-ac- 
 quired title. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1182. 
 
 Right of grantor of mining claim to relo- 
 cate same for his own benefit. 50 
 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 Estoppel of one who executes deed as execu- 
 tor or administrator to set up an 
 existing title in himself. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 60. 
 
 Right of one receiving advancement and 
 executing release of interest in estate 
 to share in after-acquired property. 
 65 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 Of heir to claim interest in expectancy 
 from ancestor. 32 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 Doctrine of, as applied to sale of expect- 
 ancy by prospective heir. 33 L.R.A. 
 273, 281. 
 
 As means of giving effect to sales of ex- 
 pectancy. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 438. 
 
 III. Equitahle estoppel or estoppel in 
 pais. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Of insurer, see Insurance, VII, b. 
 Of insured, see Insukancb, §§ 130, 131. 
 To plead statute of limitations, see Limita- 
 tion OP Actions, § 2. 
 
 Doctrine of, to create exception to statute. 
 
 25 L.R.A. 573. 
 Equitable nature of doctrine of estoppel. 
 
 4 L.R.A. 333.* 
 Equitable estoppel defined. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 270.* 
 Principle upon which equitable estoppel 
 
 rests. 1 L.R.A. 522.* 
 Foundation of equitable estoppel. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 755.* 
 Inducing another to occupy disadvanta- 
 geous position. 7 L.R.A. 755.* 
 Estoppel to profit by one's own wrong. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 693;* 25 L.R.A. 573. 
 By wording of warehouse receipt. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 302. 
 By entries in books of account. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 534. 
 
404 
 
 liN'DEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ESTOPPEL, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Of one who issues or indorses cheek or bill 
 to impostor. 50 L.R.A. 83. 
 
 To claim set-off. 23 L.R.A. 309. 
 
 To deny liability of partnership for tort. 
 51 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 To assert condition against bond taking 
 effect until signed by others. 45 
 L.R.A. 329. 
 
 By accord and satisfaction to set up claim 
 against state. 42 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 To assert carrier's liability for misdelivery. 
 37 L.R.A. 179. 
 
 Effect of purchaser's knowledge of encum- 
 brance in action for breach of cove- 
 nant. 32 L.R.A, (N.S.) 737. 
 
 Right of one spouse living apart from the 
 other to claim community rights in 
 property as against persons ignorant 
 of relationship. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 468. 
 
 g 7. As to taxes and assessments. 
 
 Estoppel by laches or silence, see infra, 
 § 19. 
 
 To complain of illegal tax. 22 L.R.A. 708. 
 To contest assessment for sewer. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 247. 
 To assert defect in work as defense to an 
 assessment for local improvements. 56 
 L.R.A. 915. 
 To assert priority over lien of local assess- 
 ment. 30 L'.R.A.(N.S.) 769. 
 Estoppel to attack assessment for special 
 benefits upon the ground that 
 property is not benefited. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 39. 
 Necessity of notice to owner of an in- 
 tention to assess his property for 
 supposed benefits. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 40. 
 Payment of original assessment for con- 
 struction as estoppel from contest- 
 ing subsequent assessment for re- 
 pair. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 40. 
 Improvements outside district. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 40. 
 Joining in petition for improvement as 
 estoppel to deny benefits. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 41. 
 Laches. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 41. 
 Estoppel of taxing power to tax land by 
 wrongful claim of ownership. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1074. 
 
 6. Of married women. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 By deed, see supra, § 4. 
 
 Of married women to deny capacity to con- 
 tract. 1 L.R.A. 523;* 2 L.R.A. 347,* 
 769;* 8 L.R.A. 407.* 
 
 By conduct during husband's lifetime to 
 claim dower. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 971. 
 
 Estoppel of wife living apart from husband 
 to claim homestead or dower as against 
 purchaser ignorant of the relationship. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 575; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 762. 
 
 Rights of wife living apart from her hus- 
 ,band to claim community rights in 
 property as against persons ignorant 
 of relationship. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 468. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 ESTOPPEL, III.— cont'd 
 
 c. As to corporate existence or powers, 
 
 § 9. Existence. 
 
 Estoppel of one corporation to deny ex- 
 istence of another. 13 L.R.A. 779.* 
 
 Estoppel of person dealing with body as 
 corporation to deny its incorporation. 
 12 L.R.A. 366.* 
 
 § 10. Powers. 
 
 To set up plea of ultra vires. 1 L.R.A. 
 285;* 11 L.R.A. 847;* 12 L.R.A. 168;* 
 20 L.R.A. 765. 
 
 To deny validity of preferred stock. 27 
 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 To deny validity of contract of foreign 
 corporation because of failure to com- 
 ply with statute. 24 L.R.A. 320. 
 
 To deny character or powers of foreign cor- 
 poration. 24 L.R.A. 237. 
 
 Estoppel of building association to assert 
 illegality of its by-law or stipulation 
 in stock that the stock will mature at 
 a fixed time. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 503. 
 
 d. By contracts or agreements general- 
 
 ly; ratification. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 To deny terms of contract. 3 L.R.A. 308. 
 
 To plead defense of limitations. 63 L.R.A. 
 193. 
 
 To deny validity of contract by offer and 
 acceptance without execution of con- 
 templated formal instrument. 20 
 L.R.A. 436. 
 
 As to forgery of signature to negotiable 
 paper. 36 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 Of parent to reclaim child. 27 L.R.A. 60. 
 
 Estoppel of parent to deny validity of con- 
 tract for transfer of parental responsi- 
 bility or authority. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1018. 
 
 Effect of acts or agreement with respect to 
 real property, made by one while a ten- 
 ant of such property, to estop him 
 after he has purchased the fee. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 614. 
 
 § 12. By ratification. 
 
 Ratification of invalid contract, see CoN- 
 
 TBACTS, §§ 110, 111. 
 
 Ratification of agent's acts, see Principal 
 
 AND Agent, §§ 28-31. 
 Ratification generally, see Ratification. 
 
 To assert forgery of signature to negotiable 
 paper. 36 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 Validation of undelivered deed by ratifica- 
 tion or estoppel of grantor. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 945. 
 
 e. By conduct or admissions generally; 
 
 consent. 
 
 § 13. By conduct. 
 
 By receiving benefits, see infra, §§ 3*, 33. 
 
 Waiver of objections to sufficiency of per- 
 formance, by accepting work, "see CON- 
 TBACTS, § 139. 
 
 Waiver by acceptance, of objections to 
 goods purchased, see Sale, § 24. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 495 
 
 ESTOPPEL, III. e— cont'd 
 To deny legal capacity to contract, general- 
 ly. 2 L.R.A. 347.* 
 To rescind subscription to corporate stock. 
 
 33 L.E.A. 722. 
 To claim penalty against national bank 
 for charging or taking usury. 56 
 L.E.A. 680. 
 Of landowner to object to assessment by 
 front-foot rule for public improve- 
 ments. 28 L.K.A.(N.S.) 1206. 
 By sale of personal property with particu- 
 lar description of kind or quality. 35 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 285. 
 To deny existence of relation of independent 
 
 contractor. 17 L.R.A.(N,S.) 382. 
 Estoppel to deny that person whose negli- 
 gence caused injury was independent 
 contractor. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 896. 
 Assisting physically in creation of con- 
 dition as affecting one's right to re- 
 cover for damages to property caused 
 thereby. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 709. 
 Participation by indemnity insurer in de- 
 fense of suit against insured as estop- 
 pel to assert that latter's liability was 
 predicated on ground not covered by 
 policy. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 491. 
 Paying interest on forged mortgage as es- 
 toppel to question the mortgage. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740. 
 Against railway as to use to which right 
 of way may be devoted. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 515. 
 Estoppel of one charged with embezzlement 
 to deny authority to receive the money 
 generally. 17 L:R.A.(N.S.) 531. 
 May estoppel to deny authority to receive 
 money alleged to have been em- 
 bezzled be invoked against public 
 officer charged with the embezzle- 
 ment. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 761. 
 Where officer exceeds his authority in 
 receiving monev- 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 761. 
 Where officer is one de facto only. 23 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763. 
 Estoppel of officer to deny right of pub- 
 lic to money embezzled. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 764. 
 Estoppel of officer to deny individual's 
 right to money embezzled. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 764. 
 
 § 14. —matters as to real property. 
 
 Of possessor to assert claim to land. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 135. 
 
 Conduct during husband's lifetime as es- 
 toppel to claim dower. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 971. 
 
 K'ltoppel of purchaser to maintain injunc- 
 tion against collection of purchase 
 money where title to land is defect- 
 ive. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 459. 
 
 I'd deny power of cashier of bank to sell 
 or lease property. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 738. 
 
 § 15. —matters as to commercial 
 paper. 
 
 To set up forgery of signature to negotiable 
 paper. 36 L.R.A. 539. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ESTOPPEL, III. e— cont'd 
 
 To deny that note was made in state where 
 it is dated and payable. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 299. 
 
 To recover money paid on forged check or 
 draft. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1308; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 100. 
 
 By renewing forged paper. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1234. 
 
 Of one who, after receiving reindorsement, 
 transfers notes for value wthout can- 
 celing his indorsement. 10 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 260. 
 
 § 16. By admissions. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judicial admissions as to 
 strangers. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 327. 
 
 § 17. By consent. 
 
 Admissibility of admissions in evidence, see 
 Evidence, § 215. 
 
 Effect of acquiescence by town or munici- 
 pality to construction of railway in 
 street or highway to estop it from ob- 
 jecting thereto. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.I 1187. 
 
 f. By laches, silence, or acquiescence. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 §18. Generally. 
 
 By silent acquiescence, generally. 7 L.R.A, 
 756;* 9 L.E.A. 609.* 
 
 Estoppel by acquiescence to claim relief from 
 mistake of law as to effect of instru- 
 ment. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 891. 
 
 Effect of laches of original seller of goods 
 sold for cash but delivered without 
 payment and resold. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 699. 
 
 Of purchaser of goods deliverable in in- 
 stalments to rescind contract for breach 
 as to quality. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 
 By laches in probating will. 57 L.R.A. 
 260. 
 
 To deny liability as partner. 20 L.R.A. 
 598. 
 
 Effect of complainant's laches on right to 
 injunction against infringement of pat- 
 ent. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 7. 
 
 Effect of laches on right to protection in 
 use of geographical name as a trade- 
 mark or tradename or on ground of 
 unfair competition. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 91. 
 
 To deny liability on forged paper. 30 
 L.R.A. 540. 
 
 Delay in giving notice of forgery as estop- 
 pel of true owner to recover against 
 party which has paid paper on a forged 
 indorsement. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 657. 
 
 Effect of laches of one accepting transfei 
 without indorsement of worthless check 
 or note of third person. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 540. 
 
 Liability of sureties on bond of bank as 
 depository of public funds as aifected 
 by acquiescence or connivance of pub- 
 lic officials in misuse of the funds. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 865. 
 
496 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ESTOPPEL, III. f, 1— cont'd 
 
 Of pledgee or transferee of stock to assert 
 title against claims subsequently ac- 
 cruing where pledge or transfer not en- 
 tered on books of company. 67 L.K.A. 
 682. 
 
 Laches or acquiescence by stockholder as 
 affecting his right to complain of act 
 by which corporation devests itself of 
 title or control of its entire property. 
 9 L.K.A.(N.S.) 606. 
 
 To assert governmental power over certain 
 territory. 16 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Estoppel of state because of laches to at- 
 tack municipal charter. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 533. 
 
 Effect of laches on state's right to oust 
 corporation of its franchises. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 336. 
 
 To claim new trial for known disqualifica- 
 tion of juror. 18 L.R.A. 474. 
 
 Acquiescence in irregularities in election. 
 16 L.R.A. 755. 
 
 Effect of complainant's laches on right to 
 injunction against nuisance. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 897. 
 
 Effect of attorney's acquiescence in assign- 
 ment of judgment on his right to lien 
 thereon. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 228. 
 
 § 19. As to assessments. 
 
 Of street railway company to deny liabil- 
 itv for paving assessment. 46 L.R.A. 
 200. 
 
 To contest validity of assessment for drain- 
 age ditches. 69 L.R.A. 811. 
 
 Ladies as affecting attack on assessment for 
 special assessments pn ground that 
 property is not benefited. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 41. 
 
 § 20. By putting chattels or securities 
 in another's possession. 
 
 Right of one leaving his chattels in an- 
 other's possession to claim title 
 against the later's vendees or cred- 
 itors. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 760. 
 Scope. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 760. 
 Rule as to apparent ownership. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 761. 
 In general; bailments. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 761. 
 Conditional sales. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 766. 
 Estoppel of owner. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 770. 
 Effect of mere possession in particular 
 cases. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 776. 
 Bailments. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 776. 
 Conditional sales. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 782. 
 Jurisdictions protecting own- 
 er. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 782. 
 Jurisdictions protecting third 
 persons. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 790. 
 Possession of chattels by tenant. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 792. 
 General rule as to distress. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 792. 
 Exceptions. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 793. 
 
 Begin with this 'book, on every laiv question. 
 
 ESTOPPEL, III. f, 1— cont'd 
 Effect of putting paper or securities trans- 
 ferable by delivery or indorsed or 
 assigned in blank, into another's 
 possession, to estop owner as 
 against purchaser in good faith. 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 252. 
 Negotiable paper. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 253. 
 Non-negotiable paper. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 254. 
 Certificates of stock. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 254. 
 Bills of lading and stock warrants. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 255. 
 Bonds and mortgages. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 256. 
 Warehouse receipts. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 257. 
 Postoffice order. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 257. 
 Sealed note. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 257. 
 Effect of permitting assignor of a contract 
 to receive non-negotiable instrument is- 
 sued in payment thereof, to estop as- 
 signee as against a subsequent assignee 
 of such instrument. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 472. 
 
 S. As to real property. 
 
 § 21. Generally. 
 
 Delay in recording instrument conveying 
 title to real property, see Recoeds and 
 Recording Laws, § 23. 
 
 By silence at sale, to claim dower. 1 
 L.R.A. 522,* 523,* 524.* 
 
 By nonuser, to claim land as part of high- 
 way. 18 L.R.A. 147. 
 
 Of possessor to assert claim to land. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 
 Laches as affecting the right of one co- 
 tenant to benefit of purchase of out- 
 standing title by another. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 526; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 
 Effect of acquiescence in violations of re- 
 strictive covenant on right to enforce- 
 ment thereof. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 710. 
 
 By acquiescence in construction of railroad 
 on land. 5 L.R.A. 183.* 
 
 Effect ri continued occupation by trespasser 
 for less than limitation period to estop 
 owner to maintain trespass q. c. f. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 270. 
 
 Laches as waiver of purchaser's right to 
 rescind contract for purchase of real 
 property. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 872. 
 
 To claim forfeiture of oil and gas lease. 
 31 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 § 22. As to houndary line. 
 
 By acquiescence in boundary lines. 4 
 L.R.A. 643.* 
 
 Effect of improvements by abutting owner 
 with reference to what is erroneously 
 supposed to be state boundary line to 
 stop municipality from asserting true 
 line. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 243. 
 
 § 23. As to pollution of water. 
 
 To question pollution of stream. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 282. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 497 
 
 ESTOPPEL. III. f, 2— cont'd 
 To pollute stream for mining purposes. 24 
 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 § 2 4. As to railroad or telegraph or 
 telephone in street. 
 
 Laches as afi'ecting abutting owner's right 
 to compensation for railroad in street. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 832. 
 
 Effect of acquiescence to defeat particular 
 remedies of abutting owner who has 
 consented to construction of railroad 
 or street railway in street or high- 
 way. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 995. 
 
 Effect of acquiescence by town or munici- 
 pality to construction of railway in 
 street or highway to estop it from ob- 
 jecting thereto. "7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1187. 
 
 Delay in applying for an injunction against 
 maintaining telephone or telegraph line 
 in street or highway. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1091. 
 
 § 25. By permitting expenditures. 
 
 Against revocation of license. 49 L.R.A. 
 520. 
 
 To claim damages for obstruction of waters 
 of stream. 59 L.R.A. 904. 
 
 To insist upon forfeiture of oil or gas 
 lease. 31 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 To revoke license to maintain burden on 
 land after licensee has incurred expense 
 in reliance thereon. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 700; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 727. 
 
 Effect of improvements by abutting owner 
 with reference to what is erroneously 
 supposed to be the street boundary line 
 to estop tlie municipality from as- 
 serting the true line. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 
 § 26. By permitting title to real prop- 
 erty to stand In another's name. 
 
 Estoppel of landowner by allowing record 
 
 title to remain in another. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 256. 
 Sale by record owner. 22 L.R.A. 256. 
 Giving credit to one having record 
 
 title. 22 L.R.A. 258. 
 Judgment or attachment against one 
 
 having legal title. 22 L.R.A. 258. 
 Notice to one dealing with the land. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 258. 
 Permi'tting undelivered deed, wrongfully re- 
 corded by grantee, to remain on record, 
 as estoppel of grantor or his successors 
 to deny its delivery as against one who 
 has purchased in reliance on the record. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 712. 
 Estoppel of one who permits title of real 
 
 property to stand in another's 
 
 name, to assert title as against the 
 
 latter's creditors. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1. 
 Title in another with acquiescence of 
 owner. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3. 
 
 In general. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3. 
 
 Constructive notice. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 6. 
 Title in another without acquiescence, 
 
 laches, or fraud of owner. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 7. 
 .Tudgment lien. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 10. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ESTOPPEL, III. f, 2— cont'd 
 
 Extension of credit on faith of ap- 
 parent ownership. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 11. 
 
 Negliacnce in extending credit. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 13. 
 
 g. By negligence, fraud, or misrepre- 
 sentations. 
 
 § 27. By negligence. 
 
 Failure to read contract as affecting right 
 to relief therefrom on the ground of 
 fraud of other party. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 463. 
 
 Estoppel to enforce contract of suretyship 
 or guaranty released through mistake. 
 ]3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 576. 
 
 Estoppel to set up original obligee's bi'each 
 of condition to make future advances 
 as against assignee of contract for pay- 
 ment of money, not protected by the 
 law merchant. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 17S. 
 
 Effect of negligence of purchaser of real 
 property on right to rescind because of 
 misstatement as to title. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1143. 
 
 § 28. By fraud or misrepresentations. 
 
 Fraud as an element of estoppel. 7 L.R.A. 
 756.* 
 
 Suggestion of falsehood. 4 L.R.A. 334.* 
 
 Effect of suppression of truth. 4 L.R.A. 
 334.* 
 
 Effect of false representations as. 13 L.R.A. 
 271.* 
 Necessity that misrepresentation shall 
 have been acted upon. 13 L.R.A. 
 271.* 
 
 Estoppel to plead limitations by represen- 
 tations as to material facts. 63 L.R.A. 
 202. 
 
 Estoppel of mutual benefit society by mis- 
 representations as to laws of the order. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 540. 
 
 Effect of fraudulent reissue of bill or note 
 which has been paid. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1066. 
 
 May one who takes a contract or bond for 
 the conveyance of property from a 
 third person to defraud the creditors 
 of another who had the legal title 
 to the property, but represented it to 
 be in such third person, invoke the 
 doctrine of estoppel against him, 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1118. 
 
 Estoppel of legatee or devisee to deny that 
 he holds in trust for another. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 698; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 176; 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 996. 
 
 By fraud of agent. 5 L.R.A. 646.* 
 
 Knowledge by vendor of falsity of his mis- 
 statements as to title as a condition 
 of equitable estoppel against him. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 500. 
 
 § 29. — of infant. 
 
 Of infant by fraud in misrepresenting age. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 684; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 574. 
 32 
 
498 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ESTOPPEL, III. g— cont'd 
 
 Estoppel of infant by false representations 
 as to his age. 9 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1117; 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 672; 19 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 1056; 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 Estoppel by misrepresentation as to age to 
 plead infancy. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 643. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to minor serv- 
 ant who secures employment by mis- 
 representing his age. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 500; 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 708; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 624. 
 
 h. By inconsistency in acts, claims, etc. 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 To make assessments on paid up stock. 45 
 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 Estoppel to attach property in hands of as- 
 signee for creditors. 26 L.R.A. 595. 
 
 Right to accept favorable part of decree, 
 judffment or order and repeal from the 
 remainder. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 Estoppel of possessor to assert claim to 
 land. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 135. 
 
 To deny validity of liens when property 
 taken by eminent domain subject to 
 certain liens. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 
 Right to defend expulsion of passenger on 
 ground other than that relied upon at 
 the time. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 368. 
 
 Of school district to deny residence of 
 child within district. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 344. 
 
 Agreement of bank invalid as against 
 trustee in bankruptcy undertaking to 
 hold bankrupt's deposit as a fund for 
 creditors as preventing it from setting 
 oflF deposit against its own claim. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 484. 
 
 Recosnition of return or of decree rendered 
 thereon as affecting liability for making 
 false return. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 292. 
 
 Denial of relation as affecting right to sum- 
 mary order on attorney to produce 
 papers. 38 LR.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 § 31. As to jurisdiction. 
 
 Of party who has invoked jurisdiction to 
 deny it. 15 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 Estoppel to deny facts pleaded to defeat ju- 
 risdiction of court. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 423. 
 
 i. By receiving benefits. 
 
 § 32. Generally. 
 
 To appeal by accepting favorable part of 
 decree, see Appeal and Error, § 8a. 
 
 By taking benefit. 1 L.R.A. 826;* 9 L.R.A. 
 
 609.* 
 Estoppel to deny jurisdiction of court after 
 
 receiving benefit of court taking. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 274. 
 Of corporation to deny liability on contracts 
 
 of promoter. 26 L.R.A. 560. 
 Estoppel to set up defects or irregularities 
 
 in replevin bond which has served its 
 
 purpose. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747 
 
 Begin with this iooTc on every law question 
 
 ESTOPPEL, III. i— cont'd 
 
 Estoppel of grantee in possession to ques- 
 tion grantor's right to collect purchase 
 money. 21 L.R.A. ( N.S. ), 399. 
 
 Ratification of unauthorized loan by agent 
 by retention of benefits. 2 B. R. C. 743. 
 
 § 33. As to commercial paper. 
 
 To deny liability on forged paper. 36 L.R.A. 
 541. 
 
 To assert forgery of signature to negotiable 
 paper. 36 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 Ratification of forged instrument by receiv- 
 ing proceeds of forgery. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1017. 
 
 j. By character or relation of parties. 
 
 § 34. Generally. 
 
 Husband's liability for necessaries furnished 
 wife on ground of estoppel. 65 L.R.A. 
 549. 
 
 Estoppel of one attesting conveyance to as- 
 sert title. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 879. 
 
 Right of beneficiary in bond to repudiate 
 authority of person who made the rep 
 resentations in reliance upon which the 
 bond was issued. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 549. 
 
 Of surety to complain of creditor's manage- 
 ment and collection of collateral. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 715. 
 
 Estoppel of bailee to assert against bailor 
 hostile title of a third person. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 681. 
 
 Of landlord to enforce claim for rent of 
 premises occupied by receiver or as- 
 signee for creditors. 59 L.R.A. 686. 
 
 § 35. Of principal or agent. 
 
 Of principal to deny agent's authority, i 
 L.R.A. 824.* 
 
 Estoppel of principal to deny authority of 
 agent who has not possession of se- 
 curities to receive payment. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 414. 
 
 Of agent to dispute title to money or prop- 
 erty received from principal. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 657. 
 
 § 36. Of tenant. 
 
 Adverse possession by tenant, see Adverse 
 Possession, § 6. 
 
 Of lessee, duration of. 1 L.R.A. 507.* 
 Right of tenant to dispute landlord's title 
 in action by latter to establish same. 
 29 L.R.A.(.N.S.) 85. 
 Eight of tenant who was in possession before 
 taking lease to dispute lessor's title. 
 , 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1181. 
 Estoppel of tenant's wife to deny landlord's 
 
 title. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1102. 
 Estoppel of subtenant to question oiiginal 
 
 landlord's title. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 930. 
 Right of tenant to show that landlord part- 
 ed with or lost his title to a third 
 person during tenancy. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 863. 
 In statutory action for possession. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 866. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 499 
 
 ESTOPPEL, III. j— cont'd 
 
 Effect of payment of rent after termina- 
 tion of landlord's title. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 866. 
 Effect of acts or agreements as to real prop- 
 erty made by one while a tenant to 
 estop him after purchasing the fee. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 614. 
 
 § 3 7. Of partner. 
 
 Of partner as to real property. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 105. 
 Parti ership liability by. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 P88. 
 
 k. Who may set up. 
 
 § 38. Generally. 
 
 Estoppel of beneficiaries to charge personal 
 representative with losses sustained in 
 carrying on business. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 234, 
 
 Right of bank in action by holder for pro- 
 ceeds of commercial paper collected by 
 it, to avail itself of defenses that would 
 have been available in an action on the 
 paper. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1098. 
 
 I. Effect of estoppel. 
 
 § 39. Generally. 
 
 On right to injunction against action or 
 proceeding in foreign jurisdiction. 25 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 272. 
 
 On rights and remedies of creditor who ia 
 also a stockholder of an insolvent cor- 
 poration. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1001. 
 
 Title by estoppel, as marketable title. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 
 In pais against defendant as basis for ac- 
 tion to recover real estate. 16 L.R.A. 
 813. 
 
 ESTOPPEL IN PAIS. 
 
 See Estoppel, III. 
 
 ESTOVERS. 
 
 37 
 
 Common of estovers. 68 L.R.A. 649. 
 Customary estovers of life tenant. 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 764. 
 Husband's right to estovers on land held 
 
 by entireties. 30 L.R.A. 309. 
 
 ESTRAYS. 
 
 See Animals. 
 
 EtTROPEAN PLAN. 
 
 Proprietor of hotel conducted on, as keeper 
 of a restaurant within license statute 
 or ordinance. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 566. 
 Consult also L,R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVAPORATION. 
 
 Facilitation of, see Watees, § 26. 
 
 EVICTION. 
 
 Of tenant, see Landlord and Tenant, §§ 32, 
 33, 83. 
 
 Necessity of, to maintenance of action for 
 breach of covenant of warranty of title 
 or of seisin. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1178. 
 
 EVIDENCE. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Judicial notice, §§ 2-17. 
 
 a. By court, §§ 2-16. 
 
 b. By jury, §17. 
 
 III. Presumptions and burden of 
 proof, §§ 18-117. 
 
 a. In general, § 18. 
 
 b. As to laics, §§ 19, 30. 
 
 o. Exceptions or exemptions, 
 § 21. 
 
 d. Concerning persons, §§ 32- 
 
 56. 
 1. Status, relation, or con- 
 dition, §§ 22-24. 
 
 8. Character; identity; 
 
 marriage; divorce, §§ 
 25-29. 
 
 3. Death; survivorship; 
 
 suicide, §§ 30-33. 
 
 4. Assent; authority; li- 
 
 cense, §§ 33-36. 
 B. Knowledge; notice; san- 
 ity; capacity; intent. 
 §§ 37-4:3. 
 
 6. Malice; motive; prob- 
 
 able cause, §§ 43-4:6. 
 
 7. Fraud or good faith; un- 
 
 due influence, §§ 47- 
 53. 
 
 5. Truth; 
 
 cence ; 
 55a. 
 
 9. Against 
 
 destroyer 
 § 56. 
 
 e. Corporate matters; carriers, 
 
 §§ 57-59. 
 
 f. Cause; continuance, §§ 60- 
 
 61a. 
 
 g. Care; negligence; res ipsa 
 
 loquitur, §§ 63-84. 
 1, Of person causing in- 
 jury, §§ 62-79. 
 
 (a) In general, §§ 62- 
 69. 
 
 (b) Of canHers, §§ 70, 
 71. 
 
 (c) Railroads; street 
 railways, §§ 72- 
 75a. 
 
 (d) On highway, §76. 
 
 falsity; inno- 
 guilt, §§ 54- 
 
 suppressor or 
 of evidence. 
 
600 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 nil. 
 
 X. 
 XI. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. g, 1— cont'd 
 
 (e) Of master, §§ 77, 
 7«. 
 
 (f) Miscellaneous, § 79. 
 S. Contributory negligence, 
 
 §§ 80-84:. 
 (a) In general, §§ 80, 
 
 81. 
 (1)) On highway, § 82. 
 
 (c) Of servant, § 83. 
 
 (d) Of parent, § S4k. 
 
 h. As to official acts, §§ S3-S8. 
 
 i. As to rights, contracts, in- 
 struments, and prop- 
 erty, §§ 89-103a. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 89-04. 
 3. Different instruments, 
 
 §§ 95-103. 
 8. Ouinership; title; pos- 
 session; occupation, §§ 
 104-lOSa. 
 J. Payment; value, §§ 106- 
 
 107a. 
 fc. Miscellaneous civil matters, 
 
 §§ 108-111. 
 I. Criminal matters, §§ 112- 
 117. 
 \ IT. Best and secondary evidence, §§ 
 
 118-121. 
 , F. Documentary evidence, §§ 122- 
 150. 
 a. In general, §§ 122-125. 
 6. Records, reports, and or- 
 ders ; legislative journals, 
 §§ 126-130. 
 
 c. Judgments; findings; plead- 
 
 ings, §§ 131-133a. 
 
 d. Depositions and affidavits, 
 
 § 134. 
 
 e. Memoranda; receipts, §§ 
 
 135, 136. 
 1. Letters; telegratns, §§ 137, 
 
 138. 
 g. Account boo/cs, ## 139-144. 
 h. Entries in family Bible or 
 
 other religious boolc, § 
 
 145. 
 i. Scientific boolcs and treatises, 
 
 § 146. 
 j. Mortality tables, § 147. 
 fc. Miscellaneous documents, 
 
 § 148. 
 I. For purposes of comparison, 
 
 § 149. 
 m,. Putting whole writing in 
 
 evidence, §150. 
 VI. Demonstrative evidence; articles 
 and things; view of jury, 
 §§ 151-159. 
 VII. Parol and extrinsic evidence as 
 
 to writing, §§ 160-184. 
 
 a. In general, § 160. 
 
 b. Custom, § 161. 
 
 c. Prior and collateral parol 
 
 agreements, §§ 162, 163. 
 
 d. Subsequent changes, §164. 
 
 e. Meaning; intention; expla- 
 
 nation, §§ 165-168. 
 
 f. As to commercial paper, 
 
 §§ 169-174. 
 
 g. As to consideration, §§ 175, 
 
 176. 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, VII.— cont'd 
 
 h. Fraud; surprise; miatalce; 
 om,issions, §§ 177-179. 
 
 i. Condition; trust; mortgage, 
 §§ 180-182. 
 
 j. To identify subject or per- 
 sons, § 183. 
 
 fe. Character of party, § 184. 
 Opinions and conclusions ; expert 
 testimony, §§ 185-206. 
 
 a. In general, § 183. 
 
 b. Hypothetical questions, § 
 186. 
 
 c. Cause and effect, § 187. 
 
 d. Intoxication, § 188. 
 
 e. Sanity and mental capacity, 
 §§ 189-193. 
 
 f. Value; speedj §§ 194, 195. 
 
 g. Negligence; intent, §§ 196, 
 197. 
 
 H. Handwriting, §§ 198-205. 
 i. Miscellaneous, § 206. 
 IX. Confessions; involuntary evi- 
 dence, §§ 207-214. 
 Admissions, § 215. 
 Declarations ; hearsay ; res 
 gestae ; privileged commu- 
 nications, §§ 216-245. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 216-219. 
 
 b. Privileged communications, 
 §§ 220-226. 
 
 c. Party's o%vn acts and decla- 
 rations, § 227. 
 
 d. Acts and declarations of 
 third person generally, §§ 
 228-233a. 
 
 e. Acts and declarations of 
 agent, cobeneficiary, part- 
 ner, or co-conspirator, §§ 
 234-237. 
 
 f. Complaints of injuries and 
 suffering, § 238. 
 
 g. Threats, § 239. 
 h. Conversation by telephone, 
 
 § 240. 
 
 i. Conversation through inter- 
 preter, §241. 
 
 j. Dying declarations, § 242. 
 
 fc. Former testimony, §§ 243- 
 245. 
 XII. Relevancy and materiality, §§ 
 246-287. 
 
 a. In general, § 246. 
 
 b. Custom; cause, §§ 247, 248. 
 
 c. Character and reputation, 
 §§ 249-233. 
 
 d. Mental capacity, § 254. 
 
 e. Intent; motive; fraud; un- 
 due influence; malice, §§ 
 255-261. 
 
 f. Value; damages, §§ 262- 
 265. 
 
 fir. Negligence, §§ 266-269. 
 
 h. Precautions after accident, 
 S 270. 
 
 i. Circumstantial evidence, § 
 271. 
 
 j. Similar acts and facts, §§ 
 272-275. 
 
 fc. Rebuttal, §§ 276, 277. 
 
 I. Contracts; personal re- 
 lations, §§ 278-280. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 601 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII.— cont'd 
 
 m. Otvnership; authority, §§ 
 
 Z81, 283. 
 n. Miscellaneous civil matters, 
 
 § 383. 
 o. Criminal matters, §§ 384:- 
 
 387. 
 XIII. Weight; effect; sufficiency, §§ 
 
 388-338. 
 a. In general, §§ 388-393. 
 6. Negligence, § 394:. 
 
 c. Matters as to persons, §§ 
 
 395-303. 
 
 d. To overcome writing, § 304. 
 
 e. Of documentary evidence, 
 
 §§ 30S-308a. 
 
 f. Contracts, §§ 309-311. 
 
 g. Will cases, § 313. 
 
 h. Miscellaneous civil cases, 
 
 §§ 313, 314. 
 i. Criminal cases, §§ 315-338. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 315-335. 
 
 2. Various particular 
 
 crimes, §§ 336-328. 
 XIV. Admissibility under pleadings; 
 variance, §§ 339-333. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 % 1. Generally. 
 
 On trial for assault and battery, see As- 
 sault A>D Batteky, § 13. 
 
 In action for breach of promise, see Beeach 
 OF Promise, § 6. 
 
 In prosecution for burglary, see BuBGLABT, 
 § 5. 
 
 In action on note, see Bills and Notes, 
 § 70. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 151. 
 
 Validity of contract to procure, see CoN- 
 TBACTS, § 103. 
 
 As to self-incrimination generally, see 
 Criminal Law, §§ 49-53. 
 
 Newly discovered evidence as ground for 
 new trial, see New Trial, §§ 10, 11. 
 
 Newly discovered evidence as ground for 
 bill of review, see Review, § 3. 
 
 False evidence, see Perjubt. 
 
 Reception of, see Trial, §§ 12-14. 
 
 Striking out of, see Trial, § 14. 
 
 Instructions as to, see Trial, §§ 61-63. 
 
 As to witnesses generally, see Witnesses. 
 
 As to competency of witnesses in general, 
 see Witnesses, §§ 9-25. 
 
 As to impeachment of witnesses, see Wit- 
 nesses, §§ 41-44. 
 
 As to examination of witnesses, see Wit- 
 nesses, III. 
 
 Prosecuting attorney's comments on ex- 
 cluded evidence as ground for reversal. 
 46 L.R.A. 661. 
 
 Jurisdiction of courts of equity to entertain 
 bill to perpetuate testimony. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 673. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to rules of evidence. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 449. 
 Ciin.'iiilt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE— cont'd 
 
 //. Judicial notice. 
 
 a. By court, 
 
 § 2. liavrs. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 infra, § 19. 
 
 By United States courts, of state laws. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 33.* 
 Of congressional acts. 4 L.R.A. 39.* 
 Of the supreme law of the land. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 39.* 
 Of the public laws of the state. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 40.* 
 Of general law. 4 L.R.A. 40.* 
 Of special legislation. 4 L.R.A. 40.* 
 
 § 3. — of other state or country. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 infra, § 20. 
 
 As to law of other state. 4 L.R.A. 41;" 
 67 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 As to law of foreign country. 4 L.R.A. 
 41;* 67 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Judicial cognizance of foreign law. 67 
 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 As to general system of law of foreign ju- 
 risdiction. 67 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 § 4. Ordinances. 
 
 Of municipal ordinances. 4 L.R.A. 41.* 
 
 § 5. Legislative journals. 
 
 Of legislative journals. 2 L.R.A. 612;* 4 
 
 L.R.A. 41.* 
 Judicial notice of existence and contents of 
 
 legislative journals. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 38. 
 
 § 6. Customs. 
 
 Of usages and customs. 4 L.R.A. 40.* 
 Of banking customs. 21 L.R.A. 446. 
 
 § 7. Courts; judicial matters; records. 
 
 Of court proceedings. 4 L.R.A. 34.* 
 Of terms of courts. 4 L.R.A. 34.* 
 Of jurisdiction and authority of courts. 4 
 L.R.A. 34.* 
 
 § 8. — of records and decrees of court. 
 
 Of court records. 4 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 Judicial notice of the court's own records in 
 
 other actions. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616; 
 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 905. 
 Right to take judicial notice of decree in 
 
 proceeding to punish violation of same 
 
 as contempt. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 404. 
 Of records of a sister state. 4 L.R.A. 42.* 
 
 § 9. Political matters. 
 
 Of elections, and changes in office. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 38.* 
 Of the seal of the state. 4 L.R.A. 41.* 
 
 § 10. Geographical matters. 
 
 Of geographical and topographical facts. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 39.* 
 Of the civil divisions of the state. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 37.* 
 Of population. 4 L.R.A. 39.* 
 
502 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, II. a— cont'd 
 
 § 11. Officers. 
 
 Of public officers. 4 L.R.A. 37.» 
 
 § 12. Corporations. 
 
 Of private corporations. 4 L.E.A. 36.* 
 Of public corporations. 4 L.R.A. 36.* 
 
 § 13. Time. 
 
 Time. 4 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 Of facts stated in the almanac. 4 
 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 Of the course of nature. 4 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 § 14. Place. 
 
 Place. 4 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 Of matters in relation to localities. 4 
 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 § 15. Intoxicating character of liquor. 
 
 As to what are intoxicating liquors. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 408.* 
 As to intoxicating character of beverages. 
 
 20 L.R.A. 648. 
 Of intoxicating character of mixed drink. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 848. 
 
 § 16. Other matters. 
 
 Of matters of general knowledge and experi- 
 ence. 4 L.R.A. 38.* 
 
 Of matters of history. 4 L.R.A. 38.* 
 
 Of facts in relation to the circulating medi- 
 um. 4 L.R.A. 42.* 
 
 Of the meaning of words and phrases. 4 
 L.R.A. 42.* 
 
 Of facts in relation to manufactures and in- 
 dustries. 4 L.R.A. 39.* 
 
 Of matters of science or art. 4 L.R.A. 39.* 
 
 Of holidays. 19 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 Right of court to decide question as to 
 quickest means of stopping train as a 
 matter of common knowledge. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 262. 
 
 b. By jury. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Right of jurors to act on their own knowl- 
 edge of the facts in or relevant to 
 the issue. 31 L.R.A. 489; 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 790. 
 The general rule. 31 L.R.A. 489. 
 Modifications thereof. 31 L.R.A. 491. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. 491. 
 As to intoxicating liquors. 31 
 L.R.A. 496. 
 1 As to witnesses. 31 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 ' III. Presumptions and burden of proof. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Burden of proof in ejectment, see Eject- 
 ment, § 14. 
 
 As to effect of tax deeds, see Taxes, § 81. 
 
 Effect of admissions on burden of proof, 
 see Tbial, § 9. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III.— cont'd 
 
 b. As to laws. 
 
 §19. Generally. 
 
 Judicial notice as to, see supra, § 2. 
 Presumption as to statutory authority to 
 permit nviisance, see Nuisances, § 29. 
 
 As to validity of statute. 2 L.R.A. 609.* 
 As to regularity of legislative action in 
 
 passing bill. 67 L.R.A. 966. 
 Presumption as to regular enactment of 
 
 bills. 40 L.R.A.{N.S.) 36. 
 
 § 2 0. Of other state or country. 
 
 Judicial notice as to, see supra, § 3. 
 Oral evidence as to, see infra, § 119. 
 
 Presumption as to law of foreign country. 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 261; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 40. 
 As to law of other state or country. 21 
 
 L.E.A. 471 ; 67 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 c. Exceptions or exemptions. 
 
 §21. Generally. 
 
 Duty of insured to negative death or acci- 
 dent from excepted cause. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 636. 
 As to suicide. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 637. 
 
 Burden of proof as to provisions in insur- 
 ance policies forbidding use of intoxi- 
 cating liquor. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 212. 
 
 Must a claimant of land show that it is not 
 included within the exceptions from the 
 grant or conveyance on which he relies. 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 156. 
 
 Presumption of exemption from local as- 
 sessments of public property, including 
 schools. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 453. 
 
 d. Concerning persons. 
 
 1. Status, relation, or condition. 
 
 §22. Generally. 
 
 As to relation of vice principal. 54 L.R.A. 
 61. 
 
 Presumption as to existence of relation of 
 master and servant between parent and 
 eliild committing tort. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 S42. 
 
 Does fact that name signed to bill or note 
 below signature of another obligor is 
 that of a partnership raise presumption 
 that it is a, surety only. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 426. 
 
 § 23. Citizenship. 
 
 Presumption of citizenship from residence. 
 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1245. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to 
 
 citizenship of locator of mining claim. 
 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 815. 
 
 § 24. As to legitimacy. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 § 296. 
 
 Effect of admission to change burden of Generally. 8 L.R.A. 102;" 10 L.R.A. 662' 
 proof. 61 L.R.A. 513. Presumption of access. 10 L.R.A- 663.* 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every ?««> question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 503 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. d, 1— cont'd 
 Right to rebut presumption. 8 L.R.A. 
 102;* 10 L.R.A. 663.* 
 Evidence admissible. 10 L.R.A. 663.* 
 Proof of nonaccess. 8 L.R.A. 103.* 
 Intercourse with other men. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 104.* 
 Impotency of husband. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 103.* 
 Inference from facts and circum- 
 stances. 10 L.R.A. 663.* 
 Proof necessary to establish bastardy of 
 child bom to married woman. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 255. 
 Necessity of showing that opportunity 
 for intercourse was impossible or 
 physical inability of husband. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 256. 
 Rule that presumption may be over- 
 come by proof which establishes be- 
 yond a reasonable doubt that in- 
 tercourse did not in fact occur. 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 256. 
 Circumstances held sufficient to over- 
 come the presumption. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 259. 
 Evidence held sufficient to overcome the 
 presumption. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 260. 
 
 3. Cliaracter; identity; marriage; 
 divorce. 
 
 § 25. Character. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, XII. 
 
 c. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, XIII. 
 
 c. 
 
 Presumption as to character of independent 
 
 contractor. 65 L.R.A. 459. 
 As to good character of accused. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 609. 
 
 § 2 6. Identity. 
 
 As to identity of person from identity of 
 
 name. 17 L.R.A. 824. 
 Identity of name aa evidence of identity of 
 
 person in criminal cases. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 539. 
 
 § 2 7. Marriage. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 § 295. 
 
 As to marriage. 14 L.R.A. 540. 
 
 Presumption as to validity of former mar- 
 riage in prosecution for bigamy. 9 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1036. 
 
 § 28. Presumption from marriage 
 ceremony. 
 
 In general. 1 4 L.R.A. 540 ; 16 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 98; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940. 
 General rules. 14 L.R.A. 541; 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 99. 
 Presumption of license. 14 L.R.A. 541. 
 Authority of celebrant. 14 L.R.A. 541; 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 100. 
 Capacity of parties. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 100. 
 Presumption of continuance. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 101. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. d, 2— cont'd 
 Foreign marriages. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 101. 
 Effect of ceremonial marriage to overcome 
 nresumption arising from cohabitation 
 and reputation. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 Conflict of presumptions. 16 L.R.A. (N.S. ^ 
 103. 
 Presumption as to validity of former 
 
 marriage. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 104. 
 Presumption as to continuance of for- 
 mer marriage. 14 L.R.A. 542; 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 106. 
 Presumption of death of former spouse. 
 14 L.R.A. 542; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 105. 
 Presumption of divorce from former 
 spouse. 14 L.R.A. 543; 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) loe. 
 
 Effect of proof of former marriage to over- 
 throw second one. 14 L.R.A. 543. 
 
 § 29. Divorce. 
 
 Presumption from marriage ceremony as to 
 dissolution of previous marriage by di- 
 vorce. 14 L.R.A. 543; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 106; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940. 
 
 3. Death; survivorship; suicide. 
 
 § 30. Deatli. 
 
 Presumption as to death of former spouse. 
 14 L.R.A. 542; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 105. 
 
 Necessity of inquiry to raise presumption 
 of death from seven years' absence. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 809; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 178. 
 
 Presumption as to time of death of one 
 presumed to be dead after seven years' 
 absence, unheard of. 26 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 294. 
 
 Gap in record title as remedied by presump- 
 tion of death or of death without is- 
 sue. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 24. 
 
 Presumption that drowning of insured was 
 accidental. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 635. 
 
 § 31. Survivorship. 
 
 Among those who perish in common calam- 
 itv. 10 L.R.A. 550;* 51 L.R.A. 
 863. 
 The civil law. 51 L.R.A. 864. 
 The common law. 51 L.R.A. 864. 
 
 The English cases. 51 L.R.A. 865. 
 The American cases. 51 L.R.A. 869. 
 
 § 32. Suicide. 
 
 As to suicide. 35 L.R.A. 263. 
 
 4. Assent; authority; license. 
 
 § 33. Assent. 
 
 Presumption of assent to statement of ac- 
 count retained without objection. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 348. 
 
 Circumstances from which owner's consent 
 to making of improvements by lessee or 
 vendee may be inferred. 23 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 612. 
 
504 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. d, 4— cont'd 
 § 34. Authority; agency. 
 
 Presumption as to authority of one found at 
 place of payment designated who is not 
 m possession of the securities. 21 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 
 Burden of proof as to authority for arrest 
 in action for false imprisonment. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 303. 
 
 Presumption as to authority to place build- 
 ing on another's land. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 603. 
 
 Statutory authority to commit nuisance not 
 to be presumed. 70 L.R.A. 579. 
 
 Presumption of agent's authority to sell in- 
 toxicating liquor in violation of law. 
 41 L.R.A. 660; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 786; 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 321; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 419. 
 
 As to authority of defendant's servant to 
 make sale of intoxicating liquor. 41 
 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 As to power of insurance agent to make 
 parol contract of insurance. 22 L.R.A. 
 773. 
 
 Inference of employee's authority to expel 
 trespassers from his practice of doing 
 so. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 693. 
 
 'Presumptive agency of wife to purchase 
 necessaries arising from cohabitation. 
 65 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 Presumption that a contract within the 
 powers of a corporation is within the 
 authority of its president. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 376. 
 
 The burden of showing that use upon which 
 an easement by prescription is claimed 
 was permissive, and not under claim of 
 right. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 149. 
 
 Implication of child's authority to bind 
 parent by contracts other than for 
 necessaries from parent's payment of 
 debt contracted by child. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 884. 
 
 Implication of child's authority to bind 
 parent by contracts other than those 
 for necessaries from use of father's 
 name on notes, etc. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 884. 
 
 Presumption of continuance of agency. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 891. 
 
 § 35. — of attorney. 
 
 Presumption that attorney appearing in ac- 
 tion has full authority to do so. 21 
 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Presumption aa to authority of attorney to 
 compromise cause of action. 31 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 531. 
 
 § 36. liiccnse. 
 
 Burden of proof as to physician's license in 
 suit to recover for services. 8 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 1238. 
 
 5. Knowledge ; notice; sanity; capacity; 
 intent. 
 
 § 37. Knowledge or notice. 
 
 As to master's knowledge as element of neg- 
 ligence. 41 L.R.A. 149. 
 
 Begin with this TjooH on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. d, 5— cont'd 
 
 As to passenger's knowledge of memoran- 
 dum on ticket limiting company's li- 
 ability. 12 LJI.A. 340.* ' 
 
 As to notice of defect in street from length 
 of time. 5 L.R.A. 255.* 
 
 Th^t new promise to pay note after failure 
 to give notice of dishonor was made 
 with knowledge of the laches. 29 
 L.R.A. 314. 
 
 As to knowledge of vein or lode within 
 placer claims. 50 L.R.A. 292. 
 
 Presumption as to knowledge of nonexpert 
 witness to handwriting. 63 L.R.A. 968. 
 
 Necessity of proving scienter in action for 
 fraud in misrepresentations as to lo- 
 cation of property sold. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 306. 
 
 § 38. Sanity; capacity. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to, see infra, 
 
 §§ 189-193, 291, 292. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, 
 
 § 254. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 
 §§ 291, 292, 297, 298, 316. 
 Presumption as to continuance, see infra, 
 
 § 61a. 
 
 Burden of proof as to insanity. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 576.* 
 Presumption of sanity. 36 L.R.A. 721. 
 General rule as to. 36 L.R.A. 721. 
 With relation to criminal acts. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 722. 
 With relation to contracts and convey- 
 ances. 36 L.R.A. 723. 
 As to sanity at time of marriage. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 742. 
 As to sanity of witness. 37 L.R.A. 
 426. 
 Against validity of transaction from mental 
 weakness of party to same. 4 L.R.A. 
 637.* 
 Burden of proof as to sanity. 36 L.R.A. 
 726. 
 The rule as laid down, generally. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 726. 
 With relation to criminal acts. 36 
 L.R.A. 727. 
 The rule that the burden rests with 
 
 the accused. 36 L.R.A. 727. 
 The contrary rule. 36 L.R.A, 729. 
 With relation to contracts and convey- 
 ances. 36 L.R.A. 731. 
 As to mental and physical conditions of 
 one whose dying declarations are 
 offered in evidence. 56 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 § 39. —of testator. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 § 298. 
 
 As to testamentary capacity. 17 L.R.A. 
 494; 36 L.R.A. 724, 733. 
 
 On issue devisavit vel non or direct at- 
 tack on will. 17 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 In ejectment cases. 17 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 On conflict of evidence. 17 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 Effect of incompetency once existing. 
 17 L.R.A. 497. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 505 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. d, 6— cont'd 
 Buraen of proving sanity with relation to 
 wills. 36 L.R.A. 733. 
 Conflicting rules as to. 36 L.R.A. 733. 
 Shifting of burden of proof. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 735. 
 Evidence necessary to satisfy or shift 
 
 the burden. 36 L.R.A. 736. 
 Burden of proof after probate. 36 
 L.R.A. 739. 
 As to effect of drunkenness upon testament- 
 ary capacity. 39 L.R.A. 226. 
 
 § 40. — of accused. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 § 316. 
 
 Presumption of sanity with reference to 
 criminal acts. 36 L.R.A. 722. 
 
 Burden of proof as to sanity with reference 
 to criminal acts. 36 L.R.A. 727. 
 
 Burden of proof on issue of present in- 
 sanity of defendant in criminal prose- 
 cution. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 11]5. 
 
 Right of jury to abide by presumption of 
 defendant's sanity as against uncontra- 
 dicted evidence to contrary. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 545. 
 
 § 41. Intent. 
 
 Parol evidence as to, see infra, § 166. 
 Opinion evidence as to, see infra, § 197. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, 
 
 §§ 255, 256. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 
 § 299. 
 
 Presumption that party intended natural 
 consequences of acts. 11 L.R.A. 810.* 
 
 Presumed intention of parties to contract 
 with carrier. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 880. 
 
 Presumption of general intent from record- 
 ing deed or delivering for record. 54 
 L.'r.A. 885. 
 
 As to intent characterizing omission of in- 
 ternal revenue stamp. 48 L.R.A. 309. 
 
 Necessity of proving that intent to charge 
 for services rendered by relative or 
 member of household was entertained 
 at time of their rendition. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 911. 
 
 Inference of evil intent. 11 L.R.A. 811.* 
 
 Inference of fraudulent intent from gran- 
 tee's oral promise to grantor to hold in 
 trust. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 911. 
 
 Of creditors' participation in debtor's 
 fraudulent intent in making transfer. 
 31 L.R.A. 646; 32 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 Inference of intent to sell intoxicating 
 liquor from possession. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 534. 
 
 § 42. — of testator. 
 
 Parol evidence as to, see infra, § 167. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, 
 § 257. 
 
 Presumption of intent to revive revoked 
 
 will. 37 L.R.A. 577. 
 Presumption as to testator's intent to 
 
 adeem general legacy by gift. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 689. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. d— cont'd 
 
 e. Malice; motive; probable cause. 
 
 § 4 3. Malice. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, 
 § 261. 
 
 Of malice from evil intent. 2 L.R.A. 130.* 
 When malice may be inferred in action for 
 
 malicious prosecution. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1987. 
 
 g 43a. —in libelous slalement. 
 
 May malice, which precludes qualified privi- 
 lege be inferred from publication alone. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 
 Circumstances from which malice in giving 
 or refusing information as to char- 
 acter or reputation of servant may be 
 inferred. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 § 44. — from act of killing. 
 
 Presumption of malice from killing. 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 934. 
 Presumption as to implied malice arising 
 
 from act of killing. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1077. 
 
 S 4."i. Motive. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, § 258. 
 
 Of proper motive of teacher in punishing 
 pupil. 65 L.R.A. 894. 
 
 § 46. Probable cause. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, § 303., 
 
 Privileged occasion; burden of showing 
 probable cause. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 696. " 
 
 When malice may be inferred in action for 
 malicious prosecution. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1087. 
 
 Effect on presumption of probable cause for 
 prosecution of fact that conviction was 
 procured by fraud, perjury, or other un- 
 due means. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 
 Effect of release without prosecution to cre- 
 ate presumption of want of probable 
 cause. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 717. 
 
 Discharge of accused by examining magis- 
 trate as evidence of want of probable 
 cause. 64 L.R.A. 481; 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 929. 
 
 7. Fraud or good faith; undue influ- 
 ence. 
 
 § 4 7. Fraud generally. 
 
 Parol evidence as to fraud, see infra, § 177. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, § 259. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 § 301. 
 
 As to fraud, generally. 4 L.R.A. 832.* 
 
 Necessity of proving fraud in civil action. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 8,37. 
 
 Of broker. 45 L.R.A. 53 
 
 In inspection of negotiable instrument. 10 
 L.R.A. 679;* 17 L.R.A. 328. 
 
 In respect to will. 36 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Necessity of proving scienter in action for 
 fraud in misrepresentations as to lo- 
 cation of property sold. 38 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 306. 
 
506 
 
 INDEX TO L.II.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. d, 7— cont'd 
 
 Burden of proof aa to payment of value 
 by, or notice of fraud to, subvendee of 
 chattels, when original seller seeks to 
 rescind for fraud of first purchaser. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 448. 
 
 Necessity of proving fraud in use of geo- 
 graphical name as a trademark or trade 
 name or on the ground of unfair compe- 
 tition. 26 L.E.A.(N.S.) 75. 
 
 § 48. Fraud of creditors. 
 
 SuiEciency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 § 302. 
 
 As to fraud against creditors. 1 L.E.A. 
 520.* 
 
 Circumstances leading to inferences of 
 fraud. 9 L.R.A. 646.* 
 
 In transfer of property by debtor in sat- 
 isfaction of debt. 36 L.R.A. 361. 
 
 Rebuttal of presumption of acceptance of 
 assignments hindering, delaying, or de- 
 frauriing creditors. 24 L.R.A. 376. 
 
 As to participation by transferee in fraudu- 
 lent intent of debtor in making trans- 
 fer. 31 L.R.A. 646; 32 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 Burden of proof as to conveyance by hus- 
 band in fraud of vrife's support when 
 bona fides are alleged. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1155. 
 
 § 49. — from retention of possession. 
 
 May presumption of fraud following from 
 retention of chattel by vendor be 
 overcome. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1127. 
 Rule that presumption is conclusive. 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1133. 
 Statutes making presumption con- 
 clusive. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1138. 
 Delivery of possession before ad- 
 verse rights accrue. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1142. 
 Rule that presumption is prima 
 facie. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1143. 
 Statutes making presumption 
 prima facie. 24 L.R.A. 
 .(N.S.) 1150. 
 
 § 50. — burden of proving husband's 
 debts on account of property re- 
 ceived from wife. 
 
 In contests between themselves or persons 
 claiming under them. 56 L.R.A. 
 817. 
 Under the common-law rule. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 817. 
 Under the civil law. 56 L.R.A. 819. 
 Under married women's acts. 56 
 L.R.A. 820. 
 Statement and application of the 
 general rule. 56 L.R.A. 820. 
 Exception as to income or profits. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 821. 
 Proof necessary to satisfy or shift 
 burden. 56 L.R.A. 822. 
 In contests with creditors. 56 L.R.A. 823. 
 General statement as to. 56 L.R.A. 
 823. 
 
 Begin with this took on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. d, 7— cont'd 
 
 Effect of relationship of parties on pre- 
 liminary burden. 56 L.R.A. 
 823. 
 Rules generally applicable. 56 
 
 L.E.A. 823. 
 Rule leaving burden with credit- 
 or. 56 L.R.A. 824. 
 Rule placing burden on husband 
 and wife. 56 L.R.A. 825. 
 Burden as to consideration for trans- 
 fer. 56 L.R.A. 828. 
 General rules. 56 L.R.A. 828. 
 Proof necessary to satisfy or shift 
 
 burden. 56 L.R.A. 830. 
 Rule as to judgment taken by wife 
 against husband. 56 L.R.A. 
 841. 
 Burden as to fraud. 56 L.R.A. 842. 
 The general rule. 56 L.R.A. 842. 
 Proof necessary to satisfy or shift 
 burden. 56 L.R.A. 843. 
 Exceptions to the above rules. 56 L.E.A. 
 845. 
 
 § 51. Good faith. 
 
 Burden of showing good faith on privileged 
 occasion. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 696. 
 
 Burden on attorney to show good faith in 
 transaction with client. 9 L.E.A. 90.* 
 
 Burden of proving good faith on holder of 
 negotiable instrument. 17 L.R.A. 328. 
 
 Does fact that negotiable instrument was, 
 contrary to agreement, transferred be- 
 fore happening of a certain contingency 
 impose burden of proof as to bona fides 
 upon the holder. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 718. 
 
 Burden of pi'oof as to bona fides of trans- 
 feree of warehouse receipts for property 
 secured by fraud. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 801. 
 
 Burden of proof aa to bona fides of pur- 
 chaser claiming against prior un- 
 recorded conveyance or encum- 
 brance. 36 L.R.A,(N.S.) 1124. 
 Burden on subsequent purchaser. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1125. 
 Burden on holder of unrecorded deed. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1127. 
 Compromise rule. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1129. 
 
 Burden of proof as to good faith of one 
 accused of larceny who claims to have 
 taken the property in good faith under 
 an honest claim of right. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 554. 
 
 § 52. Undue influence. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, § 260. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 § 300. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to un- 
 due influence respecting gifts inter 
 vivos from parent to child. 35 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 944. 
 General rule. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 946. 
 Exception; fiduciary or confidential re- 
 lations. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 950. 
 Eelation of business trust and con- 
 fidence. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 950. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 507 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. d, 7— cont'd 
 
 Presumption apart from a rela- 
 tion of business trust and con- 
 fidence. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 955. 
 Character of presumption as to undue influ- 
 ence in gift to mistress. 11 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 554. 
 
 § 5 3. — on testator. 
 
 In respect to will. 36 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Presumption of undue influence from un- 
 natural testamentary disposition. 6 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 202; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1024. 
 
 Character of presumption in bequest to mis- 
 tress. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 
 Inference of undue influence from meretri- 
 cious relations between testator and 
 beneficiary. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 477. 
 
 Effect on burden of proof of circumstance 
 that one benefited by will was the 
 draftsman thereof or active in procur- 
 ing its execution. 28 L.R.A. (N.S. ^ 
 275, 284, 288. 
 
 8. Truth; falsity; innocence; guilt. 
 
 § 54. Truth. 
 
 Instruction that witness is presumed to 
 speak truth as invading province of 
 jury. 14 L.R.A. (X.S.) 947. 
 
 § 5 5. Innocence. 
 
 In habeas corpus proceeding. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 678. 
 In civil action. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 841. 
 
 § 55a. Guilt. 
 
 Flight as creating presumption of guilt. 
 39 L.R.A.(X.S.) 58. 
 
 Production of bill of sale as repelling in- 
 ference or presumption of guilt from 
 possession of recently stolen property. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 320; 
 
 V. Against suppressor or destroyer of 
 evidence. 
 
 § 5 6. Generally. 
 
 Presumption from failure to produce evi- 
 dence. 14 L.R.A. 470. 
 
 Where a party fails to introduce documen- 
 tary (the "best") evidence which would 
 properly be a part of the case. 34 
 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Where a party fails to produce evidence 
 after demand or notice by the party 
 entitled to the production thereof. 34 
 L.RA.. 581. 
 
 Where a party adversely interested destroys 
 or withholds evidence to which the ad- 
 versary is entitled. 34 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 c. Corporate matters; carriers. 
 
 § 5 7. Generally. 
 
 As to incorporation. 22 L.R.A. 276. 
 
 Presumption that a contract within the 
 powers of a corporation is within the 
 authority of its president. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 376. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. e— cont'd 
 
 As to fairness of contracts between corpora- 
 tions having common directors or offi- 
 cers. 33 L.R.A. 796. 
 
 As to negligence of corporate directors. 55 
 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 § 58. As to quorum. 
 
 Presumption as to quorum for meeting of 
 stockholders. 21 L.R.A. 175. 
 
 § 59. Matters relating to carriers. 
 
 Negligence of carrier, see infra, §§ 70, 71. 
 
 As to passenger's knowledge of memo- 
 randum on ticket limiting company's 
 liability. 12 L.R.A. 340.* 
 
 Presumed intention of parties to contract 
 with carrier. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 880. 
 
 /. Cause; continuance. 
 
 § 60. Cause. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra. 
 
 § 248. 
 
 As to cause of delay in prosecution. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 536. 
 Burden of proving cause of loss of insured 
 
 property in case of explosion. 38 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 477. 
 Burden of proof under fall of building 
 
 clause in fire insurance policies. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 608. 
 Possible inference that accident to servant 
 
 was due to negligence of fellow servant. 
 
 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 354. 
 
 § 61. Continuance. 
 
 Presumption of continuance. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 620.* 
 Presumption of continuance of agency. 1 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 891. 
 Presumption of continuance of marriage. 
 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 101, 105. 
 
 § 61a. — of insanity. 
 
 Habitual insanity. 35 L.R.A. 117. 
 
 Temporary insanity. 35 L.R.A. 119. 
 
 Habitual and temporary insanity distin- 
 guished. 35 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Alcoholism and alcoholic insanity. 35 
 L.R.A. 122. 
 
 Presumption of continuance of a lucid in- 
 terval. 35 L.R.A. 123. 
 
 Nature of the presumption. 35 L.R.A. 
 123. 
 
 g. Care; negligence; res ipsa loquitur. 
 
 1. Of person causing injury. 
 
 (a) In general. 
 
 § 62. Generally. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to, see infra, VIII, g. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, XII, 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 XIII, b. 
 
 Generally. 2 L.R.A. 820.* 
 
508 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. g, 1, (a)— cont'd 
 
 Wliat law governs. 56 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 Power of legislature to make injury prima 
 facie evidence of negligence. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 226. 
 
 As to insufficiency of statutory precautions 
 to prevent injury. 21 L.R.A. 724. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 person in absence of contract obliga- 
 tion. 15 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Applicability of rule res ipsa loquitur in 
 the absence of contractual relations. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 800. 
 
 Pleading particular cause of injury ,as 
 waiver of right to rely on res ipsa lo- 
 quitur: 24 L.R.A.(N.S.,) 788. 
 
 Relation of doctrine res ipsa loquitur to 
 burden of proof. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 527. 
 
 May negligence be inferred from mere fact 
 that a horse runs away. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 574. 
 
 § 63. In case of injury by electricity. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 person from broken or fallen wires. 15 
 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 As to broken or fallen electric wires in high- 
 way. 31 L.R.A. 576. 
 
 Applicability of rule res ipsa loquitur to 
 accidents on highway due to disordered 
 electrical appliances. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1178; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1043. 
 
 Applicability of rule res ipsa loquitur to 
 accidents on private property due to 
 escape of electricity from disordered 
 electrical appliances. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1183; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 848. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 passenger by escaping eleetricitv. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 836; 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 760; 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 § 64. Injury by explosion. 
 
 Respecting escape and explosion of gas. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 345. 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 
 person by explosion. 15 L.R.A. 35. 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 
 passenger by explosion. 15 L.R.A. 38; 
 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 815. 
 
 § 65. On elevator. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 passenger by elevator. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 748; 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 619; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 816. 
 
 § 66. Of Innkeeper. 
 
 Presumption of negligence of innkeeper 
 from injury to guest or his property. 
 20 L.R.A. (isr.S.) 1027. 
 
 § 67. Of storekeeper. 
 
 Applicability of rule res ipsa loquitur as be- 
 tween storekeeper and customer. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 931. 
 
 § 68. Of manufacturer. 
 
 Applicability of rule res ipsa loquitur in ac- 
 tion for personal injuries from defects 
 in articles manufactured or sold by the 
 defendant. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 949. 
 Begin with this iooTe on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. g, 1, (a)— cont'd 
 § 69. Of physician or surgeon. 
 
 As to skill of physician or surgeon. 37 
 L.R.A. 837. 
 
 Proof necessary to discharge the burden 
 resting upon plaintiff, in action against 
 a physician for malpractice, to show 
 that the negligence or unskilfulnesa 
 of the physician caused or contributed 
 to the death or injury of the patient. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 416. 
 
 (b) Of carriers. 
 
 §7 0. To passenger. 
 
 As to negligence and liability of carrier. 
 
 13 L.R.A. 33.* 
 Res ipsa loquitur as applied to disorder of 
 electrical appliances. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 836; 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 760; 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 615. 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 passenger. 15 L.R.A. 35; 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 601; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 808. 
 The rule. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 601; 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 808. 
 In general. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 601; 
 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 808. 
 Sufficiency of averments or proof. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 602; 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 809. 
 Effect of cause clearly appear- 
 ing. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 604. 
 Effect of allegation of specifie 
 acts. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.> 
 604. 
 Its applicability to street railways. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 604. 
 Cause within carrier's control. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 605; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 810. 
 Derailments. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 606; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 811. 
 Act of God. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 608. 
 Overturned stagecoach. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 608. 
 Collisions. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 608; 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 812. 
 With car of another company. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 609; 29 
 L,R.A.(N.S.) 813. 
 With objects on side of car- 
 riage. 15 L.R.A. 37. 
 With vehicles. 68 L.R.A. 799 : 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725; 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 610; 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 813. 
 Sudden starts, stops, jerks, 
 jolts, curves. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 611. 
 Sudden starts. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 611; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 814. . 
 Sudden stops. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 612; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 814. 
 Jerks. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1076; 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613; 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 509 
 
 BVIDENCE, III. g, 1, (b)— cont'd 
 
 Jolts. 7 L.E.A.{N.S.) 1076; 
 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 614. 
 Curves. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615; 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 815. 
 Escaping electricity. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 836; 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 760; 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 Explosions. 15 L.R.A. 38; 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 615; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 815. 
 Falling objects. 15 L.R.A. 38; 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 Acts of employees. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 617. 
 Ordinary operations. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 617; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 815. 
 Injury arising from movement of 
 
 carriage. 15 L.R.A. 35. 
 At stations; embarking and alight- 
 ing. 15 L.R.A. 38. 
 Cause of injury not within carrier's 
 control. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 618; 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816. 
 Elevators. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 748; 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 619; 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816. 
 Decisions under statutes. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 619; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 817. 
 Presumption of negligence in case of in- 
 jury to passenger by missile thrown 
 from outside. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 
 § 71. To freight or baggage. 
 
 As to negligence of carrier in transporta- 
 tion of goods. 13 L.R.A. 33.* 
 
 As to injury to livestock during transpor- 
 tation. 17 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Failure of carrier to deliver goods to con- 
 signee as prima facie evidence of negli- 
 gence and liability. 13 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Burden of proof as to negligence where 
 property is destroyed while in the pos- 
 sesion of a carrier holding as a ware- 
 houseman. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 975. 
 
 Burden of proof when the defense in an ac- 
 tion to recover for loss or injury to 
 goods during carriage is an act of God 
 or vi^ major. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 663. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to 
 where loss or damage occurred in case 
 of connecting carriers. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 102. 
 
 As to liability of common carrier for bag- 
 gage. 36 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 (c) Railroads; street raihvays. 
 
 § 72. Railroads. 
 
 Power of legislature to make injury to 
 person prima facie evidence of negli- 
 gence. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 226. 
 
 § 73. —injury to livestock. 
 
 In killing stock on track. 1 L.R.A. 448.* 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 
 livestock by railway trains. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 39. 
 Necessity of affirmative proof of negligence 
 
 in leaving gate of railroad fence open. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 638. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. g, 1, (c)— cont'd 
 Power of legislature to make killing of 
 stock prima facie (■vidence of negli- 
 gence. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 
 § 7 4. — flres. 
 
 Of railroad company in setting out fires. 
 1 L.R.A. 626.* 
 
 Presumption of negligence by railway fires. 
 15 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Power of legislature to make injury by 
 fire from locomotive prima facie evi- 
 dence of negligence. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 227. 
 
 Does presumption of negligence arising from 
 fact that fire was set by railroad com- 
 pany's locomotive necessarily make the 
 question of negligence one for the 
 jury. 5 L.R.A. {N.S.) 99. 
 
 § 75. Street railways. 
 
 In case of injury by defect in street rail- 
 way track. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 844. 
 
 As to negligence of street railway company 
 in case of defects in track or street. 52 
 L.R.A. 456. 
 
 § 7 5a. Elevated railways. 
 
 Rule of res ipsa loquitur as applied to per- 
 sonal injury by elevated railway com- 
 pany to person on surface of street. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 
 (d) On higlnvay. 
 
 § 7 6. Generally. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, § 267. 
 
 Presumption as to negligence in action for 
 injuries from defective streets. o 
 L.R.A. 255.* 
 
 Presumption of negligence from accident. 
 15 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Applicability of rule, Res ipsa loquitur, to 
 accidents on highway, due to dis- 
 ordered electrical appliances. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1178; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1043. 
 
 Presumption of neglfgence in case of auto- 
 mobile accident. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 496. 
 
 Applicability of rule, Res ipsa loquitur to 
 injury by automobile or other vehicle 
 on highway. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1177. 
 
 Applicability of maxim. Res ipsa loquitur, 
 to caving in or sinking of surface of 
 street. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1022. 
 
 May negligence be inferred from mere fact 
 that a horse runs away. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 171. 
 
 Leaving horse unhitched in highway as pri- 
 ma facie evidence of negligence. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 850. 
 
 (e) Of master. 
 
 § 7 7. Generally. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, § 268. 
 
 In case of injury to servant. 8 L.R.A. 636 ; * 
 13 L.R.A. 375.* 
 
 As to master's knowledge as element of neg- 
 ligence. 41 L.R.A. 149. 'j, 
 
510 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. g, 1, (e)— cont'd 
 
 As to care and selection of coemployee. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 717. 
 
 Applicability of maxim Res ipsa loquitur as 
 
 between master and servant. 6 
 
 L.E.A.{N.S.) 337; 16 L.R_A..(N.S.) 
 
 214. 
 
 Applicability to fall of bridge. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 591. 
 Applicability to fall of scaffold. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 586. 
 Presumption of negligence of master from 
 unexplained starting of machinery in- 
 juring servant. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298. 
 Pleading particular cause of injury as 
 waiver of right to rely on res ipsa lo- 
 quitur. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 788. 
 
 § 78. Incompetency of servant. 
 
 May incompetency of a minor to perform 
 the duties of a particular employment 
 be inferred from his minority alone. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 331. 
 
 May breach of duty to employ or retain 
 none but competent servants be inferred 
 from the fact of their incompetency. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 322. 
 
 Possible inference that accident to servant 
 was due to negligence of fellow serv- 
 ant. 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 354. 
 
 (f) Miscellaneotis, 
 
 § 7 9. Generally. 
 
 Necessity of proving negligence in mode of 
 keeping animal known to be dangerous. 
 2 B. R. C. 21. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from accident to 
 persons on defendant's premises and 
 elsewhere than in highway. 15 L.R.A. 
 34. 
 
 As to negligence of directors of corpora- 
 tion. 55 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 3. Contributory negligence, 
 (a) In general. 
 
 § 80. Generally. 
 
 Relevanev of evidence as to, see infra, 
 § 269. 
 
 Burden of proof as to contributory negli- 
 gence. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1085. 
 What is meant by burden of proof. 
 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1089. 
 Foundation of rules. 33 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 
 1091. 
 Presumptions of care and negligence. 
 33 L.R.A.(N,S.) 1097. 
 Relation to burden of proof. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1097. 
 Negative statement of the rule. 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) i:00. 
 The law does not presume neg- 
 ligence. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1100. 
 The law does not presume con- 
 tributory negligence. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1100. 
 The law does not presume free- 
 dom from contributory 
 negligence. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S) 1101. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every laiv question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, in. g, 2, (a)— cont'd 
 
 Positive statements of the rule. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1104. 
 Presumption that injured per- 
 son was guilty of negli- 
 gence. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1104. 
 Presumption that the injured 
 person was in the exercise 
 of due care. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1105. 
 Instinct of self-preservation. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1110. 
 Introductory statement. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1110. 
 Plaintiff entitled to presump- 
 tion although he has the 
 burden of proving due 
 care. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1111. 
 Plaintiff entitled to presump- 
 tion where burden of prov- 
 ing contributory negli- 
 gence is on defendant. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 Presumption not to stand for 
 proof of fact. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1116. 
 When presumption may be in- 
 voked. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1117. 
 Presumption based upon presump- 
 tion. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1118. 
 Rebuttal of presumption. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1119. 
 Jurisdictions holding burden on plain- 
 tiff. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1320. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1120. 
 Discharge of burden by circumstan- 
 tial evidence. 33'L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1138. 
 Injury to property. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1151. 
 Comparative negligence. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1151. 
 Pleading. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1152. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1152. 
 Knowledge of dangers or de- 
 fects. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1156. 
 General denial. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1157. 
 Shifting of burden. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1157. 
 Jurisdiction holding burden on defend- 
 ant. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1158. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1158. 
 May be sustained by circumstantial 
 evidence. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1177. 
 Burden in criminal cases. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1178. 
 Misleading instructions where bur- 
 den is on defendant. 33 L.R.A. 
 (•N.S.) 1178. 
 Effect of appearance of contribu- 
 tory negligence in plain- 
 tiff's own evidence. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1183. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. (N,S.) 
 1183. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 511 
 
 EVIDENCE, m. g, 2, (a)— cont'd 
 
 Shifting of the burden. 33 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1188. 
 Pleading. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201. 
 Allegation of due care. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201. 
 Allegation of knowledge of 
 dangers and defects. 33 
 _L.R.A.(N.S.) 1203. 
 Availability of defense under 
 ' , general denial. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1205. 
 Effect of allegations in com- 
 plaint showing contribu- 
 tory negligence. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1210. 
 Effect of allegation in com- 
 plaint of freedom from 
 fault. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1211. 
 Miscellaneous rules. 33 L.R.A. (N.S) 
 1211. 
 Exercise of due care by plaintiff 
 after defendant's negli- 
 gence. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1211. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1211. 
 Actions for malpractice. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1213. 
 Rule under special contracts. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1213. 
 Right to peremptory instructions. 
 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1214. 
 Statutes. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1214. 
 
 Acts fixing burden of proof. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1214. 
 Indiana. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1214. 
 North Carolina. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1217. 
 Oklahoma. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1218. 
 •»" Effect of statutes on presump- 
 
 tion. 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 1218. 
 Employers' liability acts. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1218. 
 Fellow-servant act. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1219. 
 The Georgia and Florida acts. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1220. 
 Statutory duty acts. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1225. 
 Statutory actions for death. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1230. 
 Acts relating to pleading. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1233. 
 As to intoxication as affecting negligence. 
 40 L.E.A. 142. 
 
 § 81. Of person killed by another's 
 negligence. 
 
 As to exercise of due care by person found 
 to have been killed through al- 
 leged negligence of another. 10 
 L.R.A. 261. 
 Burden on plaintiff. 16 L.R.A. 264. 
 Method of sustaining burden. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 264. 
 Failure of suit. 16 L.R.A. 265. 
 Consult also ly.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. g, 2, (a)— cont'd 
 
 Applications of the rule. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 266. 
 How far jury may draw inference 
 
 of due care. 16 L.R.A. 266. 
 Special circumstances which relieve 
 
 from care. 16 L.R.A. 267. 
 Circumstances showing negligence. 
 16 L.R.A. 267. 
 Burden on defendant. 16 L.R.A. 267. 
 Presumption of care. 16 L.R.A. 261. 
 Application of presumption; ques- 
 tion for court or jury. 16 
 L.R.A. 261. 
 Weight of presumption. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 263. 
 Overcoming presumption. 16 L.R.A. 
 263. 
 Presumption of negligence. 16 L.R.A. 
 263. 
 Right to rely on presumption of self-preser- 
 vation in an action for negligent kill- 
 ing, in order to prevent nonsuit, where 
 there were no eyewitnesses to the kill- 
 ing. 11 L.E.A.(N.S.) 844. 
 Presumption of care of person killed at rail- 
 road crossing. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 344. 
 
 (b) On highway. 
 
 § 82. Generally. 
 
 As to contributory negligence in action for 
 injuries from defective street. 5 L.R.A. 
 255.* 
 
 Burden of proving contributory negligence 
 on defective highway. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1260. 
 
 Burden of proof as to contributory negli- 
 gence in action against municipality on 
 account of defects and obstructions in 
 streets. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 673. 
 
 Right of pedestrian to rely upon presump- 
 tion of exercise of due care by one driv- 
 ing in street. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 166. 
 
 (c) Of servant, 
 
 §83. Generally. 
 
 Presumption of contributory negligence 
 from servant's knowledge of defects 
 and resulting dangers. 49 L.R.A. 37. 
 Burden of proof as to contributory negli- 
 fellow servant act. 33 
 1219. 
 
 as to contributory negli- 
 employers' liability acts. 
 1218. 
 servant's knowledge 
 
 gence under 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 Burden of proof 
 
 gence under 
 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 Presumption as to 
 
 that molten metal is liable to explode. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 953. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to ca- 
 pacity of minor servant to comprehend 
 
 and avoid danger. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 487. 
 Possible inference that accident to servant 
 
 was due to his own negligence. 6 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 354. 
 
512 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. g, 2— cont'd 
 (d) Of parent. 
 
 § 84. Generally. 
 
 Unexplained presence of unattended child 
 non sui juris in place of danger as 
 prima facie evidence of negligence on 
 part of parents. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 395. 
 
 H. As to official acts. 
 
 § 85. Generally. 
 
 As to performance of official duty. 10 
 L.R.A. 857.* 
 
 Presumption of, to regularity of proceed- 
 ings before grand jury. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 684. 
 
 Statute creating conclusive presumption as 
 to validity of tax sale under proceed- 
 ings void for jurisdictional defects 
 where possession has not been taken. 8 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 157. 
 
 § 86. Burden of proof in action to re- 
 cover for failure to execute process. 
 
 Mesne process. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 420. 
 Final process. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 422. 
 Damages. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 422. 
 Return. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 427. 
 Excusing nonreturn. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 429. 
 Interference by plaintiff. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 430. 
 Judgment and execution. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 430. 
 Delivery to sheriff. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 431. 
 Suretyship. 3' L.R.A. (N.S.) 432. 
 
 g 87. Judicial matters. 
 
 As to jurisdiction of tribunal. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 574.* 
 Presumption as to jurisdiction where record 
 
 shows defect. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740. 
 In favor of judgment. 11 L.R.A. 159.* 
 
 § 88. Prom judgment. 
 
 Judgment as prima facie evidence of debt. 
 67 L.R.A. 590. 
 
 Judgment against officer as prima facie 
 evidence against surety on official bond. 
 52 L.R.A. 170, 184, 187. 
 
 Judgment against one as prima facie evi- 
 dence of amount of damages against 
 another liable over who had no notice 
 of the original suit. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 911. 
 
 i. As to rights, contracts, instruments, 
 and property. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 89. Generally. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to contracts, see 
 
 infra, XII. 1. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to contracts, see 
 
 infra, XIII. f. 
 As to conveyances in fraud of creditors, see 
 
 supra, §§ 48-50. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. 1, 1— cont'd 
 
 Burden of proof in suit for relief from 
 mistake of la;w as to effect of instru- 
 ment. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 915. 
 
 As to intent characterizing omission of in- 
 ternal revenue stamp. 48 L.R.A. 309. 
 
 As to affixing of internal revenue stamp. 
 48 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 Presumption as to character of subterranean 
 water. 19 L.E.A. 98. 
 
 Burden of proving what are depot grounds 
 within meaning of fence laws. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 215. 
 
 As to sale of expectancy by prospective heir. 
 33 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Presumption of gift by wife to husband on 
 investment by him in his own name of 
 wife's separate property in real estate. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 381; 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 161. 
 
 As to existence of trust arising out of trans- 
 action between relatives. 2 L.R.A. 816.* 
 
 As to breach of condition in policy. 13 
 L.R.A. 263.* 
 
 Inference as to character of transaction 
 arising from fact that it was on mar- 
 gin. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 174. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to ac- 
 count stated. 29 L.E.A.(N.S.) 348. 
 
 § 90. As to consideration. 
 
 Parol evidence as to, see infra, VII, g. 
 
 As to consideration when none acknowl- 
 edged on face of contract. 12 L.R.A. 
 845.* 
 
 For indorsement of note. 12 L.R.A. 845.* 
 
 § 91. Alteration of instruments. 
 
 Presumption as to alteration of typewritten 
 
 instrument made in duplicate. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 680. 
 Burden of explaining erasures or alterations 
 
 appearing on face of will. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 184. 
 
 § 91a, — as to time of. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 
 written instrument and its effect 
 
 on burden of proof. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 100. 
 
 Introduction and general principles. 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 100. 
 Alteration apparent on face of instru- 
 ment. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103. 
 General rules and their ordinary 
 application. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 103. 
 Presumption in favor of in- 
 strument. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 103. 
 Presumption against instru- 
 ment. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 107. 
 No presumption. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 112. 
 Special circumstances and cases. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 113. 
 Suspicious alteration. 39 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 113. 
 Act of public officer. 39 L.R.A. 
 114. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.Rj>L. NOTES. 
 
 S13 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. i, 1— cont'd 
 
 Alteration immaterial to issue. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 115. 
 Alteration not apparent on face of in- 
 strument. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 
 § 92. Contracts of employment. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, § 310. 
 
 Presumption as to contract being that of an 
 independent contractor. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 372. 
 
 Presumption of agreement to pay for serv- 
 ices rendered by relative or member of 
 household. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 873. 
 
 Rebuttal of presumption as to the gratui- 
 tous character of services rendered by 
 relative or member of household, by 
 proof of an agreement to remunerate 
 them. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 891. 
 
 Necessity of proving that intention to charge 
 for services rendered by relative or 
 member of household was entertained at 
 the time of tlieir rendition. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 911. 
 
 Presumption of condonation of servant's 
 breach of duty from mere retention. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1005. 
 
 In action by wrongfully discharged servant 
 for damages from breach of contract. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68. 
 
 Burden of proof of defensive matters in ac- 
 tion for damages for wrongful dis- 
 charge of servant. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 81. 
 
 Burden of proving other employment in 
 mitigation or reduction of damages for 
 wrongful discliarge of servant. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 108. 
 
 Necessity of showing that alleged dissatis- 
 faction was covered by contract con- 
 taining stipulations permitting rescis- 
 sion by employer if worlc was not satis- 
 factorily performed. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 415. 
 
 § 93. Dedication. 
 
 Of dedication from user. 6 L.R.A. 261.* 
 
 8 94. Abandonment. 
 
 Of abandonment of highway. 18 L.R.A. 
 146. 
 By nonuser or otherwise than by acts 
 of public authorities. 26 L.R.A. 
 450. 
 Presumption of abandonment of easement 
 from failure to maintain same. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 832. 
 
 2. Different instruments. 
 
 § 95. Bills and notes. 
 
 Parol evidence as to, see infra, VII. f. 
 
 As to lost note. 16 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 In favor of holder of commercial paper. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 677;* 17 L.R.A. 326. 
 Presumption as to fraud in inspection of 
 
 negotiable instrument. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 679;* 17 L.R.A. 328. 
 That new promise to pay note after notice 
 
 of dishonor was made with knowledge 
 
 of laches. 29 L.R.A. 314. 
 Consult also L.B.A.. Digests to date. 33 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. i, 2— cont'd 
 
 Does the fact that a negotiable instrument 
 was, contrary to agreement, trajisferred 
 before the happening of a certain con- 
 tingency impose the burden of proof as 
 to bona fides upon the holder. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 718. 
 
 Does the fact that a name signed to a bill 
 or note below the signature of another 
 obligor is that of a partnership raise a 
 presumption that it is a surety only. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 426. 
 
 § 9 6. — of dishonor. 
 
 Conduct from which notice of dishonor 
 may be presumed. 29 L.R.A. 311. 
 
 Presumption of diligence in presentation 
 and notice of dishonor. 29 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 § 9 7. — as to indorsement. 
 
 Parol evidence as to, see infra, § 170. 
 
 As to consideration for indorsement. 12 
 
 L.E.A. 845.* 
 As to date of indorsement. 18 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 § 9 8. — in action by purchaser. 
 
 Presumption arising from possession. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 326. 
 Onus on maker to rebut the presumption. 
 17 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 Circumstances which will overcome 
 presumption. 17 L.R.A. 327. 
 Holder must prove bona fides. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 328. 
 Fraud or illegality in the inception of the 
 
 instrument. 10 L.R.A. 679; 17 L.R.A. 
 
 328. 
 
 § 99. Bonds. 
 
 As to lien of bottomry bonds. 70 L.R.A. 
 428. 
 
 Presumptions and burden of proof as to ef- 
 fect of delivery of bond unsigned by 
 principal obligor. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1121. 
 
 § 100. Deeds. 
 
 Presumption from tax deed, see infra, § 
 105a. 
 
 As to acceptance of assignment or deed of 
 trust for creditors. 24 L.R.A. 370. 
 
 Presumption of acceptance of deed deliv- 
 ered to third person. 54 L.R.A. 892. 
 
 § 101. —of <T' "vy. 
 
 As to delivery of di'od. 12 L.R.A. 176.* 
 As to delivery of deed, from record. 54 
 L.R.A. 884; 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 224. 
 
 § 102. Wills. 
 
 As to testamentary capacity, see supra, § 
 
 39. 
 As to testator's intent, see supra, § 42. 
 As to undue influence, see supra, § 53. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to wills, see infra, 
 
 XIII. g. 
 
 Ah to probate of will in other state. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 136. 
 As to fraud respecting will. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 737. 
 
514 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. i, 2 — cont'd 
 § 103. —revocation. 
 
 As to revocation of missing will. 38 
 L.R.A. 433. 
 Rebutting presumption. 38 L.R.A. 
 434. 
 By showing declarations of testa- 
 tor. 38 L.R.A. 436. 
 When there is more than one will. 
 38 L.R.A. 438. 
 Eflfect of unfulfilled intention to execute 
 new will on presumptive revocation of 
 old one. 2 B. R. C. 538. 
 Burden of explaining erasures or altera- 
 tions appearing on face of. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 184. ■ 
 
 3. Ownership; title; possession; occu- 
 pation. 
 
 g 104. Generally. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, § 
 281. 
 
 Rebuttal of presumption that title of 
 ground bounded on river goes to center. 
 42 L.R.A. 506. 
 
 Right of one in possession to maintain ac- 
 tion for nuisance without proving title. 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 
 Necessity that plaintiff in ejectment prove 
 title. 18 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 Burden of proof in detinue. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1276. 
 
 Burden of showing that use on which ease- 
 ment is claimed was permissive and 
 not under claim of right. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 149. 
 
 Establishment of prima facie title in plain- 
 tiff in ejectment by conveyance or chain 
 of conveyances not running back to 
 sovereignty or common source of title. 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 404; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1100. 
 
 Presumption as to adverse possession by 
 tenant holding over. 53 L.R.A. 949. 
 
 Presumption as to common hoard when 
 earnings of both spouses or of family 
 are invested in the name of one spouse. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 713. 
 
 Burden of proof where marketability of 
 title is questioned. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 39. 
 
 Marketability of title subject to defeat by 
 birth of person not in being as af- 
 fected by presumption that possibility 
 of issue is extinct. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 35. 
 
 As to change in character of occupation of 
 premises. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 724. 
 
 Presumption as to occupation of premises 
 as a servant or as a tenant. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 723. 
 
 § 105. Presumption from possession. 
 
 Presumption of fraud as to creditors from 
 retention of possession, see supra, § 
 49. 
 
 Presumption arising from possession of 
 note in action by purchaser. 17 L.R.A. 
 326. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. i, 3— cont'd 
 
 Presumption of ouster of one tenant in 
 common from long-continued undis- 
 turbed possession of another. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 185. 
 
 Inference of intent to sell Intoxicating 
 liquor. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 534. 
 
 § 105a. From tax deed. 
 
 Tax deed as presumptive evidence of title. 
 2 L.R.A. 773,* 774.* 
 
 Tax deed as prima facie evidence of truth 
 of its recitals. 2 L.R.A. 774.* 
 
 Tax deed as prima facie evidence of pre- 
 requisites complied with. 2 L.R.A. 
 773.* 
 
 j. Payment; value. 
 
 § 106. Payment. 
 
 Generally. 1 L.R.A. 628.* 
 
 Of judgment. 10 L.R.A. 454.* 
 
 Of mortgage. 1 L.R.A. 346.* 
 
 Presumption as to payment by giving of 
 
 commercial paper. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 98. 
 
 § 107. Value. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, § 
 262. 
 
 Allowance for physician's services in action 
 for personal injuries without evidence 
 of tlieir value. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 920. 
 
 § 107a. Damages. 
 
 Burden of proof as to profits in suit for 
 
 profits from infringement of patent 
 
 or copyright. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 653. 
 When improvement only is patented. 
 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 656. 
 When patent covers entire machine. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 658. 
 When patent covers design. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 658. 
 Where profits confused in business. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 658. 
 Necessity for evidence as to amount of fu- 
 neral and medical expenses of person 
 negligently killed. 2 B. R. C. 720. 
 
 fc. Miscellaneous civil matters. 
 
 § 108. Generally. 
 
 Presumption of release. 1 L.R.A. 191.* 
 
 As to intoxicating character of liquor. 20 
 L.R.A. 648. 
 
 As to public character of purpose for which 
 power of eminent domain is exercised. 
 49 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 As to time to which contingency of death of 
 legatee or devisee without child or is- 
 sue on which gift is conditioned is re- 
 ferable. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1045. 
 
 Inference as to character of transaction 
 arising from fact that it was on mar- 
 gin. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 174. 
 
 Presumption of correctness of statement of 
 account from retention without objec- 
 tion. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 348. 
 
IJSTDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 515 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. k— cont'd 
 
 Effect of failure to prove filing of claims 
 by creditors and insufficiency of assets 
 in action by trustee in bankruptcy to 
 recover assets of estate, set aside pref- 
 erence, or recover property fraudulent- 
 ly transferred by bankrupt. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 350. 
 
 § 109. Necessity. 
 
 As to necessity of obstructing street. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 559. 
 Must the plaintiff in an action against an 
 
 infant for necessaries furnished show 
 
 them actually to have been required. 
 
 1 B. E. C. 156. 
 
 § 110. Keasonableness. 
 
 Of reasonableness of license fees. 30 
 L.R.A. 432. 
 
 Presumption as to reasonableness of rail- 
 road rates prescribed by state for local 
 traflBc. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 108; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1001. 
 
 § 111. Matters between husband and 
 wite. 
 
 As to whether husband furnished wife with 
 
 suitable support. 65 L.R.A. 538. 
 As to husband's failure to properly furnish 
 
 necessaries for wife while living with 
 
 him. 65 L.R.A. 538, 548. 
 Presumption that debts contracted during 
 
 marriage are common debts. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 235. 
 
 I. Criminal matters. 
 
 § 112. Generally. 
 
 As to sanity of accused, see supra, § 40. 
 Presumption of malice from killing, see 
 
 supra, § 44. 
 Relevancy of evidence in, see infra, XII. 
 
 o. 
 Weight and sufficiency of evidence in, see 
 
 infra, XIII, i. 
 
 As to natural consequences of acts, in crim- 
 inal cases. 11 L.R.A. 810.* 
 Effect of admission to change burden of 
 
 proof in criminal case. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 562. 
 Power of legislature to enact prima facie 
 
 rules of evidence for criminal cases. 2 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1007. 
 Burden of proving contributory negligence 
 
 in criminal cases. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1178. 
 Burden of proving injury from separation 
 
 of jury in capital case. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) '779. 
 As to criminal responsibility of children. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 196. 
 Presumption as to incorporation in crimi- 
 nal cases. 22 L.R.A. 278. 
 Necessity of proving that person bore both 
 
 real name and the alias by which the 
 
 indictment purports to describe him. 
 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.)' 134. 
 Presumption as to buiglary from possession 
 
 of reeentlv stolen property. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 200. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. 1— cont'd 
 
 Burden of proving guilt of one in posses- 
 sion of recently stolen property. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S. J 219. 
 
 Burden of provmg that weapon was not 
 loaded in prosecution for assault with 
 firearm. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 975. 
 
 Burden of proof on application for bail in 
 capital case. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 772. 
 
 § 113. As to confessions. 
 
 As to confessions generally, see infra, IX. 
 
 Presumption as to character of confession. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 783. 
 
 Presumption as to voluntariness of subse- 
 quent confessions. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 857. 
 
 § 114. As to alibi. 
 
 Sufficiency of proof as to, see infra, § 317. 
 
 Burden of proof as to alibi. 41 L.R.A. 534. 
 
 § 115. As to corpus delicti. 
 
 Relevancy 6f evidence as to, see infra, § 
 
 285. 
 Sufficiency of proof, see infra, § 318. 
 
 Necessity of proving. 68 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 In larceny. 68 L.R.A. 48, 54; 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 536. 
 
 In bigamy. 68 L.R.A. 42. 
 
 In adultery. 68 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 In arson. 68 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 In homicide. 68 L.R.A. 35, 46, 53. 
 Other crimes. 68 L.R.A. 49, 55. 
 
 § 116. In prosecution for homicide. 
 
 Presumption of malice from act of killing, 
 
 see supra, § 44. 
 Relevancy of evidence in, see infra, § 286. 
 Sufficiency of proof, see infra, § 326. 
 
 Necessity of proving corpus delicti. 68 
 L.R.A. 35, 46, 53. 
 
 Burden of proof in case of homicide by mis- 
 adventure. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.} 1161. 
 
 Burden of proof of freedom from fault in 
 ease of homicide on plea of self-defense. 
 45 L.RA. 706. 
 
 Burden of proving self-defense by prepon- 
 derance of evidence in prosecution for 
 homicide. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 492. 
 
 Presumption as to distinctive elements of 
 murder in first degree from use of 
 deadly weapon. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 
 § 117. In prosecution for sale of 
 liquor. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, § 327. 
 
 Power of legislature to make possession of 
 
 intoxicating liquor prima facie evidence 
 
 of an attempt to violate the law against 
 
 illegal sales. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 626. 
 
 Inference of intent to sell intoxicating 
 
 liquor. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 534. 
 
 Burden of proof as to license or permit in 
 
 prosecution for sale of intoxicating 
 
 liquor without a license. 36 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 98. 
 
 Official agency. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 100. 
 
510 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, III. 1— cont'd 
 
 Agents or servants. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 100. 
 Airter and abettor. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 100, 
 Special verdict 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 100. 
 Reasons for the rule. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 101. 
 Doctrine that burden is on prosecution. 
 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 Rule under particular statutes. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 102. 
 
 IV. Best and secondary evidence. 
 
 § 118. Generally. 
 
 Efifect of omission of stamp from instrument 
 on admissibility as primary or second- 
 ary evidence. 48 L.R.A. 310. 
 
 Rebuttal of presumption of fraud in de- 
 stroying primary evidence as condition 
 of admission of secondary evidence. 34 
 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 Use of ledgers as secondary evidence. 52 
 L.R.A. 581 
 
 Photograph as secondary evidence. 35 
 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 Oral testimony of dying declarations re- 
 duced to writing. 56 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 Secondary evidence of contents of will lost 
 after probating or filing for record. 38 
 L.R.A. 456. 
 
 Secondary, to identify record of justice of 
 peace. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 652. 
 
 Admissibility of secondary evidence of writ- 
 ing of privileged character of which a 
 third person has power of disclosure. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 484. 
 
 Mode of proving the mailing of notice of 
 maturity of premiums or assessments. 
 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 238. 
 
 § 119. Oral proof of foreign laws. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 20. 
 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. 451. 
 
 The unwritten or common law — Leai non 
 
 scripta. 25 L.R.A. 451. 
 The written law — Lex scripta. 25 L.R.A. 
 454. 
 
 Of sister states. 25 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 Of foreign countries. 25 L.R.A. 460. 
 Modifications of the common law. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 462. 
 Construction of written laws. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 462. 
 Proof of practice under statutes. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 462. 
 State statutes. 25 L.R.A. 462. 
 The English doctrine. 25 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 § 12 0. As to books of account. 
 
 With respect to books of account generally, 
 see infra, V. g. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence of books of ac- 
 count produced on notice. 52 L.R.A. 
 602. 
 Secondary evidence of contents of absent 
 books of account. 52 L.R.A. 604. 
 Oral evidence generally. 52 L.R.A. 604. 
 Copies and transcripts. 52 L.R.A. 605. 
 Begin witli this book on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Where originals are lost or de- 
 stroyed. 52 L.R.A. 605. 
 Where originals are beyond juris- 
 diction of court. 52 L.R.A. 
 605. 
 Necessity for properly keeping 
 
 original. 52 L.R.A. 606. 
 
 Correctness of copy. 52 L.R.A. 607. 
 
 Rule under Pennsylvania alEdavit 
 
 of defense law. 52 L.R.A. 608. 
 
 Admissibility of statements taken from 
 
 partnership books of accounts. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 847. 
 
 § 12 0a. Notice to produce. 
 
 Use in evidence of books produced on. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 602. 
 Notice to produce document as making it 
 
 admissible in favor of producer. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 553. 
 
 § 121. Copies. 
 
 Proof of copies of genuine handwriting. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 314. 
 Proof of lost or destroyed will by copy or 
 
 draft. 38 L.R.A. 448. 
 Copies of documents made by mechanical 
 
 means, as originals. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 343. 
 Admissibility in evidence of copies of recorda 
 
 of other states. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 938. 
 
 V. Documentary evidence, 
 a. In general, 
 
 § 122. Generally. 
 
 Documentary evidence as best evidence, see 
 
 supra, IV. 
 Weight and sufficiency of, see infra, XIII. 
 
 e. 
 
 Injunction against use of document. 51 
 L.R.A. 754. 
 
 Effect of omission of stamp upon use of in- 
 strument as evidence. 48 L.R.A. 310. 
 
 Use of documents before grand jury. 28 
 L.E.A. 320. 
 
 Aiding the interpretation of building con- 
 tract by extrinsic documents or exam- 
 ples. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1007. 
 
 Right of party producing documents upon 
 notice, to use and control their use as 
 evidence. 15 L.R.A. 138. 
 
 § 123. Attested instruments. 
 
 Necessity of calling subscribing witnesses to 
 prove. 35 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Statutes allowing parties to testify. 35 
 L.R.A.' 325. 
 
 When the witnesses are temporarily ab- 
 sent. 35 L.R.A. 325. 
 
 Where the witness cannot be had. 35 
 L.E.A. 326. 
 
 Where the witness becomes blind or in- 
 sane. 35 L.R.A. 336. 
 
 Where the witness is incompetent or 
 interested. 35 L.R.A. 336. 
 As executor or administrator. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 336. 
 By marriage. 35 L.R.A. 337. 
 
INDEX TO' L.Rji. NOTES. 
 
 517 
 
 EVIDENCE, V. a— cont'd 
 
 By acquiring an interest after at- 
 testation. 35 L.E.A. 337. 
 At the time of attestation. 35 
 
 L.E.A. 338. 
 For other reasons. 35 L.R.A. 338. 
 Where the instrument cannot be had. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 338. 
 Where evidence of the witness's hand- 
 writing cannot be had. 35 L.R.A. 
 340. 
 Deposition of witness. 35 L.R.A. 340. 
 Proof by one witness. 35 L.R.A. 341. 
 Ancient documents. 35 L.R.A. 341. 
 Apparent attestations which are not 
 
 valid. 35 L.R.A. 345. 
 Admissions by adverse party. 35 L.R.A. 
 346. 
 Generally. 35 L.R.A. 346. 
 Admissions in court. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 347. 
 Failure to produce instruments on 
 
 notice. 35 L.R.A. 348. 
 Instruments produced on notice. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 348. 
 Where one instrument refers to a 
 prior one. 35 L.R.A. 349. 
 Where instruments are used collateral- 
 ly. 35 L.R.A. 350. 
 Signature by mark. 35 L.R.A. 350. 
 
 Where the party signed by mark. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 350. 
 Where the witness signed by mark. 
 35 L.R.A. 351. 
 Proof of signature by mark wlien attesting 
 witnesses thereto are dead or can- 
 not remember the transaction. 44 
 L.R.A. 142. 
 Of testator. 44 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Where the attesting witness ia 
 
 dead. 44 L.R.A. 142. 
 Where the attesting witness is for- 
 getful. 44 L.R.A. 142. 
 Of maker of other instruments. 44 
 L.R.A. 146. 
 Where the attesting witness is 
 
 dead. 44 L.R.A. 146. 
 Where the attesting witness is for- 
 getful. 44 L.R.A. 147. 
 
 § 12 4. Effect of calling for and in- 
 specting document to make it com- 
 petent. 
 
 In favor of party calling. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 552. 
 In favor of producer. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 553. 
 Mere notice to produce. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 553. 
 Rule that inspection renders paper ad- 
 missible. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 553. 
 Limits of rule. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 555. 
 Rule that inspection does not make 
 paper admissible. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 555. 
 Miscellaneous. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 556. 
 
 § 125. Documents taken from defend- 
 ant. 
 
 Admissibility against defendant of docu- 
 ments taken from him. 59 L.R.A. 467; 
 8 L.R.A.(N.8.) 762; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 58. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, v.— cont'd 
 b. Records, reports, and orders; legis- 
 lative journals. 
 
 § 126. Records. 
 
 Record of mining claim as evidence. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 879. 
 
 Train despateher's record as evidence. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1190. 
 
 May records of sales of liquor which a 
 druggist is required by law to keep 
 be used as evidence against him in a 
 criminal prosecution. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 818. 
 
 Effect of public record 4,3 notice or evi- 
 dence of notice to start statute of limi- 
 tations against action based on fraud. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 208. 
 
 § 12 7. —of deeds. 
 
 Admissibility of record, or copy of record, 
 of deed, to prove deed under which 
 party offering it claims. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 438. 
 
 In absence of statutory regulations. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 438. 
 
 When regulated by statute. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 440. 
 
 § 128. —of other states. 
 Admissibility of copies of records of other 
 states. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 The Constitution and Federal statutes. 
 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 939. 
 Effect of statutes on other methods of 
 
 proof. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 940. 
 In general. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 940. 
 Authentication under state stat- 
 utes. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 941. 
 Authentication by common law. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 943. 
 To what courts and records the stat- 
 utes apply. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 944. 
 Rule as to Federal courts. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 944. 
 Rule as to state records offered in 
 
 Federal courts. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 946. 
 Rule as to Federal records offered 
 
 in state courts. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 947. 
 Rule as to territorial courts. 5 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 948. 
 Rule as to courts of chancery and 
 
 probate. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 948. 
 Rule as to inferior courts. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 949. 
 Rule as to records of private docu- 
 ments. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 954. 
 Rule as to records of seceding 
 
 states. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 954. 
 What may be authenticated as part 
 
 of judicial record. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 954. 
 Construction of statutes; formalities of 
 
 authenticatiin. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 955. 
 Certification by clerk or keeper of 
 
 records. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 955. 
 Certification bv deputy. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 957 
 
fil8 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, V. b— cont'd 
 
 Certification by governor. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 959. 
 Certification by judge. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 959. 
 In general. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 959. 
 Must be by "tlie judge, chief 
 justice, or presiding mag- 
 istrate." 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 960. 
 Must be by judge of court of 
 the record. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 963. 
 Must state clerk's attestation 
 to be in due form. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 965. 
 Certification by one acting in dou- 
 ble capacity of judge and cleric. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 967. 
 Certification where records have 
 been transferred. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 969. 
 The seal. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 969. 
 Authentication as a whole. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 In general. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 970. 
 Completeness of copy or tran- 
 script. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 972. 
 Authentications held sufficient. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.)-973. 
 Foundation necessary for admission of 
 copies of records in evidence. 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 975. 
 As to nonjudicial records. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 975. 
 As to judicial records. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 980. 
 In general. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 980. 
 Where records have been trans- 
 ferred to another court. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 982. 
 Objections to admissibility; how lost 
 or waived. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 983. 
 
 § 12 9. Legislative journals. 
 
 Conclusiveness of enrolled bill, see infra, 
 § 308a. 
 
 Of legislative journals. 23 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 § 130. Reports; orders. 
 
 Admissibility of report by agent or em- 
 ployee to employer to prove facts in 
 issue. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 231; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 930. 
 
 Order of court. 12 L.R.A. 556.* 
 
 c. Judgments; findings; pleadings. 
 
 § 131. Judgments. 
 
 Weight and sufficiency of, see infra, § 306. 
 
 Judgment against officer as evidence against 
 surety on official bond. 52 L.R.A. 165, 
 184, 187. 
 
 Judgment against one as prima facie evi- 
 dence of amount of damages against an- 
 other liable over who had no notice of 
 the original suit. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 911. 
 
 Begin with this hook, on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, V. c— cont'd 
 
 § 132. — in criminal prosecution. 
 
 Admissibility in a criminal prosecution of 
 a judgment rendered in a civil ac- 
 tion. 26 L.E,.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 Admissibility in general. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 461. 
 As proof of insanity. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 463. 
 As proof of former marriage on trial 
 for bigamy. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 464. 
 To prove divorce obtained before 
 alleged bigamous marriage. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 465. 
 On trial for perjury. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 465. 
 
 § 133. Findings. 
 
 Admissibility of coroner's finding to show 
 cause of death. 68 L.R.A. 285. 
 
 § 133a. Pleadings. 
 
 Use of plea of nolo contendere against de- 
 fendant or third person in another pro- 
 ceeding. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 73, 74. 
 
 d. Depositions and affidavits, 
 
 § 134. Generally. 
 
 See Deposition, § 3. 
 
 K. Memoranda; receipts. 
 
 § 135. Memoranda. 
 
 Use of memoranda. 28 L.R.A. 143. 
 Admissibility of memoranda on check stubs. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 727. 
 As evidence of cash transactions. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 728. 
 As part of the res gestae. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 728. 
 As memorandum of weight or quantity. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729. 
 As declaration against interest. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729. 
 Statute. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 729. 
 Admissibility of insurance agent's memo- 
 randa as to policies and risks. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1169. 
 Admissibility in evidence of books of ac- 
 count containing entries transferred 
 from. 52 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 § 136. Receipts. 
 
 As evidence of payment as against third 
 parties. 29 L.R.A. 737. 
 Ordinary receipts. 29 L.R.A. 737. 
 Not admissible. 29 L.R.A. 737. 
 Admissible. 29 L.R.A. 739. 
 Receipts in deeds. 29 L.R.A. 740. 
 Right of insurance company to rely on 
 clause giving it option as to payee of 
 proceeds of policy and making receipt 
 conclusive evidence of payment to 
 proper person. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 928. 
 
 f. Letters; telegrams. 
 
 § 13 7. Letters. 
 
 Admissibility of, as proof of partnership, 
 20 L.R.A. 598. 
 
INDEX TO L.R^. NOTES. 
 
 519 
 
 EVIDENCE, V. f— cont'd 
 
 Necessity of proof of genuineness of reply 
 
 letter. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 229. 
 Admissibility of insurance agent's letters 
 
 as to policies and risks. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1169. 
 
 § 1S8. Telegrams. 
 
 Admissibility of telegram on behalf of per- 
 son receiving it in reply to another. 44 
 L.E.A. 438. 
 
 g. Account books. 
 
 § 139. Generally. 
 
 Books of account of corporation. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 473.* 
 Authentication of books of account and 
 entries as affecting admissibility in evi- 
 dence. 52 L.R.A. 590. 
 Admissibility of, in evidence in case of 
 money loaned or payments made by 
 party whose books are offered. 2 L.R.A. 
 _(^\S.) 401. 
 Admissibility, upon testimony of book- 
 keeper, of entries in a party's books 
 of account, based upon oral or 
 written statements bv others. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 899. 
 Originality of enti ies. 36 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 899. 
 Personal knowledge of the bookkeeper. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 900. 
 Statements to bookkeeper verified 
 by makers. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 902. 
 
 § 140. Partnership books. 
 
 General rules as to admissibility. 52 L.R.A. 
 833. 
 To prove partnership affairs. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 833. 
 To prove or disprove partnership. 52 
 L.R.A. 834. 
 In favor of the partnership or a partner. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 836. 
 Against the partnership or a partner. 52 
 L.R.A. 838. 
 The general rule. 52 L.R.A. 838. 
 Access and effect of nonaccess. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 840. 
 Against a special or dormant partner. 
 52 L.R.A. 841. 
 -As between the partners. • 52 L.R.A. 842. 
 General rules as to admissibility. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 842. 
 Consideration in construction of part- 
 nership agreement. 52 L.R.A. 845. 
 Access and effect of nonaccess. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 845. 
 The rule as applied to entries by sur- 
 viving or liquidating partner. 52 
 L.R.A. 846. 
 Admissibility of statements taken from 
 
 books. 52 L.R.A. 847. 
 Actions between partners other than 
 for an accounting. 52 L.R.A. 848. 
 Admissibility in evidence of partnership 
 
 books of account. 53 L.R.A. 538. I 
 
 Entries in partnership books of account as 
 admissions or as creating an estoppel. 
 53 L.R.A. 534. ' 
 
 Consult also L.B./L. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, V. g— cont'd 
 
 Admissibility of entries in partnership 
 
 books of account by absent or deceased 
 
 partner. 52 L.R.A. 561. 
 Admissibility of entry of sale and delivery 
 
 of goods in books of account to charge 
 
 copartnership. 52 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 § 141. Party's books as evidence in 
 his own favor. 
 
 General doctrines independent of, and under, 
 statutes. 52 L.R.A. 546. 
 Entries made by the party himself. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 546. 
 Entries by party who has since de- 
 ceased. 52 L.R.A. 558. 
 Rule at common law. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 558. 
 Rule under statutes. 52 L.R.A. 
 560. 
 Entries by party who has since become 
 
 insane. 52 L.R.A. 561. 
 Entries in partnership books by absent 
 or deceased partner. 52 L.R.A. 
 501. 
 Entries made by bookkkeeper. 52 
 L.R.A. 562. 
 Rule at common law. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 562. 
 Rule under statutes. 52 L.R.A. 
 566. 
 Effect of statute making party compe- 
 tent witness for self. 52 L.R.A. 
 567. 
 Effect of statute prohibiting party from 
 
 testifying. 52 L.R.A. 568. 
 Effect of statute of limitations. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 569. 
 Effect of amount in controversy. 52 
 L.R.A. 569. 
 Rule where party keeps a clerk. 52 L.R.A. 
 570. 
 Generally. 52 L.R.A. 570. 
 Who are clerks. 52 L.R.A. 571. 
 Form and requisites generally. 52 L.R.A. 
 572. 
 Form and construction of books. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 572. 
 Form of entry. 52 L.R.A. 573. 
 Generally. 52 L.R.A. 573. 
 Pencil entries. 52 L.R.A. 573. 
 Use of abbreviations and hiero- 
 glyphics. 52 L.R.A. 573. 
 Alterations and erasures. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 574. 
 Mutilations. 52 L.R.A. 575. 
 Interlineations. 52 L.R.A. 575. 
 Omission to affix price. 52 L.R.A. 575. 
 Omission to state quantity, weight, 
 etc. 52 L.R.A. 576. 
 Entries original or transferred. 52 L.R.A. 
 576. 
 General rule. 52 L.R.A. 576. 
 Entries transferred from memoranda. 
 52 L.R.A. 577. 
 Generally. 52 L.R.A. 577. 
 Entries partly original and partly 
 
 transferred. 52 L.R.A. 578. 
 Memoranda made by third persons. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 578. 
 Time for making transfer. 52 
 L.R.A. 580. 
 
620 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, V. g— cont'd 
 Ledgers. 52 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Generally. 52 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Use as secondary evidence. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 581. 
 Original entries in ledger form. 52 
 L.R.A. 582. 
 Balances. 52 L.R.A. 583. 
 Time for maliing the entries. 52 L.R.A. 
 583. 
 General rule. 52 L.R.A. 583. 
 Entries in usual course of business. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 584. 
 Entries made before transactions closed. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 585. 
 Entries completed when transactions 
 
 closed. 52 L.R.A. 585. 
 Entries made all at one time. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 586. 
 Undated entries. 52 L.R.A. 586. 
 Lump charges. 52 L.R.A. 586. 
 Regularity as to course of business. 52 
 L.R.A. 587. 
 General rule. 52 L.R.A. 587. 
 Where book contains but one entry or 
 
 set of entries. 52 L.R.A. 589. 
 Entries relating to party's business. 
 ^ 52 L.R.A. 589. 
 Entries sliowing intent to charge. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 589. 
 Authentication and correctness of books and 
 entries. 52 L.R.A. 590. 
 General rules as to necessity. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 590. 
 Oath of the party himself. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 590. 
 Proof by customers. 52 L.R.A. 591. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 52 L.R.A. 592. 
 Entries made by bookkeeper. 52 L.R.A. 
 5593. 
 Knowledge of the person making the entries. 
 ' 52 L.R.A. 595. 
 General rule. 52 L.R.A. 595. 
 Entries made on information verified 
 by informant. 52 L.R.A. 597. 
 Eifect of exhibition of books to, and admis- 
 sion of correctness by, the person 
 charged. 52 L.R.A. 598. 
 Use of whole book after use of part. 52 
 L.R.A. 600. 
 When introduced by the adverse party. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 600. 
 When introduced by the party himself. 
 52 L.R.A. 601. 
 Books produced on notice. 52 L.R.A. 602. 
 Effect of inspection only. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 602. 
 Effect of introduction. 52 L.R.A. 602. 
 Production of all books pertaining to trans- 
 actions. 52 L.R.A. 602. 
 Pass books. 52 L.R.A. 602. 
 Secondary evidence of contents of absent 
 books. 52 L.R.A. 604. 
 Oral evidence generally. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 604. 
 Copies and transcripts. 52 L.R.A. 605. 
 Where the originals are lost or 
 
 destroyed. 52 L.R.A. 605. 
 Where the originals are beyond 
 jurisdiction of court. 52 L.R.A. 
 605. 
 
 EVIDENCE, V. g— cont'd 
 
 Original must be properly kept^ 
 
 52 L.R.A. 606. 
 Correctness of copy. 52 L.E.A.. 
 
 607. 
 
 Rule under Pennsylvania affidavit 
 
 of defense law. 52 L.R.A.. 
 
 608. 
 
 Province of court and jury. 52 L.R.A. 608. 
 
 Preliminary question for the court. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 608. 
 
 Effect of failure to object at trial. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 609. 
 Rulings on offers and objections. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 609. 
 Appellate review. 52 L.R.A. 610. 
 Questions for the jury. 52 L.R.A. 610. 
 
 § 142. Books as evidence between 
 other parties. 
 
 The general rule. 53 L.R.A. 513. 
 l^xceptions — enumerated. 53 L.R.A. 515. 
 Entries against interest. 53 L.R.A. 516. 
 The general rule. 53 L.R.A. 516. 
 Application to particular classes of 
 cases. 53 L.R.A. 516. 
 Entries as to receipt of rent. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 516. 
 Receipted charges for services. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 518. 
 Other miscellaneous entries. 53 
 L.R.A. 519. 
 Entries constituting part of the res gestce. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 521. 
 
 The general rule. 53 L.R.A. 521. 
 Application to particular cases. 53 
 L.R.A. 521. 
 Entries required by legal or particular duty. 
 53 L.R.A. 521. 
 The general rule. 53 L.R.A. 521. 
 Application to oflScial entries. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 521. 
 Application to entries or memoranda 
 of notice of dishonor. 53 L.R.A.. 
 525. 
 Entries in the course of business. 53 L.R.A. 
 526. V 
 The general rule. 53 L.R.A. 526. 
 Application to entries by an agent. 53 
 L.R.A. 526. 
 In his own books. 53 L.R.A. 526. 
 In the books of his principal or 
 
 employer. 53 L.R.A. 528. 
 Entries by an attorney. 53 L.R.A. 
 528. 
 Application to bank books. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 528. 
 Application to books of carriers. 53^ 
 
 L.R.A. 530. 
 Application to other miscellaneous en- 
 tries. 53 L.R.A. 530. 
 Ancient books. 53 L.R.A. 532. 
 Use of, to . contradict, corroborate, or ex- 
 plain other evidence. 53 L.R.A. 532. 
 Entries treated as admissions, or as creat- 
 ing an estoppel. 53 L.R.A. 534. 
 The general rule. 53 L.R.A. 534. 
 Application to books of debtor to show 
 fraud. 53 L.R.A. 534. 
 
 Application to corporate books general- 
 ly. 53 L.R.A. 535. 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.RA. NOTES. 
 
 S2] 
 
 EVIDENCE, V. g— cont'd 
 
 Application to bank books. 53 L.E A 
 536. 
 
 To establish personal liability of a 
 stockholder or director. 53 L.K A 
 537. 
 
 Application to partnership books of ac- 
 count 53 L.R.A. 538. 
 
 Application to othei miscellaneous en- 
 tries. 53 L.K.A. 538. 
 
 Necessity of knowledge of, or consent 
 to, entry. 53 L.R.A. 539. 
 Necessity of authentication and proof of 
 
 death or absence. 53 L.R.A. 540. 
 Variation of rules by statutory and con- 
 stitutional provisions. 53 L.R.A. 542. 
 
 § 143. — entries made by deceased 
 persons. 
 
 Admissibility, as between tliird parties, of 
 entries against interest made by 
 deceased persons in books of ac- 
 count. 2 B. R. C. 670. 
 
 Entries as to receipt of rent. 2 B. R. C. 
 673. 
 
 Receipted charges for service. 2 B. R. 
 C. 675. 
 
 Miscellaneous entries. 2 B. R. C. 677. 
 
 § 144. 'Uliat provable by books. 
 
 Generally. 52 L.R.A. 689. 
 Sale and delivery of goods. 52 L.R.A. 690. 
 Delivery to third person. 52 L.E.A. 
 690. 
 Entries against party sued. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 690. 
 Entries against person receiving 
 
 goods. 52 L.R.A. 692. 
 Delivery to agent. 52 L.R.A. 693. 
 Delivery to wife. 52 L.R.A. 693. 
 Entries to charge a copartnership. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 693. 
 Entries to charge two or more persons 
 
 jointly. 52 L.R.A. 694. 
 Delivery in payment of indebtedness. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 694. 
 Delivery for sale en commission. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 695. 
 Character of goods delivered. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 695. 
 Miscellaneous cases of proper and im- 
 proper book charges. 52 L.R.A. 
 696. 
 Work done, and services rendered, and ma- 
 terials furnished. 52 ' L.R.A. 697. 
 Particular kinds of work and services 
 provable. 52 L.R.A. 697. 
 Physical labor. 52 L.R.A. 697. 
 Professional services. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 698. 
 Fees for official services. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 699. 
 Charges for carriage. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 699. 
 Charges for board, etc. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 700. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 52 L.R.A. 
 700. 
 Work done by servant. 52 L.R.A. 701. 
 Work dona for, and materials fur- 
 nished to, third person. 52 
 L.R.A. 701. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, V. g— cont'd 
 
 Entries against party sued. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 701. 
 Entries against person for whom 
 work done. 52 L.R.A. 702. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 52 L.R.A. 703. 
 Money paid out or loaned. 52 L.R.A. 703. 
 Nonstatutory rule. 52 L.R.A. 703. 
 Generally. 52 L.R.A. 703. 
 To prove payment of note. 52 
 
 L.R.A T06. 
 To remove bar of statute of limita- 
 tions. 52 L.E.A. 707. 
 Disbursements by an agent. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 707. 
 Advancements to child by parent. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 707. 
 Money paid to third person. 52 
 L.R.A. 708. 
 Course of business or custom. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 708. 
 Effect of amount of single entry. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 709. 
 Statutory rule. 52 L.R.A. 710. 
 Collateral facts generally. 52 L.R.A. 710. 
 Contracts and their performance. 52 L.R.A 
 711. 
 Contracts generally. 52 L.R.A. 711. 
 Negotiable instruments. 52 L.R.A. 712. 
 Agency. 52 L.R.A. 714. 
 Use and occupation of realty. 52 L.R.A. 
 
 714. 
 Performance or nonperformance of con- 
 tract. 52 L.R.A. 714. 
 General rule. 52 L.R.A. 714. 
 Delivery of goods under terms of 
 
 contract. 52 L.R.A. 715. 
 Work done under special contract. 
 52 L.R.A. 715. 
 Ownership of property. 52 L.R.A. 716. 
 Contradiction and corroboration of wit- 
 nesses. 52 L.R.A. 717. 
 Contradiction. 52 L.R.A. 717. 
 Corroboration. 52 L.R.A. 718. 
 Pecuniary condition. 52 L.R.A. 719. 
 Proof of negative. 52 L.R.A. 719. 
 Amount and value of insured goods burned. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 721. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 52 L.R.A. 722. 
 
 h. Entries in family Bible or other re- 
 ligions booTc. 
 
 § 145. Generally. 
 
 General rule. 41 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Grounds upon which admitted. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 451. 
 Cases in which admitted. 41 L.R.A. 452. 
 
 In general. 41 L.R.A. 452. 
 
 On the testimony of the party making 
 them. 41 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 On the testimony of a party to the 
 action. 41 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 On the testimony of a third party. 41 
 L.R.A. 454. 
 Time of entry material. 41 L.R.A. 454. 
 Necessity of production of book. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 454. 
 Necessity of proof of handwriting. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 455. 
 When declarant is alive. 41 L.R.A. 455. 
 When excluded. 41 L.E.A. 456. 
 
522 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, V. h— cont'd 
 Right of jury to book on retirement. 41 
 L.E.A. 456. 
 
 i. Scientific boofcs and treatises. 
 
 § 146. Generally. 
 
 Exact s.-.iences. 40 L.R.A. 553. 
 
 General rule as to admissibility. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 553. 
 Tables of expectancy of life. 40 L.R.A. 
 553. 
 Admissibility generally. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 553. 
 In accident cases. 40 L.R.A. 555. 
 In other cases generally. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 558. 
 Conclusiveness and effect. 40 
 L.R.A. 560. 
 The almanac. 40 L.R.A. 560. 
 Inexact sciences. 40 L.R.A. 561. 
 
 General rule as to admissibilitv. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 561. 
 Reasons for the rule. 40 L.R.A. 565. 
 The contrary rule. 40 L.R.A. 566. 
 Opinions founded on books. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 566. 
 Use of, on examination. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 567. 
 Use to sustain or discredit expert. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 567. 
 Use of, on cross-examination. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 569. 
 Use of, in argument. 40 L.R.A. 570. 
 Law. 40 L.R.A. 572. 
 Miscellaneous matters. 40 L.R.A. 574. 
 
 j. Mortality tables. 
 
 § 14 7. Generally. 
 
 Weight and sufficiency of, see infra, § 307. 
 
 Mortality tables as evidence. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 553. 
 Metliod of authenticating mortality tables. 
 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1138. 
 
 7c. Miscellaneous documents. 
 
 § 148. Generally. 
 
 Price lists as evidence. 17 L.R.A. 851. 
 
 LTse of photographs of documents as evi- 
 dence. 35 L.R.A. 811. 
 
 Ordinances as evidence in private action 
 for violation of ordinance affecting 
 operation of railroads. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 216. 
 
 Census returns as evidence of age. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 718. , 
 
 Newspaper quotations as evidence of value. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 758. 
 
 In prosecution for infringement of union 
 labels. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1202. 
 
 Resort to documentary evidence other than 
 journals in aid of enrolled bill. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 34. 
 
 I. For purposes of comparison. 
 
 §.149. Generally. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to handwriting, see 
 infra, VIII. h. 
 
 3& 
 
 Begin -with this boolc on every law question 
 
 EVIDENCE, V. 1— cont'd 
 
 Use of photographs of documents for 
 L.R.A. 812. 
 
 Admission of document, not otherwise rele- 
 vant as standard of comparison of 
 handwriting. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 520. 
 
 Use of letter press copy as standard for 
 comparison of handwriting. 63 L.R.A. 
 438. 
 
 m. Putting whole writing in evidence, 
 
 § 150. Generally. 
 
 Use of whole book of accounts after use of 
 part. 52 L.R.A. 600. 
 
 VI. Demonstrative evidence; articles 
 and things; view of jury. 
 
 § 151. Generally. 
 
 Articles taken from accused, see infra, § 
 214. 
 
 As to protection of accused against self- 
 incrimination, see Criminal Law, §§ 
 49-53. 
 
 Physical examination of party, see Dis- 
 
 COVEKY AND INSPECTION, § 5. 
 
 Exhibition of article or sample to jury on 
 
 issue of quality of goods. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1021. 
 Right of jury in criminal case to determine 
 
 one's age by inspection or observation. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 470. 
 
 § 152. Dead body or portion of It. 
 
 Admission in evidence of portions of body 
 
 of deceased on trial for homicide. 12 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 238. 
 Right of court to order disinterment of 
 
 corpse for evidential purposes. 22 
 
 L."R.A.(N.S.) 513. 
 
 § 15.3. Things taken from accused. 
 
 Admissibility against defendant of docu- 
 ments or articles taken from him. 59 
 L.R.A. 467; 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 762; 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 
 § 154. Resemblance as evidence of re- 
 lationship. 
 
 Parol testimony as to resemblance. 52 
 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Exhibition of person for purpose of com- 
 parison. 52 L.R.A. 502. 
 
 Comment by counsel in argument. 52 
 L.R.A. 505. 
 
 § 155. Identification by voice. 
 
 Identification of a person by voice. 1^ 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 373. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of identification- 
 as foundation for admission of conver- 
 sation or communication by telephone.. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 
 § 156. Photographs. 
 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. 802. 
 Proof of correctness. 35 L.R.A. 803. 
 As secondary evidence. 35 L.R.A. 804. 
 Discretion of court. 35 L:R.A. 805. 
 Of persons. 35 L.R.A. 805. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 523 
 
 EVIDENCE, VI.— cont'd 
 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. 805. 
 
 To show likeness of parent and child. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 806. 
 For identification. 35 L.R.A. 807. 
 Of part of body. 35 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Of places. 35 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Of documents. 35 L.R.A. 811. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. 811. 
 Enlarged copies of handwriting. 35 
 L.R.A. 813. 
 
 Of other things. 35 L.R.A. 814. 
 
 Extraneous matter on photographs. 35 
 L.K.A. 815. 
 
 X-ray photographs. 35 L.R.A. 815. 
 
 Competency of photographic copy as stand- 
 ard for comparison of handwriting. 63 
 L.R.A. 438. 
 
 Use of photographs of documents for pur- 
 pose of comparison of handwriting. 35 
 L.R.A. 812. 
 
 Effect and conclusiveness of photographs in- 
 troduced in evidence. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1162. 
 
 Photographic copies of documents as orig- 
 inals. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 § 157. Phonograph. 
 
 Evidence by. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 306. 
 
 § 158. Experiments. 
 
 Generally. 15 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 Experiments outside of the courtroom. 15 
 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 Experiments in the courtroom. 15 L.R.A. 
 222. 
 
 Self-incriminating evidence. 15 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 During view by jury. 42 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 Probability, without direct evidence, of 
 existence of condition as basis for ad- 
 mission of experiment. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 974. 
 
 § 158a. —by jury. 
 
 Experiments by jurors. 15 L.R.A. 221. 
 Propriety of experiments by jury. 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 717. 
 During view. 42 L.R.A. 3S4. 
 Propriety of experiments bv jury. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 717. 
 Experiments by jury after retiring. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 717. 
 Under authority of court. 34 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 717. 
 Without authority of court. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 718. 
 Experiments in the presence of the 
 
 court. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 719. 
 Unauthorized experiments out of court. 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 719. 
 Unauthorized experiment at view. 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 720. 
 Experiments not injurious. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 720. 
 
 § 159. View of jury. 
 Right to. 42 L.R.A. 368. 
 
 At common law. 42 L.R.A. 368. 
 Under statutes. 42 L.R.A. 370. 
 Discretion of the court as to. 42 L.R.A. 
 372. 
 Generally. 42 L.R.A. 372. 
 How exercised. 42 L.R.A. 373. 
 Consult also L.R.t. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, VI.— cont'd 
 Conduct of view. 42 L.R.A. 375. 
 When made. 42 L.R.A. 375. 
 The place viewed. 42 L.R.A. 375. 
 Appointment and duties of showers. 
 
 42 L.R.A. 376. 
 Attendance, supervision, and conduct 
 
 of jury. 42 L.R.A. 377. 
 Presence of the accused. 42 L.R.A. 378. 
 Presence of the judge. 42 L.R.A. 381. 
 Outside interference and influence. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 381. 
 Limitation to mere inspection. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 383. 
 Experiments. 42 L.R.A. 384. 
 Nature and effect of view. 42 L.R.A. 385. 
 Different theories as to. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 385. 
 Theory of aid to understand and apply 
 
 evidence. 42 L.R.A. 385. 
 Theorv that view constitutes mute evi- 
 dence. 42 L.R.A. 387. 
 Theory that view must be supported 
 by the evidence. 42 L.R.A. 388. 
 Suggested explanation of apparent con- 
 flict. 42 L.R.A. 390. 
 Appeals and reviews. 42 L.R.A. 391. 
 Costs of view. 42 L.R.A. 393. 
 Unauthorized views. 42 L.R.A. 394. 
 Unauthorized experiment by jury at view. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 720. 
 
 Til. Parol and extrinsic evidence aa 
 to ivriting. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 160. Generally. 
 
 Parol evidence as best or secondary, see 
 
 supra, IV. 
 Statute of frauds generally, see Contbacts, 
 
 §§ 25-59. 
 Parol evidence rule as to estoppel or waiver 
 
 by insurance company, see Insurance, 
 
 § 144. 
 As to wills, see Wills, § 61. 
 
 General rule that parol evidence not admis- 
 sible to vary, add to, or alter a 
 written contract. 6 L.R.A. 38;" 
 17 L.R.A. 270. 
 Reason of rule. 17 L.R.A. 271. 
 
 Merger of preliminary negotiations 
 
 in written contract. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 271. 
 
 When contract not merged. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 272. 
 
 Applicability of rule to stranger. 6 
 
 L.R.A. 44.* 
 Exceptions to rule, generally. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 272. 
 Proof of independent facts and circum- 
 stances. 6 L.R.A. 35;* 17 L.R.A. 
 273. 
 Matters of inducement. 17 L.R.A. 274. 
 In case of illegal contracts. 6 L.R.A. 
 47.* 
 As to delivery of deed. 12 L.R.A. 176.* 
 As to warehouse receipts. 19 L.R.A. 304. 
 To show nature of partition deed. 67 
 L.R.A. 341. 
 
624 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, VII. a— cont'd 
 
 To show partnership in real estate. 27 
 L.R.A. 464; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 
 To vary contract between heir and ancestor 
 relating to expectancy. 32 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 Parol evidence as to whether guaranty was 
 a continuing one. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 740. 
 
 Resort to parol evidence in aid of enrolled 
 bill. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 
 Impeachment of enrolled bill by parol evi- 
 dence. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 32. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence as to 
 time for delivery of goods where none 
 is specified in written contract. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 619. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence as to man- 
 ner or means of paying written 
 contract not within statute of 
 frauds, purporting to be payable 
 in money. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 235. 
 Payment from particular fund. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 237. 
 To show credits. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 238. 
 "Currency" or "current funds." 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 Meaning of "dollars." 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 241. 
 
 Parol evidence rule as to varying or con- 
 tradicting written contracts as affected 
 by the doctrine of waiver or estoppel 
 as applied to policies of insurance. 16 
 L.R.A..(N.S.) 1165. 
 
 Parol evidence to segregate lienable and 
 nonlienable items intermingled in me- 
 chanics' lien claim. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 316. 
 
 Bill of review for newly discovered parol 
 evidence. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1035. 
 
 Consideration of extrinsic evidence to show 
 unconstitutionality of statute. 14 
 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 b. Custom. 
 
 8 161. Generally. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of custom to cre- 
 ate an exception to written contract. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 248. 
 
 Extrinsic evidence of custom or usage as 
 to time for delivery of goods where 
 none is specified in written contract. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 619. 
 
 o. Prior and collateral parol agree- 
 ments. 
 
 § 162. Generally. 
 
 Admissibility of, to vary terms of written 
 contract, generally. 17 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence as to im- 
 provements to be made on tract from 
 which a lot is sold. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 896. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of conversation 
 expressly referred to in written con- 
 tract. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 383. 
 
 Proof of escrow agreement by parol. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 337. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to show res- 
 ervation of growing crops from deed. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1218. 
 
 EVIDENCE, VII. e— cont'd 
 
 Parol evidence that written instrument for 
 payment of money was executed in re- 
 liance on parol promise that payment 
 was subject to a condition not incor- 
 porated therein. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 434. 
 
 § 163. —warranty. 
 
 Proof of oral warranty when sale is in 
 
 writing. 12 L.R.A. 694.* 
 Right to show parol warranty in connection 
 
 with a contract of sale of personalty. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1183. 
 
 d. Subsequent changes, 
 
 g 164. Generally. 
 
 To show waiver. 13 L.R.A. 633.* 
 Parol evidence to show waiver of right un- 
 der written contract. 13 L.R.A. 633.* 
 
 e. Meaning ; intention; explanation. 
 
 § 16 5. Meaning. 
 
 As to meaning of will. 8 L.R.A. 749.* 
 May an instrument not on its face of a tes- 
 tamentary character be shown by ex- 
 trinsic evidence to be such, so as to 
 take effect as a will. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1203. 
 
 § 166. Intention. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, 
 
 see supra, § 41. 
 Opinion evidence as to, see infra, § 197. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, §§ 
 
 255, 256. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, § 
 
 299. 
 As to purpose of indorsement of commercial 
 
 paper, see infra, § 170. 
 
 Of parties to written contract, admissibility 
 of parol evidence to prove. 6 
 L.R.A. 40;* 17 L.R.A. 273. 
 Previous conversation between parties. 
 6 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 Parol evidence to show persons meant by 
 ambiguous designation in policy on 
 property belonging to decedent's estate. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82, 
 
 To prove fraudulent intent as to deed. 4 
 (N.S.) 427.* 
 
 Right to show by extrinsic evidence that 
 payment of judgment against, or con- 
 sideration for release of, alleged joint 
 tort feasor, was not a satisfaction of 
 claim. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 329. 
 
 Parol evidence to show that the parties to 
 a written contract which merely names 
 a class or species contemplated a par- 
 ticular quality or tind. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 967. 
 
 Right to show by extrinsic evidence that 
 payment of judgment against or con- 
 sideration for release of alleged joint 
 tort feasor was not a satisfaction of 
 claim. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 330; 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 983. 
 
 Begin with, this hooTc on every law question 
 
 § 16 7. —of testator. 
 
 Presumption and burden 
 see supra, § 42. 
 
 of proof as to, 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 525 
 
 EVIDENCE, VII. e— cont'd 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, § 
 257. 
 
 As to intention to incorporate extrinsic 
 document into vfill. 68 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence of tes- 
 tator's intent to adeem legacy or de- 
 vise. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 551, 558. 
 
 As to testator's intent to adeem general 
 legacy by gift. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence for the 
 purpose of charging property with pay- 
 ment of legacies or debts where the will 
 is silent on that point. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 457. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic circumstances in 
 ascertaining intention of testator in 
 respect to disinheriting an after-born 
 child. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 780. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence to show 
 that instrument, on its face a will, was 
 not intended as such. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 417. 
 
 May beneficiary be put to his election by 
 extrinsic evidence of testator's inten- 
 tion. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 657. 
 
 § 168. To aid construction and explain 
 ambiguities. 
 
 To aid construction. 6 L.R.A. 321.* 
 Meaning of words. 6 L.R.A. 33.* 
 To explain latent ambiguity. 6 L.R.A. 42.* 
 To explain patent ambiguity. 6 L.R.A. 41.* 
 To show that guaranty is a continuing one. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 183.* 
 
 To explain latent ambiguity in contract. 
 
 3 L.R.A. 805.* 
 
 To explain ambiguity in will. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 849.* 
 To remove latent ambiguities in will. 6 
 
 L.R.A. 322.* 
 To explain telegrams. 50 L.R.A. 245. 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to aid in 
 
 construction of fire insurance policy 
 
 covering "additions." 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 161. 
 Parol evidence to vary or contradict insur- 
 'ance policy which is ambiguous. 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1181. 
 
 /. A.S to commercial paper. 
 
 § 16 9. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, §§ 95-98. 
 
 Admissibility as between immediate parties 
 to a promissory note. 13 L.R.A. 649.* 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence of condition 
 to vary or contradict commercial paper. 
 3 L.R.A. 863.* 
 
 § 170. Purpose of Indorsement. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to. 
 see supra, § 97. 
 
 As affecting indorsement. 13 L.R.A. 52.* 
 Parol evidence to show intention of party 
 
 indorsing paper before delivery. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 33. 
 As to intention of irregular indorser. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 36. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, VII. f— cont'd 
 
 § 171. — unrestricted indorsement. 
 
 Right to show by parol evidence that in- 
 dorsement unrestricted in form was 
 made for purpose of collection only. 
 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 838. ' 
 Admissibility of parol evidence, as between 
 
 indorser and indorsee, that unrestricted 
 indorsement was made merely to trans- 
 fer title to the owner. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 530. 
 
 § 172. Character of parties to. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to prove re- 
 lation of parties to bill or note. 1 
 L.R.A. 817.* 
 Parol evidence to disclose and charge prin- 
 cipal on negotiable paper executed 
 by agent. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1080. 
 Subject partially covered elsewhere. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1080. 
 General rules. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1081. 
 Unqualified contract without suggestion 
 of agency. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1082. 
 Suggestions of agency as affecting. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1083. 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to vary the 
 liability of an irregular party to a bill 
 or note from that declared by the nego- 
 tiable instruments act. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 136. 
 Admissibility of parol evidence as to liabil- 
 ity of accommodation parties inter se. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1045. 
 
 § 17 3. Conditions In. 
 
 To vary or contradict commercial paper. 
 3 L.R.A. 863.* 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to show that 
 bill or note was delivered upon con- 
 dition. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 288. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence of an agree- 
 ment between accommodation parties 
 to become cosureties. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1045. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to prove 
 agreement by bank officer that liability 
 of party to commercial paper shall not 
 be enforced. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 501. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence that written 
 instrument for the payment of money 
 was executed in reliance upon parol 
 promise that payment was subject to 
 a condition not incorporated therein. 
 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 434. 
 
 § 174. To show who is liable as 
 maker. 
 
 Principals and agents. 20 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 Where signature is that of priiicipa) 
 and agent, and promise is individ- 
 ual. 20 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 Where promise is as agent and signa- 
 ture is as agent. 20 L.R.A. 706. 
 
 Where promise is by principal and sig- 
 nature is by agent. 20 L.R.A. 706. 
 
 Where promise is by agent but signed 
 individually. 20 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 Where the paper does not indicate any 
 agency. 20 L.R.A. 707. 
 
526 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, VII. f— cont'd 
 
 In suits against principal where sig- 
 nature is by the agent and promise 
 is individual. 20 L.R.A. 708. 
 
 In suits against agent where signature 
 is by agent and promise is individ- 
 ual. 20 L.R.A. 708. 
 Principal and surety. 20 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 As to the distinction between suits at 
 law and in equity. 20 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 Instruments under seal. 20 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 Notes not under seal, generally. 20 
 L.R.A. 712. 
 
 After judgment. 20 L.R.A. 712. 
 
 As between the obligors. 20 L.R.A. 
 712. 
 
 Conditional signature and contradic- 
 tory contracts. 20 L.R.A. 713. 
 
 g. As to consideration. 
 
 g 175. Generally. 
 
 Preauraption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 90. 
 
 Parol evidence to show consideration. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 803;* 4 L.R.A. 427.* 
 Of contracts, generally. 6 L.R.A. 164.* 
 
 To contradict or impeach considera- 
 tion. 6 L.R.A. 34,* 165.* 
 Of scaled instrument, geners^Uy. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 596.* 
 
 § 17 6. Of deed. 
 
 In general. 20 L.R.A. 101; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1194. 
 Evidence to deny receipt of consideration 
 acl-jnowledged as paid by the deed. 20 
 L.R.A. 102; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1197. 
 Evidence to show an additional considera- 
 tion. 20 L.R.A. 103; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1198. 
 Additional money consideration. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1198. 
 Agreement to pav grantor's debts. 20 
 L.R.A. 103; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1198. 
 Settlement of claims against grantor. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1199. 
 Agreement to support grantor. 20 
 L.R.A. 104; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1199. 
 Agreement for reservation. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 104; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1199. 
 Agreement to perform some act. 20 
 L.R.A. 104; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1200. 
 Evidence to show what is meant by other 
 considerations. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1201. 
 Evidence that consideration was given for 
 something in addition to the land. 20 
 L.R.A, 105; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1201. 
 Evidence to show that expressed considera- 
 tion is larger than agreed considera- 
 tion. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 Where sale was made "subject to'' an en- 
 cumbrance. 20 L.R.A. 106. 
 Evidence to show that grantee assumed ex- 
 isting liens. 25 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 1202. 
 Evidence to show that the land had been 
 sold by unit of measurement. 20 
 L.R.A. 106; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1204. 
 Payment otherwise than in money. 20 
 L.R.A. 106. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, VII. g— cont'd 
 
 Evidence to show that the deed was in- 
 tended as an advancement. 20 L.R.A. 
 108; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1205. 
 
 Evidence as to damages for breach of cove- 
 nant. 20 L.R.A. 107; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1205. 
 
 Evidence to show a valuable consideration 
 where the d6ed expresses a- good or a, 
 nominal consideration only, or vice 
 versa. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1205. 
 
 Where the consideration is contractual. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1207. 
 
 Evidence as to consideration which tends to 
 vary the deed. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1208. 
 
 Evidence to invalidate the deed. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1209. 
 
 In an action by the grantor to set aside the 
 deed. 20 L.R.A. 108. 
 
 To establish a trust in a third person. 
 20 L.R.A. 109. 
 
 To establish a use. 20 L.R.A. 109. 
 
 In an action by a creditor to set aside. 20 
 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 Deed by or to a married woman. 20 L.R.A. 
 112. 
 
 In an action by one grantee against an- 
 other. 20 L.R.A. 113. 
 
 Miscellaneous illustrations. 20 L.R.A. 113. 
 
 To vary consideration clause of deed. 68 
 L.R.A. 928. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to show true 
 nature of transaction where the recited 
 consideration of a deed is shown not to 
 have been paid. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 413. 
 
 ft.. Fraud; surprise; mistalce; omissions. 
 
 § 17 7. Fraud; surprise; mistake. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to 
 
 fraud, see supra, § 47. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to fraud, see infra, 
 
 §259. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to fraud, see infra, 
 
 § 301. 
 
 As exception to rule excluding parol evi- 
 dence to vary written contract, gener- 
 ally. 6 L.R.A. 45,* 46,* 838;* 17 
 L.R.A. 272. 
 
 To prove fraudulent intent as to deed. 4 
 L.R.A. 427.* 
 
 § 178. — to correct description ot 
 land. 
 
 To show mistake in description of land de- 
 vised. 16 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Parol evidence to correct misdescription of 
 land in will. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 943. 
 
 May an extrinsic document not referred to 
 in a memorandum of sale of real prop- 
 erty be referred to in aid of a defective 
 description in the memorandum or con- 
 tract so as to satisfy the statute of 
 frauds. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 § 179. Omissions. 
 
 To supply omission. 6 L.R.A. 324.* 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 627 
 
 EVIDENCE, VII.— cont'd 
 
 i. Condition; trust; mortgage. 
 
 § 180. Condition. 
 
 In bill or note, see supra, § 173. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to show that 
 release was delivered upon condition. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 
 § 181. Parol evidence as to trusts. 
 
 To establish trusts. 6 L.R.A. 47;* 10 
 L.R.A. 401;* 17 L.R.A. 270. 
 In case of partnership lands. 27 L.R.A. 
 464. 
 
 To vary trust. 13 L.R.A. 622.* 
 
 § 182. Mortgage. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence to ex- 
 tend scope of mortgage clause. 34 
 L.R.A.{>;.S.) 503. 
 
 j. To identify subject or persons. 
 
 § 183. Generally. 
 
 To identify property. 6 L.R.A. 43.* 
 To identify person. 6 L.R.A. 43.* 
 To identify beneficiary. 6 L.R.A. 326.* 
 To identify grantees in deed describing them 
 
 by firm name. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 157. 
 As to resemblance between persons. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 fc. Character of party. 
 
 § 184. Generally. 
 
 To commercial paper, see supra, § 172. 
 
 As to party in interest in contract. 25 
 L.R.A. 265. 
 
 Parol evidence that one of the persons who 
 signed an instrument relating to real 
 property was agent for undisclosed 
 principal. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 
 VIII. Opinions and conclusions; expert 
 testimony. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 185. Generally. 
 
 Opinion, when not admissible. 12 L.R.A. 
 293.* 
 
 Admissibility of opinions founded on books 
 of inexact sciences. 40 L.R.A. 566. 
 
 Admissibility of dying declarations consist- 
 ing of opinions and conclusions. 56 
 L.R.A. 375; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 840. 
 
 By person causing accident made sometime 
 thereafter as res gestw. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 938. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute permitting 
 court to appoint expert witnesses. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 917. 
 
 6. Hypothetical questions. 
 
 § 186. Generally. 
 
 To witness testifying as to sanity or insan- 
 ity. 39 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 Opinion of expert witness as basis of ques- 
 tion to other witnesses. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 537. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, VIII.— cont'd 
 
 <_'. Cause and effect. 
 
 § 18 7. Generally. 
 
 Admissibility of opinion of witness £>» to 
 damaging effect of libel or slander. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1119. 
 
 May perjury be predicated of testimony as 
 to effect of an understanding or agree- 
 ment. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1216. 
 
 d. Intoxication. 
 
 § 188. Generally. 
 
 Opinion evidence by nonexperts as to intox- 
 ication. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 639. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to intemperance of par- 
 ticular person. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 583. 
 
 e. Sanity and mental capacity. 
 
 § 189. Generally. 
 
 Re'levancy of evidence as to, see infra, § 254. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 §§ 291, 292, 297, 298, 316. 
 
 § 190. Expert opinion as to. 
 
 Admissibility; generally. 39 L.R.A. 305. 
 Privilege of witness*. 39 L.R.A. 306. 
 
 Effect on opinions, generally. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 306. 
 Waiver of privilege. 39 L.R.A. 307. 
 From observation or examination. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 308. 
 From the evidence. 39 L.R.A. 310. 
 The general rule. 39 L.R.A. 310. 
 The contrary rule. 39 L.R.A. 312. 
 On hypothetical statements or questions. 
 39 L.R.A. 313. 
 Admissibility. 39 L.R.A. 313. 
 Hypothesis ; upon what based. 39 
 
 L.R.A 313. 
 Evidence in support of hypothesis. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 315. 
 Form of question. 39 L.R.A. 316. 
 Qualifications of experts. 39 L.R.A. 317. 
 Basis of facta or reasons for opinion. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 319. 
 Scope. 39 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 General considerations. 39 L.R.A. 321. 
 Symptoms and causes. 39 L.R.A. 322. 
 Comparison; illustration; speculation. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 323. 
 Question of law for tlxe court. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 324. 
 Questions of fact for the jury. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 324. 
 The question at issue. 39 L.R.A. 32.'i, 
 Cross-examination; contradiction; redirect 
 
 examination. 39 L.R.A. 326. 
 Weight. 39 L.R.A. 328: 42 L.R.A. 767. 
 Generally. 39 L.R.A. 328. 
 As affected by facts and opportunity to 
 
 observe. 39 L.R.A. 329. 
 As affected by character, bias, and na- 
 ture of the question. 39 L.R.A. 
 331. 
 As compared with other expert opin- 
 ions. 38 L.R.A. 747; 39 L.R.A. 
 33L 
 As compared with nonexpert opinions. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 332. 
 A question for the jury. 39 L.R.A. 333. 
 
528 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, VIII. c— cont'd 
 
 § 191. Nonexpert opinion as to. 
 
 The general rule as to admissibility. 38 
 L.R.A. 721. 
 When admissible. 38 L.R.A. 721. 
 Grounds of admissibility. 38 L.R.A. 
 723. 
 Exceptions. 38 L.R.A. 724. 
 
 States adopting different rules. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 724. 
 Privilege of witness. 38 L.R.A. 726. 
 What constitutes opinion evidence. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 727. 
 Who may give. 38 L.R.A. 728. 
 Acquaintance necessary. 38 L.R.A. 729. 
 General rules. 38 L.R.A. 729. 
 Application in particular cases. 38 
 L.R.A. 730. 
 In criminal proceedings. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 730. 
 In civil actions. 38 L.R.A. 731. 
 A question for the trial court. 38 
 L.R.A. 733. 
 Facts and reasons as a basis for an opinion. 
 38 L.R.A. 733. 
 General rules as to statement of. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 733. 
 Effect of failure to state. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 735. 
 What facts may be stated. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 736. 
 What facts warrant an opinion. 38 
 L.R.A. 738. 
 Scope. 38 L.R.A. 739. 
 
 Confinement to conclusions from facts 
 
 stated. 38 L.R.A. 739. 
 Comparisons and conclusions from ob- 
 servation. 38 L.R.A. 740. 
 Conclusions of law and fact. 38 L.R.A 
 
 741. 
 As to particular statements. 38 L.R.A. 
 741. 
 In criminal proceedings. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 741. 
 In civil cases. 38 L.R.A. 742. 
 Time to which opinion relates. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 743. 
 Cross-examination, rebuttal, and impeach- 
 ment. 38 L.R.A. 743. 
 Weight. 38 L.R.A. 745. 
 
 Generally. 38 L.R.A. 745. 
 
 As affected by character, capacity, and 
 
 opportunity. 38 L.R.A. 745. 
 As affected by the facts and reasons 
 
 stated. 38 L.R.A. 746. 
 As compared with expert and other evi- 
 dence. 38 L.R.A. 747; 39 L.R.A. 
 331. 
 A question for the jury. 38 L.R.A. 747. 
 Opinion evidence by nonexpert as to the 
 contractual or testamentary capac- 
 ity of another. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 591. 
 Contracts and deeds. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 592. 
 Wills. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 595. 
 
 As to capacity to make a will. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 595. 
 As to capacity to transact business. 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 596. 
 Lunacy proceedings. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 598. 
 
 Begin with this 'booh on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, VIII. e— cont'd 
 § 192. —opinions of subscribing wit- 
 nesses. 
 
 Admissibility. 39 L.R.A. 715. 
 Necessity of giving. 39 L.R.A. 717. 
 Scope. 39 L.R.A. 718. 
 Contradiction. 39 L.R.A. 719. 
 Weight. 39 L.R.A. 720. 
 
 § 193. Right of witness to give opin- 
 ion on exact issue. 
 
 The general rule. 36 L.R.A. 64. 
 Criminal prosecutions. 36 L.R.A. 65. 
 Evidence with respect to contracts and' 
 
 deeds. 36 L.R.A. 65. 
 Evidence with respect to guardianship of 
 
 the insane. 36 L.R.A. 66. 
 Evidence in will contests. 36 L.R.A. 66. 
 Contrary cases. 36 L.R.A. 68. 
 
 /. Value; speed. 
 
 § 194. Value. 
 
 Expert testimony as to value of legal serv- 
 ices. 11 L.R.A. 787.* 
 
 § 19 5. Speed. 
 
 As to speed of automobiles or other road ve- 
 hicles. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 778. 
 
 As to the speed of street cars. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 784. 
 
 As to speed of trains and hand cars. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 790. 
 
 g. Negligence; intent. 
 
 § 19 6. Negligence. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 supra. III, g. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, XII. 
 
 g- 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra. XIIL 
 b. ' • 
 
 Admissibility of opinion as '-- existence of 
 defect in appliances furnished servant. 
 41 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 Admissibility of expert testimony in ac- 
 tion for damages from escape and ex- 
 plosion of gas. 29 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 § 197. Intent. 
 
 Presumption and burden of prLof as to, 
 
 see supra, §§ 41, 42. 
 Parol evidence as to, see supra, §§ 166, 167. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see infra, 
 
 §§ 255, 257. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, § 299. 
 
 Right of witness to give conclusions as to 
 his intent. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
 h. Handwriting. 
 
 § 198. Generally. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to ancient signature. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 162. 
 Knowledge or familiarity with other 
 
 signatures of the same party. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 162. 
 Experts. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 164. 
 Knowledge gained by mere comparison. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 
ESTDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 520 
 
 EYIDEXCE, VIII. h— cont'd 
 Conclusiveness of expert testimony as to 
 hand writing. 42 L.E.A. 771. 
 
 § 199. Competency of witnesses to. 
 
 Witness to ancient writings. 63 L.E.A. 
 984. 
 
 Competency of opinion as to handwriting 
 of lost instrument based upon compar- 
 ison with admittedly genuine hand- 
 writing. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 391. 
 
 § 200. — nonexpert witnesses. 
 
 Generally. 63 L.E.A. 964. 
 
 What is prima facie a sufficient foundation 
 for the opinion of the witness. 63 
 L.E.A. 966. 
 
 Presumptions as to knowledge. 63 L.E.A. 
 968. 
 
 Knowledge from seeing the individual write. 
 63 L.E.A. 968. 
 
 Knowledge from correspondence. 63 L.E.A. 
 971. 
 
 Knowledge from acknowledged writings. 
 63 L.E.A. 973. 
 
 Knowledge from official signatures. 63 
 L.E.A. 974. 
 
 Knowledge otherwise acquired. 63 L.E.A. 
 975. 
 
 Knowledge otherwise limited. 63 L.E.A. 
 077. 
 
 Knowledge acquired post litem motam. 63 
 L.E.A. 978. 
 
 Uncertainty of opinion. 63 L.E.A. 979. 
 
 Identity of the writer. 63 L.E.A. 981. 
 
 Competency as affected by previous 
 comparison. 63 L.E.A. 982. 
 
 Knowledge necessary for proof of writ- 
 ings not in court. 63 L.E.A. 983. 
 
 Competency of nonexpert to testify as to au- 
 thorship of writings when he bases his 
 opinion upon letters purporting to 
 come from the person whose handwrit- 
 ing is in question. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 557. 
 
 § 2 01. Comparison of. 
 
 Admissibility of document for purpose of 
 comparison, see supra, § 149. 
 
 Generally. 62 L.E.A. 818. 
 The English general rules. 62 L.E.A. 818. 
 Before the statute of 1854. 62 L.E.A. 
 818. 
 
 At common law. 62 L.E.A. 818. 
 In the ecclesiastical courts. 62 
 L.E.A. 829. 
 After the statute of 1854. 62 L.E.A. 
 830. 
 The various American general rules. 62 
 
 L.E.A. 832. 
 Comparison of ancient writings. 62 L.E.A. 
 
 861. 
 Comparison with writings already in evi- 
 dence or in the record. 62 L.E.A. 
 862. 
 Writings already in evidence. 62 
 
 L.E.A. 862. 
 '.Vritings otherwise in the record. 62 
 L.E.A. 864. 
 Comparison with writings made in court. 
 62 L.E.A. 864. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDE^'OE, VIIT. h— -cont'd 
 Comparison with extraneous writings. 62 
 L.E.A. 866. 
 
 Writings proved to be genuiTic. 62 
 L.E.A. 866. 
 
 Writings admitted to be genuine. 62 
 L.E.A. 866. 
 
 Writings whose genuineness the otli.-r 
 party is estopped to deny. 62 
 L.E.A. 867. 
 Comparison by the jury and by the court 
 
 62 L.E.A. 867. 
 Comparison by witnesses. 62 L.E.A, S69. 
 Comparison to show copying of signature 
 
 (the Rowland Will Case). 62 L.E.A. 
 
 870. 
 Construction and validity of the statutes. 
 
 62 L.E.A. 871. 
 Weight and relevancy of the evidence. 62 
 L.E.A. 871. 
 
 Weight. 62 L.E.A. 871. 
 
 Re!evancy. 62 L.E.A. 873. 
 Comparison of lost instruments. 62 L.E.A. 
 
 873. 
 Comparison of marks and spelling of dis- 
 puted instrument. 65 L.E.A. 95. 
 Comparison of handwriting to show copy- 
 ing of signature. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1004. 
 Examination of witnesses to handwriting 
 
 by comparison. 63 L.R.A. 163. 
 Opinion of expert as to hand writing by 
 
 comparison. 42 L.E.A. 773. 
 
 § 202. — competency of handwriting 
 as standard for. 
 
 Admissibility of document for purposes of 
 comparison, see supra, § 149. 
 
 Generally. 63 L.E.A. 428. 
 
 Sufficiency of the proof of genuineness. 63 
 
 L.E.A. 428. 
 Generally.- 63 L.R.A. 428. 
 Opinion of genuineness. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 429. 
 Statement of one of the parties that 
 
 he wrote the specimen offered. 63 
 
 L.E.A. 431. 
 Admission of genuineness. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 432. 
 Correspondence. 63 L.E.A. 432. 
 Questions of identity. 63 L.R.A. 433. 
 Circumstantial proof. 63 L.R.A. 433. 
 Eecords. 63 L.E.A. 435. 
 Incompetent proof. 63 L.E.A. 436. 
 Matters of procedure. 63 L.E.A. 436. 
 Finality of the decision of the trial 
 
 court. 63 L.R.A. 437. 
 What genuine documents are competent 
 
 standards. 63 L.E.A. 438. 
 Copies. 63 L.E.A. 438. 
 
 Letter-press. 63 L.R.A. 438. 
 
 Photographic. 63 L.E.A. 438. 
 
 Manufactured. 63 L.R.A. 439. 
 Specimens made post litem motam. 
 63 L.E.A. 440. 
 
 Generally. 63 L.R.A. 440. 
 
 Specimens made for the occasion. 
 63 L.E.A. 440. 
 Specimens likely to prejudice the jury; 
 
 Gambrill v. Schooley. 63 L.E.A 
 
 441. 
 34 
 
530 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, VIII. h— cont'd 
 
 Age, imperfection, and number of the 
 standards. 63 L.K.A. 443. 
 
 § 2 03. —competency of expert wit- 
 ness. 
 
 Generally. 63 L.R.A. 937. 
 
 Necessity of professional knowledge. 63 
 L.R.A. 940. 
 
 Disclaimer of being an expert. 63 L.R.A. 
 941. 
 
 Bank officers. 63 L.R.A. 941. 
 
 Public officers. 63 L.R.A. 942. 
 
 Bias of the witness. 63 L.R.A. 943. 
 
 Finality of the decision of the trial court. 
 63 L.R.A. 943. 
 
 Competency of expert witness to handwrit- 
 ing generally. 63 L.R.A. 985. 
 
 § 201. Procedure in proof of; exami- 
 nation of witness. 
 
 Generally. 65 L.R.A. 151. 
 
 Purpose of the proof. 65 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 Examination of the witness. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 154. 
 Deciphering of obscurities. 65 L.R.A. 155. 
 Examination of witnesses to handwriting 
 
 by comparison. 63 L.R.A. 163. 
 
 § 205. Limitations of evidence to. 
 
 Immaterial facts. 64 L.R.A. 303. 
 Immaterial opinions. 64 L.R.A. 305. 
 Limits of expert testimony. 64 L.R.A. 307. 
 Proof of marks. 64 L.R.A. 313. 
 Proof of copies. 64 L.R.A. 314. 
 Value or weight of the evidence. 64 L.R.A. 
 315. 
 
 Nonexpert testimony. 64 L.R.A. 315. 
 
 Expert testimony. 42 L.R.A. 771; 64 
 L.E.A. 317. 
 
 i. Miscellaneous, 
 
 § 206. Generally. 
 
 Identification of substance by odor. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 854. 
 
 Right of witness to state who was in pos- 
 session of property. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 289. 
 
 Expert testimony as to vicious character of 
 animals. 24 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1189. 
 
 Distance within which sparks from a, prop- 
 erly equipped engine will set fire as a 
 subject of expert testimony. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1039. 
 
 Conclusion of witness as to sense of im- 
 pending death at time dying declara- 
 tions were made. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 399. 
 
 Right of court to decide question as to 
 quickest means of stopping train as 
 matter of common knowledge. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26L 
 
 IX. Confessions; involuntary evidence. 
 
 § 207. Generally. 
 
 As to self incrimination, generally, see 
 Cbiminai Law, §§ 49-53. 
 
 Competency and sufficiency of, as evidence 
 before grand jury. 28 L.R.A. 318. 
 Begin with this booTe on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, IX.— cont'd 
 
 Admissibility of confession made before 
 coroner. 70 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 Admissibility in criminal case of statements 
 or confessions made by accused before 
 the grand jury. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 533. 
 
 Admissibility in criminal case of testi- 
 mony as to facts learned while spying 
 or eavesdropping. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 451. 
 
 Admissibility of schedules filed in Federal 
 bankruptcy proceedings, in prosecution 
 of bankrupt for concealment of prop- 
 erty. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1194. 
 
 Necessity of proving corpus delicti in lar- 
 ceny in connection with confession. 28 
 L.R".A.(N.S.) 536. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti for purpose of cor- 
 roborating confession. 68 L.R.A. 50, 
 64, 68, 71, 73. 
 
 Right to cross-examine accused who has 
 taken witness stand as to confession 
 which would not be admissible in evi- 
 dence. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 604. 
 
 Opinion based on newspaper reports of 
 confession as disqualification of juror 
 in criminal case. 35 L.R.A. (NvS.) 
 1014. 
 
 Conclusiveness in civil action as a confes- 
 sion of judgment in criminal action. 
 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 662. 
 
 § 208. Uncontradicted statement in 
 
 presence of acctiscd as. 
 General rules. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 543; 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 890. 
 As to silence generally. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 543. 
 As to accompanying action. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 546. 
 Foundation, grounds of admission, and na- 
 ture. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 549; 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 890. 
 Admissibility as res gestw or as dying 
 
 declarations. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 550. 
 Application of rule to prosecutor. 25 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 551. 
 Incompetency as witness of person 
 
 making statement as affecting. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 551; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 891. 
 Circumstances of the accusation as affect- 
 ing. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 552; 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89L 
 Fear, interest, restraint, etc. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 553. 
 The question of hearing and under- 
 standing. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554; 
 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 891. 
 Accused in custody or under arrest 
 
 as aflfecting. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558; 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 892. 
 Statement made in judicial proceedings 
 
 as affecting. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 562; 
 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 893. 
 Nature of statement as calling for response 
 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 564; 42 L.R.a! 
 
 (N.S.) 893. 
 Relation of statements to offense 
 
 charged. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 565. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 531 
 
 EVIDENCE, IX.— cont'd 
 
 The question as to what statements 
 call for contradiction. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 567: 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 893. 
 Statements by and in conversations be- 
 tween third parties. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 569. 
 Admission and use. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 570; 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 894. 
 Rule admitting statements made in presence 
 of party, and undenied by him, as af- 
 fected by his mental or physical con- 
 dition at the time. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 349. 
 
 § 2 09. When confession Is voluntary. 
 
 Reasons for exclusion of confessions, IS 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 772. 
 Character of confession; determination. 18 
 L.R.A, (N.S.) 777. 
 By whom decided. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 777. 
 Presumption. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 Difficulty of formulating rules for de- 
 termining. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 784. 
 Connection between inducement and 
 confession. IS L.R.A. (N.S.) 785. 
 Age, situation, and character of ac- 
 cused. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 786. 
 In general. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 786. 
 Without counsel. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 788. 
 Not aware of charge against him. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 788. 
 Misapprehension of law. ISL.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 7S8. 
 Mental condition of accused. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 788. 
 Incomplete control of faculties. 
 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 Excitement; mental distress. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 790. 
 Irritation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 790. 
 Effect of cautioning or failure to cau- 
 tion accused. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 791. 
 Confessions not required to be spon- 
 taneous. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 794. 
 Confessions under personal restraint. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 Duress in general. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 795. 
 Arrest, suspicion. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 796. 
 
 Prisoner bound. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79S. 
 Confessions elicited by questions. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 799. 
 In general. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 799. 
 By magistrate. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 800. 
 By prosecuting attorney. IS L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 801. 
 By police officers. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 801. 
 Effect of language assuming guilt addressed 
 
 to accused. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802. 
 Confessions induced by hope or fear. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 804. 
 In generaL 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804. 
 Hope of benefit; how inspired. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 812. 
 Advice and exhortation. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 812. 
 Promises. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 Constat alHO JL.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, IX.— cont'd 
 
 Caution against incrimination, as 
 an inducement to confess. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 824. 
 Hope not excited by other persons. 
 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S'.) 825. 
 Nature of benefit. IS L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 826. 
 Subsequent inducements. 18 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830. 
 Fear of injury. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830. 
 In general; what constitutes. 18 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830. 
 How inspired. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 832. 
 Confessions procured by artifice or fraud. 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 840. 
 Deception. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 840. 
 Use of intoxicants. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 843. 
 Listening. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 843. 
 Confessions to persons in authority. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 843. 
 Absence of inducements. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 843. 
 
 Inducements by. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 844. 
 
 Persons in authority within the rule. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 847. 
 
 In general. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 847. 
 
 Magistrate. IS L.R.A. (N.S.) 848, 
 
 Prosecuting attorney. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 849. 
 Prosecutor. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 849. 
 Police officers. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 849. 
 Private detectives. 18 , L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 853. 
 Parent and child. 18 L.R,A.(N,S.) 
 
 854. 
 Master and slave. 18 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 854. 
 Master and servant. 18 L.R.A, 
 
 (N. S.) 854. 
 Physicians. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85.5. 
 Friend of accused. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 855. 
 Confessions in presence of persons in au 
 
 thority. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 855. 
 Subsequent confessions. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 857. 
 In general. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 857. 
 Presumptions. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 857. 
 Removal of inducement. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 859. 
 Inducements not immediately acted upon. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 868. 
 Confessions under oath. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 872. 
 Illegality of arrest as affecting confession. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 151. 
 Admissibility of confession of guilt induced 
 by offer of collateral benefit. 1 B. R. 
 C. 896. 
 
 § 2 09a. While under arrest. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession made under. 
 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 796. 
 Illegality ■ of arrest, as affecting confession. 
 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 151. 
 Uncontradicted statement in presence of 
 
 accused while under arrest as confev 
 
 sion. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 558. 
 
532 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, IX.— cont'd 
 
 § 210. Confession by infant. 
 
 Confession bv infants. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 208. 
 
 § 211. Admissibility of confession of 
 third person. 
 
 Admissibility, upon joint trial, of admission 
 or confession of one defendant tending 
 to incriminate codefendant. 2 B. R. 
 C. y.5.3. 
 
 § 212. —in behalf of accused. 
 
 Admissibility in behalf of accused of extra- 
 
 iudieial confession of stranger. 37 
 
 'L.R.A.(N.S.) 345. 
 Generally. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 346. 
 When declarant jointly indicted with 
 
 defendant. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 347. 
 Res gestcc. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 347. 
 Confirmation of direct testimony. 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 348. 
 Impeachment of declarant as witness. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 348. 
 Effect of declarant's death. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 349. 
 
 Generally. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 349. 
 
 Dying declarations. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 350. 
 
 § 213. Admissibility of evidence ob- 
 tained by involuntary or inadmissi- 
 ble confession. 
 
 In general. 53 L.R.A. 402. 
 Necessity of identifying things found. 53 
 L.R.A. 407. 
 
 § 214. Admissibility of articles taken 
 from accused. 
 
 Admissibility against defendant of docu- 
 ments or articles taken from him. 59 
 L.R.A. 467; 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 762; 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 58. 
 
 X. Admissions. 
 
 § 215. Generally. 
 
 Admissions as evidence. 12 L.R.A. 610.* 
 
 Competency before grand jury, of admis- 
 sions. 28 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 Admissibility of admissions to prove mar- 
 riage. 12 L.R.A. 838.* 
 
 Effect of admissions by adverse party to 
 dispense with production of attesting 
 witnesses. 35 L.R.A. 346. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judicial admission as to 
 strangers. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 327. 
 
 Admissibility on subsequent trial of ad- 
 mission made for purpose of defeating 
 •continuance. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 169. 
 
 Admissions as evidence of agency against 
 persons making them. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 165. 
 
 Uncontradicted statement in presence of 
 accused as an admission. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 542; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 889. 
 
 Probative effect of admission by party of 
 fault or responsibility for accident 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1096. 
 
 .■Vdraissibility, upon joint trial, of admission 
 of one defendant tending to incrimi- 
 nate codefendant. 2 B. R. C. 353. 
 
 EVIDENCE, X.— cont'd 
 
 Impeachment of enrolled bill by stipulations 
 
 or admissions of litigants. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 33. 
 
 XI. Declarations ; hearsay; res 
 •privileged communications, 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 S 216. Generally. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations to prove mar- 
 riage. 12 L.R.A. 838.* 
 
 Newspaper quotations as evidence of value 
 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 758. 
 
 Evidence of other crime which is part of 
 the res gestce. 62 L.R.A. 308. 
 
 Admissibility of memoranda on check stubs 
 as part of the res gestce. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 727. 
 
 § 217. Relative time of transaction 
 and declarations. 
 
 How near the main transaction must decla- 
 rations be made in order to consti- 
 tute part of the res gestai. 19 
 L.R.A. 733. 
 The general rule. 19 L.R.A. 733. 
 
 Significance of the word "conteni: 
 
 poraneous." 19 L.R.A. 734. 
 Each case depends on its own facts. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 736. 
 Discretion of the judge. 19 L.R.A. 
 737. 
 Illustrations. 19 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Criminal cases. 19 L.R.A. 737. 
 Instances of declarations held 
 admissible. 19 L.R.A. 
 737. 
 Evidence of previous al- 
 tercations. 19 L.R.A. 
 740.: 
 Instances of declarations held 
 no part of the res gesice. 
 19 L.R.A. 741. 
 Declarations by the prosecu- 
 trix in an action for rape. 
 19 L.R.A. 744. 
 Declarations of coconspirators. 
 19 L.R.A. 745. 
 Declarations offered in actions 
 against railway companies 
 for property destroyed or 
 injuries inflicted. 19 
 L.R.A. 745. 
 Declarations of agents of the 
 company. 19 L.R.A. 745. 
 Declarations of the injured 
 party and third persons. 
 19 L.R.A. 748. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 19 L.R.A. 
 750. 
 
 § 218. Of infant too young to be sworn 
 as a witness. 
 
 The general rule. 65 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 Res gestcE as an exception to the gen- 
 eral rule. 65 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 Begin icilh this booh: on every law question. 
 
 § 219. As to marriage, 
 maternity. 
 
 As to marriage or pedigree. 
 12 L.R.A. 838.* 
 
 pedigree, or 
 
 7 L.R.A. 799 ■• 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XI. a— cont'd 
 
 Evidence of declarations to show maternity 
 
 of illegitimate child. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1052. 
 
 b. Privileged coimnituications. 
 
 § 220. Generally. 
 
 As to protection against self-incrimination, 
 
 see Criminal Law. §§ 49-53. 
 Effect of death of party to render other 
 
 party incompetent as a witness, see 
 
 Witnesses, §§ 22-24. 
 For privilege of witnesses, generally, see 
 
 ^■\'ITXESSES, § 40. 
 
 As to sanity or insanity. 38 L.R.A. 726. 
 Effect of privilege on expert opinion as 
 to. 39 L.R.A. 307. 
 Communications made in confidence as priv- 
 ilos'ed communications. 35 L.R.A. 
 IX.S.) 583. 
 Between codefendants. 35 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 585. 
 To newspapers. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585. 
 To bankers. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585. 
 To telegraph companies. 35 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 586. 
 Admissibility in evidence of communica- 
 tions made to persons serving in a ju- 
 dicial capacity. 67 L.R.A. 923. 
 Reports to corporations by agents as. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 325. 
 
 § 221. To physician. 
 
 Loss of privilege, see infra, § 225. 
 
 Privilege of statement bv physician to pa- 
 tient. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 326. 
 Competency of attending physician to testi- 
 fy as to capacity of testator in will 
 contest. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Rule in absence of waiver. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 Waiver of privilege. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 73. 
 Matter not "necessary to prescribe." 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75. 
 Admissibility as res gestce of statements 
 or declarations made by injured person 
 to physician while latter was examin- 
 ing him in order to qualify as a wit- 
 ness. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 826. 
 Admissibility of statements or letters by 
 physician as to physical condition 
 of 'insured. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 Statements by examining physician. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 343. 
 Statements of attending physician. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 344. 
 In proof of loss. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 344. 
 Right of plaintiff in action for malpractice 
 to avail himself of privilege as against 
 testimony of defendant or other physi- 
 cians. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1003. 
 Admissibility as res gestce of statements 
 or declarations by injured person to 
 physician while latter is examining 
 him in order to qualify as a witness. 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 826. 
 CoriKuU also Ij.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 533 
 
 EVIDENCE, XI. b— cont'd 
 
 Does privilege as to communications to, or 
 information acquired by, physician ex- 
 tend to physician not employed by pa- 
 tient. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 886. 
 
 Are hospital records within the privilege 
 extended to communications between 
 physician and patient. 14 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 565. 
 
 Privilege as to information acquired by 
 autopsy. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1186. 
 
 § 2 22. To attorney. 
 
 Privileged communications between attor- 
 ney and client. 6 L.R.A. 481.* 
 Waiver of privilege. 6 L.R.A. 481.* 
 
 Testimony of third persons as to what pass- 
 es between attorney and client. 6 
 L.R.A. 482.* 
 
 Admissibility in evidence of communica- 
 tions to attorney. 67 L.R.A. 923. 
 
 To attorney during preparation of will. 17 
 L.R.A. 188. 
 
 Privilege of communication to attorney as 
 affected by the fact that no fee is paid. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 577. 
 
 Communications between attorney and cli- 
 ent affecting their respective rights or 
 interests, as privileged communica- 
 tions. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 426. 
 
 § 22 3. Between husband and wife. 
 
 Competency of husband and wife as wit- 
 nesses, see Witnesses, §§ 17-21. 
 
 Are communications between husband and 
 wife tending to show affection, or the 
 want of it, privileged. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 708. 
 
 Effect of statute making husband and wife 
 competent witnesses for or against 
 each other upon the privilege as to 
 confidential communications between 
 them. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 273. 
 
 Competency of husband or wife to prove 
 nonaccess. 8 L.R.A. 103.* 
 
 Admissibility of declarations by husband 
 or wife as to prenuptial nonaccess of 
 husband. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 544. 
 
 Waiver of privilege as to communication 
 between husband and wife by calling 
 one spouse as a witness for the other. 
 40 L.E.A.(N.S.) 43. 
 
 § 224. Loss of privilege. 
 
 Waiver of privilege of communication to 
 attorney. 6 L.R.A. 481.* 
 
 Testimony of third persons as to what pass- 
 es between attorney and client. 6 
 L.R.A. 482.* 
 
 Loss of privilege in respect to written con- 
 fidential communications by loss of 
 their possession and control. 15 L.R.A. 
 268. 
 
 Waiver on first trial of privilege as to con- 
 fidential communications as affecting 
 its exercise on a second trial. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1082. 
 
 Waiver of privilege as to communication 
 between husband and wife by calling 
 one spouse as a witness for the other. 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 43. 
 
534 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XI. b— cont'd 
 
 § 225. — disclosures to physician. 
 
 Waiver of statutory provisions as to confi- 
 dential disclosures to physicians. 1 
 L.R.A.(N..S.) 1068. 
 
 Waiver of privilege against attending physi- 
 cian testifying as to testator's capacity 
 in will co'ntest. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 73. 
 
 § 226. —effect of third person's 
 knowledge of communication. 
 
 Is privileged character of written or oral 
 communication lost when a third 
 person has power of disclosure. 
 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 477. 
 Writings. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 479. 
 
 Theory of lost privilege. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 479. 
 Theory that privilege remains. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 481. 
 Theorj' that secondary evidence is 
 admissible. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 484. 
 Oral communications. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 485. 
 Miscellaneous. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 487. 
 
 c. Party's oivn acts and declarations. 
 
 % 22 7. Generally. 
 
 Admissibility in criminal case of state- 
 ments made by accused before grand 
 jury. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 533. 
 Admissibility of evidence of defendant's 
 voluntary surrender or refusal to em- 
 brace an opportunity io escape. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409. 
 Statements made some time after accident 
 sts res gestce. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 917. 
 Declarations by party causing the acci- 
 dent. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 918. 
 Narrative. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 918. 
 Time and place. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 921. 
 
 Heartless, vulgar, profane, or 
 
 abusive. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 926. 
 
 Apologetic. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 928. 
 
 Where the injured party was seen. 
 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 930. 
 Failure to see injured party. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 931. 
 Failure to whistle. 42 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 8.) 931. 
 Admitting negligence or fault. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 932. 
 Showing negligence. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 933. 
 Defective appliances. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 934. 
 Exonerating self. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 937. 
 Opinions. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 Statements before transaction had 
 fully terminated. 42 L.R.-V 
 (N.S.) 939. 
 Principal and agent. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 .943. 
 Statements made by injured party. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 952. 
 Admissions as res gestae. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 952 
 
 EVIDENCE, XI. c— cont'd 
 
 Explaining accident. 42 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 953. 
 Effect of unconsciousness. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 967. 
 
 d. Acts and declarations of third per- 
 sons generally. 
 
 § 22 8. Generally. 
 
 Statements by by-standers made sometime 
 after accident as res gestw. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 948. 
 Does the jfact that one was not a partici- 
 pant or actor in an accident or affray 
 render his statements or exclamations 
 inadmissible as res gestce. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 133; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 109. 
 Admissibility of declarations of relatives of 
 claimant upon the issue of his re- 
 lationship or heirship to decedent. 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 530. 
 Claimant's legitimacy of birth. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 533. 
 Deceased's declarations. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 534. 
 Admissibility, upon issue of forgery, of dec- 
 larations out of court by person whose 
 name is charged to have been forged. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 Admissibility as res gestw of uncontradict- 
 ed statement in presence of accused. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 550. 
 
 § 22 9. Of deceased person generally. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of person since 
 deceased against his or her own mar- 
 riage. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 190. 
 
 Admissions or statements by assured out- 
 side of his application as evidence 
 against beneficiary. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 92. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every faif qitestion. 
 
 § 23 0. Of testator. 
 
 In general. 3 L.R.A. 850;* 6 L.R.A. 322.* 
 
 To prove contents of lost or destroyed will. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 463. 
 To prove execution of lost or destroyed will. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 442. 
 To overcome or sustain presumption of rev- 
 ocation of lost or destroyed will. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 436. 
 Ante-testamentary declarations as evidence 
 
 of undue influence. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 749. 
 Admissibility of declarations of testator on 
 
 issue of his intention in destroying his 
 
 will. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 180. 
 I Admissibility of testator's declarations to 
 
 correct misdescription of land in will. 
 
 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 965. 
 
 § 231. Of beneficiary or executor to 
 show lack of testamentary capacity, 
 or undue influence. 
 
 Declarant one of several beneficiaries. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 732. 
 interests several. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 732. 
 Genera! rule. 3P L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 732. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 535 
 
 EVIDENCE, XI. a— cont'd 
 
 Declarations made before exe 
 cution of will. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 736. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 31- 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 736. 
 When question of admissibil- 
 ity not raised. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 737. 
 Rule in Missouri. 38 L.R.A. (N 
 
 S.) 737. 
 
 Minority rule. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 738. 
 
 Interests joint. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 740. 
 
 Conspiracy. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 740. 
 
 Declarant sole beneficiary. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 741. 
 Declarations part of res gestw. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 742. 
 Declarations constituting the very fact 
 in issue. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 743. 
 To impeach or discredit declarant as a wit- 
 ness. 38 L.R.A. (M.S.) 743. 
 To show intent or disposition. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 743. 
 As ai^ainst siiccfssor in interest of declar- 
 ant. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 744. 
 
 § 2 3 2. Of subscribing witness to will. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of deceased 
 S'i!)Soribing witness, unfavorable to 
 testator's competency. 27 L.R.A. (N. 
 ,S. ) 204. 
 
 § 23 3. Of former owner. 
 
 Offi'r 1o sell property. 12 L.R.A. 609.* 
 Admi.^^ibility of declarations against title 
 liv former owner as a.sainst those claim- 
 iiijl'under him, as affected by fact that 
 declarant is living and available as 
 witness. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 Admissibility of declarations by vendor, 
 made out of court, as to his pur- 
 pose in making a conveyance or 
 transfer attacked as fraudulent 
 against creditors. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1. 
 Contemporaneous declaratiens ; res 
 gesta:. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 2. 
 Bona fides. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 2. 
 Fraudulent intent. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 5. 
 What declarations are contem- 
 poraneous. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 6. 
 Eflect of vendee's absence or 
 ignorance. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 8. 
 Remote declarations. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 10. 
 Prior to transfer. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 10. 
 Fraudulent intent. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 10. 
 Bona fides. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 20. 
 Subsequent declarations. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 Fraudulent intent. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 20. 
 Connecting vendee with 
 the fraud. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 23. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XI. d— cont'd 
 
 Effect of retention of pos- 
 session by vendor. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 
 Assignments for creditors. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 29. 
 
 Taking title in another's 
 name. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 30. 
 Bona fides. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 31. 
 
 § 233a. Of principal or surety. 
 
 .Admissibility against sureties on bond of 
 statements by principal after expira- 
 tion of term of office or employment. 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 662. 
 
 e. Acts and declarations of agent, co- 
 beneficiary, partner, or co-conspirator. 
 
 § 234. Agent. 
 
 Admissibility of reports by agent or em- 
 ployee to employer, to prove fact in 
 issue. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 231; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 930. 
 
 Admissibility as res gestce of statements 
 made by agent or servant sometime 
 after accident. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 918. 
 
 § 23 5. Cobeneficiary. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of one of sev- 
 eral beneficiaries to show lack of testa- 
 mentary capacity or undue influence 
 in case of conspiracy. 38 LR.A. (N.S.) 
 740. 
 
 § 236. Proof against one, of declara- 
 tions of another, to show partner- 
 ship. 
 
 Generally. 20 L.R.A. 595. 
 
 Dormant partners. 20 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 Estoppel. 20 L.R.A. 598. 
 
 Letters, circulars, and entries. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 598. 
 Shipping registers. 20 L.R.A. 599. 
 Declarations in suits. 20 L.R.A. 599. 
 
 § 237. Acts and declarations of co- 
 conspirator. 
 
 Admissibility of acts and declarations of 
 
 co-conspirators. 1 L.R.A. 273;* 12 
 
 L.R.A. 197.* 
 As res gestce. 19 L.R.A. 745. 
 Admissibility of declarations of one upon 
 
 whom an abortion is committed, 
 
 against others charged with eom- 
 
 plicitv therein. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1084.." 
 Of woman as co-conspirator. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1084. 
 Of woman as part of res gestce. 35 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 After operation. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1085. 
 Before operation. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1086. 
 As to present condition. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1087. 
 
 As to pregnancy. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1087. 
 
536 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XI. e— cont'd 
 
 Admissibility of acts and declarations of 
 co-conspirators in prosecution for hom- 
 icide in carrying out unlawful con- 
 spiracy. 68 L.R.A. 220. 
 
 f. Complaints of injuries and suffering. 
 
 § 2 38. Generally. 
 
 Complaints of pain and suffering. 13 
 L.E.A. 464.* 
 
 Admissibility of expressions or statements 
 of present pain made during sickness 
 or subsequent to injury. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 253. 
 
 Admissibility as res gestw of statements or 
 declarations made by injured person to 
 physician while latter was examining 
 him, in order to qualify as a witness. 
 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 826. 
 
 g. Threats. 
 
 § 239. Generally. 
 
 Evidence of threats of accused, or of person 
 injured or killed. 17 L.R.A. 654. 
 Threats by the defendant. 17' L.R.A. 
 654. 
 Subsequent threats. 17 L.R.A. 654. 
 Threats by the deceased. 17 L.R.A. 
 655. 
 Communicated threats. 17 L.R.A. 
 655. 
 Overt acts or hostile demon- 
 strations. 17 L.R.A. 655. 
 Uneommunicated threats. 17 
 L.R.A. 657. 
 To show who began the affray. 
 
 17 L.R.A. 657. 
 To corroborate evidence of 
 communicated threats. 17 
 L.R.A. 658. 
 To show the attitude of the 
 deceased. 17 L.R.A. 659. 
 Threats against third person. 17 
 L.R.A. 661. 
 By the defendant. 17 L.R.A. 661. 
 By the deceased. 17 L.R.A. 661. 
 Threats by third persons. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 661. 
 General threats. 17 L.R.A. 662. 
 Effect of lapse of time. 17 L.R.A. 663. 
 Evidence of antecedent threats on trial for 
 
 homicide. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 523. 
 Admissibility of, as dying declarations. 56 
 L.R.A. 421. 
 
 h. Conversation by telephone. 
 
 % 24 0. Generally. 
 
 Conversations by telephone. 17 L.R.A. 440. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of identification 
 as a foundation for the admission of a 
 conversation or communication by tele- 
 phone. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1180. 
 
 8. Conversation through interpreter. 
 
 § 241. Generally. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence given through an 
 interpreter. 17 L.R.A. 813. 
 Begin with this book on every law question 
 
 EVIDENCE, XI. — cont'd 
 
 j. Dying declarations, 
 
 § 242. Generally. 
 
 Competency of one spouse to testify as to 
 dying declarations of other, see Wit- 
 nesses, § 21. 
 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 353. 
 
 Whose declarations admissible. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 358. 
 
 Of person for whose death the accused 
 
 is not on trial. 56 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 Of wife against husband. 56 L.E.A. 
 
 360. 
 Of husband against wife. 56 L.E.A. 
 
 360. 
 Of infant. 56 L.R.A. 360. 
 Of slave. 56 L.R.A. 360. 
 In what class of cases admissible. 56 L.R.A. 
 360. 
 In civil cases. 56 L.R.A. 360. 
 In criminal cases. 56 L.R.A. 365. 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 365. 
 In actions in which death is in- 
 volved, but not the subject of 
 the injury. 56 L.R.A. 365. 
 In favor of defendant. 56 L.E.A. 367. 
 Subject of declarations. 56 L.E.A. 369. 
 General rule. 56 L.R.A. 369. 
 Antecedent and subsequent matters. 56 
 
 L.E.A. 372. 
 Opinions and conclusions. 56 L.R.A. 
 375; 21 L.R.A.(N.SO 840. 
 Mental and physical conditions. 56 L.R.A. 
 381. 
 Deceased actually in extremis. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 381. 
 Sense of impending death; reaffirm- 
 ance. 56 L.R.A. 382. 
 General rule. 56 L.R.A. 382. 
 Apprehension of immediate death. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 391. 
 Abandonment of hope of recovery; 
 renewed hope. 56 L.R.A. 396. 
 Possession of mental faculties. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 404. 
 How evidenced. 56 L.R.A. 406; 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 Statements of deceased, and 
 surrounding circumstan- 
 ces combined. 56 L.R.A. 
 406; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 393. 
 Statements of deceased. 56 
 L.R.A. 410; 30 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 392. 
 Circumstances in absence of 
 statement. 56 L.R.A. 
 411; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 Expression of physician's 
 opinion. 56 L.R.A. 413; 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 397. 
 Sending for physician. 56 
 L.R.A. 414; 30 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 397. 
 Sending for priest, etc. 56 
 L.E.A. 415; 30 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 
 Arranging 
 L.E.A, 
 
 S.) 399. 
 
 398. 
 
 business. 56 
 
 416; 30 L.R.A.(N. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 537 
 
 EVIDENCE, XI. j— cont'd 
 
 Conclusion of witness; officers' 
 
 certificate. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 417; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 399. 
 
 Burden and degree of proof. 5G 
 
 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 Belief in after-accountability. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 419. 
 Frame of mind; threats of deceased 
 56 L.R.A. 421. 
 Time elapsing between declaration and 
 death. 56 L.R.A. 421; 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 419. 
 Form and completeness of declaration; oral 
 or written. 56 L.R.A. 423. 
 Admissibility of writing; necessity. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 423. 
 Oral testimony of declarations reduced 
 
 to writing. 56 L.R.A. 425. 
 Partly written and partly oral. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 427. 
 Substance or exact words. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 427. 
 By signs and nods. 56 L.R.A. 427; 
 
 2 B. R. C. 923. 
 Incompleteness. 56 L.R.A. 428. 
 Made in answer to questions. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 429; 2 B. R. C. 920. 
 Declarations made at different times. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 430. 
 Proof of condition, and declaration by 
 different witnesses. 56 L.R.A. 431. 
 Miscellaneous. 56 L.R.A. 432. 
 Competency of declarant as witness. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 432. 
 When there is other evidence of same facts. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 433. 
 Questions for court or jury. 56 L.R.A. 434; 
 
 16 L.E.A.(N.S.) 660. 
 Right to impeach or contradict, and to sus- 
 tain declarant, and witness. 56 L.R.A. 
 441; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 252. 
 Weight to which entitled. 56 L.R.A. 445. 
 Questions of practice. 56 L.R.A. 450. 
 Presence or absence of accused. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 453. 
 Accused not prejudiced. 56 L.R.A. 453. 
 Women in travail. 56 L.R.A. 454. 
 In prosecution for homicide by commission 
 of, or attempt to commit, abortion. 63 
 L.R.A. 916. 
 Effect of reaffirmation under sense of im- 
 pending death to render statement pre- 
 viously made admissible as a dying 
 declaration. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 702. 
 Admissibility in behalf of accused of dying 
 declarations of stranger. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 350. 
 Admissibility as dying declarations of un- 
 contradicted statement in presence of 
 accused. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 550. 
 Admissibility of dying declaration of per- 
 son for whose death the accused is not 
 on trial. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1195. 
 
 fc. Former testimony. 
 
 S 248. Generally. 
 
 Testimony of deceased witness at former 
 trial. 2 L.R.A. 78.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XI. k— cont'd 
 
 Admissibility, after death of adversary, of 
 testimony or deposition of party given 
 or taken before the former's death and 
 relating to a personal transaction with 
 him. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 488. 
 
 § 2 4 4. Testimony of accused at cor- 
 oner's inquest. 
 
 Generally. 70 L.R.A. 33; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 465. 
 Competency. 70 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Of testimony given before arrest. 70 
 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 Of testimony given after arrest. 70 
 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 For purpose of impeachment or rebut- 
 tal. 70 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 Effect of special statutes. 70 L.R.A. 44. 
 Practice in relation to. 70 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 Proof of. 70 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 Objections to. 70 L.R.A. 46. 
 Illustrative cases. 70 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 Rule applied in trial of other crimes. 
 70 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 Confessions and other evidence secured 
 at the inquest or by the coroner. 
 70 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 § 245. Testimony on preliminary ex- 
 amination of witnesses not availa- 
 ble at time of trial. 
 
 Right of accused to be confronted with wit- 
 nesses against him. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 868. 
 Necessity of representation by counsel at 
 preliminary examination. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 871. 
 Waiver of objections. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 871. 
 Identity of accusations. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 872. 
 Circumstances justifying admission. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 873. 
 Death of witness. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 873. 
 Insanity or illness of witne'ss. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 873. 
 Witness out of jurisdiction. 25 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 874. 
 Witness absent by procurement. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 874. 
 Sufficiency of showing as to the circum- 
 stances justifying admission. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 875. 
 Death of witness. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 875. 
 Sickness or insanity of the witness. 25 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 875. 
 Absence of, or inability to find, wit- 
 ness. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 875. 
 Method of proving former testimony. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 880. 
 By writings. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 880. 
 By oral testimony. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 882. 
 Weight and effect of former testimony. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.^.) 884. 
 Impeachment of testimony of absent wit- 
 ness. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 
538 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE— cont'd 
 
 XII. Relevancy and materiality. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 % 246. Generally. 
 
 Kelevancy of documentary evidence, see 
 
 supra, V. 
 Admissibility of parol evidence as to 
 
 writing, see supra, VII. 
 Admissibility to corroborate or impeach 
 
 witness, see Witnesses, IV. 
 
 Competency of evidence before grand jury. 
 28 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 b. Custom; cause. 
 
 % 34 7. Custom. 
 
 How custom or usage proved. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 440.* 
 On question of negligence. 10 L.R.A. 366.* 
 Admissibility of evidence of, on question of 
 
 negligence or contributory negligence. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 683. 
 
 S 2 48. Cause. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 60. 
 
 Admissibility of coroner's finding to show. 
 68 L.R.A. 285. 
 
 In homicide. 68 L.R.A. 285. 
 In action on claim for life insurance. 
 68 L.R.A. 288. 
 In general. 68 L.R.A. 288. 
 Where finding is incorporated in 
 proofs of loss. 68 L.R.A. 290. 
 Conclusiveness of. 68 L.R.A. 294. 
 In actions for negligently causing 
 
 death. 68 L.R.A. 294. 
 To show mental condition in testator. 
 68 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 c. Character and reputation. 
 
 § 249. Generally. 
 
 Competency of witnesses as to, see Wit- 
 nesses, § 25. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of bad character 
 or reputation where justification is 
 filed. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1183. 
 
 Character of inmates or visitors in prose- 
 cution for keeping disorderly house. 
 20 L.R.A. 612. 
 
 Proving house disorderly by evidence of its 
 general reputation. 20 L.R.A. 611. 
 
 Character of accomplice or associate. 20 
 L.R.A. 614. 
 
 Fact that witness's testimony is contra- 
 dicted by opposing testimony as war- 
 ranting introduction of evidence of his 
 reputation for truth and veracity. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 
 Proof of other crimes to rebut defense- of 
 good character. 62 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 Right of witness to testify to character 
 from personal knowledge. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 650. 
 
 Evidence of bad character to impeach wit- 
 ness. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 901. 
 
 Begin with this hoole on every law question 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. c— cont'd 
 § 2 50. Evidence of specific Instances 
 to prove character. 
 
 The legal sense of "character." 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 690. 
 The general rules of proof. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 692. 
 When character ia directly in issue. 
 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 692. 
 When character is collaterally involved. 
 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 694. 
 Negative testimony. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 696. 
 The impeachment of witnesses. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 697. 
 The victims of crime. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 Character for peace. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 708. 
 Homicide. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 Assaults with weapons, intent to 
 kill, etc. H L.R.A.(N.S.) 71.3. 
 Character for chastity. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 714. 
 Rape. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 714. 
 Assault with intent to ravish. M 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 724. 
 Incest. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 725. 
 Abduction. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 725. 
 Seduction. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 727. 
 Bastardy. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 The person accused of crime. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 735. 
 Credibility of character of witnesses in 
 criminal cases. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 739. 
 Cross-examinations. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 739. 
 Replies by redirect examinations. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 745. 
 Character in civil actions. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 745. 
 In general. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 745. 
 Cross-examination respecting par- 
 ticular facts. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 746. 
 Particular classes of actions. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 Upon miscellaneous contracts. 14 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 747. 
 Breach of promise to marry. 14 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 748. 
 Torts involving domestic relations. 
 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 749. 
 Other torts. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 Character of servant in action against mas- 
 ter. 14 L.E.A.(N.S.) 756. 
 By unrelated litigants. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 756. 
 By injured servants. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 757. 
 The fellow-servant doctrine, 14 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 757. 
 Incompetency of the servant. 14 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 760. 
 The master's cognition. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 761. 
 Reputation. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763. 
 Specific acts. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 764. 
 Conduct. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 768 
 Qualification. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 772. 
 
IIS'UEX TO L.E.A. NOTKS. 
 
 530 
 
 EVIDEXCE, XII. c— cont'd 
 
 § 25 1. Of person killed or injured. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 iicter of victims of crime. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 708. 
 Character for peace. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 70S. 
 Character for chastity. 14 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 714. 
 Evidence of habits and character of person 
 injured or killed, as affecting damages. 
 
 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 19S. 
 
 Evidence of character and reputation of de- 
 ceased on trial for homicide. 3 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 352. 
 
 .Admissibility of evidence of bad character 
 of deceased in prosecution for homicide. 
 
 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 
 § 25 2. Of accused. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove. 14 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 735. 
 
 Eight of defendant in criminal case to prove 
 character. 20 L.E.A. 613. 
 
 Evidence of defendant's character restricted 
 as to time. 20 L.E.A. 612. 
 
 Xecessity that evidence of defendant's char- 
 acter be applicable to trait involved. 
 20 L.E.A. 612. 
 
 Attacking defendant's character. 20 L.E.A. 
 609. 
 In prosecution for keeping disorderly 
 house. 20 L.E.A. 610. 
 
 Effect of evidence of defendant's good char- 
 acter to rebut presumption from pos- 
 session of stolen goods. 20 L.E.A. 614. 
 
 How and by whom defendant's character 
 proved. 20 L.E.A. 614. 
 
 Admissibility of particular acts or specific 
 traits of defendant, generallv. 20 
 L.E.A. 614. 
 On cross-examination. 20 L.E.A. 615. 
 
 Impeaching defendant's character for credi- 
 bility. 20 L.E.A. 616. 
 
 Eebutting evidence of defendant's good 
 character. 20 L.E.A. 616. 
 
 Weight and effect of evidence as to char- 
 acter. 20 L.E.A. 618. 
 
 Effect of evidence of good character to 
 create a doubt of guilt. 20 L.R.A. 617. 
 
 Instructions limiting consideration of good 
 character to doubtful cases. 20 L.E.A. 
 618. 
 
 Considering evidence of good character in 
 determining degree of guilt or crime. 
 20 L.E.A. 619. 
 
 Competency to testify to reputation of ac- 
 cused for peace or violence. 2 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 553. 
 
 § 2 53. To show negligence. 
 
 Evidence as to negligence generally, see 
 infra, XII. g. 
 
 Admissibility of reputation of servant on 
 question of master's negligence in em- 
 ploying him. 48 L.E.A. 389. 
 
 General reputation of delinquent servant as 
 notice to master of incompetency. 41 
 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Evidence of reputation to show incompe- 
 tency of servant or master's knowledge 
 thereof. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 751. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. c — cont'd 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter of servant in action against 
 master. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 758. 
 By unrelated litigants. 14 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 756. 
 By injured servant. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 757. 
 Fellow servant doctrine. 14 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 Incompetency of servant. 14 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 760. 
 Master's cognition. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 761. 
 Reputation. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763. 
 Specific acts. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 764. 
 Conduct. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 768. 
 Qualification. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 772. 
 Admissibility of evidence as to reputation 
 of one injured or killed, on the 
 question of his own negligence or 
 freedom from negligence. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 683. 
 When there is direct evidence. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 684. 
 To prove freedom from negligence. 
 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 684. 
 To prove negligence. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 685. 
 When there is no direct evidence. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 688. 
 To prove freedom from negligence. 
 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 088. 
 To prove negligente. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 690. 
 
 d. Mental capacity. 
 
 § 254. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 supra, §§ 38-40. 
 Opinion evidence as to. see supra, §§ 189- 
 
 193, infra, 291, 292. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, §§ 
 
 291, 202, 297, 298, 316. 
 
 On issue of testamentary capacity, general- 
 ly. 2 L.R.A. 669.* 
 
 Inquisition of drunkenness as evidence on 
 issue of testamentary capacity. 39 
 L.R.A. 227. 
 
 Admissibility of coroner's finding to show 
 testator's mental condition. 68 L.R.A. 
 295. 
 
 Eight of prosecution to show feigned in- 
 sanity. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 113. 
 
 e. Intent; motive; fraud; undue influ- 
 ence; malice. 
 
 § 2 55. Intent. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, sec 
 
 supra, § 41. 
 Parol evidence as to, see supra, §§ 166, 167. 
 Opinion evidence as to, see supra, § 197. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, Jj 
 
 299. ' 
 
 Evidence of other crimes to show intent 
 62 L.R.A. 214. 
 
540 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. e— cont'd 
 
 To have formal instrument in case of offer 
 and acceptance as evidence. 29 L.R.A. 
 437. 
 
 Right on trial for homicide to show im- 
 morality of deceased as bearing upon 
 defendant's intent or motive. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 397. 
 
 § 256. —right of one to testify as to 
 his intent. 
 
 In general. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 367; 34 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 323. 
 The common-law rule. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 36S. 
 Statement of. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 368. 
 Retention of common-law rule in some 
 jurisdictions. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 368. 
 Generally. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 368. 
 Rule under statutes permitting parties to 
 testify. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 372. 
 Generally. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 368. 
 The test of admissibility. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 374. 
 Exceptions and limitations. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 376. 
 Varying terms of written instru- 
 ment. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 376. 
 Conclusions of witnesses. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 Mental operations and intentions 
 depending upon nonexistent 
 or suppositious circumstances. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 38L 
 Secret and undisclosed intent or 
 motive. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 383. 
 Intent of wrongful acts intention- 
 ally done. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 384. 
 Intention shown by acts, declara- 
 tions, or circumstances. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 386. 
 Application. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 387. 
 Generally. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 387. 
 To homicide. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 388. 
 To assaults. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 389. 
 To burglary, larceny, robbery, etc., 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 390. 
 To seduction or alienation. 23 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 391. 
 To usury. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 To libel and slander. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 392. 
 To malicious prosecution. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 392. 
 To fraud. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 393. 
 To residence, occupation, or use. 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 397. 
 To dedication. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 398. 
 To gambling contracts. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 398. 
 ases involvi 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) "399." 
 To other and miscellaneous mat- 
 ters. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 399. 
 Proof by agent or associate. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N'.S.) 401. 
 Weight and conclusiveness. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 402. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. e— cont'd 
 § 25 7. —of testator. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 siipra, § 42. 
 Parol evidence as to, see supra, § 167. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of testator's in- 
 tention as to ademption of legacy. 1 
 L.R.A. 203.*' 
 
 Competency of scrivener or draftsman to 
 testify as to his own or the testator's 
 intention. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of beneficiary 
 or executor as to lack of testamentary 
 capacity or undue influence to show 
 intent. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 743. 
 
 Admissibility of testator's declarations on 
 i^sue of his intention in destroying 
 will. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 180. 
 
 g 258. Motive. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 supra, § 45. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes to show motive. 
 62 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 Proof of motive for homicide in resisting 
 arrest. 66 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 Riglit on trial for homicide to show im- 
 morality of deceased as bearing on de- 
 fendant's motive. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 397. 
 
 § 25 9. Fraud or good faith. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 supra, §§ 47-50. 
 Parol evidence as to fraud, see supra, § 177. 
 SufiBciency of evidence as to, see infra, § 
 
 301. 
 
 Right of one to testify as to his intent as 
 to. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 393. 
 
 Right to show fraud in procurement of 
 foreign judgment in rem. 20 L.R.A. 
 673. 
 
 Right of alleged fraudulent grantee to show 
 that judgment against grantor was 
 based on fraud. 67 L.R.A. 600. 
 
 Right to prove fraud in title, in proceedings 
 of summary nature to recover posses- 
 sion of property demised. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 260. 
 
 Circumstance that one benefited by will 
 was the draftsman thereof or active in 
 procuring its execution, as bearing on 
 question of fraud and deceit. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 272. 
 
 Evidence of good faith of one accused of 
 larceny who claims to have taken the 
 property under an honest belief o< 
 right. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 5.';5. 
 
 § 2 60. Undue Influence. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 supra, §§ 52, 53. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 
 § 300. 
 
 Ante- testamentary declarations as evidence 
 of undue influence. 3 L.R.A. (N SI 
 749. ■ ■' 
 
 Begin Willi this hoolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 541 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. e— cont'd 
 ^361. Malice. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 43. 
 
 Proof of malice in homicide while resisting 
 arrest. 66 L.E.A. 384. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes to show malice. 
 62 L.E.A. 277. 
 
 Eepi'tition of privileged statement as evi- 
 dence of malice. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 f. Value; damages. 
 
 § 2 62. Value. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 107. 
 
 To show value of land condemned. 3 L.E.A. 
 
 83.* 
 Eight of owner of baggage to testify as to 
 
 its value in action for its loss. 37 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 588. 
 Proof of value of goods taken or sought to 
 
 be taken in prosecution for burglary. 
 
 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 Newspaper quotations as evidence of value. 
 
 ]6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 758. 
 Evidence of structural value of improve- 
 ments to fix damages in condemnation. 
 
 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 411. 
 
 § 263. Damages. 
 
 As to measure of damages, see Damages, 
 III. 
 
 Admissibility of drawer's want of credit in 
 action by him against bank for wrong- 
 fully dishonoring a check. 11 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 224. 
 
 Judgment against one as prima facie evi- 
 dence of amount of damages against 
 another, liable over, who had no notice 
 of the original suit. 16 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 911. 
 
 Obstruction of surface water as element of 
 damages in eminent-domain proceedings 
 for a railroad right of way. 13 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 237. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of family rela- 
 tions of plaintiff on question of dam- 
 ages in action for libel or slander. 23 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 362. 
 
 Eight to prove seduction in aggravation of 
 damages in breach of promise ease. 4 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 616; 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 388. 
 
 What evidence admissible to show mental 
 anguish. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 409. 
 
 § 264. — for personal injury. 
 
 Of earnings in higher position on question 
 
 of damages for injury to person who 
 
 was in line of promotion. 1 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1150. 
 
 Admissibility, on question of damages for 
 
 personal injuries, of amount paid 
 
 for services of substitute during 
 
 incapacity. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 737. 
 
 As affecting earning capacity. 30 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 737. 
 Amount paid substitute as a disburse- 
 ment. 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 738. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. f— cont'd 
 § 265. —mitigation of. 
 
 To mitigate damages for libel. 
 
 3 L.E.A. 
 
 Of provocation to mitigate damages for as- 
 sault. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 137; 11 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 670. 
 
 In mitigation of damages for wife's libel or 
 slander. 30 L.E.A. 529. 
 
 Admissibility of bad cliaracter or reputa- 
 tion of plaintiff in libel or slander to 
 mitigate damages where justification is 
 filed. 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1185. 
 
 g. Negligence. 
 
 § 2 6 0. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, se 
 
 supra. III. g. 
 Opinion evidence as to, see supra, VIII. g. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, XIII. 
 
 b. 
 Evidence of reputation as to negligence, see 
 
 supra, § 253. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of usage and cus- 
 tom on question of. 10 L.R.A. 366.* 
 
 .■Vs to negligence in escape and explosion of 
 gas." 29 L.R.A. 342. 
 
 Circumstances admissible to prove negli- 
 gence of railroad in setting out fires. 
 1 L.E.A. 027.* 
 
 Of negligence of street railway as to exces- 
 sive speed. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 251. 
 
 § 2 6 7. On highway. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 76. 
 
 Evidence in action against township for in- 
 jury by defects in bigliway. 13 L.E.A. 
 (N"S.) 1244. 
 
 Subsequent repair or removal of defect or 
 obstruction in street as evidence of 
 negligence. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 067. _ 
 
 Admissibility, in prosecution for driving 
 at dangerous speed, of evidence of 
 traffic reasonably to be expected upon 
 highway. 2 B. E. C. 201. 
 
 § 2 68. Of master. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 77. 
 
 Of specific acts of incompetency to charge 
 master with negligence in hiring eiri- 
 ployee. 25 L.E.A. 716. 
 
 g 269. Contributory negligence. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 80. 
 
 Intoxication as evidence of negligence. 40 
 L.E.A. 143. 
 
 h. Precautions after accident. 
 
 § 2 70. Generally. 
 
 Proof of precautions after accident. 12 
 L.E.A. 559.* 
 
 Subsequent repair or removal of defect or 
 obstruction in street as evidence of neg- \ 
 ligence. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 667. 
 
542 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. h— cont'd 
 
 Evidence of repairs made or precautions 
 
 taken after accident. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1127. 
 
 i. Circumstantial evidence. 
 
 § 2 71. Generally. 
 
 Sufficiency of, see infra, §§ 293, 319. 
 
 Circumstantial evidence as to character of 
 
 accused. 20 L.E.A. 814. 
 Distinction between rule res ipsa loquitur 
 
 and rule as to circumstantial evidence. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 337. 
 
 j. Similar acts and facta. 
 
 § 2 72. Generally. 
 
 Proof of agency by evidence of similar acts 
 
 by alleged agents. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 23 9. 
 
 § 2 7 3. Other accidents. 
 
 Proof of other accidents. 5 L.R.A. 255.* 
 
 Evidence of prior accidents. 32 L.R.A. 
 'N.S.) 1101. 
 
 Evidence of subsequent accidents. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1160. 
 
 As evidence of negligence on part of munici- 
 pality in respect to highway. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 665. 
 
 Evidence of other accidents in street as evi- 
 dence of negligence. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 668. 
 
 Admissibility of other accidents to show im- 
 plied notice to municipality of danger- 
 ous condition of street. 20 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 721. 
 
 g 2 74. Condition or conduct at other 
 times. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of condition, be- 
 fore and after accident, of prop- 
 erty whose defects are alleged to 
 have caused injury. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1084. 
 Evidence as to prior conditions. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1085. 
 Railroads. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1085. 
 Streets, highways, and bridges. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1244; 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1090. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1093. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 
 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 
 tunnels. 32 L.E.A. 
 
 1095. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1096. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 Elevators. 
 Electricity. 
 Explosions. 
 Mines and 
 (N.S.) 
 Machinery. 
 Falling things. 
 
 1097. 
 Miscellaneous. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1097. 
 Where evidence is inadmissible. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1097. 
 Where conditions were not the 
 same. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1097. 
 Where prior conditions were 
 not connected with the ac- 
 cident. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1098. 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. j— cont'd 
 
 For lapse of time. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1099. 
 Where defendant did not con- 
 trol prior conditions. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1099. 
 On account of pleading. 32 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1099. 
 For lack of notice. 32 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1100. 
 As presenting collateral issues. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1100. 
 Evidence of prior accidents. 32 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1101. 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1101. 
 Railroads. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1102. 
 Elevators. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1103. 
 Elcctricitv. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1103. 
 Machinery. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1103. 
 Streets and highways. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1104. 
 Mines. 32 L;R.A.(N.S.) 1108. 
 Miscellaneous. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1108. 
 Where the conditions were not the 
 same. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1108. 
 Where defendant had not notice. 
 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 As controlled by the condition in 
 
 issue. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Iowa cases. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1110. 
 
 Alabama cases. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1112. 
 Massacliusetts cases. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1112. 
 Maine cases. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1114. 
 Virginia cases. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1115. 
 Oregon and Wisconsin cases. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 Missouri cases. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 . 1116. 
 Condition subsequent to the accident. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1244; 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1117. 
 Generally. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1117. 
 Where the condition had changed. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1124. 
 Evidence of repairs made or precau- 
 tions taken after an accident. 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1127. 
 Generally. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1127. 
 
 Pennsylvania cases. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1134. 
 Minnesota cases. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1135. 
 Georgia cases. 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 11.36. 
 Kansas cases. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1137. 
 Illinois cases. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1137. 
 Washington cases. 32 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 1139. 
 As evidence in rebuttal. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1139. 
 To show control and duty. 32 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1142. 
 For the purpose of identification 
 
 and description. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1142. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 643 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. j— cont'd 
 
 To show ability, possibility. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1144. 
 Exceptional cases. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1145. 
 Fires. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3146. 
 Animals. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1159. 
 
 Frightening other horses, previous- 
 ly. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1150. 
 Disposition of this animal previ- 
 ously. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 Subsequent disposition. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1160. 
 Subsequent accidents. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1160. 
 Negative evidence. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1161. 
 General condition as evidence of negligence 
 on part of municipality in respect of 
 highway. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 665. 
 Admissibility of evidence of subsequent vi- 
 cious conduct of animal inflicting in- 
 jury. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1233. 
 
 § 2 7 5. Evidence of other crimes. 
 
 General rule. 62 L.R.A. 194. 
 To show motive. 62 L.R.A. 199. 
 In general. 62 L.R.A. 199. 
 Common scheme, plan, or system. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 199. 
 Murder. 62 L.R.A. 200. 
 Assault with intent to murder. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 207. 
 Arson. 62 L.R.A. 208. 
 Other crimes. 62 L.R.A. 208. 
 Concealment; resisting arrest; escape. 
 62 L.R.A. 211. 
 To show intent. 62 L.R.A. 214.. 
 In general. 62 L.R.A. 214. 
 When there is other evidence or pre- 
 sumption of intent. 62 L.R.A. 215. 
 When intent is immaterial. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 218. 
 Common scheme, plan, or system. 62 
 L.R.A. 218. 
 In general. 62 L.R.A. 218. 
 False pretenses; fraud. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 222. 
 Forgery. 62 L.R.A. 224. 
 Counterfeiting. 62 L.R.A. 225. 
 Embezzlement. 62 L.R.A. 226. 
 In particular instances. 62 L.R.A. 227. 
 Murder. 62 L.R.A. 227. 
 Assault with intent to murder. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 228. 
 Assault with intent to commit 
 
 rape. 62 L.R.A. 228. 
 Abortion and attempt to procure. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 229. 
 Slander and libel. 62 L.R.A. 230. 
 Violation of liquor law. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 230. 
 Larceny. 62 L.R.A. 231. 
 Burglary and attempts to commit. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 236. 
 Arson. 62 L.R.A. 238. 
 Killing and injuring animals. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 239. 
 Sending obscene, threatening, etc., 
 
 letters. 62 L.R.A. 239. 
 False pretenses; fraud. ' 62 L.R.A. 
 240. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. j— cont'd 
 
 Forgery. 62 L.R.A. 249. 
 Counterfeiting. 62 L.R.A. 257. 
 Embezzlement. 62 L.R.A. 264. 
 Receiving stolen property. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 269. 
 Miscellaneous crimes. 62 L.R.A. 
 274. 
 To show malice. 62 L.R.A. 277. 
 To prove defendant's connection with act 
 charged. 62 L.R.A. 278. 
 In general. 62 L.R.A. 278. 
 Assault and murder. 62 L.R.A. 278., 
 Defiling young women. 62 L.R.A. 281. 
 Larceny. 62 L.R.A. 281. 
 Burglary. 62 L.R.A. 285. 
 Robbery. 62 L.R.A. 288. 
 Arson.' 62 L.R.A. 289. 
 Forgery. 62 L.R.A. 289. 
 Violation of liquor law. 62 L.R.A. 290. 
 Common scheme, plan, or system. 62 
 L:R.A. 291. 
 To rebut special defenses. 62 L.R.A. 299. 
 In general. 62 L.R.A. 299. 
 Insanity. 62 L.R.A. 300. 
 Good character. 62 L.R.A. 300. 
 Accident or mistake. 62 L.R.A. 300. 
 When other crime is part of the res gestw. 
 62 L.R.A. 308. 
 Murder. 62 L.R.A. 308. 
 Assault with intent to murder. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 313. 
 Other assaults. 62 L.R.A. 314. 
 Rape. 62 L.R.A. 314. 
 Larceny. 62 L.R.A. 315. 
 Receiving stolen property. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 317. 
 Burglary. 62 L.R.A. 317. 
 Robbery. 62 L.R.A. 318. 
 Forgery. 62 L.R.A. 319. 
 Arson. 62 L.R.A. 319. 
 Other crimes. 62 L.R.A. 319. 
 Relevancy. 62 L.R.A. 320. 
 Murder. 62 L.R.A. 320. 
 Rape. 62 L.R.A. 322. 
 Larceny. 62 L.R.A. 322. 
 False pretenses. 62 L.R.A. 323. 
 Burglary. 62 L.R.A. 324. 
 Forgery. 62 L.R.A. 324. 
 Robbery. 62 L.R.A. 324. 
 Arson. 62 L.R.A. 325. 
 Violation of liquor law. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 325. 
 Treason. 62 L.R.A. 325. 
 Miscellaneous. 62 L.R.A. 326. 
 Sexual offenses. 62 L.R.A. 329. 
 
 General rule; previous acts. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 329. 
 Subsequent acts. 62 L.R.A. 335. 
 Acts with other persons. 62 L.R.A. 
 338. 
 Committed in resisting arrest, or attempting 
 to escape after commission of crime 
 charged. 62 L.R.A. 338. 
 Effect of indictment for conviction or 
 acquittal of, evidential crime. 62 
 L.R.A. 339. 
 Indictment. 62 L.R.A. 339. 
 Conviction. 62 L.R.A. 341. 
 Acquittal. 62 L.R.ii. 342. 
 Election of offense relied on. 62 L.R.A. 344. 
 
544 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. j— cont'd 
 
 Right to question defendant concerning, on 
 
 cross-examination. 62 L.E.A. 345. 
 When not prejudicial. 62 L.E.A. 347. 
 StaiMnent or insinuation by prosecution of 
 
 other crime. 62 L.R.A. 348. 
 Necessity and correctness of instruction to 
 jury. 62 L.R.A. 350. 
 General rule. 62 L.R.A. 350. 
 Necessity. 62 L.R.A. 350. 
 Correctness. 62 L.R.A. 353. 
 Effect of instruction to disregarded. 
 62 L.R.A. 355. 
 Miscellaneous. 62 L.R.A. 356. 
 Admissibility of evidence of prior or subse- 
 quent acts of intercourse between the 
 parties in prosecution for incest. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 466. 
 
 k. Rebuttal. 
 
 § 2 7 6. Generally. 
 
 By testimony of accused at coroner's in- 
 quest. 70 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 Of nonexpert opinion as to sanity or insan- 
 ity. 38 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Of presumption as to exercise of due care 
 by person injured. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1]19. 
 
 Of presumption of accceptance of assign- 
 ment or deed of trust for creditors. 24 
 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 § 2 7 7. Criminal cases. 
 
 Rebutting evidence of defendant's good char- 
 acter. 20 L.R.A. 616. 
 
 Proof of good character of deceased in re- 
 buttal in prosecution for homicide. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 374. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes to rebut special 
 defense. 62 L.R.A. 299. 
 
 Proof of otlier crimes to rebut defense of 
 good character. 62 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 I. Contracts; personal relations. 
 
 § 2 7 8. Contracts. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 supra. III. i. 
 Sufliciency of evidence as to, see infra, XIII. 
 
 f. 
 
 In action on contract in violation of law. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 623. 
 
 In action by wrongfully discharged servant 
 for damages from breach of contract. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68. 
 
 Registration of deed as evidence of deliv- 
 ery. 5 L.R.A. 121.* 
 
 § 2 79. — insurance matters. 
 
 In action on policy of accident insurance. 
 3 L.E.A. 445.* 
 
 Mode of proving mailing of notice of ma- 
 turity of premiums or assessments. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 238. 
 
 g 280. Personal relations. 
 
 To show partnership. 13 L.R.A. 370.* 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII.— cont'd 
 
 m. Ownership; authority. 
 
 § 281. Ownership. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 104. 
 
 Brand as evidence of ownership of cattle. 
 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 87. 
 
 § 282. Authority. 
 
 To prove defendant's authority or permis- 
 sion for sale of intoxicating liquors by 
 his servant. 41 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 n. Miscellaneous civil matters. 
 
 § 2 83. Generally. 
 
 Evidence in support of contempt proceedings 
 
 to compel payment of alimony. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 436. 
 Evidence to establish insanity of witness. 
 
 37 L.R.A. 426. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to similarity or 
 
 dissimilarity of handwriting. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 873. 
 Acquittal or discharge on criminal charge 
 
 as evidence of want of probable cause. 
 
 64 L.E.A. 474. 
 Evidence in action for divorce on ground of 
 
 drunkenness. 34 L.R.A. 452. 
 
 o. Criminal matters. 
 
 § 284. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof in, see 
 supra. III. 1. 
 
 Evidence of threats, see supra, § 239. 
 
 Evidence of character of person killed or 
 injured, see supra, § 251. 
 
 Evidence of character or reputation of ac- 
 cused, see supra, § 252. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes, see supra, § 273. 
 
 Rebuttal in criminal cases, see supra, § 277. 
 
 Suificiency of evidence in, see infra, XIII. 
 i. 
 
 Of drunkenness, when admissible in crim- 
 inal case. 8 L.E.A. 33.* 
 
 Of the trailing of persons by bloodhounds. 
 42 L.R.A. 432; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 870. 
 
 In prosecution of habitual criminal or prior 
 offender. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 437. 
 
 Right of prosecution to show feigned in- 
 sanity. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 113. 
 
 Repeal of statute excluding evidence dis- 
 covered or obtained by judicial proceed- 
 ings. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 96. 
 
 Admissibility in criminal case of testimony 
 as to facts learned while spying or 
 eavesdropping. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 451. 
 
 Is evidence of the truth or falsity of an al- 
 leged statement admissible in a crim- 
 inal case to corroborate or disprove the 
 fact that the statement was made. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 335. 
 
 Admissibility in a criminal prosecution of 
 a judgment rendered in a civil action. 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 46L 
 
 § 285. Evidence of corpus delicti. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 supra, § 115. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, § 318. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES., 
 
 645 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. o— cont'd 
 Proof of corpus delicti. 68 L.E.A. 33. 
 In arson. 16 L.E.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 In false pretenses. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 Larceny. 68 L.E.A. 65; 28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 536. 
 What constitutes. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 536. 
 Necessity of proving. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 536. 
 In connection with confession. 28 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 536. 
 Character and sufficiency. 28 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 537. 
 Evidence of corpus delicti tending to 
 connect accused. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 538 
 In homicide.' 68 L.E.A. 57, 73, 75, 76, 77, 
 78. . 
 
 § 2 85a. Evidence of alibi. 
 
 Evidence of, in prosecution for homicide in 
 carrying out unlawful conspiracy. 68 
 L.E.A. 222. 
 
 Proof of, on trial of one found in posses- 
 sion of recently stolen property. 12 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 199. 
 
 § 286. In prosecution for homicide. 
 
 As to character or reputation of deceased, 
 
 see supra, § 251. 
 As to character or reputation of accused, 
 
 see supra, § 252. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 supra, § 116. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see infra, 
 
 § 326. 
 
 In prosecution for negligent homicide. 61 
 
 L.E.A. 298. 
 Competency of evidence in action for homi- 
 cide by misadventure. 3 L.E.A. (N.S. ) 
 1161. 
 In prosecution for homicide in commission 
 of unlawful act. 63 L.E.A. 397. 
 Effect of rule against proof of other 
 crimes. 63 L.E.A. 398. 
 In prosecution for homicide in commission 
 of, or attempt to commit, an abortion. 
 63 L.R.A. 914. 
 In prosecution for homicide in resisting ar- 
 rest, or of officer of justice. 66 
 L.R.A. 381. 
 Motive or malice. 66 L.E.A. 384. 
 In prosecution for homicide in carrying out 
 unlawful conspiracy. 68 L.E.A. 
 215. 
 Alibi. 68 L.E.A. 222. 
 In prosecution for homicide resulting from 
 injuries by different persons acting in- 
 dependently. 67 L.E.A. 430. 
 Eight of one to testify as to his intent, 23 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 388, 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 324. 
 Evidence of lower or different degree in 
 prosecution for homicide. 18 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 16. 
 Proof of corpus delicti. 68 L.E.A. 57, 73, 
 
 75, 76, 77, 78. 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for 
 murder. 62 L.E.A. 200, 227, 278, 308, 
 320. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date 
 
 EVIDENCE, XII. o— cont'd 
 
 Right on trial for homicide to show im- 
 morality of deceased as bearing upon 
 defendant's intent or motive. 36 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 397. 
 
 Admissibility, on trial for murder, of testi- 
 mony of accused at coroner's inquest. 
 70 L.R.A. 33; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 465. 
 
 Admissibility of coroner's finding to show 
 cause of death. 68 L.R.A. 285. 
 
 Admission in evidence of portions of body 
 of deceased, on trial for. 12 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 238. 
 
 Right of court to order disinterment of 
 corpse for evidential purposes. 22 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 513. 
 
 § 287. In prosecution for miscellane- 
 ous crimes. 
 
 To prove charge of keeping disorderly house. 
 4 L.R.A. 676.* 
 
 To sustain information charging sale of lot- 
 tery tickets. 3 L.E.A. 404.* 
 
 In prosecution of carrier for transporting 
 intoxicating liquors. 46 L.R.A. 420. 
 
 Possession of recently stolen property as 
 evidence of burglary. 12 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 199. 
 
 Competency of prosecuting witness on trial 
 for obtaining property by false pre- 
 tenses to testify that he was induced 
 to part with his property by defend- 
 ant's statements. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 642. 
 
 XIII. Weight; effect; sufficiency. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 288. Generally. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment, see Jitdgment. 
 Weight of evidence as question for jury, 
 see Tkial, §§ 20, 21. 
 
 The scintilla doctrine. 2 L.R.A. 340;* 4 
 L.R.A. 778.* 
 
 Conclusiveness of judicial admission as to 
 strangers. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 327. 
 
 Effect of party's changing testimony on 
 second trial, to supply defects in the 
 case made on the first trial. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 429. 
 
 Necessity of qualifying by reference to con- 
 scious falsity an instruction under a 
 statute enacting the maxim, Falsus in 
 uno, falsus in omnihiis, without that 
 qualification. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680. 
 
 Power of court to disregard testimony be- 
 cause contrary to scientific principles. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 357; 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 701; 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 648. 
 
 Eight to judgment non ohstante veredicto 
 because of failure of proof. 12 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 1021. 
 
 In obtaining judgment nunc pro tunc. 20 
 L.R.A. 145. 
 
 Injunction against judgment for erroneous 
 decision as to sufficiency. 30 L.R.A. 
 704. 
 
 Power of appellate court to reverse convic- 
 tion for insufficiency of evidence to sus- 
 tain verdict. 17 L.E.A. 484. 
 
 35 
 
546 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XIII. a— cont'd 
 
 Degree of certainty with which perjury may 
 be established to constitute ground for 
 relief against judgment. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 220. 
 
 § 289. Necessity of corroboration. 
 
 In criminal cases, sec infra, §§ 320, 321. 
 
 Necessity of corroboration of admission or 
 testimony of party to divorce in rela- 
 tion to the state of mind. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 45. 
 
 ■§ 29 0. Of expert testimony. 
 
 Generally. 42 L.R.A. 753. 
 Weight. 42 L.R.A. 755. 
 
 Generally. 42 L.R.A. 755. 
 
 As affected by competency, opportunity, 
 
 etc. 42 'L.R.A. 756. 
 As affected by bias. 42 L.R.A. 759. 
 As affected by character of the opinion. 
 
 42 L.R.A. 760. 
 As affected by basic facts. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 761. 
 As against facts proved. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 762. 
 A question for the jury. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 ■ 764. 
 Submission of the question to the jury. 
 
 42 L.R.A. 765. 
 Opinions as to values and damages. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 767. 
 Generally. 42 L.R.A. 767. 
 In eminent domain proceedings. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 767. 
 Of professional services. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 768. 
 Miscellaneous matters. 42 L.R.A. 769. 
 Opinions in patent cases. 42 L.R.A. 770. 
 Opinions as to handwriting. 42 L.R.A. 771. 
 General rules. 42 L.R.A. 771. 
 Torce of. 42 L.R.A. 771. 
 Comparison and seeing party write. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 773. 
 
 § 291. — as to sanity and mental ca- 
 pacity. 
 
 Expert evidence as to, generally, see supra, 
 
 § 190. 
 Weight of evidence as to sanity as question 
 
 for jury, see Teial, § 21. 
 
 In general. 39 L.R.A. 328; 42 L.R.A. 767. 
 
 As affected by facts and opportunity to ob- 
 serve. 39 L.R.A. 329. 
 
 As affected by character, bias, and nature 
 of the question. 39 L.R.A. 331. 
 
 As compared with other expert opinions. 39 
 L.R.A. 331. 
 
 As compared with nonexpert opinions. 39 
 L.R.A. 332. 
 
 As question for the jury. 39 L.R.A. 333. 
 
 § 2 92. Of nonexpert opinion as to 
 sanity or mental capacity. 
 
 Nonexpert evidence as to, generally, see 
 supra, § 191. 
 
 Weight of nonexpert opinions as to sanity 
 or mental capacity. 38 L.R.A. 745. 
 Generally. 38 L.R.A." 745. 
 As affected by character, capacity and 
 opportunity. 38 L.R.A. 745. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XIII. a— cont'd 
 
 As affected by the facts and reasons 
 
 stated. 38 L.R.A. 746. 
 As compared with expert and other evi- 
 dence. 38 L.R.A. 747. 
 As question for the jury. 38 L.R.A. 
 747. 
 Of subscribing witnesses as to sanity or in- 
 sanity of testator. 39 L.R.A. 720; 6 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 § 293. Circumstantial evidence. 
 
 In criminal cases, see infra, § 319. 
 Relevancy of, see supra, § 271. 
 
 Recovery for death on circumstantial evi- 
 dence. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 905. 
 
 Discharge of burden of proof as to contribu- 
 tory negligence by. 33 L.R.A. ( N.S. > 
 1138, 1177. 
 
 b. Negligence. 
 
 § 294. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, set 
 
 supra. III. g. 
 Opinion evidence as to, see supra, VIII. g. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see supra, XII. 
 
 g- 
 
 Of intoxication as evidence of negligence. 
 40 L.R.A. 145. 
 
 Probative value of various facts as tending 
 to show culpability of master in em- 
 ployment of servants. 48 L.R.A. 378. 
 
 Servant's violation of rule of railway com- 
 pany as evidence of negligence towards 
 member of the public. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1063. 
 
 Operating street car at speed in excess of 
 that prescribed by ordinance as evi- 
 dence of negligence. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1093. 
 
 Sufficiency of proof of negligence of carrier 
 causing injury to passenger. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 602; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 809. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence to establish negli- 
 gence respecting escape and explosion 
 of gas. 29 L.R.A. 346. 
 
 Proof necessary to discharge burden resting, 
 on plaintiff in action against physician 
 for malpractice to show that his negli- 
 gence or unskilfulness caused or con- 
 tributed to death or injury of patient. 
 15 L.E.A.(N.S.) 416. 
 
 c. Matters as to persons. 
 
 § 2 95. Marriage. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, §§ 27, 28. 
 
 Of marriage. 7 L.R.A. 799.* 
 
 § 2 96. Legitimacy. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 24. 
 
 Proof necessary to establish bastardy of 
 child born to married woman. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 255. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 547 
 
 EVIDENCE, XIII. c— cont'd 
 
 Rule tliat presumption may be overcome 
 by proof which establishes be- 
 yond a reasonable doubt that 
 intercourse did not in fact 
 occur. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 256. 
 By evidence that is clear and con- 
 clusive. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 256. 
 By satisfactory evidence. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 25S. 
 By strong and clear evidence. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 258. 
 By preponderance of the evidence. 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 259. 
 Circumstances held sufficient to over- 
 come the presumption. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 25U. 
 Evidence held sufficient to overcome 
 presumption. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 260. 
 Rule in cases of antenuptial concep- 
 tion. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 261. 
 Rule where intercourse is shown to 
 have taken place. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 262. 
 
 § 29 7. Sanity; capacity. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, sec 
 
 supra, § 38. 
 Weisht of opinion evidence as to, see supra, 
 
 "§§ 291, 292. 
 As to sanity of accused, see infra, § 316. 
 
 Evidence necessary to satisfy or shift bur- 
 den as to sanity. 36 L.R.A. 735. 
 
 As to sanity or insanity at time of mar- 
 riage. 40 L.R.A. 742. 
 
 Degree of proof of mental and physical con- 
 ditions of persons whose dying declara- 
 tions are offered in evidence. 56 L.R.A. 
 418. 
 
 § 2 98. —of testator. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 39. 
 
 Duty of court to determine sufficiency. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 669.* 
 Suicide as evidence of testamentary inca- 
 pacity. 24 L.R.A. 577. 
 Weight of testimony of subscribing witness- 
 es as to sanity or insanity. 39 
 L,R.A. 720. 
 Against competency of testator. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 575. 
 
 § 2 99. Intent. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, 
 
 see supra, §§ 41, 42. 
 Parol evidence as to, see supra, §§ 166, 167. 
 Opinion evidence as to, see supra, § 197. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see supra, 
 
 §§ 255-257. 
 
 Weight and conclusiveness of testimony of 
 party as to his intent. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 402. 
 
 § 300. Undue influence. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 supra, §§ 52, 53. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see supra, § 
 260. 
 
 Consult also L.Tt.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XIII. c— cont'd 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence to repel presump- 
 tion of undue influence from circum- 
 stance that one benefited by will was 
 the draftsman thereof or benefited by 
 procuring its execution, 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 288. 
 
 § 301. Fraud. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 supra, § 47. 
 Parol evidence as to fraud, see supra, § 177. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see supra, 
 
 § 259. 
 
 Establishment of, by facts and circum- 
 stances. 4 L.R.A. 158.* 
 Inadequacy of consideration as evidence of. 
 
 4 L.R.A. 638.* 
 Degree of proof required to establish fraud. 
 
 4 L.R.A. 383;* 10 L.R.A. 606.* 
 Degree of certainty necessary to establish 
 fraud in a civil action. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 836. 
 Not to be presumed, but must be 
 proved, etc. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 837.. 
 By a preponderance of testimony, etc. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 837. 
 Clear, satisfactory, etc. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 838. 
 Expressions disapproved. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 840. 
 Like any other fact. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 840. 
 Beyond reasonable doubt. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 840. 
 Consistent with honest purpose. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 Presumption of innocence. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 841. 
 To the satisfaction of the jury or 
 
 court. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 841. 
 Sufficient to satisfy the mind, etc. 3S 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 842. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. > 
 842. 
 Character and sufficiency of proof to repel 
 suspicion of fraud from circumstance 
 that one benefited by a will was thfr 
 draftsman thereof or active in procur- 
 ing its execution. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.> 
 279. 
 
 § 302. — as against creditors. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, §§ 48-50. 
 
 What must be proved to set aside convey- 
 ance for fraud. 3 L.R.A. 802.* 
 
 Conclusiveness of presumption of fraud 
 from retention of chattels by vendor. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1127. 
 
 § 303. Probable cause. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 46. 
 
 Conclusiveness of presumption of want of 
 probable cause for prosecution from dis- 
 charge. 64 L.R.A. 486. 
 
S48 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 BVIDENeS, XIII.— cont'd 
 
 d. To overcome writing. 
 
 S 304. Generally. 
 
 To overcome written instrument. 5 L.E.A. 
 159.* 
 
 To warrant reformation of instrument, evi- 
 dence must be clear and satisfactory. 
 3 L.R.A. 190.* 
 
 ■Cogency of proof in suit for relief from 
 mistake of law as to effect of insti'u- 
 ment. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 917. 
 
 ■Sufficiency of evidence to impeach certifi- 
 cate of acknowledgment of deed. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 442; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1176. 
 
 e. Of documentary evidence. 
 
 § 305. Generally. 
 
 Comparison of handwriting. 62 L.R.A. 871. 
 
 Change of law as to effect of tax certificates 
 as evidence of title. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1074. 
 
 Effect of public record as notice or evidence 
 of notice to start statute of limitations 
 against action based on fraud. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 208. 
 
 Right of insurance company to rely on 
 clause giving it option as to payee of 
 proceeds of policy and making receipt 
 conclusive evidence of payment to 
 proper person. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 928. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making bill of 
 lading conclusive proof of receipt of 
 property. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 821. 
 
 § 30 6. Judgment. 
 
 Judgment against officer as conclusive evi- 
 dence against surety on official bond. 
 52 L.R.A. 176, 185, 187. 
 
 g 3 07. Life tables. 
 
 Conclusiveness and effect of tables of ex- 
 pectancy of life. 40 L.E.A. 560. 
 
 § 308. Pliotographs. 
 
 Conclusiveness of photographs introduced in 
 evidence. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1162. 
 
 g 308a. Enrolled bill. 
 
 Conclusiveness of. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 L.R.A. 340; 40 
 
 f. Contracts. 
 
 § 309. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 supra. III. i. 
 Slelevancy of evidence as to, see supra, 
 
 XII. 1. 
 
 To overcome denial of contract. 4 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 410. 
 Degree of proof necessary to establish parol 
 
 gift of real estate. 9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 508. 
 
 § 310. Of employment. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, 
 see supra, § 92 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XIII. f— cont'd 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence to support a recov. 
 ery for services rendered by relative or 
 member of household. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 893. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence to support recovery 
 on implied agreement to pay for ser- 
 vices of relative or member of house- 
 hold. 11 L.E.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 
 In action by wrongfully discharged servant 
 for damages from breach of contract. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68. 
 
 Sufficiency of proof of other employment in 
 mitigation or reduction of damages for 
 wrongful discharge of servant. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 110. 
 
 § 311. Insurance matters. 
 
 Conclusiveness of proofs of loss as against 
 insured or his beneficiaries. 44 L.R.A. 
 846. 
 
 g. Will cases. 
 
 § 312. Generally. 
 
 Testamentary capacity of testator, see 
 
 supra, § 298. 
 As to undue influence, see supra, § 300. 
 Presiimption and burden of proof as to 
 
 wills, see supra, § 102. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence to prove execution 
 of lost or destroyed will. 38 
 L.R.A. 441. 
 Number of witnesses required. 38 
 L.R.A. 443. 
 Sufficiency of evidence to prove contents of 
 lost or destroyed will. 38 L.R.A. 
 446. 
 Number of witnesses required. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 450. 
 Proof of part of contents. 38 L.R.A. 
 452. 
 Duty of court to determine sufficiency of 
 evidence on issue of devisavit vel non. 
 2 L.R.A. 669.* 
 Evidentiary force of circumstance that one 
 benefited by a will was the draftsman 
 thereof, or was active in procuring its 
 execution. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 270. 
 
 h. Miscellaneous civil cases. 
 
 § 313. Generally. 
 
 As to right of set-off on mortgage fore- 
 closure. 21 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 Proof of failure or refusal of bankrupt or 
 person having money or property be- 
 longing to bankrupt to deliver it to 
 trustee sufficient to justify contempt 
 order. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 256. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence before tribunal of as- 
 sociation or corporation to support ex- 
 pulsion of member. 49 L.R.A. 369. 
 
 Kind and amount of proof necessary to es- 
 tablish tenant's title by adverse pos- 
 session. 53 L.R.A. 945. 
 
 In action against heirs for obligation* of 
 ancestor. 21 L.E.A. 92. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 64» 
 
 EVIDENCE, XIII. h— cont'd 
 
 Data necessary to warrant recovery for con- 
 sequential damages to real property. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 333. 
 
 § 314. liibel. 
 
 Degree of proof necessary to establish justi- 
 fication in action for libel or slander 
 charging criminal act. 10 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 ]051; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1215. 
 
 Character and sufficiency of proof of truth 
 as a defense to a civil action for libel 
 or slander. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 132. 
 
 i. Criminal cases, 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 g 815. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof in, see 
 
 supra, III. 1. 
 Relevancy of evidence in, see supra, XII. o. 
 Sufficiency of evidence before grand jury to 
 
 sustain indictment, see Gsand Jury, 
 
 § 8. 
 
 Weight and effect of evidence as to charac- 
 ter of accused. 20 L.R.A. 618. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence before grand jury to 
 sustain indictment. 28 L.R.A. 324. 
 
 Right of court to caution jury as to believ- 
 ing testimony of accused in his ovpn be- 
 half. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 802. 
 
 Weight and effect on trial of accused of 
 testimony given by witnesses on pre- 
 liminary examination. 25 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 884. 
 
 § 316. As to sanity. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 40. 
 
 Beyond a reasonable doubt. 39 L.R.A. 737. 
 To the satisfaction of the jury. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 737. 
 A preponderance of the evidence. 39 L.R.A. 
 739. 
 General rules. 39 L.R.A. 739. 
 What constitutes a sufficient preponder- 
 ance. 39 L.R.A. 740. 
 Clearly proved, reasonable certainty, etc. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 742. 
 Reasonable doubt of insanity. 39 L.R.A. 
 743. 
 General rules. 39 L.R.A. 743. 
 What constitutes reasonable doubt. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 745. 
 Submission of the question to the jury. 
 39 L.R.A. 747. 
 On issue of present insanity in criminal 
 
 ease. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 Right of jury to abide by presumption of 
 defendant's sanity as against uncon- 
 tradicted evidence to the contrary. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 545. 
 
 g 317. As to alibi. 
 
 Burden of proof as to, see supra, § 114. 
 
 Proof by defendant beyond a reasonable 
 
 doubt. 41 L.R.A. 630. 
 Proof by defendant by a preponderance of 
 evidence. 41 L.R.A. 530. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XIII. i, 1— cont'd 
 
 General rules. 41 L.R.A. 530. 
 As affected by reasonable doubt on 
 whole case. 41 LJl.A. 531. 
 Proof by defendant to raise a reasonable 
 
 doubt. 41 L.R.A. 533. 
 Proof by prosecution beyond a reasonable 
 doubt. 41 L.R.A. 534. 
 General rule as to burden of proof. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 534. 
 Measure of proof. 41 L.R.A. 537. 
 Consideration of all the evidence. 41 
 
 L.R,A. 538. 
 How jury should be instructed. 41 
 L.R.A. 539. 
 Time covered by proof. 41 L.R.A. 541. 
 
 § 318. Corpus delicti. 
 
 Burden of proving, see supra, § 115. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see supra> 
 § 285. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti. 68 LJl.A. 57. 
 
 In homicide. 68 L.R.A. 73, 75-78; T 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 181. 
 In larceny. 68 L.R.A. 65; 28 L.R.A. (.N.S.) 
 537. 
 In connection with confession. 68 
 L.R.A. 64, 68, 71; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 536. 
 
 § 319. Circumstantial evidence. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see supra, 
 § 271. 
 
 Necessity of instruction as to. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 193; 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 220. 
 Sufficiency of circumstantial evidence to 
 identify remains found as those of per- 
 son charged to have been killed. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 181. 
 Does chain theory apply where the evidence 
 
 is wholly circumstantial. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 749. 
 Rule requiring independent proof of 
 
 each fact relied upon. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 750. 
 Rule requiring independent proof of 
 
 ultimate facts only. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 752. 
 Rule that evidence be considered as a 
 
 whole. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 754. 
 Rule where circumstances are arranged 
 
 linkwise. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 758. 
 Rule where independent facta are re- 
 lied upon. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 75ff. 
 Rule as to proving essential fact by 
 
 consideration of evidence as a 
 
 whole. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 759. 
 
 g 320. Corroboration. 
 
 In civil cases, see supra, § 289. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti for purpose of cor- 
 roborating. 68 L.R.A. 50, 64, 68, 71, 
 73. 
 
 Instructing jury as to corroboration of tes- 
 timony of accused. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 812. 
 
550 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EVIDENCE, XIII. i, 1— cont'd 
 § 321. —of accomplice. 
 
 May corroboration of prosecutrix necessary 
 to conviction of rape be supplied by her 
 own complaints out of court. 26 L.R.A. 
 (K.S.) 1149. 
 
 Necessity of corroboration of testimony of a 
 person accepting aid to escape from 
 jail in order to convict persons render- 
 ing the assistance. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 625. 
 
 Who is accomplice in bribery case within 
 the rule requiring cotroboration of tes- 
 timony. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 704. 
 
 § 322. Self-contradictory testimony of 
 accomplice. 
 
 Conviction on the testimony of accomplice 
 which is self-contradictory, 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 878. 
 
 § 32 3. Reasonable doubt. 
 
 Proof of alibi beyond. 41 L.R.A. 530. 
 
 iProof of insanity beyond. 39 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Effect of evidence of good character to raise. 
 20 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 Applicability of rule of, to self-defense in 
 homicide. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 483; 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1166. 
 
 Question whether suit for statutory pen- 
 alty is a civil or criminal prosecu- 
 tion as affecting necessity for proof be- 
 yond. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 746. 
 
 Propriety of instruction to the effect that 
 a reasonable doubt is one for which a 
 reason can be assigned. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 260. 
 
 § 324. — vphat constitutes. 
 
 Mere conjecture. 17 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 Such doubt as would influence action in 
 
 one's own affairs. 17 L.R.A. 705. 
 Substantial doubt. 17 L.R.A. 707. 
 Doubt growing out of the' evidence. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 708. 
 Doubt for which reason can be given. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 710. 
 Equivalents. 17 L.R.A. 710. 
 Approved definitions. 17 L.R.A. 711. 
 As to defendant's insanity. 39 L.R.A. 745. 
 Propriety of instruction as the effect that 
 
 a reasonable doubt is one for which a 
 
 reason can be assigned. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 260. 
 
 § 325. —as to aliiii. 
 
 Proof by defendant beyond reasonable doubt 
 
 as to. 41 L.R.A. 530. 
 Proof of alibi to raise a reasonable doubt. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 533. 
 Proof by prosecution beyond reasonable 
 
 doubt as to alibi. 41 L.R.A. 534. 
 
 2. Various particular crimes, 
 
 § 326. Homicide. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 supra, § 116. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see supra, 
 
 § 286. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question 
 
 EVIDENCE, XIII. i, 2— cont'd 
 
 In prosecution for homicide in commission 
 of an unlawful act. 63 L.R.A. 398. 
 
 In prosecution for homicide in commission 
 of, or attempt to commit, an abortion. 
 63 L.R.A. 918. 
 
 Sufficiency of proof of motive or malice in 
 homicide in resisting arrest. 66 L.R.A. 
 385. 
 
 In case of homicide by misadventure. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1161. 
 
 Burden of proving self-defense by prepon- 
 derance of evidence on prosecution for 
 homicide. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 492. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in. 68 L.R.A. 73, 
 75-78. 
 
 Sufficiency of circumstantial evidence to 
 identify remains found as those of per- 
 sons charged to have been killed. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 181. 
 
 Necessity of instruction as to law on cir- 
 cumstantial evidence on prosecution 
 for. 69 L.R.A. 193, 201, 205. 
 
 Applicability of rule oif to self-defense in 
 homicide. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 483; 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1166. 
 
 § 32 7. Sales of liquor. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 supra, § 117. 
 
 To prove defendant's responsibility for sale 
 of intoxicating liquor by his servant. 
 41 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Is proof of sale of "lager beer" sufficient to 
 sustain a conviction' for unlawful sale 
 of "intoxicating liquors," in the ab- 
 sence of proof that it is intoxicating. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 195. 
 
 § 328. Miscellaneous. 
 
 Sufficiency of proof in prosecution for incit- 
 ing or abetting suicide. 66 L.R.A. 
 307. 
 
 Sufficiency of proof in prosecution for re- 
 ceiving deposit in banls knowing of its 
 insolvency. 31 L.R.A. ■ 125. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence to prove perjury. 
 10 L.R.A. 749.* 
 
 In prosecution for carrying out unlawful 
 conspiracy. 68 L.R.A. 217. 
 
 Degree of proof of knowledge necessary to 
 conVict one of receiving stolen goods. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 841. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence in prosecution for 
 counterfeiting union label. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1202. 
 
 Sufficiency of proof of failure to provide 
 child with medical attendance and 
 remedies. 1 B. R. C. 749. 
 
 XIV. Admissibility vnder pleadings; 
 variance. 
 
 § 329. Admissibility under pleadings. 
 
 Necessity of making allegations, see Plead- 
 ings, § 37. 
 
 Defense of usury to be proved as laid. 5 
 L.R.A. 466.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 551 
 
 e^^DENCE, XIV.— cont'd 
 
 Right to prove partial failure of consider- 
 ation for note given for purchase money 
 under plea of total failure. 39 L'.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 951. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence in mitigation or 
 aggravation of punishment under plea 
 of nolo contendere. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 72. 
 
 § 330. Variance. 
 
 N^eeessity for agreement between allegations 
 and proof as to master's liaiblity to 
 injured servant. 41 L.R.A. 149. 
 
 Allegata and proljata in action against 
 carrier for wilful tort of servant to 
 passenger. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1085. 
 
 Variance between allegation and proof as 
 to time in action against railroad com- 
 panv for setting out fires. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 635. 
 
 § 331. — criminal cases, generally. 
 
 Variance in signatures attached to forged 
 instruments set out in indictments and 
 the instruments themselves. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 226. 
 
 Between indictment and bail bond or 
 recognizance in description of- oflFense. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 325. 
 
 § 332. —in homicide. 
 
 Correspondence between allegation and 
 
 proof of time of committing homicide. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1024. 
 Variance as to name of deceased as ground 
 
 for reversal in homicide. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 187. 
 
 EVIDENTIARY ARTICLES. 
 
 Eight of officer in executing criminal proc- 
 ess to take possession of. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 253. 
 
 EVIL. 
 
 Implied sanction of statutory regulations. 
 H L.R.A. 846. 
 
 EXACT SCIENCES. 
 
 Books of, as evidence. 40 L.R.A. 553. 
 
 EXAMINATION. 
 
 Of insured, see Insubance, § 150. 
 
 Of witnesses, generally, see Witnesses, III. 
 
 Order to enter premises for. 31 L.R.A. 169. 
 Power to order post mortem examination. 
 31 L.R.A. 540. 
 Consult also L.R.A.. Digests to date. 
 
 EXAMINING MAGISTRATE. 
 
 Discharge by as evidence of want of ])rob- 
 able cause for prosecution. 64 L.R.A. 
 481. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 EXAMINING PHYSICIAN. 
 
 Admissibility of statements or letters by, as 
 to physical condition of insured. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 343. 
 
 EXCAVATION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Injury to lateral support by, see Latebai, 
 
 SUPPOKT. 
 
 Duty of owner in making excavations. 13 
 L.R.A. 569.* 
 
 Loss of profits as element of 'damages for 
 breach of contract for making. 53 
 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 Violation of police ordinance as to exca- 
 vation in or near street as ground for 
 private action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 259. 
 
 § 2. Injuries in. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by excava- 
 tions in street, see Highways, §§ 70, 
 75, 81., 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence as to. 59 L.R.A. 252. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as applied 
 to. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1152. 
 
 Duty to trespasser with respect to excava- 
 tions maintained on uninclosed land 
 near highway. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 
 Liability for injury by excavations im- 
 mediately adjoining highways. 26 
 L.R.A. 689, 693. 
 
 Forgetfulness of, as contributory. negligence. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 896. 
 
 19 
 
 § 3. — to servant. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk as to. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in excavation work. 
 
 65 L.R.A. 654. 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servants 
 
 engaged in excavating. 54 L.R.A. 69, 
 
 77. 
 Imputing to master coservant's negligence 
 
 in respect to dangers in excavation 
 
 work. 54 L.R.A. 138. 
 
 EXCEPTED PERILS. 
 
 See Cabriers, § 135. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Ebbob, §§ 24, 
 24a. 
 
S52 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS— cont'd 
 
 Bill of, see Appeal and Ebbob, § 23. 
 
 In deed, see DEEa)S, §§ 24-27. 
 
 Creation of easement by, see Easements, 
 
 § 8. 
 Burden of proving, see Evidence, § 21. 
 Negation of, in indictment, see Indictment, 
 
 Infoemation, and Complaint, § 8. 
 During trial, see Teial, § 18. 
 
 EXCESS. 
 
 Injunction as proper remedy to protect 
 right of ingress and egress from street 
 to abutting property. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 193. 
 
 EXCESSIVE AMOUNT. 
 
 Sufficiency of tender of, see Tendeb, § 6. 
 
 < » » 
 
 EXCESSIVE DAMAGES. 
 
 For personal injury, see Damages, § 64. 
 
 4 «» 
 
 EXCESSIVE FORCE. 
 
 Liability of employer for excessive force 
 used by servant sent to commit tres- 
 pass. 70 L.R.A. 735. 
 
 EXCESSIVE HEAT. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's negli- 
 gence in exposing servant to. 54 L.R.A. 
 133. 
 
 EXCESSIVE LIEN. 
 
 Effect of filing, see Mechanics' Liens, § 
 27. 
 
 EXCESSIVE LOCATION. 
 
 Effect of excessive location of mining claim, 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1029. 
 
 EXCESSIVE PAYMENTS. 
 
 Depositor's right to recover against one to 
 Vfhom bank has made excessive pay- 
 ment. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1135. 
 
 Recovery back of excessive payments to 
 public service corporation. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 124. 
 
 EXCESSIVE PUNISHMENT. 
 
 Homicide by, see Homicide, § 9. 
 
 Of pupil by teacher. 1 B. R. C. 720. 
 
 EXCESSIVE SENTENCE. 
 
 Effect of, see Criminal Law, § 79. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 EXCHANGE. 
 
 Provision for, as affecting negotiability. 27 
 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 EXCHANGE OP PROPERTY. 
 
 Measure of damages for fraud in. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 465. 
 
 Performance by real estate broker of con- 
 tract to effect exchange of principal's 
 property. 44 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Power to sell personal property in agent's 
 possession as implying power to ex- 
 change. 10 L.R.A.('N.S.) 1118. 
 
 Effect on pledgee's rights of delivery of 
 pledged property for exchange. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 891. 
 
 Effect of taking possession on exchange of 
 lands without writing to satisfy stat- 
 ute of frauds. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 804. 
 
 Express provision by statute or charter for 
 payment of subscription to stock in 
 cash or money as excluding payment in 
 services or property. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 315. 
 
 EXCHANGES. 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 Transactions in bucket shops, see Bucket 
 Shop. 
 
 Review of decisions of, against members, 
 
 49 L.R.A. 358, 361, 364. 
 Validity of rule of board of trade requiring 
 
 submission of disputes to arbitration. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 672. 
 Property right in market quotation. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 889. 
 
 g 2. Seats in. 
 
 Seat on stock exchange as asset in bank- 
 ruptcy. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 
 Resulting trust in favor of one who pur- 
 chases stock exchange seat in name o£ 
 another. 4 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 435. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 EXCISE. 
 
 Validity of excise tax on automobiles. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 440, 
 
 n 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 653 
 
 EXCISE— cont'd 
 
 Effect of violation of excise laws on validity 
 
 of fire insurance. 40 L.R.A. 845. 
 Injunction against enforcement of excise 
 
 laws as affected by other remedies. 8 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 125. 
 
 EXCISE OFFICERS. 
 
 Mandamus to, see Mandamtjs, § 6. 
 
 » ■ » 
 
 EXCITEMENT. 
 
 As proof of incapacity of testator. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 Of accused, as affecting voluntariness of 
 
 confession. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 790. 
 
 EXCLUSION. 
 
 Of foreign corporation, see Coepobations, 
 §§ 139-140. 
 
 EXCLUSIVENESS. 
 
 Exclusiveness of jurisdiction first acquired, 
 see CouETS, §§ 49, 50. 
 
 Of statutory remedy, see Election of Rem- 
 edies, § 12. 
 
 Of franchise, see Fkanchisbs, § 3. 
 
 Of possession to obtain title by adverse 
 possession. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1196. 
 
 EXCLUSIVE PATRONAGE. 
 
 Validity of agreement to patronize particu- 
 lar concern exclusively. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 842. 
 
 EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION. 
 
 Of recently stolen property as evidence of 
 burglary. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 217. 
 
 EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGE. 
 
 Grant of, by carriers, see Careiebs, V. b. 
 As to monopolistic privileges generally, see 
 
 MOPfOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Contract for exclusive service by telephone 
 
 company, see Telephones, § 2. 
 In use of trademark, see Tbademaek, § 9. 
 
 Right of riparian owner on tidal or nav- 
 igable waters to exclusive fishery. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGE— cont'd 
 Exclusive right to establish and operate 
 
 ferry. 59 L.R.A. 538. 
 Exclusiveness of franchise of water com- 
 pany. 61 L.R.A. 80. 
 
 EXCLUSIVE REMEDY. 
 
 See Election of Remedies, § 12. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 EXCLUSIVE RIGHT. 
 
 Loss of profits of sale or purchase of, as 
 damages. 52 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 EXCOMMUNICATION. 
 
 See Religious Societies, § 13. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 EXCURSIONISTS. 
 
 Imputing negligence of carrier to. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 626. 
 
 Duty of carrier to passenger on train oi 
 boat chartered to third person for ex- 
 cursion. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 
 EXCUSABLE HOMICIDE. 
 
 By unlawful act aimed at another than one 
 
 killed. 63 L.R.A. 667. 
 In commission of, or attempt to commit, ar 
 
 abortion. 63 L.R.A. 909. 
 
 EXCUSABLE NEGLECT. 
 
 As ground for relief from judgment, see 
 Judgment, § 94. 
 
 EXCUSE. 
 
 For assault and battery, see Assault and 
 Batteby, §§ 3-6. 
 
 For committing crime, see Ceiminal Law. 
 III. 
 
 For nonperformance of contract, see Con- 
 TEACTS, §§ 123-126, 135a. 
 
 For failure to give notice of claim to mu- 
 nicipality, see Municipal Cobpoba- 
 TION, § 107. 
 
 Excuse for delay in enforcing liability of 
 malcer of note so as to prevent release 
 of indorser. J8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 5,53. 
 
 Excuse for teacher's failure to obtain cer- 
 tificate of qualification. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 415. 
 
554 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EXECUTION. 
 
 J. In general, §§ l-li. 
 II. Supplementary proceedings, §§ IS, 
 16. 
 
 III. Equitable remedy in aid of, § 17. 
 
 IV. Body execution, § IS. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mobt- 
 
 GAGB, § 3. 
 
 Of dGeds, see Deeds, §§ 3-5. 
 
 Of will, see Wills, §§ 18-32. 
 
 For crime, see Criminal Law, § 75. 
 
 As condition precedent to equitable reme- 
 dy of creditors, see Ceeditobs' Bill, 
 § 2. 
 
 Exemption from, see Exemption. 
 
 Sale on, see Judicial Sale. 
 
 Levy of, see Levy and Seizure. 
 
 Property subject to, see Levx and Seizuee, 
 §§ 2-7. 
 
 Injunction against. 30 L.R.A. 98. 
 
 On justice's judgment filed with county 
 clerk. 2 L.R.A. 831.* 
 
 What entry or record of judgment is nec- 
 essary for purpose of enforcement by 
 execution. 28 L.R.A. 633. 
 
 Irregularities in; as ground for injunction 
 against sale under. 30 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 Notice sufBcieiit to put purchaser pending, 
 on inquiry as to vendor's fraudulent 
 intent. 32 L.R.A. 61. 
 
 When sheriff may act by deputy. 3 L.R.A. 
 440.* 
 
 Right to mandamus to compel inferior court 
 to execute or enforce its judgment or 
 decree by issuing execution. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 891. 
 
 Liability of officer for larceny while acting 
 under writ of. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 503. 
 
 Liability of officer's bond for failure to 
 return money deposited to avoid execu- 
 tion of writ. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 577. 
 
 Effect of judgment establisliing title to 
 property seized under execution, as 
 against officer making seizure who was 
 not a party thereto. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 530. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to matters relating to. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 436. 
 
 § a. Bight to. 
 
 Right to judgment and execution for defi- 
 ciency after mortgage foreclosure. 4 
 L.R.A. 205.* 
 
 Effect of bar of statute of limitations 
 against action to enforce judgment up- 
 on right to issue execution thereon. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1096. 
 
 § S. Against whom. 
 
 Against personal representative; void. 3 
 L.R.A. 812.* 
 
 Against both partners for debt of one part- 
 ner. 46 L.R.A. 495. 
 
 EXECUTION, I— cont'd 
 § 4. Against what. 
 
 On corporate stock ; effect of pledge or other 
 transfer not made in books' of com- 
 pany. 67 L.R.A. 656. 
 
 Purchase of real estate of partnership un- 
 der. 28 L.R.A. 173. 
 
 § 5. Time of issuing. 
 
 First and lasl days in computing time for. 
 49 L.R.A 233; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 690. 
 
 Effect of resolution to paj judgment against 
 city to excuse crediior's failure to is- 
 sue execution during statutory period. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 855. 
 
 §6. — extension of. 
 
 Extension of time for levying execution as 
 discharge' of surety. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 764. 
 
 § 7. Effect of issuing. 
 
 Loss of lien by, see Liens, § 19. 
 
 Effect of issuance of execution against one 
 joint tort feasor upon liability of oth- 
 er. 58 L.R.A. 419. 
 
 Right of possession as between receiver and 
 creditor levying an execution on prop- 
 erty. 20 L.R.A. 392. 
 
 Waiver of lien of chattel mortgage by execu- 
 tion. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 490. 
 
 § 8. Necessity for. 
 
 Execuiion as condition precedent to equi- 
 table remedies of creditors. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 26. 
 
 § 9. Failure to issue or execute. 
 
 Release of indorser of note from liability 
 by failure to issue or levy, against mak- 
 er. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 546. 
 
 Burden of proof in action to recover for 
 failure to execute process. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 420. 
 
 § 10. Return. 
 
 Release of indorser of note by improper re- 
 turn to execution against maker. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 548. 
 
 Variance between execution and judgment 
 as affecting amercement of officer for 
 failure to return execution. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 895. 
 
 § 11. Payment; satisfaction. 
 
 On original judgment after payment by 
 
 surety. 68 L.R.A. 567. 
 Acceptance of commercial paper as payment 
 
 or satisfaction of. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 §12. Stay. 
 
 Stay of execution of sentence for crime, see 
 Ceiminal Law, § 84. 
 
 Priority of judgment with stay of, over con- 
 veyance made after beginning of term'. 
 38 L.R.A. 250. 
 
 Release of indorser of note by stay of ex- 
 ecution against maker. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 549. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R,A. NOTES. 
 
 S5S 
 
 li):SECU'L-ION, I— cont'd 
 y is. Loss of priority. 
 Loss of priority of execution by consent of 
 
 creditor to delay or postponement of 
 
 sale. 27 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 § 14. Death of one party alter judg- 
 ment as affecting remedy by. 
 
 Death of sole judgment creditor. 61 L.R.A. 
 3,53. 
 Before issuance. 61 L.R.A. 353. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 353. 
 After assignment of the judgment. 
 61 L.R.A. 359. 
 After issuance, but before levy. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 360. 
 After levy, but before sale. 61 L.R.A. 
 361. 
 Death of sole judgment debtor. 61 L.R.A. 
 362. 
 Before issuance. 61 L.R.A. 362. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 362. 
 Distinction between personalty and 
 
 realty. 61 L.R.A. 373. 
 Where a specific lien exists. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 Execution tested prior to death, but 
 
 issued after. 61 L.R.A. 376. 
 
 After issuance of original writ, but 
 
 before alias or pluries. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 378. 
 
 After issuance, but before delivery to 
 
 sheriff. 61 L.R.A. 380. 
 After delivery, but before levy. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 381. 
 After levy, but before sale. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 382. ' 
 After sale, but before execution of deed. 
 61 L.R.A. 386. 
 Civil death of debtor. 61 L.R.A. 386. 
 Death of one of several judgment creditors 
 
 before issuance. 61 L.R.A. 386. 
 Death of one of several judgment debtors. 
 61 L.R.A. 387. 
 Before issuance. 61 L.R.A. 387. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 387. 
 Distinction between realty and per- 
 sonalty. 61 L.R.A. 389. 
 After issuance, but before levy. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 391. 
 After levy, but before sale. 61 L.R.A. 
 391. 
 
 II. Supplementary proceedings. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Exemption of officer's salary. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 566. 
 Necessity of return of, as a condition of 
 
 right of judgment creditor to procure 
 
 a receivership. 33 L.R.A. 546. 
 Exhausting remedies at lav? as a condition 
 
 of right of. 33 L.R.A. 550. 
 Effect of bankruptcy on. 45 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 § 16. Jjien acquired by service of 
 notice In. 
 
 Generally. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 123. 
 New York cases under the Codes. 3 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 123. 
 Code of civil procedure. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 123. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Vigeots to date. 
 
 EXECUTION, II.— cont'd 
 
 Code of procedure. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 ■125. 
 Bona fide purchasers. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 129. 
 Real estate. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 129. 
 Other states. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 California. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.^ 130. 
 Indiana. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 131. 
 Iowa. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 131. 
 Kentucky. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 131. 
 Minnesota. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 132. 
 New Jersey. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 132. 
 North Carolina. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 133. 
 Ohio. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 133. 
 Washington. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 134. 
 Wisconsin. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 134. 
 Wyoming. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 134. 
 
 ///. Eqiiitable remedy in aid of. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 To subject choses in action to judgment 
 after return of no property found. 
 63 L.R.A. 673; 15 L.R:A.(N.S.) 
 976. 
 General principle. 63 L.R.A. 673. 
 Enactment of statute evidencing the 
 original jurisdiction. 63 L.R.A. 
 6S7. 
 Effect of statutory enactment to abro- 
 gate the original rule. 63 L.R.A. 
 691. 
 Statutory remedy less adequate. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 693. 
 Existence of legal remedy. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 694. 
 Effect of discharge from imprisonment 
 under insolvent law. 63 L.R.A. 
 694. 
 Choses in action within meaning of rule. 
 63 L.R.A. 697. 
 Unassigned dower. 63 L.R.A.' 697. 
 Debt due corporation for unpaid 
 
 stock. 63 L.R.A. 698. 
 Debt due from government or mu- 
 nicipality. 63 L.R.A. 701. 
 Claim of damages for a tort. 63 
 
 L.Rji. 703. 
 Future salary or earnings; earned, 
 but not payable. 63 L.R.A. 
 704. 
 Property in custedia legis. 63 
 L.R.A. 704. 
 In Federal courts. 63 L.R.A. 705. 
 Special cases. 63 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 IV. Body execution. 
 
 §18. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of imprisonment on. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 634. 
 Arrest under civil process for breach of 
 
 warranty. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 844. 
 Release of indorser of note by failure to 
 
 take out capias ad satisfaciendum 
 
 against maker. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. - 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPAKTMENTS. 
 See CoTJHTS, § 17; Govebngb. 
 
556 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. 
 
 Mandamus to, see Mandamus, § 5. 
 
 *—¥ 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRA- 
 TORS. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1, 3. 
 II. Appointment, resignation; re- 
 moval; bond, §§ 3-11. 
 III. Powers, duties, and liabilities; 
 claims due estate; assets, 
 §§ 12-32. 
 
 a. Rights and powers, §§ 12- 
 
 IS. 
 
 b. Duties, §19, 
 
 c. Liabilities, §§ 20-27. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 20-21. 
 S. For what liable, §§ 22- 
 
 25. 
 3. Liability on bond, §§ 
 
 26, 27. 
 
 d. Claim,s due estate, §§ 28, 
 
 29. 
 
 e. Assets, §§ 29a-32. 
 
 IT. Indebtedness; distribution; ac- 
 counting and settlement; 
 allowances, §§ 33-55a. 
 a. Debts and obligations of es- 
 tate, §§ 33-4:6. 
 h. Distribution of estate, §§ 
 
 4:7-4:9. 
 
 c. Accounting; commissions; 
 
 reim,bursement, §§ 50-53. 
 
 d. Allowances, §§ 54:-5Sa. 
 
 T. Suits affecting estate, §§ 56-58. 
 VI. Sale of property of estate, § 59. 
 VII. Foreign and ancillary administra- 
 tion, §§ 60, 61. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 Effect of insolvency of, see Insolvency, § 
 14. 
 
 Who are legal representatives within in- 
 surance policy, see Insurance, § 188. 
 
 Conclusiveness of foreign judgment against, 
 see Judgment, § 70. 
 
 As to succession or inheritance taxes, see 
 Taxes, §§ 90-105. 
 
 Probate of will, see Wills, §§ 47-56. 
 
 Competency of witnesses in action by or 
 against, see Witnesses, §§ 22-24. 
 
 Who are "legal representatives" within life 
 insurance policy. 30 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 First and last days in computing time in 
 matters of. 49 L.R.A. 239. 
 
 Gift by will as affected by executor's prom- 
 ise to testator. 20 L.R.A. 469. 
 
 Revaluation or reassignment of homestead 
 for appreciation or depreciation of 
 value. 44 L.R.A. 402; 16 L.R.A. {N.S.) 
 728. 
 
 Enforcing orders and decrees of courts by 
 imprisonment for debt. 34 L.R.A. 663. 
 
 Assessment against personal representative 
 omitted during lifetime of owner. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 927. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 I. — cont'd 
 
 Proof of execution of attested instrument 
 where subscribing witness is executor 
 or administrator. 35 L.R.A. 336. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of executor to 
 show lack of testamentary capacity or 
 undue influence. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 731. 
 
 Direction to executors in bequest of stocks, 
 bonds, or notes as determining whether 
 bequest is general or specific. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 83. 
 
 Validity of contract for unauthorized ad- 
 ministration of estates. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 613. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes providing for 
 administration of estate of absentee. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 944. 
 
 Remedy of pretermitted heirs by intervening 
 in administration. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1147. 
 
 Preliminary injunction which would have 
 effect of transferring possession of prop- 
 erty from defendant in possession to 
 administrator. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 34. 
 
 Interests covered by particular designation 
 of insured on property belonging to a 
 decedent's estate. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79. 
 
 § 2. Necessity of administration in 
 devolution of pei'sonalty. 
 
 In general. 15 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 As to husband or wife of decedent. 15 
 L.R.A. 495. 
 
 When decedent a minor. 15 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 Rights of administrator appointed subse- 
 quent to assumption of ownership by 
 those entitled. 15 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 Effect of statutes barring administration, 
 and of lapse of time. 15 L.R.A. 497. 
 
 II. Appointment ; resignation; removal; 
 bond. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Grant of letters; citation; renunciation. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 795.* 
 When ancillary letters granted. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 218,* 246.'* 
 Jurisdiction of estate of inmate of Federal 
 
 home or institution. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 586. 
 
 § 4. What assets will give jurisdiction 
 to appoint administrator. 
 
 Generally. 24 L.R.A. 684. 
 
 What value necessary. 24 L.R.A. 684. 
 
 Where assets are regarded as located. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 685. 
 Simple contract debts. 24 L.R.A. 685. 
 Interest in pending suit. 24 L.R.A. 686. 
 Action for wrongful death. 24 L.R.A. 886. 
 Specialties. 24 L.R.A. 687. 
 Judgments. 24 L.R.A. 687. 
 Corporate stock. 24 L.R.A. 687. 
 Insurance policy. 24 L.R.A. 687. 
 Claims against government. 24 L.R.A. 687. 
 Assets brought within jurisdiction after 
 
 death of intestate. 24 L.R.A. 688. 
 Lands. 24 L.R.A. 688. 
 Deposits. 24 L.R.A. 689. 
 Doubtful claims. 24 L.R.A. 689. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 557 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 
 II.— cont'd 
 Claim against personal representatives, 24 
 
 L.R.A. 6S9. 
 Bills and notes. 24 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 § 5. ATho may be appointed. 
 
 Requisite moral qualifications. 16 L.R.A. 
 o38. 
 
 Foreign corporation as. 24 L.R.A. 291. 
 
 Jurisdiction and power of consuls to ad- 
 minister on estates. 45 L.R.A. 496; 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. 
 
 Right of one first entitled to administration 
 to nominate a third person, to exclu- 
 sion of those next entitled thereto. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1161. 
 
 § 6. — nonresidents. 
 
 Nonresidents as executors. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 341. 
 Eligibility for appointment. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 341. 
 Rule independent of statutes. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 341. 
 Rule under statutes. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 342. 
 Nonresidence after appointment. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 343. 
 Continued nonresidence. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 343. 
 Chanae of residence. 1 L.R.A. 
 ("N.S.) 344. 
 Nonresidents as adminstrators. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 346. 
 Eligibility. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 346. 
 
 Rule independent of statutes. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 346. 
 Rule under statutes. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 347. 
 Change of residence after appoint- 
 ment. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 
 § 7. Effect of appointment of debtor. 
 
 Effect of appointment of debtor as execu- 
 tor or administrator to discharge 
 debt, or charge personal represen- 
 tative and his sureties. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 41L 
 
 Common-law rule. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 411. 
 
 Rule as to release in United States. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 412. 
 
 Debt as asset. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 413. 
 
 Firm or partnership debts as assets. 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 414. 
 
 Debt considered as money in hand. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 414. 
 
 Statutes making debt money in hand. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 435. 
 
 Effect of appointment on interest on 
 debt. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 416. 
 
 Effect of appointment to discharge lien 
 securing debt. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 416. 
 
 Liability where representative insol- 
 vent. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 417. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 420. 
 
 § 8. Resignation or removal. 
 
 Power to permit executor who has qualified 
 to resign. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 438. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 
 II.— cont'd 
 Effect of removal or resignation of personal 
 
 representative on liability of estate to 
 
 attorney employed by him. 25 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 74. 
 
 § 9. Termination of appointment; 
 revocation of letters or probate. 
 
 Validity of act done under letters after- 
 wards revoked, see infra, § 16. 
 
 Revocation of probate as termination of 
 appointment of administrator c. t. a. 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 975. 
 
 Jurisdiction in case of acts by executor or 
 administrator under letters testament- 
 ary or of administration subsequently 
 revoked or set aside. 21 L.R.A. 151.. 
 
 § 10. Impeachment of jurisdictional 
 facts. 
 
 Collateral impeachability of findings as to 
 jurisdictional facts on which ad- 
 ministration of a decedent's estate 
 is based. 18 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Inhabitancy of county. 18 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Existence of assets in county. 18 
 L.R.A. 243. 
 
 Administration of the estate of a 
 living person. 18 L.R.A. 243. 
 
 Confiict of jurisdiction. 18 L.R.A. 244. 
 
 Lapse of time. IS L.R.A. 244. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 18 L.R.A. 244. 
 
 §11. Bond. 
 
 Liability on, see infra, §§ 26, 27. 
 
 Execution of bond on condition that othera 
 shall sign. 45 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 New York Code provision concerning bond 
 of; origin of law requiring bonds; stat- 
 utory regulations of the various states. 
 13 L.R.A. 104.* 
 
 Efl'ect of delivery of bond unsigned by 
 principal obligor. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1118. 
 
 Validity of sale to surety on executor's- 
 bond. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 820. 
 
 III. Powers, duties, and lialyilitiesf 
 claims due estate; assets. 
 
 a. Rights and powers^ 
 
 g 12. Generally. 
 
 Authority of domiciliary executor or ad- 
 ministrator. 5 L.R.A. 542.* 
 
 Power and authority of foreign executor 
 or administrator. 9 L.R.A. 218,* 244.* 
 
 Rights of personal representatives of de- 
 ceased claimant under Geneva award. 
 3 L.R.A. 462.* 
 
 Executors as trustees. 1 L.R.A. 80;* 
 8 L.R.A. 648.* 
 Executor intrusted with power to sell. 
 1 L.R.A. 80.* 
 
 Authority to enter judgment on warrant 
 of attorney. 13 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Rights of representative of deceased depos- 
 itor of money in trust for third person. 
 32 L.R.A. 375. 
 
558 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.Av NOTES. 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 III.— cont'd 
 
 Eight of personal representative of lessee 
 to possession of leased premises under 
 a lease to commence in futuro. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 301. 
 
 Circumstances sufficient to put one taking 
 paper from executor or administrator 
 ' on inquiry. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 365. 
 
 Estoppel of one who executes a deed as 
 executor or administrator to set up an 
 existing title in himself. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 60. 
 
 Eight of court to control discretion vested 
 by will in executor to determine fitness 
 of legatee to receive legacy. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 421. 
 
 Settlement of cause of action for death by 
 beneficiaries without assent of execu- 
 tor or administrator. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 207. 
 
 Bequest to executor to divide as he thinks 
 best. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 403. 
 
 Power of executor to contest right of trus- 
 tee in bankruptcy to proceeds of life 
 insurance of deceased. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.> 125. 
 
 Eight of personal representative to indem- 
 nity from estate for debts con- 
 tracted. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 232. 
 
 Right of creditors to subrogation to per- 
 sonal representative's right of indem- 
 nity. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 233. 
 
 § 13. Powers of administrator with 
 the will annexed. 
 
 Will special power, other than power of 
 sale, conferred on executor by will, 
 pass to an administrator with .the will 
 annexed. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 264. 
 
 Eight to carry on business under testa- 
 mentary power. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 208. 
 
 § 14. Executor or administrator of de- 
 ceased partner. 
 
 Eights of administrator of deceased part- 
 ner. 7 L.R.A. 792.* 
 
 Power of personal representative to carry 
 on business. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 201. 
 
 When partnership in land continues after 
 death of partner. 28 L.R.A. 106. 
 
 Respective powers of surviving partner and 
 personal representative of deceased 
 partner. 28 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 § 14a. — as to real estate. 
 
 Eights of executor or administrator as to 
 partnership real estate. 27 L.R.A. 
 340; 28 L.R.A. 99, 105, 136. 
 
 Powers as to partnership real estate vested 
 in exec<itors or administrators of de- 
 ceased partner. 27 L.R.A. 352. 
 
 Eights of heirs of deceased partner in part- 
 nership real estate as against personal 
 representatives of deceased partner. 
 27 L.R.A. 352. 
 
 § 15. Right to rents on lease of intes- 
 tates property. 
 
 Classification by states. 40 L.R.A. 321. 
 English cases. 40 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Form of lease. 40 L.R.A.. 339. 
 
 Begin with this book, on every law question. 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 III.— cont'd 
 
 Apportionment. 40 L.R.A. 340. 
 Summary of English cases. 40 L.R.A. 
 342. 
 Summary as to rents accruing during own- 
 er's life. 40 L.R.A. 342. 
 Summary as to rents accruing after owner's 
 death. 40 L.R.A. 3i3. 
 Rights of heir. 40 L.R.A. 343. 
 Eights of administrator. 40 L.R.A. 
 343. 
 By statute. 40 L.R.A. 343. 
 In a foreign state. 40 L.R.A. 344. 
 Liability of administrator. 40 L.R.A. 
 344. 
 Generally. 40 L.R.A. 344. 
 For use and occupation. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 344. 
 Accounting and sureties. 40 
 L.R.A. 344. 
 Rights of creditors. 40 L.R.A. 345. 
 Apportionment. 40 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 §16. Validity of acts done tinder let- 
 ters afterwards revoked or held 
 invalid. 
 
 No jurisdiction. 21 L.R.A. 147. 
 
 Testator or intestate subsequently 
 proved to be alive. 21 L.R.A. 147. 
 Residence of deceased. 21 L.R.A. 150. 
 .Tudae interested. 21 L.R.A. 150. 
 Jurisdiction. 21 L.R.A. 151. 
 
 In general. 21 L.R.A. 151. 
 
 Pavraents. 21 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 Sales, etc. 21 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 Public adminsitrator. 21 L.R.A. 156. 
 
 Administrator pendente lite. 21 L.R.A. 
 156. 
 
 English decisions. 21 L.R.A. 156. 
 
 § 17. Power to sell property of estate. 
 
 Executor intrusted with power to sell as 
 
 trustee. 1 L.R.A. 80.* 
 Right of executor or administrator to em- 
 ploy broker or auctioneer. 64 L.R.A. 
 556. 
 Implied power of executor or trustee to 
 sell real property. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 676. 
 General rules. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 676. 
 Necessitv for sale. 32 L.R.A 
 
 (N.S.) 676. 
 Lack of necessity for sale. 32 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) '677. 
 Contrary intention. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.'S.) 678. 
 Effect of desirability of sale. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67-8. 
 Executor as donee of power in 
 which he is not named. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 679. 
 Miscellaneous. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 680. 
 Particular words and phrases. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6S0. 
 "Divide." 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680. 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 680. ■ 
 According to statute. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 682. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 659 
 
 KXECUTOKS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 III. a— cont'd 
 
 "Gathered" and "divided." 32 
 
 L..E.A.(N.S.) 6S2. 
 ""Manage" and "divide equally." 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 683. 
 "Divide" and "pay." ^2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 683. 
 "Divide" and "invest." 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 683. 
 "Pav." 32 L.R.A. (X.S.) 684. 
 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 684. 
 
 "Debts." 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 685. 
 "Pay and distribute capital." 32 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 6S8. 
 "Manage" and "pay over." 32 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 688. 
 "Collect" and "pav over." 32 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 688. 
 "Invest" and "pay." 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 688. 
 "Invest" in "bonds" or "securities" 
 
 and "pay." 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 688. 
 "Invest" and "lend." 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 689. 
 "Manage" and "invest." 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 690. 
 "Hold" find "invest." 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 690. 
 "Invest," "divide," and "pay." 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 690. 
 "Funds." 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 690. 
 "Sum." .32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 691. 
 "Proceeds." 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 691. 
 "Avails." 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 691. 
 Power to "dispose." 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 691. 
 Direction to support, educate, etc. 
 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 691. 
 "Loan" or "put at interest." 32 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 693. 
 Subsequently acquired realty. 32 
 
 L.R.A.('N.S.) 693. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 694. 
 Duty of executor with power of sale, as 
 to land held adversely. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 749. 
 
 § 17 a. Power to carry on business in 
 belialf of estate. 
 
 To wind up business. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 205. 
 Testamentary power. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 206. 
 Under express power in articles of partner- 
 ship. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 Under parol power. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 208. 
 Right of administrator c t. a. or d. h. n. to 
 carry on business under testamentary 
 power. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 208. 
 Statutory power to carry on business. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 Power of court to permit carrying on bus- 
 iness. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 210. 
 Courts of chancery. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 210. 
 Courts having jurisdiction of adminis- 
 tration. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 210. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 
 III. a — cont'd 
 § 18. Power to elect between dower 
 
 and provision of will. 
 
 Right of personal representatives to make 
 or control election for or against a will, 
 or between different provisions of a 
 will or statute. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379. 
 
 Right of executor or administrator of wid- 
 ow to elect between dower and provi- 
 sions in her husband's will where she 
 died before the expiration of the time 
 limited for election. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 959. 
 
 h. Duties. 
 
 §19. Generally. 
 
 Duty of executor with power of sale as to 
 land held adversely. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 749. 
 
 Instruction by equity as to duties of execu- 
 tors and administrators. 9 L.R.A. 251.* 
 
 c. Liabilities. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 Effect of negligence on, see Negligence, § 4. 
 
 Liability of infants as. 57 L.R.A. 688. 
 When one liable as executor de son tort. 12 
 
 L.R.A. 187.* 
 Expression of opinion by, as a fraud. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 421. 
 Effect of the qualifying words "as executor" 
 and "as administrator." 15 L.R.A. 
 850. 
 
 In contracts. 15 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 In pleadings. 15 L.R.A. 851. 
 
 In judgments. 15 L.R.A. 852. 
 Personal liability on contract to which 
 
 words indicating representative capac- 
 
 itv are added to signatuie. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 56. 
 Effect of appointment of debtor as executor 
 ^ or administrator to discharge debt or 
 
 charge personal representative and his 
 
 sureties. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 411. 
 
 § 20a. Liability of administrator de 
 bonis non. 
 
 Liability for debts contracted while carry- 
 on business under testamentary 
 power. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 216. 
 
 § 21. In what capacity may be sued 
 for personal tort. 
 
 Generally. 51 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 Fraud or misrepresentation in sale of prop- 
 erty of estate. 51 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Torts in care or management of property of 
 estate. 51 L.R.A. 263. 
 
 Actions arising from conversion. 51 L.R.A. 
 263. 
 
 Malicious prosecution; abuse of process. 51 
 L.R.A. 266. 
 
 Replevin, detinue, etc. 51 L.R.A. 2C6. 
 
 3. For what liable. 
 
 § 22. Generally. 
 
 On bond, see infra, § 27. 
 
660 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 III. c, 2 — cont'd 
 
 For costs. 14 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 For funeral expenses. 33 L.R.A. 663. 
 
 For torts or negligence of servants. 63 
 L.R.A. 227. 
 
 For loss of trust moneys. 4 L.R.A. 609.* 
 
 For rents of intestate's property. 40 L.R.A. 
 344. 
 
 Liability to estate, of representative com- 
 promising or releasing claims due es- 
 tate. 14 L.R.A. 416. 
 
 Liability of personal representative of heir 
 or devisee for debts of the latter's 
 ancestor. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 690. 
 
 Contingent liability of executors and ad- 
 ministrators for misconduct as affect- 
 ing time for presentation of claim 
 against his estate. 58 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 Liability of personal representatives of dev- 
 isee for amount charged on devise. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 
 Personal liability of executor or adminis- 
 trator on corporate stock belonging to 
 estate or trust standing in his name. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1092. 
 
 Liability of executor or adminstrator for 
 personal injury resulting from negli- 
 gence in care or management of prop- 
 erty of estate. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
 § 22a. While carrying on business in 
 behalf of estate. 
 
 When done under testamentary power. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 211. 
 For loss sustained. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 212. 
 When due to negligent manage- 
 ment. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 214. 
 Where business carried on beyond 
 period fixed by will. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 214. 
 For debts contracted. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 214. 
 Liability of executor for debts con- 
 tracted by coexecutor where 
 former did not participate in 
 management of business. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 215. 
 For debts contracted after expiration 
 of time fixed by will for carrying 
 on business. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 215. 
 Liability of administrator c. t. a. or d. 6. n. 
 for debts contracted while carrying on 
 business under testamentary power. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 216. 
 When business carried on without testa- 
 mentary authority. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 216. 
 Liability for losses sustained. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 216. 
 In mercantile business. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 216. 
 In partnership business. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 2)7. 
 In fanning business. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 217. 
 Liability for debts contracted. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 218. 
 In mercantile business. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 218. 
 In partnership business. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 218. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 III. c, 2— cont'd 
 
 In farming business. 40 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 219. 
 By executor de son tort in carry 
 ing on business. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 220. 
 Liability for rental or value of prop- 
 erty embarked or used in business 
 interest; profits. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 220. 
 Liability incurred in winding up bus 
 iness. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 222. 
 For losses sustained. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 222. 
 
 For debts contracted. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 222. 
 
 Liability when acting under stat 
 
 ute. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 222. 
 
 For losses sustained. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 222. 
 
 For debts contracted. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 223. 
 
 Liability when acting under order of 
 
 court. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 223 
 
 For losses sustained. 40 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 223. 
 
 For debts contracted. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 223. 
 
 Estoppel of beneficiaries of estate to charge 
 
 personal representative with losses sus 
 
 tained in carrying on business. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 234. 
 
 § 23. Deposits in bank. 
 
 Liability of executor or administrator for 
 
 loss of bank deposit. 14 L.R.A. 103; 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 Liability of representative of deceased 
 
 depositor of money in trust for third 
 
 person. 32 L.R.A. 375. 
 
 § 2 4. For interest. 
 
 See Interest, §§ 12, 13. 
 
 § 25. For default of coexecutor. 
 
 Eflfect of act of one of several coadminis- 
 trators .or coexecutors. 9 L.R.A. 
 224.* 
 Liability on receipt of assets. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 224.* 
 Executors severally liable for their 
 own tortious acts. 9 L.R.A. 225.* 
 Liability of coexecutor for default of one 
 permitted to manage estate. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 296. 
 General rules. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 298. 
 Statement of. 11 L.R.A.(N.S,) 
 
 298. 
 Application to particular facts 
 and relations. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 301. 
 Statutory exceptions. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 303. 
 Effect of acceptance or nonacceptance 
 
 of trust. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 304. 
 Giving bond for proper performance of 
 duties. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 306. 
 General rules as to. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 306. 
 Nature of the liability. 11 L.R.A. 
 vN.S.) 308. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 561- 
 
 III. 
 
 c, 2- 
 Acts 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 
 III. c, 2— cont'd 
 
 Terminaticn of liability. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 343. 
 Generally. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 By death. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 By discharge, removal, or resigna- 
 tion, n L.R.A.(N.S.) 34.5. 
 Remedies. 11 L.R.A. (N.S) 346 
 
 Of creditors and beneficiaries. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 346. 
 Generally. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 346. 
 Right to recover interest. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 346. 
 Of coexecutors and coadministra- 
 tors. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 347. 
 Liability of executor not participating in 
 management of business for debts con- 
 tracted by coexeeutor in carrying on 
 business in behalf of estate. 40 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 215. 
 
 lont'd 
 covered by bond. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 309. 
 Rule that legal obligations are un- 
 changed. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 311. 
 Delivery of assets to associate, or en- 
 abling him to take posses- 
 sion or control. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 312. 
 The rule of absolute liability. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 312. 
 What amounts to delivery, or en- 
 abling associate to get 
 control. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 313. 
 Action as agent for associate. 
 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 313. 
 Action in getting in assets. 11 
 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 314. 
 Custody and use of securities 
 and assets . 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 315. 
 Division by agreement. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 Turning over to coexeeutor as 
 trustee. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 317. 
 Restriction of rule to unnecessary 
 acts and acts not founded 
 on reason. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 318. 
 Passive acquiescence in action by asso- 
 ciate. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 318. 
 General rules. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 318. 
 What constitutes passivity, as dis- 
 tinguished from partici- 
 pation. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 318. 
 General rules. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 318. 
 Application of rules to specific 
 acts. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 320. 
 E!xception as to duties imposed by law. 
 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 327. 
 Exception as to duties imposed by lavf. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 328. 
 Generally. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 328. 
 What constitutes a directory or an 
 active trust. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 331. 
 Provisions in will conferring immunity. 
 
 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 332. 
 The negligence rule. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 334. 
 Statement of and application gen- 
 erally. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 334. 
 The degree of diligence reouired. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 336. 
 The general rule. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 336. 
 Application to particular 
 facts and circumstances. 
 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 337. 
 Application to transfer of assets to 
 associate. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 340. 
 Acquiescence by beneficiary as affecting 
 liability. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 342. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 36 
 
 3. liiaJjiUty on l)ond. 
 
 § 26. Generally. 
 
 Action on executor's bond. 9 L.R.A. 227.* 
 
 Liability of sureties on executor's bond. 9 
 L.R.A. 225.* 
 Liability when new bond filed. 9 
 L.R.A. 226.* 
 
 Right to sue executor or administrator, on 
 his bond, in a state other than that of 
 his appointment. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 334. 
 
 Remedy of pretermitted heirs by action on 
 executor's bond. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1147. 
 
 Penalty as limit of liability on bond. 55 
 L.R.A. 392. 
 
 Decree directing transfer of fund by execu- 
 tor or administrator to himself in an- 
 other fiduciary capacity as affecting 
 liability of his sureties. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1136. 
 
 Efi'ect on surety of judgment against prin- 
 cipal. 52 L.R.A. 187; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 408. 
 
 Right of surety on administrator's bond to 
 subrogation on payment of claim. 9 
 L.R.A. 227.* 
 
 Validity of sale to surety on executor's 
 bond. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 820. 
 
 § 2 7. For what liable. 
 
 Liability of administrator and his sureties 
 for debt owing by the former to the 
 estate of his intestate where adminis- 
 trator is hopelessly insolvent. 61 L.R.A. 
 313. 
 
 Liability of surety on bond of executor or 
 administrator for debt contracted in 
 interest of estate. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1094. 
 
 Liability on bond for default of coexeeutor 
 permitted to manage estate, 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 306. 
 
 d. Claims due estate. 
 
 § 28. Generally. 
 
 Paj'ment to administrator as discharge of 
 debt when will is subsequently discov- 
 ered and probated. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 878. 
 
562 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATOKS, 
 
 III. d — cont'd 
 § 29. Compromise or release of. 
 
 Compromise or release by personal repre- 
 sentatives of claims due estate. 14 
 L.R.A. 414. 
 
 Distinction between executors and adminis- 
 trators. 14 L.R.A. 414. 
 
 Effect of statutory provisions. 14 L.R.A. 
 414. 
 
 Binding effect of release or compromise. 14 
 L.R.A. 415. 
 Effect of fraud or collusion. 14 L.R.A. 
 415. 
 
 Liability of representative to estate. 14 
 L.R.A. 416. 
 
 Controversies relating to real estate. 14 
 L.R.A. 417. 
 
 Suits for damages for causing death. 14 
 L.R.A. 417. 
 
 Binding effect upon administrator of set- 
 tlement by sole heir or distributee of 
 claim belonging to estate. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 148. 
 
 e. Assets, 
 
 § a 9a. Generally. 
 
 What assets will give jurisdiction to ap- 
 point executor, see supra, § 4. 
 
 Right of action for causing decedent's death, 
 see Death, II. 
 
 § 30. What are assets. 
 
 Under testamentary trust for payment of 
 debts. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 358. 
 
 Trust fund not assets. 8 L.R.A. 789.* 
 
 Liquor license as asset. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 626. 
 
 Debt as asset on appointment of debtor as 
 executor or administrator. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 413. 
 
 Administration based on right of action for 
 negligent killing of a person as an as- 
 set. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 885. 
 
 Fixtures as between personal representa- 
 tives and heirs. 10 L.R.A. 725.* 
 
 Heating apparatus as part of realty, whert- 
 rights of heir or devisee are involved. 
 1 B. R. C. 982. 
 
 Personal representative of life tenant en- 
 titled to crops. 1 L.R.A. 427.* 
 
 Right of children as against executor or ad- 
 ministrator in homestead of deceased 
 parent. 56 L.R.A. 63. 
 
 Is surplus realized on foreclosure sale of 
 real estate after mortgagor's death to 
 be deemed real or personal property. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 723. 
 
 Is purchase of standing timber to be re- 
 moved within a specified time, a pur- 
 chase of realty or of personalty. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 278. 
 
 Right of estate of one entitled by will or 
 statute to an allowance for support and 
 maintenance to accumulations undrawn 
 and unexpended at the time of her 
 death. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 997. 
 
 Validity of provision that money shall be 
 payable to obligee only and not to his 
 estate. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1239, 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 
 III. e— cont'd 
 § 31. Right of assets. 
 
 When personal representative not entitled to 
 possession of personal assets of estate. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 704. 
 
 Widow's right to proceeds of insurance on 
 deceased husband's life payable to him- 
 self or his executors or administra- 
 tors. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 964. 
 
 § 32. What assets pass to administra- 
 tor de lionis non. 
 Generally. 40 L.R.A. 33. 
 The rule in the different states. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 33. 
 Summary. 40 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 Goods remaining in specie. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 71. ' 
 Choses in action. 40 L.R.A. 71. 
 Avoiding sales or transfers made by 
 
 predecessor. 40 L.R.A. 72. 
 Rule at common law. 40 L.R.A. 72. 
 Where assets have been converted 
 by predecessor. 40 L.R.A. 72. 
 Where there is a devastavit. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 72. 
 Requiring the predecessor to ac- 
 count. 40 L.R.A. 73. 
 Money and balance due from prede- 
 cessor. 40 L.R.A. 73. 
 Where the common-law rule has been 
 changed by statute. 40 L.R.A. 
 73. 
 Where assets have been converted 
 by predecessor. 40 L.R.A. 73. 
 Where there is a devastavit. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 73. 
 Requiring the predecessor to ao- 
 
 count. 40 L.R.A. 73. 
 Money and balance due from prede- 
 cessor. 40 L.R.A. 74. 
 
 IV. Indebtedness; distribution; ac- 
 counting and settlement; allow- 
 ances, 
 
 a. Debts and obligations of estate, 
 
 § 33. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to claims against es- 
 tate, see Conflict of Laws, § 34, 
 
 Liability of heirs for obligations of an- 
 cestor, see Descent and Distribu- 
 tion, § 12. 
 
 Encumbrances on real estate; from what 
 payable. 7 L.R.A. 33.* 
 
 Position of creditor as against adminis- 
 trator on sale of expectancy by pro- 
 spective heir. 33 L.R.A. 276. 
 
 Liability of estate of deceased servant for 
 unearned portion of prepaid remunera- 
 tion. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 929. 
 
 Right of devisee or heir to completion of 
 improvements at the expense of the 
 estate. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 303. 
 
 Is an administrator or executor in such 
 privity with a legatee, distributee, or 
 creditor that he may assert a person- 
 al defense of the latter to a claim 
 against the estate. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) , 
 212. ■' 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 563 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 IV. a — cont'd 
 
 Claim against decedent's estate as remedy 
 for breach of agreement to assume debts 
 on dissolution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 114. 
 
 Power of Federal court to enforce its own 
 judgment against a decedent's estate. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 154. 
 
 Remedy for enforcement against decedent's 
 estate of alimony which had accrued 
 prior to his dea'th. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 257. 
 
 Liability of estate of alleged pauper to pay 
 for support or gifts obtained on ground 
 of poverty. 55 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Power of state to make estate of person 
 committed to insane asylum or his rel- 
 atives liable for cost of his mainte- 
 nance therein. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 295. 
 
 Equitable rights of creditors where person- 
 al representative carries on business. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 233. 
 
 Right of creditors to subrogation to per- 
 sonal representative's right of indem- 
 nity from estate for debts contracted 
 in carrying on business. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 233. 
 
 § 34. Liability of estate to attorney em- 
 ployed by personal representative. 
 
 Doctrine that personal representative can- 
 not bind estate. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 72. 
 Effect of insolvency of personal repre- 
 sentative. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 74. 
 Effect of death, removal, or resigna- 
 tion of personal representative. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 Effect of agreement giving attorney 
 lien on subject-matter in litigation. 
 25 L.R.A. (iSr.S.) 75. 
 Doctrine that probate court may make al- 
 lowance directly to attorney. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 75. 
 Doctrine that personal representative may 
 bind estate. 25 L.R.A.(N.S,) 75. 
 
 § 34a. Liability of estate for debts 
 contracted- and expenses incurred 
 by personal representative in carry- 
 ing on business. 
 
 When business carried on under testamen- 
 tary power or that in articles of 
 partnership. 40 L.R.A. (I^.S.) 224. 
 Liability of general assets of estate. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 224. 
 Liability of assets embarked in trade. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 226. 
 Liability where business is carried on 
 by administrator c. *. a. or d. b. n. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 When personal representative or guardian 
 not empowered to carry on busi- 
 ness. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 Liabilitv of general assets of estate. 
 
 40L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 Liability of assets embarked in busi- 
 ness. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 228. 
 When business carried on under statute. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.)_ 228. 
 When business carried on under order of 
 court. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 
 IV. a — cont'd 
 When business carried on by guardian. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 229. 
 Allowance of expenses of business as costs 
 
 of administration. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 229. 
 Of farming business. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 230. 
 Of winding up business. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 230. 
 Of business carried on by guardian. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 231. 
 Of business carried on under statute. 
 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 23L 
 Of business carried on under order of 
 
 court. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 232. 
 Of business carried on under testa- 
 mentary power. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 232. 
 
 § 35. Liability of estate for broker's 
 
 commissions. 
 
 When employment of broker or agent is per- 
 mitted by the will. 04 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Statutes. 64 L.R.A. 555. 
 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 555. 
 Effect of allowance for brokerage upon 
 executor's commissions. 64 L.R.A. 
 555. 
 
 Right at common law to employ broker. 64 
 L.R.A. 556. 
 
 Right at common law to employ auctioneer. 
 64 L.R.A. 557. 
 
 §3 6. Liability for funeral expenses. 
 
 Ultimate liability. 33 L.R.A. 660. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. 660. 
 E.xpenditures by one not the executor 
 or administrator, witliout approv- 
 al or ratification by him. 33 L.R.A. 
 660. 
 Estates of married women and infants. 
 33 L.R.A. 662. 
 Primary liability as between executor or ad- 
 ministrator and the estate. 33 L.R.A. 
 663. 
 Remedies. 33 L.R.A. 664. 
 Preference. 33 L.R.A. 665. 
 Liabilitv of wife's separate estate for her 
 funeral expenses. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 917; 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 754. 
 
 §3 7. — items and amounts. 
 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. 665; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 572. 
 Grave clothes. 33 L.R.A. 665. 
 Mourning apparel. 33 L.R.A. 605; 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 572. 
 Burial lot. 33 L.R.A. 666; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 572. 
 Monument or tombstone. 33 L.R.A. 666; 
 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 572. 
 Amount allowable. 33 L.R.A. 668; 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 573. 
 
 Tombstones. 33 L.R.A. 668; 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 574. 
 
 Burial lots. 33 L.R.A. 668; 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) .'574. 
 Miseellaneou.s. 33 L.R.A. 667; 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 574. 
 Insolvent estates. 33 L.R.A. 669; 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 575. 
 
564 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 
 IV. a — cont'd 
 § 38. Set-off of claim against estate. 
 
 Set-off in bankruptcy cases. 55 L.R.A. 46, 
 
 52. 
 Right to set off, against insolvent estate, 
 
 claims purchased after decedent's 
 
 death. 21 L.R.A. 282. 
 Right of bank to set off unmatured claim 
 
 against deposit of deceased debtor. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 812. 
 
 § 39. Presentation of claims. 
 
 Effect of failure to present claim against 
 estate of deceased principal to release 
 surety. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 139. 
 
 § 40. —time for. 
 
 Running of limitations in case of claims 
 against decedent's estates generally, see 
 Limitation of Actions, §§ 44, 58. 
 
 Right of ward to file claim against estate 
 of guardian after termination of guard- 
 ianship, but before settlement of ac- 
 count. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 793. 
 
 Effect on running of limitations of appoint- 
 ment of temporary administrator. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 824. 
 
 When claims against decedent's estate 
 barred. 8 L.R.A. 651.* 
 
 Do proceedings for sale of decedent's real 
 property fall within "omnibus" provi- 
 sion of statute of limitations. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1304. 
 
 Statute of nonclaim as equivalent of limi- 
 tation within rule that running of the 
 latter against debt secured will bar 
 remedy on the mortgage. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1013. 
 
 Is statute of limitations suspended during 
 period allowed administrator to bring 
 action. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1200. 
 
 When limitations begin to run in action 
 against representatives of deceased 
 stockholder in insolvent corporations 
 for unpaid stock subscription. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 913. 
 
 Effect of failure to present claim within 
 the time allowed by the administra- 
 tion statute of the domicil as a bar to 
 its allowance in the state of the an- 
 cillary administration, or vice versa. 
 19 l:R.A.(N.S.) 553. 
 
 § 41. — contingency of claim as affect- 
 ing time. 
 
 Generally. 58 L.R.A. 82. 
 Statutory construction. 58 L.R.A. 82. 
 Nature of contingency in general. 58 L.R.A. 
 83. 
 Definitions. 58 L.R.A. 83. 
 Contingency arising out of acts to be 
 performed by claimant. 58 L.R.A. 
 84. 
 Pendency of action as creating contin- 
 gency. 58 L.R.A. 84. 
 Liability of stockholders. 58 L.R.A. 85. 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 85. 
 Under stock subscription payable on 
 
 call. 58 L.R.A. 85. 
 Statutory liability of stockholders in 
 national banks. 58 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 Begin with this liook on every law question. 
 
 IV. a — cont'd 
 Liability of executors, administrators, and 
 
 guardians for misconduct. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 86. 
 Liability of sureties and guarantors. 58 
 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 Sureties on bonds for title. 58 L.R.A, 
 86. 
 
 Sureties on administrators', trustees', 
 and guardians' bonds. 58 L.R.A. 
 86. 
 Liability of indorsers. 58 L.R.A. 87. 
 Reimbursement of sureties and indorsers. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 87. 
 Contribution. 58 L.R.A. 88. 
 Liability under contracts of indemnity. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 88. 
 Liability for breach of warranty. 58 L.R.A,. 
 
 88. 
 Liability of grantee assuming mortgage. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 89. 
 Liability of partner. 58 L.R.A. 89. 
 Miscellaneous claims. 58 L.R.A. 89. 
 
 § 42. Effect of retention of account by 
 personal representative. 
 
 Retention of account by executor or ad- 
 ministrator as rendering it an account 
 stated. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 340. 
 
 § 43. Remedies with respect to claims. 
 
 Rights of creditors to rents of intestate's 
 property. 40 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Validity of execution against personal rep- 
 resentative. 3 L.R.A. 815.* 
 
 Effect of foreign judgments against execu- 
 tor or administrator. 27 L.R.A. 101. 
 
 Injunction as to claims in foreign jurisdic- 
 tion. 21 L.R.A. 73. 
 
 Injunction in favor of, or against, executor 
 or administrator to prevent execution 
 sales. 30 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Injunction against judgment entered against 
 executors or administrators on confes- 
 sion. 30 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 Right of executor or administrator to have 
 judgment against decedent set aside. 
 54 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 § 44. — garnishment. 
 
 See Gaenishment, § 7. 
 
 § 45. Payment of. 
 
 Effect of payment by stranger or volunteer 
 to give claim against estate. 23 L.R.A. 
 129. 
 
 Commercial paper given by representative 
 as payment of debt. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 63. 
 
 Order of abatement to pay debts, as be- 
 tween demonstrative legacies and spe- 
 cific legacies or devises. 4 L.K.A. (N.S.) 
 922. 
 
 § 46. Recovery back of overpayment 
 made. 
 
 Right of executor or administrator to re- 
 cover back from creditor excessive pay- 
 ments made under the mistaken belief 
 that estate was solvent. 28 L.R.A. 
 N.S.) 440. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 565 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 IV.— cont'd 
 
 6. Distribution of estate. 
 
 § 4 7. Generally. 
 
 As to descent and distribution generally, 
 see Descent and Disteibution. 
 
 Property subject to distribution, see De- 
 scent AND Disteibution, § 9. 
 
 Liability of heirs for obligations of ances- 
 tor, see Descent and Distribution, 
 § 12. 
 
 Who entitled to, see Descent and Distri- 
 bution, 11. 
 
 Who entitled to take under will, see Wills, 
 §§ 69, 70. 
 
 Distribution when domiciliary and ancillary 
 administrators have been appointed. 9 
 L.R.A. 219,* 246.* 
 
 Interest on legacy. 9 L.R.A. 248.* 
 To widow. 9 L.R.A. 251.* 
 
 Of estates in which persons not in being may 
 have an interest. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 
 Law governing distribution of fund collect- 
 ed or recovered for negligent killing of 
 a person. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 
 Controversies over estates of decedents as 
 subject of valid compromise. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 305. 
 
 Effect of provision in will for equitable con- 
 version on wife's distributive share 
 where the will makes no provision for 
 her or she renounces such provision. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 285. 
 
 Right to probate will after distribution of 
 property as intestate. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 89. 
 
 Voluntary distribution of chattels to life 
 tenant as inuring to benefit of remain- 
 derman. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 798. 
 
 Notice of distribution in probate proceed- 
 ings as jurisdictional. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 3d8. 
 
 Effect of decree of distribution following a 
 testamentary disposition of property 
 void under the rule against perpetui- 
 ties or as unlawfully suspending the 
 power of alienation. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 900. 
 
 § 48. Payment of legacies. 
 
 See Wills, § 108. 
 
 § 49. Set-off against distributive share. 
 
 Right of legatee indebted to estate. 7 
 L.R.A. 231.* 
 
 Indebtedness of heir to estate as counter- 
 claim or set-oflf against distributive 
 share in proceeds of real estate. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 189. 
 
 c. Accounting; commissions; reitn- 
 hursenvent. 
 
 § 50. Generally. 
 
 Duty to account for gold or silver. 29 
 L.R.A. 523. 
 
 Accounting by administrator for rents of 
 intestate's property. 40 L.R.A. 344. 
 
 Right of administrator de ioms non to re- 
 quire predecessor to account. 40 L.R.A. 
 73. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 IV. c — cont'd 
 
 Right of executor or administrator or his 
 representatives to object to account of 
 coexecutor or coadministrator. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1119. 
 
 Right of court to surcharge account of ex- 
 ecutor, administrator, guardian, or re- 
 ceiver in the absence of any objection 
 to the account, or upon an objection by 
 amicus curiw. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 
 § 51. Notice of accounting. 
 
 Remedy of distributee as to accounting of 
 whicli he had no notice and on 
 which he did not appear. 63 L.R.A. 
 95. 
 Nature of proceeding for accounting, 
 settlement, and distribution. 63 
 L.R.A. 96. 
 By appeal from the judgment or de- 
 cree. 63 L.R.A. 97. 
 By proceeding in the court in which 
 decree was made. 63 L.R.A. 
 98. 
 To open the decree. 63 L.R.A. 98. 
 By new action or proceeding. 63 
 L.R.A. 100. 
 By proceeding against executor or ad- 
 ministrator. 63 L.R.A. 101. 
 By proceeding against those who have 
 received fund. 63 L.R.A. 104. 
 
 § 52. Commissions. 
 
 Right to commissions. 5 L.R.A. 73.' 
 
 Income paid out periodically. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 74.* 
 When oiBces of executor and trustee 
 
 distinct. 5 L.R.A. 74.* 
 Double commissions. 5 L.R.A. 74.* 
 Effect of allowance of brokerage upon 
 
 execvitor's commissions. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 555. 
 Right of surviving copartner acting as ex- 
 ecutor to compensation for services. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 406. 
 
 § 53. Reimbursement. 
 
 Expenditure of administrator for the pro- 
 tection of decedent's character. 16 
 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Right to credit for amount paid to surety 
 company for bond. 48 L.R.A. 591. 
 
 Right of executor to allowance for attor- 
 neys' fees for services in attempt to 
 establish or resist attack upon will. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 757. 
 
 d. Allowances, 
 
 g 54. Generally. 
 
 Succession tax on allowances. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 428. 
 
 § 55. Widow's allowance. 
 
 Waiver of right to widow's allowance by 
 antenuptial agreement. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 751. 
 
 Widow's right to year's support or allow- 
 ance out of fund recovered for the neg- 
 ligent killing of husband. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 725. 
 
666 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 
 IV. d— cont'd 
 § 55a. — effect of nonresidence. 
 
 Riglit of nonresident widow to statutory al- 
 lowance. 21 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 Widow's right to exemption or allowance 
 for support out of personal assets of 
 estate of deceased husband, who was a 
 nonresident. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 361. 
 
 V. Suits affecting estate. 
 
 § 56. Generally. 
 
 Costs and fees of suit, see Costs and Fees, 
 
 § 3. 
 Probate of will, see Wills, §§ 47-56. 
 
 Pendency of proceedings in both state and 
 Federal courts. 42 L.R.A. 460. 
 
 Removal of actions relating to decedents' 
 estates because of separable controver- 
 sy. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 81. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to limitations of ac- 
 tions affecting decedent's estate. 48 
 L.R.A. 634. 
 
 Admissions and waivers by executor or ad- 
 ministrator in actions. 32 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 § 57. On behalf of estate. 
 
 By foreign or ancillary representative, see 
 
 infra, § 61. 
 Survival of action in favor of decedent, see 
 
 Abatement and Revival, §§ 2, 3. 
 Right of personal representative to sue for 
 
 causing death of decedent, see Death, 
 
 § 10. 
 Compromise of right of action for death of 
 
 decedent, see Death, § 14. 
 Limitation of actions, see Limitation of 
 
 Actions, §§ 44, 58. 
 
 Executor or administrator as real party in 
 interest by whom action must be 
 brought. 64 L.R.A. 611. 
 
 Who may sue or take other proceedings to 
 set aside judgment affecting decedent's 
 estate. 54 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 Right to sue for injury from damming back 
 water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 903. 
 
 Ejectment by executor or administrator. 
 18 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 Is an administrator or executor in such 
 privity with a legatee, distributee, or 
 creditor, that he may assert a personal 
 defense of the latter to a claim against 
 the estate. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 212. 
 
 Right of next of kin to maintain action in 
 interest of estate. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 454. 
 
 Contributory negligence of parent as bar to 
 action by administrator for death of 
 child non sui juris. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 328. 
 
 Right of domestic representative to main- 
 tain action for death of decedent under 
 a statute of another state which pro- 
 vides that. the action shall be brought 
 by the personal representative. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1252. 
 
 Recovery by administrator in action for 
 benefit of estate of probable accumula- 
 tions of deceased as damages for his 
 death. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 451. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 V. — cont'd 
 
 Injunction to prevent execution sales. 30 
 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Right of executor or administrator to ap- 
 peal as party aggrieved. 13 L.R.A. 745. 
 
 Right to accept favorable part of decree 
 of distribution and appeal from the 
 rest. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 13. 
 
 §58. Suits against. 
 
 Against foreign or ancillary representative, 
 see infra, § 61. 
 
 Survival of action against decedent, see 
 Abatement and Revival, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Representative's right to interplead claim- 
 ants, see Intekpleadek, § 2. 
 
 Garnishment of executor or administrator, 
 see supra, § 44. 
 
 Remedy of distributee who had no notice of 
 accounting and did not appear there- 
 on, by proceeding against executor or 
 administrator. 63 L.R.A. 101. 
 
 Foreign judgment against executor or ad- 
 ministrator. 27 L.R.A. 101. 
 
 Injunction against suit against estate in 
 other jurisdiction. 21 L.R.A. 73. 
 
 Injunction against judgment entered 
 against personal representatives on 
 confession. 30 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 Injunction to prevent execution sales. 30 
 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Necessity of exhausting remedy at law 
 against deceased debtor as condition 
 precedent to creditor's bill. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 92-96, 111, 112. 
 
 Right of widow to recover from estate the 
 value of her dower interest in land 
 conveyed by her husband during his 
 lifetime. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1101. 
 
 Right of surety of personal representative 
 to intervene in action against princi- 
 pal or vice versa. 68 L.R.A. 744. 
 
 Right of representative of decedent's estate 
 to interplead claimants. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 986. 
 
 Necessity of consistency in complaint with 
 respect to representative or individual 
 capacity of party. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 161. 
 
 VI. Sale of property of estate. 
 
 § 59. Generally. 
 
 Power of representative to make sale, see 
 supra, § 17. 
 
 Sale of choses in action. 12 L.R.A. 498.* 
 
 Constitutionality of private act authorizing 
 sale of decedent's estates. 16 L.R.A. 
 254. 
 
 Validity of sale to surety on executor's 
 bond. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 820. 
 
 Injunction against judsments on sales of 
 real property by. 31 L.R.A. 754. 
 
 Right of one claiming through heir or devi- 
 see to protection against unrecorded 
 conveyance by ancestor or his personal 
 representative. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 328. 
 
 Executing power of sale under will after 
 discharge. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 623. 
 
 Reimbursement or subrogation of purchas- 
 er on annulling sale. 69 L.R.A. 45. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 667 
 
 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, 
 VI.— cont'd 
 
 Liability of purchaser from executor or ad- 
 ministrator of property charged with 
 the payment of a, legacy. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 821. 
 
 Effect of subsequent revocation of letters 
 testamentary or of administration un- 
 der which sale had. 21 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 Conveyance by administrator of cotenant 
 as basis of adverse possession, against 
 otliers. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 710. 
 
 Sale by, as violation of covenant in lease 
 against assignment or sale. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1204. 
 
 Til. Foreign and ancillary adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 § 60. Generally. 
 
 When ancillary letters granted. 9 L.R.A. 
 218,* 246.* 
 
 Power and authority of foreign executor or 
 administrator. 9 L.R.A. 218,* 244.* 
 
 Distribution when domiciliary and ancillary 
 administrators I'ave been appointed. 9 
 L.E.A. 219,* 246.* 
 
 Effect of probate of will in another state. 
 48 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 Appointment of receiver to preserve status 
 quo pending administration proceed- 
 ings in another tribunal. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 231. 
 
 Effect of failure to present claim within 
 time allowed by administration statute 
 of domicil as bar to its allowance in 
 state of ancillary administration or 
 vice versa. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 553. 
 
 Ancillary probate at testator's domicil after 
 probate in other jurisdiction. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 996. 
 
 § 61. Suits by or against. 
 
 Incapacity of foreign executor or adminis- 
 trator to sue. 2 L.R.A. 828;* 5 L.R.A. 
 541;* 9 L.R.A. 244.* 
 
 Right of domiciliary administrator to sue 
 on judgment in another state. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 430. 
 
 Right of foreign representative to maintain 
 action for death of decedent under stat- 
 ute of another state which provides 
 that the action shall be brought by 
 the personal representative. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1252. 
 
 Injunction as to claims in foreign jurisdic- 
 tion. 21 L.R.A. 73. 
 
 Injunction in favor of or against, to pre- 
 vent execution sales. 30 L.R.A. 121. 
 
 Right to revive suit and continue same 
 against foreign representative of de- 
 ceased defendant over whom jurisdic- 
 tion was obtained in his lifetime. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 632. 
 
 Effect of ancillary appointment after com- 
 mencement of action by foreign execu- 
 tor or administrator. , 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 657. 
 
 Effect of foreign judgments against execu- 
 tor or administrator. 27 L.R.A. 101. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EXECUTOKY DEVISE. 
 
 In general, See Wills, § 94. 
 Levy on. 23 L.RA. 643. 
 
 EXECUTORY TRUSTS. 
 
 Under rule in Shelley's Case, see DEEDS, 
 § 30; Wills, § 82. 
 
 EXEMPLARY DAMAGES. 
 
 See Damages, §§ 13-19. 
 
 EXEMPTION. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 
 II. Of property from claims of credi- 
 tors, §§ 2-10. 
 a. In general, §§ 3, 3. 
 l}. WJiat property and rights 
 
 are exempt, §§ 4-*. 
 c. Who may claim, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 From jury duty, see JXJEY, § 10. 
 
 From assessments, see Public Impbove- 
 
 IIENTS, IV. 
 From taxation, see Taxes, §§ 14-39, 95- 
 
 100. 
 From service of process, see Wkit and Pkoc- 
 
 Ess, §§ 30-37. 
 
 Contract exemptions from power of legisla- 
 ture to fix tolls, rates, and prices. 33 
 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 Statutory exemption of municipal corpora- 
 tions from liability for defects or ob- 
 struction in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 526. 
 
 Of grand juror. 28 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 Right conferred by statutory exemption of 
 firemen from jury or militia duty. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 498'. 
 
 From payment of compulsory pilotage fees. 
 39 L.R.A. 179. 
 
 II. Of property from, claims of credi- 
 tors. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 In bankruptcy, see Bankruptcy. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to exemption matters, 
 see Conflict of Laws, §§ 41, 44. 
 
 Impairment of obligation of contracts as 
 to, see Constitutional Lavt, § 31. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 68. 
 
 Homestead exemption, see Homestead. 
 
 Validity of, against claim for rent, see 
 Landlord and Tenant, § 85. 
 
■568 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EXEMPTION, II. a— cont'd 
 
 I/iberal construction of exemption laws. 13 
 L.R.A. 719.* 
 
 Self-executing effect of constitutional ex- 
 emption. 16 L.R.A. 284. 
 
 Effect of exemption laws to impair obliga- 
 tion of contract. 1 L.R.A. 359.* 
 
 >Law governing validity of exemptions in 
 foreign assignment for creditors. 65 
 L.R.A. 362. 
 
 X/aw governing exemption of wages from 
 garnishment. 67 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 Evasion by garnishment in other state. 19 
 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 Liability for evasion of exemption laws of 
 domicil by action in other state. 36 
 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Action for loss of exemption by garnish- 
 ment in another state. 19 L.R.A. 580; 
 36 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Application to existing judgments of stat- 
 ute abolishing or diminishing exemp- 
 tions. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 Bight to set off one judgment against an- 
 other which is exempt or is based on a 
 wrongful taking of exempt property. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 494. 
 
 Judgment on antecedent debt as lien on 
 property to wliich exemption law has 
 attached in meantime. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 156. 
 
 Effect in state where debt is garnished of 
 statutory exemption at domicil of prin- 
 cipal defendant. 19 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 ^Recovery of judgment for exempt claim 
 pending garnishment proceedings in an- 
 other state. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1154. 
 
 Duty of garnishee to set up exemption of 
 principal debtor. 19 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 Set-off and counterclaim against exempt 
 claim. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 Effect of discharge in banliruptcy on liens 
 on exempt property. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 296. 
 
 ^Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to debtor's exemptions. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 437. 
 
 :§ 3. Protection of exemption. 
 
 Enforcing exemption laws of other state. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 195. 
 
 Injunction to protect in case of execution 
 sale. 30 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 Injunction against repeated garnishment of 
 exempt wages. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 983. 
 
 Jurisdiction of courts to enjoin execution 
 sales In protection of. 30 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 Amount in dispute in case of injunction 
 against sale of exempt property. 61 
 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 Injiinction against suit in another state to 
 evade local exemption laws. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1008. 
 
 Creditor's right to have satisfaction of judg- 
 ment canceled where the property levied 
 on, or its proceeds, is returned to the 
 debtor as exempt, or to a third person 
 who establishes a claim thereto. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 EXEMPTION, II.— cont'd 
 
 h. What property and rights are 
 exempt. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Property subject to garnishment, see Gab- 
 
 NISHMENT, §§ 10, 11. 
 
 Property subject to attachment or execu- 
 tion, see Levy and Seizube, §§ 2-7. 
 Homestead, see Homestead, II. 
 
 Seat on stoclc exchange. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 615.' 
 
 Availability of exemptions against claim for 
 rent. 24 L.R.A. 812. 
 
 From husband's debts of property conveyed 
 to wife. 69 L.R.A. 366. 
 
 Liability of claim or interest in public 
 lands for debts contracted before issu- 
 ance of patent. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 405. 
 
 Right of creditors in personal services of 
 debtor. 21 L.R.A. 623. 
 
 § 4a. Horses. 
 
 Purpose for which horses are used as af- 
 fecting exemption under statute specif- 
 ically exempting horses. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 693. 
 
 § 5. Wages; salary- 
 
 Of debtor's wages after payment by em- 
 ployer. 18 L.R.A. 586. 
 
 Laborers whose earnings are exempt from 
 attachment or garnishment. 18 L.R.A. 
 309. 
 
 Exemption of teacher's salary from claims 
 of creditors. 54 L.R.A. 572. 
 
 § 5a. — of officer. 
 
 Creditors' bills and supplementary proceed- 
 ings. 54 L.R.A. 566. 
 
 On the ground of public policy. 54 L.R.A. 
 568. 
 
 Statutory provisions. 54 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 School teacher's salary. 54 L.R.A. 572. 
 
 OflScers of municipal corporations in Ken- 
 tucky. 54 L.R.A. 573. 
 
 § 6. Insurance money. 
 
 Right of creditors in endowment or tontine 
 policies of insurance. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 456. 
 
 Are paid-up or endowment policies within 
 statutes exempting life insurance pol- 
 ices. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 722. 
 
 Right of creditors to reach option of in- 
 sured to receive cash surrender value. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 
 Exempt character of proceeds of insurance. 
 19 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Does exemption of proceeds of insurance ex- 
 tend to property purchased therewith. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1018. 
 
 Iiifg insurance policy exempt under state 
 laws as assets of bankrupt. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 454. 
 
 § 7. Pension money. 
 
 Protection of pension money from attach- 
 ment. 3 L.R.A. 219.* 
 
 Exemption of property purchased with pen- 
 sion money. 19 I1.B.A. 34. 
 
INBEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 569 
 
 EXEMPTION, II. 1>— cont'd 
 How far pension money is exempt in an- 
 other form. 19 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 § 8. How far proceeds of exempt 
 property retain exempt character. 
 
 As to judgments affecting exempt property. 
 19 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 As to setting off judgments affecting exempt 
 property. 19 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 As to proceeds of insurance. 19 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 As to exemption of property purchased with 
 pension money. 19 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 As to exemption of pension money when 
 in another form. 19 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 As to exemption in homestead sold for re- 
 investment. 19 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Property obtained by exchange. 19 L.R.A. 
 38. 
 
 As to exemption of products or profits of 
 exemption. 19 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 As to exemption in case of mortgage, sale, 
 or transfer. 19 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 Does exemption of proceeds of insurance ex- 
 tend to property purchased therewith. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1018. 
 
 Crops grown on homestead, or proceeds 
 thereof, as exempt. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 577. 
 
 Does a statute exempting money "due, or 
 to become due," or "to be paid," or em- 
 ploying similar expressions, protect 
 money after it has been paid. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 472. 
 
 c. Who may claim. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Right of debtor to assign exemptions, or 
 delegate to another the right to select 
 exempt property. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 982. 
 
 What constitutes a "family" under exemp- 
 tion laws. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 365. 
 
 Engaging in other business as affecting ex- 
 emption of farmer from involuntary 
 proceedings in bankruptcy. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 148. 
 
 § 10. In case of nonresidence. 
 
 When does nonresidence of person intend- 
 ing to leave permanently begin. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 778. 
 
 Widow's right to, out of personal assets of 
 estate of deceased husband, who was a 
 nonresident. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 361. 
 
 EXERTION. 
 
 Right to recover on insurance policy for in- 
 jury from, see Instjeance, § 163. 
 
 EXHIBITIONS. 
 
 Exhibitions generally, see Amusements. 
 
 Physical examination, see Discovert and 
 Inspection, § 5. 
 
 Effect of exhibition of books of account 
 offered in evidence to, and admissibil- 
 ity of correctness by, person charged. 
 52 L.R.A. 598. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EXHIBITIONS— cont'd 
 Of person to show resemblance. 52 L.R.A. 
 502. 
 
 EXHORTATION. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession induced by ex- 
 hortation. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 812. 
 
 EXISTING OBLIGATION. 
 
 Performance of, as consideration for new 
 promise. 34 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 EX MALEFICIO. 
 
 Trust ex malefioio, see Tbusts, § 15. 
 
 ■ 4 » » 
 
 EXORBITANT RATES. 
 
 Charging one with exacting excess as libel. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 
 EX PARTE JUDGMENT. 
 
 Collateral attack on, for fraud not affecting 
 jurisdiction. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985. 
 
 EXPECTANCY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Rights of heirs and distributees in de- 
 cedent's estate, generally, see Descent 
 AND Distribution, §§ 2-8. 
 
 Garnishment of, see Garnishment, § 11a. 
 
 Liability to levy, see Levy and Seizure, § 4. 
 
 Effect of quitclaim deed upon after-acquired 
 title. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1182. 
 
 Tables of expectancy of life as evidence. 
 40 L.R.A. 553. 
 
 § 2. Transactions between heir and 
 ancestor as to. 
 
 Validity of transactions between an heir 
 
 and his ancestor relating to the 
 
 former's expectancy. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 595. 
 General rule. 32 L.R.A. 595. 
 The question of intention. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 596. 
 Inadequacy of price. 32 L.R.A. 596. 
 The statute of frauds. 32 L.R.A. 597. 
 Parol evidence to vary such contracts. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 597. 
 The doctrine of estoppel. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 597. 
 State statutes. 32 L.R.A. 597. 
 Such agreements enforced. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 597. 
 Not enforced. 82 L.R.A. 600 
 
570 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EXPECTANCY— cont'd 
 
 English authorities. 32 L.E.A. 601. 
 General rule. 32 L.E.A. 601. 
 Agreements enforced. 32 L.E.A. 
 
 , 601. 
 When not enforced. 32 L.E.A. 602. 
 
 S 3. Conveyance of. 
 
 Conveyance of expectancy. 9 L.E.A. 477.* 
 Validity of sale of an expectancy by a pro- 
 spective heir. 33 L.E.A. 266; 25 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 436. 
 Expectant heirs and expectant estates. 
 
 33 L.E.A. 267. 
 Eule at common law. 33 L.E.A. 267. 
 Eule in equity. 33 L.E.A. 269. 
 The doctrine of estoppel. 33 L.E.A. 
 
 273; 25 L.E.A.{N.S.) 438. 
 The question of warranty. 33 L.E.A. 
 
 274. 
 Assent of parent. 33 L.E.A. 274; 25 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 438. 
 Eelease of expectancy to ancestor. 25 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 439. 
 Inadequacy of consideration. 33 L.E.A. 
 
 275. 
 What property passes. 33 L.E.A. 276. 
 Position of creditor as against adminis- 
 trator. 33 L.E.A. 276. 
 Position of purchaser. 33 L.E.A. 276. 
 When binding upon heir. 33 L.E.A. 
 
 277. 
 When set aside. 33 L.E.A. 278. 
 Decisions under state statutes. 33 
 
 279; 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 441. 
 English authorities. 33 L.E.A. 279. 
 
 Expectant heirs. 33 L.E.A. 279. 
 
 Eule at common law. 33 L.E.A. 
 280. 
 
 Eule in equity. 33 L.E.A. 280. 
 
 The doctrine of estoppel. 33 
 L.E.A. 281. 
 
 Consent of ancestor. 33 L.E.A. 
 281. 
 
 The question of usury. 33 L.E.A. 
 281. 
 
 The inadequacy of consideration. 
 33 L.E.A. 281. 
 
 The question of fraud. 33 L.E.A. 
 283. 
 
 The question of ratification. 
 33 L.E.A. 283. 
 
 Burden of proof. 33 L.E.A. 283. 
 
 When set aside. 33 L.E.A. 284. 
 
 Terms of relief. 33 L.E.A. 285. 
 
 When upheld. 33 L.E.A. 288. 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Estoppel by permitting, see Estoppel, § 25. 
 By municipality, see Municipal Cokpora- 
 TIONS, §§ 61-67. 
 
 EXPENSES. 
 
 As element of damages for injuries caused 
 hy damming back waters of stream. 
 59 L.E.A. 898. 
 
 EXPENSES— cont'd 
 
 Priority of claims against property in hands 
 
 of receiver for. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1051, 
 
 1067. 
 Eequisites of appropriation for expenses of 
 
 officers. 16 L.E.A. (N.S.) 631; 27 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 537. 
 
 EXPERIENCE. 
 
 Of servant as factor bearing on master's 
 duty of inspection. 44 L.E.A. 57. 
 
 Right of jurors to waive evidence by appli- 
 cation of general experience. 37 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 803. 
 
 » ■ » 
 
 EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 Admissibility of, see Evidence, §§ 158, 158a. 
 
 — — — ♦-•-•^ — — — 
 
 EXPERTS. 
 
 Opinions of, see Evidence, VIII. 
 Fees of, see Witnesses, § 51. 
 
 Stockholder's right to assistance of, for in- 
 spection of corporate books. 45 L.E.A. 
 449. 
 
 EXPIRATION. 
 
 Of corporate charter, see Cobpohations, 
 
 § 132. 
 Of patent, rights after, see Patent, § 3. 
 
 EXPLANATION. 
 
 Of alteration in written instrument. 39 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 100. 
 
 Conductor's refusal to listen to passenger's 
 explanation as to his contract, as jus- 
 tification for punitive damages for pas- 
 senger's expulsion. 17 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 344. 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question. 
 
 EXPLOSIONS AND EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1, la. 
 II. Regulation of explosives, § 2. 
 III. Injuries from explosions, §§ 3-10, 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to blasting, see Blasting. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to in- 
 jury by, see Evidence, § 64. 
 Explosives as nuisances, see Nuisances, § 6. 
 
 § la. Lien for explosives. 
 
 Lien for explosives as materials used in im- 
 proving real property. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 288. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 571 
 
 EXPLOSIONS AND EXPLOSIVES— cont'd 
 //. Hcgiilation of explosives. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Municipal regulation of explosives, as a 
 
 nuisance. 38 L.R.A. 306. 
 Regulating keeping or storing of explosives. 
 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 460. 
 
 ///. Injuries from explosions. 
 
 S 3. Generally. 
 
 Injury by explosion of gas, see Gas, §§ 11- 
 
 14. 
 Proximate cause of injury, see Proximate 
 
 Cause, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Presumption of negligence in case of. 15 
 L.R.A. 35, 38. 
 
 Liability for injury to business of other 
 person by. 64 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 Allowance of interest on damages to prop- 
 erty- caused by explosion. 18 L.R.A. 
 455. 
 
 ^^egligenee in the manufacture and storage 
 of gunpowder, nitroglycerin, dyna- 
 mite, and other explosives. 29 
 L.R.A. 718. 
 General doctrine. 29 L.R.A. 718. 
 The effect of city ordinances. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 721. 
 Negligence in the manufacture. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 723. 
 Negligence in the storage. 29 L.R.A. 
 724. 
 
 Violating ordinance as to explosives as 
 ground for private action. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 261. 
 
 Liability for injury to children from explo- 
 sives left accessible to them. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 586; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1257; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 
 May intervening act of child break causal 
 connection between negligence and in- 
 jury. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 249. 
 
 iExplosives as attractive nuisance. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1127. 
 
 Storage of explosives as a nuisance. 16 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 691. 
 
 Evidence as to condition prior to accident. 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1094. 
 
 § 4. Explosion in street. 
 
 Liability for injury caused by placing or 
 
 exploding bombs, etc., in highways. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 759. 
 Municipal liability for failure to prevent 
 
 use of explosives in street. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 643; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 863. 
 Liability of railway company generally for 
 
 personal injury to one on surface of 
 
 street by bursting of cylinder. 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 Liability of elevated railway company for 
 
 personal injury to one on surface of 
 
 street by explosion. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 93. 
 
 § 5. Injury to passenger. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 passenger by. 15 L.R.A. 38; 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 615; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 815. 
 Consult also li.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EXPLOSIONS AND EXPLOSIVES, III.— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 6. Injury to employee. 
 
 In general, see Master and Servant, § 63. 
 
 § 7. — servant's assumption of risk. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk of unexpected 
 explosion. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 360. 
 
 § 8. Employer's liability lor servant's 
 negligence. 
 
 Employer's liability for explosion from gas 
 escaping through negligence of in- 
 dependent contractor. 65 L.R.A. 852. 
 
 Dynamite as dangerous agency for injury 
 by which, when used by servant, master 
 is liable. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372, 376, 
 397. 
 
 Powder as dangerous agency for injury by 
 which, when used by servant, master is 
 liable. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 380. 
 
 § 9, Liability of insurer. 
 
 See Ikstjkance, § 156. 
 
 § 10. Contributory negligence. 
 
 Of person injured by escape and explosion 
 of gas. 29 L.R.A. 352; 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 821. 
 
 Contributory negligence as defense in case 
 of explosion of oil below statutory 
 standard. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 
 « «» 
 
 EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 See Explosions and Explosives. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 Forbidding exportation from state. Bee 
 
 Commerce, § 13. 
 
 EXPOSITION. 
 
 See Amusements. 
 
 EX POST FACTO LAWS. 
 
 See Constitutional Law, § 7. 
 
 .♦« » 
 
 EXPOSURE. 
 
 By insured to danger, see Insurancb, 
 §§ 158, 164. 
 
 EXPRESS AGENT. 
 
 Rights of, as passenger. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 796. 
 
572 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 EXPRESS AGENT— cont'd 
 
 Delivery by express agent to addresses and 
 collection of price of intoxicating liquor 
 sent C.O.D. as a sale thereof by the 
 agent. 2 B.E.C. 467. 
 
 EXPRESS CAR. 
 
 Passengers riding in, as contributory negli- 
 gence. 16 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 EXPRESS COMPANIES. 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 As to common carriers generally, see Cab- 
 
 BIEBS. 
 
 Matters as to interstate commerce, see Com- 
 merce, § 12. 
 
 Agents of, as passengers. 22 L.E.A. 796. 
 
 Duty as to delivery and collection of pack- 
 ages. 33 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 Eight of foreign company to enter state. 
 24 L.E.A. 313. 
 
 Duty of, with respect to property awaiting 
 delivery at destination. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 393. 
 
 Statute requiring express companies to make 
 free deliveries in certain cities, as in- 
 terference with interstate commerce. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 94. 
 
 Regulations as to time of receiving valu- 
 ables for transportation. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 558. 
 
 Delivery by express agent to addressee and 
 collection of price of intoxicating liquor 
 sent C. 0. D., as a sale thereof by the 
 ' agent. 2 B. R. C. 467. 
 
 § 2. Discrimination lietween. 
 
 Duty of carrier to give equal facilities to. 
 18 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 Contract for exclusive or preferential facil- 
 ities on railroads. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 
 Right of carrier to grant exclusive train 
 privilege to baggage or passenger trans- 
 fer companies. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1181. 
 
 § 3. Taxation of. 
 
 Taxation of receipts of. 57 L.R.A. 64. 
 Taxation of; effect of commerce clause of 
 Federal Constitution. 60 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 EXPRESSMEN. 
 
 As fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 456. 
 
 EXPRESS MESSENGER. 
 
 EXPRESS TRUSTS. 
 
 See Tbusts, §§ 4-10. 
 
 <«» 
 
 EXPULSION. 
 
 Of passenger, see Cabbiebs, §§ 30-35; Dam- 
 ages, § 45. 
 
 Of member of benefit society, see Benevo- 
 lent Societies, § 3a; Insubanoe, 
 § 105. 
 
 From religious society, see Reliqious So- 
 cieties, § 13. 
 
 Of pupil, see Schools, §§ 9-11. 
 
 Conclusiveness of decision of tribunal of 
 association or corporation as to ex- 
 pulsion of member. 49 LJl.A. 353. 
 
 EXTENDED INSURANCE. 
 
 See Insueancb, § 58. 
 
 EXTENSION. 
 
 Contract exempting railroad company from 
 liability for negligent injury to ex- 
 press messenger. 11 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 432. 
 Begin with this hook, on every law quesUon. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of city boundaries, see Municipal Coepo- 
 RATIONS, §§ 11, 12. 
 
 Of lien of mortgage before renewal of se- 
 cured debt. 55 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 § 2. Of time. 
 
 For payment of negotiable paper, see Bills 
 
 AND Notes, §§ 56, 57. 
 For issuing execution, see Execution, § 6. 
 Of lien of mortgage, see Mortgage, § 55. 
 To file mechanics' lien, see Mechanics' 
 
 ^ Liens, § 29. 
 Release of surety by, see Peincipal ano 
 
 Surety, §§ 15, 16. 
 Of time to remove timber, see Timbee, § 5. 
 
 To remove standing timber conveyed with- 
 out conveying title to the land. 55 
 L.E.A. 530; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 615. 
 
 For payment of assessment as effecting 
 waiver by oflicer of subordinate lodge 
 of forfeiture for nonpayment. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 575. 
 
 EflFect on negotiability of note of provision 
 permitting. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 878; 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 738. 
 
 By one taking bill or note as collateral se- 
 curity as giving him character of bona 
 fide holder. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298. 
 
 As additional consideration for mortgage 
 given as security for pre-existing debt. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 
 Validity of payment of insurance premium 
 or assessment during period of exten- 
 sion agreed on, but after death of in- 
 sured. 2 B. R. C. 191. ' 
 
 Power of judge pro tern to extend time given 
 for preparing or filing bill of excep- 
 tions or case made. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 623. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 673 
 
 EXTEjVT. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 recording. 49 L.R.A. 243. 
 
 EXTERNAL, VIOLENT, AND ACCI- 
 DENTAL MEANS. 
 
 Death of insured by, see Insurance, § 165. 
 
 EXTINGUISHMENT. 
 
 Of contract, see Contkacts, VI. 
 
 Of easement, see Easements, §§ 25-28. 
 
 EXTORTION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Indictment for, see Indictment, Informa- 
 tion, AKD Complaint, § 18. 
 
 In office. 4 L.E.A. 360.* 
 
 By false accusations in writing. 11 L.K.A. 
 
 656.* 
 Efforts to collect debt as extortion. 18 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 77. 
 Liability of ofBcer who uses criminal process 
 to collect a debt. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 301. 
 Instigation to offense of, as a defense to 
 
 prosecution. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 953. 
 Extortion as affected by right, or belief in 
 right, to property sought to be se- 
 cured. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 801. 
 Takins of illegal fees. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 802. 
 Question for jury. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 805. 
 
 11 
 
 § 2. By threats. 
 
 By verbal threats. 11 L.R.A. 657.* 
 Of money or property by threats. 
 
 L.R.A. 656.* 
 By means of threatening letters. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 657.* 
 Threat to injure business unless money is 
 
 paid as crime of extortion. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 718. 
 As affected by right, or belief in right, to 
 
 property sought to be secured. 40 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 801. 
 
 EXTRA COMPENSATION. 
 
 To witness, see Witnesses, §§ 50, 51. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 EXTRAD ITI ON. 
 
 7. In general, §§ 1-4:. 
 ir. Procedure; revieiv, §§ 5-7. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 EXTEADITION— cont'd 
 
 I. In general, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Arrest in extradition proceedings, see As- 
 best, § 10. 
 
 Indictment in extradition proceedings, see 
 Indictment, Information, and Com- 
 plaint, § 2. 
 
 Extraditable offenses. 1 L.R.A. 370.* 
 
 Rights of party proceeded against. 1 
 L.R.A. 373.* 
 
 Surrender under treaty. 1 L.R.A. 372.* 
 
 Surrender of fugitive by state authorities. 
 1 L.R.A. 371.* 
 
 Abduction or wrongful bringing of criminal 
 into jurisdiction as a defense to pros- 
 ecution. 15 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Nonliability of consul for procuring arrest 
 of fugitive from justice. 45 L.R.A. 
 588. 
 
 Extradition of person who is under confine- 
 ment in asylum state. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 799. 
 
 § 2. AVho are fugitives. 
 
 Must have been in demanding state. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 289. 
 No constructive presence. 28 L.R.A. 289. 
 Setting crime in motion. 28 L.R.A. 289. 
 The purpose of the flight. 28 L.R.A. 289. 
 
 § 3. Right to detain fugitives until 
 arrival of papers. 
 
 Generally. 26 L.E.A. 33. 
 Arrest without warrant. 26 L.R.A. 34. 
 International extradition. 26 L.R.A. 34. 
 The English decisions. 26 L.R.A. 34. 
 Surrender. 26 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 § 4. Trial on amended charge. 
 
 Right to try prisoner extradited from sister 
 state for crime other than that for 
 which he was surrendered. 14 L.R.A. 
 128; 19 L.R.A. 206. 
 Effect upon prisoner's rights of necessity of 
 amendment of charge upon which 
 he was extradited. 25 L.R.A. 593. 
 The Canadian cases. 25 L.E.A. 595. 
 The English rule. 25 L.E.A. 595. 
 
 //. Procedure; review. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Demand for arrest and delivery of fugitive. 
 1 L.E.A. 371.* 
 
 Principles and procedure generally. 1 
 L.E.A. 370.* 
 
 Conduct of proceedings. 1 L.E.A. 373.* 
 
 Service of process on fugitive in custody. 
 46 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 Hearing on application for extradition. 1 
 L.R.A. 373.* 
 
 Evidence admissible in proceedings for. 1 
 L.R.A, 373.* 
 
 Right of court of asylum state to examine, 
 in interstate extradition proceedings, 
 sufficiency of papers charging the of- 
 fense for which the return of the fugi- 
 tive is demanded. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 424. 
 
574 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 EXTRADITION, II.— cont'd 
 
 § 6. Papers necessary to obtain sur- 
 render of fugitives from another 
 state. 
 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 Requirements of state statutes. 28 L.R.A. 
 802. 
 
 The requisition. 1 L.R.A. 372:* 28 L.R.A. 
 803. 
 
 The indictment. 28 L.R.A. 803. 
 
 The affidavit. 28 L.R.A. 803. 
 
 Sufficiency of a complaint or information. 
 28 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 Complaint or information based on informa- 
 tion and belief. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 60. 
 
 The authentication. 28 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 Warrant of arrest. 1 L.R.A. 371,*372.* 
 
 Necessity of warrant. 28 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 Complaint for warrant. 1 L.R.A. 372.* 
 
 The criminal charge. 28 L.R.A. 805. 
 
 Proof of flight. 28 L.R.A. 805. 
 
 Right to look behind papers, or to make 
 other requirements. 28 L.R.A. 805. 
 
 Effect of governor's representations. 28 
 L.R.A. 805. 
 
 § 7. Review of proceedings. 
 
 By habeas corpus, see Habeas Corpus, § 5. 
 
 Right, in reviewing extradition proceedings, 
 to be heard upon the merits of the 
 charge against accused. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 939. 
 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 EXTRA FARE. 
 
 See Careiees, § 24. 
 
 EXTRANEOUS AGREEMENT. 
 
 That mortgagor of merchandise shall have 
 possession with power of sale. 18 
 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 EXTRANEOUS PAPER. 
 
 Effect of party's ignorance of contents of, 
 on attempt to incorporate it into con- 
 tract by reference. 70 L.R.A. 106. 
 
 EXTRAORDINARY CASH DIVIDEND, 
 
 Right to, as between life tenant and re- 
 mainderman. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785; 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 566. 
 
 EXTRAORDINARY FLOODS. 
 
 Liability of one damming back water of 
 stream for injury by. 59 L.R.A. 876. 
 
 Extraordinary floods which one obstructing 
 water course need not anticipate. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 252. 
 
 EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES, 
 
 Release of indorser of note by failure to 
 extraordinary remedies against maker. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 550. 
 
 EXTRAORDINARY RISKS. 
 
 Master's duty to instruct servant as to. 44 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 EXTRAORDINARY SERVICES. 
 
 Rights of seamen to salvage for. 64 L.R.A. 
 193. 
 
 EXTRAS. 
 
 Effect of, to extend time for filing mechan- 
 ics' lien. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 908. 
 
 EXTRA SESSION. 
 
 Of legislature. 15 L.R.A. 847. 
 
 EXTRAVAGANCE. 
 
 Rebuttal of husband's liability for neces- 
 saries purchased by wife by proof of 
 extravagance of purchases. 65 L.R.A, 
 547. 
 
 ■» t * 
 
 EXTRA WORK. 
 
 Recovery for, see Contracts, §§ 122, 134. 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 EXTRINSIC AGREEMENT. 
 
 Reference to, as affecting negotiability of 
 bill or note. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 40. 
 
 EXTRINSIC DOCUMENTS. 
 
 Incorporation of, into will, see Wills, § 8. 
 
 Effect of reference to, to control or modify 
 character of estate that would other- 
 wise pass under instrument containing- 
 the reference. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1039. 
 
 EXTRINSIC EVIDENCE. 
 
 Begin ivith this booTc on every law (question. 
 
 See Evidence, VTI. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 675 
 
 FABRICS. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of textile fabrics on 
 sale out of larger lot. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 42. 
 
 FACILITATING CRIME. 
 
 Eesponsibility for, see Cbiminal Law, § 19. 
 #« » 
 
 FACTIONS. 
 
 Injunctive relief in case of factional dis- 
 turbance in religious societies. 3 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 872. 
 
 FACTORIES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Occupancy as incident to contracts for op- 
 eration of. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 703. 
 
 Character of occupancy of employees in. 4 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 715. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to prohibit. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177. 
 
 § 2. Injury to employees In. 
 
 Private action for violation of factory law. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 376. 
 
 Master's right to rely on the inspection of, 
 by public authorities. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 812. 
 
 Employment in violation of statute as sus- 
 taining child's action for negligence. 
 1 B. R. C. 629. 
 
 Servants in, as fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 
 436, 439, 461. 
 
 Supervising employees in, as vice princi- 
 pals. 51 L.R.A. 534, 581. 
 
 FACTORS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Stated accounts of. 27 L.R.A. 821. 
 
 Set-off in case of bankruptcy. 55 L.R.A. 
 44, 51, 60. 
 
 Who must bear loss where merchandise 
 broker receives purchase price and fails 
 to pay over same to seller. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 474. 
 
 Effect of fact that one is entitled to com- 
 missions out of fund on his prosecu- 
 tion for embezzlement for retaining 
 entire fund. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 511. 
 
 Consignments by foreign corporation to, as 
 doing business within state. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 138. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FACTORS— cont'd 
 
 § 2. Title to goods consignefl. 
 
 Reservation of title in bailments for sale, 
 as against creditors of bailor and 
 bailee. 22 L.R.A. 850. 
 Conditional sales of goods to be resold. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 850. 
 Consignments. 22 L.R.A. 851. 
 Right of factor to whom goods are con- 
 signed to maintain action against 
 carrier. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 437; 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 When title passes under consignment of 
 goods for sale, with provision in effect 
 that consignee purchase balance of con- 
 signment. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 620. 
 
 § 3. Advances by. 
 
 To what extent advances by a factor create 
 a debt against the principal. 5 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) ll47. 
 
 Right of customer who has advanced pur- 
 chase money to factor to preference in 
 case of insolvency before making of 
 purchase. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 95. 
 
 FAILURE OP CONSIDERATION. 
 
 As defense to action on a purchase price 
 
 note, see Bills and Notes, § 66. 
 In general, see Contkacts, § 15. 
 
 FAIR. 
 
 See Amusements. 
 
 FAIR TRIAL. 
 
 Right of accused to, see Criminal Law, 
 § 44. 
 
 FAITH CURE. 
 
 Application of statute regulating practice 
 of medicine. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 103. 
 
 FAKE BET. 
 
 Illegal intent of prosecutor as affecting 
 guilt of obtaining property by means 
 of. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 
576 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FAIOE RACE. 
 
 Relief to party defrauded by, although he 
 went into the scheme with intent to 
 defraud others. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 906. 
 
 Illegal intent of prosecutor as affecting 
 guilt of obtaining property by means 
 of. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 
 FALIj. 
 
 Of building, Insurance against, see Insur- 
 ance, § 154. 
 
 FALLEN TIMBEK. 
 
 Life tenant's rights as to. 
 767. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S. 
 
 FALLEN WIRES. 
 
 See Electricity, III. 
 
 FALLING BUILDINGS. 
 
 Individual liability for injury by, see 
 BUII.DINGS, § 10. 
 
 Fall of building clause in fire insurance pol- 
 icies. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 604. 
 
 FALLING OBJECTS. 
 
 § 1. Liability for injury by. 
 
 Liability for injury by falling building, see 
 
 Buildings, § 10. 
 Injury to person in street, see Highways, 
 
 §§ 68, 83, 88. ■ 
 
 Liability for injuries from matter precipi- 
 tated on adjoining property. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1171. 
 Water and ice. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1172. 
 
 Liability of occupant of building for in- 
 jury caused by article falling or thrown 
 from window or other opening. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 426. 
 
 Individual liability for falling walls. 34 
 L.R.A. 557. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for personal 
 injuries to persons on highway or ad- 
 joining property by objects falling 
 from train. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 981. 
 
 Liability of elevated railway company for 
 personal injury to one on surface of 
 street by fall of iron, wood, etc. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 
 Liability of one maintaining place of amuse- 
 ment for injury by. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1072. 
 
 Landlord's liability to third persons for in- 
 jury by. 28 L.R.A. 200. 
 Buildings or chimneys. 26 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 FALLING OBJECTS— cont'd 
 
 Ice or snow. 26 L.R.A. 201 ; 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1171. 
 
 Liability of storekeeper to customer for 
 injury by. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 463. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of condition be- 
 fore and after accident. 32 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1097. 
 
 § 2. — injury to passenger. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 passenger by. 15 L.R.A. 38; 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 616. 
 
 § 3. — injury to employee. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's negli- 
 gence in causing or allowing heavy ob- 
 jects to fall. 54 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servant 
 from injury by. 54 L.R.A. 78. 
 
 Delegability of master's duty to warn serv- 
 ants as to danger from. 26 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 645. 
 
 § 4. —contributory negligence of em- 
 ployee. 
 
 Contributory negligence of employee in re- 
 spect to, notwithstanding master's 
 promise of protection against. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 602. 
 
 FALSE ASSUMPTION. 
 
 Of authority in signing another's name as 
 agent for him as forgery. 31 L.R.A. 
 831. 
 
 FALSE CHARACTER. 
 
 Liability for giving or procuring a false 
 character of a servant. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1125. 
 
 FALSE IMPRISONMENT. 
 
 1. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 In general, § 1. 
 Who liable, §§ 2-8. 
 Evidence; damages, § 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 9, 10. 
 
 Begin with this book, on every law question 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to legality of arrest generally, see Ar- 
 rest. 
 
 Measure of recovery for, see Damages, § 53. 
 
 As to malicious prosecution, see Malicious 
 Pbosecution. 
 
 Lack of jurisdiction, or of legal grounds of 
 criminal prosecution, as affecting the 
 liability for false imprisonment of a 
 complainant who acts in good faith. 
 18 L.R.A. 356. 
 
 Servant's right to recover for. 30 li.'VLA. 
 (N.S.) 652. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 577 
 
 FALSE IMPRISONMENT, I.— cont'd 
 
 Abandonment of suit before entry as affect- 
 ing justification under writ in defense 
 of action for false imprisonment. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 451. 
 
 Plea of guilty as affecting action for. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 295. 
 
 Words as affecting false imprisonment, 
 where plaintiff did not accompany the 
 person using them. 7 L.R.A.(N.S. ) 
 576, 
 
 May false imprisonment be predicated of a 
 partial or conditional restraint. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 968. 
 
 Detention of one as witness as false im- 
 prisonment. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 503. 
 
 //. Who liable. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Liability of carrier, see Cakbiers, § 15, 15a. 
 
 Liability for assisting in unlawful arrest 
 or subsequent detention. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1123. 
 
 § 3. Master. 
 
 See Master and Servant, § 173. 
 
 § 4. Partner. 
 
 Liability of partner for act of copartner. 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 221. 
 
 § 5. Municipality. 
 
 See Municipai Corporations, 
 
 § 79. 
 
 § C. Officer. 
 
 Liability of an officer making arrest. 51 
 L.R.A. 193; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 Under a warrant or writ. 51 L.R.A. 
 193; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 Valid on its face. 51 L.R.A. 193. 
 Where the warrant or writ is ir- 
 regular. 51 L.R.A. 196. 
 Where the warrant is invalid or 
 
 void. 51 L.R.A. 197. 
 Where the court has no jurisdic- 
 tion. 51 L.R.A. 199; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 Where the defendant is exempt 
 from arrest. 51 L.R.A. 200. 
 Return. 51 L.R.A. 201. 
 Where the warrant is not in pos- 
 session of the arresting of- 
 ficer. 51 L.R.A. 202. 
 Without warrant. 51 L.R.A. 203; 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 71. 
 For a felony. 51 L.R.A. 203. 
 For a breach of the peace "on 
 
 view." 51 L.R.A. 205. 
 For a breach of the peace not "on 
 
 view." 51 L.R.A. 206. 
 For breach of a city ordinance. 
 51 L.R.A. 207. 
 Where a statute authorizes ar- 
 rests on view. 51 L.R.A. 
 207. 
 Where an ordinance authorizes 
 arrests on view. 51 
 L.R.A. 209. 
 Other arrests made on view. 
 51 L.R.A. 209. ' 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FALSE IMPRISONMENT, II.— cont'd 
 
 Arrests not made on view. 
 51 L.R.A. 210. 
 For other misdemeanors. 51 
 L.R.A. 211. 
 Past offenses. 51 L.R.A. 211. 
 For offenses "on view" under 
 statutorv authority. 51 
 L.R.A. 212. 
 Arrests in other cases. 51 
 L.R.A. 213. 
 Circumstances attending arrest. 51 
 L.R.A. 214. 
 Time. 51 L.R.A. 214. 
 Place of arrest. 51 L.R.A. 214. 
 Manner of making arrest. 51 
 L.R.A. 215; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 72. 
 Disposition of prisoner. 51 L.R.A. 
 216. 
 Unreasonable detention. 51 
 L.R.A. 216; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 73. 
 Place of detention or deliverv. 
 51 L.R.A. 218. 
 Arrest of wrong party or by wrong 
 name. 51 L.R.A. 219; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 Name unknown. 51 L.R.A. 219. 
 Arresting wrong man. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 219; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Arresting right man under wrong 
 
 name. 51 L.R.A. 221. 
 Arrest after judgment taken 
 against wrong party. 51 
 L.R.A. 221. 
 Joinder. 51 L.R.A. 222. 
 Liability on official bond. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 222. 
 Arresting for one offense and justifying 
 
 for another. 51 L.R.A. 224. 
 Question of probable cause. 51 L.R.A. 
 225; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75. 
 Liability of officer for arresting wrong per- 
 son bearing name appearing in war- 
 rant. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 268. 
 Liability of sheriff, marshal, or constable, 
 for his deputy's tort in making arrest. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1019. 
 Liability of officer who uses criminal proc- 
 ess to collect a debt. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 301. 
 
 § 7. — judicial officer. 
 
 Liability of judicial officer for issuing war- 
 rant of arrest. 14 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Liability of justice of the peace to action 
 for, on commitment of witness for con- 
 tempt. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 
 § 8. — liability on bond. 
 
 Liability on official bond. 51 L.R.A. 222. 
 Liability of sureties on bond of officer for 
 an illegal arrest. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 
 III. Evidence; damages. 
 
 § 9. Evidence. 
 
 Evidence of character in action for. 14 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 755. 
 37 
 
578 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FALSE IMPRISONMENT, III.— cont'd 
 Burden of proof as to authority for arrest 
 in action for. 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 303. 
 
 § 10. Damages. 
 
 Inadequacy of damages as ground for set- 
 ting aside verdict. 47 L.E.A. 43. 
 
 Release upon defendant's own recognizance 
 or on bail as affecting damages recov- 
 erable in action for. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1196. 
 
 Condition of place of imprisonment and 
 treatment while in custody as ele- 
 ments of damages in action of mali- 
 cious prosecution or false imprison- 
 ment. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 
 FALSE INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Making of false instruments as violation of 
 criminal statute against "^alse making" 
 of an instrument. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 375. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 FALSE OPINION. 
 As a fraud. 35 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 ♦ « ♦ 
 
 FALSE PRETENSES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Indictment for, see Indictment, etc., § 19. 
 
 Criminal liability of infant for. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 203. 
 Obtaining dog by. 40 L.R.A. 514. 
 Instigation to. 25 L.R.A. 345. 
 Property subject to. 10 L.R.A. 303.* 
 Corpus delicti in. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 443. 
 Illegal purpose of person defrauded as a 
 
 defense. 13 L.R.A. 753.* 
 Cruel and unusual punishment of crime of. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 571. 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 38 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 
 § 2. What constitutes; elements of 
 offense. 
 
 As distinguished from theft. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 303.* 
 Requisites and essentials of offense. 10 
 L.R.A. 302,* 303.* 
 Necessity of intent to defraud. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 303.* 
 Necessity that pretense be false. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 304.* 
 Necessity that pretense be sufficient to 
 
 deceive. 10 L.R.A. 305.* 
 Causal connection between pretense 
 and transfer. 10 L.R.A. 305.* 
 By false representation of condition, charac- 
 ter, or status. 10 L.R.A. 304.* 
 By false tokens. 10 L.R.A. 304,* 309.* 
 False statement of agency as. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 308.* 
 False personation as. 10 L.R.A. 308.* 
 On sale of property. 10 L.R.A. 309.* 
 
 FALSE PRETENSES— cont'd 
 
 Punishment. 10 L.R.A. 307.* 
 
 Evidence admissible to prove charge. 10 
 L.R.A. 307.* 
 
 Necessity of actual deception of the person 
 from whom money or property is ob- 
 tained where such person is not the 
 owner, but an agent or officer of the 
 owner, of the property. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 938. 
 
 Reliance on false pretenses as an element 
 of the offense. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 365. 
 
 Illegal intent of prosecutor as affecting 
 guilt in obtaining property by false pre- 
 tense or confidence game. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 276; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 423. 
 
 Offense as affected by the absurdity or im- 
 probability of representations, or by 
 the prosecutor's failure to investigate 
 the same. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 369. 
 
 Effect of coupling future promise with false 
 pretenses. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 278. 
 
 Mere drawing of check on a bank in which 
 the drawer has no funds or credit, and 
 passing the same. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 244; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1032. 
 
 Obtaining property by check with intent to 
 stop payment. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 170. 
 
 Giving post-dated check as false pretense. 
 41 L.R.A. {N.S.) 173. 
 
 Effecting a, sale of property through false 
 representation of value. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1197. 
 
 Infant inducing another to enter into con- 
 tract with him by representing that he 
 is of age. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1101. 
 
 Obtaining money as a charity by false repre- 
 sentations. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 575. 
 
 Purpose of applying property on debt as af- 
 fecting larceny or substantive offense 
 of obtaining property bv false pre- 
 tenses. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 420. 
 
 § 3. Evidence; witnesses. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 62 L.R.A. 222, 240, 323. 
 
 Competency of prosecuting witness to testi- 
 fy that he was induced to part with 
 his property by defendant's statements. 
 34 L.R.A.(iSf.S.) 642. 
 
 FALSE RECORDS. 
 
 Power of equity to cancel. 
 304. 
 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.^ 
 
 FALSE REPRESENTATIONS. 
 
 See False Pretenses; Fraud and Deceit; 
 Insueanoe, V. h. 
 
 FALSE RETURN. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 Recognition of return or of decree rendered 
 thereon as affecting liability tor mak- 
 ing. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 292. 
 
INDEX TO L, 
 
 FALSE STATEMENT. 
 
 As to property or business, injunction 
 
 against. 16 L.R.A. 243. 
 Character of false statement by bankrupt 
 
 which will prevent a discharge. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1023. 
 
 ■•«» 
 
 FALSE SWEARING. 
 
 In general, see Pbbjubt. 
 
 Effect of false swearing in proofs of loss. 
 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 453. 
 
 FALSE TESTIMONY. 
 
 See Pebjubt. 
 
 FALSITY. 
 
 Is evidence of falsity of alleged statement 
 admissible in criminal case to corrob- 
 orate or disprove fact that the state- 
 ment was made. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 335. 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Head of, see Homestead, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Defined. 6 L.R.A. 813.* 
 
 What constitutes. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 365. 
 
 Head of, who is. 6 L.R.A. 813.* 
 
 Who is a, member of the "family" within 
 contract of benefit society. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 334. 
 
 Using lunatic's property to carry out his 
 presumed wishes or fulfil his obliga- 
 tions to support. 34 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 Homicide in defense of. 67 L.R.A. 546. 
 
 Right of one member of, to maintain ac- 
 tion for libel or slander based on char- 
 ges against family. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 731. 
 
 Entries in family Bible or other religious 
 book as evidence. 41 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Expression of intention to make provisions 
 for family upon estate taken by bene- 
 ficiaries of trust, in absence of an ex- 
 press definition thereof. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1215. 
 
 FAMILY AKRANGEMENT. 
 
 Grantee's oral promise to grantor to hold in 
 trust as giving rise to constructive 
 trust, where conveyance was in nature 
 of family arrangement. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 917. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FAMILY BIBLE. 
 
 579 
 
 Admissibility of entries in, in evidence, see 
 Evidence, § 145. 
 
 FAMILY EXPENSES. 
 
 Wife's liability for, see Husband and Wiits, 
 
 § 22. 
 
 FAMILY RELATIONS. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of family relations 
 of plaintiff on action for damages for 
 libel or slander. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 
 FARE. 
 
 Of passenger, see Careiees, §§ 16-29, 154- 
 160. 
 
 FARM. 
 
 Insurable interest in fluctuating property 
 
 on. 52 L.R.A. 340. 
 Employees supervising as vice principals. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 534. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 FARMER. 
 
 As to croppers, see Ckoppeks. 
 
 Engaging in other business as affecting ex- 
 emption of farmer from involuntary 
 proceedings in bankruptcy. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 148. 
 
 Liability of personal representative for loss- 
 es sustained or debts contracted in car- 
 rying on farming business on behalf of 
 estate. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 217, 219. 
 
 Allowance of expenses of farming business 
 carried by personal representative as 
 costs of administration. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 230. 
 
 FARMING CONTRACTS. 
 
 Eifect of statute of frauds on parol contracts 
 relating to, which may but are not in- 
 tended to be performed within a year. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 318. 
 
 FARM LABORER. 
 
 Who is, within the statute giving lien. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1039. 
 
580 INDEX TO L 
 
 FARM LANDS. 
 
 Municipal taxation of farm lands within 
 corporate limits. 34 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 FARM MACHINERY. 
 
 Location of, as affecting insurance on. 26 
 L.K.A. 241. 
 
 FAST DRIVING. 
 
 Violation of ordinance against, as ground 
 for private action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 254. 
 
 FAST FREIGHT LINES. 
 
 Character of, as common carriers. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 902. 
 
 FATHER. 
 
 In general, see Pabent and Child. 
 
 Father as sole next of kin to unmarried 
 child to exclusion of mother. 1 B. R. 
 C. 566. 
 
 FATHER-IN-LAW AND SON-IN-LAW. 
 
 Implied agreement to pay for services ren- 
 dered to. n L.R.A.(N.S.) 886. 
 
 Oral promise to father-in-law conveying 
 land to hold in trust as giving rise to 
 constructive trust. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 926. 
 
 Son-in-law as member of family of insured. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 336. 
 
 Authority to bind father-in-law by contracts 
 other than those for necessaries. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 885. 
 
 FAVORITISM. 
 
 See DiSCBIMINATION. 
 
 4 ■ » 
 
 FEAR. 
 
 Voluntariness of confessions induced by. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804. 
 
 Fear of accused as reason for not contra- 
 dicting statement made in his presence. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 553 
 
 R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FEDERAL AGENCIES. 
 
 Franchise tax as interference with. 67 
 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 FEDERAL CORPORATIONS. 
 
 Locality of jurisdiction of state court over. 
 70 L.R.A. 702. 
 
 FEDERAL COURTS. 
 
 See CoTJETS, VII. d; IX. b; Removal of 
 Causes. 
 
 FEDERAL ELECTIONS. 
 
 Federal control of elections. 53 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 FEDERAL HOME. 
 
 Jurisdiction of estate of inmate of. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 586. 
 
 FEDERAL QUESTIONS. 
 
 Federal jurisdiction in case of, see Coubts, 
 §§ 39, 39a. 
 
 Adjudications on, by state courts review- 
 able by the Supreme Court of the Unit- 
 ed States. 62 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 How and when Federal question may be 
 raised and decided in Federal court to 
 make case for writ of error to United 
 States Supreme Court. 63 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 FEDERAL SAFETY APPLIANCE ACT. 
 
 See Mastee and Sebvant, § 96. 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 FEES. 
 
 Attorney's fees, see Attobnet's Fees. 
 
 In general, see Costs and Fees. 
 
 For liquor license see Intoxicating Li- 
 
 QUOBS, § 10. 
 For license generally, see License, II. 
 Of pilot, see Pilot, § 2. 
 When fee passes by deed, see Deeds, § 29. 
 When fee passes by will, see Wills, §§ 79- 
 
 82. 
 
 Effect of failure to pay registration fee. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 581 
 
 FEIGNED INSANITY. 
 
 Right of prosecution to show. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 113. 
 
 FEIGNED SUBSCKIPTIONS. 
 
 To corporation, liability on. 25 L.R.A. 
 101. 
 
 FELLOW PASSENGER. 
 
 Assault by, see Cakmers, § 13. 
 
 « «» 
 
 FELLOW SERVANTS. 
 
 See Masteb and Sbsvant, III. d. 
 
 « « » 
 
 FELONY. 
 
 Arrest for, see Akbest. 
 
 Compounding of, see Compounding Felony. 
 
 Homicide in commission of. 63 L.R.A. 354, 
 
 FEMALES. 
 
 See Women. 
 
 » » » 
 
 FESIALE SUFFRAGE. 
 Right of women to vote. 21 L.R.A. 662. 
 
 FENCES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Oral agreement as to, see Contbacts, § 45. 
 
 Gates in, see Gates. 
 
 Injunction as to, see Injuncton, §§ 76, 77. 
 
 Tenant's right to cut wood for, see Land- 
 lord AND Tenant, § 54. 
 
 On public lands, see Public Lands, § 2. 
 
 Duty' and liability of railroads with re- 
 spect to, see Railroads, §§ 37-40, 75. 
 
 Liability for consequential injuries from re- 
 moval of. 53 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 Right of life tenant to timber for. 37 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 765. 
 
 Fencing materials, not actually attached to 
 land, as fixtures. 69 L.R.A. 901. 
 
 Prescriptive right to maintain. 53 L.R.A. 
 901. 
 
 § 2. Division or line fences. 
 
 Validity of oral agreement as to erection or 
 maintenance of fences. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 226. 
 Consult also L.It.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FENCES— cont'd 
 
 Applicability of statutory provision for 
 joint construction of line or division 
 fence, where lands of one of adjoining 
 owners are otherwise uninclosed. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1092. 
 
 Effect of joint building of line fence on ad- 
 verse possession. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 937. 
 
 Effect of agreement to move line fence on 
 adverse possession. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 939. 
 
 Injunction to compel or prevent erection, 
 maintenance, or removal of. 7 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 55. 
 
 § S. — sufBciency; lack of. 
 
 Sufficiency of. 22 L.R.A. 105. 
 
 In general. 22 L.R.A. 105. 
 
 Description of fence required. 22 
 L.E.A. 106. 
 
 Contracts. 22 L.R.A. 109. 
 Statutory provisions concerning; rights of 
 
 adjoining owners; unlawful removal. 
 
 12 L.E.A. 601.* 
 Lack of division fence as affecting liabilitv 
 
 for damages by trespassing cattle. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 60. 
 Extent of liability for permitting another's 
 
 live stock to escape from pasture by 
 
 failure to keep proper division fence. 
 
 20 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 § 4. Along highway. 
 
 Obstruction of highway by, see Highways, 
 § 38. 
 
 Liability for trespass on unfenced land by 
 live stock being driven along the high- 
 way. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 912. 
 
 § 5. As nuisances. 
 
 Municipal regulation of, as nuisances. 39 
 L.R.A. 662. 
 
 Injunction by municipality against mainte- 
 nance of, as nuisance. 42 L.R.A. 822. 
 
 § 6. Liability for malicious erection of. 
 
 Injunction against spite fence, see Injunc- 
 tion, § 77. 
 
 Generally. 40 L.R.A. 177; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 831. 
 Malice gives no ground of action. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 177. 
 Contrary doctrine. 40 L.R.A. 180. 
 State statutes and decisions thereunder. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 181; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 832. 
 
 § 7. Interference with easement by. 
 
 Erection of, so as to interfere with ingress 
 and egress to and from public lands. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 733. 
 
 Abandonment or loss of private way by ob- 
 struction of way with fences. 22 L.R.-A. 
 (N.S.) 885, 886, 888, 891. 
 
 FENDER. 
 
 Liability of carrier to passenger who falls 
 over fender. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 406. 
 
582 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FENDER— cont'd 
 
 Violation of police ordinance requiring 
 fenders on street cars as ground for 
 private action. 5 L.K.A.(N.S.) 252. 
 
 *« » 
 
 FEB^ NATUKu?B. 
 
 See Animals. 
 
 ♦-♦-♦ 
 
 FERMENTED LIQUORS. 
 
 As intoxicating liquors. 20 L.R.A. 647. 
 Sufficiency of delivery of fermented liquors 
 
 sold out of larger lot. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 36. 
 
 FERRIES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in operation of. 65 
 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 Interference by, with wharf rights in navi- 
 gable waters. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 431. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute, 
 to enjoin unlawful expenditures by 
 municipality for. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 24. 
 
 Taking of land for, as a public purpose. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 
 § 2. Franchise. 
 
 See also infra, § 4. 
 
 Necessity of franchise for. 37 L.R.A. 712. 
 
 § 3. — interference with. 
 
 See also infra, § 4. 
 
 What amounts to interference with ferry 
 franchise. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 462. 
 
 Bridge as disturbance of ferry franchise. 1 
 B. R. C. 341. 
 
 § 4. Establishment, regulation, and 
 protection of. 
 
 License of, see License, § 27. 
 Power of municipality over, see Munici- 
 pal COEPOEATION, § 31. 
 
 Definition. 59 L.R.A. 513. 
 Establishment. 59 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 Necessity of license. 59 L.R.A. 515. 
 Prescriptive rights. 59 L.R.A. 515. 
 License usually necessary. 59 
 L.R.A. 516. 
 Authority to establish. 59 L.R.A. 518. 
 Character of water. 59 L.R.A. 518. 
 Power of municipality. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 521. 
 Exercise of authority. 59 L.R.A. 
 523. 
 Practice. 59 L.R.A. 526. 
 
 In general. 59 L.R.A. 526. 
 Contesting grant. 59 L.R.A. 528. 
 Who entitled to. 59 L.R.A. 528. 
 
 Riparian owner. 59 L.R.A. 528. 
 Priorities. 59 L.R.A. 531. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 FERRIES— cont'd 
 
 Limitation of rights. 59 L.R.A. 532. 
 Other matters. 59 L.R.A. 533. 
 Landings. 59 L.R.A. 535. 
 
 No right to use. 59 L.R.A. 535. 
 On opposite shore. 59 L.R.A. 536. 
 Acquisition of right. 59 L.ll.A. 537. 
 Exclusiveness of right. 59 L.R.A. 538. 
 
 License may be exclusive. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 538. 
 Grants strictly construed. 59 L.R.A. 
 540. 
 Regulation and supervision. 59 L.K.A. 542. 
 Transfers and contracts. 59 L.R.A. 543. 
 Right to transfer. 59 L.R.A. 543. 
 Other contracts. 59 L.R.A. 545. 
 Rights and duties of ferryman. 59 L.R.A, 
 546. 
 In general. 59 L.R.A. 546. 
 Right to tolls. 59 L.R.A. 546. 
 Interference with rights of. 59 L.R.A. 
 546. 
 Absence of competition. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 546. 
 Carriage without compensation. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 547. 
 Bridges. 59 L.R.A. 548. 
 Other matters. 59 L.R.A. 548. 
 Remedy for violation of rights. 59 
 L.R.A. 549. 
 Who entitled to. 59 L.R.A. 549. 
 Action at law. 59 L.R.A. 551. 
 Equitable remedy. 59 L.R.A. 552. 
 Defenses. 59 L.R.A. 553. 
 ' Damages. 59 L.R.A. 553. 
 Extinguishment. 59 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 By abandonment. 59 L.R.A. 554. 
 By other means. 59 L.R.A. 555. 
 
 § 5. Ferryman as common carrier. 
 
 Generally. 68 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 Obligation of owner of private ferry. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 154. 
 Obligation of public corporation. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 155. 
 Liability for failure to run boat. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 155. 
 Measure of care required. 68 L.R.A. 156. 
 What is within duty of ferryman. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 157. 
 Effect of defect in property. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 160. F f J- 
 
 Bond. 68 L.R.A. 160. 
 
 Liability for acts of lessee, etc. 68 L.R.A. 
 160. 
 
 § 6. Injury to passenger. 
 
 Imputing carrier's negligence to passenger. 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 622. 
 
 g 7. Rates; tolls. 
 
 Legislative regulation of rates. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 180. 
 
 Regulation of rates of toll for ferriage. 59 
 L.R.A. 543. 
 
 Power of judiciary to fix rates to be 
 charged. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 529. 
 
 Business of, afl'ected with a public interest 
 subjecting them to regulation and con- 
 trol as to rates or prices. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 835. 
 
 Right of ferryman to tolls. 59 L.R.A. 546. 
 
INDEX TO L.EJi.. NOTES. 
 
 583 
 
 FERRIES— cont'd 
 
 Right to take tolls without franchise. 37 
 L.R.A. 712. 
 
 FERTILIZERS. 
 
 Municipal regTilation of manufacture of, as 
 nuisance. 38 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 As fi.xtures. 69 L.R.A. 902. 
 
 Express warranty as to, as excluding im- 
 plied warranty. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 505. 
 
 Invalidity of sale of fertilizer in violation 
 of law. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 596. 
 
 FETTERS. 
 
 On prisoner at trial, see Criminal Law, 
 § 54. 
 
 FIANCEE. 
 
 Insurable interest in life of, see iNStTEANCE, 
 § 30. 
 
 FICTIONS OF LAW. 
 
 Of incorporation to evade law. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 176. 
 
 FICTITIOUS PERSON. 
 
 Payment of check to, see Banks, § 25. 
 Use of name of, in negotiable paper, see 
 Bills and Notes, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 Validity of sale by one conducting business 
 under fictitious name. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 600. 
 
 FICTITIOUS RESIDENCE. 
 
 Of children, effect on right to privileges of 
 public schools. 26 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 FIDELITY BOND. 
 
 See Bonds, § 11. 
 
 « « » ■ 
 
 FIDELITY INSURANCE. 
 
 See Bonds, § 11. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FIDUCIARY RELATION. 
 
 Application to debt due bank of deposit in 
 
 fiduciary character, see Banks, § 18. 
 Gifts between persons in, see Gift, § 6. 
 Receiver's right to deal with receivership 
 
 for his own benefit, see Receivers, 
 
 § 14. 
 Between attorney and client, see Attob- 
 
 NETS, § 10. 
 Between principal and agent, see Pbincipal 
 
 AXD Agent, §§ 33-35. 
 Between trustee and cestui que trust, see 
 
 Trusts, § 30. 
 See also Attorneys; Brokers; Executors 
 
 AND Administrators ; Factors ; 
 
 Guardian and Ward; Husband and 
 
 Wife; Principal and Agent; Trusts. 
 
 Fraud in expression of opinion in case of. 
 35 L.R.A. 429. 
 
 Effect of, on right to rely on representa- 
 tions. 37 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 False representations as to cost of property 
 where confidential relations exist. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 182. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to un- 
 due influence respecting gifts inter 
 vivos between persons in. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 950. 
 
 Independent advice as condition of valid 
 gift inter vivos between parties occupy- 
 ing confidential relations. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1087. 
 
 Riglit of person standing in fiduciary rela- 
 tion to relocate mining claim for his 
 own benefit. 50 L.R.A. 184. 
 
 Effect of retaining statement of account 
 between persons in, to render it an 
 account stated. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 341. 
 
 Effect of public records as notice or evidence 
 of notice which will set limitations run- 
 ning against action based on fraud 
 when fiduciary relation exists. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 215. 
 
 Rights of employer and employee with re- 
 spect to things produced by labor of 
 employee. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1154. 
 
 Existence of, as grounds of enforcement in 
 equity of grantee's oral promise to 
 grantor to hold in trust. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 906. 
 
 What relations are fiduciary within pro- 
 vision as to discharge in bankruptcy. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1093. 
 
 FIGHT. 
 
 Effect of fact that combat was by agree- 
 ment or mutual consent of parties up- 
 on civil liability for assault. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 907. 
 
 FILING. 
 
 Of chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mobt- 
 GAGE, §§ 16-22. 
 
584 
 
 INDE-X TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FILING — cont'd 
 
 Of mechanics' lien, see Mechanics' Liens, 
 
 VIII. 
 Failure to file tax list, see Taxes, § 52. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 242. 
 Delay in filing indictment as ground for 
 
 discharge of accused. 56 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 FILLING LANDS. 
 
 Power to fill low lands at expense of owner. 
 30 L.R.A.(N,S.) 709. 
 
 FILTER. 
 
 Duty of water supply company to filter wa- 
 ter. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 304. 
 
 FILTH. 
 
 Municipal regulation of nuisance of. 38 
 L.R.A. 314. 
 
 FINAL PROCESS. 
 
 Exemption of nonresident from service of, 
 while in state in connection with case. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1105. 
 
 FINANCIAL CONDITION. 
 
 Actionability of charges affecting, see Libel 
 AND Slander, §§ 16, 17, 26. 
 
 Duty of purchaser of corporate stock to 
 verify statements made as to financial 
 condition of corporation. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1176. 
 
 FINDER. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of finder of property. 
 
 37 L.R.A. 116; 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 477; 
 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 95; 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 979. 
 General civil rights and duties. 37 
 L.R.A. 116. 
 
 Duty of finder in caring for prop- 
 erty and searching for owner. 
 37 L.R.A. 116. 
 
 Right to possession. 37 L.R.A. 
 117. 
 
 Place of finding. 37 L.R.A. 118. 
 
 Finder's right of action. 37 L.R.A. 
 ^ 118. 
 
 Right to compensation. 37 L.R.A. 
 119. 
 
 Right to reward. 37 L.R.A. 119. 
 
 Joint finding. 37 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 FINDER— cont'd 
 
 What property is lost. 37 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Larceny. 37 L.R.A. 121; 30 L.R.A. ( N.S. y 
 
 339. 
 Authorities denying larceny. 37 L.E.A.^ 
 
 121. 
 Criminal intent necessary. 37 L.R.A.. 
 
 122. 
 Formation of felonious intent after 
 
 finding. 37 L.R.A. 123. 
 Marks indicating owner. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 123. 
 Guilt if the owner is known. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 123. 
 Means of finding owner. 37 L.R.A. 123. 
 Belief. 37 L.R.A. 124. 
 Necessity of search. 37 L.R.A. 125. 
 Holding for reward. 37 L.R.A. 125. 
 Effect of finder's belief as to his rights. 
 
 37 L.R.A. 125. 
 Property not lost. 37 L.R.A. 126. 
 Other rulings. 37 L.R.A. 126. 
 Statutes. 37 L.R.A. 126. 
 Rights inter se of joint finders of lost prop- 
 erty. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201. 
 
 FINDINGS. 
 
 Reversible error as to, see Appeal and 
 
 Eerob, § 40. 
 Admissibility of, in evidence, see Evidence, 
 
 S 133. 
 In general, see Teial, § 69. 
 
 Requisites of special verdict. 24 L.B.A. 
 (N.S.) 2. 
 
 FINES. 
 
 § 1. In general. 
 
 By building and loan association, see 
 Building and Loan Associations, § 7. 
 
 Right of labor union to impose fine on mem- 
 bers as means of inducing them to join 
 in strike. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1236. 
 
 § 2. As punishment lor crime. 
 
 Effect of pardon on, see Criminal 
 § 89. 
 
 Law, 
 
 Exemption of homestead from liability to. 
 
 24 L.R.A. 790. 
 As cruel or unusual punishment. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 567. 
 Imprisonment for, as imprisonment for 
 
 debt. 34 L.R.A. 651. 
 Fining attorney during trial as prejudicing 
 
 rights of party. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 428. 
 
 FIREARMS. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question 
 
 Carrying of, see Carrying Weapons. 
 Weapons generally, see Weapons. 
 
 Negligence in respect to guns and similar 
 dangerous agencies. 14 L.R.A, 675. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 585 
 
 FIREARMS— cont'd 
 
 Civil liability for injury by negligent dis- 
 charge of firearms. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 119; 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 
 Liability for injury to trespasser by dis- 
 charge of. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1038. 
 
 Liability of person leaving loaded gun where 
 it is found and accidentally discharged 
 by another. 2 B. E. C. 181. 
 
 Pointing unloaded firearm as assault. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1272; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 181. 
 
 Burden of proving that weapon was not 
 loaded in prosecution for assault with 
 firearms. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 975. 
 
 Carrier's liability, for injury resulting from 
 accidental discharge of firearms by fel- 
 low passenger. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 724. 
 
 Xegligence of parent in permitting child to 
 have firearms, or keeping them within 
 his reach. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 942. 
 
 Master's liability for injury done by serv- 
 ant to third person in use of firearms 
 placed in his custody. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 375, 396. 
 
 Master's liability for wrongful shooting 
 with guns. 27 L.R.A. 197, 201. 
 
 •Guns as deadly weapons. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 500. 
 
 FIKE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to firemen, 
 see Constitutional Law, § 69. 
 
 Right of state to control municipal fire de- 
 partment. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 575. 
 
 Right of municipality to require theater to 
 pay for services of firemen performed 
 at the theater or place of exhibition. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 700. 
 
 Firemen as servants or agents of owner of 
 burning property. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 237. 
 
 Firemen as public oflBcers. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 881. 
 
 § 2. Exemption of firemen from jury 
 or militia duty. 
 
 Right conferred by statutory exemption of 
 firemen from jury or militia duty. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 498. 
 
 Exemptions given are not vested rights. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 498. 
 
 Statutory exemptions will be recog- 
 nized. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 500. 
 
 § 3. Fund or pension for firemen. 
 
 Validity of law imposing tax on insurance 
 companies for the benefit of firemen. 13 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 
 Power of legislature to require municipal- 
 ity to pension employees. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 608. 
 
 Nature and circumstance of injury as affect- 
 ing right to share in pension or insur- 
 ance fund for policemen and firemen. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1176. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FIRE DEPARTMENT— cont'd 
 
 Requiring agent of foreign insurance com- 
 pany to contribute to maintenance of 
 fire department or firemen's fund. 24 
 L.R.A. 299. 
 
 § 4. Municipal liability for acts of. 
 
 See Municipal Corpoeations, § 83. 
 
 § 5. Liability of fire insurance patrol. 
 
 Liability of fire insurance patrol for in- 
 juries. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 810. 
 
 § 6. Liability for injury to firemen. 
 
 Liability for injury to fireman through de- 
 fects in premises, see Negligence, § 18. 
 
 Collision between street car and fire ap- 
 paratus, see Street Railways, § 19. 
 
 Liability of street railway company for in- 
 juries caused by collision with fire ap- 
 paratus. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 623. 
 
 § 7. Imputing negligence of one fire- 
 man to another. 
 
 Imputing negligence of one fireman to an- 
 other. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 632. 
 
 Imputing negligence of drive"- of fire ap- 
 paratus to fireman. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 629. 
 
 § 8. Contributory negligence of fire- 
 men. 
 
 Degree of care required of firemen in use 
 of defective or obstructed street. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 630. 
 
 § 9. Liability of firemen. 
 
 Liability of firemen for fall of wall. 
 L.R.A. 562. 
 
 34 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 FIRE ESCAPES. 
 
 See Buildings, § 5. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ ■— 
 
 FIRE INSURANCE. 
 
 See Insubance. 
 
 FIRE INSURANCE PATROIi, 
 
 Liability of fire insurance patrol for inju- 
 ries. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 810. 
 
 FIRE LIMITS. 
 
 See Buildings, § 4. 
 
 FIREMEN. 
 
 See Fire Department. 
 
586 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FIREMEN'S FUND. 
 
 See FiEB Department, § 3. 
 
 FIRES. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1, 2. 
 II. Liability for loss by, §§ 3-11. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Arson, see Arson. 
 
 As to fire limits and fire escapes, see Build 
 
 INGS, §§ 4, 5. 
 
 Explosions, see Explosions and Explo- 
 sives. 
 
 Tenant's right to cut wood for, see Land- 
 lord AND Tenant, § 54. 
 
 Proximate cause of, see Proximate Cause, 
 §5. 
 
 Appropriation for protection against. 14 
 L.R.A. 476. 
 
 Police regulations for protection against. 
 10 L.R.A. 187.* 
 
 Effect of destruction of building to termi- 
 nate adjoining owner's easement of 
 support. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 883. 
 
 Regulating keeping or storing of combusti- 
 bles. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 456. 
 
 Validity of regulations for fire protection 
 other than building regulations. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 Storage of lumber, wood, straw, etc. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 457. 
 Oil. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458. 
 Powder. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 460. 
 Nitroglycerin. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 460. 
 Gas. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 461. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in aljsence of statute, 
 to enjoin fire contracts. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 20. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of other fires. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1146. 
 
 § 2. I;iablllty for injury in stopping 
 spread of. 
 
 Liability of city for destroying building to 
 stop spread of fire. 19 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 II. Liability for loss by. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury by, see Dam- 
 ages, §§ 68, 74, 75. 
 
 Insurance against, see Insurance. 
 
 Who must bear loss from fire before execu- 
 tion of deed to land sold, see Vendor 
 AND Purchaser, § 6. 
 
 Liability of railroad for, see Railroads, 
 §§ 77, 78, 86. 
 
 Contributory negligence in case of fire set 
 by railroad engine, see Railroads, 
 § 86. 
 
 Who must bear loss from fire. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 475.* 
 Tenant's implied obligation as to damages 
 
 by. 64 L.R.A. 651, 657. 
 Landlord's liability for loss of tenant's 
 
 property by fire. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 363 
 
 Begin with this booli on every law question. 
 
 FIRES, II.— cont'd 
 
 Diligence of carrier in saving property 
 from. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 645. 
 
 Liability where fire results from fall of 
 walls or buildings. 34 L.R.A. 563. 
 
 Violating ordinance as to, as ground for 
 private action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 261. 
 
 Duty to cut off electric connection in case 
 of fire. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1099. 
 
 Liability for fire set by sparks from chim- 
 ney. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1003. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury by fire result- 
 ing from negligent or meddlesome act of 
 fellow passenger. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 725. 
 
 Duty of steam railroad, or street railroad, 
 company to avoid interference with ex- 
 tinguishment of. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382; 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1110; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 20. 
 
 Duty to guard against injury to trespass- 
 ing child by. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1058. 
 
 § 4. Due to failure to furnish adequate 
 water supply. 
 
 See Municipal Corporations, § 94; 
 Waters, § 119. 
 
 § 5. Liability of warehouseman. 
 
 Liability of warehouseman for goods dam- 
 aged or destroyed while stored in build- 
 ing other than that called for by con- 
 tract. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1117. 
 
 Effect of stipulation exempting warehouse- 
 men from loss by fire. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1205. 
 
 § 6. Fires set by independent con- 
 tractor. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in respect to. 65 
 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 Employer's liability for injury from inde- 
 pendent contractor's negligent demoli- 
 tion of fire ruins. 65 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Employer's liability for injury resulting 
 from independent contractor's allowing 
 fire to escape. 65 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Liability of employer for acts of independ- 
 ent contractor in setting out fire. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 788; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 175. 
 
 § 7. Fire from threshing engine. 
 
 Negligence with respect to spark arresters 
 on threshing machine or similar sta- 
 tionary engines. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 530. 
 
 § 8. Fire from steam roller. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for fire 
 set by sparks from steam roller engaged 
 in repairing a street. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1094; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 654. 
 
 § 9. Spread of fire. 
 
 Spreading by wind of fires negligently set. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 92. 
 
 Duty of one not responsible for kindling of 
 fire to prevent its spread from his prem- 
 ises. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 882. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 587 
 
 FIRES, II.— cont'd 
 
 § 10. — liability for setting fires which 
 spread to property of others. 
 
 Liability of railroad for, see Railkoads, 
 
 §§ 77, 78, 86. 
 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. 255; 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 19-1. 
 
 The statutory limitation of liability. 21 
 L.R.A. 256. 
 
 Negligence or misconduct essential to liabil- 
 ity. 21 L.E.A. 256. 
 
 What is negligence. 21 L.R.A. 258. 
 
 Liability for acts of others. 21 L.R.A. 259. 
 
 Extent of liability. 21 L.R.A. 259. 
 
 General rules. 21 L.R.A. 259. 
 
 EtTect of intervening agency. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 197. 
 
 Effect of intervening property. 21 L.R.A. 
 260. 
 
 Intervening building. 21 L.R.A. 260. 
 
 The efifeet of distance. 21 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 The effect of time. 21 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 Statutes. 21 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 Regulating prairie fires. 21 L.R.A. 281. 
 
 Timber fires. 21 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Railroad fires. 21 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Notice. 21 L.E.A. 262. 
 
 Basis of liability. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 194. 
 Measure of diligence required. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 196. 
 Negligence as a question of fact. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 196. 
 
 Effect of concurring negligence of third per- 
 son in spreading fire. 17 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 § 11. To whom liable. 
 
 May one who destroys property defeat an 
 action by the owner upon the ground 
 that the right of action is in the in- 
 surer. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 870. 
 
 FIREWORKS. 
 
 § I. Insurance on. 
 
 Validity of insurance on. 40 L.R.A. 847. 
 
 § 2. Nuisance or injury by. 
 
 Negligence in displaying. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 330, 759. 
 
 Liability for injuries caused by discharge 
 of. 16 L.R.A, 395. 
 
 Municipal liability for failure to prevent 
 fireworks on street. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 643; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 863. 
 
 Liability for injury to children from fire- 
 works left accessible to them. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 586. 
 
 Display of fireworks in city streets as nui- 
 sance. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 621. 
 
 FIRM. 
 
 See Paetnebship. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FIRST AND LAST DAYS. 
 
 In computing time, see Time, § 17. 
 
 FISH COMMISSIONER. 
 
 Right of woman to be. 38 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 FISHERIES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of laws as to, see Consti- 
 tutional Law, § 70. 
 
 Custom as to fishing, see Custom and 
 Usage, § 10. 
 
 License as to, see License, § 28. 
 
 Penalty as to fishing, see Penalty, § 4. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents in 
 granting license to take fish. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 285. 
 
 Injunction against fishing in navigable wa- 
 ters or against interference therewith. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1236; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 286. 
 
 Fishing as violation of Sunday laws. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 470. 
 
 Taking of propc4ky for, as a public purpose. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 152. 
 
 § 2. Right to fish. 
 
 Public right of fishery. 60 L.R.A. 481. 
 Grant of exclusive right to individual. 60 
 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 Right to make. 60 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 How made. 60 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 Private grants. 60 L.R.A. 495. 
 Prescriptive rights. 14 L.R.A. 386; 60 
 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 In public navigable waters. 14 L.R.A. 
 386. 
 
 In private waters. 14 L.R.A. 387. 
 
 By custom. 60 L.R.A. 498. 
 Kinds of fishery. 60 L.R.A. 499. 
 Public regulation. 60 L.R.A. 499. 
 How exercised. 60 L.R.A. 507. 
 Rights in lakes and ponds. 60 L.R.A. 5] 2. 
 Other rights. 60 L.R.A. 514. 
 Shell fisheries. 60 L.R.A. 516. 
 
 Public rights. 60 L.R.A. 516. 
 
 Private rights. 60 L.R.A. 520. 
 Extinction. 60 L.R.A. 522. 
 Protection of. 60 L.R.A. 523. 
 Public right of access to water for purpose 
 
 of fishing. 41 L.R.A. 268. 
 Navigability for purpose of right to fiah. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 324. 
 Subordinate to that of navigation. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 807.* 
 Prescriptive rights of fishery in navigable 
 
 waters. 14 L.R.A. 386. 
 Public right of access to water for fishing. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 268. 
 Right to fish as dependent on navigability 
 
 of waters. 42 L.R.A. 324. 
 Separated from upland. 40 L.R.A. 393. 
 Right of way on shore as fishery right. 4 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 879. 
 
588 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FISHERIES— cont'd 
 
 Right to free fishing in great ponds. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 434. 
 
 Right of riparian owner on tidal or naviga- 
 ble waters to exclusive fishery. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 
 Nature and extent of right created by pri- 
 vate grant of fishing privilege. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 302. 
 
 § 3. Injury to fishing right. 
 
 In improving navigability of stream. 67 
 L.R.A. 846. 
 
 By attempted exercise of rights of naviga- 
 tion. 64 L.R.A. 982. 
 
 As damages from pollution. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 74. 
 
 § 4. Governmental control over right 
 of. 
 
 Generally. 39 L.R.A. 581. 
 As between governments. 39 L.R.A. 582. 
 As between governments and their subdivi- 
 sions. 39 L.R.A. 582. 
 General right to regulate fishery. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 582. 
 Power to grant rights to individual. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 583. 
 Right of individual. 39 L.R.A. 584. 
 Power to interfere with private right. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 584. 
 Close time. 39 L.R.A. 585. 
 Method of taking fish. 39 L.R.A. 585. 
 Regulation of stream because of fish. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 587. 
 Right to prevent obstruction of stream. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 587. 
 Preservation of fish in public waters. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 588. 
 Statutes which have been passed. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 589. 
 Powers of local authorities. 39 L.R.A. 589. 
 Powers of fish officers. 39 L.R.A. 589. 
 Pollution of water. 39 L.R.A. 589. 
 Piegulation of lobster fishing. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 590. 
 Regulation of oyster fishing. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 583. 
 Penalty and its infliction. 39 L.R.A. 590. 
 Joint ofTense. 39 L.R.A. 590. 
 Intent. 39 L.R.A. 591. 
 
 Constitutional provisions. 39 L.R.A. 591. 
 What discrimination as to persons is per- 
 missible in fishing laws. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 794. 
 Discrimination as to waters in legislation 
 
 restricting or regulating fishing rights. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 469. 
 Statutory prohibition of pollution of water 
 
 to protect fishery. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 752; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 Extension of regulations as to fishing to 
 
 private beds. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 869. 
 Cruel and unusual punishment of offenses 
 
 against laws relating to. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 572. 
 
 § 5. Shell fish; oysters. 
 
 Injunction against trespass on oyster beds, § l. Generally. 
 
 see Injunctions, § 22. As appurtenances. 15 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 License as to, see License, § 28. Belonging to the soil. 11 L.R.A. 727.' 
 
 Begin rvith this booU on every Jaw question. 
 
 FISHERIES— cont'd 
 
 Public and private rights to take. 60 
 L.R.A. 516. 
 
 Efi'ect of license to plant shell fish. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 247. 
 Oyster bed. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 247.> 
 
 Extension of regulations concerning, to 
 private bed. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 869. 
 
 Injunction to restrain trespass upon, or in- 
 terference with, oyster beds. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 205. 
 
 Injury to rights in, in improving naviga- 
 bility in stream. 67 L.R.A. 846. 
 
 Right to compensation for damages to 
 oyster beds by improvement of navi- 
 gation. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1084. 
 
 § 6. Nets. 
 
 Right to compensation for destruction of 
 
 fish nets. 19 L.R.A. 197. 
 Confiscation of nets found in illegal use. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 590; 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 997. 
 
 4 » » 
 
 FISH NETS. 
 See FiSHEBlBS, § 6. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 FITNESS. 
 
 Implied covenant in lease as to fitness of 
 premises, see Landloed and Tenant, 
 § 22. 
 
 Master's duty as to fitness of servants em- 
 ployed, see Masteb and Servant, §§ 
 104', 105. 
 
 Warranty as to, see Sale, §§ 31, 32. 
 
 Right to compel public employee to submit 
 to physical examination to determine . 
 fitness. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 259. 
 
 Right of court by mandamus to control 
 decision of licensing ofiicers as to fit- 
 ness of applicant for license to sell 
 intoxicating liquors. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1195. 
 
 Implied covenant in lease as to fitness ot 
 property for purpose intended. 33 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 FIXED LIABILITY. 
 
 By bankrupt, what constitutes. 54 L.B.A. 
 369. 
 
 FIXTURES. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. What are, §§ 3-9. 
 
 I. Ill general. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 589 
 
 FIXTUKES, I.— cont'd 
 
 Right of third person to remove fixtures 
 as breach of covenant in a deed of real 
 property. 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 976. 
 
 Ejectment as proper remedy to recover. 
 
 18 L.E.A. 787. 
 
 Loss of, as special damages from breach 
 of warranty by existence of unexpired 
 lease. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 781. 
 
 Who is liable for taxes on improvements 
 removable by tenant at end of term. 
 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 368. 
 
 Effect of removal of, from mortgaged prem- 
 ises. 7 L.R.A. 279.* 
 
 II. WUat are. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 What are, generally. 5 L.R.A. 150,* 594;* 
 6 L.R.A. 249;* 10 L.R.A. 722.* 
 As affected by intent of parties. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 723.* 
 Building erected on another's land. 10 
 L.R.A. 723.* 
 Intention as criterion. 3 L.R.A. 34.* 
 As between representatives and heirs. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 725.* 
 Are things placed on land with the inten- 
 tion of annexing them fixtures, 
 where they are never actually at- 
 tached. 69 L.E.A. 892. 
 Actual annexation. 69 L.R.A. 893. 
 Constructive annexation. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 893. 
 Mere intention to annex. 69 L.R.A. 
 894. 
 Machinery or parts thereof. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 894. 
 Materials for use, repair, or recon- 
 struction of railroads. 69 
 L.R.A. 897. 
 Buildings materials. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 898. 
 Fencing materials. 69 L.R.A. 901. 
 Fertilizers. 69 L.R.A. 902. 
 Effect upon the rights of the owner of a 
 building, or of an interest in or a lien 
 thereon, of its wrongful removal and 
 attachment to the land of a third per- 
 son without the former's consent. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 435. 
 What are, within meaning of bulk sale law. 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 218. 
 Window fronts as fixtures. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1022. 
 
 § 3. As between landlord and tenant. 
 
 Rights of landlord and tenant as to, see 
 Landlord and Tenant, §§ 48-51. 
 
 Effect of agreement to prevent erections by 
 tenant from becoming part of realty. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 443. 
 
 As between landlord and tenant. 10 L.R.A. 
 723.* 
 Removal of fixtures by tenant as viola- 
 tion of covenant to leave premises 
 in good condition. 64 L.R.A. 662. 
 Mortgage on building on leased premises. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 347. 
 Heating apparatus as part of realty, as be- 
 tween landlord and tenant. 1 B. R. C. 
 980. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FIXTURES, II.— cont'd 
 § 4. As between vendor and pur- 
 chaser. 
 
 As between vendor and vendee. 10 L.R.A. 
 724.* 
 
 Effect of agreement to prevent fixtures from 
 becoming part of realty as to pur- 
 chasers. 19 L.R.A. 443. 
 
 Effect of chattel mortgage on fixtures as 
 against subsequent purchaser or en- 
 cumbrancer. 15 L.R.A. 61. 
 
 Heating apparatus as part of realty as be- 
 tween grantor and grantee. 1 B. R. 
 C. 972. 
 
 § 5. As between mortgagor and mort- 
 gagee. 
 
 As between seller of chattel and mortgagee 
 of realty, see infra, § 7. 
 
 As between mortgagor and mortgagee. ] 
 
 L.R.A. 350;* 10 L.R.A. 725.* 
 Heating apparatus as part of realty, as 
 between mortgagor and mortgagee and 
 their privies. 1 B. R. C. 974. 
 Removal of fixtures from mortgaged prop- 
 erty. 7 L.R.A. 279.* 
 Effect of agreement to prevent fixtures from 
 becoming a part of realty as 
 against prior mortgagees. 19 
 L.R.A. 444. 
 As against subsequent mortgagees. 19 
 L.R.A. 445. 
 
 § 6. Effect of retention of title to, ot 
 lien on, chattel sold. 
 
 Efficacy of chattel mortgage, see Chattel 
 MOBTGAGE, § 24. 
 
 Rights of seller of fixtures, retaining title 
 thereto or a lien thereon, as 
 against purchasers or encum- 
 brancers of the realty. 1 B. R. C. 
 664. 
 As against purchasers. 1 B. R. C. 665. 
 With notice. 1 B. R. C. 668. 
 At judicial sale. 1 B. R. C. 669. 
 As against lien of vendor of realty. 1 
 
 B. R. C. 670. 
 As against holder of mechanics' lien. 
 
 1 B. R. C. 673. 
 Recordation of lien on fixtures as 
 personalty as notice to purchaser 
 of rea,lty. 1 B. R. C. 691. 
 Heating apparatus as part of realty, as be- 
 tween owner of realty and conditional 
 vendor of apparatus. 1 B. R. C. 977. 
 
 § 7. — as against mortgagee of realty. 
 
 EfTect of agreement to prevent fixtures from 
 becoming part of realty as to 
 mortgages. 16 L.R.A. 444. 
 
 Prior mortgagees. 19 L.R.A. 444. 
 
 Subsequent mortgagees. 19 L.R.A. 445. 
 Rights of seller of chattel, retainimg title 
 thereto or a lien thereon, as 
 against existing mortgagees of the 
 realty to which it is affLxed by the 
 owner. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 110; 1 
 B. R. C. 664. 
 
 Where seller retains title. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 120. 
 
500 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FIXTURES, II.— cont'd 
 
 Where seller takes chattel mortgage. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 122. 
 As against purchaser on foreclosure. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 123. 
 Effect of after-acquired property clause. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 124. 
 Where new fixture replaces old. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 125. 
 
 The Massachusetts rule. 37 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 126. 
 
 Effect of consent by mortgagee of 
 
 realty. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 127. 
 
 Where property becomes integral part 
 
 of realty. ' 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 127. 
 English and Canadian doctrine. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 128. 
 Under the civil law. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 130. 
 As against subsequent mortgagee of realty. 
 
 1 B. R. C. 686. 
 Recordation of lien on fixtures as personal- 
 ty, as notice to mortgagee of realty. 1 
 B. R. C. 691. 
 
 § 8. Machinery. 
 
 When machinery is a fixture. 10 L.R.A. 
 724.* 
 
 Machinery placed on land with intention of 
 annexing it, as a fixture when never 
 actually attached. 69 L.R.A. 894. 
 
 § 9. Miscellaneous. 
 
 Railroad as. 66 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Railroad superstructure as real or personal 
 
 property. 66 L.E.A. 41. 
 Gas stoves as fixtures. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 699. 
 Heating apparatus as part of realty. 1 
 B. R. C. 972. 
 
 As between grantor and grantee. 1 
 
 B. R. C. 972. 
 
 As between mortgagor and mortgagee 
 and their privies. 1 B. E. C. 974. 
 
 As between owner of realty and in- 
 surer. 1 B. R. C. 976. 
 
 As between vendee under land contract 
 and his vendor. 1 B. R. C. 977. 
 
 As between owner of realty and his 
 privies, and conditional vendor of 
 apparatus. 1 B. R. C. 977. 
 
 As between landlord and tenant. 1 B. 
 R. C. 980. 
 
 Where rights of heir or devisee are in- 
 volved. 1 B. R. C. 982. 
 
 As basis for mechanics' lien. 1 B. E. 
 
 C. 982. 
 
 As subject of execution. 1 B. E. C. 
 986. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 1 B. E. C. 986. 
 Storm doors and windows and screens as. 
 
 30 L.E.A.{N.S.) 1189. 
 Cold-storage plant as. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 576. 
 Engin« as fixtures when placed upon the 
 
 land by the owner of the realty. 8 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 376. 
 Building materials placed on land with the 
 
 intention of annexing them, but never 
 
 in fact annexed, as fixtures. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 727. 
 
 FIXTURES, II.— cont'd 
 
 Character of building placed by consent on 
 another's land as real or personal prop- 
 erty, in the absence of an agreement as 
 to its character. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 439. 
 
 FLAG. 
 
 Statutes against desecration of. 
 (N.S.) 1079. 
 
 7 L.R.A. 
 
 FLAGMAN. 
 
 At railroad crossing, see Railroads, §§ 33, 
 70. 
 
 FLAGSTAFF. 
 
 Municipal liahility for injury by flagstaff 
 in street. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 607. 
 
 FLAG STATION. 
 
 What is, within meaning of fence laws. 7 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 Duty of carrier as to condition of. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 558. 
 Passenger's duty to give notice of desire to 
 
 stop at. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1132. 
 
 FLAG TRAIN. 
 
 Injury to intending passenger attempting 
 to flag train at flag station. 24 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 741. 
 
 FLATS. 
 
 Low land, see Watees, § 45. 
 
 Structure designed for separate accommo- 
 dation of more than one family as vio- 
 lating building restriction against 
 erection of more than one house, or 
 dwelling, or some similar restriction. 
 1 B. R. C. 993. 
 
 FLAXSEE3D OIL. 
 
 Eight to require that oil offered for sale 
 shall answer a designated standard of 
 purity. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 150. 
 
 Begin ii'ith this booTe on every law question. 
 
 FLIGHT. 
 
 Homicide in checking of. 67 L.R.A. 299. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 593 
 
 FLIGHT— cont'd 
 Presumption of guilt from. 
 (N.S.) 58. 
 
 39 L.E.A. 
 
 FLOATABLE STREAM. 
 
 See Logs and Logging. 
 
 FLOATING LOGS. 
 
 Right to use stream lor, see Logs and 
 Logging, §§ 4-10. 
 
 FLOGGING. 
 
 As cruel punishment. 35 L.R.A. 565. 
 
 FLOODING. 
 
 In general, see Waters, §§ 46-50, 63, 69. 
 
 Defenses to municipal liability for flooding 
 through insufficiency of sewers. 61 
 L.E.A. 708. 
 
 FLOODS. 
 
 Liability for injury caused by, see Waters, 
 § 69. 
 
 As act of God. 11 L.R.A. 615.* 
 
 Contractor's liability to replace bridge de- 
 stroyed by unprecedented flood against 
 which he does not contract. 15 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 833. 
 
 Destruction of boom or dam by unprece- 
 dented flood as aS'ecting liability of 
 one under contract to build and main- 
 tain it. 35 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1109. 
 
 FLOOD WATER. 
 
 See Watebs, §§ 68-71. 
 
 FLOOR. 
 
 Master's liability for injury sustained by 
 servant from falling over nail or bolt 
 projecting from floor. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 242. 
 
 FLOORING. 
 
 Employee's right of action for employer's 
 violation of building laws relating to 
 flooring. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 378. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FLOUR. 
 
 Sufficiency of selection or designation of 
 part sold out of a larger lot. 20 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 
 Carrier's right to make discriminating rate 
 for wheat to be converted into flour to 
 be shipped over its road. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 225. 
 
 FLOWAGE. 
 
 See Waters, §§ 46-50, 61. 
 
 FLUMES. 
 
 Conveyance of right in, by grant of water 
 power. 67 L.R.A. 386. 
 
 FLYING SPLINTERS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by, see Master 
 and Servant, § 82. 
 
 FLYING SWITCH. 
 
 Negligence in making. 18 L.R.A. 63. 
 Violation of police ordinance as 
 
 ground for private action. 5 
 
 (N.S.) 242. 
 
 to, as 
 L.R.A. 
 
 FOAL. 
 
 Title to foal of mare sold conditionally. 
 L.R.A. 82. 
 
 17 
 
 F. O. B. 
 
 Effect of contract to ship goods F. 0. B., see 
 Sale, § 42. 
 
 Which party is to furnish cars under eon- 
 tract to ship goods F. 0. B. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 928. 
 
 FODDER. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of, on sale out of a 
 
 larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 31. 
 Liability of vendor in cases of tort for sale 
 
 of unwholesome fodder for cattle. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 140. 
 Fodder furnished contractor for teams as 
 
 material, giving lien on railroad. 15 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 
592 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FOG. 
 
 Effect of, on question of negligence in run- 
 ning train at speed preventing stop- 
 page witliin distance disclosed by head- 
 , light. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 980. 
 
 < « » 
 
 FOLLOWING DECISIONS. 
 
 Of other courts, see Couets, X. 
 ♦-»-♦ 
 
 FOLLOWING TKTJST PROPERTY. 
 
 See Tbusts, § 37. 
 
 < »» 
 
 FOLLOWING VEIN. 
 
 In mine, see Mines, § 8. 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-S. 
 II. Particular articles of food, §§ 6-9. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes regulating, 
 see Constitutional Law, §§ 118, 119. 
 
 Implied warranty on sale of. 22 L.E.A. 
 195. 
 Of fitness. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 
 Husband's liability for food furnished wife. 
 65 L.E.A. 530. 
 
 Municipal regulation as to nuisance affect- 
 ing. 38 L.E.A. 335. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance for de- 
 struction of food products below pre- 
 scribed standard or unfit for use. 29 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 260. 
 
 Eight to regulate time of payment there- 
 for as incident to authority to make 
 rules and regulations as to testing 
 foods. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 686. 
 
 Injunction against acts of food commission- 
 er which affects sale of foods. 15 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 331. 
 
 Validity of sale of, in violation of law. 12 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 597. 
 
 Sale and delivery of food stuffs on Sunday 
 as a work of necessity., 18 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 617. 
 
 Constitutionality of discriminations in 
 statutory regulations concerning food 
 products. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 650. 
 
 Food furnished contractor for employees 
 and teams as material, giving lien on 
 railroad. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 
 Combination among produce buyers as mo- 
 nopoly. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 150. 
 
 g 2. Adulteration of. 
 
 Criminal liability for adulteration of, by 
 servant, agent, or partner. 41 L.R.A. 
 656. 
 
 Begin with, fills boo1( on every law question 
 
 FOOD, I.— cont'd 
 
 Use of coloring matter in food stuffs, oils,, 
 etc., as adulteration. 25 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1234. 
 
 Prohibition of adulteration of milk. 1 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 928. 
 
 Eight to require that articles offered for 
 sale shall answer a designated stand- 
 ard of purity. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 149. 
 
 § 3. Labeling of. 
 
 Validity of police regulation requiring 
 labeling of food. 1 L.E.A.(N.S.) 184; 
 40 L.E.A.(N.S.) 875. 
 
 Does requirement of pure food laws as to 
 labeling apply to small retail packages 
 taken from original package of the 
 manufacturer. 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 
 § 4. Misbranding. 
 
 Validity of police regulations as to brand- 
 ing articles of food. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 184; 40 L.E.A.(N.S.) 875. 
 
 Instigation of offense of misbranded food as 
 defense to prosecution. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 953. 
 
 § 5. Liability for Injury by unwhole- 
 someness of, or defects In. 
 
 Liability of packer or vendor to person not 
 
 in privity for injury from defects in 
 
 articles of food. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 923. 
 
 Liability of vendor in cases of tort for sale 
 
 of unwholesome food or drug. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 Personal damages from negligent sale 
 
 of drugs. 21 L.R.A. 139. 
 Provisions sojd to a consumer. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 140. 
 Food for cattle. 21 L.R.A. 140. 
 Liability for serving unfit food. 40 L.R.A.^ 
 (N.S.) 480. 
 
 II. Particular articles of food. 
 
 § 6. Bread. 
 
 Legislative power to fix price of bread. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 182. 
 Power to regulate location or condition of 
 
 bakeries. 26 L.R.A (N.S.) 842. 
 
 § 7. Meat. 
 
 Validity of state statute regulating in- 
 spection of meat which is subject of 
 interstate commerce. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 677. 
 
 § 8. Milk. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes regulating, see 
 
 Constitutional Law, § 119. 
 License of peddler, see License, § 34. 
 
 § 9. Oleomargarln. 
 
 Proceedings under oleomargarin act. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 52.* 
 Prohibition of sale of oleomargarin. 1 
 
 L.E.A. 52; 6 L.E.A. 633;* 11 L.R.A. 
 
 532.* 
 Use of coloring matter in, as adulteration. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1234. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 593 
 
 FOOD, II.— cont'd 
 
 Constitutionality of discrimination in 
 statutory regulations concerning. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 651. 
 
 Ignorance that article furnished as butter 
 is oleomargarin as u. defense. 3- 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740. 
 
 Applicability of oleomargarin statutes 
 where resemblance to butter results 
 from choice of ingredients, and not 
 from the introduction of foreign color- 
 ing matter. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1062. 
 
 Validity of police regulations as to brand- 
 ing or labeling. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 879. 
 
 FOOD COMMISSIONER. 
 
 Injunction against acts of food commis- 
 sioner which affect sale of foods. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 331. 
 
 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 
 
 Liability of carrier for loss of livestock by, 
 contracted during transit. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 712. 
 
 FOOTPATH. 
 
 Liability for dangjerous condition of prem- 
 ises across which footpath is allowed. 
 26 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 Use of, by bicyclists. 47 L.R.A. 296. 
 
 Nondelegabilily of duty to protect servant 
 from defects in. 54 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 Employer's liability for injuries due to acts 
 of independent contractor in delivering 
 goods through openings in. 65 L.R.A. 
 844. 
 
 FORAGE. 
 
 Validity of sale of, in violation of law. 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 597. 
 
 12 
 
 FORBEARANCE. 
 
 Release of surety by, see Pkinoipal and 
 SVSEtY, §§ 14-16. 
 
 Mere forbearance to sue as consideration 
 for promise by third person to pay ex- 
 isting obligation. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 842. 
 
 FORCE. 
 
 FORCE— cont'd 
 
 In recapture of p^-operty, see Assault aisd 
 
 BaTI'ERY, § 5. 
 What force sudicient to constitute robbery, 
 
 see RouBEEY, § 5. 
 
 Homicide by use of undue force in making 
 arrest. 67 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 Effect of fact that intercourse was accom- 
 plished by force to defeat action for 
 seduction. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 587. 
 
 Bailee's right to assert against bailor hos- 
 tile, adverse, paramount title of third 
 person where property is taken from 
 him by force. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 688. 
 
 FORCED MARRIAGE. 
 
 Cohabitation as ratification of. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 805. 
 
 FORCIBLE DISPOSSESSION. 
 
 Liability of landlord for damages for forci- 
 bly dispossessing tenant after expira- 
 tion of term. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.I 468. 
 
 Ag element of assault and battery, see As 
 
 SATIXT AND BATTERY, § 2. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. nigests to date. 38 
 
 FORCIBLE ENTRY AND DETAINER. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Recovery of possession from tenant, see 
 Landlord and Tenant, §§ 94, 95. 
 
 Title to property not in issue. 8 L.R.A. 
 537.* 
 
 Pleadings and proceedings in action. 8 
 L.R.A. 538.* 
 
 Injunction against dispossession in case of. 
 30 L.R.A. 129. 
 
 Judgment against plaintiff in forcible entry 
 and detainer involving boundary as es- 
 tablishing boundary claimed by de- 
 fendant. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1024. 
 
 Denial of tenancy as waiver of notice to 
 quit, or of demand of possession. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 104. 
 
 Right to prove fraud in title in proceedings 
 of summary nature to recover posses- 
 sion of property demised. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 260. 
 
 § 2. What constitutes. 
 
 Mere display of invalid process without ac- 
 tual force or threats, as ground of ac- 
 tion of forcible entry and detainer. 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 600. 
 
 § 3. Who may maintain. 
 
 Right of one who was in peaceable posses- 
 sion to maintain forcible entry and de- 
 tainer against another entitled to pos- 
 session, who forcibly dispossessed him. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 426; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 51. 
 
591 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 FORCIBLE ENTRY AND DETAINER— 
 cont'd 
 
 § 4. Liability for. 
 
 Landlord's liability to tenant for forcible 
 expulsion after termination of tenancy. 
 16 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Civil liability for assault in regaining pos- 
 session of land by one entitled to pos- 
 session. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 455. 
 
 FORCIBLE EXPULSION. 
 
 Of tenant after termination of tenancy, 
 landlord's liability for. 16 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 « » » 
 
 FORECLOSURE. 
 
 Of mortgage, see Mobtgagb, VII. 
 
 # ■ » 
 
 FOREIGN ATTACHMENT. 
 
 Against executor or administrator. 
 L.E.A. 356. 
 
 47 
 
 FOREIGN CARS. 
 
 Master's duty as to inspection of. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 101. 
 Attachment or garnishment of. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 501; 16 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 
 FOREIGN CHARITIES. 
 
 Validity of bequest for. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 999. 
 
 4 »» 
 
 FOREIGN CORPORATIONS. 
 
 See CoBPOBATioNS, XI. 
 
 « »♦ 
 
 FOREIGN COUNTRY. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of things done in. 
 66 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 FOREIGNER. 
 
 As to aliens, see Aliens. 
 
 As to nonresidents, see Nonkbsidents. 
 
 Duty of master as to instructing and warn- 
 ing servant unable to understand Eng- 
 lish. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 296. 
 
 Liability of master as affected by inability 
 of fellow servant to understand Eng- 
 lish. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 39. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of contracts between. 
 66 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 FOREIGN EXECUTORS AND ADMIN- 
 ISTRATORS. 
 
 See ExECUTOES and Administbatobs, §§ 60, 
 61. 
 
 FOREIGN GUARDIAN. 
 
 Necessity of bond to make acts of, valid. 
 33 L.R.A. 760. 
 
 <» » 
 
 FOREIGN INSURANCE COMPANY. 
 See Insueance, §§ 6-8. 
 
 « « » 
 
 FOREIGN JUDGMENT. 
 
 See Judgment, §§ 66-73. 
 
 FOREIGN LANGUAGE. 
 
 Publication of official notices in. 14 L.R.A. 
 64. 
 
 Sufficiency of indictment for forging instru- 
 ment written in a foreign language. 
 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 226. 
 
 Unfair competition by adoption of descrip- 
 tive word from. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 443. 
 
 FOREIGN LAWS. 
 
 Application of, see CoNrLicT of Laws. 
 Judicial notice of, see Evidence, § 3. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, § 20. 
 Oral proof of, see Evidence, § 119. 
 
 FOREIGN MARRIAGES. 
 
 Presumption as to. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 101. 
 
 FOREIGN MONEY. 
 
 As medium of payment, see Payment, S 10. 
 
 Negotiability of note payable in. 20 L.R.A. 
 481. 
 
 FOREIGN PORT. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every law question 
 
 Maritime lien for supplies furnished in. 70 
 L.R.A. 399. 
 
 What ports are foreign for purposes of mar- 
 itime lien. 70 L.R.A. 412. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTKB. 
 
 605 
 
 FOREIGN RECEIVERS. 
 
 See Eeceivebs, § 27. 
 
 ♦"•-• 
 
 FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 See ExECUTOES and Administratoes, §§ 60, 
 61. 
 
 FOREIGN SOVEREIGN. 
 
 Jurisdiction of suit against. 16 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 276. 
 
 FOREIGN WILLS. 
 
 Probate of, see Wills, § 56. 
 
 •-•-♦^ — — — 
 
 FOREIGN WORD. 
 
 As trademark, see Teademaeks, § 2a. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 FOREMAN. 
 
 As fellow servant, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, III. d, 3. 
 
 Necessity that return of indictment be made 
 by foreman of grand jury. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 684. 
 
 FORESTER. 
 
 Right of woman to be. 38 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 » « » 
 
 FOREST RESERVATION. 
 See Public Lands, § 6. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 FORFEITURE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of bail bond, see Bail and Recognizance, 
 § 10. 
 
 For breach of condition subsequent, see Con- 
 ditions, §§ 7, 11. 
 
 For breach of covenant, see Covenants, 
 §§ 20, 24. 
 
 Effect of pardon on, see Criminal Law, 
 § 89. 
 
 Not favored in the law. 9 L.R.A. 189.* 
 
 As cruel and unusual punishment. 35 
 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 Compulsory evidence against one's self in 
 case of. 29 L.R.A. 813. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FORFEITURE— cont'd 
 
 Garnishment of claims subject to. 59 
 L.R.A. 365. 
 
 Effect of pardon on. 15 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 Validity of promissory note given as for- 
 feit to an invalid oral agreement with- 
 in statute of frauds. 18 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Judgment in criminal action as bar to civil 
 action to enforce. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 667. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity when only relief 
 sought is injunction or receiver to pre- 
 serve status quo pending action before 
 other tribunal to enforce a forfeiture. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 
 § 2. In what cases. 
 
 In case of partly performed contract for 
 
 services. 24 L.R.A. 231. 
 For taking or reserving of illegal interest 
 
 by national bank. 56 L.R.A. 673. 
 On conditional sale. 32 L.R.A. 469. 
 For violation of revenue laws. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 185. 
 
 § 3. Of particular rights, privilege, or 
 property. 
 
 Of charter or franchise of corporations, see 
 Corporations, IX. 
 
 Of franchise generally, see Franchises, § 5. 
 
 Of corporate stock, see Corporations, § 72. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of es- 
 tate, see Equity, § 18. 
 
 Of gift, see Gift, § 16. 
 
 Of insurance policy, see Insurance, § 106- 
 108. 
 
 Of liquor license, see Intoxicating Li- 
 quors, § 15. 
 
 Of lease generally, see Landlord and Ten- 
 ant, §§ 34, 35. 
 
 Of license of private person, see License, 
 §§ 10, 11. 
 
 Of mining location, see Mines, §§ 23, 26. 
 
 Of oil and gas lease, see Mines, § 38. 
 
 Provision in will for forfeiture by contest- 
 ing same, see Wills, § 86. 
 
 Relief against forfeiture for noncompliance 
 with condition in will, see Wills, § 90. 
 
 Of right to standing timber conveyed with- 
 out conveying title to the land. 55 
 L.R.A. 525. 
 
 Of rights in water by nonuser. 41 L.R.A. 
 758. 
 
 Of railway grant for cutting of timber. 70 
 L.R.A. 882. 
 
 Of corporate stock. 27 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 Of gifts made to secure location of public 
 buildings, etc. 13 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 Of copartner's right to compensation for 
 services. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 415. 
 
 Of master's right to earnings of employee 
 by failure to assert. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1169. 
 
 Of license by aiding infringement of, or at- 
 tempt to defeat patent. 37 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 821. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance providing 
 for forfeiture of liquor license upon 
 conviction for violation of law irre- 
 spective of appeal. 29 L.R.A. (N.S) 
 417. 
 
596 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FORFEITURE— cont'd 
 
 Of payment to building and loan associa- 
 tions. 29 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Effect of default in payment followed by re- 
 scission, as forfeiture of payments al- 
 ready made. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 Conviction as a condition of forfeiture of 
 weapons. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 358. 
 
 Necessity of calling accused and entering 
 his default in order to sustain forfei- 
 ture of recognizance. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 402. 
 
 FORGERY. 
 
 /. Forgery as a crime, §§ 1-9. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 1-4:. 
 
 b. What constitutes, §§ S, 6. 
 
 c. What subject of, §§ 7-9. 
 II. Civil rights arming from forgery, 
 
 §§ 10, 11. 
 
 I. Forgery as a crime. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. ' '- : \, 
 
 Indictment for, see Indictment, Infobma- 
 TioN, and Complaint, § 20. 
 
 Criminal liability for agent's act in. 41 
 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 Instigation to put away forged instru- 
 ments. 25 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Necessity and suflSciency of description of 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 321. 
 
 Necessity of setting out copy of forged in- 
 strument in Indictment. 31 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 215. 
 
 Necessity of naming person to whom in- 
 strument was passed. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1046. 
 
 Illegal intent of prosecutor as affecting 
 guilt of obtaining property by arrest 
 for. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 277. 
 
 Effect of misspelling name of person whose 
 signature is charged to have been 
 forged. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1003. 
 
 Acquittal of larceny as bar to prosecution 
 for forgery in same transaction. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 402. 
 
 What intoxication will excuse. 36 L.R.A. 
 470. 
 
 Presumption as to time 
 written instrument. 
 100. 
 
 of alteration in 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 § 2. Several offenses from one act. 
 
 Several offenses growing out of same facts. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725, 730. 
 Conviction and punishment of both forging 
 
 and uttering in one prosecution. 16 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 561. 
 
 § 3 . — forgery of different Instruments 
 at one time as one or more crimes. 
 
 Uttering. 61 L.R.A. 819. 
 Possession of forged instruments. 61 
 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law guestion. 
 
 FORGERY, I. a— cont'd 
 Forging, and uttering forged, instru- 
 ments. 61 L.R.A. 821. 
 Forgery. 61 L.R.A. 822. 
 
 § 4. Evidence. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 68 L.R.A. 56, 70, 71, 72. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 62 L.R.A. 224, 249, 289, 319, 324. 
 
 Admissibility, upon issue of forgery, of 
 declarations out of court by person 
 whose name is charged to have been 
 forged. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 240. 
 
 Necessity of instruction as to law on cir- 
 cumstantial evidence. 69 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 b. What constitutes. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Defined. 10 L.R.A. 779.* 
 
 What constitutes uttering or publishing. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1175. 
 
 By raising amount of negotiable paper. 22 
 L.R.A. 686. 
 
 By false assumption of authority in sign- 
 ing another's name as agent for him. 
 31 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Fraudulently procuring genuine signature 
 as forgery. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 138. 
 
 Is the making of a false instrument within 
 a criminal statute directed against the 
 false making of an instrument. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 375. 
 
 Deed signed under false impression induced 
 by fraud as to its contents or charac- 
 ter as a forgery. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 540. 
 
 Of recommendations or letters of introduc- 
 tion. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 730. 
 
 § 6. Making or altering mere memo- 
 randum. 
 
 The general rule. 54 L.R.A. 794. 
 Application to particular kinds of memo- 
 randa. 54 L.R.A. 795. 
 
 In the nature of a promise or order. 
 54 L.R.A. 795. 
 
 In the nature of a receipt or acquit- 
 tance. 54 L.R.A. 796. 
 
 In the nature of certificates or state- 
 ments of fact. 54 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Falsification of dates and addresses. 
 54 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 c. What subject of. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Order for goods in carrier's possession as 
 subject of forgery. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 338. 
 
 Testimonial as to character. 4 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1126. 
 
 § 8. "Worthless instruments. 
 
 The general rule. 24 L.R.A. 33. 
 What constitutes legal efficacy. 24 L.R.A. 
 34. 
 Must be intelligible and certain. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 35. 
 Must be an order, and not a mere re- 
 quest. 24 L.R,A. 36. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 597 
 
 FORGERY, I. c— cont'd 
 
 Must not be mere matter of opinion. 
 
 24 L.R.A. 37. 
 Must not be mere recommendation to 
 
 courtesy. 24 L.R.A. 37. 
 Must purport to be the act of another. 
 24 L.R.A. 37. 
 Instruments void on their face. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 38. 
 Efficacy which is apparent only. 24 L.R.A. 
 39. 
 Must be sufficient to deceive. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 40. 
 Must be a subject of legal proceedings. 
 
 24 L.R.A. 41. 
 Apparent capacity or authority to 
 make. 24 L.R.A. 41. 
 Real efficacy not apparent. 24 L.R.A. 42. 
 Instruments requiring further steps to per- 
 fect them. 24 L.R.A. 43. 
 Naked and conditional promises. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 43. 
 Instruments not in statutory form. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 Prohibited instruments. 24 L.R.A. 44. 
 Unstamped instruments. 24 L.R.A. 44. 
 Instruments executed in fictitious name. 
 24 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 • § 9. Order or request for goods. 
 
 Distinction between "order" and "request." 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 327. 
 
 Earlv English cases. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 327. 
 
 As affected by act I. Wm. IV. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 327. 
 
 Repudiated or ignored bv American 
 courts, .32 L.R.A. (N.S'.) 329. 
 
 Criterion that instrument purport to 
 create liability or pecuniary de- 
 mand. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 331.' 
 Defective instruments. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 334. 
 
 Generally. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 334. 
 
 Permissibility of extrinsic averments. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 334. 
 
 Necessity for extrinsic averments. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 335. 
 
 II. Civil rights arising from forgery. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Alteration of instruments generally, see Al- 
 teration OF Instettments. 
 
 Payment by bank of forged check or in- 
 dorsement thereof, see Banks, §§ 24, 
 25, 29. 
 
 Use of fictitious name in commercial paper, 
 see Bills and Notes, § 13. 
 
 Note payable to impostor, see Bills and 
 Notes, § 14. 
 
 Liability on forged paper, see Bills and 
 Notes, § 16. 
 
 Indorsement of forged paper, see Bills and 
 Notes, § 32a. 
 
 Vorgery of check generally, see Checks, 
 § 12. 
 
 Forged issue of corporate stock, see Cor- 
 porations, § 69. 
 
 Of receipt, see Receipt, § 2. 
 
 Liability for transmitting or delivering 
 forged telegram, see Telegraphs, § 16. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FORGERY, II.— cont'd 
 
 Forgery as ground for injunction against 
 judgment. 31 L.R.A. 756. 
 
 Liability of corporation for forgery by its 
 officers in issue of stock. 19 L.R.A. 
 331. 
 
 Liability as between corporation and one 
 acting in good faith to whom it issues 
 new certificate of stock on forged au- 
 thority. 2 B. R. C. 528. 
 
 Liability of telegraph company for trans- 
 mission or delivery of forged message. 
 65 L.R.A. 805. 
 
 Right of alleged fraudulent grantee to show 
 that judgment against grantor was 
 based on forged instrument. 67 L.R.A. 
 601. 
 
 As affecting question whether commercial 
 paper operates as payment of debt. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 
 § 11. Ratification of forged Instru- 
 ment. 
 
 Introductory. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1006. 
 Conflict of authority. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1007. 
 Doctrine that forgery may be ratified. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1007. 
 Contrary doctrine. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1012. 
 Indecisive cases. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1015. 
 Receiving proceeds of forgery. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1017. 
 Of forgery of signature on commercial pa- 
 per. 36 L.R.A. 539. 
 Paying interest on forged mortgage as es- 
 toppel to question the mortgage. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 740. 
 
 FORGETFULNESS, 
 
 Right to recover back overpayment made in 
 forgetfulness of previous payments. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 519. 
 
 As excuse for contributory negligence of 
 person injured by defect in street. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 651. 
 
 Of obstacle or defect as contributory negli- 
 gence. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 896. 
 
 Contributory negligence in failing to re- 
 member dangerous conditions. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 
 FORKS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 678. 
 
 FORMAL REQUISITES. 
 
 Of contract, see Contracts, §§ 25-59. 
 Of indictment, see Indictment, Informa- 
 tion, and Complaint, §§ 10-12. 
 
598 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 FORMA PAUPERIS. 
 
 Right of executor or administrator to sue, 
 defend, or appeal in forma pauperis. 
 68 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 FORMER JEOPARDY. 
 
 See Cbiminal Law, §§ 59-64. 
 
 FORMER OWNER. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of, see Evi- 
 dence, I 233. 
 
 FORMER SUIT PENDING. 
 
 As ground of abatement, see Abatement 
 AND Revival, §§ 5-7. 
 
 FORMER TESTIMONY. 
 
 See Evidence, §§ 243-245. 
 
 FORM OF ACTION. 
 
 See Action oe Suit, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 FORMULA. 
 
 Payment for corporate stock with unpat- 
 ented formula. 16 L.E.A. (N.S.) 520. 
 
 FORNICATION. 
 
 Actionability of words charging, see Libel 
 
 AND Slander, § 12. 
 See also Adultery. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 329. 
 Truth of charge of, as a defense to a civil 
 
 action for libel or slander. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 146. 
 Cruel and unusual punishment of. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 572. 
 
 FORTHCOMING BOND. 
 
 See Levy and Seizure, § 16. 
 
 FORWARDING COMPANIES. 
 
 FOUL AIR. 
 
 Driving against neighbor's windows as nui- 
 sance. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 695. 
 
 FOUNDATION. 
 
 Laying foundation for impeachment of own 
 
 witness. 21 L.R.A. 428. 
 Sufficiency of, for opinion of witness t& 
 
 handwriting. 63 L.R.A. 966. 
 
 FOWLS. 
 
 Right to kill dogs killing or worrying fowls. 
 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 838. 
 
 FRACTION OF DAY. 
 See Time, § 14. 
 
 « « » » 
 
 FRACTURE. 
 
 12 
 
 Duty of physician called to reduce. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 752. 
 
 Liability of physician or surgeon for fail- 
 ure to diagnose. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 136. 
 
 FRAME BUILDINGS. 
 
 Municipal power over, as nuisances. 39 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 FRANCHISE. 
 
 Character of, as common carriers. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 902. 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of corporations, generally, see Corpora- 
 tions, § 7. 
 
 Elective franchise, see Elections, I. 
 
 Of electric companies, see Electricity, § 9. 
 
 To operate ferry, see Feeries, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Street franchise, see Highways, §§ 21-32. 
 
 Of railroad company, see Railroads, § 3. 
 
 Of street railway company, see jsi'keet 
 Railways, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Taxation of, see Taxes, § 35. 
 
 Right to take tolls without, see Tolls, § 2. 
 
 Power of legislature in respect to municipal 
 franchises. 48 L.R.A. 485. 
 
 Grant of franchise to electrical subway com- 
 pany. 34 L.R.A. 369. 
 
 Liability for work of independent con- 
 tractor performed under franchise. 14 
 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 Injunction against prosecutions under city 
 ordinances affecting. 21 L.R.A. 888. 
 
 Duties incident to exercise of franchise by 
 independent contractor. 66 L.R.A. 136. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. >;OTES. 
 
 599 
 
 FEAXCHISE— cont'd 
 
 Effect of provisions in franchise on power 
 of municipality to compel change of 
 grade of railway in street. 70 L.R.A. 
 854. 
 
 Validity of contract making public service 
 corporations' liability to municipality 
 dependent upon the continuance of its 
 franchise without competition. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 214. 
 
 Creation of partnership by provision for 
 taking prefits from a use of, as com- 
 pensation. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1046. 
 
 Of railroad company, whether real or per- 
 sonal property. 66 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Necessity of, for taking tolls. 37 L.R.A. 
 711. 
 
 Measure of damages for taking of, in emi- 
 nent domain. 51 L.R.A. 325. 
 
 § 2. What is. 
 
 Distinction between franchise and monopo- 
 ly. 4 L.R.A. 616.* 
 
 Right to collect wharfage as. 1 L.E.A. 
 133.* 
 
 Right to construct street railroad as. 2 
 L.R.A. 255.* 
 
 g 3. Exclusiveness of; interference 
 with. 
 
 Interference with ferry franchise, see 
 Ferries, § 3. 
 
 Exclusiveness of franchise of water com- 
 pany. 61 L.R.A. 80. 
 
 Right of owner of franchise for public ben- 
 efit which is not exclusive to injunc- 
 tion against its invasion without right. 
 29 L.E.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 
 § 4. Transfer of. 
 
 Judicial sale of. 20 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Assignability of franchise of water com- 
 pany. 61 L.R.A. 98. 
 
 Right to transfer or mortgage privilege to 
 use streets for telegraph, telephone, or 
 other quasi-public purposes. 47 L.R.A. 
 87. 
 
 Right to transfer ferry franchise. 59 L.R.A. 
 543. 
 
 § 5. Termination; forfeiture. 
 
 Abandonment of, see Ab.\ndonment, § 9. 
 Of corporate franchises, generally, see 
 
 COEPOKATIOTIS, IX. 
 
 Termination of franchise for toll bridge. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 169; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 Rights of water company after expiration 
 
 of franchise. 61 L.R.A. 107. 
 Forfeiture of, how declared. 2 L.R.A. 256.* 
 Forfeiture of franchise of water company 
 
 for failure to comply with contract. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 93. 
 
 FRATERNAL SOCIETIES— cont'd 
 Liability of property of, to assessment for 
 
 local improvements. 35 L.R.A. 38. 
 Forbidding students' affiliation with secret 
 
 society. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 352. 
 Use of public school building for meeting of 
 
 fraternal organizations. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 595. 
 
 FRATERNAL SOCIETIES. 
 
 See also BBNEriT Societies; CttrBS; In- 
 
 SUKANOE. 
 
 Conclusiveness of decision of tribunals of. 
 49 L.R.A. 353. 
 Consult also Tj.Tt.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. What constitutes, §§ 4:-13. 
 III. Reliance on representations, §§ 
 
 13, 14. 
 ri. Effect of, §§ 15-31. 
 
 a. Of fraud generally, §§ 15- 
 
 28a. 
 &. Of concealment, §§ 29-31. 
 T. Liability for; punishment of, §§ 
 32-35. 
 VI. Remedies; relief from; set-off, §§ 
 
 36-4:1. 
 
 Til. Waiver of fraud, § 42. 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Statute of frauds generally, see Contracts 
 
 §§ 25-59. 
 Misrepresentations as to age, see Age, § 2. 
 Relations between attorney and client, see 
 
 Attorneys, § 10. 
 Fraudulent issue of corporate stock, see Cor- 
 porations, § 69. 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, § 49. 
 Election frauds, see Elections, § 24. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, §§ 47-53. 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, §§ 177, 
 
 178. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 
 § 259. 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 
 § 30L 
 As to false pretenses, see False Pretenses. 
 Transfers in fraud of creditors, see Fraud- 
 ulent Conveyances. 
 Against husband or wife, see Husband and 
 
 Wife, §§ 43, 43a. 
 Representations in insurance application, 
 
 see Insurance, V. h. 
 As to mistake, see Mistake. 
 Allegations as to, see Pleading, § 31. 
 Liability on guaranty or surety obligation 
 
 obtained by fraud, see Principal and 
 
 Surety, § 9. 
 Question for jury as to, see Trial, §§ 31, 
 
 32. 
 Misstatement as to title to land, see Vendor 
 
 and Purchaser, § 17. 
 Fiduciary relations of corporate officers, see 
 
 Corporations, §§ 50, 51. 
 Of insurance agent, see Insurance, § 143. 
 Of agent generally, see Principal and 
 
 Agent, § 22. 
 
 Purchase of property obtained by fraud. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 368.* 
 In appearance by nonresident in divorce 
 
 case. 23 L.R.A. 288. 
 
600 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, I.— cont'd 
 
 In contract between corporations having 
 
 common directors or officers. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 794. 
 Of officer issuing obligations of government 
 
 or other public body. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 445. 
 Rule of proximate cause in case of wilful 
 
 misrepresentations. 45 L.R.A. 90. 
 Effect of discharge on claim for services 
 
 procured by bankrupt's fraud. 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 894. 
 Receiver's right to be indemnified for costs 
 
 of defending action charging him with 
 
 fraud. 2 B. R. C. 423. 
 Reimbursement or subrogation of purchaser 
 
 on annulling fraudulent judicial sale. 
 
 69 L.R.A. 53. 
 Fraud in joining resident as codefendant 
 
 with nonresident for purpose of pre- 
 venting removal to Federal court on 
 
 ground of diverse citizenship. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1235. 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for 
 
 fraud. 62 L.R.A. 222, 240. 
 Right of surety to show fraud or collusion 
 
 in judgment against principal. 40 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 749. 
 
 g 2. Use of statute of frauds as pro- 
 tection to fraud. 
 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 Rule of construction. 25 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Prevention of reduction to writing. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 570. 
 Fraudulent omission of part of agreement. 
 
 25 L.R.A. 570. 
 Preventing will. 25 L.R.A. 571. 
 The rule at law. 25 L.R.A. 571. 
 
 § 3. As element of crime. 
 
 Fraudulently procuring genuine signature 
 as forgery. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 138. 
 
 Forgery by appending signature to commer- 
 cial paper by fraud. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1075. 
 
 Intent to defraud as element of publishing 
 of forged instrument. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1176. 
 
 Larceny by obtaining money by fraudulent 
 race or game. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 862; 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1164. 
 
 Larceny by making or procuring fraudulent 
 
 orders on public 
 (N.S.) 234. 
 
 funds. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 //. What constitutes. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 What constitutes, generally. 4 L.R.A. 
 158;* 6 L.R.A. 149.* 
 
 What constitute fraudulent representations. 
 i L.R.A. 158.* 
 
 Constructive fraud. 4 L.R.A. 158.* 
 
 False promises. 4 L.R.A. 159.* 
 
 Effect of representing things sold to be 
 "good." 15 L.R.A. 795. 
 
 How far use of mails by healers is fraudu- 
 lent. 70 L.R.A. 989. 
 
 Receiving deposit when bank insolvent, as a 
 fraud. 34 L.R.A. 533. 
 
 Bctjin with this book on every law question. 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, II.— cont'd 
 In contract requiring servant to elect be- 
 tween acceptance of benefits out of re- 
 lief fund and a prosecution of hia 
 claims in an action for damages. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 192. 
 Fraud in joining resident as codefendant 
 with nonresident defendant for purpose 
 of preventing removal to Federal court 
 on ground of diverse citizenship. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1235. 
 
 § 5. liack of Icnowledge of falsity. 
 
 Misrepresentation made in ignorance of 
 
 facts. 6 L.R.A. 150.* 
 Statements made without knowledge of 
 
 falsity as ground for action for fraud. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
 § 6. Silence; concealment. 
 
 Effect of concealment, see infra, IV. b. 
 Silence, when fraudulent. 1 L.R.A. 742.* 
 Concealment of material fact as a fraud. 
 
 4 L.R.A. 159;* 5 L.R.A. 428.* 
 May fraud be predicated of concealment of 
 
 defects in title to real property. 28 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207. 
 Obligee's concealment of facts on obtaining 
 
 guaranty or surety. 21 L.R.A. 411. 
 Landlord's concealment of defects in 
 
 premises. 34 L.R.A. 827. 
 By landlord of defects in premises. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 827. 
 Of facts by insured in case of Lloyd's 
 
 policies. 55 L.R.A. 202. 
 Fraud in expression of opinion in case of 
 
 concealment. 35 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 § 7. Expression of opinion. 
 
 Statement of opinion generally not fraudu- 
 lent. 35 L.R.A. 417. 
 
 Puffing and trade talk. 35 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 Statements as to value. 35 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 Statement of quality. 35 L.R.A. 419. 
 
 Statements of quantity and boundary. 
 35 L.R.A. 419. 
 
 Statements of title. 35 L.R.A. 420. 
 
 Statements of matters of law. 35 
 L.R.A. 420. 
 
 Statements regarding the future. 35 
 L.R.A. 420. 
 
 Statements regarding decedents' estates. 
 35 L.R.A. 421. 
 
 Statements as to credit of third per- 
 sons. 35 L.R.A. 421. 
 
 Statements in regard to one's own 
 credit. 35 L.R.A. 423. 
 
 Statements as to securities. 35 L.R.A. 
 424. 
 Reasons for the rule. 35 L.R.A. 424. 
 Exceptions to the rule. 35 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 False opinion. 35 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 Opinion coupled with other circum- 
 stances. 35 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Where the facts are not equally known, 
 or there is active fraud or con- 
 cealment. 35 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Fiduciary relations. 35 L.R.A. 429. 
 
 Statements by third persons. 35 
 L.R.A. 429. 
 
 Statements concerning property at a 
 distance. 35 L.R.A. 430. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 601 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, II.— cont'd 
 
 Statements as of one's own knowledge. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 430. 
 Reckless statements. 35 L.R.A. 431. 
 Reliance on the statement is necessary. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 433. 
 Effect of form of relief sought. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 433. 
 Suits for specific performance. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 433. 
 As a defense to contract. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 434. 
 Action for deceit. 35 L.R.A. 435. 
 Indictment. 35 L.R.A. 435. 
 What statements are fact and what opinion. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 435. 
 ilatters of quality or value. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 436. 
 Future matters. 35 L.R.A. 437. 
 Matters of title, location, quantity, and 
 
 amount. 35 L.R.A. 438. 
 Matters as to which knowledge cannot 
 
 be had. 35 L.R.A. 439. 
 Matters stated as facts, or of which the 
 
 speaker is presumed to have 
 
 knowledge. 35 L.R.A. 439. 
 Other matters. 35 L.R.A. 441. 
 Question for jury. 35 L.R.A. 441. 
 Misstatement as to title to real property 
 sold, as matter of opinion. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 206; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1143. 
 Eight to relv on expressions of opinion. 37 
 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 § 8. Future promise. 
 
 Statements regarding future as a fraud. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 420, 437. 
 Future promise as fraud. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 640; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 735. 
 
 § 9. Misstatement as to title to real 
 property. 
 
 Executed contracts. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 202; 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1142. 
 When false statement is made with 
 knowledge of its falsity, or with- 
 out regard to its truth or falsity. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 202. 
 False statements honestly or mistaken- 
 ly made. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 204. 
 Where fraudulent representation is 
 made by a person without interest. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 206. 
 Expression of opinion. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 206. 
 Silence as to, or concealment of, defects 
 in title. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207. 
 Executory contracts. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 208; 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1141. 
 Necessity of exercising diligence to discover 
 truth of representation. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 209. 
 Aa affected by the nature of the conveyance. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 211. 
 Necessity that injury result. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 212. 
 Effect of vendee retaining possession. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 212. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, II.— cont'd 
 §10. False statement as to cost, sell- 
 ing, or market price of property, 
 or as to offers therefor. 
 
 Misrepresentation as to value, see Value, 
 
 § 2. 
 Applicability of doctrine of negligence. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 175. 
 Applicability of doctrine that representa- 
 tion must relate to a material 
 matter. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 176. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 176. 
 Materiality as question for the jury. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177. 
 Representations as to costs. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 177. 
 By vendor. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 177. 
 
 Where parties are dealing at arm's 
 
 length. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 177. 
 
 Where confidential relations exist. 
 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 182. 
 Where made in connection with 
 other representations. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 182. 
 When cost price is criterion of 
 purchase price. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 182. 
 Representations by or to stranger to 
 transaction. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 184. 
 Representations by agent of purchaser. 
 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 184. 
 Representations by partner, joint 
 purchaser, etc. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 185. 
 Representations by broker. 35 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 186. 
 Representations as to offers for property. 
 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 186. 
 Representations as to what property had 
 been sold or offered for sale. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 187. 
 Representations of the market price. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 188. 
 Necessity of showing damage. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 189. 
 Liability of real-estate broker who over- 
 states to purchaser the owner's mini- 
 mum price. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 305. 
 
 § II. In obtaining credit. 
 
 In general. 14 L.R.A. 264. 
 Representations to commercial agencies. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 154;* 14 L.R.A. 264. 
 Intent; concealment of insolvency. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 154;* 14 L.R.A. 264. 
 Statements as to credit as a fraud. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 421. 
 Right to rely on representations as to 
 
 credit of third person. 37 L.R.A. 607. 
 Continuing representation of financial 
 
 standing as basis of credit. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 245. 
 Whether lack of reasonable expectation of 
 
 being able to pay is equivalent, as a 
 
 matter of law, to an intention not to 
 
 pay. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 556. 
 
 § 12. Corporate matters. 
 
 Effect of fraud, see infra, § 26. 
 Liability in regard to, see infra, § 33. 
 
602 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, II.— cont'd 
 
 What constitutes false representations by 
 promoter of corporation. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 False statement in reports required to be 
 filed with public officers as fraud which 
 will sustain an action against corpo- 
 ration. 35 L.K.A.(N.S.) 858. 
 
 Simulated subscriptions to corporate stock 
 as. 3 L.R.A. 37.* 
 
 III. Reliance on representations. 
 
 § IS. Generally. 
 
 Jiift'ect of suspicion of falsity of statement 
 
 made on right of action for deceit by 
 
 person injured. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 646. 
 
 § 14. Right to rely on representations. 
 
 General rules. 37 L.R.A. 593. 
 Person guilty of fraud cannot urge negli- 
 gence of defrauded party. 37 L.E.A. 
 594. 
 Obvious facts, or facts of which the defraud- 
 ed party has knowledge. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 595. 
 Statements known to be false. 37 
 
 L.E.A. 595. 
 Where misstatements are obvious. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 596. 
 Indefinite or suspicious statements. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 596. 
 Rule where defrauded party has means of 
 
 knowing truth. 37 L.R.A. 597. 
 General rule. 37 L.R.A. 597. 
 Contents of writing. 37 L.R.A. 598. 
 Eilect of attempted investigation. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 600. 
 What diligence is required of one to whom 
 
 statement is made. 37 L.R.A. 601. 
 General rule. 37 L.R.A. 601. 
 Duty to investigate. 37 L.R.A. 602. 
 Effect of reference to source of knowl- 
 edge. 37 L.R.A. 603. 
 Proper source of knowledge must be 
 
 sought. 37 L.R.A. 603. 
 Title; records. 37 L.R.A. 603. 
 Statements not regarded as of fact. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 604. 
 Opinions. 37 L.R.A. 604. 
 Law. 37 L.R.A. 605. 
 Trade talk. 37 L.R.A. 605. 
 Credit of third person. 37 L.R.A. 607. 
 Positive assurance and express reliance. 
 
 37 L.R.A. 608. 
 General rule. 37 L.R.A. 608. 
 Positive statement of facts. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 609. 
 Statements not easily tested. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 609. 
 No means of knowledge. 37 L.E.A. 
 
 609. 
 Property at a distance or not at hand. 
 
 37 L.R.A. 610. 
 Boundaries, situation, and quantity of 
 
 property. 37 L.R.A. 610. 
 Concealed facts. 37 L.E.A. 611. 
 Facts peculiarly within knowledge of 
 
 one stating them. 37 L.R.A. 612. 
 Regarding patents. 37 L.R.A. 613. 
 Statements to mercantile agency. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 3egin with this hooJc on every tatv question 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, III.— cont'd 
 
 Fiduciary relations. 37 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 Statements of third persons. 37 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 Active fraud or concealment. 37 L.E.A. 
 614. 
 
 Statutes. 37 L.E.A. 615. 
 
 Question for jury. 37 L.E.A. 615. 
 
 Purchaser's right to rely on representations 
 as to title to real property. 39 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1143. 
 
 Right of purchaser of personalty to rely on 
 seller's computation of price or esti- 
 mate of quantity. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 419. 
 
 Right of purchaser of land to rely upon 
 representations of seller as to bounda- 
 ries. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Duty of purchaser of corporate stock to 
 verify statements made as to financial 
 condition of corporation. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1176. 
 
 IT. Effect of. 
 
 a. Of fraud generally. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Liability in case of fraud, see infra, V. 
 Remedy or relief in case of fraud, sec infra, 
 
 VI. 
 As ground of attachment, see Attachment, 
 
 § 6- 
 
 Effect of fraud to prevent discharge in bank- 
 ruptcy, see Bank-RUPTCt, § 34. 
 
 Effect of broker's fraud on his right to 
 commissions, see Beokeks, § 9. 
 
 Effect of principal's fraud on broker's right 
 to commissions, see Bbokeks, § 10. 
 
 Invalidity of contract for fraud, see CoN- 
 TBACTS, §§ 104, 119. 
 
 Estoppel by, see Estoppel, §§ 28, 29. 
 
 Effect on heirs of fraud against ancestor, 
 see Heirs, § 5. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment, 
 see Injunction, § 52. 
 
 As ground for collateral attack on judg- 
 ment, see Jtjdqment, §§ 55, 72. 
 
 On statute of limitations, see Limitation 
 OP AcTiOKS. §§ 10, 36, 53. 
 
 Constructive trust in case of, see Trusts, 
 §§ 12, 13. 
 
 Validity of contract with intoxicated per- 
 son procured by fraud.' 54 L.R.A. 445. 
 
 On awarding of public contract to lowest 
 responsible bidder. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 656. 
 
 Bad faith of bailee as affecting his right 
 to assert the hostile title of a third 
 person against the bailor. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 681. 
 
 Rights on train of person procuring ticket 
 by fraud or misrepresentation. 6 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1146. 
 
 Effect of decision of architect, engineer, or 
 umpire, in case of fraud. 1 I.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1050. 
 
 Of overstatement in claim of mechanic's 
 lien. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 317. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to minor serv- 
 ant who secured employment by mis- 
 representing his age. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 500; 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 708. 
 
IXDEX TO L.RJi:. NOTES. 
 
 603 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Liability to bank of one who, without 
 l;uowledge of the fraud draws out funds 
 fraudulently credited to him by officers 
 or employees of the bank. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1126. 
 
 Fraud in proceedings for opening or ex- 
 tending highway as defense to proceed- 
 ings to acquire property for that pur- 
 pose. 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 639. 
 
 Validity of obligation given bank as affected 
 by concealment of illegal transactions. 
 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 105. 
 
 Effect of fraud in procuring discharge of 
 mortgage for deed on merger of mort- 
 gage. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 841. 
 
 Impeachment of certificate of acknowledg- 
 ment because of. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1169. 
 
 Effect on presumption of probable cause for 
 prosecution of fact that conviction was 
 procured by. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 
 Effect of misrepresentation as to character, 
 quantity, or value of goods by shipper 
 on his right to recover for loss. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 745. 
 
 As defense to mandamus to compel payment 
 of municipal debt. 14 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 On right of volunteer or stranger paying 
 debt to subrogation. 23 L.R.A. 129. 
 
 Effect of fraudulent assignment of judgment 
 to defeat set-off. 23 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Effect of principal's fraud on right of 
 surety to intervene in action against 
 principal or vice versa. 68 L.R.A. 
 741. 
 
 Impeachment of enrolled bill by showing 
 fraud or improper motive of legislature. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 29. 
 
 In drawing of grand Jury. 27 L.R.A. 785. 
 
 On privilege of nonresident witness from 
 suit. 25 L.R.A. 733. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession procured by. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 
 § 16. On marriage. 
 
 Effect of concealment, see infra, § 30. 
 
 Mental incapacity combined with fraud as 
 affecting validity of marriage. 40 
 L.R.A. 740. 1 
 
 Misrepresentation as to disposition or gen- 
 eral character as ground for annulment 
 of marriage. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 301. 
 
 Misrepresentations as to one's physical or 
 mental condition as ground for annul- 
 ment of marriage. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 996. 
 
 § 17. On compromise or release. 
 
 As affecting compromise. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 308. 
 Effect of false representations by physician 
 
 to avoid release. 5 L.R.A. (N.S!) 663. 
 In securing release from servant accepting 
 
 benefits of relief fund. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 200, 
 On compromise or release by personal repre- 
 sentatives of claims due estate. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 415. 
 Right, in an action at law, to attack release 
 
 for fraud. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 915. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, IV. a— cont'd 
 § 18. In sale of chattels. 
 
 As ground for rescission of sale of person- 
 alty, see Sale, § 67. 
 
 On passing of title by delivery to carrier. 
 22 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 Right of vendor under conditional sale as 
 affected by purchaser's bankruptcy 
 where contract is tainted with fraud. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 557. 
 
 Transferee of chattels in satisfaction of pre- 
 existing debt, as a bona fide pur- 
 chaser as against original vendor from 
 whom they were fraudulently obtained 
 by transferrer. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1174. 
 
 § 19. In sale of land. 
 
 As ground for rescission of sale of real 
 property, see Vendob and Ptjbchaseb, 
 § 24. 
 
 Fraud by partner in relation to partnership 
 real estate. 28 L.R.A. 104. 
 
 In sale of expectancy by prospective heir. 
 33 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Doctrine of caveat emptor in sales for par- 
 tition as affected by fraud. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 409. 
 
 Effect of purchaser's misrepresentation of 
 fact affecting value of real estate. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 748. 
 
 Effect of misrepresentation as to the health 
 of life tenant upon a sale of the re- 
 mainder interest. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 
 Of vendor's fraud in respect to sanitary con- 
 dition of premises. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1035. 
 
 On right of grantee in possession to ques- 
 tion grantor's right to collect purchase 
 money. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 395. 
 
 Is fraudulent representation by vendor as 
 to area within boundaries correctly 
 pointed out, actionable. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 487. 
 
 Is fraudulent representation by vendor of 
 extent or proportion of land of par- 
 ticular kind included within tract sold, 
 actionable where purchaser inspects the 
 land. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 
 § 20. At execution sale. 
 
 Effect of misrepresentation to purchasers by 
 sheriff at judicial sale. 18 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 Effect of fraud on execution creditor's lia- 
 bility for return of purchase price on 
 failure of title to property sold on 
 execution. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1220. 
 
 § 21. On right to specific performance. 
 
 See Specific Peeeobmance, §§ 18, 25. 
 
 § 22. In respect to trademark or 
 tradename. 
 
 Trademarks calculated to deceive, not pro- 
 tected. 1 L.R.A. 145;* 17 L.R.A. 130; 
 19 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 Effect of false representations extrinsic to 
 trademark on right to protection 
 against infringement of same. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1201; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1151. 
 
604 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, IV. a— cont'd 
 Effect of false representations extrinsic to 
 tradename or trademaric on tlie right 
 to protection against infringement of 
 same. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201; 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1151. 
 Rights resulting from sale of trademark as 
 affected by fraud. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 723. 
 
 § 23. Matters as to commercial paper. 
 
 Rights and protection of bona "fide holder, 
 generally, see Bills and Notes, §§ 38- 
 42. 
 
 Payment by commercial paper as affected 
 by fraud. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 
 Effect of fraudulent reissue of bill or note 
 which has been paid. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1066. 
 
 Of creditor's fraud towards surety in man- 
 agement and collection of collateral. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 716. 
 
 Effect of fraud on right of accommodation 
 party who has been obliged to pay bill 
 or note to recover from accommodated 
 party. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 784. 
 
 Validity of obligation given bank as affect- 
 ed by concealment of illegal transac- 
 tions from bank examiner. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 993. 
 
 § 24. — paper assigned or transferred. 
 
 Effect of fraud on rights of bona fide holder 
 of commercial paper, see Bills and 
 Notes, § 38a. 
 
 in inception of negotiable instrument trans- 
 ferred, effect on presumption and bur- 
 den of proof. 17 L.R.A. 328. 
 
 Effect of fraudulent transfer on right of 
 set-off against assignee's commercial 
 paper. 23 L.R.A. 330. 
 
 Defense of fraud as against holder of nego- 
 tiable paper transferred after maturity. 
 46 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 Law governing negotiability of bill or note 
 fraudulently transferred. 61 L.R.A. 
 205. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to liability on bill or 
 note fraudulently transferred. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 668. 
 
 Fraud in obtaining execution of a note as 
 defense against a bona fide holder. 36 
 L.R.A. 434. 
 
 Deception as to character of paper signed 
 as defense against bona fide holder of 
 negotiable paper. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 776. 
 
 Title and right to overdue note as between 
 one induced by fraud to transfer it, and 
 one who in good faith bought of fraud- 
 ulent transferee. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 767. 
 
 § 25. Partnership matters. 
 
 Provability of partnership debts in indi- 
 vidual proceedings in case of fraudulent 
 abstraction of partnership funds by 
 bankrupt. 69 L.R.A. 777. 
 
 As affecting right to assumption of debts on 
 dissolution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 56. 
 
 Effect of fraud by partner in relation to 
 partnership real estate. 28 L.R.A. 104. 
 
 Begin with this tooli on every law question 
 
 ] FRAUD AND DECEIT, IV. a— cont'd 
 § 26, Corporate matters. 
 
 .Vhat constitutes fraud, see supra, § 12. 
 liability in regard to, see infra, § 33. 
 
 On corporations' liability on contracts of 
 
 promoters. 26 L.R.A. 551. 
 Effect of promoter's fraud on corporation's 
 
 right against subscriber. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 100. 
 As affecting rights to specific performance 
 
 for sale of stock in corporation. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 500. 
 As ground of relief from subscription to 
 
 stock after insolvency of corporation. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 900. 
 
 Validity of subscription induced by false 
 statements that certain other personn 
 were to invest in the enterprise. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 477. 
 
 Fraud of officers of corporation as ground 
 for appointment of receiver or winding 
 up corporation at instance of stock- 
 holders. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1032. 
 
 Right of stockholder to attack fraudulent 
 transaction occurring before he acquires 
 his stock. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 988. 
 
 § 2 7. Insurance matters. 
 
 Effect of misrepresentations by applicant 
 for insurance, see Insukance, V. h. 
 
 As defense against action for assessment by 
 mutual fire insurance company. 32 
 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 On rights of vendor and vendee to proceeds 
 of insurance. 37 L.R.A. 152. 
 
 On incontestability of policy. 42 L.R.A. 
 249, 257. 
 
 Effect of concealment on liability of rein- 
 surer. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 852. 
 
 Right of insured to return of premium 
 where policy is void or voidable be- 
 cause of misrepresentations on his part. 
 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 299. 
 
 Effect of fraud by agent ew necessitate in 
 making proofs of loss under fire insur- 
 ance policy. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 485. 
 
 § 2 8. — forfeiture of policy because of. 
 
 Effect of fraud to cause forfeiture of entire 
 policy. 19 L.R.A. 218. 
 
 Forfeiture of life policy by false represen- 
 tations as to previous applications for 
 insurance. 55 L.R.A. 122. 
 
 g 28a. Effect on judgment. 
 
 Injunction against judgment because of 
 fraud, see Injunction, § 52. 
 
 Relief from judgment because of fraud, see 
 Judgment, § 95. 
 
 Effect upon foreign judgment 20 L.R.A. 
 679. 
 
 As a ground for collateral attack upon judg- 
 ment. 11 L.R.A. 160.* 
 
 Character and kinds of judgments and 
 orders within rule that judgments and 
 orders cannot be collaterally attacked 
 for fraud not affecting the jurisdiction. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 980. 
 
 Right to resist judgment of sister state on 
 the ground of. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 905. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 605 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, IV. a— cont'd 
 Right to question judgment of court of 
 sister state upon ground that defendant 
 was induced by fraud to go within its 
 jurisdiction. 12 L.R,A.(N.S.) 941. 
 
 b. Of concealment. 
 
 § 29. Generally. 
 
 Concealment as fraud, see supra, § 6. 
 Fraudulent concealment as defense to action 
 
 for breach of promise, see BEaA.oii OF 
 
 Pkomise, § 5. 
 
 On right to rely on representations. 37 
 L.R.A. 611, 614. 
 
 When statute of limitations begins to run 
 in case of concealed fraud. 6 L.R.A. 
 799;* 7 L.R.A. 826.* 
 
 Effect of concealment by landlord on lia- 
 bility to tenant's guests and servants 
 from defects in premises. 34 L.R.A. 
 611; 46 L.R.A. 86; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1165. 
 
 Effect on liability of reinsurer. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 852. 
 
 Forfeiture of dutiable articles in passenger's 
 baggage because of. 56 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Validity of obligation given bank as affect- 
 ed by concealment of illegal transac- 
 tions from bank examiner. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 993. 
 
 Effect of purchaser's concealment of fact 
 as affecting value of the real estate. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 748. 
 
 Broker's right to purchase real estate listed 
 with him for sale where broker's inter- 
 est in purchase is concealed. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1158. 
 
 Effect of suppression of truth as to health 
 of life tenant on sale of remainder in- 
 terest. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 
 Of interest by juror as ground for new trial. 
 18 L.R.A. 478. 
 
 On right to injunction against collection of 
 pu'-chase money where title to land is 
 defective. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 448. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment. 
 30 L.R.A. 791. 
 
 Of evidence as ground for relief against 
 judgment. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 536. 
 
 § 30. Effect on marriage. 
 
 Effect of concealment as to character on 
 marital relation, see Chabacter, § 3. 
 
 Effect of fraudulent concealment to avoid 
 promise of marriage. 26 L.R.A. 430. 
 
 Concealment as to one's physical or mental 
 condition as ground for annulment of 
 marriage. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 996. 
 
 § 31. Bankruptcy matters. 
 
 Bankrupt's right to discharge as affected 
 by partner's or agent's act in conceal- 
 ment of books or assets. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 786. 
 
 Admissibility of schedules filed in Federal 
 bankruptcy proceedings in a prosecu- 
 tion against a bankrupt for conceal- 
 ment of property. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1194. 
 Consult also L.n.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT— cont'd 
 
 V. Liability for; punishment of. 
 
 § 32. Generally. 
 
 Liability on guaranty or surety obligation 
 obtained by fraud. 21 L.R.A. 409. 
 
 In what capacity executor or administrator 
 liable for. 51 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Liability for transferring note to bona fide 
 transferee so as to cut off defenses. 27 
 L.R.A. 519. 
 
 Liability of telegraph company for fraud- 
 ulent transmission or delivery of forged 
 message by its agent. 65 L.R.A. S()7. 
 
 As to condition of leased premises. 34 
 L.R.A. 827. 
 
 Action by general creditor for damages for 
 fraud in preventing plaintiff from col- 
 lecting his claim. 47 L.R.A. 433. 
 
 Fraudulent misrepresentations by infant to 
 induce contract. 57 L.R.A. 675. 
 
 Master's liability for fraudulent acts of 
 servant towards person having no claim 
 on master by reason of contract, in- 
 cipient or perfected. 27 L.R.A. 172. 
 
 Liability of agent or servant for fraud 
 against third persons under order of 
 employer. 50 L.R.A. 646. 
 
 Liability to bank of one who, without knowl- 
 edge of fraud, draws out funds fraud- 
 ulently credited to him by officers or 
 employees of the bank. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1126. 
 
 For misrepresentation, as to location of 
 property. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 301. 
 
 Personal liability of arbitrator for. 42 
 , L.R.A.(N.S.) 278. 
 
 § 33. Corporate matters. 
 
 What constitutes fraud, see supra, § 12. 
 
 Effect' of fraud, see supra, § 26. 
 
 Liability of corporate officers for, see CoR- 
 
 POBATIONS, §§ 56, 57a. 
 Liability of corporate promoters for, see 
 
 COKPOBATIONS, § 65. 
 
 Liability for fraud or misrepresentations 
 inducing purchase of stock, see CoB- 
 POBATIONS, § 83. 
 
 Liability of corporation for fraud of officer 
 
 in issue of stock. 19 L.R.A. 331; 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 187. 
 Partnership liability of stockholders in case 
 
 of fraudulent corporations. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 550. 
 
 3 34. Responsibility for another's 
 fraud. 
 
 Fraud of officer as ground of liability on 
 official bond. 21 L.R.A. 741. 
 
 Liability of corporation for fraud of its 
 officers in issue of stock. 19 L.R.A. 
 331. 
 
 Liability of corporation officers for com- 
 pany's fraud. 28 L.R.A. 421. 
 
 Liability of partnership for fraud of mem- 
 ber of firm. 51 L.R.A. 479. 
 As to real estate. 28 L.R.A. 104, 
 
 § 35. Punishment of. 
 
 Imprisonment for debt in case of. 34 L.R.A. 
 642. 
 
eo6 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, V.— cont'd 
 Cruel and unusual punishment of. 35 
 L.R.A. 571. 
 
 TI. Remedies; relief from. 
 
 § 36. Generally. 
 
 As ground for cancelation of instrument, 
 see Cancelation of Instruments, § 
 3. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to cancel instrument 
 because of fraud, sec EQTTtTY, § 15a. 
 
 Relief from contract generally, on ground 
 of fraud, see Contracts, § 119. 
 
 As ground for rescission of contract gener- 
 ally, see Contracts, § 153. 
 
 As ground for rescission of stock subscrip- 
 tion, see Corporations, § 79. 
 
 As ground for rescission of deed, see Deeds, 
 § 33a. 
 
 As ground for rescission of sale of person- 
 alty, see Sale, § 67. 
 
 As ground for rescission of sale of real 
 property, see Vendor and Purchaser, 
 § 24. 
 
 Jurisdiction in equity in case of, see 
 Equity, § 7. 
 
 Injunction in case of fraud, see Injunc- 
 tion, §§6, 52. 
 
 Injunction against judgment because of 
 fraud, see Injunction, § 52. 
 
 Relief from judgment because of fraud, see 
 Judgment, § 95. 
 
 Election of remedies in case of fraudulent 
 purchase. 15 L.R.A. 89. 
 
 When party entitled to relief from contract 
 on ground of fraud. 3 L.R.A. 806;* 5 
 L.R.A. 163;* 6 L.R.A. 836.* 
 
 Fraud as a ground for relief from a volun- 
 tary trust. 19 L.R.A. 767. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law accompanied 
 by fraud as to effect of instrument. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 853. 
 
 Applicability of statute requiring that rep- 
 resentations as to another's credit must 
 be in writing in order to sustain an 
 action. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 212. 
 
 Failure to read contract as affecting right 
 to relief on ground of. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 463. 
 
 Relief to party defrauded by fraudulent 
 scheme, although he went into it with 
 the intention of defrauding others. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 906. 
 
 Remedy of one who fails to record a deed, 
 against his grantor who subsequently 
 conveys to an innocent third person. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 284. 
 
 Relief from deed prepared by grantee, which 
 does not protect the grantor's rights. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1089. 
 
 § 3 7. Action at law for daniag;es. 
 
 Denial of relief at law in case of fraudulent 
 contracts. 6 L.R.A. 458.* 
 
 Right of action for inducing breach of con- 
 tract by. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 746. 
 
 Right of guardian of mentally incompetent 
 person to maintain action for damages 
 against one to whom ward has trans- 
 ferred property. .34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1058. 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, VI.— cont'd 
 
 May purchaser recover damages for fraud 
 as to both articles where one article 
 is substituted for another at his re- 
 quest and both are defective. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 298. 
 
 Right of one partner of dissolved firm to 
 maintain action at law against another 
 for fraud practised on dissolution with 
 respect to assets. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 263. 
 
 False statements in reports required by 
 statute to be made to public officers, 
 as basis of action by individuals at 
 common law for deceit against officers 
 or directors of corporation personally. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 872. 
 
 Action for price as bar to action for dam- 
 ages for. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 582. 
 
 § 38. Recovery back of property. 
 
 Recovery of property by vendor. 1 L.R.A. 
 618.* 
 
 Right of seller to retake goods from in- 
 nocent purchaser from fraudulent 
 vendee. 4 L.R.A. 369.* 
 
 Recovery of nonexempt property conveyed 
 to avoid nonexistent or unfounded de- 
 mand on false representations by gran- 
 tee. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1012. 
 
 Replevin by seller of property from fraud- 
 ulent purchaser. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 474. 
 
 Right of seller to reclaim goods as against 
 assignee for creditors or trustee in 
 bankruptcy of buyer who procured them 
 by false representations. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 10.32. 
 
 § 39. Recovery back of money. 
 
 Return of assessment on benefit certificate 
 proving void for fraud. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 114. 
 
 Right to recover from agent money paid 
 him for his principal where payment 
 was induced by agent's fraud. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 560. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction of suit by trustee in 
 bankruptcy to recover sum of money 
 from one who has received a fraudulent 
 transaction or unlawful preference. 
 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 414. 
 
 Right to recover back money paid on sub- 
 scription to corporate stock in case of 
 fraud. 33 L.R.A. 722. 
 
 Action for money had and received as 
 proper remedy to recover money secured 
 by a fraudulent contract. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 602.- 
 
 Recovery back of nonexempt property con- 
 veyed to avoid nonexistent or unfound- 
 ed demand. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1007 
 
 § 40. Prerequisites to relief. 
 
 Exhausting remedy at law as condition 
 precedent to equitable remedies of cred- 
 itors on ground of fraud. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 104. 
 
 Necessity of returning consideration before 
 bringing replevin for property obtained 
 by fraudulent purchase. 21 L.R.A. 
 206. 
 
 Begin witli this hoolc on every /ait' question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 607 
 
 FRAUD AND DECEIT, VI.— cont'd 
 Return or tender of consideration for re- 
 lease of claim for personal injuries set 
 aside on ground of fraud. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 660. 
 
 § 41. Set-off based on fraud. 
 
 Set-off on account of, in mortgage fore- 
 closure. 21 L.R.A. 324. 
 
 Effect of fraudulent assignment of judgment 
 to defeat set-off. 23 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 VII. Waiver of fraud. 
 
 § 42. Generally. 
 
 Waiver of. 67 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 Waiver of right of action for. 4 L.R.A. 
 158.* 
 
 Retention "of policy of Insurance as waiver 
 of fraud of insurer or its agent. 67 
 L.R.A. 705; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
 Waiver of fraud by completing executory 
 contract for sale of personal property 
 after discovering the fraud. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 452. 
 
 Of right to rescind contract for purchase 
 of real property because of misstate 
 meut as to title. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 114 
 
 * « » 
 
 FRAUDS, STATUTE OF. 
 See CONTBACTS, §§ 25-59. 
 ♦«» 
 
 FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-S. 
 II. Consideration; voluntary trans- 
 fers, §§ 6, 7. 
 III. Preferences; mortgages ; purchase 
 hy creditor from debtor, §§ S- 
 11. 
 IT. Notice; participation in fraud; 
 rights of purchaser, §§ 12-17. 
 F. Resei-vation of interest; retention 
 
 of possession, §§ 18-30. 
 TI. Transactions hetween husband 
 
 and wife, §§31, 31a. 
 VII. Who may assail transfer, § 33. 
 VIII. Subsequent creditors, § 23. 
 IX. Remedies, §§ 34:-36. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1 Generally. 
 
 By bankrupt, see Bankruptcy, §§ 13-17. 
 Presumptions and burden of proof as to, 
 
 see Evidence, §§ 48-50. 
 Sufficiency of proof as to, see Evidence, 
 
 § 302. 
 Conveyances in fraud of marital rights, see 
 
 Husband and Wipe, §§ 43, 43a. 
 Conclusiveness of judgment on which action 
 
 to set aside conveyance is based, see 
 
 .Judgment, § 38. 
 As to sales in bulk, see Sale, § 6. 
 As to fraud, generally, see Fraud and 
 
 Deceit. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES, I.— 
 cont'd 
 
 Effect of agreement to pay vendor's debts. 
 9 L.R.A. 648.* 
 
 Fraudulent sale of trademark. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 727. 
 
 Purchase by corporation of its own stock 
 as. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 
 Validity of pledge or other transfer of 
 stock of corporation when not made in 
 books of company as against attach- 
 ments, executions, or subsequent trans- 
 fers. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 996. 
 
 Conveyance or transfer to indemnify sure- 
 ties or indorsers as a voluntary as- 
 signment for creditors. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 332. 
 
 Right of insolvent debtor to transfer his as- 
 sets to a third person, who is to apply 
 the proceeds to the claims of such 
 creditors as he sees fit. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 513. 
 
 Right to dower upon avoidance of convey- 
 ance as against creditors. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 103. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations by vendor 
 made out of court as to his purpose in 
 making a conveyance or transfer at- 
 tacked as fraudulent as against credi- 
 tors. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to questions in relation to fraudulent 
 transfers of property. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 420. 
 
 § 2. As- between parties or privies. 
 
 Recovery of nonexempt property conveyed 
 to avoid nonexistent or unfounded 
 demand. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1007. 
 Effect of the intent to avoid liability. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1008. 
 When conveyance was wrongfully in- 
 duced by grantee. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1010. 
 In generaL 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1010. 
 Imposition or overreaching. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1011. 
 False representations. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1012. 
 In general. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1012. 
 By one in confidential rela- 
 tions. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1012. 
 Is a judgment in a suit to set aside a fraud- 
 ulent conveyance, which purports to de- 
 vest entirely the title of the grantee, 
 res judicata, as between grantor and 
 grantee or their privies. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 481. 
 Right of client to recover property placed 
 in name of his attorney in order to 
 defraud creditors. 37 L.R.A, (N.S.) 
 161. 
 Applicability of statutory provision for re- 
 storation of property in case of divorce 
 to conveyances in fraud of creditors. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 
 § 3. Effect of grantor's intent. 
 
 What intent to defraud by sale of property 
 will sustain an attachment. 30 L.R.A. 
 476. 
 
608 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES. I.— 
 cont'd 
 
 Grantor's purpose to avoid his obligations 
 as aflFecting delivery of deed to third 
 person. 54 L.R.A. 884. 
 
 Purchaser's ignorance of debtor's fraudu- 
 lent intent in conveyance to him. 36 
 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Effect of intent to avoid liability on re- 
 covery of nonexempt property conveyed 
 to avoid nonexistent or unfounded de- 
 mand. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1008. 
 
 Right of insolvent to testify as to his in- 
 tent as against creditors. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 395. 
 
 § 4. Effect on legal title. 
 
 As to creditors. 67 L.R.A. 865. 
 
 Conveyance executed by debtor. 67 
 L.R.A. 865. 
 
 Land purchased and paid for by debtor, 
 but conveyed to another. 67 L.R.A. 
 882. 
 Title of fraudulent grantee as to parties 
 
 not creditors. 67 L.R.A. 889. 
 Title of bona fide purchaser from fraudu- 
 lent grantee. 67 L.R.A. 891. 
 Title conveyed by bona fide purchaser to 
 
 one having knowledge of the fraud. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 898. 
 When title is in fraudulent grantee as to 
 
 his creditors. 67 L.R.A. 899. 
 Rights of purchaser other than judgment 
 
 creditor at execution sale. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 900. 
 
 § 5. Rights of creditors In personal 
 services of debtor. 
 
 See Debtob and Ceemtoe, § 2. 
 
 II. Consideration; voluntary transfers. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Effect of inadequacy of consideration. 9 
 L.R.A. 414.* 
 
 Sufficiency of consideration. 9 L.R.A. 647.* 
 
 Pre-existing debt as consideration for bona 
 fide purchase of property not negotia- 
 ble. 36 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Consideration for conveyance from debtor 
 to creditor in satisfaction of debt. 36 
 L.R.A. 346. 
 
 When will a purchaser of property for less 
 than its value, without fraudulent in- 
 tent, be regarded as a trustee for cred- 
 itors. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 395. 
 
 Participation by purchaser in vendor's 
 fraud which will invalidate transfer 
 for good consideration. 32 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 I 7. Voluntary conveyances. 
 Voluntary conveyance; validity of. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 353. 
 Validity of gift of husband's services to 
 
 wife as against creditors. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 623. 
 Gift as a fraud on contract to will property. 
 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1154. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES— cont'd 
 III. Preferences; mortgages; purchase 
 hy creditor from debtor. 
 
 § 8. Preferences. 
 
 In assignment for creditors, see Assign- 
 ment FOB Cbeditoes, §§ 15, 16. 
 By bankrupt, see Bankbuptct, §§ 13-17. 
 By insolvent bank, see Banks, § 40. 
 By insolvent corporation generally, see 
 
 CORPOBATIONS, § 137. 
 
 By insolvent debtor generally, see Insol- 
 vency, § 3. 
 
 § 8a. — by mortgage. 
 
 Preference by mortgage or sale as an as- 
 signment for creditors. 37 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Effect of insolvency statutes on mortgage 
 preferring creditors. 37 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 § 9. Mortgages. 
 
 Preference by, see supra, § 8a. 
 
 Rights and remedies of creditors of chattel 
 
 mortgagor, see Chattel Mobtgage, 
 
 §§ 13-15. 
 
 Governing law of sale or mortgages of per- 
 sonal property, as affected by fraud 
 against creditors. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1007. 
 
 May a mortgage for an actual contempo- 
 raneous loan be set aside as fraudulent 
 as against creditors. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1068. 
 
 May a chattel mortgage fraudulent as to 
 a portion of the property be upheld as 
 to the remainder. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 921! 
 
 § 10. Purchase by creditor from 
 debtor. 
 
 Participation in debtor's fraudulent intent, 
 see infra, § 14. 
 
 Transfers in payment of debt. 9 L.R.A. 
 646.* 
 
 One taking conveyance to secure payment of 
 pre-existing debt as a bona fide pur- 
 chaser. 10 L.R.A. 709.* 
 
 Effect of taking an excessive amount of 
 property from debtor in payment of a 
 claim as a fraud against other credit- 
 ors. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 222. 
 
 § 11. — right to purchase. 
 
 Generally. 36 L.R.A. 335. 
 
 Puj-chaser's ignorance of the debtor's intent. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 338. 
 Purchaser's knowledge of the intent or ef- 
 fect. 36 L.R.A. 339. 
 As to parties preferred. 36 L.R.A. 341. 
 Relations. 36 L.R.A. 341. 
 Sureties. 36 L.R.A. 345. 
 As to the consideration. 36 L.R.A. 346. 
 Where the value of the property ex- 
 ceeds the debt preferred. 36 L.R.A. 
 346. 
 Necessity of valid debt, and of agree- 
 ment to take the property in pay- 
 ment thereof. 36 L.R.A. 348. 
 Other consideration in addition to the 
 
 debt. 36 L.R.A. 350. 
 Agreement to pay other debts as part 
 consideration. 36 L.R.A. 35:^. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 609 
 
 FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES, III.— 
 
 cont'd 
 Where the conveyance was held partly void, 
 
 but a lien was allowed. 36 L.R.A. 354. 
 Where there was a trust reserved for the 
 
 debtor. 36 L.R.A. 356. 
 Participation by the preferred creditor in 
 
 the fraud of the debtor. 36 L.R.A. 360. 
 Burden of proof. 36 L.R.A. 361. 
 Fraudulent intent a question of fact. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 363. 
 Louisiana cases. 36 L.R.A. 364. 
 
 IT. 
 
 Notice: participation in 
 rights of pxircliaser. 
 
 fraud ; 
 
 CONVEYANCES, IV.- 
 
 § 12. Notice to pTirchaser. 
 
 Necessity of actual notice to purchaser of 
 seller's fraud. 9 L.R.A. 419.* 
 
 § 13. Participation in debtor's fraud. 
 
 Effect of grantee or purchaser's nonpartiei- 
 pation in grantor's or seller's fraud. 9 
 L.R.A. 415.* 
 
 Participation by preferred creditor in debt- 
 or's fraud in conveying property in 
 payment of debt. 36 L.R.A. 306. 
 
 g IJ. — participation in fraudulent in- 
 tent. 
 
 Participation by creditor in fraudulent in- 
 tent of debtor which will make a 
 transfer to pay or secure his debt 
 invalid as to other creditors. 31 
 L.R.A. 609. 
 Necessity of participation; general doc- 
 trine. 31 L.R.A. 609. 
 Who are bona fide purchasers within 
 the statute. 31 L.R.A. 612. 
 ' What constitutes participation. 31 
 L.R.A. 613. 
 Generally. 31 L.R.A. 613. 
 Securing a preference. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 615. 
 Knowledge of fraud, insolvency, 
 
 etc. 31 L.R.A. 618. 
 Assumption of other debts as part 
 of purchase price. 31 L.R.A. 
 621. 
 Amount of property taken. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 623. 
 Allowance of fair price. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 628. 
 Security greater in value than 
 
 debt. 31 L.R.A. 629. 
 Security for overstated debt. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 630. 
 Security for present and future 
 
 advances. 31 L.R.A. 631. 
 Inclusion of simulated debts. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 632. 
 Reservation of benefits. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 633. 
 Taking conveyance fraudulent on 
 
 its face. 31 L.R.A. 635. 
 Retention of pbssession. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 635. 
 Failure to record. 31 L.R.A. 638. 
 Other circumstances and conditions 
 tending to show participation. 
 31 L.R.A. 640. 
 Participation by agent. 31 L.R.A. 642. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 39 
 
 FRAUDULENT 
 
 cont'd 
 
 Participation as between trustees and 
 beneficiaries. 31 L.R.A. 642. 
 
 Participation bv one of several benefici- 
 aries. 31 L.R.A. 643. 
 
 Efi'ect of other accompanying purposes 
 besides that to defraud. 31 L.R.A. 
 644. 
 
 Efi'ect of relationship or intimacy of 
 the parties. 31 L.R.A. 645. 
 
 Conveyances taken from a fraudulent 
 grantee. 31 L.R.A. 645. 
 
 Presumptions and burden cf proof. 31 
 L.R.A. 646. 
 
 Participation under bankruptcy and in- 
 solvency laws. 31 L.R.A. 647. 
 
 § 15. — invalidation by, of transfer 
 for good consideration. 
 
 Necessity of participation; general doctrine. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 33. 
 What constitutes participation, 32 L.R.A. 
 
 36. 
 Effect of payment of full consideration. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 40. 
 The intent necessary to constitute fraud. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 41. 
 To what conveyances the rule applies. 32 
 L.R.A. 43. 
 Generally. 32 L.R.A. 43. 
 Marriage settlements. 32 L.R.A. 43. 
 Assignment for creditors. 32 L.R.A. 
 44. 
 Necessity of injury to creditors. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 44. 
 Knowledge or notice sufficient to put pur- 
 chaser upon inquiry. 32 L.R.A. 
 44. 
 Generally. 32 L.R.A. 44. 
 Notice or knowledge of indebtedness or 
 
 insolvency. 32 L.R.A. 49. 
 Knowledge of intended preference. 
 
 L.R.A. 51. 
 Inadequacy of price. 32 L.R.A. 52. 
 Retention of possession. 32 L.R.A. 
 Reservations and secret trusts. 
 
 L.R.A. 56. 
 Transfers out of the ordinary course 
 
 of business. 32 L.R.A. 58. 
 Sales on credit. 32 L.R.A. 59. 
 Purchase pending action. 32 L.R.A. 60. 
 Purchase pending attachment or execu- 
 tion. 32 L.R.A. 61. 
 Conveyance fraudulent on its face. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 61. 
 Knowledge of, or notice to, agent. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 62. 
 Other circumstances and conditions. 3!! 
 L.R.A. 62. 
 Payment after notice. 32 L.R.A. 63. 
 Application of purchase price to debts. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 65. 
 EfTect of assumption of vendor's debts. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 66. 
 Effect of relationship or intimacy of parties. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 67. 
 Effect of fraud in other transactions, 'i- 
 
 L.R.A. 69. 
 Registration and failure to record. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 69. 
 Purchases from fraudulent grantees. 32 
 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 32 
 
 54. 
 32 
 
610 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES, IV.— 
 
 cont'd 
 Presumptions and burden of proof. 32 
 
 L.K.A. 71. 
 Effect of participation. 32 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 § 10. Rights of purchaser. 
 
 Right to attack judgment, see JtroGMENT, 
 § 53. 
 
 Right of purchaser to allowance for im- 
 provements. 4 L.R.A. 354.* 
 
 Attack by alleged fraudulent grantee on 
 judgment on which action to set aside 
 his conveyance is based. 67 L.R.A. 590. 
 
 May one who takes a contract or bond for 
 the .conveyance of property from a 
 third person to defraud the creditors of 
 another who had the legal title to the 
 property, but represented it to be in 
 such third person, invoke the doctrine 
 of estoppel against him. 13 L.R.A. 
 |N.S.) 1118. 
 
 § 17. —from fraudulent grantee. 
 
 Protection of bona fide purchaser from 
 fraudulent grantee. 3 L.R.A. 822.* 
 
 V. Reservation of interest; retention of 
 possession. 
 
 § 18. Reservation of interest by 
 grantor. 
 
 Reservation of surplus upon assignment of 
 
 chose in action as security, as a 
 
 fraud upon other creditors. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 370. 
 
 Provision for return of surplus. 36 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 370. 
 Secret agreements. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 372. 
 Miscellaneous. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 374. 
 Effect of contemporaneous agreement to 
 give debtor employment or retain him 
 in a position, to render attempted pref- 
 erence invalid as to other creditors. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 310. 
 
 § 19. Retention of possession; failure 
 to file. 
 
 Permitting chattel mortgagor to retain pos- 
 session, see Chattel Mortgage, § 14. 
 
 Effect of vendor's retention of suflBcient 
 property to pay debts. 9 L.R.A. 416.* 
 
 Retention of possession by a, vendor. 9 
 L.R.A. 645.* 
 
 Retention by grantor as showing fraudulent 
 intent. 31 L.R.A. 635. 
 
 Sufficiency of change of, as regards credit- 
 ors by delivery to carrier. 22 L.R.A. 
 425. 
 
 Estoppel of one who permits title to real 
 property to stand in another's name to 
 assert title as against latter's credit- 
 ors. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 Rights of purchaser of personal property 
 who temporarily leaves it in possession 
 of vendor, because of inconvenience of 
 taking immediate possession, as against 
 subsequent purchasers from, or attach- 
 ing creditors of, the vendor. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 604. 
 
 FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES, V.— 
 cont'd 
 
 Is failure to take immediate possession up- 
 on sale of chattels cured by taking pos- 
 session before attachment of the par- 
 ticular right or lien of the person at- 
 tacking the sale. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 214. 
 
 Necessity of delivery to protect purchaser 
 against creditors of seller of an un- 
 divided interest in personalty not in 
 his possession. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1162. 
 
 Failure to file deed as a fraud. 9 L.R.A. 
 417.* 
 
 § 20. — overcrowding presumption of 
 fraud flowing from retention. 
 
 The English rule. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1131. 
 Rule that presumption is conclusive. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1133. 
 In generaL 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1133. 
 Statutes making presumption conclu- 
 sive. 24 L.R.A.(N,S.) 1138. 
 Delivery bf possession before adverse 
 rights accrue. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1142. 
 Rule that presumption is prima facie. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1143. 
 In general. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 Statutes making presumption prima 
 facie. 24 L.R.A. (N.S!) 1150. 
 
 TI. Transactions between husband and 
 wife and other relatives. 
 
 § 21. Generally. 
 
 Transactions between, as fraud on creditors. 
 32 L.R.A. 67. 
 
 Preference of relative by transfer of prop- 
 erty in satisfaction of debt. 36 L.R.A. 
 341. 
 
 Effect of relationship to show participation 
 by creditors in debtor's fraudulent in- 
 tent. 31 L.R.A. 645. 
 
 § 21a. Husband and wife. 
 
 Validity of gift by husband to wife as 
 against subsequent creditors. 5 L.R.A. 
 579.* 
 
 Validity of marriage settlement as against 
 creditors. 32 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 Postnuptial settlement, when invalid. 1 
 L.R.A. 518.* 
 
 Wife's right to insure husband's life with 
 reference to husband's creditors. 63 
 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 Right of husband's creditors to reach fruits 
 of his management of, or services in 
 connection with, wife's separate estate 
 or business. 21 L.R.A. 623; 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1124. 
 
 Policy of life insurance payable to wife as 
 assets of bankrupt or insolvent hus- 
 band. 50 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Invalidity of contract between husband and 
 wife to compromise pending or con- 
 templated divorce suit as against cred- 
 itors of insolvent husband. 60 L.R.A. 
 413. 
 
 Burden of proof as to fraud against credit- 
 ors in transfer from husband to wife. 
 56 L.R.A. 823. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 611 
 
 FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES— cont'd 
 VII. Who may assail transfer. 
 
 § 22. Generally. 
 
 Subsequent creditors, see infra, 
 
 § 23. 
 
 Right of purchaser on execution to set aside 
 fraudulent conveyance. 15 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 Right of creditors at large to assail fraudu- 
 lent chattel mortgage. 5 L.R.A. 140.* 
 
 Right of creditor to attack judgment against 
 debtor in favor of another creditor on 
 ground of accident or mistake. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1190. 
 
 Right of assignee for creditors to assail 
 fraudulent transfer. 5 L.R.A. 140.* 
 
 Validity of conveyances by insolvent as 
 against assignees and creditors. 1 
 L.R.A. 510.* 
 
 Law determining right of foreign assignee 
 for creditors to avoid fraudulent con- 
 veyance. 65 L.R.A. 365. 
 
 Right of administrator de bonis non to 
 avoid fraudulent transfers by predeces- 
 sors. 40 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 Right of devisee or legatee to attack con- 
 veyance or transfer by testator. 30 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 194. 
 
 Till. SuJ>sequent creditors. 
 
 § 2 3. Generally. 
 
 Distinction between- rights of existing and 
 subsequent creditors. 1 L.R.A. 520.* 
 
 Validity of voluntary conveyance as against 
 subsequent creditors. 3 L.R.A. 822;* 
 9 L.R.A. 415,* 419.* 
 
 Validity of gift to wife as against. 5 L.R.A. 
 579.* 
 
 Right as against subsequent creditors to 
 create trust to pay the income to set- 
 tlor for life and after his death to his 
 heirs or devisees. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 369. 
 
 Right of subsequent creditor to question 
 corporate mortgages in favor of, or for 
 the benefit of, directors, in absence of 
 fraud. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 825. 
 
 IX. Remedies. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 Who may assail transfers, see supra, §§ 22, 
 
 23. 
 Creditors' bill to set aside, see Ceeditoes' 
 
 Bill. 
 
 Action by general creditor for damages 
 against third party on account of fraud 
 in disposing of debtor's property, or 
 preventing plaintiff from collecting his 
 claim. 47 L.R.A. 433. 
 May creditor of fraudulent vendor, without 
 lien, maintain an action ex delicto 
 or ex contractu against a fraudu- 
 lent vendee who has converted to 
 his own use or disposed of the 
 property fraudulently transferred. 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 545. 
 Actions ex contractu. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 540. 
 Cotisult also L.R.A. Vigebts to date. 
 
 FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES, IX.— 
 
 cont'd 
 
 Actions ex delicto. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 546. 
 
 Contra. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 548. 
 Right of creditor of bankrupt to set aside 
 
 transfer in fraud of creditors. 10 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 305. 
 Equity jurisdiction of suit by trustee in 
 
 bankruptcy to recover sum of money 
 
 from one who has received fraudulent 
 
 transfer on unlawful preference. 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 Right to attach property after fraudulent 
 
 transfer on unlawful preference. 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 Right to attach property after frauduelnt 
 
 assignment for creditors. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 595. 
 Remedy of creditors where sale is made in 
 
 violation of bulk sales law. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 374. 
 Right to accept favorable part of decree and 
 
 appeal from the rest. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 14. 
 
 § 25. Injunction. 
 
 Surety's right prior to obtaining a judg- 
 ment or lien to enjoin principal's trans- 
 fer of property to defraud him. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 484. 
 
 Injunction against execution sales of fraud- 
 ulent purchasers. 30 L.R.A. 114. 
 
 § 26. Conditions precedent. 
 
 Conditions precedent to equitable remedies 
 of creditors in case of fraudulent as- 
 signments. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 118. 
 
 FRAUDULENT ENLISTMENT. 
 
 Right of minor unlawfully enlisted in Army 
 or Navy to discharge on habeas corpus 
 from custody of court-martial under 
 charge of. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 
 ♦^-•^ 
 
 prauduijENT intent. 
 
 See Intent, § 11. 
 
 » » » 
 
 FREE CHURCH. 
 
 Rights in pews in. 22 L.R.A. 215, 
 
 *-—¥ 
 
 FREE DELIVERY. 
 
 Statute requiring express companies to 
 make in certain cities as interference 
 with interstate commerce. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 94. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ ' 
 
 FREEDOM. 
 
 Unconstitutional restraint on, see Consti- 
 tutional Law, VIII. 
 
V 
 
 612 
 
 FREEDOM— cont'd 
 Discrimination against women in restric- 
 tions of. 49 L.R.A. 111. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FREE SPEECH. 
 
 See Feebdom of Speech and op the Pbess. 
 
 FREEDOM OF SPEECH OR PRESS. 
 
 Constitutional freedom of speech and of the 
 press. 32 L.R.A. 829. 
 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. 829. 
 
 Libels. 32 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Prevention of speech or publication. 
 32 L.R.A. 831. 
 Constitutional guaranty of, as affecting civil 
 
 service laws. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 Prohibition against mailing of obscene and 
 
 indecent publications. 24 L.R.A. 112. 
 
 FREEHOLDERS. 
 
 Necessity that grand juror be. 28 L.R.A. 
 197. 
 
 FREEHOLD ESTATE. 
 
 Applicability of rule in Shelley's Case to. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1031. 
 
 FREE MARKET. 
 
 Diversion of trade by labor union from one 
 with whom it is in controversy as viola- 
 tion of right to. 1 B. R. C. 274. 
 
 FREE MASONS. 
 
 Power of courts to review decisions of tri- 
 bunals of. 49 L.R.A. 353. 
 
 « « » 
 
 FREE PASS. 
 
 See Cabbiebs, §§ 23, 29. 
 * ■ » 
 
 FREE PASSENGERS. 
 
 See Cabbiebs, §§ 7, 23, 29, 57. 
 
 • » » 
 
 FREE SCHOOLS. 
 
 See Schools. 
 
 » ■ » 
 
 FREE SERVICE. 
 By physician or surgeon. 37 L.R.A. 837. 
 
 FREE TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 Of passenger, see Cabbiebs, §§7, 23, 29, 57. 
 
 Duty of public to furnish free transporta- 
 tion to pupils. 37 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1110. 
 
 FREEZING. 
 
 Duty of carrier to protect goods in transit 
 from. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 640, 645. 
 
 Duty of building contractor to protect work 
 from freezing. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801. 
 
 FREIGHT. 
 
 Carriers of, see Cabbiebs, IV. 
 Carrier's right to, see Cabbiebs, § 122. 
 
 Hypothecation of. 70 L.R.A. 431. 
 Lien for. 70 L.R.A. 358, 368. 
 
 FREIGHT AGENCIES. 
 
 Character of, as common carriers. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 902. 
 
 42 
 
 FREIGHT AGENT. 
 
 Authority of freight agent of initial car- 
 rier to extend carrier's undertaking be- 
 yond its own line. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 33. 
 
 Carrier's liability for malicious acts of, 
 towards patron. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 494. 
 
 Carrier's lialbility for malicious refusal of, 
 to deliver freight. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 
 FREIGHT CARS. 
 
 Carrier's duty as to, see Cabbiebs, §§ 136- 
 140. 
 
 Liability for failure to furnish, see Cab- 
 biebs, §§ 139, 140. 
 
 * • » 
 
 Begin with this hooU on every law question. 
 
 FREIGHT ELEVATORS. 
 
 See Elevatobs, §§ 2-8. 
 « » » 
 FREIGHT TRAINS. 
 
 Passengers on, see Cabbiebs, §§ 61, 85, 95. 
 
liNDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 613 
 
 FRESHET. 
 
 Liability of one damming back water of 
 stream for injury by. 59 L.R.A. 876. 
 
 FRIEND. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession to. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 855. 
 
 Killing or assaulting of, as sufficient prov- 
 ocation to reduce homicide to man- 
 slaughter. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 FRIGHT. 
 
 § 1. Of animal. 
 
 Of horse, see HoESES, §§ 7-14. 
 
 Liability for frightening animal to death. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 183. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations as to neg- 
 ligence by frightening of animals. 59 
 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 § 2. Of human being. 
 
 Proximate cause of injury by, see Proxi- 
 mate Cause, §§ 18-20. 
 
 As a basis for cause of action. 14 L.R.A. 
 666. 
 
 Consequential injuries in ease of. 53 L.R.A. 
 633. 
 
 As element of damages for injury by dog. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 866. 
 
 As proximate result of discharging passen- 
 ger at improper place or one not his 
 destination. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1182. 
 
 Is one causing fright by unlawful act guilty 
 of homicide because death follows 
 fright. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 327. 
 
 Duty of carrier to guard against results of 
 fright of live stock. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 642. 
 
 Liability of carrier for injury to pregnant 
 woman by seeing lunatic on train. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 647. 
 
 § 3. —liability for physical Injury re- 
 sulting from. 
 
 Right to recover for physical injury result- 
 ing from fright caused by a wrong- 
 ful act. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49; 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1073; 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1159. 
 Fright caused by negligence. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 53. 
 Treating physical injury resulting 
 
 from fright as a mere incident 
 
 of the fright. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 53. 
 Remoteness of the damage. 3 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 Doctrine of expediency. 3 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 63. 
 Miscellaneous eases. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 65. 
 Fright resulting from wilful tort. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 FRIGHT— cont'd 
 
 Fright becaiise of another's danger. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68. 
 
 -•-•-♦- 
 
 FROGS. 
 
 See Unlocked Switches. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 FRONTAGE TAX. 
 
 See Public Impbovements, § 25. 
 
 FROXT-FOOT RULE. 
 
 Assessments for public improvements by the 
 front-foot rule, see Public Impbove- 
 ments, § 25. 
 
 -♦-»-•- 
 
 FRUOTUS INDUSTRIALES. 
 
 See Chops. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 FRUIT. 
 
 Fruit trees, see Fbuit Tbbes. 
 
 Title to, when wrongfully severed. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 422. 
 Classification of growing fruit as real or 
 
 personal property. 16 L.R.A. 103. 
 Right to fruit and clippings from trees near 
 
 boundary line. 21 L.R.A. 730. 
 
 FRUIT STAND. 
 
 Power of municipality to grant permit for, 
 on street or sidewalk. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 402. 
 
 FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to, or de- 
 struction of. 19 L.R.A. 658; 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 930; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 757; 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 FUEL. 
 
 Validity of sale of, in violation of law. 
 I 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 597. 
 
 Right of life tenant to timber for. 37 
 ' L.R.A.(N.S.) 764. 
 
614 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOIES. 
 
 FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE. 
 
 In general, see Extradition. 
 
 As nonresidents for purpose of attachment. 
 19 L.K.A. 668. 
 
 »«» 
 
 FULL AGE. 
 
 See Majokity, § 1. 
 
 ♦<-♦ 
 
 FULL CREW ACT. 
 
 As interference witli interstate commerce. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 
 FULL DISCLOSURE. 
 
 Duty of accomplice testifying for prosecu- 
 tion to make. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 
 FULL FAITH AND CREDIT. 
 
 To statute of other state, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws. 
 To jvidgment of other state, see Judgment, 
 
 V. b. 
 
 FULL OWNERSHIP. 
 
 Of insured property, see Instjbance, § 67. 
 
 *»* 
 
 FULL PAID STOCK. 
 
 Effect of creditor's knowledge that stock 
 was improperly issued as full paid on 
 his right to resort to holder. 8 L.B.A. 
 (N.S.) 271. 
 
 FUMES. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to servant by 
 fumes arising from materials handled 
 by him. 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 679. 
 
 FUND. 
 
 Recovery of costs out of, see Costs ahd 
 Fees, § 4. 
 
 FUNERAL BENEFITS. 
 
 FUNERAL EXPENSES. 
 
 Liability of estate for, see Exeoutobs and 
 Administeatobs, §§ 36, 37. 
 
 Right to recover funeral expenses of per- 
 son negligently killed. 2 B. R. C. 711. 
 
 Husband's right at common law to recover 
 funeral expenses caused by negligent 
 killing of wife. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1193. 
 
 FUNERAL SERVICES. 
 
 Lack of, as a criminal offense. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 211. 
 
 FURNACES. 
 
 As part of realty. 1 B. R. C. 972^ 
 
 •-»-• 
 
 FURNISHED HOUSES. 
 
 Implied covenant of fitness for purpose in- 
 tended. 33 L.E.A. 455. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 Promises as to future as fraud, see Fbatjd 
 AND Deceit, § 8. 
 
 Effect of provision that term of lease shall 
 commence in future. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1078. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 See Instjbance, § 219. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 FUTURE ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Mortgage or assignment of. 14 L.R.A. 126. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 FUTURE ACQUIRED PROPERTY. 
 Passing of, by deed, see Deeds, § 22. 
 
 *-—■ 
 
 FUTURE ADVANCES. 
 
 ■Security for, as participation by creditors 
 in debtor's fraudulent intent. 31 
 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 Keeping equitable mortgage alive after pay- 
 ment as security for. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 405. 
 
 Effect of recording within four months 
 period prescribed in bankruptcy act of 
 1898 of mortgage given for. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 144. 
 
 Estoppei to set up original obligee's breach 
 of condition to make future advances, 
 as against assignee of contract for pay- 
 ment of money, not protected by the 
 law merchant." 23 L.R.A. (N.S.I 178. 
 
INDEX TO L. 
 
 FUTURE CROPS. 
 
 Chattel mortgage on, see Chattel Mobt- 
 GAQE, § 11. 
 
 Sale of. 23 L.RJi.. 449. 
 
 FUTURE DAMAGES. 
 
 See Damages, § 119. 
 
 *—¥ 
 
 FUTURE DELIVERY. 
 
 Right to dividends on sale of corporate 
 stock for. 45 L.E.A. 394. 
 
 FUTURE EARNINGS. 
 
 Assignability of, see Assignment, § 6. 
 Mortgage of, see Chattel Mortgage, § 10. 
 Rights and liabilities of parties to mortgage 
 
 as to, see Mortgage, § 33. 
 Remedy for recovery of, see Master and 
 
 Servant, § 43a. 
 
 Garnishment of unearned salary. 20 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 912. 
 Equitable remedy to subject to judgment 
 
 after return of no property found. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 R.A. NOTES. 
 
 FUTURE ESTATES. 
 
 61S 
 
 In general, see Deeds, § 31 ; Wills, 
 §§ 99-102. 
 
 Adverse possession against owners of. 19 
 L.R.A. 839. 
 
 FUTURE PROFITS. 
 
 Loss of, as element of damages, see Dam- 
 ages, §§ 107-118. 
 
 FUTURES. 
 
 Validity of dealings in, see Contracts, 
 
 §§ 106, 116. 
 Relief from contracts as to futures, see 
 
 Contracts, § 116. 
 
 FUTURE WAGES. 
 
 Remedy for recovery of, see Masteb and 
 Servant, § 43a. 
 
 GAMBLING. 
 
 See Gaming. 
 
 GAMBLING DEVICE. 
 
 See Gaming, § 6. 
 
 As property within constitutional protec- 
 tion. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 394. 
 
 4 ■ » 
 
 GAME LAWS. 
 
 Constitutionality of, see Constitutional 
 
 Law, § 73. 
 As to fish, see Fisheries. 
 
 Of various states. 8 L.R.A. 448.* 
 
 As affecting interstate commerce. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 804.* 
 Validity of contract in violation of. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 612. 
 Discrimination against nonresidents in 
 
 granting license to take fish or game. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 285. 
 Regulation of sale or transportation of 
 
 game raised in captivity. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1155. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 GAME LAWS— cont'd 
 
 Nature and extent of right created by 
 private grant of hunting or fish- 
 ing privilege. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 299. 
 Hunting privilege. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 300. 
 Generally. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 300. 
 Affirmative rights of grantee. 40 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 300. 
 Interference by grantor. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 301. 
 Fishing privilege. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 302. 
 Generally. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 302. 
 General nature and incidents of 
 right. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 303. 
 Several fishery as including title to 
 soil. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 304. 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for viola- 
 tion of. 35 L.R.A. 572. 
 
 GAMES. 
 
 Fake game, see Fake Race. 
 Criminal liability for engaging in, see 
 Gaming. 
 
616 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 GAMES— cont'd 
 
 Prohibition of Sunday sports or games. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 830. 
 Larceny by fraudulent race or game. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 862; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1164; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 735. 
 Homicide while engaged in. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 383. 
 
 I. 
 II. 
 
 GAMING. 
 
 In general, § 1. 
 
 Criminal liability, §§ 3-8. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 CON- 
 CON- 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to betting, see Betting. 
 Validity of wagering contract, see 
 
 TRACTS, §§ 105, 106, 115, 116. 
 Enforcement of gaming contract, see 
 
 TRACTS, §§ 115, 116. 
 
 Recovery for goods sold to aid business of. 
 15 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 Effect of landlord's knowledge that tenant 
 intends to use premises for purposes of 
 gaming. 19 L.R.A.,(N.S.) 662. 
 
 II. Criminal liability. 
 
 % 2. Generally. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 317, 321. 
 
 Oral betting as a violation of statute 
 against bookmaking. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 479. 
 
 Effect of understanding that the loser is 
 to pay for game to bring it within stat- 
 utes against gambling. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 913. 
 
 Several offenses growing out of the same 
 facts. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 706. 
 
 As violation of Sunday laws. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 469. 
 / 
 
 § 3. Regulation or prohibition of. 
 
 Municipal res;ulation of, as a nuisance. 39 
 L.R.A. 523. 
 
 Power of state to prohibit or regulate horse 
 racing. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 905. 
 
 Offense of keeping a gaming house as af- 
 fected by restrictions on admission. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. 
 
 GAiVlING, II.— cont'd 
 § 5. Persons liable. 
 
 Criminal liability of children for. 36' 
 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 Liability of one party to an arrangement to 
 share profits from gambling for money 
 lost by a third person to the other 
 party. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 522. 
 
 Criminal liability for act of servant, agent, 
 or partner. 41 L.R.A. 659. 
 
 § 6. Gambling devices or apparatus. 
 
 Devices prohibited, see supra, § 4. 
 
 Right to compensation for destruction of 
 gaming apparatus. 19 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 Gambling device as property within consti- 
 tutional protection. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 394. 
 
 Card-game paraphernalia as a gambling de- 
 vice, within a statute against gaming. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1210. 
 
 § 7. Evidence. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for- 
 62 L.R.A. 328. 
 
 Necessity of instruction as to law on cir- 
 cumstantial evidence from possession of 
 stolen property. 69 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 § 8. Punisliment. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment of. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 572. 
 Power of municipality as well as state to 
 
 punish for. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 
 GANGKENE. 
 
 Liability of physician called to reduce frac- 
 ture for causing. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 752. 
 
 GARAGE. 
 
 Right of owner to lien. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 240. 
 
 Garage or stable as within restrictive cove- 
 nants in conveyances of real estate. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 730. 
 
 GARB. 
 
 Validity of rule forbidding religious garb 
 in school. 7 L.R.A. (N;S.) 402. 
 
 § 4. — games and devices prohibited. 
 
 Horse racing as a game within gambling 
 
 statutes. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 899; 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N:S.) 828. 
 Operation of slot machine as gambling. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 239; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.' 
 
 573; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 720. 
 Bucket shopas "place for gaming." 20 Municipal power over nuisance of, in street. 
 
 GARBAGE. 
 
 Municipal liability as to, 
 Corporations, § 78. 
 
 see MnNiciPAL 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 347. 
 Applicability to bucket shops of penal stat- 
 utes in relation to "games of hazard," 
 "gambling devices," etc. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 158. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 Injunction by municipality against nui- 
 sance of. 41 L.R.A. 324. 
 
 Monopoly in contract for removal of. 2T 
 L.R.A. 540. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every laic question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R_A.. XOTES. 
 
 ei7 
 
 GARBAGE- -cont'd 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to grant ex- 
 clusive right or create monopoly for re- 
 moval of. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 830. 
 
 Validity of contract with unlicensed scaven- 
 ger. 12 L.R.A.{N.S.) 617. 
 
 Scavengers as independent contractors. 65 
 L.R.A. 469, 488. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in scavenging work. 
 65 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 GARNISHMENT. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1, 3. 
 II. When lies, §§ 3-12. 
 
 a. In general, § 3. 
 
 b. Against whom, §§ 4-9. 
 
 c. What claims or property 
 
 subject to, §§ 10-lla. 
 
 d. Where deft garnishable, § 
 
 12. 
 
 III. Effect; rights and duties of gar- 
 nishee; priorities, §§ 13-18. 
 
 IT. Procedure; judgment; abatement; 
 injunction against, §§ 19-31. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 40, 41. 
 As condition precedent to equitable remedy 
 
 of creditors, see Cbeditors' Biii, § 2. 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §§ 44a, 
 
 60. 
 
 Release of indorser of note by failure to 
 take out garnishment against maker. 
 18 L.R.A.(ISr.S.) 550. 
 
 § 2. ATallablllty of defense of. 
 
 Availability of defense of, to maker against 
 transferee after maturity. 46 L.R.A. 
 778. 
 
 May one who procures a judgment garnish- 
 ing an indebtedness from a corporation 
 to his debtor avail himself of the rights 
 of the latter as against stockholders. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 230. 
 
 //. When lies, 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 5 3. Generally. 
 
 Right of garnishment as affected by ap- 
 pointment of foreign receiver. 23 L.R.A. 
 52. 
 
 ft. Against whom. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Against foreign corporation, see Corpoea- 
 
 TIONS, § 150. 
 
 Garnishment against receiver, see Re- 
 CEIVEES, § 25. 
 
 Right of plaintiff to summon or charge 
 himself as garnishee. 55 L.R.A. 353; 
 34L.R.A.(N.S.) 510. 
 Conjtult also L.R.A. Diaests to dat^. 
 
 GARNISHMENT, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Right to garnish fund in the hands of 
 oflicer to court after he has been or- 
 dered to pay same to party. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 759; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 720. 
 
 § 5. Corporate officer or agent for 
 corporate debt. 
 
 Differentiation. 36 L.R.A. 561. 
 Basic principles. 36 L.R.A. 561. 
 Application to agents. 36 L.R.A. 501. 
 Application to officers. 36 L.R.A. 563. 
 
 § 6. Carriers. 
 
 As to debts and ordinary bailments. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 600. 
 Application of ordinary garnishment 
 
 laws. 28 L,R.A. 600. 
 Test of garnishability. 28 L.R.A. 600. 
 As to property held for transportation. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 601. 
 While in actual transit. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 601. 
 Before and after actual transit. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 § 7. Executors or administrators. 
 
 Application of statutes to executors and ad- 
 ministrators. 47 L.R.A. 346. 
 General statement as to. 47 L.R.A. 346. 
 Application to claims against estates 
 
 generally. 47 L.R.A. 346. 
 Rule after estate is ready for distri- 
 bution. 47 L.R.A. 348. 
 General statutes as to attachment and 
 
 garnishment. 47 L.R.A. 350. 
 Statutes specifically applicable to ex- 
 ecutors and administrators. 47 
 L.R.A. 351. 
 Statutes as to attachment execution. 
 
 47 L.R.A. 354. 
 Statutes as to foreign attachment. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 356. 
 Statutes as to attachment of absent, 
 concealed, and absconding debtors. 
 47 L.R.A. 357. 
 Statute as to attachment of property 
 not capable of manual delivery. 47 
 L.R.A. 358. 
 Interest and possession necessary to sus- 
 tain. 47 L.R.A. 358. 
 Garnishment of husband's interest in wife's 
 legacy or distributive share. 47 L.R.A. 
 360. 
 Rule when the representative is the debtor. 
 
 47 L.R.A. 360. 
 Effect of trust conferred upon representa- 
 tive. 47 L.R.A. 361. 
 Set-off. 47 L.R.A. 363. 
 The judgment. 47 L.R.A. 364. 
 Exclusiveness of the remedy. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 365. 
 Right to garnish executor or administrator 
 for sum due from the estate to himself 
 in his own right. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1072. 
 Right to attach or garnish fund in hands of 
 personal representative, after direction 
 to pay same to party. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 759; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 720. 
 Garnishment of distributive shares and re- 
 siduary legacies before settlement. 59 
 L.R.A. 387. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 GARNISHMENT, II. b— cont'd 
 § 8. Guardians. 
 
 Garnisliment of guardian for debt of ward. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 706. 
 
 § 9. Counties. 
 
 Generally. 37 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 Cases holding the county liable. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 208. 
 Equitable relief. 37 L.R.A. 208. 
 Not subject if principal defendant could 
 
 not sue. 37 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 c. What claims or property subject to. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Of bank deposit, see Banks, § 14. 
 Of interest of heir, see Descent and Dis- 
 tribution, § 13. 
 Of expectancy, see Expectancy, § 4. 
 Of money in court, see Money in Couet, § 2. 
 Of legacy, see Wills, § 109. 
 As to exemptions, see Exemption, §§ 4-8. 
 
 Property in custody of law. 12 L.R.A. 508.* 
 Shares of stock in 'foreign corporation. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 797. 
 Stockholder's interest in corporation as sub- 
 ject of garnishment by his creditors. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1158. 
 
 Foreign railroad cars. 64 L.R.A. 501; 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 Property in transit. 2 L.R.A. 417.* 
 Money due from receiver. 26 L.R.A. 218. 
 Debt after delivery of cheek in payment. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 475. 
 
 Contents of sealed package or locked re- 
 
 oeptacle. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 764. 
 Funds of bankrupt's estate after order of 
 
 distribution. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1220. 
 Liability of alimony for debts. 32 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 270. 
 Injured employee's right to reach fund un- 
 der employers' liability policy. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 958. 
 Liability of fund held by mutual benefit 
 
 association to claims of creditors. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 235. 
 Right of creditors to garnish insurance 
 
 policy or its cash surrender value. 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 318. 
 Verdict before judgment. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 624. 
 
 § 10a. Salary or wages. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 44a. 
 
 Unearned salary. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 912. 
 
 Effect of assignment of unearned salary or 
 fees of public officer to put the same 
 when earned beyond the reach of cred- 
 itors. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 374. 
 
 Law governing exemption of wages from 
 garnishment. 67 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 § 11. Unliquidated claims. 
 
 Generally. 59 L.R.A. 353. 
 Claims in tort. 59 L.R.A. 355. 
 Claims on contract. 59 L.R.A. 359. 
 
 Damages from breach of definite con- 
 tract. 59 L.R.A. 359. 
 Contract to pay unliquidated amount. 
 59 L.R.A. 361. 
 
 Begin with this booTe on every law question. 
 
 GARNISHMENT, II. e— cont'd 
 
 Generally. 59 L.R.A. 36] . 
 Claims subject to lien. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 364. 
 Claims subject to forfeiture. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 365. 
 Claims subject to estimate. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 365. 
 Claims on unadjusted insurance 
 
 losses. 59 L.R.A. 366. 
 Claims to surplus on pledge. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 368. 
 Claims to surplus on deposit. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 369. 
 Claims to surplus on chattel moi-t- 
 
 gage. 59 L.R.A. 370. 
 Claims to surplus on assignment 
 for creditors. 59 L.R.A. 372. 
 Claims on quantum meruit. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 374. 
 Claims to support. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 374. 
 Claims payable in goods. 59 L.R.A. 
 375. 
 Claims on unsettled accounts. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 376. 
 Partnership claims. 59 L.R.A. 377. 
 Unliquidated claims in equity. 59 L.R.A. 
 384. 
 Equitable claims generally. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 384. 
 Claims under trusts. 59 L.E.A. 385. 
 Distributive shares and residuary legacies, 
 
 before settlement. 59 L.R.A. 387. 
 Setoff or recoupment of unliquidated 
 claims. 59 L.R.A. 389. 
 
 § 11a. Future interests. 
 
 Garnishment of distributive shares in dece- 
 dent's estate before settlement. 59 
 L.R.A. 387. 
 
 Garnishment of husband's interest in wife's 
 legacy or distributive share jn dece- 
 dent's estate. 47 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 d. Where debt garnishable. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 Situs of debt for purpose of jurisdiction. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 715. 
 Place of payment of debt as aiTecting juris- 
 diction to garnish same. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 608; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 264. 
 Protection of nonresident creditor against 
 ^ garnishment. 19 L.R.A. 577. 
 Effect of statutory exemption in other 
 
 state. 19 L.E.A. 578. 
 Effect of judgment against garnishee. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 579. 
 Duty of garnishee to set up exemption 
 of principal debtor. 19 L.R.A. 
 580. 
 Injunction against garnishment in an- 
 other state. 19 L.R.A. 580. 
 Action for loss of exemption by garnishment 
 
 in another state. 19 L.R.A. 580. 
 Domicil of debtor. 67 L.R.A. 209. 
 State, other than his domicil, where debtor 
 
 temporarily present. 67 L.R.A. 213. 
 State where foreign corporations en 
 in business. 67 L.R.A. 214. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 619 
 
 GARNISHMENT, II. d— cont'd 
 Conflict of jurisdiction. 67 L.R.A. 220. 
 Exemptions. 67 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 HI. Effect; rights and duties of gar- 
 nishee; priorities. 
 
 § IS. Effect of garnishment. 
 
 On suit in otlier court. 42 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 Garnisliment not prosecuted to judgment as 
 a conclusive election of remedies. 34 
 L.RA.{N.S.) 309. 
 
 Recovery of judgment for exempt claim 
 pending garnishment proceedings in an- 
 other state. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1154. 
 
 § 14. Effect of judgment. 
 
 Effect of judgment against garnishee to 
 merge or satisfy liability of principal 
 debtor. 47 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Discharge of principal in garnishment as re- 
 lief of surety on bond filed on dissolu- 
 tion of process. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 234. 
 
 Judgment in favor of garnishee, as res ju- 
 dicata. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 604. 
 
 § 15. Effect of payment. 
 
 Payment by bank under garnishment of de- 
 posit, to party other than depositor, but 
 of same name. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 248. 
 
 § 16. Rights of garnishee. 
 
 Right of garnishee to question validity of 
 .attachment. 35 L.R.A. 769. 
 
 Right of one garnished in respect of prop- 
 erty wrongfully taken from the debtor, 
 to set off his own claim against the 
 latter. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1185. 
 
 § 17. Duty of garnishee. 
 
 Duty of garnishee to set up exemption of 
 principal debtor. 19 L.R.A. 577.* 
 
 § 18. Priorities. 
 
 Priority in relation to foreign assignment 
 by insolvent. 23 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 Right of bank as against garnishing creditor 
 to set off unmatured claim against de- 
 posit of debtor. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 811. 
 
 IV. Procedure; judgment; abatement; 
 injunction against, 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Injunction against judgment, see Injunc- 
 tion, § 60. 
 
 Service on foreign corporation in garnish- 
 ment eases. 23 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 § 20. Judgment. 
 
 Effect of, see supra, § 14. 
 
 Injunction against judgments in. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 360. 
 Right of garnishee to have judgment, not 
 
 against him, set aside. 54 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 § 21. Abatement of proceedings. 
 
 Bv dissolution or expiration of charter of 
 
 corporation. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 449. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date.' 
 
 GAS. 
 
 /. In general, §§ l-i. 
 I. Compulsory service; shutting off 
 suppUj, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 III. Rates; payment of rentals; meters, 
 
 §§ 7-10. 
 
 IV. lAahility for negligence in escape 
 
 and explosion of gas, §§ 11- li. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 74. 
 
 Gas pipes in street, see Highways, § 22. 
 
 Death of insured from inhaling, see Insur- 
 ance, § ]61a. 
 
 Natural gas, see Mines, §§ 33-38. 
 
 Power of municipality as to, see Municipal 
 
 COEPOEATIONS, § 32. 
 
 As dangerous agency, see Negligence, § 14. 
 
 Corporation supplying, as a manufacturing 
 company. 64 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 Duty and right of municipality to reim- 
 burse gas company for expenses en- 
 tailed in connection with laying or 
 repairing of gas pipes. 6 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1027. 
 
 Regulating keeping or storing of. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 461. 
 
 Right of municipality to make profit from 
 its lighting plant. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 290. 
 
 § 2. Municipal contract with respect 
 to. 
 
 Period covered by contract to supply mu- 
 nicipality with. 16 L.R.A. 258. 
 
 Delegation of municipal power as to con- 
 tracting for gas. 20 L.R.A. 726. 
 
 § 3. Nuisance by. 
 
 Gas plant as a nuisance. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 466. 
 Injunction by municipality against gas 
 
 company for maintaining nuisance. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 821. 
 
 § 4. Taxation of property. 
 
 Property of gas company as real estate for 
 
 purposes of taxation. 15 L.R.A. 299. 
 Location of franchise of gas company for 
 
 purposes of taxation. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 174. 
 Exemption of municipal light plant from 
 
 taxation. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 II. Compulsory service; shutting off 
 supply. 
 
 § 5. Compulsory service. 
 
 Compulsory service by gas company. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 322. 
 Right of lighting company furnishing two 
 
 kinds of service to refuse to furnish 
 
 one kind of light without the other. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1078. 
 
 § 6. Shutting off supply. 
 
 Right to stop supply of gas for default in 
 payment. 14 L.R.A. 669. 
 
620 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 GAS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Liability for damages caused by shutting 
 off water or gas from premises. 21 
 L.K.A.(N.S.) 468. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 cutting off supply of gas from prem- 
 ises. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 588. 
 
 III. Rates; 'payment of rentals; meters. 
 
 § 7. Bates. 
 
 Right of gas company whose rates are fixed 
 by public authorities to establish a 
 minimum charge. 26 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 1109. 
 
 Eight to exact charge In addition to maxi- 
 mum rental for delay in payment. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 329. 
 
 Right of water or light company to dis- 
 criminate between consumers as to rate. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 674. 
 
 § 8. — regulating and fixing rates. 
 
 Legislative regulation of rates charged for. 
 33 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 Allowance for depreciation in plant in fix- 
 ing rates. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1209. 
 
 Business of supplying, affected with a pub- 
 lic interest subjecting company to 
 regulation and control in respect to 
 rates or prices. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 835. 
 
 Power of municipality to fix gas rates as 
 an incident of its power to authorize 
 the laying of gas mains. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1197. 
 
 Power of municipality apart from contract 
 to regulate rates to be charged by gas 
 company. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 759. 
 
 Right to question reasonableness of statu- 
 tory rate for gas. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 763. 
 
 § 9. Payment of rentals. 
 
 Discrimination by gas company by requir- 
 ing payment of rental in advance. 31 
 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 315. 
 
 Right of gas company to exact security of 
 consumer or require payment rentals 
 in advance. 19 L.R.A.{N.S.) 693; 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 
 Recovery back of excessive payments made 
 to company. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 
 § 10. Meters. 
 
 Rules of gas company respecting meters. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 492. 
 
 IV. Iitability for negligence in escape 
 
 and explosion of gas. 
 
 § II. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for destruction of 
 standing timber by. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 246. 
 
 § 12. Liability of gas company. 
 
 Liability of gas company for negligence in 
 escape or explosion of gas. 29 
 L.R.A. 337; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 809. 
 
 Begin with thii^ hooJr on every law question. 
 
 GAS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Generally. 29 L.R.A. 337; 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 809. 
 Maintenance and inspection of existing 
 equipment. 32 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 810. 
 Instrumentalities exclusively with- 
 in company's control. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 810. 
 Instrumentalities on consumer's 
 premises. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 812. 
 Care in active operations. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 814. 
 Consi;ruction and repair of lines. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 814. 
 Operation on consumer's premises. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 815. 
 Regulation of pressure. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 817. 
 Effect of notice of leaks. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 358; 32 L.R.A.(N.8.) 817. 
 Effect of intervening acts or omissions 
 of others. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 819. 
 Proximate cause generally. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 819. 
 Acts or omissions of third persons. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 820. 
 Acts or omissions of plaintiff or 
 person injured. 29 L.R.A. 
 352; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 821. 
 Failure to inspect unoccupied 
 premises. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 821. 
 Remaining within inclosure, 
 or omitting to act, with 
 knowledge of presence of 
 gas. 32L.R.A.(N.S.) 82] . 
 Tampering with instrumentali- 
 ties or adjusting fixtures. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 823. 
 Searching for leak with open 
 light. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 825. 
 Legislative and municipal control. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 342. 
 Evidence. 29 L.R.A. 342. 
 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. 342. 
 Burden of proof. 29 L.R.A. 345. 
 Expert testimony. 29 L.R.A. 345. 
 Sufficient to establish negligence. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 346. 
 Insufficient to establish negligence. 29 
 350. 
 Questions for, and instructions to,, the jury. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 354. 
 Effect of contributing causes. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 356. 
 Effect of negligence of third person. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 357. 
 Act of fellow servant. 29 L.R.A. 358. 
 As between landlord and tenant. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 358. 
 Rights of the owner of the reversion. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 359. 
 Gas generated by accident. 29 L.R.A. 359. 
 Right of action over. 29 L.R.A. 359. 
 Liability for turning, into sewer. 15 L.R.-* 
 (N.S.) 957. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 621 
 
 GAS, IV.-<ont'd 
 
 Liability for injury caused by escape of 
 gas stored on one's premises. 15 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 537. 
 
 Liability for injury to trees by gas es- 
 caping from pipes or mains. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 890. 
 
 § 13. Liability of employer. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to servant 
 from gas arising from substances 
 handled by him. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 679. 
 
 Employer's liability for explosion from gas 
 escaping through independent contract- 
 or's negligence. 65 L.R.A. 852. 
 
 19 
 
 § 14. Liability of insurer. 
 
 Liability of insurer for loss caused by, 
 L.E.A. 594; 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 474. 
 
 Effect of escape and explosion of gas on 
 insurer's liability. 29 L.E.A. 359. 
 
 # »» 
 
 GASOLENE. 
 
 Eestrictions as to transportation of gaso- 
 lene carried by automobiles. 1 L.E.A. 
 {N.S.) 223. 
 
 GAS STOVES. 
 
 As fixtures. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 699. 
 
 GAS TANK. 
 
 Power to make use of property for pur- 
 pose of, conditional upon consent of 
 neighbors. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 978. 
 
 GATES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Injunction as to, see Injunction, §§ 76, 77. 
 In railroad fence, see Eaileoads, § 41. 
 
 Injunction to compel or prevent the erec- 
 tion, maintenance, or removal of. 7 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 
 Violation of police ordinance as to, as 
 ground for private action. 5 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 246. 
 
 Duty to keep gates in railroad fence closed. 
 49 L.E.A. 625. 
 
 Enjoining interference with fences or gates 
 as waste. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 86. 
 
 § 2. On cars. 
 
 Duty to, and negligence of, passenger at- 
 tempting to board car when gate is 
 closed. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 
 Duty to provide gates on street cars or 
 interurban cars and keep them closed. 
 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 346. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 GATES— cont'd 
 
 § 3. Effect of, on easement. 
 
 Leaving bars or gates for convenience of 
 neighbor as affecting acquisition of 
 easement of way by prescription. 35 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 941. 
 
 Abandonment or loss of private way by 
 obstruction thereof by gates. 22 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 886, 888, 891. 
 
 GENERAL AGENT. 
 
 Authority of general agent to receive pay- 
 ment where security is not in his pos- 
 session. 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 415. 
 
 GENERAL AVERAGE. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of. 66 L.E.A. 234. 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 GENERAL CREDITORS. 
 
 See also Debtor and Cbeditob; Fbaudu- 
 LENT Conveyances. 
 
 Eight to question validity of attachment. 
 35 L.E.A. 769. 
 
 GENERAL DAMAGES. 
 
 Set-off of, against damages in eminent do- 
 main proceedings, see Damages, § 93. 
 
 GENERAL DENIAL. 
 
 See Pl,EADiNG, § 38. 
 
 GENERAL LEGACIES. 
 See Wills, §§ 123, 127, 128. 
 
 ♦-»-♦ 
 
 GENERAL LEGISLATION. 
 
 See Statutes, §§ 15-18. 
 
 GENERAL MANAGER. 
 
 As vice principal. 51 L.R.A. 550, 555. 
 Time for which contract of employment 
 
 may be made for corporation by. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 473. 
 
C-22 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 GENERAL WELFARE. 
 
 Power of municipality to punish under gen- 
 eral welfare clause what is also an 
 offense under state law. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 63. 
 
 GENERIC NAME. 
 
 Right to use generic name substantially 
 similar to that used by another as a 
 trademark or tradename as affected by 
 difference in appearance in other re- 
 spects. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 734. 
 
 GENEVA AWARD. 
 
 See Alabama Claims. 
 
 GENUINENESS. 
 
 Of handwriting, evidence as to, see Evi- 
 dence, §§ 19S-205. 
 
 Guaranty by surety of genuineness of other 
 signatures, see Pkikoipal and Surett, 
 § 7. 
 
 Implied warranty of, by one transferring 
 without indorsement check or note of 
 third person. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 
 Necessity of proof of genuineness of reply 
 letter. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229. 
 
 » « » 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL FACTS. 
 
 Judicial notice of, see Evidence, § 10. 
 
 ♦-»♦ 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL NAME. 
 
 Right to protection in use of, as tradename, 
 etc. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 73. 
 
 Unfair competition in use of combination 
 of geographical name with numeral. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1040. 
 
 Eight to use geographical name as a trade- 
 mark or tradename when already used 
 by another as affected by difference in 
 appearance in other respects. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 733. 
 
 GERMAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 Publication in. 14 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 GERMINATING POWER. 
 
 Warranty of germinating power on sale of 
 seeds. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 81. 
 
 GERMINATING POWER— cont'd 
 Measure of damages where seed sold does 
 not contain germinating power. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 
 GERRYMANDER. 
 
 Validity of apportionment of representa- 
 tives. 15 L.R.A. 561. 
 
 GESTATION. 
 
 Necessity that increase of animals be in 
 gestation at time of execution of chat- 
 tel mortgage in order to be covered 
 thereby. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 203. 
 
 GESTURES. 
 
 As provocation for homicide. 4 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 154. 
 
 GHOSTS. 
 
 Effect of belief in, on capacity to make will 
 or deed. 16 L.R.A. 678. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 GIFT. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-9. 
 II. Causa mortis, §10. 
 
 III. Validity generally; incomplete 
 
 gift; delivery; effect, §§ 11-15. 
 
 IV, Revocability and forfeiture of, § 
 
 16. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Adverse possession between donor and donee, 
 see Adverse Possession, § 5. 
 
 Of bank deposit, see Banks, §§ 12, 12a. 
 
 Between husband and wife, see Husband 
 and Wipe, §§ 49-51. 
 
 Improvements under oral contract of, see 
 Impeovements, § 13. 
 
 Of public money, see Pobmc Money. 
 
 Succession tax on, see Taxes, VI. 
 
 By will, see Wills, V. 
 
 Defined. 6 L.R.A. 403.* 
 Under the civil law. 11 L.R.A. 687.» 
 Of chose in action. 11 L.R.A. 686.* 
 By implication. 11 L.R.A. 684.* 
 Distinguished from advancement. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 567.* 
 Power to sell as authorizing gift. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 754.* 
 Inter vi9os; what constitutes. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 515.* 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 623 
 
 GIFT, I.— cont'd 
 
 Liability of alleged pauper or his estate to 
 
 pay for gifts obtained on ground of 
 
 poverty. 35 L.R.A. aTO. 
 Articles intended for gifts as baggage for 
 
 which carrier is responsible. 21 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 850. 
 
 § 2. Of corporate stock. 
 
 See CoRPOKA TICKS, § 84. 
 
 § 3. By promissory note. 
 
 Note as subject of gift by maker. 27 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 308. 
 
 Gift inter vims. 26 L.E.A. 305. 
 
 Gift causa mortis. 20 L.E.A. 305. 
 
 Cases recognizing the validity of the gift. 
 26 L.E.A. 305. 
 
 Consideration. 26 L.E.A. 306. 
 
 Subscriptions. 26 L.E.A. 307. 
 
 In other jurisdictions. 26 L.R.A. 308. 
 
 Sealed note. 26 L.R.A. 308. 
 
 May a promissory note executed by a par- 
 ent to a child be the subject of a valid 
 gift by the former to the latter. 7 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 156. 
 
 § 4. Of check. 
 
 Generally. 18 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 Check or draft on person other than bank- 
 er. 18 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 Gift of third person's cheek. 18 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 Gifts inter vivos. 18 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 Check as subject of gift by maker. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 308. 
 
 § 5. Of real property. 
 
 As basis of adverse possession. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 835. 
 Parol gift as conveyance. 67 L.E.A. 461. 
 Degree of proof necessary to establish parol 
 
 gift of real estate. 9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 508. 
 
 § 6. Between persons in confidential 
 relations. 
 
 Between husband and wife, see Husband 
 AND Wife, §§ 49-51. 
 
 Independent advice as a condition of a 
 valid gift inter vivos between parties 
 occupying confidential relations. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1087. 
 
 May a promissory note executed by a par- 
 ent to a child be the subject of a valid 
 gift by the former to the latter. 7 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 156. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to un- 
 due influence respecting gifts inter 
 vivos from parent to child. 35 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 944. 
 
 § 7. By or In fraud of married woman. 
 
 Between husband and wife, gee Husband 
 AND Wife, §§ 49-51. 
 
 Eight of married woman to make gift of 
 personal property without consent of 
 husband. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 769. 
 
 Of husband's personal property in fraud of 
 wife. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 774; 21 L.E.A. 
 (NJ3.) 533. 
 Consult aUo L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 GIFT, I.— cont'd 
 § 8. To mistress. 
 
 Character of presumption as to undue in- 
 fluence in gift or bequest to. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 554; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 477. 
 
 § 9. Who takes under. 
 
 Who takes under gift to "husband," "wife,"' 
 or "widow." 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816. 
 Where former relation terminated by 
 death. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 817. 
 Insurance cases. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 825. 
 Where former relation terminated by 
 divorce or separation. 33 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 826. , 
 Insurance cases. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 827. 
 
 //. Causa mortis, 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Gausa mortis, generally. 3 L.E.A. 230;* 
 7 L.R.A. 439;* 11 L.E.A. 684.* 
 
 What is a gift causa mortis. 11 L.R.A. 
 684.* 
 
 Requisites of gift causa mortis. 6 L.E.A. 
 367.* 
 
 Gift of promissory note causa, .mortis. 26 
 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 Sufficiencv of constructive delivery to sus- 
 tain." 18 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 ///. Validity generally; incomplete gift; 
 delivery; effect. 
 
 § 11. Validity generally. 
 
 Delivery as essential to gift, see infra, §§ 
 13, 14. 
 
 Gift enterprise, see Gift Enteepeise. 
 
 Effect of invalidity of gift because of vio- 
 lation of rule against perpetuities, see 
 Perpetuities, § 3. 
 
 Validity of gift to unincorporated charity. 
 32 L.R.A. 625. 
 
 Gift as a fraud on contract to will prop- 
 erty. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1154. 
 
 Validity of provision that money shall be 
 payable only to obligee and not to his 
 estate. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1239. 
 
 Bribery by gift to public. 14 L.E.A. 62. 
 
 § 12. Incomplete gift. 
 
 Delivery as essential to gift, see infra, 
 §§ 13, 14. 
 
 Effect of mere agreement to give. 11 L.E.A. 
 685.* 
 
 Effect of mere intention to give. 6 L.E.A. 
 404;* 11 L.E.A. 685.* 
 
 What necessary to complete. 5 L.E.A. 71;* 
 6 L.E.A. 367.* 
 
 Subsequent lunacy of donor as affecting in- 
 complete gift. 34 L.E.A. 297. 
 
 § 13. Delivery. 
 
 In case of gift of bank deposit, see Banks, 
 § 12a. 
 
 Necessity of delivery. 1 L.E.A. 535;* 6 
 
 L.E.A. 404;* 11 L.E.A. 684.* 
 Necessity of present delivery. 5 L.E.A. 71.» 
 
H24 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 GIFT, III— cont'd 
 
 How and by whom delivery made. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 684.* 
 Delivery to third person for use of donee. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 536.* 
 Necessity of actual delivery of certificate 
 
 to complete gift of shares of stock. 
 
 29 L.E.A.(N.S.) 166. 
 Sufficiency of constructive delivery to sus- 
 tain gift causa mortis. 18 L.R.A. 170. 
 Transfer of key to receptacle as delivery 
 of possession sustaining gift of con- 
 tents. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 
 Property not in immediate presence or 
 control. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 903. 
 
 Transfer of keys to third parties. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.)' 904. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 905. 
 Retention or resumption of possession by 
 
 donor as affecting gift. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 219. 
 
 § 14. Undelivered written transfer or 
 assignment as. 
 
 Unsealed instruments. 21 L.R.A. 693. 
 Sealed instruments. 21 L.R.A. 694. 
 Delivery sufficient. 21 L.R.A. 695. 
 Delivery insufficient. 21 L.R.A. 695. 
 Effect of recording. 21 L.R.A. 696. 
 English decisions. 21 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 § 15. Effect. 
 
 Effect of receipt of gratuity to mitigate 
 damages for personal injury. 67 L.R.A. 
 90. 
 
 Gift by testator as ademption of general 
 legacy to donee. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 588. 
 
 As ground for attachment. 30 L.R.A. 476. 
 
 Does donor's expectation that donee will 
 allow him to share in the benefit of 
 the property raise an implied trust to 
 that effect. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1043. 
 
 Eight of donor or his heirs to enforce prop- 
 er administration of charitable trust. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 
 IT. Revocability and forfeiture of. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Revocability of. 11 L.R.A. 687;* 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 285. 
 Forfeiture of. 13 L.R.A. 698,* 
 Retention or resumption of possession by 
 
 donor as affecting gift. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 219. 
 
 GIFT ENTERPRISE. 
 
 As a lottery. 7 L.R.A. 600;* 12 L.E.A. 
 
 89.* 
 Guessing contest as lottery. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 609. 
 
 GIN. 
 
 GIN— cont'd 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of cotton sold at 
 
 gin out of larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 33. 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 Validity of contract to pay in, see CoN- 
 TEACTS, § 89. 
 
 Entry of judgment for. 29 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Production of, as a public purpose for 
 which the right of eminent domain 
 may be exercised. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 616. 
 
 GONG. 
 
 Frightening of horse by street car gong. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 286; 34 L.R.A. 485. 
 Violation of police ordinances requiring 
 
 sounding of gongs on street cars as 
 
 ground for private action. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 252. 
 
 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 See also Good Condtjct. 
 Reduction of punishment for, see Cbimiwm» 
 Law, § 81. 
 
 ■* » » 
 
 GOOD CHARACTER. 
 
 See Chabactee. 
 
 *-»-♦ • 
 
 GOOD CONDUCT. 
 
 See also Good Behavioe. 
 
 Right of court to control discretion vested 
 by will in one person to determine 
 whether or when another is fit to re- 
 ceive legacy or devise. 25 L.R.A. 
 ' (N.S.) 421. 
 
 Will court determine whether condition in 
 devise or bequest as to conduct of bene- 
 ficiary has been satisfied where that 
 duty has been imposed on no one 
 else. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 424. 
 
 GOOD FAITH. 
 
 As intoxicating liquor. 20 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 Begin with, tHis hoolr. on every law question. 
 
 % 1. Generally. 
 
 Of transferee of negotiable paper, see Bills 
 
 and Notes, §§ 38-42. 
 As defense to criminal prosecution, see 
 
 Criminal Law, § 12. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, §§ 47, 51. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 625 
 
 GOOD FAITH-cont'd 
 
 Lack of jurisdiction or of legal grounds of 
 criminal prosecution as affecting lia- 
 bility for false imprisonment of a com- 
 plainant who acts in good faith. 18 
 L.R.A. 356. 
 
 Of creditor with respect to management and 
 collection of collateral. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 716. 
 
 As essential element of adverse possession 
 of land. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1248. 
 
 § 2. In contractual matters. 
 
 In corporate matters, see infra, § 5. 
 
 Necessity of good faith on part of broker 
 to entitle him to commissions where 
 purchaser procured by him is financial- 
 ly unable to perform. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1174. 
 
 Effect of evidence of, on mortgage of mer- 
 chandise giving mortgagor possession 
 with power of sale. 18 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 Right to maintain action to recover prop- 
 erty in specie against one who has 
 parted with it in good faith. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1268, 1272. 
 
 Validity of agreement to marry between 
 parties, one of whom is already mar- 
 ried, where other partv acts in good 
 faith. 1 B. R. C. 917. 
 
 Right to compensation for improvement on 
 land made in good faith under oral 
 contract or gift. 53 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Good faith as affecting liability for inter- 
 ference with contract relations. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 749; 1 B. R. C. 18. 
 
 Of contractor in attempting to comply with 
 requirements of building contract. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 337. 
 
 § 3. — in respect to compromise. 
 
 Compromise of controversy submitted in 
 
 good faith. 15 L.R.A. 439. 
 Effect of, on validity of compromise of void, 
 
 invalid, or unfounded claim. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 280. 
 
 § 4. — of vendor. 
 
 Effect of vendor's good faith on right to 
 rescind contract for sale of land for 
 misrepresentations as to its location. 
 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 305. 
 
 Exercising of, on resale of goods to fix dam- 
 ages for purchaser's refusal to accept. 
 42 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 682. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of contract 
 to convey real estate as affected by 
 good faith of vendor. 16. L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 771. 
 
 g 5. In corporate matters. 
 
 Of foreign corporation. 24 L.R.A. 291. 
 
 Necessity, for, between members of syndi- 
 cate. 40 L.R.A. 218. 
 
 In transfer of stock to relieve from liabil- 
 ity for unpaid subscriptions. 47 L.R.A. 
 262. 
 
 Liability as between corporation and one 
 acting in good faith to wliom it issues 
 new certificate of stock on forged au- 
 thority. 2 B. R. C. 528. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Vigests to date, 
 
 GOOD HEALTH. 
 
 Condition for delivery of insurance policy 
 during, see Insueanoe, § 91, 
 
 GOOD ORDER. 
 
 Municipal control over nuisance affecting, 
 see Municipal Corpobations, § 40. 
 
 Injunction against nuisances affecting. 41 
 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 GOODS. 
 
 See Peesc-.-ial Peopeett. 
 
 ♦-•-o- 
 
 GOOD TIME. 
 
 Effect of good behavior on extent of punish- 
 ment, see Good Behaviob. 
 
 GOOD WILL. 
 
 40 
 
 1. Generally. 
 
 As to express contracts, ancillary to sale of 
 business, restricting right to engage in 
 similar business, see Contbacts, 
 §§ 107-109, 117, 118. 
 
 As property; must pertain to established 
 -business; as subject of transfer. 3 
 L.R.A. 769;* 13 L.R.A. 380.* 
 
 Loss of profits of sale or purchase of, as 
 damages. 52 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 Taxation of, as part of capital stock. 58 
 L.R.A. 566. 
 
 § 2. Transfer of, and its effect. 
 
 Implied covenant in sale of. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 770.* 
 Of partnership. 3 L.R.A. 769.* 
 Rights of partners after sale and purchase 
 
 of good will. 3 L.R.A. 770.* 
 Right of one selling good will of professional 
 practice to solicit patronage of former 
 clients. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1200. 
 Sale of business and good will as a limita- 
 tion upon vendor's right to engage 
 in competing business. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 762. 
 Right to use similar name. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 765. 
 Sale under mortgage or bankruptcy pro- 
 ceedings. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 765. 
 Vendor's right to hold himself out as 
 successor of business sold. 19 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 766. 
 Vendor's right to solicit custom from 
 patrons of business sold. 19 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 767. 
 
626 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 GOOD WILI^— cont'd 
 
 Effect on right of individual partners of 
 sale by firm of good will of business 
 with or without an agreement not to 
 engage in the same business. 19 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 769. 
 
 § 3. Effect of transfer of business. 
 
 What articles will pass as appurtenances on 
 sale of business plant. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 795. 
 
 Does good will pass with transfer of busi- 
 ness without specific mention. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1077. 
 
 Devise or bequest of property as passing 
 good will with business conducted in 
 connection therewith. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 240. 
 
 § 4. Dissolution of firm. 
 
 Powers of partners as to, after dissolution, 
 see Paetnership, § 33. 
 
 § 5. Name of business establishment 
 as part of; 
 
 In general. 15 L.R.A. 462. 
 
 On dissolution of partnership. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 463. 
 By death. 15 L.R.A. 463. 
 Upon dissolution in other cases. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 463. 
 Appropriation of name on dissolution 
 
 without any transfer of good will. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 464. 
 Statutes as to continuing firm name. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 466. 
 
 GOVERNMENT PROPERTY. 
 
 Municipal assessment of. 23 L.R.A. 810. 
 
 ■ — ■ .«-•-» 
 
 GOVERNOR. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Mandamus to, see Mandamus, § 6. 
 
 Power of court to review action of, in 
 
 removing officer. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 Mandamus to compel restoration to office 
 
 of one who has been illegally removed. 
 
 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 Certification of copies of records by, for 
 
 use in other state. 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 959. 
 
 § 2. Powers. 
 
 In enactment of statutes, see Statutes, 
 §§ 5, 6. 
 
 To employ counsel for the state. 55 L.E.A. 
 493. 
 
 To adjourn legislature. 22 L.R.A. 716. 
 
 To proclaim and maintain martial law. 65 
 L.R.A. 195. 
 
 To disband militia. 23 L.R.A. 510. 
 
 Power of, in exercise of power to suppress 
 insurrection, to authorize arrest and 
 detention of persons without turning 
 them over to the civil authorities. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 979. 
 
 § 3. Vacancy In office of. 
 
 How far sickness constitutes a vacancy in 
 office authorizing performance of the 
 duties of the office by another. 25 
 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Bonds of, see Bonds, III. 
 
 Governmental control over carriers, see 
 
 Carbieks, V. 
 Governmental control and regulation of 
 
 corporations generally, see Cobpoba- 
 
 noNS, § 12. 
 Governmental control over right of fishery, 
 
 see Fisheries, § 4. 
 Commission form of, see Municipal Cobpo- 
 
 rations, § 8. 
 Priority of claims by or against, see 
 
 Priority, § 3. 
 Diversion of water by, see Waters, § 52. 
 Political bodies and divisions, see Coun- 
 ties ; Municipal Corporations ; 
 
 State; Towns; United States. 
 
 Interference by, as excuse for nonperform- 
 ance of contract. 14 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 Situs of claims against, for purposes of ad- 
 ministration. 24 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 GOVERNMENT POST. 
 
 Right of occupant of, to acquire residence 
 as voter. 23 L.R.A. 215; 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 168. 
 
 GRACE. 
 
 Days of, see Days op Grace. 
 « ■ » 
 
 GRADE. 
 
 Change of, see Highways, §§ 52, 53. 
 
 •-»-♦ 
 
 GRADE CROSSINGS. 
 
 Abolishing of, see Railroads, § 32. 
 
 GRADUATION. 
 
 Of license fee, see License, § 49. 
 
 Begin with this 'boole on every law question. 
 
 GRAFT. 
 
 Charge of "graft" as libel per »e. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 497. 
 
INDEX TO I,.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 627 
 
 GRAFT— cont'd 
 
 Libel in charging public official with graft 
 
 in public contracts. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 498. 
 
 GRAIN. 
 
 Liability of warehouseman for injury to, 
 by weevil. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1114. 
 
 Sufficiency of selection of part out of larger 
 lot sold. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 Express warranty as to quality as exclud- 
 ing implied warranty. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 505. 
 
 Right to grain growing in highway. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1053. 
 
 Delegation by legislature to railroad com- 
 mission of power as to inspection of. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 652. 
 
 Effect of Illinois grain regulations on duty 
 of carrier to deliver car at consignee's 
 p.iice of business. 41 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 6S0. 
 
 # « » 
 
 GRAIN ELEVATOR. 
 
 See Elevators, § 1. 
 
 ♦-»-♦ 
 
 GRAMMATICAIi DEFECT. 
 
 Effect of, in certificate of acknowledgment, 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 643. 
 
 GRANDCHILDREN. 
 
 See also Geandpabents. 
 
 Implied agreement to pay for services ren- 
 dered to. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 882. 
 
 Rights of surviving grandchildren under 
 homestead and exemption laws. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 
 Oral promise by, to grandparents conveying 
 to them in trust as giving rise to con- 
 structive trust. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 926. 
 
 #-•-♦ 
 
 GRANDFATHER. 
 
 See Geandpabents. 
 
 •-•-♦ = 
 
 GRAND JURY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 
 CONSTITITTIONAL LAW, § 153. 
 
 Continuance of, see Continuance, § 4. 
 As to indictment by, generally, see Indict- 
 ment, etc. 
 Oath to, see Oath, § 2. 
 Oath to officers in charge of, see Oath, § 2. 
 Witnesses before, see Witnesses, § 2. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 GRAND JURY— cont'd 
 
 What is an infamous crime within consti- 
 tutional requirement as to grand jury. 
 
 17 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 Fact that trial juror was member of the 
 grand jury as ground for new trial. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 478. 
 
 Right of indicted person to inspect min- 
 utes of grand jury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 558. 
 
 Necessity of bringing indictment into open 
 court by. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 684. 
 
 Admissibility in criminal case of state- 
 ments or confessions made by accused 
 before. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 533. 
 
 May perjury be predicated of false testi- 
 mony before grand jury on matters im- 
 material to the issue. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1192. 
 
 Disclosure by grand juror of evidence given 
 before grand jury as a contempt. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1049. 
 
 § 2. Organization of. 
 
 Pleading and practice, generally. 27 L.R.A. 
 776. 
 
 Mode. 27 L.R.A. 776. 
 
 Party. 27 L.R.A. 777. 
 
 Time. 27 L.R.A. 777. 
 Writ; summons; officer. 27 L.R.A. 778. 
 
 Precept; venire. 27 L.R.A. 778. 
 
 Form. 27 L.R.A. 778. 
 
 Seal. 27 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 Officer. 27 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 Oath. 27 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 Summons; service; return. 27 L.R.A. 
 779. 
 
 Name. 27 L.R.A. 780. 
 
 Time. 27 L.R.A. 780. 
 Excusing and completing panel. 27 L.R.A. 
 780. 
 
 Discharging and excusing from panel. 
 27 L.R.A. 780. 
 
 Power to complete panel. 27 L.R.A. 
 780. 
 
 Class. 27 L.E.A. 781. 
 Drawing. 27 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 Irregularities. 27 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 Certificate. 27 L.R.A. 782. 
 
 Manner. 27 L.R.A. 782. 
 Mode. 27 L.R.A. 782. 
 Machinery. 27 L.R.A. 782. 
 
 Notice. 27 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Number. 27 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Name. 27 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Officers. 27 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Oath to officers. 27 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 Officer's presence. 27 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 Fraud. 27 L.R.A. 785. 
 
 Power to draw. 27 L.R.A. 785. 
 Time and term. 27 L.R.A. 785. 
 
 Adjournment. 27 L.R.A. 785. 
 
 First day; first week; first term. 27 
 L.R.A. 786. 
 
 Legal term. 27 L.R.A. 786. 
 
 Time limited. 27 L.R.A. 786. 
 
 Prior to term. 27 L.R.A. 786. 
 
 Time designated. 27 L.R.A. 787. 
 Reconvening. 27 L.R.A. 787. 
 Court. 27 L.R.A. 787. 
 Special term. 27 L.R.A. 787. 
 Special grand jury. 27 L.R.A. 787. 
 
628 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 GKAND JURY— cont'd 
 Oath. 27 L.E.A. 788. 
 
 Affirmance. 27 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 Form. 27 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 Objection that grand jury was not 
 sworn. 27 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 Time and person administering. 27 
 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 "Then and there." 27 L.R.A. 790. 
 Who may attaclc organization of. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 255. 
 
 § 3. Qualifications of grand jurors. 
 
 Alien. 28 L.R.A. 195. 
 
 Citizen. 28 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 Residence. 28 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 Voter. 28 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 Freeholders andjiouseholders. 28 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 Taxpayers. 28 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Locality. 28 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 County. 28 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Apportionment. 28 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Courts. 28 L.R.A. 199. 
 Exemption. 28 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 Age. 28 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 Officers. 28 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Owner of grist mill. 28 L.R.A. 200. 
 Bias. 28 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Opinion and prejudice. 28 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Connection with previous trial. 28 
 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 Interest. 28 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 Prosecutor. 28 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 Relation. 28 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 Suitor. 28 ll.R.A. 202. 
 
 Conscientious scruples. 28 L.R.A. 202. 
 Prior service. 28 L.R.A. 202. 
 Bystanders. 28 L.R.A. 203. 
 Disqualification for crime. 28 L.R.A. 203. 
 Negroes. 28 L.R.A. 204. 
 Women. 28 L.R.A. 204. 
 Pleading and practice generally. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 204. 
 Ignorance. 28 L.R.A. 205. 
 Loyalty. 28 L.R.A. 205. 
 Right of women to serve on. 38 L.R.A. 214. 
 
 § 4. Number necessary to form. 
 
 Generally. 27 L.R.A. 783, 846. 
 Power of legislature to change number of 
 grand jurors required at common law. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 846. 
 
 Rule in various states. 27 L.R.A. 847. 
 English cases. 27 L.R.A. 852. 
 
 § 5. Number necessary to concur in 
 finding indictment. 
 
 Effect of indorsement "true bill." 28 
 
 L.R.A. 33. 
 Record of finding. 28 L.R.A. 34. 
 Concurrence by twelve grand jurors. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 34. 
 Impeaching indictment by showing that 
 
 twelve did not concur. 28 L.R.A. 35. 
 Concurrence by proper number of grand 
 
 jurors, as to the parties, crimes, 
 
 counts, and degree of crime charged. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 Concurrence by majority when grand jury 
 
 exceeds twenty-three. 28 L.R.A. 37. 
 Provisions for concurrence by less than 
 twelve. 28 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law q\iczt'. 
 
 GRAND JURY— cont'd 
 
 Constitutional questions. 28 L.R.A. 
 38. 
 Statutes and Constitutions. 28 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 § 6. Appearance before. 
 
 Appearance of special attorney or private 
 counsel before grand jury. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 568. 
 
 Right of appointment and appearance. 
 33 L.R.A.{N.S.) 568. 
 
 Effect of appearance of special or pri- 
 vate counsel. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 569. 
 
 § 7. Competency of evidence before. 
 
 Competency of witnesses, see Witnesses, 
 § 2. 
 
 Confessions, admissions, and refusal to testi- 
 fy. 28 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 Accused. 28 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 Accomplices and joint defendants. 28 
 L.R.A. 319. 
 Evidence of criminals. 28 L.R.A. 319. 
 Depositions and affidavits. 28 L.R.A. 319. 
 Documents. 28 L.R.A. 320. 
 Minutes. 28 L.R.A. 320. 
 Swearing of witnesses. 28 L.R.A. 320. 
 Witnesses generally. 28 L.R.A. 321. 
 Prosecutor. 28 L.R.A. 322. 
 Wife as witness. 28 L.R.A. 322. 
 Hearing witnesses in open court. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 323. 
 Indictment on evidence partly incompetent. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 323. 
 Physicians. 28 L.R.A. 323. 
 Evidence, generally. 28 L.R.A. 323. 
 Rumor. 28 L.R.A. 323. 
 Time. 28 L.R.A. 323. 
 Evidence of previous consistent statements 
 
 of witness before. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 935. 
 
 § S. Sufficiency of evidence to sustain 
 Indictment. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence to sustain convic- 
 tion, see Evidence, XIII. 
 
 Indictment on knowledge of grand jury. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 324. 
 Evidence on reindictment. 28 L.R.A. 325. 
 No evidence. 28 L.R.A. 325. 
 Prosecutor. 28 L.R.A. 326. 
 Amount of evidence necessary to sustain 
 
 an indictment in general. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 326. 
 Witnesses for defense. 28 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 § 9. Improper influence or interfer- 
 ence with. 
 
 By charge to grand jury. 28 L.R.A. 367. 
 By prosecuting attorneys. 28 L.R.A. 368. 
 By deputy and assistant prosecutors. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 370. 
 By attorneys, generally. 28 L.R.A. 370. 
 By bailiff, messenger, and officer. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 371. 
 By clerk. 28 L.R.A. 371. 
 By stenographer. 28 L.R.A. 371. 
 By interpreter. 28 L.R.A. 372. 
 By other persons present. 28 L.R.A. 372. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 62» 
 
 GRAND JURY— cont'd 
 
 § 10. Privilege as to proceedings of. 
 
 Report by grand jurors as privileged com- 
 munication. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 3 64. 
 
 Privilege as to proceedings of grand I'ury. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 *—* 
 
 GRANDMOTHER. 
 
 See Geandparents. 
 
 » »» 
 
 GRANDPARENTS. 
 
 See also Gkandchildren. 
 
 Insurable interest in life of granoi-i-ner. 
 54 L.R.A. 232. 
 
 Right of grandchildren to take homestead 
 of. 56 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Implied agreement to pay for services ren- 
 dered to. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 882. 
 
 GRANDSTAND. 
 
 GRATUITY. 
 
 Riding on free pass, see Cakeiebs, §§ 23, 
 29. 
 
 Trustee's right to retain gratuity received 
 from third person. 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 923. 
 
 Effect of gratuitous services by physician 
 on liability for malpractice. 14 L.R.A. 
 429. 
 
 Right of action for negligent breach of gra- 
 tuitous undertaking. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 929, 93L 
 
 Privilege of gratuitous report on financial 
 responsibility asd integrity. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 520. 
 
 Liability of person maintaining, for safety 
 of patrons. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1132. 
 
 GRANT. 
 
 Boundary of, see Boundaries, §§ 4^9. 
 As to conveyances generally, see Deeds. 
 Of land to railroad, see Public Lands, § 5. 
 Of tide lands, see Waters, § 15. 
 Of water rights, see Waters, §§ 74, 96, 98- 
 
 100. 
 Of land for wharf, see Wharves, § 2. 
 
 Grant of exclusive right to fish to individ- 
 ual. 60 L.R.A. 487. 
 Right to make. 60 L.R.A. 487. 
 How made. 60 L.R.A. 491. 
 Private grants. 60 L.R.A. 495. 
 
 GRANTEE. 
 
 Delivery of deed to, see Deeds, § 7. 
 
 GRASS. 
 
 Right to grass growing in highway. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1053. 
 Right of tenant at will to. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 406. 
 
 GRATINGS. 
 
 GRAVE. 
 
 Is money set aside under will or otherwise 
 for purpose of caring for grave, sub- 
 ject to inheritance tax. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 474. 
 
 Injunction against obliteration of. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 485. 
 
 Prescription or adverse possession of. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 752. 
 
 GRAVE CLOTHES. 
 
 Liability of decedent's estate for. 
 665. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 
 
 GRAVEL PITS. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk from changing 
 conditions of excavations in, during 
 progress of work. 19 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 357. 
 
 GREAT LAICES. 
 
 Jurisdiction over. 46 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Illegal intent of proseciitor as affecting 
 
 guilt of obtaining property by means of. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 278. 
 
 GREAT PONDS. 
 
 Title to islands in. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 Right to free fishing in. 31 L.R.A. ( N.S. ; 
 434. 
 
 GRISTMILL. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third persons for | Right to exercise power of eminent domain 
 condition of. 26 L.R.A. 199. for purpose of. 18 L.R,A.(N.S.) 356. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
630 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 GROCERS. 
 
 Validity of restrictive agreement ancillary 
 to sale of business of. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 929. 
 
 GROSS NEGLIGENCE. 
 
 Liability of corporate directors for. 55 
 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 Of railroad companies towards small chil- 
 dren on track. 25 L.R.A. 791. 
 
 Risks of negligence assumed by contract 
 with carrier as including gross negli- 
 gence. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 675. 
 
 « « » 
 
 GROSS RECEIPTS. 
 
 Power of states, to impose tax on gross re- 
 ceipts of interstate telegraph and tele- 
 phone companies. 24 L.R.A. 162. 
 
 <♦» 
 
 GROUND FOR REVERSAL. 
 
 See Appeal and Eekok, §§ 35-40. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 GROUND RENT. 
 
 Effect of condemnation upon rights in. 
 21 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 GROUP. 
 
 Right of member of group" to maintain ac- 
 tion for libel or slander based on 
 charges against the group to which he 
 belongs. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 726; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382; 42 L.R.A. 'V.s.) 
 870. 
 
 GROWING CROPS. 
 
 See Ceops. 
 
 GUARANTEE AND ACCIDENT 
 LLOYDS. 
 
 See Llotds. 
 
 GUARANTEED STOCK. 
 
 See CoBPOEATioNS, § 74. 
 Begin with this boole on every law question 
 
 GUARANTY. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Promise to answer for debt or de- 
 fault of another, §§ 2-10. 
 a. In general, §§ 2-5. 
 6. Nature and extent, continu- 
 ing guaranty, § 6. 
 
 c. Notice, §§ 7, S. 
 
 d. Discharge; effect of death of 
 
 party, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of dividends on corporate stock, see CoE- 
 
 POBATIONS, § 74. 
 
 Of signature to commercial paper, see Bills 
 AND Notes, § 9. 
 
 By surety of genuineness of other sig- 
 natures, see Peinoipal and Sueett, 
 § 7. 
 
 Warranty of goods sold, see Sale, §§ 26- 
 38, 53-59, 68. 
 
 Guaranty and surety companies, see StJEETT 
 Companies. 
 
 By contractor for repair of pavement. 44 
 L.R.A. 533. 
 
 II. Promise to answer for debt or de- 
 fault of another. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 By corporation, see Coepoeationb, § 29. 
 Of advances, see Advances, § 4. 
 Of loan by national bank, see Banks, § 37. 
 Bank guaranty law, see Banks, § 52. 
 Bond for fidelity of employees, see Bonds, 
 
 § 11. 
 Oral contract of, see Contbacts, § 37. 
 In nature of insurance, see Instjbanoe. 
 Of loan, see Loan, § 3. 
 Liability on guaranty obligation obtained 
 
 by fraud, see Peinoipal and Sueett, 
 
 §9. 
 
 Rule of construction. 4 L.R.A. 268,* 343.* 
 
 Guarantor of lessee. 9 L.R.A. 353.* 
 
 Letters of credit. 7 L.R.A. 209.* 
 
 Right of guarantor to have judgment 
 against principal set aside. 54 L.R.A. 
 765. 
 
 Liability on guaranty obtained by fraud. 
 21 L.R.A. 409. 
 
 Liability of corporate officers who fail to 
 file report required by statute, to guar- 
 antor of corporate paper. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 855. 
 
 Validity of guaranty partially made on 
 Sunday and perfected on secular day. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1151. 
 
 Right of accommodation guarantor who has 
 been obliged to pay bill or note to re- 
 cover from accommodated party. 37 
 E.R.A.(N.S.) 786. 
 
 Constitutionality of bank guaranty law. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1065. 
 
 Of loan, by national bank. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 544. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 631 
 
 GUARANTY, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Demand as a condition precedent to an ac- 
 tion on a promise to pay on demand 
 the debt of another. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 154. 
 
 Note of third party for goods sold as pay- 
 ment where purchaser guarantees pay- 
 ment. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 46. 
 
 Effect upon guarantor of judgment against 
 principal. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 734. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 106, 107, 114. 
 
 § 3. What constitutes. 
 
 Defined. 8 L.R.A. 380.* 
 
 Indorser of note as guarantor. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 565. 
 
 Letter in reply to inquiry as to third par- 
 ty's financial condition. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 305. 
 
 Request to make advances to another as 
 implied guaranty of payment. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 
 § 4. Transfer ol title by. 
 
 Transfer by assignment of commercial 
 
 paper. 12 L.R.A. 270.* 
 Transfer of title to note by indorsement in 
 
 form of guaranty. 36 L.R.A. 232; 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1009. 
 
 § 5. Power to enter into contract of. 
 
 Implied power of railroad company to guar- 
 antee enterprise other than transporta- 
 tion of goods or passengers. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 887; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 830. 
 
 Power of corporation organized for the 
 manufacture and sale of liquor to en- 
 ter into contracts of guaranty or sure- 
 tyship on behalf of its customers or 
 prospective customers. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 186. 
 
 h. Nature and extent; continuing 
 guaranty, 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Severable contract. 8 L.R.A. 382.* 
 Limitation of responsibility. 4 L.R.A. 344.* 
 Unlimited as to time or amount. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 344.* 
 Limitation as to amount. 4 L.R.A. 345.* 
 Limitation as to time. 4 L.R.A. 346.* 
 Limitation as to time and amount. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 347.* 
 General rule that liability of guarantor 
 
 limited by strict terms of contract. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 168;* 9 L.R.A. 353.* 
 Guarantor of note as surety for surety 
 
 maker. 21 L.R.A. 250. 
 Liability of guaranty members of mutual 
 
 fire insurance company. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 496. 
 Character of, and rules governing, contracts 
 
 by corporations engaged for profit in 
 
 business of guarantying the fidelity or 
 
 contracts of other persons. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 513. 
 Continuing. 4 L.R.A. 343;* 8 L.R.A. 381.* 
 When is a guaranty a continuing one. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 724. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 GUARANTY, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Unlimited as to time or amount. 39 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 725. 
 Limitation as to amount. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 731. 
 Limitation as to time. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 738. 
 Limitation as to time and amount. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 739. 
 Parol evidence rules. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 740. 
 
 When does contract of guaranty of com- 
 mercial paper cover renewals. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 775. 
 
 Does guaranty of credit extended for price 
 of goods sold cover sales to successor. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 
 Does liability of guarantor of payment of 
 interest cease at maturity of the obli- 
 gation. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 154. 
 
 Liability, under continuing guaranty run- 
 ning to partnership or corporation, for 
 goods sold or credits extended after a 
 change in the firm or corporation. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1231. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to show that 
 guaranty is a continuing one. 2 L.R.A. 
 183.* 
 
 c. Notice. 
 
 § 7. Necessity of notice of acceptance 
 to bind guarantor. 
 
 In general. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 353; 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 960. 
 Absolute guaranty. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 354. 
 General rule. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 354. 
 Recital of consideration. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 360. 
 Guaranty made at guarantee's request. 
 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 361. 
 Acceptance contemporaneous with guar- 
 anty. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 363. 
 Existing liability of definite amount. 
 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 Suretyship. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 365. 
 Stipulation as to notice. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 366. 
 Conditional guaranty. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 367. 
 General rule. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 367. 
 Prospective guaranty. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 368. 
 Express or formal notice. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 377. 
 Waiver. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379. 
 
 § 8. Necessity of notice of default to 
 bind guarantor. 
 
 Generally. 20 L.R.A. 257. 
 Guaranty of agents. 20 L.R.A. 258. 
 Guaranty of bond. 20 L.R.A. 258. 
 Guaranty of judgment. 20 L.R.A. 259. 
 Guaranty of lessee's contract. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 259. 
 Guaranty of purchases. 20 L.R.A. 259. 
 On guaranty of note. 20 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 Of collection. 20 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 Of payment. 20 L.R.A. 261. 
 Injury or prejudice resulting from failure 
 
 to give notice. 20 L.R.A. 263. 
 
632 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 GUARANTY, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Time for notice. 20 L.R.A. 264. 
 
 Insolvency as an excuse for failure to give 
 
 notice. 20 L.R.A. 264. 
 Waiver of notice. 20 L.R.A. 264. 
 
 d. Discharge; effect of death of party. 
 
 § 9. Discharge generally. 
 
 Release of principal after maturity of obli- 
 gation as affecting guarantor. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 875. 
 
 Payment voidable under bankruptcy act as 
 discharge of guarantor. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 581. 
 
 Estoppel to enforce contract of suretyship 
 or guaranty released through mistake. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 576. 
 
 Does statute of limitations commence to 
 run at the time of breach of contract 
 of, or at the time actual damages are 
 sustained in consequence thereof. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 159. 
 
 Effect of purchase at tax sale, by or in the 
 interest of mortgagor, of mortgage in- 
 debtedness. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 121. 
 
 Effect on guarantor's liability of obligee's 
 insistence upon part payment before 
 expiration of the term of credit. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 713. 
 
 § 10. Effect of death of party on. 
 
 Effect of death of party on. 23 L.R.A. 709. 
 
 Effect of death of guarantor or cosurety. 
 2 L.R.A. 183;* 6 L.R.A. 383.* 
 
 Is liability of guarantor or surety deter- 
 mined by his death. 2 B. R. C. 937. 
 
 < « » 
 
 GUARANTY COMPANIES. 
 See Surety Companies. 
 
 ^-^-^ ' — — 
 
 GUARANTY INSURANCE. 
 See Insurance, X. 
 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 GUARDIAN AD LITEM. 
 
 For infant, see Infants, § 32. 
 
 In action by incompetent person. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) '961. 
 
 GUARDIAN AND WARD. 
 
 J. In general, § 1. 
 II. Appointment, §§ 3-i. 
 
 III. Powers, Tights, and liabilities of 
 
 guardian, §§ 5-10. 
 
 IV. Bonds and liability thereon, §§ 
 
 11-13. 
 T. Sale hy guardian of ward's land, 
 
 § 14:. 
 
 VI. Action hy ward against guardian, 
 § IS. 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 GUARDIAN AND WARD— cont'd 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Guardian of incompetent person, see In- 
 competent Persons, §§ 21-24. 
 Guardian ad litem, see Infants, § 32. 
 
 Guardians, by nature. 11 L.R.A. 44t).* 
 
 Maintenance of ward. 1 L.R.A. 304.* 
 
 State guardianship of children. 15 L.R.A. 
 593. 
 
 Guardianship of natural child. 6 L.R.A. 
 705.* 
 
 Payment of money deposited to credit of 
 minor to person other than guardian. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67. 
 
 What constitutes residence of child living 
 with guardian entitling him to privilege 
 of public schools. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 Independent advice as condition of valid 
 gift inter vivos between. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1087. 
 
 Liability of ward's estate for debts con- 
 tracted and expenses incurred by guard- 
 ian in carrying on business. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 224. 
 
 Allowance as costs of administration of ex- 
 penses of business carried on by 
 guardian. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 
 II. Appointment. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Of guardian for incompetent person, see 
 Incompetent Persons, §§ 22, 23. 
 
 Right of parent to appoint guardian for 
 minor child by will. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 203. 
 
 § 3. Effect of father's attempt to ap- 
 point guardian as against mother. 
 
 The common-law rule. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 288. 
 The statute 12 Chas. II. chap. 24, § 8. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 288. 
 In general. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 288. 
 English decisions thereunder. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 289. 
 Its repeal. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 290. 
 Its adoption in United States. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 290. 
 In general. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 290. 
 Instances of its' repeal or modifica- 
 tion. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 290. 
 Putative father. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 294. 
 
 § 4. Parent's right to appointment. 
 
 General rights of father. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 869. 
 General rights of mother. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 870. 
 Rights as between parents. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 871. 
 Welfare of child as affecting parents' rights. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 871. 
 Suitableness of parents. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 872. 
 
 Father. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 
 Mother. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 874. 
 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 871 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 633 
 
 GUARDIAN AND WARD, II.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of remarriage. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 875. 
 Eight of mother or reputed father to guard- 
 ianship of illegitimate child. 65 L.R.A. 
 695. 
 
 III. Powers, rights, and liabilities of 
 guardian. 
 
 § 5. Powers and rights. 
 
 Of incompetent person, see Incompetent 
 
 Persons, § 24. 
 Of guardian ad litem, see Infants, § 32. 
 
 To invest ward's money. 1 L.R.A. 305.* 
 
 To adeem legacy. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 401. 
 
 Right to remove infant from the state. 58 
 L.R.A. 931. 
 
 Power of guardian to carry on business on 
 behalf of estate. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 204. 
 
 Eight to mechanics' lien for improvements 
 made on infant's land by authority of 
 guardian. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1159. 
 
 Right of mother or reputed father to cus- 
 tody or control of illegitimate child as 
 against its guardian. 65 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 § 6. — as to commercial paper. 
 
 Circumstances sufficient to put one taking 
 paper from guardian on inquiry. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 365. 
 
 Guardian's commercial paper as payment 
 of debt. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 63. 
 
 § 7. — to dispose of ward's property. 
 
 To sell ward's personalty. 1 L.R.A. 304.* 
 Constitutionality of private statute author- 
 
 izi!:g guardian to dispose of infant's 
 
 property. 16 L.R.A. 254. 
 
 § 8. — in insurance matters. 
 
 Insurable interest of husband as guardian 
 of wife's property. 66 L.R.A. 659. 
 
 Right of guardian to surrender insurance 
 policy in favor of ward. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1123. 
 
 § 9. — over actions. 
 
 To compromise or settle claims. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 305.* 
 To enter appearance of ward. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 684. 
 Power of general guardian to submit cause 
 
 of action for arbitration. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 175. 
 To compromise infant's cause of action for 
 
 personal injuries. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 338. 
 To maintain ejectment. 18 L.R.A. 789. 
 Admissions and waivers by, in actions. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 671. 
 Guardian's right to have judgment set aside. 
 
 54 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 § 10. Liabilities. 
 
 Liability on bond, see infra, § 13. 
 Liability to garnishment, see Gaknisii- 
 MENT, § 8. 
 
 For misappropriation of ward's funds by 
 attorney. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 For loss of ward's money deposited in bank. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 399. 
 Consult also L.R.4. Digests to date. 
 
 GUARDIAN AND WARD, III.— cont'd 
 For suit money and alimony in divorce 
 proceedings instituted by or against tlie 
 ward. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1034. 
 Right of court to surcharge account of 
 guardian in absence of objection to 
 account, or upon an objection by amicus 
 curiw. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 Necessity of presenting ward's claim against 
 estate of deceased guardian. 58 L.R.A. 
 86. 
 Liability of guardian who signs contract 
 adding words indicating representative 
 capacity to his signature. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 60. 
 Liability for carrying on business for ward's 
 benefit. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 223. 
 For losses. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 223. 
 For debts contracted. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 224. 
 For profits of business or rental of 
 property embarked or used in busi- 
 ness. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 224. 
 Estoppel of ward to charge guardian 
 with losses sustained while carry- 
 ing on business. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 234. 
 
 IT. Bonds and liability thereon. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Power of surety company to act as guardian 
 without bond. 48 L.R.A. 589. 
 
 Execution of guardian's bond on condition 
 that others shall sign. 45 L.R.A. 339, 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 guardian's bond. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 115. 
 
 § 12. Necessity of bond to make guard- 
 ian's acts valid. 
 
 Natural guardians. 33 L.R.A. 759. 
 Testamentary guardians. 33 L.R.A. 760. 
 Guardians appointed by the court. 33 
 L.R.A. 760. 
 Foreign and ancillary guardians. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 760. 
 Domestic guardians. 33 L.R.A. 761. 
 On sale or mortgage of land. 33 
 L.R.A. 761. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. 761. 
 Sufficiency of bond and its 
 record. 33 L.R.A. 762. 
 Where bond is given after sale. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 762. 
 When land is sold by com- 
 missioner. 33 L.R.A. 763. 
 Discretion of the court in re- 
 quiring bond. 33 L.R.A. 
 763. 
 When the purchase money is 
 retained by the ward. 33 
 L.R.A. 763. 
 Collateral attack. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 763. 
 Purpose for which sale is 
 
 made. 33 L.R.A. 764. 
 Change in order of sale after 
 execution of bond. 33 
 L.R.A. 764. 
 Who can question validity. 33 
 L.R.A. 765. 
 
634 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 GUARDIAN AND WARD, IV.— cont'd 
 § 13. IjiabiUty on bond. 
 
 Penalty as limit of liability on bond. 55 
 L.R.A. 392. 
 
 Effect on surety of judgment against prin- 
 cipal. 52 L.R.A. 187; 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 417. 
 
 Contingency of claim against sureties on 
 guardian's bond. 58 L.E.A. 86. 
 
 Decree directing transfer of fund of guard- 
 ian to himself in another fiduciary ca- 
 pacity as affecting liability of his 
 sureties. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1136. 
 
 Liability of sureties on guardian's bond for 
 defalcation prior to the execution there- 
 of. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 961. 
 
 T. Sale by guardian of ward's land. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Power of guardian to dispose of ward's 
 property, see supra, § 7. 
 
 Sale of infant's property generally, see In- 
 fants, §§ 27-29. 
 
 Necessity of bond on sale of infant's land. 
 33 L,B.A. 761. 
 
 Notice of application by guardian for leave 
 to sell infant's real estate as juris- 
 dictional. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1215. 
 
 Reimbursement or subrogation of purchaser 
 on annulling sale by guardian. 69 
 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 TJ. Action hy ward against guardian. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Right of ward to maintain action at law 
 against guardian for guardianship 
 funds, after termination of guard- 
 ianship, but before settlement of 
 account. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789. 
 
 Common-law action of account. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789. 
 
 Assumpsit. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789. 
 
 Trover. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 791. 
 
 Actions at law in general. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 791. 
 
 Right to file claim against estate of 
 guardian. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 793. 
 
 Property received after termination of 
 guardianship. 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 793. 
 
 GUARDS. 
 
 Master's duty as to guarding machinery, 
 see Master and Sebvant, § 90. 
 
 At dangerous place in street, see Highways 
 § 73. 
 
 Master's duty to guard machinery, see Mas- 
 tee AND Sebvant, § 90. 
 
 Liability for failure to guard wires from 
 falling electric wires of other owners. 
 31 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 GUARD WIRES. 
 
 § 1. Fop electric wires. 
 
 Police regulation as to. 31 L.R.A. 802. 
 Duty toward traveler in highway to eiect 
 guard wires. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1171*. 
 
 GUESSING CONTEST. 
 
 As lottery. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 609. 
 
 GUESTS. 
 
 At inn or hotel, see Innkeepers. 
 Liability of landlord for injury to guests 
 
 of tenant, see Landlord and Tenant, 
 
 § 72. ' 
 
 Liability of keeper of bath house for loss 
 
 of guest's valuables. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 828. 
 Liability at common law of saloon keeper 
 
 for personal injury to. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 649. 
 Imputing negligence of driver to. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 648. 
 
 GUILT. 
 
 Flight as creating presumption of. 39 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 Conclusiveness in civil action of judgment 
 
 in criminal action to establish guilt. 
 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 657. 
 
 GUILTY. 
 
 Plea of, see Criminal Law, § 56. 
 
 Right of court in criminal case to direct 
 verdict of. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 
 GUNPOWDER. 
 
 See also Explosions and Explosives. 
 
 Negligence in the manufacture and storage 
 of. 29 L.R.A. 718. 
 
 GUNS. 
 
 See Fibbiabms. 
 
 GUTTERS. 
 
 Begin with this hoole on every law question 
 
 Municipal liability for injury hy. 20 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 627. 
 
INDEX TO L.HA. NOTES. 
 
 635 
 
 H 
 
 HABEAS CORPUS, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Province and forms of writ. 11 L.R.A. 694.* 
 Termination of criminal prosecution by dis- 
 charge on, so as to support suit for 
 malicious prosecution. 2 L.K.A. (N.S. ) 
 935. 
 Presumption of innocence in habeas corpus 
 proceedings. 22 L.R.A. 678. 
 
 § 2. Jurisdiction of Federal courts. 
 
 Jurisdiction of United States courts. 4 
 L.R.A. 236;* 10 L.R.A. 616.* 
 
 Jurisdiction of United States court to re- 
 lease person held under state law in 
 violation of commerce clause. 10 
 L.R.A. 617.* 
 
 § 3. Who may demand. 
 
 Right of stranger to writ of habeas corpus. 
 9 L.R.A.(N;S.) 1173. 
 
 Right of person wrongfully brought into 
 jurisdiction to be released on habeas 
 corpus. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 225. 
 
 Right of minor unlawfully enlisted in Army 
 or Navy to discharge on habeas corpus 
 from custody of court-martial under 
 charge of desertion or fraudulent en- 
 listment. 18 L.R.A.{N.S.) 956. 
 
 § 4. Scope of writ; questions consid- 
 ered. 
 
 To review excessive sentence. 45 L.R.A. 
 139. 
 
 To release prisoner on account of delay of 
 prosecution. 56 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 To review commitment of witness by magis- 
 trate for contempt. 1 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1142. 
 
 Will habeas corpus lie to release one con- 
 victed after wrongful refusal to change 
 venue. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 483. 
 
 Right to have claim of former jeopardy de- 
 termined in habeas corpus proceeding. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 
 Collateral attack in, upon decision as 
 against constitutional right. 39 L.R.A. 
 450. 
 
 Right to, in case of bail, parole, or volun- 
 tary surrender. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 882 
 Bail. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 882. 
 Parole. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 Surrender. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 885. 
 
 To procure release of one committed to 
 insane asylum upon acquittal on ground 
 of insanity. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 578. 
 
 § 5. —to review extradition proceed- 
 
 To review extradition proceedings. 1 L.R.A. 
 373.* 
 
 Right of person wrongfully brought into 
 iurisdiction to be released on habeas 
 corpus. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 225. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HABEAS CORPUS,— cont'd 
 
 To review extradition proceedings; right 
 to be heard on merits of the charge 
 against accused. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 939. 
 
 Right to review of order in habeas corpus 
 discharging or remanding party held 
 for extradition. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 755. 
 
 § 6. Grounds for discharge on. 
 
 Discharge on habeas corpus for excessive 
 sentence. 45 L.R.A. 144. 
 
 Designation of wrong place of imprisonment 
 as ground for discharge upon habeas 
 corpus. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 518. 
 
 § 7. Procedure; judgment. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment as to custody 
 of infant, see Judgment, § 26. 
 
 Certiorari to review proceedings. 10 L.R.A, 
 249.* 
 
 Habeas corpus decree as to custody of in- 
 fant as res judicata. 67 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Collateral attack on judgment in, for fraud 
 not affecting jurisdiction. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 986. 
 
 Effect of appeal as stay of judgment in. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 244. 
 
 § 8. Suspension of writ. 
 
 Extent and effect of suspension. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 834. 
 Power to suspend; who may suspend. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 832. 
 
 HABITS. 
 
 See Custom and Usage. 
 ♦-•-* — 
 
 HABITUAL CAKEIvESSNESS. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove 
 habitual carelessness of servant. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 768. 
 
 HABITUAL CRIMINALS. 
 
 Punishment of, see Ckiminajl Law, § 83. 
 
 <♦« » 
 
 HABITUAL DISOBEDIENCE. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove 
 habitual disobedience of servant. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 769. 
 
636 
 
 US^DEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HABITTJAIi DRUNKARD. 
 
 S 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Cow- 
 
 STITtTTIONAL LAW, § 78. 
 
 Drunkenness as ground for divorce, see 
 DiVOECE AND Sepabation, § 26. 
 
 As to drunkenness, generally, see Drunk- 
 enness. 
 
 Validity of contracts made with. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 449. 
 Power of court or guardian of, to consent 
 
 to conveyance by trustee under a trust 
 
 requiring consent by cestui que trust. 
 
 39 L.B.A.(N.S.) 39. 
 
 § 2. Sale of liquor to. 
 
 Criminal liability for sale of liquor to, by 
 partner, agent, or servant. 41 L.R.A. 
 669. 
 
 Is one who obtains liquor for, and delivers 
 it to, person of intemperate habits 
 guilty of selling same. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 273. 
 
 HABITUAL INSANITY. 
 
 Presumption of continuance of. 35 L.R.A. 
 117. 
 
 HABITUAL PRACTICE. 
 
 Of employees as legal substitute for rule. 
 43 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 HACKS. 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 Cartmen, see Caktmen and Teamstbbs. 
 
 Duty and liability of proprietor of public 
 hack or cab to passengers. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1069. 
 
 May one in charge of a vehicle under a con- 
 tract importing a, bailment or lease be 
 regarded as a servant of the owner as 
 to a third person injured by the vehicle. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 544. 
 
 Delegation of municipal power as to license 
 of. 20 L.R.A. 724. 
 
 § 2. Use of street for hack stands. 
 
 Using street for hack stand. 14 L.R.A. 557. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to grant 
 permit for hack stand on street or 
 sidewalk. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 
 Power of municipality to establish exclusive 
 hack stands. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 471. 
 
 § 3. Discrimination by carriers as to. 
 
 Discrimination as to hackmen at depots, 
 wharves, etc. 13 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Right to discriminate between hackmen and 
 other solicitors of patronage at depot. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 777. 
 
 HACKS— cont'd 
 
 Exclusion of hackmen from railroad depot 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 126. 
 
 Remedy by injunction for unlawful dis- 
 crimination by railroad against hack 
 driver. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1027. 
 
 Right of carrier to grant exclusive train 
 privilege to baggage or transfer com- 
 panies. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1181. 
 
 HAIR. 
 
 Master's duty to guard against employee's 
 hair being caught in machinery. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 972. 
 
 HALF BLOOD. 
 
 See Descent and Distbibdtion, § 3. 
 
 « » » 
 
 HALF-BROTHER. 
 
 Killing or assaulting of, as sufficient provo- 
 cation to reduce homicide to man- 
 slaughter. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 *-•-• 
 
 HALLUCINATION. 
 
 As insane delusion. 37 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 HALLWAYS. 
 
 Implied reservation of use of. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 657.* 
 Responsibility of landlord for injuries from 
 
 defects in hallway remaining in his 
 
 possession. 14 L.R.A. 239. 
 Landlord's duty to light common hall. 1 
 
 B. R. C. 107. 
 
 HAMMERS. 
 
 As deadly weapons. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 506. 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 671. 
 
 HAND BAGGAGE. 
 
 Begin icith this book on every law question. 
 
 Articles carried by hand as baggage. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 760.* 
 Liability of carrier for injury to passenger 
 
 from baggage or parcel in aisle of car. 
 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 481. 
 Right of passenger to carry baggage or 
 
 packages in street car. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 889. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 637 
 
 HAND BAGGAGE— cont'd 
 
 Limitation of carrier's liability for pas- 
 senger's hand baggage. It) L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1011. 
 
 Application to hand baggage of limitation 
 of liability for loss of baggage. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 650. 
 
 HAND CARS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant by 
 defects in. 54 L.E.A. 172. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's neg- 
 ligence in operating. 54 L.R.A. 128. 
 
 Section foreman as a fellow servant of 
 members of crew with respect to opera- 
 tion of hand car. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 434. 
 
 As railroad hazard within statute changing 
 fellow servant rule. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 481. 
 
 Contributory negligence of employee by 
 venturing with hand car on track over 
 which other train has right of way. 
 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1014 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury 
 to peison wrongfully riding on hand 
 car by collusion with train employee. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 427. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for frighten- 
 ing horse on highway by hand car on 
 or near crossing. 42 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 571. 
 
 Evidence as to speed of. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 790. 
 
 HANDCUFFS. 
 
 Right of prisoner to appear without at trial. 
 39 L.R.A. 821. 
 
 HANDWRITING. 
 
 Evidence as to, see Evidence, §§ 198-205. 
 
 Identification of, see Identity and Identi- 
 EICATION, § 12. 
 
 Cross-examination of witness by, see Wit- 
 nesses, § 32. 
 
 Cross-examination of witness as to, see 
 Witnesses, § 35. 
 
 Proof of, where attesting witnesses are dead 
 or cannot remember transaction. 44 
 L.E.A. 142. 
 
 In family Bible, necessity for proof of. 41 
 L.E.A. 455. 
 
 HARBOR. 
 
 As 
 
 see Habbob 
 
 to harbor commissioners, 
 
 COMMI S SIONEES . 
 
 As to wharves, see Whabves. 
 
 Liability of owner for cost of removing 
 vessel sunk in. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1120. 
 
 Eight of municipality to contract with 
 reference to. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 121. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HARBOR— cont'd 
 
 Kmployer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in work in. 65 
 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 Establishment of dock lines. 14 L.E.A. 
 498. 
 
 Right to establish harbor lines. 40 L.E.A. 
 644. 
 
 HARBOR COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 Supervision of tidewaters on fiats by. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 179.* 
 As independent contractors. 65 L.E.A. 474. 
 
 HARBORER. 
 
 Who is harborer of dog. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 431. 
 
 HARD LABOR. 
 
 By person convicted of crime, see Cbiminal 
 Law, § 77. 
 
 HARDSHIP. 
 
 Validity of promise to remedy. 53 L.E.A. 
 358. 
 
 HARDWARE DEALERS. 
 
 Validity of restrictive agreement ancillary 
 to sale of business of. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 929. 
 
 » « » 
 
 HARMLESS ERROR. 
 
 See Appeal and Eebob, §§ 35-40. 
 
 »♦» 
 
 HARTER ACT. 
 See Shipping, § 20. 
 
 •-»-♦ ■ 
 
 HARVESTING. 
 
 As work of necessity. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 321. 
 
 HATCHWAYS. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's negli- 
 gence in exposing servant to peril from 
 uncovered hatchways. 54 L.R.A. 133. 
 
638 
 
 INDEX 10 L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HATCHWAYS— cont'd 
 
 Violating ordinance as to, as ground for 
 
 private action. 5 L.R.A(N.S.) 260. 
 Duty of storekeeper toward customer as to 
 
 condition of. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 457. 
 Municipal liability for injury by. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 635. 
 
 HAWKERS. 
 
 See Peddlebs. 
 
 HAY. 
 
 Right of tenant at will to. 41 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 406. 
 Sufficiency of designation of part of larger 
 
 lot sold. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 31. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 HAY SCALES. 
 
 Obstruction of street by. 14 L.E.A. 558. 
 
 < « » 
 
 HAZARD. 
 
 What is within statutes abolishing fellow 
 servant rule. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478; 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 
 HEADLIGHTS. 
 
 Necessity of, on street cars. 26 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 Liability for injuries to one blinded by 
 headlight. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 876. 
 
 Liability for killing or injuring livestock 
 on track, because of lack of proper 
 headlight. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 271. 
 
 HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 Supervising employees as. 51 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 •-»-♦ 
 
 HEADS OF FAMILIES. 
 
 Within provision for homestead exemption, 
 see HoMBSTH^D, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Wife as, where husband 
 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 is insane. 34 
 
 HEALERS. 
 
 HEALERS— cont'd 
 
 Application of statutes regulating practice 
 
 of medicine to. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763; 
 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1297. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IT. 
 
 HEALTH. 
 
 In general, §§ 1-4:. 
 Boards of health,, § 5. 
 Protection of health, §§ 6-10, 
 Nuisances affecting, § 11. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 70 
 
 How far use of mails by, is fraudulent, 
 L.R.A. 989. 
 Begin with this hoolz on every law question. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of live stock, see Animals, § 17. 
 Constitutionality of statute as to, see 
 
 Constitutional Law, § 75. 
 Of insured, see Instjbance, §§ 93-98. 
 
 Claim against state under public health 
 laws. 42 L.R.A. 65. 
 
 Benefit to public health as a condition of 
 power to exercise eminent domain for 
 drainage of private lands. 49 L.R.A. 
 783. 
 
 Apprehension of injury to health as basis 
 of recovery for mental anguish. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 458. 
 
 Liability of vendor to purchaser on account 
 of unsanitary condition of premises. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1035. 
 
 Effect of misrepresentation or suppression 
 of truth as to health of life tenant on 
 the sale of remainder interest. 17 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 284. 
 
 Change of domicil as affected by removal 
 for benefit of health. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1159. 
 
 Danger to health from confinement as 
 ground for removal or release on bail. 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 916; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 770. 
 
 Validity of policy of health insurance re- 
 quiring notice of sickness within speci- 
 fied time. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 106. 
 
 Effect of expenditure of money in reliance 
 upon license from the public, to pre- 
 vent revocation thereof in the interest 
 of public health. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 
 Internal hemorrhage as evidence of statu- 
 tory wounding. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 965. 
 
 Extent of trespasser's liability for conse- 
 quential injuries to. 53 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 § 2. Sending to pest house. 
 
 Right to injunction against. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1188. 
 
 § 3. Duty and liability of carrier as 
 to. 
 
 Carrier's duty to give information as to 
 quarantine. 6 L;R.A.(N.S.) 1009. 
 
 Carrier's liability to passenger on account 
 of unsanitary condition of car. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 263. 
 
 Action of public authorities under police 
 power as defense to carrier for delay 
 or nondelivery of freight. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 731; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 13P. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 639 
 
 HEALTH, I.— cont'd 
 
 § 4. Municipal liability as to. 
 
 Municipal liability for failure to enforce 
 health ordinance. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 638. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for death 
 or sickness caused by sewage or drain- 
 age. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940. 
 
 Liability of municipality for injuries re- 
 sulting from use of dumping ground. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for de- 
 stroying infected house. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1128. 
 
 II. Boards of health. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Right of woman to be member of board of. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 211. 
 Power of board of health as to nuisances. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 603. 
 Contempt by board of health in disobeying 
 
 injunction. 48 L.R.A. 708. 
 Personal liability of member of board of 
 
 health, or of health officer. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 635. 
 Authority of legislature to make punishable 
 
 failure to comply with rule of health 
 
 board. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 
 III. Protection of health. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Power of municipality as to, generally, see 
 Municipal Coepoeations, § 33. 
 
 Protection of, within police power. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 136.* 
 Use of public funds to protect. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 476. 
 Power to fill lowlands at expense of owner. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 709. 
 
 § 7. During epidemics. 
 
 Municipal power in epidemics. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 727. 
 
 § 8. Regulations to protect. 
 
 Nuisances injurious to health generally, see 
 MuKICaCPAL COEPOBAIIONS, §§ 39, 41; 
 
 Nuisances. 
 
 Municipal regiilation of nuisances relating 
 to. 38 L.R.A. 311. 
 
 Municipal regulation of dealing in second- 
 hand clothes. 32 L.R.A. 121. 
 
 Power of state or health authorities to for- 
 bid the use of a polluted water supply. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 766. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutory regulations 
 as to safety and sanitary conditions of 
 tenement, lodging, and boarding 
 houses. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 486. 
 
 Authority of legislatui-e to make punishable 
 failure to comply with rule of health 
 board. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 
 Power of health authorities to require alter- 
 ation of private property in a par- 
 ticular manner to abate conditions en- 
 dangering public health. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 241. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HEALTH, III.— cont'd 
 
 Power to regulate location or condition of 
 bakeries. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 842. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to grant 
 exclusive right or create monopoly for 
 removing substances inimical to health. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 830. 
 
 State legislation for protection of healtli of 
 live stoclt as interference with inter- 
 state commerce. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 
 Validity and construction of statutory 
 regulations as to infected animals. 26 
 L.R.A. 638. 
 
 §9. — quarantine regulations. 
 
 Duty and liability of carrier as to quaran- 
 tine, see Caeeiees, § 44. 
 
 As to ships. 26 L.R.A. 484. 
 
 Regulations and powers, generally. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 484. 
 Liability for damages caused. 26 
 
 L.R.A. '486. 
 Charges and expenses. 26 L.R.A. 487. 
 As. to land communication. 26 L.R.A. 488. 
 In general. 26 L.R.A. 488. 
 Isolation of infected persons. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 489. 
 Liability for expenses and damages 
 
 caused thereby. 26 L.R.A. 490. 
 
 § 10. — vaccination. 
 
 Of pupils, see Schools, § 8. 
 
 Power to require. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 709. 
 Right to compel vaccination. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 152; 26 L.R.A. 728. 
 Power of municipality to incur expense of. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 727. 
 
 IT. Nuisances affecting, 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Nuisances injurious to, see Municipal 
 Coepoeations, §§ 39, 41; Nuisances. 
 
 Prescriptive right to maintain. 53 L.R.A. 
 ' 893. 
 
 HEARING. 
 
 Necessity of, to constitute due process. 
 Constitutional Law, § 155. 
 
 ■»«» 
 
 HEARSAY EVIDENCE. 
 
 See Evidence, XI. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ • 
 
 HEARTLESS STATEMENTS. 
 
 Heartless statement by person causing ac- 
 cident made some time thereafter as 
 res gestw. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 
640 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HEAT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Power of municipality as to, see Municipal 
 
 COEPOEATIONS, § 32. 
 
 Duty of carrier to protect live stock from 
 injury by. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 642. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's negli- 
 gence in exposing servant to excessive 
 heat. 54 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 Loss of insured property by excessive heat 
 from heating apparatus without actual 
 ignition. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 501. 
 
 Taking of property for manufacture of heat 
 by electricity as a public purpose. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 137. 
 
 § 2. Duty and liability as to furnish- 
 ing. 
 
 Carrier's duty as to heating cars, see Cab- 
 
 EIERS, § 42. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 cutting off supply of, from premises. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 588. 
 
 Duty of railroad companies to heat cars. 
 42 L.R.A. 110; 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1142. 
 
 Eviction of tenant by failure to furnish 
 heat. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1217. 
 
 Duty and liability of landlord of apart- 
 ments as to heating. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1213. 
 
 HEATING APPARATUS. 
 
 As part of realty. 1 B. R. C. 972. 
 
 Loss of insured property by excessive heat 
 
 from, without actual ignition. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 501. 
 
 HEATING CARS. 
 
 Duty of carrier as to, see Caeriees, § 42. 
 « I » 
 
 HEATING SERVICE. 
 
 As public utility. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510. 
 
 HEAT OF PASSION. 
 
 Homicide in, see Homicide, § 32. 
 
 HEIGHT. 
 
 Eectrlctions on height of building, see 
 Buildings, § 3. 
 Begin with this 'book on every law question 
 
 HEIRS. 
 
 „ 1. Generally. 
 
 Heirs of partner as parties defendant, see 
 Paeties, § 30. 
 
 Injunction against execution sales to pro- 
 tect. 30 L.R.A. 123. 
 
 Insane delusion as to misconduct of. 37 
 L.R.A. 275. 
 
 Effect on marketability of title of failure to 
 make heirs of deceased owner parties 
 to court proceeding. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 22. 
 
 Effect of statute making husband an heir 
 of wife on rule that marriage alone 
 without birth of issue will not revoke 
 a woman's will. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1021. 
 
 Devolution from heir of vendee's interest 
 under contract for purchase of land. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 450. 
 
 Interest covered by insurance in name of 
 heirs of a decedent. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 82. 
 
 § 2. Who are. 
 
 Who are; meaning of the word. 8 L.R.A, 
 
 732,* 747;* 12 L.R.A. 721;* 13 L.R.A. 
 
 46.* 
 Presumptive and apparent defined. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 122.* 
 When construed to mean "children." 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 Within meai^ing of insurance policy. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 593. 
 Who are legal heirs to whom insurance is 
 
 payable. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 904. 
 
 § 3. Time of determining. 
 
 Are "heirs" who take under the possibility 
 of reverter determined as of the time 
 of the ancestor's death, or as of the 
 time of the termination of the fee. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 
 § 4. Rights and powers of. 
 
 Choice of remedy of pretermitted heirs, see 
 
 Elkction or Remedies, § 6. 
 Expectancy of prospective heir, see Ex- 
 
 pectanct. 
 Eight of heirs of deceased partner in 
 
 partnership real estate, see Paetnbe- 
 
 SHip, § 22. 
 Eights of under rule in Shelley's Case, see 
 
 Deeds, § 30; Wills, § 82. 
 Rights of, in estate of ancestor, see Descent 
 
 and Disteibution, §§ 2-8; Executobs 
 
 AND AdMINISTEATOES ; WiLLS. 
 
 Eights of, in homestead, see Homestead, §§ 
 17-20. 
 
 Eight of, to gift failing for remoteness. 20 
 L.E.A. 517. 
 
 Necessity of ancestor's having been in pos- 
 session to give heirs benefit of hi.i color 
 of title. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 403. 
 
 Eight of heirs of deceased partner in part- 
 nership real estate. 27 L.R.A. 348. 
 
 Eight to rents of intestate's property. 40 
 L.E.A. 343. 
 
 Eight to have judgment against decedent 
 set aside. 54 L.R.A. 761. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 641 
 
 HEIRS— cont'd 
 
 Binding effect of settlement by sole heir or 
 distributee of claim belonging to es- 
 tate, upon administrator. 11 L.K.A. 
 (K.S.) 148. 
 
 Right of heirs of donor to enforce proper 
 administration of charitable trust. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 
 Right of heirs to make or control election 
 for or against a will or between dif- 
 ferent provisions of a will or statute. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 
 § 5. — effect on, of fravid against; or 
 promise to, ancestor. 
 
 Gift by will as affected by heir's promise to 
 testator. 20 L.R.A. 466. 
 
 Impressing share of heir with constructive 
 trust because of his fraud in frustrat- 
 ing decedent's intention to give the 
 property to a third person. 8 L.R.A. 
 (KS.) 698; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 176. 
 
 § 6. Rights of third persons as against. 
 
 Liability of heirs for debts of ancestor, see 
 Descext axd Disteibuiion, §§ 12, 13. 
 
 Child's right in parents' homestead as 
 against heirs. 56 L.R.A. 65. 
 
 Rights of wife under conveyance from hus 
 band as against latter's hei 
 L.R.A. 377. 
 
 :irs. 69 
 
 HELPLESS PERSON. 
 
 Carrier's duty toward helpless passengers, 
 see Careiebs, generally, §§ 39, 40. 
 
 Care due towards, see Negligence, § 12. 
 
 On railroad tracks, injury to, see Rail- 
 roads, § 55. 
 
 Duty of street railway company towards, 
 see Street Railways, § 16. 
 
 HEMORRHAGE. 
 
 Internal hemorrhage as evidence of statu- 
 tory wounding. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 965. 
 
 HEPBURN ACT. 
 
 Implied contract for through shipment 
 under. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.)- 28. 
 
 Effect of, on limitation of initial carrier's 
 undertaking to its own line. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 52. 
 
 As affecting validity of stipulation limit- 
 ing carrier's liability to agreed valu- 
 ation. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 293. 
 
 § 7. Remedies of or against. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction of suit by or against, 
 see Equity, § 17. 
 
 Remedy of pretermitted heirs. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1143. 
 
 Injunction by, to prevent interment or re- 
 strain interference with interment of 
 ancestor's remains, 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 487. 
 
 Remedies against heir of devisee for en- 
 forcement of legacy charged on the de- 
 vise. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 
 § 8. Liabilities of. 
 
 Liabilities of, to creditors of ancestor, see 
 Descent and Distribution, §§ 12, 33. 
 
 Liability of interest of prospective heirs to 
 attachment or garnishment, see Ex- 
 pectancy, § 4. 
 
 Assessment on decedent's estate against. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 645. 
 Indebtedness of, to estate as counterclaim 
 
 or set-off against distributive share in 
 
 proceeds of real estate. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 189. 
 
 S 9. Necessity and effect of using word 
 in will or conveyance. 
 
 Under rule, in Shelley's Case, see Deeds, § 
 
 30; Wills, § 82. 
 Necessity of use of word "heirs" to pass 
 
 fee to trustee, see Trusts, § 3. 
 Persons who take under devise to heirs, see 
 
 Wills, § 69. 
 
 Effect of provision in bequest of personalty 
 that upon first taker's death the prop- 
 erty shall go to his "heirs" to create an 
 absolute title in him. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 470. 
 Consult also L.R.A.. Digests to date. 41 
 
 HERO. 
 
 Voluntarily incurring danger to save an- 
 other's life as contributory negligence. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1069. 
 
 HIDES. 
 
 Municipal power over, as nuisance. 38 
 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 HIEROGLYPHICS. 
 
 Use of, in books of account as affecting 
 their admissibility in evidence. 52 
 L.R,A. 573. 
 
 HIGH SEAS. 
 
 Transfer of ships on, by bankruptcy or in- 
 solvency proceedings. 23 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 Does transportation over, to points in same 
 state by route part of which is in an- 
 other state constitute interstate com- 
 merce. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 988. 
 
 HIGH- WATER MARK. 
 
 Title to land below, see Waters, § 16. 
 
642 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HIGHWAY CONTRACTORS. 
 
 ^Liability of, for injuries to travelers, see 
 Highways, § 92. 
 
 < I » 
 
 HIGHWAY DISTRICTS. 
 
 See Highways, § 2. 
 
 »«» 
 
 HIGHWAY OFFICERS. 
 
 Liability for injury by defect in highway, 
 see Highways, § 87. 
 
 HIGHWAYS. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 
 II. Highway districts; what are high- 
 
 ways, §§ 3, 3. 
 
 III. Establishment; width, §§ 4:-8a. 
 IT. Title; control; use; obsti'uction ; 
 
 encroachment, §§ 9-4:6. 
 a. In general, § 9. 
 J). Title and property rights 
 
 generally, §10. 
 
 c. Bights and title of abutting 
 
 owner, §§ 11-14. 
 
 d. Uses;. what alloiced in street 
 
 generally, §§ 15-25. 
 1. In general, §§ 15, 16. 
 S. Use by public generally, 
 
 §§ 17-20. 
 8. Use by public service 
 
 corporations generally, 
 
 street franchises, § § 
 
 21-25. 
 
 e. Use and obstruction by rail- 
 
 roads, §§ 26-32. 
 
 f. Obstructions generally; en- 
 
 croachments, §§ 33-39. 
 
 g. Nuisances, §§ 40, 41. 
 h. Rights as to trees and ma- 
 terial in street, §§ 42-44. 
 
 i. Bights and regulations as to 
 
 vehicles, §§ 45, 46. 
 V. Improvement; repairs; grading; 
 
 change of grade; lighting; 
 
 removal of snow and ice, 
 
 §§ 47-56. 
 a. In general, §§ 47-49. 
 ft. Grading street, §§ 50, 51. 
 o. Change of grade, §§ 52, 53. 
 
 d. Lighting of streets and 
 
 bridges, §§ 54, 35. 
 
 e. Removal of snow and ice, g 
 
 56. 
 VI. Liability for injuries to travelers, 
 §§ 56a-107. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 56a, 56b. 
 
 b. Liability of municipality, §§ 
 
 57-77. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 57, 5S. 
 
 2. Who entitled to protec- 
 
 tion, §§ 59, 59a. 
 8. For acts and omissions 
 of others, §§ 60-64. 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI.— cont'd 
 
 '4. Defects and obstruc- 
 tions, §§ 65-7 5a. 
 S. For pertnttting or fail- 
 ure to prevent improper 
 use, §§ 76, 77. 
 
 c. Liability of county, § 7S.' 
 
 d. Liability of township, § 79. 
 
 e. Liability of abutting ouiners 
 
 or occupants, §§ 80-84. 
 
 J. Liability of landlord, §§ jSB, 
 86. 
 
 g. Liability of highway officers, 
 § 87. 
 
 h. Liability of railroads, § 88. 
 
 i. Liability of street railways, 
 §§ 89-91. 
 
 j. Liability of contractors, § 
 92. 
 
 1c. Lialyility for acts of inde- 
 pendent contractors, § 93. 
 
 I. Joint liability of municipal- 
 ity and others; liability 
 over, §§ 94, 95. 
 
 m. Contributory negligence, §§ 
 96-101. 
 
 n. Notice, §§ 102-107. 
 
 1. Of defects, §§ 102-105. 
 
 2. Of injuries, §§ 106, 
 107. 
 
 Til. Municipal liability for injuries to 
 property through defects in 
 street, § 108. 
 Till. Discontinuance; vacation; aban- 
 donment; reversion, §§ 109- 
 113. 
 IX. Highway officers, § 114. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Access to, see Access, § 1. 
 
 As boundaries of property conveyed, see 
 BOUKDAEIES, § 5. 
 
 As to bridges, see Bridges. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 76. 
 
 Private ways or easements, see Basements; 
 Private Roads. 
 
 Private roads, see Private Roads. 
 
 Fences along, see Fences, § 4. 
 
 Injunction as to, see Injunction, § 64. 
 
 Power of municipality with respect to 
 generally, see Municipal Corporations, 
 § 27. 
 
 Parties plaintiff in actions affecting, see 
 Parties, § 4. 
 
 Over public land, see Public Lands, § 8. 
 
 Judicial notice of matters relating to high- 
 ways. 4 L.R.A. 38.* 
 
 Right to take tolls on road within a city. 
 15 L.R.A. 651. 
 
 Damages for breach of contract as to. 
 53 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Public highway across land at time of con- 
 veyance as breach of covenant. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 833. 
 
 Covenant to keep street open. 3 L.R.A. 
 581.* 
 
 On shore. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 
 Effect of street along shore on right to 
 erect wharves. 40 L.R.A. 646. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 643 
 
 HIGHWAYS, L— cont'd 
 
 Liability for injury to, by removal of later- 
 al support. 68 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 Interference by, with wharf rights in navi- 
 gable waters. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 431. 
 
 Duty to maintain bridge over race way in- 
 tersecting higliway. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 
 Right ' of govei'nment to divert water from 
 nontidal stream for highway purposes 
 without compensation to riparian own- 
 er. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 
 //. Highway districts; tchat are high- 
 ways. 
 
 § 2. Highway districts. 
 
 Right to withdraw names from' petition for 
 consolidation of highway district. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1113. 
 
 § 3. What are highways. 
 
 Water course as highway. 3 L.R.A. 610.* 
 Private streams as. 3 L.R.A. 406.* 
 Floatable streams as. 41 L.R.A. 376. 
 Navigable stream as. 70 L.R.A. 272. 
 Use of canals as highways., 61 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 ///. Estahlishment ; width, 
 
 § 4. Establishment generally. ' 
 
 Amount of damages allowed on laying out 
 highway, see Damages, §§ 91, 92. 
 
 Dedication for highway, see Dedication. 
 
 Dedication by bounding land on highway, 
 see Dedication, § 6. 
 
 Condemnation of land for, see Eminent 
 Domain, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 Right to take interest in highway without 
 compensation. 7 L.R.A. 549.* 
 
 Liability of county for injuries to real prop- 
 erty from construction of road. 39 
 L.R.A. 68. 
 
 Right to withdraw name from petition for. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372. 
 
 Right to extend highway into navigable 
 water. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1170. 
 
 Fraud in proceedings for opening or ex- 
 tending highway as defense to proceed- 
 ings to acquire property for that pur- 
 pose. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 639. 
 
 Establishment of highways over public lands 
 subsequent to entry thereon by one who 
 has not perfected his title. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 764. 
 
 Extinguishment of easement for private way 
 by its incorporation into a public way. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1002. 
 
 Use of squares, parks or commons for high- 
 ways as a diversion. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 98i. 
 
 Injunction or ejectment as proper remedy 
 where public highway is illegally opened 
 over private property. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 511. 
 
 Establishment of road as essential to lia- 
 bility of townships for defects therein. 
 13 L.R.A.(X.S.) 1222. 
 
 § 5. Acquiring hy prescription. 
 
 Adverse possession of highway, see Adverse 
 Possession, § 12. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, III.— cont'd 
 Public easement acquired hy prescription. 
 11 L.R.A. 55. 
 Presumption of grant from user. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 56. 
 Evidence of user. 11 L.R.A. 56. 
 Use under claim of right. 11 L.R.A. 
 56. 
 
 § 6. Acceptance. 
 
 Effect of mere use of highway over puhlic 
 domain as acceptance of grant or right 
 of way. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1223. 
 
 § 7. Laying out across railroad. 
 
 Amount allowed on, see Damages, § 92. 
 
 Laying out across railroad. 7 L.R.A. 121.* 
 Power to lay out streets or highways across 
 railway property on right of way. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1213. 
 Necessity of making compensation and meas- 
 ure thereof upon laying of street across 
 railway property. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1226. 
 
 § 8. Width. 
 
 Widening streets. 9 L.R.A. 95;* 11 L.R.A. 
 59.* 
 
 Right of public to use of entire width. 9 
 L.R.A. 94.* 
 
 Delegation by city council of power to de- 
 termine width. 20 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 Rights acquired as against public by en- 
 closure and adverse possession of part 
 of width of highway. 18 L.R.A. 149. 
 
 Duty of municipality as to width of rural 
 highway within city or village limits. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 825. 
 
 § 8a. — narrowing streets. 
 
 Narrowing streets. 11 L.R.A. 59.* 
 
 Right of abutting owner to compenssv- 
 
 tion on narrowing of street. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1119. 
 
 IT. Title; control; use; obstruction; 
 encroachment. 
 
 a. In general, 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Lighting of, see infra, §§ 53, 54. 
 Choice of remedies as ta rights in, see 
 Election of Remedies, § 10. 
 
 Municipal control over highways. 4 L.R.A. 
 623;* 11 L.R.A. .59.* 
 
 Power of municipality to limit its control 
 or authority over street or other public 
 ground as an incident of its acquisition 
 of title or right therein. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1045. 
 
 Injunction against interference with view 
 from. 5 L,R.A.(N.S.) 4»6. 
 
 Z>. Title and property rights generally, 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Of abutting owner, see infra, IV. c. 
 
 Title to land taken for street. 3 L.R.A. 
 176;* 8 L.R.A. 472.* 
 
644 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, IV. f— cont'd 
 
 Ownership of fee in streets. 4 L.E.A. 622 ; * 
 
 7 L.E.A. 548.* 
 Public right limited to easement. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 493.* 
 Ejectment for lands subject to easement of 
 
 highway. IS L.R.A. 787. 
 Ejectment for easement in street. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 129. 
 Taxes on easements of corporation in, as 
 
 real estate. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 263. 
 
 c. Rights and title of abutting owner. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of railroad in highway 
 as against abutting owner, see infra, 
 § 27. 
 
 Rights as to trees and material, see infra, 
 42-44. 
 
 Liability to abutting owner for damage from 
 
 I grading street, see infra, § 51. 
 
 Liability to abutting owner for damage 
 from change of grade, see infra, § 53. 
 
 Boundary on highway, see Boundaries, § 
 5. 
 
 Creation of easement in highway by con- 
 veyance with reference to street, see 
 Easements, § 11. 
 
 Easements of light and air, see Ease- 
 ments, §§ 13, 19-21. 
 
 Right to minerals under,^see infra, § 44. 
 
 In case of street railways, see Street Rail- 
 ways, § 4. 
 
 Rights of owner of fee. 7 L.R.A. 548;* 
 8 L.R.A. 429,* 472.* 
 
 Property rights of adjacent owners. 1 
 L.R.A. 493;* 4 L.R.A. 193,* 623;* 10 
 L.R.A. 276.* 
 
 Protection of abutting owner's rights in 
 equity. 7 L.R.A. 549.* 
 
 Injunction as proper remedy to protect right 
 of ingress and egress from street to 
 abutting property. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 193. 
 
 Eight of abutting owner to change exist- 
 ing conditions in surface of street or 
 highway. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.)' 1038.^ ■ 
 
 Obstructions in highway, preventing access 
 to property except by a, circuitous 
 route, as a special injury entitling 
 owner to maintain action for damages, 
 or to abate- the nuisance. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 227; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75. 
 
 Liability of county for injuries caused by 
 construction or maintenance of a bridge 
 to property thereto adjoining. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 
 g 12. Water rights. 
 
 Effect of street on shore on title to accre- 
 tions to shore lands. 58 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 Does public easement in street terminating 
 at shore line follow recession of shore 
 line. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 593. 
 
 Effect of construction by abutting owner of 
 wharf on the street. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 506. 
 
 Effect of deed to carry title to water's edge, 
 \\'here a street or highway intervenes. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 551. 
 
 HIGHWAYS-, IV. c— cont'd 
 
 Is one a riparian or littoral owner whose 
 property abuts on a highway one line 
 of which is coterminous with the shore 
 line of navigable water. , 22 L.R.A. 
 .(N.S.) 674. 
 
 § 13. Uses permitted to abutting own- 
 ers. 
 
 As to awnings; signs, etc., see infra, § 19a. 
 Right to obstruct for business and building 
 purposes, see infra, § 34. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to traveler 
 by uses permitted to abutting own- 
 er. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 509. 
 In general. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 For deposit of building materials. 19 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 510. 
 For water, gas and sewer connections. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 512. 
 For construction of sidewalks. 19 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 515. 
 
 Right to lay pipe or malce other under- 
 ground use of highway. , 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 905. 
 
 Right to use highway for ditch. 34 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 506. 
 
 Eight to continue enjoyment of passway 
 across highway. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 918. 
 
 Right to join land to street by driveway 
 or walk. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1074. 
 
 Power of municipality to permit abutting 
 owners to extend structures into street. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 375. 
 
 Encroachment on public street or alley by 
 occupier of abutting property for stor- 
 age or similar purposes as basis of ad- 
 verse possession or estoppel. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1056. 
 
 § 14. —vaults; area ways, etc. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury due to, see 
 
 infra, §§ 62, 69. 
 For areaways, hatchways, coal holes, etc. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 Power of municipality to require removal 
 
 of vaults in street. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1034. 
 Power of municipal corporation to exact 
 
 fee or rental for vaults or 
 
 in street. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 areaways 
 
 d. Uses; wliat 
 
 allowed 
 erally. 
 
 in street gen- 
 
 Begin ivitli this booli on every law question 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Use by abutting owner, see supra, §§ 13, 
 14. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to traveler 
 by permitting or failing to prevent im- 
 proper use, see infra, §§ 76, 77. 
 
 Use for drains and seweis, see Drains and 
 Sewers, § 4. 
 
 Use of street for hack stands, see Hacks, § 
 
 License for use of streets generally, see 
 
 License, § 44. 
 Use for market, see Markets, § 3. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 645 
 
 TITGHWAYS, IV. d, 1— cont'd 
 
 Po-\ver as to streets, generally. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 622.* 
 Power of inuniL'ipality to authorize vise of, 
 
 for private drain. 16 L.R.A. 715. 
 Right of county, municipality or town to 
 
 collect tolls for use of highway. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 836. 
 Violating ordinance as to use of, as ground 
 
 of private action. 5 L.R.A. (M.S.) 257. 
 Power of municipality to punish use of, 
 
 which is also an offense under state 
 
 law. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 53. 
 
 § 16. For business or advertising pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Obstruction for, see infra, § 34. 
 
 Permitting use of, for business purposes. 
 
 8 L.R.A. 830.* 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to grant or 
 lease space on street or sidewalk 
 for business purposes. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 400. 
 
 Marketplace. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 401. 
 
 Fruit or lunch stands. 25 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 402. 
 
 Hack stands. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 
 Lunch wagons, etc. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 403. 
 
 Weighing scales. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 
 Depot. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 Who entitled to relief. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 404. 
 
 Special matters of defense by person ob- 
 structing street. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 405. 
 Grant of riglit to use streets or other pub- 
 lic places for advertising purposes. 9 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 455. 
 Power of city as to regulation of signs and 
 
 billboards in street. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 735. 
 
 2. Use by public generally. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Regulation of automobiles in, see Automo- 
 biles, § 1. 
 
 Right of public to use of its entire width. 
 
 9 L.R.A. 94.* 
 
 Homicide resulting from negligent use of 
 highway. 61 L.R.A. 279. 
 
 Ordinances as to street parades. 19 L.R.A. 
 858; 39 L.R.A. 672; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 251. 
 
 Delegation of power to regulate parades. 20 
 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Market regulations as to sales on. 24 
 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 Privilege of using street as a contract with- 
 in provision against impairing obliga- 
 tion. 50 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Eight of public to use or divert water in 
 highway. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1066. 
 
 § 18. Prohibition against loitering in. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to prevent 
 loitering in streets. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 973. 
 Consult also L,R,A. Digests to date. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, IV. d, 2— cont'd 
 § 19. Use by bicyclist. 
 
 Right of bicyclists to use, generally. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 289. 
 Validity of enactments restricting use of, 
 
 by bicyclist. 47 L.R.A. 290. 
 
 § 19a. Overhanging objects; awnings; 
 signs; billboards. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to traveler 
 by, see infra, § 68. 
 
 Right to maintain awnings in streets. 26 
 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to compel 
 removal of awnings or signs encroach- 
 ing on streets. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 146. 
 
 Signboards as a nuisance in street; munic- 
 ipal control over. 39 L.R.A. 661. 
 
 Municipal power as to regulation of signs 
 and billboards. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 735. 
 
 Signs and other objects overhanging and 
 liable to fall. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 517. 
 
 Power to make erection of signs conditional 
 upon consent of neighbors. 8 L.R.A.' 
 (N.S.) 978. 
 
 Exercise of police power for esthetic pur- 
 poses. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 998. 
 
 § 2 0. As to hitching of horses. 
 
 Negligence in leaving horse unhitched, see 
 Negligence, § 27. 
 
 Power of municipality to regulate hitching 
 of, in streets. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1080. 
 
 3. Use by public service corporations 
 generally; street franchises. 
 
 §21. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages to abutting owner for 
 additional burdens in highway, see 
 Damages, §§ 89, 90. 
 
 What constitutes a ' taking of an interest 
 in highway, see Eminent Domaiw, § 44. 
 
 What constitutes an additional burden or 
 servitude in highway, see Ejiixext 
 Domain, §§ 55-57. 
 
 As to street railways, see Street Rail- 
 ways, §§ 3-6. 
 
 Privilege of using street as a contract with- 
 in provision against impairing obliga- 
 tion. 50 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Power of municipality in absence of express 
 legislative authority to grant street 
 franchises. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 925. 
 
 Validity of contract making public service 
 corporation's liability to municipality 
 dependent upon the continuance of its 
 franchise without competition. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 214. 
 
 Right of owner of franchise for public ben- 
 efit which is not exclusive to injunc- 
 tion against its invasion without right. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 
 Proper remedy to make franchise available, 
 as against municipality. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 782. 
 
 Municipal declaration of forfeiture of street 
 franchise or privilege for breach of 
 conditions, as a judicial determination. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 321. 
 
646 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HIOHWAYS, IV. d, 3— cont'd 
 
 Liability of municipality in damages for 
 repeal or interference with enjoyment 
 of street franchise. 36 L.K.A.(N.S.) 
 861. 
 
 Duty and right of municipality to reimburse 
 public service corpoi-ation for expenses 
 entailed by improvements in street. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 
 Franchise to occupy, as affecting liability of 
 user of electricity for interference with 
 the business or injury to the property 
 of another resulting from induction or 
 from use of earth as a return electric 
 circuit. 2 B. R. C. 130. 
 
 Location of street franchise for purposes of 
 taxation. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 174. 
 
 Does taxation of business or occupation of 
 public service corporation and taxation 
 of its franchise or right to occupy the 
 streets amount to double taxation. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 221. 
 
 Who may question validity of street fran- 
 chise granted by municipality. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 939. 
 
 § 22. Gas pipes in street. 
 
 Right to lay gas pipes in streets. 8 L.R.A. 
 488.* 
 
 Nature of right, generally. 8 L.R.A. 487.* 
 
 As a nuisance. 39 L.R.A. 680. 
 
 Gas pipe line in highway or street as an 
 additional burden. 17 L.R.A. 480,; 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 506. 
 
 Power of municipality, in absence of ex- 
 press legislative authority, to grant 
 street franchise to gas company. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 925. 
 
 Injunction to restrain laying. 8 L.R.A. 
 488.* 
 
 Privilege of laying, as a contract within pro- 
 vision against impairing obligation. 50 
 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Permitting abutting owner to make gas con- 
 nections in street. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 512. 
 
 Power of municipality, in absence of ex- 
 press legislative authority, to grant 
 franchise to use street for gas lighting. 
 22 L.R.A.fN.S.) 933, 937. 
 
 Power of municipality to fix gas rates as 
 an incident of its power to authorize 
 the laying of gas mains. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1197. _ 
 
 Injury to gas pipes by change of street 
 grade. 19 L.R.A. 510. 
 
 Right to prevent use of highways for pipe 
 line for exporting natural gas. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1195. 
 
 § 23. Water pipes. 
 
 Right to lay water pipes in. 61 L.R.A. 76. 
 
 Water pipes in street as an additional bur- 
 den on easement. 17 L.R.A. 480. 
 
 Power of municipality, in absence of ex- 
 press statutory authority to grant 
 street franchise to water company. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 925. 
 
 Power of municipality in absence of ex- 
 press legislative authority to grant 
 francliise to lav water mains in street. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 933, 938. 
 
 Begin with this booli on every law question 
 
 HIGHWAYS, IV. d, 3— cont'd 
 
 Privilege of laying water mains in street 
 
 as a contract within provision against 
 
 impairing contract obligations. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 145. 
 Injury to, bv change of grade in highway. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 510. 
 Lien on pumping or power plant for pipes, 
 
 wires or tracks laid in street. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 355. 
 
 §24. Electric poles and wires; tele- 
 graphs and telephones. 
 
 Injury to trees in erecting, see infra, § 42. 
 As additional burden, see Eminent Domain, 
 § 56. 
 
 Privilege of using street for telegraph line 
 as a contract within provision against 
 impairing obligation. 50 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Police regulation as to use of, by electric 
 companies. 31 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 Liability for injuries by electric wires in 
 highway. 3l L.R.A.' 566. 
 
 Municipal regulation of poles and wires as 
 nuisances in street. 39 L.R.A. 619. 
 
 Injunction against poles and wires as pub- 
 lic nuisance. 44 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 Power of municipality in absence of express 
 legislative authority to grant fran- 
 chise to use street for electric lighting. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 933, 937. 
 
 Power of municipality in absence of express 
 legislative authority- to grant franchise 
 to use street for telephone line. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 934, 939. 
 
 Municipial liability for injury by telegraph 
 or telephone pole in street. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 607. 
 
 Right to transfer or mortgage privilege to 
 use street for telegraph, telephone, or 
 other quasi-public purposes. 47 L.R.A. 
 87. 
 
 Right to require telegraph or telephone 
 wires to be placed underground. 31 
 L.R.A. 806; 14 L,R.A.(N.S.) 654; 
 
 Delay in applying for injunction against 
 maintaining telegraph or telephone line 
 in. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1091. 
 
 Imposing license fee on telegraph or tele- 
 phone company for use of. 1 L.E.A. 
 • (N.S.) 581. 
 
 Right to interfere with wires of public serv- 
 
 L^ ice corporation in moving house along 
 street;. 14 L.R._A.(N.S.) 448. 
 
 Lien on power plant for pipes, wires, or 
 tracks laid in street. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 355. 
 
 §2 5. Electric conduits. 
 
 Right to place electric conduits under 
 streets under general charter authority 
 to enter upon the same. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 404. 
 
 e. Use and obstruction by railroad. 
 
 § 2 6. Generally. 
 
 Laying out highway across railroad, see 
 supra, § 7. 
 
 Duty as to repairs, see infra, § 48. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury due to rail- 
 road, see infra, § 63. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 647 
 
 HIGHWAYS, IV. e— cont'd 
 
 Liability for injury due to defects at cross- 
 ings, see infra, § 88. 
 
 Railroad as additional burden, see Eminent 
 Domain, § 67. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunctiox, § 67. 
 
 Liability of right of way for local assess- 
 ments, see Public Improvembxts, § 21. 
 
 As to street railways, see Street Railways, 
 §§ 3-6. 
 
 Right to use for railroads. 1 L.R.A. 503;* 
 ■2 L.R.A. 59,» 255;* 5 L.R.A. 371.* 
 
 Lawfulness of the use of steam traction en- 
 gine on. 16 L.R.A. 148. 
 
 Improper use of, by railroad. 6 L.R.A. 
 254.* 
 
 Privilege of using street for railroad as con- 
 tract within provision against impair- 
 ing obligation. 50 L.R.A. 143. 
 
 Power of municipality in absence of express 
 legislative authority to grant street 
 franchise for railroad. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 925, 927, 935. 
 
 Injury to tracks by change of street grade, 
 19 L.R.A. 510. 
 
 Railway in street as a nuisance. 5 L.R.A. 
 37i.* 
 
 Municipal control over public nuisances up- 
 on public streets and highways created 
 by railroads and other electrical com- 
 panies. 39 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 Effect of acquiescence or consent by a town 
 or municipality to construction or use 
 of railroad in street or highway, to 
 estop it from objecting thereto. 7 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1187. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to resist by 
 force unauthorized use of street by 
 railroad company. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1260. 
 
 Power of municipality to prevent laying an 
 additional track under a franchise orig- 
 inally granting the right to lay double 
 tracks. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 850. 
 
 Injunction against railroad in street. 23 
 L.E.A. 303. 
 
 Eight to transfer or mortgage privilege to 
 use street for quasi-public purpose. 47 
 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 Effect of city's permitting use of street by 
 railroad in such way as practically to 
 exclude public to cause a reversion of 
 the street to dedicators or abutting 
 owners. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 589. 
 Nature of railroad company's rights in pub- 
 lic streets for purpose of taxation. 66 
 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 § 2 7. Rights and liabilities as against 
 abutting owner. 
 
 Measure of damages to abutting owner from 
 railroad in street, see Damages, § 90. 
 
 Right to compensation fot construction of 
 railway in street, see Eminent Do- 
 main, § 50. 
 
 Right of action of abutting owner for use 
 of highway by railroad or street rail- 
 road company. 5 L.R.A. 372;* 10 
 L.R.A. 268.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, IV. e— cont'd 
 
 Injury to abutting owner from tracks in 
 the street as damnum absque injuria. 
 2 L.R.A. 59.* 
 
 Injury to abutter's easement by railroad 
 in street. 14 L.R.A. 381. 
 Easements of light, air, and access by 
 grading street to cross. 14 L.R.A. 
 372. 
 
 Liability of successor of railroad company 
 for damages of abutting property from 
 construction of road in street. 16 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 874. 
 
 Does release of damages for construction of 
 railroad in highMfay include damages 
 from elevation of grade. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1202. 
 
 Remedy of abutting owner as affected by 
 his consent to the construction of rail- 
 road or street railway in street or 
 highway. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991; 23 
 L.R.A.("N.S.) 433. 
 
 Preventive remedy of nonconsenting abut- 
 ting property owner where use of high- 
 way for street railway is authorized by^ 
 public. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1082. 
 
 Right of abutting owners to enjoin use of 
 street for railroad purposes. 5 L.R.A. 
 373.* 
 
 § 2 8. Use for storing cars or making- 
 up trains. 
 
 Parking cars or making up trains within 
 city limits. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 643. 
 
 Effect of legislative authority on liability 
 for use of street as railroad yard. 1 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 78. 
 
 § 2 9. Imposing conditions generally 
 on allowing use. 
 
 Municipal power to impose conditions when 
 
 giving consent to railway in street. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 33. 
 Power to compel railroad company to light 
 
 tracks in city. 41, L.R.A. 422; 19 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 658. 
 
 § 30. Requirements at crossings. 
 
 Rights and duties of railroad company aa 
 to crossings generally, see Railroads, 
 §§ 31-33, 58-70. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to require 
 safety gates at railroad crossing. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 14L 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to regulate 
 speed of, and signals from, trains at 
 highway crossings. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 561. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to require 
 railroad company to keep highway in 
 repair at overhead or underground 
 crossing. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 915. 
 
 § 31. — power of municipality to com- 
 pel change of grade of railroad in 
 street. 
 
 Requiring abolishment of grade crossings, 
 see Railroads, § 32. 
 
 Generally. 70 L.R.A. '850. 
 The need of legislative authority. 70 L.R.A 
 850. 
 
648 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, IV. e— cont'd 
 
 ilunicipal police power over railroads in 
 public streets. 70 L.R.A. 851. 
 
 Continuity of power and obligation re- 
 specting street grades. 70 L.R.A. 852. 
 
 General limitations on municipal action. 
 70 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Effect of provisions in the franchise grant. 
 70 L.R.A. 854. 
 
 Effect of franchises given by the state. 70 
 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 Remedies in the courts. 70 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 § 32. Obstruction of crossing Iby train.' 
 
 Injury to person attempting to cross train 
 
 obstructing crossing, see Railroads, 
 
 § 62. 
 Contributory negligence in attempting to 
 
 cross train obstructing crossing, see 
 
 Railroads, § 82. 
 
 Obstruction of street by railroad. 14 L.R.A. 
 558. 
 
 Liability of a railroad company for ob- 
 structing a highway crossing. 18 
 L.R.A. 154. 
 
 Act of third person as excuse to railroad for 
 blocking street crossing. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 350. 
 
 Duty and liability of railroad company 
 toward one going on its property to 
 pass around train blocking crossing. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 775. 
 
 Obstruction of, by railroad train in viola- 
 tion of police ordinance as ground for 
 private action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 244. 
 
 /. Obstruction^, generally; encroach- 
 ments. ' 
 
 § 33. Generally. 
 
 By railroads, see supra, IV. e. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by, see infra, 
 §§ 65-75. 
 
 Municipal liability for permitting obstruc- 
 tions, see infra, § 77. 
 
 Obstructions authorized. 12 L.R.A. 115.* 
 
 Mandamus to compel removal of obstruction 
 from highway. 6 L.R.A. 161.* 
 
 Mandatory injunction for removal of ob- 
 structions to. 20 L.R.A. 162. 
 
 Liability for obstructing. 10 L.R.A. 473.* 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for per- 
 mitting obstructions. 10 L.R.A. 473.* 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for ob- 
 struction. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 127. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 obstruction of highways. 52 L.R.A. 
 47; 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 253. 
 
 Abandonment of highway by permitting ob- 
 structions in. 26 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 Obstruction a misdemeanor. 4 L.R.A. 298.* 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for obstruct- 
 ing. 35 L.R.A. 573. 
 
 Obstruction of street in violation of police 
 ordinance as ground for private action 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 257. 
 
 Duty and liability of one who maintains 
 temporary obstruction in street for pur- 
 pose of loading or unloading vehicle. 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 97. 
 
 Begin ivith this boolc on every law question. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, IV. f— cont'd 
 
 Obstruction in highway preventing access 
 to property except by circuitous route 
 as a special injury entitling owner to 
 maintain action for damages or abate 
 the nuisance. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 227; 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 75. 
 
 Does the fact that one is prevented by an 
 unlawful obstruction from using a high- 
 way cause him a special damage which 
 will sustain an action by laim against 
 the wrongdoer. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1053. 
 
 Employer's duty not to impede public use 
 of highway by independent contractors. 
 66 L.R.A. 148. , 
 
 Obstruction or defect in highway as justi- 
 fication for entry on adjoining land 
 which would otherwise, be a trespass, 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 153. 
 
 Effect of encroachment. 26 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 § 34. For business »nd building pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Use for, see supra, § 16. 
 
 In general. 14 L.R.A. 556. 
 
 Use for loading and unloading goods. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 557. 
 For hack stand or storing wagons. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 557. 
 For fair or market purposes. 14 L.R.A. 558. 
 Rights of railroad companies. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 558. 
 Convenient uses generally. 14 L.R.A. 558. 
 Private ways. 14 L.R.A. 559. 
 Burden of proof; question of law and fact. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 559. 
 Obstruction of sidewalks. 14 L.R.A. 559. 
 Right of abutting owner to place building 
 
 materials in street. 14 L.R.A. 560; 
 
 19 L.R.A. 643. 
 Municipal liability for injury by building 
 
 material in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 655. 
 Right of abutting property owner to extend 
 
 steps into street. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 I 
 § 35. Polling booths. 
 Right of municipal corporation to place 
 
 polling booth in street. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 571. 
 
 § 36. Hitching posts and stepping 
 blocks. I 
 
 Hitching posts or stepping blocks in public 
 streets as .unlawful obstructions. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 853. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by hitching 
 post in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 607. 
 
 §37. Bridges. 
 
 Right of municipality without express pow- 
 er to permit construction of an over- 
 head bridge across a public street for 
 private purpose. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 158. 
 
 Liability of county for injury caused by 
 maintenance or construction of .bridge; 
 to property thereto adjoining. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 
 g 38. Fences. 
 
 Injunction against maintenance of fence in. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 640 
 
 HIGmVAYS, IV. f— cont'd 
 
 Injunction against interference with fences 
 
 under claim of highway. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 58. 
 
 § 39. Prescriptive right to maintain. 
 
 Effect of lapse of time to legalize encroach- 
 ment on highway. 8 L.R.A. 829;* 9 
 L.R.A. 94.* 
 
 Prescriptive right to maintain. 53 L.R.A. 
 897. 
 
 Prescriptive right to obstruct. 53 L.R.A. 
 891. 
 
 g. Nuisances. 
 
 § 40. Generally. 
 
 Power of municipality as to nuisances af- 
 fecting highways, see Municipal Cor- 
 porations, § 36. 
 
 Public nuisances on highway. 8 L.R.A. 
 830.* 
 Abatement of. 8 L.R.A. 831.* 
 Injunction to restrain. 8 L.R.A. 831.* 
 Private right of action. 8 L.R.A. 832.* 
 
 Injunction against use of street constituting 
 nuisance. 23 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 Injunction by municipality against nui- 
 sances. 42 L.R.A. 814. 
 
 Right to compensation for property de- 
 stroyed in abating a nuisance on high- 
 way. 19 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 Presumption as to statutory authority to 
 commit, by alterations in highway. 70 
 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 ilunicipal liability for nuisance caused by 
 change of highway grade. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 129. 
 
 Obstructions preventing access to property 
 except by circuitous route, as special 
 injury entitling owner to maintain ac- 
 tion to abate the nuisance. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 227; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 75. 
 
 State as proper party to maintain bill to 
 enjoin a public nuisance in a city 
 street. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 
 § 41. What are nuisances. 
 
 In highway or alley. 8 L.R.A. 830.* 
 Trees on, as a nuisance subject to municipal 
 
 control. 39 L.R.A. 670. 
 Auction in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 972. 
 Railway in street as. 5 L.R.A. 371.* 
 Hitching posts or stepping blocks in public 
 
 streets as. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 853. _ 
 Parking cars or making up trains within 
 
 city limits as. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 643. 
 Fireworks in street as. 16 L.R.A. 395; 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.8.) 621. 
 
 H. Bights as to trees and material in 
 street. 
 
 § 42. Trees. 
 
 Ownership and control of trees in. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 553. 
 Right of municipal corporation to cut or 
 
 trim trees within limits of highway. 
 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 809; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 951. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, IV. h— cont'd 
 
 Authority of municipal officers to cut or 
 trim tree on private property to facili- 
 tate use of street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 814. 
 
 Liability to abutting owner for mutilating 
 trees in highway by erecting poles or 
 stringing wiresi 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1125; 
 30L.R.A.(N.S.) 1084. 
 
 Trees on street as a nuisance subject to 
 municipal control. 39 L.R.A. 670. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by trees in 
 street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 607, 649; 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 405. 
 
 Liability of street railway company operat- 
 ing in street for injury to employee 
 by tree maintained bv third person near 
 tracks. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 978. 
 
 § 43. Vegetation. 
 
 Right to vegetation growing in highway. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1053. 
 Where title is an adjacent owner. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1053. 
 Constitutionality of statute allowing 
 
 cattle to graze on highway. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1055. 
 
 § 44. Soil; minerals. 
 
 Right of municipality to take soil or miner- 
 al from, to injury of fee. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1164. 
 
 Right to mineral under the surface of street 
 or highway the fee of which is vested 
 in the public. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 422. 
 
 i. Bights and regulations as to vehicles. 
 
 § 45. Generally. 
 
 License for vehicles, see License, § 43. 
 
 Validity of statutes or ordinances regulat- 
 ing horse-drawn vehicles in city streets. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 682. 
 
 Power to prohibit automobiles from using 
 public thoroughfares. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 502. 
 
 § 4 6. Regulation of speed. 
 
 Regulation of speed of vehicles on streets. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 305, 
 Limitation of speed held valid. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 305. 
 Decisions incidentally recognizing the 
 
 validity of such regulations. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 306. 
 
 V. Improvement; repairs; grading; 
 change of grade; lighting; re^noval 
 of snow and ice. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 4 7. Generally. 
 
 Widening street, see supra, § 8. 
 
 Narrowing' streets, see supra, § 8a. 
 
 Rights as to trees in improvement of street, 
 see supra, § 42. 
 
 Liability for personal injury while improv- 
 ing or repairing street or highway, see 
 ' infra, VI. 
 
650 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Improvement of highways generally, see 
 
 Public Improvements. 
 Contracts for improvements, see Public 
 
 Improvements, §§ 7-9. 
 Assessments for improvements, see Public 
 
 Improvements, IV. 
 Ijiability for cost of sprinliling and svpeep- 
 
 ing, see Public Improvements, § 15. 
 
 Duty of municipality as to drainage of sur- 
 face waters on highways. 65 L.K.A. 
 259. 
 
 Presumption as to statutory authority to 
 commit nuisance by alterations in high- 
 way. 70 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 Prescriptive rights to maintain sidewalks. 
 53 L.R.A. 903. 
 
 Exercise of police power for esthetic pur- 
 poses. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 998. 
 
 Persons undertaking work on highway as 
 independent contractors. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 374. 
 
 Compulsory use of private property in road 
 work. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1045. 
 
 § 47a. Liability for Injuries to prop- 
 erty in making. 
 
 Jlunicipal liability for injury to property 
 
 rights through defective plan of 
 
 streets construction. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 257. 
 
 Interference with rights in street. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 257. 
 Interference with streams. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 258. 
 Injury by surface water. 67 L.R.A. 
 260. 
 Municipal liability for injury to lateral sup- 
 port in making improvement. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 696. 
 
 § 48. Duty ol railroad company as to 
 repairs. 
 
 Liability of railroad right of way for im- 
 provements, see Public Improvements, 
 § 21. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to require 
 railroad company to keep highway in 
 repair at overhead or underground 
 crossing. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 915. 
 
 § 49. Lateral support. 
 
 Rights and duty - as to, see Lateral Sup- 
 port, § 4. 
 
 h. Grading street. 
 
 § 50. Generally. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for dam- 
 ming back surface water by grading of 
 streets. 65 L.R.A. 250; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 126. 
 
 Municipal liability for damming up water 
 course in grading street. 59 L.R.A. 
 854. 
 
 § 51. Liability to abutting owner. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to abutting 
 property from bringing street to grade 
 first established, under constitutional 
 provision against "damming" private 
 property for public use without com- 
 pensation. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 108. 
 
 Begin tvith this boole on every law question. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, V. b— cont'd 
 
 Damage to abutting owner by first grading 
 
 and improvement of street. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 658. 
 Liable for negligent or illegal act. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 658. 
 The effect of statutes. 23 L.R.A. 659. 
 Constitutions giving damages for prop- 
 erty injured or damaged. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 659. 
 Establishing grade on paper. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 660. 
 What is regarded as establishing a 
 
 grade. 23 L.R.A. 661. 
 Change from natural surface. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 661. 
 Building after establishment of grade. 
 
 23 L.R.A. 661. 
 The Ohio doctrine. 23 L.R.A. 661. 
 
 c. Change of grade. 
 
 § 52. Generally. 
 
 As affecting railway tracks, gas and water 
 
 pipes, etc. 19 L.R.A. 510. 
 Cost of, to avoid railroad crossing at grade. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 92. 
 Power of municipality to compel change of 
 
 grade of railway in strteet. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 850. 
 Duty of municipality to care for surface 
 
 water on raising grade. 65 L.R.A. 253. 
 Liability of municipal corporation for 
 
 nuisance caused by change of highway 
 
 grade. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 129. 
 
 § 53. Liability to abutting owner. 
 
 Right of abutting owner to damages for. 
 
 3 L.R.A. 247;* 14 L.R.A. 371. 
 Injury to abutter's easements of light, air, 
 and access by changing grade. 14 
 L.R.A. 370, 383. 
 Right of abutting owner to damages for 
 special injuries from changing street 
 grade where street railway is not con- 
 sidered an additional burden. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1266. 
 Liability of a municipal corporation for 
 injury to abutting property from 
 changing the grade of a street un- 
 der a constitutional provision 
 against "damaging" private prop- 
 erty for public use without com- 
 pensation. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1194. 
 Viaducts, subways, and bridge ap- 
 proaches. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1198. 
 The Alabama and Pennsvlvania deci- 
 sions. 36 L.R.A.(N.S") 1199. 
 Change of grade from one previously 
 established. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1200. 
 Initial establishment of a grade. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201. 
 Right of abutting owner to damages where 
 railroad changes grade of street. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 796. 
 Liability of railroad company to abutting 
 owner for damages from change of 
 grade of, necessary to carry it across 
 tracks. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 226. 
 Right to interest on damages from changs 
 of grade. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 66. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 651 
 
 HIGHWAYS, v.— cont'd 
 
 d. Lighting of streets and t}ridges. 
 
 § 54. Generally. 
 
 As warning in case of obstruction or exca- 
 vation in street or highway, see infra, 
 § 73. 
 
 Power to light streets. 8 L.E.A. 487.* 
 Power of board to make contract for street 
 
 lighting extending beyond its own term. 
 
 29 L.R.A.{N.S.) 653. 
 Dutv of municipalitv to light streets. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) li66; 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 686. 
 Duty to light highway bridge. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 946. 
 
 § 55. By railroad company. 
 
 Duty of railroad to light space below ele- 
 vated tracks. 36 L.R. A. (N.S.) 1081. 
 
 Power to compel railroad companies to light 
 their tracks in cities. 41 L.E.A. 422; 
 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 658. 
 
 c. Removal of snow and ice. 
 
 § 56. Generally. 
 
 Liabilitv for injury due to, see infra, §§ 71, 
 84, "86, 91. 
 
 Lot owner's duty to remove snow. 10 
 
 L.E.A. 178.* 
 Eight to compel abutting owner to remove 
 
 ice and snow from sidewalks. . 24 
 
 L.E.A. 413. 
 Dutv to remove snow or ice from cross 
 "walks. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1167. 
 
 n. Liability for injuries to traveler's. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 56a. Generally. 
 
 Liability for injury by animals on, see 
 AXIMALS, § 10. 
 
 Duty and liability of person operating auto- 
 mobile in street, see Automobiles, § 2. 
 
 Liability for injury by electric wire, see 
 Electricity, III. a. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to neg- 
 ligence towards person injured on, see 
 Evidence, § 76. 
 
 Evidence as to negligence, see Evidence, 
 § 267. 
 
 Liability for explosion in street, see Explo- 
 sioxs AND Explosives, § 4. 
 
 Liability for frightening horse, see Horses, 
 §§ '7-14. 
 
 Attractive nuisance in highway, see Negli- 
 gence, §§ 23, 23a. 
 
 Personal injuries on highways not due to 
 defects or obstructions therein, see Neg- 
 ligence, §§ 24-27. 
 
 Injury at railroad crossing, see Railroads, 
 §§ 58-70. 
 
 Question for jury as to, see Tkial, § 42. 
 
 Liability for turning steam or other danger- 
 ous vapors or gases into sewer, 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 957. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. a— cont'd 
 
 Doctrine of attractive nuisances a§ applied 
 to attractions in highway. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1154. 
 
 Violation of police ordinance as to ■excava- 
 tion in or near street as ground for 
 private action. 5. L.R;A.(N.S.) 259. 
 
 For injury caused by placing or exploding 
 bombs, etc., in highways. 3 L.E.A. (N. 
 S.) 759. 
 
 § 56b. Injury on private road. 
 
 Injuries due to other causes than defects in, 
 see Negligence, § 28. 
 
 Liability for condition of, or injuries on, 
 private roads. 15 L.E.A. 459. 
 
 Liability of others than owner. 15 
 L.E.A. 460. 
 
 Injuries caused bv negligent acts. 15 
 L.E.A. 460. 
 
 h. Liability of municipality. 
 1. In general. 
 
 % 5 7. Generally. 
 
 Liability to abutting owner for injury to 
 property, see supra, §§ 49, 51, 53. 
 
 Duty as to lighting streets, see supra, § 54. 
 
 Liability of county, see infra, § 78. 
 
 Liability of township, see infra, § 79. 
 
 ,Toint liability of municipality and others, 
 see infra, § 94. 
 
 Recovery over by municipality against per- 
 son primarily liable, see infra, § 95. 
 
 Contributory negligence and its effect, see 
 infra, §§ 96-101. 
 
 , Notice of defect as condition of liability, 
 see infra, § 103. 
 
 Notice of injury as condition of, see infra, 
 §§ 106, 107. 
 
 Duty and liability toward person operating 
 automobile in street, see Automobiles, 
 
 § 4- 
 Ijiability for injury by contact with electric 
 
 wire, see Electricity, § 17. 
 Municipal liability as to streets, generally, 
 
 see Municipal Cobporations, § 95. 
 Proximate cause of injury on highway, see 
 
 Proximate Cause, § 13. 
 
 Duty of towns and villages to keep in safe 
 
 condition. 6 L.R.A. 695.* 
 Municipal corporation not an insurer 
 
 against accidents on its streets. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 257.* 
 Duty of municipality to keep streets and 
 sidewalks in safe condition. 5 
 L.R.A. 254;* 10 L.R.A. 734.* 
 
 Statutory remedv for injury suiTerod. 
 10 L.R.A. 737.* 
 Duty of municipalitv to guard drainage 
 
 ditch along sidewalk. 27 L.R.A. (N.S!) 
 
 1169. 
 Duty of municipality as to condition of 
 
 rural higliway within city or village 
 
 limits. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 823; 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1127. 
 Constitutionality of legislation relieving 
 
 municipalities from liability for defects 
 
 in streets or sidewalks. 42 L.R.A, (N. 
 
 S.) 493. 
 
652 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 Effect on liability for injury on defective 
 highways of division of territory of 
 municipality, town, or county. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 285. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence as to. 59 L.R.A. 248. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from occurrence 
 of accident to person in highway. 15 
 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Burden of proof as to negligence in action 
 against municipal corporation for dam- 
 ages from defective highway. 5 L.R.A. 
 254.* 
 
 Evidence as to conditions before and after 
 accident. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of prior accidents 
 in. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1104. 
 
 Right to interest on amount allowed as dam- 
 ages. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 73. 
 
 § 58. Effect of previous fright of horse. 
 
 Liability for objects calculated to frighten 
 horses, see infra, § 67. 
 
 Proximate cause of injury on defective high- 
 way through fright of horse, § 20. 
 
 Effect upon right of recovery, of fact that 
 
 horse was frightened when accident 
 
 occurred on defective highway. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 100; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 742. 
 
 Where fright is caused by defect in 
 
 highway. 18 L.R.A. 101. 
 Duty of town to provide for safety of 
 
 runaway horse. 18 L.R.A. 102. 
 Fright occurring outside of highway. 
 18 L.R.A. 104. 
 Liability for injury to person or property of 
 one driving over defective highway, 
 where at time of accident his horse is 
 frightened without fault of either par- 
 ty. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 77; 29 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 199. 
 Absence of guard rail as proximate cause 
 of accident occasioned by frightened 
 liorse. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1139. 
 
 2. Who entitled to protection. 
 
 § 59. Generally. 
 
 Toward whom municipality's duty to keep 
 streets and sidewalks in safe condition 
 is due. 10 L.R.A. 737.*' 
 
 Care due to sick, infirm, disabled and other- 
 wise helpless persons on. 69 L.R.A. 
 513. 
 
 Duty to have highway safe for automo- 
 biles. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816. 
 
 Duty to make streets and highways safe 
 for bicycles. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 543. 
 
 Right of bicyclist to recover for injuries 
 caused by defective highways. 47 
 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 Duty as to condition of highway to persons 
 entering or leaving private prop- 
 erty. 37 L.RA.(N.S.) 357. 
 Warning those coming from private 
 property of dangerous condition of 
 street. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 300. 
 Miscellaneous. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 361. 
 
 Right of person using street for play to re- 
 cover for injury h\ defect or obstruc- 
 tion therein. 20 L'.RA.(N.S.) 753. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. b, 2— cont'd 
 § 59a. Children. 
 
 Rights of children to protection against 
 
 dangerous condition of highway. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 561. 
 Statutes requiring simply safety for 
 
 travelers. 22 L.R.A. 561. 
 Absence of statutory rules. 22 L.R,.A. 
 
 562. 
 Duty toward children as to obstructions or 
 defects in street. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 905; 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 753; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 118. 
 
 3. For acts and omissions of others. 
 
 § 60. Employees and independent con- 
 tractors. 
 
 Liability of municipality for condition of 
 highway due to acts of independent con- 
 tractor. 66 L.R.A. 126. 
 
 Liability for defect or obstruction in street 
 caused bv servants. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 544. 
 
 For injuries inflicted by negligence of em- 
 ployees engaged in repair or construc- 
 tion of highways. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1090; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1161. 
 
 For fire set by sparks from steam roller en- 
 gaged in repairing a street. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1094; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 654. 
 
 § 61. Abutting owner. 
 
 Liability for injury by falling objects, see 
 infra, § 68. 
 
 Municipal liability for obstruction or de- 
 fect in street by abutting owner. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 553. 
 
 Duty of municipality to guard building ma- 
 terial in street. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 386. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by excava- 
 tions bv abutting owner. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 606. 
 
 For injury from opening maintained in side- 
 walk by abutting owner. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 424. 
 
 Liability for uses permitted to abutting 
 owners. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 509. 
 
 Municipal liability for injuries by use of 
 space under street. 61 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 § 62. — cellar ways, stairways, etc. 
 
 Liability for permitting abutting owner to 
 use areaways, hatchways, coalholes, etc. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 
 Liability for injury by cellarways, stair- 
 ways, and other projections. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 622, 635. 
 
 Municipal liability for injuries to travelers 
 by cellarway in streets. 61 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 § 63. KaiU'oad company. 
 
 Municipal liability for defects or obstruc- 
 tions in street by act of railroad oc- 
 cupying street. • 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 553. 
 
 ilunicipal liability for injury by railways 
 in streets. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 624. 
 
 § 64. Street railway. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by use of 
 
 highway by street railway. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) '521. 
 
 Begin iritli this hool: on every law qii^estion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 653 
 
 HIGHLY AYS, VI. b— cont'd 
 
 4. Defects and obstructions. 
 
 § 65. Generally. 
 
 As to obstructions generally, see supra, 
 §§ 33-39. 
 
 Towards whom duty to keep streets free 
 from is due, see supra, §§ 59, 60. 
 
 Liability of townsliip for defects, see infra, 
 § 79. 
 
 Effect of contributory negligence on liabili- 
 ty; see infra, §§ 100, 101. 
 
 Notice of, see infra, §§ 102-105. 
 
 Liability for defects after closing, see in- 
 fra, § 113. 
 
 Liability for injury by defects in bridge, 
 see Bridges, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 Negligence in obstructing highway. 4 L.R.A. 
 213.* 
 Essentials of cause of action for. 4 
 L.R.A. 213.* 
 Necessity that obstruction be proxi- 
 mate cause. 10 L.R.A. 477.* 
 Liability for injury due to latent defects. 2 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 15-9. 
 Liability of county for injury to travelers 
 and vehicles by defective roads. 39 
 L.R.A. 53. 
 Different general rules, as to liability. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 The common-law rule. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 516. 
 Rule of liability based on control and 
 duty to keep in safe condition. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 518. 
 Liability under statutes. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 523. 
 Exemption from liability by statute. 
 20 L.RA.(N.S.) 526. 
 Power to perform duty as affecting lia- 
 bility. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 529. 
 Generally. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 529. 
 Insufficiency ' of funds. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 529. 
 Insufficient time or opportunity. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 531. 
 Application of rule as to nonliability for 
 governmental and discretionary 
 acts. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 532. 
 Generally. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 532. 
 In particular classes of eases. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 535. 
 Delegation of duty. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 538. 
 Right and effect of generally. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 538. 
 Imposition on railway in street. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 539. 
 Imposition on abutting owner. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 540. 
 Cause of obstruction or defect as affecting 
 liability., 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 Generally. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 541. 
 By act of city itself. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 542. 
 By act of agent of servant. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 544. 
 By permission or license of city. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 By independent contractor. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 547. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. b, 4— cont'd 
 
 General rules where contract calls 
 for obstruction. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 547. 
 Application in particular cases. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 548. 
 Injury collateral to contract work. 
 ' 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. 
 
 Effect of retention of control. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 550. 
 Particvilar contract required by 
 law. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 552. 
 By wrongdoer. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 552. 
 By abutting owner. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 553. 
 By act of railroad occupying street. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 553. 
 Ways as to which the duty exists. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 553. 
 Generally. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 553. 
 The question of title, locality, etc. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 554. 
 Opening and improvement of ways. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 556. 
 Dedication and acceptance. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 558. 
 Improvement, repair, and other acts of 
 recognition as affecting. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 Generally. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 560. 
 Sufficiency of recognition. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 562. 
 Particular ways and classes of ways. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 565. 
 Sidewalks. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 565. 
 Bricjges. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 571. 
 Crossings. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 572. 
 Alleys, tunnels, and passageways 
 in public buildings. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 573. 
 Park paths, bicycle paths, etc. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 574; see also 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 543. 
 Streets in annexed territory. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 545. 
 Abandonment and closing. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 575. 
 The degree of diligence or care as affecting 
 liability. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 577. 
 General rules. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 577. 
 Necessity of negligence to liability. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 579. 
 What constitutes reasonable diligence. 
 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 581. 
 Reasonable diligence, how determined. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 583. 
 The degree of perfection required. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 583. 
 General rules. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 583. 
 As affected by locality and uses. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 With reference to whole width of street. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 588. 
 The roadway. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 588. 
 The sidewalk. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 591. 
 Use of sides of street. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 592. 
 
664 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. b, 4— cont'd 
 
 What obstructions or defects impose 
 
 liabililty. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 598. 
 Generally. 20 L.R.A. {N.S.") 598. 
 Obstructions authorized by law. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 600. 
 Obstructions for general public con- 
 venience. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 600. 
 Obstructions fqr private or indi- 
 vidual convenience. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 602. 
 Obstructions for improvement or 
 
 repair'. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 602. 
 Overhanging and falling objects. 
 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 644. 
 Objects calculated to frighten 
 
 horses. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 Snow and ice. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 656. 
 General condition and other accidents 
 
 as evidence of negligence. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 665. 
 General condition of street. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 665. 
 Subsequent repair or removal of 
 
 defect or obstruction. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 667.' 
 Other accidents. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 668. 
 SufiBciency of vpay, hovp determined. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 Precautions against injury. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 671. 
 Warning of obstruction. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 671. 
 General rules. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 ■671. 
 Necessity of. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 673. 
 Nature and sufficiency of barrier. 
 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 676. 
 Application to particular classes of 
 
 obstructions. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 678. 
 Lighting streets. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 686. 
 Injury as result of obstruction or defect. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 732. 
 Generally. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 732. 
 Proximate cause. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 732. 
 General rules. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 732. 
 Immediate contract with obstruc- 
 tion. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 735. 
 The primary or original cause as 
 
 the proximate one. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 737. , 
 Active as distinguished from pas- 
 sive agencv of ohstruetion. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 739. 
 Fright of horses as affecting. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 742. 
 Right to redress of the person injured. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 746. 
 With reference to the person. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 746. 
 Nature of the injury. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.). 746. 
 Character, capacity, and condition. 
 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 748. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. b, 4— cont'd < 
 
 With reference to the use of the street. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 750. 
 General rules. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 750. 
 Loitering, deviation. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 751. 
 Play. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 753. 
 Relative use of footways and car- 
 riage ways. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 754. 
 Use of bicycles and automobiles. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 756. 
 Effect of concurrent liability of third per- 
 son. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 760. 
 Damages. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763. 
 
 Generally. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763. 
 Exemplary damages. 20 L.R.A: (N.S.) 
 764. 
 Liability for injury by defect or obstruc- 
 tioh in space between sidewalk and 
 carriage way. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 Liability of county, town, or municipality 
 for obstruction or defect outside of 
 traveled portion of highway. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 182. 
 Pleading in action for injury from defect 
 in street or sidewalk. 10 L.R.A. 739.* 
 Sufficiency of allegation of facts in regard 
 to defect in street or highway, in action 
 against municipal corporation for in- 
 juries received therefrom. 21 L.R.A. 
 ('N.S.) 42. 
 
 § 66. Defective plan of street construc- 
 tion as distinguished from other de- 
 fects. 
 
 In general. 67 L.R.A. 253; 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1150. 
 Plan must be formally adopted. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 256. 
 Injury to travelers. 67 
 
 Defective streets., 
 
 Defective walks. 
 
 Defective bridges. 
 
 Courts denying liability, 
 268. 
 
 L.R.A. 265. 
 67 L.R.A. 265. 
 67 L.R.A. 266. 
 67 L.R.A. 268. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 
 
 Begin icith this hook on every law question. 
 
 § 6 7. Objects calculated to frighten 
 horses. 
 
 Effect of previous fright of horse on lia- 
 bility for injury due to defects, see 
 supra, § 58. 
 Liability for injury by frightening horses 
 generally, see Horses, II. 
 
 In general. 20-L.R.A.(N.S.) 652. 
 
 Steam rollers, etc. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 654. 
 
 Building material and other objects. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 655. 
 For placing near highway object calculated 
 to frighten horse. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1152. 
 Liability of municipality for injuries caused 
 by horse becoming frightened at 
 object in highway. 15 L.R.A. 365. 
 Fright negligently caused by the mu- 
 nicipality or its agents. 15 L.R.A. 
 365. 
 Fright caused by third persons. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 366. 
 Question for jury. 15 L.E.A. 366. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 055 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. b, 4— cont'd 
 
 Objects which may itapose liability. 15 
 
 L.K.A. 366. 
 Proximate cause, care, notice, etc. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 367. 
 The Massachusetts rul,e. 15 L.E.A. 
 S68. 
 Liability of county for injury caused by 
 fright of horse. 39 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 § 68. Overhanging and falling ob- 
 jects. 
 
 Right to maintain, see supra, § 19a. 
 Liability of abutting owner, see infra, § 83. 
 
 Liability for injury by overhanging and 
 
 falling objects. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 644. 
 Awnings, sheds, etc. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 645. 
 Signs, billboards, etc. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 517; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 646. 
 Electric wires, appliances, etc. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 648. 
 'Trees, poles, etc. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 649. ! 
 
 Other objects or structures in and over 
 
 the street, generally. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 650. 
 Objects and structures adjacent to 
 
 streets. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 651. 
 Liability of municipality for personal in- 
 juries by trees. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 405. 
 Falling tree or limb. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 405. 
 Projecting limb. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 409. 
 Miscellaneous. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 410. 
 For injury from falling of objects suspend- 
 ed over street. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 721; 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 139. 
 
 § 69. Use of space under street. 
 
 Liability of abutting owner, see infra, § 82. 
 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 583. 
 Liability for defective condition. 61 L.R.A. 
 583. 
 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 ^■S'hen defect not apparent. 61 L.R.A. 
 586. 
 Liability for negligent use. 61 L.R.A. 587. 
 Necessity of notice. 61 L.R.A. 589. 
 Questions for jury. 61 L.R.A. 589. 
 Action over, against person primarily liable. 
 
 61 L.R.A. 591. 
 
 § 7 0. Excavations; holes and openings. 
 
 In sidewalk, see infra, § 75. 
 Liability of abutting owner for excavations 
 near highway, see infra, § 81. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by excava- 
 tions by abutting owner. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 606. 
 Excavations outside right of way. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 595. 
 Holes and openings generally. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 629. 
 For sewer purposes. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 631. 
 Hole as defect in highway for which town- 
 ship is liable. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1246. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. b, 4— cont'd 
 § 71. Ice and snow on streets and 
 sidewalks. 
 
 Liability of abutting owners or occupants, 
 
 see infra, § 84. 
 Liability of landlord, see infra, § 86. 
 Liability of street railway company, see 
 
 infra, § 91. 
 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. 263. 
 Effect of ordinance. 21 L.R.A. 264. 
 Negligence. 21 L.R.A. 265; 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 656. 
 Notice of the accumulation, obstruction, 
 
 or defect. 21 L.R.A. 267. 
 Ordinar;f falls of snow. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 657. 
 Reasonable time to remove. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 268; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 Mere slipperiness. 21 L.R.A. 268; 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 657. 
 Accumulations and obstructions. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 270; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 658. 
 Ridges of snow and ice. 21 L.E.A. 
 
 272. 
 Structural defects. 21 L.R.A. 273. 
 New formation. 21 L.R.A. 274. 
 Contributing causes. 21 L.R.A. 275. 
 Adjoining buildings. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 275. 
 Awnings. 21 L.R.A. 276. 
 Fire engine. 21 L.R.A. 276. 
 Question for the jury. 21 L.R.A. 277. 
 Liability for permitting water to accumu- 
 late and freeze on sidewallc to the 
 injury of travelers. 58 L.R.A. 
 321; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 656. 
 Where accumulation is caused by de- 
 fective construction of street. 58 
 L.R.A. 321; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 662. 
 Where grade of street attracts the 
 water from abutting property. 58 
 L.R.A. 322. 
 Liability when water is cast onto walk 
 from adjoining building. 58 L.R.A. 
 323. 
 , Liability for ice on walk from tem- 
 porary causes. 58 L.R.A. 325. 
 Where accumulation results from act of 
 third person. 58 L.R.A. 327. 
 Liability for injuries from smooth, level ice 
 or snow accumulating from natural 
 causes on a sidewalk not otherwise de- 
 fective. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 933. 
 Liability of municipal corporation for in- 
 juries from rough or uneven ice or 
 snow accumulated from natural causes 
 on a street or sidewalk not otherwise 
 defective.- 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1105. 
 Liability of municipality for injuries caused 
 by freezing of water accumulated on 
 walk by reason of artificial conditions. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 201. 
 Ice and snow as defects for which township 
 
 is liable. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1246. 
 § 72. Various particular defects and 
 
 obstructions. 
 Applicability of maxim Res ipsa loquitur 
 to caving in or sinking of surface of 
 street. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1022. 
 Posts, stumps, trees, etc. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 607, 649: 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 405. 
 
656 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. b, 4— cont'd 
 
 Rubbish, refuse, etc. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 610. 
 
 Storage of vehicles, lumber, etc. 20 L.E.A. 
 
 ^ (N.S.) 612. 
 Machines, tools, etc. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 Markets and other business or ""individual 
 
 enterprise. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 614. 
 Stones and similar articles. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 615. 
 Unevenness, inequalities, etc. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 618. 
 Permitting ruts to remain in highvpays. 9 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1266. 
 Slopes or grades. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 619. 
 Obstructions in connection with its water- 
 works system. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 Hydrants and other appliances pertaining to 
 
 municipal water works. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 620. 
 Embankments. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 626. 
 Gutters and drains. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 627. 
 Decay and wear. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 642. 
 Liability for injury by obstruction placed 
 
 in street or highway to stop travel. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 480. 
 
 § 73. Absence or insufficiency of 
 guards, lights and barriers. 
 
 Municipal liability for improper or insuffi- 
 cient barriers, lights, etc., at excava- 
 tion in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 6ai. 
 671. 
 
 Absence of guards as defects for which 
 township is liable. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1247. 
 
 Duty to provide barriers against abandoned 
 highway. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1158. 
 
 What injuries may be deemed to be proxi- 
 mately caused by the absence of a 
 guard rail. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1135. 
 
 Duty of county or town to maintain barriers 
 along rural highways or bridges. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 267. 
 
 Duty to provide barriers to protect travel- 
 ers from obstructions outside the high- 
 way. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 980. 
 
 § 74. Defects in and obstructions on 
 sidewalk. 
 
 Ice and snow on sidewalks, see supra, § 71. 
 
 Degree of perfection required in sidewalk. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 591. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury due to per- 
 mitting abutting owners to construct 
 sidewalk. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 515. 
 
 Liability of municipality for injuries from 
 unevenness in sidewalk or cross walk. 
 29 .L.R.A.(N.S.) 180. 
 
 Pleading in action for irjury by defect in 
 sidewalk. 10 L.R.A. 739.* 
 
 § 7 5. — brealts, excavations, and open- 
 ings. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by excavation 
 , maintained beneath sidewalk by abut- 
 ting owner. 61 L.R.A. 583; 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 424. 
 Defects and obstructions in sidewalks and 
 crossings. 20' L.R.A. (N.S.) 632. 
 Breaks, excavations and depressions. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 632. 
 
 Begin with this T>oo1c on every law question. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. b, 4— cont'd 
 Holes. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 634. 
 Hatchways, areas, and oibei openings. 
 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 635. 
 Steps. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 Unevenness or inequalities. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 640. 
 Holes in cross-walks. 20 L.R.A. (N;S.) 
 
 641. 
 
 § 75a. Criminal responsibility. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of municipality for 
 nuisance resulting from nonrepair of. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 414. 
 
 5. For permitting or failure to prevent 
 improper use. 
 
 § 7 6. Generally. 
 
 Liability for failure to prevent improper 
 
 conduct in or use of streets. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 636; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 862. 
 General rules. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 637. 
 Riots and unlawful assemblages. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 638. 
 Coasting. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 639; 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 862. 
 Racing. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 641; 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 862. 
 Bicycling in violation of road laws. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 641. 
 Animals running at large. 23 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 642; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 862. 
 Use .of fireworks and other explosives. 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 643; 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 863. 
 Blasting. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 864. > 
 Public exhibitions. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 864. 
 Liability for failure to prevent use of fire- 
 works in street. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 643. 
 For personal injury on account of exhibi- 
 tion permitted in public street. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 Liability of municipality which permits, or 
 fails to prevent riding bicycles on side- 
 walk for injury caused thereby. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 § 7 7. — for permitting obstruction. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for per- 
 mitting obstruction to be placed 
 I in street. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 507. 
 Right to permit obstruction; general 
 
 rules. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 507. 
 Uses permitted to abutting owners. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 509. 
 Generally. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 For deposit of building material. 
 
 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510. 
 For water, gas, and sewer connec- 
 tions. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 512. 
 For construction of sidewalks. 19 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 515. 
 For area ways, hatch ways, coal 
 holes, etc. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 616. 
 Signs and other objects overhang- 
 ing or liable to fall. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 517. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 657 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. b, 4— cont'd 
 
 Use permitted for business and general 
 
 purposes. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 519. 
 Use bv street railway. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 521. 
 Permitting acts in street which ob- 
 struct traffic. 19L.R.A.(N.S.) 523. 
 
 q. Liability of county. 
 
 § 78. Generally. 
 
 Liability of counties for torts and negli- 
 gence as to. 39 L.R.A. 53. 
 Liability of coimty for injury to travelers 
 and vehicles by defective roads and 
 highways. 39 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 Where injury was caused by fright of 
 horse. 39 L.R.A. 56. 
 Duty of county or town to maintain bar- 
 riers along rural highways or 
 bridges. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 267. 
 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. (N.S. I 267. 
 
 Accidents not reasonably to be antici- 
 pated. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 269. 
 
 Unguarded highways. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 270. 
 
 Unguarded bridges. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 274. 
 
 Unguarded approaches to bridges. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 
 Sufficiency of barriers. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 276. 
 Effect on liability for injury on defective 
 
 highway of division of territory of 
 
 county. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 Liability for obstruction or defect outside 
 
 of traveled portion of highway. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 182. 
 Constitutionality of legislation relieving 
 
 counties from liability for defects in 
 
 highway. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 493. 
 
 d. Liability of toivnship. ' 
 
 § 79. Generally. 
 
 Effect of contributory negligence, see infra, 
 § 101. 
 
 Liability of township for defects in high- 
 ' ways. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1219. 
 Townships and towns. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1220 
 Common-law liability. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1220. 
 Establishment of road.' 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1222. 
 Knowledge by the town of defects in 
 
 highway. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1225. 
 Notice of claim. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1228. 
 Accidents off the traveled part. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1236. 
 Who may sue. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1241. 
 Traveler. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 124?. 
 Survival of action. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1243. 
 Pleading. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1243. 
 Evidence. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1244. 
 
 Generally. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1244. 
 
 Condition before and after the in- 
 jury. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1244. 
 What are defects. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1246. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. d— cont'd 
 
 Culverts, holes, ice, and snow. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1246. 
 Absence of guards. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1247. 
 Obstructions. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1248. 
 Questions for the jury. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1250. 
 Pi-oximate cause. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1252. 
 Defect in highway concurring with 
 another cause. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1252. 
 Defect in highway as primary 
 cause. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1257. 
 Concurring defects in highway. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1258. 
 Defect in highway concurring with 
 negligence of third person. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1259. • 
 Defect not to be anticipated. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1259. 
 Defect not contributing. 13 L.R:A. 
 (N.S.) 1259. 
 Lack of funds. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1269. 
 Sunday. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1271. 
 Defects in plan; ancient defects. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1272. 
 Recent defects. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1273. 
 Damages. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1275. 
 Instructions. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1275. 
 Impassable roads. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1275. 
 Co-operation of third persons. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1276. 
 Duty to keep highways in safe condition. 
 
 6 L.R.A. 695.* 
 Duty to provide barriers to protect traveler 
 from obstructions outside of highway. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 980. 
 Duty of town to maintain Barriers along 
 rural highways or bridge?. 4? L.R.A. 
 267. 
 Effect of liability for injury on defective 
 highway of division of territory of 
 town. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 Liability for obstructioii or defect outside 
 of traveled portion of highway. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 182. 
 Liability of township for injury to employee 
 engaged in repairing highway. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1074. 
 Constitutionality of legislation relieving 
 towns from liability for defects in high- 
 way. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 493. 
 
 e. Liability of abutting owners or occu- 
 pants. 
 
 § 80. Generally. 
 
 Joint liability with and liability over to 
 municipality, see infra, §§ 94, 95. 
 
 Imposition on abutting owner of liability 
 for injury by defects or obstruction in 
 streets. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 540. 
 
 p;iTect of imposition of duty to keep side- 
 walk in repair upon abutting owner to 
 impose upon him liability for injuries. 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 81. 
 42 
 
658 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI.— cont'd 
 
 /. Liability of landlord. 
 
 g 85. Generally. 
 
 Liability of landlord for condition of side- 
 walk. 23 L.R.A. 157; 26 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Liability for condition of awnings. 26 
 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 § 86. Snow and ice. 
 
 Liability of landlord as to third persons on 
 account of. 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 g. Liability of highivay officers. 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 for 
 13 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. e— cont'd 
 
 For failure to guard coal hole or other 
 
 opening in sidewalk for commercial 
 
 purposes, while in use by a third per- 
 son. 11 L.E.A.(N.S.) 993. 
 Liability of abutting owner for injury to 
 
 pedestrian by refuse on sidewalk. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 707. 
 Violation of ordinance requiring covering 
 
 of sidewalks fronting buildings under 
 
 construction as ground for private 
 
 action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 258. 
 
 § 81. Excavations and other defects 
 near highway. 
 
 Municipal liability for excavations on high- 
 way, see supra, § 70. 
 
 Duty to trespasser with respect tcf excava- 
 tions maintained on uninclosed land 
 near. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 
 Liability for dangerous condition of private 
 grounds lying open beside highway. 26 
 L.R.A. 686. 
 
 Duty as to entrance to building located on 
 street with ascending grade. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 730. 
 
 § 82., Excavations under highway. 
 
 Municipal liability, see supra, § 69. 
 
 Right to make. 14 L.R.A. 398. 
 Liability as affected by consent of munici- 
 pality. 14 L.R.A. 398. 
 Duties of one maintaining. 14 L.R.A. 398. 
 
 § 83. Injury by falling objects. 
 
 Liability of municipality, see supra, § 68. 
 
 Liability of abutting owner for materials 
 
 falling into street. 12 L.R.A. 189.* 
 For injui-y from falling of object suspended 
 
 over street. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 721; 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 139. 
 Liability for injury to person in street from 
 
 fall of wall or building. 34 L.R.A. 559. 
 Violating ordinance as to awnings or signs 
 
 as ground for private action. 5 L.E.A. 
 
 (KS.) 261. 
 
 § 84. As to snow or ice. 
 
 Liability of municipality, see supra, § 71. 
 Liability of landlord, see infra, § 86. 
 Liability of street railway company, see in- 
 fra, § 91. 
 
 Liability for permitting water to accumu- 
 late and freeze on sidewalk to in- 
 jury of travelers. 58 L.R.A. 328. 
 
 Water froAi roof. 58 L.R.A. 329. 
 Liability of abutting property owner for 
 
 injury caused by ice formed from water 
 
 artificially turned across sidewalk. 9 
 
 L.R.A.(N!'S.) 598; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 200. 
 Liability of owner or occupant of abutting 
 
 premises to one injured by reason of 
 
 the former's failure to remove snow or 
 
 ice from the sidewalk as required by a 
 
 valid statute or ordinance. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 616. 
 Violation of police ordinance requiring re- j § 90. For defects in track or street. 
 
 moval of ice and snow as ground for | In general. 52 L.R.A. 448; 15 L.R.A.(N.S.)^ 
 
 private action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 262. 840. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 § 8 7. Generally. 
 
 Capacity in which liable. 22 L.R.A. 824. 
 Foundation of liability. 22 L.R.A. 825. 
 Principles exempting from liability. 
 L.E.A. 826. 
 
 General. 22 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 Error of judgment. 22 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 Matters of discretion. 22 L.R.A. 827 
 
 Necessity of funds. 22 L.R.A. 828. 
 
 Order of the court. 22 L.R.A. 829. 
 Necessity of notice. 22 L.R.A. 829. 
 
 To officers. 22 L.R.A. 829. 
 
 To landowners. 22 L.R.A. 829. 
 For acts of predecessors or successors. 
 
 L.R.A. 833. 
 For acts of employees. 22 L.R.A. 833. 
 Adjoining towns. 22 L.R.A. 834. 
 Canals. 22 L.R.A. 834. 
 Criminal liability. 22 L.R.A. 835. 
 Personal liability of highway officers 
 
 acts in excess of their authority, 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 233. 
 
 h. Liability of railroads. 
 
 § 8 8. Generally. 
 
 Use and obstruction of highway by rail- 
 roads generally, see supra, §§ 26-32. 
 
 Duty as to lighting streets, see supra, § 55. 
 
 Liability for injury by frightening horse, 
 see HoESES, § 10. 
 
 Liability for injury by train at railroad 
 crossing, see Railroads, §§ 58-70. 
 
 Liability for injury by train at defective 
 crossing, see Railboads, § 60. 
 
 Imposition on railway in street of liability 
 
 for injury by defects or obstructions. 
 
 20 L.R.A.<N.S.) 539. 
 Liability for injury to person on highway 
 
 by objects falling from train. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 981. 
 
 1. Liability of street railways. 
 
 § 89. Generally. 
 
 Liability for injury by frightening horse, 
 
 see Horses, § 11. 
 Liability for injury by street car, see 
 
 Street Railways, §§ 10-23. 
 
 Liability for injury to person other than 
 passenger or employee by derailment of 
 street car. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 751. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 659 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. i— cont'd 
 
 Grounds of company's liability. 52, L.E.A. 
 
 448. 
 Defects in track; defects in street caused 
 by company. 52 L.R.A. 449; 15 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 84:. 
 Duty as to construction and repair, 
 
 generally. o2 L.E.A. 449. 
 Particular defects or obstructions. 52 
 
 L.E.A. 450. 
 Kemoval of snow. 52 L.E.A. 453; 15 
 
 L.E.A. (X.S.) 844. 
 Presumption of negligence; duty to in- 
 spect; notice of defect; time to 
 repair. 52 L.E.A. 456; 15 L.E.A. 
 (X.S.) 843, 844. 
 Defects in street not caused by the company. 
 
 52 L.E.A. 457; 15 L.E.A.(N.S.) 842. 
 Eemedy. 52 L.E.A. 459. I 
 
 Effect of municipal direction or sanction. 
 
 52 L.E.A. 460; 15 L.E.A. (N.S.^ 845. 
 Shifting liability; effect of negligence of 
 municipality, independent contractors, 
 or of other company. 52 L.E.A. 461; 
 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 845. 
 Notice of injury. 52 L.E.A. 463. 
 
 § 91. Ice and snow. 
 
 Liability of municipality, see supra, § 71. 
 Liability of abutting owner, see supra, § 84. 
 Liability of landlord, see supra, § 86. 
 
 Street railway companies' duty as to re- 
 moval of." 53 L.E.A. 453. " 
 
 Negligence in removal of, from street rail- 
 way track. 52 L.E.A. 453. 
 
 Xiability of street railroad company for 
 negligence in removal of snow from 
 track. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 844. 
 
 j. Liability of contractors, 
 
 § 92. Generally. 
 
 Violation of ordinance requiring covering of 
 sidewalks fronting buildings under con- 
 struction as ground for private action. 
 5 L.E.A. (N.SV) 258. 
 
 Liability of highway contractor for danger- 
 ous conditions where municipality, 
 county, or town is not liable. 27 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1009. 
 
 Does bond of highway contractor cover per- 
 sonal injuries to members of public. 
 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 152. 
 
 Will breach of contract with municipality 
 to keep a. street or highway in repair 
 sustain an action by a person injured 
 directly against the contractor. 39 
 L.E.A.'(X.S.) 1112. 
 
 fe. Liability for acts of independent con- 
 tractors. 
 
 § 93. Generally. 
 
 Duties imposed on grantees of special privi- 
 leges in respect to highway as to acts 
 of independent contractor. 66 L.E.A. 
 134. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for acts of independ- 
 ent contractor in work on. 65 L.E.A. 
 644, 650. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. k— cont'd 
 
 Employer's liability for acts of independent 
 
 contractor in construction or repair of 
 
 highway. 65 L.E.A. 845. 
 Employer's liability for acts of independent 
 
 contractor in work which is dangerous 
 
 to persons using highway. 65 L.E.A. 
 
 842. 
 Liability for act of independent contractor 
 
 affecting safety of higlrway, 17 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 758. 
 
 I. Joint liability of municipality and 
 others; liability over. 
 
 § 9 4. Generally. 
 
 Eight of one injured on highway to proceed 
 in first instance against one ultimately 
 liable. 16 L.E.A. 554. 
 Joinder of municipality and person respon- 
 sible for dangerous condition, in 
 action for injuries on street or 
 highway. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 569. 
 Commonness of duty. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 570. 
 Cases permitting or requiring join- 
 der. 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 570. 
 Cases forbidding joinder. 37 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 572. 
 Eight of one constructively liable for in- 
 jury on, to contribution or indemnity 
 from one actually responsible therefor. 
 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1149. 
 
 § 95. Recovery over by municipality. 
 
 Action over by municipality against person 
 primarily liable for injury. 61 L.E.A, 
 591. , 
 
 Eight of municipality held liable for in; 
 jury on highway to recover indemnity 
 or contribution from one responsible 
 therefor. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1165. 
 
 Right of municipality which has been held 
 liable for injury from unsafe condition 
 of street to recover over against the 
 owner or occupant of abutting prop- 
 erty. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 949. 
 
 m. Contributory negligence. 
 
 § 96. Generally. 
 
 Contributory negligence on bridges, see 
 Bridges, § 7. 
 
 With respect to electric wires, see Electric- 
 ity, § 18. 
 
 Of person injured otherwise than by de- 
 fects, see Negligence, §§ 38-40. 
 
 Question for jury as to, see Trial, § 48. 
 
 Traveler's right to presume that street is 
 safe. 10 L.E.A. 737.* 
 
 In use of sidewalk. 10 L.E.A. 250.* 
 
 Intoxication amounting to contributory neg- 
 ligence. 40 L.E.A. 138. 
 
 Liability for injury to drunkem pe.-son bv 
 defect in street. 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 481. " 
 
 Doctrine of contributory negligence as ap- 
 plied to one vsfho attempts to cross, 
 after dark, a defective or obstructed 
 street. 16 L.E A. (N.S.) 459. 
 
 Negligence in falling on uneven sidewalk. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 19S. 
 
660 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. m— cont'd | HIGHWAYS, VI. m— cont'd 
 
 In case of injury by ice on streets or side- I Latent and unlcnown defects. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 wallis. 21 L.E.A. 276. 
 
 Injury to one while coasting in street. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 865. 
 
 Nonobservance of public regulations by one 
 using highway as affecting recovery 
 of damages caused by obstruction or 
 defect tlierein. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1035. 
 
 Evidence on question of. 10 L.E.A. 741.* 
 
 Burden of proof as to, in action Egainst 
 municipality for damages from defec- 
 tive highway. 5 L.R.A. 254.* 
 
 Presumption as to exercise of due care by 
 person found killed on highway. 36 
 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 § 97. Deviating from usual thorough- 
 fare. 
 
 Deviation from sidewalk or cross walk by 
 pedestrian. 17 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 Deviation from roadway. 17 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 Other instances. . 17 L.R.A. 126. 
 
 When is pedestrian justified in leaving side- 
 walk and walking in roadway. 11 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1114. 
 
 § 98. Person of poor sight. 
 
 Care required from one of defective sight, 
 in using streets. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 648.; 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1055. 
 
 § 99. Effect of previous knowledge of 
 defect. 
 
 Effect of knowledge of defect in highway 
 to charge One with contributory neg- 
 ligence. 4 L.E.A. 213.* 
 
 § 100. Effect on municipal liability for 
 defects and obstructions. 
 
 General rules as to effect of contributory 
 negligence on liability. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 615. 
 The degree of care required. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 618. 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 618. 
 What constitutes reasonable or ordi- 
 nary care. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 620. 
 Assumption of good condition. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.)621. 
 In case of ignorance of defect. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 621. 
 In ease of knowledge of defect. 21 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 622. 
 Care as affected by nature or condi- 
 tion of person or thing con- 
 cerned. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 Children. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 624. 
 Intoxicated persons. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 626. 
 Persons physically disabled. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 627. 
 Defective horse, wagon, or harness. 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.') 628. 
 Employees of city. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 630. 
 Observation and avoidance of obstruction 
 or defect. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 630. 
 General rules. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 630. 
 Open and apparent danger. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 632. 
 
 Begin with this Jiook on every law question. 
 
 ■ (N.S.) 635. 
 Knowledge of obstruction or defect as af- 
 . fecting liability. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 638. 
 General rules. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 638. 
 Naturp and extent of the knowledge, 
 
 21 L.E.A.(N.S.) 641. ' 
 
 Necessity of accompanying negligence. 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 643. 
 Duty of avoidance of obstruction, or 
 
 defect. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 645. 
 Excuses for failure to observe and avoid de- 
 fect or obstruction. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 648. 
 Distraction of attention. 21 LJ!,.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 648. 
 Momentary forgetfulness. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 651. 
 Miscalculation. 21 L.R.A; (N.S.) 653. 
 Emergency. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 654. 
 Travel in the night. 21 L.R.A. (^.S.) 655. 
 General rules. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 655. 
 Application of rules. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 656. 
 Choice of ways. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 659. 
 General rules. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 659. 
 The question of convenience and avail- 
 ability of, way to be substituted. 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 Leaving traveled track. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 665. 
 Generally. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 665. 
 Leaving sidewalk. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 665. 
 Violation of law as contributory negligence, 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 667. 
 Generally 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 667. 
 Law of the road. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 668.. 
 Sunday law. 21 L-R-A.(N.S.) 669. 
 Negligence of third person contributing. 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 Rule that negligence is imputed to per- 
 son injured. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 670. 
 Rule confining imputation to cases of 
 
 community of interest. 21 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 672. 
 Proof and determiiiation. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 673. 
 Burden of proof. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 673. 
 Question for jury. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 675. 
 Effect of contributory negligence on liabil- 
 ity of municipality for permitting ob- 
 struction to be placed in street. 19 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 525. 
 
 § 101. Effect on liability of tojvnship^ 
 for defects. 
 
 Burden of proof. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1260. 
 Question for the jury. 13 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1261. 
 Knowledge that the road is dangerous. 13; 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1262. 
 
 Failing to remember. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1264. 
 Venturesome or careless driving. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1265. 
 Mode of driving; kind of load. 13 L.R.A.- 
 
 (N.S.) 1266. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 661 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. m— cont'd 
 Intoxication. 13 ]j.R.A.(N.S.) 1267. 
 Wrong side of road. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1267. 
 Defective liorse, waa;on or harness. 13 
 L.EA..(N.S.) 1267. 
 
 n. Notice. 
 
 1. Of defects. 
 
 § 102. Generally. 
 
 To person injured, see supra, § 99. 
 
 Notice of defect. 5 L.E.A. 144,* 255;' 10 
 L.II.A. 180,* 476,* 733 ;» 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 689. 
 
 Knowledge or notice bj' municipality of ob- 
 struction in bigliway. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 689. 
 
 Notice of accumulation of ice on streets or 
 sidewalks. 21 L.E.A. 267. 
 
 Knowledge or notice of obstruction as af- 
 fecting municipal liability for permit- 
 ting same. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 523. 
 
 Question for jury. 20 KR.A.(N.S.) 730. 
 
 § 103. Necessity of. 
 
 Notice of defect as condition of municipal 
 
 liability. 10 L.R.A. 738,* 740.* 
 Necessity of, to liability. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 '689. 
 Effect of special statutory provisions. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 692. 
 Actual knowledge or notice. 20 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 694. 
 How established. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 695. 
 Officers or agents whose knowledge or 
 notice is binding. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 697. 
 Creation of obstruction as affecting. 
 
 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 701. 
 Ev act of city itself. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 701. 
 By officers, agents, or servants. 20 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 703. 
 By contractor. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 704. 
 Under permit or license. 20 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 705. 
 Constructive or implied notice. 20 L.E.A. 
 (X.S.) 705. 
 Duration of existence of obstruction as 
 affecting. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 70S. 
 Visible and notorious defects as 
 distinguished from latent ones. 
 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 711. 
 Necessity of notice to municipality of dan- 
 gerous condition of space under street. 
 61 L.E.A. 589. 
 Knowledge by town of defect in highway as 
 essential to liability. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1225. 
 V^alidity of requirement of written notice of 
 defect to render municipal corpora- 
 tion liable for injuries caused by de- 
 fective highway. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 391. 
 Applicability in case of injury to munici- 
 pal employee, of rule requiring notice 
 of defect as condition of municipal 
 liability for personal injury on street 
 or highwaj'. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 533. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. n, 1— cont'd 
 
 Necessity of written notice as to defect as 
 condition of municipal liability for in- 
 juries due to positive act of its officers 
 or servants. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 
 Necessity of showing that municipality had 
 notice of dangerous conditions to ren- 
 der it liable for independent contract- 
 or's negligence. 66 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 As essential to liability of street railroad 
 company for defect in track or street. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 
 § 104. Constructive or implied notice. 
 
 In general. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 705. 
 
 Duration of existence of obstruction as af- 
 fecting. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 Visible and notorious defects as dis- 
 tinguished from latent ones. 20 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 
 Cause naturally calculated to produce ob- 
 struction, 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 714. 
 
 General defectiveness or obstruction as af- 
 fecting particular defect. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.6.) 717. 
 
 Other accidents. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 721. 
 
 Place, circumstances, etc. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 721. 
 
 Removal of safeguard by unlooked for event. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 723. 
 
 The duty to inspect. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 725. 
 
 Time to remove. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 728. 
 
 Presumption of knowledge from length of 
 time. 5 L.R.A. 255.* 
 
 § 105. Suffleiency of notice. 
 
 What notice sufficient. 5 L.R.A. 145.* 
 Necessity of actual notice. 5 L.R.A. 146.* 
 
 2. Of injuries. 
 
 § 106. Generally. 
 
 Notice of injury as condition of municipal 
 liability, generally, see Municipal Cob- 
 POBATIONS, §§ 104-107. 
 
 Notice of injury as condition of liability. 
 , 10 L.R.A. 476,* 739.* ' 
 
 Presentation of claims for damages. 10 
 L.R.A. 739.* 
 
 Notice of claim and cause of injury from 
 defects or obstructions in street. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 
 Notice of claim for injury as essential to 
 liability of town for injury by, defects 
 in highway. 13 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1228. 
 
 Validity of requirement of notice of injury 
 as condition of municipal liability. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) .1136. 
 
 May injured person's residence be required 
 to be stated in notice of accident or 
 injury as condition of municipal lia- 
 bility. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 738; 35 L.K.A. 
 (N.iS.) 840. 
 
 Applicability of rule requiring notice of in- 
 jury as condition of municipal lia- 
 bility for personal injury on street or 
 highway in case of injury to munici- 
 .pal employee. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) bo.]. 
 
662 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VI. ii, 2— cont'd 
 § 107. Sufficiency of notice. 
 
 In case of claim against municipality gen- 
 erally, see Municipal Corpobations, 
 § 105. 
 
 Sufficiency of notice. 10 L.R.A. 477.* 
 Sufficiency of description of injury in no- 
 tice. 20 L.E.A.{N.S.) 804. 
 
 VII. Municipal liability for injury to 
 property through defects in street. 
 
 § 108. Generally. 
 
 Liability for injury in improving street, 
 
 see supra, § 47a. 
 Liability for injury due to fixing grade, 
 
 see supra, §§ 50, 51. 
 Liability for injury by change of grade, 
 
 see supra, §§ 52, 53. 
 
 Measure of damages recoverable from mu- 
 nicipal corporation for overflovf from 
 defective street. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 860. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for dam- 
 age to abutting property by vrater per- 
 colating through soil of highway by 
 reason of defect therein. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 333. 
 
 VIII. Discontinuance; vacation; ahan- 
 
 Oonment ; reversion. 
 
 % 109. Generally. 
 
 Right of commissioner to close. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 750.* 
 By acts of public authorities. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 821. 
 Legislative power. 26 L.R.A. 821. 
 Power of authorities to vacate. 26 
 L.R.A. 823. 
 
 In general. 26 L.R.A. 823. 
 
 Of city councils. 26 L.R.A. 823. 
 
 Of road commissioners. 26 L.R.A. 
 824. 
 
 Of the court. 26 L.R.A. 826. 
 Proceedings in relation thereto. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 826. 
 Effect of proceedings to change or alter 
 
 a road. 26 L.R.A. 827. 
 The question of notice. 26 L.R.A. 828. 
 The necessity of viewers. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 829. 
 The question of utility. 26 L.R.A. 830. 
 Irregularities in the proceedings or or- 
 der. 26 L.R.A. 831. 
 Application to vacate. 26 L.R.A. 832. 
 State legislation regarding. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 832. 
 English decisions. 26 L.R.A. 839. 
 Municipal declaration of forfeiture of street 
 franchise or privilege for breach of 
 conditions as a judicial determination. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 321. 
 Rights acquired as against public by ad- 
 verse possession of highway. 18 L.R.A. 
 146. 
 
 § 110. By nonuser or otlierwise than 
 by acts of public authorities. 
 
 Abandonment in general. 26 L.R.A. 449. 
 Presumption of abandonment. 26 L.R.A. 
 450. 
 
 Begin ^cith this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VIII.— cont'd 
 Title acquired by prescription. 26 L.R.A, 
 I 451. 
 
 The maxim. Nullum tempus occurrit 
 regi. 26 L.R.A. 451. 
 
 General principles governing such title. 
 26 L.R.A. 452. 
 
 State doctrines. 26 L.R.A. 453. 
 Equitable estoppel. 26 L.R.A. 461. 
 Effect of nonuser of road. 26 L.R.A. 462. 
 Effect of nonuser of part. 26 L.R.A. 465. 
 Effect of encroachments, obstructions, etc. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 465. 
 New road in place of old. 26 L.R.A. 468. 
 Laches of corporation officials. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 469. 
 Effect of nonuser of. 18 L.R.A. 540. 
 
 § 111. Rights of abutting owner gen- 
 erally. 
 
 Injury to abutting owner by vacation of. 
 26 L.E.A. 662; 39 L.R.A. 68. 
 
 Injuries to abutters' easements of light,, 
 air, and access by vacating street. 14 
 L.R.A. 370. 
 
 The question of damages and compensation 
 on abandonment. 26 L.R.A. 662. 
 
 Damages as personal property on abandon- 
 ment. 26 L.R.A. 665. 
 
 Right of abuttinn; owner to compensation 
 for vacation of highwav. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1115. 
 Measure of compensation. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1118. 
 Effect of access by other public ways. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1118. 
 Narrowing street. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 3119. 
 
 Right of abutting owner to compensation 
 where street is vacated and used for 
 railroad purposes. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 790. 
 
 Power of municipality as against abutting 
 owner to vacate street or portion there- 
 of and devote land to private purposes. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 530. 
 
 Right of property owner whose means of 
 access from one direction is shut off 
 or interfered with by closing of ad- 
 joining street, or portion of street on 
 which he is situated. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 269; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 637. 
 
 § 112. Title to land; reversion. 
 
 Question of reversion of title on abandon- 
 ment of highway. 26 L.R.A. 659. 
 
 Effect of city's permitting use of a street 
 by a railroad in such a way as prac- 
 tically to exclude tlie public, to cause 
 a reversion of the street to dedicators 
 or abutting owners. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 589. 
 
 Conveyance of parcel abutting on abandoned 
 1 street as carrying grantor's title to 
 fee of former street. 32 L.R.A. (K.S.) 
 778. 
 
 § 113. Liability for defects after clos- 
 ing. 
 
 Municipal liability for defects or obstruc- 
 tions in street after closing. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 575. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 663 
 
 HIGHWAYS, VIII.— cont'd 
 Duty to provide barriers against aban- 
 doned highway. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1158. 
 
 IX. Highway officers. 
 
 § 114. Generally. 
 
 Liability for injury to traveler, see supra, 
 § 87. 
 
 Nature of their office. 22 L.R.A. 824. 
 
 Power of road commissioners to vacate high- 
 way. 26 L.R.A. 824. 
 
 Duties required of them. 22 L.R.A. 824. 
 
 Ministerial duties. 22 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 Principles sustaining liability. 22 L.R.A. 
 830. 
 
 State decisions. 22 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Liability for damming flow of stream. 59 
 L.R.A. 857. 
 
 HIRED VEHICLE. 
 
 Who is responsible for acts of driver of. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1122; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 33; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 973. 
 
 HIRE PURCHASE AGREEMENTS. 
 
 Rights of seller of fixtures, retaining title 
 thereto or a lien thereon, as against 
 purchasers or encumbrancers of the 
 realty. 1 B. R. C. 664. 
 
 HIRER. 
 
 See Bailment. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 HIRING. 
 
 Of horse, see Livekt Stable, § 3. 
 
 . 4 ■ » 
 
 HITCHING POSTS. 
 
 In highway, see Highways, § 36. 
 
 ♦"•"♦ : — 
 
 HOBBIES. 
 
 As affecting testamentary capacity. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 
 HOGS. 
 
 Carriers' duty to shower during shipment. 
 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 883. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HOISTING APPARATUS. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servant 
 from defects in. 54 L.R.A. 72, 80. 
 
 Delegability of master's duty to warn serv- 
 ants as to dangers attending. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 642. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's neg- 
 ligence in operating. 54 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 HOISTWAYS. 
 
 42 
 
 Validity of regulations concerning. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 899. 
 Private action for violation of statutory 
 
 provision as to. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) i380. 
 Duty of storekeeper towards customer as to 
 
 condition of. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 458. 
 
 HOIiDING OVER. 
 
 By tenant, see Landlord and Tenant, § 26. 
 By officer, see Officees, § 18. 
 
 HOLES. 
 
 As defects in street or sidewalk, see High- 
 ways, §§ 70, 75, 81. 
 
 HOLIDAYS. 
 
 Validity of contract made on, see Con- 
 tracts, § 71. 
 
 Service of pleading on, see Pleading, § 9. 
 
 Rule as to, in computing time, see Time, 
 §§ 18,' 19. 
 
 Falling on Sunday, see Sunday, § 2. 
 
 See also Sunday. 
 
 Doing business on. 7 L.R.A. 423.* 
 
 Right of school teacher to salary on. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 374; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 514. 
 Validity of court business transacted on 
 
 legal holiday. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 791. 
 How far the law of holidays extends to mat- 
 ters other than those relating to 
 negotiable paper. 19 L.R.A. 316. 
 Judicial notice. 19 L.R.A. 316. 
 As to contracts. 19 L.R.A. 317. 
 'As to the sale of intoxicating liquors. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 317. 
 As to sitting of courts. 19 L.R.A. 317. 
 As to entry of judgment. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 318. 
 As to issue and service of process. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 318. 
 As to notices. 19 L.R.A. 319. 
 As to appeals, service of pleadings, and 
 other acts in suits. 19 L.R.A. 319. 
 Acts of officers. 19 L.R.A. 320. 
 Transfer of holiday from Sunday to 
 Monday. 19 L.R./j. 320. 
 
664 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 HOLOGRAPHIC WILL. 
 
 See Wilis, § 59. 
 
 HOME. 
 
 What constitutes residence of inmate of 
 charitable or public home entitling 
 him to privilege of public schools. 36 
 L.E.A.{N.S.) 344. 
 
 HOME PORT. 
 
 70 
 
 Maritime lien for supplies furnished in. 
 
 L.E.A. 407. 
 What ports are, for purposes of maritime 
 
 lien. 70 L.R.A. 412. 
 Of vessel for purpose of taxation. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 197, 1196; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 520. 
 
 HOMESTEAD. 
 
 II. 
 JII. 
 
 ir. 
 
 VI. 
 
 In general, § 1. 
 
 The exemption generally, §§ 2-7. 
 
 Loss; abandonment, § 8. 
 
 Conveyance of, or contract relating 
 to, mortgage or other encum- 
 brance on; partition, §§ 9- Iff. 
 
 Transmission in case of death, 
 §§ 17-30. 
 
 Revaluation or reassignment of, 
 § 31. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Effect of divorce on homestead rights, see 
 
 DiVOBCE AND SePABATION, § 51. 
 
 ■On public land, see Public Lands, §§ 16, 
 17. 
 
 Eight, how secured. 2 L.R.A. 106.* 
 Protection of marital rights of wife. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 804.* 
 Husband's insurable interest in homestead. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 660. • 
 Notice of title to homestead lands from 
 
 possession by husband and wife. 13 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 129. 
 ■Succession tax on statutory homestead. 29 
 .L.R.A. (N.S.) 428. 
 
 II. The exetnption generally, 
 
 f 2. Generally. 
 
 Effect of divorce on homestead rights, see 
 Divorce and Separation, § 51. 
 
 Self-executing constitutional provisions as 
 to exemption. 16 L.R.A. 284. 
 
 T<!xemption of portion of building; use of 
 portion for business purposes; effect 
 of renting portion; double house. 12 
 L.E.A. 477.* 
 
 [ HOMESTEAD, II.— cont'd 
 
 ! When homestead deemed "otherwise dis- 
 posed of according to law" within stat- 
 ute providing for its continuance until 
 that time. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 921. 
 Application to existing judgments of stat- 
 ute abolishing homestead exemption. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 189. 
 Right of husband, as against creditors, to 
 claim homestead as exempt where title 
 is vested in wife. 13 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 '170. 
 
 § 3. Existence and head of family. 
 
 Head of family. 11 L.R.A. 518.* 
 
 How far homestead defeated by loss of 
 
 family. 13 L.R.A. 743.* 
 Is continuance of family a condition of the 
 continuance of homestead, where its 
 existence is a condition of the incep- 
 tion of the homestead. 16 L.R.4. (N.S.) 
 111. 
 
 § 4. — what constitutes a family. 
 
 "Family" defined. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 366. 
 Different aggregations of people. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 367. 
 Husband and wife. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 367. 
 Father and child. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 369. 
 Wife with dependents. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 369. 
 Widower with dependents. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 375. 
 Widow with dependents. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 380. 
 Grandparent and child. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 383, 
 Single persons. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 383. 
 Other combinations. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 388. 
 Temporary separation. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 388. 
 Rights acquired bv survivorship. 4 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 390. 
 By a widower. .4 L.E.A. (N.S.) 390. 
 By a widow. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 391. 
 
 A widow having children. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 392. 
 A widow and children. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 393. 
 Abandonmei)[t of' husband. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 394. 
 By children. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 394. 
 By a mother. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 By a dependent female. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 396. 
 By orphan grandchildren. 4 L.E.A. 
 , (N.S.) 396. 
 Divorce. 4 L.E.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 § 5. In what property. 
 
 In proceeds of sale, see infra, § 14. 
 
 In estate held in common. 12 L.E.A. 519.* 
 In land held under estate by entireties. 
 
 30 L.E.A. 313. 
 In partnership land. 28 L.E.A. 105. 
 Eight to claim homestead in property used 
 
 as a hotel or boarding house. 41 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 303. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 665 
 
 HOMESTEAD, II.— cont'd 
 
 § 6. — In crops grown on homestead. 
 
 Crops grown on homestead, or proceeds 
 
 thereof, as e.xempt. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 577. 
 
 Growing crops. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 578. 
 
 Crops gathered. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 580. 
 
 § 7. Exemption from liability for torts. 
 
 Generally. 24 L.R.A. 789; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 947. 
 Fine or costs. 24 L.R.A. 790. 
 "Official bonds." 24 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 III. Loss; abandonment. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 By incompetent person, see Incompetent 
 Peesons, § 14. 
 
 Effect of removal from state. 2 L.R.A. 
 107.* 
 
 Abandonment of homestead by parent, ef- 
 fect on rights of children. 56 L.R.A. 
 80. 
 
 Right to testify as to intent with reference 
 to residence, occupation or use of home- 
 stead. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 397. 
 
 Husband's power without wife's consent to 
 abandon homestead or convey premises 
 by his sole deed after abandonment. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 807. 
 
 Abandonment during insanity of one spouse. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 430. 
 
 Effect of insanity and imprisonment as 
 abandonment of. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 515. 
 
 Effect of abandonment on right to parti- 
 tion homestead. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 793, 797. 
 In community property. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 799. 
 
 IV. Conveyance of, or contract relating 
 tOy mortgage or other encum- 
 brance on; partition. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Conveyance of. 9 L.R.A. 805.* 
 
 Restrictions on alienation. 10 L.R.A. 220.* 
 
 Effect of mistake of law as to contract 
 with reference to homestead as ground 
 of reformation. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 
 Foreclosure of mortgage on. 9 L.R.A. 805.* 
 
 Conveyance, or encumbrance of homestead 
 during insanity of one of the spouses. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 430. 
 
 Does homestead exemption attach to sur- 
 plus on foreclosure of lien paramount 
 to homestead right. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 491. 
 
 Injunction against sale of, under execution. 
 30 L.R.A. 100,. 
 
 Effect of conveyance of homestead on right 
 to partition same. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 797, 
 799. 
 
 § 10. By husband alone. 
 
 Contract by husband alone. 9 L.R.A. 804.* 
 Conveyance of homestead by husband after 
 
 abandonment by wife. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 565. 
 Conftiilt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HOMESTEAD, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Husband's power without wife's consent to 
 convey premises by his sole deed after 
 abandonment. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 807. 
 
 Power of husband to create easements in 
 homestead without wife's consent. 27 
 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 963. 
 
 Power of legislature to take away hus- 
 band's right to convey or encumber 
 homestead property. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1029. 
 
 § 11. By wife. 
 
 Validity of conveyance or encumbrance of 
 homestead by wife after abandonment 
 by husband. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1024. 
 
 Effect of a wife's separate deed of home- 
 stead in connection with a conveyance 
 or encumbrance by husband, or her 
 subsequent joinder therein. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 748. 
 
 § 12. By surviving spouse. 
 
 Widow's right to convey, lease, or encum- 
 ber homestead during minority of chil- 
 dren. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
 Effect of alienation or encumbrance of 
 homestead by surviving spouse on 
 rights of children. 56 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 § 13. Conveyance by husband to wife. 
 
 Conveyance of homestead by husband to 
 wife. 10 L.R.A. 221.* 
 
 Effect of conveyance by husband to wife. 
 69 L.R.A. 379. 
 
 Constructive trust in deed of, by husband 
 to wife, with proviso attempting to 
 derogate from her right of survivor- 
 ship. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 312. 
 
 § 14. E.-semption of proceeds on sale. 
 
 Exemption of proceeds of homestead sold 
 for reinvestment. 19 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Exemption of property obtained in ex- 
 change for homestead. 19 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 Exemption of proceeds of sale of homestead. 
 19 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 Does homestead exemption attach to the 
 surplus upon foreclosure of a lien para- 
 mount to the homestead right. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 491. 
 
 § 15. Liens as affecting. 
 
 Mechanics' lien on. 9 L.R.A. 805.* 
 Enforcement of mechanics' lien against 
 building only erected upon homestead 
 lands. 62 L.R.A. 375. 
 Lien of judgment upon. 11 L.R.A. 705.* 
 Money decree for permanent alimony or 
 separate maintenance as lien on. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 137. 
 Mortgage to secure money advanced to pur- 
 chase property as a purchase money 
 mortgage not subject to homestead 
 rights. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 Is money loaned to improve land part of 
 the purchase price within the rule that 
 a purchase money lien takes priority 
 over homestead rights. 41 L.R.-A. 
 (N.S.) 89. ■ 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 HOMESTEAD, IV.— cont'd 
 § 16. Partition of. 
 
 See Partition, § 7. 
 
 V, Transmission in case of death. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Right of heirs to exemption of homestead 
 from ancestor's debts contracted prior 
 to its acquisition by him. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.,) 544. 
 
 § 18. Rights of widow. 
 
 Rights of, under homestead and exemption 
 laws. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 Partition of homestead where homestead 
 right is in widow. 4 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 790. 
 
 Widow's homestead rights in partnership 
 real estate. 27 L.R.A. 347. 
 
 Estoppel of wife living apart from husband 
 to claim homestead as against pur- 
 chaser ignorant of the relationship. 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 762. 
 
 Is a widow's dower right in property allot- 
 ted to her as homestead extinguished 
 or merely in abeyance. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1206. 
 
 Descent to child of right in parent's home- 
 stead aa dependent on existence of 
 widow. 56 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 ■Child's right in parent's hoinestead as 
 against widow. 56 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 Right of widow to convey, lease, or en- 
 cumber homestead during minority of 
 children. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
 § 19. Rights of child in parent's home- 
 stead. 
 
 Rights during lifetime of owner. 56 L.R.A. 
 34. 
 The general rule. 56 L.R.A. 34. 
 As affected by conveyances and encum- 
 brances by owner. 56 L.R.A. 
 34. 
 Generally. '56 L.R.A. 34. 
 The rule under special statutory 
 provisions. 56 L.R.A. 36. 
 As affected by disposition of estate by 
 will. 56 L.R.A. 38. 
 Descent or continuance to family. 56 
 L.R.A. 40. 
 Provisions for — their purpose and pol- 
 icy, 56 L.R.A. 40. 
 Under the usual and ordinary provi- 
 sions. 56 L.R.A. '42. 
 Under provisions conferring title. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 Of homestead in communitv propertv. 
 56 L.R.A. 46. ■> ^ ^ i- ^ 
 
 Dependence of right on existence of 
 widow. 56 L.R.A. 47. 
 Governed by what law. 56 L.E.A..47. 
 The selection or setting apart. 56 L.R.A. 
 48. 
 Under general provisions — necessity of. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 48. 
 Under laws providing for setting off 
 after death of owner. 56 
 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 Begin ivith this boolc on every law question. 
 
 HOMESTEAD, V.— cont'd 
 
 Purpose, construction, and effect of 
 
 such laws. 56 L.R.A. 49. 
 Methods of. 56 L.R.A. 51. 
 Who are children entitled to take. 56 
 L.R.A. 52. 
 Minor Children. 56 L.R.A. 52. 
 Adult children. 56 L.R.A. 53. 
 Unmarried daughters remaining with 
 
 family. 56 L.R.A. .54. 
 Adopted children. 56 L.R.A. 54. 
 Grandchildren. 56 L.R.A. 54. 
 Illegitimate children. 56 L.R.A. 55. 
 Constituent part of family. 56 L.R.A. 
 55. 
 Necessity of indebtedness or insolvency. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 56. 
 Against what debts a protection. 56 L.R.A, 
 57. 
 The general rule. 56 L.R.A. 57. 
 Exceptions. 56 L.R.A. 59. 
 In what property claimed. 56 L.R.A. 60. 
 As affected by title or estate of parent. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 61. 
 As affected by domicil of child. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 62. 
 Rights acquired with relation to other in- 
 terests. 56 L.R.A. 62. 
 Generally. 56 L.R.A. 62. 
 As against creditors. 56 L.R.A. 62. 
 As against executors or administrators 
 of the deceased parent. 56 L.R.A. 
 63. 
 As against heirs. 56 L.R.A. 65. 
 As against the widow. 56 L.R.A. 66. 
 To joi'nt or common enjoynient. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 66. 
 With reference to right of dower. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 67. 
 With reference to community 
 
 homesteads. 56 L.R.A. 69. 
 Under laws passing title to chil- 
 dren. 56 L.R.A. 69. 
 Effect of remarriage. 56 L.R.A. 
 70. 
 As against the surviving husband. 56 
 L.R.A. 70. 
 Effect of alienation or encumbrance by sur- 
 vivor. 56 L.R.A. 71. 
 When survivor has superior right or 
 
 title. 56 L.R.A. 71. 
 When children have an inherent right 
 
 or estate. 56 L.R.A.X 72. 
 When homestead was in community 
 property. 56 L.R.A. 73. 
 Effect of sale subject to homestead. 56 
 , L.R.A. 74. 
 
 Waiver of release of homestead. 56 L.E.A. 
 78. 
 By parent or survivor. 56 L.R.A. 7C 
 By child or guardian. 56 L.R.A. 77. 
 Partition. 5^ L.R.A. 77. 
 
 General rules as to. 56 L.R.A. 77 
 Of community property. 56 L.R.A. 79. 
 Abandonment. 56 L.R.A. 80. 
 
 During life of both parents. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 80. 
 By surviving parent. 56 L.R.A. 81. 
 Different rules as to effect. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 81. 
 What constitutes. 56 L.R.A. 82. 
 
INDEX TO L.E,.A. NOTES. 
 
 667 
 
 HOMESTEAD, V.— cont'd 
 
 By stepfather or stepmother. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 84. 
 By child or children. 56 L.R.A. 84. 
 The question as to effect of. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 84. 
 What constitutes. 56 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 Termination. 56 L.R.A. 8G. y 
 How effected. 56 L.R.A. 86. 
 By expiration of the prescribed period. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 86. 
 Effect of. 56 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 Effect of death of childless wife on home- 
 stead. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 111. 
 
 Death of both parents. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 • 112. 
 
 Death of all but head of family. 16 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 112. 
 
 Death of spouse and arrival at majority 
 or removal from home of all the chil- 
 dren. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 112. 
 
 Rights of surviving children under home- 
 stead and exemption laws. 4 L.R.A. 
 iX.S.) 394. 
 
 Partition of homestead when homestead 
 right is in minor children. 4 L.R.A. 
 IX.S.) 792; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 550. 
 
 Partition of homestead where homestead 
 right is in widow and minor children. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
 Widow's right to convey, lease, or encum- 
 ber homestead during minority of 
 children. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
 § 2 0. — child's rights as against cred- 
 itors. 
 
 Child's right- in parents' homestead as 
 against creditors. 56 L.R.A. 62. 
 
 Right to exemption of homestead from an- 
 cestor's debts contracted prior to ac- 
 quisition by him. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 544 
 
 VI. Revaluation or reassignment of. 
 
 § 21. Generally. 
 
 When the question arises. 44 L.R.A. 400; 
 
 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 728. 
 Change from fluctuation in prices. 44 
 
 . L.R.A. 400; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 728. 
 Change from improvements and additions. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 402. 
 Homestead in decedents' estates. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 402. 
 
 HOMICIDE. 
 
 I. In general, §§ l-i. 
 II. Intent; deliberation; premedita- 
 tion; malice, §§ 5-7. 
 III. Nature of act causing death, §§ S- 
 18. 
 a. In general, §§ 8-13. 
 h. Accident, misadventure, or 
 
 neglect, §§ 14:, 15. 
 c. In commission of unlawful 
 act, §§ 16-18. 
 IT. Defenses; provocation; degree, 
 §§ 19-34. 
 a. In general, §§ 19-36. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HOMICIDE, IV.— cont'd 
 
 h. Self defense, §§ 27-30. 
 c. Degree, §§ 31-34. 
 V, Punishment, § 35. 
 
 I. In general, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Assault with intent to kill, see Assault 
 
 AND Battery. 
 Charge of assault and battery included in 
 
 prosecution for, see Assault and Bat- 
 
 TKRY, § 12. 
 
 Territorial jurisdiction over crime of, see 
 Courts, § 25. 
 
 As to responsibility for crime generally, see , 
 Criminal Law, III. 
 
 Former jeopardy, see Criminal Law, §§ 59- 
 64. 
 
 Civil liability for, see Death. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof in prose- 
 cution for, see Evidence, § 116. 
 
 Acts and declarations of co-conspirators, 
 see Evidence, § 237. 
 
 As to threats, see Evidence,' § 239. 
 
 Dying declarations, see Evidence, § 242. 
 
 Evidence of character or reputation of ac- 
 cused, see Evidence, § 252. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence in prosecution 
 for, see Evidence, § 286. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence in prosecution for, 
 see Evidence, § 326. 
 
 Variance between pleading and proof, sec 
 Evidence, § 332. 
 
 Indictment for, see Indictment, etc., § 21. 
 
 Effect on right to inherit or otherwise ob- 
 tain property of murdered person, see 
 Descent and Distribution, § 8. 
 
 Effect of murder of insured on right to pro 
 ceeds of policy, see Insurance, § 193. 
 
 Procedure on trial for, see Criminal Law, 
 IV. 
 
 Instructions in prosecution for, see Trial, 
 ' § 68. 
 
 Verdict in prosecution for, see Trial, VIII. 
 
 Time when deemed to be committed. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 851. 
 Solicitation to, commit. 25 L.R.A. 437. 
 What constitutes an attempt to commit 
 
 homicide as distinguished from assault 
 
 with intent to kill. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 898. 
 Several offenses growing out of same facts. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 693. 
 What weapons may be considered deadly 
 
 under law of homicide and assault. 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 497. 
 Trial of life termer for murder. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1097. 
 Civil liability of insane person for. 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 84. 
 
 § 2. Bail in case of. 
 
 Admission to bail in case of. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 848.* 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 
 offense in bail {lond or recognizance. 38 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 312, 320. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 HOMICIDE, I.— cont'd 
 
 § 3. Effect of character and reputation 
 of deceased. 
 
 Evidence of character or reputation of de- 
 ceased, see Evidence, § 251. 
 
 General rules. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 352. 
 Exception in self-defense cases. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 353. 
 General rules.' 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 353. 
 Proof of self-defense necessary to war- 
 rant admission. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 Hostile demonstrations. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 356. 
 Necessity of. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 Sufficiency of overt act. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 357. 
 Order of proof. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 358. 
 Knowledge of character by accused. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 Effect of aggression by slayer. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 361. 
 Other exceptions. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 361. 
 
 Apparent conflict — general considera- 
 tions. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 361. 
 Cases of doubt as to nature of act. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 361. 
 Cases depending upon circumstantial 
 
 evidence. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 For purpose of grading crime. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) .363. 
 Nature or kind of character provable. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 General rules. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 Special traits and special circum- 
 stances. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 366. 
 Character for peacefulnefes and quiet. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 368. 
 General rules as to admissibility. 
 
 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 368. 
 Sufficiency of attack to open door. 
 3L.E.A.(N.S.) '368. 
 Methods of proving character. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 370. 
 General reputation — specific acts of viTo- 
 
 lence. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 370. 
 Exception as to specific acts known 
 
 to slayer. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 374. 
 Opinion evidence. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 374. 
 Good character in rebuttal. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 374. 
 Competency of witnesses. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 375. 
 Determination as to admissibility and ef- 
 fect. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 375. 
 
 § 4. By corporation. 
 
 May a corporation be convicted of homicide. 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 998. 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation for. 
 
 2 B. R. C. 247. 
 
 II. Intent; 
 
 deliberation; premedita- 
 tion; malice. 
 
 § 5. Intent. 
 
 Inference of 
 In homicide 
 
 intent. 11 -L.R.A. 813.* 
 by intoxicated person. 36 
 L.R.A. 470. 
 Common intent in homicide in carr.ying out 
 unlawful purpose. 68 L.R.A. 203. 
 Bcf/iv with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 HOMICIDE, II.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of absence of intent to do harm in 
 
 homicide by misadventure. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1155. 
 To kill as affecting degree of homicide in 
 
 heat of passion. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 819. 
 Charging assault with intent to kill when; 
 
 actual intent is directed 'against an- 
 other. ' 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 630. 
 Intention to wound only, as affecting degree 
 
 of homicide in absence of excuse or 
 
 justification. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 621'. 
 Assault with intent to murder or kill by 
 
 unlawful act aimed at another than the 
 
 one injured. 37 L,R.A.(N.S.) 172. 
 Right to show immorality of deceased ag 
 
 bearing on defendant's intent. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 397. 
 Right of one to testify as to his intent.. 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 388; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 324. 
 
 I 
 § 6. Deliberation; premeditation. 
 
 In homicide by intoxicated person. 36: 
 L.R.A. 473. 
 
 Elements of deliberation and premeditation 
 as affected by the brevity of the period 
 elapsing between the resolution to kill 
 and the homicide. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1056. 
 
 § 7. Malice. 
 
 Presumption of malice from act of killing,, 
 see Evidence, § 44. 
 
 Malicious homicide by officer. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 310. 
 As affecting degree of homicide in heat of 
 
 passion. ,_5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 813, 819. 
 Express malice as affecting homicide in re- 
 sisting arrest. 66 L.R.A. 353. 
 Proof of malice in homicide in resisting ar- 
 rest. 66 L.R.A. 384. 
 "Malice aforethought" in the definition of 
 murder ; what the term now means, 
 and how the courts should deal 
 with it in charging the jury. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1054. 
 What constitutes malice iii law. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1057. 
 In general. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1057. 
 Malice aforethought. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1064. 
 What constitutes express and implied 
 malice. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1070. 
 Introductory discussion. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1070. 
 Express malice. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1073. 
 Implied malice. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1077. 
 As a rule of evidence. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1077. 
 Presumption arising from 
 act of killing. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1077. 
 Presumption arising from 
 use of deadly weapon. 
 38 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1081. 
 Proof of malice from 
 method of assatilt. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1086. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 669 
 
 HOMICIDE, II.— cont'd 
 
 Proof of malice by cir- 
 cumstances connected 
 with lolling. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1088. 
 Malice as a fiction of law. 38 
 
 L.T!.A.(N.S.) 1092. 
 Malice as a question of law 
 or fact. 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 1003. 
 Malice not defined as a condition of the 
 
 mind. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1100. 
 Necessity of defining malice afore- 
 thought. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1104. 
 
 III. Nature of act causing death. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 In resisting assault and battery, see As- 
 sault AND Battery, § 10. 
 
 Inciting or abetting suicide as. 66 L.R.A. 
 304. 
 
 By means of spring gun, trap, or other dan- 
 gerous instrument killing trespasser. 
 29 L.R.A. 156. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for death caused by 
 spring gun or other dangerous mantrap 
 upon one's own property. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 346. 
 
 Eflfeet of failure to provide medical attend- 
 ance to repder one guilty of man- 
 slaughter. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 685. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for homicide com- 
 mitted by third person, growing out of 
 an altercation between defendant and 
 deceased. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 889. 
 
 Homicide by acting through innocent or ir- 
 responsible agent. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 897. 
 
 § 9. By excessive or impi-oper chastise-' 
 ment. 
 
 The general rule. 60 L.R.A. 801. 
 Parent and child. 60 L.R.A. 801. 
 Persons in loco parentis. 60 L.R.A. 802. 
 Schoolmaster and pupil. 60 L.R.A. 803. 
 Husband and wife. 60 L.R.A. 803. 
 Master and servant, slave, or. apprentice. 
 60 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 § 10. In commission of, or attempt to 
 commit, abortion. 
 
 General and common-law rules as to. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 902. 
 Theories as to ground of criminal liability. 
 63 L.R.A. 903. 
 That it is killing in commission of un- 
 lawful act. 63 L.R.A. 903. 
 That it is killing in an act involving 
 serious bodily harm. 63 L.R.A. 
 904. 
 ■Grade or degree of the crime. 63 L.R.A. 
 905. 
 At common law. 63 L.R.A. 905. 
 Under general statutes as to degree of 
 homicide. 63 L.R.A. 905. 
 When act is dangerous to life. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 905. 
 When not likely to cause death. 
 63 L.R.A. 905. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HOMICIDE, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Under special statutes as to abortion. 
 63 L.R.A. 906. 
 Application of rules to the killing of the 
 
 unborn child. 63 L.R.A. 908. 
 Justification or excuse. 63 L.R.A. 909. 
 Consent of woman. 63 L.R.A. 909. 
 The abortionist as an accessory before 
 
 the fact. 63 L.R.A. 909. 
 That act was necessary to life or health. 
 63 L.R.A. 910. 
 The indictment. 63 L.R.A. 911. 
 
 At common law and under general 
 
 statutes. 63 L.R.A. 911. 
 Under special statutes. 63 L.R.A. 912. 
 Evidence. 63 L.R.A. 914. 
 
 Admissibility, generally. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 914. 
 Dying declarations. 63 L.R.A. 916. 
 Sufficiency. 63 L.R.A. 918. i 
 The trial and determination. 63 L.R.A. 
 919. 
 
 § 1 1 . In resisting arrest, or officers of 
 justice. 
 
 In general. 66 L.R.A. 353 ; 33 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 133. 
 Effect of express malice. 66 L.R.A. 353. 
 General rule in case of lawful arrest. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 354; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 144. 
 Reasons for rule. 66 L.R.A. 355. 
 Determination as to criminality. 66 L.R.A. 
 357. 
 Officers' authority. 66 L.R.A. 357. 
 Qualification. 66 L.R.A. 357. 
 The warrant. 66 L.R.A. 358. 
 Action without a warrant. 66 
 L.R.A. 360. 
 In case of suspected felony. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 360., 
 In case of crime not a felony. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 362. 
 In case of crime in presence of 
 
 officer. 66 L.R.A. 363. 
 By private citizen. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 365. 
 Effect of innocence of charge. 
 66 L.R.A. 366. 
 Manner of execution. 66 L.R.A. 367. 
 Self-defense against unnecessary 
 
 force. 66 L.R.A. 367. 
 Extent of right. 66 L.R.A. 369. 
 Unnecessary force as provocation. 
 66 L.R.A. 370. 
 Knowledge of authority and purpose. 
 66 L.R.A. 370." 
 General rules ; necessity of notice. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 370. ^ 
 
 Sufficiency of notice. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 371. 
 When notice may be dispensed 
 
 with. 66 L.R.A. 372. 
 Refusal to state authority on de- 
 mand. 66 L.R.A. 374. 
 General rule in case of imlawful arrest. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 374; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 147. 
 Resistance to unlawful arrest. 66 L.R.A. 
 375; 33 L.lt.A.(N.S.) 147. 
 Right of. 66 L.R.A. 375. 
 Extent of right. 66 L.R.A. 376. 
 Efl'ect of excessive resistance on degree 
 of crime. 66 L.R.A. 377. 
 
670 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 HOMICIDE, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Application of rules to escape after 
 submission. 66 L.R.A. 378. 
 Protection extended to officers' assistants. 
 
 66 L.E.A. 379. 
 Rules applicable to escapes from confine- 
 ment. 66 L.E.A. 380. 
 Statutory protection to certain Federal of- 
 ficers. 66 L.R.A. 380. 
 The indictment. 66 L.R.A. 381. 
 Proof. 66 L.R.A. 381. 
 
 Of official character. 66 L.RA. 381. 
 Of authority to act. 66 L.R.A. 382. 
 The warrant. 66 L.R.A. 382. 
 Circumstances warranting action 
 without a warrant. 66 L.R.A. 
 382. 
 Of motive or malice. 66 L.R.A. 384. 
 Admissibility. 66 L.R.A. 384. 
 Sufficiency. 66 L.R.A. 38.5. 
 Other general and miscellaneous mat- 
 ters. 66 L.R.A. 386. 
 Self-defense in resisting officer. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1016. 
 Killing in self-defense, officer using unnec- 
 essary force in making arrest. 66 
 L.R.A. 367. 
 Homicide in carrying out conspiracy to 
 
 effect escape. 68 L.R.A. 209. 
 Criminal responsibility for homicide in car- 
 rying out unlawful conspiracy for. 68 
 L.R.A. 109. 
 
 § 12. By ofBcial action or by officers 
 of justice. 
 
 Homicide by authority of law or under 
 official direction. 67 L.R.A. 293. 
 In execution of death sentence. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 293. 
 In discharge of ordinary official duty. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 293. 
 In the discharge of military duty. 67 
 L.R.A. 295. 
 Effect of official character and action in 
 
 case of arrest. 67 L.R.A. 297. 
 General rules as to use of force in making 
 arrest. 67 L.R.A. 297. 
 In case of felony. 67 L.R.A. 297. 
 In case of misdemeanor. 67 L.R.A. 
 298. 
 Checking flight. 67 L.R.A. 299. 
 
 In case of felony. 67 L.R.A. 299. 
 In case of misdemeanor. 67 L.R.A. 
 300. 
 Meeting actual physical resistance. 67 
 L.E.A. 301. 
 ■ Preventing escape or rescue. 67 L.R.A. 
 ' 302. 
 In case of felony. 67 L.R.A. 302. 
 In case of misdemeanor. 67 L.R.A. 302. 
 Recapture. 67 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 Generally. 67 L.R.A. 303. 
 Of escaped convicts. 67 L.R.A. 30'.. 
 Limitation as to force which may be used. 
 ' 67 L.R.A. 303. 
 General rules. 67 L.R.A. 303. 
 Self-defense as a 'test. 67 L.R.A. 304. 
 When use of deadly weapon is justified. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 305. 
 Appearance as a test of the right of 
 self-defense. 67 L.R.A. 306. 
 Begin with this hoolc on every laiv qi 
 % 
 
 HOMICIDE, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Necessity a question for the jury. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 306. 
 Effect of question of legality or propriety 
 
 of officer's action. 67 L.R.A. 307. 
 General rule as to illegal action. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 307. 
 Action without a warrant. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 308. 
 Action outside of territorial jurisdic- 
 
 tion> 67 L.R.A. 309. 
 Negligent action. 67 L.R.A. 310. 
 Malicious action. 67 L.R.A. 310. 
 Notice of character and purpose. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 311. 
 Further authority. 67 L.R.A. 312. 
 Action by deputy or assistant. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 312. 
 "Retreat to the wall" in homicide in per- 
 formance of official duty. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 76. 
 
 § 13. Resulting from injuries by dif- 
 ferent persons acting independ- 
 ently. 
 
 Responsibility when joint. 67 L.R.A. 426. 
 Individual responsibility. 67 L.R.A. 427. 
 The general rule. 67 L.R.A. 427. 
 For act nearest to time of death. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 427. 
 For first or prior act. 67 L.R.A. 428. 
 Generally. 67 L.R.A. 428. 
 When act contributes to death. 67 
 L.R.A. 429. 
 Proof. 67 L.R.A. 430. 
 
 b. Accident, misadventure, or neglect. 
 
 § 14. By accident or misadventure. 
 
 Accident as defense to criminal prosecu- 
 tion, generally, see CBlMiNAi Law, § 
 15. 
 
 By accident while hunting. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 991. 
 Accidental killing of bystander by shooting 
 in self-defense. 2 L.Rji..(N.S.) 719. ' 
 Homicide by misadventure. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1153. 
 Defined. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1153. 
 Distinguished from other classes of 
 
 homicide. 3 L.R.A.( N.S.I 1153. 
 Criminal rjesponsibility. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1154. 
 Constituent elements. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1154. 
 Enumeration. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1154. 
 Absence of intent to do harm. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 Lawfulness of act resulting in 
 death. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1156. 
 Proper precaution to avoid mis- 
 chief. 3. L.R.A.(N.S.) 1158. 
 Submission of the issue. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1160. 
 Proof. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1161. 
 
 Burden and measure of. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1161. 
 Competencv and sufficiency of. S 
 L.E.A.'(N.S.) 1161. 
 lestion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 871 
 
 HOMICIDE, III. b— cont'd 
 § 15. Negligent lioinicide. 
 
 Homicide caused by carelessness and negli- 
 gence. 3 L.R.A. 645.* 
 Generally. 61 L.R.A. 277; 63 L.R.A. 392. 
 Distinction between different degrees of the 
 
 crime. 61 L.R.A. 279. 
 Application of rules to particular classes 
 of negligence. 61 L.R.A. 279. 
 In the use of ways and streets. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 279. 
 In the management of railways, loco- 
 motives, etc. 61 L.R.A. 281. 
 In the navigation and the management 
 of vessels. 61 L.R.A. 283. 
 Generally. 61 L.R.A. 283. 
 Under- particular statutes. 61 
 L.R.A. 284. 
 In practising medicines, surgery, etc. 
 61 L.R.A. 287. 
 The English doctrine. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 287. 
 The rule in the United States. 61 
 L.R.A. 289. 
 In failure of duty to dependents. 61 
 L.R.A. 290. 
 Parent and child. 61 L.R.A. 290. 
 Husband and wife. 61 L.R.A. 292. 
 Other relationships and relations. 
 61 L.R.A. 293. 
 In other miscellaneous matters. 61 
 L.R.A. 294. 
 Negligent homicide under Texas Code. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 296. 
 Necessity that negligent act shall be per- 
 sonal. 61 L.R.A. 297. 
 Effect of negligence of others contributing. 
 
 61 L.R.A. 298. 
 Application of doctrine of contributory neg- 
 ligence. 61 L.R.A. 298. 
 Pleading and practice. 61 L.R.A. 298. 
 .Homicide by negligent operation of auto- 
 mobile. 30 L.R,A.(N.S.) 458; 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 403. 
 
 c In commission of unlawful act, 
 
 § 16. Generally, 
 
 In commission of, or attempt to commit, 
 
 abortion, see supra, § 10. 
 In resisting arrest or officers of justice, 
 
 see supra, § 11. 
 
 General rules. 63 L.R.A. 354. 
 Homicide in the commission of felonies. 63 
 L.R.A. 354. 
 General and common-law rules. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 354. 
 Statutory provisions as to. 63 L.R.A. 
 3.55. 
 Their terms, generally. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 355. 
 
 Their construction and effect on 
 
 common-law' rules, generally. 
 
 63 L.R.A. 357. 
 
 The effect of the felony. 63 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 General statement as to. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 358. 
 The prevailing rule. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 358. 
 Exceptions. 63 L.R.A. 360. 
 The act of killing. 63 L.R.A. 361. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HOMICIDE, III. c— cont'd 
 
 With reference to criminality. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 361. 
 With reference to methods of ef- 
 fecting. 63 L.R.A. 362. 
 The felony; nature of. 63 L.R.A. 363.. 
 At common law and under general 
 
 statutes. 63 L.R.A. 363. 
 Under statutes naming particular 
 
 felonies. 63 L.R.A. 365. 
 Doctrine that rule is confined to 
 independent felonies. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 367. 
 Necessary relationship between felony 
 and killing. 63 L.R.A. 368. 
 What sufficient, generally. 63- 
 
 L.R.A. 368. 
 Distinction between preparation 
 and attempt. 63 L.R.A. 371. 
 Killing in the perpetration of acts nat- 
 urally tending to destroy life. 
 63 L.R.A. 372. 
 Scope; general rules. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 372. 
 Grossly improper use of fire-arms. 
 
 63 L.R.A. 373. 
 Assaults. 63 L.R.A. 375. 
 Dueling. 63 L.R.A. 377. 
 Derailing railway train. 63 L.R.A. 
 378. 
 Homicide in the commission of unlawful 
 acts not felonies. 63 L.R.A. 379. 
 General and common-law rules. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 379. 
 Statutory provisions as to. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 380. 
 The preliminary unlawful act. 63 
 L.R.A. 381. 
 Its nature; what is unlawful gen- 
 erally. 63 L.R.A. 381. 
 Rule that it must not be an ingre- 
 dient of the killing. 63 L.R.A. 
 382. 
 In particular cases. 63 L.R.A. 
 383. 
 Games, sports, and athletic 
 performances. 63 L.R.A. 
 383. 
 Mutual combat. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 384. 
 Other miscellaneous matters. 
 63 L.R.A. 385. 
 What constitvites killing in commission 
 of unlawful act. 63 L.R.A. 
 386. 
 Generally. 63 L.R.A. 386. 
 Improper use of dangerous weap- 
 ons. 63 L.R.A. 387. 
 Drawing contrary to law. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 387. 
 Negligently and carelessly 
 handling. 63 L.R.A. 389. 
 Assaults. 63 L.RA.. 391. 
 Abandonment of unlawful design. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 392. '' 
 
 The indictment. 63 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 Application of general rules. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 393. 
 In case of killing in the commission 
 of a felony. 63 LRA. 393. 
 
672 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 HOMICIDE, III. c— cont'd 
 
 In case of killing in the commission 
 of an unlawful act, not a felony. 
 63 L.R.A. 396. 
 Evidence. 63 L.R.A. 397. 
 
 Application of general rules. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 397. 
 Admissibility, generally. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 397. 
 Effect of rule against proof of other 
 
 crimes. 63 L.R.A. 398. 
 Sufficiency. 63 L.R.A. '398. 
 Instructions. 63 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 Application of general rules. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 401. 
 As to killing in the commission of a 
 
 felony. 63 L.R.A. 401. 
 As to involuntary manslaughter. 63 
 L.R.A. 402. 
 The conviction or acquittal. 63 L.R.A. 404. 
 Power to convict of a lower degree. 
 
 ,63 L.R.A. 404. 
 Effect of, as a bar. 63 L.R.A. 405. 
 Is one causing fright by unlawful act guil- 
 ty of homicide because death follows 
 fright. 16 L.R.A.(N".S.) 327. 
 Death inflicted while defendant is violating 
 a municipal ordinance. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 770. 
 
 § 17. By unlawful act aimed at an- 
 other than the one killed. 
 
 The general rule. 63 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 When murder in the first degree. 63 L.R.A. 
 662. 
 
 When murder in the second or a lower de- 
 gree. 63 L.R.A. 663. 
 
 When manslaughter. 63 L.R.A. 666. 
 
 When justifiable or excusable. 63 L.R.A. 
 667. 
 
 Assault with intent to murder or kill by 
 unlawful act aimed at another than 
 the one injured. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 172. 
 
 As affected by mistake as to identity of 
 victim. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1070. 
 
 § 18. In carrying out unlawful con- 
 spiracy. 
 
 Criminal responsibility. 68 L.R.A. 193. 
 General rules as to. 68 L.R.A. 193. 
 Application to particular acts. 68 
 L.R.A. 195. 
 The doing of personal violence. 68. 
 
 L.R.A. 195. 
 Breaches of the peace, riots, and 
 disturbances. 68 L.R.A. 196. 
 Invasion of property rights. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 198. 
 Escape from confinement. 68 
 L.R.A. 199. 
 The conspiracy. 68 L.R.A. 200. 
 Necessity of. 68 L.R.A. 200. 
 Parties to. 68 L.R.A. 201. 
 Must be unlawful. 68 L.R.A. 202. 
 The common intent or purpose. 68 L.R.A. 
 203. 
 Homicide must be within scope of. 68 
 
 ' L.R.A. 203. 
 What acts are within. 68 L.R.A. 205. 
 General rules. 68 L.R.A. 205. 
 Violent, dangerous, or homicidal 
 acts. 68 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 acis. 00 jj.K.A. iiuo. Cr] 
 
 "Begin with, this hook on evenj law question. 
 
 HOMICIDE, III. c— cont'd 
 
 Acts not conducive to use of dan- 
 gerous force. 68 L.R.A. 207. 
 Killing person not designed to be 
 
 injured. 68 L.R.A. 209. 
 Escape as a part of common in- 
 tent to commit crime. 68 
 L.R.A. 209. 
 Effect of abandonment of purpose. .68 
 L.R.A. 210. 
 The degree of the crime. 68 L.R.A. 211. 
 General rule as to. 68 L.R.A. 211. 
 Conspiracy to commit murder. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 211. 
 Conspiracy to commit felony. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 211. 
 Conspiracy to commit act dangerous 
 
 to life. 68 L.R.A. 212. 
 Conspiracy to commit misdemeanor or 
 minor criminal act. 68 L.R.A. 213. 
 The indictment. 68 L.R.A. 214. 
 Proof. 68 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 Applicability of general rules. 68 
 L.E.A. 215. 
 , Of conspiracy. 68 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 Competency. 68 L.R.A. 215. 
 Sufficiency 68 L.R.A. 217. 
 
 General rules. 68 L.R.A. 217. 
 Preparation. 68 L.R.A. 217. 
 Acts and conduct at time of 
 
 killing. 68 L.R.A. 218. 
 Subsequent acts, conduct, and 
 appearances. 68 L.E.A. 
 220. 
 Acts and declarations of co-conspirators. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 220. 
 Of alibi. 68 L.R.A. 222. 
 Criminal responsibility of one who aids an- 
 other In assault in which the latter, 
 without his knowledge or consent, uses 
 a deadly weapon. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 273. 
 Responsibility of one assisting in burglary 
 during which his companion commits 
 murder. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1154. 
 
 IV. Defenses; provocation; degree, 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 As to responsibility for crime generally, see 
 
 Criminal Law, III. 
 Effect of threats on liability for, see 
 
 Threats, § 2. 
 
 When unlawful act aimed at another than 
 
 one killed is justifiable or excusable. 
 
 63 L.R.A. 667. 
 Justifiable homicide in commission of or 
 
 attempt to commit an abortion. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 909. 
 Provocation for homicide by intoxicated 
 
 person. 36 L.R.A. 476. 
 Unnecessary force in making arrest as 
 
 provocation for homicide. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 370. 
 Justifiable killing as defense in action for 
 
 death intentionally inflicted. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 996: 
 
 § 20. Youth. 
 
 Criminal liability of children generally, see 
 Criminal Law, § 7. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 673 
 
 HOMICIDE, IV. a— cont'd 
 Criminal liabilitv of children for murder. 
 36 L.E.A. 200, 207. 
 
 § 31. Weakness of mind; irresistible 
 impulse. 
 
 As excuse for crime generally, see CKtMi- 
 NAL Law, §§ 8, 9. 
 
 Wcalcness of mind as affecting responsibili- 
 ty for homicide. 10 L.R.A.{N.S.) 999. 
 
 Irresistible impulse as an excuse. IS 
 L.R.A. 224; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 
 § 2 2. Intoxication. 
 
 As excuse for crime generally, see Ceimi- 
 NAL Law, § 10. 
 
 What intoxication will excuse. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 470. 
 Drunkenness as defense to homicide. 13 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1024; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 376. 
 Killing in self defense while intoxicated. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 476. 
 
 § 23. To prevent criminal or unlawful 
 acts. 
 
 Forcible felonies and crimes. 67 L.R.A. 
 529. 
 General rules as to. 67 L.R.A. 529. 
 Justification limited to necessity. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 530. 
 Apparent, as distinguished from, real, 
 danger as necessity. 67 L.R.A. 531. 
 Application of rules to particular acts. 67 
 L.R.A. 532. 
 Attempts to kill or seriously injure. 
 67 L.R.A. 532. 
 , Upon the slayer. 67 L.R.A. 532. 
 Upon others. 67 L.R.A. 532. 
 Robbery or burglary. 67 L.R.A. 534. 
 Breaches of the peace. 67 L.R.A. 535. 
 Misdemeanors, crimes without force, and 
 trespasses. 67 L.R.A. 536. 
 General rules as to misdemeanors and 
 
 secret crimes. 67 L.R.A. 536. 
 Larceny. 67 L.R.A. 537. 
 Trespass on property. 67 L.R.A. 538. 
 General rules. 67 L.R.A. 538. 
 Personalty. 67 L.R.A. 539. 
 Realty. 67 L.R.A. 540. 
 Attack in, or trespass or assault on, dwell- 
 ing. 67 L.R.A. 541. 
 Personal attack in. 67 L.R.A. 541. 
 Defense against entrance. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 542. 
 Expulsion. 67 L.R.A. 544. 
 Who may defend, and against whom. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 545. 
 What constitutes dwelling or castle. 
 67 L.R.A. 545. 
 Defense of family and relations. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 546. 
 Prevention as distinguished from punish- 
 ment. 67 L.R.A. 547. 
 The question of degree. 67 L.R.A. 548. 
 
 § 24. Insulting words or conduct. 
 
 Insulting words or conduct as a provoca- 
 tion to homicide. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 154. 
 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 43 
 
 HOMICIDE, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 The general and common-law rule. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 154. 
 Statement of. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 154. 
 Method of killing as affecting. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 156. 
 Character of words or conduct as af- 
 fecting. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 156. 
 Exceptions and judicial modifications 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 157. 
 Where mutual combat \esults. 4 
 
 ■ L.R.A.(N.S.) 157. 
 When combined with an assault. 
 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 158. 
 Rule that passion is the control- 
 ling element. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 158. 
 Application to murder in second 
 or lower degree. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 160. 
 Statutory modifications of the rule. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 161. 
 Under miscellaneous provisions. 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 161. 
 
 Texas provision as to insults to 
 
 female relatives. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 163. 
 
 Terms of. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 163. 
 
 The insult. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 163. 
 The time of killing. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 164. 
 The person killed. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 165. 
 Passion and killing as a re- 
 sult of insult. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 166. 
 Who are female relatives. 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 167. 
 Submission and determination 
 of the issue. 4 L.R.A. 
 *• (N.S.) 167. 
 
 § 25. Effect of negligence or lack of 
 skill In treatment or care of wound. 
 
 In general. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 841; 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 665. 
 
 Negligent or unskilful medical or surgical 
 treatment or want of care. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 841. 
 
 When death occurs during operation. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 844. 
 
 Effect of refusal to submit to operation. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 845. 
 
 When death 's due to negligent act of de- 
 ceased. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 845. 
 
 Failure to receive prompt medical or surgi- 
 cal treatment. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 846. 
 
 When death is due solely to negligent or 
 improper treatment. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 846. 
 
 When cause of death is in doubt. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 847. 
 
 § 2 6. Defense of another. 
 
 Is one assisting relative in peril bound by 
 the latter's act in bringing on the diffi- 
 culty. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 671. 
 
674 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 HOMICIDE, IV.— cont'd 
 
 b. Self defense. 
 
 § 3 7. Generally. 
 
 Self-defense generally. 6 L.E.A. 424.* 
 K-illiiig in self-defense while intoxicated. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 476. 
 Right of officer to kill in self-defense. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 304. 
 Self-defense in resisting officer. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1016. 
 Against unnecessary force in making arrest. 
 
 66 E.R.A. 367. 
 Proof of self-defense necessary to warrant 
 admission of evidence as to character 
 and reputation of deceased. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 355. 
 Applicability of rule of reasonable doubt to 
 self-defense in homicide. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 483; 31 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1166. 
 Rule that reasonable doubt of self-de- 
 fense is sufficient. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 485. 
 Rule that the burden of proof is upon 
 defendant to show self-defense by a 
 preponderance of evidence. 19 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 492. 
 Rule that Juiy must be satisfied of the 
 self -defense. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 494. 
 Self-defense when shown by evidence of 
 prosecution. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 497. 
 Duty of state affirmatively to prove 
 that killing was not in self-de- 
 fense. 19 L.E.A.(N.S.) 497. 
 
 § 2 8. Self -defense set up by accused 
 who began the conflict. 
 
 General doctrine. 45 L.R.A. 687. 
 What amounts to provoking or bringing 
 on the difficulty, or producing the 
 occasion. 45 L.R.A. 695. 
 
 In general. 45 L.E.A. 695. 
 
 In seeking or returning to the deceased. 
 45 L.E.A. 698. 
 
 Abuse or other act provoking attack 
 by other party. 45 L.R.A. 701. 
 Threats. 45 L.E.A. 702. 
 Where relative or other party is the ag- 
 
 gresor. 45 L.E.A. 703. 
 In case of mutual combat. 45 L.E.A. 704. 
 Former quarrel induced by deceased. 45 
 
 L.E.A. 705. 
 Burden of proof of freedom from fault. 45 
 
 L.E.A. 706. 
 Question for the jury. 45 L.R.A. 706. 
 The question of withdrawal. 45 L.E.A. 707. 
 
 In general. 45 L.E.A. 707. 
 
 Retreat sufficient. 45 L.E.A. 710. 
 
 Retreat insufficient. 45 L.E.A. 711. 
 
 As a question for the jury. 45 L.R.A. 
 712. 
 Criminal responsibility of aggressor for ac- 
 cidental killing of third person by shot 
 
 fired in self-defense at aggressor. 2 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 719. 
 
 § 29. —duty to retreat. 
 
 Question of withdrawal by accused who be- 
 gan conflict. 45 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 Eight of self-defense by one who is pur- 
 sued and assaulted after leaving prem- 
 ises which he had entered for an un- 
 lawful purpose. 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 621. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 HOMICIDE, IV. b— cont'd 
 Withdrawal from participation in homicide, 
 which will relieve from criminality. 
 4 L.E.A.(N.S.) 576. 
 "Eetreat to the wall" in homicide. 2 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 49. 
 The common-law rule. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 49. 
 Adoption bv American courts — differ- 
 ing views. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 The "flight" rule. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 51. 
 Generally. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 51. 
 Necessity of instnn,[ing as to. 2 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 53. 
 The "stand ground to prevent felony" 
 
 rule. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 53. 
 The "stand ground when in the right" 
 rule. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 Generally, 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 Necessity of instructing as to. 2 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 58. 
 Effect of expectation of attack. 2 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 59. 
 "Stand ground" rule as affected by 
 "necessity" rule. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 60. 
 Exception in case of imperfect right of 
 self-defense. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 61. 
 General rules. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 61. 
 Eetreat which will revive the right 
 of self-defense. 2L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 63. 
 Increased or undiminished risk as af- 
 fecting duty to retreat. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 64. 
 General rules. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 64. 
 Apparent, as distinguished from 
 real, availability of means of 
 escape. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 66. 
 What warrants inference of in- 
 creased peril. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 67. 
 Eight to pursue. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 68. 
 Character of the attack as affecting 
 application of rules. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 69. 
 Homicide in defense of dwelling. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 71. 
 General rules. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 71 
 Necessity of instructing as to. S 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 73. 
 Limited by necessity. 2 L.R.A 
 
 (N.S.)" 74. 
 What constitutes dwelling or caS' 
 tie. 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 75. 
 Homicide in the performance of offi 
 
 cial duty. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 76. 
 Procedure in determining as to duty, 
 
 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 77. 
 
 § SO. — necessity for killing. 
 
 Standpoint of determination as to danger 
 and necessity to kill in self-defense. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.'S.) 535. 
 
 Rule that the jury is the judge. 3 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 536. 
 Rule that the slaver is the judge. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 537. 
 
 Generally. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 537. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 67S 
 
 HOMICIDE, IV. b— cont'd 
 
 The question of personal bravery 
 or timidity. 3 L.R.A.(X.S.) 
 537. 
 
 Restriction to fears based on rea- 
 sonable grounds. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 540. 
 
 Province of the jury under. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 541. 
 Rule that standai'd is that of a reason- 
 ably courageous and prudent 
 man. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 
 Generally. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 
 The question of personal bravery 
 or timidity. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 545. 
 
 Province of the jury under. 3 
 'L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
 c. Degree. 
 
 § 31. Generally. 
 
 Conviction of lower degree as acquittal of 
 higher degree, see Criminal Law, § 62. 
 
 Effect of deceased's consent upon degree of 
 homicide committed by defendant. 15 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 988. 
 
 Degree of homicide in killing wife, as af- 
 fected by her confession of, or declara- 
 tion of intent to commit, adultery. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 99. 
 
 Presumption as to distinctive elements of 
 murder in first degree from use of 
 deadly weapon. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 
 Killing or assaulting of a relative or friend 
 of defendant as a sufficient provocation 
 to reduce a homicide to manslaughter. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 § 32. Heat of passion which will miti- 
 gate or reduce degree. 
 
 Effect of passion generally. 5 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 809. 
 Necessity of. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 81L 
 Necessity of provocation as a cause. 5 
 'L.R.A. (N.S.) 812. 
 Generally. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 812. 
 Rule where provocation existed, but 
 was inadequate. 5 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 813. 
 Malice or intent to kill as affecting. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 813. 
 Nature and sufficiency of the passion. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 815. 
 Of what it may consist. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 815. 
 Whose and against whom. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 816. 
 Sufficiency of. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816. 
 Conditions and circumstances indicating 
 passion or malice as the controll- 
 ing factor. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 Generally. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 Existence of previous malice or intent 
 
 to kill. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 819. 
 Threats. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 Seeking or nrovoking difficulty. 5 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 Engaging in duel. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 821. 
 Disproportionate retaliation. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 822. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HOJllCIDE, IV. c— cont'd 
 
 Use of deadly weapon. 5 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 823. 
 Insanity and intoxication. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 825; 
 
 Determination as to existence and suffi- 
 ciency. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 826. 
 
 Proof. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 827. 
 
 As controlling element of homicide induced 
 by insulting words or conduct. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) :58, 166. 
 
 Responsibility for homicide committed in 
 fit of anger. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 § 33. Question for jury as to. 
 
 See Trial, § 55. 
 
 § 34. Conviction of lower or dilferent 
 degree. 
 
 Conviction of lower or different degree in 
 prosecution for homicide. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1. 
 The common-law rule. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1. 
 Adoption of common-law doctrine in 
 American jurisprudence. 21 
 L.R.A.,(N.S.) 2. 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 2. 
 Misdemeanor under charge of 
 felony. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3. 
 Inclusion of lower in higher degrees. 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3. 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3. 
 Second degree murder under charge 
 of first. 21, L.R.A.(N.S.) 4. 
 Manslaughter under charge of mur- 
 der. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 6. 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 6. 
 Voluntary manslaughter. 21 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 7. 
 Involuntary manslaughter. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 8. 
 Assault with intent to kill. 21 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 10. 
 Assault and battery. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 11. 
 Special classes of homicide having 
 degree specified. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 13. 
 Principal and accessory. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 15. 
 Requisites to proper consideration and 
 determination. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 10. 
 Necessity that indictment covpr the 
 degree found. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 16. 
 The evidence. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 16. 
 Submission of question of lower de- 
 gree to jury. 21 L.R.A. (N.S. ^ 
 i8. 
 Final disposition; resentence. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 20. 
 Effect as acquittal of higher degree. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 20. 
 
 V. Pnnishmcnt. 
 
 §> 35. Generally. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 L.^.A. 575. 
 
676 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HOOKS. 
 
 Master's lia-bility for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.K.A.(N.S.) 678. 
 
 HOOTING. 
 
 As disturbance of the public peace. 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 505. 
 
 32 
 
 HOPE. 
 
 Voluntariness of confessions induced by. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804, 825. 
 
 HORNS. 
 
 Blowing of, as disttirbance of public peace. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 505. 
 
 ♦ ■» 
 
 HORSE RACE. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute aa to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 77. 
 
 Power of state to prohibit or regulate 
 horse racing. 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 905. 
 
 Horse racing as a game within gambling 
 statutes. 7 L.E.A. ( N.S. ) 899 ; 33 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 828. 
 
 Oral betting as violation of statute against 
 bookmaking. 25 L.E.A. (N.S.) 479. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for fail- 
 ure to prevent racing in streets. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 641. 
 
 Liability of proprietor for injury to patron. 
 1 L.E.A.(N.S.) 427. 
 
 Effect of award founded on agreement as 
 to. 58 L.E.A. 183. 
 
 HORSE RAILROADS. 
 
 As additional burden in street. 17 L.E.A. 
 477; 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 718. 
 
 HORSES. 
 
 7. In general, §§ 1-6. 
 II. Fright of; running away; injuries 
 due to, S§ 7-14:. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Liability of bailee of, see Bailment, § 12. 
 Liability of bailor of, see Bailment, § 12. 
 As to animals, generally, see Animals. 
 Regulation of vehicles drawn by, see High- 
 ways, §§ 45, 46. 
 As to horse race, see Horse Race. 
 Stable for, see Livebt Stable. 
 
 Begin tcith this hooTe on every law question. 
 
 HORSES, I.— cont'd 
 
 Evidence as to disposition of horse prior 
 to accident. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 
 § 2. Warranty of. 
 
 Buying on warranty of soundness of. 3 
 L.R.A. 184.* 
 
 Warranty of horse kept for hire. 19 L.R.A. 
 283. 
 
 What' amounts to a breach of warranty of 
 soundness of a horse. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 182. 
 
 Remedy for breach of warranty of horse 
 where its death prevents iis return 
 and substitution of another as pro- 
 vided by the contract. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 823. 
 
 § 3. Exemption of. 
 
 See Exemptions, § 4a. 
 
 § 4. Hiring of. 
 
 Liability of hirer of horse. 12 L.E.A. 397.* 
 For driving to place where it was not 
 hired to go. 26 L.E.A. 366. 
 
 Liability of hirer for injury to horse while 
 being used for a purpose other than 
 that for which it was hired. 28 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1106. 
 
 § 5. — character of horse. 
 
 Duty to inform hirer of character of horse. 
 
 12 L.R.A. 397.* 
 Duty of livery-stable keeper as to character 
 
 of horse. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 372. 
 
 § 6. Hitching of. 
 
 See Highways, § 20; Negligence, § 27. 
 
 II. Fright of; running away; injuries 
 due to. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Vicious character of hired horse, see supra, 
 
 § 5. 
 Fright of animals generally, see Fbight, 
 
 § 1- 
 Effect of fright of horse on liability for 
 
 injury by defective highway, see High- 
 ways, § 58. 
 Liability of municipality for injury due to 
 
 objects calculated to frighten horse, 
 
 see Highways, § 67. 
 Proximate cause of injury through fright 
 
 of horse, see Proximate Cause, §§ 19, 
 
 20. 
 
 Duty of driver of horse that is running 
 away. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 148. 
 
 Liability, in absence of negligence, for 
 damage by runaway horse. 37 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 718. 
 
 Fright of team as excuse for omission to 
 look and listen at railroad crossing. 
 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 415. 
 
 Liability to patron of public exhibition 
 for injury due to collision with 
 frightened horse. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 427. 
 
 What deemed to be proximate cause of in- 
 juries following a runaway. 5 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 373. 
 
 Liability for frightening horse to death. 
 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 183. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 677 
 
 HORSES, II.— cont'd 
 
 Duty to avoid injury to person driving 
 frightened horse. 69 L.E.A. 528. 
 
 Liability for injury in consequence of 
 frightening horse by blasting. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 54. 
 
 Vicious character of horse as aflFecting lia- 
 bility for injuries caused by frighten- 
 ing of horse. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1229. 
 
 Liability of public service corporation for 
 frightening horses by construction ap- 
 paratus in street. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 042. 
 
 Liability for placing near highway object 
 calculated to frighten horse. 12 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1152. 
 
 Duty to prevent escape of steam from en- 
 gine in highway so as to frighten 
 horses. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1209. 
 
 SufBciency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence towards persons by frightening 
 horses. 59 L.E.A. 230. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from runaway. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 171; 3.9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 574. 
 
 Evidence that horses had been previously 
 frightened by the same object. 32 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 
 § 8. By bicycle. 
 
 Liability of bicyclist for frightening horses. 
 47 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 § 9. By automobile. 
 
 Contributory negligence, see infra, § 14. 
 
 Duty and liability of operator of auto- 
 mobile with respect to horses encoun- 
 tered on highway. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 223, 
 224; 14 L.E.A.(N.S.) 251. 
 
 § 10. By railroad train or locomotive. 
 
 Liability of company for wrongful use of 
 
 whistle by employees. 27 L.E.A. 187. 
 
 Liability for frightening animal to death. 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 183. 
 Liability of railroad company for frighten- 
 ing horse on highway by engine, car, 
 etc., on or near crossing. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) Ill; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 568. 
 Frightening horse on highway by locomo- 
 tive, car, or train running parallel 
 therewith. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.1 123. 
 Ordinary operations. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 123. 
 Negligent or unnecessary act or omis- 
 sion. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 126. 
 Excessive speed. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 127. 
 Unusual and unnecessary noises 
 and sights. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 127. 
 Duty to keep lookout. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 128. 
 Discovered peril. 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 129. 
 Wanton or malicious acts. 33 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 132. 
 Contributory negligence. 33 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 133. 
 Liability for discharge of steam in street 
 or highway so as to frighten 
 horses. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 946. 
 Consult also L.B.A.. Digests to date. 
 
 HORSES, II.— cont'd 
 
 Where street or highwav parallels rail- 
 way track. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 947. 
 Where locomotive stands near public 
 
 crossing. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 948. 
 When directed to cross track by rail- 
 way employees. 23 L.E.A. (N.S. ) 
 951. 
 Necessity for knowledge of proximity 
 of horse. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 952. 
 Liability of railway company for frighten- 
 ing horse by escape of steam from en- 
 gine standing on highway crossing. 
 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 SuflBciency of general allegations of rail- 
 road's negligence by frightening horses. 
 59 L.R.A. 230. 
 
 § 11. By street car. 
 
 Generally. 34 L.R.A. 482; 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 283. 
 
 By bells, gongs, and whistles. 34 L.R.A. 
 485; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 
 By steam. 34 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 Unusual noises. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 286. 
 
 Excessive speed. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 286. 
 
 Unusual sounds and sights. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 287. 
 
 Frightening horse on highway by car run- 
 ning parallel therewith. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 123. 
 
 Duty towards person whose horse has been 
 frightened by the sounding of gong. 69 
 L.R.A. 530. 
 
 Liability for placing near highway object 
 calculated to frighten. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1152. 
 
 Liability of, for frightening horses by con- 
 struction apparatus in street. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 942. 
 
 Contributory negligence. 34 L.R.A. 486 ; 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 288. 
 
 § 12. Master's liability lor injury by 
 liorse used by servant. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by horse when 
 used by servant for his own business or 
 pleasure. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1033. 
 
 §13. Master's liability for injury to 
 servant. 
 
 Duty to warn servant against vicious horse. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk or contribu- 
 tory negligence in using unsafe horse. 
 18 'L.E.A. (N.S.) 695. 
 
 § 14. Contributory negligence. 
 
 Contributory negligence of person whose 
 horse is frightened by automobile. 1 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 228. 
 
 Attempting to pass automobile with fright- 
 ened horse as contributory negligence. 
 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1137. 
 
 In case of fright by street car. 34 L.R.A. 
 486; 21 L.E.A.(N.S.) 288. 
 
 HORSE STEALING. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 36 
 L.E.A. S73. 
 
fi78 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HOSPITAL KpCORDS. 
 
 Are hospital records within the privilege 
 extended to communications between 
 physician and patient. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 565. 
 
 HOSPITALS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Records of, see Hospital Records. 
 Insane Asylums, see Insane Asylums. 
 
 Right of woman to-be officer of. 38 L.R.A. 
 211. 
 
 Power to provide for contagious diseases. 
 26 L.R.A. 727. 
 
 Right of occupants of, to acquire residence 
 as voters. 23 L.R.A. 215; 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 169. 
 
 Exemption from suit, as agency of state. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 243. 
 
 Injured servant's right to recover for mas- 
 ter's delay in talcing him to hospital. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 
 Requiring payment for patient as alTecting 
 right of hospital to public aid or 
 exemption from taxation. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 190. 
 
 Erection of, as violation of restrictive cove- 
 nant in deed. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 
 § 2. As nuisance; objections to loca- 
 tion of, in neighborhood. 
 
 As nuisance, see Nuisances, § 7. 
 
 Injunction against, by local authorities. 
 41 L.R.A. 324. 
 
 Use of building for, as violation of general 
 restrictive covenant against use for 
 purpose offensive or detrimental to 
 neighborhood. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1039. 
 
 Right of property owner to complain of lo- 
 cation of contagious disease hospital in 
 neighborhood. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1028; 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 228. 
 
 Right of municipality to establish con- 
 tagious disease hospital beyond city 
 limits. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260! 
 
 § 3. Sending of, or commitment of, 
 persons to. 
 
 For insane; commitment in, see Incompe- 
 tent Persons, § 17. 
 Sending to pest house, see Health, § 2. 
 
 § 4. Liability for negligence. 
 
 Liability of cliaritable institutions for per- 
 sonal injuries, see Charities, § 12. 
 
 ' Liability of, for negligence. 23 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Master's liability for effect of hospital treat- 
 ment of seaman. 28 L.R.A. 555. 
 
 Liability of proprietor of private sani- 
 tarium or hospital for negligence of 
 nurse. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 306. 
 
 Liability of operating surgeon for negligent 
 act of interne or hospital nurse in car- 
 ing for patient. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1174 
 
 HOSPITALS— cont'd 
 
 Liability for negligence of attendants fur- 
 nished by relief department toward 
 which employees contribute. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1167; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1207! 
 
 HOSTILITY. 
 
 As element of adverse possession, see Ad- 
 verse Possession, § 13. 
 
 Of stockholder, effect on right to inspect 
 
 corporate books. 45 L.R.A. 463. 
 Order for physical examination by hostile 
 
 physician as abuse of discretion. 1.5 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 665. 
 Right of party calling to impeach hostile 
 
 witness. 21 L.R.A. 423. 
 Permitting hostile crowd in court room as 
 
 denial of fair trial. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 667. 
 
 HOT AIR FURNACE. 
 
 As part of realty. 1 B. R. C. 972. 
 
 HOTELS. 
 
 In general, see Innkeepers. 
 
 Servants in, as fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 
 461. 
 
 Master's liability for negligence of super- 
 vising employee employed pursuant to 
 statute. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 158. 
 
 Right to claim homestead in property used 
 as. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 303. 
 
 As violation of restrictive covenant in deed. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 625. 
 
 Right to use railroad right of way for 
 purpose of as against owner of fee. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 517. 
 
 HOT WATER. 
 
 Doctrine of attractive nuisance as applied 
 to injury from hot water. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 149; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1124. 
 
 HOT WATER HEATER. 
 
 As part of realty. 1 B. R. C. 972. 
 
 HOUND. 
 
 See Animals. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 679 
 
 HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 See Masteb and Servant, §§ 32, 33. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 HOUSEHOLDER. 
 
 Necessitv that grand juror be. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 197." 
 Servant as. i L.R.A. (N.S.) 707. 711, 713, 
 
 722. 
 
 HOUSEHOLD GOODS. 
 
 As baggage. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 634. 
 Location of, as affecting insurance on. 
 L.R.A. 239. 
 
 26 
 
 « « » 
 
 HOUSE OF CORRECTION. 
 
 Cruel punishment in. 35 L.R.A. 567. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 HOUSE OF ILL FAME. 
 
 See DisoEDEELT Houses. 
 
 HOUSE OF REFUGE. 
 
 Confinement in, as cruel and unusual 
 punishment. 35 L.R.A. 567. 
 
 HOUSE PLANTING. 
 
 Right to allowance for improvements made 
 with Icnowledge that property would be 
 required for public use. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 273. 
 
 HUCKSTERS. 
 
 See Peddlees. 
 
 HUGGING. 
 
 Mental anguish as element of damages for 
 hugging woman against her will. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 
 4 »♦■■ 
 
 HUMANE OFFICERS. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes authorizing 
 spizure of animals by. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 554. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Viriests to date. 
 
 HUMANITARIAN DOCTRINE. 
 
 See Negligence, §§ 50-52. 
 
 — ■*-»-* 
 
 HUMILIATION. 
 
 As element of damages, see DAirAGES, §§ 96- 
 106. 
 
 HUNTING. 
 
 Injunction against hunting on navigable 
 waters or against interference there- 
 with. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1236; 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 286. 
 
 Civil liability for negligent discharge of 
 firearms. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 119; 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 
 Nature and extent of right created by pri- 
 vate grant of hunting privilege. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 300. 
 
 Criminal character of homicide by accident 
 while hunting. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991. 
 
 As violation of Sunday laws. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 470. 
 
 Pursuit of game as justification for entry 
 on land of another. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 152. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE. 
 
 /. In general, §§ l-i. 
 II. Husband's rights and liabilities, 
 §§ 5-11. 
 a. Rights, § 5. 
 6. Liabilities, §§ 6-11. 
 
 III. Wife's rights, disabilities, and lia- 
 
 bilities, §§ 12-25. 
 
 a. Rights and disabilities gen- 
 
 erally, §§ 12-14:. 
 
 b. Power to contract, §§ 15-19. 
 
 c. Liabilities, §§ 20-25. 
 
 IV. Property rights, §§ 26-4:4:. 
 
 a. In general, §26. 
 
 b. Tenancy by the entireties, 
 
 § 2T. 
 
 c. Community property, §§ 2S- 
 
 32. 
 
 d. Wife's separate estate, §§ 
 
 33-37. 
 c. Conveyances to wife by third 
 persons, § 38. 
 
 f. Conveyances or tnortgages to 
 
 third persons, §§ 3Sa-4:2. 
 
 g. Frond on marital rights, §§ 
 
 43, 43a. 
 h. Righla of creditors, § 44. 
 T. Transactions heticecn, §§ 45-61. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 45-48. 
 
 b. Gifts; trusts, §§ 49-53 
 
 c. Partnership between, § 54. 
 
 d. Antenuptial contract; mar- 
 
 riage settlement, §§ 55-61. 
 VI. Actions, §§ 62-69a. 
 
 a. In general, § 62. 
 
680 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, VI.— cont'd 
 
 I). For personal injury or 
 death, §§ 63-65. 
 
 c. Alienation of affections, §§ 
 
 66, 67. 
 
 d. Criminal conversation, § 68. 
 
 e. Actions between, §§ 69, 69a. 
 Til. Abandonment; nonsii/pport, §§ 70, 
 
 71. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Breach of promise see Bbeach or Peomise. 
 Divorce or separation, see Divoeoe and Sbp- 
 
 AKATION. 
 
 Marriage, see Marriage. 
 
 Power to dispose of private property, see 
 
 Constitutional Law, § 28. 
 Implied contract to pay for services of, see 
 
 Contracts, § 5. 
 Domicil of married woman, see Domioil 
 
 AND EeSIDENCE, § 3. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to mat- 
 ters between, see Evidence, § 111. 
 
 Privileged character of eommunications be- 
 tween, see Evidence, § 223. 
 
 Improvements by, see Improvements, § 8. 
 
 Conclusiveness against one, of judgment 
 against the other, see Judgment, § 45. 
 
 Revocation of will of, see Wills, §§ 36, 37. 
 
 As witnesses, see Witnesses, §§ 17-21. 
 
 Telegraph company's duty as to discovering 
 sendee of message addressed to married 
 woman. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 765. 
 
 Survivor's right to compel or restrain re- 
 moval of remains of deceased spouse. 3 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 488. 
 
 Necessity for administration in devolution 
 of personalty as to decedent's husband 
 or wife. 15 L.R.A. 495. 
 
 Estoppel of tenant's wife to deny landlord's 
 title. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1102. 
 
 Omitting part of will of married woman 
 from probate. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 973. 
 
 Marketability of title where deed is not 
 executed, or is improperly executed by 
 husband or wife. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 20. 
 
 Assault on wife as sufficient provocation to 
 reduce homicide to manslaughter. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of married 
 women's acts. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 431. 
 
 § 2. Alien vrife. 
 
 Effect of marriage on wife's status as an 
 alien. 22 L.R.A. 148. 
 
 Right of alien wife of alien to naturaliza- 
 tion. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 829. 
 
 § 3. Marital infidelity. 
 
 As to adultery generally, see Adulteet. 
 
 Belief in marital infidelity as insane delu- 
 sion. 37 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 Assault to prevent seduction of, or commis- 
 sion of adultery with, wife in future. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 688. 
 
 Degree of homicide in killing wife as affect- 
 ed by her confession of, or declaration 
 of intent to commit adultery. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) ^9. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, I.— cont'd 
 Construction and effect of provisions requir- 
 ing prosecution for adultery to be on 
 • complaint of husband or wife. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 786. 
 Proof necessary to establish bastardy of 
 child born to married woman. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.} 255. 
 
 § 4. Contracts of husband or wife with 
 tliird person. 
 
 Contracts between husband and wife, see 
 infra, V. 
 
 Conveyances or mortgages to third persona, 
 see infra, §§ 39-42. 
 
 Validity of contract to pay debt of mar- 
 ried woman, see Contracts, § 83. 
 
 Contracts procured by threats of prosecution 
 of husband. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 484. 
 
 Validity of contract by third person to pay 
 one spouse to return to the other. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 441. 
 
 II. Husband's rights and liabilities, 
 a. Rights. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Husband as agent for wife, see infra, § 15. 
 Property rights, see infra, IV. 
 Right of action, see infra, VI. 
 
 Insurable interest of husband, as such, in 
 life of wife. 2 B. R. C. 410. 
 
 Avoidance of contract of either spouse in- 
 duced by threats to prosecute the other. 
 26 L.R.A. 60. 
 
 b. Liabilities. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Liability of property, see infra, IV. 
 Liability for nonsupport, see infra, VII. 
 Liability for alimony, see Divorce and 
 
 Separation, V. 
 Ratification by husband, see Ratification, 
 
 §2. 
 
 Homicide by excessive chastisement of wife. 
 60 L.E.A. 803. 
 
 § 7. For necessaries. 
 
 Furnished to infant, see Infants, §§ 18, 19. 
 
 Liability for money loaned to wife to buy 
 necessaries. 23 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 Husband's liability for services rendered to 
 wife in divorce suit. 24 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 Conclusiveness as to third persons in ac- 
 tion for necessaries of decree in suit 
 for divorce or annulment as to facts 
 adjudicated as distinguished from 
 status established. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 560. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every law question. 
 
 §8. — necessaries furnished 
 while living with husband. 
 
 Personal necessaries. 65 L.R.A. 529. 
 Implied agency in law. 65 L.R.A, 
 Effect of notice to tradesmen. 
 L.R.A. 532. 
 
 Family necessaries. 05 L.R.A. 532. 
 
 wife 
 
 529. 
 6.> 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 681 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, II. b— cont'd 
 Husband's liability affected by style of life 
 he adopts. 65 L.R.A. 534. 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 534. 
 Effect of notice to tradesmen. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 538. 
 Burden of proof. 65 L.R.A. 538. 
 Presumptive agency arising from cohabita- 
 tion. 65 L.R.A. 539. 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 539. 
 May be rebutted. 65 L.R.A. 539. 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 539. 
 By proof of ample provision other- 
 wise made by husband. 65 
 L.R.A. 540. 
 By proof of notice to tradesmen. 
 
 65 L.R.A. 544. 
 By proof of authority in wife pri- 
 vately withdrawn. 65 L.R.A. 
 545. 
 By proof of extravagance of the 
 
 purchases. 65 L.R.A. 547. 
 Burden of proof. 65 L.R.A. 548. 
 Authority implied from husband's assent to 
 previous transactions. 65 L.R.A. 548. 
 Liability of husband, by reason of estoppel 
 or ratification, for wife's purchases, 
 upon his credit, of articles for personal 
 use. 65 L.R.A. 549. 
 When husband is an infant. 65 L.R.A. 550. 
 Money loaned wife to purchase necessaries. 
 
 65 L.R.A. 550. 
 In absence of certainty as to whom credit 
 
 was given. 65 L.R.A. 551. 
 Statutes. 65 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 § 9. For debts of wife. 
 
 Liability for fees of wife's counsel in di- 
 vorce suit, see Divorce and Sepae- 
 ATION, §§ 39-40a. 
 
 Husband's liability for money loaned to wife 
 to buy necessaries. 23 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 Validity of husband's express promise to 
 pay debt previously contracted by wife. 
 T L.R.A.(N.S.) 1048. 
 
 § 10. —antenuptial indebtedness. 
 
 Effect of intermarriage between debtor and 
 creditor upon the indebtedness. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 683. 
 
 Liability of community property for. 19 
 L.R.A. 235. 
 
 f 11. For torts of wife. 
 
 Liability for libel or slander by wife, see 
 Libel and Slandeb, § 5. 
 
 Husband's liability for torts of wife. 6 
 L.R.A. 718;* 7 L.R.A. 644.* 
 
 Effect of married women's acts upon hus- 
 band's liability for wife's torts. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1003; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 840. 
 
 Liability of community property for. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 
 III. Wife's rights, disabilities, and lia- 
 hilities. 
 
 a. Rights and disaMUties generally. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 Property rights, see infra, IV. 
 
 Constat also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, III. a— cont'd 
 Right of action, see infra, VI. 
 Aclvnowledgment by married woman, see 
 
 Acknowledgment. 
 Estoppel of married woman, see Estoppel, 
 
 . . §§ 4, 8. 
 Civil remedies of wife for sale of liquor to 
 
 husband, see Intoxicating Liquors, 
 
 § 41. 
 Wife's right to redeem from foreclosure sale, 
 
 see Mortgage, § 88. 
 Capacity of married woman to make will, 
 
 see Wills, § 12. 
 
 Removal of disability of married woman by 
 statute. 2 L.R.A. 343,* 346.* 
 
 Right of wife to enlarge her legal capacity. 
 2 L.R.A. 346.* 
 
 Effect of retaining statement of account be- 
 tween husband and wife to render it an 
 account stated. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 341. 
 
 Right of husband to prevent wife engaging 
 in a separate business in competition 
 with his own business. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 837. 
 
 Wife as witness before grand jury. 28 
 L.R.A. 322. 
 
 § 13. Right to insure husband's life. 
 
 See Insurance, § 31. 
 
 § 14. Insanity of husband as affecting 
 wife's disability. 
 
 Generally; wife as head of family. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 223. 
 As to separate property and rights of wife. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 224. 
 As to dower rights. 34 L.R.A. 224. 
 As to community property. 34 L.R.A. 225. 
 As to property and rights of husband. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 225. 
 
 6. Power to contract, 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Power to contract with husband, see infra, 
 V. 
 
 Power to make antenuptial contract, see in- 
 fra, §§ 55-60. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict or 
 Laws, § 12. 
 
 Ratification of married woman's contracts, 
 see Contracts, § 111. 
 
 Wife's capacity to contract. 7 L.R.A. 640.* 
 Capacity to enter partnership. 2 L.R.A. 
 343 * 
 
 With her husband. 9 L.R.A. 593;" 16 
 L.R.A. 526. 
 
 Note executed by married woman. 2 L.R.A. 
 345.* 
 
 Wife's capacity to enter into an insurance 
 contract. 10 L.R.A. 259.* 
 
 Wife's statement of account. 27 L.R.A. 819 
 
 Ownership of separate estate, trade, or busi- 
 ness as a condition of married woman's 
 right to contract.' 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
 Effect of mistake of law as to contract of 
 married woman as ground of reforma- 
 tion. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 873. 
 
 Estoppel of married woman to deny capacity 
 to contract. 1 L.R.A. .523;* 2 L.R.A. 
 347,* 769;* 8 L.R.A. 407.* 
 
B82 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, III. b— cont'd 
 § 16. As surety. 
 
 Capacity to contract as surety. 8 L.R.A. 
 406> 
 
 Obligation purporting to be that of married 
 woman as principal, which, to knowl- 
 edge of payee or obligee, is used to dis- 
 charge debt of third person, as a con- 
 tract of suretyship. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 81. 
 
 Power of married woman, under statute giv- 
 ing her sole control of her separate 
 estate, to become surety for one other 
 than her husband. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 676. 
 
 § 17. —for husband. 
 
 Mortgage on wife's separate estate to se- 
 cure husband's debt. 8 L.R.A. 406,* 
 795.* 
 
 Conflict of laws as to capacity of married 
 woman to become surety for her hus- 
 band. 57 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Right of third parties to set up defense of 
 wife's suretyship in execution of incum- 
 brance on property held by entireties 
 to secure husband's debt. 66 L.R.A. 
 637. 
 
 § 18. Agency of husband for wife. 
 
 Husband as agent of wife. 7 L.R.A. 643.* 
 Proof of husband's agency for wife by ev- 
 idence of similar acts by husband. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 223. 
 Insurable interest of husband as agent in 
 wife's property. 66 L.R.A. 658. 
 
 § 19. Effect of new promise after dis- 
 coverture. 
 
 New promise after discoverture to sustain 
 contract of. 53 L.R.A. 366. 
 
 Validity of new promise by woman, after 
 discoverture, to pay debt incurred dur- 
 ing coverture. 7 "L.R.A.(N.S.) 1053; 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 741. 
 
 c. Liabilities. 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 liability of property, see infra, IV. 
 Liability for libel, see Libel and Slander, 
 § 5'. 
 
 Enforcement of wife's liability under stat- 
 ute of other state for debt contracted by 
 husband. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 426. 
 
 Liability of estate of married woman for 
 funeral expenses. 33 L.R.A. 662. 
 
 Personal judgment against married woman. 
 11 L.R.A. 585.* 
 On her contract; contract before mar- 
 riage. 11 L.R.A. 585.* 
 
 Avoidance of contract of either spouse in- 
 duced by threats to prosecute the other. 
 26 L.R.A. 60. 
 
 g 21. For necessaries. 
 
 Liability of married woman for necessaries 
 "•■Thased by her. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 426. 
 Inequity. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 426. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, III. c— cont'd 
 
 Under general enabling statutes. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 427. 
 Power to bind herself. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 427. 
 ' Under special statute. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 430. 
 Necessity of express contract. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 431. 
 What sufficient to show contract to 
 bind herself. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 432. 
 
 § 22. For family expenses. 
 
 Implied liability of wife for family expen- 
 ses; rules in various states. 15 L.R.A. 
 717. 
 
 What constitute "family expenses" within 
 statute rendering wife or her property 
 liable therefor. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 277; 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 941. 
 
 Liability of wife for family expenses as af- 
 fected by act of husband. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 145. 
 
 Effect of husband's discharge upon statu- 
 tory liability of wife for family ex- 
 penses. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1032. 
 
 Enforcement of wife's liability under statute 
 of another state for a debt contracted 
 by her husband. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 426. 
 
 § 23. For legal services in divorce 
 suit. 
 
 Liability of married woman for legal serv- 
 ices in divorce suit. 24 L.R.A. 634; 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1080, 
 
 § 24. For torts and crimes. 
 
 Liability of wife for her torts. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 644.* 
 Liability of community property for. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 Duress of wife by husband as excuse for 
 
 crime. 19 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 § 25. For use and safety of her prem- 
 ises. 
 
 Illegal use of premises. 23 L.R.A. 622. 
 Safety of premises. 23 L.R.A. 622. 
 Liability of married woman for the use and 
 
 safety of premises owned by her. 19 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 531. 
 
 IV. Property rights, 
 a. In general. 
 
 §26. Generally. 
 
 Property transactions between husband and 
 
 wife, see infra, V. 
 Conflict of laws as to rights in matrimonial 
 
 property, see Conflict op Laws, § 27. 
 Tenancy by the curtesy of the wife's estate, 
 
 see Curtesy. 
 Descent of property to husband or wife, see 
 
 Descent and Distbibution, ,5 7, 
 Effect of divorce on property rights, see 
 
 Divorce and SepaeationJ §§ 50-54. 
 Wife's right of dower in husband's property, 
 
 see DowEK. 
 Widow's allowance, see Executoks an^d Ad- 
 
 negin with this boole on every law question. 
 
 MINISTBATOBS, §§ 55, 55a. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 083 
 
 HUSBAXD AXD WIFE, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Rights in homestead, see Homestead. 
 
 Eights as to income, see Income, § 3. 
 
 Husband's insurable interest in wife's prop- 
 erty, see Insukanoe, § 25. 
 
 Election by widow, between dower and will, 
 see \AiLLS, §§ 112-115. 
 
 Right of children as against surviving hus- 
 band to homestead of parent. 56 L.R.A. 
 70. 
 
 Right of wife during husband's lifetime to 
 redeem from mortgage on his real prop- 
 erty. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1068. 
 
 Effect of husband's life estate to suspend 
 or prevent running of statute of limita- 
 tions against wife's title to real estate 
 adversely possessed. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 86. 
 
 Notice of title to land from possession by 
 husband and wife. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 126. 
 
 Circumstances sufficient to put purchaser of 
 negotiable paper on inquiry as to 
 rights of husband or wife of party there- 
 in. 29 L.E.A.(N.S.) 367. 
 
 Right of man to dispose of ornaments and 
 wearing apparel purchased by him for 
 his wife's use. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 389. 
 
 Who takes under gift to "husband" or 
 "wife," or "widow." 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 816. 
 
 Husband's right under devise and bequest 
 to others subject to his "legal rights." 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1193. 
 
 Sustaining, in Federal courts, in bankruptcy 
 case, equitable rights of wife which 
 were not recognized by local law. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 321. 
 
 Duty, as between husband and wife, to pay 
 taxes. 32 L.R.A. 751. 
 
 b. Tenancy by the entireties, 
 
 g 2 7. Generally. 
 
 Adverse possession by tenant by entireties, 
 see Adveese Possession, § & 
 
 Definition. 30 L.R.A. 306. 
 Who can hold this estate. 30 L.R.A. 306. 
 Nature of the Interest of each spouse. 30 
 L.R.A. 308. 
 
 The interests of the husband during the 
 joint lifetime at common law. 30 
 L.R.A. 308. 
 
 The interests of the spouses during the 
 joint lifetime, since the married 
 women's property acts. 30 L.R.A. 
 308. 
 
 Eights of the spouses and their repre- 
 sentatives to emblements at com- 
 mon law. 30 L.R.A. 308. 
 
 Husband's right to compensation for 
 improvements. 30 L.R.A. 309. 
 
 Husband's right to commit waste. 30 
 L.R.A. 309. 
 
 Husband's right to estovers. 30 L.R.A. 
 309. 
 
 Right of either spouse to sue for wrongs 
 to the entirety property. 30 L.R.A. 
 309. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 Hl'SBAXD AND WIFE, IV. b— cont'd 
 .Survivorship of one of the spouses after the 
 death (actual or civil) of the other. 30 
 L.R.A. 310. 
 Operation of technical rules on the entirety 
 estate. 30 L.R.A. 312. 
 Rule in Shelley's Case. 30 L.R.A. 312. 
 Merger. 30 L.R.A. 313. 
 Equity to a settlement. 30 L.R.A. 313. 
 Vendor's lien. 30 L.R.A. 313. 
 Notice. 30 L.R.A. 313. 
 Homestead exemption. 30 L.R.A. 313. 
 Construction of statutes. 30 L.R.A. 
 313. 
 Where and to wliat extent entirety estates 
 exist. 30 L.R.A. 314. 
 List of states, etc. 30 L.R.A. 314. 
 Construction of statutes affecting this 
 question. 30 L.R.A. 316. 
 In what subjects, estates, and interests en- 
 tirety may exist. 30 L.R.A. 317. 
 In what subjects. 30 L.R.A. 317. 
 Personal property held by entireties. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 594; 30 L.R.A. 317. 
 In what tenures. 30 L.R.A. 319. , 
 
 In what titles. 30 L.R.A. 319. 
 In what species of estate — legal or 
 
 equitable. 30 L.R.A. 319. 
 In what estates. 30 L.R.A. 319. 
 In what shares. 30 L.R.A. 320. 
 Creation of entirety estates. 30 L.R.A. 320; 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 166. 
 By act of law. 30 L.R.A. 320. 
 By act of the party. 30 L.R.A. 320. 
 
 Limitation to husband and wife 
 without specifying how they 
 are to, take. 30 L.R.A. 320. 
 Limitation expressly by entireties 
 in a state where entirety does 
 not exist. 30 L.R.A. 321. 
 Limitation to husband and wife as 
 
 joint tenants. 30 L.R.A. 322. 
 Limitation to husband and wife as 
 tenants in common. 30 L.R.A. 
 322. 
 Limitation to husband and wife for 
 
 their lives. 30 L.R.A. 324. 
 Limitations in peculiar forms. 30 
 L.R.A. 324. 
 Conveyance by entireties to spouses one 
 of whom already has an estate in 
 the land or other subject-matter. 
 30 L.R.A. 325; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 167. 
 Invalidity on other grounds of k limi- 
 tation. 30 L.R.A. 326. 
 The share taken by husband and wife under 
 a limitation to them and another or 
 others. 30 L.R.A. 326. 
 Disposition or encumbrance of entirety prop- 
 erty. 30 L.R.A. 327. 
 By both spouses concurring. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 327. 
 By one of the spouses alone. 30 L.R.A. 
 328. 
 Neither can derogate from the sur- 
 vivorship right of the other. 30 
 L.R.A. 328. 
 Each can in most states pass his or 
 her own survivorship right. 30 
 L.R.A. 329. 
 
684 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, IV. b— cont'd 
 
 Whether a conveyance by the hus- 
 band, made before the wife's 
 death, was valid for the peri- 
 od of the joint lifetime. 30 
 L.R.A. 331. 
 Lease by husband. 12 L.R.A. 515. 
 The effect of divorce on tlie entirety prop- 
 erty. 30 L.R.A. 333; 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 463. 
 Generally. 30 L.R.A. 333. 
 Nullification. 30 L.R.A. 333. 
 Dissolution. 30 L.R.A. 334. 
 Separation without dissolution of mar- 
 riage. 30 L.R.A. 335. 
 Partition between tenants by entireties. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 335; 42 L.R.A. 98. 
 Adverse possession and the statute of limi- 
 tations. 30 L.R.A. 335. 
 Creation of tenancy by entireties by con- 
 veyance, to one spouse only, of interest 
 in property of which the other already 
 owns the whole or a part. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 166. 
 Effect upon character of estate as one by 
 entireties under a conveyance to both 
 spouses, of the fact that one of them 
 already had an estate in the land. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 167. 
 Validity of encumbrance by husband and 
 wife of property held by the entire- 
 ties to secure the individual debt 
 of the husband. 66 L.R.A. 632. 
 In general. 66 L.R.A. 632. 
 Estoppel of wife to deny validity of 
 
 transaction. 66 L.R.A. 636. 
 Right of third parties to set up defense 
 of wife's suretyship. 66 L.R.A. 637. 
 Insurable interest by husband, as tenant by 
 
 the entirety. 66 L.R.A. 660. 
 Respective rights of husband and wife to 
 the income or products from an estate 
 held by the entirety. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1037. 
 Liability of estate by entireties for hus- 
 band's debts. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 205. 
 Judgment against individual as lien on in- 
 terest of tenant by entireties. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1026; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 555. 
 
 c. Community property. 
 
 § 28. Generally. 
 
 Husband's insurable interest in. 66 L.R.A. 
 661. 
 
 Partition of homestead in community prop- 
 erty. 56 L.R.A. 79; 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 797. 
 
 Effect of conveyance of, by husband to wife. 
 69 L.R.A. 378. 
 
 Applicability of the community-property 
 laws of the state to real property ac- 
 quired from the Federal government. 
 26 L.R.A.<N.S.) 1117. 
 
 Eight of one spouse living apart from the 
 other to claim community rights in 
 property as against persons ignorant 
 of relationship. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 468. 
 
 Power of legislature to restrict husband's 
 right to alienate or encumber communi- 
 ty property. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1040. 
 
 Effect of husband's insanity. 34 L.R.A. 225 
 
 Begin with this hoole on every law q^iestion. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, IV. c— cont'd 
 Liability of community property to succes- 
 sion tax. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 208; 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1107. 
 
 § 29. What Is. 
 
 Character of property as community or sep- 
 arate where title is initiated before, but 
 not completed until after, death of one 
 spouse. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1.54. 
 
 Profits accruing during marriage in con- 
 nection with property belonging to sep- 
 arate estate of either spouse as commu- 
 nity property. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1092. 
 
 Presumption as to common hoard when 
 earnings of both spouses or of family 
 are invested in the name of one spouse. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 713. 
 
 Power of legislature to change increment or 
 income of separate property from com- 
 munity property to separate property, 
 or vice versa. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 186. 
 
 §30. Effect of divorce or annulment 
 of marriage. 
 
 Division of community property upon annul- 
 ment of marriage. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 845. 
 
 Effect of divorce on community property in 
 absence of adjudication. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 103. 
 
 § 31. Interest of children in. 
 
 Descent or continuance to family of home- 
 stead in community property. 56 
 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 Relative rights of widow and children with 
 reference to community homesteads. 56 
 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 EiTect of alienation or encumbrance of com- 
 munity homestead by surviving spouse 
 on rights of children. 56 L.R.A. 73. 
 
 § 32. liiahllity for debts. 
 
 Liability of community property for debts. 
 19 L.R.A. 233. 
 Liability for common debts. 19 L.R.A. 
 233. 
 Presumption that debt is common 
 
 debt. 19 L.R.A. 235. 
 Right of husband to become a cred- 
 itor of the community. 19 
 L.R.A. 235. 
 Antenuptial and post-nuptial debts of 
 
 wife. 19 L.R.A. 235. 
 Debts of the husband. 19 L.R.A. 235. 
 Liability of community for personal injury. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 
 Liability of community for husband's fraud. 
 27L.R.A.(N.S.) 1022. 
 
 d. Wife's separate estate. 
 
 § 33-. Generally. 
 
 Effect of husband's insanity on wife's sepa- 
 rate property. 34 L.R.A. 224. 
 
 Ownership of separate estate, trade or bus- 
 iness, as a condition of married women's 
 right to contract. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
 Power of married woman under statute giv- 
 ing her sole control of her separate es- 
 tate to become surety for one other than 
 her husband. 17 lIr.A. (N.S.) 676. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 685 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, IV. d— cont'd 
 Effect of one spouse joining in execution of 
 other's deed or mortgage to convoy 
 former's separate property included 
 therein. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 
 § 34. What is. 
 
 Conveyance by husband to wife as creating 
 separate estate. 69 L.E.A. 370. 
 
 Character of property as community or sep- 
 arate where title is initiated before but" 
 not completed until. after death of one 
 spouse. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 154. 
 
 Life insurance policy in waiver of married 
 woman or its proceeds as her separate 
 estate. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 582. 
 
 Profits accruing during marriage in connec- 
 tion with property belonging to sepa- 
 rate estate of either spouse as commu- 
 nity property. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1092. 
 
 Effect of investment by husband in his own 
 name of wife's separate ■ property in 
 real estate, to create trust in her favor. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 381; 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 161. - 
 
 Power of legislature to change increment of 
 income from separate property from 
 community property to separate prop- 
 erty or vice versa. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 186. 
 
 § 35. liiens on. 
 
 Mechanics' lien on land of married woman. 
 10 L.R.A. 33.* 
 
 Mechanics' lien on building erected by hus- 
 band on wife's land. 62 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 § 36. Liiability for wife's debts. 
 
 When separate property of married woman 
 
 chargeable with cost of improvement. 
 
 3 L.RA.(N.S.) 307. 
 Liability of separate estate of wife for her 
 
 funeral expenses. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 917; 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 754. 
 
 § 3 7. Liability for husband's debts. 
 
 Injunction against execution sale of wife's 
 property. 30 L.R.A. 112, 118. 
 
 Right of husband's creditors to reach fruits 
 or his management of, or services in 
 connection with wife's separate estate 
 or business. 21 L.R.A. 629; 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1124. 
 
 e. Conveyances to wife hy third per- 
 sons, 
 
 § 38. Generally. 
 
 Creation of estate by entireties by, see su- 
 pra, § 27. 
 
 Conveyance by husband to wife, see infra, 
 §'47. 
 
 Deed to married woman. 3 L.R.A. 801,* 
 857.* 
 
 Parol evidence to show consideration in deed 
 to a married woman. 20 L.R.A. 112. 
 
 Effect of conveyance to wife by third person 
 at instance of husband. 69 L.E.A. 367. 
 
 Validity of limitation upon power of aliena- 
 tion imposed upon grant or devise of 
 equitable estate to married woman. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 426. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, IV.— cont'd 
 /. Conveyances or mortgages to third 
 persons. 
 
 § 38a. Generally. 
 
 (Conveyance of homestead, see Homestead, 
 IV. 
 
 Lease as encumbrance or conveyance within 
 statute requiring joinder or consent of 
 spouse. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 675. 
 
 § 39. By one spouse only in general. 
 
 Right to specific performance where wife 
 refuses to upite in conveyance, see 
 Specific PeBfobmance, § 19. 
 
 Right of one to dedicate land of other. 31 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1025. 
 Disposition or encumbrance by one spouse 
 
 of property held by entireties. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 328. 
 
 § 40. By husband alone. 
 
 Conveyance of homestead, see Homestead, 
 § 10. 
 
 Specific performance of contract for con- 
 veyance not signed by wife. 24 L.E.A. 
 763. 
 
 Failure of wife to join in partition deed. 
 57 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 Effect of sale or mortgage of future crops 
 as against wife. 23 L.E.A. 466. 
 
 Power of legislature to restrict husband's 
 right to alienate or encumber com- 
 munity property. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1040. 
 
 § 41. By wife alone. 
 
 Conveyance of homestead, see Homestead, 
 § 11. 
 
 Validity of separate deed of wife. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 826.* 
 Mortgage on wife's separate estate to secure 
 
 husband's debt. 8 L.E.A. 406,* 795.* 
 Acknowledgment of deed by married woman. 
 
 3 L.E.A. 826;* 11 L.E.A. 193.* 
 Release by married woman of interest in 
 
 estate. 65 L.R.A. 583. 
 Liability of married woman on her cove- 
 nant. 22 L.R.A. 779. 
 Estoppel of married woman by covenant 
 
 from acquiring superior title. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 780. 
 Estoppel of married woman by recitals in 
 
 deed. 22 L.R.A. 780. 
 Effect of nonjoinder of husband in wife's 
 
 exemtory contract to convey where his 
 
 joinder is essential to a conveyance. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 353. 
 Parol evidence to show consideration in deed 
 
 by married woman. 20 L.R.A. 112. 
 
 § 42. By both husband and wife. 
 
 (Conveyance of homestead, see Homestead, 
 §§ 9-14. 
 
 Operation and effect of conveyance in which 
 a wife joins with her husband. 22 
 L.R.A. 782. 
 
 Validity of encumbrance of property held 
 by the entireties, to secure husband's 
 individual debt. 66 L.R.A. 632. 
 
68« 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, IV. f— cont'd 
 Effect of one spouse joining in tlie execu- 
 tion of the other's deed or mortgage, 
 to convey the former's separate prop- 
 erty included therein. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 289. 
 Disposition or encumbrance by both spouses 
 of property held by entireties. 30 
 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 g. Fraud on marital rights. 
 
 § 43. Generally. 
 
 Right of wife to give away her personal 
 
 property without fiusband's consent. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 769. 
 Right of husband to give away his personal 
 
 property without wife's consent. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 774; 21li.E.A.{N.S.) 553. 
 
 Right of wife to relief against conveyance 
 
 or transfer made or contemplated 
 
 by her husband in fraud of her 
 
 support. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 
 Executed conveyance or transfer. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1148. 
 
 Effect of executed conveyance or trans- 
 fer where grantee is a bona fide 
 purchaser. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1152. 
 
 Effect of grantee's participation in 
 fraud. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1153. 
 
 Burden of proof when bona fides al- 
 leged. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 
 Right to permanent injunction. 18 
 L.R.A.(*r.S.) 1156. 
 
 Eight to temporary injunction. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1156. 
 
 § 43a. Before marriage. 
 
 Fraud on prospective wife in respect to 
 property. 8 L.R.A. 814.* 
 
 Conveyance 'of property in contemplation 
 of, but before negotiations for, mar- 
 riage, as a fraud. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 955. 
 
 ' h. Rights of creditors. 
 
 § 44. Generally. 
 
 Husband's liability for wife's debts, see 
 
 supra, §§ 7-10. 
 Liability of community property for debts, 
 
 see supra, § 32. 
 Liability of wife's separate property for 
 
 her debts, see supra, § 36. 
 Liability of wife's separate property for 
 
 husband's debts, see supra, § 37. 
 Transactions between husband and wife in 
 
 fraud of creditors, see Fkaudulent 
 
 CONVBTANOES, § 21a. 
 
 Garnishment of husband's interest in wife's 
 legacy or distributive share. 47 L.R.A, 
 360. 
 
 Levy on interest in crops. 23 L.R.A. 260. 
 
 V. Transactions 'between, 
 a. In general. 
 
 % 45. Generally. 
 
 Husband as agent of wife, see supra, § 18. 
 
 Agreements relating to divorce or separa- 
 tion, see Divorce and Separation", §§ 
 58, 59. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every Jaiv question. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Contracts between. 6 L.R.A. 550;* 12 
 L.R.A. 600.* 
 
 As affected by relations of confidence and 
 trust. 11 L.R.A. 65.* 
 
 Equitable relief from contract or transac- 
 tions between. 11 L.R.A. 65.* 
 
 Right to compensation for services rendered 
 to each other. 15 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 § 46. Larceny, embezzlement, robbery, 
 or arson of other spouse's property. 
 
 Larceny or embezzlement by one spouse of 
 other's property. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830. 
 
 Robbery by taking property from wife. 67 
 L.R.A. 346. 
 
 Arson by one spouse burning property of 
 other. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 27. 
 
 § 47. Effect of conveyance by husband 
 to wife. 
 
 Antenuptial conveyances, see infra, §§ 55- 
 
 60. 
 Conveyance to wife by third person, see 
 
 supra, § 38. 
 Conveyance of homestead, see Homestead, 
 
 § 13. 
 
 At common law. 69 L.R.A. 353. ' 
 
 Transfers of real estate. 69 L.R.A. 
 353. 
 
 Gifts of personalty. 69 L.R.A. 355. 
 In equity. 69 L.R.A. 357. 
 
 Conveyances upheld. 69 L.R.A. 357. 
 
 Conditions upon which conveyances are 
 upheld. 69 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 Necessity of trustee. 69 L.R.A. 362. 
 
 Effect of conveyance. 69 L.R.A. 362. 
 Effect of statutes. 69 L.R.A. 363. 
 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 363. 
 
 Exception of conveyances from husband. 
 69 L.R.A. 364. 
 
 Exemption from husband's debts. 69 
 L.R.A. 366. 
 
 I'ermittins' revocation. 69 L.R.A. 367. 
 Conveyance by third person at instance of 
 
 husband. 69 L.R.A. 367. 
 Consideration. 69 L.R.A. 368. 
 Does conveyance create separate estate. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 370. 
 Remaining interest of husband. 69 L.R.A. 
 374. 
 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 Curtesy. 69 L.R.A. 375. 
 Rights against husband's heirs. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 377. 
 Homestead and community. 69 L.R.A, 378. 
 Effect of divorce, 69 L,R.A, 379. 
 Form and provisions of conveyance. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 380. 
 
 § 48. Transfers from wife to husband. 
 
 Burden of proof of husband's debt to wife 
 
 on account of property received from 
 
 her. 56 L.R.A. 817. 
 Validitv of deed from wife to husband. 20 
 
 L.R.A, 702. 
 Validity of direct conveyance bv wife to 
 husband. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 844. 
 
 Under married women's acts. 31 
 L.R.A, (N,S.) 45. 
 
 In equity. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 84&. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 687 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, V.— cont'd 
 b. Gifts; trusts. 
 
 § 49. Gifts between. 
 
 Gifts in fraud of marital riglit®, see supra, 
 § 43. 
 
 Gift to third person, see Gift, § 7. 
 
 Validity of gift of personalty from husband 
 to wife. 2 L.R.A. 716;* 5 L.R.A. 579;* 
 69 L.R.A. 355. 
 
 Specific performance of parol gift of land. 
 L.R.A. 327.* 
 
 Rights in respect to compensation for im- 
 provements on land, made in good faith, 
 under an oral contract or gift. 53 
 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Right of husband to dispose of ornaments 
 and wearing apparel purchased by him 
 for his wife's use. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 389. 
 
 Independent advice as condition of valid gift 
 inter vivos between. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1087. 
 
 Gift by will as affected by wife's promise to 
 testator. 20 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 Investment by husband in his ov.n name of 
 wife's separate property in real estate 
 as gift to husband. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 381; 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 161. 
 
 Investment by husband in his own name of 
 wife's separate property in real estate 
 as creating a trust in her favor. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 381; 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 161. 
 
 Does expectation of one spouse on making 
 gift to other that latter will allow 
 former to share in benefits of the prop- 
 erty raise implied trust to that) effect. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1043. 
 
 Applicability of statutory provision for res- 
 toration of property in case of divorce, 
 to voluntary gifts between husband and 
 wife. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 193. 
 
 § 50. — effect of marital misconduct. 
 
 Misconduct of wife as affecting gift to her 
 before, and in consideration of, mar- 
 riage. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 Marital misconduct of one spouse as avoid- 
 ing gift by other. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 124. 
 
 § 51. —gift in fraud of creditors. 
 
 See Feaudulent Conveyances, § 21a. 
 
 § 52. Gifts to one by parents of other 
 
 Gift of one spouse by the parent of the 
 other as advancement or ademption. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1050. 
 
 § .53. Trusts. 
 
 Insurable interest of husband, as trustee, in 
 wife's property. 66 L.R.A. 659. 
 
 Effect of statute of limitations on tlie trust 
 relationship arising from the taking 
 of title in the husband's name to lands 
 inherited by or purchased with the 
 money of the wife. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 493. 
 
 Effect of investment by husband in his own 
 name of wife's separate property in real 
 I'statc to create trust in her favor. 6 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 381; 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 m. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, V. b— cont'd 
 
 Does expectation of one spouse upon mak- 
 ing gift of property to the other that 
 the latter will allow the former to 
 share in the benefit of the property 
 raise an implied trust to that effect. 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1043. 
 
 Constructive trust in deed of homestead by 
 husband to wife with proviso attempt- 
 ing to derogate from her right of sur- 
 vivorship. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 312. 
 
 Does the common-law rule precluding an ex- 
 ecutory contract or action at law be- 
 tween husband and wife apply where 
 the husband acts as a trustee or in 
 some other representative capacity. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 273. 
 
 Wife's right to secure husband's property at 
 tax sale. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 674. 
 
 Appointment of trustee to protect alimony. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 270. 
 
 Enforcement in equity of grantee's oral 
 promise to grantor to hold in trust in 
 case of conveyance between husband 
 and wife. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 925. 
 
 e. Partnership between, 
 
 § 54. Generally. 
 
 Partnership between husband and wife. 9 
 L.R.A. 593*; 16 L.R.A. 526. 
 
 d. Antenuptial contract; marriage set- 
 tlement. 
 
 § 55. Generally. 
 
 Transaction in fraud of prospective wife or 
 
 husband, see supra, § 43a. 
 Loss of dower right by, see Dower, § 9. 
 
 Confiict of laws as to. 57 L.R.A. 368; 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 783. 
 
 Meaning of words "unmarried" and "with- 
 out having been married" in marriage 
 settlement. 15 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 Antenuptial settlement as bar to dower. 2 
 L.R.A. 373.* 
 
 Validity of marriage settlement as against 
 creditors. 13 L.R.A. 712;* 32 L.R.A. 
 43. 
 
 Validity of antenuptial contract by one par- 
 ty to support the other. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 491. 
 
 Validity' of contract relinquishing rights in 
 intended husband's estate, signed by in- 
 tending wife in ignorance of her legal 
 rights. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 953. 
 
 Waiver of right to widow's allowance by 
 antenuptial agreement. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 751. 
 
 Power to bar dower by antenuptial agree- 
 ment sufficient in equity but not eon- 
 forming to any statutory method of 
 barring dower. 17 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 866, 
 
 Marriage settlements under rule in Shelley's 
 Case. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 
 § 56. Effect of statute of frauds. 
 
 Antenuptial agreement as affected by stat- 
 ute of frauds. 2 L.R.A. 373*; 3'L.R.A. 
 339*. 
 
688 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, V. d— cont'd 
 ir'ostnuptial written contract to confirm an- 
 tenuptial oral contract relinquishing 
 rights in property. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 593. 
 
 § 57. Consideration for. 
 
 Marriage as consideration for antenuptial 
 contract. 2 L.R.A. 372.* 
 Agreement to comply with marriage con- 
 tract as consideration for new promise. 
 34 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 § 5 8. Disaffirinance of. 
 
 Right of woman to disaffirm marriage set- 
 tlement executed while she was an in- 
 fant. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1184. 
 
 § 59. Enforcement of. 
 
 Enforcement of antenuptial contract in 
 equity. 2 L.R.A. 373;* 13 L.R.A. 711.* 
 
 Specific performance of contract to provide 
 for intended husband or wife. 12 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 232. 
 
 Right of party to antenuptial marriage set- 
 tlement who is in default to enforce 
 covenants to be performed by the other 
 party. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 858. 
 
 § 60. Effect of marital misconduct. 
 
 Misconduct of wife as affecting deed or gift 
 to her before and in consideration of 
 marriage. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 785. 
 
 § 61. Contracts of third persons. 
 
 Specific performance of agreement by third 
 person to make provision for parties 
 to contemplated marriage. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 734. 
 
 TI. Actions. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 62. Generally. 
 
 Imputing husband's negligence to wife, see 
 
 Negligence, § 44. 
 Husband or wife as witness, see Witnesses, 
 
 §§ 17-21. 
 
 Which is real party in interest by whom 
 action must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 
 610. 
 
 Publication of process against married wom- 
 an in her maiden name. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 984. 
 
 Set-olT in bankruptcy cases. 55 L.E.A. 47. 
 
 Judgment against married woman. 11 
 L.R.A. 585.* 
 
 Right of either spouse to sue for wrongs to 
 property held by entireties. 30 L.R.A. 
 309. 
 
 Wife's right of action at common law 
 against one selling drugs or liquor to 
 husband. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 360. 
 
 Delay of feme covert in paying purchase 
 price or bringing suit as bar to action 
 for specific performance of contfact for 
 sale of land of which time is not of 
 the essence. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 639. 
 
 Mother's right of action for enticement of 
 minor. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, VI. a— cont'd 
 Right of mother of minor who has enlisted 
 without his parent's consent in army, 
 navy or militia, to prosecute writ for 
 his discharge. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 459. 
 Conviction or acquittal of marital offense 
 as bar to a subsequent prosecution. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 Z>. For personal injury or deatJi. 
 
 § 63. By husband. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to wife, see 
 
 Damages, § 59. 
 Measure of damages for death of wife, see 
 
 Damages, § 66. 
 
 Right of husband to recover for injuries to 
 wife. 8 L.R.A. 680;* 11 L.R.A. 222.* 
 Does husband's action for damages sus- 
 tained by him on account of personal 
 injuries to wife abate by his own death 
 or that of the wrongdoer. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 570. 
 Right of husband to recover for loss of con- 
 sortium through personal injury to 
 wife. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1042. 
 Right at common law. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1042. 
 Character of injury sustaining right. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1044. 
 Extent of right. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1045. 
 Right as affected by statute. 33- 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1046. 
 Conclusiveness of judgment in wife's suit 
 for personal injuries in husband's ac- 
 tion for loss of services and expenses. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 140. 
 
 § 64. — husband's negligence as bar to 
 recovery. 
 
 Husband's negligence as bar to recovery for 
 personal injuries to wife. 22 L.R.A, 
 460; 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 656. 
 
 imputing husband's negligence to wife in- 
 jured while riding with him. 14 L.R.A. 
 733. 
 
 § 65. By wife. 
 
 Extent of recovery by wife for personal in- 
 jury to her, see Damages, §§ 59a, 60. 
 
 Measure of damages for death of husband, 
 see Damages, 66. 
 
 Right of wife to sue for personal injury to 
 husband. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 236. 
 
 Wife's right to recover for loss of consor- 
 tium resulting from negligent injury to 
 husband. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1024. 
 
 Imputing negligence of one spouse to the 
 other. 14 L.R.A. 733; 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 656. 
 
 Wife's right of action at common law 
 against one selling drugs or liquor to 
 husband. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 360. 
 
 Desertion or nonsupport by deceased as 
 affecting action for death. 32 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 362. 
 
 Right of deserted wife to recover for death 
 or injury to child. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 519. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 689 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, VI.— cont'd 
 c. Alienation of affections. 
 
 § 66. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, § 
 50b. 
 
 Conspiracy to alienate affections. 3 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 470. 
 
 Liability of parent for causing separation 
 of husband and wife. 9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 322. 
 
 Effect of fact that husband or wife of plain- 
 tiff in action for alienation of affections 
 was the active and aggressive party. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 742. 
 
 Competency of one spouse to testify as to 
 misconduct of other spouse in action 
 for. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 317. 
 
 Are communications between husband and 
 wife tending to show affection, or the 
 contrary, privileged. 2 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 708. 
 
 Right to testify as to intent in action for. 
 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 Conclusiveness as to third persons in action 
 for alienation of affections of decree in 
 suit for divorce or annulment as to 
 facts adjudicated as distinguished from 
 status established. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 560. 
 
 g 6 7. Action by wife 
 
 Wife's right of action for alienation of hus- 
 band's affections. 6 L.R.A. 553;* 10 
 L.E.A. 468.* 
 
 Right of wife, under modern married wom- 
 en's acts, to sue for alienation of the 
 affections of her husband. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 643; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 842. 
 
 d. Criminal conversation. 
 
 § 68. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, § 
 50b. 
 
 Validity of agreement in settlement of 
 cause of action for. 36 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 995. 
 
 Evidence of character of husband or wife 
 in action for criminal conversation. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 749. 
 
 Effect of fact that) the husband or wife of 
 plaintiff in an action for criminal con- 
 versation was the active and aggressive 
 party. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 742. 
 
 Mental suffering of husband as an element 
 of damages in criminal conversation. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 574. 
 
 Conclusiveness as to third persons in ac- 
 tions for, of decree in suit for divorce 
 or annulment as to facts adjudicated 
 as distinguished from status estab- 
 lished. 38 L.R.A.(X.S.) 559. 
 
 Competency of one spouse as witness to 
 show misconduct of other in action for. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 Consiilt also L.B.A. Digests to date. 44 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, VI.— cont'd 
 B. Actions between. 
 
 § 69. Generally. 
 
 Actions between, generally. 6 L.E.A. 506.* 
 Ejectment. 6 L.E.A. 506.* 
 On contract. 6 L.E.A. 506.* 
 Suit by wife against firm to which hus- 
 band belongs. 6 L.R.A. 507.* 
 Trusts. 6 L.E.A. 507.* 
 Wife's right to sue husband on contract. 
 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 611. 
 Recovery by mother against father for 
 money expended in support of chil- 
 dren. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 508. 
 In absence of divorce. 38 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 508. 
 After divorce. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 When custody awarded to mother. 
 
 38 L.E.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 When no award of custody made. 
 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 511. 
 Does common law rule precluding action at 
 law between husband and wife apply 
 where husband acts as trustee or in 
 some other representative capacity? 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 273. 
 Right of assignee of claim from one spouse 
 to maintain action against the other 
 spouse. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1148. 
 
 § 69a. — for torts. 
 
 Right of wife to sue husband for personal 
 tort. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 191; 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1153. 
 
 Husband's right to sue wife for personal 
 tort. 23. L.R.A.(N.S.) 699. 
 
 VII. Abandonment; nonsupport. 
 
 § 70. Generally. 
 
 Abandonment as ground for divorce, see Di- 
 voBCE AND Separation, § 24. 
 
 Insanity as affecting. 34 L.R.A. 164. 
 
 Effect of desertion on homestead. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 114. 
 
 Conveyance of homestead by husband after 
 abandonment by wife. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 565. 
 
 Validity of conveyance or encumbrance of 
 homestead by wife after abandonment 
 by husband. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1024. 
 
 Effect of widow's previous abandonment of 
 husband on her rights under homestead 
 and exemption laws. 4 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 394. 
 
 Effect of husband's own adultery to prevent 
 him from relying on wife's adultery as 
 defense to an action for support. 19 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 468. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring a hus- 
 band upon conviction of abandonment 
 to provide for support of wife or fam- 
 ily. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 854. 
 
 Desertion or nonsupport by deceased Inin- 
 band as affecting wife's right of action 
 for death. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 
 Failure to support wife as desertion en- 
 titling her to divorce. 29 L.E.A. (N.R.) 
 618. 
 
690 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 HUSBAND AND WIFE, VII.— cont'd 
 § 71. Criminal liability.- 
 
 Criminal liability of husband for neglect of 
 wife, causing death. 61 L.E.A. 292. 
 
 Onminal liability of infant for fa:ilure to 
 support wife. 36 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 HYDRANT. 
 
 Right to compel water company to furnish 
 general supply while municipality is in 
 default in paying hydrant rental. 34 
 , L.R.A.(N.S.) 196. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by hydrants 
 in street. 20 L.K.A.(N.S.) 620. 
 
 HYDROPHOBIA. 
 
 Apprehension of, as basis of recovery for 
 mental anguish. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458. 
 
 HYPNOTISM. 
 
 Deanitions. 40 L.R.A. 269. 
 
 HYPNOTISM— cont'd 
 
 Its existence and effect generally. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 270. 
 Its use in procuring the commission of 
 
 crime. 40 L.R.A. 271. 
 Its use in procuring submission to criminal 
 
 acts or attacks. 40 L.R.A. 274. 
 Its use as an inquisitorial agent. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 275. 
 Its curative uses — propriety of restraint. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 275. 
 Application of statute regulating practice 
 
 of medicine to hypnotists. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 fN.S.) 762; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 103; 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1297. 
 
 HYPOTHECATION. 
 
 Jurisdiction of admiralty in case of. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 204, 233. 
 When contract for, will be supported. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 364, 431. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 HYPOTHETICAL QUESTIONS. 
 
 As to, see Evidence, § 186. 
 
 I 
 
 ICE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Removal of, from sidewalk, see Highways, 
 § 56. 
 
 Compelling abutting owners to remove from 
 sidewalks. 24 L.R.A. 413. 
 
 § 2. Rights as to. 
 
 Right of property in. 12 L.R.A. 583.* 
 
 On river, common right to use or take; 
 
 rights of riparian owner ; on private 
 
 waters; sale of, by parol. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 583.* 
 Title to ice formed on private waters. 12 
 
 L.R.A. 584.* 
 Right to take ice from stream. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1103. 
 Right of public authorities to preserve, for 
 
 support. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1103. 
 
 § 3. Sale of. 
 
 Collecting and distributing as a manufac- 
 turing business. 64 L.R.A. 66. 
 Ivight of municipal corporation to sell. 31 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 
 § 4. Duty of carriers as to icing cars. 
 
 Duty of carrier as to re-icing refrigerator 
 cars. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 318. 
 
 § 5. Liability for injury by. 
 
 On street or sidewalk, see Highways, §§ 56 
 
 71, 84, 86, 91. IDEM SONANS. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk from ice on 
 
 working place. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 365. See Name, § 16. 
 Begin with this 'book, on every law question. 
 
 ICE— cont'd 
 
 Forgetfulness of, as contributory negligence. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 
 Duty of railroad company as to ice on cat- 
 tle guards. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 
 Landlord's liability to third person for in- 
 jury by fall of. 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 Duty of carrier of passengers to keep steps 
 of cars free from. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 523; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592. 
 
 Liability for injury from ice formed by 
 water precipitated from adjoining 
 property. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1172. 
 
 ICE CREAM. 
 
 Right to require that ice cream offered for 
 sale shall answer a designated standard 
 of purity. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 150. 
 
 ICE TONGS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 679.' 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 691 
 
 IDENTITY AND IDENTIFICATION. 
 
 /. Of persons, §§ 1-6. 
 II. Of corporation or religious society, 
 § 7. 
 III. Of things, §§ S-13. 
 
 I. Of persons. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Identification of person by voice, see Evi- 
 dence, § 155. 
 
 Parol evidence to identify person, see Evi- 
 dence, § 183. 
 
 Of name, see Name, § 11. 
 
 See also Impostor. 
 
 Difficulty in identifying grantor with record 
 owner as affecting marlcetability of ti- 
 tle. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 20. 
 
 As affecting bar of judgment in employee's 
 favor against recovery from employer 
 for employer's act or default. 54 L.R.A. 
 650. 
 
 Concealment of identity by change of name 
 as interrupting statute of limitations. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 741. 
 
 § 2. Necessity and duty as to Identifi- 
 cation . 
 
 Of person alleged to be writer of handwrit- 
 ing sought to be proved. 63 L.R.A. 
 981. 
 
 Payment of savings banlc deposit to fraudu- 
 lent claimant on fraudulent claim of 
 identity. 69 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 Necessity of identification as foundation 
 for admitting conversation or communi- 
 cation by telephone. 6 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 1180. 
 
 Carrier's right to demand identification be- 
 fore delivery of goods. 37 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Broker's duty to disclose to principal iden- 
 tity of purchaser. 53 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 Duty of telegraph company to ascertain 
 identity or authority of sender of mes- 
 sage. 4 L.R.A. (N.S:) 181. 
 
 Power to require one who has caused an 
 injury to identify himself. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 622. 
 
 § 3. Mistake as to identity. 
 
 As excuse for assault, see Assault and 
 Batteet, § 6. 
 
 Seller's mistake as to identity of vendee, as 
 affecting the passing of the title to the 
 goods sold. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 413. 
 
 Assault with intent to murder or kill by 
 unlawful act under mistaken identity 
 of person assaulted. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 172. 
 
 Mistalce as to identity of victim as affecting 
 homicide. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1070. 
 
 § 4. Mode and sufficiency of Identiflca- 
 tion. 
 
 Use of photograph to show. 35 L.R.A. 807. 
 Identification of a person by voice. 13 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 373. 
 Compelling accused to exhibit himself to 
 
 determine. 28 L.R.A. 699. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 IDENTITY AND IDENTIFICATION, I.— 
 cont'd 
 
 Right to take or retain in rogues gallery 
 picture of one accused of crime before 
 conviction. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 274; 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 739. 
 
 Sufficiency of identification as foundation 
 for admitting conversation or commu- 
 nication by telephone. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 ilSO. 
 
 § 5. Presumption and burden of proof 
 as to identity. 
 
 See Evidence, § 20. 
 
 § 6. Of remains of victim of liomlcide. 
 
 Of corpse generally, see Corpse, § 2. 
 
 Sufficiency of circumstantial evidence to 
 identify remains found as those of per- 
 son charged to have been killed. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 181. 
 
 //. Of corporation or religious society.. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Of employing and contracting company. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 507. 
 In case of schism or division in religious 
 
 society. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 696, 
 
 III. Of things. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Of ballots, see Election, §§ 20, 21. 
 Sufficiency of selection or designation oi 
 
 goods sold out of a larger lot. see Sale, 
 
 § 13. 
 
 Justification in libel or slander as to iden- 
 tity of offense charged. 21 L.R.A. 508. 
 
 Identification of extrinsic document referred 
 to in will. 68 L.R.A. 381. 
 
 Identification of substance by odor. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 854. 
 
 Admissibility of secondary evidence to iden- 
 tify record of justice of the peace. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 652. 
 
 Necessity for identifying things found by 
 aid of involuntary or inadmissible con- 
 fession. 53 L.R.A. 407. 
 
 § 9. Of goods sold. 
 
 Distinction between warranty or identity 
 and warranty of quality. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 265. 
 
 Intention as test of sale with particular 
 description of kind or quality when 
 words referable to identity are used. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 
 Sufficiency of identification for purposes of 
 executory contract where goods are or- 
 dered by reference to catalogue or price 
 list. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 927. 
 
 Mistake as to identity of property as ground 
 of relief from purchase at auction. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 927. 
 
 § 10. Of property given by will. 
 
 Identification of land described in will. 6 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 Failure to identify the subject-matter of a 
 
 devise or bequest. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 618. 
 
692 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 IDENTITY AND IDENTIFICATION, 111. 
 
 — cont'd 
 § 11. Of pleadings. 
 
 Between new and old pleadings within rule 
 as to limitation of actions. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 275; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 197. 
 
 § 12. Of handwriting. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to, see Evidence, §§ 
 198-205. 
 
 Of handwriting used as standard for com- 
 parison. 63 L.R.A. 433. 
 
 IDIOTS. 
 
 As to incompetent persons generally, see In- 
 competent Persons. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction over estates of. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 610.* 
 Actions by. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 961. 
 
 IGNORANCE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Effect of, on criminal responsibility, see 
 
 Criminal Law, §§ 13, 14. 
 Of minority of person to whom liquor is 
 
 sold, see Intoxicating Liquobs, § 29. 
 As to mistake, see Mistake. 
 
 Ignorance of law as no excuse entitling to 
 equitable relief. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 796. 
 
 Disqualifying grand juror. 28 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 Liability of physician for. 37 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 Adverse possession due to ignorance as to 
 boundary. 21 L.R.A. 829; 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 923. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove igno- 
 rance of servant. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 772. 
 
 § 2. Of party to contract. 
 
 As affecting right to equitable relief from 
 contract by which one has been over- 
 reached. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 799. 
 
 Effect of validity of contract of one party's 
 ignorance that it was executed by the 
 other on Sunday. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1176. 
 
 Ignorance that article furnished as butter is 
 oleomargarine as a defense. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 746. 
 
 Of debt as affecting assumption of, on dis- 
 solution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 70. 
 
 Broker's right to commissions when sale is 
 made by the owner in ignorance of 
 former's instrumentality in procuring 
 purchaser. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 
 Ignorance of extent of his legal rights by 
 servant giving release from injury pre- 
 viously received. 11 L.RA.(N.S.) 198. 
 
 Servant's ignorance of the contents of a 
 release given by him foi injuries pre- 
 viously received. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199. 
 
 § 3. Of party paying money. 
 
 Right to recover back overpayment made in 
 ignorance of former payment. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 517. 
 
 IGNORANCE— cont'd 
 
 Right of bank to recover amount paid on 
 
 check in ignorance of insolvency of 
 
 drawer who was indebted to it. 33 
 ' L.R.A.(N.S.) 963. 
 Right to recover back license fee voluntarily 
 
 paid in ignorance of law. 22 L.E.A.^ 
 
 (N.S.) 863. 
 
 ILLEGAL ACTS. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §§ 16, 
 
 17. 
 Power of counsel to license. 45 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 «-»« 
 
 IIjIjEGAIj BUILDING. 
 
 Individual liability for fall of. 34 L.R.A.^ 
 562. 
 
 # ■» 
 
 ILLEGALITY. 
 
 Of contracts, see Contkacts, IV. 
 
 « «» 
 
 ILLEGAL USE. 
 
 Validity of lease of premises for illegal use, 
 see Contracts, § 76. 
 
 Eight of one intending to make illegal use 
 of property to invoke aid of court for 
 recovery from one who has wrongfully 
 taken the same. 39 L.R.A. ( N.S. ). 
 1093. 
 
 ILLEGITIMACY. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Action for death of illegitimate child or 
 
 for death of parent of, see Death, § 
 
 8. 
 As to bastardy proceedings, see Bastardy. 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 15. 
 Presumptions and burden of proof as to, 
 
 see Evidence, § 24. 
 
 Belief as to, as insane delusion. 37 L.R.A. 
 274. 
 
 Use of lunatic's property to support illegiti- 
 mate children. 34 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 Guardianship of natural child. 6 L.R.A. 
 705.* 
 
 Illegitimate child as a "dependent" within 
 restriction as to beneficiaries of mutual 
 benefit associations. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 653. 
 
 Right of one in loco parentis to maintain 
 action for seduction of an illegitimate. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1062. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 693 
 
 ILLEGITIMACY— cont'd 
 
 Right to recover for negligent killing of il- 
 legitimate, or to maintain action for 
 benefit of illegitimate for negligent 
 killing of relative. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 640. 
 
 Conclusiveness as to third persons, in 
 actions involving legitimacy of chil- 
 dren, of decree in suit for divorce or 
 annulment as to facts adjudicated as 
 distinguished from status established. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 
 § 2. Right of mother or reputed father 
 to custody or control of illegitimate. 
 
 Mother generally entitled to custody. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 689. 
 Reputed father's right to custody in gen- 
 eral. 65 L.R.A. 690. 
 Rights of mother or reputed father as 
 against each other. 65 L.R.A. 690. 
 Mother's right as against reputed fa- 
 ther. 65 L.R.A. 690. 
 Reputed father's right as against 
 mother. 65 L.R.A. 692. 
 Rights of mother or reputed father as 
 against other persons. 65 L.R.A. 
 692. 
 Mother's right as against others than 
 
 reputed father. 65 L.R.A. 692. 
 
 Reputed father's right as against 
 
 others than mother. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 693. 
 
 As against parish. 65 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 As against town or county. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 694. 
 As against strangers. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 694. 
 As against relatives. 65 L.R.A. 
 694. 
 Right of mother or reputed father to guard- 
 ianship of child. 65 L.R.A. 695. 
 Mother's right of guardianship. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 695. 
 Mother's right to appoint testamentary 
 
 guardian. 65 L.R.A. 696. 
 Reputed father's right of guardianship. 
 
 65 L.R.A. 696. 
 Reputed father's right to appoint tes- 
 tamentary guardian. 65 L.R.A. 
 696. 
 Right of mother or reputed father as 
 against guardian of child. 65 
 L.R.A. 696 
 Mother's right as against guardian. 
 
 65 L.R.A 696. 
 Reputed father's right as against 
 guardian. 65 L.R.A. 696. 
 Rights of mother or reputed father in pro- 
 ceedings affecting custody. 65 
 L.R.A. 696. 
 Notice. 65 L.R.A. 696. 
 Consent. 65 L.R.A. 696. 
 Right to appear or be heard. 65 
 L.R.A. 697. 
 
 § 3. liegitimation. 
 
 Legitimation of offspring of adulterous re- 
 lations. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 773. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 ILLEGITIMACY— cont'd 
 
 Necessity of parent's consent to adoption of 
 
 illegitimate child. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 152. 
 Effect of subsequent marriage of parents on 
 
 antenuptial issue. 13 L.R.A. 275. 
 
 § 4. Rights of Illegitimate children. 
 
 Inheritance by, through, or from illegiti- 
 mate persons, see Descent and Dis- 
 
 TEIBUTIO.X, § 5. 
 
 Right of illegitimate children in homestead 
 of parent. 56 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 § 5. Evidence as to. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to 
 legitimacy, see Evidence, § 24. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 § 296. 
 
 Parol evidence as to resemblance on issue 
 of, 52 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Competency of woman to testify as to non- 
 access of husband. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 619. 
 
 Evidence of declarations to show maternity 
 of illegitimate child. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1052. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of relatives of 
 claimant to prove legitimacy or re- 
 lationship of illegitimate. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 533. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of person 
 since deceased against his or her own 
 marriage. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 190. 
 
 ILL FAME. 
 House of, see Disordeklt House. 
 *--*■ — 
 
 ILL HEALTH. 
 
 As defense to action for breach of promise. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 
 # » » 
 
 ILLICIT INTERCOURSE. 
 
 See also Aditltert; Disorderly Houses; 
 Fornication; Illicit Relations; In- 
 cest ; Lascivious Cohabitation ; 
 Lewdness; Prostitution; Seduction. 
 
 Injunction against enforcing contracts for. 
 
 48 L.R.A. 844. 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 329. 
 Evidence of specific instances of, to prove 
 
 character of witness. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 697. 
 
 ILLICIT RELATIONS. 
 
 Implied contract to pay for services of per- 
 sons living in. see Contracts, § 6. 
 
694 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ILLICIT RELATIONS— cont'd 
 Enforcement of contract between parties liv- 
 ing in, see Contracts, § 120. 
 See also Illicit Inteecoubse. 
 
 Woman living in as a "dependent" within 
 restrictions as to beneficiaries of mu- 
 tual benefit associations. 2 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 654; 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 
 Right to recover for household services 
 rendered while parties were living in. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 787. 
 
 Right to invoke aid of court to deter- 
 mine rights to property accumulated in 
 common by parties living in illicit rela- 
 tions. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 838. 
 
 ILLITERACY. 
 
 Effect of illiteracy of insured retaining 
 policy as to which insurer has been 
 guilty of fraud or mistake. 67 L.R.A. 
 740. 
 
 Statement of accounts by illiterate person. 
 27 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 ILLNESS. 
 
 See Sickness. 
 
 <»» 
 
 ILL TREATMENT. 
 
 Of servant, see Master and Servant, § 6. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 ILL WILL. 
 
 As insane delusion. 37 L.R.A. 267. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 IMBECILITY. 
 
 In general, see Incompetent Persons. 
 Of testator, see Wills, §§ 9-15. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 See Unpaib Competition. 
 
 IMITATION BUTTER. 
 
 See Food, § 9. 
 
 IMMATERIAL TESTIMONY. 
 
 Immateriality of testimony, see Evidence, 
 XII. 
 
 IMMATERIAL TESTIMONY— cont'd 
 May perjury be predicated of false testi- 
 xnony before grand jury on immaterial 
 matters. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1192. 
 May charge of subornation of perjury be 
 based on false testimony which is im- 
 material. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 120. 
 
 IMMATURITY. 
 
 Effect of immaturity of claim at time of in- 
 solvencv proceedings on right of set- 
 off. 25" L.R.A.(N.S.) 393. 
 
 Finding value of immature policies of in- 
 solvent insurance company. 38 L.E.A. 
 101. 
 
 IMMEDIATE DEATH. 
 
 Apprehension of, as requisite to admissibil- 
 ity of dying declarations. 56 L.R.A. 
 391. 
 
 < »» 
 
 IMMIGRATION. 
 
 See Aliens, § 3. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 IMMORAL CONSIDERATION. 
 
 Validity of, see Contracts, § 92. 
 
 » » » 
 
 IMMORALITY. 
 
 See also Adultery; Disorderly Houses; 
 Fornication; Illicit Intercourse; 
 Illicit Relations; Incest; Lascivi- 
 ous Cohabitation; Levtdness; Pros- 
 titution; Seduction. 
 
 Actionability of words charging, see Libel 
 AND Slander, III. b. 
 
 Common law rights in immoral work. 51 
 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 As ground for revoking physician's license. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 
 Effect of, on parent's right to custody of 
 child. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 590, 603. 
 
 Constitutionality of discrimination based on 
 race or color in police regulations 
 affecting morality. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 604. 
 
 Right on trial for homicide to show im- 
 morality of deceased as bearing on de- 
 fendant's intent or motive. 36 L.U.A. 
 (N.S.) 397. 
 
 IMMUNITY. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 Effect of agreement for immunity of accom- 
 plice testifying for prosecution, see 
 Criminal Law, § 34. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 695 
 
 IMMUNITY— cont'd 
 
 Of one giving self-incriminating testimony, 
 see Criminal Law, § 31. 
 
 IMPAIRMENT OF MEMORY. 
 
 Impairment of memory as defense to prose- 
 cution for perjurv. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 993. 
 
 IMPAIRMENT OP OBLIGATION. 
 
 See Constitutional Law, §§ 30-38. 
 
 IMPANELING OF JURY. 
 
 See JuBT, III. 
 
 IMPASSABLE ROADS. 
 
 Liability of township for. 13 L.R.A. (N.S. 
 1275. 
 
 IMPEACHMENT. 
 
 Of certificate of acknowledgment, see 
 Acknowledgment, § 5. 
 
 Of dying declarations, see Evidence, § 242. 
 
 Of judicial facts on which administration is 
 based, see Executors and Adminis- 
 trators, § 10. 
 
 Of jurors as ground for new trial, see New 
 Trial, § 8. 
 
 Of officer, see Officers, § 25. 
 
 Of enrolled bill, see Statutes, § 12. 
 
 Of witnesses, see Witnesses, §§ 41-44. 
 
 Of contradicting affidavit on application for 
 continuance. 16 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 Of indictment by showing nonconcurrence of 
 twelve grand jurors. 28 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 Right of defendant in action for conversion 
 to impeach plaintiff's title as being 
 based on contract void under statute of 
 frauds. 2 B. R. C. 733. 
 
 IMPLICATION. 
 
 As to implied agreements, generally, see 
 
 Contracts, §§ 3-6; Municipal Coepo- 
 
 bations, §§ 58-60. 
 Implied covenants, see Covenants, §§ 3, 4; 
 
 Landlord and Tenant, §§ 21, 22. 
 What passes by, in deed, see Deeds, §§ 21- 
 
 23. 
 Easement by, see Easemexts, §§ 10-15. 
 As to implied guaranty, see GcAEArcTY. 
 As to implied warranty, see Sales, §§ 26- 
 
 38, 53-59, 68. 
 Repeal of statute by, see Statutes, § 32. 
 Devise or bequest by, see Wills, § 62. 
 
 Reasonableness of new by-laws as implied 
 condition of consent to change of by- 
 laws. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 521. 
 
 Implied consent of patient to surgical opera- 
 tion. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 441. 
 
 Implied invitation as basis of liability for 
 injury by attractive nuisance. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 
 IMPLIED CONTRACTS. 
 
 See Contracts, §§ 3-6; Municipal Corpo- 
 rations, §§ 58-60. 
 
 IMPLIED COVENANTS. 
 
 See Covenants, §§ 3, 4; 
 Tenant, §§ 21, 22. 
 
 Landlord and 
 
 IMPLIED REPEAL. 
 
 Of statutes, see Statutes, § 32. 
 
 IMPLIED TRUSTS. 
 
 See Trusts, § 12. 
 
 IMPEDIMENT. 
 
 To marriage, cohabitation after as proof of 
 marriage. 14 L.R.A. 364. 
 
 IMPENDING DANGER. 
 
 See Emergency. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. 
 
 IMPORTERS. 
 
 License of, see License, § 30. 
 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 
 
 Validity of prohibition laws as limited by 
 provision of Federal Constitution 
 against laying impost on imports or 
 exports. 15 L.R.A. ;N.S.) 929. 
 
 IMPOSSIBILITY. 
 
 Digests to date. 
 
 As excuse for nonperformance of contract, 
 see Contracts, §§ 124, 125. 
 
696 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 IMPOSSIBLE DATE. 
 
 Charging commission of alleged crime at. 
 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 251. 
 
 IMPOST. 
 
 Eight of prohibition as limited by provision 
 of United States Constitution, article 1, 
 § 10, against laying an impost on im- 
 ports or exports. 15 t.R.A.{N.S.) 929. 
 
 IMPOSTOR. 
 
 Payment of check to, by bank, see Banks, 
 
 § 25. 
 Note payable to, see Bills and Notes, § 14. 
 Delivery to, by carrier, see Caeeiebs, § 120. 
 
 IMPOTENCY. 
 
 Misrepresentations or concealment as to, as 
 ground for annulment of marriage. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 
 IMPOUNDING. 
 
 Of animals, see Animals, § 20. 
 
 Eight of riparian owner to impound water 
 for purpose of floating logs. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 832. 
 
 IMPRISONMENT. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 161. 
 
 Tor crime generally, see Cbiminal Law, VI. 
 Enforcement of alimony by, see Divoboe 
 
 AND SePABATION, § 44. 
 
 False imprisonment, see False Imprison- 
 ment. 
 For debt, see Imprisonment fob Debt. 
 
 Effect of duress by, to avoid marriage. 43 
 L.E.A. 816. 
 
 Effect of, as abandonment of homestead. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 515. 
 
 Condition of place of, as element of dam- 
 ages in action for malicious prosecution 
 or false imprisonment. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 291. 
 
 Designation of wrong place of, as ground 
 for discharge on habeas corpus. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 518. 
 
 IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT. 
 
 Constitutionality of. 34 L.R.A. 634. 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT— cont'd 
 
 General extent and construction of con- 
 stitutional provisions. 34 L.R.A, 
 634. 
 What are debts. 34 L.R.A. 636. 
 Meaning of the word "debt." 
 
 L.R.A. 636. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 637. 
 Breach of promise to marry. 
 L.E.A. 639. 
 Action founded on tort. 34 L.E.A. 640, 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 640. 
 Mesne profits. 34 L.R.A. 641. 
 Trespass. 34 L.R.A. 641. 
 Fraud. 34 L.R.A. 642. 
 Fines and penalties as debts. 34 L.R.A, 
 651. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 651. 
 Fines imposed by city authority, 
 34 L.R.A. 653. 
 Taxes as debts. 34 L.R.A. 654. 
 Costs as debts. 34 L.R.A. 655. 
 
 Debts in civil actions. 34 L.R.A, 
 
 656. 
 Not debts in civil actions. 
 
 L.R.A. 656. 
 Debts in criminal actions. 
 
 L.R.A. 657. 
 Not debts in criminal actions, 
 L.R.A. 658. 
 Statutory, criminal, or quasi criminal 
 
 cases. 34 L.R.A. 660. 
 Enforcing orders and decrees of court. 
 34 L.R.A. 661. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 661. 
 In decedents' estates. 34 L.E.A. 
 
 663. 
 In admiralty. 34 L.E.A. 664. 
 Alimony. 34 L.E.A. 665; 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1140. 
 In bastardy. 34 L.E.A. 667. 
 Against officers of the court. 
 L.E.A. 669. 
 Due process of law. 34 L.E.A. 670, 
 Ne exeat. 34 L.E.A. 671. 
 Debts owing to the United States. 
 L.E.A. 671. 
 Constitutionality of statute providing for 
 imprisonment for breach of contract- of 
 labor or rental. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 Constitutionality of statute providing for 
 imprisonment for beating board bill. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 Effect of discharge from imprisonment un- 
 der insolvent law on equitable remedy 
 to subject choses in action to judgment. 
 63 L.E.A. 694. 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 17 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 IMPROBABILITY. 
 
 Offense of obtaining money by false pre- 
 tenses as affected by improbability of 
 representation made. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 369. 
 
 « « » 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 IMPROVEMENT COMPANIES. 
 
 For improving navigability of stream. 87 
 L.R.A. 828. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 697 
 
 IMPROVEMENT OF NAVIGATION. 
 
 See Watebs, §§ 19, 20. 
 
 IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Recovery in eminent domain for improve- 
 ments made by person seeking con- 
 demnation, see Damages, § 84. 
 
 Relief as to, in ejectment, see Ejectment, 
 § 12. 
 
 Estoppel by permitting making of, see Es- 
 toppel, § 25. 
 
 Of highway, see Highways, V.; Ptiblic Im- 
 
 PKOVEMENTS. 
 
 On leased premises, see Landlord and Ten- 
 ant, §§ 17-18, 40, 41, 48-84. 
 
 Lien for generally, see Liens, § 11. 
 
 Mechanics' lien for, see Mechanics' Liens. 
 
 As to public improvements generally, see 
 Public Improvements. 
 
 Of navigation, see Waters, §§ 19, 20. 
 
 For wharf, cost of, see Wharves, § 4. 
 
 Constitutionality of retroactive statute 
 creating right of action on account of. 
 52 L.R.A. 934. 
 
 Obstructing flow of surface water by. 21 
 L.R.A. 600. 
 
 Of canals. 61 L.R.A. 876. 
 
 Revaluation of homestead because of adding. 
 44 L.R.A. 402. 
 
 Right of relocator of mining claim as aban- 
 doned or forfeited to credit for value 
 of improvements by original locator. 
 68 L.R.A. 846. 
 
 Allowance for, in determining reasonable- 
 ness of railroad rates prescribed by the 
 state for local traffic. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 116. 
 
 Of personal property at request of bailee. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 97. 
 
 Mistake as to improvements as ground of 
 relief from purchase at auction. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 930. 
 
 Notice of title to land from. ''3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 92. 
 
 Right of devisee or heir to completion of 
 improvements at the expense of the es- 
 tate. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 303. 
 
 Evidence of structural value of improve- 
 ments to fix damages in condemnation. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 411. 
 
 Abandonment or loss of private way by im- 
 provements inconsistent with its use. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 880; 42 L.K.A.(N.S.) 
 741. 
 
 § 2. What are. 
 
 Plowing and cultivating land as an "im- 
 provement." 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 378. 
 
 § 3. Consent to making of. 
 
 Subsequent promise to pay for, when made 
 without promisor's consent. 53 L.R.A. 
 375. 
 
 Requiring or permitting another to make 
 improvements on land at his own ex- 
 pense as a consent by the owner which 
 will subject his interest to a, lien. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 764. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 IMPROVEMENTS— cont'd 
 § 4. On public lands. 
 
 See Public Lands, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 § 5. On trust property. 
 
 Trustee's power to mortgage trust estate 
 for purpose of making improvements 
 so as to render it productive. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 263. 
 
 § 6. On partnership lands. 
 
 On partnership lands. 27 L.R.A. 484. 
 
 Efi'ect of improvements, on question whether 
 real estate is partnership property. 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 904. 
 
 Widow's right to dower out of improve- 
 ments upon partnership real estate. 27 
 L.R.A. 347. 
 
 § 7. Under ocenpying claimant's act. 
 
 Relief under occupying claimant's acts of 
 
 one buying or making lawful entry on 
 
 public land. 70 L.R.A. 803. 
 Right to allowance for improvements made 
 
 before acquiring color of title. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 918. 
 
 § 8. By husband or wife. 
 
 Improvements made by husband on wife's 
 land as fraud against his creditors. 
 21 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 Husband's right to compensation for im- 
 provements on land held by entireties. 
 30 L.R.A. 309. 
 
 When separate property of married woman 
 chargeable with costs of improvement. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 307. 
 
 § 9. By life tenant. 
 
 See Life Tenant, § 9. 
 
 § 10. By cotenants. 
 
 Liability for, see Cotenanct, § 9. 
 
 § 11. By vendor of land. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence as to im- 
 ' provemcnts to be made on tract from 
 which a lot is sold. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 896. 
 
 § 12. By purchaser of land. 
 
 Right of vendee to rescind executory con- 
 tract for sale of land because of vend- 
 or's breach of covenant to make im- 
 provements. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 823. 
 
 Specific performance of oral contract to con- 
 vey real estate in consideration of mak- 
 ing improvements where possession is 
 not taken. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 534. 
 
 Right of one in possession under void fore- 
 closure sale to payment for. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 845. 
 
 § 13. Under oral contract. 
 
 Rights in ipopect to compensation for im- 
 provements on land, made in good 
 faith, under an oral contract or 
 gift. 53 L.R.A. 337. 
 When vendee entitled to recover for. 
 53 L.R.A. 339. 
 Under parol contract. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 339. 
 Under parol gift. 53 L.R.A. 343. 
 
'(i9g 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 IMPROVEMENTS— cont'd 
 
 When vendor unable to make title. 
 
 53 L.E.A. 345. 
 Particular and peculiar eases. 53 
 L.R.A. 346. 
 Effect of making improvements under lease 
 for term beyond that permitted by stat- 
 ute to entitle lessee to hold during 
 term. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 854. 
 
 § 14. By one holding under ta^ deed. 
 
 Right of one holding under invalid tax deed 
 to be reimbursed for improvements. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. 
 
 § 15. On redemption from foreclosure 
 sale. 
 
 Allowance for, upon redemption from mort- 
 gage foreclosure sale. 9 L.R.A. 676.* 
 
 IMPUTED KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 See Banks, § 8a; Instjeance, § 20; Notice, 
 §§ 13-15. 
 
 IMPUTED NEGLIGENCE. 
 
 Imputing attorney's negligence to client, see 
 
 Attobnkts, § 17. 
 In general, see Negligence, §§ 41-49, 55. 
 
 IMPUTED NOTICE. 
 
 See Banks, § 8a; Insurance, § 20; Notice, 
 §§ 13-15. 
 
 INABILITY. 
 
 Effect of, on right to specific performance, 
 see Specific Performance, § 20. 
 
 Inability to pay alimony as defense to con- 
 tempt. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1001. 
 
 INADEQUACY. 
 
 Of consideration, see Contracts, § 14. 
 Inadequate damages for personal injury, see 
 Damages, § 64. 
 
 As ground for setting aside verdict. 11 
 L.R.A. 50;" 47 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Liability of railroad for delay in transpor- 
 tation of freight due to inadequate fa- 
 cilities. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 432; 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 
 INADVERTENCE. 
 
 As ground for relief from judgment, see 
 Judgment, § 94 
 
 INCENDIAKISM. 
 
 See Arson. 
 
 INCEST. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to incestuous marriage. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 166. 
 May girl below the age of consent be guilty 
 
 of incest. 27 L.K.A.{N.S.) 872. 
 Between persona related by marriage. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 772. 
 Slander in charging person with. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 612. 
 
 § 2. Evidence; witnesses. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 68 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 62 L.R.A. 329. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of prior or subse- 
 quent acts of intercourse between the 
 parties in a nrosecution for incest. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 466. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter for chastity in prosecution for. 
 14 L,R.A.(N.S.) 725. 
 
 Husband or wife as witness against the 
 other in prosecution for. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 862. 
 
 INCIDENTAL EXPENSES. 
 
 Attorney's implied authority to incur. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 702. 
 
 < «» 
 
 Begin ivith this hooTc on every law question. 
 
 INCIDENTAL PARDON. 
 
 Legislative power to grant. 34 L.R.A. 254. 
 
 < « » 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Apportionment of, see Apportionment, § 2. 
 Right to, on foreclosure, see Mortgage. 
 § 79a. 
 
 Application of child's income to his sup- 
 port. 57 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Right to, after foreclosure decree and be- 
 fore perfecting of purchaser's title. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1079. 
 
 Taxation of, as part of capital stock of cor- 
 poration. 58 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 § 2. Bequest of. 
 
 Bequest of, see Wills, § 95. 
 
 § 3. Rights of husband and wife as to. 
 
 Respective rights of husband and wife to 
 income from estate by the entireties. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1037. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 699 
 
 INCOME— cont'd 
 
 Power of legislature to change income of 
 separate property from community 
 property to separate property and vice 
 versa. 37 L.R.A.{N.S.) 186. 
 
 § 4. Of railroad company. 
 
 Basis on which income is to be computed in 
 determining reasonableness of railroad 
 rates prescribed by state for local 
 traffic. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 109; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1002. 
 
 Minimum ratio of income in determining 
 reasonableness of railroad rates pre- 
 scribed by state for local traffic. 15 
 L.R.A. (N'.S.) Ill; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1002. 
 
 Sufficiency of railroad rates prescribed by 
 state for local traffic to produce mini- 
 mum income. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 112; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1004. 
 
 « « » 
 
 INCOME TAX. 
 
 See Taxes, § 106. 
 
 ♦■»-♦ 
 
 INCOMPATIBLE OFFICES. 
 
 See Officers, § 5. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 INCOMPETENCY. 
 
 Of fellow servants, see Mastee and Serv- 
 ant, §§ 104, 105. 
 
 Mental incompetency, see Incompetent 
 Peesons. 
 
 INCOMPETENT PERSONS. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Who are, §§ 2-4:. 
 III. Inquisition and lunacy proceed- 
 ings, §§ 5-7. 
 IT. Capacity; contracts; deeds, §§ 8- 
 
 10. 
 V. Negligence of or towards; torts, 
 
 §§ 11, 13. 
 ri. Pro-pertij rights, §§ 13-16. 
 VII. Confinement; support, §17. 
 Till. Actions and proceedings; judg- 
 ments, §§ 18-20. 
 IX. Guardian or committee, §§ 21- 
 
 24:. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Asylum for, see Asylum. 
 
 Mental condition as affecting criminal re- 
 sponsibility, generally, see Criminal 
 Law, §§ 8-10, 42. 
 
 Insanity after commission of criminal act, 
 see Ceiminal Law, § 42. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INCOMPETENT PERSONS, 1.— cont'd 
 
 Insanity as ground of divorce, see Divoece 
 and Sepaeation, § 28. 
 
 Intoxicated persons, see Drunkenness, 
 §§ 5-9. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to san- 
 ity, see Evidence, §§ 38-40, 61a. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to sanity, see Evidence, 
 VIII. e. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to sanity, see Evi- 
 dence, § 254. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to sanity, see Evi- 
 dence, §§ 291, 292, 297, 298, 316. 
 
 Effect of husband's insanity on wife's dis- 
 ability, see Husband and Wife, § 14. 
 
 Suicide of insured while insane, see Insur- 
 ance, § 171. 
 
 Effect of insanity on judgment, see Judg- 
 ment, § 33. 
 
 Marriage of, see Marriage, § 10. 
 
 Weight of evidence as to sanity as question 
 for jury, see Trial, § 21. 
 
 Question for jury as to sanity, see Trial, 
 § 29. 
 
 Competency of, as witnesses, see Witnesses, 
 § 14. 
 
 Cross-examination of witness as to sanity, 
 see Witnesses, § 33. 
 
 Insanity as act of God. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 898. 
 
 Eight to remove from state. 58 L.R.A. 931. 
 
 Effect of incompetency on rights of parent 
 to custody of child. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 592, 606. 
 
 Liens on subject-matter of legacy or devise 
 while testator is insane as an ademp- 
 tion. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 548. 
 
 Insanity of husband as affecting wife's dis- 
 ability of coverture. 34 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 Lunacy as total disability of insured. 38 
 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Who may elect against will in behalf of 
 insane widow. 17 L.R.A. 296; 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Rule admitting statements made in presence 
 of party and undenied by him as af- 
 fected by his mental and physical con- 
 dition at the time. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 349. 
 
 Right to recover for insanity resulting from 
 fright caused by wrongful act. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 57. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to pregnant 
 woman by seeing lunatic on train. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 647. 
 
 Duty of carrier to accept insane person as 
 passenger. 26 L.R.A.(N S.) 172. 
 
 Evidence of specific instancts to prove in- 
 sanity of fellow servant 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S'.) 773. 
 
 Computation of period of abandonment as 
 affected by insanity of defendant. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1071. 
 
 Right of witness to give opinion \in exact 
 issue as to sanity or menta. capacity 
 of accused. 36 L.R.A. 65. 
 
 Trial of insane person as former jeopardy. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 470. 
 
 Mental condition of accused at time of mak- 
 ing confession as affecting voluntari- 
 ness. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 
700 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 IXCOMPETENT PERSONS, I— cont'd 
 Of witness as ground for admission of tes- 
 timony given upon preliminary exam- 
 ination. 25 L.E.A.{N.S.) 873. 
 Asexualization or sterilization of. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 419. 
 
 II. Who are. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to san- 
 ity, see Evidence, §§ 38-40, 61a. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to sanity, see Evi- 
 dence, § 254. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to sanity, see Evidence, 
 VIII. e. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to sanity, see 
 Evidence, §§ 291, 292, 297, 298, 315. 
 
 Lavr with reference 
 L.R.A. 269. 
 
 to hypnotism. 40 
 
 § 3. What are Insane delusions. 
 
 Insane delusions defined. 37 L.R.A. 261. 
 Must be insane. 37 L.R.A. 262. 
 Must be against evidence. 37 L.R.A. 263. 
 Must be connected with the act in question. 
 
 37 L.R.A. 264. 
 Must be sufficient to excuse if true. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 266. 
 Prejudice; ill-will. 37 L.R.A. 267. 
 Eccentricities and belief in absurdities. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 267. 
 Application of ordinary tests. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 268. 
 Delusions on particular subjects. 37 L.R.A. 
 269. 
 Religious belief. 37 L.R.A. 269. 
 Belief in spiritualism. 37 L.R.A. 270. 
 Belief in witchcraft. 37 L.R.A. 272. 
 Belief as to marital infidelity. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 273. 
 Belief as to illegitimacy. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 274. 
 Delusions as to misconduct of heirs. 
 
 37 L.R.A. 275. 
 Belief as to persecution and intent to 
 
 injure. 37 L.R.A. 278. 
 Delusions as to grandeur or power. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 281. 
 Delusions as to property. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 282. 
 Hallucinations and delusions of the 
 senses. 37 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 § 4. Morphinism and other addictions 
 as affecting responsibility and ca- 
 pacity. 
 
 Scope and general view of the subject. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 262. 
 Eifect on criminal responsibility. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 262. 
 Effect on capacity to contract. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 262. 
 Effect on testamentary capacity. 3V L.R.A. 
 
 263. 
 As a ground for divorce. 39 L.E.A. 264. 
 As affecting insurance. 39 L.R.A. 265. 
 As affecting competency of witness. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 265. 
 
 Begin ivith this took on every law question. 
 
 INCOMPETENT PERSONS— cont'd 
 III. Inquisition and lunacy proceed- 
 ings. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Appointment of guardian or committee, see 
 infra, §§ 22, 23. 
 
 Examination of insane persons. 9 L.R.A. 
 193.* 
 
 Opinion evidence by nonexpert as to con- 
 tractual or testamentary capacity in. 
 37 L.R.A.{N.S.) 598. 
 
 § 6. Notice of proceedings. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of notice to the 
 
 alleged lunatic. 23 L.R.A. 737; 26 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 232. 
 In general. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 232. 
 Sufficiency. 23 L.R.A. 744; 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 235. 
 Waiver. 23 L.R.A. 742; 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 236. 
 Collateral attack. 23 L.R.A. 743; 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 895; 26 L.R.A.(N. 
 
 S.) 237. 
 Notice to others. 23 L.R.A. 744. 
 
 § 7. Effect of inquisition. 
 
 To establish insanity of grantor of land. 
 19 L.R.A. 493. 
 
 On competency of witness. 37 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 On judgment against insane person 39 
 L.R.A. 783; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1097. 
 
 On validity of marriage of insane person. 
 40 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Right of insane person to institute pro- 
 ceedings by next friend after inquisi- 
 tion. 64 L.R.A. 526. 
 
 lY, Capacity; contracts; deeds. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to ca- 
 pacity, see Evidence, §§ 38, 39. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to capacity, see Evi- 
 dence, VIII. e. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to capacity, see 
 Evidence, §§ 291, 292, 297, 298. 
 
 Contracts with drunken persons, see Dbtjnk- 
 
 ENNESS, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Testamentary capacity of testator, see 
 Wills, §§ 9-15. 
 
 Validity of transactions with incompetents. 
 1 L.R.A. 610.* 
 
 Contracts by. 4 L.R.A. 637.* 
 
 Capacity to -make contract as affected by 
 mental conditions. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 174. 
 
 Renewal of obligations by. 34 L.R.A. 274. 
 
 Right of bona fide holder of promissory 
 note of insane person. 35 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Effect of insanity of party to revoke war- 
 rant of attorney to confess judgment. 
 13 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Validity of contract executed after insanity 
 in pursuance of an obligation assumed 
 while sane. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 962. 
 
 Validity of contract executed after insanity 
 in pursuance of an obligation assumed 
 while sane. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 962. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 701 
 
 INCOMPETENT PERSONS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Insanity of servant executing release on 
 accepting benefits of relief fund. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 201. 
 
 Power of guardian or committee to bind 
 incompetent person or his estate by 
 contract. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 436. 
 
 What circumstances will charge one with 
 notice that other contracting party is 
 of unsound mind. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1159. 
 
 Right to enforce mortgage given by incom- 
 petent person who had not been de- 
 clared such. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 Effect upon liability of surety of principal's 
 incapacity to contract. 20 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1000. 
 
 Statute of frauds as affecting guaranty of 
 contract of person under disability. 33 
 L.R.A. 359. 
 
 § 9. Insurance matters. 
 
 Effect of insanity on failure to pay insur- 
 "vnce premium when due. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 319. 
 
 Insanity of member as affecting decision of 
 lodge against him. 49 L.R.A. 371. 
 
 § 10. Deeds. 
 
 Validity of deed. 19 L.R.A. 489. 
 
 Generally. 19 L.R.A. 489. 
 
 Deed by insane person when under 
 guardianship. 19 L.R.A. 490. 
 
 Restoration of consideration. 19 
 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 Rights of bona fide purchasers. 19 
 L.R.A. 492. 
 
 Who may disaffirm. 19 L.R.A. 492. 
 
 Effect of inquisition to establish insan- 
 ity. 19 L.R.A. 493. 
 
 Belief in spiritualism, witchcraft, etc., 
 as affecting capacity to make will 
 or deed. 16 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 Deed In partition by. 57 L.R.A. 340. 
 May deed of real property executed by an 
 
 incompetent not judicially declared 
 
 such be avoided in action at law. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 Conveyance of homestead during insanity by 
 
 one of spouses. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 430. 
 Right of devisee or legatee to attack con- 
 
 vevance or transfer by testator. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 Mental incapacity of grantor as rendering 
 
 title unmarketable. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 26. 
 Power of court or guardian to consent to 
 
 conveyance by trustee under a trust 
 
 requiring consent by cestui que trust. 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 39. 
 
 T. Negligence oj or towards; torts. 
 
 % 11. Generally. 
 
 Effect of intoxication on pegligence, see 
 Dbxtnkenness, §§ 5-9. 
 
 Duty of person of impaired faculties when 
 crossing or traveling public, street to 
 avoid passing teams. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 163. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INCOMPETENT PERSONS, V.— cont'd 
 Mental incompetency as excuse for failure 
 to give notice of injury required as a 
 condition of municipal liability. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 
 § 12. Civil liability for torts or negli- 
 gence. 
 
 Civil liability of insane persons for torts 
 
 or negligence. 26 L.R.A. 153; 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 83. 
 Wrongful killing; assault. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 84. 
 Destruction of property. 42 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 84. 
 Trespass, trover, infringement. 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 Negligence. 26 L.R.A. 154; 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 85. 
 Libel. 26 L.R.A. 154; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 85. 
 Liability of lunatic for torts of committee, 
 guardian or employee. 42 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 87. 
 
 TI. Property rights. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction over estates of idiots, 
 lunatics, etc. 1 L.R.A. 610.* 
 
 Who may elect against will in behalf of an 
 insane widow. 17 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 Effect of imbecility of person for whose 
 benefit particular estate is created, who 
 is member of class at testator's death, 
 on time for ascertaining who belonged 
 to class under description as testator's 
 "heirs," "next of kin," "relations," etc. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 12. 
 
 Place of taxation of lunatic's property. 20 
 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 §14. Abandonment of homestead. 
 
 Abandonment, conveyance, or encumbrance 
 of homestead during insanity of one of 
 the spouses. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 430. 
 
 Effect of insanity and imprisonment as 
 abandonment of. homestead. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 515. 
 
 § 15. Use of property. 
 
 To carry out his presumed wishes or to 
 
 fulfil his equitable obligations in 
 
 the absence of a legal liability. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 297. 
 Power, generally. 34 L.R.A. 297. 
 In support of his family. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 297. 
 In support of illegitimate children, etc, 
 
 34 L.R.A. 298. 
 For allowances to persons entitled to 
 
 inheritance. 34 L.R.A. 298. 
 For allowances to collateral relations. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 299. 
 For allowances to person not related. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 299. 
 For charitable and religious purposes. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 300. 
 To continue arrangements made while 
 
 sane. 34 L.R.A. 300. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INCOMPETENT PEE30NS. VI.— cont'd 
 § 16. Sale of propexty. 
 
 Power of legislature to authorize guardian 
 to sell real estate of incompetent. 16 
 L.R.A. 254. 
 
 Necessity of notice to insane person of ap- 
 plication for sale of his property to pay 
 debts. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 147. 
 
 Til. Confinement; support. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionalit;^ of statutes as to support, 
 see Constitutional Law, § 101. 
 
 Sentence and imprisonment for crime, see 
 Criminal Law, § 72. 
 
 Conlinement of insane persons. 9 L.R.A. 
 193.* 
 
 Effect of confinement on competency of in- 
 sane person as witness. 37 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 Habeas corpus to procure release of one 
 committed to insane asylum upon ac- 
 quittal on the ground of insanity. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 578. 
 
 Validity of statute for commitment of in- 
 ebriates to public or private institu- 
 tions. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 984. 
 
 Recommitment without further liearing of 
 person discharged from insane hospital. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 468. 
 
 VIII. Actions and proceedings ; judg- 
 ments. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 As to lunacy proceedings, see supra, §§ 5-7. 
 
 Action by insane persons. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 nsi. 
 
 .-Vetion for divorce on behalf of insane per- 
 son. 34 L.R.A. 166. 
 
 Admissions and waivers by representatives 
 in actions. 32 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 Continuance because of insanity of party. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 667. 
 
 S 19. Right to institute proceeaings by 
 nest friend. 
 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Before inquisition of lunacy. 64 L.R.A. 518. 
 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 518. 
 
 In actions affecting real estate. 64 
 L.R.A. 524. 
 After inquisition of lunacy. 64 L.R.A. 526. 
 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 526. 
 
 Where interests of coram titee and luna- 
 tic dash. 64 L.R.A. 527. 
 
 Where committee refuses to act. 64 
 L.R.A. 528. 
 
 Where no committee has been appoint- 
 ed. 64 L.R.A. 528. 
 
 Where committee has died or been re- 
 moved. 64 L.R.A. 528. 
 
 In case of nonresident having no com- 
 mittee within jurisdiction. 64 
 L.R.A. 529. 
 Distinction between suits in equitv and at 
 law. 64 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 In equity. 64 L.R.A. 530. 
 
 At law. 64 L.R. \. .532. 
 
 INCOMPETENT PERSONS, VIII.— cont'd 
 
 § 20. Judgments. 
 
 Insanity as affecting judgments. 39 L.R.A. 
 775; 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1090. 
 
 Validity of judgment against lunatic. 39 
 L.R.A. 775. 
 
 Judgment rendered in a civil action as evi- 
 dence of insanity in criminal prosecu- 
 tion. 26 L.R. A. (N.S.) 461. 
 
 Effect of inquisition on validity of judg- 
 ment against insane person. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1097. 
 
 IX. Guardian or committee. 
 
 § 21. Generally. 
 
 Lunacy proceedings, see supra, §§ 5-7. 
 
 Guardianship as affecting testamentarv ca- 
 pacity. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 
 § 22. Appointment. 
 
 What incapacity will justify appointment 
 of guardian. 13 L.R.A. 757.* 
 
 Validity of deed by insane person when un- 
 der guardianship. 19 L.R.A. 490. 
 
 § 23. — right to appeal. 
 
 Right of applicant to appeal in proceedings 
 to appoint guardian for. 15 L.R.A. ( N. 
 S.) 436. 
 
 Who is a "person aggrieved" within a stat- 
 ute allowing an appeal by such person 
 in proceedings for the appointment of 
 a guardian for an alleged incompetent. 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 155. 
 
 § 24. Powers of. 
 
 Power and authoritv of guardian of insane 
 person. 1 L.R.A. 270.* 
 
 Right of guardian to remove incompetent 
 from state. 58 L.R.A. 931. 
 
 Power of guardian to elect against will in 
 behalf of insane widow. 37 L.R.A. 297; 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Power of guardian or conservator to adeem 
 legacy. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 401. 
 
 Power of guardian or committee to bind 
 incompetent person or his estate by 
 contract. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 436. 
 
 Right of guardian of mentally incompetent 
 person to maintain action for damages 
 against one to whom ward has trans- 
 ferred property. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1058. 
 
 Power of guardian to consent to conveyance 
 by trustee under a trust requiring con- 
 sent by cestui que trust. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 39. 
 
 INCONSISTENCY. 
 
 liegtn with this hook on every law question 
 
 Election between inconsistent remedies, see 
 
 Election of Remedies. 
 Estoppel by, see Estoppel, §§ 30, 31. 
 Right to plead inconsistent defenses, see 
 
 Pleading, § 4. 
 Contradiction of witness by proof of, see 
 
 Witnesses, § 43. 
 
INCONSISTENCY— cont'd 
 Between ordinances and statutes for pun- 
 ishment of same offense. 17 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 67. 
 Between special findings. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 50. 
 Inconsistent testimony in other suit as 
 
 ground for new trial. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 692. 
 Sufficiency of inconsistency between general 
 
 and special verdict. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 67. 
 In entries in legislative journals. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 36. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INCRIMINATION. 
 
 See Criminal Law, §§ 49-53. 
 «-•-• 
 
 im 
 
 INCONTESTABLE CLAUSE. 
 
 In insurance policy, see Iksubanoe, § 103. 
 
 INCONTINENCE. 
 
 Antenuptial, as ground for divorce or an- 
 nulment of marriage. 18 L.R.A. 375. 
 
 INCONVENIENCE. 
 
 As element of damages for carrying pas- 
 senger beyond destination. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1230. 
 
 INCORPORATION. 
 
 Of corporation generally, see Coepobations, 
 
 § 5. 
 Of county, see Counties, § 3. 
 Of municipality, see Municipal Cobpoba- 
 
 TIONS, § 6. 
 Of town, see Towns, § 2. 
 
 INCUMBRANCE. 
 
 See Encumbrance. 
 
 ♦-►♦ 
 
 IN CUSTODIA LEGIS. 
 
 See Custody of Law. 
 
 INDEBTEDNESS. 
 
 ♦ « ♦— 
 
 INCORPORATORS. 
 
 See CoBPOBATioNS, §§ 62-65. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 INCREASE. 
 
 Of animals, see Animals, § 6. 
 Of stock, see Cobpoeations, § 70. 
 
 INCREASED PUNISHMENT. 
 
 For habitual criminals or prior offenders, 
 see Ceiminal Law, § 83. 
 
 INCREASE OF RISK. 
 
 Ab affecting insurance, see Insurance, 
 §§ 83, 89, 102. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 See Debts. 
 
 < » » 
 
 INDECENCY. 
 
 See Obscene Litebatuee. 
 
 «-»-» 
 
 INDECENT ASSAULT. 
 
 Liability of infant for. 36 L.R.A. 205. 
 Admissibility of declarations of infant too 
 
 young to be sworn as witness at the 
 
 trial. 65 L.R.A. 318. 
 Evidence of plaintiff's character in action 
 
 for. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 753. 
 Mental anguish as element of damages for. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 
 < « » 
 
 INDECENT PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 See Obscene Liteeatube. 
 
 *-»-^ — = 
 
 INDEFINITENESS. 
 
 In charitable gift, see Charities, §§ 6-9. 
 Of contract, see Conteacts, §§ 20, 21. 
 
 INDEMNITY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 To sureties on bail bond, see Bail and Re- 
 
 -OGNIZANCE, § 9. 
 
 By 'bo;5ds generally, see Bonds, II. 
 
 Validity of indemnity contract, see Con- 
 tracts, § 78. 
 
 Insurance as, generally, see Insueance. 
 
 Indemnity insurance, see Insurance, X. 
 
 Against mechanics' liens, see Mechanics' 
 Liens, § 4. 
 
 Of surety, see Pbincipal and Surety, § 21. 
 
 Claims against fund for indemnity of Ala- 
 bama claims. 3 L.R.A. 460.* 
 
704 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ! XDEMNITY— cont'd 
 
 Validity of agreement to indemnify bail in 
 a criminal case. 14 L.R.A. 78; 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 58. 
 
 Warranty as inducement to copartner to en- 
 ter into a contract as a promise to in- 
 demnify. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1151. 
 
 Breach of covenant to indemnify or save 
 harmless on assumption of debts on 
 dissolution of firm. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 107. 
 
 Broker's right to commission where sale 
 or loan fails because of owner's re- 
 fusal to give indemnity against possible 
 mechanics' liens or other encumbrances. 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 187. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute forbidding 
 avoidance of liability to employee or 
 reduction of his damages by relief or 
 indemnity contract. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 706; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 867. 
 
 Right of one injured on highway to proceed 
 in first instance against person ulti- 
 mately liable. 16 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Right of personal representative to indem- 
 nity from estate for debts contracted 
 in carrying on business. 40 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 232, 233. 
 
 § 2. Liability over to person second- 
 arily liable. 
 
 Contribution between persons liable, see 
 
 CONTRIBTJTION. 
 
 Recovery over against one joint tort feasor, 
 see Joint Cbeditobs and Debtors, § 7. 
 
 Right of receiver to be indemnified for costs 
 of defending action charging him with 
 fraud or misconduct. 2 B. E. C. 423. 
 
 Right to recover from obligor under collat- 
 eral contract the damages which the 
 obligee was compelled to pay because of 
 his breach of a contract with a third 
 person, in consequence of the failure or 
 delay in performance of the collateral 
 contract. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment against con- 
 structive tort feasor in subsequent ac- 
 tion for indemnity. 40 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 1172. 
 
 § 3. —to employer. 
 
 Effect of provision in contract that employer 
 shall be indemnified for all loss caused 
 by negligence of contractor. 65 L.R.A. 
 506. 
 
 Effect on status as independent contractor 
 of provision in contract that employer 
 shall be indemnified for all losses 
 caused by negligence of the person em- 
 ployed. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 381. 
 
 Right of employer who has been held liable 
 for tort of servant or contractor to re- 
 cover over from him. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1153. 
 
 § 4. — to municipality. 
 
 In case of injury on highway, see High- 
 ways, § 95. 
 
 Right of municipality to recover indemnity 
 from one for whose tort is has been 
 held liable. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1165. 
 
 INDEMNITY— cont'd 
 
 § 5. Specific performance of contract 
 for. 
 
 Specific performance of contract to give. 6 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592. 
 To surety. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 590. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action for' specific perform- 
 ance of contract for sale of corporate 
 stock to indemnify vendor against lia- 
 bility on stock. 50 L.R.A. 506. 
 
 § 6. Running of limitations on claim 
 for. 
 
 Contingency of claim for, as affecting time 
 for presentation to decedent's estate. 
 58 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 Time when limitation begins to run on lia- 
 bility for breach of contract of. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 INDEMNITY BONDS. 
 
 See Bonds, II. 
 
 <« » 
 
 INDEMNITY INSURANCE. 
 
 See Insueancb, §§ 211-219. 
 
 INDEPENDENT ADVICE. 
 
 Independent advice as condition of valid gift 
 inter vivos between parties occupying 
 confidential relations. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1087. 
 
 INDEPENDENT AGREEMENT. 
 
 As defense to promissory note. 43 L.R.A. 
 464. 
 
 Begin ivith this 'book, on every law question. 
 
 INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR. 
 
 Liability for injury in highway due to neg- 
 ligence of, see Highways, §§ 60, 93. 
 
 Liability for injury to tenant, see Landlord 
 AND Tenant, § 73. 
 
 Employer's liability for acts of, see Master 
 AND Servant, §§ 185-195. 
 
 Municipal liability for acts of, see Munic- 
 ipal Corporations, § 85. 
 
 Who are independent contractors, see Mas- 
 ter AND Servant, § 195. 
 
 Liability of, for injuries, see Master and 
 Servant, §§ 196-198. 
 
 Liability for injury to servants of, see Mas- 
 ter and Servant, § 202. 
 
 In mine, see Mines, § 42. 
 
 Liability for acts of, as to timber, see Tim- 
 ber, § 7. 
 
 Servant of employer and servant of con- 
 tractor as fellow servants. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 334. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 705 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 As part of public record, 
 Recokding Laws, § ; 
 
 see Records and 
 
 As part of record of title. 14 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 Liability of registrar of deeds for neglect, 
 delay, or mistake in indexing instru- 
 ment affecting title to real property. 
 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 127. 
 
 INDIAN KESERVATION. 
 
 Location of mining claim on. 7 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 786. 
 Jurisdiction over. 11 L.R.A. 542.* 
 Cutting of timber on. 70 L.R.A. 909. 
 Jurisdiction to punish crimes committed on 
 
 reservations within state limits. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 169. 
 
 INDIANS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Indian country, jurisdiction over. 11 
 L.R.A. 542.* 
 
 Question relating to, as Federal question. 
 62 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Tn tribal relation not citizens of state. 7 
 L.R.A. 125.* 
 
 i'urehase of real property from. 10 L.R.A. 
 132.* 
 
 Right to remedies in court. 13 L.R.A. 542.* 
 
 Exemption of, from taxation. 13 L.R.A. 
 512.* 
 
 \'alidity of divorce according to Indian cus- 
 toms. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 United 
 
 21 
 
 § 2. Jurisdiction to punish crimes, 
 committed by or against. 
 
 When the crime is committed in 
 
 States territory. 21 L.R.A. 169. 
 On reservations within state limits. 
 
 L.R.A. 169. 
 Crimes by Indians against Indians. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 171. 
 United States or territorial courts. '. 
 
 L.R.A. 173. 
 Crimes committed by nontribal Indian 
 
 oflf reservation. 21 L.R.A. 173. 
 Regulation of commerce. 21 L.R.A. 173. 
 
 INDICTMENT, INFORMATION, AND 
 COMPLAINT. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-9. 
 II. Formal requisites, §S 9a- 13. 
 III. Particular offenses, §§ 13-3S. 
 IT. Quashing; amendment; joinder; 
 duplicity, §§ 29-31. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 Necessity for indictment, see Ceiminal 
 Law, § 35 
 
 INDICTMENT, ETC., I.— cont'd 
 
 Delay in indicting or filing information as 
 
 ground for discharge, see Cbimiral 
 
 Law, § 45. 
 Matters affecting grand jury, see Geand 
 
 JuEY. 
 Evidence before grand jury, see Grand 
 
 JUET, §§ 7, 8. 
 
 Informality of commitment as justification 
 of prison breach. 15 L.R.A. 191. 
 
 Limitation of general allegations in, by spe- 
 cific allegations. 28 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 Failure to indict as evidence of want of 
 probable cause for prosecution. 64 
 L.R.A. 488. 
 
 Variance as to name of deceased as a 
 ground of reversal in homicide. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 187. 
 Effect of an incomplete bill of excep- 
 tions. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 190. 
 Doctrine of idem sonans. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 190. 
 Misleading character of variance as af- 
 fecting materiality. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 191. 
 Theory that it is a question of fact 
 for the jury. 38 L.R.A. ( N.S. i 
 191. 
 
 Right of private person to exhibit criminal 
 information in court of record. 1!) 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1050. 
 
 Right of indicted person to inspect minutes 
 of grand jury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 
 For other crime, effect on admissibility of 
 evidence of such crime. 62 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Power of legislature to provide for indict- 
 ment in county or district other than 
 that in which crime is alleged to have 
 been committed. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 669. 
 
 Responsiveness of special verdict to. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 43. 
 
 Complaint or information based on infor- 
 mation and belief as the basis for the 
 issuance of a, warrant, or for an ex- 
 amination preliminary thereto. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 159; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 60. 
 
 Effect of loss of. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1079. 
 
 § 2. In extradition proceedings. 
 
 Complaint for warrant of arrest in extra- 
 dition proceedings 1 L.R.A. 372.* 
 
 Right of court of asylum state, in inter- 
 state extradition proceedings, to ex- 
 amine sufficiency of indictment. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 424. 
 
 Validity and sufficiency of indictment for 
 purposes of extradition. 28 L.R.A. 
 803. 
 
 8 3. Against corporations. 
 
 Proceedings by indictment and fine against 
 corporations. 3 L.R.A. 646.* 
 
 11 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 45 
 
 § 4. Knowledse or intent. 
 
 Necessity of allegation of knowledge 
 
 L.R.A. 191.* 
 Necessity of alleging intent. 11 L.R.A 
 
 532.* 
 
706 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INDICTMENT, ETC., I.— cont'd 
 § 5. Charging time and place. 
 
 Charging commission of offense at an im- 
 possible date. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 251. 
 Charge of time and place in indictment for 
 homicide. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1019. 
 Time. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1020. 
 
 Of act causing death. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1020. 
 General and common-law rules, 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1020. 
 Use of "then and there." 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1021. 
 Of death. .3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1022. 
 General rules. 3 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 1022. 
 "Then and there" as a charge 
 of time of death. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1023. 
 Correspondence between allegation 
 and proof. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1024. 
 Statutory relaxation of rule. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1025. 
 Place. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1025. 
 
 Of act causing* death. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1025. 
 General rules. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1025. 
 "Then and there" and "afore- 
 said." 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1027. 
 Of death. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1027. 
 General rules. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1027. 
 "Then and there" as an aver- 
 ment of place. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1029. 
 Exceptions created by statute. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1029. 
 
 § 6. Designation of persons. 
 
 Designation of person by use of initials. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 694. 
 Necessity of naming person to whom forged 
 
 instrument was passed. 31 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 1046. 
 Must indictment or information for unlaw- 
 ful sale of intoxicating liquors 
 state name of person to whom sale 
 is made. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 581. 
 
 Sale prohibited to class. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 581. 
 
 Sale within prohibited distance. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 582. 
 
 Charge against one as common dealer, 
 etc. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 582. 
 
 Sale contrary to prohibitory statute or 
 ordinance. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 582. 
 
 Sales in local option districts. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 582. 
 
 Sale without license or bond. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 582. 
 
 Sales on prohibited days. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 583. 
 
 Sales in prohibited quantities. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 583. 
 
 Sales by druggists on prescription. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 583. 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question 
 
 INDICTMENT, ETC., I.— cont'd 
 
 Statute dispensing with necessity of 
 
 naming buyer. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 584. 
 When buyer's name is unknown. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 584. 
 Necessity of proving that person bore both 
 real name and the alias by which the 
 indictment purports to describe him. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 
 § 7. Ownership. 
 
 May an indictment involving the felonious 
 taking of property lay ownership in 
 one in possession of property as agent, 
 bailee, etc. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 311. 
 
 May an indictment or information for ob- 
 taining money under false pretenses 
 lay ownership in one who was in pos- 
 session of the property as agent, bailee, 
 .etc. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 645. 
 
 § 8. Negation of defenses or excep- 
 tions. 
 
 Necessity of negativing exceptions. 9 
 L.R.A. 853.* 
 Matters of defense. 9 L.R.A. 855.* 
 Exceptions in distinct clauses or stat- 
 utes. 9 L.R.A. 855.* 
 
 § 9. Consolidated trials. 
 
 Consolidated trial upon several indictments 
 against same defendant. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 412. 
 
 //. Formal requisites, 
 
 § 9a. Generally. 
 
 Signing indictment or information in name 
 of deputy. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 886. 
 
 § 10. Showing name in which brought. 
 
 SuflSciency of showing of name in which, 
 and authority by which, prosecution 
 carried on. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1035. 
 
 Necessity that indictment or information 
 show on its face that prosecution is 
 carried on in the name and by tlie 
 authority of the state. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1034. 
 
 § II. Necessity, mode, and record of 
 bringing into court. 
 
 Necessity that indictment be brought into 
 open court. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 683. 
 
 Indorsement by clerk as "filed" as proof 
 that it was returned. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 683. 
 
 Presence of the grand jury. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 684. 
 
 Necessity that return be made by foreman. 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 684., 
 
 Presumptions as to regularity of proceed- 
 ings. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 684. 
 
 Necessity that record show the return into 
 
 open court. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 685. 
 
 Illustrations of a sufficient record. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 686. 
 Alabama cases. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 687. 
 
 Amendment to the record. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 707 
 
 INDICTilENT, ETC., II.— cont'd 
 Waiver. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 688. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 689. 
 
 g 12. Verification. 
 
 Waiver of veriiication of information. ."1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 805. 
 Amendment of verification of indictment to 
 
 cure defect for which motion in arrest 
 
 of judgment has been made. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 182. 
 
 111. Particalar offenses. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 For statutory offense. 11 L.R.A. 530;* 13 
 
 L.R.A. 607.* 
 May indictment involving felonious taJsing 
 
 of property lay ownership in one in 
 
 possession of property as agent, bailee, 
 
 etc. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 
 § 14. AssaultJ 
 
 Charging assault with intent to kill, when 
 actual intent directed against another. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 630. 
 
 § 15. Burglary, 
 
 Pleading value of goods taken or sought 
 to be taken in indictment for burglary. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 
 May an indictment involving the felonious 
 taking of property lay ownership in one 
 in possession of property as agent, 
 bailee, etc. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 311. 
 
 § 16. Dams. 
 
 For damming back water of stream. 59 
 L.E.A. 886. 
 
 § 17. Embezzlement. 
 
 For embezzling mail matter. 1 L.R.A. 105.* 
 C'liaracter of occupation of premises as af- 
 fecting correct wording of indictment 
 in prosecution for embezzlement. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 707. 
 
 § 18. Extortion. 
 
 For extortion. 4 L.R.A. 360;* 11 L.R.A. 
 6.58.* 
 
 § 19. False pretenses. 
 
 In general. 10 L.R.A. 305,* 306.* 
 Necessity of setting forth pretenses. 10 
 
 L.R'.A. 305.* 
 Description of property. ' 10 L.R.A. 305.* 
 Necessity of alleging ownership. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 SOS.'*-' 
 Names of parties. 10 L.R.A. 305.* 
 Necessity of direct averments. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 .306.* 
 Necessity of averring that false pretense 
 was inducement and was relied on. 10 
 L.R.A. 306.* 
 For expression of opinion as false pre- 
 tenses. 35 L.R.A. 435. 
 Indictment for false pretenses; necessity 
 and sufficiency of allegations as to 
 causal connections betv/een the false 
 pretenses and the loss. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 363. 
 Constat also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INDICTMENT, ETC., III.— cont'd 
 May indictment or information for obtain- 
 ing money under false pretenses lay 
 ownership in one who was in posses- 
 sion of the property as agent, bailee, 
 etc. 22 L.R.A, (N.S.) 045. 
 
 § 20. Forgery. 
 
 Sufficiency of common-law indictment for 
 
 perjury to support conviction for a 
 
 similar statutory offense. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 946. 
 Sufficiency of averment in indictment or 
 information for perjury as to ju- 
 risdiction or authority to admin- 
 ister oath. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) H-2. 
 
 Jurisdiction. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 142. 
 
 Authority to administer oath. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 Necessity of setting out copy of forged in- 
 strument. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 215. 
 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 215. 
 
 When substance is sufficient. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 216. 
 
 Indorsements. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 217. 
 
 Extraneous writings. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 217. 
 
 Alterations. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 218. 
 
 Sufficiency of allegation introducing 
 copy. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 219. 
 
 Sufficiency of copy. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 220. 
 
 Variance in signatures. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 226. 
 
 In foreign language. 31 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 226. 
 
 Railroad tickets. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 227. 
 
 Purport and tenor. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 227. 
 
 'Statutory provisions. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 228. 
 Necessity of naming person to whom in- 
 strument was passed. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1046. 
 
 Indictment for uttering forged in- 
 strument. 31 L.R.A.(N.S,) 1046. 
 
 Indictment for forgery. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1049. 
 Statutory rule. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1050. 
 
 § 21. Homicide. 
 
 Charging negligent homicide; form of. 61 
 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 For homicide in commission of unlawful 
 act. 63 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 For homicide in resisting arrest. 66 L.R.A. 
 381. 
 
 For homicide in carrying out unlawful con- 
 spiracy. 68 L.R.A. 214. 
 
 For homicide in commission of or attempt 
 to commit abortion. 63 L.R.A. 911. 
 
 Necessity that indictment for homicide 
 cover lower or different degree found 
 by jury. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 16. 
 
 Charge of time and place in indictment for 
 homicide. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1019. 
 
 § 21a. Infringement of union labels. 
 
 Form of indictment for. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.)i 
 1202. 
 
708 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INDICTMENT, ETC., III.— cont'd 
 § 22. Intoxicating liquors. 
 
 Form and sufficiency of indictment under 
 
 liquor laws. 10 L.R.A. 242/ 247.* 
 Duplicity. 10 L.R.A. 242.* 
 Allegation of time. 10 L.R.A. 243.* 
 Allegation with continuando. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 243.* 
 Allegation of place. 10 L.R.A. 244.* 
 Allegation of person. 10 L.R.A. 244.* 
 Name of seller. 10 L.R.A. 245.* 
 Names of buyers and frequenters. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 245.* 
 Allegation of scienter. 10 L.R.A. 245.* 
 Negative averments. 10 L.R.A. 246.* 
 Averments as to quantity. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 246.* 
 Averments as to quality. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 247.* 
 Must indictment or information for unlaw- 
 ful sale of intoxicating ^ liquors state 
 name of person to whom sale Is made. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 581. 
 Sufficiency of indictment or complaint 
 against carrier for transporting intoxi- 
 cating liquors. 46 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 § 23. Larceny. 
 
 For stealing mail matter. 1 L.R.A. 105.* 
 Sufficiency of description of money in an 
 
 indictment for larceny. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 933. 
 Rules as to value. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 935. 
 Necessity of stating kind, denomina- 
 tion, or species. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 936. 
 Necessity of alleging particular bank. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 937. 
 Rule that accused must be protected. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 938. 
 Rules under statutes. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 939. 
 Where definite description is unknown. 
 
 36 L.R,A.(N.S.) 943. 
 Sufficiency of description of property in in- 
 dictment for larceny from person. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 301. 
 May an indictment involving the felonious 
 taking of property lay ownership in 
 one in possession of property as agent, 
 bailee, etc. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 
 § 24. Lottery. 
 
 For maintaining lottery. 3 L.R.A. 403.* 
 
 § 25. Nuisances. 
 
 To abate common nuisance. 4 L.R.A. 210:* 
 9 L.R.A. 717.* 
 
 § 26. Perjury. 
 
 Sufficiency of common-law indctments for 
 perjury to support conviction for a sim- 
 ilar statutory offense. 33 L.R.A. 946. 
 
 Sufficiency of averment in indictment as to 
 jurisdiction or authority to administer 
 oath. 32L.R.A. 142. 
 
 I INDICTMENT, ETC., HI.— cont'd 
 
 I § 28. Robbery. 
 
 'Sufficiency of indictment. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 301. 
 May indictment lay ownership in one in 
 
 possession as agent, bailee, etc. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 
 IV. Quashing; amendment; joinder; 
 duplicity, 
 
 / 
 § 29. Quashing. 
 
 Right to quash part of a count of an indict- 
 ment, leaving the remainder of the 
 count intact. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 469. 
 
 Termination of criminal prosecution by 
 quashing of indictment so as to sup- 
 port suit for malicious prosecution. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 937. 
 
 § 80. Correction; amendment. 
 
 Effect upon prisoner's rights of necessity 
 of amendment of charge upon which he 
 was extradited. 25 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Power to correct by dismissal as to part. 
 35 L.R.A. 712. 
 
 Amendment of, to cure defect for which 
 motion in arrest of judgment has been 
 made. 67 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 Effect on conviction of failure to give ac- 
 cused an opportunity to plead after 
 amendment of indictment. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 815. 
 
 § 31. Joinder; duplicity. 
 
 Joinder of offenses of same general char- 
 acter. 9 L.R.A. 182.* 
 Felonies and misdemeanors. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 182.* 
 Separate offenses of same class. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 183.* 
 Separate misdemeanors. 9 L.K.A. 
 183.* 
 Joining counts at common law and under 
 
 the statutes. 9 L.R.A. 184.* 
 Charging same offense in different counts. 
 
 9 L.R.A. 184.* 
 
 Charging commission of several acts in 
 
 single count. 9 L.R.A. 185.* 
 Duplicity in indictment under liquor laws. 
 
 10 L.R.A. 242.* 
 
 < • » 
 
 INDIGENT PERSONS. 
 
 See PooB AND Pocw Laws. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 INDORSEMENT. 
 
 Of note, see Bills and Notes, §§ 26-42. 
 Of bill of lading, see Bills of Lading. 
 In blank, see Blanks, § 3. 
 Of check, see Checks, § 6. 
 
 § 2 7. Prize fighting. Purchase of money order from agent of in- 
 
 For prize fighting. 15 L.R.A. 517. dorsee. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 136. 
 
 Begin with this hooih on every law question. 
 
 1 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 709 
 
 INDUCEMENT. 
 
 For confession, see Evidence, § 207. 
 
 ♦-•-* ■ 
 
 INDUCTION. 
 See EtBCTKlciTT, § 5. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 INDULGENCE. 
 
 Discharge of surety by indulgence to prin- 
 cipal, see PBINCIPAi AND SUKETY, 
 §§ 14-16. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL INSURANCE. 
 
 Constitutionality of compulsory industrial 
 insurance. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 466. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL PLANT. 
 
 Injury to one examining industrial plant. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 466. 
 
 * « » 
 
 INEBRIATES. 
 
 See Habitual Deunkakds. 
 
 INEBRIETY. 
 
 See Deunkbnness. 
 
 INEXPERIENCE. 
 
 INEQUITABLE CONDUCT. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of 
 instrument accompanied by inequita- 
 ble conduct. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 858. 
 
 INEVITx\BLE ACCIDENT. 
 
 Effect of, on carrier's liability, see Cak- 
 
 EIEES, § 111. 
 See also Act of God. 
 
 What is. 11 L.R.A. 616.* 
 Liability of carrier for injuries arising 
 from. 2 L.R.A. 252. 
 
 INEXACT SCIENCES. , 
 
 Books of, as evidence. 40 L.R.A. 561. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances of inexperi- 
 ence of servant. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 772. 
 
 IN EXTREMIS. 
 
 Testamentary capacity of person executing 
 will in extretms. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) .32, 
 98. 
 
 INFAMOUS CRIME. 
 
 What constitutes, within constitutional 
 provisions. 17 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 INFANTS. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-5. 
 II. Custody; support, §§ 6-13. 
 a. Custody of, §§ 6-10. 
 h. Support and protection of, 
 §§ 11-13. 
 
 III. Capacity and disabilities; con- 
 
 tracts; liabilities, §§ 14- 
 
 a. In general, §§ 14, 15. 
 
 b. Contracts, §§ 16-23. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 16-19. 
 
 2. Affirmance; disaffirni- 
 
 ance, §§ 20-23. 
 
 c. Liability for torts, § 24. 
 
 IV. Property and conveyance of same, 
 
 §§ 25-29. 
 V. Actions by or against; judgments, 
 §§ 30-36. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 30-34. 
 
 b. Judgments, §§ 35, 36. 
 
 VI. Liability for killing or injuring 
 child, §§ 37-41. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 37-30. 
 
 b. Contributory negligence, § 
 
 40. 
 
 c. Assumption of risfc by in- 
 
 fant, §41. ' 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Abandonment of, see Abandonment, § 12. 
 
 Enlistment of, see Army and Navy, § 2. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 Constitutional Law, §§ 45, 46. 
 
 Punishment of, for crime, see Criminal 
 Law, § 73. 
 
 Domicil of, see Domicil and Rksidbncb, 
 § 2. 
 
 Confessions by, see Evidence, § 210. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of, see Evi- 
 dence, § 218. 
 
 Guardians of, see Guardian and Ward. 
 
 Insurance on life of, see Insurance, § 37. 
 
 Sale of liquor to, see Intoxicating Li- 
 quors, §§ 28, 29. 
 
 Kidnapping of, see Kidnapping. 
 
 Larceny by, see Larceny, § 5. 
 
710 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INFANTS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Master's liability for negligence of infant 
 
 employee, see Master and Servant, 
 
 g 179. 
 Relation of, to parent generally, see Parent 
 
 AND Child. 
 Adoption of, see Parent and Child, §§ 16- 
 
 18. 
 Rape of female infant, see Rape, § 3. 
 As pupils, see Schools. 
 
 Legal status of adopted child. 17 L.R.A. 
 435. 
 
 Contest by infant beneficiary of will con- 
 taining provision for forfeiture by any 
 contesting beneficiary. 68 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 Necessity for administration in devolution 
 of personalty when decedent was a 
 minor. 15 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 Personal liability of executor or adminis- 
 trator to distributees for interest 
 where settlement of estate is delayed 
 by infancy of distributees. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 361. 
 
 Admissibility of dying declarations of. 56 
 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 Inference from minority of incompetency of 
 servant to perform duties of a par- 
 ticular employment. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 331. 
 
 Validity of statutes establishing tribunals 
 for juvenile offenders. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 564. 
 
 Payment of money deposited to credit of 
 minor to person other than guardian. 
 29 L.R.A,(N.S.) 67. 
 
 Restraint on freedom of, as impairment of 
 child's constitutional rights. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 886. 
 
 § 2. Child labor. ^ 
 
 Statutes as to employment of children, see 
 Master and Servant, § 12. 
 
 Injury to minor employee, see Master and 
 Servant, §§ 50, 51, 55, 76-78, 122, 124. 
 
 § 8, Ejection for nonpayment of fare 
 of. 
 
 Ejection of custodian for nonpayment of 
 child's fare. 38 L.R.A. 140. 
 
 Sufficiency of tender of fare by custodian 
 of child to prevent ejection. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 995. 
 
 § 4. Insurance on life of. 
 
 See Insurance, § 37. 
 
 § 5. When majority reached. 
 
 See Majority, § 1. 
 
 II. Custody; sv/pport. 
 a. Custody. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Validity of contract as to, see Conteacts, 
 §§ 87, 87a. 
 
 Confliot of laws as to, see Conflict op 
 Laws, § 17. 
 
 In case of divorce, see Divorce and Sepa- 
 ration, §§ 55, 56. 
 
 Begin with this TtooTe on every law question. 
 
 INFANTS, II. a— cont'd 
 Conclusiveness of habeas corpus decree as 
 to, see Judgment, § 26. 
 
 Right to custody of. 5 L.R.A. 781.* 
 Custody of illegitimate child; who entitled 
 
 to.' 65 L.R.A. 689. 
 Placing one's child in another's custody as 
 implying contract not to reclaim child. 
 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1004. 
 Effect of contract on parent's right to cus- 
 tody of child. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 578. 
 Taking of child by or at instance of one 
 parent from custody of other as kidnap- 
 ping. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 845. 
 Liability for enticement of minor from par- 
 ent's service. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 205. 
 Right of minor unlawfully enlisted in Ar- 
 my or Navy to discharge upon habeas 
 corpus from custody of court martial 
 under charge of desertion or fraudu- 
 lent enlistment. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 Effect of father's attempt to appoint guard- 
 ian for child against the surviving 
 wife. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 288. 
 Denial of custody of child to parent for its 
 well-being. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 564. 
 General rule. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 565. 
 Welfare of infant. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 570. 
 Wishes of child. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 574. 
 Where the child is of tender age. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 575. 
 Where there is a contract or consent. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.). 578. 
 Immorality. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 590. 
 Cruelty. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 591. 
 Where the parent is a criminal. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 592. 
 Drunkenness and incompetency. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.'S.) 592. 
 Abandonment and desertion. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 594. 
 Separating children. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 597. 
 Provision in decrees of divorce and 
 separation. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 597. 
 English and Canadian statutes. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 598. 
 Adultery. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 601. 
 Immorality. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 Cruelty. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 604. 
 Drunkenness. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 605. 
 Incompetency. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 606. 
 Abandonment and desertion. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 606. 
 Separating the children. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 607. 
 Denial of custody to either. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) '608. 
 Changing decree. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 609. 
 Religion. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 610. 
 Where the child is in an institution. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 614. 
 
 § 7. Right to provide for by will. 
 
 Parent's right to will custody of child. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 203. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 711 
 
 INFANTS, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Effect of attempt by a father to appoint 
 guardian for child against the surviv- 
 ing mother. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 288. 
 
 § 8. In state institution. 
 
 State guardianship of children. 15 L.E.A. 
 593. 
 Conclusiveness of surrender by parents 
 to state or authorized institution. 
 15 L.R.A. 594. 
 Commitment to reformatories without con- 
 viction of crime. 16 L.R.A. 691. 
 
 § 9. Right to remove, from state. 
 
 Removal by statutory or testamentary 
 guardian. 58 L.R.A. 931. 
 
 In England. 58 L.R.A. 931. 
 
 In United States. 58 L.R.A. 935. 
 Removal by parent. 58 L.E.A. 937. 
 
 In general. 58 L.E.A. 937. 
 
 In divorce proceedings. 58 L.R.A. 939. 
 Removal by stranger. 58 L.R.A. 939. 
 Statutes. 58 L.R.A. 941. 
 
 § 10. In other jurisdiction. 
 
 Jurisdiction to award custody of child tem- 
 porarily within the state, but domiciled 
 elsewhere. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 690. 
 
 Recognition of right, emanating from for- 
 eign power, to the custody and con- 
 trol of a child. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 306. 
 
 h. Support and protection of. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Validity of contract as to, see Contracts, 
 
 §§ 87, 87a. 
 In case of divorce, see Divoece and Sepa- 
 
 BATION, § 57. 
 Support by parent of adult child, see Pae- 
 
 ENT AND Child, § 9. 
 
 Obligation to support. 7 L.R.A. 176.* 
 
 Parent's duty to support. 57 L.E.A. 728. 
 
 Eeeovery by mother against father for 
 money expended in support of chil- 
 dren. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 508. 
 
 Limitation of time for action to compel 
 support of illegitimate child. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 144. 
 
 § 12. Parent's duty to support as af- 
 fected by child's property interests. 
 
 Generally. 57 L.R.A. 729. 
 
 Obligation of parent who has ability to 
 
 support. 57 L.E.A. 729. 
 Application of child's property. 57 L.R.A. 
 730. 
 In general. 57 L.R.A. 730. 
 In particular cases. 57 L.R.A. 731. 
 Contract. 57 L.E.A. 731. 
 Express trust for maintenance. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 733. 
 Gift of parent for maintenance. 
 
 57 L.E.A. 733. 
 Where trustees have discretion. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 734. 
 Where there is a direction for ac- 
 cumulation, or no express au- 
 thority for use of income. 57 
 L.E.A. 735. 
 Consult also L.JR.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INFANTS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Where infant's rights are contin- 
 gent. 57 L.E.A. 736. 
 To what extent. 57 L.E.A. 738. 
 Need of child. 57 L.E.A. 738. 
 Past and future maintenance. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 739. 
 Income and principal. 57 L.R.A. 
 740. 
 Rights of creditors. 57 L.R.A. 741. 
 
 § 13. Criminal liability for lack of. 
 
 Criminal liability for neglect of child caus- 
 ing death. 61 L.E.A. 290. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of parent for fail-, 
 ure to support child where support is 
 furnished by others. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 841. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for failure to pro- 
 vide child with medical attendance and 
 remedies. 1 B. R. C. 747. 
 
 Effect of failure to provide medical attend- 
 ance for, to render one guilty of man- 
 slaughter. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 685. 
 
 Religious belief as excuse for failure to 
 furnish medical aid to child. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 633. 
 
 ///. Capacity; disabilities; contracts; 
 liabilities. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Actions and judgments by or against, see 
 infra, V. 
 
 Duty and liability of infant bailee, see 
 Bailment, § 8. 
 
 Criminal liability of children, see Ckimi- 
 NAL Law, § 7; Homicide, § 20; Eafe, 
 §2. 
 
 Estoppel of infant by fraud or misrepre- 
 sentations as to age, see Estoppel, 
 § 29. 
 
 Guardianship of, see Guardian and Wakd. 
 
 Eligibility to office, see Officers, § 6. 
 
 Competency of, as witnesses, see Wit- 
 nesses, § 13. 
 
 As deputy sheriff. 13 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 As partners, must do equity. 1 L.E.A. 
 863.* 
 
 As members of co-operative insurance com- 
 pany. 17 L.E.A. 547. 
 
 Right to locate mining claim. 7 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 816. 
 
 Eight of court to hold, as a matter of law, 
 that a child of tender years is inca- 
 pable of rendering valuable services. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 Enlistment of, without parent's consent, in 
 army or navy. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 454. 
 
 g 15. Marriage; emancipation. 
 
 Emancipation of. 7 L.R.A. 176.* 
 
 How far marriage of infant works emanci- 
 pation. 16 L.R.A. 578; 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 160. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to validity of marriage 
 of. 57 L.R.A. 172. 
 
 Validity of marriage of persons of non- 
 age. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 
712 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INFANTS, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Effect of parents' consent to marriage of 
 
 minor cliild. 22 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1206. 
 Eflfect of statute fixing age of consent in 
 
 defining statutory rape as determining 
 
 age of consent for marriage. 21 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 847. 
 
 6. Contracts. 
 1. In general, 
 
 § 16. Gfenerally. 
 
 Estoppel of infant by misrepresentations 
 
 as to age, see Estoppel, § 29. 
 Contracts between parent and child, see 
 
 Parent and Child, § 6. 
 Contracts of parent and child with third 
 
 persons, see Paeent and Child, §§ 7, 8.' 
 Power of child to bind parent by contracts, 
 
 see Parent and Child, § 8. 
 
 When acta and contracts voidable only. 5 
 L.R.A. 177.* 
 
 Obligation of persons dealing with infants. 
 5 L.R.A. 178.* 
 
 Estoppel to deny legal capacity to contract. 
 2 L.R.A. 347.* 
 
 Infant's act in inducing another to enter 
 into a contract with him by represent- 
 ing that he is of age as constituting 
 offense of false pretenses. 24 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1101. 
 
 Classification of infant's contracts. 12 
 L.E.A. 859.* 
 
 Execution of power of appointment by. 64 
 L.E.A. 907. 
 
 Implied agreement to pay for services ren- 
 dered by infant relative or member of 
 household. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 888. 
 
 Binding eflfect of stipulation in contract, as 
 to time for suit thereon. 1 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 525. 
 
 Eflfect of statute of frauds upon parol con- 
 tracts relating to, which may, but are 
 not intended to be, performed within a 
 year. 15 L.E.A.(N.S._) 318. 
 
 Lack of parent or guardian as enlarging 
 infant's capacity to contract for other 
 than necessaries. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 57. 
 
 Eflfect of part performance of contract for 
 services by. 24 L.E.A. 233. 
 
 Infant's right to repudiate contract to 
 work for, and sue on qtiantum meruit. 
 15 L.E.A. 211. 
 
 § 17. Statement of accounts. 
 
 Statement of accounts by. 27 L.E.A. 819. 
 
 Effect of infant's retaining an account to 
 
 render it an account stated. 29 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 340. 
 
 § 18. Necessaries. 
 
 Furnished to married woman, see Husband 
 and Wife, §§ 7, 8. 
 
 Liability for necessaries, generally. 5 
 
 L.E.A. 176;* 12 L.E.A. 859.* 
 Liability of infant upon negotiable paper 
 
 given for necessaries. 12 L.E.A. 859.* 
 Liability of infant husband for necessaries 
 
 furnished wife while living with him. 
 
 65 L.E.A. 550. 
 
 DO JU.K.A. OOU. L,J 
 
 Begin with this l>ook on every laio question. 
 
 INFANTS, III. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 Must the plaintiff in an action against an 
 infant for necessaries furnished show 
 them actually to have been required. 
 1 B. E. C. 156. 
 
 § 18a. — liability of parents or step- 
 parents. 
 
 Education or instruction as necessary. 42 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 Eight of one who employs minor without 
 parents' consent to allowance on ac- 
 count of expenditures for necessaries. 
 9 L.E.A.(N.S.) 411. 
 Liability of parent for necessaries fur- 
 nished minor child who is living 
 away from the parent's home. 40 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 488. 
 Abandonment or driving child away. 
 
 40 L.E.A.(N.S.) 489. 
 Voluntary absence. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 490. 
 Miscellaneous. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 Step-parent's liability for necessaries fur- 
 nished step-child. 42 L.EJ^.(N.S.) 
 535. 
 
 § 19. — what are. 
 
 What are. 5 L.R.A. 176;* 12 L.R.A. 860.* 
 Bicycles as necessaries. 47 L.R.A. 307. 
 
 3. Afflrmance; disafflrtnance. 
 
 § 2 0. Affirmance. 
 
 New promise after majority. 53 L.R.A. 
 365. 
 
 Effect of infant's retaining account to ren- 
 der it account stated. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 340. 
 
 § 21. Disaffirmance. 
 
 Avoidance of brokerage agency. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1219. 
 
 Avoidance by infant of release of cause of 
 Siction ea> delicto. ,11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 690. 
 
 Effect upon title to property purchased by 
 infant of his disaflBrmance, after ma- 
 jority, of his executory contract to pay 
 for the same. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 104. 
 
 § 22. — right to disaffirm. 
 
 Infant's right, to repudiate contract for 
 
 services and sue on quantum 
 
 meruit. 15 L.R.A. 211. 
 Contract to work for necessaries. 15 
 
 L.E.A. 211. 
 Beneficial and executed contracts. 15 
 
 L.E.A. 212. 
 Offsets and counterclaims. 15 L.E.A. 
 
 213. 
 Continuing service after majority. 15 
 
 L.R.A. ai4. 
 Right of woman to disaffirm marriage set- 
 tlement executed while she was an in- 
 fant. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1184. 
 Eiglit of infant to rescind purchase of cor- 
 porate stock. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) ]28. 
 
 § 23. — essentials to disaffirmance. 
 
 What necessary to disaffirm contract. 12 
 L.E.A. 136.* 
 
INDEX TO L.Rji.. NOTES. 
 
 713 
 
 INFANTS, III. b, 2— cont'd 
 Necessity of returning consideration in or- 
 der to disaffirm infant's contract. 
 26 L.R.A. H/. 
 
 General rule. 2ii L.E.A. 177. 
 
 Consideration still in possession. 26 
 L.K.A. 177. 
 
 Parting witli proijertv after reacliing 
 majority. 26 L.R.A. 17S. 
 
 Rescission may be effected before con- 
 sideration is returned. 26 L.R.A. 
 179. 
 
 Method of compelling restoration. 26 
 L.R.A. 180. 
 
 Rule where tlie property lias been lost 
 or squandered. 26 L.R.A. 180. 
 
 Necessity of placing otiier party in 
 statu quo. 20 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 Where infant never received considera- 
 tion. 26 L.R.A. 183. 
 
 Statutory provisions. 26 L.R.A. 183. 
 
 As between grantees of infant. 26 
 L.R.A. 184. 
 
 Executed contracts. 26 L.R.A. 184. 
 
 c. Liability for torts. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for assault and 
 battery, see Assault and Batteey, 
 § 7. 
 
 Estoppel of infant by fraud in misrepre- 
 senting age, see Estoppel, § 29. 
 
 Liability of parent for tort committed by 
 infant, see Pabent and Child, § 10. 
 
 General liability of an infant for torts. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 673; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 574. 
 Tort in inducing a contract. 57 L.R.A. 675. 
 By fraudulent representations. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 675. 
 
 By false warranty. 57 L.R.A. 680. 
 
 Tort in the performance of a contract. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 680; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 574. 
 
 Contract of bailment. 57 L.R.A. 680. 
 
 Damage to property by negligence. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 680. 
 Damage to property by wilful act. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 681. 
 Conversion of team driven to place 
 for which it was not hired to 
 go. 26 L.R.A. 366. 
 Refusal to deliver property. 57 
 L.R.A. 683. 
 Contracts other than bailment. 57 
 L.R.A. 683. 
 By negligence. 57 L.R.A. 683. 
 By other acts. 57 L.R.A. 683. 
 Other torts arising from contracts. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 683. 
 Estoppel of an infant by his fraud. 57 
 L.R.A. 684. 
 When estopped to plead infancy, in an 
 action on contract. 57 L.R.A. 684. 
 When estopped to reassert title or to 
 demand a second payment. .57 
 L.R.A. 685. 
 When compelled in equity to make sat- 
 isfaction for his fraud. 57 L.R.A. 
 687. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to dale. 
 
 INFANTS, III. c— cont'd 
 
 Liability of an infant as trustee or officer. 
 57 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 Infant's acts in inducing another to enter 
 into contract with him by representing 
 that he is of age as constituting of- 
 fense of false pretenses. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1101. 
 
 lY. Property and conveyance of same. 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 Rights in homestead, see Homestead, §§ 19, 
 20. 
 
 Effect on title to property purchased by 
 infant of his disaffirmance, after ma- 
 jority, of his executory contract to pay 
 for same. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 104. 
 
 Infant en ventre so, mere as grantee in 
 deed. 44 L.R.A. 489. 
 
 Capacity of child en ventre sa mere to take 
 under devise or bequest to "children," 
 etc. 1 B. R. C. 582. 
 
 Liability of estate of infant for funeral 
 expenses. 33 L.R.A. 662. 
 
 Place of taxation of infant's property. 20 
 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 § 2 6. lilen on. 
 
 Right to mechanics' lien for improvements 
 made on infant's land by authority of 
 guardian. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1159. 
 
 § 27. Sale of. 
 
 Widow's right to convey, lease, or encum- 
 ber homestead during minority of chil- 
 dren. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 787. 
 
 Title of purchaser at judicial sale of in- 
 fant's lands as affected by failure to 
 give bond. 21 L.R.A. 41. 
 
 § 28. —by infant. 
 
 Release by infant of interest in estate. 65 
 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 Conveyance by infant of land held adverse- 
 ly. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 749. 
 
 Delay of infant in paying purchase price 
 or bringing suit as bar to action for 
 specific performance of contract for 
 sale of land of which time is not of 
 the essence. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 639. 
 
 § 29. —by guardian ad litem. 
 
 By guardian generally, see Guardian and 
 Ward, §§ 7, 14. 
 
 Effect of fact that guardian ad litem ap- 
 pointed to sell land was interested in 
 the purchase. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558. 
 
 V. Actions by or against; judgments. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 When iniant real party in interest, by whom 
 
 action must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 610. 
 
 Pleadings in action against. 5 L.R.A. 178.* 
 
 Admission and waivers by representatives 
 
 of, in actions. 32 L.R.A. 671. 
 
714 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 INFANTS, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Is minor's right to damages for the negli- 
 gent killing of parent limited to the 
 period of minority. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1205. 
 
 Binding effect of stipulation in contract, 
 as to time for suit thereon. 1 L.R.A. 
 {N.S.) 525. 
 
 Delay of infant in paying purchase price or 
 bringing suit as bar to action for spe- 
 cific performance of contract for sale 
 of land of which time is not of the es- 
 sence. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 639. 
 
 § 31. How represented. 
 
 Eight of guardian to enter appearance of 
 
 ward. 32 L.R.A. 684. 
 Right of guardian to maintain ejectment. 
 
 18 L.E.A. 789. 
 
 § 32. — guardian ad litem or next 
 friend. 
 
 Guardian ad litem, as proper party to bring 
 suit, see Parties, § 24. 
 
 Power to enter appearence. 32 L.R.A. 683. 
 
 Control of guardian ad litem or next friend 
 over action. 16 L.R.A. 507. 
 
 Right of parent, guardian, or next friend to 
 compromise infant's cause of action for 
 personal injuries. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 338. 
 
 Right of next friend to receive payment of, 
 and satisfy, judgment recovered in be- 
 half of infant. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 913. 
 
 Effect of fact that guardian ad litem ap- 
 pointed in proceedings for sale of in- 
 fant's land was interested in the pur- 
 chase. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 558. 
 
 §^33. Arbitration of infant's cause of 
 action. 
 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 171. 
 
 Power to submit for infant. 70 L.R.A. 172. 
 
 Of parties binding themselves for per- 
 formance of award. 70 L.R.A. 172. 
 
 Of general guardians. 70 L.R.A. 173. 
 
 Of guardians ad litem. 70 L.R.A. 175. 
 
 Of attorneys. 70 L.R.A. 175. 
 
 Of life tenant. 70 L.R.A. 175. 
 Power of court to determine advisability 
 
 of submission. 70 L.R.A. 175. 
 Right to plead infancy of parties to sub- 
 mission. 70 L.R.A. 176. ' 
 
 § 34. Compromise of. 
 
 Right of parent, guardian, or next friend 
 to compromise infant's cause of action 
 for personal injuries. 21 L.R.A, (N.S. ) 
 338. 
 
 6, Judgtnents. 
 
 § 35. Generally. 
 
 Satisfaction of judgment in favor of infant, 
 
 see Infants, § 36. 
 
 Effect of judgment against infant. 11 
 L.R.A. 440.* 
 
 Right of alleged fraudulent grantee to at- 
 tack judgment against grantor on 
 ground of latter's infancy. 67 L.R.A. 
 598. 
 
 Injunction against judgment for irregulari- 
 ties as to. 30 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 INFANTS, V. b— cont'd 
 § 36. Satisfaction of. 
 
 Satisfaction by attorney, guardian ad litem 
 or next friend, of judgment in favor of 
 minor.- 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 
 Right of next friend to receive payment of, 
 and satisfy, judgment recovered in be- 
 half of infant. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 913. 
 
 VI. LiaMlity for killing or injuring 
 child. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 37. Generally. 
 
 While in highway, see Highways, § 59a. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to minor serv- 
 ant, see Master and Servant, §§ 50; 
 51, 55, 76-78. 
 
 Negligence toward children, generally, see 
 Negligence, §§ 22-23a. 
 
 Imputing negligence of others to, see Negli- 
 gence, §§ 46-48. 
 
 Proximate cause of injury, see Proximate 
 Cause, §§ 2, 7, 12, 16. 
 
 Negligence towards infant on railroad track, 
 see Railroads, § 51. 
 
 Injury by street car, see Street Railways, 
 § 17. ^ 
 
 May intervening act of a child break the 
 causal connection between the defend- 
 ant's negligence and the injury. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 249. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to child invited 
 into places of danger by employee. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 804. 
 
 Liability for injuries to children from ex- 
 plosives left accessible to them. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 586; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1257; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 840. 
 
 Storekeeper's liability for injuries to child- 
 ren due to condition of premises. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 464. 
 
 Duty of property owner to trespassing child. 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 559. 
 
 Duty and liability of owner to child on 
 premises for purpose of seeing his em- 
 ployees. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 497. 
 
 Right of child playing in street to recover 
 for injury by obstruction or defect 
 therein. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 753. 
 
 Duty in stringing electric wires to guard 
 against danger to children. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 449; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1220. 
 
 Liability for performing surgical operation 
 on minor without parent's consent. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 612. 
 
 Right of infant to recover damages for loss 
 of services or diminished earning ca- 
 pacity, during minority, from personal 
 injuries. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 552. 
 
 Right of parent, guardian, or next friend to 
 compromise infant's cause of action for 
 personal injuries. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 338. 
 
 §3 8. While on train or street car. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to children on 
 cars, see Carriers, § 55. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 715 
 
 INFANTS, VI. a— cont'd 
 
 § 39. Right of action for death of. 
 
 Parent's right of action for death, see 
 Death, § 9. 
 
 Distinct causes of action arising from in- 
 juries to infant, resulting in deatli. 34 
 L.Rji. 798. 
 
 ft. Contributory negligence of, 
 
 § 40. Generally. 
 
 Contributory negligence of minor employees, 
 see Master and Servant, § ]24. 
 
 Contributory negligence of children, general- 
 ly, see Negligence, § 36. 
 
 Imputing negligence of other person to 
 child, see Negligence, §§ 46-48. 
 
 On street ear track, see Street Railways, 
 § 22. 
 
 Question for jury as to, see Trial, § 49. 
 
 Contributory negligence of child in jump- 
 ing on or off moving train. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 846. 
 
 Negligence in getting on or off moving 
 street car. 38 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 Contributory negligence of infant in at- 
 tempting to cross train standing on a, 
 crossing. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1069. 
 
 Degree of care required of children in de- 
 fective street. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 
 Duty of children when crossing or travel- 
 ing public streets to avoid passing 
 teams. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 161; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 482. 
 
 Negligence of child in running in front of 
 automobile. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 435. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to ca- 
 pacity of minor servant to comprehend 
 and avoid danger. 29 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 487. 
 
 c. Assumption of rislc by infant. 
 
 § 41. Generally. 
 
 Assumption of risk by minor employees, see 
 Master and Servant, § 122. 
 
 Assumption of risk by. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 In attempting to cross street car tracks. ]1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 173. 
 
 INFECTED HOUSE. 
 
 Municipal liability for destroying. 22 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1128. 
 
 INFECTION. 
 
 Infectious diseases, see Contagious Diseas- 
 es. 
 
 Duty of physician called to reduce fracture. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 752. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 
 
 See CoNTAQious Diseases. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 Duty 
 
 INFIRM PERSONS, 
 
 of carrier towards, see Carriers, 
 39, 40. 
 As to sickness, see Sickness. 
 
 Care due to when no contract relation ex- 
 ists. 69 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove in- 
 firmity of fellow servant. 14 L.R.A. ( X. 
 8.) 773. 
 
 INFLAMMABLE MATERIALS. 
 
 As to fires generally, see Fires; Railroads, 
 
 §§ 77, 78. 
 
 Regulating the keeping or storing of. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 
 Duty of abutting owner to prevent accumu- 
 lation of, near railroad right of way. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 
 Accumulation of material which aids spread 
 of fire originating on another's prop- 
 erty as proximate cause of destruction 
 of property of third persons. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 446. 
 
 INFORMATION. 
 
 See Indictment, etc. 
 
 INFORMATION AND BELIEF. 
 
 Denials on, see Pleading, § 3. 
 
 Complaint or information based on as ba- 
 sis for issuance of warrant or for ex- 
 amination preliminary thereto. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 159; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 60. 
 
 Perjury in statements involving matters of 
 opinion or belief. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 654. 
 
 INFORMER. 
 
 Effect of pardon on informer's share of for- 
 feiture. 15 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 ♦« » 
 
 INFRINGEMENT, 
 
 Of copyright, see Copyright, §§ 7, 8. 
 Of franchise, see Ferries, §§ 3, 4; Fran- 
 chise, § 3. 
 Of patent, see Patents, §§ 15-17. 
 Of trademark, see Trademarks, §§ 10, 11. 
 Of tradename, see Tradenames, § 7. 
 
716 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INFRINGEMENT— cont'd 
 Civil liability of insane person for. 42 
 L.K.A.(N.S.) 85. 
 
 INGRESS. 
 
 See Access. 
 
 INHERITANCE. 
 
 In general, see Descent and Distribution. 
 Tax on, see Taxes, §§ 90-105. 
 
 Effect of statutes disposing of necessity of 
 using words of inlieritance on estate 
 passing by deed. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 963. 
 
 •-»♦ — 
 
 INHERITANCE TAX. 
 
 See Taxes, §§ 90-105. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 INHUMAN TREATMENT. 
 
 As ground of divorce, see Divorce and Sep- 
 aration, § 25. 
 
 INITIAL CARRIER. 
 
 Liability of, see Carriers, §§ 98, 142, 143. 
 
 INITIAliS. 
 
 See Name, § 4. 
 
 INITIATION. 
 
 Liability of benovolent or fraternal Bociety 
 for injury to person during initiation 
 or expulsion. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 314; 
 
 Effect of initiation as delivery or policy 
 containing provision that it shall not 
 become binding unless delivered while 
 assured is in good health. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1155. 
 
 INITIATIVE. 
 
 Initiative and referendum. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1092; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 969. 
 
 INJUNCTION. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Bight to; when granted, §§ 3-77 
 a. In general, §§ 2-6. 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 INJUNCTION, XI.— cont'd 
 
 l>. As to contracts, §§ 7-H. 
 
 c. Against sale or transfer of 
 
 property, § IS. 
 
 d. Illegal or tortious acts; 
 
 crimes, §§ 16-18. 
 
 e. As to real property, §§ 19- 
 
 24:. 
 
 f. Nuisances, §§ 25-29. 
 
 g. Water rights; sewers, §§ 30- 
 
 33. 
 
 h. As to corporate matters and 
 franchises; religious socie- 
 ties, §§ 34-37. 
 
 i. 4s to partnership matters, § 
 38. 
 
 j. As to offices and elections, 
 § 39. 
 
 fc. Against legal proceedings, 
 
 §§ 4:0-60. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 40-46. 
 
 2. Against judgments, §§ 
 
 47-60. 
 I. Against officers or munici- 
 pality generally; as to 
 ordinances, §§ 61, 68. 
 m. 4s to taxes, § 63. 
 n. As to streets, railroads, and 
 
 carriers, §§ 64-68. 
 o. Unfair competition; trade- 
 name ; trademarle ; patent ; 
 copyright ; trade secrets, 
 §§ 69-72. 
 p. Against speech or piiblica- 
 
 tion, § 73. 
 q. Miscellaneous, §§ 74-77. 
 III. Mandatory and temporary injunc- 
 tions, §§ 78-80. 
 IV. Jurisdictional amount, § 81. 
 T. Procedure; bond; decree, §§ 82- 
 90. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 82-84. 
 
 b. Bond, §§ 8S-87. 
 
 c. Dissolution and decree, §§ 
 
 88-90. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Violation of, as contempt of court, see Con- 
 tempt, § 8a. 
 
 Purpose and object of. 1 L.R.A. 744.* 
 Distinguished from mandamus. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 55.* 
 Use of superintending control over inferior 
 tribunal to, compel grant or refusal of 
 injunction. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 952. 
 
 II. Right to; when granted, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Against or in aid of attachment, see At- 
 tachment, § 19. 
 
 Against nonresident, see Nonresidents, 
 § 3. 
 
 Against donation of public money, see Pub- 
 lic Money, § 3. 
 
 In aid of set-off, see Set-Ofp and Counter- 
 claim, § 2. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 717 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. a— cont'd 
 Discretion of court. 11 L.E.A. 577.* 
 Caution as to granting. 13 L.R.A. 311.' 
 Necessity of special circumstances. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 745.* 
 Jurisdiction of equity wlien only relief 
 sought is an injunction or receiver tu 
 preserve status quo pending action or 
 proceeding before other tribunal. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 228. 
 
 § 3. Adeqviate remedy at law. 
 
 Rule that legal remedy must be inadequate. 
 1 L.R.A. 745.* 
 
 Injunction against collection of illegal tax 
 in case of. 22 L.R.A. 702, 704. 
 
 Injuiu'tion against trespass to cut timber 
 where remedy at law is inadequate. 22 
 L.R.A. 235. 
 
 Effect of, on rights to enjoin execution sales 
 or other proceedings under final proc- 
 ess. 30 L.R.A. 134. 
 
 As bar to injunction against judgment 
 against sureties. 31 L.R.A. 60. 
 
 General equitable jurisdiction in regard to 
 injunction against judgment where 
 there is a, remedy at law. 32 L.E.A. 
 326. 
 
 Effect of, on right to injunction against 
 judgment by confession. 30 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Adequacy of remedy at law as affecting 
 right to injunction to compel or pre- 
 vent erection, maintenance or removal 
 of fences or gates. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 51, 
 55, 82. 
 
 Right to enjoin acts under an unconstitu- 
 tional statute, as affected by other rem- 
 edies in case such acts are done. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 124. 
 
 § 4. Multiplicity of suits. 
 
 Injunction against trespass to cut timber 
 on ground of. 22 L.E.A. 236. 
 
 As ground for injunction against collection 
 of illegal taxes. 22 L.E.A. 703. 
 
 As ground for injunction to compel or pre- 
 vent erection maintenance or removal 
 of fences or gates. 7 L.R.A (N.S.) 55. 
 
 Power of equity to take jurisdiction because 
 of multiplicity of actions at law for 
 personal injuries growing out of a 
 single act. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 848; 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 491. 
 
 § 5. Irreparable injury. 
 
 In eminent domain proceeding. 5 L.R.A. 
 661,* 662.* 
 
 Insufficiency of allegation of, in action to 
 enjoin trespass to cut timber. 22 
 L.R.A. 239. 
 
 As ground for injunction against collection 
 of illegal taxes. 22 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 As affecting right to injunction against erec- 
 tion, maintenance, or removal of fences 
 or gates on ground of nuisance. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 78. 
 
 § 5a. Comparative Injury. 
 
 In suit to enjoin nuisance, see infra. § 26. 
 In suit to enjoin infringement of patent, see 
 infra, § 69a. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. a— cont'd 
 § 6. Effect of fraud. 
 
 Injunction against judgment obtained by 
 fraud, see infra, § 52. 
 
 By one seeking injunction against infringe- 
 ment of trademark or tradename, see 
 infra, § 70. 
 
 Injunction against action or proceeding in 
 foreign jurisdiction to prevent. 25 ' 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 268. 
 
 Injunction against negotiation of note in 
 case of fraud. 28 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 Fraud as ground of injunction against tax. 
 22 L.E.A. 707. 
 
 Fraud as ground for restraining unauthor- 
 ized use of trademark. 1 L.R.A. 46.* 
 
 Necessity of fraudulent intent to justify 
 injunction against unfair competition. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 960. 
 
 Effect of fraud or concealment on right to 
 injunction against collection of pur- 
 chase money where title to land is de- 
 fective. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 448. 
 
 Power of equity to take jurisdiction of 
 suits to cancel policy for fraud and 
 enjoin action at law on the policy. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 
 h. As to contracts. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 To restrain violation of contract, generallv. 
 
 6 L.R.A. 856.* 
 Mistake of law as to effect of instrument, 
 
 as ground of. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 785. 
 Injunction against trespass to cut timber 
 
 as interference with contract rights. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 239. 
 Power to grant mandatory injunctions as to 
 
 specific performance of contracts. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 167. 
 Enforcement of contracts of service by court 
 
 of equity. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 § 7 a. Contracts of employment. 
 
 Against engaging in competitive business, 
 see infra, § 14. 
 
 Against disclosure of trade secrets, see in- 
 fra, § 72. 
 
 To restrain violation of contract for person- 
 al services. 6 L.E.A. 654.* 
 
 Eight to mandatory injunction to compel 
 specific performance of contract for 
 services. 20 L.R.A. 167. 
 
 § 8. Public contract. 
 
 In aid of lowest bidder on public contract. 
 
 26 L.E.A. 711. 
 At instance of lowest bidder to prevent 
 
 award of public contract to another. 
 
 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 127. 
 
 § 9. Against breach of covenant. 
 
 As to covenants. 5 L.R.A. 46," 422.* 
 
 To restrain breach of covenant restricting 
 
 use of real property. 5 L.R.A. 423.* 
 Right to enforcement of restrictive covenant 
 
 as affected by change in neighborhood. 
 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 706. 
 
718 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. b— cont'd 
 § 10. Against inducing breach of con- 
 tract. 
 
 Injunction against inducing breach of con- 
 tract or assisting in a continuance of 
 such breach. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 202. 
 
 § 11. Against negotiation of note. 
 
 Qeherally. 28 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 In cases where the note is void. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 577. 
 Fraud or failure of consideration. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 578. 
 In aid of set-off. 28 L.R.A. 578. 
 Where note is held in trust. 28 L.R.A. 578. 
 Not where there are otlier remedies. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 579. 
 After maturity. 28 L.R.A. 579. 
 Parties in pari delicto. 28 L.R.A. 579. 
 Not where fraud is absent. 28 L.R.A. 579. 
 Not for mere convenience. 28 L.R.A. 579. 
 Not in hands of innocent holder. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 579. 
 
 § 12. Illegal contract. 
 
 Contracts in restraint of trade, see infra, 
 § 13. 
 
 Allowing injunction, in favor of party in 
 
 pari delicto, against enforcing or 
 
 otherwise proceeding with illegal 
 
 contract. 48 L.R.A. 842. 
 
 Contracts Jor assistance in obtaining 
 
 office. 48 L.R.A. 842. 
 Contracts as to Confederate money. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 843. 
 •Contracts relating to marriage. 48 
 L.R.A. 843. 
 In general. 48 L.R.A. 843. 
 Marriage brokage bonds. 48 
 L.R.A. 843. 
 Contracts for illicit intercourse. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 844. 
 Betting and gambling contracts. 48 
 L.R.A. 844. 
 In general. 48 L.R.A. 844. 
 In case of assignment. 48 L.R.A. 
 
 845. 
 Relief at law, generally. 48 L.R.A. 
 
 846. 
 Judgments. 48 L.R.A. 847. 
 Contracts for compounding crime. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 848. 
 Miscellaneous. 48 L.R.A. 850. 
 Enjoining breach of contract contrary to 
 public policy, on account of public in- 
 convenience from the breach. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 § 18. Against engaging in competitive 
 busi ness. 
 
 Injunction to prevent breach of stipulation 
 to handle or use the product of one 
 producer only. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 475. 
 
 Effect of stipulation for liquidated damages 
 in contract not to engage in business, 
 upon equitable jurisdiction to enjoin 
 breach thereof. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 204. 
 
 Right of husband to prevent wife engaging 
 in a separate business in competition 
 with his own. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 837. 
 Begin u'ith this tooK- on every luir q 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. b— cont'd 
 § 14. — by employee. 
 
 Against disclosure of trade secrets, see in- 
 fra, § 72. 
 
 Injunction against breach by employee of 
 agreement not to engage in a compet- 
 ing business. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 389. 
 
 Against breach of covenant not to enter 
 another's employment as affected by 
 distinction between procuring specific 
 performance of contract and prevent- 
 ing injury to business. 35 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 119. 
 
 Right, in absence of negative covenant, to 
 enjoin former emploj'ee from soliciting 
 business from customers of employer. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 260. 
 
 Injunction to prevent employee from enter- 
 ing service of rival in violation of 
 agreement. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 249. 
 Unilateral contract. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 253. 
 Where contract terminated by emplov- 
 er. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 253. 
 
 c. Against sale or transfer of property. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Against execution sale or sale under mort- 
 gage, or trust deed, see infra, §§ 41, 42. 
 
 Against sale of corporate franchise, see in- 
 fra, § 36. 
 
 Against fraudulent conveyance, see FBAtrD- 
 ULENT Conveyances, § 25. 
 
 Against sale of liquor, see Intoxicating 
 Liquors, § 36. 
 
 Against sale of letters. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 944. 
 
 Surety's right prior to obtaining a judgment 
 or lien to enjoin principal's transfer of 
 property to defraud him. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 484. 
 
 Right to injunction during lifetime of one 
 who has conveyed or is about to con- 
 vey property in violation of agreement 
 to leave same at his death to complain- 
 ant. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 218. 
 
 Right to injunction against transfer by hus- 
 band in fraud of wife's support. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1156. 
 
 d. Illegal or tortious acts; crimes. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 As to nuisances, see infra. §§ 25-29. 
 
 Against labor organization, see Conspira- 
 cy, §§ 4-7; Labor Organization. 
 
 Against sale of liquor, see Intoxicating 
 Liquors, § 36. 
 
 Against threatened wrong. 6 L.R.A. 90.* 
 To prevent enticement of servant. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1096. 
 Against violation of Federal anti-trust law. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 715. 
 Against being sent to pest house. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1188. 
 
 § 17. Blacklisting. 
 
 Against blacklisting of servant. 20 L.R.A. 
 342: i L.R.A.(N.S.) 1121. 
 uestion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 719 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. d— cont'd 
 § 18. Crimes. 
 
 Against criminal prosecution, see infra, 
 § 46. 
 
 Injunction at the suit of state against pub- 
 lic nuisance which is also a crime. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 747: 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 691; 33 L.R.A.(X.s.) 325. 
 
 Injunction against commission of crime 
 when property right involved. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 622; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 
 Validity, under constitutional provision 
 forbidding second jeopardy, of statute 
 authorizing injunction against commis- 
 sion of crime. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1111. 
 
 e. As to real property. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Against breach of covenants as to, see supra, 
 
 § 9. 
 Against sale or transfer of, see supra, § 15. 
 Nuisances affecting, see infra, §§ 25-29. 
 As to streets, see infra, §§ 64, 65, 67. 
 To prevent cloud on title, see Cloud on 
 
 Title, § 4. 
 
 To protect easement. 3 L.R.A. 861,* 6 
 L.R.A. 262.* 
 
 To prevent cloud on title. 8 L.R.A. 727;' 
 10 L.R.A. 293.* 
 
 To stay waste. 11 L.R.A. 207.* 
 
 To prevent removal of lateral support. 68 
 L.R.A. 697. 
 
 Against cotenant; in partition suit. 12 
 L.R.A. 484.* 
 
 Against eminent domain; to restrain irrep- 
 arable injury. 5 L.R.A. 661,* 662.* 
 
 Against surviving partner with reference to 
 real estate. 28 L.R.A. 137. 
 
 Power to grant mandatory injunctions as to 
 real property. 20 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Power to grant mandatory injunctions as to 
 possession of. 20 L.R.A. 169. 
 
 Mandatory injunction to compel the re- 
 moval of a structure which encroach- 
 es on adjoining property. 36 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 402. 
 
 § 20. In other state or country. 
 
 Jurisdiction to issue injunction affecting 
 
 real property In another state or 
 
 country. 69 L.R.A. 689. 
 Jurisdiction to enjoin acts with respect to 
 
 real property in another state. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 114. 
 
 § 21. Trespass. 
 
 To restrain threatened trespass. 1 L.R.A. 
 744;* 3 L.R.A. 612;* 11 L.R.A. 207.* 
 
 Injunction against repeated trespass. 13 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 173; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 417. 
 
 Injunction, on grounds of trespass, to com- 
 pel or prevent the erection, mainte- 
 nance, or removal of fences or gates. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 50. 
 
 § 22. —on oyster beds. 
 
 Equitable jurisdiction. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 205. 
 Injunctive relief as dependent on right, ti- 
 tle, or interest of complainant. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 206. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. e— cont'd 
 
 Continuance or dissolution of injunction. 
 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207. 
 
 § 2 3. —to cvit timber. 
 
 Generally. 22 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Courts conservative in extending relief. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 234. 
 The injunction may be awarded if there is 
 
 no adequate remedy at law. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 235. 
 When remedy at law is inadequate. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 235. 
 Multiplicity of suits. 22 L.R.A. 236. 
 The question of possession or title. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 236. 
 Preventing waste pending litigation. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 237. 
 Statutory provisions. 22 L.R.A. 239. 
 Allegation of irreparable injury not suffi- 
 cient. 22 L.R.A.- 239. 
 Interference with contract rights. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 239. 
 
 § 24. Against mining operations. 
 
 Injunction against removal of subjacent 
 support by mining. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 851. 
 
 Against mining operations by lessee pend- 
 ing dispute as to forfeiture of lease. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 333. 
 
 Against pollution of stream by mining op- 
 eration. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 283. 
 
 Right of one who pumps oil, gas, or water 
 on his premises to enjoin similar acts 
 by his neighbor. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1057. 
 
 /. Nuisances, 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 In street, see infra, § 65. 
 
 Other remedies against nuisance, see Ntn- 
 
 SANCES, §§ 20-25. 
 
 To restrain nuisance, generally. 9 L.R.A. 
 716;* 12 L.R.A. 753;* ISL.R.A. 321.* 
 
 Against blasting. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 570. 
 
 Against private nuisances authorized by 
 legislature. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 134. 
 
 Injunction against crime which is a private 
 nuisance. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 622; 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 
 Injunction at suit of state against public 
 nuisance which is also a crime. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 747; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 691; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 325. 
 
 Right of property owner to damages or in- 
 junction for maintenance of electric 
 light plant in vicinity of his property. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 237. 
 
 Right of property owner to enjoin location 
 of contagious disease hospital in neigh- 
 borhood. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1028; 2.3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 228. 
 
 Right of lessee to maintain suit to enjoin 
 nuisance. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 448. 
 
 Power to grant mandatory injunctions as to 
 nuisances. 20 L.R.A. 165. 
 
 Injunction to compel erection, maintenance, 
 or removal of fences or gates on 
 grounds of nuisance. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 72. 
 
720 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. f— cont'd 
 
 Injunction against nuisance as affecting sub- 
 sequent occupants of property. 13 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 462. 
 
 § 2 6. Doctrine of comparative injury., 
 in suit to enjoin nuisance. 
 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881; 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 580. 
 Preliminary injunction. 31 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 881; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 580. 
 Distinction between preliminary and final 
 
 injunction. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 882. 
 Final injunction. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 883; 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 58L 
 Doctrine that injunction is a matter of 
 
 grace. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 883. 
 Doctrine that injunction is discretion- 
 ary. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 Doctrine that injunction is a matter of 
 right. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 888. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 888. 
 Where it is doubtful if injury is 
 a nuisance. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 892. 
 Where injury ia slight. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 893. 
 Effect of locality. 31 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 894. 
 Where public convenience is in- 
 volved. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 895. 
 Bad faith of complainant. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 897. 
 Laches of complainant. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 897. 
 Conditional injunction. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 898. 
 Statutory provisions. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 Conclusion. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 
 § 2 7. Against nuisance maintained by 
 municipal corporation. 
 
 Drainage, generally. 23 L.R.A. 301. 
 Drainage into water course. 23 L.R.A. 301. 
 Docks and navigation. 23 L.R.A. 302. 
 Market houses and buildings. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 303. 
 Railroads and other uses of streets. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 303. 
 C«metery. 23 L.R.A. 303. 
 Public urinals. 23 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 § 2 8. liiquor nuisance. 
 
 Against liquor nuisance. 7 L.R.A. 299.* 
 
 Against saloon because of character of lo- 
 cality. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 810. 
 
 Injunction by municipality against unlaw- 
 ful keeping of saloon and sale of 
 liquors. 41 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Injunction against use of real property for 
 sale of liquor as affecting right of sub- 
 sequent occupant. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 462. I 
 
 § 28a. Disorderly houses. 
 
 Eight of owner or occupant of neighboring 
 property to enjoin maintenance of 
 house of prostitution. 11 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1060; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1041. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. f— cont'd 
 § 29. Injunctions by municipal corpo- 
 rations. 
 
 Remedies for nuisances generally, see Nui- 
 sances, §§ 20-25. 
 
 Right of a municipality to maintain suit to 
 enjoin a public nuisance. 51 L.R-A. 
 657. 
 Against nuisances in water and water 
 I courses. 40 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 Pollution and other matters affecting 
 health. 40 L.EA. 470. 
 Against nuisances affecting public morals, 
 peace, and good order, and health 
 and safety. 41 L.E.A. 321. 
 Public morals, peace, and good order. 
 41 L.R.A. 321. 
 Intoxicating liquors. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 321. 
 Public amusements. 41 L.E.A. 
 322. 
 Public health and safety. 41 L.E.A. 
 322. 
 In general. 41 L.E.A. 322. 
 Burial grounds, etc. 41 L.E.A. 
 
 323. 
 Hospitals, etc. 41 L.E.A. 324. 
 Garbage, etc. 41 L.R.A. 324. 
 Sewers and drains. 41 L.R.A. 325. 
 Trade or business. 41 L.RJk.. 326. 
 Buildings and other structures. 
 41 L.R.A. 328. 
 Against nuisances upon highways and 
 streets. 42 L.R.A. 814. 
 Gas and water companies. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 821. 
 Buildings, fences, and other structures. 
 42 L.R.A. 822. 
 Against nuisances by railroads and electric- 
 al companies. 44 L.R.A. 565. 
 Railroads. 44 L.R.A. 565. 
 Telegraph and telephone poles. 44 
 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 g. Water rights; sewers. 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 To protect water right. 3 L.R.A. 609;* 4 
 L.B.A. 572;* 12 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 Against use of stream to float logs. 41 
 L.R.A. 497. 
 
 Injunction against nuisance as to docks 
 and navigation maintained by munici- 
 pality. 23 L.R.A. 302. 
 
 Injunction by municipal corporation 
 against nuisances in water and water 
 courses. 40 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 Power to grant mandatory injunctions re- 
 lating to mill dams. 20 L.R.A. 163. 
 
 Injunction against hunting or fishing on 
 navigable waters, or against interfer- 
 ence therewith. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1236; 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 286. 
 
 31. As to drains and sewei-s. 
 
 Injunction against drainage nuisance. 23 
 L.R.A. 301. 
 
 Injunction against drainage by municipal- 
 ity into watercourse. 23 L.R.A. 301. 
 
 Against construction of sewer. 60 L.R.A. 
 243. 
 
 Begin with this l>oo1i: on every larv question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 721 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. g— cont'd 
 Against draining sewage into stream. 48 
 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 § 33. Against obstruction or diversion. 
 
 To restrain obstruction of stream. 59 
 
 L.K.A. 881. 
 Against obstruction of navigable stream 
 
 59 L.E.A. 91. 
 Right of private person to injunction 
 
 against obstruction of navigable stream. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 766. 
 Power to grant mandatory injunctions 
 
 against obstruction or diversion of 
 
 water courses generally. 20 L.R.A. 164. 
 At instance of riparian owner to prevent 
 
 diversion of flood water. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 391. 
 
 § 33. Pollution. 
 
 By drains and sewers, see supra, § 31. 
 
 Against pollution of stream for mining 
 purposes. 24 L.R.A. 6fi. 
 
 h. As to corporate matters and fran- 
 chises; religious societies. 
 
 § 34. Generally. 
 
 To restrain consolidation of corporations. 
 2 L.RA. 594.* 
 
 Against reduction of capital stock of cor- 
 poration. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 571. 
 
 To restrain assessment on paid-up stock. 
 45 L.R.A. 653. ' 
 
 To enforce stockholder's right to inspect 
 corporate books. 45 L.R.A. 458. 
 
 § 35. Dissolution or disoontinuanee of 
 service. 
 
 Right of minoritj' stockholder to restrain 
 voluntary dissolution of corporation by 
 directors or majority stockholders. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1177. 
 
 Right of municipality, in absence of con- 
 tract, to restrain natural gas company 
 from discontinuing business of supply- 
 ing gas. 26 L.E.A.(N.S.) 92. 
 
 § 36. Sale of franchise or invasion of 
 rigbts under it. 
 
 Against sale of corporate franchise or prop- 
 erty necessary to its enjoyment. 20 
 L.EA.. 737. 
 
 To restrain interference with rights of ferry- 
 man. 59 L.R.A. 552. 
 
 Eight of owner of franchise for public ben- 
 efit, which is not exclusive, to injunc- 
 tion against its invasion without right. 
 29 L.E.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 
 g 37. Religious societies. 
 
 Eight of member of church to injunction 
 against unlawful sale by trustees. 2 
 L.E.A.(N£.) 828. 
 Enjoining control, use of, or interference 
 with church property. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 854. 
 Injunctive relief affecting church offi- 
 cers. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 854. 
 Pastor. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 854. 
 Consult also L.B.l. Digests to date 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. h— cont'd 
 
 In general. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 854. 
 To prevent clergyman from of- 
 ficiating. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 855. 
 To enforce pastoral rights. 3 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 858. 
 Trustees. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 860. 
 
 Enjoining trustee from acting 
 
 as sucli. 3 L.R.A. ( X.S. ) 
 
 860. 
 Injunctive relief as between 
 
 rival boards of trustees. 
 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 860. 
 Control or disposal of church 
 
 property or temporalities. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 862. 
 To prevent breach of trust. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 866. 
 Other officers. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 866. 
 Injunctive relief affecting church socie- 
 ty or members. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 869. 
 Church society. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 869. 
 Members. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 870. 
 In general. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 870. 
 Pew holders. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 871. 
 Rights of factions or of ma- 
 jority and minority. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 872. 
 Joint use. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 878. 
 Mode of worship. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 879. 
 
 i. As to partnership matters. 
 
 § 38. Generally. 
 
 Against sale of partnership property for 
 debt of partner. 46 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Against surviving partner with reference to 
 real estate. 28 L.R.A. 137. 
 
 Against levy on partnership property for 
 debt of partner. 46 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 j. As to offices and elections, 
 
 § 39. Generally. 
 
 Power to grant mandatory injunctions as 
 
 to offices. 20 L.R.A. 167. 
 In matters preceding election. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 382. 
 Against holding election. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 577. 
 
 fc. Against legal proceedings. 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 40. Generally. 
 
 Injunction against enforcement of illegal 
 contract, see supra, §§ 12-14. 
 
 Against attachment, see Attachment, § 19. 
 
 Injunction against proceedings in other 
 court, see Courts, § 51. 
 
 Against documentary evidence. 51 L.R.A. 
 754. 
 
 46 
 
722 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. k, 1— cont'd 
 
 In aid of attachment. 20 L.R.A. 446. 
 
 Doctrine of comparative injury in suit to 
 enjoin other suits for infringement of 
 patent. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 Right to enjoin prosecution of collusive 
 suit in court of co-ordinate jurisdiction. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 581. 
 
 Power of equity to take jurisdiction because 
 of multiplicity of actions at law for 
 personal injuries growing out of a 
 single tort. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 848; 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 491. 
 
 Application to governing body of mvinicipal- 
 ity for relief, as condition of right of 
 citizen to maintain suit to enjoin ac- 
 tion by municipalitv. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 574. 
 
 Power of equity to take jurisdiction of suit 
 to cancel policy for fraud and to en- 
 join action at law on the policy. 12 
 L.R.A;{N.S.) 881. 
 
 § 41. Against action or proceedings in 
 foreign jurisdiction. 
 
 General principles. 21 L.R.A. 71 ; 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 267. 
 After a iinal decree. 21 L.R.A. 71. 
 Pending proceedings or to prevent harassing 
 
 suits. 21 L.R.A. 72; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 268. 
 In case of design to avoid domestic laws or 
 
 contract. 21 L.R.A. 72; 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 269. 
 In ease of foreign defendant or property. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 73. 
 In administration proceedings. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 73. 
 In insolvency proceedings. 21 L.R.A. 74; 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 270. 
 Attachment proceedings. 21 L.R.A. 75. 
 Garnishment in other state. 19 L.R.A. 580. 
 In divorce suits. 21 L.R.A. 75. 
 Before consul. 21 L.R.A. 75. 
 Rule in case of state courts. 21 L.R.A. 75. 
 To prevent embarrassment, oppression, or 
 
 fraud. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 268. 
 To enable plaintiff to secure a more favor- 
 able result. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 270. 
 Where Jocal court had prior jurisdiction. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 271. 
 Where all matters at issue can be adjudi- 
 cated in pending suit. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 271. 
 Where the court cannot enforce its decree. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 271. 
 EstoppeL 25 L.R.A.(N.,S.) 272. 
 Miscellaneous examples. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 272, ' 
 
 .Turisdiction to restrain legal proceedings 
 
 with respect to land in another state 
 
 or country. 69 L.R.A. 689; 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 114. 
 Injunction against suit in another state to 
 
 evade local exemption laws. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1008. 
 
 § 41a. Against execution sales or other 
 proceedings under final process. 
 
 Exempt personal property. 30 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 Begin with this hooU on ereri/ law question. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. k, 1— cont'd 
 Homestead. 30 L.R.A. 100. 
 iti.iib Kind ol property first liable. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 102. 
 Public property. 30 L.R.A. 103. 
 Property in the custody of the law. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 103. 
 Railroad and quasi public corporation prop- 
 erty. 30 L.R.A. 104. 
 Partnership property. 30 L.R.A. 105. 
 Property owned by third parties. 30 L.R.A. 
 107. 
 Condition precedent. 30 L.R.A. 107. 
 Real estate. 30 L.R.A. 107. 
 Wife's real estate. 30 L.R.A. 112. 
 Subsequent purchasers. 30 L.R.A. 114. 
 Fraudulent purchasers. 30 L.R.A. 114. 
 Equitable owners. 30 L.R.A. 115. 
 Right of third party to require levy on 
 
 other property. 30 L.R.A. 115. 
 Personal property. 30 L.R.A. 115. 
 Slaves. 30 L.R.A. 117. 
 Wife's personal property. 30 L.R.A. 
 118. 
 Personal property of a pecular value. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 139. 
 Trust property. 30 L.R.A. 119. 
 In favor of or against executors and admin- 
 istrators. 30 L.R.A. 120. 
 English decisions. 30 L.R.A. 120. 
 " To obtain equal distribution of as- 
 
 sets. 30 L.R.A. 120. 
 Foreign administrators and execu- 
 tors. 30 L.R.A. 121. 
 Costs. 30 L.R.A. 122. 
 American decisions. 30 L.R.A. 122. 
 " To obtain equal distribution of as- 
 sets. 30 L.R.A. 122. 
 To protect heirs and legatees. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 123. 
 Judgments aga,inst administrators 
 or executors personally. 30 
 L.R.A. 123. "^ 
 Judgments in favor of adminstra- 
 tors or executors. 30 L.R.A. 
 124. 
 Sale to pay debts. 30 L.R.A. 124. 
 In favor of assignee for creditors. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 124. 
 In favor of or against lien creditors. 30 
 L.R.A. 125. 
 Mortgagee of chattels. 30 L.R.A. 125. 
 Mortgagee of real property. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 125. 
 Attachment creditors. 30 L.R.A. 127. 
 Judgment creditors. 30 L.R'.A. 127. 
 Mechanics' lien. 30 L.R.A. 128. 
 Landlord's lien. 30 L.R.A. 129. 
 In favor of general creditors. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 129. 
 Ejectment cases. 30 L.R.A. 129. 
 Summary proceedings in forcible entry and 
 
 detainer. 30 L.R.A. 129. 
 Jurisdiction of courts. 30 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 To protect third party. 30 L.R.A. 132. 
 Exempt property. 30 L.R.A. 132. 
 Other cases. 30 L.R.A. 133. 
 Federal and state courts. 30 L.R.A. 
 133. 
 Remedy at law. 30 L.R.A. 134. 
 
 Personal property. 30 L.R.A. 134. 
 Real property. 30 L.R.A. 135. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 723 
 
 1-\,UTNCTI0N, II. k, 1— cont'd 
 Irregularities. 30 L.E.A. 136. 
 Execution. 30 L.E.A. 136. 
 
 Condition precedent. 30 L.E.A. 
 
 136. 
 Form. SO L.E.A. 136. 
 Time. 30 LJl.A. 136. 
 Party. 30 L.E.A. 137. 
 Excessive. 30 L.E.A. 137. 
 Levy. 30 L.E.A. 137. 
 
 Excessive. 30 L.E.A. 137. 
 
 Mode, manner, and description. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 138. 
 Notice. 30 L.E.A. 138. 
 Sale. 30 L.E.A. 138. 
 
 Notice and advertisement. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 138. 
 Appraisement. 30 L.E.A. 139. 
 Costs. 30 L.E.A. 139. 
 Time, place, and manner. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 139. 
 Officer. 30 L.E.A. 140. 
 Effect of injunction on executions, sales 
 and final process. 30 L.E.A. 
 140. 
 Release of errors. 30 L.E.A. 140. 
 Eelease of lien. 30 L.E.A. 140. 
 Officer. 30 L.E.A. 141. 
 
 Limitation. 30 L.E.A. 142. 
 Effect of time upon injunctions, executions, 
 and judgments. 30 L.E.A. 
 142. 
 Injunctions and executions. 30 L.E.A. 
 
 142. 
 Dormant judgments. 30 L.E.A. 142. 
 Against sale of corporate franchise of prop- 
 erty necessary to its enjoyment. 20 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 Against sale of partnership property for 
 
 debt of partner. 46 L.K.A. 500. 
 Amount in dispute in case of injunction 
 against sale of exempt property. 61 
 L,E.A. 781. 
 
 § 42. —levy. 
 
 Effect of irregularities in levy on right 
 to injunction against sale thereunder. 
 30 L.E.A. 137. 
 
 Against levy on partnership propeity for 
 debt of partnership. 46 L.E.A. 491. 
 
 § 43. Against sale under trust deed or 
 mortgage. 
 
 Airainst sale under trust deed pending bank- 
 ruptcy. 2 L.E.A.(X.S.) 560. 
 
 § 44. — under power in mortgage. 
 
 Right to enjoin sale undeV a power in a 
 mortgage against which the statute of 
 limitations has run. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 510. 
 Against sale under power in mortgage he- 
 cause of overstatement of amount 
 due. .35 L.E.A. (X.S.) 909. 
 Disputed and complicated accounts. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 910. 
 Usurious claims. 35 L.U.A. (N.S.) 
 
 911. 
 Mortgage wholly or partly without 
 consideration. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 912. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. k, 1— cont'd 
 
 Set-off or recoupment. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 912. 
 Necessity of tender. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 914. 
 English rule. '35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 915. 
 Circumstances excusing tender. 35 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 915. 
 Effect of denial by the injunction de- 
 fendant. 35 L.E.A.(N.'S.) 916. 
 Miscellaneous. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 916. 
 
 § 44a. Against garnishment. 
 
 Against judgment in garnishment proceed- 
 ings, see infra, § 60. 
 
 Injunction against repeated garnishment of 
 exempt wages. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 983. 
 
 Eight to enjoin garnishment of wages be- 
 cause of rule of employer providing for 
 discharge of employees whose wages are 
 garnished. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 491. 
 
 § 45. Against collection of purchase 
 money where title to land is defect- 
 ive. 
 
 Fraud or concealment. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 448. 
 Where purchaser held by title bond. 
 
 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 449. 
 Insolvency or nonresidence of vendor. 7 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 451. 
 Contract of vendor. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 454. 
 Solvent vendors. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 455. 
 Purchasers under quitclaim deeds. 7 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 458. 
 Estoppel.' 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 459. 
 Purchaser in default. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 459. 
 Contract of purchaser. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 460. 
 Notice to purchaser. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 460. 
 Pleading, parties, and proof. 7 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 461. 
 Rescission. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 Curing title. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 463. 
 Code a.nd statutorv provisions. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 463. 
 English and Canadian cases. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 465. 
 
 § 46. Against criminal proceedings. 
 
 In general. 2] L.E.A. 84; 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 631; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 193; 34 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 454. 
 Prosecutions by the Crown or state. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 84. 
 Prosecutions under city ordinances, gener- 
 ally. 21 L.R.A. 86. 
 City ordinance affecting personal right. 
 
 21 L.E.A. 86. 
 Prosecutions under city ordinances af- 
 fecting property or franchises. 21 
 L.E.A. 88. 
 
 3. 1 Against judgments. 
 
 § 4 7. General equitable jurisdiction in 
 regard to. 
 
 In matters of concurrent jurisdiction. 32 
 
 L.E.A. 321. 
 Where there is a failure to defend at law. 
 
 32 L.E.A. 322. 
 
724 
 
 IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 XXJUNCTION, II. k, 2— cont'd 
 
 Where there is negligence in not asserting a 
 legal defense. 32 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 Where a legal defense was asserted at law. 
 32 L.E.A. 324. 
 
 For defenses not available at law. 32 
 L.R.A. 324. 
 
 On a bill of discovery to aid defense. 32 
 L.R.A. 325. 
 
 Where there is a remedy at law. 32 L.R.A. 
 326. 
 
 Power of equity to enjoin enforcement of 
 judgment in action at law, in order to 
 retain the status quo pending an ap- 
 peal from such judgment. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 828. 
 
 Against enforcement of judgment as aid to 
 equitable set-oflf against judgment 
 creditor. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 142. 
 
 Injunction against enforcement of judg- 
 ments on betting and gambling con- 
 tracts. 48 L.R.A. 847. 
 
 g 48. For want of jurisdiction, or 
 judgments which are void. 
 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. 200. 
 As to party. 31 L.R.A. 202. 
 As to time. 31 L.R.A. 202. 
 As to venue. 31 L.R.A. 203. 
 As to amount. 31 L.R.A. 203. 
 As to judge or court. 31 L.R.A. 204. 
 Matters of process and service. 31 L.R.A. 
 204. 
 
 Form. 31 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 Time and manner. 31 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 Fraud as to service. 31 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 Acceptance of service. 31 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 Party served. 31 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 Service on corporation. 31 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 Service on partners. 31 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 Service at residence. 31 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 Where there was no service as required 
 by law. 31 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 Where there was no notice. 31 L.R.A. 
 210. 
 On account of appearance. 31 L.R.A. 211. 
 Pleading and practice. 31 L.R.A. 212. 
 Where there was no judgment or it was set 
 
 aside. 31 L.R.A. 212. 
 [n garnishment proceedings. 30 L.R.A. 362. 
 
 § 49. B''or errors and Irregularities. 
 
 For erroneous rulings and decisions. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 700. 
 ■Generally. 30 L.R.A. 700. 
 In refusing a continuance. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 703. 
 In rulings on pleadings or motions. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 703. 
 In rulings on evidence. 30 L.R.A. 703. 
 As to incompetency of evidence. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 704. 
 As to insufficiency of evidence. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 704. 
 As to excessive judgments. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 704. 
 As to parties. 30 L.R.A. 706. 
 For irregularities. 30 L.R.A. 707. 
 Generally. 30 L.R.A. 707. 
 As to infants. 30 L.R.A. 707. 
 In trial. 30 L.R.A. 708. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II.' k, 2— cont'd 
 
 In matters of form. 30 L.R.A. 708. 
 In pleadings and papers. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 708. 
 In records and dockets. 30 L.R.A. 709. 
 In regard to time of rendering judg- 
 ment. 30 L.R.A. 709. 
 In judgment in garnishment proceedings. 
 30 L.R.A. 361. 
 
 § 50. For matters arising subsequent- 
 ly to rendition. 
 
 Lack of remedy by appeal or new trial. 
 30 L.R.A. 560. 
 
 By mistake. 30 L.R.A. 560. 
 
 By act of court or officer. 30 L.R.A. 
 561. 
 
 Other cases of defective record. 30 
 L.R.A. 562. 
 
 By negligence. 30 L.R.A. 562. 
 Lost or destroyed record. 30 L.R.A. 562. 
 For fraud. 30 L.R.A. 562. 
 For alteration of record. 30 L.R.A. 563. 
 Judgments set aside, reversed, or supersed- 
 ed. 30 L.R.A. 563. 
 For payment or satisfaction. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 563. 
 In behalf of surety. 30 L.R.A. 567. 
 For set-oflf. 30 L.R.A. 569. 
 For newly discovered evidence. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 571; 31 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 § 51. For defenses existing prior to 
 rendition. 
 
 Set-off against judgment aS ground for in- 
 junction, see Set-Oit and Codnter- 
 CLAIM, § 24. 
 
 Failure of consideration. 31 L.R.A. 747. 
 Generally. 31 L.R.A. 747. 
 In judgments for purchase money. 31 
 L.R.A. 748. 
 Insolvency. 31 L.R.A. 748. 
 Nonresidence. 31 L.R.A. 749. 
 Rescission. 31 L.R.A. 750. 
 Mistake. 31 L.R.A. 750. 
 Title bonds. 31 L.R.A. 751. 
 Defective title, generally. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 751. 
 Deficiency in amount of land. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 753. 
 Fraud. 31 L.R.A. 753. 
 Res judicata. 31 L.R.A. 753. 
 No cause of action for injunction. 
 
 31 L.R.A. 753. 
 Sales by executors and administra- 
 tors. 31 L.R.A. 754. 
 Summary judgments. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 755. ■ 
 Court sales. 31 L.R.A. 755. 
 Judgments in favor of purchasers. 31 
 L.R.A. 755. 
 Fraud. 51 L.R.A. 756. 
 
 Where the defense is forgery or non 
 
 est faotum. 31 L.R.A. 756. 
 In obtaining a contract. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 756. 
 Generally; 31 L.R.A. 757. 
 Public policy. 31 L.R.A. 758. 
 Generally. 31 L.R.A. 758. 
 Debt for Confederate money. 31 L.R.A. 
 758. 
 
 Begin tvith this boolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 725 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. k, 2— cont'd 
 
 Gambling debts. 31 L.E.A. 759. 
 
 Usurr. 31 L.E.A. 761. 
 Set-off. 31 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 Failure to assert at law. 31 L.E.A. 
 763. 
 
 Parties. 31 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 Unliquidated damages. 31 L.R.A. 765. 
 
 Trial at law. 31 L.R.A. 765. 
 
 No set-off. 31 L.R.A. 765. 
 
 Insolvency and nonresidence. 31 L.E.A. 
 766. 
 
 Accounting. 31 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 Equitable set-off. 31 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 In matters of an estate. 31 L.R.A. 
 • 769. 
 
 Mutual agreements. 31 L.E.A. 770. 
 Payment. 31 L.R.A. 770. 
 
 Failure to defend. 31 L.R.A. 770. 
 
 Defense made. 31 L.R.A. 772. 
 
 Equitable defenses. 31 L.R.A. 772. 
 
 Summary proceedings. 31 L.E.A. 773. 
 
 Pleading bill of discovery. 31 L.E.A. 
 773. 
 Conditions. 31 L.R.A. 773. 
 Partition and dower. 31 L.R.A. 773. 
 As to party. 31 L.R.A. 773. 
 Title to property. 31 L.E.A. 774. 
 Nonliability in general. 31 L.R.A. 774. 
 
 § 52. Obtained by fraud. 
 
 Generally. 30 L.R.A. 562, 787. 
 Judgment for purchase monor. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 753. 
 Fraud affecting original cause of action. 31 
 
 L.E.A. 756. 
 For fraud arising subsequently to rendi- 
 tion of judgment. 30 L.R.A. 562. 
 Judgment by confession. 30 L.R.A. 213. 
 By agreement. 30 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 Generally. 30 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 To dismiss. 30 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 To give notice. 30 L.R.A. 789. ■ 
 
 To abide by other matters. 30 L.R.A. 
 789. 
 
 To allow a defense. 30 L.E.A. 789. 
 
 To continue or delay. 30 L.E.A. 790. 
 
 To compromise. 30 L.E.A. 790. 
 
 Where complainant participated in 
 fraud. 30 L.R.A. 791. 
 By concealment. 30 L.E.A. 791. 
 In matters of record. 30 L.R.A. 791. 
 In matters of party. 30 L.R.A. 792. 
 In acts committed at the trial. 30 L.E.A. 
 
 792. 
 By collusion. 30 L.R.A. 792. 
 Other matters. 30 L.E.A. 793. 
 For fraud in service. 31 L.E.A. 205. 
 In garnishment proceedings. 30 L.E.A. 362. 
 
 § 53. Obtained by perjury. 
 
 Perjury as ground for relief generally 
 against judgment, see Judgment, § 96. 
 
 Surprise in regard to perjury as ground for 
 injunction against judgment. 30 L.R.A. 
 801. 
 
 § 54. On account of accident, sickness, 
 or death. 
 
 Sickness. 30 L.R.A. 794. 
 
 Of party. 30 L.R.A. 794. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digest. <i to date. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. k, 2— cont'd 
 
 Of family. 30 L.R.A. 795. 
 
 Of witness. 30 L.R.A. 795. 
 
 Of attorney. 30 L.R.A. 795. 
 Death of attorney. 30 L.E.A. 798. 
 Other causes. 30 L.R.A. 796. 
 
 § .5 5. On account of mistalce. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment. 
 
 30 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Against judgment for purchase money. 
 
 31 L.R.A. 750. 
 
 Against judgment in garnishment pro- 
 ceedings. 30 L.R.A. 362. 
 Loss of appeal by mistake as ground for in- 
 junction against judgment.. 30 L.R.A. 
 560. 
 
 § 56. On account of surprise or duress. 
 
 On account of surprise. 30 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 Generally: 30 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 In matters of witnesses. 30 L.E.A. 
 801. 
 
 In regard to perjury. 30 L.R.A. 801. 
 On account of duress. 30 L.R.A. 802. 
 
 § 5 7. Negligence as a cause for, and as 
 a bar to. 
 
 As a cause for injunctions against judg- 
 ments. 31 L.R.A. 33. 
 As a bar to injunctions against judgments. 
 
 31 L.E.A. 34. 
 
 In attending court. 31 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 In employing an attorney. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 35. 
 Of attorney. 31 L.R.A. 36. 
 In ascertaining a, defense. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 37. 
 In regard to evidence. 31 L.R.A. 38. 
 In asserting a defense. 31 L.E.A. 39; 
 
 32 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 Delay in seeking. 31 L.E.A. 40. 
 Effect of negligence on right to injunction 
 
 against judgment by confession. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 242. 
 Loss of appeal by negligence as ground for 
 
 injunction against judgment. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 562. 
 Negligence as bar to injunction against 
 
 judgment against sureties. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 61. 
 Loss of defenses, by reason of negligence or 
 
 unskilfulness of attorney, as ground for 
 
 enjoining judgment. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 -524. 
 
 § 58. Against or in favor of sureties. 
 
 Against sureties. 31 L.R.A. 60. 
 
 Remedy at law as a bar to injunction. 
 
 31 L.E.A. 60. 
 Valid defense must be shown. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 60. 
 In matters of negligence or for failure 
 
 to make a legal defense. 31 L.R.A, 
 
 61. 
 In summary proceedings. 31 L.E.A. 63. 
 For newly discovered evidence. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 64. 
 Where defense was prevented. 31 
 
 L.E.A. 64. 
 For equitable defenses. 31 L.R.A. 64. 
 
726 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II: k, 2— cont'd 
 
 On account of statutes. 31 L.R.A. 65. 
 
 Pleading and parties. 31 L.E.A. 65. 
 
 Injunction bonds. 31 L.R.A. 66. 
 In favor of sureties. 30 L.R.A. 567; 31 
 
 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 § 59. Entered on confession. 
 
 In favor of creditors. 30 L.R.A. 235. 
 
 For irregularities. 30 L.R.A. 237. 
 
 For fraud. 30 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 Judgments against public policy. 30 L.R.A. 
 239. 
 Usury. 30 L.R.A. 239. 
 Compounding crimes. 30 L.R.A. 240. 
 Gambling consideration. 30 L.R.A. 
 240. 
 
 Judgments against sureties. 30 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 Judgments against corporations. 30 L.R.A. 
 240. 
 
 Judgments against partners. 30 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 Judgments against executors and adminis- 
 trators. 30 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 Statute of limitations. 30 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 Consideration not due. 30 L.E.A. 241. 
 
 Valid defense must be shown. 30 L.R.A. 
 242. 
 
 Negligence. 30 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Remedy at law. 30 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Other matters. 30 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 § 60. In garnishment proceedings. 
 
 Necessity of making defense at lg,w. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 360. 
 Injunctions for errors and irregularities. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 361. 
 Void judgments. 30 L.R.A. 362. 
 Fraud and mistake. 30 L.R.A. 362. 
 Payment. 30 L.R.A. 363. 
 Set-off. 30 L.R.A. 363. 
 Injunctions in behalf of creditors. 30 L.E.A. 
 
 363. 
 
 I. Against o/flcers or municipality gen- 
 erally; as to ordinances. 
 
 § 61. Generally. 
 
 Against nuisance maintained' by munici- 
 pality, see supra, § 27. 
 
 By Federal court against state railroad com- 
 missioners. 3 L.E.A. 238.* 
 
 Injunction against acts of food commission- 
 er which affect sale of foods. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 331. 
 
 Against illegal removal of state capitol. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 380. 
 
 To restrain illegal appropriation. 7 L.R.A. 
 ISO.'- 
 
 To prevent revocation of school-teacher's 
 license. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1148. 
 
 Power of court to enjoin illegal acts of po- 
 lice officers, other than arrest. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 678, 683. 
 
 Application to governing body of munici- 
 pality for relief as condition of citi- 
 zen's right to injunction against action 
 by municipality. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 574. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. 1— cont'd 
 § 61a. By taxpayer, against unlavft'ul 
 expenditures by municipality. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute, 
 
 to enjoin unlawful expenditures by 
 
 municipality. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) i. 
 Generally. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 Expenses for entertaining, committees, 
 
 and celebrations. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 2. 
 Bonds and negotiable paper. 36 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 3. 
 
 In aid of railroads. 36 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 3. 
 
 City bonds. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 5. 
 
 Water plants. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 6. 
 
 Courthouse bonds. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 6. 
 
 School bonds. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 7. 
 
 Other bonds. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 7. 
 Diverting funds. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 8. 
 Excessive indebtedness. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 9. 
 Favoritism in contracts. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 10. 
 Election expenses. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) V. 
 Illegal fees and salaries. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 11. 
 Donating money or aid. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 13. 
 School contracts. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 16. 
 Buildings and land. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 ]8. 
 Bridges. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 20. 
 Using funds outside of municipal terri- 
 tory. 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 Light, water, heat, and fire contracts. 
 
 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 Printing, stationery, and supplies. 36 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 22. 
 Roads, streets, and sewers. 36 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 23. 
 J'c^ries. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 24. 
 Operating business. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 25. 
 Where the payment was not ultra nires. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 25. 
 Where plaintiff failed to establish a 
 
 cause of action. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 26. 
 Where the injunction suit was prema- 
 ture. 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 26. 
 Laches. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 As to the interest of the plaintiff. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 26. 
 Where other remedies were availabli\ 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 28. 
 Where a defense could be made if not 
 
 enjoined. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 28. 
 Charging fraud. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 28. 
 Ohio cases. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 29. 
 Some Michigan eases. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 30. 
 Massachusetts cases. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 30. 
 Dakota, Kansas, and New York casts. 
 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 31. 
 
 § 62. As to ordinances. 
 
 Power to enjoin passage of municipal ordi- 
 nance. 13 L.R.A. 844; 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 152. 
 
 Begin with this took on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 727 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. 1— cont'd 
 
 Injunctions against prosecutions under. 21 
 
 L.E.A. 8«. 
 Injunction by private person to restrain 
 
 violation of municipal ordinance. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 493. 
 
 m. As to taxes. 
 
 § 63. Generally. 
 
 To restrain sale for taxes. 10 L.E.A. 294." 
 To restrain the collection of illegal taxes. 
 22 L.E.A. 699. 
 General doctrine against. 22 L.E.A. 
 
 699. 
 Foundation of jurisdiction. 22 L.E.A. 
 
 699. 
 Practical operation of principles. 22 
 L.E.A. 700. 
 Eecognized heads. 22 L.E.A. 700. 
 Mere illegality, irregularity, etc. 
 
 22 L.E.A. 701. 
 Adequate remedy at law. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 702. 
 Necessity of payment, etc., of tax 
 due. 22 L.R.A. 703. 
 Eelief granted. 22 L.E.A. 703. 
 
 JM-uitiplioity of suits. 22 L.E.A. 
 
 703. 
 Irreparable injury. 22 L.E.A. 704. 
 Inadequate legal remedy. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 704. 
 Cloud upon title. 22 L.E.A. 705. 
 Special state doctrines. 22 L.E.A. 706. 
 Fraud. 22 L.E.A. 707. 
 Personal tax. 22 L.E.A. 708. 
 Estoppel. 22 L.E.A. 708. 
 Set-oif. 22 L.E.A. 709. 
 Injunction against enforcement of tax laws 
 as affected by other remedies. 8 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 125. 
 Injunction to prevent collection of tax on 
 excessive assessment. 16 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 807. 
 Power to grant mandatory injunctions as 
 to taxes. 20 L.E.A. 167. 
 
 n. As to streets, railroads, and carriers. 
 
 § 64. As to streets. 
 Eailroads in, see infra, § 67. 
 
 Against laying pipes in streets. 8 L.E.A. 
 488.* 
 
 Interference with view of premises from 
 street as special damage which will 
 sustain injunction. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 486. 
 
 As proper remedy to make available fran- 
 chise in street or highway as against 
 municipality. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 782. 
 
 Injunction or ejectment as the proper rem- 
 edy where public highway is illegally 
 opened over private property. 25 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 511. 
 
 Interference with one's use of highway as a, 
 spe&ial damage which will sustain an 
 action by him against the wrongdoer. 
 28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1053. 
 
 Delay in applying for injunction against 
 maintaining teleplione or telegraph line 
 in street or highway. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1091. 
 Consult also L.It.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. n— cont'd 
 
 As a proper remedy to protect right of in- 
 gress and egress from street to abut- 
 ting property. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 
 Power to grant mandatory injunctions as 
 to highways, roads, and passways. 20 
 L.E.A. 162. 
 
 § 65. —nuisances in. 
 
 Injunction by municipal corporation 
 
 against nuisances on. 42 L.E.A. 814. 
 Injunction against nuisance maintained by 
 
 municipality in streets. 23 L.E.A. 
 
 303. 
 Abutter's right to enjoin railroad in street 
 
 as nuisance. 23 L.E.A. 303; 36 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 812. 
 Interference with right of ingress and 
 
 egress from street as special damage 
 
 entitling abutting owner to injunction. 
 
 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 193. 
 State as proper party to maintain bill to 
 
 abate or enjoin a public nuisance in a 
 
 city street. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 
 § 66. Railroads and street railways; 
 carriers. 
 
 Injunction against, as nuisances, in suit by 
 municipality. 44 L.E.A. 565. 
 
 Eemedy by injunction for unlawful dis- 
 crimination by railroad against hack 
 driver. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1027. 
 
 Power to grant mandatory injunctions in 
 respect to common carriers, commerce, 
 and railroads. 20 L.E.A. 166. 
 
 § 67. — in street. 
 
 Injunction against nuisance as to railroads ' 
 in streets. 23 L.E.A. 303. 
 
 Right of abutting owners to enjoin rail- 
 road in street as nuisance. 36 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 812. 
 
 Eight of nonconsenting abutting owner to 
 injunction against use of highway for 
 street railway authorized by public. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1082. 
 
 Effect of abutting owner's consent to con- 
 struction of railroad or street railway 
 in street on his right to an injunc- 
 tion. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 991; 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 433. 
 
 § 68. — as to tickets. 
 
 Against dealing in nontransferable railroad 
 ticket. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 437. 
 
 o. Unfair competition; tradename i 
 trademarlc; patent; copyright; 
 trade secrets. 
 
 § 69. Generally. 
 
 Against unfair competition in business. 3 
 L.E.A. 769.* 
 
 Against false statement as to plaintiff's 
 property or business. 16 L.R.A. 243. 
 
 Necessity of fraudulent intent to justify 
 injunction against unfair competition. 
 4 L.E.A.(N.S.) 960. 
 
 When equity will restrain use of trade- 
 mark. 1 L.E.A. 46.* 
 
728 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. o— cont'd 
 
 Right of sendee to injunction against in- 
 fringement of trademark. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 720. 
 
 Eiglit to protection against use by rival of 
 similar design, shell, or pattern not 
 protected by patent. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 269; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 259. 
 
 Right of members of organization to pro- 
 tection in use of name which their ef- 
 forts have made valuable. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 458. 
 
 Relief against the Infringement of trade- 
 name not used in connection with man- 
 ufactured articles. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 625. 
 
 Right to enjoin in different locality use of 
 similar name as trademark or 
 name. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 254. 
 Where business does not encroach. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 254. 
 Where business encroaches. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 256. 
 
 Power of equity, upon enjoining unfair 
 competition or infringement of trade- 
 mark, tradename, patent, or copyright, 
 to require defendant to pay damages 
 sustained by complainant as distin- 
 guished from profits realized by de- 
 fendant. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 526. 
 
 § 69a. Docti'ine of comparative injury 
 in suit to enjoin patent. 
 
 Where injunction sought to restrain other 
 infringement suits. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 Where injunction sought to restrain in- 
 fringement. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 3. 
 On application for preliminary injunc- 
 tion. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 3. 
 As affected by the merits. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 3. 
 
 Effect of laches of complainant or 
 
 plaintiff. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 7. 
 
 When equities favor complainant 
 
 or plaintiff. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 7. 
 
 When equities favor defendant. 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 8. 
 Public convenience. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 12. 
 Where patent soon to expire. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 14. 
 Suspension of injunction on appeal. 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 14. 
 Final injunction. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 15. 
 
 § 70. Effect of fraud or deception by 
 one aslcing for Injunction. 
 
 Fraud as ground for injunction. 1 L.R.A. 
 46.* 
 
 Effect of false representations extrinsic to 
 tradename or trademark, on right to 
 injunction against infringement. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1151. 
 
 Deception of public by trademark as affect- 
 ing right to injunction against in- 
 fringement. 8 L.R.A. 643.* 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. o— cont'd , 
 
 § 71. Copyright; rights of author. 
 
 Power of equity on enjoining infringement 
 of copyright, to require defendant to 
 pay damages sustained by complainant 
 as distinguished from profits realized 
 by defendant. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 526. 
 
 Rights and remedies of author who has 
 parted with property rights in work. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 629. 
 
 § 7 2. Trade secrets. 
 
 To restrain use of trade secrets. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 652. 
 To protect trade secrets. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 102; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 933. 
 
 p. Against speech or publication. 
 
 § 73. Generally. 
 
 Against speech or publication. 32 L.R.A. 
 831. 
 
 Against improper publication constituting 
 punishable contempt. 32 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 Against publishing or circulating state- 
 ments relative to industrial disputes 
 by labor union. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1013 
 
 Injunction against publication of letters. 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 944. 
 
 q. Miscellaneous. 
 
 § 74. Generally. 
 
 To protect personal right. 37 L.R.A. 783; 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 In support of strict legal right. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 613.* 
 For violation of legal right. L.R.A. 855. 
 In aid of attachment. 20 L.R.A. 446. 
 Against interfering with public agencv. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 64. 
 Against bringing ihtoxicating liquor into 
 
 prohibition district. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 879. 
 Right of property owner to injunction 
 
 against maintenance of electric light 
 
 plant in vicinity of his property. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 237. 
 
 § 75. Cemetery; burial; removal of 
 remains. 
 
 Injunctive relief as to cemetery property, 
 burials, or removal of remains. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 482. 
 Enjoining encroachment upon cemetery 
 
 lands. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 Injunction to protect approach to, or 
 surroundings of, burial ground. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 483. 
 Injunction in aid of control of lots, 
 erections, or surroundings. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 484. 
 By lot owners. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 484. 
 By cemetery ofiScer. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 _ (N.S.) 485. 
 Obliteration of graves, or removal 
 of tombstones. 3 L.R.A. ( N.S . ) 
 485, 
 Injunction to prevent interment, or re- 
 strain interference therewith. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 486. 
 
INDEX TO L.E..A. NOTES. 
 
 720 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. q— cont'd 
 
 To prevent interment. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 486. 
 By cemetery proprietors. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 486. 
 By heir at law or joint owner. 
 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 487. 
 To restrain interference witli in- 
 terment. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 487. 
 Injunction to compel or restrain re- 
 moval of remains. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 488. 
 To compel removal. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 488. 
 To obtain or prevent removal. 3 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 488. 
 Equitable jurisdiction. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 488. 
 Eight of husband of deceased. 
 
 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 488. 
 Right of widow of deceased. 
 
 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 489. 
 Eight of relatives of deceased. 
 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 491. 
 Eemoval upon sale, abandonment, 
 or conversion of cemetery to 
 other uses. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 493. 
 Injunction against nuisance as to ceme- 
 teries, maintained by municipality. 23 
 L.E.A. 303. 
 Injunctions by municipality against. 41 
 L.E.A. 323. 
 
 § 7 6. As to fences and gates. 
 
 Injunction to compel or prevent the erec- 
 tion, maintenance, or removal of 
 fences or gates. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 49. 
 Injunctive relief on ground of tres- 
 pass. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 Introductory. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 Restraining trespass generally. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 50. 
 Adequacy of remedy at law. 
 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 51. 
 Multiplicity of suits. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 55. 
 Protection of equities. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 Boundary fences. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 55. 
 Adequate remedy at law. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 Eight not established at law. 
 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 57. 
 Settlement of disputed bound- 
 ary. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 57. 
 Protecting possession of tres- 
 passer. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 58. 
 Motive for erecting or main- 
 taining fence. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.)-58. 
 Enjoining interference with fences 
 under claim of highway 
 or way. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 58. 
 General statement. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 58. 
 Highways, streets, or alleys, 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INJUNCTION, II. q— cont'd 
 
 Extent or form of relief. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 70. 
 Enjoining interference with fences or 
 gates as waste. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 86. 
 Injunctive relief on ground of nuisance. 
 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Introductory. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Obstruction of higliways, streets, 
 or alleys. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 72. 
 In general. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 72. 
 Special interest or damage. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 73. 
 Injury must be irreparable. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S;) 78. 
 Benefit; balance of inconven- 
 iences. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 80. 
 Obstruction of private roads or 
 ways. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 80. 
 In general. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 80. 
 Adequacy of remedy at law. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 Obstruction of public lands or 
 
 parks. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 84. 
 Extent or form of relief. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 85. 
 Injunction to compel erection, maintenance 
 or removal of fences or gates on ground 
 of nuisance. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Against fences in highway. 42 L.E.A. 82-2. 
 
 § 7 7. — spite fences. 
 
 Against spite fence. 40 L.R.A. 177; 62 
 L.R.A. 683; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 831. 
 
 ///. Mandatory and temporary injunc- 
 tions. 
 
 § 78. Mandatory injunctions. 
 
 Necessity of hearing before granting pre- 
 liminary mandatory injunction. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1225. 
 
 As proper remedy to make available, fran- 
 chise in street or highway as against 
 municipality. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 782. 
 
 Suspension of pending appeal. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 439. 
 
 Disobedience of void mandatory injunction 
 as a contempt. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1064. 
 
 § 7 9. — power to grant. 
 
 In regard to obstruction of lights. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 161. 
 As to use of property. 20 L.E.A. 161. 
 As to roads, highways, and passways. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 162. 
 As to mandatory injunctions relating to 
 
 milldams. 20 L.R.A. 163. 
 As to obstruction or diversion of water 
 
 courses in other matters. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 164. 
 As to other kinds of nuisances. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 165. 
 Mandatory injunctions as applied to com- 
 mon carriers, commerce, and railroads. 
 
 20 L.R.A. 106. 
 As to taxes. 20 L.R.A. 167, 
 
730 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INJUNCTION, III.— cont'd 
 
 As to offices. 20 L.R.A. 167. 
 
 As to churches. 20 L.R.A. 167. 
 
 As to specific performance of contracts. 20 
 L.R.A. 167. 
 
 As to possession of property. 20 L.R.A. 
 169. 
 
 To compel removal of structure which en- 
 croaches on adjoining property. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 402. 
 
 To compel or prevent erection or removal 
 of fences or gates. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 
 Right to enforcement of restrictive cove- 
 nant as affected by change in neighbor- 
 hood. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 706. 
 
 § 80. Temporary injunction. 
 
 Necessitv of hearing before granting. 9 
 
 L.R:a.(N.S.) 1225. 
 Against obstructing waters of stream. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 885. 
 Right to temporary injunction against 
 transfer by husband in fraud of wife's 
 support. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1156. 
 Doctrine of comparative injury on appli- 
 cation for preliminary injunction 
 against nuisance. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 Doctrine of comparative injury on applica- 
 tion for preliminary injunction against 
 infringement of patent. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 3. 
 Right to preliminary injunction which 
 would have effect of transferring 
 possession of property from defend- 
 ant to plaintiff. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 3L 
 General rule. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 31. 
 Violation of injunction as con- 
 tempt. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 32. 
 Injunction as violative of guaran- 
 ty of trial by jury. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 32. 
 Form of injunction as affecting 
 question. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 Cases illustrating general rule. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.), 33. 
 Contesting factions. 39 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 33. 
 Contesting railroad companies. 39 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 Miscellaneous. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 34. 
 Contest between entrymen under home- 
 stead laws. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 34. 
 When suit between landlord and ten- 
 ant. ,39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 35. 
 Character of possession. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 36. 
 
 IV. Jurisdictional amount. 
 
 § 81. Generally. 
 
 Amount in dispute in case of injunction 
 against enforcement of liens or 
 claims against specifie property. 
 61 L.R.A. 781. 
 Injunctions in favor of debtors. 61 
 L.R.A. 781. 
 Against the sale of exempt prop- 
 erty. 61 L.R.A. 781. 
 In other cases. 61 L,R,A. 782. 
 Injunctions in favor of third parties. 
 61 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Begin with, this boole on every law question 
 
 INJUNCTION, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Claimants of property. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 783. 
 Mortgagees and other lienors. 61 
 L;R.A. 785. 
 Uniting interests of several parties. 
 61 L.R.A. 786. 
 
 T. Procedure; bond; decree. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 82, Generally. 
 
 Sufficiency of pleading, see Pleading, § 34. 
 
 Necessity of hearing before granting pre- 
 liminary mandatory injunction. 9 
 L.R,A.(N.S.) 1225. 
 
 Removal of injunction proceeding because 
 of separable controversy. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 98. 
 
 Joinder of parties in suit to restrain pollu- 
 tion of water course. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1149. 
 
 Right of tenant who maintains his posses- 
 sion by means of wrongful injunction, 
 to crops grown on the leasehold. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 
 g 82a. Parties. 
 
 Joinder of tort feasors in suit to restrain 
 
 their wrongful acts. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 110. 
 
 § 83. Effect of appeal. 
 
 To modify or suspend injunction. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 555. 
 Suspension of, pending appeal. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 436. 
 On jurisdiction of trial court, to punish its 
 
 violation as contempt. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1150. 
 
 § 84. Damages for suing out. 
 
 Recovery on bond of attorneys' fees in- 
 curred in procuring dissolution, see 
 infra, § 87. 
 
 Measure of damages in injunction casej, see 
 Damages, § 94. 
 
 Right to recover damages caused by an in- 
 junction. 18 L.R.A. 275. 
 Damages from obeying a void injunc- 
 tion. 18 L.R.A. 275. 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 
 wrongful injunction. 52 L.R.A. 58. 
 Liability of municipality for wrongful in- 
 junction proceedings instituted by its 
 officers. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 34. 
 
 6. Bond. 
 
 § 85. Generally. 
 
 Requirement as to bond. 13 L.R.A. 311.* 
 Form of judgment on injunction bond. 62 
 
 L.R.A. 446. 
 Relief from judgment against sureties on 
 
 bond. 31 L.R.A. 66. 
 Liability of injunction bond for acts of 
 
 third persons. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 951. 
 Effect upon surety on injunction bond of 
 
 judgment against principal. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 742. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 731 
 
 INJUNCTION, V. b— cont'd 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in in- 
 junction bond. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 114. 
 
 § 86. Extent of recovery on. 
 
 Damages recoverable under in|iinction bond. 
 
 13 L.R.A. 312.* 
 Penalty as limit of liability on bond. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 389. 
 Right to interest on injunction bond. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 14, S2. 
 
 § 87. — of attorneys' fees necessarily 
 expended in dissolving the injunc- 
 tion. 
 
 The eonfliet in the courts. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 50: 33 L.R.A. (X.S.) 844. 
 The doctrine of the Federal and terri- 
 torial courts. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 The state courts in harmony with the 
 Federal courts. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 51. 
 The doctrine in other states. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 The necessity and value of the services. 16 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 Preliminary work. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62; 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 845. 
 Restriction to services relating to dis- 
 solution of injunction. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 64; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 846. 
 Unsuccessful efforts to dissolve. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 65. 
 Defense on the merits. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 66. 
 General services in action. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 69. 
 When injunctive relief is sole or chief 
 object of action. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 69. 
 When it is ancillary onlv. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 71. 
 When injunction is not interloevitorily 
 
 attacked. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 The rule in Kentuckv. 16 L.R.A. 
 33 L.R.A'. (N.S.) 847. 
 of service. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 74. 
 
 se. and 
 75; 33 
 
 (N.S.) 72 
 Particular kinds 
 
 (N.S.) 73. 
 In suits in equity. 
 Service by salaried officials, pro 
 
 gratuitous. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 847. 
 Counsel fees as only damage. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 75. 
 Necessity of actual payment. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 76. 
 Malice. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 76. 
 Final decree as prerequisite. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 848. 
 
 e. Dissolution and decree. 
 
 § 88. Dissolution. 
 
 Recovery on bond of attorneys' fees expend- 
 ed in dissolution, see supra, § 87. 
 
 Motion to dissolve. 11 L.R.A. 577.* 
 Effect of dissolution. 11 L.R.A. 578.* 
 Award of damages on dissolution. 11 
 L.R.A. 578.* 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INJUNCTION, V. c— cont'd 
 
 § 89. Decree; relief granted. 
 
 Nature of proceeding for violation of, as 
 civil or crirairfal, see Contempt, § 2. 
 
 E.vtent and form of relief in action for in- 
 junction to compel or prevent erection, 
 maintenance, or removal of fences or 
 gates. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 70, 85. 
 
 Damages in lieu of injunction. 20 L.R.A. 
 752. 
 
 Power of equity on enjoining unfair compe- 
 tition or infringement of trademark, 
 tradename, patent, or copyright, to re- 
 quire defendant to pay damages sus- 
 tained by complainant as distinguished 
 from profits realized by defendant. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 526. 
 
 Final decree as prerequisite to recovery on 
 bond of attorneys' fees incurred in 
 procuring dissolution. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 848. 
 
 § 90. Effect and conclusiveness of de- 
 cree. 
 
 Conclusiveness of prior decisions on appeal 
 as to. 34 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 Decree in taxpayer's suit restraining dis- 
 trict from performing contract as 
 binding on contractor. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 383. 
 
 Effect of judgment enjoining use of real 
 property in a certain manner upon 
 right of subsequent occupants to use 
 the property in the same manner. ]3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 462. 
 
 Effect of decree enjoining use of real prop- 
 erty in a certain manner upon right of 
 subsequent occupants. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 462. 
 
 Effect of injunction against suing on run- 
 ning of statute of limitations. 3 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1187; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 673. 
 
 INJURY. 
 
 Personal injury, see Personal Injuries. 
 
 INLAND WATERS. 
 
 Jurisdiction over, see Waters, § 7. 
 
 Duty and obligation of vessel on, in respect 
 to sick or injured member of crew. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 199. 
 
 INNKEEPERS. 
 
 7. In general, §§ 1, 3. 
 II. What are inns or hotels, § 3. 
 
 III. Who are guests §§ 4, 5. 
 
 IV. Duty and liability of innlceeper, 
 
 §§ 6-12. 
 Y. Protection of innlceeper; liens, 
 §§ 13, li. 
 
732 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 INNKEEPERS— cont'd 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Board generally, see Boabd, § 1. 
 
 As to restaurants, see Eestatjeants. 
 
 Compulsory service by. 15 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Constitutional right to equal accommoda- 
 tion. 14 L.R.A. 579. 
 
 Hotel or lodging house as violation of re- 
 strictive covenant. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 625. 
 
 Validity of agreement in restraint of trade 
 ancillary to sale of business of, as af- 
 fected by territorial scope. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 930. 
 
 Serving liquor with meals by proprietor of 
 hotel or restaurant as a sale thereof. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 943. 
 
 Right of innkeeper to transfer guest. 9 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 213. 
 
 Character of occupancy of employees. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 702, 718. 
 
 § 2. License of; unlicensed innkeepers. 
 
 Proprietor of hotel conducted on European 
 plan as keeper of a restaurant within 
 license statute or ordinance. 17 L.R.A. 
 _ (N.S.) 566. 
 
 Validity of contract of unlicensed inn- 
 keeper. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 617. 
 
 Effect of failure to procure license on right 
 to recover for board. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1159. 
 
 //. What are inns or hotels, 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Inn defined. 6 L.R.A. 483.* 
 
 Sleeping-car companies as. 21 L.R.A. 289. 
 
 Furnishing food to guests as an essential 
 
 characteristic of a hotel or inn. 17 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1259. 
 What constitutes hotel or tavern within 
 
 liquor license law. 20 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 107. 
 Proprietor of hotel conducted on European 
 
 plan as keeper of restaurant within 
 
 license, statute, or ordinance. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 566. 
 
 III. Who are guests. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Who is guest. 8 L.R.A. 809;' 12 L.R.A. 
 383.* 
 
 Payment of board by week as affecting re- 
 lation between proprietor of hotel and 
 one who makes no arrangement as to 
 time of stay. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 476; 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 122. 
 
 § 5. Initiation of relation. 
 
 When is the relation of Innkeeper and guest 
 initiated. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 420. 
 
 What acts, with respect to baggage of an 
 intending guest, will initiate the re- 
 lation of innkeeper and guest so as to 
 create liability for its loss or injurv. 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1107; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1085. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 INNKEEPERS— cont'd 
 IV. Duty and liability of innkeeper. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Duty of innkeeper with respect to opera- 
 tion of elevator. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 290. 
 
 § 7. liiabllity for loss of property. 
 
 Responsibility as bailee. 6 L.R.A. 484;* 
 12 L.R.A. 382.* 
 Liability as a mere depositary. 12 
 L.R.A. 383.* 
 Liability as insurer. 8 L.R.A. 97.* 
 Presumption of negligence of innkeeper 
 from injury to property of guest. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1027. 
 
 § 8. — for what property responsible. 
 
 Property lost or stolen. 6 L.R.A. 485;* 12 
 L.R.A. 382.* 
 
 Relation of guest and host as a condition 
 of liability. 12 L.R.A. 383.* 
 
 Liability for loss or destruction of com- 
 mercial traveler's samples. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 350. 
 
 Effect of statute limiting innkeeper's lia- 
 bility for goods not delivered into his 
 custody. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 577. 
 
 Duty of innkeeper as to effects of one who 
 has left without intention of returning 
 as guest. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 495. 
 
 § 9. — contributory negligence of 
 guest. 
 
 Effect of contributory negligence of guest 
 to defeat recovery against innkeeper. 
 6 L.R.A. 486.* 
 
 Effect of guest's noncompliance with regu- 
 lations. 6 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 §10. For injuries to persons op sensi- 
 bilities of guests. 
 
 Injury by elevator, see Elevators, § 5. 
 Liability of landlord for injury to guests 
 
 of tenant, see Landlord and Tenant, 
 
 § 72. 
 
 Liability for ejecting guests. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 830. 
 Liability for injury caused by lack or in- 
 sufficiency of fire escapes. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 160; 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177; 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 178; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 744. 
 Liability for serving unfit food. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 480. 
 Presumption of negligence of innkeeper 
 
 from injury to guest. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1027. 
 
 § 11. — by servant. 
 
 Liability for injury to guest by servant. 
 69 L.R.A. 642. 
 
 Liability, at common law, of a saloonkeeper 
 for personal injury to patron. 4 
 L.R.A,.(N.S.) 649. 
 
 Liability of innkeeper or restaurant keeper 
 for assault by his servant upon a pa- 
 tron. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 
 Liability for malicious acts of servant 
 towards guest. 4 L.R.A. (N.8.) 485. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 733 
 
 INNKEEPERS, IV.— cont'd 
 § 12. Duty as to shelter and entertain- 
 ment of traveler. 
 
 General rules. 2 B. R. C. 684. 
 
 Duty to receive and entertain travelers. 
 
 2 B. R. C. 684. 
 Duty to furnish liquor to traveler on 
 
 Sunday. 2 B. R. C. 687. 
 Termination of status as "traveler" 
 
 while at inn. 2 B. R. C. 688. 
 Contract and terms. 2 B. R. C. 688. 
 Limitations and exceptions. 2 B. R. C. 
 
 689. 
 Where inn already full. 2 B. R. C. 
 
 689. 
 Inability of traveler to pay. 2 B. R. 
 
 C. 689. 
 As to necessity for payment in ad- 
 vance. 2 B. R. C. 690. 
 Kind and extent of accommodations. 
 
 2 B. R. C. 690. 
 Conduct, condition, or character of 
 
 traveler. 2 B. R. C. 692. 
 
 y. Protection of innkeeper; liens. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute providing for 
 imprisonment for beating board bill. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 
 § 14. Lien. 
 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. 229. 
 
 Distinction between guest and boarder. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 229. 
 What property subject. 21 L.R.A. 229. 
 Property of third persons. 21 L.R.A. 230; 
 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 958. 
 blaster's goods in possession of servant. 2] 
 
 L.R.A. 230. 
 Where several are in one company. 21 
 
 L.R.A.,230. 
 How relation of guest effected. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 231. 
 Waiver of lien. 21 L.R.A. 231. 
 Enforcement of lien. 21 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 INNOCENCE. 
 
 Presumption of, see Evidence, § 55. 
 
 Conclusiveness in civil action of judgment 
 in criminal action to show innocence. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 657. 
 
 Innocence of one arrested as affecting right 
 to arrest without a warrant under a 
 statute authorizing such an arrest 
 when the offender shall be taken or ap- 
 prehended in the act. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1182, 
 
 INNtrENDO. 
 
 Effect of innuendo on defense of truth to 
 civil action for libel or slander. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 140. 
 Consult also Tj.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INOPERATIVE INStTRANCE. 
 
 Effect of, on other insurance, see Insur- 
 ance, § 100. 
 
 #«» 
 
 IN PARI DELICTO. 
 
 Doctrine of, see Contbacts, § 113. 
 
 *-—*■ — 
 
 INQUEST. 
 
 By coroners, see Coroners. 
 In lunacy proceedings, see Incompetent 
 Persons, §§ 5-7. 
 
 INQUIRY. 
 
 Necessity of, to raise presumption of death 
 from seven years' absence. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 809; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 178. 
 
 INSANE ASYLUM. 
 
 As a nuisance. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 647. 
 
 Erection of, as violation of restrictive cove- 
 nant in deed. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 617. 
 
 Exemption of, from suit, as agency of state. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 243. 
 
 Power to make estate of person committed 
 to, or his relatives liable for cost of 
 his maintenance therein. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 295. 
 
 Validity of decree of divorce obtained on 
 publication or service out of state 
 where defendant was confined in. 19 
 L.R.A. 816, 821. 
 
 INSANE DELUSIONS. 
 
 Irresistible impulse as excuse for crime, 
 
 see Criminal Law, § 9. 
 What are, see Incompetent Persons, § 3. 
 
 As proof of incapacity of testator. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 62. 
 
 INSANE PERSONS. 
 
 See Incompetent Persons; Wills, §§ 9-15. 
 
 INSANITY. 
 
 See Incompetent Pebsons. 
 
734 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSECUKITY CLAUSE. 
 
 Effect of, in chattel mortgage, see Chattel 
 Mortgage, § 26. 
 
 INSOLVENCY. 
 
 II. 
 
 In general, §§ 1, 2. 
 Preferences, § 3. 
 
 III. Assets, § 4. 
 
 IV. Claims against estate, §§ S-S. 
 
 a. In general, § 5. 
 
 ft. Priorities, §§ 6-8. 
 Effect, §§ 9-15. 
 Discharge and its effect, §16, 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 r. 
 ri. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Assignment for benefit of creditors, see As- 
 signment FOR Creditors. 
 
 Bankruptcy, see Bankruptcy. 
 
 Set-oflf by or against estate of bankrupt, 
 see Bankruptcy, §§ 26-30. 
 
 Set-off by or against insolvent bank, see 
 Banks, § 42. > 
 
 Relation of bankrupt law to assignments 
 and insolvency proceedings under state 
 laws, see Bankruptcy, § 9. 
 
 Composition with creditors, see Composi- 
 tion WITH Creditors. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 79. 
 
 Transfer of insurance policy in ease of, 
 see Insurance, §§ 1, 2, 3. 
 
 Charge of insolvency as libel or slander, 
 see Libel and Slander, §§ 16, 17, 26. 
 
 As to receivers, see Receivers. 
 
 Set-off in case of, see Set-Off, §§ 12, 16-21. 
 
 Insolvency of corporation, generally, see 
 Corporations, §§ 134-137. 
 
 Insolvency of bank, see Banks, §§ 39-42. 
 
 Of insurance company, see Insurance, §§ 
 9, 10. 
 
 Of partnership, see Partnership, §§ 15-17. 
 
 Receivers for insolvent, see Receivers. 
 
 Defined. 5 L.R.A. 765;* 6 L.R.A. 108;* 10 
 L.R.A. 707.* 
 
 State insolvency laws; validity. 1 L.R.A. 
 359.* 
 
 Construction of insolvent statutes. 6 
 L.R.A. 108.* 
 
 Buyer's concealment of insolvency as a 
 fraud on seller. 14 L.R.A. 264. 
 
 Duty of one taking note to communicate 
 the fact of principal's insolvency to 
 one assuming the obligation of surety. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 377. 
 
 Right of grantee in possession to question 
 grantor's right to collect purchase 
 money in action of. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 395. 
 
 Appointment of insolvent debtor as ex- 
 ecutor or administrator as discharging 
 debt or charging his sureties. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 417. 
 
 Xecessity of following insolvent's estate for 
 pro rata to hold indorser of note. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 539. 
 
 INSOLVENCY, I.— cont'd 
 
 Withdrawal from insolvent loan associa- 
 tion. 35 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 matters in. 49 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 Pendency of action in both state and Feder- 
 al courts. 42 L.R.A. 460. 
 
 Notice of vendor's insolvency sufficient to 
 put purchaser on inquiry as to vendor's 
 ' fraudulent intent. 32 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 Insolvency proceedings as violation of cove- 
 nant in lease against assignment or 
 sale. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1201. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and efi'ect of state stat- 
 ' utes as to. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 431. 
 
 § 2. Recovering back payments made 
 In Ignorance of. 
 
 Right of bank to recover amount paid on 
 check in ignorance of insolvency of 
 drawer who was indebted to it. 33: 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 963. 
 
 Right of executor or administrator to re- 
 cover back from creditor excessive pay- 
 ments made under mistaken belief tliat 
 estate was solvent. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 440. 
 
 II. Preferences. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 In assignment for creditors, see Assign- 
 ment OF Creditors, §§ 15, 16. 
 
 Preferences by bankrupt, see Bankruptcy, 
 §§ 13-17. 
 
 By insolvent bank, see Banks, § 40. 
 
 By insolvent corporations generally, see 
 Corporations, § 137. 
 
 As between creditors of partnership and of 
 individual partners, see Partnersiup, 
 § 17. 
 
 Right of insolvent debtor to make prefer- 
 ences, generally. 11 L.R.A. 466.* 
 
 Right of debtor in failing circumstances to 
 prefer creditors. 12 L.R.A. 808.* 
 
 Transfer to secure creditor. 9 L.R.A. 648.* 
 
 Application of firm property to payment of 
 debts of individual partner. 29 L.R.A. 
 685. 
 
 Preference by judgment. 5 L.R.A. 765;* 
 12 L.R.A. 810;* 22 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Effect of contemporaneous agreement to 
 give the debtor employment, or retain 
 him in a position, to render an at- 
 tempted preference invalid as to other 
 creditors. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 310. 
 
 Law governing discrimination between resi- 
 dents and nonresidents. 65 L.R.A. 
 368. ' 
 
 Composition with creditors: preference cre- 
 ated by act or undertaking of third 
 party. 2 B. R. C. 460. 
 
 Liability of creditor obtaining a fraudu- 
 lent preference in composition with 
 creditors. 27 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 Effect, under bankruptcy and insolvency 
 laws, of creditors' participation in 
 fraudulent intent of debtor in making 
 transfer by way of preference. 31 
 L.R.A. 647. 
 
 Begin icitli this hoole on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 735 
 
 INSOLVENCY, II.— cont'd 
 
 Participation by preferred creditor in 
 
 debtor's fraud. 36 L.R.A. 360. 
 Securing preference as participation in 
 
 debtor's fraudulent intent. 31 L.E.A. 
 
 615. 
 
 III. Assets. 
 
 Assets of bankrupt, see Bankruptcy, §§ 18- 
 22. 
 
 § 4. What are. 
 
 Of bankrupt estate, see Bankruptcy, §§ 19, 
 20. 
 
 Liquor license as asset. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 626. 
 
 Life insurance as assets of insolvent. 50 
 L.E.A. 33; 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 451; 30 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 990. 
 
 Rights of creditors of insured in endow- 
 ment or tontine insurance. 4 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 456. 
 
 Does right of action for personal injuries 
 pass to assignee In insolvency. 44 
 L.R.A. 180; 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 
 IT. Claims against estate. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Against bankrupt estate, see BANKStnPTCY, 
 
 §§ 24-31. 
 Set-off in ease of insolvency, see Set-Off 
 
 AND Counterclaim, §§ 12, 16-21. 
 
 Liability of insolvent estate for funeral ex- 
 penses. 33 L.R.A. 669. 
 
 Effect of failure to present claim against 
 estate of insolvent principal to release 
 surety. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 141. 
 
 Liability of administrator and his sureties 
 for debt owing by former to estate of 
 his intestate where administrator is 
 hopelessly insolvent. 61 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 Right to have trust property wrongfully 
 pledged by a trustee for his individual 
 benefit redeemed by money belonging 
 to his insolvent estate. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 487. 
 
 Claim in insolvency, as remedy for breach 
 of agreement to assume debts on dis- 
 solution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 114. 
 
 ft. Priorities. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 In assignment for creditors, see Assign- 
 ment FOR Creditors, § 17. 
 
 Priority of rights against bankrupt estate, 
 see Bankruptcy, § 12. 
 
 Trust in proceeds of insolvent bank, see 
 Bakks, § 41. 
 
 Following trust funds, see Banks, § 41 ; 
 Trusts, § 37. 
 
 Of claims of laborers. 18 L.R.A. 305. 
 Priority of claims for taxes. 29 L.R.A. 
 249, 278. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INSOLVENCY, IV. b— cont'd 
 
 Right of customer who has advanced pur- 
 chase money to broker or factor to 
 preference in case of insolvency prior 
 to the making of a purchase. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 95. 
 
 § 7. Of claim of United States. 
 
 Upon what based. 29 L.R.A. 227 ; 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 255. 
 Constitutionality of provisions for. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 228. 
 Superiority over state laws. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 228. 
 Construction and scope of. 29 L.R.A. 228. 
 
 Generally. 29 L.R.A. 228. 
 
 Who are debtors of the United States. 
 29 L.R.A. 229. 
 
 What debts are within the statute. 29 
 L.R.A. 230. 
 
 What constitutes insolvency. 29 
 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 Sufficiency of assignment to confer 
 priority. 29 L.R.A. 232. 
 
 Sufficiency of attachment to confer 
 priority. 29 L.R.A. 234. 
 When and to what it attaches. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 234. 
 Nature and extent. 29 L.R.A. 236. 
 Marshaling assets. 29 L.R.A. 238. 
 Liability of assignee or representative. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 239. 
 Subrogation of sureties. 29 L.R.A. 240. 
 What amounts to a devestiture of the right. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 241. 
 How asserted. 29 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 § 8. Of claim of state. 
 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. 243; 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 255. 
 Upon what based. 29 L.R.A. 243. 
 Constitutionality of provision for. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 244. 
 Nature and extent. 29 L.R.A. 245. 
 To what indebtedness it applies. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 246. 
 Subrogation of suretv making payment. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 248. 
 When it attaches and how devested. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 248. 
 
 V. Effect. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Transfer of property out of state by insol- 
 vency proceedings, and extraterritorial 
 effect of insolvency laws, see Conflict 
 OF Laws, § 25. 
 
 Effect of insolvency of corporation, see 
 Corporations, § 136. 
 
 Interruption of limitations by assignment 
 in, see Limitation of Actions, § 61. 
 
 Transfer of trademark by, see Tr.vdemakk. 
 § 5. 
 
 Effect of insolvency of debtor on accord and 
 satisfaction by part payment. 20 
 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Effect of insolvency on payment of part of 
 liquidated and undisputed debt opera- 
 ating as discharge of the whole. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.I 1024. 
 
736 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSOLVENCY, v.— cont'd 
 
 As affecting right to assumption of debts 
 on dissolution of partnership. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 
 Insolvency as excuse for not exhausting 
 remedies at law before bringing credit- 
 ors' bill. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88, 97. 
 
 Of loan association, effect on application of 
 payments for stock on mortgage given 
 by member. 29 L.K.A. 132. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judg- 
 ment. 31 L.E.A. 766. 
 
 Effect of insolvency assignment to inter- 
 rupt statute of limitations. 26 L.R.A. 
 737. 
 
 § 10. Of principal debtor. 
 
 Insolvency of principal debtor as excuse for 
 failure to give guarantor notice of de- 
 fault. 20 L.E.A. 264. 
 
 Effect of principal's insolvency on surety's 
 right to intervene in action against 
 principal or vice versa. 68 L.RA.. 741. 
 
 § 11. Of insurer or reinsured. 
 
 Liability of reinsurer in case of insolvency 
 of original insurer. 10 L.R.A. 424.* 
 
 Extent of reinsurer's liability as affected by 
 insolvency of reinsured. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 858. 
 
 Right to return of premiums on adjudica- 
 tion of insolvency of insurer. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 639. 
 
 § 12. Of vendor. 
 
 Insolvency of vendor as ground for injunc- 
 tion against judgment for purchase 
 money. 31 L.R.A. 748. 
 
 Effect of vendor's insolvency on right to 
 injunction against collection of pur- 
 chase money, where title to land is de- 
 fective. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 451. 
 
 § 1 3 . Of purchaser. 
 
 Rtdcission of sale for insolvency of pur- 
 chaser. 2 L.R.A. 153.* 
 
 § 14. Of decedent's estate or personal 
 representative. 
 
 As affecting allovpance for funeral ex- 
 penses from ■ decedent's estate. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 575. 
 
 To whom notice of protest or nonpayment 
 should be given after appointment of 
 representative of insolvent. 61 L.R.A. 
 900. 
 
 Effect of insolvency of personal representa- 
 tive in liability of estate to attorney 
 employed by him. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 
 § 15. Of party to commercial paper. 
 
 Effect of insolvency of party negotiating 
 paper to put purchaser on inquiry. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372. 
 
 To whom notice of protest and nonpayment 
 should be given after appointment of 
 representative of insolvent. 61 L.R.A. 
 900. 
 
 Of maker of note as excuse for delay in en- 
 forcing liability so as to prevent re- 
 lease of indorser. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 ,555. 
 
 INSOLVENCY, V.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of insolvency of accommodated party 
 on right of accommodation party who 
 has been obliged to pay bill or note to 
 recover the amount thereof. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 786. 
 
 Known insolvency of maker at time of in- 
 dorsement as excusing presentment and 
 notice of nonpayment. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 640. 
 
 As excuse for lack of demand or notice of 
 dishonor of paper held as collateral or 
 conditional payment. 68 L.R.A. 490. 
 
 VI. Discharge and its effect. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 In bankruptcy, see Bankbuptct, §§ 32-36. 
 
 Binding effect of judgment refusing dis- 
 charge. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 629; 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1164. 
 
 Discharge of corporation as affecting 
 stockholder's liability for its debts. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 648. 
 
 Discharge in, as defense in action for debts 
 assumed on dissolution of partnership. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 112. 
 
 New prdmise after discharge of debtor. 53 
 L.R.A. 363. 
 
 insf'ection. 
 
 See DiscovEBY and Inspection. 
 
 INSPECTION LAWS. 
 
 Power of state. 11 L.R.A. 180.* 
 
 INSPECTORS. 
 
 Right of woman to be. 38 L.R.A. 212. 
 Duty and liability to inspectors who enter 
 
 premises in performance of their duty. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 380. 
 
 < « » 
 
 INSTALLATION. 
 
 See Electbicity. 
 
 INSTALMENT BONDS. 
 
 See Instalments, § 4. 
 
 INSTALMENT NOTES. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every laiv question. 
 
 See Instalments, § 5. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 737 
 
 INSTALMENTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Foreclosure of mortgage on default in pay- 
 ment of, see Mortgage, § 65. 
 
 Action to recover instalments of alimony 
 under decree rendered in another state. 
 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1168; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1068. 
 
 § 2. Delivery in, of articles sold. 
 
 Sale on instalment plan. 9 L.R.A. 373;* 
 
 10 L.E.A. 233;* 12 L.E.A. 446.* 
 Acceptance of portion as affecting right to 
 
 rescind contract for failure to deliver 
 whole. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 864. 
 Right of purchaser of goods deliverable in 
 instalments to rescind the contract or 
 refuse further deliveries for breach as 
 to quality. 38 L.E.A. (N.S.) 539. 
 
 § 3. Of purchase or contract price. 
 
 Rescission of sale for failure to pay for in- 
 stalment as delivered. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 Provision for payment of instalments of 
 price of article during construction as 
 indicating intent to pass title. 2 B. 
 R. C. 646. 
 
 Delay in paying instalments as excusing 
 building contractor's delay in com- 
 pleting contract. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1223. 
 
 Terminations of contract of employment by 
 death of servant during term stipu- 
 lated by contract providing for re- 
 muneration in instalments. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 929. 
 
 When municipal indebtedness payable in 
 instalments arises. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1063. 
 
 Buyer's right to maintain separate action 
 for delivery of each instalment under 
 entire contract. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1082. 
 
 Effect of setting up defects as counterclaim 
 in action to recover instalment of pur- 
 chase price on right to set up like 
 counterclaim in subsequent action. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 734. 
 
 § 4. Instalment bonds. 
 
 Form of judgment on instalment bonds. 62 
 L.E.A. 428, 439. 
 
 IN STATU QUO. 
 
 Placing party in as condition of rescission 
 of contract, see CoiSfTKACTS, § 156. 
 
 INSTIGATION. 
 
 To commit crime, see Cbiminal Law, § 19; 
 ROBBBBY, § 2. 
 
 INSTRUCTION. 
 
 As a necessary for an infant. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 On trial, see Appeal and Eeboe, § 36; 
 
 Tbial, §§ 60-68. 
 Master's duty to instruct servant, see 
 
 Masteb ajstd Servant, §§ 72-78, 1C5. 
 
 Instruction by correspondence as interstate 
 commerce. 27 L.E.A.(N.S.) 493. 
 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 grand jury by. 28 L.R.A. 367. 
 
 INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 § 5. Instalment notes. 
 
 Holders of, as parties to proceedings to en- 
 force mortgage for part of debt. 37 
 L.R.A. 742. 
 
 Effect of setting up defects in article pur- 
 chased as counterclaim in action on 
 one of a series of notes given for, or 
 for an instalment of, the purchase 
 price, on right to set up a like counter- 
 claim in subsequent actions. 10 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 734. 
 
 Effect on negotiability of bill or note of 
 provision accelerating maturity for 
 failure to pay instalment. 35 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 391. 
 Consult also L.R.A., Digests to date. 47 
 
 Negotiable instruments, see Bills and 
 Notes; Checks. 
 
 Order for physical examination requiring 
 use of, as abuse of discretion. 15 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 665. 
 
 INSUFFICIENCY OF FUNDS. 
 
 As relieving municipality from liability for 
 injury from defects in streets. 20 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 529. 
 
 INSULATION. 
 
 Duty to insulate electric wires over high- 
 way. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1171; 1 B. E. 
 C. 799. 
 
 INSULT. 
 
 As provocation for homicide, see Homicide, 
 § 24. 
 
 Carrier's liability for insults to passengers 
 by employee's. 14 L.E.A. 739. 
 
 Insulting passenger by suggesting that he 
 belongs in colored compartment as an 
 actionable wrong. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 206. 
 
738 
 
 INDEX TO L.II.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSULT— cont'd 
 
 To court because of decision after determi- 
 nation of case as contempt or ground 
 for disbarment. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 
 INSURABLE INTEREST. 
 
 See Instjkance, IV. 
 
 « « » 
 
 INSURANCE. 
 
 7. In general, §§ 1-4:. 
 II. Companies and associations; 
 rights and liabilities of 
 members generally, §§ 5- 
 16. 
 a. In general, § S. 
 ft. Foreign companies, §§ 6-S. 
 o. Insolvency and dissolution, 
 §§ 9, lO. 
 
 d. Variotis particular Teinds of 
 
 companies and associations, 
 §§ 11-14. 
 
 e. Rights, powers, and liabili- 
 
 ties of members generally, 
 
 §§ 15, 10. 
 III. Agents, officers, and brolcers, §§ 
 
 17-23. 
 IT. Insurable interest, S§ 34-35. 
 
 a. In property, §§ 24-26. 
 
 b. In life, §§ 37-35. 
 
 T. The policy or contract; constitu- 
 tion and by-laws, §§ 36- 
 119. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 36-40. 
 
 ft. Application generally, § 41. 
 
 c. Validity generally, §§ 43-45. 
 
 d. Constitution, rules, and by- 
 
 laws, §§ 46, 47. 
 
 e. Reformation; rescission; 
 
 cancelation; surrender, §§ 
 48-54. 
 
 f. Paid up insurance; surren- 
 
 der value; extended insur- 
 ance ; options ; endowment 
 policies, §§ SS-SSa. 
 
 g. Construction, §§ 59-63. 
 
 h. Warranties; representations; 
 conditions ; incontesta- 
 bility, §§ 63-103. 
 1, In policies on property, 
 §§ 63-89. 
 
 (a) In general, §§ 63- 
 
 65. 
 
 (b) Title ; ownership ; 
 
 encumbrances, § § 
 66-73. 
 
 (c) Use, care, and 
 
 condition of prop- 
 erty, §§ 74-78. 
 
 (d) Iron-safe clause, 
 
 § 79. 
 
 (e) Other insurance, 
 
 § 80. 
 
 (f) Breach by tenant 
 
 or mortgagor, §§ 
 81, 83. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. h, 1— cont'd 
 
 (g) Increase of risle 
 
 generally, § S3, 
 (h) Temporary change 
 of conditions, §§ 
 84-89. 
 3. In life or accident poli- 
 cies, §§ 90-103. 
 
 (a) In general, §§ 
 
 90-93. 
 
 (b) Health, liabits, 
 
 and occupation, 
 §§ 93-98. 
 
 (c) Previous rejec- 
 
 tion; other insur- 
 ance, §§ 99-101. 
 
 (d) Increase of risk. 
 generally, § 102. 
 
 (e) Incontestability, § 
 
 103. 
 i. Termination generally; sus- 
 pension, §§ 104, 105. 
 j. Forfeiture, §§ 106-108. 
 fc. Reinstatement, § 109. 
 I. Premiums; assessments; 
 
 rates, §§ 110-119. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 110, 111. 
 
 2. Payment of, §§ 113- 
 
 115. 
 
 3. Return ' of; recovery 
 
 bacle, §§ 116-118. 
 
 4. Rates, § 119. 
 
 VI. Transfer of policy or interest 
 therein, §§ 120-129. 
 a. Assignment generally, §§ 
 
 130-136. 
 ft. Change of beneficiary, §§ 
 127-129. 
 VII. Estoppel; waiver, §§ 130-144. 
 a. Of insured, §§ 130, 131. 
 ft. Of insurer, §§ 132-144. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 132-140. 
 
 2. By agent or officer, §§ 
 
 141-143. 
 
 3. Parol evidence rule, § 
 
 144. 
 Till. The loss and its adjustment; 
 remedies, §§ 145-208. 
 a. Notice and proofs of loss or 
 
 death, §§ 145-150. 
 6. Submission to arbitration; 
 adjustment of loss, §§ 151, 
 152. 
 
 c. Rislcs and causes of loss, in- 
 
 jury, or death, §§ 153- 
 
 171. 
 
 1. Under policies covering 
 
 property, §§'153-158. 
 
 3. Under life or accident 
 
 policies, §§ 159- 
 
 171. 
 
 (a) In general, §§ 
 
 159-169. 
 
 (b) Suicide, §§ 170, 
 
 171. 
 
 d. Extent of injury, loss or re- 
 
 covery; release, §§ 
 
 173-181. 
 1. Insurance on property, 
 
 §§ 173-176. 
 3. Insurance on persons. 
 
 §§ 177-181. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 739 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII.— cont'd 
 
 e. Interest in proceeds, §§ 1S2- 
 
 194:. 
 
 1. Of insurance on prop- 
 erty, §§ 1S2-1S5. 
 3. Of insurance on persons, 
 §§ 1S6-194:. 
 t. Subrogation; set-off, §§ 195- 
 
 198. 
 g. Contrihtition; prorating ; ap- 
 portionment, §§ 199, 800. 
 h. Remedies; actions, §§ 201- 
 20S. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 301-206. 
 
 2. Contractual limitation 
 
 of time, §§207, 208. 
 IX. Reinsurance, §§ 209, 210. 
 X. Guaranty policies, §§ 211-219. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Arson of insured property, see Akson, § 3. 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 8. 
 Constitutionality of statutes regulating, see 
 
 Constitutional Latv, § 121. 
 Custom and usage in insurance cases, see 
 
 Custom and Usage, § 12. 
 Pleasure of damages for breach of insurance 
 
 contract, see Damages, § 23. 
 Death of insured persons generally, see 
 
 Death, § 2. 
 Effect of death of insured, see Death, § 19. 
 Demand in insurance matters, see Demand, 
 
 §4. 
 On fireworks, see Fireworks, § 1. 
 Guardian's power in insurance matters, see 
 
 Guardian and Ward, § 8. 
 Sickness of insured, see Sickness, § 8. 
 Time in relation to insurance matters, see 
 
 Time, § 4. 
 
 Situs of insurance for purposes of adminis- 
 tration. 24 L.E.A. 687. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of estate 
 for breach of collateral covenant to 
 insure. 69 L.E.A. 856. 
 
 Conclusiveness of determination by tribu- 
 nals of association. 49 L.K.A. 363, 372. 
 
 § 2. Subjects of insurance. 
 
 Various particular kinds of insurance com- 
 panies and associations, see infra, 
 §§ 11-14. 
 
 Various kinds of guaranty insurance, see 
 infra, §§ 211-219. 
 
 Of bicycles. 47 L.E.A. 307. 
 
 Fire insurance as a business affected by a 
 public interest. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1195. 
 
 Validity of insurance of intoxicating li- 
 quors, as affected by liquor laws. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 874. 
 
 § 3. — compulsory industrial insur- 
 ance. 
 
 Constitutionality of. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 466. 
 
 § 4. Taxation. 
 
 Taxation of corporations generally, see 
 Taxes, §§ 11, 33-39, 45, 46. 67. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INSURANCE, I.— cont'd 
 
 State tax on insurance premiums. 57 L.E.A. 
 
 69. 
 Validity of law imposing tax on insurance 
 
 companies for benefit of firemen. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 Deposit by insurance company as subject 
 
 of taxation. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 226. 
 Liability of insurance policy issued by a 
 
 domestic corporation upon the life of a 
 
 nonresident to a local transfer tax. 10 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1089. 
 
 II. Companies and associations; rights 
 and liabilities of menvbers. generally. 
 
 a. In general, 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Legality of combination among insurance 
 underwriters, see Monopoly and Com- 
 binations, § 11. 
 
 Liability of insurance company on contracts 
 of another company which it has ab- 
 sorbed or attempted to absorb. 36 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 597. 
 
 h. Foreign companies. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to insurance generally, 
 
 see Conflict of Laws, § 8. 
 As to foreign corporations generally, see 
 
 Corporations, XI. 
 
 Law governing contract of insurance made 
 by. 63 L.E.A. 850. 
 
 Laws of state of incorporation as limita- 
 tion upon powers of insurance company. 
 63 L.E.A. 853. 
 
 Insurance contract made by mail by unau- 
 thorized foreign company. 24 L.E.A. 
 296. 
 
 Exclusion of foreign companies as affecting 
 commerce. 24 L.E.A. 312. 
 
 Eevocation of license of foreign company 
 on account of removal of action to Fed- 
 eral court. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1019. 
 
 Effect of location of, insured property with- 
 in the state to prevent an action by a 
 foreign insurance company on contract 
 made in another state. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 417. 
 
 Service of process on insurance commission- 
 er. 23 L.R.A. 499. 
 
 State tax on premiums of. 57 L.E.A. 71. 
 
 § 7. Restrictions on business of. 
 
 As to assets. 24 L.E.A. 298. 
 
 License taxes. 24 L.E.A. 299. 
 
 Charges for fire department or firemen's 
 
 fund. 24 L.E.A. 299. 
 Certificates. 24 L.E.A. 300. 
 Other requirements. 24 L.E.A. 301. 
 Other "states." 24 L.E.A. 301. 
 What companies within the statute. 24 
 
 L.E.A. 302. 
 Violation of statute. 24 L.E.A. 303. 
 Eetaliatory statutes. 24 L.E.A. 303. 
 
740 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, II. b— cont'd 
 
 § 8. Effect on insurance of noncom- 
 pliance with statutory require- 
 ments. 
 
 As to recovery on the policy. 28 L.R.A. 
 405. 
 
 As to agent's liability. 20 L.R.A. 407. 
 
 Suits on premium notes. 20 L.R.A. 407. 
 
 As to the effect of place of contract on 
 premium notes. 20 L.R.A. 409. 
 
 As to criminal prosecutions. 20 L.R.A. 409. 
 
 Generally, as to suits against foreign com- 
 panies. 20 L.R.A. 409. 
 
 c. Insolvency and dissolution. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Liability of funds held by mutual benefit 
 societies to the claims of their credi- 
 tors. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 235. 
 
 Right to return of premiums on adjudica- 
 tion of insolvency of insurance com- 
 pany. 19 L.R.A.("N.S.) 639. 
 
 Distribution of surplus upon dissolution of 
 mutual insurance company. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 653. 
 
 § 10. Distribution of assets of insol- 
 vent insurance company. 
 
 Who is to distribute. 38 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 As between different territorial juris- 
 dictions. 38 L.R.A. 97. 
 As betvreen courts and ofScers. 38 
 L.R.A. 100, 
 Valuation and adjustment of claims. 38 
 L.R.A. 100. 
 Date vfhen claims become fixed. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 100. 
 rinding value of immature policies. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 101. 
 General rules. 38 L.R.A. 102. 
 Presentation of claims. 38 L.R.A. 102. 
 Prior^ities. 38 L.R.A. 103. 
 
 In general. 38 L.R.A. 103. 
 Among policy holders. 38 L.R.A. 104. 
 Set-off. 38 L.R.A. 105. 
 Claims entitled to preference. 38 
 L.R.A. 107. 
 Special funds. 38 L.R.A. 108. 
 I In general. 38 L.R.A. 108. 
 
 Reinsurance. 38 L.R.A. 110. 
 i Stockholder's liability. 38 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 Contract rights. 38 L.R.A. 110. 
 Surplus assets. 38 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 d. Various particular Tt.inds of com- 
 panies and associations, 
 
 % 11. Lloyds associations. 
 
 Restrictions on insurance by unincorporated 
 associations or individuals; Lloyds as- 
 sociations. 25 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 § 12. Assessment companies. 
 
 Right of assessment company to change plan 
 
 or class of policies. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 623. 
 Right to decrease benefits. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 423. 
 Right to increase rates. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 417. 
 
 INSURANCE, II. d— cont'd 
 § 13. Pire insurance patrol. 
 
 Liability of, for injuries. 21 L.R.A. (N.S,) 
 810. 
 
 § 14. Is a benefit association an insur- 
 ance company. 
 
 As to benevolent societies generally, see Be- 
 nevolent Societies. 
 
 Where the question is as to "other insur- 
 ance." 38 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Where the construction of the certificate is 
 in question. 38 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Where compliance with state insurance law 
 is required before doing business. 38 
 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Where the question is in regard to juris- 
 diction. 38 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 Under statutes exempting benevolent socie- 
 ties. 38 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 Where the question is not discussed. 38 
 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 Some definitions. 38 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 e. Rights, powers, and liabilities of 
 members generally. 
 
 § 15. Rights and powers of members. 
 
 Powers of members of benefit societies. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 163.* 
 Right of policy holder to inspect books of 
 
 insurance company. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1089. 
 Liability of oficers of a mutual company to 
 ' members for permitting diversion of 
 
 funds. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 165. 
 
 § 16. Liability of members of mutual 
 insurance company. 
 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. 481. 
 Who are members. 32 L.R.A. 482. 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. 482. 
 Transferees of policy or property. 32 
 L.R.A. 482. 
 Notes of members. 32 L.R.A. 483. 
 Kinds and effect. 32 L.R.A. 483. 
 Consideration. 32 L.R.A. 484. 
 Maturity. 32 L.R.A. 484. 
 Negotiation. 32 L.R.A. 485. 
 Collection by receiver or assignee for 
 
 creditors. 32 L.R.A. 486. 
 Defenses. 32 L.R.A. 486. 
 Altered charter, by-law, or contract of mem- 
 bership. 32 L.R.A. 486. 
 For what losses or obligations liable. 32 
 L.R.A. 487. 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. 487. 
 During what time or period. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 487. 
 Return premium. 32 L.R.A. 488. 
 Division into classes generally. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 489. 
 Losses on cash or stock policies. 32 
 L.R.A. 489. 
 Defenses against contract. 32 L.R.A. 490. 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. 490. 
 Contract invalid or unauthorized. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 490. 
 Fraud or mistake. 32 L.R.A. 491. 
 Failure of consideration. 32 L.R.A. 
 492. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 741 
 
 INSURANCE, II. e— cont'd 
 Termination of liability. 32 L.E.A. 492. 
 Rescission or cancelation of contract. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 492. 
 By loss and payment of insurance. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 494. 
 By transfer of property insured. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 494; 
 By member's default. 32 L.R.A. 495. 
 By termination of company. 32 L.E.A. 
 
 495. 
 Liability of guaranty members. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 496. 
 Assessments. 32 L.R.A. 496. 
 Necessity. 32 L.R.A. 496. 
 Who can make. 32 L.R.A. 497. 
 Who to be assessed. 32 L.R.A. 498. 
 Marshaling funds. 32 L.R.A. 498. 
 How and when made. 32 L.R.A. 499. 
 Amount; items included. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 501. 
 Notice or demand. 32 L.R.A. 502. 
 Conclusiveness. 32 L.R.A. 503. 
 Lien. 32 L.R.A. 504. 
 Set-off. 32 L.R.A. 504. 
 Procedure to enforce. 32 L.R.A. 505. 
 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. 505. 
 
 Statement and pleadings. 32 
 L.R.A. 505. 
 
 Proof. 32 L.R.A. 506. 
 
 Statute of limitations. 32 L.R.A. 
 508. 
 Jurisdiction of equity to enforce liability of 
 member of mutual insurance company. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 781. 
 
 III. Agents^' officers, and brolcers. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Waiver or estoppel by, see infra, §§ 141- 
 143. 
 
 Effect of notice to agent of termination of 
 contract of insurance. 8 L.R.A. 720.* 
 
 Effect of agent's failure to procure license. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 
 Effect of legislation limiting cost of new 
 insurance on existing contracts with 
 agents. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 946. 
 
 § 17a. When agent is agent of assnred. 
 
 As to filling in of application. 20 L.E.A. 
 
 279. 
 As to notice of cancelation. 20 L.R.A. 283. 
 As to waiver of conditions in policy. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 285. 
 As to payment of premium. 20 L.R.A. 286. 
 Duty to read the policy. 20 L.R.A. 286. 
 
 § 18. Insurance broker as agent for 
 insured. 
 
 Generally. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 614. 
 Payment of premium. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 Cancelation of policy. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 623. 
 Alteration, and changing policy. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 630. ■> 
 
 Liability of broker. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631. 
 
 For negligence. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631. 
 
 For the loss. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 632. 
 Brokers' knowledge. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 634. 
 
 As to misstatements in application. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 634. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INSURANCE, III.— cont'd 
 
 As to condition or use of property. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 636. 
 As to title or encumbrances. 38 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 637. 
 As to other insurance. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 638. 
 Conflict of laws. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 640. 
 Set-off. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 641. i 
 
 Lien. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 643. 
 
 § 18a. Medical examiner as agent of 
 insurer or of insured. 
 
 General rule. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 506. 
 
 Estoppel where examiner writes false an- 
 swers not given by insured. 41 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 607. 
 
 Estoppel by examiner's interpretation or 
 opinion. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 
 Estoppel by medical examiner's personal 
 knowledge. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510. 
 
 Estoppel by medical examiner's knowledge 
 of facts in application as distinguished 
 from medical report. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 51L 
 
 Estoppel by acts of special examiner. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 512. 
 
 Validity and effect of provision that ex- 
 aminer shall be agent of insured. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 513. 
 
 Cases decided under Iowa statute. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 513. 
 
 Ratification of examiner's acts. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 514. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 515. 
 
 § 19. Powers of. 
 
 As to waiver or estoppel by, see infra, 
 §§ 141-143. 
 
 To bind company. 1 L.R.A. 482;* 8 L.R.A. 
 
 72;* 11 L.R.A. 341.* 
 To cancel policy. 10 L.R.A. 144.* 
 Employment of clerk by. 10 L.R.A. 609.* 
 Responsibility for acts of. 7 L.R.A. 217.* 
 Presumption as to powers of agent in case 
 of oral contract of insurance. 22 L.R.A. 
 773. 
 Conflict of laws as to local agent's authority 
 to accept application. 63 L.E.A. 836. 
 Power of insurance agent to bind insurance 
 company by insuring property in which 
 he is interested personally, or as agent, 
 the company having no notice of such 
 interest. 9' L.R.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 
 § 20. Inputlng knowledge of, to com- 
 pany. 
 
 Knowledge of agent imputed to insurer. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 217.* 
 Notice to agent as notice to principal. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 563.* 
 Effect of notice to subagent. 21 L.R.A. 342. 
 
 § 21. Compensation of. 
 
 Set-off of claims by and against insurance 
 broker in case of bankruptcy. 55 
 L.R.A. 45, 61. 
 
 Applicability of statute against rebates and 
 discrimination to allowance by agent to 
 insured of part of former's commissions. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 722. 
 
742 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, III— cont'd 
 
 Assignability of insurance agent's right to 
 commissions on renewal premiums. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 193. 
 
 Termination of agency as affecting insur- 
 ance agent's right to commissions on 
 renewals. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake or 
 fraud of insurer or its agent as to sup- 
 plemental contract for allowance of 
 commissions. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 790. 
 
 § 22. Liability of. 
 
 Liability of agent where statutes regulat- 
 ing business of foreign insurance com- 
 panies have not been complied with. 
 20 L.E.A. 407. 
 
 Liability of insurance agent to company for 
 failure to follow instructions. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 509. 
 
 Liability of officers of mutual company to 
 members for permitting diversion of 
 funds. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 165. 
 
 Liability of insurance broker as agent for 
 insured. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631. 
 
 g 23. Termination of agency. 
 
 Termination of agency as affecting insur- 
 ance agent's right to commissions on re- 
 newals. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 
 IT. Insurable interest. 
 
 a. In property. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 What are insurable interests, generally. 11 
 L.R.A. 598.* 
 
 Mortgage as terminating. 38 L.R.A. 562. 
 
 In unfinished building during its construc- 
 tion by a contractor. 43 L.R.A. 664. 
 
 Of sole and absolute owner of building and 
 land not belonging to him. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 429. 
 
 Insurable interest of one secondarily liable 
 on an obligation, in property primarily 
 charged with the same. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 490. 
 
 Insurable interest of tenant in leased prop- 
 erty. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 Under parol agreement; tenant at will. 
 
 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 Tenant for years. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 136. 
 
 g 25. Of husband in wife's property, 
 or that in which she is interested. 
 
 As agent. 66 L.R.A. 658. 
 
 As guardian. 66 L.R.A. 659. 
 
 As trustee. 66 L.R.A. 659. 
 
 As tenant by the curtesy. 66 L.R.A. 659. 
 
 As tenant by the entirety. 66 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 In wife's personalty. 66 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 In homestead. 66 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 In community property. 66 L.R.A. 661. 
 
 Arising from right to use and profits. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 661. 
 Arising from equitable interest. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 661. 
 Mutual insurance company. 66 L.R.A. 662. 
 
 Begin with this hoole on every law question. 
 
 INSURANCE, IV. a— cont'd 
 § 26. When, must exist under fire 
 policies. 
 
 Interest at the time of the policy. 52 
 
 L.E.A. 330. 
 Interest at time of policy and at time of 
 
 loss. 52 L.R.A. 332. 
 Interest at time of loss. 52 L.R.A. 336. 
 Policies on fluctuating property. 52 L.R.A. 
 340. 
 
 In store or on farm. 52 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 Held by bailees or warehousemen. 52 
 L.E.A. 341. 
 
 6. In life. 
 
 § 2 7. Generally. 
 
 What constitutes, generally. 1 L.E.A. 238;' 
 
 2 L.R.A. 844;* 6 L.R.A. 136;* 7 L.R.A. 
 
 218.* 
 Wager policy on life. 6 L.R.A. 137;* 7 
 
 L.R.A. 217;* 12 L.R.A. 409;* 13 L.R.A. 
 
 434.* 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.E.A. 856; 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 976. 
 Who is a member of the "family" within 
 
 contract of benefit society. 3 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 334. 
 Insurance on life of officer of corporation for 
 
 benefit of the corporations. 16 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1020. 
 
 § 28. Of creditor. 
 
 Validity of life insurance to secure debt 
 
 to insurer, see infra, § 45. 
 Right of creditor to proceeds of insurance, 
 
 see infra, § 192. 
 
 Insurable interest of creditor in life of debt- 
 or. 2 L.E.A. 844.* 
 
 § 29. Of husband. 
 
 Insurable interest of husband, as such, in 
 life of wife. 2 B. E. C. 410. 
 
 § 30. Of betrothed wife. 
 
 Insurable interest of single woman in life 
 of intended husband. 2 L.R.A. 844. 
 
 Eight to insure life of betrothed husband. 
 53 L.E.A. 825. 
 
 Validity of life insurance for benefit of. 
 19 L.E.A. 187. 
 
 As a "dependent" within restrictions of 
 beneficiaries of mutual benefit associa- 
 tions, 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 654; 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 208. 
 
 §31. Wife's right to Insure life of 
 husband. 
 
 The right at common law. 53 L.R.A. 817. 
 The right under statutes. 53 L.R.A. 819. 
 The substance and design of statutes. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 819. 
 Their purpose, construction, and effect. 
 53 L.E.A. 819. 
 f Generally. 53 L.E.A. 819. 
 
 With reference to creditors of the 
 
 husband. 53 L.E.A. 820. 
 With reference to title of wife and 
 children. 53 L.E.A. 821. 
 What policies covered by. 53 L.E.A. 
 823. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 743 
 
 INSURANCE, IV. b— cont'd 
 
 Promised marriage and irregular marriages. 
 
 53 L.E.A. 825. 
 Consent to use by wife of husband's funds. 
 
 53 L.E.A. 825. 
 Assignability of policy taken out by wife 
 
 on husband's life. 10 L.E.A. 259.* 
 
 § 32. In life of parent or child or other 
 relative by blood. 
 
 The rule that pecuniary interest is neces- 
 sary. 54 L.E.A. 225. 
 Its origin and extent. 54 L.E.A. 225. 
 What pecuniary interest is sufficient. 
 54 L.R.A. 226. 
 The rule that close relationship is suf- 
 ficient. 54 L.R.A. 228. 
 Origin, general statement, and scope. 
 
 54 L.E.A. 228. 
 Application to interest of child in life 
 
 of parent. 54 L.E.A. 229. 
 Application to interest of parent in 
 
 life of child. 54 L.E.A. 230. 
 Application to interest in lives of 
 brothers or sisters. 54 L.E.A. 231. 
 Application to interest in lives of other 
 relatives. 54 L.E.A. 232. 
 Consent of the insured. 54 L.E.A. 233. 
 Insurable interest of adult child in life of 
 
 parent. 19 L.E.A.(N.S.) 233. 
 Insurable interest of cousin. 14 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1172. 
 
 § 33. Who are dependents. 
 
 Who is a "dependent" within statute or 
 rules defining beneficiaries of mutual 
 benefit societies. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 653; 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 208; 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 1191. 
 
 § 3 4. Right to take life insurance for 
 benefit of stranger. 
 
 Generally. 25 L.E.A. 627. 
 
 Speculative policies. 25 L.E.A. 628. 
 
 The effect of existence of insurable interest. 
 25 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 Payment of premiums. 25 L.E.A. 629. 
 
 The Texas doctrine. 25 L.E.A. 630. 
 
 Designation as beneficiary, of one without 
 insurable interest, as affected by con- 
 siderations of public policy. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 555. 
 
 Validity of assignment by beneficiary hav- 
 ing no insurable interest to one paying 
 premiums. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 952. 
 
 Validity of assignment of life insurance 
 policy to one having no insurable inter- 
 est where the assignment is not made 
 by way of cover for a wager policy. 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 128. 
 
 Defense of want of insurable interest as af- 
 fected by incontestable clause. 42 
 L.R.A. 257; 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 747. 
 
 § 35. Consent of person whose life Is 
 insured, as a condition. 
 
 Policies on adults' lives. 56 L.E.A. 586. 
 Action to recover premiums paid. 56 
 
 L.E.A. 586. 
 Action on the policy. 56 L.R.A. 590. 
 Insurance on children's lives. 56 L.E.A. 
 591. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INSUEANCE, IV. b— cont'd 
 
 To taking out of life insurance by relative 
 
 on one's life. 54 L.E.A. 233. 
 Of husband to wife's use of his funds to 
 
 insure his life. 53 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 V. The policy or contract; constitution 
 and by-laws. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 36. Generally. 
 
 Contracts by foreign companies, see supra, 
 
 §§ 6-8. 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 8. 
 Evidence as to, see Evidence, § 279. 
 
 Eight of assessment company to change 
 plan or class of policies. 1 L.E.A. 
 (N.fe.) 623. 
 
 Right to reject policy for nonconformance to 
 representations of insurer's agent. 41 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1130. 
 
 Collection of insurance policy during life- 
 time of testator as ademption of 
 specific legacy thereof. 40 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 561. 
 
 Insurance, in name of partnership, of prop- 
 erty the legal title of which is in the 
 name of individuals. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 152. 
 
 Liability of insurance company for negli- 
 gent delay in passing upon or issuing 
 policy until after loss. 40 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 164. 
 
 Insurance on property the subject of a 
 voidable preference under the bank- 
 ruptcy act. 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1012. 
 
 Eatification after loss of unauthorized act 
 of another in securing fire insurance. 
 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1025. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 policy. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 114. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to insurance contracts. 40 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 411. 
 
 § 3 7. On life of minor. 
 
 Policies taken out by minors. 57 L.E.A. 
 496. 
 
 Insurance to secure creditors. 57 L.E.A. 
 497. 
 
 Policies taken out by others on infant's 
 life. 57 L.E.A. 499. 
 
 Insurance in benefit societies. 57 L.E.A. 
 502. 
 
 Surrender or disaffirmance of policy on in- 
 fant's life. 57 L.E.A. 504. 
 
 Infants as members of co-operative com- 
 pany. 17 L.E.A. 547. 
 
 Insurable interest in life of parent or child. 
 54 L.E.A. 225. 
 
 Son as member of family of insured. 3 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 334. 
 
 Parent as member of family of insured. 3 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 334. 
 
 Consent of children as condition of validity 
 of insurance on their lives. 56 L.E.A. 
 591. 
 
744 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 IXSUfiANCE, V. a— cont'd 
 
 § 3 8. Delivery and acceptance. 
 
 Condition as to delivery of policy "while 
 insured is in good health, see infra, 
 § 91. 
 
 Effect of general notification by agent of 
 arrival of policy, vphen the company 
 has substituted another form of policy 
 for that applied for. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 421. 
 
 Effect of delivery to agent as delivery to 
 assured of policy containing stipula- 
 tion that it shall not become binding 
 unless delivered to assured while in 
 good health. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1146. 
 
 Eff'ect of cancelation of policy containing 
 stipulation that it shall not become 
 binding unless delivered to assured 
 while in good health. 17 L.E.A.{N.S.) 
 1145. 
 
 § 39. Renevcal. 
 
 Validity of oral agreement to renew or ex- 
 tend policy. 22 L.R.A. 772. 
 
 Effect upon renewal of iSre insurance policy 
 of circumstance ijivalidating original 
 policy, but which in the meantime has 
 ceased to exist. 1 B. R. C. 610. 
 
 Assignability of agent's right to commis- 
 sions on renewal premiums. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 193. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of variation 
 of terms on renewal of policy by mis- 
 take or fraud of insurer or its agent. 
 67 L.E.A. 719. 
 
 § 40. Dividends. 
 
 Application of dividends to interest on ap- 
 plying for paid-up policy. 15 L.R.A. 
 453. 
 
 6. Application generally. 
 
 § 41. Generally. 
 
 Warranties and representations in, see in- 
 fra, V. h. 
 
 Waiver of warranties and representations 
 in, see infra, VII. 
 
 Attaching of, to policy, see infra, § 92. 
 
 Insurance agent as agent of insured as to 
 
 filling in. 20 L.R.A. 279. 
 Conflict of laws as to local agent's authority 
 
 to accept. 63 L.R.A. 836. 
 Retention of policy as waiver of fraud or 
 
 mistake of insurer appearing in. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 734. 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake or 
 
 fraud as to signature to. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 718. 
 Effect of rejection of portion of. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 739. 
 Effect of delay in passing upon. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1211. 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake or 
 
 fraud of insurer or its agent in obtain- 
 ing signature to application. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 718. 
 Retention of policy as waiver or mistake or 
 
 fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 
 facts appearing in application only. 
 
 67 L.E.A. 734. 
 
 Begin with this J>ook on every laic question. 
 
 INSURANCE, v.— cont'd 
 
 V. Validity generally, 
 
 § 42. Generally. 
 
 Validity of wagering policy, see supra, 
 §§ 24-35. 
 
 Validity of contract, in violation of statute. 
 
 12 L.R.A.{N.S.) 612. 
 Validity of Lloyd's policies of insurance. 
 
 55 L.R.A. 203. 
 Validity of insurance on intoxicating 
 
 liquors as affected by liquor laws. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 874. 
 Effect of discrimination among insurants 
 
 upon the contract of insurance and its 
 
 incidents. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 485. 
 
 § 43. Validity of oral contract of in- 
 surance. 
 
 Generally. 22 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 Validity of parol contract assumed. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 769. 
 Charter or statutory provisions. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 770. 
 Contract to insure. 22 L.R.A. 771. 
 Agreement to insure enforced. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 771. 
 Agreement to renew or extend the policy. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 772. 
 Contract not fully completed. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 772. 
 Parol superseded by written contract. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 772. 
 English decisions. 22 L.R.A. 772. 
 Presumption as to powers of agent. 2! 
 
 L.R.A. 773. 
 Cases not in point. 22 L.R.A. 773. 
 Requisites of a present oral contract of in 
 
 surance. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 407. 
 
 § 44. Validity of fire insurance oiti 
 property Illegally used. 
 
 General 'principles. 40 L.R.A. 845. 
 Violation of excise laws. 40 L.R.A. 845. 
 Offenses against public order and decency. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 847. 
 Violation of law taxing occupations. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 848. 
 Insurance on bawdy house or furniture 
 
 therein. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 214. 
 
 § 45. Validity of life insurance to se- 
 cure debt to Insurer. 
 
 Insurable interest of creditor, see supra, 
 
 § 28. 
 Right of creditor to proceeds of insurance, 
 
 see infra, § 192. 
 
 In general. 53 L.R.A. 462. 
 
 Usurious transactions. 53 L.R.A. 463. 
 
 d. Constitution, rules, and 'by-laws. 
 
 §46. Generally. 
 
 Rights of members of benefit society as af- 
 fected by by-laws. 5 L.R.A. 96.* 
 
 Meaning of word "family" in by-laws. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 334. 
 
 Power of insured under constitution, by- 
 laws, contract or statute to destroy 
 rights of beneficiary. 49 L.R.A. 753. 
 
INDEX TO L.EiA. NOTES. 
 
 Z-ir. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. d— cont'd 
 
 Conflict between by-laws and certificate, oi 
 policy, of mutual benefit society or in- 
 surance company. 47 L.R.A. 681. 
 
 Necessity for compliance with by-laws as 
 to payment of assessments. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 571. 
 
 § 4 7. Change of. 
 
 Alteration of by-law of mutual fire insur- 
 ance company. 32 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 Effect of adoption of by-laws by ft-aternal 
 insurance order upon benefit certificates 
 already issued. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1065. 
 
 Reasonableness of new by-laws as implied 
 condition of consent to change of by- 
 laws. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 521. 
 
 Retroactive effect of resolution or by-law 
 of mutual insurance company changing 
 period during which policy may be con- 
 tested for suicide. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 504. 
 
 Validity of retrospective by-law or other 
 rule of benefit association as to man- 
 ner of establishing claim. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1027. 
 
 Validity of retrospective by-law or other 
 rule of benefit association excluding 
 certain class of members from benefits, 
 or reducing benefits of that class. 24 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 1030. 
 
 Right of mutual benefit society to decrease 
 benefits. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 423. 
 
 Right of mutual insurance company to in- 
 crease rates. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 417. 
 
 e. Reformation; rescission; cancela- 
 tion ; surrender. 
 
 § 4 8. Reformation. 
 
 Reformation of policy. 2 L.R.A. 64;* 3 
 L.R.A. 189;* 5 L.R.A. 712;* 6 L.R.A. 
 200,* 838.* 
 
 Reformation of insurance policy for mis- 
 take of soliciting agent. 11 L.R.A. 
 fN.S.) 357. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of 
 insurance policy. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 831. 
 
 Necessity for reforming policy before re- 
 covery in case of mistake. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 548. 
 
 Effect of delay in seeking relief from mis- 
 take in insurance contract. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 890. 
 
 Action on policy as bar to action to reform 
 it. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 
 § 4 9. Cancelation; rescission. 
 
 Return of premium generally on, see infra, 
 
 § 118. 
 Rescission or cancelatioHj of contract by 
 
 members of mutual fire insurance com- 
 pany. 32 L.R.A. 492. 
 Agent's authority to cancel. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 144.* 
 When insurance agent is agent of assured 
 
 as to notice of cancelation. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 283. 
 Insurance broker as agent for insured as 
 
 to cancelation of policy. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 623. 
 Retention of policy as waiver of insurer's 
 
 mistake or fraud as to right to cancel. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 716. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to dolr. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. e— cont'd 
 
 Cancelation of insurance contract by re- 
 turn of policy. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 805. 
 
 From what time does notice of cancelation 
 of fire insurance become effective. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 829. 
 
 Measure of damages for wrongful cancela- 
 tion of policy issued on assessment 
 plan. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1163. 
 
 § 50. — grounds for, generally. 
 
 Right to rescind or abandon contracts for 
 other party's default. 30 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Breach of agreement of insurer to make 
 loan on policy as justifying rescission 
 and recovery of premium bv insured. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 
 Power of equity to take jurisdiction of suit 
 to cancel policy for fraud and to en- 
 join action at law on the policy. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 881. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 provision on right to cancel. 67 L.R.A. 
 716. 
 
 § 50a. — for nonconformance to repre- 
 sentations of insurer's agent. 
 
 Right to reject or rescind, in general. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1131. 
 
 Necessity that applicant rely upon agent's 
 misrepresentations. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1133. 
 
 Policy varying from agent's agreement 
 treated as counter proposal. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1133. 
 
 Cases treating agent's statements as prom- 
 issory representations. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1133. 
 
 Misrepresentations made when policy is ex- 
 changed. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1134. 
 
 Misrepresentations made by the agent at 
 time of delivering policy. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1135. 
 
 Effect of agent's agreement that applicant 
 might reject policy. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1135. 
 
 Misrepresentations made to illiterate per- 
 sons. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1135. 
 
 Where application is not intelligible to one 
 induced to insure. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1136. 
 
 Where agent makes good his misrepresenta- 
 tion. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1137. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence conflicting 
 with written application. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1137. 
 
 Questions for the jury. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1140. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1141. 
 
 § 51. — conditions of. 
 
 Waiver of return of unearned premium as 
 condition of cancelation. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 889. 
 
 Return of premium as condition of cancela- 
 tion by virtue of cancelation clause. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 884. 
 
 § 52. —effect of. 
 
 Effect of attempted rescission of policy in 
 case of mistake or fraud of insurer or 
 its agent. 67 L.R.A. 742. 
 
746 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. e— cont'd 
 
 Attempted rescission of life policy on other 
 grounds as waiver of false representa- 
 tions as to previous applications for 
 insurance. 55 L.E.A. 137. 
 
 Effect of cancelation of policy containing 
 stipulation that it shall not become 
 binding unless delivered to assured 
 while in good health. 17 L.H.A.(N.S.) 
 1145. 
 
 § 53. Surrender. 
 
 Of policy on infant's life. 57 L.R.A. 504. 
 
 Right of guardian to surrender policy in 
 
 favor of ward. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1123. 
 
 § 54. — without beneficiary's consent. 
 
 Power of insured to destroy rights of bene- 
 ficiary by surrendering policy. 49 L.R.A. 
 746, 751. 
 
 Surrender of policy of ordinary life insur- 
 ance without consent; of beneficiary. 
 35 L.R.A.{N.S.) 844. 
 
 I /. Paid-tip insurance ; surrender value ; 
 extended insurance; options; en- 
 dowment policies. 
 
 % 55. Paid-up and nonforf citing poli- 
 cies of life insurance. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to paid up insurance. 
 63 L.R.A. 862; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 980. 
 
 Mode of obtaining paid-up policy. 15 L.R.A. 
 449. 
 
 Need of demanding paid-up policy. 15 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Time of demanding paid-up policy. 15 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Forfeiture of original policy. 15 L.R.A. 
 450. 
 
 Stipulations or provisions in separate in- 
 struments. 15 L.R.A. 451. 
 
 Payment of outstanding premium notes. 
 15 L.R.A. 452. 
 
 Failure to pay interest on premium notes. 
 15 L.R.A. 452. 
 
 Application of dividends or profits to in- 
 terest. 15 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 Waiver or estoppel as to forfeiture. 15 
 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 Remedies of insured. 15 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 Amount of recovery or of paid-up policy. 
 15 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 Extension under Massachusetts statute. 15 
 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 Are paid-up policies within statutes ex- 
 empting life insurance policies. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 722. 
 
 Effect of failure to apply for paid-up in- 
 surance within time stipulated. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 193. 
 
 Paid-up policy as insurance within ques- 
 tion as to other insurance. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 464. 
 
 Effect of statute providing for application 
 of reserve to the purchase of paid-up 
 insurance. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1046. 
 
 Computation of, where policy holder has 
 borrowed on the policy. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 828. 
 
 Begin with, this hooTe on every law question 
 
 INSURANCE, V. f— cont'd 
 § 5 0. Options of insured. 
 
 Insurer's option to rebuild, see infra, § 174. 
 Option of insurer as to payee, see infra, 
 § 194. 
 
 Right of creditors to reach option of in- 
 sured to receive cash surrender value 
 of policy. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 
 Do option provisions in policy of life in- 
 surance operate automatically. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 803. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 provision as to existence of options at 
 maturity. 67 L.R.A. 714. 
 
 § 57. Cash surrender value. 
 
 Right of creditors to reach option of in- 
 sured to receive cash-surrender value. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 
 Computation of cash surrender value, where 
 policy holder has borrowed on the pol- 
 icy. '23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 828. 
 
 Life insurance policy having cash surren- 
 der value as assets of bankrupt. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 459. 
 
 Power of insured to destroy rights of bene- 
 ficiary by procuring. 49 L.R.A. 746. 
 
 § 58. Extended insurance. 
 
 Extension under Massachusetts statute. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 455. 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 862; 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 978, 980. 
 Effect of statute providing for applicatibn 
 
 of reserve to purchase of. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S._) 1046. 
 Computation of, where policy holder has 
 
 borrowed on the policy. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 828. 
 
 § 58a. Endowment policies. 
 
 Right to subject to claims of creditors. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 
 g. Construction. 
 
 § 59. Generally. 
 
 Of employer's liability policy, see infra, 
 § 213. 
 
 In general. 5 L.R.A. 799,» 808;* 7 L.R.A. 
 217;* 11 L.R.A. 340.* 
 
 Interpretation of contract. 13 L.R.A. 263.* 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 Pamphlets issued by company as evidence 
 of meaning. 5 L.R.A. 808.* 
 
 Effect of riders or slips attached to insur- 
 ance policies. 30 L.R.A. 636. 
 
 Nature of risk under insurance against 
 loss by lightning. 26 L.R.A. 267. 
 
 Meaning of "cyclone," "tornado," or other 
 kind of wind storm in insurance pol- 
 icy. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 308. 
 
 Certificate in benefit society. 8 L.R.A. 113.* 
 Distinction between certificate in bene- 
 fit society and life policy. 5 L.R.A. 
 98;* 12 L.R.A. 210.* 
 
 Rights of members of benefit society as af- 
 fected by by-laws. 5 L.R.A. 96.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 747 
 
 INSURANCE, V. g— cont'd 
 
 Conflict between by-laws and certificate, or 
 policy, of a mutual benefit society or 
 insurance company. 47 L.R.A. 681. 
 
 § 60. Property covered. 
 
 Risks covered, see infra, §§ 153-171. 
 
 Import of word "additions" in policy of 
 fire insurance. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 156. 
 Where policy covers "building and ad- 
 ditions." 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 156. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 156. 
 Necessity of physical connection. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 157. 
 Effect of fact that no other build- 
 ing answers description of 
 "addition." 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 158. 
 Character of the building. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 159. 
 Manufacturing " plant. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 159. 
 Building used for mercantile 
 I purposes. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 160. 
 Dwelling houses. 33 L.R.A. 
 i (N.S.) 160. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 160. 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to 
 aid in construction. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 161. 
 Construction of policy, whether 
 question for court or jury. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 16L 
 Where policy permits additions, alter- 
 ations, and repairs. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 162. 
 Heating apparatus as part of realty, as 
 between owner of realty and insurer. 
 1 B. R. C. 976. 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 property covered. 67 L.R.A. 721. 
 Interests covered by particular designation 
 of insured on property belonging 
 to a decedent's estate. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 79. 
 Insurance in name of executor or ad- 
 ministrator. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 Insurance in name of estate of dece- 
 dent. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 80. 
 Insurance in name of deceased owner. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 81. 
 Insurance in name of heirs, etc. 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 Parol evidence to show persons meant 
 by ambiguous designation in pol- 
 icy. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 
 § 61. Severability. 
 
 When contract entire and when severable. 
 8 L.R.A. 834.* 
 
 § 62. —Of Insurance in same policy. 
 
 Insurance on several buildings. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 212. 
 Insurance on building and contents. 19 
 
 L R A. 214. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. g— cont'd 
 
 Effect on insurance upon buildings of for- 
 feiture as to personal property. 19 
 L.R.A. 217. 
 
 Insurance on several articles of personal 
 property. 19 L.R.A. 217. 
 
 Policies on live stock. 19 L.R.A. 218. 
 
 Fraud. 19 L.R.A. 218. 
 
 Marine policies. 19 L.R.A. 218. 
 
 h. Warranties; representations; condi- 
 tions; incontestability. 
 
 1. In policies on property. 
 
 (a) In general, 
 
 § 63. Generally. 
 
 Waiver of, or estoppel as to, see infra, VII. 
 
 Burden of proof as to breach of condition. 
 13 L.R.A. 263.* 
 
 Misstatements or misrepresentations made 
 or induced by insurer's agent. 8 L.R.A. 
 70.* 
 
 Right of insured to return of premium 
 where policy is void or voidable be- 
 cause of misrepresentations on his part. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298. 
 
 What statements are warranties. 1 L.R.A. 
 564.* 
 
 When may statements be regarded as rep- 
 resentations, although expressly de- 
 nominated in the policy as warranties. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 981. 
 
 Duty to notify insurer of facts which de- 
 velop after submission of application, 
 but before delivery of policy or ^per- 
 tificate. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 951. 
 
 § 64. Xloyds policies. 
 
 Warranties in case of Lloyds policies. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 202. 
 Concealment of facts by insured in case of 
 
 Lloyds policies. 55 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 § 65. Dimension of property. 
 
 Misrepresentation as to dimensions of in- 
 sured building. 20 L.R.A. (N,S.) 340. 
 
 Cb) Title; ownership; encunibrances. 
 
 § 66. Generally. 
 
 Vendee under executory contract as owner, 
 where vendor holds legal title. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 775. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud as to state of title. 67 L.R.A. 
 731. 
 
 Effect of insurance broker's knowledge as 
 to title. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 provision as to state of title. 67 L.R.A. 
 731. 
 
 Conclusiveness of statements as to owner- 
 ship, etc. in proof of loss. 44 L.R.A. 
 859. 
 
748 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. h, 1 (b)— cont'd 
 § 6 7. Compiete or full ownership. 
 
 How far an undivided interest in property 
 is a complete or full ownership 
 for the purposes of insurance. 18 
 L.E.A. 481. 
 Partnership interest. 18 L.R.A. 482. 
 
 § 68. Sole and unconditional owner- 
 ship. 
 
 Effect of bond for title to defeat uncondi- 
 tional and sole ownership. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 512. 
 Vendor's lien as affecting sole and uncondi- 
 tional ownership. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 627. 
 Failure to record conveyance to insured as 
 affecting his "sole and unconditional 
 ownership." 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 732. 
 Title, for purpose of insurance, of house on 
 government land under homestead en- 
 I try, as within sole and unconditional 
 ownership clause in insurance policy. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 903. 
 Want of title to land where insured is 
 sole and absolute owner of build- 
 ing. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 427. 
 Breaches of conditions in policy. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 427. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 428. 
 Insurable interest. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 429. 
 
 § 69. Change of title or interest. 
 
 Temporary change, see infra, § 84. 
 
 Effect of change of title or interest, gener- 
 ally. 4 L.R.A. 539;* 9 L.R.A. 
 627;* 11 L.R.A. 293.* 
 Necessity that sale be an absolute part- 
 ing with title. 4 L.R.A. 539.* 
 Effect of insurer's consent or want of 
 consent to alienation. 4 L.R.A. 
 54L* 
 
 Contract to convey as breach of condition 
 against change in title or interest. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 107. 
 
 Delivery of deed in escrow as a change of 
 title or interest. ,38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 142. 
 
 Termination ' of liability of members of 
 mutual fire insurance company by 
 
 ' transfer of property insured. 32 L.R.A. 
 494. 
 
 Acquisition by mortgagee of title to prop- 
 erty covered by policy protecting mort- 
 gagee's interest, as breach of condi- 
 tion against sale or transfer of title. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 
 Variance between assignment or transfer 
 of propertv and insurer's consent there- 
 
 i to. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 173. 
 
 § 70. —change in partnership interest. 
 
 Effect of transfer by one partner of his 
 interest in insured property to other 
 
 I members of firm as a prohibited change 
 
 ; or alienation of interest. 18 L.R.A. 
 482, 
 
 Formation of partnership or change in per- 
 sonnel of firm as effecting a change of 
 title or ownership. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 442. 
 
 Begin with this J>oolc on every law question. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. h, 1 (b)— cont'd 
 § 71. — by judicial proceedings. 
 
 Effect of bankruptcy or insolvency proceed- 
 ings or assignment for benefit of credit- 
 ors on fire insurance. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 827. 
 
 Effect of appointment of receiver for in- 
 sured on fire insurance. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 643. 
 
 Levy of execution, attachment, or other 
 process upon insured property as 
 change in interest, title, or possession. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 803. 
 
 Sale of insured property by judicial pro- 
 ceedings as change in title, interest, 
 or possession. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 807. 
 
 § 72. — by mortgage. 
 
 Mortgage as effecting change of title or in- 
 terest in insured property. 38 
 L.R.A. 562. 
 
 Insurable interest. 38 L.R.A. 562. 
 
 Alienation. 38 L.R.A. 562. 
 
 Assignment. 38 L.R.A. 563. 
 
 Title or ownership. 38 L.R.A. 563. 
 
 Change of interest. 38 L.R.A. 563. 
 
 Sale, alienation, conveyance, transfer, 
 or change of title. 38 L.R.A. 564. 
 
 Sale or otherwise. 38 L.R.A. 564. 
 
 Alienation in whole or in part. 38 
 L.R.A. 564. 
 
 Alteration in ownership or termina- 
 tion of interest. 38 L.R.A. 564. 
 
 Must be specific provision against en- 
 cumbrance. 38 L.R.A. 564. 
 
 Other conditions. 38 L.R.A. 565. 
 
 Mutual companies. 38 L.R.A. 565. 
 
 Absolute conveyance. 38 L.R.A. 565. 
 
 § 73. Encumbrances generally. 
 
 Temporary encumbrances, see infra, § 88. 
 
 Condition against encumbrances, generally. 
 1 L.R.A. 218;* 4 L.R.A. 538.* 
 
 What constitutes a breach of condition 
 against encumbrances. 8 L.R.A. 73.* 
 
 Effect of condition against encumbrances, 
 upon renewal, substitution, or altera- 
 tion of encumbrance upon insured 
 property. 20 L.R.A. 400. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud as to encumbrances. 67 L.R.A. 
 732, 737. 
 
 Effect of insurance broker's knowledge as 
 to. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 provision as to encumbrances. 67 
 L.R.A. 732, 737. 
 
 (c) Use, care, and condition of prop- 
 erty. 
 
 % 74. Generally. 
 
 Temporary use, see infra, §§ 85-87. 
 Estoppel or waiver as to, see infra, VII. 
 
 Effect of insurance broker's knowledge as 
 to condition or use of propertv. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 636. 
 
 Conclusiveness of statements as to, in 
 proofs of loss. 44 L.R.A. 858. 
 
INDEX TO LJi.A. NOTES. 
 
 749 
 
 INSURANCE, V. h, 1 (e)— cont'd 
 § 75. Vacancy; occupancy. 
 
 Temporary vacancy, see infra, § 86. 
 
 Against vacancy and nonoccupanoy. 8 
 L.E.A. 79;* 9 L.R.A. 81.* 
 
 What constitutes occupancy of premises. 
 9 L.R.A. 82.* 
 
 When is insured property vacant or un- 
 occupied. 2 L.E,.A.(N.S.) 517. 
 
 Building in process of erection as vacant. 
 4 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1137. 
 
 Effect, on vacancy clause, of tenant's re- 
 moval without owner's knowledge. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 966. 
 
 Necessity of proof of increase of risk to 
 avoid insurance policy because of the 
 vacanev of insured property. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of insurer's 
 mistake or fraud as to occupancy of 
 premises. 67 L.R.A. 729. 
 
 Effect on provisions as to, of agent's rep- 
 resentations or knowledge. 4 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 758. 
 
 Conclusiveness of statements as to, in 
 proofs of loss. 44 L.R.A. 858. 
 
 § 7 6. Suspension of business. 
 
 Provisions against ceasing to operate mill 
 or machinery. 8 L.E.A. 81.* 
 
 § 7 7. Watchman. 
 
 Absence of watchman without knowledge of 
 insuied as a defense. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 563. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 provision obligating insured to keep 
 watchman on premises. 67 L.R.A. 718. 
 
 § 7 8. Location of movable property. 
 
 Temporary change in location, see infra, 
 § 87. 
 
 As affecting lightning insurance. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 267. 
 As affecting fire insurance thereon. 26 
 L.R.A. 237. 
 Materiality of place in general. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 237. 
 Description of building or place. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 237. 
 Apartments in the same building, 26 
 
 L.E.A. 239. 
 Particular kinds of property. 26 L.R.A. 
 239. 
 Household goods and wearing ap- 
 parel. 2'6 L.R.A. 239. 
 Carriages. 26 L.R.A. 240. 
 Livestock. 26 L.R.A. 240. 
 Farm machinery. 26 L.R.A. 241. 
 Railroad property. 26 L.E.A. 242. 
 Removal of structures. 26 L.R.A. 242. 
 Consent to removal and waiver of con- 
 ditions. 26 L.R.A. 242. 
 Retention of policy as waiver of insurer's 
 mistake or fraud as to. 67 L.R.A. 
 724. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. h, 1— cont'd 
 
 (d) Iron-safe clause. 
 
 § 7 9. Generally. 
 
 Keeping books and vouchers. 51 L.R.A. 
 699. 
 Validity of clause. 51 L.R.A. 099. 
 Condition precedent and warranty. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 699. 
 Compliance with policy. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 700. 
 Waiver. 51 L.R.A. 702. 
 Production of books and papers. 51 LJR.A. 
 702. 
 Validity of clause. 51 L.R.A. 702. 
 Condition precedent. 51 L.R.A. 702. 
 Compliance with policy by insured. 51 
 L.R.A. 703. 
 Substantial and reasonable com- 
 pliance. 51 L.R.A. 703. 
 Procuring vouchers from third par- 
 ties. 51 L.R.A. 706. 
 Time, place, and manner of ex- 
 amination. 51 L.R.A. 706. 
 Demand. 51 L.R.A. 707. 
 Destruction or loss of books and 
 vouchers. 51 L.R.A. 707. 
 ■ Waiver. 51 L.R.A. 708. 
 
 Generally. 51 L.R.A. 708. 
 Failure to act, or delay. , 51 L.E.A. 
 709. 
 Keeping books and vouchers in a safe, or 
 safe place. 51 L.R.A. 709. 
 Validity of clause. 51 L.R.A. 709. 
 Condition precedent and warranty. SI 
 
 L.R.A. 710. 
 Compliance. 51 L.Rji.. 712. 
 Waiver. 51 L.E.A. 713^ 
 What books and inventories must be kept 
 in a safe to comply with the require- 
 ments of the iron-safe clause. 15 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 471. 
 Loss or destruction of books, inventory, 
 etc., as excusing their production as 
 required by policy. 28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 337. 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 provision obligating insured to keep 
 books in safe. 67 L.R.A. 717. 
 
 (ej Other insurance. 
 
 §80. Generally. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of insurer's 
 
 mistake or fraud as to requirement as 
 
 to. 67 L.R.A. 726. 
 Effect of insurance broker's knowledge as 
 
 to. 38 L.R.A.<N.S.) 638. 
 Conclusiveness of statements as to, in proof 
 
 of loss. 44 L.E.A. 860. 
 
 (t) Breach by tenant or mortgagor. 
 
 § 81. By tenant. 
 
 Effect upon insurance policy of breach of 
 condition by tenant. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.> 
 48.5. 
 
 Effect on vacancy clause of tenant's re- 
 moval without owner's knowledge. S 
 L.E.A.(TSr.S.) 966. 
 
750 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. h, I (f)— cont'd 
 § 82. By mortgagor. 
 
 Effect of breach of policy of insurance by 
 mortgagor on riglits of mortgagee. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 197; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1226. 
 
 Policies assigned to mortgagees. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 197. 
 
 Loss-payable clause. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 197; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1226. 
 
 Union mortgage clause. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 204. 
 
 Provision that conditions of clause as 
 to mortgagee be written upon pol- 
 icy or attached thereto. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 207. 
 Effect of mortgagor's failure to give notice 
 
 or proof of loss on mortgagee's right 
 ; to recover. 14 L.R.A. (N,S.) 459. 
 
 ' (g) Increase of risk, generally. 
 
 § 83. Generally. 
 
 Temporary increase of risk, see infra, § 89. 
 
 Change of risk. 4 L.R.A. 538.* 
 Provision against increase of risk. 10 
 L.R.A. 359.* 
 Change in machinery. 10 L.R.A. 359.* 
 Change in purpose and use of property. 
 
 10 L.R.A. 359.* 
 Change in structure of premises. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 359.* 
 Change in occupation of premises. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 359.* 
 Notice of alteration in risk. 10 L.R.A. 
 359.* 
 Indications that building may be intention- 
 ally set on fire as an increase of risk. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 
 (H) Temporary change of conditions. 
 
 § 84. Change of title. 
 
 Effect of sale of insured property in case 
 of reconveyance before loss. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S..) 738. 
 
 § 85. Use of premises. 
 
 Effect of unauthorized use of premises 
 which ceased before loss under provi- 
 sion against such use. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 742. 
 
 Effect of temporary keeping of prohibited 
 articles on premises which ceased be- 
 fore loss under provision against keep- 
 ing such articles. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 741. 
 
 § 86. — vacancy. 
 
 Effect of temporary vacancy ceasing before 
 
 loss under provisions against vacancy. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 593. 
 Effect of sleeping on premises to prevent 
 their becoming vacant or unoccu- 
 pied within insurance policy. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 58. 
 
 Where person sleeps on premises and 
 other care taker frequently visits 
 building. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. h, 1 (h)— cont'd 
 
 Where workmen, clerk, lodger, or care 
 
 taker sleeps in part of building. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 60. 
 Where some furniture was left in 
 
 building and a person slept there 
 
 until shortly before fire. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 61. 
 Where furniture is left in building and 
 
 it is occasionally slept in. 40 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 62. 
 Where most of furniture is moved, but 
 
 building is occasionally slept in. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N..S.) 63. 
 
 § 87. — location of property. 
 
 Temporary absence of insured property 
 from location stated in the policy. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 848. 
 
 § 88. Encumbrances generally. 
 
 Effect of temporary encumbrances on prop- 
 erty which were removed before loss 
 under general provisions against en- 
 cumbrances. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 739. 
 
 § 89. Increase of risk generally. 
 
 Effect of temporary increase of risk which 
 ceased before loss under general pro- 
 visions against increase of risk. 10 
 L.R.A.(NJS.) 737. 
 
 Effect of temporary condition which ceased 
 before loss, under general provision 
 against increase of risk, or specific pro- 
 vision against certain conditions. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 736; 28v L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 593; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 240. 
 
 3. In life or accident policies. 
 
 (a) In general. 
 
 § 90. Generally. 
 
 Waiver of, or estoppel as to, see infra, VII. 
 
 What statements are warranties. 1 L.R.A. 
 564.* 
 
 When may statements be regarded as rep- 
 resentations, although expressly de- 
 nominated in policy as warranties. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 981. 
 
 Misstatements or misrepresentations made 
 to insured by insurer's agent. 8 L.R.A. 
 70.* 
 
 Misstatements in application; effect of. 7 
 L.R.A. 217;* 10 L.R.A. 666.* 
 
 Warranty; of answers in application; ef- 
 fect of. 13 L.R.A. 263.* 
 
 Conflict of laws as to effect of misrepresen- 
 tation in application. 63 L.R.A. 864; 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 981. 
 
 Admissions or statements by insured out- 
 side of his application as evidence 
 against beneficiary. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 92. 
 
 Right of insured to return of premium 
 where policy is void or voidable be- 
 cause of misrepresentations on his part. 
 . 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298. 
 
 Duty to notify insurer of facts wliioh de- 
 velop after submission of application, 
 but before delivery of policv or certifi-, 
 cate. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 983." 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 751 
 
 INSURANCE, V. h, 2 (a)— cont'd l 
 
 Effect of beneficiary's knowledge of the I 
 falsity of a representation innocently ' 
 made by insured. 41 L.E,.A. (N.S.) 
 1199. 
 
 § 91. Condition as to delivery while 
 insured is in good health. 
 
 Waiver as to, see infra, § 140. 
 
 Effect of stipulation in application or pol- 
 icy of life insurance that it shall 
 not become binding unless deliv- 
 ered to assured while in good 
 health. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1144. 
 
 Effect of assured's ill health at time of 
 application. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1144. 
 
 Good health. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1145. 
 
 Effect of incontestable clause. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1145. 
 
 Effect of cancelation. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1145. 
 
 Effect of delivery to agent as delivery 
 to assured. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1146. 
 
 Effect of refusal to deliver because of 
 illness or death of assured. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1146. 
 
 Effect of assured's knowledge of his 
 condition. 17 L.R.A. ( NjS. ) 1148. 
 
 Effect of statutes relieving policy hold- 
 ers from representations and war- 
 ranties. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1148. 
 Effect of incontestable clause where insured 
 
 is in poor health when policy is de- 
 
 liveredl 6 L.R Ji.. ( N.S. ) 1064. 
 
 § 92. Attaching or referring to appli- 
 cation. 
 
 What reference in policy to application will 
 make it part of policy. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 88; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 676. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to necessity of attach- 
 ing application or copy thereof to pol- 
 icy. 63 L.R.A. 867; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 982. 
 
 What must be attached in order to satisfy 
 requirement that "application" be at- 
 tached to policy. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1190. 
 
 Failure to attach copy of application to 
 policy as affecting right of insurer to 
 rely on representations or warranties 
 incorporated in the policy itself. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 102. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 facts appearing in application only 
 where copy is attached to policy. 67 
 L.R.A. 734. 
 
 (i) Health, habits, and occupation. 
 
 § 93. Generally. 
 
 Condition as to delivery while insured is in 
 good health, see supra, § 91. 
 
 Statements as to health. 10 L.R.A. 666.* 
 Restrictions as to occupation and employ- 
 ment in policy of accident insurance. 
 9 L.R.A. 685.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. h, 2 (b)— cont'd 
 
 Time covered by provision or representa- 
 tion with respect to the habits or oc- 
 cupation of insured. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 283. 
 
 What constitutes "spitting or coughing 
 blood." 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 917. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 provision as to physical condition of 
 insured. 67 L.R.A. 734. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 provision as to occupation of insured. 
 67 L.R.A. 736. 
 
 § 94. Innocent misrepresentation as to 
 health. 
 
 By insured who has undiscovered disease. , 
 53 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 In general. 53 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Representations to the best of knowl- 
 edge and belief, etc. 53 L.R.A. 
 201. 
 
 Effect of statutory provisions. 53 
 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 Representations by beneficiary. 53 
 L.R.A. 205. 
 Effect of honest mistake in answer as to 
 
 health of insured, warranted by him 
 
 to be true. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1277. 
 
 § 95. Temporary change of occupa- 
 tion. 
 
 Temporary pursuit of other activities as 
 change of occupation within meaning 
 of accident insurance policy. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1174. 
 
 § 96. Consultation with, or attendance 
 of, physician. 
 
 Statements as to attendance of physician. 
 10 L.R.A. 666.* 
 
 What constitutes a consultation with, or 
 attendance by, a physician, within the 
 meaning of an application for life in- 
 surance. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 362. 
 
 § 9 7. Morphinism. 
 
 Morphinism of insured as affecting policy. 
 39 L.R.A. 265. 
 
 § 98. Use of intoxicating liquors. 
 
 Scope and effect of provisions in policies 
 of insurance forbidding use of in- 
 toxicating liquor. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 206; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1241. 
 
 Habitual use. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 Impairment of health by intemperance. 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 208. 
 
 Death or injury caused by intem- 
 perance. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 
 Injuries received while intoxicated or 
 resulting from use of intoxicants. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 210. 
 
 Use of liquor as pernicious habit. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 211. 
 
 Self-executing nature of provision. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 211. 
 
 Burden of proof; question for jury. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 212. 
 
732 
 
 INDEX TO L.B,.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. h, 2— cont'd 
 (c) Previous rejectloti; other insur- 
 ance. 
 
 § 99. Generally. 
 
 Condition against taking out other insur- 
 ance. 4 L.R.A. 848.* 
 Effect of condition against otlier insurance 
 in same company. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 759. 
 Previous rejection by benefit association as 
 declination or refusal of insurance 
 within meaning of application for life 
 insurance. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 247. 
 Effect of other insurance which ceased be- 
 fore loss under general provisions 
 against other insurance. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 740. 
 Failure to disclose accident policies in re- 
 ply to question as to other life insur- 
 ance as breach of warranty. 1 B. R. 
 C. 305. 
 Character of insurance or company covered 
 by question in application for life 
 or accident insurance as to other 
 insurance or as to previous re- 
 jection of application. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 461. 
 Accident and life insurance. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 461. 
 Benefit and regular life insurance; 
 other insurance. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 462. 
 Previous rejection. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 464. 
 Paid-up policy. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 464. 
 First and last days in computing time, as 
 
 to other insurance. 49 L.R.A. 208. 
 Effect of insurance broker's knowledge as 
 to other insurance. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 638. 
 Retention of policy and waiver of insured's 
 mistake or fraud as to requirement as 
 to. 67 L.R.A. 726, 735. 
 
 § 100. Void or inoperative insurance. 
 
 Void or inoperative policies of insurance as 
 breach of a condition against ad- 
 ditional or other insurance on 
 property. 1 B. R. C. 39. 
 
 Where provision refers merely to 
 "other" or "additional" insurance. 
 1 B. R. C. 40. 
 
 Where the provision is against other 
 insurance, "valid or invalid." 1 
 B. R. C. 52. 
 
 Where other insurance is not, or has 
 not become operative. 1 B. R. C. 
 54. 
 
 § 101. False representations as to 
 previous applications for insurance. 
 
 Rule where the statement is a mere repre- 
 sentation. 55 L.R.A. 122. 
 Generally. 55 L.R.A. 122. 
 Proof of materiality. 55 L.R.A. 123. 
 
 Rule as to statements made material by 
 agreement. 55 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 Rule as to warranties. 55 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 Construction with reference to distinction 
 between representations and warran- 
 ties. 55 L.R.A. 126. 
 
 Begin with this iooTe on every law question. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. h, 2 (c)— cont'd 
 
 Falsity which will work forfeiture. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 128. 
 General rules. 55 L.R.A. 128. 
 Omission to state all other insurance. 
 
 55 L.R.A. 128. 
 Waiver by receipt of defective answer. 
 
 55 L.R.A. 130. 
 Wrong answers by agent. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 131. 
 What constitutes failure or refusal to 
 
 issue. 55 L.R.A. 132. 
 Effect of qualification as to knowledge 
 
 or belief. 55 L.R.A. 133. 
 Waiver of forfeiture. 55 L.R.A. 134. 
 
 By acting with knowledge of falsity. 
 
 55 L.R.A. 134. 
 Notice from taking previous applica- 
 tion. 55 L.R.A. 136. 
 Preparation to pay as a waiver. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 137. 
 Attempted rescission on other grounds 
 
 as waiver. 55 L.R.A. 137. 
 Statutes prohibiting forfeiture for imma- 
 terial misrepresentations. 55 L.R.A. 
 137. 
 Application to mutual aid and benefit so- 
 cieties. 55 L.R.A. 138. 
 
 (d) Increase of rislt, generally. 
 
 § 102. Generally. 
 
 Effect of extra hazards. 11 L.R.A. 299.* 
 Increase of risk by change of occupation of 
 person. 10 L.R.A. 383.* 
 
 (e) Incontestability, 
 
 § 103. Generally. 
 
 Incontestability of life insurance under pro- 
 visions of the policy or of a stat- 
 ute. 42 L.R.A. 247. 
 Summary. 42 L.R.A. 247. 
 
 Incontestable by the terms of the 
 
 policy. 42 L.R.A. 247. 
 Incontestable on account of a stat- 
 ute. 42 L.R.A. 248. 
 Incontestable by the terms of the pol- 
 icy. 42 L.R.A. 249. 
 Where the defense is fraud or false 
 statements by the assured. 
 42 L.R.A. 249. 
 Where the defense is suicide. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 253. 
 Where the .defense is that the bene- 
 ficiary has no interest in the 
 life. 42 L.R.A. 256; 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 747. 
 Incontestable under a statute. 42 
 L.R.A. 257. 
 Defense of false statement and 
 
 fraud. 42 L.R.A. 257. 
 Defense of suicide. 42 L.R.A. 260. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 42 L.R.A. 261. 
 Validity of provision making policy incon- 
 testable from date. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 821. 
 Effect) of incontestable clause where insured 
 is in poor health when policy is de- 
 livered. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1064. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 753 
 
 INSURANCE, V. h, 2 (e)— cont'd 
 
 Applicability of incontestable clause to non- 
 payment of premiums. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1039. 
 
 Retroactive effect of resolution of mutual 
 insurance company changing period 
 during wliicb policy may be contested 
 for suicide. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 504. 
 
 Effect of incontestable clause in policy con- 
 taining provision that it shall not be 
 binding unless delivered to assured 
 while in good health. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1145. 
 
 i. Temitnation generally; suspension. 
 
 § 10 4. Generally. 
 
 Cancelation or rescission, see supra, §§ 49- 
 
 52. 
 
 Termination of contract of insurance. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 719.* 
 Effect of notice to agent. 8 L.R.A. 720.* 
 Termination of liability of members of 
 
 mutual fire insurance companies. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 492. 
 Notice of payment back or tender of pre- 
 mium as condition of termination. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 719.* 
 First and last davs in computing time as 
 
 to life of policy. 49 L.R.A. 208. 
 May breach of policy which ipso facto 
 
 terminates it be waived. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (X.S.) 78. 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 
 provision as to duration of insurance. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 712. 
 
 § 105. Effect of expulsion from so- 
 ciety. 
 
 Suits on the benefit certificate. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 149. 
 Damages. 25 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 J. Forfeiture. 
 
 § 106. Generally. 
 
 Cancelation or rescission, see supra, §§ 49- 
 52. 
 
 Effect on assignee of assignor's acts of 
 forfeiture, see infra, § 125. 
 
 Power of insured to destroy rights of bene- 
 ficiary, see infra, § 126. 
 
 Waiver of, or estoppel as to, see infra, VII. 
 
 By matters occurring after loss, see infra, 
 VIII. 
 
 By matters relating to proofs of loss, see 
 infra, VIII. a. 
 
 Forfeiture because of cause of loss or in- 
 jury, see infra, VIII. c, 1. 
 
 Forfeiture because of cause of death or 
 injury, see infra, VIII. c, 2. 
 
 For fraud, see Fraud and Deceit, § 28. 
 
 Forfeiture not favored in law. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 118;* 9 L.R.A. 189.* 
 Strict construction of clauses operating by 
 
 way of forfeiture. 4 L.R.A. 538.* 
 Forfeiture of benefit certificate by default 
 
 of subordinate lodge. 50 L.R.A. 111. 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 862; 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 978. 
 Consult also L.B A. Digests to date. 48 
 
 INSURANCE, V. j— cont'd 
 
 Of original policy on obtaining paid-uii 
 policy. 15 L.R.A. 450. 
 
 Effect on insurance on buildings of forfei- 
 ture as to personal propertv. 19 L.R.A. 
 217. 
 
 Power of insured to destroy rights of benefi- 
 ciary by allowing lapse or forfeiture. 
 49 L.R.A. 741, 751. 
 
 Validity of provision in contract of rail- 
 road relief department for forfeiture 
 of benefits in case of suit against the 
 company for damages. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 198. 
 
 § 107. For nonpayment of premiums. 
 
 Payment of premiums generally, see infra, 
 §§ 112-115. 
 
 Forfeiture for nonpayment of premium. 6 
 
 L.R.A. 806.* 
 Waiver of forfeiture for nonpavment of 
 
 premium. 1 L.R.A. 256;* '9 L.R.A. 
 
 317.* 
 Forfeiture for nonpayment of premium note. 
 
 9 L.R.A. 317.* 
 Forfeiture for nonpayment of assessment. 
 
 9 L.R.A. 189.* 
 First and last days in computing time in 
 
 case of nonpayment. 49 L.R.A. 208. 
 Necessity of affirmative action in order to 
 
 terminate rights of member in mutual 
 
 benefit societv for nonpayment of dues. 
 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 246. 
 Effect of failure to pay periodical premium 
 
 on policy of life insurance to terminate 
 
 the same, in the absence of a provision 
 
 for forfeiture. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 Waiver by officers of subordinate lodge of 
 
 forfeiture for nonpayment of assess- 
 ments. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 421; 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 571. 
 Nonpayment of premiums as affected by 
 
 incontestable clause. 6 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 1039. 
 Effect of failure to pay assessment between 
 
 day of accident and time of death. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 112. 
 Effect of incapacitating illness or insanity 
 
 on failure to pay premium when due. 
 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.y 319. 
 
 § 108. — notice of premiums. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 862. 
 Notification of premium due. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 lis.* 
 
 Notice of nonpayment of premium. 5 
 L.R.A. 806.* 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 notice. 49 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 Mode of proving mailing of notice of ma- 
 turity of premiums or assessments. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 238. 
 
 Necessity that notice of maturity of pre- 
 miums or assessments sent through the 
 mail be received. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 253. 
 
 Effect of custom to give insured notice of 
 maturity of premium where insured is 
 not otherwise entitled to notice. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1037 
 
754 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, v.— cont'd 
 
 Te. Reinstatement. 
 
 § 109. Generally. 
 
 Change of beneficiary on reinstatement of 
 member. 5 L.E.A. 97.* 
 
 Reinstatement of defaulted policy by pay- 
 ment of premium after death. 14 
 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Kirst and laat days in computing time 
 of payment for. 49 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 Judicial control of discretion as to rein- 
 statement of insured. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 14S. 
 
 I. Premiums; assessments; rates. 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 110. Generally. 
 
 Forfeiture for nonpayment, see supra, §§ 
 107, 108. 
 
 Waiver of forfeiture by accepting or at- 
 tempting to collect premium, see infra, 
 § 134. 
 
 Taxes on insurance premiums. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 69. 
 Liability of member of benefit society to 
 
 action for assessment. 23 L.R.A. 435. 
 Remedy for refusal to levy assessments. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 146;* 2 L.R.A. 786;* 8 L.R.A. 
 
 115.* 
 Liability of members of mutual fire insur- 
 ance company to assessment. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 496. 
 Assignability of insurance agent's right to 
 
 commissions on renewal premiums. 18 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 
 provision as to premiums. 38 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 789. 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 
 liability to assessment. 67 L.R.A. 715. 
 
 § 111. Premium notes. 
 
 Liability of members of mutual fire in- 
 surance company on. 32 L.R.A. 483. 
 
 Failure to pay interest on notes in case 
 of paid-up policy. 15 L.R.A. 452. 
 
 Payment of outstanding notes in case of 
 paid-up policy. 15 L.R.A. 452. 
 
 Suits on premium notes when foreign cor- 
 poration has not complied with stat- 
 ute as to doing business in state. 20 
 L.R.A. 407. 
 
 When statute of limitations begins to run 
 against unpaid balance on premium or 
 "stock" notes of mutlial insurance com- 
 pany. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 914. 
 
 2. Payment oj. 
 
 § 112. Generally. 
 
 Forfeiture for nonpayment, see supra, §§ 
 107, 108. 
 
 Waiver of forfeiture by accepting, see in- 
 fra, VII. 
 
 Payment of assessment by insured. 8 
 L.E.A. 114.* 
 
 Begin with this book, on every law question. 
 
 INSURANCE, V. 1, 2— cont'd 
 
 Insurance agent as agent of assured as to 
 payment. 20 L.R.A. 286. 
 
 Insurance broker as agent for insured as 
 to payment. 38 L.E.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 Payment of outstanding premium notes as 
 condition to obtaining paid-up pol- 
 icy. 15 L.E.A. 452. 
 Necessity for paying interest on. 15 
 L.E.A. 452. 
 
 Priority of claim for premiums against 
 property in hands of receiver. 2 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1051. 
 
 Validity of assignment of interest in life 
 insurance policy to one paying pre- 
 mium. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 935; 33 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 949. 
 
 g 113. Time of. 
 
 First and last days in computing time of 
 payment for reinstatement. 49 L.E.A. 
 208. 
 
 Computation of days of grace allowed for 
 payment of insuraiice premium or as- 
 sessment, where date of payment- or 
 expiration of such period falls on Sun- 
 day or a holiday. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 759. 
 
 § 114. —after death of insured. 
 
 Payment of premium after death to keep 
 insurance in force. 14 L.E.A. 283. 
 Days of grace. 14 L.E.A. 284. 
 Reinstatement after death. 14 L.E.A. 
 284. 
 Validity of payment of premium or assess- 
 ment during period of extension agreed 
 upon, but after insured's death. 2 
 B. E. C. 191. 
 
 § 115. What may be applied on. 
 
 Application of accrued benefits upon dues 
 or assessments accruing on "a benefit 
 certificate. 55 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Effect of provision that deficiency in assess- 
 ment may be paid from reserve or 
 emergency fund. 10 L.E.A. (N.S.) 264. 
 
 Does existence of indebtedness from insurer 
 to insured in an amount sufficient to 
 pay premium or assessment prevent 
 forfeiture of policy for nonpayment of 
 premium. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 
 Allowance to applicant of agent's commis- 
 sion as payment of premium. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 884. 
 
 Commercial paper as payment of premium. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 84. 
 
 3. Return of; recovery haelc. 
 
 § 116. Generally. 
 
 Action to recover premiums paid on life 
 of adult insured without his consent. 
 56 L.R.A. 586. 
 
 Right to return of premiums on adjudica- 
 tion of insolvency of insurer. 19 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 639.' 
 
 Eepayment of return premiums to members 
 of mutual fire insurance companies. 
 32 L.R.A. 488. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 755 
 
 INSURANCE, V. 1, 3— cont'd 
 
 Liability of members of mutual fire insur- 
 ance company for return premiums. 
 32 L.R.A. 488. 
 
 § 117. Where policy is void or void- 
 able. 
 
 Return of assessment on benefit certificate 
 proving void for fraud. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 114. 
 Right of insured to return of premium 
 
 where policy is void or voidable 
 
 because of misrepresentations on 
 
 his part. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298. 
 Where insurer seeks rescission on 
 
 ground of misrepresentation. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 Where insurer defends on such ground 
 
 in an actdon on the policy. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 Action by insured to recover premium. 
 
 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 
 § 118. On cancelation or rescission of 
 
 policy. 
 Return as condition of cancelation, see 
 
 supra, § 51. 
 
 Breach of agreement of insurer to make 
 loan on policy as justifying rescission 
 and recovery of premiums by insured. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 
 Right of insured to return of premium 
 where insurer seeks rescission on 
 ground of misrepresentation by in- 
 sured. 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 
 Breach of agreement of insurer to make 
 loan on policy as justifying rescission 
 and recovery of premiums by insured. 
 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 
 4. Bates. 
 
 § 119. Generally. 
 
 Power of legislature to regulate life in- 
 surance rates. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 778. 
 
 Right of mutual benefit society to increase 
 rates. 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1154; 31 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 417. 
 
 Vi. Transfer of policy or interest 
 therein. 
 
 a. Assignment generally. 
 
 § ISO. Generally. 
 
 How life policy assigned. 9 L.R.A. 660.* 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 858; 23 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 978. 
 Transferees of policy or property as mem- 
 bers of mutual fire insurance company. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 482. 
 Insanity as affecting condition as to suicide 
 
 in case of assigned policies. 35 L.E.A. 
 
 266. 
 Variance between assignment of policy and 
 
 insurer's consenti thereto. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (X.S.) 173. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INSURANCE, VI. a— cont'd 
 § 121. Assignability. 
 
 Assignability of life policy. 9 L.R.A. 660.* 
 Assignability of endowment policy. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 661.* 
 Assignability of policy taken out by wife 
 
 on husband's life. 9 L.R.A. 663;* 
 
 10 L.R.A. 259.* 
 
 § 122. Validity of assignment. 
 
 Necessity that assignee have an insurable 
 
 interest in life. 9 L.R.A. 661.* 
 Validity of assignment of interest in life 
 insurance policy to one paying 
 premiums. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 935; 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 949. 
 Assignment first contemplated after 
 one or more premiums paid. 
 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 935. 
 General statement of conflicting 
 theories. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 935. 
 Theory that policy is assignable 
 as any other chose in action. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 936. 
 Theory that assignment is valid 
 if debt secured or amount paid 
 is not out of proportion tlo 
 amount- of policy. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 939. 
 Theory that assignment is void, 
 but policy is valid. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 942. 
 Theory that assignment is abso- 
 lutely void. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 945. 
 Assignment made or contemplated when 
 policy is issued or first pre- 
 mium paid. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 946. 
 Validity as bethveen insurer and 
 assignee. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 946. 
 Validity as between insurer and 
 beneficiary or personal repre- 
 sentative of insured. 3 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 948. 
 Validity as between assignee and 
 beneficiary or personal repre- 
 sentative of insured. 3 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 949. 
 Validity as between other claim- 
 ants of fund. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 951. 
 Assignment as collateral security. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 951. 
 Assignment to one having business re- 
 lations with insured. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 952. 
 Assignment by one having no insurable 
 
 interest. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 952. 
 Who may question validity of assign- 
 ment. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 952. 
 Validity of assignment of life insurance 
 policy to one having no insurable in- 
 terest where the assignment is not 
 made by way of cover for a wager 
 policy. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 128. 
 Validity of assignment of insurance policies 
 to persons to be named in will. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 
756 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, VI. a— cont'd 
 
 Voidability of assignment of policy within 
 four months of bankruptcy pursuant 
 to executory agreement antedating such 
 period. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 939. 
 
 § 123. In case of bankruptcy or insol- 
 vency. 
 
 Assigned life insurance policy as assets of 
 
 bankrupt. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 460. 
 Life insurance as assets of assignee on his 
 
 bankruptcy or insolvency. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 46. 
 Policy assigned to other than creditors as 
 
 assets of insured on bankruptcy or 
 
 insolvency. 50 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 § 124. To creditor. 
 
 Assignment as security for debt. 9 L.R.A. 
 662.* 
 
 Policy assigned to creditor as assets of 
 insured on bankruptcy or insolvency. 
 50 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 Validity of assignment as collateral secu- 
 rity to one paying premiums. 3 L.R.A. 
 951. 
 
 § 125. Effect on assignee of assignor's 
 acts of forfeiture. 
 
 Prior acts. 18 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 Subsequent acts. 18 L.R.A. 137. 
 
 Assignment! after loss. 18 L.R.A. 138. 
 
 Effect of breach of policy by grantor on 
 rights of mortgagee to whom policy 
 has been assigned. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 197. 
 
 § 12 6. Power of insured to destroy 
 rights of Ibeneficiary. 
 
 In cases of regular life policies. 49 L.R.A. 
 737. 
 
 Generally. 49 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Assignments. 49 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Allowing lapse. 49 'L.R.A. 741. 
 
 Procuring new policy. 49 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Procuring surrender value. 49 L.R.A. 
 746. 
 
 Giving policy by will. 49 L.R.A. 748. 
 
 Wisconsin cases. 49 L.R.A. 748. 
 In cases of benefit societies. 49 L.R.A. 749. 
 
 Generally. 49 L.R.A. 749. 
 
 Assignments. 49 L.R.A. 750. 
 
 Allowing lapse or forfeiture. 49 L.R.A. 
 751. 
 
 Change by surrender. 49 L.R.A. -751. 
 
 Giving certificate by will. 49 L.R.A. 
 752. 
 
 Alteration of certificate, etc. 49 L.R.A. 
 753. 
 
 Power under constitution, by-laws, con- 
 tract, or statute. 49 L.R.A. 753. 
 
 6. CKange of 'beneficiary, 
 
 % 127. Generally. 
 
 Surrender of policy without beneficiary's 
 consent, see supra, § 54. 
 
 Power of insured to destroy rights of bene- 
 ficiary, see supra, § 126. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 862. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 INSURANCE, VI. b— cont'd 
 
 General doctrine that beneficiary may be 
 changed. 5 L.R.A. 95.* 
 
 Change on reinstatement of member. 5 
 L.R.A. 97.* 
 
 Statute permitting change of beneficiary as 
 affecting rights of beneficiary under 
 policy previously issued. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 923. 
 
 Effect) of death of assured before contem- 
 plated change of beneficiary is com- 
 plete. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 277. 
 
 § 12 8. Right to change. 
 
 Reservation in contract of right to change. 
 5 L.R.A. 97.* 
 
 Provision for change by law of order. 5 
 L.R.A. 98.* 
 
 Right to change beneficiary by will. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 939. 
 
 Right to change beneficiaries as affected by 
 consideration from beneficiary original- 
 ly named. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1206. 
 
 Right of member to change beneficiary 
 where a consideration moved from the " 
 original beneficiary. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 773. 
 
 § 12 9. Mode of change. 
 
 Mode of change. 5 L.R.A. 96.* 
 Changing designation in benefit certificate 
 otherwise than in prescribed 
 method. 15 L.R.A. 350. 
 
 Waiver by the society. 15 L.R.A. 350. 
 
 Where compliance is beyond the mem- 
 ber's power. 15 L.R.A. 352. 
 
 Where the member has done every- 
 thing in his power. 15 L.R.A. 352. 
 
 Where member dies before effe£ting 
 change. 15 L.R.A. 353. 
 
 When certificate lost or out of mem- 
 ber's possession. 15 L.R.A. 353. 
 
 VII. Estoppel; xvaiver. 
 
 a. Of insured. 
 
 § 130. Generally. 
 
 Waiver of return of unearned premium as 
 a condition of cancelation of insurance. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 889. 
 
 Effect of delay in seeking relief from mis- 
 take in insurance contract. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 890. 
 
 § 131. Retention of policy as waiver of 
 mistake or fraud of insurer or its 
 agent. 
 
 Generally. 67 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 Time of misrepresentation. 67 L.R.A. 706. 
 
 Mistake or fraud as to terms of ptilicy. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 708; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 787. 
 
 Character of policy. 67 L.R.A. 708; 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 787. 
 Various provisions of policy. 67 
 L.R.A. 711. 
 Risks insured against. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 711. 
 Duration of insurance. 67 L.R.A. 
 712. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ?57 
 
 INSURANCE, VII. a— cont'd 
 
 Limitation of time for action on 
 
 policy. 67 L.R.A. 714. 
 Existence of options at maturity. 
 
 67 L.E.A. 714. 
 As to premiums. 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 789. 
 Liability to assessment. 67 L.E.A. 
 
 715. 
 Eight to cancel. 67 L.E.A. 716. 
 Obligation to keep books in safe. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 717. 
 As to risk covered by employers' 
 liability policy. 38 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 789. 
 Obligation to keep watchman on 
 
 premises. 67 L.E.A. 718. 
 Signature to application. 67 L.E.A. 
 
 718. 
 Agency clause. 67 L.E.A. 718. 
 Date of policy. 67 L.E.A. 719. 
 Value of policy. 67 L.E.A. 719; 
 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 787. 
 Variation of terms on renewal of pol- 
 icy. ''67 L.E.A. 719. 
 Supplemental contract for allowance 
 of commissions. 38 L.E.A. (N.S. ) 
 790. 
 Mistake or fraud as to facts disclosed by 
 the insured. 67 L.E.A. 721. 
 Appearing in the policy. 67 L.E.A. 
 721. 
 Subject-matter of insurance. 67 
 L.R.A. 721. 
 Property covered. 67 L.E.A. 
 
 721. 
 Voyage covered by marine pol- 
 icy. 67 L.E.A. 723. 
 Misdescription of property. 67 
 
 L.E.A. 724. 
 Location of property. 67 
 L.E.A. 724. 
 Interest protected. 67 L.E.A. 724. 
 Pacts affecting the hazard. 67 
 L.E.A. 726. 
 Other insurance. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 726. 
 Occupancy of premises. 67 
 
 L.E.A. 729. 
 State of title. 67 L.R.A. 731. 
 Encumbrances. 67 L.R.A. 732. 
 Appearing only in the application. 67 
 L.R.A. 734. 
 Copy attached to policy. 67 L.R.A. 
 734. 
 Physical condition of insured. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 734. 
 Prior insurance. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 735. 
 Occupation. 67 L.R.A. 736. 
 Encumbrances. 67 L.R.A. 737. 
 Copy not attached. 67 L.R.A. 
 '737. 
 Mistake or fraud as to matters outside of 
 the policy and application. 67 L.R.A. 
 738. 
 Effect of retention by other than insured. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 739. 
 EflFect of insured's illiteracy. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 740. 
 Retention with knowledge of defect. 67 
 L.R-A. 741. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INSURANCE, VII. a— cont'd 
 Generally. 67 L.E.A. 741. 
 Effect of attempted rescission. 67 
 
 L.E.A. 742. 
 Effect of agent's reassurances. 67 
 L.R.A. 743. 
 Distinction between action at law and suit 
 in equity. 67 L.R.A. 744. 
 
 6. Of insurer. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 132. Generally. 
 
 Waiver of conditions or defense based on 
 them. 1 L.R.A. 222,* 563;* 8 L.R.A. 
 74.* 
 
 In case of paid-up and nonforfeiting pol- 
 icies of life insurance. 15 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 Waiver of forfeiture for nonpayment of 
 premium. 1 L.R.A. 256;* 9 L.R.A. 
 317.* 
 
 Waiver of condition as to location of prop- 
 erty. 26 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 May a breach of an insurance policy which 
 ipso facto terminates iti be waived. 25 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 78. 
 
 Estoppel of mutual benefit society by mis- 
 representations as to laws of the order. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 540. 
 
 Waiver by subordinate lodge of right of 
 benefit assocation to insist upon for- 
 feiture of benefit because of violation 
 of laws of association. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 136. 
 
 Waiver of return of unearned premium as> 
 a condition of cancelation of insurance. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 889. 
 
 Of change of beneficiary in otherwise than 
 by prescribed method. 15 L.E.A. 350. 
 
 § 133. By falltire to speak or act after 
 notice of breach. 
 
 Does failure of the insurer to speak or act 
 
 after notice of breach of policy 
 
 constitute a waiver thereof. 25 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 
 Introduction. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 
 Knowledge acquired after loss. 25 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3. 
 Knowledge acquired before loss. 25 
 \ L.R.A.(N.S.) 6. 
 
 Breaches rendering policy voidable. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6. 
 Breaches rendering policy void. 25 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 16. 
 Special circumstances affectint; 
 duty of insurer. 25 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 23. 
 What constitutes reasonable notice 
 of forfeiture. 25 L.E.A. (N.S.I 
 23. 
 
 § 134. By acceptance or attempt to 
 collect ■ premium. 
 
 Acceptance of premiums as waiver of pro- 
 vision of policy as to form of receipt 
 therefor. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1219. 
 
 Unsuccessful attempt to collect premium as 
 waiver of forfeiture. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 902. 
 
758 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, VII. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 Waiver of provision as to change of occu- 
 pation by continued receipt of dues. 
 27 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 446. 
 
 g 135. As to books, papers, and vouch- 
 ers. 
 
 Of condition as to keeping books and 
 
 vouchers. 51 L.K.A. 702. 
 Of condition as to production of books 
 
 and papers. 51 L.R.A. 708. 
 Of condition as to keeping books and 
 
 vouchers in safe, or safe place. 51 
 
 L.E.A. 713. 
 
 g 136, As to Other insurance. 
 
 Waiver of false representations as to 
 previous applications for insurance by 
 receipt of defective answer. 55 L.E.A. 
 130. 
 
 Waiver of forfeiture because of false rep- 
 resentations as to previous applica- 
 tions. 55 L.R.A. 134. 
 
 g 13 7. As to arbitration. 
 
 Waiver of reference as to loss. 11 L.E.A. 
 599.* 
 
 Waiver of provision for submission to ar- 
 bitration. 10 L.R.A. 558.* 
 
 Waiver of condition as to arbitration. 15 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1072. 
 
 § 138. As to proofs of loss. 
 
 Waiver of proofs of loss. 1 L.R.A. 217;* 
 7 L.R.A. 81;* 8 L.R.A. 77.* 
 Submission to arbitration as. 10 
 L.R.A. 560.* 
 Waiver of notice and statement of loss. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 76;* 10 L.E.A. 558.* 
 Waiver of objections to vpant of. 1 L.R.A. 
 217;* 7 L.R.A. 81,* 83;* 8 L.R.A. 
 77.* 
 Where offer of proofs would be in vain. 
 
 7 L.R.A. 83.* 
 Receiving proofs of loss after time lim- 
 ited. 7 L.R.A. 82.* 
 Imposing conditions to impede or hin- 
 der. 7 L.R.A. 82.* 
 
 § 139. Conditions at Inception of pol- 
 icy. 
 
 Effect of nonwaiver agreement on conditions 
 existing at inception of insurance 
 policy. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 Actions at law and in equity. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 829. 
 Waiver or estoppel bv acts or conduct 
 of company. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 829. 
 Waiver by agent. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 832. 
 Effect of nonwaiver agreement as 
 tested by doctrine of waiv- 
 er and estoppel. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 832. 
 Rule that what may be waived 
 by company may be waived 
 by agent. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 832. 
 Rule that company cannot pro- 
 hibit itself from waiving. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 839. 
 
 INSURANCE, VII. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 Rule as to estoppel in pais. 
 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 Rule that company is bound 
 by agent's interpretation 
 of contract. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 850. 
 Effect of nonwaiver agreement as 
 tested by rule that prin- 
 cipal may limit power of 
 agent. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 853. 
 In general. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 853. 
 Notice of limitation. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 858. 
 Distinction between agreements 
 limiting power of agents and 
 those limiting the manner of 
 waiver. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 865. 
 Rule that nonwaiver agreements 
 apply only to conditions subse- 
 quent. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 866. 
 Miscellaneous. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 870. 
 
 g 140. — against policy becoming bind- 
 ing unless delivered to assured 
 while in good health. 
 
 Waiver of stipulation in policy that it shall 
 
 not become binding unless delivered 
 
 to assured while in good health. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1149. 
 Who may waive. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1149. 
 Effect of provision that only certain 
 
 oflScers may waive. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1149. 
 Effect of delivery while assured is ill. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1150. 
 Effect of delivery after death of as- 
 sured. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1152. 
 Delivery for examination. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1153. 
 Effect of acceptance of first premium 
 
 while assured is ill. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1153. 
 Effect of acceptance of first premium 
 
 after death of assured. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1154. 
 Effect of acknowledgment of payment 
 
 of premium. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1154. 
 Acceptance of subsequent premium. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1154. 
 Effect of approval of application after 
 
 breach. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1154. 
 Effect of giving option to acept policy. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 Effect of giving time to pay premium. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 Effect of retention of first premium. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 Effect of delay in issuing. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1155. 
 Effect of initiation. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1155. 
 Agreement by agent to deliver policy 
 
 when issued. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1155. 
 
 Begin with this tooTe on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 759 
 
 INSURAN(;E, VII. b, l— cont'd 
 
 Acceptance of note or something other 
 than money in payment of first 
 premium. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1156. 
 
 3. By agent or officer. 
 
 § 141. Generally. 
 
 Waiver by agent. 1 L.E.A. 217.* 
 
 When insurance agent is agent of assured 
 
 as to waiver of conditions in policy. 20 
 
 LJI.A. 285. 
 Waiver by officer of subordinate lodge of 
 forfeiture for nonpayment of as- 
 sessments. 4 L.R.A.{N.S.) 421; 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 571. 
 
 Necessity for compliance with by-laws. 
 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 571. 
 
 Custom as affecting waiver. 38 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 573. 
 
 Extending payment as effecting waiver. 
 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 575. 
 
 Payment after death as effecting wai- 
 ver. 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 576. 
 
 Intention as affecting waiver. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 576. 
 
 § 142. Forleitures occurring after is- 
 suance of policy and before loss. 
 Power of agents to bind insurer by oral 
 waiver or estoppel in pais as to 
 forfeitures occurring after issuance 
 of policy and before loss, under 
 policies of insurance requiring con- 
 sent or waiver to be in writing. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1064. 
 Effect of clauses requiring consent or 
 waiver to be in writing. 10 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1066. 
 Polices requiring consent to be in 
 writing, but containing no pro- 
 vision as to waiver. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1066. 
 Polices requiring consent to be in 
 writing, and waiver to be in 
 writing. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1073. 
 Policies requiring consent to be in 
 writing, and waiver to be in 
 writing, and forbidding waiver 
 except by designated persons. 
 10 L.EA.(.N.S.) 1077. 
 Policies in which consent is re- 
 quired to be in writing, and 
 in which waiver is absolutely 
 forbidden. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1081. 
 Policies requiring consent to be in 
 writing, and waiver to be in 
 writing, and forbidding waiver 
 as to some provisions and per- 
 mitting it as to others. 10 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1083. 
 Policies requiring consent to be in 
 writing, and having restric- 
 tions as to power of agents, 
 but not requiring waiver to be 
 in writing. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1089. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INSURANCE, VII. b, 2— cont'd 
 § 143. Knowledge, fraud, or mistake 
 of agent. 
 
 Effect of knowledge of agent acting in two 
 capacities. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 444. 
 
 Effect of insurance broiler's knowledge of 
 misstatements in application. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 634. 
 
 Effect of knowledge by insurer's agent of 
 falsity of statements in applica- 
 tion. 16 L.R.A. 33. 
 In general. 16 L.R.A. 33. 
 Knowledge of agent acquired in other 
 
 capacity. 16 L.R.A. 35. 
 Agent's perversion of information by 
 
 the insured. 16 L.E.A. 35. 
 Where insurer's agent falsely fills up 
 
 blanks. 16 L.R.A. 37. 
 When falsity is due to misconstruction 
 of facts by agent. 16 L.R.A. 38.' 
 
 Estoppel of company by fraud of agent. 5 
 L.R.A. 646.* 
 
 Effect of agent's insertion in the applica- 
 tion of false answers to questions cor- 
 rectly answered by the insured. 4 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 607. 
 
 Bad faith of assured as affecting estoppel 
 of insurer to set up falsity of answers 
 in application, because of agent's knowl- 
 edge of such falsity. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 279. 
 
 Provisions of insurance policy in respect to 
 vacancy, as affected by agent's repre- 
 sentations or knowledge. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 758. 
 
 Effect of insurance agent's mistake in desig- 
 nating location of property. 2 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 548. 
 
 Parol evidence rule as affected by waiver or 
 estoppel in case of fraud or mistake of 
 agent preparing application. 16 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1233. 
 
 5. Parol-evidence rule. 
 
 § 144. Generally. 
 
 The parol-evidenee rule as to varying or 
 contradicting written contracts, as 
 affected by the doctrine of waiver 
 or estoppel as applied to policies 
 of insurance. 16 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1165. 
 Parol -evidence rule. 16 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1168. 
 Distinction between action at law 
 and action in equity. 16 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1168. 
 Distinction between waiver or es- 
 toppel before and after execu- 
 tion of policy. 16 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1171. 
 Eelaxation of rule in favor of in- 
 sured condemned. 16 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1173. 
 Departure from rule; exceptions: 
 extent. 16 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 1181. 
 Ambiguities. 16 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1181. 
 Intention of parties. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1182. 
 
760 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, VII. b, 3— cont'd 
 
 Avoidance of forfeitures. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1186. 
 Effect of warranty. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1209. 
 Duty of insured to read applica- 
 tion and policy. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1210. 
 Doctrine of waiver and estoppel. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1213. 
 Policies void at inception. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1215. 
 Waiver of condition precedent. 
 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1215. 
 Knowledge of facts avoiding 
 policy. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1216. 
 Fraud or mistake of agent 
 preparing application. 16 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1233. 
 Innocent misrepresentations 
 by applicant. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1249. 
 Reliance of company upon rep- 
 resentation of third per- 
 son. 16L.E.A.(N.S.) 1249. 
 Agent's interpretation. 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1249. 
 Inconsistency between applica- 
 tion and policy. 16 L.R.A. 
 ' (N.S.) 1254. 
 Policies void after execution. 16 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1255. 
 Effect of warranty. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1258. 
 Mutual companies. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1264. 
 
 Till. The loss and its adjustment; 
 remedies. 
 
 a. Notioe and proofs of loss or death. 
 
 § 145. Generally. 
 
 Waiver or estoppel as to, see supra, § 138. 
 Under employer's indemnity policy, see 
 infra, § 216. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 862; 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 978. 
 
 Proof of loss in case of Lloyd's policies. 55 
 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Admissibility of statements of attending 
 physician as to physical condition of 
 insured. 38 L Jl.A. ( N.S. ) 344. 
 
 Admissibility of coroner's finding incorpo- 
 rated in proofs of loss to show cause of 
 death. 68 L.R.A. 288. 
 
 Effect of fraud by agent ex necessitate in 
 making proofs of loss under fire insur- 
 ance policy. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 485. 
 
 Furnishing proofs of loss not under oath as 
 substantial compliance with policy re- 
 quiring proofs under oath. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 651. 
 
 Waiver of condition as to arbitration by ac- 
 cepting proof of loss. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1073. 
 
 Begin with this iooTe on every law question. 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. a— cont'd 
 
 When is insured charged with knowledge of 
 accident, so as to require him to give 
 notice thereof, as provided by a policy 
 indemnifying against liability for per- 
 sonal injuries to others. 16 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 400. 
 
 § 14 6. Time for; delay. 
 
 Waiver by delay, see supra, § 138. 
 
 Forfeiture by failure to furnish proofs of 
 loss within a stipulated time. 18 
 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 When delay in giving notice or making proof 
 of death under policy of life insurance 
 is excusable. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 285. 
 
 When strict compliance with requirement as 
 to time of notice in accident or health 
 policy is excused. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 109; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 
 Validity of provision of accident or health 
 policy requiring notice of accident or 
 sickness within specified time. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 106. 
 
 Nondevelopment of injury as affecting time 
 for giving the notice required by an 
 accident insurance policy. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 503. 
 
 Delay in giving notice of claim under em- 
 ployers' indemnity policv. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 62. 
 
 Presumption as to time of insured's death 
 after seven years' absence. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 294. 
 
 § 147. Effect on mortgagee of mort- 
 gagor's failure to give. 
 
 Effect of failure of mortgagor to give notice 
 or proof of loss upon right of mortgagee 
 to recover under the policy. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 459. 
 
 § 148. Effect of false swearing in. 
 
 In general. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 453. 
 Overvaluation of property destroyed. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 Title of assured to property destroyed. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 457. 
 Including property not destroyed. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 457. 
 Miscellaneous. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458. 
 Materiality of false statements. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 458. 
 Fraudulent intent. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 459. 
 Injury to insurer. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 459. 
 False swearing as to part only of subject of 
 
 insurance. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 460. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 461. 
 
 § 149. Conclusiveness of, as against 
 insured or beneficiary. 
 
 General rule. 44 L.R.A. 846. 
 In life insurance. 44 L.R.A. 850. 
 In general. 44 L.R.A. 850. 
 Misstatements as to dates, etc. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 851. 
 As to condition of mind of insured. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 852. 
 As to cause of death. 44 L.R.A. 853. 
 In general. 44 L.R.A. 853. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 761 
 
 INSUEANCE, VIII. a— cont'd 
 
 Coroner's inquests; suicide. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 853. 
 Doctor's certificates, etc. 44 L.R.A. 
 854. 
 In fire insurance. 44 L.EJk. 856. 
 In general. 44 L.R.A. 856. 
 Misstatements as to cause of fire. 44 
 
 L.E.A. 856. 
 Amount of loss. 44 L.R.A. 856. 
 Misstatements as to occupancy and use 
 
 of premises. 44 L.R.A. 858. 
 Misstatements as to ownership, etc. 44 
 
 L.R.A. 859. 
 Discrepancy as to building. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 860. 
 Other insurance. 44 L.R.A. 860. 
 Magistrate's certificate. 44 L.R.A. 860. 
 
 § 15 0. Duty of insured to submit to 
 examiuation and furnish informa- 
 tion. 
 
 Generally. 52 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Validity of the requirement for an examina- 
 tion, and effect of refusal. 52 L.R.A. 
 425. 
 
 Sufficiency of the demand. 52 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 Place of examination. 52 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Manner of examination; right to have attor- 
 ney present. 52 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Excuses for failure to submit to examina- 
 tion or to answer questions. 52 L.R.A. 
 426. 
 
 What questions must* be answered. 52 
 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 Number of examinations. 52 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 b. Submission to arbitration; adjust- 
 ment of loss. 
 
 § 151. Generally. 
 
 Waiver of provision as to, see supra, § 137. 
 
 As to waiver of notice of loss. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 560.* 
 Revocation of. 10 L.R.A. 560.* 
 Action on the award. 10 L.R.A. 560.* 
 Provision for reference as to loss. 11 
 L.Rji.. 598.* 
 
 Waiver of. 11 L.R.A. 598.* 
 EflFect of failure of arbitration. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 288. 
 Effect of award under terms of policy upon 
 
 mortgagee not a party thereto. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740. 
 Liability of reinsurer in case of adjustment 
 
 of loss by reinsured. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 8.55. 
 Valuation and adjustment of claims against 
 
 insolvent company. 38 L.R.A. 100. 
 
 § 1.52. As condition precedent to 
 action on policy. 
 
 In general. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1055; 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 104. 
 Validity of provision. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1055. 
 In general. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1055. 
 Agreement to submit amount of loss 
 or damage. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1056. 
 Agreement to submit all matters of 
 dispute. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1057. 
 Consult also L,R..l. Digests to date. 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. b— cont'd 
 Occasion of appraisal or arbitration. 15 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1059. 
 Preliminary requisites. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1059. 
 Precedent condition. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1060. 
 Collateral and independent condition. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.y.) 1063. 
 In general. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1063. 
 Specific cases. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1064. 
 Requiring compliance with condition. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1067. 
 Duty mutual. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1067. 
 Duty of insurer. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1067 
 Duty of insured. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1069. 
 When arbitration ineffectual. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1070. 
 Effect of failure of arbitration due to act 
 of insured. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1071. 
 Refusal of insured to arbitrate. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1071. 
 Other acts. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1071. 
 Waiver of condition. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1072. 
 General eases. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1072. 
 Accepting proofs of loss. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1073. 
 Denial or admission of liability. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 Varying terms of agreement. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1075. 
 Acts of insurer. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1075. 
 Refusal to arbitrate. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1075. 
 Time within which insurer must 
 demand arbitration. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1075. 
 Other acts. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1076. 
 Acts of insurer's arbitrator. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1077. 
 Breach of agreement to submit as a defense 
 to action on policy. 10 L.R.A. 559.* 
 
 c. RisTcs and causes of loss, injury, or 
 death. 
 
 1. Under policies covering property. 
 
 § 153. Generally. 
 
 Conclusiveness of statements as to, in proofs 
 of loss. 44 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 For what losses or obligations are members 
 of mutual fire insurance company li- 
 able. 32 L.R.A. 483. 
 
 Custom to pay certain class of losses as af- 
 fecting liability of insurer for such a 
 loss not covered by the policy. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 421. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or agent as to 
 provisions as to risl^s insured against. 
 67 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 Loss by lightning. 26 L.R.A. 267. 
 
 Loss caused by excessive heat, smoke, or soot 
 from heating apparatus without actual 
 ignition. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 501. 
 
 Meaning of "cyclone," "tornado," or other 
 kind of wind storm, in an insura'nce 
 policy. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 308. 
 
762 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. c, 1— cont'd 
 
 Liability of insurer for fire caused by earth- 
 quake. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103. 
 
 Loss by theft during fire. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 892. 
 
 Liability of insurer for property destroyed 
 by mob or during riot. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 277. 
 
 Scope and effect of provision exempting in- 
 surer from loss caused by military or 
 usurped power or order of civil authori- 
 ty, etc. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 
 § 154. Fall of building. 
 
 Fall of building clause in fire insurance 
 policies. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 604. 
 What amounts to fall. 32 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 605. 
 Standard form of policy. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 605. 
 Old form policy. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 606. 
 When fire is deemed the cause of the 
 
 fall. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 607. 
 Explosion clause. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 607. 
 Burden of proof. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 608. 
 Absence of fall of building clause. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 608. 
 
 § 155. Destruction by insured. 
 
 Liability of insurance company in case of 
 intentional destruction of property by 
 insured. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 189. 
 
 § 156. Explosion. 
 
 Generally. 19 L.R.A. 594; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 474. 
 Express provisions against losses from ex- 
 plosions. 19 L.R.A. 595. 
 Insurance against explosions. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 598. 
 Marine policies. 19 L.R.A. 598. 
 Similar cases. 19 L.R.A. 598. 
 
 Fire insurance. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 475. 
 Damage by explosion in neighbor- 
 ing building. 38 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 476. 
 Effect of permit to keep explosives. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 476. 
 Construction of particular provi- 
 sions other than the provision 
 in the standard policy. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 477. 
 Pleading exception. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 477. 
 Burden of proof. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 477. 
 Other than fire insurance. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 477. 
 Explosion clause in fire insurance policy. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 607. 
 Effect of escape and explosion of gas upon 
 liability of insurer. 29 L.R.A. 359. 
 
 I 157. Marine insurance. 
 
 Liability of insurer for loss caused by ex- 
 plosion. 19 L.R.A. 594; 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 474. 
 
 Right to recover under "'sue and labor" 
 clause in policy of marine insurance, 
 for moving cargo overland. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1161. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question, 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. c, 1— cont'd 
 Effect of navigating in forbidden waters in 
 ease of loss within waters covered by 
 policy. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 742. 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 voyage covered by marine policy. 67 
 L.R.A. 723. 
 
 § 158. — effect of voluntary exposure 
 to peril. 
 
 In case of life or accident policy, see in- 
 fra, § 164. 
 
 Omission to employ pilot. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1095. 
 
 Voluntary standing. 1 L.RA.(N.S.) 1097. 
 
 Running into danger of capture. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1097. 
 
 When peril incurred is prohibited by stat- 
 ute. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1098. 
 
 When peril is incurred in obeying govern- 
 mental command. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1098. 
 
 When peril incurred was not proximate 
 cause. 1 L.R.A.( N.S.) 1098! 
 
 Barratrous conduct. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1098. 
 
 Miscellaneous cases. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1098. 
 
 3, Under life or accident policies, 
 (a) In general. 
 
 § 159. Generally. 
 
 By employer's inde^inity policy, see infra, 
 
 g 214. 
 
 Exterior and visible marks and signs. 9 
 L.R.A. 687;* 13 L.R.A. 264.* 
 
 Proximate cause of death. 17 L.R.A. 753. 
 
 Intentional injuries. 13 L.R.A. 265.* 
 
 Death while unrt.er influence of liquor. 3 
 L.R.A. 486.* 
 
 Liability under accident policy for condi- 
 tion caused by external infection with- 
 out cut or abrasion. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 140. 
 
 Liability for death by drowning. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 631. 
 Drowning as risk covered by terms of 
 policy generally. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 631. 
 Where drowning results through insen- 
 sibility or disease. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 632. 
 Exposure to "unnecessary danger." 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 634. 
 Presumption that drowning was acci- 
 dental. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 635. 
 Miscellaneous. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 
 Previous diseased condition as affecting lia- 
 bility for death or injury from acci- 
 dent. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 445. 
 
 Applicability of provisions in accident pol- 
 icy, exempting insurer or limiting its 
 liability for disability arising from a 
 specified condition, when such condition 
 is itself the result of an accident occur- 
 ring after the issuance of the policy. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1014. 
 
 Duty of insured to negative death or acci- 
 dent from excepted cause. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 636. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 763 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. c, 2 (a)— cont'd 
 
 Admissibility of finding of coroner to show 
 cause of death. 68 L.E.A. 288. 
 
 Conclusiveness of proofs of loss as to. 44 
 L.E.A. 853. 
 
 Nature and circumstances of injury as af- 
 fecting right to share in insurance fund 
 for policeman and firemen. 20 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1176. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake or 
 fraud of insurer or agent as to provi- 
 sion as to risks insured against. 67 
 L.E.A. 711. 
 
 § 160. Blood poisoning. 
 
 Liability on accident policy for sickness or 
 death caused by. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 926. 
 
 § 161. Sunstrolce. 
 
 Risks covered by insurance against sun- 
 stroke. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 609. 
 
 § 161a. Aspliyxiation. 
 
 Death by, as accident. 30 L.R.A. 212. 
 Liability of company for death of insured 
 from. 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 168. 
 
 § 162. Wrong medical treatment. 
 
 Death caused by medical treatment. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 486.* 
 Liability under accident policy for death or 
 
 injury caused by medical treatment. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1004. 
 
 § 163. Injury from exertion or strain. 
 
 Right to compensation on accident policy 
 for injury resulting from exertion 
 or strain. 2 B. R. C. 367. 
 
 Accidental character of injury. 2 B. 
 R. C. 367. 
 
 Accidental character of means. 2 B. 
 E. C. 368. 
 
 External, visible, or violent character of 
 means. 2 B. R. C. 377. 
 
 External and visible signs of injury. 2 
 B. R. C. 378. 
 
 Effect of stipulation against liability 
 for injury from running or over- 
 exertion. 2 B. R. C. 378. 
 
 Stipulation against liability for injury 
 resulting from intentional act. 2 
 B. R. C. 380. 
 
 § 164. Voluntary exposure to unneces- 
 sary danger. 
 
 In case of marine insurance, see supra, 
 § 158. 
 
 Voluntary exposure to danger. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 687.* 
 Voluntary exposure to unnecessary risks. 13 
 
 L.R.A. 265.* 
 Construction compared with negligence. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 432; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 779; 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1164; 40 L.R.A.(N.S) 
 
 1.35 
 Consciousness of danger. 40 L.R.A. 434. 
 Risks incident to duty or necessity. 40 
 
 LJEI.A. 437. 
 Unexpected results. 40 L.R.A. 441. 
 What constitutes, particular cases. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 442. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digeata to date. 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. o, 2 (a)— cont'd 
 Proof of, as a defense. 40 L.R.A. 448. 
 Death by drowning as. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 634. 
 Boarding or alighting from moving train as 
 
 defense under general provision as to 
 
 exposure to danger. 10 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 957. 
 
 § 165. External, violent, and acci- 
 dental means. 
 
 External, violent, and accidental means. 9 
 L.E.A. 371;* 13 L.R.A. 264.* 
 
 External, visible, or violent character of 
 means. 2 B. R. C. 377. 
 
 May death or injury from substance taken 
 internally be deemed to have been 
 caused by external means. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1181. 
 
 Injury or disability from strain as within 
 
 provision as to external, violent, 
 
 and accidental means. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 562. 
 
 Accidental means. 42 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 562. 
 External and violent means. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 566. 
 
 Death from suicide as one caused by exter- 
 nal, violent, and accidental means. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 223. 
 
 Does general requirement as to external, 
 violent, and accidental means apply to 
 a separate provision as to liability in 
 case of death or injury from certain 
 specified causes. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 480. 
 
 When death or injury may be deemed to 
 have been caused by accidental means, 
 though the voluntary act of insured was 
 the primary cause thereof. 5 L.R.A. 
 CN.S.) 657. 
 
 § 166. What constitutes an accident 
 within accident policy. 
 
 Definitions; general rules. 30 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 Intentional injuries. 30 L.R.A. 207. 
 Self-inflicted. 30 L.E.A. 207. 
 Inflicted by others. 30 L.R.A. 207. 
 Proviso against liability for intentional 
 injuries. 30 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 Accident and disease. 30 L.R.A. 209. 
 Distinguished. 30 L.R.A. 209. 
 Accident caused by disease. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 209. 
 Disease caused by accident. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 209. 
 Disease aggravated by accident. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 211. 
 Other instances. 30 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Contact with poisonous substances as an 
 accident. 9 L.R.A. 687.* 
 
 Drovming as an accident. 30 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Injury to insured by act of his own while 
 asleep, as an accident. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 422. 
 
 Rupture of blood vessel as an accident with- 
 in accident insurance policy. 19 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1206. 
 
 Words "sane or insane" or other words re- 
 lating to mental condition in suicide 
 clause in policy as referring to pure 
 accident. 17 L.E.A. (N.S.) 261. 
 
764 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. c, 2 (a)— cont'd 
 § 16 7. Accident on trains or nvhile 
 traveling. 
 
 Death w]iile traveling. 9 L.R.A. 686.* 
 Applicability of provision in accident in- 
 surance policy exempting insurer in 
 case of accident on railroad trains. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1255. 
 Scope of provision exempting insurer, or 
 limiting its liability, when insured is 
 injured on "roadbed" of railroad com- 
 pany. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 970. 
 Boarding or alighting from moving train 
 as defense under general provisions as 
 to exposure to danger. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 957. 
 Scope and construction of provision for in- 
 demnity in case of injury while 
 riding in or on a public convey- 
 ance. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 618. 
 What constitutes public conveyance. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 619. 
 What constitutes "traveling by" public 
 conveyance. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 619. 
 Cases interpreting term "in or on." 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 620. 
 Cases interpreting term "on." 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N-S.) 620. 
 Cases interpreting term "in." 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 621. 
 
 § 16 8. Violation of law or rules of 
 insurer. 
 
 Death while violating law. 3 L.R.A. 486;* 
 13 L.R.A. 838.* 
 
 Death caused by crime. 6 L.R.A. 495;* 9 
 L.R.A. 685.* 
 
 Death while committing a public offense. 9 
 L.R.A. 686.* 
 
 Necessity that assured's death be reasonable 
 and legitimate consequence of vio- 
 lation of law, in order to relieve in- 
 surer. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 258. 
 Suicide. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 261. 
 
 Effect of the execution of insured for crime, 
 on right to recover life or accident in- 
 surance. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 
 Death while violating rules of insurance 
 corporation. 9 L.R.A. 686.* 
 
 § 169. Effect of contributory negli- 
 gence. 
 
 Effect of condition in accident policy that 
 insured shall use due diligence for 
 his personal safety and protection. 
 3 L.R.A. 443.* 
 Burden of proving breach of condition. 
 13 L.R.A. 263.* 
 Contributory negligence as defense to suit 
 on accident policy. 13 L.R.A. 266.* 
 
 i ' (h) Suicide. 
 
 § 170. Generally. 
 
 Statute prohibiting defense of. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 260. 
 Power of legislature to forbid defense of 
 
 suicide in life insurance. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 831. 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 867; 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 981. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. c, 2 (b)— cont'd 
 
 Suicide while sane as a defense to an action 
 on a policy or certificate containing no 
 provision as to effect of suicide. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1124. 
 
 Death from suicide as one caused through 
 external, violent, and accidental means. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 223. 
 
 Necessity that suicide be reasonable and 
 legitimate consequence of violation of 
 law in order to relieve insurer. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 261. 
 
 Retroactive effect of 'resolution of mutual 
 insurance company changing period 
 during which policy may be contested 
 for suicide. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 504. 
 
 Incontestability of policy where defense is 
 suicide. 42 L.R.A. 253, 260. 
 
 Conclusiveness of proof of death as to sui- 
 cide. 44 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Duty of insured to negative. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) '636. 
 
 Burden of proof as to, in action on life in- 
 surance policy. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 636. 
 
 § 171. Insanity as affecting condition 
 as to suicide. 
 
 General rule as to effect on policy. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 258. 
 Degree of insanity which will excuse. 35 
 L.R.A. 259. 
 Generally. 35 L.R.A. 259. 
 Test of consciousness and intent. 35 
 
 L.E.A. 259. 
 Test of capacity to understand the mor- 
 al character of the act. 35 L.R.A. 
 261. 
 Test of responsibility for criminal acts. 
 35 L.R.A. 262. 
 Suicide, sane, or insane. 35 L.R.A. 262. 
 The pleadings. 35 L.R.A. 263. 
 Determination as to the existence of in- 
 sanity. 35 L.R.A. 263. 
 Presumptions and burden of proof. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 263. 
 Proof as to insanity. 35 L.R.A. 264. 
 Assigned policies. 35 L.R.A. 266. 
 Effect of provision avoiding policy if death 
 results from suicide, "sane or in- 
 sane." 17 L.R.A. 89. 
 Unintentional self-destruction. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 90. 
 Equivalent words. 17 L.R.A. 90. 
 By-law of mutual company. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 90. 
 Statutory change of rule. 17 L.R.A. 
 90. 
 Effect of words "sane or insane" or other 
 words relating to mental condition 
 in suicide clause in policy. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 260. 
 Equivalents of phrases. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 260. 
 
 Pure accident. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 261. 
 
 Consciousness of moral nature or 
 
 quality of act. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 262. 
 
 Irresistible insane Impulse. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 264. 
 Consciousness of physical nature of act. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 264. 
 
liS^DEX TO L.K.A. iS'OTES. 
 
 765 
 
 1-\SURANCE, VIII.— cont'd 
 d. Extent of injury, loss, or ■I'ecoverp; 
 release. 
 
 1. Insurance on property. 
 
 § 172. Generally. 
 
 How far aggregate of several policies is 
 binding as to v^lue of insured prop- 
 erty. 26 L.E.A. 107. 
 
 Liability of insurer for value of party wall. 
 ■20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 226. 
 
 Right to deduct indebtedness of insured ex- 
 trinsic to insurance contract. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 556. 
 
 Law governing as to extent of recovery 
 on policy. 63 L.R.A.(N.S.) 868. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to valued policy. 63 
 L.R.A. 866. 
 
 Conclusiveness of statement in proofs of 
 loss as to amount of loss. 44 L.R.A. 
 856. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 amount and value of insured goods. 52 
 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 § 173. ConstructiTe total loss of in- 
 sured building. 
 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 784; 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (K.S.) 1182. 
 The insurance is upon the building, not the 
 
 materials. 56 L.R.A. 785. 
 The rule of loss of identity and specific char- 
 acter. 56 L.R.A. 785. 
 The rule of substantial part remaining 
 which is reasonably adapted for 
 use in restoring the building, and 
 which a, prudent uninsured owner 
 would use. 56 L.R.A. 788. 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 788. 
 The remnant must be such as to have 
 formed a substantial part of the 
 building. 56 L.R.A. 790. 
 Total loss although foundations are unin- 
 jured. 56 L.R.A. 791. 
 EflFect of local ordinances or regulations 
 preventing repair. 56 L.R.A. 791. 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 791. 
 Building in defective condition at time 
 of fire. 56 L.R.A. 792. 
 Evidence. 56 L.R.A. 792. 
 Questions of law and fact. 56 L.R.A. 792. 
 
 § 174. Insurer's option to rebuild. 
 
 Fire insurance; election of insurer to re- 
 build. 3 L.R.A. 170.* 
 
 Construction and effect of option. 26 
 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Election final. 26 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 Waiver. 26 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 Time. 26 L.R.A. 856, 857. 
 
 Insurer not liable for rent. 20 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 Right to control election. 26 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 Estoppel. 26 L.R.A. 857. 
 
 Exercise of option a, matter of defense. 26 
 L.R.A. 857. 
 
 Suit against builder. 26 L.R.A. 857. 
 
 Effect of insurer's election to rebuild, re- 
 pair, or replace the insured property 
 after a loss. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 960. 
 
 § 17.5. Marine insurance. 
 
 Technical total loss. 9 L.R.A. 832.* 
 Maritime lien for. 70 L.R.A. 389. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. d, 1— cont'd 
 § 176. — abandonment. 
 
 Right to abandon. 9 L.R.A. 831.» 
 To underwriters. 9 L.R.A. 831.* 
 Time for. 9 L.R.A. 831.* 
 Notice for. 9 L.R.A. 831.* 
 Revocation of. 9 L.R.A. 832.* 
 Effect of acceptance of. 9 L.R.A. 832.* 
 
 3. Insurance on persons. 
 
 § 17 7. Generally. 
 
 Under employer's indemnity policy, see 
 infra, § 215. 
 
 Measure of recovery as affected by insurable 
 interest. 2 L.R.A. 845.* 
 
 Law governing as to damages and interest 
 ex mora. 63 L.R.A. 868. 
 
 Amount of recovery in case of paid-up 
 policy. 15 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 Right to deduct indebtedness of insured ex- 
 trinsic to insurance contract. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 556. 
 
 When burial 'insurance and funeral benefits 
 recoverable. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 197. 
 
 Construction and effect of condition in ac- 
 cident or health policy that assured 
 must be confined to the house to entitle 
 him to indemnity 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 359; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 700. 
 
 Extent of creditor's interest in policy where 
 insured becomes bankrupt or insolvent. 
 50 L.R.A. 41. 
 
 § 17 8. What constitutes total disa- 
 bility. 
 
 In general. 38 L.R.A. 529; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 352; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 635; 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 126. 
 
 Ability to do some small act. 38 L.R.A. 
 529; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 353. 
 
 Inability to do anvthing. 38 L.R.A. 530; 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.") 352. 
 
 Ability to attend to part of the business. 
 38 L.R.A. 531; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 353. 
 
 Ability to work in other occupation. 38 
 L.E.A. 534; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 356. 
 
 Disability of particular members. 38 L.R.A. 
 535; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 358. 
 Eyes. 38 L.R.A. 535; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 358. 
 Hands. 38 L.R.A. 535; 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 358. 
 Feet. 38 L.R.A. 536; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 358. 
 
 Lunacy. 38 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Sickness. 38 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Old age. 38 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Death. 38 L.R.A. 537; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.i 
 358; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 742. 
 
 "Immediately" construed. 38 L.R.A. 53S. 
 
 "Per week" construed. 38 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 Other matters. 38 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 Liability to indemnity against total disa- 
 bility which results from an injury for 
 which an independent indemnity is pro- 
 vided. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 730. 
 
 § 17 9. Right to decrease benefits. 
 
 Right of a mutual benefit society to de- 
 crease benefits. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 423. 
 
766 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. d, 2— cont'd 
 § 180. Release from liability. 
 
 Scope of release under policy indemnifying 
 insured against loss of time by sickness 
 or accident. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 211. 
 
 § 181. Effect of insurance on amount 
 of recovery for injury. 
 
 Effect of receipt of insurance money to 
 mitigate damages for personal injury. 
 67 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 Effect of receipt of insurance money to miti- 
 gate damages for wrongful death. 67 
 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 e. Interest in proceeds. 
 
 1. Of insurance on property. 
 
 § 182. Generally. 
 
 Insurable interest, see supra, §§ 24-26. 
 
 Right of principal to proceeds of insurance 
 policy taken by agent in his own name. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 152. 
 
 § 183. Rights of vendor and vendee to 
 proceeds. 
 
 Insurance does not pass with property. 37 
 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 Party insuring may keep proceeds. 37 
 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 Vendor may retain proceeds. 37 L.R.A. 
 150. 
 
 Vendee may retain proceeds. 37 L.R.A. 152. 
 
 Effect of contract. 37 L.R.A. 152. 
 
 Effect of fraud or other special circum- 
 stance. 37 L.R.A. 152. 
 
 Equitable division. 37 L.R|.A. 153. 
 
 Right of vendor to proceeds of insurance 
 policy in name of vendee. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 909. 
 
 § 184. Rights of creditors generally. 
 
 Life insurance as assets of bankrupt, see 
 Bankbuptct, § 20. 
 
 Exemption of proceeds of. 19 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Garnishment of claims on unadjusted in- 
 surance losses. 59 L.R.A. 366. 
 
 Law governing right of creditors in pro- 
 ceeds. 63 L.R.A. 862. 
 
 § 185. Rights of mortgagee. 
 
 Subrogation of insurer to rights of mort- 
 gagee, see infra, § 197. 
 
 Rights given by attachment of mortgage 
 slip to insurance policy. 25 L.R.A. 679. 
 
 Effect of settlement between insurer and 
 mortgagor upon rights of mortgagee 
 to whom loss is made payable as his 
 interest may appear. 19 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Duty of mortgagee to hold proceeds of in- 
 surance and apply them on indebted- 
 ness as it falls due. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1166. 
 
 Interest of mortgagor in insurance secured 
 by mortgagee to protect his own inter- 
 ests. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 
 Begin with this JjooTc on every law question. 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. e, 1— cont'd 
 
 Right to proceeds of insurance where loss 
 occurs after foreclosure sale but during 
 the period of redemption. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 448. 
 
 Effect of award under terms of policy upon 
 mortgagee not a party thereto. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740; 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence to ex- 
 tend scope of mortgagee clause. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 503. 
 
 Effect of failure of mortgagor to give notice 
 or proofs of loss upon right of mort- 
 gagee to recover under the policy. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 459. 
 
 Effect of breach of policy of insurance by 
 mortgagor en rights of mortgagee. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 197; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1226. 
 
 Rights of mortgagee to benefit of insurance 
 taken in the name of mortgagor. 25 
 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 In absence of contract. 25 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 Where there is a contract or covenant to in- 
 sure. 25 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 Who mav maintain an action for the pro- 
 ceeds. 25 L.R.A. 306. 
 
 Rights given by the attachment of a mort- 
 sage slip to an insurance policy. 
 25 L.R.A. 679. 
 Rights of mortgagee. 25 L.R.A. 680. 
 Rights of the mortgagor and his gran- 
 tees. 25 L.R.A. 681. 
 The subrogation clause. 25 L.R.A. 681. 
 The prorating clause. 25 L.R.A. 683. 
 
 2. Of insurance on persons. 
 
 § 186. Generally. 
 
 Insurable interest, see supra, §§ 27-35. 
 
 Right of member of benefit society to use 
 fund for his own benefit. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 814. 
 
 Right of insurance company to recover back 
 money paid in settlement of policy on 
 life of one erroneously supposed to be 
 dead. 11 L.R.A. (N.s'.) 234. 
 
 Disposition of fund in mutual benefit socie- 
 ty upon failure of beneficiary. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1083. 
 
 Effect of joining ineligble with eligible 
 beneficiary in benefit certificate. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1192. 
 
 Effect of beneficiary in a mutual benefit 
 certificate becoming self-supporting. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 393. 
 
 Right of third person to maintain action 
 upon promise of beneficiary to insured 
 to pay all or part of proceeds of policy 
 to such third person. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 639. 
 
 Who may recover burial insurance and 
 funeral benefits. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199. 
 
 Right of adopted children under insurance 
 policy. 17 L.R.A. 438. 
 
 Enforceability of promise by beneficiary to 
 pay proceeds of life insurance to third 
 person. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 092. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 707 
 
 IJSrSURANCE, VIII. e, 2— cont'd 
 Kight of children or representatives of de- 
 ceased child to share in proceeds of 
 policy of life insurance pavable to 
 "children." 41 L.E.A.(N.S') 250. 
 Grandchildren as children. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.)251. 
 Vested interest. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 252. 
 
 § 187. Who are "heirs" witliin life 
 policy. 
 
 In general. 30 L.E.A. 593. 
 
 Other words combined with the word 
 "heirs." 30 L.R.A. 594. 
 
 Widow as an heir. 30 L.R.A. 595. 
 
 Insured as heir of beneficiary. 30 L.E.A. 
 596. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 Who are legal "heirs" to whom fund is pay- 
 able. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 904. 
 
 § 188. Who are "legal representa- 
 tlTCS" within life policy. 
 
 In general. 30 L.E.A. 609; 32 L.E.A. !N.S.) 
 
 247. 
 Other words combined with the words "legal 
 
 representatives." 30 L.E.A. 610. 
 
 § 189. Bequest of policy. 
 
 See Wills, § 46. 
 
 § 190. Rights of widow. 
 
 Widow as heir within life policy. 30 L.E.A. 
 595. 
 
 Widow's right to proceeds of insurance on 
 deceased husband's life payable to him- 
 self or his e:^ecutors or administrators. 
 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 964. 
 
 Who talces under designation of "husband," 
 "wife" or "widow." 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 816, 825, 827. 
 
 Life insurance policy in favor of married 
 woman or its proceeds as her separate 
 estate. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 582. 
 
 § 191. — divorce as affecting wife's 
 right to insurance upon husband's 
 life. 
 
 Ordinary policies of life insurance. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 552. 
 Benefit certificates. 50 L.R.A. 553. 
 Character of divorce. 50 L.R.A. 554. 
 Effect of divorce on rights of beneficiary. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 370. 
 Effect of divorce on right of trustee in 
 
 bankruptcy to husband's life insurance 
 
 policies payable to wife. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 125. 
 
 § 192. Rights of creditors. 
 
 Insurable interest of creditor, see supra, 
 
 § 28. 
 Validity of life insurance to secure debt to 
 
 insurer, see supra, § 45. 
 Life insurance as assets of bankrupt, see 
 
 Bankbuptct, § 20. 
 Exemption of insurance money, see Exbmp- 
 
 TlOlif, § 6. 
 
 Creditor's policy on life of debtor. 13 
 L.R.A. 434.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. e, 2— cont'd 
 Rights of creditors to reach option of in- 
 sured to receive cash surrender value. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 Rights of creditors in endowment or tontine 
 policies. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 456. 
 
 § 193. Effect of murder of insured. 
 
 Murder of insured as affecting right to in- 
 surance. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 727; 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.).675. 
 
 § 194. Option of Insurer as to payee. 
 
 Right of insurance company, in making pay- 
 ment of proceeds of life policy, to rely 
 on clause giving company option as to 
 payee, and making receipt conclusive 
 evidence of payment to proper person. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 928. 
 
 /. Subrogation; set-off, 
 
 § 195. Subrogation. 
 
 Subrogation of carrier to rights against in- 
 surer. 3 L.R.A. 426.* 
 
 § 19 6. — of insurer generally. 
 
 Subrogation of insurer to rights of insured 
 
 against carrier. 3 L.R.A. 426.* 
 Eight of life or accident insurance company 
 to subrogation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 211. 
 Right of insurer who has paid a loss to 
 maintain action against the party caus- 
 ing the loss. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 922. 
 Right of insurer which has paid the loss 
 as against insured who has re- 
 covered against or settled with 
 third persons responsible for the 
 loss. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 719. 
 Where compensation received by in- 
 sured exceeds his loss. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 720. 
 Where compensation received by in- 
 sured is less than his loss. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 722. 
 Rule in cases involving valued policies. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 723. 
 Effect of violation of agreement with 
 insurer relating to settlement with 
 third party. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 724. 
 jUay one who destroys property defeat an 
 action by the owner upon the ground 
 that the right of action is in the in- 
 surer. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 870. 
 Effect of discharge of person primarily lia- 
 ble for loss of insured property, or of 
 a contractual provision giving him 
 benefit of insurance, upon insured's 
 right of action against insurer. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 698. 
 Constitutionality of statute denying in- 
 surer's right of subrogation against 
 person responsible for destruction of 
 property. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1202. 
 
 § 19 7. — of insurer under mortgage 
 clause. 
 
 Eight of insurer to subrogation to mortgage 
 on payment of mortgage debt from pro- 
 ceeds of insurance on mortgagee's in- 
 terest. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 
768 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. f— cont'd 
 
 Eights under subrogation clause in mort- 
 gage slip attached to insurance policy. 
 25 L.R.A. 681. 
 
 § 198. Set-off. 
 
 See Set-Off and Coitnteeclaim, § 7. 
 
 g. Contribution; prorating; apportion- 
 ment. 
 
 § 199. Contribution. 
 
 Contribution in ease of Lloyd's policies. 55 
 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 § 2 00. Prorating; apportionment. 
 
 What constitutes double insurance for pur- 
 pose of apportionment of loss. 15 
 L.R.A. 127. 
 
 Applicability of provision for prorating 
 where other policy is invalid. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 
 Rights given by prorating clause in mort- 
 gage slip attached to policy. 25 L.R.A. 
 681. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to adjust losses be- 
 tween concurrent insurance policies on 
 same property. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 941. 
 
 ft.. Remedies; actions, 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 2 01. Generally. 
 
 Arbitration as condition precedent to action, 
 
 see supra, § 152. 
 Equity jurisdiction, see Eqtjitt, § 11. 
 What matters concluded by judgment, see 
 
 Judgment, § 35. 
 Question for jury, see Teial, § 53. 
 
 Transitory character of action. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 863. 
 Procedure to enforce liability of members 
 
 of mutual fire insurance company. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 505. 
 Validity of retrospective by-laws or other 
 
 rule of benefit association as to manner 
 
 of establishing claim. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1027. 
 Abatement of action on insurance policy 
 
 by reason of pendency of action in for- 
 eign jurisdiction on the policy. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 405. 
 Eflfect on right to recover on policy of fire 
 
 insurance company's noncompliance 
 
 with statutory regulations. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 405. 
 Suit on benefit certificate after expulsion 
 
 from society. 25 L.R.A. 149. 
 Action on policy taken out without consent 
 
 of person whose life was insured. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 590. 
 Parties to action on policy of life insurance. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 788.* 
 Rules of pleading in action on certificate of 
 
 benefit association. 2 L.R.A. 788.* 
 Effect of admission to change burden of 
 
 proof and right to open and close in 
 
 action on insurance policy. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 637, 545. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. h, 1— cont'd 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 amount and value of insured goods. 52 
 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Admissibility of insurance agent's mem- 
 oranda or letters as to policies and 
 risks. 37 L.R.A.(N.S,) 1169. 
 
 Admissibility of statements or letters bj 
 physician as to physical condition of 
 insured. 38 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 343. 
 
 Action on policy as bar to action to reform 
 it. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 
 Removal, because of separable controversy, 
 of actions relating to insurance and re- 
 covery of fire losses paid bv insurer. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 
 § 2 02. Nature of remedy. 
 
 Remedies of insured in case of paid-up or 
 nonforfeitable policy. 15 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 Validity of requirement by mutual benefit 
 society that "remedies within the order 
 must be exhausted before resort to the 
 civil courts. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 916. 
 
 Right to maintain single suit in equity to 
 enforce separate liability of members of 
 an insolvent insurance association. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1057. 
 
 Distinction between action at law and suit 
 in equity where insurer or its agent 
 was guilty of fraud, and policv was 
 retained. 67 L.R.A. 744. 
 
 Remedy of beneficiary on repudiation of 
 contract by insurer. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 nil. 
 
 Right of beneficiary to sue insurer for 
 breach of contract other than failure to 
 pay indemnity. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 870. 
 
 Right of policy holder to an accounting bv 
 insurer. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 559. 
 
 Right of insured to return of premium 
 where insurer defends action on the 
 policy on the ground of misrepresenta- 
 tion by insured. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 299. 
 
 Effect of provision that deficiency in assess- 
 ment may be paid from reserve or emer- 
 gency fund. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 264. 
 
 § 203. — actions on Lloyd's policies. 
 
 Whether the action must primarily be 
 
 against the attorney in fact. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 193. 
 Joinder and misjoinder. 55 L.R.A. 198. 
 Several or joint liability. 55 L.R.A. 199. 
 Judgment. 55 L.R.A. 199. 
 Proof of loss. 55 L.R.A. 200. 
 Powers and duties of agents, attorneys, and 
 
 brokers. 55 L.R.A. 201. 
 Risk and contribution. 55 L.R.A. 201. 
 Concealment of facts by the insured. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 202. 
 Warranty. 55 L.R.A. 202. 
 Validity of policy. 55 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 § 2 04. — marine insurance. 
 
 Jurisdiction of admiralty as to marine in- 
 surance. 66 L.R.A. 200, 234. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment of foreign court 
 of admiralty on policies of marine in- 
 surance. 20 L.R.A. 669. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 769 
 
 INSURANCE,, VIII. h, 1— cont'd 
 § 3 05. Proper party to bring. 
 
 Under employer's indemnity policy, see in- 
 fra, § 217. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion on insurance policy must be 
 brought. 64 L.R.A. 615. 
 
 Third person's right of action. 25 L.R.A. 
 274. 
 
 Wlio may recover burial insurance and 
 funeral benefits. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199. 
 
 Right of mortgagee to bring suit in name 
 of insured. 3 L.R.A. 525.* 
 
 Who may maintain action for proceeds of 
 policy taken in mortgagor's name for 
 benefit of mortgagee. 25 L.R.A. 306. 
 
 Right of third person to maintain action on 
 beneficiary's promise to insured to pay 
 all or part of policy to such third per- 
 son. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 639. 
 
 Right of beneficiary to sue insurer for 
 breach of contract other than failure to 
 pay indemnity. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 870. 
 
 § 2 6. Costs and fees. 
 
 Validity of statutory provision for attor- 
 ney's fee in actions against insurance 
 companies. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 910. 
 
 2. Contractual limitation of time. 
 
 § 207. Generally. 
 
 Limitation of time for. 7 L.R.A. 572.* 
 
 Conflict of laws as to contractual limita- 
 tion. 63 L.R.A. 868; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 982. 
 
 Validity of. 1 L.R.A. 847;* 3 L.R.A. 344;* 
 8 L.R.A. 48.* 
 
 First and last days in computation of time. 
 49 L.R.A. 208; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 688. 
 
 Statute of limitations against liability of 
 members of mutual fire insurance com- 
 pany. 32 L.R.A. 508. 
 
 Estoppel to plead defense of limitation to 
 action on insurance policy. 63 L.R.A. 
 204. 
 
 Limitation clause as part of contract of 
 reinsurance. 1 B. R. C. 184. 
 
 Waiver of short limitation period in policy 
 by efforts at compromise extending be- 
 yond its termination. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 654. 
 
 Binding effect on infant of stipulation in 
 policy as to time of suit. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 525. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake 
 or fraud of insurer or its agent as to 
 provision limiting time for action on 
 policy. 67 L.R.A. 714. 
 
 Applicability to existing contracts of stat- 
 ute avoiding contractual stipulations 
 limiting time for action. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1016. 
 
 § 208. When begins to run. 
 
 Fire insurance policies. 47 L.R.A. 697. 
 Limitation for fixed period after loss. 
 47 L.R.A. 697. 
 •General statement as to. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 697. 
 The literal construction. 47 L.R.A. 
 697. 
 
 INSURANCE, VIII. h, 2— cont'd 
 
 The relative construction. 47 
 L.R.A. 698. 
 Limitation for fixed period after fire. 
 47 L.R.A. 701. 
 General statement as to. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 701. 
 The literal construction. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 701. 
 The relative construction. 47 
 L.R.A. 703. 
 Accident insurance policies. 47 L.R.A. 704. 
 Life insurance policies. 47 L.R.A. 706. 
 Marine and other miscellaneous insurance 
 
 policies. 47 L.R.A. 708. 
 What will prevent or delay the running of 
 
 the limitation. 47 L.R.A. 709. 
 To what actions the limitation applies. 47 
 L.E.A. 711. 
 
 IX. Reinsurance, 
 
 § 2 09. Generally. 
 
 Reinsurance defined. 10 L.R.A. 423.* 
 Construction of contract of reinsurance. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 423.* 
 Action on policy of. 10 L.R.A. 424.* 
 Limitation clause as part of contract of 
 
 reinsurance. 1 B. R. C. 184. 
 Proceeds of reinsurance as special fund in 
 
 case of insolvency. 38 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 § 210. Liability of reinsurer. 
 
 Liability as affected by. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 845. 
 Validity of contract. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 845. 
 Terms of the contract. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 847. 
 Misrepresentation, concealment, and 
 
 other facts affecting reinsurer. 8 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 852. 
 Double reinsurance. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 855. 
 Statute of limitations. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 855. 
 Adjustment of loss by reinsured. 8 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 855. 
 Judgment against reinsured. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 856. 
 Period within which liability may arise. 
 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 857. 
 When liability begins. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 857. 
 Extent of liability. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 857. 
 As affected by insolvency of the rein- 
 sured. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 858. 
 As affected by special clauses or terms 
 
 in the policy. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 859. 
 As affected by discharge of the original 
 
 liability. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 860. 
 Liability for incidental expenses. 8 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 861. 
 Salvage. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 862. 
 To whom liable. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 862. 
 
 X. Guaranty policies, 
 
 § 211. Generally. 
 
 Guaranty of fidelity of employees or cor- 
 porate officers, see Bonds, § 11. 
 
 Guaranty of fidelity of public officers, see 
 Bonds, §§ 12-15. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 49 
 
770 
 
 INDEX TO L.E,.A. NOTES. 
 
 INSURANCE, X.— cont'd 
 Participation by indemnity insurer in de- 
 fense of suit against insured, as estop- 
 pel to assert that latter's liability was 
 predicated on ground not covered by 
 policy. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 491. 
 Waiver of short-limitation period in insur- 
 ance policy by efforts at compromise 
 extending beyond its termination. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 654. 
 Power of insurer with respect to settlement 
 of claims. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 562. 
 Effect upon liability of insurer on his 
 refusal to settle. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 562. 
 Extent of power to settle or control lit- 
 igation. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 564. 
 Effect of settlement; waiver. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 565. 
 Giving note as loss or damage within con- 
 dition of contract of indemnity. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 Liability of guaranty members of mutual 
 fire insurance company. 32 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 § 212. Employers' indemnity policy. 
 
 What employees are covered by indemnity 
 policy. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 063. 
 
 Arrangements by masters with insurance 
 company for indemnification of serv- 
 ants. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 194. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute forbidding 
 avoidance of liability to employee or 
 reduction of his damages by relief or 
 indemnity contract. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 706. 
 
 Contracts requiring servant to elect be- 
 tween acceptance of benefits out of re- 
 lief fund and a prosecutiou of his 
 claims in an action for damages. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S._) 182. 
 
 Retention of policy as waiver of mistake or 
 fraud as to terms of policy. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 789. 
 
 § 213. —construction. 
 
 Construction of bond or policy Indemnify- 
 ing employer against loss from negli- 
 gence of employee. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 775. 
 
 § 214. — injuries covered. 
 
 Injuries covered by employer's indemnity 
 policy. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1192. 
 
 § 215. — extent of liability. 
 
 How far does limitation of liability in pol- 
 icy of indemnity insurance against lia- 
 bility for Injuries to employees and 
 others include expenses of litigation. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 478. 
 
 Liability under policy indemnifying against 
 liability for injuries to compensate in- 
 sured for expenses incurred in success- 
 ful defense or compromise of action. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1105. 
 
 § 216. — notice of injury. 
 
 Dplay in giving notice of claim under em- 
 ployer's indemnity policy. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 62. 
 
 \ Begin with this hoolc on every law question 
 
 INSURANCE, X.— cont'd 
 
 When is insured charged with knowledge of 
 accident so as to require him to give 
 notice thereof as provided for policy 
 indemnifying against liability for per- 
 sonal injuries to others. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 400. 
 
 § 217. — employee's right to reach 
 fund. 
 
 Injured employee's right to reach fund un- 
 der employer's liability policy. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.") 958. 
 
 § 218. Rent insurance. 
 
 Construction of policy or contract insuring 
 against loss of rents. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1055; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 123. 
 
 § 219. Burial insurance and funeral 
 benefits. 
 
 Generally. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 197. 
 When recoverable. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 197. 
 Who may recover. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199. 
 Duty of receiver of fund to pay funeral ex- 
 penses. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 201. 
 
 INSUKANCE COMMISSIONER. 
 
 Service on, for foreign company. 23 L.R.A. 
 499. 
 
 INSURRECTION. 
 
 Power of governor, in exercise of power to 
 suppress insurrection, to authorize ar- 
 rest and detention of persons without 
 turning them over to the civil authori- 
 ties. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 979. 
 
 INTANGIBLE PROPERTY. 
 
 Situs of, for purpose of taxation, see Taxa- 
 tion, III. 
 
 INTELLECTUAL LIFE. 
 
 Protection of personal rights relating to. 
 37 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 See Literary Peopebtt. 
 
 INTELLIGENCE. 
 
 Test of to be applied in naturalization pro- 
 ceedings. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1041. 
 
INDEX TO L.II.A. NOTES. 
 
 771 
 
 INTEMPERANCE. 
 
 See Dbunkenness. 
 
 INTENT. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-4. 
 II. Of parties to contract, §§ 3-11. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 In committing assault, see Assault and Bat- 
 tery, § 11. 
 
 As element of crime generally, see Crim- 
 inal Law, § 6. 
 
 Illegal intent of prosecutor as defense to 
 crime, see Criminal Law, § 21. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to, see Evidence, § 197. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 §§ 255-257. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 § 299. 
 
 As element of homicide, see Homicide, § 5. 
 
 Allegations as to, see Indictment, Infor- 
 mation, and Complaint, § 4. 
 
 Of testator, see Wills, §§3, 64, 65. 
 
 As element in adverse possession. 15 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1205. 
 
 In nonuser of private way. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 881. 
 
 Of owner of easement neglecting to use 
 same, as indicated by his acts. 18 
 L.R.A. 538. 
 
 Effect of intent to incorporate on partner- 
 ship liability of stockholders. 17 
 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Necessity of notice by attorney of intent 
 to withdraw from suit because of cli- 
 ent's misconduct. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 963. 
 
 Necessity of notice to owner of intent to 
 assess his property for supposed bene- 
 fits from local improvements. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 40. 
 
 Things placed on land with intent to annex 
 them as fixtures where they are never 
 actually attached. 69 L.R.A. 892. 
 
 Necessity of corroboration of admission or 
 testimony of party to divorce in rela- 
 tion to. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 4S. 
 
 § 2. As to character of real estate of 
 Ijartners. 
 
 As to whether real estate shall be considered 
 partnership property. 27 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 Effect of, on question whether real estate is 
 partnership property. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 891. 
 
 § 3. Effect of, on law governing con- 
 tract. 
 
 As' to interest and usury. 62 L.R.A. 33. 
 Of parties to carrier's contract. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 5 ! 3. 
 As to where contract of insurance shall be 
 
 deemed to have been made. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 847. 
 Law governing donee's intent to exercise 
 
 power of appointment by will. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 892. 
 Consult also L.II.A. Digests to date. 
 
 I INTENT, I.— cont'd 
 § 4. Of legislature. 
 
 See Statutes, § 20. 
 
 II. Of parties to contract. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, |§ 41, 42. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence extrinsic to writ- 
 ing to show, see Evidence, §§ 166, 167, 
 170, 171. 
 
 Rule that when terms of agreement have 
 been intended in different sense that 
 sense is to prevail against either party 
 in which he had reason to suppose the 
 other party understood it. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1140. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of 
 instrument resvilting iii failure to carry 
 out intent. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 811. 
 
 Intention of parties in case of contemporary 
 promise of one person to pay where 
 benefit inures to another. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 216. 
 
 Of parties to contract to adopt standard 
 time. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364; 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1046; 35L.R.A.(N.S.) 611. 
 
 In transaction between heir and ancestor as 
 to former's expectancy. 32 L.R.A. 596. 
 
 Construing unsealed release of one joint tort 
 feasor according to intent of parties as 
 affecting release of other party or oth- 
 erwise. 58 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 To bind and benefit successors in title by 
 agreement to contribute to cost of par- 
 ty walls. 66 L.R.A. 678. 
 
 Effect of signatory's intent in executing 
 bond which is delivered without being 
 signed by principal obligor. 12 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1119. 
 
 Of parties to lease as fixing term implied by 
 holding over after expiration of lease 
 for a fixed term. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 856. 
 
 Of debtor as to tolling of limitations or re- 
 moval of bar bv acknowledgment to 
 third person. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 811. 
 
 As to whether senior mortgage is merged 
 in subsequently acquired title. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 837, 843. 
 
 As affecting question whether stipulation 
 for damages in building contract is a 
 penalty or liquidated damages. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 593. 
 
 As affecting question whether provision in 
 land contract is to be regarded as a 
 penalty or liquidated damages. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 9. 
 
 As affecting waiver by officer of subordinate 
 lodge of payment of assessments. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 Of bankrupt to create a preference as a 
 condition of a voidable preference under 
 § 60b of the bankruptcy act. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558. 
 
 § 6. Of seller of personalty. 
 
 Passing of title to personalty by delivery to 
 carrier as affected by conduct indicating 
 intent to retain title. 22 L.R.A. 420. 
 
772 
 
 INDEX TO LJl.A. NOTES. 
 
 INTENT, II.— cont'd 
 
 Intention as the test whether sale with par- 
 ticular description of liind or quality 
 imports a warranty or a condition prec- 
 edent. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 274. 
 
 Of parties to sale as to passing of title on 
 selection or designation of goods sold 
 out of larger lot. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 7. 
 
 ■provision for payment of instalments of 
 price of article during construction as 
 indicating intent to pass title. 2 B. R. 
 C. 646. 
 
 As test of whether description in sale im- 
 ports a, condition precedent or a war- 
 ranty. 35 L.R.A.{N.S.) 274. 
 
 § 7. Of vendor of land. 
 
 Of fraudulent grantor, see Fraudulent 
 
 CONVEYAH-CES, § 3. 
 
 Prevailing of iptention over language of 
 granting clause as to estate passing by 
 deed. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 961. 
 
 Grantee's right to enforce restrictive cove- 
 nants in prior conveyance by liis grant- 
 j or of other parcels as affected by grant- 
 
 or's intent. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 
 Of one giving covenant of title or seisin 
 where granting clause merely purports 
 to convey grantor's interest in the prop- 
 erty. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 595. 
 
 § 8. — in case of conveyance in trust. 
 
 Of grantor in trust that fee shall pass to 
 trustee without words of limitation. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177. 
 
 Effect of expression of intention to make 
 provision for family on estates taken 
 by beneficiaries of trusts in absence of 
 express definition thereof. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1215. 
 
 § 9. Of parties to commercial paper. 
 
 Intention of parties to indorsement as con- 
 trolling liability. 18 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 Intent of parties as affecting principal's lia- 
 bility on negotiable paper executed by 
 agent. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1067. 
 
 § 10. As to payments. 
 
 In payment of debt by volunteer or stran- 
 ger. 23 L.R.A. 123. 
 
 As to extinction of judgment on payment 
 by surety. 58 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 On assignment of mortgage with mortga- 
 gor's consent to third person after pay- 
 ment of debt originally secured. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 111. 
 
 Provision for payment of instalments of 
 price of article during construction as 
 indicating intent to pass title. 2 B. R. 
 C. 646. 
 
 § 11. Fraudulent Intent. 
 
 Effect of grantor's intent to defraud credit- 
 ors, see Fraudulent Conveyances, 
 §3. 
 
 Purchaser's participation in seller's fraudu- 
 lent intent, see Fbaudulent Convey- 
 
 ' ANDES, §' 14. 
 
 'Question for jury as to, see Trial, § 32. 
 
 In obtaining credit'. 14 L.R.A. 264. 
 
 INTENT, II.— cont'd 
 
 Lack of reasonable expectation of being able 
 to pay as equivalent as matter of law 
 to an intention not to pay. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 556. 
 
 How far fraudulent intent in expression of 
 opinion is essential to fraud. 35 L.R.A. 
 424. 
 
 Relief to party defrauded by fraudulent 
 scheme where he went into it '"1th in- 
 tent to defraud others. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 906. 
 
 Effect of fraudulent intent on false swearing 
 in proofs of loss. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 459. 
 
 What intent to defraud will sustain an at- 
 tachment. 30 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 INTENTIONAL INJURIES. 
 
 As accident within insurance policy. 30 
 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 Liability for intentional injury by attrac- 
 tive nuisance. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1107. 
 
 INTEREST. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every laiv question 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. For use of money, §§ 2-30. 
 a. In general, §§ 3, 8. 
 6. When recoverable, §§ 4-18. 
 
 c. Rate, § 19. 
 
 d. Compound interest, § 30. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Effect of, on competency of as witness, see 
 Witnesses, §§ 23, 24. 
 
 Of juror as ground for new trial. 18 L.R.A. 
 476. 
 
 Disqualifying grand juror. 28 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 Of subscribing witness as affecting neces- 
 sity for calling to prove. 35 L.R.A. 
 336. 
 
 Effect of, on right to take acknowledgment. 
 33 L.R.A. 332. 
 
 Right to maintain bill of review as de- 
 pendent on. 36 L.R.A. 385. 
 
 //. For use of money. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict op 
 Laws, §§ 7, 7a. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 122. 
 
 Lawfulness of taking interest in advance, 
 see Usury, § 5. 
 
 Forfeiture or other effect of illegally tak- 
 ing, or reserving, by national banks. 
 56 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Effect of payment less interest, as an ac- 
 cord. 20 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 Addition of clause for, to note as material 
 alteration. 35 L.R.A. 466. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 773 
 
 tXTEEEST, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Romission of, for purpose of jurisdiction. 
 28 L.R.A. 225. ' 
 
 Application, as between principal and in- 
 terest, of payment made before due. 
 15 L.R.A. 169. 
 
 Accrued interest as part of par value with- 
 in prohibition against sale of bonds at 
 less than par. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 789. 
 
 Authority of agent to collect interest where 
 security is not in his possession. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 418, 420. 
 
 Exemption from state taxation of paper 
 given for interest on obligations of 
 Federal government. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 608. 
 
 Commercial paper as pavment of. 35 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 85. 
 
 Paying interest on forged mortgage as 
 estoppel to question the mortgage. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740. 
 
 Payment of interest by devisee of property 
 covered by mortgage, as keeping debt 
 alive against whole estate. 2 B. R. C. 
 293. 
 
 Payment of, on premium notes as condition 
 of obtaining paid-up policy. 15 L.R_A. 
 452. 
 
 Application of dividends or profits to in- 
 terest in case of paid-up and nonfor- 
 feiting policies of life insurance. 15 
 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 Conclusiveness of stated or settled account 
 containing inaccuracy or error in com- 
 putation of interest. 23 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 787. 
 
 Power of court to amend verdict by adding 
 interest. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 311. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 428. 
 
 § 2a. Acceptance of principal sum as 
 affecting right to interest. 
 
 Acceptance of principal sum as affecting 
 
 the right to interest. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 588. 
 
 Contracts providing for interest. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 588. 
 
 Effect of accord and satisfaction. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 590. 
 Effect of statute providing for in- 
 ' tereat. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592. 
 Contracts not expressly providing for 
 
 interest. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 593. 
 Doctrine of waiver. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 597. 
 Payment after suit begun. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 597. 
 Payment of principal sura due on 
 ludgments. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 598. 
 Effect of demanding interest or 
 protesting at its nonpayment. 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 599. 
 Effect of an express reservation as 
 to interest. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 600. 
 
 § 3. Default in payment of. 
 
 Foreclosure of mortgage on default of, see 
 MOETOAGE, § 6.5. 
 Consnlf also L,.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INTEREST, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Effect of negotiability of bill or note of 
 provision accelerating maturity for fail- 
 ure to pay instalment of. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 391. 
 
 b. When recoverable. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 On advances, see Advances, § 5. 
 Against stockholders, see Cokpoeations, § 
 108. 
 
 On fines by loan associations. 35 L.R.A. 
 220. 
 
 On withdrawals from building and loan 
 association. 35 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 On advancements or their equalization; aft- 
 er donor's death. 14 L.R.A. 716. 
 
 On amount due for arrearages of annuity. 
 63 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 Allowance of, on value of vessel captured as 
 prize. 18 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 Right of accommodation party who is 
 obliged to pay bill or note to recover 
 interest from accommodated party. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 788. 
 
 Effect on, of dishonor of note transferred 
 after maturity. 46 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 Implied right to interest on taxes or as- 
 sessment. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 694. 
 
 Liability of auctioneer or clerk of auction 
 for. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 483. 
 
 Law governing as to interest on insurance 
 policy. 63 L.R.A. 868. 
 
 Does guarantor's liability for payment of 
 interest cease at maturity of the obli- 
 gation. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 154. 
 
 Issuance of interest-bearing corporate stock. 
 27 L.R.A. 149. ^ 
 
 § 5. On bonds. 
 
 Allowance of, on penalty of bonds. 55 
 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 Right to, in action on replevin bond. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 370. 
 
 Liability of bond of public offieer for inter- 
 est received on public money. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 855. 
 
 Right in action on bond to recover inter- 
 est when total sum is thereby made to 
 exceed the penalty. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 84. 
 
 § 6. On sum allowed as damages. 
 
 On loss by collision, see Collision, § 2. 
 
 Governing law with respect to interest as 
 damages. 56 L.R.A. 303; 62 L.R.A. 
 37. 
 
 On claim for penalty against national bank 
 for reserving illegal interest. 56 L.R.A. 
 707. 
 
 On amount allowed as damages for injury 
 by damming back water of stream. 59 
 L.R.A. 897. 
 
 Right to interest on allowed claims in bank- 
 ruptcy. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 887. 
 
 On unliquidated demands. 4 L.R.A. 566.* 
 
 For personal injuries. 14 L.R.A, 548; 18 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 When death results. 18 L.R.A. 449. 
 
774 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NqteS. 
 
 INTEREST, II. b— cont'd 
 For injuries to property. 18 L.R.A. 449. 
 By railway fires. 18 L.R.A. 449. 
 By otiier fires. 18 L.R.A. 450. 
 Injuries to stocli by passing train. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 450. 
 Property injured, delayed, or lost in 
 
 transportation. 18 L.R.A. 451. 
 Vessel captured as prize. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 453. 
 Collision. 18 L.R.A. 453. 
 Property destroyed by a mob. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 454. 
 From negligent construction of rail- 
 roads, canals, etc. 18 L.R.A. 454. 
 From explosion, etc. 18 L.R.A. 455. 
 Against agents and officers. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 456. 
 On exemplary damages. 18 L.R.A. 457. 
 Rate of interest. 18 L.R.A. 457. 
 Right to interest on unliquidated damages. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 Work and labor. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 Bailment. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6. 
 Admiralty and collision. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 7. 
 Bonds and undertakings. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 11. 
 Official bonds. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 11. 
 Replevin bonds. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 12. 
 ; Injunction bonds. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 14. 
 Other bonds. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 16. 
 Actions against a common carrier. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 17. 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A. (N,S.) 17. 
 Loss of goods. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 18. 
 Damage to goods and stock. 28 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 19. 
 Delay in delivering. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 20. 
 Illinois cases. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 21. 
 Missouri cases. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 22. 
 Tennessee cases. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 22. 
 Texas cases. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 22. 
 Ejection of passenger. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 24. 
 Contracts. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 24. 
 Trover and conversion. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 28. 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 28. 
 Wrongful levy. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 36. 
 Trespass. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 38. 
 
 Personal property. 28 L.R.A. 
 ' (N.S.) 38. 
 
 Realty. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 39. 
 Replevin. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 42. 
 Sale. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 46. 
 
 Nondelivery. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 46. 
 Refusing to accept. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 48. 
 Warranty, deceit, and fraud. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 Fraud and deceit. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 50. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 INTEREST, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Eminent domain. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 51. 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 51. 
 Pennsylvania cases. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 57. 
 New York cases. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 59. 
 Possession by owner. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 62. 
 Tender or deposit of money. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 63. 
 Other cases. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 64. 
 Highway, — change of grade. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 66. 
 Negligence. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 66. 
 
 Damages from fire. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 66. 
 Injury to stock. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 68. 
 Personal injuries and death. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 Personal injuries. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 70. 
 Death. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Defective highways. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.)' 73. 
 Other injuries. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 73. 
 Nuisance. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 Penal actions. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 74. 
 Infringement of patents. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 75. 
 Water and water courses. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 76. 
 Splitting actions. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 78. 
 Other actions. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 78. 
 English cases. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79. 
 Eminent domain. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 79. 
 Admiralty and collision. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 80. 
 Trover and conversion. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 81. 
 Common carrier. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 82. 
 Contract. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 Negligence. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 Injunction. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 Waste. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 On amount recovered by servant for wrong- 
 ful discharge. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 
 § 7. On rescinding sale for breach of 
 warranty. 
 
 Purchaser's right of interest on breach of 
 warranty on sale of seeds. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 88. 
 
 Right of purchaser upon rescinding con- 
 tract for breach of warranty to recover 
 interest. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 928. 
 
 § 8. On judgments. 
 
 On judgments. 17 L.R.A. 612. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 56 L.R.A. 309. 
 
 Change of interest on judgment as im- 
 pairment of obligation of contracts. 17 
 L.E.A. 612. 
 
 § 9. On legacies. 
 
 See Wlixs, § 104. 
 
II^DEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 775 
 
 INTEREST, II. b— cont'd 
 § 10. Against cotenants. 
 
 Liability of cotenant for, on rents and prof- 
 Its. 28 L.E.A. 853. 
 
 Liability of cotenants for, on amounts ex- 
 pended for improvements and repairs. 
 29 L.R.A. 457. 
 
 Liability of cotenant to account for inter- 
 est on rent. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 233. 
 
 § H. Against copartners. 
 
 See Partnership, § 28. 
 
 § 12. Against executors, trustees, etc. 
 
 Rate of. 29 L.R.A. 651. 
 Personal liability of executor or adminis- 
 trator to distributees for interest 
 where settlement of estate is de- 
 layed. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 351. 
 Litigation. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 During pendency of appeal. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 356. 
 After commencement of settle- 
 ment proceedings. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 356. 
 Involving account of representa- 
 tive. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 356. 
 Involving construction and inter- 
 pretation of will. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 357. 
 Anticipation of litigation. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 358. 
 Direction of court. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 358. 
 Illness of judge; vacation of court. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 Advice or negligence of attorney. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 Delay due to conduct of distributees; 
 
 waiver. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 360. 
 Infancy of distributees. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.jS.) 361. 
 Difficulty in ascertaining or reaching 
 distributees. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 Use of funds by representative. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 362. 
 Delav in collecting or realizing on as- 
 sets. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 363. 
 Apprehension of outstanding debts. 31 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 363. 
 As affected by additional trust rela- 
 tion. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 Delay in distribution after final ac- 
 counting. 31 L.R.A.(X.S.) 364. 
 Death of representative. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 364. 
 Liability for, of personal representative 
 ''arrying on business on behalf of es- 
 tate. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 220. 
 Effect of appointment of debtor as exec- 
 utor or administrator on interest on 
 debt. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 416. 
 Right to recover interest on claim for de- 
 fault of coexecutor. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 346. 
 
 § 13. — compound interest. 
 
 Origin, growth, and general statement of 
 the doctrine. 29 L.R.A. 622. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INTEREST, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Principle of the allowance. 29 L.R.A. 623. 
 
 Option to take interest or profits. 29 L.E.A. 
 
 625. 
 Grounds for allowance. 29 L.R.A. 626. 
 Generally. 29 L.R.A. 626. 
 Misconduet or gross delinquency, gen- 
 erally. 29 L.R.A. 627. 
 Use and admixture of trust fund. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 628. 
 Failure or refusal to account. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 633. 
 Neglect to invest. 29 L.E.A. 636. 
 Improper investment. 29 L.E.A. 637. 
 Unnecessarily calling in investment. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 638. 
 Neglect in winding up or paying over. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 639. 
 Nonperformance of trusts for accumu- 
 lation. 29 L.R.A. 640. 
 Neglect or violation of duty imposed 
 
 by statute. 29 L.E.A. 644. 
 Interest or profits made. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 645. 
 Interest or profits which might have 
 been made. 29 L.R.A. 645. 
 Who are chargeable. 29 L.R.A. 646. 
 Jurisdiction to allow. 29 L.R.A. 647. 
 How computed. 29 L.E.A. 648. 
 
 Method of computing generally. 29 
 
 L.E.A. 648. 
 Upon what computed. 29 L.R.A. 650. 
 When allowance should commence. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 651. 
 Rate per cent and length of rests. 29 
 
 L.E.A. 651. 
 Termination of allowance. 29 L.E.A. 
 655. 
 What sufficient to release from accountabil- 
 ity. 29 L.E.A. 656. 
 Effect of allowance on compensation. 29 
 
 L.E.A. 657. 
 Effect of allowance on costs. 29 L.R.A. 
 658. 
 
 § 14. Against officers. 
 
 Liability of public officers for interest col- 
 lected on deposits of public funds. 15 
 L.R.A. 456. 
 
 § 15. Against receiver. 
 
 Liability of receiver for interest on funds. 
 1 B. E. C. 416. 
 
 § 16. Against state. 
 
 Claims against state for. 42 L.E.A. 62. 
 
 § 17. Against county. 
 
 See Counties, § 11. 
 
 § 18. Against municipality. 
 
 Municipal liability for interest as creating 
 indebtedness within meaning of debt 
 limit provisions. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1106. 
 
 c. Bate. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Usurious interest, see UsuRT. 
 
776 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INTEREST, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Rate of interest on sum allowed as dam- 
 ages. 18 L.R..^. 457. 
 
 Against executors, trustees, etc. 20 L.R.A. 
 651. 
 
 Does lex rei sitw- as to interest and usury 
 necessarily control in action on real 
 estate mortgage. 55 L.R.A. 933. 
 
 Discrimination in rates of. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 813. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutory discrimina- 
 tion as to interest rates. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 898. 
 
 Change of interest on judgments as impair- 
 ment of obligation of contract. 17 
 L.R.A. 612. 
 
 d. Compound interest. 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 Against trustees, executors, etc., see supra, 
 § 13. 
 
 Validity of agreement, made before interest 
 becomes due to pay interest on in- 
 terest. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 296. 
 Interest coupons. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 299. 
 Effect of statutory provisions. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 300. 
 The question of usury. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 301. 
 Validity of agreement to pay interest on 
 interest, made after interest has be- 
 come due. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 633. 
 Right in case of renewal of loan, to com- 
 pute interest on basis of including ac- 
 cumulated interest as part of principal 
 of renewal. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 612. 
 
 < «» 
 
 INTEREST-BEARING STOCK. 
 
 See CoEPOBATiONS, § 74. 
 
 *-—¥■ — 
 
 INTEREST CLAUSE. 
 
 Adding to note as material alteration. 35 
 L.E.A. 466. 
 
 INTERFERENCE. 
 
 In respect to patents, see Patents, § 10. 
 
 « » » 
 
 INTERLINEATIONS . 
 
 In books of account as affecting admissi- 
 bility in evidence. 52 L.R.A. 575. 
 
 INTERLOCUTORY ORDERS. 
 
 Conclusiveness of prior decision on appeal 
 as to. 34 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 INTERLOCUTORY ORDERS— cont'd 
 Right to appeal from rest of order after 
 accepting favorable part. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 24. 
 
 INTERMARRIAGE. 
 
 Of parties divorced, effect on right to ali- 
 mony or provision in lieu of alimony. 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 923. 
 
 INTERMEDIATE POINT. 
 
 Shipper's right to demand redelivery of 
 property at. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 756. 
 
 INTERMENT. 
 
 Injunction to prevent or restrain interfer- 
 ence with. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 486. 
 
 INTERNAL HEMORRHAGE. 
 
 As evidence of statutory wounding. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 965. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 Statutes legalizing invalid subscriptions to. 
 27 L.R.A. 701. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on evetff law question. 
 
 INTERNAL REVENUE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Effect on contract of failure to procure 
 license. 16 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 Question relating to, as Federal question. 
 62 L.R.A. 538. 
 
 Criminal or penal liaWity for act of agent, 
 partner, or servant. 41 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of statement of 
 grounds in notice of protest required 
 as condition of recovering back inter- 
 nal revenue unlawfully collected. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 
 § 2. Omission of, or failure to cancel, 
 revenue stamp. 
 
 On employee's contract. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 707, 711. 
 Forgery of unstamped instrument. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 Unstamped check as subject of larceny or 
 
 embezzlement. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 499. 
 Want of internal revenue stamp on instru- 
 ment requiring stamp as affecting 
 criminal prosecution. 46 L.R.A. 
 454. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 777 
 
 INTERNAL REVENUE— cont'd 
 
 When unstamped instrument is the 
 subject of a crime or a means of 
 its commission. 46 L.R.A. 454. 
 Instruments collateral to the criminal 
 charge. 46 L.R.A. 4.56. 
 Effect of omission to stamp an instrument 
 on which the law requires a 
 stamp, or to cancel the stamps on 
 such an instrument. 48 L.R.A. 
 305. 
 Applicabilitv of revenue laws to state 
 courts. 48 L.R.A. 305. 
 Provisions excluding unstamped 
 instruments from evidence. 
 48 L.R.A. 305. 
 Provisions invalidating unstamped 
 instruments. 48 L.R.A. 306. 
 Provisions as to recording. 48 
 L.R.A. 307. 
 Intent as affecting consequences of 
 omitting stamp. 48 L.R.A. 
 307. 
 Generally. 48 L.R.A. 307. 
 Presumption and burden of proof 
 as to intent. 48 L.R.A. 309. 
 Scope of acts, generally; effect of re- 
 peal. 48 L.R.A. 309. 
 Effect of omission. 48 L.R.A. 310. 
 Generally. 48 L.R.A. 310. 
 Upon use of instrument as evi- 
 dence. 48 L.R.A. 310. 
 As primary evidence. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 310. 
 Secondary and parol evidence; 
 
 copies. 48 L.R.A. 311. 
 As collateral evidence. 48 
 L.R.A. 311. 
 Upon writs, processes, and orders 
 
 of court. 48 L.R.A. 313. 
 In Confederate states. 48 L.R.A. 
 
 313. 
 Miscellaneous. 48 L.R.A. 313. 
 Subsequent stamping. 48 L.R.A. 314. 
 What remedy available. 48 L.R.A. 
 314. 
 By party or collector. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 314. 
 Stamping copies. 48 L.R.A. 
 315. 
 Time. 48 L.R.A. 315. 
 Application to collector. 48 L.R.A. 
 316. 
 Who may apply. 48 L.R.A. 
 
 316. 
 To what district. 48 L.R.A. 
 
 316. 
 Power of deputy collector. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 316'. 
 Miscellaneous. 48 L.R.A. 316. 
 What stamps required. 48 L.R.A. 
 
 316. 
 Effect. 48 L.R.A. 316. 
 Pleading and practice. 48 L.R.A. 317. 
 Raising objection by demurrer. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 317. 
 Necessity and sufficiency of aver- 
 ments as to omission. 48 
 L.R.A. 318. 
 Who may raise or waive objec- 
 tion. 48 L.R.A. 318. 
 Consult also L.H.A. Digest!^ to date. 
 
 INTERNAL REVENUE— cont'd 
 
 Time of raising objections. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 318. 
 Questions of fact ; presumptions 
 
 generally. 48 L.R.A. 318. 
 Stamp not part of instrument. 48 
 L.R.A. 319. 
 Failure to cancel ; defective cancela- 
 tion. 48 L.R.A. 319. 
 Foreign laws. 48 L.R.A. 319. 
 Omission of stamp as affecting question 
 whether commercial paper operates as 
 payment of debt. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 
 INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. 
 
 Sufficiency of compliance with law of origin 
 to secure protection under internation- 
 al copyright act. 1 B. R. C. 785. 
 
 INTERNATIONAL LAW. 
 
 As to private international law, see Con- 
 flict or Laws. 
 
 Right to recover price of property sold in 
 aid of rebellion. 15 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 Regulation of right of fishery. 39 L.R.A. 
 582. 
 
 Jurisdiction over sea. 46 L.R.A. 264. 
 
 Validity of discrimination against aliens by 
 inheritance tax law as affected by 
 treaty with foreign government. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 632. 
 
 Sufficiency of compliance with law of ori-, 
 gin to secure protection under interna- 
 tional copyright act. 1 B. R. C. 785. 
 
 INTERNE. 
 
 Liability of operating surgeon for negli- 
 gent act of interne in caring for pa- 
 tient. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1174. 
 
 INTERPLEADER. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 In respect of deposit money at auction. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 484. 
 
 Right of bailee to interplead bailor witli 
 • third person claiming paramount title. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 681. 
 
 Right to interplead different taxing dis- 
 tricts claiming right to tax same prop- 
 erty. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 330. 
 
 Removal, because of separable controverst,' 
 of bills of. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 
 § 2. Right of representative of dece- 
 dent's estate to interplead claim- 
 ants. 
 
 Exclusiveness of surrogate's jurisdiction. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 986. 
 Conclusiveness of surrogate's decree. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 987. 
 
778 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 INTERPLEADER— cont'd 
 
 Indifl'erence of representative. 37 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 988. 
 Interpleading devisee or distributee and his 
 
 creditor. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 989. 
 Interpleading devisee or distributee and one 
 
 claiming adversely to, or as creditor 
 
 of, the estate. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 989. 
 Interpleading distributees. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 991. 
 Interpleading persons claiming to be a 
 
 named legatee of devisee. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 991. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991. 
 
 § 3. By one having contract with one 
 of parties defining his rights or 
 obligations as to subject matter. 
 
 Interpleader where the original relation is 
 contractual. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 748. 
 
 In general. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 748. 
 
 Interpleader between landlord and ten- 
 ant. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 751. 
 
 Interpleader between vendor and 
 vendee. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 753. 
 
 Interpleader between bank and depos- 
 itor. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 754. 
 
 Interpleader between bailor and bailee. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 756. 
 
 Interpleader between pledgeor and 
 pledgee. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 
 Interpleader between principal and 
 agent. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 Interpleader where an independent con- 
 tractual relation exists. 10 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 758. 
 
 INTERPRETATION. 
 
 See CoNsrEUCTioN. 
 
 INTERPRETER. 
 
 Evidence of conversation through, see Evi- 
 dence, § 241. 
 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 grand jury, by. 28 L.R.A. 372. 
 
 INTERSECTING VEINS. 
 In mines. 50 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 INTERSECTION. 
 
 Of mining claims, see Mines, § 7. 
 
 4 «» 
 
 INTERSTATE COMMERCE. 
 
 See COMMEECE. 
 
 INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMIS- 
 SION. 
 
 Jurisdiction and power of; complaint be- 
 fore. 2 L.R.A. 446.* 
 
 INTERSTATE CORPORATION. 
 
 Extent and limit of state authority over. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 769. 
 
 INTERURBAN RAILROADS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to railroads, generally, see Railboads. 
 As to street railways, generally; see Street 
 
 Railways. 
 See also Electric Railways. 
 
 Frightening horse on highway by locomo- 
 tive, ear, or train running parallel 
 therewith. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 123. 
 
 As affected by abrogation of fellow serv- 
 ant's rule as to railroads. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 117. 
 
 § 2. As additional burden. 
 
 See Eminent Domain, § 57. 
 
 § 3. As carrier. 
 
 As to carriers, generally, see Caebiebs. 
 
 Is an interurban railroad company con- 
 trolled by the general railroad law as 
 to operation of railroads as carriers 
 of passengers. 67 L.R.A. 637. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to compel 
 interurban cars to stop for passengers. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 914. 
 
 Duty of, as to accommodations for board- 
 ing or leaving car at country crossing. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 476. 
 
 Duty to provide and keep gate on interur- 
 ban car closed. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 346. 
 
 § 4. Contributory negligence on tracks 
 of. 
 
 Duty to look and listen before crossing 
 tracks of electric road. 15 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 254. 
 
 Duty to look and listen before crossing in- 
 terurban electric railway on company's 
 own right of way. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1224. 
 
 INTERVENING CAUSE. 
 
 See Pkoximate Cause. 
 
 INTERVENTION. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question 
 
 In attachment suit, see Attachment, § 20. 
 In action generally, see Parties, § 38. 
 
lA'DEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 779 
 
 IN TEE VEN TION— cont'd 
 
 Remedy of pretermitted heirs by interven- 
 ing in administration. 37 L.E.A. 
 (M.S.) 1147. 
 
 IXXmiDATION. 
 
 Effect of intimidation during strike on car- 
 rier's liability. 35 L.R.A. 627. 
 
 Plea of guilty under intimidation. 34 
 L.E.A.(jS!.S.) 257. 
 
 INTOXICATED PERSONS. 
 
 See Dbtjnkennkss ; Habitual Drunkards; 
 Iktosicating Liquors. 
 
 INTOXICATING LIQUORS. 
 
 7. In general, § 1. 
 II. Prohibition and regulation, §§ 2- 
 Sa. 
 III. License; bond, §§ 9-18. 
 IT. Unlawful sales; offenses; liquor 
 
 nuisance §§ 19-37. 
 V. Civil liability and remedies, §§ 
 38-4,1. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to intoxication, see Drunkenness. 
 What intoxication will excuse crime, see 
 
 Criminal Law, § 10. 
 Use of, by insured, see Insurance, § 98. 
 
 Sufficiency of selection or designation of 
 part sold out of a larger lot. 26 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 36. 
 
 Power of corporation organized for the 
 manufacture and sale of liquor to 
 enter into contracts of guaranty or 
 suretyship on behalf of its customers 
 or prospective customers. 27 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 186. 
 
 Validity of insurance on intoxicating 
 liquors as affected by liquor laws. 31 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 874. 
 
 Scope and effect of provisions in policy for- 
 bidding use of intoxicating liquor. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 206; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1241. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession procured by 
 use of intoxicants. 18 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 843. 
 
 Eight of municipal corporation to engage 
 in sale of. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 
 //. Prohibition, and regulation. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Eegulation of liquors as interference with 
 commerce, see Commerce, § 15. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to taking liquor into 
 prohibition territory, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 36. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INTOXICATING LIQUOES, II.— c6nt'd 
 
 Liquor laws of Pennsylvania const^'ued. 
 L.R.A. 814.* 
 
 Late decisions under Michigan liquor law. 
 10 L.E.A. 80.* 
 
 Right to inspect liquor records. 27 L.E.A. 
 85. 
 
 On what basis majority essential to adop- 
 tion of high license law is to be com- 
 puted. 22 L.E.A; (N.S.) 478. 
 
 Mandamus to compel public officials to en- 
 force the liquor law. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 246. 
 
 Injunction against bringing intoxicating 
 liquor into prohibition district. 35 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 879. 
 
 Effect upon lease of property for saloon or 
 passage of prohibitory laws during the 
 term. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 964; 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 497; 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 773. 
 
 Necessity for indictment or information for 
 sale of intoxicating liquors contrary to 
 prohibitory statute or ordinance stat- 
 ing name of purchaser. 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 582. 
 
 § 2a. Constitutionality generally. 
 
 Transportation prohibited. 7 L.E.A. 296.* 
 
 Regulation of sale by druggist. 10 L.R.A. 
 81.* 
 
 Provision in act against giving away of in- 
 toxicating liquor where title only pro- 
 hibits or regulates its sale. 15 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 430. 
 
 Power of legislature to permit sales of in- 
 toxicating liquors. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 172. 
 
 Validity of municipal ordinance declaring 
 that all or certain classes of offenses 
 denounced by law of state shall be of- 
 fenses also under the ordinance. 26 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 
 Constitutional right of state to declare cer- 
 tain liquor intoxicating irrespective of 
 its intoxicating character as a matter 
 of fact. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 186. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to validity of ordinances respecting 
 traffic in. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 442. 
 
 § 3. Constitutionality of prohibition. 
 
 Prohibitory law, how far constitutional, 9 
 L.R.A. 782.* 
 
 Constitutionality of statute forbidding car- 
 rying of liquors into prohibition dis- 
 trict. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 
 Exceptions in constitutional prohibition as 
 limitation upon legislative power. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 173. 
 
 Municipal ordinance for punishment of sale 
 which is prohibited by statute. 17 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 
 Power to prohibit the keeping of intoxicat- 
 ing liquor, irrespective of any inten- 
 tion to sell it in violation of law. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 394. 
 
 Power to prohibit or restrict one's using 
 intoxicating liquor or having the same 
 in his possession for his own us(i. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 173. 
 
780 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INTOfXICATING LIQUORS, II.— cont'd 
 ■Constitutional right to prohibit sale of in- 
 toxicating liquor. 15 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 908. 
 Speciiic constitutional enactments re- 
 lating to prohibition and acts of 
 the legislature based thereon. 15 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 912. 
 Prohibition under police powers as 
 limited by certain general pro- 
 visions in state Constitutions, in- 
 cluding Bills of Rights. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 915. 
 Eight of Congress to prohibit, or dele- 
 gate power to prohibit, sales of 
 intoxicating liquors in the terri- 
 tories. 15 L.E.A.(N.S.) 922. 
 Eight of prohibition as limited by the 
 United States Constitution 
 and its amendments. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 923. 
 Power of Congress to regulate in- 
 terstate and foreign commerce 
 (U. S. Const, art. 1, § 8). 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 923. 
 No state shall pass ex post facto 
 laws; nor a law impairing the 
 obligation of contracts; nor, 
 without consent of Congress, 
 lay an impost on imports or 
 exports (U. S. Const, art. I, § 
 10). 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 929. 
 Citizens of each state entitled to 
 all privileges of the citizens 
 in the several states (U. S. 
 Const, art. 4, § 2). 15 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 931. 
 Eight of prohibition as limited by 
 the 14th Amendment. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 931. 
 Prohibition as limited by the 
 United States Constitution 
 generally and by other amend- 
 ments than the 14th. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 935. 
 Right of prohibition by municipalities 
 and local authorities. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 937. 
 Validity of prohibitory laws in limited 
 districts and localities. 15 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 940. 
 Validity of local-option laws and sub- 
 missions to popular vote. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 942. 
 Validity of quasi prohibitory laws, 
 known as "dispensary acts" and 
 sometimes termed "monopolies." 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 946. 
 Power of state to prohibit solicitation of 
 i orders for intoxicating liquors by mail 
 
 1 sent from another state. 36 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 443. 
 
 § 4. — against non-intoxicating liquors. 
 
 Constitutional power to prohibit or regu- 
 late sale of nonintoxicating alcoholic 
 liquor. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 
 Power of municipality to regulate the sale 
 of nonintoxicating alcoholic beverages. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 890. 
 
 Begin with this 'book on every law question. 
 
 INTOXICATING LIQUORS, II.— cont'd 
 Power to prohibit or regulate the sale of 
 "soft" drinks. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 890. 
 Nonalcoholic drinlcs. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 890. 
 Nonintoxicating alcoholic liquors. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 891. 
 
 § 5. Conditions of business. 
 
 Validity of ordinance excluding persons 
 from saloon during hours of closing. 4 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 109. 
 
 Special penalty for violation of Sundav dos- 
 ing act. 15 L.E.A.(N.S.) 646. 
 
 As to statute making possession of liquor 
 prima facie evidence of illegal intent to 
 violate the law. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 626. 
 
 §6. — exclusion from saloons. 
 
 Power to exclude women from saloons. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 657. 
 Validity of statutes regulating admission 
 
 of minors to saloons. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1007. 
 Validity of ordinance excluding persons 
 
 from saloon during hours of closing. 
 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 109. 
 
 § 7. — screens. 
 
 Municipal power as to screens in barrooms. 
 24 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 Effect of temporary screening during pro- 
 hibited hours. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 136. 
 
 § 8. Local option. 
 
 Local-option law. 9 L.R.A. 781.* 
 Prosecution under general liquor law for 
 sale in local-option territory. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 620. 
 Must indictment or information for sale of 
 intoxicating liquors in local option dis- 
 trict state name of purchaser. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 582. 
 
 § 8a. — constitutionality of. 
 
 Local-option laws as unconstitutional dele- 
 gation of legislative power. 1 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 483. 
 
 Discrimination as between different locali- 
 ties, in respect to the right to sell in- 
 toxicating liquor. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 
 Local option law as affecting existing pow- 
 er to regulate liquor traffic under char- 
 ter of municipality located within local 
 option district. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 534. 
 
 ///. License; bond. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 As to licenses generally, see Licenses, II. 
 
 Granting license. 9 L.E.A. 814.* 
 Special licenses. 7 L.E.A. 297.* 
 Special taxation of traffic. 9 L.R.A. 782.* 
 Taxation of social clubs selling liquor. 10 
 
 L.E.A. 82.* 
 Privilege or license to sell as subject of 
 
 taxation. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 455. 
 Permission to pharmacists. 7 L.R.A. 297.* 
 Quo wwrrcmto to test validity of liquor li- 
 cense. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 555. 
 
]XDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 781 
 
 INTOXICATING LIQUORS. III.— cont'd 
 
 Running two saloons in one building under 
 single license. 2 L.R.A.(X^.S.) 4S8. 
 
 Power of municipality to make constituent 
 elements or operations of business inde- 
 pendent subjects of license tax. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 619. 
 
 Liability for privilege tax on illegal busi- 
 ness or business illegally conducted. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 9-10. 
 
 Must indictment or information for sale of 
 intoxicating liquors without license 
 state name of purchaser. 23 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 582. 
 
 What constitutes hotel or tavern within 
 liquor license law. 20 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 107. 
 
 Criminal liability for sale of liquor by co- 
 partner, servant or agent without li- 
 cense. 41 L.R.A. 664. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 notice of application for license. 49 
 L.R.A. 246. 
 
 Is scope of license fixed by statute, appli- 
 cation, or terms of license. 3.5 L.R.A. 
 IX'.S.) 376. 
 
 Validity of new contract based on sale 
 without a license. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 568. 
 
 Power to make \ise of property for sale of, 
 conditional on consent of neighbors. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 978. 
 
 Burden of proof as to license or permit 
 in prosecution for sale of intoxicating 
 liquor without a license. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 98. 
 
 Liquor license as asset. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 626. 
 
 Right to recover price of liquor sold without 
 license. 16 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 § 10. Amount of fee. 
 
 Amount of liquor-license fee as character- 
 izing the statute or ordinance impos- 
 ing it as prohibitory or regulative. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 794. 
 
 Amount of liquor-license fees as character- 
 izing statute or ordinance imposing it 
 as an exercise of the police power or 
 of the taxing power. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 788. 
 
 Eight to discriminate between parts of a 
 city as to amount of license fees for 
 sale of intoxicating liquor. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 192. 
 
 § 11. Petition for or remonstrance 
 against. 
 
 Right to withdraw names from petition for 
 or remonstrance against license. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 372; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1113. 
 
 § 12. Qualifications of licensee. 
 
 Constitutionality of requirement that holder 
 of license must be resident of the state. 
 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1033. 
 
 Control by mandamus of decision of li- 
 censing oflrcer as to fitness of appli- 
 cant. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1195. 
 
 § 13. Discretion as to granting. 
 
 General doctrine. 21 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 Consul! also h.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INTOXICATING LIQUORS, III.— cont'd 
 Implied from statutory construction. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 581. 
 The limit of discretion. 21 L.R.A. 581. 
 Control of such discretion. 21 L.R.A. 583. 
 State statutes. 21 L.R.A. 585. 
 Discretion of local authorities as to the 
 
 number of licenses to be granted for 
 
 the sale of intoxicating liquors. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 386. 
 
 § 13a. Constitutionality of license 
 laws. 
 
 Constitutionality of license laws. 9 L.R.A. 
 780.* 
 
 Delegation of power as to license. 20 
 L.R.A. 722. 
 
 Constitutionality of requirement that holder 
 of liquor license must be resident of the 
 state. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1033. 
 
 Amount of liquor-license fees as character- 
 izing the statute or ordinance impos- 
 ing it, as an exercise of the police pow- 
 er, or of the taxing power. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 787. 
 
 Amount of license fee as characterizing the 
 statute or ordinance imposing it as pro- 
 hibitory or regulative. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 794. 
 
 §14. — discrimination. 
 
 Equal privileges, and immunities as to sale 
 of. 14 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Discrimination as to locality or persons by 
 'license law. 9 L.R.A. 781.* 
 
 Validity of police regulation discriminat- 
 ing in favor of saloons already estab- 
 lished. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 722. 
 
 Discrimination as between diiTerent locali- 
 ties, in respect to the right to sell. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by 
 statute or ordinance as to license. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 
 Right to discriminate between parts of a 
 city as to amount of license fees. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 192. 
 
 Discrimination against women in granting 
 licenses to sell. 49 L.R.A. 111. 
 
 § 15. Cancelation; revocation; for- 
 feiture. 
 
 Cancelation of license. 9 L.R.A. 816.* 
 Liability for damages for wrongful revoca- 
 tion of liquor license. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 § 15a. —constitutionality of provision 
 for. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute by which con- 
 viction of violation of liquor law en- 
 tails revocation of license and prohibi- 
 tion of sale of liquor. 30 L.R.A. (N.S. )i 
 1004. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance providing; 
 for forfeiture of liquor license upon 
 conviction of licensee irrespective of 
 appeal. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 417. 
 
 § 16. Recovery bacli of license fee. 
 
 Recovery of unearned liquor-license fee. 10; 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 512. 
 
782 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 INTOXICATING LIQUORS, III.— cont'd 
 Eight or duty of municipal corporations to 
 refund liquor-license fee on adoption of 
 state prohibition. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 519. 
 
 § 17. Bond. 
 
 License bond required. 9 L.R.A. 815.* 
 Liquor bond under Michigan statutes. 7 
 L.R.A. 740;* 10 L.R.A. 81.* 
 Mandamus to compel approval and ac- 
 ceptance of. 7 L.R.A. 740.* 
 Must indictment or information for sale of 
 intoxicating liquors without giving pre- 
 scribed bond state name of purchaser. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 582. 
 
 § 18. — liability on. 
 
 Effect on liability under liquor dealer's 
 bond of his ignorance of purchaser's 
 intoxication. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801. 
 
 Effect upon surety on liquor bond of judg- 
 ment against principal. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 747. 
 
 Liability of sureties under civil damage act 
 where sales causing injury were not 
 confined to the period covered by their 
 bonds. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585. 
 
 IV. Unlawful sales; offenses; liquor 
 nuisance. 
 
 § 19, Generally. 
 
 Interstate commerce in, see Commerce, 
 § 15. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 31. 
 
 Sale by druggists, see Deugs and Drug- 
 gists, § 4. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof in prose- 
 cution for, see Evidence, § 117. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 § 327. 
 
 Sale to habitual drunkard, see Habitual 
 Deunkakd, § 2. 
 
 Indictment for sale, see Indictment, Infor- 
 mation, AND Complaint, § 22. 
 
 Instigation to sale. 25 L.R.A. 346. 
 
 Instigation or consent to violation of liquor 
 statute as a defense to prosecution. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 946. 
 
 Social treating as an offense. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 134. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making posses- 
 sion of liquor prima facie evidence of 
 illegal intent to violate it. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 626. 
 
 Who is entitled to invoke certiorari to re- 
 view a decree or order affecting the sale 
 of intoxicating liquors. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 610. 
 
 Several offenses growing out of same facts. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 707, 712, 725. 
 
 Right to convict for several violations of 
 liquor laws growing out of same facts. 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 712. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporations for 
 offenses against liquor laws. 2 B. R. C. 
 251. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 INTOXICATING LIQUORS, IV.— cont'd ' 
 
 Must indictment or information for unlaw- 
 ful sale of intoxicating liquor state 
 name of person to whom sale is made? 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 581. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for 
 sale of. 68 L.R.A. 55, 70. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for 
 violation of liquor law. 62 L.R.A. 230, 
 290, 325. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 317, 321, 325. 
 
 Embezzlement of proceeds of liquor sold in 
 violation of law. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 415. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of intoxicating li- 
 quors sold out of larger lot, 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 36. 
 
 Judgment lien for violation of liquor law. 
 7 L.R.A. 298.* 
 
 § 2 0. What constitutes a sale. 
 
 Loan as. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 937; 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 417. 
 Dividing consignment of liquor as. 11 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 Serving liquor with meals by proprietor of 
 hotel or restaurant as. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 943. 
 Procuring liquor for another on physician's 
 prescription for self as an illegal sale. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1008. 
 Efl'ect of participating in purchase and di- 
 vision of quantity of liquor to render 
 one guilty of an unlawful sale. 22 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 Is one who obtains liquor for, and delivers 
 it to another, using the latter's 
 money, guilty of selling same. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 268; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 334. 
 Ordering liquors for another. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 272. 
 Obtaining liquors for minor. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 _(N.S.) 272. 
 Obtaining liquors for person of intem- 
 perate habits. 24 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 273. 
 Obtaining liquor upon physician's pre- 
 scription. 24 L.R.A. (isr.S.) 273. 
 Liability under statute forbidding fur- 
 nishing liquor to another. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 273. 
 Delivery by express agent to addressee and 
 collection of price of intoxicating liquor 
 sent C. 0. D. as a sale thereof bv the 
 agent. 2 B. R. C. 467. 
 
 § 21. — sale at retail. 
 
 What amounts to retail sale as distin- 
 guished from wholesale. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 622. 
 
 "Quantity sold" rule. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 623. 
 
 "Usual course of trade" rule. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 624. 
 
 "Original pacakage" rule. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 625. 
 
 "Purpose of sale" rule. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 626. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. XOTES. 
 
 INTOXICATIXG LIQUORS, IV.— cont'd 
 § 21a. Sale on physician's certificate. 
 
 Right to rely on physician's certilicatc in 
 selling. 21 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Procuring liquor for another on physician's 
 proscription for telf as an illegal sale. 
 21 L.R.A.(X.S.) 1008. 
 
 Obtaiaing liquor upon physician'.s prescrip- 
 tion for another's use as a sale. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 273, 
 
 § 2 2. Sale by club. 
 
 Sale of, by clubs. 2 L.R.A. 494;* 6 L.R.A. 
 128;* 12 L.R.A. 412.* 
 
 Applicability of liquor laws to social club 
 dispensing liquors to members. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 519; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1095; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 192; 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 101. 
 
 Taxation of social clubs selling liquor. 10 
 L.R.A. 82.* 
 
 § 23. Sales by partner, servant, agent, 
 etc. 
 
 Criminal liability for violation of liquor 
 law by. 41 L.R.A. 660; 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 786; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 321; 
 33 L.R.A.(X.S.) 419. 
 
 Conflict of authority. 41 L.R.A. 661. 
 
 Unlawful sale. 41 L.R.A. 661. 
 
 Selling without license. 41 L.R.A. 664. 
 
 Selling to minors. 41 L.R.A. 666. 
 
 Selling to habitual drunkards. 41 
 L.R.A. 669. 
 
 Selling on Sunday. 41 L.R.A. 670. 
 
 Violation of other miscellaneous pro- 
 visions. 41 L.R.A. 670. 
 
 Evidence of. 41 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 672. 
 Admissibility. 41 L.R.A. 672. 
 Sufficiency. 41 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Question for jury. 41 L.R.A. '676. 
 
 Authority in fact. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 419. 
 
 View that authority, express or im- 
 plied, is necessary. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 420. 
 
 View that authority, express or im- 
 plied, is unnecessary. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 423. 
 Burden of proof as to license or permit in 
 
 prosecution for sale without license jf 
 
 intoxicating liquors by agents or serv- 
 ants. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 100. 
 Knowledge necessary to charge owner with 
 
 conduct of tenants or others in selling 
 
 intoxicating liquor on premises in vio- 
 lation of injunction. 25 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 602. 
 Penal liability for sale of intoxicating liquor 
 
 to minor acting as agent for an adult. 
 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1196; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 178. 
 Obtaining liquor for and delivering it to 
 
 another with latter's money as a sale. 
 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 268; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 334. 
 
 § 24. Prohibited hours and days. 
 
 Effect of temporary screening of bar dur- 
 ing prohibited hours. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 136. 
 Consult also L.JR.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INTOXICATING- LIQUORS, IV.— cont'd 
 Opening saloon during prohibited hours fur 
 
 purposes other than sale of liquor. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 167, 
 On what holidays unlawful. 19 L.R.A. 317. 
 
 § 25. — Sundays. 
 
 Duty of innkeeper as to furnishing liquor to 
 traveler on Sunday. 2 B. R. C. 687. 
 
 Criminal liability for sale on Sunday by co- 
 partner, servant, or agent. 41 L.E.A. 
 670. 
 
 §2 6. Place of sale. 
 
 Place of sale. 4 L.R.A. 835.* 
 
 Sale by drummer in nonlicensed county. 4 
 L.R.A. 835.* 
 
 Right of retail liquor dealer to deliver with- 
 in license district, but outside of place 
 designated in his license. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1142. 
 
 Shipment C. 0. D.; when and where dues 
 title pass. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3S3; 24 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 143. 
 
 Must indictment or information for sale of 
 liquor within prohibited distance state 
 name of person to whom sale is made? 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 582. 
 
 § 2 7. — church; school. 
 
 What is a school or church, within a stat- 
 ute forbidding traffic in intoxicating 
 liquors within given distance of such a 
 building. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 194. 
 
 Sale by others than retail saloon keepers 
 as violation of statute forbidding sale 
 within given distance of school or 
 church. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 615. 
 
 § 28. Sales to minors. 
 
 Sale to minor. 10 L.R.A. 80,* 542;* 12 
 L.R.A. 433.* 
 
 Penal liability for sale of liquors to minor 
 acting a.s agent for adult. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1196; 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 178. 
 
 Criminal liability for sale of liquor to 
 minors by partners, agents or servants. 
 41 L.R.A. 666. 
 
 Validity, construction, and effect of statutes 
 regulating admission of minors to sa- 
 loons. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1007. 
 
 § 29. — ignorance of minority. 
 
 Seller's ignorance of minority of purchaser 
 as defense to prosecution for sale of in- 
 toxicating liquor to minor. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 669. 
 
 Effect on liability under liquor dealer's 
 bond of his ignorance of purchaser's 
 minority. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801. 
 
 § 30. Character of liquor. 
 
 Power to regulate or prohibit sale of non- 
 intoxicating drinks, see supra, § 4. 
 
 Judicial notice as to intoxicating character 
 of liquor, see Evidence, § 15. 
 
 What liquors are within statutory restric- 
 tions as to the sale of "spirituous," 
 "vinous," "fermented," and other 
 intoxicating liquors. 20 L.E.A. 
 645. 
 Alcohol. 20 L.R.A. 645. ' 
 
784 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 INTOXICATING LIQUORS, IV.— cont'd 
 Spirituous liquors. 20 L.R.A. 645. 
 Spirituous as distinguished from vi- 
 nous liquors. 20 L.R.A. 645. 
 Spirituous as distinguished from fer- 
 mented liquors. 20 L.R.A. 645. 
 Vinous as distinguished from fermented 
 
 liquors. 20 L.R.A. 646. 
 Mixed drinks. 20 L.R.A. 646. 
 Bitters. 20 L.R.A. 647. 
 Wine. 20 L.R.A. 647. 
 Ale, beer, and other fermented liquors. 
 
 20 L.R.A. 647. 
 Cider. 20 L.R.A. 648. 
 Presumptions as to. 20 L.R.A. 648. 
 Judicial notice as to. 20 L.R.A. 648. 
 As to lager beer. 20 L.R.A. 649. 
 Other liquors. 20 L.R.A. 649. 
 Question for jury. 20 L.R.A. 649. 
 Miscellaneous matters. 20 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 Right of jurors to act on their own knowl- 
 edge -as to. 31 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 Judicial notice of intoxicating character of 
 mixed drink. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 848. 
 
 Constitutional right of state to declare cer- 
 tain liquor intoxicating irrespective of 
 its intoxicating character as a matter 
 of fact. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 186. 
 
 Is proof of sale of "lager beer" sufficient to 
 sustain a conviction for unlawful sale 
 of "intoxicating liquors," in absence ol 
 proof that it is intoxicating. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 195. 
 
 Is proof of sale of "beer" sufficient to sus- 
 tain a conviction under statutes pro- 
 hibiting sale of vinous, malt, fermented, 
 or intoxicating liquors. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 446. 
 
 Do statutes forbidding the sale of a certain 
 class of liquor include nonintoxicating 
 liquor. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1146; 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 895. 
 
 § 31. — mistake In beverage as de- 
 fense. 
 
 Mistake in beverage as defense to charge of 
 illegal liquor sale. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 477; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 525. 
 Sales by dealer. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 477. 
 The prevailing rule; mistake no 
 defense. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 477. 
 Where mistake is held a defense. 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 480. 
 Sales by express agent. 6 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 481. 
 
 § 32. Responsibility of carrier for 
 transporting. 
 
 In general. 46 L.R.A. 417. 
 
 The question of knowledge. 46 L.R.A. 419. 
 
 What is a transportation or conveyance. 46 
 L.R.A. 419. 
 
 Evidence to support conviction. 46 L.R.A. 
 420. 
 
 Sufficiency of indictment or complaint. 46 
 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 Duty of carrier to accept liquor for trans- 
 portation to points wliere its sale is 
 prohibited or restricted. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 798. 
 
 Begin ivitH thi-i boole on every law question 
 
 INTOXICATING LIQUORS, IV.— cont'd 
 What is sufficient to terminate interstate 
 
 transportation of liquor. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 550; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1020; 29 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 745. 
 
 § 33. —effect of mistalte. 
 
 Ignorance of contents of package as defense 
 to carrier in prosecution for transport- 
 ing intoxicating liquor into prohibition 
 territory. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1182. 
 
 § 34. Seizure and destruction. 
 
 Seizure of liquors. 7 L.R.A. 297.* 
 Right of private citizen to destroy liquor 
 illegally kept for sale. 26 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 996. 
 Right to compensation for intoxicating li- 
 quor seized under a warrant. 19 L.R.A. 
 197. 
 
 § 35. Punisliment. 
 
 Prosecution and punishment of distinct of- 
 fenses committed by single sale of in- 
 intoxicating liquor. 45 L.R.A. 858. 
 
 Municipal ordinance for punishment of sale 
 which is prohibited by statute. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 L.R.A. 574. 
 
 § 36. Injunction against sale. 
 
 See Injunction, § 28. 
 
 § 37. Liquor nuisance. , 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 28. 
 
 Keeping liquor nuisance. 7 L.R.A. 298.* 
 Municipal regulation of, as a nuisance. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 525. 
 Injunction by municipal corporation against 
 
 sale of, as nuisance. 41 L.R.A. 321. 
 Abatement an injunction. 6 L.R.A. 721;" 
 
 7 L.r;a. 299.* 
 
 T. Civil liability and remedies. 
 
 § 38. Generally. 
 
 Forfeiture for breach of covenant against 
 manufacture or sale of liquor on prem- 
 ises. 5 L.R.A. 423.* 
 
 Validity of restrictive agreement ancillary 
 to sale of saloon business. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 928. 
 
 Effect of landlord's knowledge that tenant 
 intends to use property for illegal sale 
 of. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 662. 
 
 Right of one who intends to make an illegal 
 use of liquors to invoke aid of court for 
 recovery from one who has wrongfuUv 
 taken the same. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1093. 
 
 Right of citizen or taxpayer to maintain 
 proceedings in aid of enforcement of 
 liquor laws. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1156. 
 
 Right of action in absence of civil damage 
 act, for injury or death following un- 
 lawful sale of liquor. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1036. 
 
 § 39. Levy on. 
 
 Right to levy legal process on. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 'N.S.) ni8. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 785 
 
 INTOXICATING LIQUORS, V.— cont'd 
 § 40. Liability for purchase price. 
 
 Right to recover for price of liquor sold for 
 illegal uses. 15 L.R.A. 836. 
 Mere knowledge of purchaser's purpose. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 836. 
 Assistance of seller. 15 L.R.A. 837. 
 Liability of purchaser on illegal sale of in- 
 toxicating liquors. 24 L.R.A. 212. 
 Assisting purchaser. 24 L.R.A. 212. 
 How far purchaser disqualified as a 
 
 witness. 24 L.R.A. 213. 
 Collateral rulings. 24 L.R.A. 213. 
 Conflict of laws as to. 61 L.R.A. 417. 
 Right to recover price of liquor sold without 
 license. 16 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 § 41. CiTil damage act. 
 
 Liability of liquor dealer on bond, see supra, 
 
 § IS. 
 Pro.\imate cause of injury, see Pkoximate 
 
 Cause, § 21. 
 
 Civil damage act. 9 L.R.A. 816; 10 L.R.A. 
 SO.* 
 
 Liabilitv for sale to husband. 4 L.R.A. 
 495:* 7 L.R.A. 300.* 
 
 Wife's right of action at common law 
 against one selling liquor to husband. 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 360. 
 
 Necessity to sustain a recovery under civil- 
 damage act, that the intoxication be 
 the proximate cause of the injury. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1158. 
 
 Competency of wife to testify as to mis- 
 conduct of husband in action under 
 civil damage act. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 
 Measure of damages for death caused by 
 sale of intoxicating liquor. 3 L.R.A. 
 327.* 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 INTOXICATION. 
 
 See Deunkenkess. 
 
 ♦-»-♦ 
 
 INVALID CLAIM. 
 
 As subject of valid compromise. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 275. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 INVENTIONS. 
 
 See Patents. 
 
 Payment for corporate stock with. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 520. 
 
 16 
 
 INVENTORT. 
 
 On assignment for creditors, see Assign- 
 ment FOR Ceeditoes, § 6. 
 
 Requirements of iron-safe clause in policy 
 as to, see Insukance, § 79. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 INATSKSE ORDER OF ALIENATION. 
 
 See Maeshaling Assets and SECURiTiiis, 
 
 INVESTIGATION. 
 
 Effect of attempted investigation on right 
 to rely on representations. 37 L.R.A. 
 600. 
 
 INVESTMENT. 
 
 Liability of executor or trustee for loss of 
 funds through failure of bank. 14 
 L.R.A. 103. 
 
 Liability of executors, trustees, etc., for 
 compound interest for failure to 
 invest. 29 L.R.A. 636. 
 For improper investment. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 637. 
 For unnecessarilv calling in. 29 L.R.A. 
 638. 
 
 Direction to executor in will to continue 
 investment of stocks, bonds, or notes 
 as determining whether bequest is gen- 
 eral or specific. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 83. 
 
 Effect of investment by husband in his own 
 name of wife's separate property in 
 real estate to create trust in her favor. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 381; 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 161. 
 
 Liability of corporate directors for loss by 
 making. 55 L.R.A. 762. 
 
 Liability of bank directors in case of bad 
 loans or investments. 55 L.R.A. 751; 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 173. 
 
 Creation of partnership by provision for 
 taking profits from investment of cap- 
 ital as compensation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1047. 
 
 Deduction from state tax on national banks 
 for investments. 45 L.R.A. 757. 
 
 INVITATION. 
 
 Invitation to violate injunction as justifi- 
 cation for so doing. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 304. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 INVOLUNTARY EVIDENCE. 
 
 See Evidence, IX. 
 
 *-•-♦ 
 
 INVOLUNTARY INTOXICATION. 
 
 As excuse for crime. 36 L.R.A. 484. 
 
 INVOLUNTARY PAYMENTS. 
 
 Recovery back of, see Assumpsit, § 4. 
 50 
 
786 INDEX TO L 
 
 INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE. 
 
 Restraint on freedom of child as involun- 
 tary servitude. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 893. 
 
 IRONICAL ARTICLE. 
 
 As libel. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 861. 
 
 ■» « » 
 
 IRON- SAFE CLAUSE. 
 
 See Insubance, § 79. 
 
 ♦<-• 
 
 IRON WORKS. 
 
 Servants in, as fellow servants. 50 L.E.A. 
 460. 
 
 4 » » 
 
 IRREGULAR INDORSER. 
 
 See Bills aud Notes, § 29. 
 
 ♦-.-♦ 
 
 IRRELIGIOUS WORKS. 
 
 Common-law rights in. 51 L.R.A. 360. 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 IRREPARABLE INJURY. 
 
 As ground for injunction, see Injunction, 
 § 5. 
 
 IRRESISTIBLE IMPULSE. 
 
 As an excuse for crime, see Cbiminal Law, 
 § 9. 
 
 Suicide under irresistible impulse as within 
 words "sane or insane" or other words 
 relating to mental condition in suicide 
 clause in policy. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 264. 
 
 R.A. NOTES. 
 
 IRRIGATION. 
 
 See Waters, §§ 92-97. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 IRRIGATION COMPANY. 
 
 State regulations of rates of. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 711. 
 
 IRRITATION. 
 
 Of accused as affecting voluntariness of 
 confession. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 790. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 ISLANDS. 
 
 Title to, see Waters, §§ 23, 44. 
 
 *-•-♦ 
 
 ISOLATED TRANSACTION. 
 
 By loreign corporation as doing business 
 within state. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 693. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 ISOLATION. 
 
 Of infected persons. 26 L.R.A. 489. 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 ISSUE. 
 
 Rights of, under rule in Shelley's Case, see 
 Deeds, § 30; Wills, § 82. 
 
 ITINERANT VENDERS. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by 
 statute or ordinance as to license. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 
 JACKS. 
 
 Right of municipality to prohibit the keep- 
 ing, standing, or exhibiting of. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 736. 
 
 Express warranty as to, as excluding im- 
 plied warranty. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 505. 
 
 JACKSCREW. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 679. 
 
 JAIL BOND. 
 
 When discharge of principal in bankruptcy 
 will release surety on. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 511. 
 
 JAILER. 
 
 Begin tvith tiiis hook on every latv question. 
 
 Service on, for prisoner. 46 L.R.A. 708. 
 Liability for detention of person improper- 
 ly arrested. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 JAILS AND PRISONS. 
 
 7S7 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Reformatories, see Ebfoematories. 
 
 Imprisonment in penitentiary as cruel and 
 unusual punishment. 35 L.E.A. 564. 
 
 Delay of prosecution as ground for dis- 
 charge of accused who is in peniten- 
 tiary. 56 L.K.A. 534. 
 
 Eight to lease prison. 27 L.R.A. 608. 
 
 Validity of decree of divorce obtained on 
 publication or service out of state 
 where defendant was confined in prison. 
 19 L.E.A. 816, 821. 
 
 § 2. Liability for injury to person in. 
 
 Liability of municipality for tort in con- 
 nection with. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 
 Liability of county or municipality for in- 
 jury to one employed in or about a 
 jail, prison, or other house of detention 
 maintained by it. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 910. 
 
 § 3. — unfit condition. 
 
 Right of action for imprisonmenti in un- 
 healthful or unfit prison or jail. 36 
 L.E.A. 293; 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 95. 
 
 Liability of county. 36 L.E.A. 293; 2 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 95. 
 
 Liability of municipality. 36 L.R.A. 293; 
 52 L.R.A.(N.S.) 95. 
 
 Individual liability of keeper. 36 L.E.A. 
 294. 
 
 Eight to prevent use of jail. 36 L.E.A. 
 294. 
 
 § 4. Liability for tort of keeper or in- 
 mate of. 
 
 Liability of municipality for negligence or 
 other tort of keeper or inmate of mu- 
 nicipal prison. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 180. 
 
 § 5. Injury to neighboring property 
 from. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for in- 
 jury to neighboring property from 
 maintenance of prison. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 461. 
 
 § 6. Escape from. 
 
 When imprisonment wholly illegal and void. 
 15 L.R.A. 190. 
 
 Imprisonment on suspicion, etc. 15 L.R.A. 
 191. 
 
 Informality of commitment. 15 L.R.A. 191. 
 
 Innocence of accused as an element. 15 
 L.R.A. 191. 
 
 Liability of county for. 39 L.R.A. 60. 
 
 Right of peace officer to enter dwelling to 
 recapture escaping prisoner. 16 L.R.A. 
 501. 
 
 One accepting aid to escape from jail as 
 accomplice of person giving aid. 24 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 625. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute punishing es- 
 cape by reimprisonment for term de- 
 pendent) upon length of original term. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1123. 
 Consult also L.U.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 Jurisdiction and powers of consul in Japan 
 in civil cases. 45 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 JEALOUSY. 
 
 Responsibility for crime committed in fit 
 of. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 JEOPARDY. 
 
 Former jeopardy, see Ckiminai, Law, §§ 
 59-64. 
 
 JERKS. 
 
 Injury to passenger by, see Cabeiees, §§ 
 66, 67. 
 
 JOBBERS. 
 
 Unlawful combination of, see Monopoly 
 AND Combinations, § 9. 
 
 JOINDER. 
 
 Of actions, see Action oe Suit, §§ 18, 19. 
 Of indictments, see Indictment, Infobma- 
 
 tion, and Complaint, § 31. 
 Of parties, see Paeties, §§ 25, 36. 
 
 Joining in petition for local improvement 
 as estoppel to deny benefits. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 41. 
 
 Lease as encumbrance or conveyance within 
 statute requiring joinder of spouse. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 675. 
 
 JOINT ACCOUNTS. 
 
 In savings banks. 31 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 JOINT ACTIONS. 
 See Paeties, §§ 25, 36. 
 
 « ■ » • 
 
 JOINT BENEFIT. 
 
 Purchase for, at judicial sale as suppres- 
 sion of competition. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1206. 
 
788 
 
 IKDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 JOINT BONDS. 
 
 Eflfeet of delivery of joint bond without be- 
 ing signed by principal obligor. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1118. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 JOINT CONTRACTS. 
 
 See Joint Creditors and Debtors, § 2. 
 
 *—* ' 
 
 JOINT CREDITORS AND DEBTORS. 
 
 J. In general, §§ 1-7. 
 II. Release of one joint debtor, §§ S- 
 11. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Joint liability of trustees, see Trusts, § 27. 
 
 Condition as to execution of contTact by 
 
 others. 45 L.R.A. 321. 
 Power of one of several joint purchasers at 
 judicial sale to bind others. 35 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1139. 
 Payment acknowledgment, or promise to 
 pay by joint debtor as agent of co- 
 debtor as suspending or tolling statute 
 of limitations as to himself. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 685. 
 By whom action to be brought in case of 
 
 joint obligees. 64 L.R.A. 603. 
 Effect of death of one of several joint cred- 
 itors upon the remedy by execution. 
 61 L.R.A. 386. 
 Necessity of . exhaustion of remedy as to 
 joint debtors as condition precedent to 
 creditor's bilL 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75. 
 Effect of transfer by one joint debtor or 
 contractor without indorsement of 
 worthless check or note to third person. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. 
 Due process in service on joint debtors. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 595. 
 Character of liability of several persons 
 whose independent wrongs of the 
 same kind contribute to enhance 
 degree or extent of injury sus- 
 tained by plaintiff. 40 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 102. 
 Actions for damages. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 104. 
 Floods, pollution, or obstruction of 
 streams. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 106. 
 Damages by animals of different 
 owners. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 109. 
 Suits to restrain tort feasors. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 110. 
 Judgment on joint liability against two, 
 service being on only one. 1 L.R.A. 
 311.* 
 Validity and effect, as against defendant 
 I not personally served within the state, 
 of a judgment in personam against 
 joint debtors. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 312. 
 
 Begin with, this boolc on every law question. 
 
 JOINT CREDITORS AND DEBTORS, I.— 
 
 cont'd 
 May judgment against two or more tort 
 
 feasors be set aside as to some and 
 
 allowed to stand as to the rest. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 Curing separate verdicts rendered in action 
 
 for joint tort. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 191. 
 Set-off in bankruptcy cases. 55 L.R.A. 41. 
 Removal, because of separable controversy, 
 
 of actions based upon joint or joint 
 
 and several liability. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 62, 91. 
 
 § 2. Joint liability on contract. 
 
 Indorsement by one of two joint payees or 
 indorsees of a bill or note. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 630. 
 
 Whether liability on Lloyd's policy several 
 or joint. 55 L.R.A. 199. . 
 
 § 3. Joint liability for torts or negli- 
 gence. 
 
 Joint liability of municipality and others 
 for injury due to defect in street, see 
 Highways, § 94. 
 
 Joint liability of master and servant, see 
 Master and Seevajstt, § 199. 
 
 Action for damages for joint tort. 6 L.R.A. 
 630.* 
 
 Joint liability for pollution of stream. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 
 Joint tort by pollution of stream for min- 
 ing purposes. 24 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 Under what circumstances will the wrong- 
 ful levy of several attachments render 
 the attaching creditors jointly liable. 
 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 598. 
 
 Joint liability of master and person install- 
 ing machinery to employee injured dur- 
 ing installation. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 734. 
 
 Character of the liability of several persons 
 whose independent wrongs of the same 
 kind contribute to enhance the d^ree 
 or extent of the injury sustained by 
 plaintiff. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 167. 
 
 Provisions in lease, license, or other con- 
 tract as to railroad for joint liability 
 for injuries caused by negligence. 44 
 L.R.A. 754. 
 
 Removal, because of separable controversy, 
 of actions in tort based on joint lia- 
 bility. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 92. 
 
 §4. Several liability for tort. 
 
 Liability of person contributing to a tort 
 for the entire damage. 6 L.R.A. 630.* 
 
 Liability in damages of one of several pol- 
 luters of a stream. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1185. 
 
 § 5. Joint and several liability for 
 tort. 
 
 Of partnership. 51 L.R.A. 495. 
 
 Removal, because of separable controversy, 
 of actions in tort based on joint and 
 several liability. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 92. 
 
 § 6. Contribution between joint tort 
 feasors. 
 
 See CONTBIBTJTIOK, § 2. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 JOINT CREDITOES AND DEBTORS, I.— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 7. Recovery over against one tort 
 
 feasor. 
 
 Recovery over by municipality for injury 
 due to defect in street, see Highways, 
 § 95. 
 
 Liability over, generally, to person second- 
 arily liable, see Indemnity, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Right of one constrvictively liable for tort 
 to indemnity from one actually respon- 
 sible for its commission. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1147. 
 
 Right of employer who has been held liable 
 for tort of, or upon, servant or con- 
 tractor, to recover over from actual 
 wrongdoer. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1158. 
 
 Assignment of a claim ex delicto to one 
 against) whom it was asserted as en- 
 abling him to maintain action thereon 
 against third person. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 534. 
 
 Right of action of one legally responsible 
 for another's death against a third 
 person whose negligence caused the 
 death. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 60. 
 
 Judgment against one as prima facie evi- 
 dence of amount of damages against 
 another, liable over, who had no notice 
 of original suit. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 911. 
 
 II. Release of one joint debtor. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Effect of. 5 L.R.A. 596.* 
 
 Effect of payment of one joint debtor to 
 
 extinguish judgment. 68 L.R.A. 514. 
 Effect of release of one joint tort feasor on 
 liabilitv of the other. 58 L.R.A. 
 293. '- 
 Release under seal. 58 L.R.A. 293. 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 293. 
 Provisions reserving right to pro- 
 ceed against co-tort feasor. 
 58 L.E.A. 295. 
 Release not under seal. 58 L.R.A. 295. 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 295. 
 Provisions reserving right to pro- 
 ceed against co-tort feasor. 58 
 L.R.A. 297. 
 Construed acording to intention of 
 parties. 58 L.R.A. 298. 
 Covenants not to sue, and releases con- 
 strued as covenants. 58 L.R.A. 
 299. 
 Accord and satisfaction. 58 L.R.A. 
 300. 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 300. 
 Partial satisfaction. 58 L.R.A. 
 301. 
 Dismissal or entry of nolle prosequi as 
 to part. 58 L.R.A. 303. 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 303. 
 Failure to sue all. 58 L.R.A. 306. 
 Release to, or satisfaction by, one not 
 
 in fact liable. 58 L.R.A. 306. 
 Marriage by party injured to one of 
 tort feasors. 58 L.R.A. 307. 
 Effect of release of one person from lia- 
 bility for tort to release another, where 
 former was not in fact or law liable. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 322. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JOINT CREDITORS AND DEBTORS, II. 
 — cont'd 
 
 Effect of covenant not to sue one joint tort 
 feasor as a release of other. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 45L 
 
 Previous release of joint tort feasor by serv- 
 ant executing release on accepting 
 benefits of relief fund. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 201. 
 
 Taking note of one joint debtor as payment. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 
 Effect of payment of joint judgment .on 
 commercial paper by surety. 68 
 L.R.A. 562. 
 
 § 9. Reservation of rights against 
 others. 
 
 Effect, in release of one joint tort feasor, of 
 reservation of right as against others. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 618. 
 
 Right to show by extrinsic evidence that 
 payment of judgment against, or con- 
 sideration for release of, alleged joint 
 tort feasor was not a satisfaction of 
 claim. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 329; 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 983. 
 
 Effect on pre-existing judgments of statutes 
 permitting release of one joint judg- 
 ment debtor without affecting the 
 others. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1066. 
 
 §10. Effect of judgment against one 
 debtor or tort feasor. 
 
 Effect of judgment against one joint tort 
 feasor upon liability of the other. 
 58 L.R.A. 410. 
 
 Judgment alone as a bar. 58 L.R.A. 
 410. 
 In England. 58 L.R.A. 410. 
 In the United States. 58 L.R.A. 
 412. 
 
 issuance of execution after obtaining 
 several judgments and electing 
 de melioribus damnis. 58 L.R.A. 
 419. 
 
 Judgment with satisfaction in whole or 
 in part. 5S L.R.A. 421. 
 
 Proceedings before entry of judgment. 
 58 L.R.A. 429. 
 Effect of judgment in an action against 
 part of the obligors on a joint or 
 joint and several contract to re- 
 lease or limit the liability of oth- 
 er obligors. 43 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Where the prior judgment is in an ac- 
 tion on a joint obligation. 43 
 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Where the prior judgment is in an ac- 
 tion on a 'partnership obligation. 
 43 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Where the common -law rule is affected 
 by statute. 43 L.R.A. 162. 
 
 Where some of the debtors are nonresi- 
 dents. 43 L.R.A. 162. 
 
 Where the prior judgment is on a sepa- 
 rate obligation. 43 L.R.A. 163. 
 
 Where the prior judgment is on a joint 
 and several obligation. 43 L.R.A. 
 163. 
 
 Where prior proceedings affect subse- 
 quent proceedings in the same ac- 
 tion. 43 L.R.A. 164. 
 
790 
 
 JOINT CREDITOKS AND DEBTORS, II. 
 — cont'd 
 Where the obligors are principal and 
 
 surety. 43 L.R.A. 165. 
 Classification by states and countries. 
 43 L.R.A. 165. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment against a con- 
 structive tort feasor in a subsequent 
 action for contribution or indemnity. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1172. 
 
 § 11. Effect of judgment or verdict in 
 favor of one debtor or tort feasor. 
 
 Eflfect of judgment in favor of one defend- 
 ant) charged with negligence, on liabil- 
 ity of codefendant. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 764. 
 
 Effect of verdict for servant in an action 
 against master and servant for serv- 
 ant's negligence or misfeasance. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 880; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 404. 
 
 Availability of judgment in favor of imme- 
 diate actor in alleged wrong as estop- 
 pel in favor of one whose wrong, if 
 any, was derivative. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 677. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 JOINT PtUCHASERS. 
 
 *-»-* 
 
 JOINT DEBTORS. 
 
 See Joint Cbeditobs and Debtobs. 
 
 •-»-♦ 
 
 JOINT DEPOSIT. 
 
 As gift to codepositor. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 355. 
 
 JOINT ESTATES. 
 
 Operation and eifect of rule in Shelley's 
 Case in case of joint estates. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 995. . 
 
 JOINT FINDERS. 
 
 Of lost property. 37 L.R.A. 120. 
 Rights inter se. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1201. 
 
 *-—■ 
 
 JOINT LIABIIilTY. 
 
 See Joint Cbeditobs and Debtobs. 
 
 ♦"*"♦ 
 
 JOINT MAKERS. 
 
 Presentment of note to. 36 L.R.A. 703. 
 
 ♦■•-• 
 
 JOINT OFFENSE. 
 Against fishery laws. 39 L.R.A. 590. 
 
 Power of one of several joint purchasers at 
 judicial sale to bind others. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1139. 
 
 JOINT RESOLUTION. 
 
 Effect of. 2 L.R.A. 612.* 
 
 JOINT-STOCK COMPANY. 
 
 Legality of, at common law. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 665. 
 
 JOINT TENANTS. 
 See Cotenancy. 
 
 JOINT TORT FEASORS. 
 
 See Joint Cbeditobs and Debtobs. 
 
 JOINT TRESPASSERS. 
 
 See Joint Cbeditobs and Debtobs. 
 
 JOINT UNDERTAKINGS. 
 
 Applicability to suretyship of death as ter- 
 mination of joint undertakings. 2 
 B. R. C. 950. 
 
 Between initial and connecting carrier. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 44. 
 
 JOINTURE. 
 
 See DowBK. 
 
 JOINT USE. 
 
 Liability for injury to servante arising 
 from joint use of premises by several 
 employers. 46 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 By different factions of religious society. 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 878. 
 
 JOINT WILLS. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 See Wnxs, §§ 6, 35, 49. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 791 
 
 JOLTS. 
 
 Injury to passenger by, see Caeeiees, §§ GO, 
 67. 
 
 JOURNALS. 
 
 Legislative journals, see Statutes, §§ 11, 
 12. 
 
 JOY RIDE. 
 
 Liability of owner for injuries caused by 
 automobile while being used by serv- 
 ant or tliird person for his own busi- 
 ness or pleasure. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 214; 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1035; 14 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 216; 21 L.E.A.(N.S.) 93; 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 382; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79; 37 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 834. 
 
 JUDGE PRO TEM. 
 
 Authority of, as to bills of exceptions and 
 cases made. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 JUDGES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Conduct of judge as ground for reversal, see 
 Appeal and Eeeoe, § 38. 
 
 Contempt of, see Contempt, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Sickness of, see Sickness, § 3. 
 
 Absence of, during trial, see Trial, § 3. 
 
 Communication between judge and jury, see 
 Telal, § 5. 
 
 Competency of, as witness, see Witnesses, 
 § 16. 
 
 Cross-examination of witness by, see Wit- 
 nesses, § 32. 
 
 Unconstitutionality of statute as defense to 
 mandamus to compel its enforcement 
 by judicial oflBcers. 47 L.R.A. 516. 
 
 Court attendant as public ofBcer. 17 L.R.A. 
 245. 
 
 Presence of, at view by jury. 42 L.R.A. 
 381. 
 
 Injunction against judgment for matters as 
 to judges. 31 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence of communications 
 to. 67 L.R.A. 923. 
 
 Certification, of copies of records by, for use 
 in evidence in other state. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 959. 
 
 Comparison of handwriting by. 62 L.R.A. 
 867. 
 
 Personal liability of executor or adminis- 
 trator for interest where settlement of 
 estate is delayed by illness of judge. 
 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 
 Judge's interest as affecting validity of 
 acts done by executor or adminis- 
 trator under letters subsequently re- 
 voked or held invalid. 21 L.R.A. 150. 
 Consxilt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JUDGES— cont'd 
 
 § 2. Eligibility to office of. 
 
 Right of woman to hold judicial oflSce. 38 
 L.E.A. 209. 
 
 Eight of person to hold two judicial posi- 
 tions at the same time. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1107. 
 
 § 3. Dlsqualiflcation. 
 
 Political affiliations as ground for disquali- 
 fication of judge. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 602. 
 
 Membership in bar association as disquali- 
 fication of judge to preside at disbar- 
 ment proceedings instituted by asso- 
 ciation. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 116. 
 
 Relationship to attorney in case of disquali- 
 fying judge. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1172. 
 
 Right of judge who may be affected by 
 the result to hear election cases. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 788. 
 
 Qualification of judge to sit on trial of 
 one for contempt consisting of reflec- 
 tion upon himself. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 619. 
 
 § 4. — by prior connection with case. 
 
 Statutory disqualification of judge, from 
 having been counsel in the cause. 
 25 L.E.A. 114. 
 Generally. 25 L.E.A. 114. 
 Where the causes are not identical. 25 
 
 L.E.A. 115. 
 Where the parties are not identical. 25 
 
 L.E.A. 116. 
 Formal orders. 25 L.R.A. 116. 
 Disqualifications without regard to stat- 
 ute, from having been of counsel in 
 the cause. 25 L.R.A. 117. 
 Disqualification from having tried the case 
 before. 25 L.R.A. 118. 
 
 § 5. Number of. 
 
 Statute reducing number of presiding judges 
 at criminal trial as ex post facto law. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 567. 
 
 § 6. Powers and duties of. 
 
 Delegation of power to, see Constitution- 
 al Law, § 16. 
 
 Power to act as determined by place of 
 performance. 33 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 Power of judicial officer to dismiss pro- 
 ceedings. 2 L.R.A. 644.* 
 
 Power of court to call and examine wit- 
 nesses. 57 L.R.A. 875. 
 
 Constitutional power to appoint officers. 16 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Power of legislature to impose upon judges 
 the duty to assist in drawing jurors. 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 May judges of municipal or police courts be 
 vested or burdened with powers or du- 
 ties of a nonjudicial cliaraoter. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 615. 
 
 § 7. — after expiration of term. 
 
 Mandamus to compel judge to sign bills 
 of exceptions, etc.. after expiration of 
 term. 36 I;.R.A.(N.S.) 1087. 
 
792 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 JUDGES— cont'd 
 § 8. 'Liability of. 
 
 Liability for false imprisonment, see False 
 Imprisonment, § 7. 
 
 Personal liability for judicial acts. 14 
 L.R.A. 138. 
 
 Personal liability for exceeding jurisdic- 
 tion. 27 L.E.A. 92. 
 
 Exemption of consul from liability for ju- 
 dicial acts. 45 L.R.A. 588. 
 
 Eflfect of bad motive on liability of judge 
 acting without or in excess of juris- 
 diction. 62 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 JUDGMENT. 
 
 suh- 
 
 I. In general, § X. 
 II. Rendition; entry; form; 
 stance, §§ 2-19. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 b. By default or confession, 
 
 §§ 4-e. 
 
 c. Form, and substance, §§ 7- 
 
 13. 
 
 d. Entry; record; docketing; 
 
 amendinent, §§ 14;-1S. 
 
 e. Motion in arrest, § 19. 
 III. Effect and conclusiveness, §§ 20- 
 
 57. 
 a. In general, §§ 20-27. 
 ' b. Judgments by default, con- 
 
 sent, confession, on detnur- 
 rer or of dismissal, §§ 2S- 
 31a. 
 
 c. Effect of death or insanity, 
 
 §§ 32, 33. 
 
 d. What matters concluded, §§ 
 
 84:-4t0. 
 
 e. As to parties, §§ 4:1-50. 
 
 f. Collateral attaclc, §§ 51-57. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 51-53. 
 
 2. Grounds, §§ 54-37. 
 IT. The lien, §§ 58-05. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 38-60. 
 
 b. Priority of, §§ 61-64. 
 
 c. On what property, § 65. 
 T. Foreign judgments, §§ 66-73. 
 
 a. In general, § 66. 
 
 b. Effect and conclusiveness, 
 
 §§ 67-70. 
 
 c. Collateral attacTc on, §§ 71, 
 
 72. 
 
 d. Enforcement, § 73. 
 
 TI. Payment ; discharge; assignment, 
 §§ 74-78. 
 
 a. Payment; discharge; satis- 
 
 faction, §§ 74-77. 
 
 b. Assignment, g 78. 
 
 Til. Revival; enforcement, §§ 79-86. 
 
 a. Revival, §§ 79, 80. 
 
 b. Enforcement, §§ 81-86. 
 Till. Relief from; setting aside, §§ 
 
 87-97. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 87-92. 
 
 b. Grotmds, §§ 93-97. 
 
 I. In general, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Reversible error as to, see Appeal and 
 Ekkok, § 40, 
 
 Begin iritli this boolc on every law question. 
 
 JUDGMENT, I.— cont'd 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoN- 
 
 STITTTTIONAL LAW, § 152. 
 
 Disobedience of, as a contempt, see Con- 
 tempt, §§ 8, 9. 
 
 Recovery of, as a condition precedent to 
 equitable relief of creditors, see Credi- 
 TOEs' Bill, § 2. 
 
 Dismissal or discontinuance, see Dismissal 
 AKD Discontinuance, § 6. 
 
 Judicial notice of, see Evidence, § 8. 
 
 Presumption from, see Evidence, § 88. 
 
 Interest on, see Interest, § 8. 
 
 Relief granted in mandamus proceedings, see 
 Mandamus, § 21. 
 
 Merger into, see Merger, § 2. 
 i On the pleadings, see Pleadings, § 6. 
 
 Relief under pleadings, see Pleadings, § 7. 
 
 Mode of pleading judgment, see Pleading, 
 § 35. 
 
 Taxation of, see Taxes, § 19. 
 
 Nonsuit, see Trial, §§ 56-59. 
 
 Effect of usury on, see Usury, § 10. 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Error, §§ 41-44. 
 
 In attachment suit, see Attachment, § 16. 
 
 In action on note, see Bills and Notes, § 
 71. 
 
 In criminal prosecution, see Criminal Law, 
 VI. 
 
 In divorce suit, see Divorce and Separa- 
 tion, §§ 13-19. 
 
 In ejectment, see Ejectment, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 In garnishment proceeding, see Garnish- 
 ment, §§ 14, 20. 
 
 On habeas corpus, see Habeas Corpus, § 7. 
 
 In injunction suit, see Injunction, §§ 89, 
 90. 
 
 On foreclosure, see Mortgage, § 74. 
 
 In proceedings in rem, see Proceedings in 
 REM, § 3. 
 
 In replevin suit, see Replevin, § 15. 
 
 In suit for specific performance, see Specif- 
 ic Performance, §§ 27-29. 
 
 Against incompetent person, see Incompe- 
 tent Persons, § 20. 
 
 In favor of, or against infants, see Infants, 
 §§ 35, 36. 
 
 Against partnership, see Partnership, § 56. 
 
 Of justice's court, see Justice op the 
 Peace, § 7. 
 
 Liability of judicial ofiReer for proceedings 
 after. 14 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Right of national bank to interest on judg- 
 ment. 56 L.E.A. 682. 
 
 Denial of, on information and belief. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 780. 
 
 As condition precedent to equitable reme- 
 dies of creditors. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 10. 
 
 Sufficiency of judgment as a condition prec- 
 edent to equitable remedies of creditors. 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 20. 
 
 Moral obligation as a consideration for 
 promise to refund excess, when judg- 
 ment excessive. 53 L.R.A. 365. 
 
 Burden of proof as to consideration for 
 judgment taken by wife against hus- 
 band. 56 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 Allowing vendor reasonable time to perfect 
 title by decree for specific performance. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 25. 
 
INDKX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 70;; 
 
 JUDGMENT, I.— oout'd 
 
 Municipal declaration of forfeiture of street 
 franchise or privilege for breach of con- 
 ditions, as a judicial determination. 4 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 321. 
 
 Taking of property in legal proceedings 
 from bailee as defense to him as against 
 tlie bailor. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 689. 
 
 Recovery of judgment for exempt claim 
 pending garnishment proceedings in an- 
 other state. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1154. 
 
 //. Rendition; entry; foi'm; substance, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § '2. Generally. 
 
 Relief obtainable in equity on failure to es- 
 tablish equitable jurisdiction, see Equi- 
 ty, § 24. 
 
 Against married woman. 11 L.R.A. 585.* 
 
 Extent of relief in attachment against non- 
 resident served constructively. 50 
 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 Liability of attorney to client for mistake 
 in drafting decree. 52 L.R.A. 891. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 rendition. 49 L.R.A. 224. 
 
 Judgment as lien from time of rendition. 
 38 L.R.A. 247. 
 
 § 3. Jurisdiction. 
 
 Xecessity of personal service to authorize 
 personal judgment, see infra, § 10. 
 
 Effect of judgment on unauthorized appear- 
 ance by attorney, see infra, § 24. 
 
 .Jurisdiction to grant decree of divorce, see 
 DivCrce and Sepabation, §§ 7-12. 
 
 .Jurisdiction to grant decree of divorce upon 
 constructive service, generally, see 
 Divorce, § 10. 
 
 Sufficiency of service to sustain judgment, 
 see Weit and Pbocess, II. 
 
 .Jurisdiction of court to enter final judgment 
 upon dismissal or nonsuit. 26 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 914. 
 
 Notice of application by guardian for leave 
 to sell infant's real estate as jurisdic- 
 tional. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1215. 
 
 Extraterritorial effect of decree of divorce 
 rendered upon constructive service. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 647. 
 
 h. By default or confession. 
 
 § 4. By default. 
 
 Effect of. see infra, § 28. 
 
 Relief from, see infra, §§ 90, 91, 97. 
 
 Power of defendant's attorney to withdravp 
 
 answer and permit default judgment. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 515. 
 Constitutional right to jury for assessment 
 
 of damages on default. 15 L.R.A. 614. 
 Necessity of jury to compute damages on 
 
 default judgment. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 § 5. By confession. 
 
 EflFect of, see infra, §§ 30, 68. 
 Relief against, see infra, § 89. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JUDGMENT, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Revival of partnersliip debt by one partner 
 confessing judgnient. 15 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 Statement on confession. 12 L.R.A. 741.* 
 
 Validity of. 12 L.R.A. 810.* 
 
 Validity at common law of ^Aarrant of attor- 
 ney to confess judgment. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 956. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 warrant of attorney to confess judg- 
 ment. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 106. 
 
 Effect on surety of judgment by confession 
 against principal. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 747. 
 
 § 6. — confession on warrant of at- 
 torney. 
 
 In what cases authorized. 13 L.R.A. 796. 
 
 Form and validity of warrants. 13 L.R.A. 
 796. 
 
 Strict construction. 13 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Blanks and omissions. 13 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Who authorized to make confession and 
 where. 13 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Effect of insanity or death of party. 13 
 L.R.A. 797; 49 L.R.A. 156. 
 
 Entry by executors or administrators. 13 
 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Against whom entered. 13 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 In whose favor. 13 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 When entry may be made. 13 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Contingencies, unadjusted equities, or 
 claims. 13 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 For what amount; variance; misdescription. 
 13 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 Proof necessary. 13 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 Consolidation. 13 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 Setting aside; correcting. 13 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Law governing warrant of attorney to con- 
 fess judgment. 38 L.R.A. (N^S.) 814. 
 
 Validity at common law of warrant of at- 
 torney to confess judgnient. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 956. 
 
 Collateral attack on judgment entered by 
 authority of warrant of attorney, for 
 fraud not affecting the jurisdiction. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 988. 
 
 Effect in other states, of judgment confessed 
 on warrant of attorney. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 449. 
 
 Injunction against judgments entered on 
 confession. 30 L.R.A. 235. 
 
 c. Form and substance. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Omission of dollar sign or word "dollars" 
 from verdict or judgment. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 653. 
 
 Against partnership in firm name. 29 
 T^.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 
 Relief granted in action for specific perform- 
 ance of contract for sale of corporate 
 stock. 50 L.R.A. 512; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 502. 
 
 Form of relief granted in suit in equity af- 
 fecting real property in another state 
 or country. 69 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 Form and substance of judgment in action 
 to enforce liability of heirs for obliga- 
 tions of ancestor. 21 L.R.A. 94. 
 
794 
 
 IXDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 JUDGMENT, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Form and substance of judgment in garnisli- 
 ment against executor or administrator. 
 47 L.E.A. 364. 
 
 Effect of qualifying words "as executor," 
 "as administrator," in judgment. 15 
 L.R.A. 852. 
 
 Form of judgment on penal bonds. 62 
 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 Decree on foreclosure for part of mortgage 
 debt. 37 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Power of equity, upon enjoining unfair com- 
 petition or infringement of trademark, 
 tradename, patent, or copyright, to re- 
 quire defendant to pay damages sus- 
 tained by complainant as distinguished 
 from profits realized by defendant. 21 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 526. 
 
 § 8. Form of, In case of liability to 
 pay in coin. 
 
 On contract to pay coin. 29 L.R.A. 593. 
 On contracts for coin or equivalent. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 594. 
 For coin converted or misapplied. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 595. 
 For damages in other cases. 29 L.R.A. 595. 
 For obligations created by law. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 596. 
 For costs. 29 L.R.A. 596. 
 Pleadings and procedure. 29 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 § 9. Personal judgment. 
 
 Effect of judgment in personam, see infra, 
 
 § 23. 
 In action to enforce mechanics' lien, see 
 
 Mechanics' Liens, § 31. 
 Deficiency decree in foreclosure suit, see 
 
 Mortgage, § 84. 
 
 Deficiency decree in action to foreclose vend- 
 or's lien. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 874. 
 
 Personal liability of property owner to pay 
 assessments for local improvement. 35 
 L.R.A. 58; 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1259; 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 770. 
 
 Injunction against execution sales on per- 
 sonal judgment against executors or 
 administrators. 30 L.R.A. 123. 
 
 § 10. — necessity of personal service 
 to authorize. 
 
 See Wbit and Pbocess, § 19. 
 
 § 11. Amount. 
 
 For what amount judgment may be con- 
 fessed on warrant of attorney. 13 
 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 Extent of recovery in ejectment by tenants 
 in common against stranger. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 710. 
 
 Relief in action for improper use of union 
 label as affected bv extent of use. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201." 
 
 § 12. Conformity to pleadings. 
 
 Effect of default judgment beyond scope of 
 relief asked. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 803. 
 
 S 13. Non obstante veredicto. 
 
 Right to judgment non obstante veredicto 
 because of failure of proof. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1021. 
 
 Begin unth this "book on every law question. 
 
 JUDGMENT, II.— cont'd 
 d. Entry; record; docketing; amend- 
 ment. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Of justice of the peace; effect of filing tran- 
 script. 2 L.RA. 831.* 
 
 Judgment as a lien from time of entry. 38 
 L.R.A. 248. 
 
 Entry of judgment by confession by person- 
 al representative. 13 L.R.A. 798: 
 
 In whose favor judgment confessed on war- 
 rant of attorney to be entered. 13 
 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Against whom judgment confessed on war- 
 rant of attorney to be entered. 13 
 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Right to enter decree of divorce against ob- 
 jection of the spouse aggrieved. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 999. 
 
 Territorial extent of lien of Federal judg- 
 ment as limited by state recording acts. 
 47 L.R.A. 475. 
 
 § 15. What entry or record necessary 
 to complete. 
 
 Index as part of record. 14 L.R.A. 393. 
 Necessity of entry or record generally. 28 
 L.R.A. 621. 
 
 In actions at law. 28 L.R.A. 621. 
 
 In actions in equity. 28 L.R.A. 622. 
 How made and what constitutes. 28 L.E.A. 
 623. 
 
 The making up of the record. 28 L.R.A. 
 623. 
 
 Signatures of the judgment or record. 
 28 L.R.A. 624. 
 
 Entry in wrong book. 28 L.R.A. 625. 
 For the purpose of terminating the power 
 
 of the court to change. 28 L.R.A. 625. 
 As between the parties. 28 L.R.A. 626. 
 For the purpose of appeal. 28 L.R.A. 627. 
 
 In courts of chancery. 28 L.R.A. 627. 
 
 In Federal courts. 28 L.R.A. 627. 
 
 Under state statutes. 28 L.E.A. 627. 
 
 Orders for judgment. 28 L.R.A. 630. 
 
 Orders made out of court. 28 L.R.A. 
 632. 
 For the purpose of being effective as a lien. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 632. 
 For the purpose of enforcement. 28 L.R.A. 
 633. 
 
 By execution. 28 L.R.A. 633. 
 
 By action. 28 L.E.A. 634. 
 For the purpose of putting the statute of 
 
 limitations in motion. 28 L.E.A. 634. 
 For the purpose of vesting title. 28 L.E.A. 
 
 634. 
 For the purpose of evidence. 28 L.E.A. 635. 
 To prevent collateral attack. 28 L.E.A. 637. 
 To constitute a bar to another action. 28 
 
 L.E.A. 637. 
 Judgments of justices of the peace. 28 
 L.E.A. 638. 
 
 Upon submission. 28 L.E.A. 638. 
 
 Upon verdict. 28 L.E.A. 640. 
 Certainty and accuracy necessary in respect 
 
 to Christian names or initials in record 
 
 or index relied on as imparting con- 
 structive notice. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 43w; 
 
 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1211 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 795 
 
 JUDGMENT, II. d— cont'd 
 
 § 16. Amendment of record to cure de- 
 fect for which motion In arrest has 
 been made. 
 
 Amendment in the trial court. 67 L.R.A. 
 179. 
 Amendment of pleading. 67 L.R.A. 
 179. 
 In general. 67 L.R.A. 179. 
 To supply omitted averments. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 179. 
 To cure insufficient or erroneous 
 
 allegations. 67 L.R.A. 181. 
 By striking out. 67 L.R.A. 182. 
 Amendments concerning indictments, 
 informations, or complaints. 
 67 L.R.A. 182. 
 As to verification. 67 L.R.A. 182. 
 As to organization of grand jury. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 182. 
 As to finding, return, or filing of 
 
 indictment. 67 L.R.A. 182. 
 To cure omissions. 67 L.R.A. 183. 
 To cure errors or insufficiency. 67 
 L.R.A. 183. 
 Amendments concerning verdict or 
 judgment. 67 L.R.A. 183. 
 General verdict rendered on decla- 
 ration containing several 
 courts. 67 L.R.A. 183. 
 Misjoinder of counts. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 184. 
 Verdict in criminal case. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 184. 
 Amendment of judgment. 67 
 L.R.A. 184. 
 Amendment of record. 67 L.R.A. 184. 
 Amendment in the appellate court. 67 
 L.R.A. 185. 
 To cure errors or omissions. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 185. 
 On certiorari or certificate. 67 L.R.A. 
 185. 
 
 § 17. Time of. 
 
 When entry may be made on judgment con- 
 fessed on warrant of attorney. 13 
 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Entry of, on holidays. 19 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 docketing. 49 L.R.A. 224. 
 
 Injunction against judgment void or with- 
 out jurisdiction on account of time of 
 rendition. 31 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 § 18. — entry nunc pro tunc. 
 
 Power to render. 20 L.R.A. 143. 
 
 As to time. 20 L.R.A. 144. 
 
 As to evidence in obtaining a judgment 
 
 nunc pro tunc. 20 L.R.A. 145. 
 As to nunc pro tunc entry in criminal cases. 
 
 20 L.R.A. 146. 
 As to nunc pro tunc judgments affecting 
 
 third parties. 20 L.R.A. 146. 
 As to nunc pro tunc judgments made in va- 
 cation. 20 L.R.A. 147. 
 As to change in statute or charter. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 147. 
 As to notice. 20 L.R.A. 147. 
 As to delay or negligence of party. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 148. 
 As to death of party before entry of final 
 
 judgment. 20 L.R.A. 148. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JUDGMENT, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Right to enter judgment nunc pro tunc as of 
 the date of rendition, so as to affect in- 
 tervening rights of third persons. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 682. 
 
 e. Motion in arrest. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Amendment of record to cure defect for 
 which motion in arrest has been made, 
 see supra, § 16. 
 
 Objecting to jurors who have served in 
 same or similar case by motion in ar- 
 rest. 68 L.R.A. 884. 
 
 Sufficiency on motion in arrest of judgment 
 of allegations of facts in regard to de- 
 fects in street or highway in action 
 against municipality for injury re- 
 ceived therefrom. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 48. 
 
 III. Effect and conclusiveness. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 Of foreign judgment, see infra, § 67. 
 
 Effect and conclusiveness of decision on ap- 
 peal, see Appeal and Error, §§ 43, 44. 
 
 Recovery for part of claim as bar to further 
 suit, see Action or Suit, § 17. 
 
 In action to remove cloud on title, see 
 Cloud on Title, § 6. 
 
 In divorce suit, see Divorce and Separa- 
 tion, §§ 14, 15. 
 
 In injunction suit, see Injunction, § 90. 
 
 In garnishment proceedings, see Garnish- 
 ment, § 14. 
 
 Admissibility of judgment in evidence, see 
 Evidence, §§ 131, 132. 
 
 Weight of, as evidence, see Evidence, § 306. 
 
 Effect of fraud on, see Fraud and Deceit, 
 § 28a. 
 
 Effect of judgment against one or more of 
 the parties liable, to release others, see 
 Joint Creditors and Debtors, g 10. 
 
 Effect of judgment against nonresident, see 
 Nonresidents, § 4. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment, generallv. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 572:* 3 L.R.A. 142:* 7 L.R.A. 
 
 577;* 11 L.R.A. 155.* 
 Entry or record necessary to constitute 
 
 judgment a bar to another action. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 637. 
 Conclusive effect of judgment in partition 
 
 suit. 11 L.R.A. 158.* 
 Validity of preference to creditor by. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 765;* 12 L.R.A. 810;* 22 L.R.A. 
 
 808. 
 Against infant, effect of. 11 L.R.A. 440.* 
 Conclusiveness of judicial admission as to 
 
 strangers. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 327. 
 Situs of judgment for purposes of adminis- 
 tration. 24 L.R.A. 687. 
 Waiver of junior lien by failure to assert 
 
 it in foreclosure proceedings. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 323. 
 Municipal liability on judgment as creating 
 
 indebtedness within meaning of debt 
 
 limit provisions. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1107. 
 
796 
 
 IKDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 JUDGMENT, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Conclusive effect of judgment on which ac- 
 tion to set aside conveyance as fraudu- 
 lent is based. 67 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Effect of, to render title unmarketable. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 32. 
 
 Effect of decree granting rights to perco- 
 lating waters. 19 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 Effect of judgment against husband and 
 wife for wife's libel or slander. 30 
 L.R.A. 530. 
 
 Effect of judgment on Lloyd's policy of in- 
 surance. 55 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 Effect of adjudication of insolvency of cor- 
 poration upon its right of action. 15 
 L.R.A. 627. 
 
 Binding effect of judgment refusing dis- 
 charge in bankruptcy or insolvency. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 629; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1164. 
 
 Termination of bastardy proceedings as bar 
 to subsequent case. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 470. 
 
 Effect upon lien of mortgage, of entry of 
 judgment upon bond or note secured 
 thereby. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1095. 
 
 Equitable conversion of realty into person- 
 alty by land contract where judgment 
 has been entered against one of parties 
 thereto. 57 L.R.A. 644. 
 
 Effect of judgment in adverse suit for lodes 
 or veins within placer claims. 50 
 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 Liability for tort in doing acts authorized 
 by judgment afterwards reversed. 45 
 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 The judgment on which action to set aside 
 
 conveyance as fraudulent as to 
 
 creditors is based, considered as 
 
 evidence. 67 L.R.A. 590. 
 
 As prima facie evidence of the debt. 
 
 67 L.K.A. 590. 
 What must, or may, be produced. 67 
 L.R.A. 592. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment as affected by 
 subsequent events disproving the 
 ground on which it rested. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 972. 
 
 Refusal to restore money or property se- 
 cured under judgment subsequently re- 
 versed or set aside as contempt. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1100. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to nature and effect. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 435. 
 
 § 21. Decrees of particular tribunals. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment of inferior 
 
 court. 11 L.R.A. 158.* 
 Decision of city council as to election of city 
 
 officer as res judicata. 26 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 209. 
 Conclusiveness of decisions of tribunals of 
 
 associations or corporations. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 353. 
 
 § 22. Decrees in equity. 
 
 Conclusivenesss of, in equity. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 673.* 
 Judgment in suit in equity affecting real 
 
 property in another state or country, 
 t 69 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 JUDGMENT, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Right to reinstatement of mortgage released 
 
 under mistake as to effect of decree 
 
 58 L.E.A. 788. 
 
 § 23. Judgments in personam. 
 
 Foreign judgments, see infra, § 67. 
 In action to enforce mechanics' lien, see 
 Mechanics' Liens, § 31. 
 
 Effect of judgment in personam requiring 
 conveyance of land in another state or 
 country. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924. 
 
 Recovering personal judgment against own- 
 er as waiver of mechanics' lien. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1073. 
 
 § 24. Effect of judgment olitained 
 upon unauthorized appearance by 
 attorney. 
 
 General doctrine of authority. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 848. 
 Domestic judgments. 21 L.R.A. 849. 
 Proof necessary to establish relief. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 853. 
 Nature of such judgments. 21 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Void or voidable. 21 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Collateral attack. 21 L.R.A. 854. 
 Relief in equity. 21 L.R.A. 854. 
 
 Fraud or collusion. 21 L.R.A. 854. 
 Several defendants. 21 L.R.A. 855. 
 Third parties. 21 L.R.A. 856. 
 Laches, negligence, etc. 21 L.R.A. 857. 
 Foreign and sister state judgments. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 857. 
 Statutory provisions. 21 L.R.A. 860. 
 
 § 25. ConclusiTeness of probate as res 
 judicata. 
 
 Conclusiveness of probate in other state, see 
 infra, § 69. 
 
 Nature of the decree. 21 L.R.A. 680. 
 Jurisdictional conclusiveness of decree. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 681. 
 Conclusiveness, generally. 21 L.R.A. 682. 
 With respect to real estate. 21 L.R.A. 683. 
 Facts established by the decree. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 684. 
 In ejectment. 21 L.R.A. 685. 
 In chancery. 21 L.R.A. 686. 
 Notice of proceedings. 21 L.R.A. 686. 
 Under state statutes. 21 L.R.A. 686. 
 Conclusiveness of probate with respect to 
 
 real property. 21 L.R.A. 683. 
 Collateral attack on probate for fraud not 
 
 affecting the jurisdiction. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 986. 
 
 § 2 6. Habeas corpus decree as to cus- 
 tody of infant as res judicata. 
 
 Doctrine of res judicata generally appli- 
 cable. 67 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Former judgment only conclusive upon same 
 state of facts. 67 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 Conclusiveness as to issues involved. 67 
 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 Parties or persons concluded. 67 L.R.A. 
 ' 787. 
 
 Foreign judgment as res judicata. 67 
 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 Dismissal of writ without decision or prej- 
 udice. 67 L.R.A. 788. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 JUDGMENT, III. a— cont'd 
 
 § 2 7. Judgment as a contract. 
 
 Generally. 17 L.R.A. 611. 
 
 Chana;e of interest on judgment. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 612. 
 Constitutional provisions as to impairment 
 
 of obligations. 17 L.R.A. 613. 
 Obliaations created hv judgment. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 '()14. 
 
 b. Judgments by default, consent, con- 
 fession, on demurrer, or of dis- 
 missal. 
 
 § 28. Judgment by default. 
 
 Effect of judgment by default against dead 
 
 person. 49 L.R.A. 161. 
 Effect of default judgment beyond the scope 
 
 of the relief asked. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 803. 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 
 jurisdiction on judgment by default. 
 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 983. 
 
 § 2 9. Judgment by consent. 
 
 Admissions and waivers by consent decrees 
 
 bv representatives of infant. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 675. 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 
 jurisdiction on judgment by consent. 
 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 983. 
 
 § 30. Judgment by confession. 
 
 Judgment confessed in other state, see in- 
 fra. § 68. 
 
 By fiduciaries, effect as admission or waiver. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 690. 
 As fraud to sustain attachment. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 486. 
 Effect of judgment by confession against 
 
 dead person. 49 L.R.A. 156. 
 Collateral attack on judgment by confession 
 for fraud not affecting jurisdiction. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 982. 
 Judgment entered by authority of war- 
 rant of attorney. 36 L.R'A.(N.S.) 
 988. 
 
 § 31. Judgment on demurrer. 
 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 jurisdiction on judgment on demurrer. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 984. 
 
 § 31a. Judgment of dismissal or non- 
 suit. 
 
 Dismissal of writ of habeas corpus to de- 
 termine custody of infant without de- 
 cision or prejudice. 67 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 jurisdiction on judgment of dismissal. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 984. 
 
 Collateral attack on judgment of nonsuit for 
 fraud not affecting the jurisdiction. 36 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 986. 
 
 c. Effect of death or insanitij. 
 
 § 32. Effect of judgment entered 
 against a dead person. 
 
 Judgments against parties dying before in- 
 stitution of suit. 49 L.R.A. 153. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JUDGMENT, III. c— cont'd 
 
 Judgments on confession. 13 L.R.A. 797 ; 
 
 49 L.R.A. 156. 
 Void judgments. 49 L.R.A. 158. 
 Voidable judgments. 49 L.R.A. 160. 
 Where death occurs at certain stages of the 
 action. 49 L.R.A. 161. 
 Before issue joined. 49 L.R.A. 162. 
 Before default taken. 49 L.R.A. 162. 
 After default taken, but before final 
 
 judgment. 49 L.R.A. 164. 
 Before interlocutory order. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 164. 
 Before verdict, report, or decision. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 164. 
 After verdict. 49 L.R.A. 165. 
 After interlocutory order. 49 L.R.A. 
 166. 
 Judgment by relation back to time prior 
 
 to death. 49 L.R.A. 167. 
 Death of party pending appeal. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 168. 
 Judgments in rem. 49 L.R.A. 168. 
 Classification by states where death occurs 
 
 after suit is brought. 49 L.R.A. 170. 
 Effect of judgment rendered on appeal after 
 death of party without revivor. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1053. 
 Death after submission. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1055. 
 
 § 33. Insanity as affecting judgments. 
 
 Effect of insanity on judgment confessed on 
 
 warrant of attorney. 13 L.R.A. 797 ; 
 
 49 L.R.A. 156. 
 
 Validity and effect of judgments against 
 
 insane persons. 39 L.R.A. 775; 35 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1090. 
 
 Generally. 39 L.R.A. 775; 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1090. 
 As to purchasers. 39 L.R.A. 776; 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1092. 
 What degree of insanitv affects. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 777; 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1092. 
 Enforcement. 39 L.R.A. 778; 35 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 1093. 
 Collateral attack. 39 L.R.A. 779 ; 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1093. 
 When relieved against. 39 L.R.A. 780; 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 Relief, how obtained. 39 L.R.A. 781; 35 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1095. 
 Nature of proceeding. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1095. 
 Who may invoke remedy. 35 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1096. 
 Effect of inquisition. 39 -L.R.A. 783; 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1097. 
 
 d. What matters concluded. 
 
 § 34. Generally. 
 
 In divorce suit, see Divorce and Separa- 
 tion, §§ 14, 15. 
 
 Matters merely collateral to issue. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 310.* 
 As to liability for damming back waters of 
 
 stream. 59 L.R.A. 890. 
 In suit to abate nuisance as bar to action 
 
 for damages therefor. 58 L.R.A. 735. 
 Recovery by physician as bar to action for 
 
 malpractice. 45 L.R.A. 541. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 JUDGMENT, III. d— cont'd 
 
 Judgment in favor of employee after wrong- 
 ful discharge, as bar to subsequent ac- 
 tion for wages. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 449. 
 
 Effect of setting up defects in articles pur- 
 chased as a counterclaim in an action 
 for one instalment of the purchase 
 price upon the right to set up a like 
 counterclaim in subsequent actions. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 734. 
 
 Judgment in original action as bar to action 
 by defeated party against the adverse 
 party for perjury in procuring it. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 
 Right to go behind judgment against county 
 or municipality in mandamus proceed- 
 ings to enforce salne. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1002. 
 
 Effect of adjudication of bankruptcy based 
 on preference of creditor by judgment, 
 as conclusive adjudication against such 
 creditor in other proceedings. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 386. 
 
 Conclusiveness of surrogate's decree on right 
 of personal representative to interplead 
 claimants. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 986. 
 
 Conclusiveness as to issues involved of 
 habeas corpus decree as to custody of 
 infant. 67 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 § 35. In action on insurance policy. 
 
 Action on policy as bar to action to reform 
 
 it. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 907. 
 Conclusiveness of coroner's finding as to 
 
 cause of death in action on insurance 
 
 policy. 68 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 § 36. In replevin suit. 
 
 Judgment in replevin action as affecting 
 right of purchaser to recover purchase 
 money paid on seller's retaking the 
 property. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 898. 
 
 Determination in action in replevin as bar 
 to second action of replevin for recov- 
 ery of the property replevied. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 224. 
 
 § 3 7. As to real property. 
 
 Effect of judgment enjoining use of real 
 property in a certain manner upon the 
 right of subsequent occupants to use the 
 property in the same manner. 13 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 462. 
 
 Judgment dismissing bill to set aside tax 
 deed as a cloud on title as res judicata 
 in action under tax deed to recover pos- 
 session of property. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1011. 
 
 Effect of judgment in partition upon rights 
 of defendants as between themselves, 
 which were not brought to the attention 
 of the court. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 333. 
 
 Right as between successful plaintiff and 
 evicted defendant to crops unsevered 
 at time of final judgment. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 531. 
 
 § 8 7a. — action involving boundaries. 
 
 Judgment against plaintiff in action invol- 
 ving boundary as establishing 
 boundary claimed by defendant. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1020. 
 
 JUDGMENT, III. d— cont'd 
 
 Partial success by plaintiff in earlier 
 
 suit. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1022. 
 Where question not in issue. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1023. 
 Illustrations of effect of judgment upon 
 title. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1024. 
 Forcible entry and detainer. 38 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1024. 
 Trespass. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1024. 
 Trespass to try title. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1026. 
 Replevin of logs. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1026. 
 Miscellaneous. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1026. 
 
 § 3 7b. —in ejectment. 
 
 Effect of judgment in ejectment against the 
 tenant upon a landlord not a party, 
 or ince versa. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 595. 
 Effect of landlord's participation in de- 
 fense. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 597. 
 Effect of statutory provisions permit- 
 ting landlord to be made a party. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 598. 
 Effect upon the tenant of judgment 
 against landlord. 26 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 598. 
 Conclusiveness of judgment as to claim of 
 title previously acquired but not in is- 
 sue. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 295. 
 Judgment dismissing bill to set aside tax 
 deed as cloud on title as res judicata in 
 action under a tax deed to recover pos- 
 session of property. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1011. 
 
 § 38. Judgment on which action to 
 set aside conveyance as fraudulent, 
 is based. 
 
 Conclusive effect of judgment on which ac- 
 tion to set aside conveyance as 
 fraudulent is based. 67 L.R.A. 
 593. 
 Generally. 67 L.R.A. 593. 
 Effect of the time of the conveyance. 
 
 67.L.R.A. 595. 
 As to defenses to the original action. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 597. 
 Defense by way of denial, general- 
 ly. 67 L.R.A. 597. 
 Statute of limitations. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 598. 
 Minority. 67 L.R.A. 598. 
 Set-off. 67 L.R.A. 598. 
 Bankruptcy. 67 L.R.A. 599. 
 Estoppel. 67 L.R.A. 599. 
 Payment. 67 L.R.A. 599. 
 Fraud in the ^ transaction. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 600.' 
 Forgery. 67 L.R.A. 601. 
 Illegal transaction. 67 L.R.A. 601. 
 
 Usury. 67 L.R.A. 601. 
 
 Sunday law. 67 L.R.A. 602. 
 
 Immoral consideration. 67 
 L.R.A. 602. 
 Failure of consideration. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 603. 
 Lack of jurisdiction. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 603. 
 
 Begin with this Tjooli on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 709 
 
 JUDGMENT, III. d— cont'd 
 
 § 39. Judgment in criminal action. 
 
 Judgment in criminal action as res judicata 
 in civil action. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 653; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 Conclusiveness in civil action of judg- 
 ment rendered in criminal ac- 
 tion. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 655. 
 To establish fact of its rendition or 
 existence. 11 L.R.A. (N..'5.) 
 655. 
 To establish truth of facts on 
 which it was rendered. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 655; 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 Dissimilarity in object, issues, 
 procedure, or parties. 11 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 655. 
 When conviction was secured 
 on evidence of party seek- 
 ing to use it. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 661. 
 When result of criminal ac- 
 tion is foundation of civil 
 suit. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 662. 
 As an admission or confession. 
 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 662. 
 To show probable cause. 11 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 663. 
 To establish guilt or inno- 
 cence. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 671. 
 Judgment in criminal action as bar to 
 civil action. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 664; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 671. 
 Dissimilarity in object, issues, pro- 
 cedure, or parties. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 664. 
 Bule that no person can be twice 
 punished for same offense. 11 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 667. 
 Civil action to enforce penalty 
 or forfeiture. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 667. 
 Civil action to recover compen- 
 sation. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 669. 
 Mitigation of damages. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 
 § 40. By decision of ecclesiastical 
 tribunal. 
 
 See CoTORTS, § 12. 
 
 e. As to parties. 
 
 § 41. Generally. 
 
 In garnishment proceeding, see Gabnisii- 
 
 MENT, § 14. 
 Effect of judgment against one Joint debtor 
 
 or tort feasor, see Joint Ceeditoes 
 
 AND Debtors, § 10. 
 Effect of judgment in favor of one joint 
 
 debtor or tort feasor, see Joint Cbed- 
 
 iTORS AND Debtors, § 11. 
 
 In general. 11 L.R.A. 308.* 
 Right of judgment creditor to question va- 
 lidity of attachment. 35 L.R.A. 768. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JUDGMENT, III. e— cont'd 
 
 Judgment as res judicata between codofcnd- 
 ants or coplaintiffs as to mattors wliieh 
 were, or might have been, adjvidicatcd 
 in the prior suit. 27 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 650. 
 
 Effect of Judgment in favor of party charged 
 with negligence, on liability' of code- 
 fendant for the same act of negligence. 
 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 764. 
 
 Availability of Judgment in favor oi im- 
 mediate actor in alleged wrong as es- 
 toppel in favor of one whose wrong if 
 any was derivative. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 677. 
 
 Judgment in attachment as res judicata 
 against chattel mortgagee. 64 L.R.A. 
 566. 
 
 Who bound by habeas corpus decree as to 
 custody of infant. 67 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 Effect of Judgment against executors as to 
 heirs. 11 L.R.A. 310.* 
 
 When nonresident partner bound by. 1 
 L.R.A. 312.* 
 
 Liability of reinsurer where judgment is 
 taken against reinsured. 8 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 856. 
 
 Is a Judgment in a suit to set aside a fraud- 
 ulent conveyance, which purports to de- 
 vest entirely the title of the grantee, 
 res judicata, as between the grantor 
 and grantee or their privies., 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 481. 
 
 Decree in taxpayers' suit restraining dis- 
 trict from performing contract, as bind- 
 ing upon contractor. 37 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 383. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment against a con- 
 structive tort feasor in a subse- 
 quent action for contribution or in- 
 demnity. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1172. 
 Conclusiveness upon present plaintiff. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1173. 
 Conclusiveness against present defend- 
 ant. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 Necessitj'' of notice of prior suit. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1173. 
 Effect of notice or its equivalent. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1174. 
 
 § 42. Persons not parties nor notified. 
 
 Effect of judgment in ejectment against 
 tenant upon landlord not a party, or 
 vice versa. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 595. 
 
 Effect of Judgment establishing title to prop- 
 erty seized under execution, as against 
 officer making seizure, who was not a 
 party thereto. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 530. 
 
 Judgment against one as prima facie evi- 
 dence of amount of damages against an- 
 other liable over, who had no notice 
 of the original suit. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 911. 
 
 Judgment against trustee in mortgage or 
 deed of trust to secure debt as affect- 
 ing beneficiary not a party. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 196. 
 
 Effect of judgment declaring husband's title 
 to estate to be that of mortgagee on 
 dower right of wife who was not a 
 party to the action. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 723. 
 
800 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 JUDGMENT, III. e— cont'd 
 
 Action against agent as bar to one against 
 principal undisclosed when action first 
 commenced. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 729. 
 
 Necessity of demand or request upon coven- 
 antor to defend in order to bind him by 
 decree against grantee. 13 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 7.32. 
 
 § 43. Person not a party or privy con- 
 ducting defense. 
 
 Where the one assuming the defense is act- 
 ing as agent of the defendant. 37 
 L.R.A. 963. 
 
 Conclusiveness upon an attorney who has 
 charge of the defense. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 964. 
 
 Actions against officers. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 965. 
 
 Actions upon notes. 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 965. 
 
 Conclusiveness as to questions of liability. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 965. 
 
 Patent and trademark cases. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 966. 
 
 § 44. Employer and employee. 
 
 J>idgment in favor of employee as bar to 
 recovery against employer for em- 
 ployee's act or default. 54 L.R.A. 
 649. 
 
 The general rule. 54 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 Identity or privity as to parties. 54 
 L.R.A. 650. 
 
 Identity of issues. 54 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 Effect of action beyond or without au- 
 thority. 54 L;R.A. 654. 
 Effect of verdict for servant in action 
 
 against master and servant for latter's 
 
 negligence or misfeasance. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 880; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 § 45. Husband and wife. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment in wife's suit 
 for personal injuries, in husband's ac- 
 tion for loss of services and expenses. 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 140. 
 
 Effect of judgment declaring husband's title 
 to an estate to be that of mortgagee, 
 upon dower right of wife, who was not 
 a party to the action. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 723. 
 
 § 4 6. Corporations and stockholders. 
 
 Against corporations, conclusive on stock- 
 holder. 2 L.E.A. 270.* 
 Necessity of notice to stockholder to bind 
 him by an order for unpaid stock sub- 
 scription in insolvency proceedings. St! 
 ,L.R.A.(N.S.) 177. 
 Conclusiveness of order in domicil of cor- 
 poration of assessment against 
 stftckholders outside thereof. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 910. 
 To cut off individual defenses. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 912. 
 
 §,47. Principal and surety. 
 
 Effect upon surety of judgment against 
 principal. 40 L.K.A.(N.S.) 698. 
 Official bonds. 52 L.R.A. 165; 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 704 
 
 Begin ivith thin hook on every law question. 
 
 JUDGMENT, III. e— cont'd 
 
 Of sheriffs and constables. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 165; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 704. 
 Of executors and administrators. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 708. 
 Of guardians. 40 L.R.A. (N.S) 
 
 717. 
 Of assignees. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 720. 
 Of receivers. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 721. 
 Miscellaneous. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 722. 
 Indemnity bonds and obligations. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 723. 
 Sheriffs' bonds. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 732. 
 Miscellaneous obligations. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 734. 
 Notice. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 737. 
 Special bonds in legal proceedings. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 741. 
 Appeal bonds. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 741. 
 Injunction bonds. 40 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 742. 
 Attachment bonds. 40 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 743. 
 Eeplevin bonds. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 744. 
 Sequestration bonds. 40L.E.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 745. 
 Miscellaneous bonds. 40 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 746. 
 Liquor bonds. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 Confession of judgment. 40 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 747. 
 Fraud and collusion. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 749. 
 
 § 48. Principal and agent. 
 
 Action against agent as bar to one against 
 principal undisclosed when first action 
 commenced. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 729. 
 
 Commencing action or taking judgment 
 against either an undisclosed principal 
 or his agent as a bar to a subsequent 
 action against the other. 21 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 786. 
 
 Judgment between principal and a third 
 person as res judicata in an action be- 
 tween the latter and an agent. 37 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 37. 
 
 § 49. Persons not in being. 
 
 Devestiture of estates of persons not in be- 
 ing. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 
 § 50. Mortgage cases. 
 
 Judgment against trustee in mortgage or 
 deed of trust to secure a debt as af- 
 fecting beneficiary who was not a party. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 196. 
 
 Conclusiveness on bond holders of decree in 
 suit by trustee in mortgage or deed of 
 trust. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1009. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 801 
 
 JUDGMENT, III.— cont'd 
 
 f. Collateral attacTc. 
 
 I. In general, 
 
 § 51. Generally. 
 
 Oil foreign judgment, see infra, §§ 71, 72. 
 Judgment in action to remove cloud on title, 
 
 see CLOtro ox Title, § 6. 
 On decree of divorce, ?ee Divorce and Sep- 
 
 ARATIOX, §§ 16-19. 
 
 What is. 11 L.R.A. 156.* 
 
 Presumptions in favor of judgment. 11 
 L.R.A. 159;* 12 L.E.A. 575.* 
 
 On adjudication in lunacy proceeding for 
 lack of notice. 23 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Collateral impeachment of findings as to 
 jurisdictional facts on which adminis- 
 tration of a decedent's estate is based. 
 18 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Presumption that attorney appearing in ac- 
 tion has full authority to do so. 21 
 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Presumption as to jurisdiction when record 
 shows defence. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 740. 
 
 Collateral attack on proceedings of magis- 
 trate committing witness for contempt. 
 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 
 On judgment against insane person. 39 
 L.E.A. 779; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1093. 
 
 § 5 2. Who may attack judgment. 
 
 Eight of parties to adoption proceedings or 
 their privies to attack decree of adop- 
 tion. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 159. 
 
 § 53. — alleged fraudulent grantee 
 from judgment debtor. 
 
 Status of the grantee as aflfecting his right 
 
 to attack the judgment. 67 L.E.A. 610. 
 How the objection to the judgment must 
 
 be made. 67 L.R.A. 611. 
 The sufficiency of the judgment pleaded, to 
 support the action. 67 L.E.A. 611. 
 
 Generally. 67 L.E.A. 611. 
 
 Tort claims. 67 L.E.A. 613. 
 
 2. Grounds. 
 
 § 54. Generally. 
 
 Decree of divorce, see Divorce and Separa- 
 Tiox, §§ 16-19. 
 
 Lack of notice. 11 L.E.A. 308.* 
 Insanitv of party. 39 L.E.A. 779. 
 Want of jurisdiction. 11 L.E.A. 160,* 308.* 
 Eight to inquire into jurisdictional facts. 
 
 12 L.E.A. 575.* 
 Errors or irregularities. 11 L.E.A. 155.* 
 Unauthorized appearance of attorney. 21 
 
 L.E.A. 854. 
 Perjury. 10 L.E.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 Collateral attack on lunacy proceedings for 
 want of notice to the lunatic. 12 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 895; 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 237. 
 Collateral attack on probate where the de- 
 cree or the will affirmatively shows that 
 the will is invalid. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 454. 
 
 § 55. Fraud. 
 
 As ground for attacking foreign judgment, 
 see infra, § 72. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JXiDGMENT, III. f, 2— cont'd 
 Decree of divorce, see Divorce and Sep.\ra- 
 TION, §§ 16, 17. 
 
 By alleged fraudulent grantee on judgment 
 on 'which action to set aside conveyance 
 as fraudulent is based. 67 L.E.A. 605. 
 Character and kinds of judgments and or- 
 ders within the rule that judg- 
 ments and orders cannot be collat- 
 erally attacked for fraud not af- 
 fecting the jurisdiction. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 980. 
 In general. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 980. 
 Particular kinds of judgments. 36 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 981. 
 Agreement. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 981. 
 Bankruptcy. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 981. 
 Compromise. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 982. 
 Confession. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 982. 
 Confirming accounts and reports, 
 
 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 982. 
 Confirming title to land. 36 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 983. 
 Consent. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 983, 
 Default. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 983. 
 Demurrer. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 984. 
 Dismissal. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 984. 
 Divorce. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985. 
 Ex parte. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985. 
 For costs. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985. 
 Foreclosure. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985. 
 Former conviction or acquittal. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985. 
 Habeas corpus. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 986. 
 Nonsuit. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 986. 
 Partition. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 986. 
 Probate. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 986. 
 Stipulation. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 987. 
 Warrant of attorney. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 988. 
 Miscellaneous. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 988. 
 
 § 56. Decision against constitutional 
 right. 
 
 Denial of due process of law or other consti- 
 tutional right of procedure. 39 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 In general. 39 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Habeas corpus cases. 39 L.R.A. 450. 
 Conviction for violating unconstitutional 
 
 statute or ordinance. 39 L.R.A. 454. 
 Judgment on unconstitutional contract. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 457. 
 Other cases. 39 L.R.A. 458. 
 
 § 5 7. Judgment on which action to set 
 aside conveyance as fraudulent is 
 based. 
 
 Attack for fraud or collusion. 67 L.E.A. 
 605. 
 
 Fraud. 67 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Collusion. 67 L.R.A. 607. 
 Attack for irregularity. 67 L.R.A. 608. 
 Unintentional default in the original action. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 609. 
 Attack for matters arising since the judg- 
 ment. 67 L.E.A. 609. 
 
 Dormancy. , 67 L.E.A. 609. 
 
 >1 
 
802 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 JUDGMENT, III. f, 2— cont'd 
 
 Waiver or estoppel. 67 L.R.A. 609. 
 Satisfaction. 67 L.R.A. 610. 
 Intervening judgment in favor of a 
 
 stranger. 67 L.R.A. 610. 
 Intervening bankruptcy. 67 L.R.A. 610. 
 Pendency of other proceedings. 67 
 L.R.A. 610. 
 
 IT. The lien. 
 
 a. In general, 
 
 § 58. Generally. 
 
 What entry or record is necessary to secure 
 lien, see supra, § 15. 
 
 Kxtent of. 7 L.R.A. 232.* 
 
 RiTect of judgment as lien. 17 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Effect of filing of creditor's bill on lien of 
 judgment. 17 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Effect on, of deed in partition. 57 L.R.A. 
 340. 
 
 Effect on, of discharge in bankruptcy. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 294. 
 
 Effect upon existing judgment lien of pro- 
 ceedings to renevy, revive, or extend the 
 judgment. 53 L.R.A. 702. 
 
 Of judgment for violation of liquor law. 7 
 L.R.A. 298.* 
 
 Position of judgment creditors of partner- 
 ship. 28 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 Necessity of keeping alive judgment against 
 municipal corporation. 2 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 855. 
 
 § 59. Of judgment of Federal court. 
 
 Similarity of liens of Federal judgments, 
 
 to those of judgments in state courts. 
 
 47 L.R.A. 469. 
 Derivation of liens. 47 L.R.A. 470. 
 Territorial extent of lien. 47 L.R.A. 473. 
 
 Generally. 47 L.R.A. 473. 
 
 As limited by state recording acts. 47 
 L.R.A. 475. 
 Time of attaching. 47 L.R.A. 478. 
 Statutes of limitations. 47 L.R.A. 478. 
 Suspending the lien. 47 L.R.A. 479. 
 Judgments rendered in another state. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 479. 
 Priority of judgment in favor of United 
 
 States. 47 L.R.A. 479. 
 Decree in admiralty. 47 L.R.A. 480. 
 
 § 60. Contmulng lien of judgment 
 opened or set aside to permit a de- 
 fense. 
 
 Distinction between opening and setting 
 aside or vacating judgment. 41 L.R.A. 
 222. 
 
 Power to continue lien on opening judg- 
 ment. 41 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 The Pennsylvania and Ohio rules. 41 L.R.A. 
 225. 
 
 Effect of continuance of lien. 41 L.R.A. 225. 
 
 The second or final judgment. 41 L.R.A. 
 226. 
 
 The final enforcement or collection. 41 
 L.R.A. 227. 
 
 JUDGMENT, 
 
 IV.— cont'd 
 b. Priority 
 
 of. 
 
 §61. Generally. 
 
 Priority of judgment of Federal court in 
 favor of United States. 47 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 Effect on homestead right; subject to home- 
 stead right. 11 L.R.A. 705.* 
 
 On future crops as against purchaser or 
 mortgagee. 23 L.R.A. 466. 
 
 Superiority of lien of local assessment. 35 
 L.R.A. 372. 
 
 Pre-existing debt as consideration for mort- 
 gage as against judgment. 33 L.R.A 
 309. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to priority of judgment. 40 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 435. 
 
 § 62. As to unrecorded conveyance. 
 
 In absence of express statutory definition. 
 
 16 L.R.A. 668. 
 Priority of judgment by virtue of statutes. 
 
 16 L.R.A. 668. 
 Effect of notice on rank of lien of judgment. 
 
 16 L.R.A. 670. 
 Priority of right of purchaser at sale under 
 
 judgment. 16 L.R.A. 671. 
 When judgment creditor purchases at sale. 
 
 16 L.R.A. 671. 
 Effect of notice to purchaser at judgment 
 
 sale. 16 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 § 6 3. Over conveyance made after be- 
 ginning of term. 
 
 English rule. 38 L.R.A. 243. 
 
 American comments on English rule. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 245. 
 States in which the judgment relates back. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 246. 
 General American rule. 38 L.R.A. 247. 
 Judgment with stay of execution. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 250. 
 Special cases. 38 L.R.A. 250. 
 
 § 64. On after -acquired iiroperty. 
 
 Enumeration of the different rules. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 209. 
 Rule that liens attach equallv. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 210. 
 Rule that original priority is retained. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 212. 
 Rule that lien does not attach. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 212. 
 
 c. On what property. 
 
 § 65. Generally. 
 
 Priority of lien on 
 §§ 61-64. 
 
 property, see supra, 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 Against property sold in action to enforce 
 contribution to cost of party wall by or 
 against grantees or successors in title. 
 66 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 Judgment against individual as lien on in- 
 terest of tenant bv entirety. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1026; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 555. 
 
 Money decree for permanent alimony or sep- 
 arate maintenance as lien on real prop- 
 erty. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 132. 
 
 Dedication as affecting lien of judgment. 
 31 L.R,A.(N.S.) 1028. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 803 
 
 JUDGilEXT, IV. c— cont'd 
 
 Judgment on antecedent debt as lien on 
 property to which exemption law lias 
 attached in the meantime. 37 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 156. 
 
 Lien of judgment against one having legal 
 title to land belonging to another. 22 
 L.R.A. 25S. 
 
 Lien on judgment on real property permit- 
 ted to stand in debtor's name. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 10. 
 
 V. Foreign judgments. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 6 6. Generally. 
 
 Jurisdiction to render decree of divorce 
 against nonresident, see DivoKCE and 
 Sepabation, §§ 7-12. 
 
 Impeaching foreign decree of divorce, see 
 Divorce and Sepakation, § 17. 
 
 How pleaded. 4 L.E.A. 685.* 
 
 Law governing right to interest on foreign 
 judgment. 56 L.E.A. 309. 
 
 Lien of judgment of Federal court rendered 
 in another state. 47 L.E.A. 479. 
 
 Copies of records of, for evidence iu other 
 state. 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 938. 
 
 Sufficiency of foreign judgment as condition 
 precedent to equitable remedies of cred- 
 itors. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 22. 
 
 6. Effect and conclusiveness o/. 
 
 § 6 7. Generally. 
 
 In divorce suit, see DrvoKCE and Sepaka- 
 TION, § 15. 
 
 Application and effect of full faith and cred- 
 it provision of Federal Constitution, 
 generally. 4 L.R.A. 131;* 7 L.E.A. 
 578;* 12 L.R.A. 574.* 
 Decision under full faith and credit provi- 
 sion as a Federal question. 62 L.R.A. 
 529. 
 Consideration by Federal Supreme Court of 
 questions relating to full faith and cred- 
 it provision in reviewing judgment of 
 state court. 63 L.R.A. 580. 
 Foreign judgments in rem. 20 L.R.A. 668; 
 32 L.R.A. 236. 
 Sentences of courts of admiralty. 20 
 L.E.A. 668. 
 In actions on policies of marine in- 
 surance. 20 L.R.A. 669. 
 The conclusiveness extends to those 
 matters onlv which are expressly 
 decided. 20' L.R.A. 670. 
 The sentence must be clear and without 
 
 ambiguity. 20 L.R.A. 670. 
 The decree may be impeached for want 
 
 of jurisdiction. 20 L.E.A. 671. 
 Can fraud be shown. 20 L.R.A. 673. 
 Foreign probate decrees. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 673. 
 Foreign adjudications in bankruptcy. 
 20 L.R.A. 073. 
 Judgments in personam, 20 L,E..A. 674. 
 The judgment must be final. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 677. 
 The foreign court must have had juris- 
 diftioii. 20 L.R.A. 677. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JUDGMENT, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Judgments rendered in the foreign 
 countrv against nonresidents. 20 
 L.R.A.' 678. 
 Fraud will destroy the effect of the 
 
 judgment. 20 L.R.A. 679. 
 Mistake of English law. 20 L.R.A. 680. 
 Where the proceedings in the foreign 
 court are summary. 20 L.R.A. 680. 
 Local laws will not be given extraterri- 
 torial force. 20 L.E.A. 680. 
 Foreign judgment does not merge the 
 cause of action. 20 L.E.A. 681. 
 Judgments of the courts of the Confederate 
 
 states. 20 L.E.A. 681. 
 Foreign habeas corpus decree as to custody 
 of infant as res judicata. 67 L.R.A. 
 788. 
 Effect of assessment on stockholders under 
 order of court in another state as res 
 judicata. 34 L.R.A. 694. 
 Effect in third state of decree upholding a 
 foreign judgment. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 325. 
 Effect of foreign judgment obtained on un- 
 authorized appearaace by attorney. 21 
 L.R.A. 857. 
 
 § 68. Judgment by confession. 
 
 Effect in other states, of judgment confessed 
 on warrant of attorney. 3 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 449. 
 
 § 69. Effect of probate of will in an- 
 other state. 
 
 Conclusiveness of foreign probate decrees. 
 20 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 As to persona] property. 48 L.E.A. 131. 
 
 Wills of real estate. 48 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 Presumption. 48 L.E.A. 136. 
 
 As to full faith and credit. 48 L.E.A. 136. 
 
 Conclusiveness of decree of probate from an- 
 other state. 48 L.E.A. 137. 
 Generally. 48 L.E.A. 137. 
 After filing for record. 48 L.E.A. 141. 
 
 Classification by states. 48 L.E.A. 142. 
 
 Conclusiveness of foreign probate as affect- 
 ing real property. 6 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 617. 
 
 § 7 0. Against executor or administra- 
 tor. 
 
 Tlie general rule. 27 L.R.A. 101. 
 
 In proceedings commenced in decedent's 
 
 lifetime. 27 L.E.A. 105. 
 Reasons for the rule. 27 L.R.A. 106. 
 The efTect of the United States Constitution 
 
 and act of Congress. 27 L.E.A. 108. 
 How affected by state statute. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 109. 
 As evidence of indebtedness. 27 L.R.A. 111. 
 Exceptions to the general rule. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 112. 
 English decision.s. 27 L.R.A. 116. 
 
 c. Collateral nttacic on. 
 
 § 71. Generally. 
 
 On decree of divorce, see Djvorce and Sep- 
 
 ABATTOX, § 17. 
 
 .Attack on foreign judgment on ground that 
 appearance of attorney unauthorized. 
 21 L.R.A. 857. 
 
804 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 JUDGMENT, V. c— cont'd 
 
 § 72. On ground of fraud. 
 
 Eight of surety to relief against judgment, 
 see Pbincipal and Surety, § 25. 
 
 Bight to question judgment of court of sis- 
 ter state upon ground that defendant 
 was induced by fraud to go within its i 
 jurisdiction. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 941. 
 Eight to resist judgment of sister state on 
 th>3 ground of fraud. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.B.) 905. 
 The right. 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 906. 
 
 The written law. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 006. 
 Status of judgments of sister 
 
 states. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 906. 
 Impeachment on jurisdictional 
 
 grounds. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 909. 
 Impeachment for fraud. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 913. 
 Judgments vulnerable at home. 32 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 917. 
 In respect of parties. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 920. 
 The fraud. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 922. 
 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 922. 
 Relating to the cause of action. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 923. 
 False testimony. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 924. 
 Upon the law of the forum. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 925. 
 Upon the parties. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 929. 
 
 Betrayals and impositions. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 929. 
 
 Decoying within jurisdiction. 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 931. 
 The methods. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 932. 
 Defense of actions of debt. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 932. 
 The need of seeking relief in the 
 
 states where the judgments 
 
 wer^ rendered. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 933. 
 The necessity of resorting to equi- 
 ty. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 935. 
 Direct attacks. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 935. 
 Where legal and equitable juris- 
 diction are united. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 938. 
 Failures in pleading and proof. 
 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 
 d. Enforcement. 
 
 § 73. Generally. 
 
 Decree for alimony, see Divorce and Sepa- 
 ration, § 45. 
 
 Action in one state upon a judgment re- 
 covered under a penal statute in an- 
 other. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 873. 
 
 Right of domiciliary administTator to sue 
 on judgment in other state. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 430. 
 
 Judgment upon judgment of sister state as 
 merger of the original. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 360. 
 
 Begin u-ith this lioolc on every law question. 
 
 JUDGMENT— cont'd 
 YI. I'aynient; discliarge; assignment. 
 
 a. Payment; discharge; satisfaction. 
 
 § 7 4. Generally. 
 
 Exemption of property from liability to 
 
 satisfy, see Exemptions. 
 Judgment against) infant, see Infants, 
 
 1- 36. 
 Release of one joint debtor from judgment, 
 
 see Joint Creditors and Debtors, II. 
 
 Payment by volunteer. 23 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 Presumption of payment from lapse of 
 time. 10 L.R.A. 454.* 
 
 Satisfaction of judgment on which action 
 to set aside conveyance by judgment 
 debtor is based. 67 L.R.A. 610. 
 
 Slieriff's duty as to adverse claims to pro- 
 ceeds of judgments in his hands. 47 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Right of town, county, or municipality to 
 compromise valid judgment on partial 
 payment thereof. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 320. 
 
 Right of alleged fraudulent grantee of judg- 
 ment debtor .to show payment of claim 
 on which judgment) based. 67 L.R.A. 
 599. 
 
 § 75. Who may receive payment. 
 
 Right of next friend to receive payment of, 
 and satisfy, judgment recovered in be- 
 half of infant. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 913. 
 
 Satisfaction by attorney, guardian ad litem 
 or next friend, of judgment in favor of 
 minor. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 
 § 7 6. Effect of. 
 
 Effect of release of one joint judgment debt- 
 or, see Joint Creditors and Debtors, 
 
 n. 
 
 Extinguishment of judgment against prin- 
 cipal by surety's payment, see Princi- 
 pal AND Surety, § 28. 
 
 Payment by defeated party as estoppel to 
 appeal therefrom. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 22. 
 
 Right of one who has collected part of judg- 
 ment to appeal from the rest. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 15. 
 
 Right to show upon extrinsic evidence that 
 payment of judgment against, or con- 
 sideration for release of, alleged joint 
 tort feasor was not a satisfaction of 
 the claim. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 329. 
 
 Right to new trial after satisfaction of 
 judgment. 68 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 Title of purchaser at judicial sale where 
 judgment was satisfied before sale. 21 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Payment, as ground for injunction against 
 judgment. 30 L.R.A. 563. 
 
 Effect of judgment against one joint tort 
 feasor and satisfaction thereof wholly 
 or partly on liability of other. 58 
 L.R.A. 421. 
 
 § 7 7. Cancelation of; recovery back. 
 
 Right of creditor to have satisfaction of 
 judgment canceled where the property 
 levied on, or its proceeds, is returned to 
 the debtor as exempt, or to a third per- 
 son who establishes a claim thereto. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 
IKDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 805 
 
 JCDcaiENT, VI. a— cont'd 
 
 when does limitation commence to run 
 against action to recover money paid 
 on a judgment subsequently reversed 
 or modified. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 31. 
 
 b. Assignment. 
 
 § 7 8. Generally. 
 
 Assignability of decree for alimony. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 179. 
 
 Assignment of judgment as transfer of inci- 
 dental rights. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 149. 
 
 Suit by assignee. 12 L.R.A. 682.* 
 
 Set-off against judgment in hands of as- 
 signee. 23 L.R.A. 335. 
 
 Right to injunction against enforcement of 
 judgment as aid to equitable set-off of 
 claim as against assignee of judgment. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 143. 
 
 Assignment of judgment as affecting attor- 
 ney's lien thereon. 37 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 226. 
 
 Effect of death of one of the parties after 
 assignment upon remedy by execution. 
 61 L.R.A. 359. 
 
 Til. Revival; enforcement, 
 
 a. Revival. 
 
 § 79. Generally. 
 
 Jiffect of new promise or payment on barred 
 judgment. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 440. 
 
 Effect on existing judgment lien of pro- 
 ceedings to revive judgment. 53 L.R.A. 
 702. 
 
 Effect of resolution to pay judgment 
 against city to excuse creditor's failure 
 to revive judgment during statutory 
 period. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 855. 
 
 § 80. Service of notice in proceedings 
 for. 
 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1162. 
 
 Mode and sufficiency of service, generallv. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1162. 
 Directing process to other county. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 1163. 
 Service on nonresident of state. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1163. 
 
 b. Enforcement. 
 
 § 81. Generally. 
 
 Of foreign judgment, see supra, § 73. 
 Injunction against, see Injuxotion, §§ 47- 
 
 60. 
 Set-off of, or against, see Set-Off and 
 
 COTJNTEECLAIM, §§ 22-24. 
 
 Entry or record necessary for the purpose 
 of enforcing judgment. 28 L.R.A. 633. 
 
 Of judgment against insane person. 39 
 L.R.A. 778; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1093. 
 
 Final enforcement or collection of judg- 
 ment opened or set aside to permit a 
 defense. 41 -L.R.A. 227. 
 
 Judgment in suit in equity affecting real 
 property in another state or country. 
 69 L.R.A. 694. 
 (Jonsult also L.R.A., Digests to date. 
 
 JUDGMENT, \U. b— cont'd 
 
 Enforcement of judgment against munici- 
 
 palitv for property destroyed by mob. 
 
 24 L'.R.A. 602. 
 I'ower of Federal court to enforce its own 
 
 judgment against a decedent's estate. 
 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 154. 
 Enforceability of judgment containing 
 
 usury. 3 L.R.A'.(N.S.) 715. 
 Effect of death of one of the parties after, 
 
 upon remedy by execution. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 353. 
 Injunction in favor of judgment creditors 
 
 against sale under other process. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 127. 
 Liability for procuring judgment on spur- 
 ious claim and enforcing the same 
 ' against the property of the judgment 
 
 debtor. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1112. t 
 
 § 82. Who may enforce. 
 
 \Vho is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion on judgment must be brought. 64 
 L.R.A. 608. 
 
 § 83. — right of surety who has paid 
 judgment to enforce it. 
 
 At law. 16 L.E.A. 115. 
 in equitv. 16 L.R.A. 117. 
 Under statutes. 16 L.R.A. 118. 
 
 § 84. Mode of enforcement. 
 
 By execution or levy, see Exectjteon; Levy 
 AND Seizuke. 
 
 Action upon judgment. 2 L.R.A. 830.* 
 
 Equitable remedy to subject chose in action 
 to judgment after return of no prop- 
 erty found. 63 L.R.A. 673; 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 976. 
 
 How decree for specific performance of con- 
 tract for sale of land in another state, 
 enforced. 1 L.E.A. 79.* 
 
 Exhausting remedies at law as a condition 
 of right of judgment creditor to pro- 
 cure a receivership. 33 L.R.A. 546. 
 
 Enforcing orders and decrees of court by 
 imprisonment for debt. 34 L.R.A. 601. 
 
 Right to set up judgment in other court by 
 amendment or supplemental complaint 
 in pending action. 49 L.R.A. 285. 
 
 Provability of Judgments in bankruptcy. 54 
 L.R.A. 369. 
 
 Necessity of notice of default to bind guar- 
 antor of judgment. 20 L.R.A. 259. 
 
 Right to mandamus to compel inferior 
 court to execute or enforce its judg- 
 ment or decree. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.)' 886. 
 
 § 85. Effect of dormancy of judgment. 
 
 Attack for dormancy, on judgment on 
 which artion to set aside convevance as 
 fraudulent is based. 67 L.R.A." 609. 
 
 Dormancy of, as ground for injunction 
 against execution. 30 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 § 86. Limitation of action to enforce. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to limitations of actions 
 
 on. 48 L.R.A. 632. 
 Effect of bar of limitations against action 
 
 to enforce judgment on right to isssuo 
 
 execution thereon. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1096. 
 
806 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 JUDGMENT— cont'd 
 
 VIII. Relief from; setting aside. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 8 7. Generally. 
 
 Appealability of judgment, see Appeal and 
 Ekkoe, §§ 1, 2. 
 
 Loss of right to appeal, see Appeal and Ee- 
 BOR, §§ 8, 8a. 
 
 Trom decree of divorce, see Divorce and 
 Separation, §§ 16-19. 
 
 Injunction against judgment, see Injunc- 
 tion, §§ 47-60. 
 
 General equitable jurisdiction in regard to 
 injunctions against judgments, see In- 
 junction, § 47. 
 
 Negligence as bar to injunction, see In- 
 junction, § 57. 
 
 As to bill of review, see Review. 
 
 Continuing lien of judgment opened or set 
 aside to permit a defense, see supra, 
 
 ;' § 60. 
 
 Assignment of right to set aside. 15 L.K.A. 
 813. 
 
 Relief from, when rendered on publication 
 of process. 16 L.R.A. 361. 
 
 Opening, setting aside, and vacating decrees 
 obtained by publication. 19 L.R.A. 
 817. 
 
 Reversal, setting aside, or superseding of 
 judgment as ground for injunction. 30 
 L.R.A. 563. 
 
 Knowledge of the pendency of an action as 
 affecting right to equitable relief from 
 judgment rendered without personal ju- 
 risdiction over defendant. 9 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 1062. 
 
 Hay judgment against two or more tort 
 feasors be set aside as to some and al- 
 lowed to stand as to the rest. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 200, 
 
 Relief from judgment against insane person. 
 39 L.R.A. 780; 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 When relief granted. 39 L.R.A. 780; 
 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1094. 
 How relief obtained. 39 L.R.A. 781; 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1095. 
 Nature of proceedings. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1095. 
 Who may invoke remedy. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1096. 
 
 Removal for separable controversy of ac- 
 tion by school district to cancel judg- 
 ments. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 
 Elimination of usury after judgment fixing 
 amount of debt or lien. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 715. 
 
 § 88. Defenses. 
 
 Right to open default judgment to let in 
 defense of statute of limitations. 61 
 L.R.A. 746. 
 
 Right to open judgment to let in defense of 
 usury. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 659. 
 
 Necessity of showing defense to cause of 
 action on which judgment based as a 
 condition of maintaining suit in equity 
 to set the same aside upon ground that 
 it was obtained without jurisdiction. 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 213. 
 
 JUDGMENT, \lll. a— cont'd 
 
 Necessity of affidavit of meritorious defense, 
 and necessity of showing such defense, 
 in order to vacate a judgment rendered 
 without jurisdiction of the person of 
 defendant. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 405. 
 
 § 89. Judgment by confession. 
 
 Injunction against judgment by confession, 
 see Injunction, § 59. 
 
 Right of third person to have judgment on 
 confession set aside. 54 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Setting aside judgment confessed on war- 
 rant of attorney. 13 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 § 9 0. Judgment by default. 
 
 Grounds for relief, see infra, § 97. 
 
 Right to open default judgment to let in de- 
 fense of limitations. 61 L.R.A. 746. 
 
 Reliance upon receiving notice from oppos- 
 ing counsel as excuse for default. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 196. 
 
 Waiver of right to appeal from opening of 
 default by acceptance of favorable part. 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 
 § 91. —availability to privies. 
 
 Is remedy of party to open a default judg- 
 ment available to his privies. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1063. 
 
 Default based upon constructive serv- 
 ice of process. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1063. 
 
 Default based upon personal service. 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1066. 
 
 § 92. Who may have judgment against 
 other j/arties set aside. 
 
 Who entitled to appeal, see Appeal and Er- 
 ror, §§ 7, 7a. 
 
 Right of third person to have decree of di- 
 vorce set aside. 54 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Is remedy to open default judgment avail- 
 able to his privies. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1063. 
 
 Right of distributee who had no notice and 
 did not appear, to have decree of ac- 
 counting opened. 63 L.R.A. 98. 
 
 Remedy of pretermitted heirs to have pro- 
 bate set aside. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1144. 
 
 Who may ask for relief from judgment 
 against insane person. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1096. 
 
 Decrees of divorce. 54 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Judgments on confession. 54 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Matters of administration, probate, heirs, 
 guardian. 54 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 Assignment for creditors. 54 L.R.A. 762. 
 
 Garnishment. 54 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 Foreclosure of mortgage. 54 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 Judgments against partners. 54 L.R.A. 
 763. 
 
 Judgments against corporations. 54 L.R.A. 
 763. 
 
 For death of party. 54 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 For usury. 54 L.R.A. 765. 
 
 Application by surety or guarantor. 54 
 L.R.A. 765. 
 
 Application by partv claiming property af- 
 fected. 54 L.R.A. 766. 
 
 Begin with tliis hooh- on every laiv question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 807 
 
 JUDGMENT, VIII. a— cont'd 
 
 Application by creditors seeking relief. 54 
 L.E.A. 768. 
 
 Application by other persons. 54 L.R.A. 
 768. 
 
 Who is entitled to invoke certiorari to re- 
 view a decree or order affecting sale of 
 intoxicating liquor. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 610. 
 
 Eight of creditor to attack a judgment 
 against debtor in favor of another cred- 
 itor on the ground of accident or mis- 
 take. 29 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1190. 
 
 6. Gronnds. 
 
 § 93. Generally. 
 
 For relief from decree of divorce, see Di- 
 vorce AND Sepabation, §§ 16-19. 
 
 Invalidity or want of jurisdiction as ground 
 for injunction, see Injuxctiox. § 48. 
 
 Errors and irregularities as ground for in- 
 junction, see Injunction, § 49. 
 
 Matters arising subsequent to rendition of 
 judgment, as ground for injunction, see 
 Injunction, § 50. 
 
 Defenses existing prior to rendition of judg- 
 ment, as ground for injunction, see 
 Injunction, § 51. 
 
 Relief from judgment obtained on unau- 
 thorized appearance by attorney. 21 
 L.R.A. 854. 
 
 Relief against judgment rendered against 
 insane person. 39 L.R.A. 780. 
 
 Relief from judgment suffered in reliance 
 upon a promise which was not ob- 
 served. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 579. 
 
 § 94. Mistake. Inadvertence, surprise, 
 or excusable neglect. 
 
 Accident, sickness, or death, as ground for 
 injunction, see Injunction, § 54. 
 
 Mistake as ground for injunction, see In- 
 junction, § 55. 
 
 Surprise or duress as ground for injunction, 
 see Injunction, § 56. 
 
 Neglience as ground for injunction, see In- 
 junction, § 57. 
 
 Right of creditor to attack judgment 
 against debtor in favor of another cred- 
 itor on ground of accident or mistake. 
 29 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1190. 
 
 Delay of mail or train, or loss of mail, as 
 accident or surprise for which judgment 
 by default may be set aside. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 740. 
 
 Lack of actual notice in case of construct- 
 ive service as ground for relief, un- 
 der a statute permitting opening of a 
 judgment for mistake, inadvertence, 
 surprise, or excusable neglect. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1068. 
 
 Is neglect of counsel to be imputed to party, 
 under statute providing for relief from 
 judgment for mistake, inadvertence, 
 surprise, or excusable neglect. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 858. 
 
 § 95. Fraud and collusion. 
 
 Fraud as ground for injunction, see In- 
 junction, § 52. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JUDGMENT, \IU. b— cont'd 
 
 Fraud as ground for relief from judgment 
 for purchase money. 31 L.R.A. 753. 
 
 Fraud or collusion as ground for relief 
 from judgment obtained on unauthor- 
 ized appearance by attorney. 21 L.R.A. 
 854. 
 
 Relief from judgment suffered in reliance 
 upon a promise which was not ob- 
 served. 13 L.R.A. (X.S.) 579. 
 
 Concealment of evidence as ground for re- 
 lief against judgment. 26 L.R.A. 
 i (N.S.) 536. 
 
 § 9 6. Perjury. 
 
 Perjury as ground for injunction, see In- 
 junction, § 53. 
 
 Perjury as ground for relief against judg- 
 ment. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 216; 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 564; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 574. 
 
 Failure to meet perjury on the trial, 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 217. 
 
 Degree of certainty with which perjury 
 may be established. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 220. 
 
 Guilt or connivance of the successful 
 party. 10 L.E.A. (N.S.) 224. 
 
 Materiality 'of the perjury. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 225. 
 
 Full effect of rule that there must be 
 an end of litigation. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 226. 
 
 Statutory rules. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 236. 
 
 Collateral attack. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 242. 
 
 § 9 7. Judgment by default. 
 
 Delay of mail or train or loss of mail, as 
 accident or surprise for which judg- 
 ment by default may be set aside. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740. 
 
 Reliance upon receiving notice from oppos- 
 ing counsel as excuse for default. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 196. 
 
 JUDGMENT IN PERSONAM, 
 
 See Judgment, §§ 9, 10, 23. 
 
 JUDICIAL MATTERS. 
 
 Time in relation to, see Time, § 2. 
 «-^* 
 
 JUDICIAU NOTICE. 
 
 See Evidence, II. 
 
 JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 Validity of contract procured by threats of, 
 see CONTEACTS, § 91. 
 
808 
 
 INDEX TO L,R.A. ^"OTES. 
 
 JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS— cont'd 
 Privileged nature of report of, see Libel 
 
 AND Slander, §§ 28-30. 
 Mistalce in, see Mistake, § 18. 
 On Sunday, see Sunday, § 3. 
 
 Opinion gained from newspaper reports of, 
 as disqualification of juror in criminal 
 case. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1007. 
 
 Necessity of, to effect escheat. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 379. 
 
 Voluntariness of payment of license fee 
 after commencement of. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 874. 
 
 Voluntariness of payment of license fee un- 
 der threats of. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 875. 
 
 Apprehension or possibility of, as affecting 
 voluntariness of pavment of license fee. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 876. 
 
 Uncontradicted statement in presence of ac- 
 cused in, as confession or admission. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 562; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 893. 
 
 JUDICIAL RECORDS. 
 
 See Records and Recording Laws, §§7, 
 8. 
 
 JUDICIAL SALE. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. The sale generally, §§ S-7a. 
 III. Effect; validity; deed, §§ 8-10. 
 IT. Purchasers and their rights, duties, 
 and liabilities, §§ 11-16. 
 T. Setting aside; collateral attacTc on, 
 
 §§ 17, 18. 
 TI. Redemption, § 19. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to auctions, see Auctions. 
 
 Of property in custody of law, see Custody 
 OF Law, § 3. 
 
 Sale by personal representative, see Execu- 
 tors and Administrators, § 59. 
 
 Sale by guardian of ward's land, see Guard- 
 ian AND Ward, §§ 7, 14. 
 
 Sale of infant's lands generally, see In- 
 fants, §§ 27-29. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §§ 
 41a-44. 
 
 Sale on foreclosure of mortgage, see Mort- 
 gage, §§ 77-82. 
 
 Partition sale, see Partition. 
 
 Sale by pledgee, see Pledge and Collat- 
 eral Security, §§ 11-14. 
 
 Sale by receiver, see Receivers, § 28. 
 
 Sale for taxes, see Taxes, §§ 72-81a. 
 
 Estoppel of widow to claim dower by her 
 silence at sale of property. 1 L.R.A. 
 524.* 
 
 Personal liability of officer or refei-ee to sell 
 property for broker's services. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 777. 
 
 Right of foreign sheriff to maintain action 
 in respect of a sale made by him while 
 in office. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 792. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 JUDICIAL SALE, I.— cont'd 
 Presumption as to time of erasure in order 
 
 of sale. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 115. 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 
 to matters relating to. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 436. 
 
 //. The sale generally. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 When sheriff may act by deputy. 3 L.R.A. 
 440.* 
 
 Right to withdraw property after it has 
 been offered. 57 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 Right of officer conducting a sale to make 
 bids. 20 L.R.A. 503. 
 
 Irregularity in, as ground for injunction 
 against sale. 30 L.R.A. 138. 
 
 Title of purchaser as affected by irregular- 
 ities in notice of sale. 21 L.R.A. 42. 
 
 § 3. Time. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for. 
 49 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 § 4. — on other than appointed date. 
 
 In general. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 248. 
 Sale on adjourned or postponed date. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 249. 
 Valid without readvertising. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 249. 
 Readvertisement necesasrv. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 250. 
 Loss of priority of execution by consent of 
 creditor to delay or postponement of 
 sale. 27 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 § 5. Place. 
 
 Place of. 33 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 8 6. Of what property. 
 
 What may be sold under levy on partner- 
 ship property for debt of partner. 46 
 L.R.A. 485, 499. 
 
 Of trademark. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 717. 
 
 Of collateral bonds and commercial paper. 
 53 L.R.A. 863. 
 
 Of land held adversely. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 741. 
 
 § 7 . — corporate franchise or property 
 necessary for its enjoyment. 
 
 In general. 20 L.R.A. 737; 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 636. 
 
 Private corporations. 20 L.R.A. 737; 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 737. 
 
 Quasi-public corporations. 20 L.R.A. 737; 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 737. 
 
 Corporate property. 20 L.R.A. 737; 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 737, 739. 
 
 What property is necessary to the fran- 
 chises. 20 L.R.A. 739. , 
 
 Equity sales. 20 L.R.A. 739; 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 738. 
 
 Enjoining sale. 20 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Legislative authority. 20 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Effect of sale. 20 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Property not n'ecessary to operation of 
 franchise. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 738. 
 
 Right to sell property separate from fran- 
 chise. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 642. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 809 
 
 JUDICIAL SALE, II.— cont'd 
 § ia. Bids. 
 
 Release of purchaser from, on annulling ju- 
 dicial sale. 59 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Chilling of, at judicial sale. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1198. 
 
 Contract for sale of bid at judicial sale as 
 suppression of competition. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1206. 
 
 III. Effect; validity; deed. 
 
 § 8. Effect and validity. 
 
 liffect of fraud at, see Fbaud and Deceit, 
 
 § 20. 
 Effect of judicial sale of insured property, 
 
 see IxsuKANCE, § 71. 
 Validity of tax sale, see Taxes, § 75. 
 Eilect of tax sale, see Taxes, § 76. 
 
 Validity of, as a'gainst persons not in being. 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 
 Devestiture of estate of persons not in be- 
 ing by. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 
 Effect of sale of corporate franchise or 
 property necessary for its enjoyment. 
 20 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Effect of sale of lands under execution 
 against husband upon wife's right of 
 dower. 18 L.R.A. 78. 
 
 Effect of sale under execution of part of 
 tract of land to create easement. 26 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 343. 
 
 Effect of purchase of real property at, to 
 work an equitable conversion of a cor- 
 responding part of the purehrser's per- 
 sonal estate into realty. 16 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 859. 
 
 Sale on execution against one cotenant as 
 basis of adverse possession against 
 other. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 710. 
 
 Effect of void proceedings under which real 
 property is sold, to start statute of lim- 
 itations running in favor of purchaser 
 in possession. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 354. 
 
 As violation of covenant in lease against 
 assignment or sale. 14 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 1203. 
 
 Remedy for mistake of law as to effect of. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 906. 
 
 § 9. — necessity of change of posses- 
 sion as against creditors of former 
 owner. 
 
 Cases holding that change of possession is 
 
 unnecessary. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1019. 
 Execution sales. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1019. 
 Sales under mortgages. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1021. 
 Sales under deeds of trust. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1021. 
 Goods sold under distress for rent. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1021. 
 Cases holding the contrary. 36 L.R.A. 
 fN.S.) 1021. 
 
 § 6a. — suppression of competition. 
 
 Scope. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1198. 
 General rule. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1198. 
 As to result of express or implied contract. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1199. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JUDICIAL SALE, III.— cont'd 
 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1199. 
 
 Enforceability. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1199. 
 
 As grounds for avoiding sale. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1199. 
 Where person refraining from bidding 
 
 has an interest to protect. 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1200. 
 Where debtor was a party. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1202. 
 Where all parties in interest assent. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1204. 
 Purchase by one and sale to another. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1206. 
 Purchase for joint benefit. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1206. 
 Contract for sale of bid. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1206. 
 Bidding as agent. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1206. 
 Conspiracy to suppress competition as 
 ground for avoiding sale. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1206. 
 Collateral attack. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1207. 
 Effect of statements or conduct of pur- 
 chaser at sale, which had a ten- 
 dency to chill bidding. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1207. 
 False statements. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1207. 
 True statements. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1209. 
 Conduct of purchaser at sale. 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1211. 
 Statements and conduct of officer conduct- 
 ing sale as ground for avoiding sale. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1211. 
 
 § 10. Deed. 
 
 Tax deed, see Taxes, § 81. 
 
 Deed made by deputy officer in his own 
 
 name. 19 L.R.A. 179. 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 
 sheriff's deed, 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 115. 
 
 IV. Purchasers and their rights, duties, 
 and liabilities. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Rights of purchaser at auction, see Auc- 
 tion, § 5. 
 
 On foreclosure, see Mortgage, §§ 80-82. 
 
 Rights of purchaser in partition suit, see 
 Partition, § 11. 
 
 Right of purchaser at sale of pledged prop- 
 erty, see Pledge and CorxATERAL Se- 
 curity, § 14. 
 
 Of purchaser at tax sale, see Taxes, §§ 78, 
 79. 
 
 Subrogation of purchaser, see Subrogation, 
 § 3. 
 
 What interest of debtor passes. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 441.* 
 Effect of misrepresentation to purchasers by 
 
 sheriff. IS L.R.A. 88. 
 Rights of purchaser at execution sale in 
 
 fraud of creditors. 67 L.R.A. 900. 
 Right of purcnaser on execution to set 
 
 aside fraudulent conveyance. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 784. 
 
SIO 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. KOTES. 
 
 JUDICIAL SALE, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Rights and position of purchaser of part- 
 nership real estate under execution 
 against firm. 28 L.R.A. 173. 
 Under execution against partner. 28 
 L.R.A. 173. 
 
 Position of partner purchasing partnership 
 property at sheriflf's sale. 28 L.R.A. 
 104. 
 
 Priority of right of purchaser at sale under 
 judgment over prior unrecorded convey- 
 ance. 16 L.R.A. 671. 
 
 Action by purchaser at judicial sale, to re- 
 move cloud on title. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 66. 
 
 Right of purchaser under judgment against 
 insane person. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1092. 
 
 Power of one of several joint purchasers at 
 a judicial sale to bind the others. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1139. 
 
 Does the fact that a sale of part of a tract 
 of land is involuntary, prevent implica- 
 tion of a way by necessity over the 
 remainder. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 
 Purchase by tenant at judicial sale during 
 tenancy. 53 L.R.A. 937. 
 
 Right of one cotenant to pui-chase the prop- 
 erty in his own right at a, sale under 
 an encumbrance created by one through 
 whom the cotenants derive title. 19 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 591. 
 
 Validity of agreement to purchase property 
 at judicial sale for joint benefit. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 719. 
 
 § 12. How far purchaser protected as 
 bona flde purchaser. 
 
 Who is a bona fide purchaser. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 33. 
 Records and want of notice. 21 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Unrecorded deeds. 21 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Unrecorded deeds where purchaser has 
 notice. 21 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 Want of notice to purchaser, generally. 
 21 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 Constructive notice. 21 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Priority by record. 21 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Mortgages and liens. 21 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 Vendor's liens. 21 L.R.A. 39. 
 Title of purchaser as affected by irregulari- 
 ties. 21 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 Irregularities of officer and records gen- 
 erally. 21 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 Amount of purchase. 21 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Matters of description. 21 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Sale en masse. 21 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Failure to give bond for infant's land. 
 21 L.R.A. 41. 
 
 Judgment and execution and levy. 21 
 L.R.A. 41. 
 
 Notice of sale. 21 L.R.A. 42. 
 
 Parties. 21 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 Process. 21 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 Time and place of sale. 21 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Want of revivor. 21 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Proceedings subsequent to the pur- 
 chase. 21 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Where judgment was satisfied before 
 sale. 21 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Fiduciarv relation of the purchaser. 
 21 L.R.A. 45. 
 Title stcquired. 21 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 JUDICIAL SALE, IV.— cont'd 
 Compelling the purchaser to complete the 
 purchase. 21 L.R.A. 45. 
 Objection on account of irregularity of 
 
 proceedings. 21 L.R.A. 45. 
 Objections on account of doubtful title. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 46. 
 Encumbrances. 21 L.R.A. 47. 
 Defect of parties. 21 L.R.A. 47. 
 Apportioning the purchase. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 47. 
 Curing the title. 21 L.R.A. 48. 
 Buildings. 21 L.R.A. 48. 
 Possession. 21 L.R.A. 48. 
 Outlet from premises. 21 L.R.A. 48. 
 Subrogation. 21 L.R.A. 48; 69 L.R.A. 42. 
 Subrogation on void execution sale. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 48. 
 Subrogation on void judicial sale. 21 
 L.R.A. 48. 
 Reimbursement. 21 L.R.A. 50; 69 L.R.A. 
 39. 
 Reimbursement on void execution sale. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 50. 
 Reimbursement at void judicial sale. 
 21 L.R.A. 50. 
 Recourse. 21 L.R.A. 51. 
 Reversal. 21 L.R.A. 52. 
 
 Purchase made by party or attorney. 
 I 21 L.R.A. 52. 
 
 Purchase by stranger. 21 L.R.A. 53. 
 Doctrine of caveat emptor as to. 3 L.R.A. 
 441;* 13 L.R.A. 304.* 
 
 § 13. Relief of purchaser on annulling 
 sale. 
 
 Release "from bid. 69 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Release from bid and return of deposit. 
 
 69 L.R.A. 36. 
 Relief by reimbursement or subrogation. 
 69 L.R.A. 39. 
 Generally. 69 L.R.A. 39. 
 Reimbursement. 21 L.R.A. 50; 69 
 
 L.R.A. 39. 
 Subrogation. 21 L.R.A. 48; 69 L.R.A. 
 42. 
 Generally. 69 L.R.A. 42. 
 Out of proceeds of resale. 69 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 Probate, guardians' and administra- 
 tors' sales. 69 L.R.A. 45. 
 Guardians' sales. 69 L.R.A. 45. 
 Administrators' sales. 69 L.R.A. 
 47. 
 Statutory relief. 69 L.R.A. 51. 
 Proceedings against nonresidents. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 52. 
 Fraudulent sales. 69 L.R.A. 53. 
 Relief by action against the debtor. 69 
 
 L.R.'A. 55. 
 Relief by action against the creditor. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 56. 
 Relief by action against the sheriff. 69 
 L.R.A. 58. 
 
 § 14. Title acquired. 
 
 Title acquired by purchaser. 21 L.R.A. 45. 
 Title as affected by irregularities. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 39. 
 Title procured on sale under execution. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 440.* 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.B.A. NOTES. 
 
 811 
 
 jrpiCIAL SALE, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Existence of implied warranty of title or 
 
 quality. 3 L.R.A. 440.* 
 Nature of the title or estate of the Irolder 
 of a sheriff's eertifloate before ob- 
 taining a deed. 15 L.R.A. 68. 
 Distinction between "title" and "es- 
 tate." 15 L.R.A. 68. 
 Nature of execution purchaser's inter- 
 est. 15 L.R.A. 69. 
 Insanity of judfi;ment debtor as affecting 
 
 title of purchaser. 39 L.R.A. 776. 
 Rights of seller of tixtvires to retain title 
 thereto or lien thereon as against pur- 
 chaser at judicial sale. 1 B. R. C. 669. 
 Quitclaim deed form purchaser at a judi- 
 cial sale as passing title subsequently 
 completed. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1190. 
 
 § 15. Abatement or retvirn of purchase 
 price. 
 
 Reimbursement of purchaser at void sale. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 50; 69 L.R.A. 39. 
 Injunction against judgment for purchase 
 money under court sales. 31 L.R.A. 
 755. 
 Eight of purchaser of land at judicial sale 
 to abatement of purcliase price for de- 
 ficiency in quantity. 28 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 393. 
 Liability of execution creditor for return 
 of purchase price upon failure of 
 title to property sold on execution. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1218. 
 Fraud or interference. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1220. 
 Statutes. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1221. 
 Miscellaneous. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1223. 
 
 § 16. Llabiltty of purchaser. 
 
 Liability of purchaser of property charged 
 with the payment of a legacy. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) "820. 
 
 Right of creditor, to enforce promise of one 
 allowed to secure property at judicial 
 sale upon faith of his promise to pay 
 owner's debts. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 399. 
 
 T. Setting aside; collateral attack on. 
 
 § 17. Setting aside. 
 
 Setting aside sale. 9 L.R.A. 731.* 
 
 Application to set aside must be made with- 
 in reasonable time. 9 L.R.A. 796.* 
 
 Mistake as ground of relief from purchase. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 927. 
 
 Statements and conduct of officer conduct- 
 ing sale as ground for. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1211. 
 
 l-"or conspiracy to suppress competition. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1206. 
 
 § 18. Collateral attack. 
 
 On sale by guardian without giving bond. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 763. 
 Suppression of competition as ground for. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1207. 
 
 YI. Redemption. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 I'rom foreclosure sale, see Mortgage, §§ 85- 
 
 91. 
 I'rom tax sale, see Taxes, §§ 82-85. 
 
 Coni^uit also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JUDICIAL SALE, VJ.— cont'd 
 
 First and last days in computing time for. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 236. 
 Extension of time for when last day falls 
 
 on Sunday. 14 L.R.A. 122. 
 
 JUNCTIONS. 
 
 Carrier's liability for baggage at junctions. 
 36 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 JUNIOR. 
 
 Effect of use of term in connection with 
 name. 14 L.R.A. 691. 
 
 JUNIOR ENCUMBRANCER. 
 
 As necessary party to suit for foreclosure 
 of senior mortgage. 36 L.I^.A. (N.S.) 
 426. 
 
 JUNIOR LIEN. 
 
 Waiver by failure to assert on foreclosure, 
 see Mortgage, § 64. 
 
 JUNIOR MORTGAGE. 
 
 Rights of holder of, to foreclose prior mort- 
 gage, see Mortgage, § 67. 
 
 Junior mortgagee as necessary party to 
 foreclosure suit, see Mortgage, g 70. 
 
 JUNK. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 129. 
 
 License of, see License, § 31. 
 
 Municipal control over, see Municipal Cor- 
 porations, § 48. 
 
 Duty of master to inspect junk to be han- 
 dled by employees. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 890. 
 
 JURISDICTION. 
 
 Acquiring jurisdiction by appearance, see 
 Appearance, § 4. 
 
 In admiralty, see Admikalty, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Error. 
 
 Of attachment suit, see Attachment, § 11. 
 
 Of proceedings in bankruptcy, see Bank- 
 ruptcy, § 8. 
 
 Over national bank, see Banks, § 48. 
 
 Of highest court to grant certiorari, see 
 Ceetioeaei, § 3. 
 
812 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 JURISDICTION— cont'd 
 
 Of consul, see Consul, § 2. 
 
 Of courts, generally, see Courts. 
 
 Of courts of equity, see Disooveky and In- 
 sPEOTiox: Equity; Injunction; Spe- 
 cific Performance. 
 
 Effect of lack of, see Courts, § 4. 
 
 Of divorce suit, see Divorce and Separa- 
 tion, §§ 7-12. 
 
 In mandamus proceedings, see Mandamus, 
 
 § n. 
 
 To annul marriage, see Marriage, § 17. 
 Of partition suit, see Partition, §§ 2, 3. 
 In patent cases, see Patents, § 5. 
 In quo warranto proceedings, see Qi:o War- 
 ranto, § 2. 
 To appoint receiver, see Receivers, § 3. 
 Of action of trover, see Trover, § 5. 
 Over waters, see Waters, §§ 4-7. 
 Of action to construe will, see Equity, § 13. 
 
 Necessity of, to protect judical ofBcer. 14 
 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 Conclusiveness of determination by judge 
 of question of. 14 L.R.A. 140. 
 
 Of ecclesiasticf.l tribunals. 49 L.R.A. 390. 
 
 Impeachment of certificate of acknowledg- 
 ment because of lack of jurisdiction of 
 officer. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1175. 
 
 JURISDICTIONAL AMOUNT. 
 
 In general, see Courts, §§ 27-29. 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Error, § 6. 
 In injunction suit, see In.tuxction, § 81. 
 In justice's court, see Justice of the 
 Peace, § 5. 
 
 JURY. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1, 3. 
 II. Right to jury trial, §§ 3-7. 
 III. Impaneling; selection; compe- 
 tency, §§ 8-14:. 
 
 a. In general, §§ S-10. 
 
 b. Qualifications and compe- 
 
 tency of jurors, §§ 11-14:. 
 IT. Number and agreement of jurors 
 necessary to verdict, § IS. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 % 1. Generally. 
 
 Instructions to, see Appeal and Error, § 
 36; Trial, §§ 60-68. 
 
 Reversal for matters as to jury, see Appeal 
 and Error, § 39. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 153. 
 
 Matters as to jury in criminal cases, see 
 Criminal Law, §§ 36-38. 
 
 Separation of, in criminal case, see Crimi- 
 nal Law, § 37. 
 
 Discharge of, see Criminal Law, § 63; 
 Trial, § 74. 
 
 Right of juror to act on own knowledge, 
 see Evidence, § 17. 
 Begin tfitli tit is booh on every laiv q 
 
 JURY, I.— cont'd 
 
 Experiments in presence of, see Evidence, 
 
 § 158. 
 Experiments by, see Evidence, § 158a. 
 View by, see Evidence, § 159. 
 Interference with, as ground for new trial, 
 
 see New Trial, §§ 7, 8. 
 Right of juror to impeach his own verdict, 
 
 see New Trial, § 13. 
 Sickness of juror, see Sickness, § 4. 
 Questions for, see Trial, III. 
 As to deliberation and conduct of jurors, 
 
 see Trial, VII. 
 Verdict of, see Trial, VIII. 
 Communication by judge with, see Trial, § 
 
 5. 
 Withdrawal of juror, see Trial, § 18a. 
 As to grand jury, see Grand Jury. 
 
 Self-executing constitutional provisions as 
 to jury. 16 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Discrimination as to jurors as ground for 
 removal of cause. 53 L.R.A. 574. 
 
 Who may raise objection of discrimination 
 by statute relating to composition of 
 juries. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 957. 
 
 Right of member of, to maintain action for 
 libel or slander in relation to verdict 
 rendered. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 728. 
 
 Invalidity of matters relating to, as affect- 
 ing perjury. 54 L.R.A. 521. 
 
 Effect of fact that jury was not sworn on 
 liability for perjury. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 252. 
 
 § 2. County charge for services or sup- 
 ply to. 
 
 "What services or supplies to jurors are 
 proper subjects of county charge. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 200. 
 
 II. Right to jury trial, 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 In quo warranto proceedings, see Quo War- 
 ranto, § 6. 
 Compulsory reference as denial of, see Ref- 
 
 ERENOt;, § 2. 
 
 Right to jury in quo warranto proceedings. 
 24 L.R.A. 806; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 639. 
 
 Right to jury as affected by compulsory evi- 
 dence against one's self. 29 L.R.A. 819. 
 
 Right of property owner to have amount of 
 assessment for public improvement 
 fixed by jury. 60 L.R.A. 236. 
 
 Right to jury in proceedings for registra- 
 tion of land titles. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1044. 
 
 § 4. To assess damages on default. 
 
 Constitutional right to jury for assessment 
 of damages on default. 15 L.R.A. 614. 
 
 Necessity of, to compute damages on default 
 judgment. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 § 5. In. criminal prosecutions. 
 
 Right of trial bv jiu-y in criminal cases. 
 .3 L.R.A. 835.* 
 iiestion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 813 
 
 JURY, II.— cont'd 
 
 Question whether suit for statutory pen- 
 alty is a civil or criminal prosecution 
 as affecting right to jury. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 745. 
 
 Right upon plea of guilty to sentence ac- 
 cused without intervention of jury. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1146. 
 
 Restraint on freedom of child as depriva- 
 tion of right to jury trial. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 890. 
 
 Validity of waiver of jury trial in criminal 
 action. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1136. 
 
 Effect of statutory declaration that murder 
 committed by certain means, or while 
 engaged in commission of felony, shall 
 be murder in the first degree, upon 
 right of jury to pass upon degree. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 935. 
 
 § 6. In equity case. 
 
 In equity case. 1 L.R.A. 480.* 
 
 Constitutional right to trial by jury in 
 equitable cases on account of demand 
 for damages. 15 L.R.A. 287. 
 
 Effect on right to trial by jury of statutes 
 enlarging equitable jurisdiction to re- 
 move cloud on title. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 67. 
 
 § 6a. Denial or Inlringement of right. 
 Denial of jury trial simply because ii...tters 
 in issue are complicated. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 45. 
 Compulsory reference of actions at law 
 involving accounts. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 46. 
 Equitable recognizance of accounts as 
 complicated. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 49. 
 English cases. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 50. 
 American cases. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 52. 
 Doctrine that complexity 
 alone sufficient. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 53. 
 Doctrine that complexity 
 alone insufficient. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 Indecisive or doubtful cases. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 57. 
 Danger of unlimited jurisdiction. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 Miscellaneous. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 Preliminary injunction which would have 
 effect of transferring possession of 
 property from defendant to plaintiff as 
 denial of trial by jurv. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 32. 
 Constitutionality of compulsory reference 
 in action at law. 13 L.R.A. (X.S.) 146. 
 Compulsory reference as affected bj- consti- 
 tutional right to jury. 25 L.R.A. 67. 
 Civil service laws as violating constitution- 
 al right of trial by jury. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 482. 
 Constitutionality of provision for separate 
 trial of different issues in same case. 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 138. 
 Coubult also L.R.A. Digest^ to date. 
 
 JURY, II.— cont'd 
 
 Jury trial on appeal as satisfying the con- 
 stitutional right to trial by jury. 15 
 L.R.A. 441. 
 
 § 7. Iioss or vi'aiver. 
 
 Waiver of riglit. 3 L.R.A. 210;* 5 L.R.A. 
 
 836.' 
 Validity of waiver of jury trial in criminal 
 
 action. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1136. 
 
 III. Impaneling ; selection; competency, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Irregularities of, as ground for new trial. 
 18 L.R.A. 476. 
 
 Impaneling of jury on proceeding with trial 
 without arraigning defendant as plac- 
 ing him in jeopardy. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 137. 
 
 Power of legislature to impose upon judges 
 the duty to assist in drawing jurors. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 
 Summoning biased or otherwise improper 
 jurors or talesmen as a contempt. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013. 
 
 Constitutional right to serve as juror. 14 
 L.R.A. 581, 584. 
 
 § 9. Challenges. 
 
 Statute affecting challenges to the jury as 
 ex post facto. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 
 § 10. Exemption from jury duty. 
 
 Right conferred by statutory exemption of 
 firemen from jury or militia duty. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 498. 
 
 Exemption of consul from. 45 L.R.A. 587. 
 
 6. Qualifications and competency of 
 jurors. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Disqualification of jurors as ground for 
 new trial, see New Tbiai,, § 9. 
 
 Bias as ground for new trial. 18 L.R.A. 476. 
 
 Membership in a religious society or de- 
 nomination as a disqualification to 
 serve as juror in a case involving its 
 rights. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 992. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring ju- 
 rors to be taxpayers. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 414. 
 
 Effect of discharge of jury on the discovery 
 of disqualification of one or more of 
 their number to .sustain a plea of for- 
 mer jeopardy. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 548. 
 
 Waiver of property qualification of juror. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 967. 
 
 § 11a. Relationship. 
 
 Relationship of juror to party as ground 
 for new trial. ]8 L.R.A. 477. 
 
 Relationship to private eorporation or asso- 
 ciation for profit whicli will dis- 
 qualify a juror in a civil action in 
 which it is interested. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 978. 
 
814 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 JURY, III. b— cont'd 
 
 Stockholder or member. 40 L.E.A. 
 
 (X.S.) 978. 
 Relative of stockholder or member. 40 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 979. 
 
 Relationship to private corporation or asso- 
 ciation for profit, interested in a crim- 
 inal prosecution which will disqualify 
 juror. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 973. 
 
 Competency as juror of employee or rela- 
 tive of employee, of party or person 
 interested in an action. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 982. 
 
 § 12. Opinions gained from newspa- 
 pers as disqualifying in criminal 
 case. 
 
 General rule. 35 L.R.A. (X.S.) 988. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (X.S.) 988. 
 "Opinions," "impressions," etc. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 991. 
 Newspaper opinions as hypothetical. 
 35 L.R.A.(X.S.) 992. 
 Statutes. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 993. 
 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 993. 
 Statutes specifically excepting opinions 
 gained from newspaper read- 
 ing. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 994. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 994. 
 Application of statutory rule. 35 
 
 L.R.A. (N'.S.) 995. 
 Special features under certain 
 statute. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 997. 
 Disqualifying "newspaper opinions," in 
 
 general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 998. 
 Newspaper opinions which it will require 
 evidence to remove. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1000. 
 General rule. 35 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1000. 
 Exceptions to rule. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1004. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S, ) 1004. 
 Particular jurisdictions. 35 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.)' 1005. 
 Opinions based on newspaper reports of 
 judicial proceedings. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1007. 
 In general. .35 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1007. 
 Missouri cases. 35 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1007. 
 Reports of preliminarv hearings. 35 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1009. 
 Reports of coroner's inquests. 35 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1010. 
 Eeports of previous trials of accused. 
 
 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 30::. 
 Reports of trials of codefendants. 35 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1013. 
 Opinions based on newspaper reports of 
 
 confessions. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1014. 
 Opinions other than as to guilt. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (X'.S.) 1014. 
 Appellate review. 35 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1015. 
 
 § 13. Personal knowledge of facts to 
 be proved as affecting comiietency. 
 
 Earlv law as to knowledge of jurors. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 807. 
 What knowledge will disqualify. 63 L.E.A. 
 808. 
 In general. 63 L.R.A. 808. 
 Knowledge indicating bias. 63 L.E.A. 
 810. 
 
 Begin ivitli, this Ijooli on every law question. 
 
 JURY, III. b— cont'd 
 
 § 14. Jurors who have served in sanv<<) 
 
 or similar case. 
 Where the issues and parties are the same 
 
 68 L.R.A. 871. 
 Where the same question of fact is involved, 
 
 and one of the parties is the same in 
 
 both cases. 68 L.R.A. 873. 
 Where the same question of fact is involved 
 
 in both cases, and the parties are differ- 
 ent. 68 L.R.A. 875. 
 Where the transactions are connected, and 
 
 afl'ect the same party, but the issues 
 
 are different. 68 L.R.A. 879. 
 Where the cases are similar, and the parties 
 
 are the same. 68 L.R.A. 880. 
 Where the eases or facts are similar, and 
 
 the parties are diff'erent. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 881. 
 Time and manner of making the objection. 
 68 L.E.A. 882. 
 
 Motion to quash the venire, or a chal- 
 lenge to the array. 68 L.R.A. 882. 
 
 Objection to a juror after he is sworn. 
 68 L.E.A. 883. 
 
 Motion in arrest of judgment. 68 
 L.E.A. 884. 
 
 The court excluding a juror of its own 
 motion. 68 L.E.A. 884. 
 
 Motion for a new trial. 68 L.E.A, 885. 
 
 IV. Nuniber and agreement of jurat's 
 necessary to verdict. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Common-law doctrine. 43 L.R.A. 34. 
 Adoption of common-law doctrine. 43 
 L.E.A. 36. 
 By constitutional provisions. 43 L.R.A. 
 
 36. 
 Construction placed upon constitution- 
 al provisions. 43 L.R.A. 37. 
 In general. 43 L.R.A. 37. 
 State Constitutions. 43 L.R.A. 
 
 40. 
 United States Constitution. 43 
 L.R.A. 48. 
 Meaning of the terms "jury" and "jury 
 
 trial." 43 L.R.A. 48. 
 In criminal matters. 43 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 Felony and high-grade offenses. 43 
 
 L.R.A. 49. 
 Misdemeanors. 43 L.R.A. 50. 
 Offenses triable in justices' and other 
 inferior courts. 43 L.R.A. 51. 
 In civil actions. 43 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 Less than twelve valid. 43 L.R.A. 53. 
 Invalid. 43 L.R.A. 55. 
 The power of the legislature. 43 L.R.A. 56. 
 General doctrine. 43 L.R.A. 56. 
 Lender state constitutions. 43 L.E.A. 
 59. 
 The question of consent and waiver.- 43 
 L.E.A. 59. 
 General doctrine. 43 L.E.A. 59. 
 Constitutional and statutory provi- 
 sions. 43 L.R.A. 60. 
 In cases of felony. 43 L.R.A. 61. 
 In misdemeanors. 43 L.R.A. 64. 
 In civil actions. 43 L.R.A. 66. 
 As affecting appeal jury. 43 L.E.A. 69. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 815 
 
 JURY, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Absent, sick, or unqualifled juror. 43 L.R.A 
 
 Constitutional and statutory provisions, 
 43 L.E.A. 69. 
 
 Decisions of the court. 43 L.E.A. 
 Showing of the record. 43 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 In criiainal cases. 43 L.R.A. 72. 
 In general. 43 L.R.A. 72. 
 Consent. 43 L.R.A. 73. 
 
 In civil cases. 43 L.R.A. 74. 
 Distinction between courts of record 
 
 not of record. 43 L.R.A. 75. 
 Jury of more than twelve. 43 L.R.A. 75. 
 The question of demand of jury of twelve. 
 
 43 L.R.A. 76. 
 Agreement of the jvry. 43 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 I'nanimity- 43 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 -Majority "verdicts. 43 L.R.A. 80. 
 Constitutionality of verdict bv less than all 
 
 the jurors. 24 L.R.A. 272. 
 
 70. 
 
 and 
 
 JURY DUTY. 
 
 Exemption from, see Jury, § 10. 
 
 * « » 
 
 JUSTICE. 
 
 Obstructing of, see Obsteucting Justice. 
 
 JUSTICE OF THE PEACE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Competency of, as witnesses. 31 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 Place at which may act. 33 L.R.A. 90. 
 
 Admissibilitv of secondary evidence to iden- 
 tify records of. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 
 Right to hold other judiciary position at 
 same time. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1107. 
 
 § 2. Qualifications. 
 
 Right of woman to be. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 § 3. Powers of. 
 
 Power of, to punish for contempt, see Con- 
 tempt, § 11. 
 
 Power of, to order post mortem examina- 
 tion. 31 L.E.A. 543. 
 
 Authority to admit to bail in capital case. 
 39 L.R.A.(X.S.) 758. 
 
 § 4. Liability of. 
 
 Personal liability for exceeding jurisdiction. 
 14 L.K.A. 138; 27 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 § 5. Jurisdictional amount. 
 
 Voluntarv credits to bring claim within ju- 
 risdiction. 28 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 g 6. Procedure. 
 
 Practice before justice for obtaining of con- 
 tinuance for illness of party. 42 
 L.E.A. (X.S.) 669. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JUSTICE OF THE PEACE— cont'd. 
 
 Number of jurors necessary to verdict in 
 justice's court. 43 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 Consent and waiver as affecting number 
 and agreement of jurors necessary to 
 verdict on appeal. 43 L.E.A. 69. 
 
 § 7. Judgment of. 
 
 Judgment of; filing transcript. 2 L.R.A. 
 831.* 
 
 Entry or record of judgments of. 28 L.E.A. 
 638. 
 
 Conviction by justice of the peace which 
 has been reversed or set aside as prob- 
 able cause which will defeat action for 
 malicious prosecution. 34 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 958. 
 
 § 8. Appeal from. 
 
 Waiver of failure to serve, or defects in 
 service of, process, by appeal from jus- 
 tice's court to court where trial must 
 be de novo. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 661. 
 
 JUSTIFICATION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 For assault and battery, see Assault and 
 
 BArrEBY, §§ 3-6. 
 For contempt, see Contempt, § 3. 
 Of prison breach, see Escape, § 2. 
 For homicide, see Homicide, §§ 19-30. 
 For libel, see Libel and Slander, IV. 
 
 May entry on land which would otherwise 
 constitute a, trespass be justified by 
 private necessitv. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 152. 
 
 Invitation or solicitation to violate injunc- 
 tion or consent or acquiescence there- 
 in as justification for so doing. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 304. 
 
 Abandonment of suit before entry as affect- 
 ing justification under writ in defense 
 of action for false imprisonment. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 451. 
 
 § 2. For discharge of servant. 
 
 See Master and Seevaxt, § 41. 
 
 § 3. For strllie. 
 
 System of work as justification for strike. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.)'l79. 
 Forcing discharge of foreman or coem- 
 
 ployee as justification for strike. 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1048. 
 Controversy over "open" or "closed" shop 
 
 as justification for means employed to 
 
 aid' strike. 17 L.E.A. (N.S.) 162. 
 
 JUVENILE OFFENDERS. 
 
 Tribunal for; validitv of statutes establish- 
 ing. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 564. 
 
S16 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 K 
 
 KEEPER. 
 
 Who is keeper of dog. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 431. 
 Certification of copies of records by, for 
 
 evidence in other state. 5 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 955. 
 
 KEEPING DOWN DAMAGES. 
 
 See Damages, §§ 3-11. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 KEEPING TENDER GOOD. 
 
 See Tender, § 7. 
 
 KEY. 
 
 Transfer of key to receptacle as delivery of 
 possession sustaining gift of contents. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 
 KIDNAPPING. 
 
 Right of person wrongfully brought into 
 jurisdiction to be released on habeas 
 corpus. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 225. 
 
 Taking of a child by or at instance of one 
 parent, from the custody of the other 
 parent, as kidnapping. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 845. 
 
 KIIiN. 
 
 Landlord's liability to third person as to 
 condition of. 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 KILN— cont'd 
 
 Operation of, as nuisance. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 92. 
 Municipal povper over brick and lime kilns 
 
 as nuisances. 38 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 KIND. 
 
 Effect of sale with particular description 
 of kind. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 258. 
 
 KINDRED. 
 
 In general, see Descent and Distbibution. 
 Degrees of kinship. 15 L.R.A. 302. 
 
 KISSING. 
 
 Mental anguish as element of damages for 
 kissing woman against her will. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 
 4 » » 
 
 KLEPTOMANIA. 
 
 As a defense to theft. 18 L.R.A. 229. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 KNIFE. 
 
 As a deadly weapon. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 502. 
 
 As a weapon within statute against carry- 
 ing concealed weapons. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1176. 
 
 LABELS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 130. 
 Labeling of food, see Food, § 3. 
 
 As trademarks. 17 L.R.A. 130. 
 Protection of exclusive right to use. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 641.* 
 Police regulations as to labeling articles of 
 
 commerce. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 184; 
 
 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 684: 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 875. 
 
 Begin with this liooU on every law question. 
 
 LABELS— cont'd 
 
 Validity and effect of Federal food and 
 drug act, of June 30, 1906. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 876. 
 
 Requiring label to show ingredients, 
 name and residence of manufac- 
 turer, etc. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 876. 
 
 Requiring label to show weight or 
 measure. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 878. 
 
 Oleomargarin statutes. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 879. 
 
 Effect of commerce clause of Federal 
 Constitution. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 880. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 817 
 
 LABELS— cont'd 
 g 2. Linoii liibels. 
 
 Indictment for infringement of, see In- 
 dictment, etc., § 21a. 
 
 Label or trademark of labor organization. 
 
 29 L.E.A. 200. 
 Law as to union labels. 39 L.R.A.(N.S. ) 
 
 1190. 
 Protection of trade union labels. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 200. 
 
 < « » 
 
 LABOR. 
 
 See WoKK AND Labor. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 LABORERS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Riglits of, under contractors' bonds, see 
 
 BosDS, § 10. 
 Lien of, see Liens, 11, 12; Mechanics' 
 
 Liens. 
 
 Eights in fund retained pursuant to con- 
 tract for public work to insure pay- 
 ment of their claims. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 575. 
 
 Loss of time as element of damages for 
 destruction or loss of use of imple- 
 ments or tools of. 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 625. 
 
 § 2. Preference to. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes giving priori- 
 ty to claims of certain laborers. 21 
 L.E.A. 797. 
 Who are laborers, employees, or servants 
 within meaning of statutes giving 
 them preferences. 18 L.R.A. 305. 
 Definitions. 18 L.R.A. 305. 
 Who are secured by the mechanics' lien 
 
 laws. 18 L.R.A. 305. 
 Preference of claims against insolvent 
 
 corporations. 18 L.R.A. 306. 
 Who are laborers, servants, or em- 
 ployees under the statute making 
 stockholders individually liable. 
 18 L.R.A. 308. 
 Laborers whose earnings are exempted 
 from attachment or garnish- 
 ment. 18 L.R.A. 309. 
 Seamen. 18 L.E.A. 310. 
 
 LABOR LAWS. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation for 
 violation of. 2 B. E. C. 250. 
 
 LABOR ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Conspiracy by, see Conspiracy, §§ 4-8. 
 Strike by members of, see CoN.SPigACY 
 
 §§ 6-8. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 52 
 
 LABOE OEGANIZATION— cont'd 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 66. 
 Label of, see Labels, § 2. 
 
 Obligation of members of labor union as to 
 political matters. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 891. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant as 
 affected by restriction upon his free- 
 dom of selection and superintendence 
 of employees. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1105. 
 
 Right of action against unincorporated as- 
 sociation. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789. 
 
 Manner of bringing suit against unincor- 
 porated trade union. 1 B. R. C. 852. 
 
 Right of labor union to impose political 
 obligations on its members. 1 B. E. 
 C. 90. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute forbidding em- 
 ployer to exact agreement from em- 
 ployee not to join. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 282. 
 
 Public policy as to employment of union 
 labor only. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 292. 
 
 Right of municipality or other public body 
 to discriminate in favor of organized 
 labor. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 815. 
 
 LACHES. 
 
 Estoppel by, generally, see Estoppel, §§ 18- 
 26. 
 
 As bar to action, see Limitation or Ac- 
 tions, §§ 6-12. 
 
 LACK OF FUNDS. 
 
 As defense against liability of township 
 for injury by defects in highway. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1269. 
 
 LADDER. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by, see Mas- 
 ter and Servant, § 83. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servant 
 from defects in. 54 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 LAGER BEER. 
 
 See Intoxicating Liquors, § 30. 
 
 ♦-•-«> 
 
 LAKES. 
 
 As boundary between states, see Bounda- 
 ries, § 2a. 
 Jurisdiction over, see Waters, § 5. 
 In general, see Waters, §§ 81-85. 
 
 Duty and obligation of vessel on, in respect 
 to sick or injured member of crew. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199. 
 
818 
 
 INDEX 10 L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 liAME PERSONS. 
 
 Care due to, in absence of contract rela- 
 tion. 69 L.R.A. 532. 
 
 LAMPS. 
 
 Duty of bicyclists to carry. 47 L.E.A. 295. 
 
 LAND ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Distribution of parcels of land by chance 
 as a lottery. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 626; 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 827. 
 
 LAND CONTRACT. 
 
 In general, see Vexdob and Pubchasee, I. 
 Provision in, as to penalty or liquidated 
 damages, see Damages, § 40. 
 
 LAND DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Disposal of public lands through, see Pub- 
 lic Lands, §§ 7-19. 
 
 LANDINGS. 
 
 Right to use for ferry. 59 L.R.A. 535. 
 
 Ill 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT. 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. Creation and existence of relation; 
 attornment, §§ 2, 3. 
 Leases, §§ 4-38. 
 
 a. In general, §§ i-li. 
 h. Covenants, §§ 15-23. 
 
 1. In general, §§ lS-20a. 
 
 2. Implied covenants, §§ 
 21, 22. 
 
 c. Terms; renewal; holding 
 over, §§ 23-26. 
 
 d. Termination; forfeiture, §§ 
 27-35. 
 
 e. Assignment and transfer; 
 subletting, §§ 36-38. 
 
 Rights, duties, and liabilities of 
 parties, §§ 39-76. 
 a. In general, §§ 39-4:1. 
 h. Rights of tenant, §§ 42-54. 
 
 1. In general, § §42-47. 
 
 2. As to fixtures and prop- 
 
 erty on premises, §§ 
 4S-54. 
 
 c. Duty and liability of tenant, 
 
 §§ 55-57. 
 
 d. Duty and Uabiliti/ of land- 
 
 lord, §§ 58-72. 
 1. In general, § 58. 
 Begin with this book on every law question 
 
 IT. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, IV. d— cont'd 
 2, To third persons gen- 
 erally, §§ 59-63. 
 8. To tenant and his fam.- 
 ily, §§ 64-71. 
 
 (a) In general, §§ 
 
 64, 65. 
 
 (b) Injuries to person, 
 
 §§ 66-69. 
 
 (c) Injuries to, or con- 
 
 version of, prop- 
 erty, §§ 70, 71. 
 4. To tenant's guests and 
 servants from defects in 
 premises, § 72. 
 
 e. Liability of contractor for 
 
 injuries to tenant, § 73. 
 
 f. Proper party to maintain 
 
 action affecting rights, §§ 
 74-76. 
 V. Rent or other compensation; lien, 
 §§ 77-93. 
 a. In general, §§ 77-87. 
 h. Landlord's lien, §§ 88-90. 
 c. Distress, §§ 91-93. 
 VI. Recovery of possession; re-entry, 
 §§ 94, 95. 
 Til. Liability for ejecting tenant, § 
 96. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Contract for use of leased premises in viola- 
 tion of law, see Contracts, § 76. 
 
 Destruction of leased property, see De- 
 STBQCTION, § 3. 
 
 Interference with easements of light, air, 
 and prospect on leased premises, see 
 Easemekts, § 21. 
 
 Landlord's choice of remedies, see Election 
 or Remedies, § 5. 
 
 Effect of tenant's acts on landlord's rights 
 under insurance policy, see Insurance, 
 § 81. 
 
 Possession of land bv tenant as notice of 
 title. 13 L.E.A. (N.S.) 96. 
 
 Vesting title to leasehold in lessee's trus- 
 tee in bankruptcy as dependent upon 
 acceptance by trustee. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 745. 
 
 Relation between the lessor and servants of 
 the lessee. 37 L.R.A. 65. 
 
 Effect of landlord's knowledge that tenant 
 intends to use premises in violation of 
 law. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 662; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1104. 
 
 Right of water company to refuse to deal 
 with tenant. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1015. 
 
 Right to shut off water from whole build- 
 ing because of one tenant's delinquency. 
 61 L.R.A. 115; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 
 Tenant's possession as adverse within the 
 rule against conveyance of land held 
 adversely. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 
 Right to preliminary injunction which 
 would have effect of transferring pos- 
 session of property from defendant to 
 plaintiff in suit between landlord and 
 tenant. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 35. 
 
INDEX TO L.]a.A. NOTES. 
 
 819 
 
 liANDLORD AND TENANT, I.— cont'd 
 Effect of judgment in ejectment against 
 
 tenant upon a landlord not a party, or 
 
 vice versa. 26 L.E.A. ( N.S. ) 595. 
 Interpleader between landlord and tenant. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 751. 
 Removal for separable controversy of joint 
 
 action against. 5 L.R.A, (N.S.) 97. 
 
 II. Creation and existence of relation; 
 attornment. 
 
 % 2. Generally. 
 
 Effect of stipulation that vendee or mortga- 
 gor shall, on default, become a tenant. 
 49 L.R.A. 435. 
 
 Effect of tax sale to create relation of land- 
 lord and tenant between purchaser and 
 prior lessee. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 
 Occupation of premises as a servant and 
 as a tenant. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698. 
 
 § 3. Attornment. 
 
 Attornment to mortgagee in possession. 8 
 L.R.A. 568.* 
 
 Effect of subsequent attornment on convey- 
 ance of land held adversel}'. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 740. 
 
 Attornment by lessee, to avoid eviction, to 
 stranger entitled to immediate posses- 
 sion, as defense in an action for rent. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 
 Til. Leases, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Leases as affected by statute of frauds, see 
 
 CONTEACTS, §§ 42, 58. 
 Lease of mines, see iIi,\ES, §§ 30, 32, 35- 
 
 38. 
 Railroad leases, see Raileoads, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Agreement to comply with lease as consider- 
 ation for new promise. 34 L.R.A. 36. 
 Lease of public buildings for private uses. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 118. 
 Validitv of lease made in violation of law. 
 
 12 "L.R.A. (N.S.) 605. 
 First and last days in computing time on 
 
 contracts of. 49 L.R.A. 210. 
 Alteration of lease after delivery. 32 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 289. 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 
 lease. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 100. 
 Liability for breach of contract to lease 
 
 building when completed. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 426. 
 Right of one leasing property to another to 
 
 claim title against the latter's vendees 
 
 or creditors. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 779. 
 When may lease be admitted to probate or 
 
 otlierwise be given effect as a will. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 43. 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 
 to constrviftion and effect of leases. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 
 § 5. AVhat is a lease. 
 
 Distinction between a lease and a license. 
 IS L.R.A. 491. 
 As to minerals. 18 L.R.A. 402. 
 Confnitt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, III. a— cont'd 
 
 When instrument creating right in minerals 
 
 in land is to be regarded as a lease as 
 
 distinguished from a license. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 614. 
 
 § 6. Lease as conveyance. 
 
 Lease of land as conve3'ance. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 99. 
 Within statute requiring joinder or 
 consent of spouse. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 675. 
 Lease as conveyance within meaning of re- 
 cording statutes. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 879. 
 
 § 7. Nature of leasehold interest. 
 
 Leasehold interest in real estate as partner- 
 ship's property. 27 L.R.A. 4S3. 
 Leasehold estate as subject of levy under 
 execution or attachment. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 841; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 886. 
 Leasehold interest as subject of taxation. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 297. 
 Character of estate created by grant, lease, 
 or devise of property to person so long 
 as he shall desire to live upon it, or 
 devote it to a particular use. 2] 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 Nature of tenancy created by entry under 
 lease void under statute of frauds. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 648. 
 Primary nature of occupancy. 42 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 648. 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 648. 
 Under statute. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 649. 
 Nature of occupancy under rule of con- 
 vertibility. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 651. 
 
 § 8. — liability to taxation. 
 
 Property leased by public as subject of 
 ta.xation. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 167. 
 
 § 9. Power to make. 
 
 Implied power of cashier of bank to lease 
 property. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 737. 
 
 Right of trustee to execute lease to extend 
 beyond termination of trust. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 496. 
 
 Prohibitions in grant of public lands as in- 
 cluding lease. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 686. 
 
 § 10. — partner. 
 
 Power of partner to make lease of partner- 
 ship real estate. 28 L.E.A. 97. 
 
 Right of surviving partner to lease firm 
 real property. 28 L.E.A. 135. 
 
 8 11. — municipality. 
 
 Power of municipality to lease ferry. SO 
 L.R.A. 523. 
 
 Right of municipality to lease public builil- 
 ing for private purposes. 31 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 580. 
 
 Power of municipality to lease space on 
 street or sidewalk for business pur- 
 poses. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 400. 
 
 § 12. —board. 
 
 Power of board to make lease extending 
 beyond its own term. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 655. 
 
820 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, III. a— cont'd 
 
 § 13. Effect of lease. 
 
 Effect of lease on marketability of title. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 32. 
 Lease of property dedicated for square, 
 
 park, or common as a diversion. 25 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 986. 
 Leasing land as waiver of purchaser's right 
 
 to rescind contract for its purchase. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 878. 
 Effect of second lease before expiration of 
 
 term of prior lease to a third party. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 395. 
 Effect at law of entry under lease void un- 
 der statute of frauds. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 654. 
 
 Part performance at lav7. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 655. 
 
 Rights where special tenancy is created. 
 42 L.R.A.{N.S.) 657. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 659. 
 Damages for breach of warranty by exist- 
 ence of unexpired lease. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 779. 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of 
 
 lease. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801, 826. 
 
 § 14. Construction. 
 
 Construction of lease. 1 L.R.A. 529.* 
 Parol evidence in aid of construction of 
 
 written lease. 3 L.R.A. 331.* 
 What constitutes damages "by the ele- 
 ments" within meaning of lease. 53 
 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 h. Covenants, 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 In leasing of prisons and of labor of con- 
 victs therein. 27 L.R.A. 608. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injury to tenants 
 from defects in premises under war- 
 
 ! ranty of condition. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 805. 
 
 Reservation of right of re-entry as affecting 
 liability on covenant to pay taxes. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1088. 
 
 § 16. To leave in good condition. 
 
 Tenant's obligation under express covenant 
 to leave premises in good condition. 
 64 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 § 17. As to repairs and Improvements. 
 
 Measure of damages for tenant's breach of 
 covenant to repair, in action brought 
 after expiration of term. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 210. 
 
 § 17a. — by landlord. 
 
 Liability for injury to tenant's property 
 through breach of, see infra, § 71. 
 
 Construction of landlord's covenant to re- 
 pair. 34 L.R.A. 826. 
 Covenant of lessor to pay for repairs or 
 improvements as one running with the 
 land. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 466. 
 Landlord's breacli of covenant to repair or 
 make improvements, as defense to 
 action for rent. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 977. 
 
 Begin ivitli tJtis hoolc oii every latv question. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, III. b, 1— 
 cont'd 
 
 \A'here repairs or improvements are 
 conditions precedent. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 980. 
 Landlord's breach of covenant to repair or 
 make improvements as justifi- 
 cation of abandonment of premises. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 984. 
 Covenant to fit premises for certain 
 business, etc. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 987. 
 Landlord's liability to third person for 
 nuisance where tenant covenants 
 to repair. 26 L.R.A. 198. 
 Is destruction by decay rendering premises 
 untenantable, within landlord's cove- 
 nant to repair, or statute relieving ten- 
 ant from rent, in case of destruction by 
 act of God or elements. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 130. 
 
 § 18. To pay for improvements made 
 by tenant. 
 
 Lessor's covenant to pay for improvements 
 as one running with the land. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 466. 
 
 Right of tenant to compensation for im- 
 provements under covenant by landlord 
 to pay at expiration of term, where the 
 lease is forfeited for default of tenant. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1082. 
 
 Right of tenant to recover for improvements 
 under a landlord's covenant to pay at 
 expiration of term, where the tenancy 
 is terminated by voluntary act of the 
 parties or event not within control of 
 either. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1090. 
 
 § 19. Against assignment or sale. 
 
 What amounts to violation of. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1200. 
 Subletting. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1200. 
 Bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings. 
 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1201. 
 Sale by assignee or trustee. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1202. 
 General assignment for creditors. 14 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 Receiver's sales. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1203. 
 Execution sales. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1203. 
 Mortgages. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1204. 
 Sale by executor or administrator. 14 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1204. 
 Devises. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1205. 
 Partnership leases. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1205. 
 Effect of covenant against assignment with- 
 out consent on assignee's right to 
 assign. 2 B. R. 0. 806. 
 
 § 2 0. Against encumbrances. 
 
 Effect of purchaser's knowledge of lease in 
 action for breach of covenant against 
 encumbrances. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 313. 
 
 § 20a. For renewal. 
 
 Does general provision that renewal shall 
 contain all the covenants of original 
 lease include covenant for renewal. 14 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 829. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 821 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, III. b, 1— 
 cont'd 
 
 Validity and effect of stipulation to renew 
 on terms to be agreed upon. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 201. 
 
 Right of assignee of portion of leased prem- 
 ises to enforce covenant for renewal. 
 2 B. R. C. 830. 
 
 Covenant to renew lease as affected by con- 
 veyance of property. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 387. 
 
 2. Implied covenants. 
 
 § 21. Generally. 
 
 Implied obligation of tenant to leave prem- 
 ises in good condition. 64 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 As to landlord keeping premises safe. 34 
 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 Liabilitj' of landlord under implied cove- 
 nant for quiet enjoyment for damages 
 to tenants in consequence of acts of 
 third persons affecting the leased prem- 
 ises. 42 L.R.A.{N.S.) 775. 
 
 § 2 2. As to fitness of premises for pur- 
 poses intended. 
 
 Premises other than furnished houses or 
 apartments. 33 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Eurnished houses or apartments. 33 L.R.A. 
 455. 
 
 c. Terms; renewal; holding over, 
 
 § 23. Terms. 
 
 Tenancy from year to year; effect of pay- 
 ment of rent. 8 L.R.A. 221.* 
 
 Character of tenancy created by a letting 
 until the happening of a specified event. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1069. 
 
 Effect of provision that term of lease shall 
 commence in futuro. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1078. 
 
 Duration of tenancy as affecting rights of 
 tenants where property is taken by emi- 
 nent domain. 21 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 § 24. — where tenant liolds over. 
 
 Does each holding over by a tenant after 
 expiration of a term for years con- 
 stitute a new and separate term, 
 distinct from that which preceded 
 or followed. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 847. 
 As affecting liability for nuisances and 
 defects on leased premises. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 849. 
 As affecting the right to evict or dis- 
 train. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 851. 
 Kent period as the criterion of the term 
 implied by holding over after the 
 expiration of a lease for a fixed 
 term. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 855. 
 Intent of parties. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 856. 
 Effect of special agreement as to char- 
 acter of hold-over tenancy. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 856. 
 Lease for year or more. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 857. 
 Leases for less than year. 25 L.R.A. 
 {N.S.) 858. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, III. c— cont'd 
 § 2 5. Renewal. 
 
 Covenant for, see supra. § 20a. 
 
 Renewal of lease to partnership. 27 L.R.A. 
 483. 
 
 Power of partner to renew lease of partner- 
 ship real estate. 28 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Right of partner to take renewal of lease 
 in his own name and exclude copartner. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 869. 
 
 Effect of renewing tenancy without reserv- 
 ing right to remove fixtures. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1192; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1135. 
 
 Holding over after expiration of lease with 
 option for renewal without formally 
 exercising option. 29 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 175. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of estate 
 for nonrenewal of lease. 69 L.R.A. 
 846. 
 
 Renewal of lease under option as extending 
 performance of the contract. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 423-425. 
 
 § 26. Holding over. 
 
 Term created by holding over, see supra, 
 § 24. 
 
 Presumption as to adverse possession by 
 
 tenant holding over. 53 L.R.A. 949. 
 Duty of tenant holding over to leave prem- 
 ises in good condition. 64 L.R.A. 661. 
 Compensation in case of holding over under 
 lease invalid under statute of frauds. 
 25 L.R.A. 802. 
 Liability of cotenant holding over to ac- 
 count for use and occupation or rents 
 and profits. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 228. 
 Holding over after expiration of lease, with 
 option for extension or renewal, 
 without formally exercising op- 
 tion. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 174. 
 Extension. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 174. 
 Renewal. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 175. 
 Distinction between extension and re- 
 newal. 29 L.E.A.(N.S.) 176. 
 When notice required by lease. 29 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 177. 
 Circumstances excusing holding over. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 179. 
 Where tenant has option of several 
 periods. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 179. 
 Effect of holding over pending unsuccessful 
 negotiations for a new lease. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 498. 
 
 d. Termination; forfeiture. 
 
 §2 7. Generally. 
 
 First and last days in computing time. 49 
 L.R.A. 210. 
 
 Effect of death of lessor or lessee. 23 
 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 Tenant's right to recover for improvements 
 under landlord's covenant to pay at ex- 
 piration of term, where tenancy is ter- 
 minated by voluntary act of parties or 
 event not within control of either. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.I 1090. 
 
822 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, III. d— cont'd 
 § 2 8. Abandonment of premises. 
 
 Remedy of landlord upon abandonment of 
 premises by tenant. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 398. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injury to tenants 
 from defects in premises where former 
 abandons work or repairs before com- 
 pleting same. 34 L.R.A.{N.S.) 806. 
 
 Landlord's breach of covenant to repair or 
 make improvements as justification of 
 abandonment of premises. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 984. 
 
 § 2 9. Surrender. 
 
 Surrender of premises. ]1 L.R.A. 498.* 
 
 Effect of surrender of original lease on 
 rights of sublessee. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 221. 
 
 EfTeet on liability of tenant's surety of sur- 
 render of lease containing an option to 
 purchase. 9 L.R.A. (N.S. ), 557. 
 
 Abatement of rent by surrender of premises 
 after destruction of leased building. 
 22 L.R.A. 615. 
 
 § 30. — acceptance. 
 
 Caring for and making repairs to premises 
 by landlord as acceptance of ten- 
 ant's surrender. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1132. 
 
 Entrance to make repairs. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1133. 
 
 Entrance to care for premises. 35 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1135. 
 Power of agent for renting or collecting 
 
 rents to accept surrender of lease. 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 93. 
 
 § SI. Reletting. 
 
 Reletting of premises by landlord on aban- 
 donment by tenant. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 398. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third person for 
 nuisance in case of reletting. 26 L.R.A. 
 198. 
 
 § 32. Eviction. 
 
 Effect of eviction on liability for rent, see 
 infra, § 83. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for. 
 53 L.R.A. 102. 
 
 Measure of damages for forcing cropper 
 from premises. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 714. 
 
 Right of landlord to render tenement unin- 
 habitable under provision of lease re- 
 serving right bf re-entry for condition 
 broken. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 672. 
 
 Effect of tenant's holding over after ex- 
 piration of term for years on right to 
 evict. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 851. 
 
 Attornment by lessee to avoid eviction, to 
 stranger entitled to immediate posses- 
 sion, as defense to action for rent. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 
 § 33. — what constitutes. 
 
 Eviction of tenant by failure to furnish 
 heat. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1217. 
 
 Eviction of tenant bj' discontinuance of or 
 interference with elevator service. 2] 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 38. 
 
 Begin vith this hoolt, on every law question. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, III. d— eont'd 
 
 Eviction by admitting inconsistent business 
 into building. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 855. 
 
 Discrimination by landlord as to persons 
 who shall use premises, as an eviction.. 
 27 L.E.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 
 Effect upon lease of property for saloon, of 
 passage of prohibitory laws during the 
 term. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 964; 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 497; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 773. 
 
 Eviction of tenant, so as to relieve him from- 
 payment of rent, by reason of the en- 
 forcement by public officials of restric- 
 tions on the use of the premises. 2. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 973. 
 
 § 34. Forfeiture. 
 
 Forfeiture of oil and gas lease, see Mikes^ 
 § 38. 
 
 Of lease. 8 L.R.A. 759.* 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture for non- 
 payment of rent. 69 L.R.A. 844. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of estate 
 for nonrenewal of lease. 69 L.R.A. 
 846. 
 
 Tenant's right to compensation for improve- 
 ments under covenant by landlord tO' 
 pay at expiration of term, where the 
 lease is forfeited for default of ten- 
 ant. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3082. 
 
 § 3 5. — vi'alver of. 
 
 Of forfeiture of oil and gas lease. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 673. 
 Delay of landlord in enforcing forfeiture as- 
 
 waiver of breach. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1063. 
 Acceptance of rent accruing after cause for 
 
 forfeiture, with knowledge of such 
 
 cause, as waiver of forfeiture. 11 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 831. 
 
 e. Assignment and transfer; subletting, 
 
 § 36. Assignment and transfer. 
 
 What amounts to a, violation of covenant 
 
 against, see supra, § 19. 
 Assignee's liability for rent, see infra, § 80. 
 Effect of assignment of oil and gas lease, 
 
 see Mines, § 37. 
 
 Assignment of lease. 15 L.R.A. 754. 
 
 Necessity of writing. 15 L.R.A. 754. 
 Effect of part performance. 15 
 L.R.A. 754. 
 Necessity of seal and registration. 15 
 L.R.A. 755. 
 
 Duty of assignee of lessee to leave prem- 
 ises in good condition. 64 L.R.A. 662. 
 
 Assignment to cotenant as breach of cove- 
 nant not to assign without license. 2 
 B. R. C. 816. 
 
 Effect of performance to take parol assign- 
 ment of lease out of statute of frauds. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 162. 
 
 Reservation of right of re-entry as affecting 
 character of instrument as assignment 
 or sublease. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 
 Effect of the destruction of premises after 
 execution of an assignment of a i~ase- 
 hold, but before possession of premises 
 is given thereunder. 25 L.R.A, (N.S.) 
 609. 
 
IKDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 823 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, III. e.— cont'd 
 Enforcement of landlord's consent to assign- 
 ment of lease. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1173. 
 Right of assignee of portion of leased prem- 
 ises to enforce covenant for renewal. 2 
 B. K. C. 830. 
 Assignment to cotenant as breach of cove- 
 nant not to assign without license. 2 
 B. E. C. 81G. 
 Waiver of condidtion in lease against as- 
 signment as waiver of condition as to 
 business to be carried on. 24 L.R.A. 
 _ (N.S.) 1067. 
 Waiver of provision for consent to assign- 
 ment of lease. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 488. 
 Circumstances showing waiver. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 489. 
 Circumstances not amounting to waiv- 
 er. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 490. 
 
 § 3 7.— assignee's right to assign. 
 
 Effect of proviso in lease against assign- 
 ment without consent upon right of 
 assignee to assign. 2 B. R. C. 803. 
 
 Reassignment to original lessee. 2 B. 
 R. C. 803. 
 
 Where proviso operates as a condition. 
 2 B. R. C. 804. 
 
 Where proviso is regarded as a cove- 
 nant. 2 B. R. C. 806. 
 
 Summary. 2 B. R. C. 808. 
 
 § 38. Sublease. 
 
 Sublessee's liability for rent, see infra, 
 § 81. 
 
 Tenant's right to sublet premises. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 707. 
 
 Right of tenant to lease wall of building 
 for advertising purposes. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 587. 
 
 Enforcement of landlord's consent to sublet. 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Effect of surrender of original lease on 
 rights of sublessee. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 221. 
 
 Estoppel of subtenant to question original 
 landlord's title. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 930. 
 
 Effect of surrender of original lease on 
 rights of sublessee. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 221. 
 
 Reservation of right of re-entry as affect- 
 ing character of instrument as assign- 
 ment or sublease. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1084. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injury to servants 
 by condition of premises in ease of a 
 sub-lease. 46 L.R.A. 93. 
 
 IT. Rights, duties, and liabilities of 
 parties, 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 39. Generally. 
 
 Relative rights of landlord and tenant as to 
 improvements, fixtures, and property 
 on leased premises, see infra, §§ 48- 
 54. 
 
 Power of lessee to subject landlord's inter- 
 est to mechanics' lien, see Mechanics' 
 LIEN.S, § 7. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, IV. a— cont'd 
 Loss of profits as elements of damages for 
 
 breach of contract. 53 L.R.A. 97. 
 Interference by owner of soil with removal 
 of minerals or timber during term fi.xed 
 by lease or sale, as extending time for 
 removal. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 120. 
 
 § 40. Mechanics' lien for improve- 
 ments. 
 
 Mechanics' liens on buildings erected by 
 lessees upon lessor's land. 62 L.R.A. 
 375. 
 
 Power of lessee to subject owner's interest 
 to mechanics' lien. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 601. 
 
 Mechanics' lien on landlord's interest for 
 labor and materials furnished tenant 
 for building or improvement removable 
 by tenant. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 485. 
 
 § 41. Tax on improvements. 
 
 To whom improvements removable by ten- 
 ant at expiration of term are taxable. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1166. 
 
 Who is responsible for taxes on improve- 
 ments removable by tenant at end of 
 term. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 368. 
 
 ft. Bights of tenant, 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 42. Generally. 
 
 In eminent domain proceedings, see Emi- 
 nent Domain, § 37. 
 
 Eight of lessee to dedicate property. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1024. 
 
 Insurable interest of tenant in leased prop- 
 erty. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 135. 
 
 Rights of one in possession under an agree- 
 ment for' a lease which is not execut- 
 ed. 20 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Lessee's right to wharfage charges under 
 lease. 70 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 Right of tenants to use walls for advertis- 
 ing purposes. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 350. 
 
 § 43. Tenant's easements of light and 
 air. 
 
 Tenant's easement of light and air. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 540; 23 L.R.A. 158. 
 Does lease carry right to light and air on 
 
 adjoining premises of landlord. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 333. 
 
 § 44. Acquisition of title by tenant. 
 
 Adverse possession by tenant, see Adveb.se 
 
 Possession, § 6. 
 Estoppel of tenant to dispute landlord's 
 
 title, see Estoppel, § 36. 
 
 Right of tenant to acquire title not incon- 
 sistent with landlord's title at 
 commencement of tenancy. 53 
 L.R.A. 934. 
 In general. 53 L.R.A. 934. 
 Title derived from judicial sale during 
 
 tenancy. 53 L.R.A. 937. 
 Title derived from tax sale during ten- 
 ancy. 53 L.R.A. 939. 
 
824 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, IV. b, 1— 
 cont'd 
 
 When tenant has agreed to pay the 
 
 tax. 53 L.R.A. 939. 
 When tenant has not agreed to pay 
 the tax. 53 L.R.A. 939. 
 Adverse possession. 53 L.R.A. 941. 
 Character of tenant's possession, 
 
 generally. 53 L.R.A. 941. 
 Power of tenant to initiate an ad- 
 verse possession. 53 
 L.R.A. 941. 
 Generally. 53 L.R.A. 941. 
 During term for years. 53 
 L.R.A. 943. 
 How initiated. 53 L.R.A. 945. 
 
 Requisites, generally ; kind and 
 amount of proof neces- 
 sary. 53 L.R.A. 945. 
 Holding over; presumption as 
 to tenant's possession. 53 
 L.R.A. 949. 
 Nondemand and nonpayment 
 
 of rent. 53 L.R.A. 950. 
 Acquisition of outstanding 
 title or interest by tenant. 
 53 L.R.A. 950. 
 Successors of tenant. 53 
 L.R.A. 951. 
 
 § 45. Tenant's right to possession. 
 
 Adverse possession by tenant, see Adverse 
 Possession, § &. 
 
 Right of personal representative of lessee to 
 possession of leased premises under a 
 lease to commence m futuro. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S;) 301. 
 
 Implied duty of lessor to put lessee in pos- 
 session of leased premises. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1127; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 239. 
 
 -Acceptance of premises by lessee after con- 
 tract time as waiver of damages for 
 failure of lessor to put him in posses- 
 sion. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1131. 
 
 Right to possession of rooms on destruction 
 of leased building. 22 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 ■Tenant's riglit to building constructed in 
 place of leased building which has been 
 destroyed. 22 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 § 46. — lessee of life tenant. 
 
 Right of lessee of life tenant to possession 
 and emblements upon death of his 
 lessor. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 688. 
 
 § 47. Rights as to entrances. 
 
 Right of tenant to have entrances kept 
 open. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 565; 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 926. 
 
 3. As to fixtures, property, and im- 
 provements on premises. 
 
 § 48. Generally. 
 
 Covenants by landlord as to improvements, 
 see supra, § 17a. 
 
 Covenant to pay for improvements made by 
 tenant, see supra, § 18. 
 
 Mechanics' lien for improvements, see su- 
 pra, § 40. 
 
 Tax on improvements, see supra, § 41. 
 
 What are fixtures as between landlord and 
 tenant, see Fixtubes, § 3. 
 
 Begin icith this i)ook on every law question. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, IV. b, 2— 
 
 cont'd 
 Privity of estate between landlord and ten- 
 ant in party wall. 66 L.R.A. 683. 
 Effect of making improvements under oral 
 
 lease void under statute of frauds. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 852. 
 Right of tenant to remove improvements as 
 
 affecting lien on the property improved. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298. 
 Rights and remedies of landlord and owner 
 
 of timber after expiration of time stip- 
 ulated for removal of same. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 547. 
 Scope of provision that lessee shall leave 
 alterations, improvements, addi- 
 tions, etc., on the premises. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 546. 
 
 Improvements. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
 Alterations. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 549. 
 
 Additions. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 549. 
 
 Alterations or improvements. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. 
 
 Additions or improvements. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 550. 
 
 Additions or alterations. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 551. 
 
 Additions, alterations, or improve- 
 ments. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 551. 
 
 Improvements and erections or build- 
 ings. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 552. 
 
 Improvements, additions, and exten- 
 sions. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 553. 
 
 Fixtures. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 553. 
 
 Buildings or erections. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 553. 
 
 Erections and additions. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 553. 
 
 Fixtures, fastenings, and improve- 
 ments. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 
 Additions, improvements, and fixtures. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 
 Buildings, machinery, and fixtures. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 5.54. 
 
 Erections, buildings, improvements, 
 and fixtures. 42 L.R.A; (N.S.) 554. 
 
 Improvements, repairs, and replace- 
 ments. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 
 Erections, buildings, improvements and 
 alterations. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 564. 
 
 Repairs, improvements, additions, or 
 fixtures. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 554. 
 
 Ways, roads, and works. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 555. 
 Mortgage on buildings upon leased prem- 
 ises. 21 L.R.A. 347. 
 
 § 49. Fixtures generally. 
 
 Rights of landlord and tenant as to fix- 
 tures. L.R.A. 150;* 9 L.R.A. 700;* 
 10 L.R.A. 722.* 
 Right of tenant to remove fixtures. 9 
 L.R.A. 700.* 
 After expiration of term. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 TOO.* 
 Effect of acceptance of new lease. 9 
 L.R.A. 701.* 
 Tenant's rights as to removal of fixtures. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 662. 
 Tenant's duty as to fixtures under express 
 covenants as to leaving premises in 
 good condition. 64 L.R.A. 662. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 • 825 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, IV. b, 2— 
 cont'd 
 
 lii the right, as between landlord and ten- 
 ant, to remove ti'ade fixtures, condi- 
 tional upon their susceptibility to re- 
 moval without injury to themselves. 
 18 L.E.A.(X.S.) 423. 
 
 Right of tenant to remove electric chande- 
 liers, etc. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 
 § 50. — effect of renewing tenancy 
 without reserving right to remove. 
 
 In general. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1192; 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1135. 
 Xew lease as implied surrender of rights 
 under old tenancy. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1193. 
 The prevailing rule. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1193. 
 The contrary doctrine. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1198. 
 Effect of special covenants in new lease. 
 
 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1199. 
 Construction of leases and agreements, in- 
 tention of parties. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1200. 
 Kenewal or extension of old term. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 
 § 51. Manure and straw. 
 
 ■ Rights of landlord and tenant in respect to 
 manure on leased premises. 31 L.R.A. 
 698. 
 Right of tenant to remove straw or ma- 
 nure. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 572. 
 
 § 52. Crops. 
 
 Right to emblements. 3 L.R.A. 124;* 11 
 L.R.A. 800.* 
 
 Sale or mortgage of crops by tenant. 23 
 L.R.A. 468. 
 
 Le\-y on interests of, in crops. 23 L.R.A. 
 260. 
 
 Time allowed tenant for removal of crop. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 707. 
 
 Right of tenant at will to crops. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 404. 
 Hay and grass. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 406. 
 Tenancy ended by act of tenant. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 406. 
 
 Right of tenant who maintains his posses- 
 sion by means of wrongful injunction 
 to crops grown on the leasehold. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 
 § 53. Accretions. 
 
 Leaseholder's right to accretions to shore 
 lands. 58 L.R.A. 210. 
 
 g 54. Right of tenant to cut wood for 
 flre.s or fences. 
 
 To what extent timber may be taken. 68 
 L.R.A. 641. 
 
 Generally. 68 L.R.A. 641. 
 
 For future use. 68 L.R.A. 644. 
 
 For new improvements. 68 L.R.A. 645. 
 Place of use. 68 L.R.A. 645. 
 Persons who may use wood. 68 L.R.A. 647. 
 Kind of timber.' 68 L.R.A. 648. 
 Common of estovers. 68 L.R.A. 649. 
 ( onsult also L.R.d- Digests to date. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, IV.— tont'd 
 c. Duty and liability of tenant, 
 
 § 55. Generally. 
 
 Tenant's liability as to rent, see infra, V. 
 Imputing tenant's negligence to landlord, 
 see Negligence, § 49. 
 
 Liability of one in possession under agree- 
 ment for lease which is not executed. 
 20 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Liability of lessee for safety of wharf or 
 dock. 61 L.R.A. 953. 
 
 Lessee's liability for removal of lateral 
 support to subjacent land. 68 L.R.A. 
 695. 
 
 Right of landlord held liable for tort to 
 contribution or indemnity from lessee 
 responsible for its commission or vice 
 versa. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1148. 
 
 § 56. Waste by tenant. 
 
 Infecting premises with contagious disease 
 as waste. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 474. 
 
 § 5 7. Tenant's duty to leave premises 
 in good condition. 
 
 The implied obligation. 64 L.R.A. 649. 
 Its extent in general. 64 L.R.A. 649. 
 As to damages by fire and accident. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 651. 
 As to removal of rubbish. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 652. 
 The obligation under express covenants. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 652. 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 652. 
 Repairs necessitated by natural decay. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 652. 
 Repairs necessitated by reasonable use. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 653. 
 Effect of condition of property at com- 
 mencement of term. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 654. 
 Repairs in particular. 64 L.R.A. 655. 
 
 Papering, painting, and white- 
 washing. 64 L.R.A. 655. 
 
 Other repairs. 64 L.R.A. 656. 
 
 Alterations. 64 L.R.A. 657. 
 Fire or unavoidable accident. 64 
 L.R.A. 657. 
 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 657. 
 
 Injuries caused by third persons. 
 64 L.R.A. 660. 
 Injuries caused by imperfect construc- 
 tion. 64 L.R.A. 661. 
 Buildings erected during term. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 661. 
 Liability of tenant holding over. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 661. 
 Liability of assignee of lessee. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 662. 
 Removal of rubbish. 64 L.R.A. 662. 
 Fixtures. 64 L.R.A. 662. 
 Other cases. 64 L.R.A. 663. 
 When right of action accrues. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 664. 
 Measure of damages. 64 L.R.A. 665. 
 
 In general. 64 L.B.A. 665. 
 
 Effect of demolition of premises by 
 lessor. 64 L.R.A. 667. 
 Liability to rebuild on destruction of 
 leased building. 22 L.R.A. 615- 
 
826 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, IV.— cont'd 
 d. Duty and liability of landlord. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 58. Generally. 
 
 Imputing landlord's negligence to tenant, 
 see Negligence, § 49. 
 
 Liability of lessor of railroad for negli- 
 gence. 10 L.R.A. 794.* 
 
 Validity of statute holding property owners 
 liable for water and liglit furnished 
 tenant. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 198. 
 
 2. To third persons generally. 
 
 § 59. Generally. 
 
 Liability for injury to person in street, 
 see Highways, §§ 85, 86. 
 
 Liability of landlord to servants of third 
 person visiting premises on business. 
 46 L.R.A. 93. 
 
 Rights of one who has been prohibited from 
 entering a passenger elevator but who 
 does so for purpose of doing business 
 with tenant. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 350. 
 
 Is landlord's negligence in relation to 
 premises imputable to tenant, or vice 
 versa, so as to prevent a recovery from 
 a negligent third person. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 498. 
 
 § 60. For condition of premises in pos- 
 session of tenant. 
 
 Nuisances. 26 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 Generally. 26 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 Tenant covenanting to repair. 26 
 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Reletting. 26 L.R.A. 198. 
 Sidewalks. 26 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Condition. 26 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Areaways. 26 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Coal-holes and gratings. 26 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 Icy sidewallis. 26 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Awning. 26 L.R.A. 200. 
 Things falling. 26 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Buildings or chimneys. 26 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Snow and ice. 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 Highway. 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 Kilns, smoking chimneys, and boiler shops. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 Light. 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 Cess-pools and water closets. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 201. 
 Water pipes, plumbing, and lead pipes af- 
 fecting neighbors. 26 L.R.A. 202. 
 Drains, sewers, and stables. 26 L.R.A. 202. 
 Entrances. 26 L.R.A. 202. 
 Pleading. 26 L.R.A. 202. 
 Statutes. 26 L.R.A. 202. 
 Wharves. 20 L.R.A. 203. 
 Liability for safeiiy of wharf or dock as 
 
 between owner and lessee. 61 L.E.A. 
 
 952. 
 
 § 61. For acts of tenant or his serv- 
 ants. 
 
 Liability of ferryman for acts of lessee, 
 etc. 68 L.R.A. 160. 
 
 Begin with, this hooh on every law question. 
 
 .LANDLORD AND TENANT, IV. d. 2— 
 I cont'd 
 
 Liability of lessor of railroad for injuries 
 caused by negligence of lessee compa- 
 ny. 44 L.R.A. 737. 
 Responsibility of grantee of public fran- 
 chises for acts of servant of lessee in 
 possession under authorized contract. 
 37 L.R.A. 83. 
 Knowledge necessary to charge owner with 
 conduct of tenants or others in selling 
 Intoxicating liquor on premises in vio- 
 lation of Injunction. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 602. 
 
 § 62. For nuisance. 
 
 On leased premises; liability for. 5 L.R.A. 
 794.* 
 
 Landlord's liability to third person for nui- 
 sance where teij^nt covenants to repair. 
 26 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Holding over by tenant after expiration of 
 term for years as affecting liability for 
 nuisances and defects on leased prem- 
 ises. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 849. 
 
 § 63. For injury to property. 
 
 Liability of lessor for removal of lateral 
 support to subjacent land. 68 L.R.A. 
 695. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injury to adjoining 
 property from cause arising during 
 tenancy. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 
 3. To tenant and his family, 
 (a) In general. 
 
 § 64. Generally. 
 
 Liability for ejecting tenant, see infra, 
 
 § 96. 
 Proximate cause of injury to tenant, see 
 
 Peoximate Cause, § 17. 
 Duty and liability as to stairway, see 
 
 Stairway, § 3. 
 
 Liability of landlord for damages to ten- 
 ant in consequence of acts of third 
 persons affecting the leased prop- 
 erty. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 774. 
 
 Under implied covenant for quiet en- 
 joyment. 42 L.E.A,(N.S.) 775. 
 
 Under express covenants. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 775. 
 
 Without reference to covenant. 42 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 777. 
 
 Effect of statutory regulation. 42 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 779. 
 Duty of lessor to reimburse lessee for 
 
 amount which latter contributes to 
 
 cost of party wall. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 293. 
 Duty and liability of landlord of apart- 
 ments as to heating. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1213. 
 Liability of landlord on destruction of 
 
 leased building. 22 L.E.A. 616. 
 
 § 65. As to repairs. 
 
 Landlord's covenant as to repairs and im- 
 provements, see supra, § 17a. 
 
 Liability for injury to tenant, through fail- 
 ure to repair, see infra, § 67. 
 
IJs'DEX TO L.E,.A. NOTES. 
 
 827 
 
 LANDLORD AXD TENANT, IV. d, 3 (a) 
 
 — cont'd 
 Liability for injury to tenant's property 
 
 through breach of covenant as to, see 
 
 infra, § 71. 
 
 Duty as to repairs. 9 L.E.A. 798;* 10 
 L.R.A. 147.* 
 
 Duty to repair portion of building remain- 
 ing in landlord's possession. 14 L.R.A. 
 238. 
 
 Duty of landlord to keep plumbing in 
 proper repair for tenant's use. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 907. 
 
 (h) Injuries to person, 
 
 § 66. Generally. 
 
 Contributory negligence of tenant, see Neg- 
 LIGEiSXE. § 35. 
 
 Landlord's liability for work of independ- 
 ent contractor which is dangerous to 
 tenants. 65 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 § 6 7. From defect in premises. 
 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 824; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 798. 
 Landlord not bound to have premises safe. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 824. 
 There are no implied covenants. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 825. 
 No action for nonrepair. 34 L.R.A. 825. 
 Con.--truction of covenant to repair. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 826. 
 Warranty or representations by landlord. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 826. 
 Fraud or deceit. 34 L.R.A. 827. 
 Concealment of defects. 34 L.R.A. 827. 
 Statutory liability. 34 L.R.A. 829. 
 Landlord actively negligent. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 830. 
 Liability for injury from latent defect. 34 
 ' L.R.A. (N.S.) 799. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 799. 
 Doctrine of Hines v. Willeox. 34 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 799. 
 Imputing to landlord knowledge of de- 
 fect. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802. 
 Dutv of landlord to disclose known de- 
 "fect. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 803. 
 Liability for injury from obvious defect. 
 
 34 L.R.A. (N..-^.) 804. 
 Liability for injury from subsequent de- 
 fect. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 804. 
 Liability under express agreement to re- 
 pair. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804. 
 Liability under representations or war- 
 ranty of condition. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 805." 
 Liability under subsequent promise to re- 
 ■ pair. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 805. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 805. 
 Abandonment before completing re- 
 pairs. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 806. 
 Where defect is caused by subsequent act 
 of landlord. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 806. 
 In generaL ,34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 806. 
 Npn-ligence in making repairs. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 806. 
 Where landlord retains control of property. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 807. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 807. 
 ConstiU also L.R.A. Digests to elate. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, IV. d, 3 (b) 
 — cont'd. 
 
 Necessity of notice of defect. 34 
 L.E.A 808. 
 
 Statutory provisions. 34 L.R.A. 829; 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 808. 
 
 Contributory negligence of tenant. 34 
 L.R.A. '830; 34 L.E.A.(X.S.) 808. 
 
 Proximate cause of injury. 34 L.E.A. 831. 
 
 Measure of damages. 34 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Distinguishable cases. 34 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Right of tenant to recover for personal in- 
 juries received through landlord's 
 breach of contract to repair. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 504. 
 
 Liability for injury from fall of leased 
 building. 34 L.R.A. 562. 
 
 Duty and liability of landlord as to prem- 
 ises upon which has existed a con- 
 tagious disease. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 977. 
 
 § 68. For injuries from defects in por- 
 tions of building remaining in his 
 possession. 
 
 Generally. 14 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 Liability to tenants. 14 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 Duty to rebuild. 14 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 Duty to repair. 14 L.E.A. 238. 
 
 Duty as to hallways, stairways, etc. 14 
 
 "L.R.A. 239. 
 Duty as to sinks, water pipes, etc. 14 
 
 L.E.A. 240. 
 Duty to repair roof. 14 L.E.A. 241. 
 Duty as to side walls. 14 L.R.A. 241. 
 Duty of landlord to light common hall or 
 
 stairway. 1 B. E. C. 107. 
 
 § 6 9. As to part of premises not con- 
 trolled liy tenant. 
 
 Elevators. 23 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 Common entrance, passway and yard, and 
 access. 23 L.E.A. 155. 
 
 Halls and stairways. 23 L.R.A. 156. 
 
 Fire escape. 23 L.R.A. 157. 
 
 Sidewalk. 23 L.R.A. 157. 
 
 Walls. 23 L.E.A. 157. 
 
 Falling articles. 23 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Light and air. 23 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Nuisances. 23 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Roof used in common. 23 L.R.A. 159. 
 
 Water from roof. 23 L.R.A. 159. 
 
 Water pipes and plumbing controlled by 
 landlord. 23 L.E.A. 159. 
 
 Water pipes and plumbing used by other 
 tenants. 23 L.E.A. 160. 
 
 Water supply. 23 L.R.A. 160. 
 
 Explosion of gas. 29 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 Liability for injury in common passage- 
 way. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 
 Liability of landlord for injuries from de- 
 fective condition of foundation, walls, 
 chimneys, or roof of a building, the 
 different floors of which are let to dif- 
 ferent tenants. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1142. 
 
 (c) Injury to, or conversion of, 
 properti/. 
 
 §7 0. Generally. 
 
 Liability of landlord for acts of independ- 
 ent contractor. 65 L.R.A. 855; 66 
 L.R.A. 154. 
 
828 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, IV. d, 3 (c) 
 — cont'd 
 
 Liability of landlord where tenant's prop- 
 erty is damaged through interference 
 with party wall by adjoining owner 
 under agreement with landlord. 24 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 424. 
 
 Liability of landlord for injury done by one 
 tenant to the goods of another through 
 negligence in the maintenance of the 
 leased property. 12 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1025. 
 
 Liability of landlord for loss of tenant's 
 property by fire. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 363. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injury to tenant by 
 escape of water. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 545. 
 
 Liability of landlord or his agent for con- 
 version of tenant's goods by one put in 
 possession of the premises before the 
 expiration of the tenancy. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 226. 
 
 § 71. Due to breach of covenant to re- 
 pair. 
 
 Liability of landlord for injury to tenant's 
 property from breach of his covenant 
 to repair. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 738. 
 
 4. To tenant's guests and servants from 
 defects in premises. 
 
 g 72. Generally. 
 
 Contributory negligence of guests or serv- 
 ants, see Negligence, § 35. 
 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. 609; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1161. 
 
 Duty the same towards tenant and tenant's 
 guest or servant. 34 L.R.A. 609; 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1165. 
 
 Landlord not generally liable. 34 L.R.A. 
 609. 
 
 Defect in premises when let. 34 L.R.A. 
 610; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1162. 
 
 Effect of concealment by landlord. 34 
 L.R.A. 611; 46 L.R.A. 86; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1165. 
 
 Injuries caused by want of proper repair. 
 46 L.R.A. 83. 
 Effect of duty to repair. 34 L.R.A. 613; 
 46 L.R.A. 88; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1163. 
 Effect of landlord's breach of contract 
 to repair. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 116S. 
 
 Structure for use of public. 34 L.R.A. 614. 
 
 Liability of reversioner. 34 L.R.A. 615. 
 
 Contributory negligence. 34 L.R.A. 616. 
 
 Portion of building in landlord's posses- 
 sion. 34 L.R.A. 616; 46 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 Dangerous agency on adjoining premises. 
 34 L.R.A. 616. 
 
 Effect of tenant's agreement to repair. 46 
 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 Responsibility of landlord for parts of 
 leased building which he keeps under 
 his own control. 46 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 Consequences of landlord's knowledge of 
 purpose for which premises are to be 
 used by tenant. 46 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 Liability of landlord for a nuisance. 46 
 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 ESect of negligence of lessee or his serv- 
 ants in conducting business. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, IX. d, 4— 
 
 — cont'd 
 Rule where the lease involves the exercise- 
 
 of public franchises. 46 L.R.A. 89. 
 Rule under statutes modifying common-lavir 
 
 rules. 46 L.R.A. 92. 
 Rule in case of sublease. 46 L.R.A. 93. 
 Liability to servants visiting premises on 
 
 business with tenants. 46 L.R.A. 93. 
 Assumption by tenant's employee of risk 
 
 of unsafe portions of building remain- 
 ing in landlord's possession. 3 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 1097. 
 Liability of lessor of place of amusement 
 
 for safety of patrons. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N..S.) 284; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 715; 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 
 e. Liability of contractor for injuries to 
 
 tenant. 
 
 § 7 3. Generally. 
 
 Liability of contractor to tenant for injury 
 caused by defects in building. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 477. 
 
 f. Proper party to maintain action af- 
 
 fecting rights, 
 
 § 7 4. Generally. 
 
 Which is real party in interest by whom 
 action must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 611. 
 
 § 75. Landlord. 
 
 Right of landlord to maintain trespass 
 quare clausum f regit. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 248. 
 
 Right of owner to recover damages to prop- 
 erty from nuisance not of a permanent 
 character, while in possession of ten- 
 ant. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1060. 
 
 § 7 6. Tenant. 
 
 Right of tenant to sue for injury by dam- 
 ming back water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 
 899. 
 
 Right of tenant to maintain trespass quare 
 clausum f regit. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 265. 
 
 Lessee's right to maintain suit to enjoin 
 nuisance. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 448. 
 
 V. Rent or other compensation; lien, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 7 7. Generally. 
 
 Rental of areaway, see Areawats, § 2. 
 
 Rent under oil and gas lease, see Mikes, 
 § 36. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of parties to mort- 
 gage as to, see Mortgage, § 33. 
 
 Right to rents on foreclosure, see Moht- 
 GAQE, § 79a. 
 
 Rentals charged by public or public service 
 corporations, see Rental. 
 
 Right to rents on lease of intestate's prop- 
 erty. 40 L.R.A. 321. 
 Liability for, of personal representative 
 carrying on business on behalf of ea- 
 »S. tate. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 220. 
 
 Begin with this l>oo?c on eveiij law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 823 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Adverse possession of tenant in case of 
 nondemand and nonpayment of rent. 
 53 L.R.A. 950. 
 
 When action for use and occupation of 
 premises will lie. 14 L.E.A. 156; 26 
 L.R.A. 802. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion for, must be brovight. 64 L.E.A. 
 620. 
 
 Stipulation that vendee or mortgagor shall 
 on default become a tenant, as affect- 
 ing liability for rent. 49 L.R.A. 436. 
 
 Effect on liability of tenant's surety of 
 surrender of lease containing option to 
 purchase. 9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 557. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture for non- 
 payment of rent. 69 L.E.A. 844. 
 
 Effect of taking of property by eminent 
 domain on liability for rent. 21 L.E.A. 
 213, 222. 
 
 Landlord's breach of covenant to repair or 
 make improvements as defense to ac- 
 tion for rent. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 977. 
 
 Liability of lessee for rent dxiring part of 
 term remaining after death of person 
 whom he agreed to support. 33 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 347. 
 
 Reservation of right of re-entry as affect- 
 ing liabilitv for rent. 42 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 1087. 
 
 Right to reduction in rent of farm because 
 part of it is not tillable. 36 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 555. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute providing for 
 imprisonment for breach of contract of 
 labor or rental. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 
 Effect of payment of rent by tenant from 
 year to year. 8 L.E.A. 221.* 
 
 Effect of payment of rent after termina- 
 tion of landlord's title on tenant's 
 right to show that the landlord has 
 parted with such title. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 866. 
 
 Set-off in case of bankruptcy. 55 L.E.A. 
 50, 54, 67. 
 
 Proof of claim based on lease as fixed lia- 
 bility under bankruptcy act. 54 
 L.E.A. 374. 
 
 Provability of claim under covenant in- 
 demnifying against loss of rent, or ac- 
 celerating future rent, in event of de- 
 fault. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 270. 
 
 Acceptance of partial allowance by United 
 States of claim for rent as an accord 
 and satisfaction. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 115. 
 
 Effect of admission to change burden of 
 proof and right to open and close in 
 action on lease. 61 L.R.A. 5.38. 
 
 Admissibility of entries as to receipt of 
 rent in books of account. 53 L.R.A. 
 516. 
 
 Power of agent for renting or collecting 
 rent to accept surrender of lease. 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 93. 
 
 Liabilitv for rent as affected by fact that 
 property cannot be devoted to use in- 
 tended without alteration to conform 
 to police regulations. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 894. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, V. a— cont'd 
 Loss of, as damages for breach of contract 
 
 to install elevator or other equipment 
 
 incidental to use of building. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1130. 
 Setting off on mortgage foreclosure. 21 
 
 L.E.A. 324. 
 Duty of cotenant to account for. 28 L.E.A. 
 
 831; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 224. 
 
 §7 8. Who entitled to vent. 
 
 Eight to rents on lease of intestate's prop- 
 erty, see Executors and Admlmstka- 
 
 TORS, § 15. 
 Eight to rent as between vendor and pur- 
 chaser, see Vendor and Purchaser, 
 
 Right to rental of real estate sold on con- 
 tract. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1066; 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 420. 
 
 Right as between life tenant and remain- 
 derman to rents from lease of prop- 
 erty. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 637. 
 
 Apportionment of rent upon death of life 
 beneficiary between distribution pe- 
 riods. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 450. 
 
 Right to, after foreclosure decree and be- 
 fore purchaser's title is perfected. 1 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1079. 
 
 Power of equity in jurisdiction where mort- 
 gage does not convey the title, to im- 
 pound rents and profits of mortgaged 
 property pending foreclosure. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1001. 
 
 § 7 9. What constitutes payment of 
 rent. 
 
 Acceptance of commercial paper as pay- 
 ment of rent. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 106. 
 
 § 80. Liability of assignee of lease- 
 hold for i-ent. 
 
 Equitable assignee. 14 L.R.A. 151. 
 
 Ground for liability. 14 L.R.A. 151. 
 
 Necessity for possession. 14 L.R.A. 151. 
 
 Necessity of a valid assignment. 14 L.R.A. 
 152. 
 
 How assignment established. 14 L.E.A. 
 152. 
 
 Sufficiency of assignment. 14 L.E.A. 154. 
 
 Extent and duration of liability. 14 L.E.A. 
 153. 
 
 Methods of terminating liability. 14 
 L.R.A. 154. 
 
 Liability after assignment for rent accru- 
 ing during term. 14 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 Remedies of lessee against assignee. 14 
 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 Form of remedy. 14 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 § 81. Liability of sublessee. 
 
 Sublessee not liable on original lease. 
 L.E.A. 855.* 
 
 11 
 
 § 82. Compensation when lease invalid 
 under statute of frauds. 
 
 General doctrine. 26 L.E.A. 799. 
 
830 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. Nqtes. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, V. a— cont'd 
 'J'cnaiits from year to year. 26 L.E.A. 800. 
 [.'sc and occupation. 26 L.R.A. 801. 
 Holding over. 26 L.R.A. 802. 
 Distress. 26 L.E.A. 802. 
 
 § 83. Effect of eviction on lialbility. 
 
 EiTect of partial eviction upon liability for 
 rent. 17 L.R.A. 275; 41 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 430. 
 Under title paramount, and disposses- 
 sion under eminent domain. 37 
 L.R.A. 276. 
 Eviction of tenant so as to relieve him 
 from payment of rent by reason of en- 
 forcement by public officials of restric- 
 tions on use of premises. 2 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 973. 
 Attornment by lessee, to avoid eviction, to 
 stranger entitled to immediate posses- 
 sion, as defense in action for rent. 18 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 
 § 84. Liability after destruction of 
 leased building. 
 
 Continuance of rent for apartments and 
 
 rooms. 22 L.R.A. 613. 
 Continuance of rent for building. 22 
 
 L.E.A. 613. 
 Rent ceasing by terms of lease. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 614. 
 Abatement of rent by surrender of prem- 
 ises. 22 L.E.A. 615. 
 Destruction of premises as affecting rent 
 paid or payable in advance. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 540. 
 Eight of lessee to recover rent paid in 
 
 advance. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 540. 
 Eecovery by lessor after destruction of 
 premises of rent payable in ad- 
 vance. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 543. 
 Is destruction by decay rendering premises 
 untenantable within statute relieving 
 tenant from rent in case of destruc- 
 tion by act of God or elements. 21 
 L.E.A.'(N.S.) 330. 
 
 § 85. Availability of exemptions 
 against claim for rent. 
 
 Statutory lien for rent. 24 L.E.A. 812. 
 Waiver of exemption. 24 L.R.A. 812. 
 Equitable lien. 24 L.R.A. 812. 
 
 § 8 6. Liability for rent of premises oc- 
 cupied by receiver or assignee for 
 creditors. 
 
 Liability of receiver or assignee. 59 L.E.A. 
 ' 673. 
 General rules as to receivers. 59 
 
 L.E.A. 673. 
 General rules as to assignees under 
 general assignment. 59 L.R.A. 
 074. 
 General rules as to assignees in bank- 
 ruptcy. 59 L.R.A. 675. 
 What amounts to acceptance or adop- 
 tion of lease. 59 L.R.A. 676. 
 Generally. 59 L.R.A. 676. 
 Taking possession. 59 L.R.A. 676. 
 Under general order. 59 
 L.R.A. 076. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every larv question. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Under direction in, or pursu 
 
 ant to purpose of, ordej- 
 
 or assignment. 59 L.R.A, 
 
 677. 
 
 Attempt to utilize leasehold. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 677. 
 Holding to close up business. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 679. 
 Holding to make intelligible elec- 
 tion. 59 L.E.A. 681. 
 General rules as to. 59 L.E.A. 
 
 681. 
 What period is reasonable. 
 59 L.E.A. 682. 
 Holding in ignorance of claim. 59 
 
 L.E.A. 683. 
 Holding to continue business. 59 
 L.E.A. 683. 
 General rules as to. 59 L.E.A. 
 
 683. 
 
 What a sufficient continuance 
 
 of business. 59 L.E.A. 
 
 684. 
 
 Payment of rent. 59 L.E.A. 686. 
 
 Estoppel or waiver of right to enforce. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 686. 
 Extent of liability. 59 L.E.A. 687. 
 General rule. 59 L.E.A. 687. 
 When occupation is temporary. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 688. 
 Where occupation is continued. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 689. 
 Under special agreement. 5S 
 L.R.A. 690. 
 Preference over general claims. 59 
 L.R.A. 691. 
 In ordinary receiverships, assign- 
 ments, and bankruptcies gen- 
 erally. 59 L.E.A. 691. 
 Rule that priority depends on lien 
 or right to distrain. 59 
 L.R.A. 692. 
 In railway receiverships. 58 
 L.E.A. 693. 
 Personal liability. 59 L.E.A. 694. 
 Liability of lessee. 59 L.E.A. 695. 
 Liability of third person. 59 L.R.A. 696. 
 Priority of claim for rent against property 
 in hands of receiver over recorded liens. 
 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 700, 710. 
 
 § 8 7. Guaranty or insurance of rent. 
 
 Insurance against loss of rents, see Insxje- 
 AJMCE, § 218. 
 
 Guaranty of rent. 9 L.E.A. 353.* 
 Necessity of notice in order to bind guar- 
 antor of lessee. 20 L.E.A. 259. 
 
 6. Landlord's lien. 
 
 § 88. Generally. 
 
 Liens of landlords. 12 L.R.A. 605.* 
 Equitable lien for rent. 24 L.R.A. 812. 
 Landlord's lien for rent; personal liability 
 
 of purchaser of property subject to. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 737. 
 Efficacy of chattel mortgage on fixtures as 
 
 against landlord. 15 L.R.A. 56. 
 Rights of landlord as against attaching 
 
 creditors. 12 L.E.A. 848.* 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. KOTES. 
 
 831 
 
 LANDLOED AND TEXAXT, V. b— cont'd 
 
 Stipulation that vondee or mortgagor sliall 
 on default become a tenant, as affect- 
 ing right to a lien. 49 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 Injunction to protect lien of landlord 
 against execution sale. 30 L.R.A. 129. 
 
 Failure of landlord to take possession of 
 collateral covered by lien as release of 
 surety. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 709. 
 
 Attempt to enforce lien under clause in a 
 lease giving landlord a lien on crops 
 and chattels as election preventing its 
 enforcement as a (" " 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 
 Prioritv of claims for leases and rental 
 against property in hands of receiver 
 over recorded liens. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1030, 1044, 1060, 1066. 
 
 Eight to statutory lien on property of third 
 person for rental of personal property 
 to contractor for use in work of a 
 lienable nature. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585. 
 
 § 89. Lien of cotenant. 
 
 How far share of one cotenant collecting 
 rents is subject to lien in favor of his 
 cotenant. 16 L.R.A. 547; 28 L.R.A. 
 849. 
 
 Lien of one cotenant for rents and profits 
 received by cotenant. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 236. 
 
 § 90. Waiver of lien. 
 
 Waiver of landlord's lien by attachment. 
 50 L.R.A. 717. 
 
 c. Distress. 
 
 § 91. Generally. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 proceedings to distrain. 49 L.R.A. 239. 
 
 Necessity for change of possession to up- 
 hold, as against creditors of former 
 owner, sale of goods under distress for 
 rent. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1021. 
 
 Use of distress warrant to enforce payment 
 of compensation for use of property 
 other than land. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 836. 
 
 § 92. Right to. 
 
 Possession by tenant of chattels of third 
 person as affecting the landlord's right 
 to distress. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 792, 798. 
 
 Where lease is invalid under statute of 
 frauds. 26 L.E.A. 802. 
 
 Effect of tenant's holding over after expira- 
 tion of term for years on right to dis- 
 train. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 851. 
 
 Stipulation that vendee or mortgagor shall, 
 on default, become a tenant as affect- 
 ing right to maintain distress proceed- 
 ings. 49 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 § 93. Liability for wrongful distress. 
 
 Landlord's liability for wrongful act of 
 agent in distraining for rent. 27 
 L.R.A. 173. 
 
 VI. Recovery of possession ; re-entry. 
 
 § 94. Generally. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 proceeding to dispossess. 49 L.R.A. 
 239. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT, VI.— cont'd 
 Re-entry on forfeiture; election of remedies. 
 
 8 L.R.A. 759.* 
 Landlord's right to render tenement unin- 
 habitable under provision of lease re- 
 serving right of re-entry for condition 
 broken. 17 L.R.A. 672. 
 Stipulation that vendee or mortgagor shall 
 on default become a tenant, as affect- 
 ing right to recover possession of prem- 
 ises. 49 L.R.A. 438. 
 Reservation of right of re-entry as affect- 
 ing the character of instrument as 
 an assignment or sublease. 42 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 As between the parties to the transfer 
 and their successors. 42 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 Reversion considered unnecessary. 
 
 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1085. 
 Transfer construed as sublease. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1085. 
 Transfer construed as assignment. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1085. 
 Transferee purchasing reversion. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1087. 
 As concerning third parties. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1087. 
 As between original landlord and 
 transferee. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 (N.S.) 1087. 
 Liability for rent. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1087. 
 ' Liability upon covenant to pay 
 taxes. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1088. 
 Landlord's liability to transferee. 
 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1089. 
 Landlord's liability to original ten- 
 ant. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1089. 
 Purchase of transfer' by original 
 landlord, 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1089. 
 Landlord's claim that transfer 
 breaches the lease. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1089. 
 Miscellaneous. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1090. 
 Injunction as to judgment by or against 
 surety in summary proceedings. 31 
 L.R.A. 63. 
 Injunction against dispossession by sum- 
 mary proceedings. 30 L.R.A. 129. 
 Right to prove fraud in title in summary 
 proceedings to recover possession of 
 property. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 Appeal in summary proceedings. 9 L.E.A. 
 801.* 
 
 § 95. Notice to quit. 
 
 Notice to quit; ejection of tenant. 8 L.E.A. 
 221.* 
 
 Summary proceedings to oust tenant; notice 
 in. 9 L.E.A. 798.* 
 
 Right of tenant receiving proper notice to 
 quit where property is taken by emi- 
 nent domain. 21 L.E.A. 222. 
 
 Denial of tenancy as waiver of notice to 
 quit, or of demand of possession. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S,) 104, 
 
832 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT— cont'd 
 VII. Liability for ejecting tenant. 
 
 § 96. Generally. 
 
 Liability of landlord to tenant for forcible 
 expulsion after termination of ten- 
 ancy. 16 L.R.A. 798. 
 Ill England. 16 L.R.A. 798. 
 The prevalent American rule. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 798. 
 A different rule. 16 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 Liability of landlord for damages for forci- 
 bly dispossessing tenant after expira- 
 tion of term. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 468. 
 
 Liability of landlord for personal injuries 
 inflicted in attempting to dispossess 
 tenant. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 392. 
 
 Liability of property owner for compelling 
 removal of sick person. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 510. 
 
 LANGUAGE. 
 
 In 
 
 what 
 
 TIOX, 
 
 publication made, 
 § 3. 
 
 see PuBLieA- 
 
 Foreign, publication of official notice in. 
 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 14 
 
 LAPSE. 
 
 Of legacy, see Wills, § 120. 
 
 LARCENY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of animals, see Animals, § 4. 
 
 Of other spouse's property, see Husband 
 
 AXD Wife, § 46. 
 See also Receiving Stolen Pboperty. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 498. 
 be secret. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 41 
 
 25 
 
 67 
 
 Check as subject of. 
 
 Necessity that theft 
 292.* 
 
 Criminal liability for agent's act in. 
 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 Criminality of solicitation to commit. 
 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 Homicide in attempting to prevent. 
 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Title of one vi'ho takes money from thief 
 or embezzler. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631. 
 
 When larceny deemed continuous. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 520. 
 
 Valuation of commercial paper for pur- 
 poses of graduating 'offense of larceny. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1063. 
 
 Stealing property from different owners at 
 the same time as distinct offenses. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 967. 
 
 Prosecution for larceny of one who receives 
 or sells within the state property actu- 
 ally stolen with his connivance by an- 
 other in another state. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 207. 
 
 LARCENY— cont'd 
 
 Production of bill of sale as repelling pre- 
 sumption of guilt from possession of re- 
 cently stolen property. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 320. 
 
 Liability of the government or other public 
 body for its own obligations stolen 
 from it. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 444. 
 
 Truth of charge of, as a defense to a civil 
 action for libel or slander. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 144. 
 
 Loss by, during fire. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 892. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 314, 320. 
 
 Necessity of instruction as to law on cir- 
 cumstantial evidence on prosecution 
 for. 69 L.R.A. 195, 198, 206. 
 
 § 2. What constitutes. 
 
 Defined. 4 L.R.A. 291.* 
 What law defines larceny for purposes of a 
 statute against bringing stolen 
 property into the state. 15 L.R.A. 
 722; 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 556. 
 
 Particular statutes. 15 L.R.A. 724. 
 From person; distinguished from robbery. 
 
 10 L.R.A. 109.* 
 Taking of property by general owner for 
 
 purpose of defeating a lien thereon as 
 
 larceny. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 Sale of another's property as larceny. 10 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816. 
 Wrongful sale of pledged property or col- 
 lateral as. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 999. 
 Larceny by taking away greater quantity 
 
 of purchased article than was paid for. 
 
 1 B. R. C. 1004. 
 Failure to account for fund to one jointly 
 
 interested therein as theft, larceny, or 
 
 embezzlement. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 822. 
 By obtaining money by trick. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 862. 
 Larceny by fraudulent race or game. 1 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 862; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1164; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 735. 
 Making or procuring fraudulent orders on 
 
 public funds. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 234. 
 Fraudulent conversion of property by one 
 
 legally in charge or custody thereof. 2 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 249. 
 
 § 3. What constitutes asportation. 
 
 Circumstances held saflicient to show aspor- 
 tation. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 38. 
 When property carried away by agency 
 of innocent third person. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 39. 
 Circumstances held insufficient to show 
 
 asportation. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 40. 
 The Texas cases. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 40. 
 
 Circumstances held sufficient to show 
 
 a taking. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 41. 
 
 Circumstances held insufficient to show 
 
 a taking. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 41. 
 
 § 4. Of what property. 
 
 Of property delivered by mistake, see Mis- 
 take, § 19. 
 
 Larceny of one's own property. 
 292.* 
 
 4 L.R.A. 
 
 Begin ivith this hook on every law question. 
 
IKDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 833 
 
 LARCENY— cont'd 
 
 Of money or property delivered bv mistake. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 136. 
 Of dog. 40 L.E.A. 514. 
 Of bees. 40 L.R.A. 689. 
 Appropriation of articles of value concealed 
 in goods purchased or in waste matter. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1133. 
 Larceny of property found. 37 L.R.A. 121; 
 30 L.R.A. '(N.S.) 339. 
 By finder. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 340. 
 Generally. 30 L.R.A. (N.S) 340. 
 Of estravs. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 341. 
 Larceny or embezzlement by one spouse of 
 the other's property. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 830. 
 Rule as to husband. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 830. 
 Rule as to wife. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 831. 
 
 § 5. By cliildren. 
 
 Criminal liability of children for. 
 201. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 
 
 defense to larceny. 18 
 
 in intentionally 
 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 S 6. By officer. 
 
 Liability of officer acting under writ of exe- 
 cution for. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 508. 
 
 S 7. By corporation. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation for. 
 2 B. R. C. 249. 
 
 S 8. Defenses. 
 
 What intoxication will excuse. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 469. 
 Kleptomania as 
 
 L.R.A. 229. 
 Effect of owner's conduct 
 
 facilitating the taking 
 
 756. 
 Instigation of offense as 
 
 L.R.A. 343; 30 L.R.A. 
 Effect of consent of bailee, agent, or serv- 
 ant to taking of property. 7 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 1149. 
 Purpose of applying property on debt as 
 
 affecting. .32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 420. 
 
 § 9. Running of limitation.^ against 
 prosecution for. 
 
 Running of statute of limitations against 
 action to recover stolen property. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 120; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 621. 
 
 a defense. 
 (N.S.) 950. 
 
 25 
 
 § 10. Indictment for. 
 
 See Indictment, Infoemation, 
 
 PLAINT, § 23. 
 
 AND COM- 
 
 § 11. Evidence in prosecution for. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in. 68 L.R.A. 40, 48, 
 
 54, 56, 65; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 536. 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 
 62 L.E.A. 231, 281, 315, 322. 
 E\idfince of character of accused to rebut 
 
 presumption from possession of stolen 
 
 goods. 20 L.R.A. 614. 
 Rigiit of one to testify as to his intent. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 390. 
 Possession of recently stolen property as 
 
 evidence of. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199. 
 
 LARCENY— cont'd 
 
 § 13. Punishment for. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 L.R.A. 573, 577. 
 
 § 13. Civil liability for, or in respect 
 to. 
 
 As affecting liability on official bond. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 Larceny or embezzleinent as affected by be- 
 lief in right to property taken. 
 .41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 549. 
 Larceny. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 550. 
 
 Taking property to pay or secure 
 
 debt. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 553. 
 Taking property from an officer. 
 
 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 553. 
 Retaking upon failure to carry out 
 contract. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 553. 
 Assisting one believed to be tlie 
 owner. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 5!rA. 
 Taking by authoritv of third per- 
 son. 41 " L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 554. 
 Of employer. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 554. 
 Bona fides as question for the jury. 
 
 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 554. 
 Burden of proof as to good faith. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 Evidence of good faith. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 . (N.S.) 555. 
 Effect of siibsequent conversion. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 555. 
 Effect of custom or usage. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 555. 
 Embezzlement. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 556. 
 Liability of sleeping car company for theft 
 of personal eii'ects of passenger. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 799. 
 Legality of contract to pay thief for return 
 of stolen property. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 175. 
 Civil action against thief to recover stolen 
 property or its value. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 255. 
 Rule that civil action is suspended until 
 after termination of criminal pros- 
 ecution. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 256. 
 Rule that civil action may be main- 
 tained before the commencement 
 of the termination of criminal 
 prosecution. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 258. 
 Statutory rule. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 259. 
 Form of remedy. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 
 LASCIVIOUS COHABITATION OB 
 CONDUCT. 
 
 See also Adultery; Disokderlt Houses; 
 Fobnication; Incest; Lewdness; 
 Prostitutiox ; Seduction. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 68 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 LAST CLEAR CHANCE. 
 
 See Negligence, §§ 50-52. 
 
 fotixiiU also L.R.A. Dlyestfi to date. 53 
 
834 
 
 IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LAST SICKNESS. 
 
 What is "last sickness" permitting noncu- 
 pative will. 13 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1092. 
 
 LATENT ASIBIGUITIES. 
 
 As to land in will. 
 (N.S.,) 942. 
 
 corKection of. 6 L.E.A. 
 
 LATENT DEFECTS. 
 
 § 1. Injury by generally. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injilry to tenants 
 
 from. 34 LJl.A.(N.S.) 799. 
 Liability of railroad coiripany for injury to 
 
 passenger by latent defect in car. 15 
 
 L.E.A.(]Sr.S.') 790. 
 
 § 2. Injury in street by. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by, in streets. 
 
 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 159. 
 Contributory negligence of person injured by 
 
 latent defects in street. 21 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 635. 
 
 § 3. Injury to servant by. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk of, see Masteb 
 A-\D Sebvakt, § 113. 
 
 Employer's liability to servant injured by. 
 41 L.E.A. 83.' 
 
 Applicability to, of rule imputing to master 
 notice of defects in original construc- 
 tion. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 104. 
 
 § 4. In property sold. 
 
 In property bought for special purpose, im- 
 plied vi'arranty against. 22 L.E.A. 193. 
 
 Effect of provision in contract of sale that 
 claim for, must be made within certain 
 time. 11 L.E.A. (N:S.) 245. 
 
 LATENT EQUITIES. 
 
 Protection of quitclaim purchasers against. 
 29 L.E.A. 33. 
 
 LATERAL KAILROABS. 
 
 What is within charter power to build. 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 326. 
 
 12 
 
 LATERAL SUPPORT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for removing, see Dam- 
 ages, § 72. 
 
 Eight to, passing by deed, see Deeds, § 23. 
 
 Removal of as a taking of property, see 
 BMmENT Domain, § 43. 
 
 ^iilijacent support, sw Subjacent StrppoET. 
 
 lietihi with this hoolc on cvcrij Jair question. 
 
 LATERAL SUPPORT— cont'd 
 
 Right to use and improve one's own prop- 
 erty. 6 L.E.A. 449;* 8 L.E.A. 808.* 
 
 Duty of owner in making excavations. 13 
 'L.E.A. 569.* 
 
 Eight to remove lateral support by dredging 
 water bed. 64 L.E.A. 275. 
 
 Removal of, as damage in eminent domain 
 case. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1086. 
 
 Condemnation or grant of land for rail- 
 road right of way as carrying right to 
 lateral and subjacent support. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1.55. 
 
 Liability of railroad company in construct- 
 ing its roadway, for removal of lateral 
 support to adjoining property. 21 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 318. 
 
 § 2. For land In natural state. 
 
 Liability for removal of. 68 L.E.A. 673. 
 The right to support. 68 L.E.A. 673. 
 Lateral. 68 L.R.A. 673. 
 Subjacent. 68 L.R.A. 675. 
 
 Under voluntary agreement of 
 severance of surface and 
 subjament strata. 68 
 L.E.A. 675. 
 Under statutes authorizing or 
 compelling the severance. 
 68 L.R.A. 676. 
 Specific provisions. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 677. 
 What is included in "surface.'' 
 68 L.R.A. 679. 
 Effect of building regulations. 68 
 
 L.E.A. 680. 
 Governing principles identical. 68 
 L.E.A. 681. 
 Natural conditions of the soil. 68 
 
 L.E.A. 681. 
 Nature of soil. 68 L.E.A. 681. 
 Who are adjoining owners. 68 L.E.A. 
 682. 
 As regards proximity. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 682. 
 As regards title. 68 L.R.A. 683. 
 Nature of "right to support." 68 
 
 L.E.A. 683. 
 Infringement. 68 L.E.A. 689. 
 
 Damage necessary to cause of ac- 
 tion. 68 L.R.A. 689. 
 Supports may be substituted. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 692. 
 Negligence not an element. 68 
 
 L.E.A. 692. 
 Custom to permit fall. 68 L.E.A. 
 693. 
 Statute of limitations. 68 L.E.A. 693. 
 Parties. 68 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 Plaintiff. 68 L.E.A. 694. 
 Defendant. 68 L.E.A. 694. 
 
 As between owner and party 
 excavating. 68 L.E.A. 
 694. 
 As between excavator and suc- 
 cessor in title. 68 L.R.A. 
 695. 
 Eemedy. 68 L.E.A. 696. 
 At law. G8 L.E.A. 696. 
 In equity. 68 L.R.A. 697. 
 
 Injunction. 68 L.R.A. 697. 
 
IXDEX TO L.R.A. NUTES. 
 
 835 
 
 LATERAL SUPPORT— cont'd 
 
 Other equitable relief. 68 
 L.R.A. 698. 
 Municipal liability. 68 L.R.A. 698. 
 Liable. 68 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 To same extent as individual. 
 
 68 L.E.A. 698. 
 Amounts to a ''taking" of 
 property. 68 L.R.A. 699. 
 Not liable. 68 L.R.A. 699. 
 Ohio doctrine. 68 L.R.A. 699. 
 When acting outside' scope of au- 
 thority. 68 L.R.A. 700. 
 In case of negligence. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 700. 
 Constitutional or statutory provi- 
 sion for compensation for re- 
 sulting damage. 68 L.R.A. 
 700. 
 Private corporations exercising eminent 
 
 domain power. 68 L.R.A. 701. 
 Damages. 68 L.R.A. 701. 
 
 Prospective. 68 L.R.A. 701. 
 Diminished market value. 68 
 L.R.A. 703. 
 The measure. 68 L.R.A. 703. 
 Standard of value. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 704. 
 Set-off of benefits. 68 L.R.A. 
 705. 
 ■Value of soil lost. 68 L.R.A. 705. 
 Restoration to original condition. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 706. 
 Repairs. 68 L.R.A. 706. 
 Cost of retaining wall. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 706. 
 Adapting property to new level. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 707. 
 Collateral direct injuries. 68 
 L.R.A. 707. 
 Miscellaneous. 68 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 § 3. For t)uUdings. 
 
 Right bv prescription to lateral support for 
 buildings. 20 L.R.A. 730. 
 
 Creation of easemr-nt for support of land 
 and buildings by severance of tract 
 with apparent benefit existing. '26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 
 Liability for injuries to buildings on adjoin- 
 ing land by negligent removal of lateral 
 support of the soil. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 
 Effect of destruction of building to termi- 
 nate adjoining owner's easement of. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 
 § 4. By or for highway or street. 
 
 Eight to lateral support as against public 
 by adver.se possession of highway or 
 city street. 18 L.R.A. 150. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for in- 
 jury to lateral support in making street 
 improvements. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 696. 
 
 ])utv of abutting owner to preserve lateral 
 'support to highway. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 287. 
 
 § .5. Liability for iudependenl con- 
 tractor's Interference with. 
 
 Liability of employer for injury to, by inde- 
 pendent contractor. 65 L.R.A. 849. 
 C'onnult also L.R.A. Dioestf '" date. 
 
 LATERAL S UPPORT— cont'd 
 
 Employer's duty to avoid independent con- 
 tractor's interference with right of. 66 
 L.R.A. 148. 
 
 --*-—*- 
 
 LATERAL TRACK. 
 
 See Spub Tracks .\nd Sidings. 
 
 < « » 
 
 LAUDATORY ARTICLE. 
 
 As libel. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 861. 
 
 » t » — ^ 
 
 LAUNDRIES. 
 
 Municipal power over, as nuisance. 38 
 L.R.A. 651. 
 
 ■Validity of agreement in restraint of trade 
 ancillary to sale of laundry business as 
 afl'eeted by territorial scope. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 930. 
 
 Power to make use of property for, condi- 
 tional upon consent of neighbors. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 978. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Conflict of, see Conflict or Laws. 
 Custody of, see Custodt of Law. 
 Judicial notice of, see Evidence, §§ 2, S. 
 Presumptions and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, §§19, 20. 
 As to statutes, see Statutes. 
 
 Violation of, as contributory negligence. 21 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 667. 
 Homicide by authority of. 67 L.R.A. 292. 
 
 LAW BOOKS. 
 
 As evidence. 40 L.R.A. 572. 
 
 LAWFUL MONEY. 
 
 Validity and effect of statutes requiring 
 wages to be paid in. 28 L.E.A. 273. 
 
 LAW OF PLACE. 
 
 See Conflict of Laws. 
 
 LAW OF THE CASE. 
 
 On second appeal. .34 L.R.A. 321. 
 
836 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTKS. 
 
 liAWVERS. 
 
 See Attoeneys. 
 
 IjEadijvg questions. 
 
 See Witnesses, § 27. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 LEARNING. 
 
 Exemption from taxation of institutions of, 
 see Taxes, §§ 24-26. 
 
 LEASE. 
 
 Of automobile, see Automobiles, § 8. 
 Ill general, see Landlord and Tenant, III. 
 Of mine, see Mines, §§ 30, 32, 35-38. 
 Of railroad, sec Railroads, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Bicycle as subject of. 47 L.E.A. 305. 
 As a conveyance within recording statute. 
 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 879. 
 
 LEASEHOLD. 
 
 See Landlord and Tenant. 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 LEAVE. 
 
 Necessity for leave to file bill of review for 
 newly discovered evidence. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S".) 1031. 
 
 LECTURES. 
 
 Applicability of Sunday laws to. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 {N.S.) '467. 
 Use of public school building for. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 589. 
 
 LEDGER. 
 
 Admissibility of, in evidence. 52 L.R.A. 
 581. 
 
 LEGACY. 
 
 In general, see Wills, V. 
 Interest on, see Wills, § 104. 
 
 LEGAL PAPERS. 
 
 Measure of damages for loss or destruction 
 of. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 369. 
 
 LEGAL PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §^ 40- 
 60. 
 
 Extension of time for, when last dav falls 
 
 on Sunday. 14 L.R.A. 122. 
 Sitting of court on holidays. 19 L.R.A. 317. 
 Validity of court business transacted on 
 
 legal holiday. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79L 
 Does standard or solar time govern in. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364; 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1046; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 611. 
 
 LEGAL REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 See also Executors and Administrators. 
 
 Meaning of term in life Insurance policy. 
 30 L.R.A. 609; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 247. 
 
 LEGAL SERVICES. 
 
 Conclusiveness of expert opinion as to value 
 of. 42 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 LEGAL TENDER. 
 
 Question relating to, as Federal (Question. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 537. 
 Application of legal tender act to specific 
 
 contracts for coin. 29 L.R.A. 512. 
 
 LEGAL TITLE. 
 
 Effect of fraudulent conveyance on, see 
 Fraudulent Conveyances, § 4. 
 
 LEGATEES. 
 
 See also Wills, V. 
 
 As real party in interest by whom action 
 must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 611. 
 
 Injunction against execution sales to pro- 
 tect. 30 L.E.A. 123. 
 
 Assessment on decedent's estate against. 56 
 L.R.A. 645. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE DIVORCE. 
 
 See Divorce and Separation, § 3. 
 
 Begin ivith 'his J>oolc on every latv question. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE JOURNALS. 
 
 See Statutes, §§ 11, 12. 
 
INDEX TO L.l^.A. NOTES. 
 
 837 
 
 LEGISLATURE. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1, 2. 
 JI. PQwei-s, § 3. 
 
 I. Ill general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Committee of, see Committee, § 2. 
 Constitutionality of legislation generally, 
 
 see CoNSTiTtTTio.xAL Law. 
 Enactment of statutes by, see Constitution- 
 al Law: Statutes, §§ 3-6. 
 Relation of courts to legislature, see Courts, 
 
 §§ 15, 16. 
 Divorce by. see Divorce and Separation, 
 
 § 3. 
 Legislative functions of municipality, see 
 
 Municipal Corporations, V, e. 
 Records of, see Records and Recording 
 
 Laws, § 6. 
 .Construing statute according to intent of, 
 
 see Statutes, § 20. 
 
 Members of state legislature as public of- 
 ficers. 17 L.E.A. 247. 
 
 Right of women to legislative office. 38 
 L.R.A. 210. 
 
 Legislative days. 17 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 Signing bills as legislative act. 37 L.R.A. 
 391. 
 
 Validity of contract for services to procure 
 legislation. 30 L.R.A. 737; 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 213. 
 
 Appropriation for expenses of legislative 
 committee to attend public function. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409. 
 
 Suit for alimony after divorce by. 21 
 L.R.A. 679. 
 
 Necessity for legislative sanction to consol- 
 idation of corporations. 52 L.R.A. 370. 
 
 Extra session. 15 L.R.A. 847. 
 
 Power of governor as to adjournment of. 
 22 L.R.A. 716. 
 
 Need of legislative authority to empower 
 municipality to compel change of grade 
 of railway in street. 70 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 § 2. Privilege of members. 
 
 Privileges of members as to service of proc- 
 ess. 23 L.R.A. 632. 
 
 JI. Powers. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Constitutional powers of, generally, see Con- 
 stitutional Law. 
 
 Delegation of legislative power, see Consti- 
 tutional Law, V. 
 
 Usurpation of powers of or by, see Consti- 
 tutional Law, VI. 
 
 Local self government, see Constitutional 
 Law, VII. 
 
 Power to pass statutes affecting rights of 
 persons and property, see Constitu- 
 tional Law, VIII. 
 
 Power to pass ex post facto law, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 7. 
 
 Power to pass retrospective statute, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, §§ 8-10. 
 
 Power to abridge court's power to punish 
 ior contempt, see Contempt, § 12. 
 
 Power of, over courts, see Cqukts, § 13. 
 fonsult ol.'o r.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LEGISLATURE, II.— cont'd 
 
 Powei- to grant pardon, see Criminal Law, 
 
 § 87. 
 Power as to licenses, see JjICENSE, § 13. 
 Legislative control over municipality, see 
 
 Municipal Corporations, §§ 3-5. 
 Authority of, as defense against liability 
 
 for nuisance, see Nuisances, §§ 28, 29. 
 
 Implied restrictions on the power of. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 838. 
 Exception in constitutional prohibition as 
 
 limitation upon legislative power. 30 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 73. 
 Power of state legislatures with respect to 
 
 naturalization. 30 L.R.A. 761. 
 Power of legislature, or branch thereof, to 
 
 appoint a committee to sit after close 
 
 of session. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 172. 
 
 LEGITIMACY. 
 
 See Illegitimacy. 
 
 LENDERS. 
 
 Constitutionality of legislation as to, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 132. 
 
 License of, see License, § 32. 
 
 Municipal control over money lenders, see 
 Municipal Corporations, § 45. 
 
 LETTER OF CREDIT. 
 
 What is. 7 L.R.A. 209.* 
 
 LETTER PRESS COPIES. 
 
 Competency of letter -press copy as standard 
 
 for comparison. 63 L.R.A. 438. 
 As originals. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 Admissibility of, in evidence, see Evidence, 
 § 137. 
 
 Of administration, see Executors and Ad- 
 ministrators, §§ 9, 16. 
 
 Of credit, see Letters of Credit. 
 
 Common-law rights in respect to. 51 L.R.A. 
 360. 
 
 Forgery of letters of introduction. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 730. 
 
 Time and place of consummating contract 
 when offer by letter is accepted by tele- 
 gram, or vice versa. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1016. 
 
 SuflBciency of letter as will. 15 L.R.A. 635; 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1126. 
 
 Unlawfulness of mailing obscene letters. 24 
 L.R.A. 112. 
 
S3S 
 
 FNDEX TO L.R.A. XOTKS. 
 
 LETTERS— cont'd 
 
 Extortion by means of threatening letters. 
 
 11 L.R.A. 657.* 
 Injunction against publication of. 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 944. 
 Duty of railroad to one who goes on station 
 
 grounds to maiL 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 535. 
 Necessity of proof of genuineness of reply 
 
 letter. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229. 
 
 LEVEES. 
 
 As public improvement, see PtTBHc Im- 
 
 PBOVEMENTS, § 6. 
 
 Condemnation of land for, see Eminent Do- 
 main, § 19. 
 
 Right to build. 25 L.R.A. 530. 
 
 Assessment for improvements made before 
 property was included within levee dis- 
 trict. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 543. 
 
 LEVY AND SEIZURE. 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. What 'property subject, §§ 2-7. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 2-5. 
 
 b. Property in custody of law, 
 
 §§ 6, 7. 
 III. Mode and sufficiency, §§ S, 9. 
 IT. Bights, duties, and liabilities grotv- 
 ing out of levy, §§ 10-15. 
 V. Forthcoming bond, § 16. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As condition precedent to equitable remedy 
 of creditors, see Ceeditobs' Bill, § 2. 
 
 Effect of death of one of parties after judg- 
 ment, see Execution, § 14. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 42. 
 
 Sale of property levied on, see Judicial 
 Sale. 
 
 Of assessment, see Taxes, IV. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 officer's writ. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 115. 
 
 Release of indorser of note from liability 
 by failure to levy execution against 
 maker. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
 Extension of tirne for levying execution as 
 discharge of surety. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 764. 
 
 Creditor's right to have satisfaction of judg- 
 ment canceled where the property levied 
 on, or its proceeds, is returned to the 
 debtor as exempt, or to a third person 
 who establishes a claim thereto. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 
 II. What property subject. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 What property exempt from levy, see Ex- 
 emptions, §§ 4-8. 
 
 LEVY AND SEIZURE, II. a— cont'd 
 Property subject to garnishment, see Gar- 
 nishment, §§ 10-11. 
 Bills and notes, see Bills and Notes, § 4. 
 Growing crop, see Ceops, § 3. 
 Property held by the curtesy, see Cuktest, 
 
 § 4- 
 Intoxicating liquor, see Intoxicating 
 
 LiQUOES, § 39. 
 
 ^ew. 22 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 Foreign railroad car. 64 L.R.A. 501 ; 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 
 Heating apparatus. 1 B. R. C. 986. 
 
 Property of national banks. 6 L.R.A. 226.* 
 
 Liability of alimony for debts. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 270. 
 
 Levy upon contents of sealed package or 
 locked receptacle. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 764. 
 
 Right to levy legal process upon intoxicat- 
 ing liquors. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1118. 
 
 Right of creditors to levy on insurance pol- 
 icy or its cash surrender value. 16 
 L;R.A.(N.S.) 318, 319. 
 
 Liability of promissory note to levy and 
 seizure under attachment or execution. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1235. 
 
 Leasehold estate as subject of levy under 
 attachment or execution. 17 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 841; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 886. 
 
 Statutory authority to lety on and sell 
 franchise and property of quasi public 
 corporation. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 639. 
 
 Liability of claim or interest in public land 
 for debts contracted before issuance of 
 a patent. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 405. 
 
 Right of creditors levying on goods sold for 
 cash but delivered without payment. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 697; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 709. 
 
 Right of one's creditors to make or control 
 election for or against a will, or be- 
 tween different provisions of a will or a 
 statute. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
 May provision in will for support of person 
 which is made a lien or charge upon 
 property devised or bequeathed to 
 others be reached by his creditors. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) .526. 
 
 Option of cestui que trust to require a con- 
 veyance ' or otherwise terminate the 
 trust subjecting the same to the claims 
 of creditors. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 236. 
 
 Taking possession of chattels before levy as 
 curing failure to take possession im- 
 mediately upon sale. 28 L.R.A. (-N.S.) 
 214. 
 
 § 3. Corporate stock and bonds. 
 Shares of stock in foreign corporation. 55 
 L.R.A. 796. 
 Liability of rights or shares to attach- 
 ment or garnishment. 55 L.R.A. 
 797. 
 Presence or absence of certificates. 55 
 L.R.A. 806. 
 Validity of pledge or other transfer of cor- 
 porate stock when not made in corpo- 
 rate books as against executions. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 996. 
 Corporate bonds as subject of attachment 
 as tangible property. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 421. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
IXDiiX TO L.R.A. XOTKS. 
 
 839 
 
 LEVY AND SEIZURE, II. a— cont'd 
 § 4. Expectant and contingent Interests 
 in real property. 
 
 General rule. 23 L.R.A. 642; 30 L.R.A.(N. 
 S.) 115. 
 
 Interest of an heir in his ancestor's lands. 
 23 L.R.A. 643. 
 
 Reversion, remainders, and executory de- 
 vises. 23 L.R.A. 643; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 115, 116, 118. 
 
 Right of dower. 23 L.R.A. 647; 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 117. 
 
 Tenancy by curtesy initiate. 23 L.R.A. 648 ; 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 118. 
 
 § 5. IJevy on partnership property for 
 debt of partner. 
 
 Possession, 46 L.R.A. 4;81. 
 
 By sheriff. 46 L.R.A. 481. 
 
 By purchaser. 46 L.R.A. 484. 
 What may be sold. 46 L.R.A. 485. 
 Levy on specific articles. 46 L.R.A. 487. 
 Trespass in making a levy. 46 L.R.A. 489. 
 Ascertaining the interest of the judgment 
 
 debtor. 46 L.R.A. 490. 
 Injunction against interfering with partner- 
 ship property. 46 L.R.A. 491. 
 Other equitable relief. 46 L.R.A. 494. 
 Priority of firm creditors as against a levy 
 
 for an individual debt. 46 L.R.A. 494. 
 Real estate. 46 L.R.A. 494. 
 Executions agaiiist both partners. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 495. 
 Statutory provisions. 46 L.R.A. 496. 
 English and Canadian cases. 46 L.R.A. 498. 
 
 Possession in making levy. 46 L.R.A. 
 498. 
 
 What may be sold. 46 L.R.A. 499. 
 
 Purchaser. 46 L.R.A. 499. 
 
 Injunction against sale. 46 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Ascertaining the interest sold. 46 
 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Priority of executions for firm debts. 
 46 L.E.A. 501. 
 
 Statutbry provisions. 46 L.R.A. 501. 
 Individual property of one partner for fraud 
 
 of his copartner. 25 L.R.A. 645. 
 
 b. Property in custody of law. 
 
 g 6. Generally. 
 
 Money in court, see Monet in CotrET, § 2. 
 
 Property in custody of law. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 .529.* 
 Property in hands of receiver. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 529;* 20 L.R.A. 392. 
 Property in possession of sheriff. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 530.* 
 Fund in hands of clerk of court. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 .529.* 
 Property once levied on. 10 L.R.A. 529.* 
 Right to attach fund in the hands of officer 
 
 of court after he has been ordered to 
 
 pay the same to the party. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 758;,30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 720. 
 
 § 7. Property In hands of assignee for 
 creditors. 
 
 Valid assignments. 26 L.R.A. 593. 
 Proceeds of assigned property, 26 L.R.A. 
 
 593. 
 Choses in action. 26 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LEVY AND SEIZURE, II. b— cont'd 
 Aekiiowleds;ment and record. 26 L.R A 
 
 594. 
 Acts of assignee — qualifving — inventory. 26 
 
 L.K.A. 594. 
 Possession. 26 L.R.A. 594. 
 Estoppel. 26 L.R.A. 595. 
 Fraudulent and void assignments. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 595. 
 Statutory rights of assignee. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 596. 
 When assent of creditors is required. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 599. 
 Partnership assignments. 26 L.R.A. 600. 
 
 ///. Mode and sufjiciency. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Irregularities in levy, as ground of injunc- 
 tion. 30 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 Conditions precedent to equitable remedies 
 of creditors as to property subject to 
 levy. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 
 Right in action on forthcoming bond given 
 by execution debtor or claimant to 
 question legality of levy or authority 
 of officer making it. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1020. 
 
 § 9. -On crops. 
 
 Proper mode of levying on growing, crop. 
 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1047. 
 Crops as personal property for purpose of 
 
 levy. 23 L.R.A. 258. 
 General doctrine. 23 L.R.A. 258. 
 SuiEcienev of sheriff's possession. 23 L.R.A 
 
 259. ■ 
 Position of the purchaser. 23 L.R.A. 259. 
 Crops held upon shares. 23 L.R.A. 260. 
 
 Tenants in common. 23 L.R.A. 260. 
 
 Husband and wife. 23 L.R.A. 260. 
 
 Cropper's share. 23 L.R.A. 260. 
 
 Landlord and tenant. 23 L.R.A. 260. 
 State decisions. 23 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 IT. RigJits, duties, and liabilities grow- 
 ing out of levy, 
 
 §10. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for wrongful levy, see 
 Damages, §§ 16a, 55. 
 
 Remedy for wrongful levy. 4 L.R.A. 48.* 
 
 Right of creditors levying on goods sold for 
 cash but delivered without payment. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 705; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 709. 
 
 Taking property from bailee by legal pro- 
 ceeding as defense to him against bail- 
 or. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 689. 
 
 Effect of seizure by judicial process to re- 
 lieve carrier from liability. 13 L.R.A. 
 35.* 
 
 Levy of execution, on insured property as 
 change in interest, title or possession. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 803. 
 
 Removal by accused defendant of property 
 levied upon, as larceny. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 553. 
 
 §11. Liability of officer issuing writ. 
 
 Liability of judicial officer for issuing at- 
 tachment. 14 L.R.A. 142. 
 
840 
 
 IKlJEX TO L.E.A. KOTES. 
 
 LEVY AND .SEIZURE, lA'.— cont'd 
 § 12. Duty and liability of officer mak- 
 ing levy. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 seizure under wrongful execution. 52 
 L.R.A. 57. 
 
 Sheriff's duty as to adverse claims to pro- 
 ceeds of judgments in his hands, except 
 in cases of rival executions. 47 L.R.A. 
 737. 
 
 Duty of sheriff to pursue property which 
 escapes from his custody. 32 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 132. 
 
 Liability of officer for larceny while acting 
 under writ of execution. 3 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 508. 
 
 Eight to maintain action to recover prop- 
 erty in specie against officer who has 
 levied thereon. 18 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1272. 
 
 Effect of judgment establishing title to 
 property seized under execution, as 
 against officer making seizure, who was 
 not a party thereto. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 530. 
 
 Exemplary damages against officer, in ac- 
 tion for abuse of process in suing out 
 attachment for collection of debt. 29 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 280. 
 
 § 13. Liability of creditors. 
 
 Under what circumstances the wrongful 
 levy of several attachments will render 
 attaching creditors jointlv liable. 6 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 598. 
 
 Right to maintain action to recover prop- 
 erty in specie against creditor while 
 property is in hands of levying officer. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1274. 
 
 § 14. Effect of levy under void or void- 
 able judgment. 
 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 280. 
 Right to replevy property from levying of- 
 ficer. 55 L.R.A. 281. 
 
 § 15. Loss of priority. 
 
 Of execution by consent of creditor to delay 
 
 or postponement of sale. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 374. 
 Execution cannot be used as a cover. 
 
 27 L.E.A. 375. 
 Lieaving property in debtor's hands. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 375. 
 Delaying sale. 27 L.R.A. 377. 
 Temporary postponement. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 378. 
 Indefinite postponement. 27 L.E.A. 
 
 379. 
 Contract to suspend. 27 L.R.A. 380. 
 Property which requires delay. 27 
 
 L.E.A. 380. 
 Land. 27 L.R.A. 380. 
 Effect as to debtors. 27 L.R.A. 380. 
 Effect on alias execution. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 380. 
 Waiver of lien of chattel mortgage by at- 
 tachment or execution. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 490. 
 Begin with this Jioolc on every law question 
 
 LEVY AND SEIZURE— cont'd 
 
 F. Forthcoining bond. 
 
 § IC. Generally. 
 
 Condition that forthcoming bond shall not 
 take effect until signed bv others. 45 
 L.R.A. 334. 
 
 Right, in suit on forthcoming bond given by 
 execution debtor or claimant, to ques- 
 tion the legality of the levy or the au- 
 thority of the officer making it. 4 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1020. 
 
 Right to maintain action to recover prop- 
 erty in specie against officer who has 
 restored property on forthcoming bond. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1273. 
 
 Effect upon surety of judgment against 
 principal. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 746. 
 
 LEWDNESS. 
 
 Actionability of charge of, see Libel and 
 
 Slandee, § 12. 
 See also Adultery; Disorderly Houses; 
 
 FOENTCATIOJV ; IKCEST; LASCIVIOUS CO- 
 HABITATION ; Lewdness ; Prostitu-' 
 HON; Seduction. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 45. 
 Recovery for goods sold for use in aid of. 
 
 15 'L.R.A. 835. 
 
 < « » 
 
 LEX FORI. 
 
 See Conflict op Laws. 
 
 « » » 
 
 LEX LOCI CONTRACTtJS. 
 
 See Conflict of Laws. 
 
 LEX LOCI SOLUTIONIS. 
 
 See Conflict of Laws. 
 
 LIBEL AND SLANDER. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Who liable, §§ 2-5. 
 
 a. In general, § 2. 
 h. Responsibility for Kbel or 
 slander by another, §§ 3-5. 
 III. What actionable, §§ 6-33. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 6-9. 
 
 b. Charging lewdness, bad 
 character, crime, etc., §§ 
 10-13. 
 
 c. Injury in business or pro- 
 fessional relations, §§ 14- 
 20. 
 
 d. Words about officials or can- 
 didates; as to campaign 
 funds, §31. 
 
IKDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 841 
 
 LIBEL AND SLANDER, III.— cont'd 
 
 e. Privileged comtnuiiicationK, 
 
 §§ 32-30. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 22, 23. 
 
 2. In course of duties or 
 
 business, §§ 24:-27. 
 
 3. In judicial proceedings, 
 
 §§ 2S-30. 
 
 f. Slander of title, § 31. 
 
 g. Publication, §§ 32, 33. 
 
 IV. Actions; defenses; justification, 
 
 §§ 34:-4:4:. 
 
 a. In general, § 34:. 
 
 b. Who may recover, §§ 35, 36. 
 
 c. Defenses; justification, §§ 
 
 37-39. 
 
 d. Pleading ; evidence; prov- 
 
 ince of jury, §§ iO-ii. 
 V. Criminal responsibility, § 4:5. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 S 1. Generally. 
 
 Damages for, see Damages, §§9, 16b, 56. 
 Sending defamatory matter through the 
 
 mails, see Postoffice, § 11. 
 As to right of privacy, see Privacy. 
 
 License of press; restriction. 9 L.R.A. 
 621.* 
 
 Libel laws as infringement of freedom of 
 press. 32 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Common-law rights of author of libelous 
 work. 51 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 Right to compel publisher of libel to dis- 
 close source of information. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 630. 
 
 Injunction against publishing or circulat- 
 ing statements relative to industrial 
 disputes by labor union. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1013. 
 
 II. Who liable. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Liability for libelous telegram, see Tele- 
 GBAPHS, see §§ 23, 24. 
 
 Liability of insane person for libel or slan- 
 der. 26 L.R.A. 154; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 85. 
 
 Liability of telegraph company for handling 
 libelous message. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 140; 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 861. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation for. 
 2 B. R. C. 249. 
 
 b. Responsibility for libel or slander by 
 another. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Master's liability for slander by servant, 
 see Master and Servant, § 174. 
 
 Criminal liability for agent's act. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 653. 
 Liability of corporation for slander by an 
 
 agent or employee. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 873. 
 Liability of officers of a corporation for its 
 
 libelous publications. 28 L.R.A. 427. 
 Conxult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LIBEL AND SLANDER, II. b— cont'd 
 § 4. Liability of newspaper proprietor 
 or manager for libel published 
 without his knowledge or consent. 
 
 Generally. 26 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 Liability for exemplary damages. 26 
 L.R.A. 780. 
 
 Criminal liability. 26 L.R.A. 780. 
 
 Liability for contempt. 26 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 Liabilitv of member of corporation. 26 
 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 Liability of partner. 26 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 Liability for mistakes. 26 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 Rule in case the article is true. 26 L.R.A. 
 781. 
 
 Liability of editor or manager of newspaper 
 for libel published without his knowl- 
 edge. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 332. 
 
 § 5. Liability of husband and wife for 
 wife's libel or slander. 
 
 The common-law doctrine. 30 L.R.A. 521. 
 Effect of state legislation. 30 L.R.A. 522. 
 The question of the husband's presence and 
 
 coercion. 30 L.R.A. 526. 
 Joinder of parties and actions. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 527. 
 Necessity of service upon wife. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 529. 
 Effect of death pending action. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 529. 
 Husband and wife as witnesses. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 529. 
 Damages and evidence in mitigation. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 529. 
 Effect of a judgment in such cases. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 530. 
 Action on bail bond in such cases. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 530. 
 
 ///. What actionable, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 What constitutes. 9 L.R.A. 621;* 13 
 L.R.A. 419.* 
 
 Malice as an element; inference and pre- 
 sumption of; tendency to injure. 2 
 L.R.A. 129:* 6 L.R.A. 363.* 
 
 Words actionable per se. 9 L.R.A. 621.* 
 
 Words tending to bring one into disgrace, 
 ridicule, or contempt. 9 L.R.A. 623.* 
 
 Statements concerning property. 16 L.R.A. 
 243. 
 
 Applying vile epithets to man. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 85. 
 
 Placing scurrilous or defamatoi-y matter 
 upon outside covering of mail as offense 
 against postal laws. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 800. 
 
 Laudatory or ironical article as libel. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 861. 
 
 Is article susceptible of libelous meaning 
 rendered nonlibelous by the fact that 
 it would not be understood in a libelous 
 sense by those acquainted with the 
 {)laintiff. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 622. ^ 
 
 S 7. Publication of photograph. 
 
 Libel by publication of photograph as that 
 of another person. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 919. 
 
842 
 
 IJfDEX TO L.E.A. XOTES. 
 
 LIBEL AjSTD slander. III. a— cont'd 
 Publication of one's photograph in connec- 
 tion with scandalous .matter concerning 
 another. 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 595. 
 Right of action for use of pliotographs or 
 name for advertising purposes. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 991; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1137. 
 
 § 8. Expressions or comments without 
 misstating facts. 
 
 Rules and principles. 28 L.R.A. 667. 
 Illustrative eases. 28 L.R.A. 669. 
 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. 669. 
 
 Criticism of writings. 28 L.R.A. 670. 
 
 Art criticisni. 28 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 As to officers and candidates. 28 
 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 As to clergymen. 28 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 As to other public or professional men. 
 28 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 §. 9. Charging- one witli having negro 
 blood. 
 
 Insulting passenger by suggesting that he 
 belongs in colored compartment as an 
 actionable wrong. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 206. 
 
 Stating that a white person -is a negro, or 
 of negro blood. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 974. 
 
 b. Charging lewdness, bad character, 
 crime, etc. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Words imputing corruption and dishonor. 
 ' 9 L.E-.A. 624.* 
 
 g 11. Crime. 
 
 Words imputing a criminal act.. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 623.* 
 Charge of mere purpose to commit a crime. 
 
 13 L.R.A. 135.* 
 Charging solicitation to crime. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 435. 
 Informal communication with respect to 
 
 criminal charge. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 149; 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740. 
 
 § 12. Unchastity. 
 
 Words imputing want of chastity. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 624.* 
 Actionable character of epithets that im- 
 pute immorality to a woman. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 560. 
 Slander and libel in charging woman with 
 unchastity. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) '577. 
 Slander. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 578. 
 
 At common, law. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 578. 
 English cases. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 578. 
 ' Canadian cases. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 579. 
 Scotch cases. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 579. 
 American cases. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 580. 
 Custom of London. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 597. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law questio^i. 
 
 LIBEL AND SLANDER, III. b— cont'd ' 
 
 Where special damages are 
 
 claimed. 24 L.R.A. (V 
 
 S.) 598. 
 Loss of business or eraplov- 
 
 ment. 24 L.R.A. (N.S") 
 
 598. 
 Loss of marriage. 24 L.R \ 
 
 (N.S.) 599. 
 Loss of property. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 601. 
 Loss of hospitality or home. 
 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 601. 
 Sickness. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 603. 
 Charging plaintiff with keeping a 
 bawdy house. 24 L.R.A, (N. 
 S.) 603. 
 Statutory actions. 24 L.R. A. ( N. 
 
 S.) 604. 
 Generally. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 604. 
 Words of doubtful import. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 606. 
 Strumpet. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 607. 
 Prostitute. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 607. 
 Whore. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 607. 
 Adultery. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 608. 
 I'ornication. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 610. 
 Paramour. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 611. 
 Mistress. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 611. 
 Being witl^ child. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 611. 
 Inmate of house of ill fame. 
 
 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 612. 
 Ince-st. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 612. 
 Bitch. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 Slut. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 Loathsome disease. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 613. 
 Privileged communications. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 Canadian cases. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 614. 
 Libel. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 614. 
 
 At common law. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 614. 
 Statutory actions. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 617. 
 Criminal prosecutions. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 619. 
 Recapitulation. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 623. 
 Truth of charge of adultery or fornication, 
 as a defense to a civil action for libel 
 or slander. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 146. 
 
 § 13. Bastardy. 
 
 Charging bastardy. 1 L.R.A. 599.* 
 
 c. Injury in business or professional 
 relations. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Injury to business or professional standing. 
 8 L.R.A. 193;* 9 L.R.A. 621.» 
 
INDKX TO L.-R.A. XOTES. 
 
 843 
 
 T.IBKL .tND SLANDER, III. c— cont'd 
 
 \Vords affecting reputation of tradesmen 
 and business men. 9 L.R.A. G22.* 
 
 Written charge with reference to plaintiff'.^ 
 business. 4 L.R.A. (X.S.) 977. 
 
 Expressions or comments as to public pro- 
 fessional men without misstating fai'ts. 
 28 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 Libel of innkeeper, o L.E.A. 043.* 
 
 Blacklisting dealer as libel. 49 L.R.A. 612; 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 
 Slander in charging woman with unchastity 
 causing loss of business. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 598. 
 
 Charging one with exacting excessive com- 
 pensation for goods or services. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 
 Right to recover for slander or libel affect- 
 ing one in his business or professional 
 capacity, as affected by his own viola- 
 tion of law in respect thereof. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 
 Liability to individual for general reflec- 
 tions upon the business in which such 
 individual is engaged. 5 L.K.^. (N.S.) 
 480. 
 
 Eight of one not specially named to main- 
 tain action for libel or slander based on 
 charges against group to which he be- 
 longs. 23 L.R,A.(N.S.) 729; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 382. 
 
 Right of corporation to maintain an action 
 for libel affecting its propert}'. 52 
 L.R.A. 526. 
 
 Truth as defense to civil action for libel 
 or slander injurious to business. 31 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 
 § 15. Criticism. 
 
 Criticisms of writings. 28 L.R.A. 670. 
 Art criticism. 28 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 § 16. Charges affecting flnancial stand- 
 ing. 
 
 Imputing insolvency or want of credit. 5 
 L.R.A. 643.* 
 
 Oral charge of insolvency against a mer- 
 chant. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 973. 
 
 Charging one with refusal to pay debt as. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 339. 
 
 Imputing to one not in business nonpay- 
 ment of debts or want of credit. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 515. 
 
 By filing lien. 16 L.R.A. 625. 
 
 § 17. — by mercantile agency. 
 
 Privilege as to, see infra, § 26. 
 
 Giving one an indefinite rating, or refusal 
 to give any rating, in a mercantile 
 agency, as a libel. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1021. 
 
 § 18. Impnting Incompetency to phy- 
 
 .slcian. 
 Imputing incompetency to. 26 L.R.A. 325. 
 Imputing general incompetency. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 325. 
 Charging fault in particular case. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 326. 
 The physician must be licensed. 26 
 L.R.A. 327. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LIBEL AND SLANDER, III. c— cont'd 
 Right of physician to maintain action for 
 libel or slander based on charges 
 against group to which he belongs. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729; 25 L.K.A.(N.S.) 
 382. 
 
 § 19. Against clergyman. 
 
 \Miat words uttered concerning clergyman 
 
 are actionable per se. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 152. 
 Expressions or comments as to clergymen 
 
 without misstating facts. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 674. 
 
 § 2 0. As to character or reputation of 
 servant. 
 
 Privileged communication as to, see infra, 
 § 27. 
 
 Liability growing out of the giving or re-' 
 fusing of information affecting the 
 character or reputation of servant. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1092. 
 Duty of master to give certificate of 
 character to a servant. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1092. 
 Master not bound to give a char- 
 acter to his servant. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1092. 
 Master's duty as affected by stat- 
 ute. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1096. 
 Defamation of a servant's character by 
 his master. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1098. 
 Right of servant to leave a master 
 who defames his character. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1098. 
 Right of servant to maintain an 
 action for damages against 
 his master for defamation of 
 character. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1099. 
 What defamatory statements concern- 
 ing a servant are actionable. 
 4 L.R.A.^N.S.) 1089. 
 Written or printed statement. 4 
 
 L.R.A.' (N.S.) 1089. 
 Oral statement. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1100. 
 Suspension of servant not action- 
 able as being injurious to his 
 character. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1104. 
 Blacklisting of servants. 4 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1118. 
 Generally. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1118. 
 Notices exchanged between differ- 
 ent employers in the same 
 line of business. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1119. 
 Actions for libel. 4 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 1119. 
 Actions for conspiracy. 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1119. 
 Actions on the case. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1120. 
 Suits for an injunction. 4 
 , ^^, L.R.A.(N.S.) 1121. 
 
 ^ . Notices circulated among the Co- 
 employees of the persons to 
 whom they relate. 4 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1121. 
 
844 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 LIBEL AND SLANDER, III. c— cont'd 
 
 Statutes with regard to blacklist- 
 ing. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1123. 
 Defacement of written characters 
 or licenses. 4 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1124. 
 Liability in other cases. 4 L.R./i.. (N. 
 S.) 1125. 
 Liability for giving or procuring a 
 false character. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1125. 
 Civil liability. 4 L.E.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 1125. 
 Criminal liability. 4 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1126. 
 Liability of recipient to giver of 
 information regarding a serv- 
 ant. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1126. 
 
 d. Words about officials or candidates; 
 as to campaign funds. 
 
 § 21. Generally. 
 
 Criticism of public person as slander. 6 
 L.R.A. 680;* 8 L.E.A. 193;* 13 L.R.A. 
 97.* 
 
 Expressions or comments as to, officers or 
 candidates without misstating facts. 
 28 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 Charge of "graft" as libel per se. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 497. 
 
 Charging public official with graft in pub- 
 lic contracts. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 498. 
 
 Charging acceptance of bribe. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 11.39. 
 
 Libel by charging the raising or disbursing 
 of campaign funds. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 691. 
 
 Right of one not specially named to main- 
 tain action for libel or slander based 
 on charges made against group of mu- 
 nicipal officers to which he belongs. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 728. 
 
 e. Privileged communications. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 22. Generally. 
 
 Privileged communications, generally. 2 
 L.E.A. 131;* 3 L.R.A. 417;* 6 L.R.A. 
 363.* 
 
 Criticism of public person. 6 L.R.A. 680;* 
 8 L.R.A. 193;* 13 L.R.A. 97.* 
 
 Privilege of statements by physician or 
 surgeon. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 
 Privileged communication as to unchastity 
 of woman. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 613. 
 
 Addition of extrinsic defamatory matter in 
 communicating report as effecting priv- 
 ilege. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 
 Necessity that the plea of justification or 
 privilege correspond to the words im- 
 puted to the defendant by the com- 
 plaint. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 551. 
 
 Repetition of privileged statement as evi- 
 dence of malice. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1109. 
 
 May malice, which will preclude qualified 
 privilege, be inferred from publicatiop 
 alone. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 
 Burden of showing good faith. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 696. 
 Begin rrith III in hoolc on every law qu 
 
 LIBEL AND SLANDER, III. e, 1— cont'd 
 § 2 3. Pj-ivilege as affected by extent of 
 publication. 
 
 What is excessive publication. 20 L.R.A 
 
 (N.S.) 363. 
 Effect of casual presence of third persons 
 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 364. 
 Intentional publication to third person. 20 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 365. 
 Reports of mercantile agencies. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 366. 
 
 3. In course of duties or business. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 Qualified privilege of communication be- 
 tween members of an association or of a 
 private corporation. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1080. 
 
 Report of meeting of private corporation as 
 subject of privilege. 19 L.E.A. (N.S. i 
 862. 
 
 Privilege of communications between prin- 
 cipal and agent. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 449. 
 
 Publication in discharge of public or pri- 
 vate duty. 4 L.E.A. 280.* 
 
 Privilege of gratuitous report on financial 
 responsibility and integrity. 42 L,R.A. 
 (N.S.) 520. 
 
 § 25. By public officers. 
 
 Reports of police officers as privileged com- 
 munications. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 
 Privilege of school superintendent or other 
 officer in reporting to school authori- 
 ties upon character of teacher. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 200. 
 
 Privileged character of complaints to pub- 
 lic officer against subordinate. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1041. 
 Public officers generally. 27 L.RA.(N. 
 
 S.) 1041. 
 Schoolteachers. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1043. 
 To whom made. 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1044. 
 
 Official report by executive or administra- 
 tive officer. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 163. 
 
 § 26. By mercantile agencies. 
 
 As to statements of mercantile agencies. 
 2 L.R.A. 405.* 
 
 Report of mercantile agency as a privileged 
 communication. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 452; 
 2 B. R. C. 215. 
 
 Privilege of reports of, as affected by ex- 
 tent of publication. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 366. 
 
 § 27. As to character or reputation ot 
 servant. 
 
 Absolute privilege as a defense. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1104. 
 
 Qualified privilege. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1105. 
 
 Privilege in cases where the statement was 
 made in compliance with a statutory 
 duty. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1106. 
 
 Privilege in cases where the statement was 
 made in response to inquiries by third 
 persons. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1106. 
 
 Privilege in cases where the statement was 
 made voluntarily. 4 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1107. 
 
 estion. 
 
INDEX TO L.l'v.A. XO'I'KS. 
 
 845 
 
 LIBEL AND ,SLAXDEK, 111. e, 2— cont'd 
 Statements made by the plaintiff's 
 former master to a person who con- 
 templates hiring, or has already 
 hired, tlie phxintiff. i L.Il.A. 
 (N.S.) 1107. 
 Statements made by the plaintiff's mas- 
 ter to other employees. 4 L.E..\. 
 (X.S.) 1108. 
 Statements made by the plaintiff's mas- 
 ter to a person on whose reconi- 
 mendation the plaintiff has bfeen 
 hired. 4 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1108. 
 Statements made by the plaintiff's mas- 
 ter to a relative of the plaintiff. 
 4 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1108. 
 Statements made by the plaintiff's 
 master to a person employed by 
 him to investigate the plaintiff's 
 conduct. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1108. 
 Statements made by the plaintiff's 
 former master to persons having 
 ( commercial or financial dealinsrs 
 
 with the master. 4 L.R.A.(N.SO 
 1108. 
 Statements made by the plaintiff's 
 master to a guarantor of the 
 plaintiff's honesty. 4 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 1100. 
 Statements made by a director of the 
 company of which the plaintiff is 
 employee, to the directors of an- 
 other company by which he is also 
 employed. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 Statements made by the governing body 
 of a corporation to its sharehold- 
 ers with regard to the plaintiff, 
 an emplovee of the corporation. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 Statements made by the shareholders 
 of a company with regard to the 
 conduct of a servant of the com- 
 pany. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 Statements made to the plaintiff's of- 
 ficial superior by a person appoint- 
 ed by a higher authority to exam- 
 ine into the alleged misconduct of 
 the plaintiff. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 Statements made by an official superior 
 of the plaintiff' to the governing 
 body of an institution in which 
 both were employed. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1109. 
 Statements made at a meeting of a 
 public, or quasi public, corporation 
 with regard to the plaintiff, an 
 employee of the corporation. 4 
 L.R.a'.(N.S.) 1109. 
 Same subject further discussed. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1110. 
 Circumstances under which statements are 
 ments are not privileged. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1111. 
 Making of statement to improper per- 
 son. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1111. 
 Language going Jieyond the reasonable 
 requirements of the occasion. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 111.3. 
 Statements made without a reasonable 
 belief in their truth. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1114. 
 CoiiHult also L.R.A. Diyests to dale. 
 
 LIBEL AND SLANDER, III. e, 2— cont'd 
 Repetition of statement. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1114. 
 Information imparted solely for the- 
 benelit of the maker of the instru- 
 ment. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1114. 
 I'rivilege avoided by proof of exj)ress malice. 
 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1114. 
 Circumstances from which malice may be 
 
 inferred. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1115. 
 Qualified privilege as to communications to 
 emplo}'er with respect to employee. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S. I 1017. 
 
 3. Ill judicial proceedings. 
 
 g 2 8. Generally. 
 
 Pertinent and material matter written or 
 
 spoken in judicial proceedings. .3 
 
 L.R.A. 417.* 
 Privilege of informal communication with 
 
 respect to criminal charge. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 149; .32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740. 
 'J'o what proceedings in court does privilege 
 
 of publication attach. 16 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 953. 
 Privilege as to jiroceedings of grand jurr. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 Privilege as to proceedings for' impeaeli- 
 
 ment or removal of puljlic officers. 25 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) -455. 
 
 § 2 9. Words in pleadings. 
 
 Libel liv defamatory words in pleading. 22 
 L.R.A. 649; 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 Other papers connected with pleadings. 
 22 L.R.A. 650. 
 Is the publication of pleadings or other 
 papers, before any hearing has been 
 had thereon, privileged. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 188: 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 913. 
 
 § 3 0. AVords used by witnesses. 
 
 Privilege of witness as to defamatory testi- 
 mony. 22 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 English cases. 22 L.R.A. 837. 
 
 Affidavits and depositions. 22 L.R.A. 
 8.37. 
 
 /. Slander of title. 
 
 §31. Generally. 
 
 To personal property. 13 L.R.A. 707. 
 Slander of quality of goods or property. 13 
 
 L.R.A. 707. 
 Charging infringement. 13 L.R.A. 707. 
 Malice as an element of cause of action. 
 
 13 L.R.A. 708. 
 Necessity of proving special damages. 13 
 
 L.R.A. 708. 
 
 O- Puhlication. 
 
 S 32. Generally. 
 
 Privil(>g(' as affected by extent of publica- 
 tion. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 361. 
 
 § 33. What eonstitutes. 
 
 Wiiat constitutes. 13 L.R.A. 419.* 
 Publication by aggrieved party making 
 known to tliird person contents of libel- 
 ous letter. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1141. 
 
846 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LIBEL AND SLANDER, III. g— cont'd 
 Addressing letter to attorney or agent of 
 plaintiff as publication for purposes 
 of libel. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 Communication to stenographer or clerk as 
 
 publication of libel. 1 B. R. C. 455. 
 Transmission of libelous matter by post- 
 card or telegrapli as publication. 
 1 B. R. C. 464. 
 Transmission by postal card. 1 B. R. 
 
 C. 464. 
 Transmission by telegram. 1 B. R. C. 
 466. 
 
 IV. Actions; defenses; justification, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 34. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, §§ 9, 
 16b, 56. 
 
 Joinder of action against husband and wife 
 
 for wife's libel or slander. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 527. 
 Copying articles from other papers. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 69;* 5 L.R.A. 645.* 
 Aetions for libel or slander of a corporation. 
 52 L.R.A. 525. 
 
 Civil actions. 52 L.R.A. 525. 
 
 Criminal actions. '52 L.R.A. 529. 
 Effect of failure to serve statutory notice 
 
 of libel, upon right to actual damages. 
 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 525. 
 
 b. Who may recover. 
 
 § 35. Generally. 
 
 Right of corporation to sue for. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) ,741. 
 Right of corporation to maintain an action 
 for libel affecting its business. 52 
 ' L.R.A. 526. 
 
 8 3 6. CJnnamecl member of group of 
 persons. 
 
 Liability to individual for general reflec- 
 tion upon the business in which he is 
 engaged. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 480. 
 Right of one not specially named to main- 
 tain action for libel or slander 
 based on charges made against a 
 class or group of persons to which 
 he belongs. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 726; 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 870. 
 Class. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 870. 
 Military bodies. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 728. 
 Jurors or witnesses. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 728 
 Group. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 871.. 
 Groups of municipal officers. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.)' 728. 
 Groups of persons in certain business, 
 profession or employment. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729. 
 Religious bodies. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 730. 
 Families. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 731. 
 
 c. Defenses; justification. 
 
 § 87. Generally. 
 
 Effect of mistake, see Mistake, § 17. 
 
 Instigation of criminal libel as a defense to 
 prosecution. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 953. 
 
 LIBEL AND SLANDER, IV. e— cont'd 
 § 38. ODruth as defense. 
 
 Generallv. 21 L.R.A. 502: 31 L.R.A. 'N.S.)' 
 
 132. 
 Effect of motives and reasons. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 •503. 
 Effect of 
 
 503: 
 
 21 L.E.A. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 pardon or discharge. 
 31 L.E-A. (X.S.) 147. 
 Justification as to the whole of the charge, 
 
 21 L.R.A. 504. 
 Justifying as to the imputation. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 506. 
 Justification by giving the particulars. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 507. 
 Justification as to the identity of the of- 
 fense charged. 21 L.R.A. 508. 
 Criminal prosecutions for libel. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 509. 
 State, constitutional, and statutory provi- 
 sions. 21 L.R.A. 512; .31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 135. 
 Character and suflicienev of proof. ,^1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 136. 
 Necessity that the justification- be as 
 broad as the charge. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 136. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 136. 
 Partial. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 137. 
 Pleading and proving. 21 L.R.A. 511; 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 138. 
 In general. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 138. 
 Distinction between general charge and 
 specific charge. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 139. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 139. 
 General charge. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 139 
 Specific' 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 139. 
 Effect of innuendo. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 140. 
 Connecting plaintiff with defamatory 
 
 statement. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 141. 
 Proof of distinct offense. 31 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 141. 
 Where charge is in the plural. 31 
 ' L.E.A.(N.S.) 142. 
 Illustrative cases. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 Where defamation injurious to busi- 
 ness. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 143. 
 Reputation. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 143. 
 Charge of unchastity. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 144. 
 Where crime charged. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 144. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 144. 
 Theft, larceny, embezzlement. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 144. 
 Perjury. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 145. 
 Fornication and adultery. 31 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 ' Miscellaneous. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 146. 
 
 § 39. Mutual vituperation or defama- 
 tion as affecting remedy. 
 
 Libel. 28 L.E.A. 721. 
 Slander. 28 L.E.A. 724. 
 Time and connection of charges. 28 L.E.A. 
 724. 
 
 In libel cases. 28 L.E.A. 724. 
 
 In slander cases. 28 L.B.A. 72S. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. JSOTKS. 
 
 847 
 
 LIBEL AND SLANDEK, IV.— cont'd 
 d. Pleading; evidence; province of 
 jurji. 
 
 § 40. Pleading. 
 
 Office of innuendo. 5 L.R.A. 643.* 
 Pleading truth as defense. 21 L.R.A. 511; 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 138. 
 night to plead inconsistent defenses in ac- 
 tions for. 48 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 § H . Evidence. 
 
 Nuificiency of evidence, see Evidence, § 314. 
 
 Husband and wife as witnesses in action 
 against them for libel or slander by 
 wife. 30 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 Proof of truth set up as defense. 21 L.R.A. 
 511; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 138. 
 
 i'Jvidence in mitigation in action against 
 husband and wife for wife's slander or 
 libel. 30 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 Admissibility of opinion of witness as to 
 damaging effect of libel or slander. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1119. 
 
 Right of one to testify as to his intent. 23 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 392. 
 
 Necessity that plea of justification or privi- 
 lege correspond to words imputed to de- 
 fendant by complainant. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 551. 
 
 § 42. — presumption and burden of 
 proof. 
 
 May malice which will preclude qualified 
 privilege be inferred from publication 
 alone. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 
 Circumstances from which malice may be 
 inferred by giving or refusing informa- 
 tion as to character or reputation of 
 servant. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 Burden of showing good faith in making 
 privileged communication. ^ L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 696. 
 
 Efl'eet of admission to change burden of 
 proof and right to open and close in 
 action for libeL 61 L.R.A. 538, 547, 
 556. 
 
 § 43. — In criminal prosecution. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 77. 
 Evidence of other crime in prosecution for. 
 
 i;2 L.R.A. 230. 
 
 § 44. Province of jury. 
 
 See Trial, § 38. 
 
 V. Criminal responsibility. 
 
 § 45. Generally. 
 
 Evidence in criminal prosecution, see supra, 
 § 43. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation for 
 libel. 2 B. R. C. 249. 
 
 Criminal action for libel or slander of cor- 
 poration. 52 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 Criminal liability for agent's act. 41 L.R.A. 
 , 653. 
 
 Truth as a defense in criminal prosecution 
 for libel. 21 L.R.A. 509; 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 132. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LIBEL AND SLANDER, V.— cont'd 
 Instigation of criminal libel as defense to 
 
 prosecution. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 953. 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 573. 
 
 LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Of statutes, see Statutes, § 26. 
 
 LIBERTY. 
 
 Constitutional restraint on, see Constitu- 
 tional Law, VIII. 
 
 Constitutional freedom of speech and of the 
 press, see Ebeedom of Speech or 
 Press. 
 
 As to imprisonment, see Imprisonment. 
 
 LIBERTY POLE. 
 
 Municipal liability for injurv by liberty 
 pole in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 607. 
 
 LIBRARY. 
 
 Exemption from taxation when not includ- 
 ed eo nomine in exemption statute. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1205. 
 
 Effect on exemption from taxation of fact 
 that library otherwise exempt is de- 
 voted to purposes of particular society. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 850. 
 
 LICENSE. 
 
 /. From, private persons, §§ 1-11. 
 a. In general, §§ 1-9. 
 6. Revocation; forfeiture, §§ 
 10, 11. 
 II. From public; of right to do busi- 
 ness, §§ 12-49. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 12-16. 
 
 b. Revocation, §§ 17, IS. 
 
 e. On what business, occupa- 
 tion, etc., §§ 19-45. 
 
 d. Uniformity and equality; 
 
 discrimination, §§ 46, 46a. 
 
 e. Amount; grading of fee, §^ 
 
 47-49. 
 
 I. From private persons, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 To maintain dam, sec Dams, § 2. 
 To use railroad property, see Railroads, 
 § 8. 
 
 Prescriptive right. 1 L.R.A. 487,* 488.* 
 License by grant. 1 L.R.A. 487,* 488.* 
 
S48 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. XOTES. 
 
 LICENSE, I. a— cont'd 
 
 To do acts upon land. 1 L.K.A. 487,* i 
 L.R.A. 275.* 
 
 To cross railroad. 13 L.E.A. 634.* 
 
 To railroad to cross land of another. 4 
 L.E.A. 791.* 
 
 Right to compensation for railroad struct- 
 ure placed by licensee on land before 
 condemnation. 66 L.E.A. 45. 
 
 Eelation between a licensor and the serv- 
 ants of the licensee. 37 L.E.A. 65. 
 
 Membership in association as condition of 
 right to transact particular kind of 
 business. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
 Effect of license to commit a breach of a 
 condition subsequent with respect to 
 real property, or the waiver of a past- 
 breach thereof, to extinguish the condi- 
 tion. 11 L.E.A.(N.S.) 398. 
 
 Eight to compensation of licensee of land 
 taken in condemnation proceedings. 21 
 L.E.A. 210. 
 
 Does subsequent wrongful act by one who 
 enters premises under license from 
 owner or occupier make him a tres- 
 passer ai initio? 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 442. 
 
 § 2. What constitutes. 
 
 Eight of purchaser of burial lot as. 67 
 
 L.E.A. 120. 
 Oral sale of standing timber as a license. 
 
 19 L.E.A. 722. 
 Theatre ticket as a, license. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1184. 
 Distinguished from easement. 6 L.E.A. 
 
 159.* 
 Distinguished from lease. 18 L.E.A. 491. 
 When instrum^ent creating right in minerals 
 
 in land is to be regarded as a lease, 
 
 as distinguished from a license. 26 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 614. 
 
 § 3. To use patent or patented article. 
 
 License of employer by employee, to use lat- 
 ter's inventions. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1181. 
 
 ilaster's license to use thing patented by 
 servant. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1176. 
 
 § i. As to waters and water rights. 
 
 To pollute waters. 48 L.E.A. 705. 
 
 To dam back water of stream. 59 L.E.A. 
 836. 
 
 Right of licensee to sue for injury by 
 damming back water of stream. 59 
 L.E.A. 899. 
 
 Nature and extent of right created by priv- 
 ate grant of fishing license. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 299. 
 
 § 5. Liability of licensee. 
 
 Liabilitjr of railroad licensee to its servant 
 for condition of track. 6 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 787.' 
 
 § 6. Ijiability for acts of licensee. 
 
 Liability for work of independent contract- 
 or performed under license. 14 L.E.A. 
 834. 
 
 LICENSE, I. a— cont'd 
 
 § 7. — liability of railroad company. 
 
 Liability of owner of railroad for injury 
 caused by negligence of another com- 
 pany using road undljr license. 44 
 L.E.A. 737. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury 
 to one riding on train run over its 
 tracks by another company under li- 
 cense through negligence of licensee. 
 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 887. 
 
 § 8. — liability of municipality. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for acts 
 of its licensees. 3 L.R.A. 257.* 
 
 Municipal liability for defect or obstruction 
 in street by person under a license 
 from the city. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
 Liability of municipality licensing nuis- 
 ance. 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 895. 
 
 Municipal notice or knowledge of nuisance 
 in highway created under license. 20 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 705. 
 
 § 9. Ijiability for injury to licensee. 
 
 Liability for injury to, generally, see 
 
 Negligence, §§ 20-23a. 
 On elevator, see Elevatoes, § 4. 
 On railroad track, see Eailroads, VII. 
 
 Liability of owner of elevator for injury to. 
 
 15 L.E.A.(N.S.) 402. 
 Liability for injury to trespasser or bare 
 
 licensee at station by train. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 162. 
 
 b. Revocation; forfeiture. 
 
 §10. Generally. 
 
 Generally. 1 L.E.A. 489.* 
 
 Effect and revocability of executed license. 
 
 10 L.E.A. 486.* 
 Eight to revoke so-called license which is in 
 
 nature of lease. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 359. 
 Trespass against licensee in possession 
 
 after revocation of license. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 519. 
 Time for removal of building after revoca- 
 tion of parol license. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1002. 
 Forfeiture of license by aiding infringement 
 
 of, or attempt to defeat patent. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 821. 
 
 § 11. After licensee has incurred ex- 
 pense. 
 
 Eevocability of license to maintain a bur- 
 den on land, after the licensee has 
 incurred expense. 49 L.E.A. 497; 
 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 700; 25 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 727. 
 
 How far permission to place burden is 
 a mere license. 49 L;R.A. 497. 
 
 Effect of consideration paid or expense 
 incurred. 49 L.E.A. 499. 
 Consideration. 49 L.E.A. 499. 
 Expense incurred. 49 L.E.A. 499. 
 
 Writing is necessary. 49 L.E.A. 502. 
 
 Duration of right. 49 L.E.A. 503. 
 
 Exception in case of abandonment or 
 (thange of easement. 49 L.R.A. 
 505. 
 
 Begin witli this hooh on every law question. 
 
IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 849 
 
 LICENSE, I. b— oonfd 
 
 Equitable exception^. 49 L.E.A. 507. 
 Specific performance. 49 L.E.A. 
 507. 
 Getieral principle. 49 L.E.A. 
 
 o07. 
 Illustrative cases. 49 L.E.A. 
 
 510. 
 Mutual or joint action. 49 
 
 L.K.A. 513. 
 What expenditure required. 
 
 49 L.E.A. 515. 
 Erroneous applications of the 
 doctrine. 49 L.E.A. 515. 
 Cases involving public service 
 corporations.' 49 L.E.A. 
 518. 
 Estoppel. 49 L.E.A. 520. 
 
 The principle involved. 49 
 
 L.E.A. 520. 
 Cases which have applied the 
 doctrine against licens- 
 ors. 49 L.E.A. 521. 
 Correctness of application of 
 principle. 49 L.E.A. 522. 
 Trustee ex maleficio. 49 L.E.A. 
 524. 
 Doctrine of executed license. 49 
 
 ■ L.E.A. 524. 
 How far relief mav be afforded. 49 
 
 L.E.A. 525. 
 Statutory changes. 49 L.E.A. 526. 
 ]""ffect of incurring expense upon parol li- 
 cense to drain water onto one's prop- 
 erty. 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 154. 
 
 //. From public; of right to do business. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 As interference with commerce, see Com- 
 merce, § 18. 
 , Constitutional power to regulate business 
 and occupation generally, see Consti- 
 tutional Law, §§ 112-i4(). 
 
 For sale of liquors, see Iktoxicating 
 Liquors, III. 
 
 Marriage license, see ilarriage, § 5. 
 
 Municipal control of generally, see ilu- 
 
 NICIPAL COBPOEATIOXS, §§ 42-50. 
 
 Eecovery back of license fee paid, see As- 
 sumpsit, § 9, 
 
 Of occupation. 2 L.E.A. 284;* 3 L.E.A. 
 261;* 6 L.E.A. .509.* 
 
 As a tax. 4 L.E.A. 809 ; * 9 L.R.A. 786.* 
 
 Construction of ordinance imposing license 
 tax. 9 L.R.A. 788.* 
 
 CoiLstitutionality of statute making license, 
 occupation, or privilege tax a lien on 
 real property owned by one other than 
 the person assessed. 20 L.R.A.(>.'.S.) 
 42. 
 
 May a municipal corporation question the 
 validity of an ordinance or license un- 
 der which a business is being conduct- 
 ed, in a prosecution for carrying on 
 such business. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 299. 
 
 Taxation of business or occupation of a 
 public service corporation and taxation 
 of its franchises or right to occupy the 
 streets as double taxation. 28 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 221. 
 Consult also L.It.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LIC'KXSE, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Effect of violation of law taxing occu- 
 pations on validity of fire insurance. 
 40 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Requisites of special verdict in prosecution 
 for violation of license law. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 15. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation for 
 offenses against statutes for licensing 
 occu;iations. 2 B. R. C. 250. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to validity of license ordinance. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 442. 
 
 § 13. Power as to generally. 
 
 Delegation of municipal power as to. 20 
 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Right to delegate power to impose license 
 fee on vehicle for use of street. 36 
 L.R.A. 416. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to license 
 and regulate business pursuits. 3 
 L.R.A. 201.* 
 
 Authority of municipality to impose license 
 fee on vehicle for use of streets. 
 36 L.R.A. 413. 
 Beyond city limits. 36 L.R.A. 414. 
 
 Power of city to extend exercise of taxing 
 or licensing power beyond the corpo- 
 rate limits. 15 L.R.A.' (N.S.) 294. 
 
 Power of municipality to make constituent 
 elements or operations of a business 
 independent subjects of license tax. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 619. 
 
 § 14. Effect of license generally. 
 
 Protection furnished Ijy. 1 L.R.A. 489.* 
 
 Exemption of street railway from paving 
 assessment on payment of license fees. 
 46 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 License to engage in profession or occu- 
 pation as creating a vested right to 
 continue in same. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1272. 
 
 Effect of license to commit nuisance. 36 
 L.E.A. 609. 
 
 Effect of legislative license to use highway 
 on abutter's right to compensation for 
 railroad in street. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 686. 
 
 § 15. Effect Of failure to procure or 
 pay for license. 
 
 Validity of contract by unlicensed person, 
 
 see CoNTKACT.s, § 74. 
 Failure of physician to procure license, sec 
 
 PiiYSiciAxs AND Surgeons, § 9. 
 
 Eight to kill unlicensed dogs. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 249. 
 Operating automobile on highway without 
 
 a license. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 561; 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 734; ,35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 699; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 308. 
 Extent of restriction on right of unlicensed 
 
 person to transact legal business. 24 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 750. 
 Validity of contract bv unlicensed person. 
 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 013. 
 Right of unlicensed person to recover for 
 
 services performed by licensed one. 2 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 392; '21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 170. 
 
 54 
 
S50 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 LICENSE, II. a— cont'd 
 Effect of loan agent's failure to procure 
 license. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 
 § 16. —liability of agent or employee. 
 
 Liability of agent or employee in ease li- 
 cense tax is not paid by employer. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 946. 
 
 b. Revocation. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 License of foreign corporation, see Corpo- 
 
 BATIONS, § 141. 
 
 Of physician's license, see Physicians and 
 
 SUEGEONS, g 10. 
 
 Of teacher's license, see Schools, § 14. 
 
 Revocation of license of interstate tele- 
 graph and telephone companiesj 24 
 L.R.A. 165. 
 
 Interference by court with revocation of 
 teacher's license. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1148. 
 
 Revocation of license of foreign insurance 
 company on account of removal of ac- 
 tion to Federal court. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1019. 
 
 Revocation of municipal license for build- 
 ing. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.^ 458. 
 
 Right to revoke a license from the public 
 vrithout notice or hearing. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 894. 
 
 For moving picture show. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 194. 
 
 § 18. Power to revoke license. 
 
 Effect of expenditure of money in reliance 
 upon license from the public, to pre- 
 vent revocation thereof in the interest 
 of public health. 9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 Power of municipality to revoke license to 
 carry on business. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 716. 
 General rule. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 716. 
 Necessity of express power to revoke. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 717. 
 Right to revoke as incident to the 
 power to regulate. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 717.- 
 As incident to duty to protect pub- 
 lic morals, etc. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 718. 
 Where power to revoke is expressly 
 conferred or reserved. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 719. 
 Where license is to use public street in 
 connection with business. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 720. 
 
 c. On what business, occuyation, etc. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Of attorneys, see Attorneys, § 6. 
 
 Of broker, see Brokees, § 7. 
 
 Of innkeeper, see Innkeepebs, § 2. 
 
 To school teacher, see Schools, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 To physician, see Physicians and Sub- 
 GEONS, §§ 8-10. 
 
 License tax on dogs, see Animals, § 19. 
 
 For sale of intoxicating liquors, see In- 
 toxicating liicjtroES, §§ 9-16. 
 
 For keeping stallions, see Stallions, § 2. 
 
 Begin with this hooU on every law question 
 
 LICENSE, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Of public buildings for private purposes. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 118. 
 To cut timber on public land. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 900. 
 
 §20. Illegal business. 
 
 Power of consul to license illegal acts. 45 
 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Liability for privilege tax on ill^al busi- 
 ness or business illegally conducted. 22 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 949. 
 
 § 21. Architects. 
 
 Regulation of architects. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1203. 
 
 Validity of contract by unlicensed archi- 
 tect. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 614. 
 
 § 21a. Auctioneers. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by 
 statute or ordinance imposing license 
 tax on auctioneers. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 290. 
 
 § 22. Automobiles. 
 
 License on automobiles. 1 L.RJi.(N.S.) 
 215.' 
 
 Validity of exercise or license tai upon 
 
 automobiles. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 440. 
 
 Legislative acts. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 440. 
 
 Municipal ordinances. 37 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 441. 
 
 Motorcycle as a motor vehicle within stat- 
 ute. 21 L.E.A.(N.S.) 41. 
 
 Operating automobile on highway without 
 license. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 561; 25 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 734; 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 699; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 308. 
 
 § 2 2a. Barbers. 
 
 Validity and effect of license tax on barb- 
 ers. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 
 § 23. Dance hall; dancing. ^ 
 
 Requiring license for dance hall or place 
 whpre dancing is taught. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 357. 
 
 § 24. Disorderly houses. 
 
 Unlawfully issuing license for disorderly 
 house as keeping same. 29 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 721. 
 
 § 24a. Druggists. 
 
 See Detjqs and Druggists, § 3. 
 
 § 25. Electricians and electrical work. 
 
 Power of municipality to regulate elec- 
 tricians and installation of electrical 
 work. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 78. 
 
 § 26. Employment agencies. 
 
 Police power to license employment agen- 
 cies. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 859; 21 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 263. 
 
 § 2 7. Ferries. 
 
 To establish ferry. 59 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 License fees from ferry. 59 L.R.A. 533. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 851 
 
 LICENSE, II. e— cont'd 
 
 § 28. Fish; shell lish; oysters. 
 
 Of right to fish. 60 L.R.A. 505. 
 
 Effect of license to plant shell fish. 6 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 247. 
 Of right to take oysters in public waters. 
 
 GO L.R.A. 517. 
 
 § 2 9. Foreign corporations. 
 
 On foreign corporation. 24 L.E.A. 293. 
 On foreign insurance companies. 24 L.K.A. 
 
 299. 
 Discrimination against foreign corporations 
 
 by statute or ordinance imposing 
 
 license or occupation tax. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 289. 
 Revocation of license for removal of action 
 
 to Federal court. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1019. 
 
 § 80. Importers. 
 
 Invalidity of license tax on importer. 
 L.R.A. 180.* 
 
 11 
 
 § 31. Jxinlc, second hand goods, etc. 
 
 ^Municipal control of. generally, see Mu- 
 nicipal COBPOEATIONS, § 48. 
 
 Power to regulate traffic in rags, second- 
 hand articles, and junk. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1168: 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 116. 
 
 Power of municipality to require separate 
 license for each kind of second-hand 
 goods dealt in. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 620. 
 
 § 32. lioans; loan brokers. 
 
 Municipal control of, generally, see ilTJ- 
 -VICIPAL COBPORATIONS, § 45. 
 
 Validity of contract bv unlicensed money 
 lender. 12 L.R.A. ( N.S. 1 616. 
 
 Effect of loan agent's failure to procure 
 license. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1159. 
 
 Are persons engaged in loaning their own 
 money loan brokers within license 
 regulations. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74S. 
 
 Validity of license on business of lending 
 money as affected by amount of license 
 fee. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 583. 
 
 § 33. Markets. 
 
 ilimicipal control of, generally, see Mu- 
 nicipal CORPOBATIOXS, § 44. 
 
 Requiring license for sales in market. 24 
 L.R.A'. 584. 
 
 § .'5 4. Milk. 
 
 Requiring license for sale of milk. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 936; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 115]. 
 
 § 34a. Moving picture show. 
 
 Municipal control of. generally, see Mu- 
 nicipal COBPOBATIONS, § 46. 
 
 For moving picture show. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 193. 
 
 § 35. Peddlers and hawkers. 
 
 Delegation of municipal power as to license 
 
 of. 20 L.R.A. 724. 
 Reouiring license for sale of milk. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 936; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1151. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date 
 
 LICENSE, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Validity of contract by unlicensed peddlers. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 Validity of ordinance regulating conduct of 
 licensed street hucksters or peddlers. 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by 
 statute or ordinance as to license to 
 pedlers and hucksters. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 286, 289. 
 
 Validity of license or occupation tax on 
 hawkers and peddlers and persons en- 
 gaged in soliciting orders by sample or 
 otherwise as an exercise of the police 
 power. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 301; 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 265. 
 
 To hawkers and peddlers. 3 L.E.A. 705:* 
 7 L.R.A. 666;* 8 L.R.A. 273.* 
 
 Validity of license tax so high as to he pro- 
 hibitory ■ in effect. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1074. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by 
 statute or ordinance as to license. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 
 Right to discriminate between harmless 
 articles in legislation regulating ped- 
 dlers. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 349; 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1079; 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1207. 
 
 § 36. Persons employed on vessels. 
 
 Of master and other persons employed on 
 vessel. 2 L.R.A. 380.* 
 
 § 37. —pilots. 
 
 Of pilots, 39 L.R.A. 183. 
 
 § 38. Plumbers. 
 
 Delegation of municipal power as to license 
 of plumbers. 20 L.R.A. 724. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring 
 plumbers to secure a license. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 674; a L.R.A.(N.S.) 1116; 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 283. 
 
 What constitutes a plumbing business with- 
 in license statutes. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 677. 
 
 Validity of contract with unlicensed plumb- 
 er." 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 
 Right of unlicensed plumber to recover for 
 services rendered by license one. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 392; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 176. 
 
 § 39. Professional school or college. 
 
 Determining character of standing of pro- 
 fessional school or college for purpose 
 of license statutes. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 735. 
 
 §40. Shops. 
 
 Power of municipality to require license for 
 shops. 24 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 § 41. Telegraph or telephone company. 
 
 Municipal control of, generally, see Mu- 
 nicipal C'OEPORATIONS, § 49. 
 
 License for doing interstate telegraph and 
 telephone business. 24 L.E.A. 161. 
 
 State statutes imposing license fees ou tele-, 
 graph companies. 31 L.R.A. 808. 
 
852 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LICENSE, II. e— cont'd 
 
 Imposing license fee on telegraph or tele- 
 phone company for use of streets. 1 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 581. 
 
 Validity of license fee exacted of telegraph 
 or telephone company as affected by 
 amount. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 627. 
 
 § 42. Trading stamps. 
 
 Right to impose license tax on use of trad- 
 ing stamps. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 592. 
 
 § 43. Vehicles. 
 
 On automobile, see supra, § 22. 
 
 License fee for use of streets by vehicles. 
 36 L.R.A. 413. 
 Legislative power. 36 L.R.A. 413. 
 Authority of municipality. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 413. 
 Authority beyond city limits. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 414. 
 Validity. 36 L.R.A. 415. 
 License to stand in street. 36 L.R.A. 
 416. 
 ^ Scope of ordinance. 36 L.R.A. 416. 
 Rigiit to delegate power. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 , 416. 
 License necessary. 36 L.R.A. 416. 
 Recovery back of fee. 36 L.R.A. 416. 
 
 Validity of license tax on vehicles used in 
 business for which a general occupation 
 tax is required. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 
 Applicability to vehicles owned by nonresi- 
 dents of city ordinance imposing a li- 
 cense upon the use of vehicles. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 453. 
 
 Discrimination as to amount of tax or li- 
 cense fee on different vehicles as affect- 
 ing validity of tax. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1035; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 83. 
 
 Discrimination as to vehicles subject to 
 license tax for use of highway as af- 
 fecting validity of tax. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 506. 
 
 Right to grade license tax according to 
 number of animals or vehicles em- 
 ployed in the business. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 568. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by 
 ordinance imposing license tax. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 
 § 4 4. Use of streets generally. 
 
 On vehicles, see supra, §§ 22, 43. 
 
 Imposing license on telegraph or telephone 
 company for use of streets. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 581. 
 
 Requiring license for sales upon streets. 
 24 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 By municipal corporation for use of streets 
 by railway company. 2 L.R.A. 59.* 
 
 Discrimination as to persons subject to 
 license or privilege tax for use of high- 
 way as affecting validity of tax. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 506. 
 
 § 4 4a. Warehouses. 
 
 Warehouse used exclusively for owner's 
 goods or products as subject of license 
 tax. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 803. 
 
 LICENSE, II. c— cont'd 
 g 4 5. Wharves. 
 
 Eight to erect wharves under license. 40 
 L.R.A. 640. 
 
 d. Uniformity and e€}ualitif; discrimi- 
 nation. 
 
 § 46. Generally. 
 
 As to licenses for sale of intoxicating 
 quors, see Intoxicating Liquor, 
 9-16. 
 
 In taxes generally, see Taxes, §§ 8. 9. 
 
 li- 
 
 14 
 
 Begin iritlt this booU on evc'fjf law qrieslion. 
 
 Equal privileges and immunities as to, 
 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Discrimination with respect to occupation 
 tax based on classification -of munici- 
 palities. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 195. 
 
 Eight to discriminate between harmless 
 articles in legislation regulating ped- 
 dlers. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 349; 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1079; 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1207. 
 
 Discrimination as to amount of tax or 
 license fee on different vehicles. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1035; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 83. 
 
 Discrimination as to persons or vehicles 
 subject to license or privilege tax for 
 use of highway, as affecting validity of 
 the tax. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 506. 
 
 Eight to grade license tax according to 
 number of animals or vehicles em- 
 ployed in the business. 12 L.E,A. 
 (N.S.) 568. 
 
 Right to discriminate between parts of a 
 city as to amount of license fees. 2] 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 192. 
 
 § 4 6a. Against nonresidents or aliens.' 
 
 Discrimination between residents of city 
 and other residents of state. 16 
 L.R.A. 49. 
 Discrimination against nonresidents, by 
 statute or municipal ordinance 
 imposing license or occupation 
 tax. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 Aliens. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 281. 
 Foreign corporations. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 281. 
 Liquor licenses. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 Licenses to practise medicine. 40 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 Discrimination in fish and game laws. 
 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 Merchants. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 Transient merchants. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 286., 
 Hawkers, peddlers, and itinerant ven- 
 ders. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 286. ' 
 Hucksters. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 289. 
 Canvassers and sample sellers. 40 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 Agents for nursery stock. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 290. 
 Miscellaneous.' 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 290. 
 Power of state, under Fourteenth Amend- 
 ment of Federal Constitution, to deny 
 aliens right to engage in a lawful oc- 
 cupation. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 799. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 853 
 
 LICENSE, II.— oont'd 
 
 e. Aw on lit; grading of fee. 
 
 § 4 7. Amount generally. 
 
 Validity of license tax on peddk'is so higli 
 as to be proiiibitory in effect. 35 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1074. 
 
 Validity of license upon business of lend- 
 ing money as affected by excessive 
 amount of fee. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 583. 
 
 Validity of license fee exacted of telegraph 
 or telephone companies as affected by 
 amount. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 627. 
 
 § 48. Limit of amount. 
 
 Power to fix license fees, generally. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 415. 
 Constitutional restrictions as to amount. 
 30 L.R.A. 416. 
 Provisions against discrimination. 30 
 
 L.K.A. 4]6. 
 Provisions against violation of con- 
 tract obligations. 30 L.R.A. 410. 
 Provisions requiring equality and uni- 
 formity. 30 L.R.A. 417. 
 Direct restrictions as to amount of 
 
 levy. 30 L.R.A. 420. 
 Miscellaneous provisions. 30 L.R.A. 
 420. 
 Graduation of license fees. 30 L.R.A. 421. 
 Limitations peculiar to municipal corpora- 
 tions. 30 L.R.A. 423. 
 Statutory and charter restrictions. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 423. 
 Must not be discriminating. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 425. 
 Under a general power to regulate. 30 
 L.R.A. 426. 
 What may be included in the fee. 
 
 30 L.R.A. 426. 
 Must not be for revenue. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 429. 
 Distinction between measures for 
 revenue and for regulation. 
 30 L.R.A. 430. 
 Must not be unreasonable or in re- 
 straint of trade. 30 L.R.A. 
 431. 
 Reasonableness, by whom deter- 
 mined. 30 L.R.A. 432. 
 Presumption of reasonableness. 
 
 30 L.E.A. 432, 
 What impositions are reasonable. 
 30 L.R.A. 433. 
 Under a power to restrain or prohibit. 
 
 30 L.E.A. 437. 
 Under a power to tax or license. 30 
 
 L.E.A. 437. 
 When discretion is expressly conferred. 
 30 L.E.A. 439. 
 
 § 49. Grading of fee. 
 
 Graduation of license fees. 30 L.R.A, 421. 
 
 Right to grade license tax according to vol- 
 ume of business or amount of capital 
 employed. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 898. 
 
 Right to grade license tax according to 
 number of animals or vehicles em- 
 ployed in the business. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 568. 
 Consult also L.Jt.A. Digests to date. 
 
 IjICENSEE. 
 
 In general, see License, I. 
 
 ilunicipal liability for acts of, see MuNlc- 
 
 IPAI^ COBPOEATIONS, § 85. 
 
 LIENS. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-4. 
 II. Eqtiitahle liens, §§ 5-7. 
 III. For and on what, §§ S-li. 
 IT. Priorities, §§ 15-17. 
 
 V. Loss; xvaiuer; discharge, §§ 18-30. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Assignability of, see Assignment, § 7, 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 26. 
 
 Taking property under eminent domain pi'O- 
 ceedings subject to, see E.minekt Do- 
 main, § 26. 
 
 Lien acquired by service of notice in supple- 
 mentary proceedings, see Execution, 
 § 16. 
 
 Receiver's power to create, see Receivers, 
 § 19. 
 
 Subrogation to, see Subrogation. 
 
 Subrogation of person discharging, see Sub- 
 rogation, § 2. 
 
 Libel by filing. 16 L.R.A. 625. 
 
 Duress by lien on real property. 16 L.R.A, 
 376. 
 
 Necessity of, to give admiralty jurisdiction 
 of contract. 66 L.R.A. 214. 
 
 Implied covenant of title on sale of chattels 
 as protection against outstanding liens. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 410. 
 
 Injunction in favor of, or against, lien 
 creditors to prevent execution sales. 30 
 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 What fund is chargeable with costs and ex- 
 penses of sale when encumbered prop- 
 erty is sold in bankruptcy free of liens, 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 737. 
 
 Liability for, as within express assumption 
 by one corporation of indebtedness of 
 another on consolidation, merger, or 
 absorption. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1104. 
 
 On building as affected by its wrongful re- 
 moval and attachment to land of n 
 third person without lienor's consent, 
 14 L.R,A.(N.S.) 435. 
 
 Right of purchaser to recover amount paid 
 to relieve land from tax. from one who 
 should have paid the same but with 
 vphom he had no contractual relation- 
 ship. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 562. 
 
 Necessity of recording instrument creating 
 lien on personal property in state to 
 which property is subsequently re- 
 moved. 64 L.R.A. 356; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 385. 
 
 Rights of life tenant who pays off, as 
 f.gainst remainderman, 29 L,R.A, (N.S.) 
 153. 
 
 Denial on information as to recorded liens. 
 .30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 780, 
 
So4 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LIENS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Iiemoval for separable controversy of pro- 
 ceedings to foreclose. 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 72. 
 
 Liability of different parcels in inverse or- 
 der of alienation. 5 L.R.A. 282.* 
 
 Right of grantee in possession to question 
 grantor's right to collect purchase 
 money in case of liens against prop- 
 erty. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 388. 
 
 Necessity of giving lienor notice of public 
 improvement. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558. 
 
 Lien acquired by service of notice in sup- 
 plementary proceedings. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 123. 
 
 Amount in dispute in case of injunction 
 against enforcement of liens against 
 specific property. 61 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 425. 
 
 § 2. Notice of. 
 
 Corporate by-law as notice of lien on stock. 
 
 25 L.R.A. 48; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 Notice of title from possession bv lienor. 
 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 120. 
 
 § 3. Effect of. 
 
 As affecting homesetead, see Homestead, 
 
 § 15. 
 Of mortgage lien, see Mortgage, II. e. 
 
 Effect of outstanding lien on marketability 
 of title. 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 30. 
 
 § 4. Purchasing or otherwise taking 
 property subject tO' lien. 
 
 Garnishment of claims subject to. 59 
 
 L.E.A. 364. 
 Effect of lien as against purchaser at judi- 
 cial sale without notice. 21 L.R.A. 38. 
 Right of vendee of real estate subject to a 
 lien to raise question of usury. 8 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 814. 
 Kstoppel, when property is taken by emi- 
 nent domain, subject to certain liens, 
 to deny the validity of the liens. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 Personal liability of purchaser of personal 
 property which is subject to a 
 lien. 59 L.E.A. 737. 
 Purchasers of property subject to chat- 
 tel mortgage. 59 L.E.A. 737. 
 Liens created by statute. 59 L.E.A. 
 738. 
 
 II. Equitable liens. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 What are. 4 L.R.A. 248.* 
 
 Exclusive jurisdiction is equity. 4 L.E.A. 
 249.* 
 
 Of creditors' suit. 1 L.R.A. 639.* 
 
 Enforcement hy or against grantees or suc- 
 cessors in title by agreement to con- 
 tribute to cost of party wall on theory 
 of implied equitable lien. 66 L.E.A. 
 695. 
 
 § 6. How created. 
 
 How created. 4 L.R.A. 248.* 
 Created by assignment. 4 L.R.A. 248.* 
 
 Begin xvith tliis hoolt on every law question. 
 
 LIENS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Payment of anothei-'s debt creates no equi- 
 table lien. 9 L.R.A. 173.* 
 
 Agreement for support in consideration of 
 conveyance, as basis for equitable lien. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 607. 
 
 Right of creditors of a corporation which 
 has transferred all or substantially all 
 of its assets to another corporation to- 
 subject the assets so transferred to an 
 equitable lien. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 520. 
 
 § 7. Of partners. 
 
 Equitable lien of partners on real property. 
 
 28 L.E.A. 102. 
 Of surviving partner. 28 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 III. For and on what. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Equitable lien, see supra, §§ 5-7. 
 
 For advances, see Advances, § 2. 
 
 Of attachment, see Attachment, §§ 7-9. 
 
 Of attorney, see Attoknets, § 22. 
 
 In bankruptcy, see Bankkuptct, § 31. 
 
 On corporate stock, see Coepokations, § 76. 
 
 On growing crop, see Ceops, § 4. 
 
 On wife's separate estate, see Husband and 
 WiEE, § 35. 
 
 On infant's property, see Infants, § 26. 
 
 Of innkeepers, see Innkeepers, § 14. 
 
 Of judgment, see Judgment, §§ 58-65. 
 
 Of landlord, see Landlord and Tenant,, 
 §§ 88-90. 
 
 Maritime liens, see Maritime Liens. 
 
 Of mechanics or materialmen, see Mechan- 
 ics' Liens. 
 
 Of mortgage, see Mortgage. 
 
 Of pilot, see Pilot, § 3. 
 
 Of agent, see Principal and Agent, § 37. 
 
 For purchase money, see PuBCHASB Money, 
 § 5 ; Sale, § ' 60 ; Vendor and Pur- 
 chaser, §§ 30-35. 
 
 For supplies, see Supplies, § 2. 
 
 Of purchaser of land, see Vendor and Pue- 
 chaseb, § 7. 
 
 Against railroad company, see Railroads, 
 § 19. 
 
 Tax lien, see Taxes, §§ 88, 89. 
 
 On trust estate, see Teusts, § 40. 
 
 For wharfage charges. 70 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 Of insurance broker on policy for premiums 
 paid by him. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 643. 
 
 On property of member of mutual insurance 
 companv as security for his liabilitv. 
 32 L.E.A. 504. 
 
 Power of partner to create lion upon firm 
 real property. 28 L.E.A. 97. 
 
 Power to permit receiver of private corpora- 
 tion to create liens on its property. 16 
 L.E.A. 603. 
 
 Eight of trustee to create lien on trust es- 
 tate. 7 L.R.A. 656.* 
 
 Of laborer on logs. 6 L.R.A. 362.* 
 
 Who is a "farm or agricultural" laborer 
 within statute giving lien. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1039. 
 
 Right of owner of garage to. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.I 240. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 855 
 
 LIENS, III.— cont'd 
 
 In favor of one cotenant for rents where 
 property used by other. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 236. 
 
 On property of bankrupt of ono wlioke funds 
 are wrongfully vised in purchasing it. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 876. 
 
 Right of servant to the common-law pos- 
 sessory lien or its statutory substitute, 
 for services in connection with property. 
 -12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 731. 
 
 Right of one not in the storage business to 
 a common-law lien for storage charge. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1164. 
 
 Statutory lien on property of third person 
 for rental of personal property let to 
 contractor for use in work of a lien- 
 able nature. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 872. 
 
 § 9. Of or against bank. 
 
 Of bank on deposits, see Banks, § 21. 
 
 Lien on commercial paper purchased by 
 bank after it has mingled trust money 
 with its own funds. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1100. 
 
 § 10. Of carrier. 
 
 See Cabeiees, § 123. 
 
 § 11. For repairs and improvements. 
 
 By cotenant for improvements. 29 L.E.A. 
 
 456. 
 By cotenant for repairs. 29 L.R.A. 459. 
 Express, for obligation to contribute to cost 
 
 of party wall. 66 L.R.A. 703, 704. 
 Improvement of personal property at 
 
 bailee's request as creating liability 
 
 against bailor or property. 38 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 97. 
 
 § 12. —for public improvements. 
 
 For sewer assessment, see Drains and 
 
 Setwebs, § 14. 
 Of local assessments generally, see Public 
 
 Improvements, §§ 30a, 31. 
 
 § 13. For alimony. 
 
 See DrvoBCE and Sepaeation, § 49. 
 
 § 14. For keeping animals. 
 
 Priority of lien for, see infra, § 17. 
 
 On animals for cost of keeping. 6 L.R.A. 
 82;* 17 L.E.A. 792. 
 
 Taking of animal by general owner for pur- 
 pose of defeating lien as larceny. 12 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 94. 
 
 Waiver of lien by attachment or execution. 
 .50 L.R.A. 720. 
 
 IT. Priorities. 
 
 lien, see Chattex 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Of chattel mortgage 
 
 Mortgage, § 27. 
 
 Of judgment lien, see Judgment, §§ 61-64. 
 
 Of mechanics' lien, see Mech;anics' Liens, 
 
 §§ 8, 9- 
 Of mortgage lien, see Mortgage, §§ 35-39. 
 Of tax over other lien, see Taxes, § 89. 
 ConmiU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LIENS, IV.— cont'd 
 Of vendor's liens, see 
 CHASER, § 32. 
 
 Vendor and Plb- 
 
 In general. 9 L.R.A. 481.* 
 
 As giving right of action to third party. 
 25 L.R.A. 275. 
 
 Priority of lien in distribution of assets 
 of insolvent insurance company. 38 
 L.E.A. 108. 
 
 As between lien of corporation and pledgee 
 or bona fide purchaser of corporate 
 stock. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 292. 
 
 Is money loaned to improve land part of 
 the purchase price within rule that a 
 purchase money lien takes priority over 
 homestead rights. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 
 Priority of claims against property in hands 
 of receiver over recorded liens. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 095. 
 
 § 16. For local assessments. 
 
 See Public Improvements, § 31. 
 
 § 17. For keeping animals. 
 
 Between agister's lien and chattel mortgage. 
 17 L.R.A. 792. 
 
 Priortty as between lien of chattel mortgage 
 and lien acquired by furnishing food or 
 care to animals. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 310. 
 
 T. Loss; iDaiver; discharge. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Of mechanics' lien, see Mechanics' Liens, 
 
 §§ 20-22. 
 Of mortgage lien, see Mortgage, VI. 
 
 Effect of partition deed on lien. 57 L.R.A. 
 340. 
 
 Effect of consolidation of corporations upon 
 liens and priorities. 23 L.E.A. 233. 
 
 Release of, by injunction against , execu- 
 tion sale. 30 L.R.A. 140. 
 
 Waiver of junior lien by failure to assert it 
 in foreclosure proceeding. 68 L.E.A. 
 323. 
 
 Appointment of debtor as executor or ad- 
 ministrator as discharging lien secur- 
 ing debt. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 416. 
 
 Assumption of debts on dissolution of part- 
 nership as affecting partnership lien. 9 
 L.R..A.(N.S.) 102. 
 
 Taking of property by general owner for 
 purpose of defeating lien thereon as 
 larceny. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 
 Effect of discharge in bankruptcy on >"ea! 
 property liens. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 292. 
 
 Rescission of purchase of real estate as af- 
 fecting as.sumption of lien thereon. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 672. 
 
 § 19. By attachment or execution. 
 
 In general. 50 L.R.A. 714; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 490. 
 Liens not depending upon possession. 50 
 L.E.A. 714. 
 Chattel mortgages; liens on personal 
 propertv expressly reserved bv sel- 
 ler. 50 L.E.A. 714. 
 
SjG 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LIENS, v.— cont'd 
 
 Landlord's lien. 50 L.E.A. 717. 
 Vendor's lien on real property. 50 
 
 , L.E.A. 717. 
 Mortgages. 50 L.E.A. 718. 
 Liens depending upon possession. 50 L.E.A. 
 719. 
 Pledges. 50 L.E.A. 719. 
 Agister's lien. 50 L.E.A. 720. 
 Stoppage in transitu; seller's lien. 50 
 
 L.E.A. 721. 
 farrier's lien. 50 L.E.A. 721. 
 Laborer's or manufacturer's lien. 50 
 L.R.A. 722. 
 
 § 20. By giving note or security. 
 
 Itelease or satisfaction of, by giving' com- 
 mercial paper. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 86. 
 
 Acceptance of commercial paper as dis- 
 charge of. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 96. 
 
 Lienor joining in mortgage on the property 
 as a waiver of his lien. 35 L.E.A. 
 (JSr.S.) 348. 
 
 New obligation given by debtor to secure 
 release of a lien as a novation of the 
 original obligation. 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 464. 
 
 LIFE CONTRACT. 
 
 Validity of contract to furnish a patient 
 medical services for life. 28 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1112. 
 
 LIFE TABIiES. 
 
 See MoETALiTT Tables. 
 
 LIFE ESTATE. 
 
 In real property generally, see Deeds, § 29, 
 
 30; Life Tenajstts; Wills, §§ 79-82. 
 As to dower, see Dower. 
 
 Reservation of life estate as illustrating 
 grantor's intention in delivering deed 
 to third person. 54 L.E.A. 884. 
 
 LIFE IMPRISONMENT. 
 
 As cruel and unusual punishment. 35 L.R.A. 
 569. 
 
 LIFE TENANT. 
 
 LIFE INSURANCE. 
 
 See Insurance. 
 
 ■*—-*■ • 
 
 LIFE SAVING. 
 
 Voluntarily incurring danger to save an- 
 other's life as contributory negligence- 
 49 L.R.A. 715; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1069. 
 Begin with this hoot; oji crcrj/ Inir q\ 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. Possession, enjoyment, and use of 
 
 •property, §§ 2-7. 
 III. Duties and liaMlities, §§ 8-10. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Estates created by deed, see Deeds, 
 §§ 28-31. 
 
 As to quantum of estate under a devise, see 
 Wills, §§ 79-82. 
 
 Sale for taxes during existence of life es- 
 tate, see Taxes, § 77. 
 
 Debts of life tenant as affecting property. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 545.* 
 Power of life tenant to submit infant's 
 
 cause of action for arbitration. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 175., 
 Effect of misrepresentation or suppression 
 
 of truth as to health of life tenant on 
 
 sale of remainder interest. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 284; 
 
 II. Possession, enjoyment, and use of 
 property. , 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Adverse possession during life tenancy, see 
 Adverse Possession, § 9. 
 
 As to apportionment of annuity or income, 
 see Annuity, § 2. 
 
 Eights of remaindermen generally, see Re- 
 maindermen. 
 
 When right to use of income commences. 2 
 L.R.A. 113.* 
 
 Title to increase of animals as between life 
 tenant and remainderman. 17 L.E.A. 
 81. 
 
 Eight of life tenant to dedicate land. 31 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1025. 
 
 Right as between life tenant and remainder- 
 man to rents from lease of property. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 
 Effect, upon rule in Shelley's Case, of ex- 
 press prohibition against conveyance or 
 encumbrance of property by life ten- 
 ant. 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Eight of one to whom estate is devised for 
 life with power to consume, to convey 
 a good title. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458,. 
 
 Does voluntary distribution or delivery of 
 chattel to life tenant inure to benefit 
 of remainderman. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 798. 
 
 Effect upon remainder of forfeiture of life 
 estate for breach of condition subse- 
 quent. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 605. 
 
 Rights on condemnation of property. 21 
 L.E.A. 212. 
 
 lestion. 
 
INDEX TO*L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 857 
 
 LIFE TENANT, II.— cont'd 
 
 Does statute of limitations run during life 
 estate against proceedings by remaind- 
 erman to compel appropriation of 
 property by third person having power 
 of eminent domain. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1154. 
 
 § 3. Mineral rights of life tenant. 
 
 Mines not opened before commencement of 
 life estate. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1100. 
 
 Mines opened before commencement of life 
 estate. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1102. 
 
 Abandonment or suspension of opened mine. 
 36L.R.A.(N.S.) 1103. 
 
 Opening new pits, shafts, or seams. 36 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1104. 
 
 Mines opened after commencement of life es- 
 tate under prior lease or contract. 36 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1105. 
 
 As affected by powers conferred by instru- 
 ment creating life estate. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1106. 
 
 Mines opened after commencement of life 
 estate, with sanction of court or re- 
 mainderman. 36 L.R.A.(N.fe.) 1106. 
 
 English settled land acts. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1107. 
 
 § 4. — as to oil and gas. . 
 
 Where no well opened prior to commence- 
 ment of life estate. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1108. 
 
 Where well opened prior to commencement 
 of life estate. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Well opened after commencement of life 
 estate under a prior lease. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1109. J 
 
 Where sale of oil is sanctioned by remain- 
 derman. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 § 5. Timber rights of life tenant. 
 
 IngeneraL 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763. 
 Necessities of life tenant. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 764. 
 Customary estovers. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 764. 
 FueL 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 764. 
 Repairs ; fences ; buildings. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 765. 
 Payment of taxes and other charges. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 767. 
 Fallen or decaying timber. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 767. 
 Thinning trees. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 Cutting timber for sale. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 768. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 768. 
 Custom of .estate. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 768. 
 Clearing land. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 770. 
 
 Relaxation of strict rules. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 770. 
 The rule and its application in this 
 country. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 771. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 771. 
 Proceeds of timber. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 772. 
 Tenant for life not impeachable for waste; 
 ornamental trees. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 772. 
 Miscellaneous. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 773. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LIFE TENANT, II.— cont'd 
 § 6. Corporate stocks and bonds; divi- 
 deijds. 
 
 Apportionment of dividends, see Appoetio^- 
 MENT, § 2. 
 
 Respective rights of estate of life tenant and 
 remainderman to dividends on stock. 
 45 L.R.A. 394. 
 Right to increased stock and stock dividends 
 as between owner of capital and 
 income. 16 L.R.A. 461. 
 The English rule. 16 L.R.A. 461. 
 How far such rule followed in this 
 
 country. 16 L.R.A. 462. 
 Departures from the English rule. 1 6 
 
 L.R.A. 463. 
 Right to subscribe for stock. 16 L.R.A. 
 464. 
 Appreciation in value of capital assets as 
 fund distributable as dividend without 
 reference to losses. 1 B. R. C. 965. 
 Right, as between life tenant and remainder- 
 man, in dividends or distributions 
 made by corporations. 45 L.R.A. 
 394; 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 768; 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 563. 
 Preliminary principles. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 769. 
 Intention of testator or creator of trust. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 564. 
 Early English rule. 16 L.R.A. 461 ; 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 771. 
 Massachusetts and later English rule. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 772; 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 566. 
 New York and Kentucky rule. 12 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 775. 
 Pennsjrlvania rule; apportionment with 
 respect to time. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 777; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 566. 
 Apportionment with respect to sources 
 of distribution. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 779. 
 Various forms and kinds of distribu- 
 tions. 12 L.R.A.(N.S,) 780. 
 Regular cash dividend. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 780. 
 Extraordinary cash dividend. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785; 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) oGC. 
 Stock dividends. 16 L.R.A. 401: 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 794; 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 568. 
 Distributions representing a reduc- 
 tion or change of form of 
 capital, or enhancement of 
 value of capital assets. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 803; 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 570. 
 Distributions in process of liquida- 
 tion, or of consolidation or 
 merger with other corpora- 
 tions. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 805. 
 Stock rights. 16 L.R.A. 464; 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 810; 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 572. 
 Distributions in form of certificates 
 or bonds of the declaring cor- 
 poration, or of stock of another 
 corporation. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 812; 35 L.R.A,(N.S.) 571. 
 
85S 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LIFE TENANT, II.— cont'd 
 
 § 7. Rights on death of life tenant. 
 
 Lessee's right to possession, see Landlobd 
 AND Tenant, § 46. 
 
 Right to crops on death of life tenant. 1 
 L.R.A. 427;* 11 L.R.A. 800.* 
 
 Right of lessee of life tenant to possession 
 and emblements upon death of his les- 
 sor. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 688. 
 
 Right of estate of one entitled by will or 
 f-tatute to an allowance for support and 
 maintenance, to accumulations undrawn 
 and unexpended at the time of her 
 death. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 997. 
 
 Apportionment of income from trust funds 
 upon death of life beneficiary between 
 distribution periods. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 449. 
 
 Respective rights of life tenant and remain- 
 derman to dividends. 45 L.R.A. 394. 
 
 III. Duties and licibilitics. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for allowing land to 
 becom'e infested with vpeeds. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 88. 
 
 Right to require legatee of life interest in 
 money or its equivalent, to give se- 
 curity for benefit of remainderman. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.j 716. 
 
 Right of life tenant who pays oflf liens or 
 encumbrances as against remainder- 
 man. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 153. 
 
 § 9. Liability for improvements. 
 
 Right of life tenant, or person claiming un- 
 der him, to recover for improvements. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 514. 
 Duty of life tenant to keep property in re- 
 pair. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 669. 
 Duty of life tenant to repair. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 669. 
 Nonobligation of tenant to repair. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 672. 
 Liability for permissive waste. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 072. 
 Remedy. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 674. 
 Efl'ect of statute of limitations. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 675, 
 
 § 10., Duty of life tenant as to taxes 
 and assessments. 
 
 Duty of life tenant to pay taxes. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 744. 
 Tenants for life strictly. 32 L.R.A. 744. 
 
 General rule as to taxes. 32 L.R.A. 
 744. 
 
 General rule as to assessments. 32 
 L.R.A. 746. 
 Tenant by the curtesy. 32 L.R.A. 748. 
 Tenant in dower. 32 L.R.A. 748. 
 Property taken in lieu of dower. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 750. 
 As between husband and wife. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 751. 
 Assignee of life tenant. 32 L.R.A. 752. 
 Duty in case of dispute. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 752. 
 Decisions under state statutes. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 752. 
 
 LIFE TENANT, III.— cont'd 
 
 Devisee for life. 32 L.R.A. 752. 
 
 Devise of income. 32 L.R.A. 755. 
 
 Devise to wido\y. 32 L.R.A. 757. 
 Effect of tax sale on land held by life 
 
 tenant. 32 L.R.A. 805., 
 Effect on estates in reversion or remainder 
 
 of tax sale during life estate. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 688. 
 Life tenant's right to timber for payment 
 
 of taxes, pi L.R.A.(N.S.) 767. 
 Must life tenant or remainderman bear the 
 
 cost of a public improvement. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 342. 
 
 IjITTING. 
 
 Assumption of risk in overstraining muscles 
 in lifting weights under immediate di- 
 rection of master or vice principal. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 362. 
 
 LIFTING JACK. 
 
 Master's liabijity for injury by defect In. 13 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 679. 
 
 LIGHT. 
 
 Carrier's duty to keep station lighted, see 
 
 Caebiers, § 71. 
 Constitutionality of statute as to, see CoN- 
 
 STITtJTIONAL LAW, § 80. 
 
 Easement of, see Easements, §§ 13, 19-21. 
 
 Electric lights, see Eleotbic Lights. 
 
 Gas as light, see Gas. 
 
 Lighting of streets and bridges, see High- 
 ways, §§ 54, 55. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by absence of, 
 at dangerous place in street, see Hiak- 
 ways, § 73. 
 
 Power of municipality as to, see Munici- 
 pal Cobpoeations, § 32. 
 
 Municipal lighting plant, see Municipal 
 Cobpoeations, § 69. 
 
 Lighting of railroad tracks, see EAnjtoADe, 
 § 45. 
 
 Duty of bicyclists to carry. 47 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 Duty of operator of automobile as to. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 489. 
 
 Lights on street cars. 26 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 Private action for violation of ordinance re- 
 quiring lights on railroad cars and 
 engines. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 244. 
 
 Validity of statute holding property owner 
 liable for light furnished tenant. 6, 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 198. 
 
 Landlord's duty to light common hall or' 
 (Stairway. 1 B. R. C. 107. 
 
 Liability of one maintaining place of 
 amusement for failure to properly light 
 .same. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1071. 
 
 Delegation of municipal power as to. 20 
 L.R.A. 726. 
 
 Begin irith tltix boolc on every law question. 
 
IXDKX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 859 
 
 LIGHT— cont'd 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute to 
 enjoin unlawful expenditures by munici- 
 pality for lighting. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 20. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant from 
 want of proper lighting of place of 
 work. 54 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's failure 
 to keep place of work properly lighted. 
 54 L.E.A. 133. 
 
 LIGHTER. 
 
 Does lien upon vessel for safe carriage at- 
 tach while goods are in lighter prepara- 
 tory to being loaded on vessel. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 569. 
 
 LIGHTHOUSE. 
 
 Character of occupation of. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 720. 
 
 LIGHTING COMPANIES. 
 
 Delegation of municipal power to. 20 
 L.R-A. 726. 
 
 LIGHTNING. 
 
 Insurance against loss caused by. 26 L.R.A. 
 287. 
 
 Striking wire. 31 L.R.A. 588. 
 
 Master's liability for injuries due to ex- 
 plosion of dynamite by. 28 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 1260. 
 
 LIGHTNING RODS. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresident by stat- 
 ute imposing license tax on business 
 of selling. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 
 LIME KILN. 
 
 Municipal power over as nuisance. 
 L.R.A. 654. ' 
 
 38 
 
 LIMITATION. 
 
 Words of, under rule in Shelley's Case, see 
 Deehis, § 30; Wills, § 82. 
 Consult also L.H.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. 
 
 /. Limitation in general, §§ 1-18. 
 a. In general, §§ 1-Sj. 
 6. Equitable remedies; laches, 
 §§ 6-12. 
 
 c. Effect of bar ; otlier rem,edies, 
 
 §§ 13, 14. 
 
 d. By and against whom avail- 
 
 able, §§ 15-17. 
 
 e. To what claims applicable, 
 
 § 18. 
 II. When statute runs, §§ 19-47. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 19-21. 
 
 b. Contracts; mortgages; ac- 
 
 counts; collections, §§ 22- 
 S2. 
 e. Corporations; stocTcholders, 
 §§ 33, 34. 
 
 d. Actions based on torts, neg- 
 
 ligence, fraud, trust, mis- 
 take or usury; crimes, §§ 
 35-38b. 
 
 e. Suits relating to real prop- 
 
 erty; tax sales, §§ 39-43. 
 
 f. Decedents' estates, § 44. 
 
 g. Miscellaneous Tcinds of ac- 
 
 tion, § 43. 
 h. Absence; nonresidence, § 
 
 46. 
 i. Disabilities, § 47. 
 
 III. Period of limitation; when action 
 
 barred, §§ 48-59. 
 
 a. In general, § 48. 
 
 b. Contracts; mortgages, §§ 
 
 49, 50. 
 
 c. Negligence ; fraud ; usury, § § 
 
 51-54. 
 
 d. Suits relating to real prop- 
 
 erty, §§ 55-57. 
 
 e. Decedents' estates, § 58. 
 
 f. Miscellaneous, g 59. 
 
 IV. Interruption of statute; removal of 
 
 bar, §§ 60-71. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 60-62. 
 
 b. By suit, §§ 63, 64. 
 
 c. Payment, §§ 65-67. 
 
 d. New promise or aclcnoxvledg- 
 
 ment, §§ 68-71. 
 
 I. Limitation in general, 
 a. In general. 
 
 % 1. Generally. 
 
 Limitation of time to present claim or com- 
 mence action against carrier, see Cau- 
 EIEES, § 133. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 43. 
 
 Validity of contract as to, see Contraots, 
 § 90. 
 
 Question relating to, as Federal question. 
 62 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 Effect of statute of limitations as impair- 
 ment of obligation of contract. 1 
 L.R.A. 359.* 
 
 Implied exceptions in statute of limitations. 
 25 L.R.A. 566. 
 
 As affected by question whether suit for 
 statutory penalty is a civil or criminal 
 prosecution. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 744. 
 
860 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, I. a— cont'd 
 
 Statute requiring notice of claim before 
 commencing an action as a statute of 
 limitations. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 
 Applicability to existing contracts of stat- 
 ute avoiding contractual stipulations 
 limiting time for action. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1016. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of statute 
 of limitations. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 421. 
 
 § 2. Estoppel to plead. 
 
 Specific agreement to waive the statute. 63 
 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 In writing. 63 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Oral. 63 L.R.A. 195. 
 Other agreements that cause delay. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 198. 
 Request for delay. 63 L.R.A. 201. 
 Representations as to material facts. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 202. 
 Payments. 63 L.R.A. 203. 
 Actions on insurance policies. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 204. 
 Actions on carriers' contracts. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 206. 
 
 § 3. Vested right in statute of limita- 
 tion. 
 
 Vested right in defense of statute of limi- 
 tations. 45 L.RA. 609. 
 Civil actions. 45 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 Actions involving title to real or 
 
 personal property. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 609. 
 Actions not involving title to real 
 
 or personal propertv. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 610. 
 Revival of appeal or writ) of error. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 614. 
 Change of statute as affecting. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 528. 
 Of municipal corporation. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1188. 
 Criminal actions. 45 L.R.A. 614. 
 
 § 4. Validity of statute changing pe- 
 riod of limitation. 
 
 Vested right in defense of limitations, see 
 supra, § 3. 
 
 Impairment of contract obligations by 
 
 change in statute of limitations, see 
 
 Constitutional Law, § 36. / 
 
 Validity of retroactive statute. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 359.* 
 Reasonableness of period allowed by statute 
 
 of limitations in respect to existing 
 
 causes of action. • 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 715; 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 157. 
 Constitutionality of statutes shortening the 
 
 period of limitations. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 528. 
 
 § 5. Invoking statute after judgment. 
 
 As ground of attack by alleged fraudulent 
 grantee on .iudgment against grantor. 
 67 L.R.A. 598. 
 
 Injunction against .judgment confessed on 
 debt barred by. 30 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 Begin witli this hoolc on every laxo question. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, I. a^-cont'd 
 Right to open default judgment to let in 
 
 defense of statute of limitations. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 746. 
 
 b. Equitable remedies; laches. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Effect of laches on right to rescind contract, 
 see Contracts, § 155. 
 
 Application of statute in equity. 1 L.R.A. 
 191,* 328;* 2 L.R.A. 159;* 8 L.R.A. 
 48].* 
 
 Laches defined. 10 L.R.A. 125.* 
 
 Doctrine of laches. 1 L.R.A. 191;* 8 L.R.A. 
 248;* 10 L.R.A. 125.* 
 
 In probating will. 57 L.R.A. 253. 
 
 Effect of laches in questioning unconstitu- 
 tional apportionment of election dis- 
 tricts. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1184. 
 
 Laches of person against whom judgment 
 has been obtained on unauthorized ap- 
 pearance by attorney. 21 L.R.A. 857. 
 
 Effect of laches on judgment creditor's right 
 to receivership. 33 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 Diligence essential to entitle one to man- 
 damus to restore to office one' who has 
 been illegally removed. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 66. 
 
 As affecting suit to enjoin unlawful expen- 
 ditures by municipality. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 26. 
 
 Duty of court, in absence of objection by 
 defendant, to dismiss suit for divorce 
 because not brought within time al- 
 lowed by statute after cause given. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 490. 
 
 § 7. As to commercial paper. 
 
 Effect of laches on payment by cheek, draft, 
 or bills. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 
 Release of indorser by laches. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 531. 
 
 Waiver of laches in presenting commercial 
 paper for payment. 29 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 § 8. As to corporations and corporate 
 stock. 
 
 Effect of laches on right to rescind subscrip- 
 tion to corporate stock for fraud. 33 
 L.R.A. 724. 
 
 Laches as defense to action for specific per- 
 formance of contract for sale of cor- 
 porate stock. 50 L.R.A. 508 ; 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 500. 
 
 Effect of, on state's right to oust a cor- 
 poration of its rights and franchises. 
 14 L.E.A.(N.S.) 336. 
 
 Abandonment of highway by laches of cor- 
 poration ^officials. 26 L.R.A. 469. 
 
 § 9. As to land. 
 
 As bar to right to injunction against ob- 
 struction of waters of stream. 59 
 L.R.A. 884. 
 
 Effect of continued occupancy by trespasser 
 for less than limitation period to estop 
 owner to maintain trespass q. c. f. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 270. 
 
 Delay as waiver of purchaser's right to 
 rescind contract for purchase of real 
 property. .30 L.R.A. (N.c.) 872. 
 
IXDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 861 
 
 LI^flTATION OF ACTIONS, I. b— cont'd 
 ]. aches as affecting the right of one cotenant 
 to benefit of purchase of outstanding 
 title by anotlier. 19 L.R.A. (S.S.) 526. 
 Eight of one in possession under void fore- 
 closure sale as affected by laches of 
 mortgagor. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.^ 84S. 
 
 § 10. Fraud. 
 
 Kft'ect of laches on right to rescind subscrip- 
 tion to corporate stoik for fraud. 33 
 L.E.A. 7-24. 
 
 § 11. Trusts. 
 
 Applicability of, to trusts, generally. 8 
 
 L.E.A. 480;* 047.* 
 Efl'ect of lapse of time to bar a direct 
 
 or express trust. 1 L.E.A. 328;* 
 
 8 L.E.A. 647.* 
 When trust repudiated. 8 L.E.A. 649.* 
 When jurisdiction concurrent in law 
 
 and equity. 8 L.E.A. 649.* 
 When remedy in equity exclusive. 8 
 
 L.E.A. 650.* 
 Implied constructive and resulting 
 
 trusts. 8 L.E.A. 650.* 
 Ladies which will defeat relief after re- 
 pudiation of express tiust. 5 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 986. 
 Laches as a bar to enforcement of trust as 
 against one who knowingly purchased 
 trust property in violation of the terms 
 of an express trust. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 370. 
 
 § 12. Assessments. 
 
 In contesting sewer assessment. 60 L.E.A. 
 246. 
 
 As affecting attaclc upon assessment for 
 special benefits on ground that prop- 
 erty is not benefited. 36 L.R,A.(N.S.) 
 4L 
 
 e. Effect of har ; otlier retnedies. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Effect, upon action for death, of bar against 
 action for injury. 34 L.E.A. 797. 
 
 Effect of bar of statute of limitations 
 against action to enforce judgment up- 
 on right to issue execution theri'on. 23 
 L.E.A. (X.S.I 1096. 
 
 Bar of statute of limitations as ground for 
 quieting title as against encumbrance. 
 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 
 Effect of bar of statute of limitations on 
 right of creditor who is also a stock- 
 holder of an insolvent corporation to 
 offset claim against statutory liability. 
 41 L.E.A. (X.S.) 1002. 
 
 Bar of debt to corporation as bar to en- 
 forcement of its lien therefor upon 
 stock. .39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 301. 
 
 Right to recover for services rendered be- 
 yond statutory period of limitation 
 upon breach of parol contract to make 
 provision by will. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 703. 
 
 Effect of running of limitation since orig- 
 inal assessment for local improvement 
 upon a reassessment ordered because of 
 invalidity of original. 28 L.E.A. (X.S.) 
 735. 
 Consult also L.R.I. JUgexts to date. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, I. c— cont'd 
 Effect of failure to present claim within the 
 time allowed by the administration 
 statute of the domicil as a bar to its 
 allowance in the state of an ancillary 
 administration, and vice versa. 19 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 553. 
 Effect of statutory bar of action for pur- 
 cliase money upon right to enforce 
 vendor's lien. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1171. 
 Eule in case of mere equitable lien 
 raised by implication of law. 
 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1171. 
 Applicability of limitation statutes 
 other than those affecting the 
 debt. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1172. 
 Eule where vendor retains the legal 
 
 title. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1174. 
 Eule where vendor retains lien on the 
 face of the deed. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1175. 
 Eule where vendor takes mortgage 
 which shows that it is given for 
 the purchase money. 39 L.E.A. 
 (TSr.S.) 1176. 
 Effect of new promise or acknowledg- 
 ment of the debt to remove bar of 
 statute of limitations to enforce 
 vendor's lien. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1177. 
 Effect of vendee's discharge in bank- 
 ruptcy. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1177. 
 Effect of bar of statute of limitations on 
 right to substitute copy of lost indict- 
 ment. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1082. 
 
 § 14. Mortgage or trust deed. 
 
 Effect of statutory bar of principal debt 
 on right to foreclose a mortgage or 
 deed of trust securing the same. 10 
 L.E.A. 508;* 21 L.E.A. 550. 
 
 Eight to enjoin sale under a power in a 
 mortgage against which the statute of 
 limitations has run. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 510. 
 
 Effect of bar of other remedies to prevent a 
 sale of property under a power in a 
 trust deed or mortgage. 13 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Effect of debt becoming barred by statute of 
 limitations upon rights and remedies 
 under conveyance absolute on its face, 
 but intended as a mortgage. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 825; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 840. 
 
 Statute of nonclaim as equivalent of limi- 
 tations within the rule that the run- 
 ning of the latter against the debt 
 secured will bar remedy on the mort- 
 gage. 31 L.R.A. (X.S.)' 1013. 
 
 Effect of statutory bar of action for pur- 
 chase money on right to enforce liefi 
 where vendor takes mortgage wliich 
 shows that it is given for the purchase 
 money. 39 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1176. 
 
 d. By and against irhom acailaMe. 
 
 §15. Generally. 
 
 As to adverse possession, sec Adverse Pos- 
 
 SE,SSION. 
 
S62 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, I. d— cont'd 
 
 In favor of bailee. 1 L.R.A. 319.* 
 
 Availability of statute to life tenant pur- 
 chasing property at tax sale. 32 L.E.A. 
 809. 
 
 Corporations as persons within statute of 
 limitations. 19 L.E.A. 224. 
 
 night of foreign corporation to plead stat- 
 ute. IS L.R.A. 524. 
 
 As to right of partners in real property. 
 28 L.R.A. 105. 
 
 Statute of limitations as a defense to revo- 
 cation of physician's or attorney's li- 
 cense. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 557. 
 
 § 16. State or United States. 
 
 On claims against state. 42 L.R.A, 39, 67. 
 Applicability of statute to action bv agencies 
 
 of state. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) "746; ■ 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 921. 
 On claims against United States. 7 L.E.A. 
 
 86L* 
 
 § 17. Municipality. 
 
 May statute be interposed against an ac- 
 tion by a municipality to recover dam- 
 ages for injury to property. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 245. 
 
 When does statute of limitations begin to 
 run against action upon obligations of 
 municipal or quasi municipal body pay- 
 able out of a particular fund. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478. ■ 
 
 Vested right of municipal corporation in 
 defense of statute of limitations. 27 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1188. 
 
 e. To what claims applicable. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Claims by or against whom, see supra, §§ 
 
 15-17. 
 
 Applicability of statute to claims which 
 , have partly run before enactment. 10 
 
 L.E.A. 512.* 
 Applicability of statute of limitations to 
 
 trusts. 8 L.E.A. 480,* 647.* 
 Applicability of statute to suit to recover 
 
 legacy. 8 L.R.A. 652.* 
 Applicability of, to claims against dece- 
 dent's estate. 8 L.R.A. 651.* 
 Right to create or maintain nuisance can- 
 not be acquired by prescription. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 297.* 
 Statutes of limitation as applicable to bank 
 
 checks. 22 L.E.A. 110. 
 Applicability of state statute of limitations 
 
 to lien of judgment of Federal court'. 
 
 47 L.R.A. 478. 
 Applicability of statute of limitations to 
 
 suit to remove cloud from title. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.') 930. 
 Applicability of statute to suit to redeem 
 
 from mortgage. 10 L.R.A. 511.* 
 Application of statute of limitations to 
 
 actions for injuries by milldam. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 206. 
 
 Begin with this hoola on every laic qiiestion. 
 
 I LIMITATION OF ACTIONS— cont'd 
 I //. When statute runs. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 \\ hen right of action accrues, see Action 
 
 OK Suit, § 7. 
 In bankruptcy cases, see Bankruptcy, § 6. 
 On claim for indemnity, see Indemnity, § 6. 
 Limitation of action to enforce judgment, ^ 
 
 see Judgment, § 86. 
 
 C4eneral rule that statute does not begin to 
 
 run until right, of action accrues. 7 
 
 L.R.A. 658.* 
 \That entry or record of judgment or order 
 
 is necessary to start statute running. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 634. 
 
 § 20. Time of breach or of damage. 
 
 In case of injury to real property, see infra, 
 §§ 40, 41. 
 
 Does statute of limitations commence to 
 run at time of breach of contract 
 or at time actual damages are sus- 
 tained in consequence thereof. 15 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 156. 
 
 Breach of contract to pay debt of an- 
 other. 15 L.E.A.(N.S.) 159. 
 
 Negligence of abstracters. 15 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 160. 
 
 Negligence or malpractice of physicians 
 and surgeons. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 161. 
 
 Breach of warranty. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 162. 
 
 Breach of contract of indemnity. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164, 
 
 § 21. Necessity for demand. 
 
 In action for bank deposit, see infra, § 26. 
 In action for money collected, see infra, 
 § 32. 
 
 General doctrine as to necessity of demand 
 before statute will commence to run. 
 1 L.R.A. 319.* 
 
 b. Contracts ; -mortgages; accounts; 
 collections. 
 
 § 22. Contracts generally. 
 
 When action barred, see infra, § 49. 
 
 When does statute begin to run against 
 action on contract payable on demand. 
 .32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 486. 
 
 When does the statute of limitations com- 
 mence to run against right of action 
 on promise to pay as soon as conven- 
 ien;. 1 B. R. C. 113. 
 
 Breach by promisor during lifetime of con- 
 tract to compensate for services upon 
 death, as starting the statute. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 922. 
 
 § 23. Negotiable Instruments. 
 
 Kffect of laches, sec supra, § 7. 
 
i>;dex to l.u.a. noi.es. 
 
 8U3 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, II. b— cont'd 
 On note payable on demand. 1 L.K.A. 3]!>.* 
 Effect of acceleration provision in note to 
 
 start statute of liniitations running. 
 
 12 L.E.A.(]Sr.S.) 1190; 22 L.R.A.(N.R.) 
 
 1110. 
 
 § 2 4. Mnnicipal obligations. 
 
 When does statute begin to run against 
 action upon obligations of municipal, 
 or quasi municipal, body payable out 
 of a particular fund. 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 478. 
 When does limitation begin to run against 
 action upon municipal bonds repreSi>i[t- 
 ing general funded indebtedness. 16 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 803. 
 
 § 2 5. Deposit; certificate of deposit. 
 
 ^Vfainst bank depositor. 1 L.R.A. 310.* 
 Against action on certificate of deposit. 29 
 
 L.E.A.(jSr.S.) 685. 
 Limitation of actions on bank checks. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 § 2 6. — necessity for demand. 
 
 Xecessity for demand to set statute 
 running against action on certificate of 
 deposit. 1 L.R.A.(]S'.S.) 1130. 
 
 Necessity of demand in order to start stat- 
 ute against action for a bank deposit. 
 2 L.E.A..X.S.) 571. 
 
 § 2 7. Insurance. 
 
 l^iimitation by contract of time to sue on 
 policy, see IifSUEANCE, §§ 207, 208. 
 
 Against action to enforce liability of mem- 
 ber of mutual fire insurance company. 
 32 L.R.A. 508. 
 
 § 28. Mortgages. 
 
 Effect of bar of other remedy, see supra, 
 
 § 14. 
 When action barred, see infra, § 50. 
 Removal of bar as to, see infra, §§ 65-67, 
 
 71. 
 
 Against mortgage. 10 L.R.A. 509.* 
 
 Applicability of statute to suit to redeem 
 from mortgage. 10 L.R.A. 511.* ' 
 
 Does limitation run against mortgagee in 
 possession.' 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 
 Effect of acceleration provision in mortgage 
 or note to start the statute of limita- 
 tions running. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1190; 
 22 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1110. 
 
 i'^ffeet of mortgagor's absence from state to 
 toll statute of limitations as against 
 foreclosure proceedings against his 
 grantee. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 898. 
 
 § 29. Accounts. 
 
 I'^ffect of specific application of payment to 
 last item of open account on statute 
 of limitations. 19 L.R.A; (N.S.) 126. 
 
 Effect of specific application of payment to 
 last item on open account on statute 
 of limitations. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 
 Efffrt of retaining statement of account 
 
 liarred by limitations to render it an 
 
 account stated. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 340. 
 
 Consult also L.R.4.. Digests to date. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, II. b— cont'd 
 8 30. — between cotenants. 
 
 As to accounting by cotenant. 28 L.K.A. 
 
 859. 
 Against! action between cotenants for uso 
 
 and occupation or rents and profits. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 239. 
 
 § 31. Action for money collected. 
 
 When does statute of limitations commence 
 to run against action to recover money 
 collected by attorney. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 667. 
 
 When does statute of limitations commence 
 to run against action to recover money 
 collected by agent not an attornev. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 060. 
 
 Against action to recover money paid on 
 a judgment subsequently reversed or 
 modified. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 31. 
 
 § 32. — necessity for demand. 
 
 Demand as a condition of action to recover 
 monev collected by an agent. 28 
 L.R.A".(N.S.) 626. 
 
 f. Corporations; stochholders, 
 
 § 33. Generally. 
 
 Effect of laches, see supra, § 8. 
 
 On subscription to corporate stock. 7 
 L.R.A. 660.* 
 
 § 34. Stockholder's liability. 
 
 Effect of laches, see supra, § 8. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to limitation of actions 
 
 against stockholders. 48 L.R.A. 637. 
 Accrual of right of action to put statute 
 of limitations into operation as to 
 stockholder's liability for corporate 
 debts. 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) S97. 
 \^■hen does the statute of limitafKuja begin 
 to run against the unpaid baiance 
 of a stock subscription. 1 L.R.A. 
 .(N.S.) 901. 
 Actions bv solvent corporations. 1 
 l"r.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 From a fixed period. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 901. 
 From demand. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 902. 
 After hale of forfeited stock. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 902. 
 When statute not applicable. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 903.- 
 Actions after insolvency of the corpora- 
 tion. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 903. 
 By assignee or trustee for the bene- 
 fit of creditors, or by re- 
 ceiver. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 903. 
 After demand. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 903. 
 From insolvency. 1 L.E..^. 
 
 (N.S.) 907. 
 When statute not applicable. 
 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 By assignee or trustee in bank- 
 ' ruptcy. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 909. 
 By creditors of the corporation. 
 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 910. 
 
804 
 
 IKDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 LIJIITATION OF ACTIONS, II. c— cont'd 
 After demand. 1 L.E.A.(X.S.) 
 
 910. 
 From fixed period. 1 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 911. 
 From insolvency. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 912. 
 Actions against representatives of 
 deceased stockholder. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 913. 
 Statutory liability for unpaid balance. 
 
 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 914. 
 Actions on premium or "stock" notes 
 of mutual insurance company. 1 
 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 914. 
 When should demand be made, in cases 
 where a demand is necessary. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 915. 
 Miscellaneous. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 917. 
 
 d. Actions based on torts, negligence, 
 fraud, trust, inistdke, or usury; 
 crimes. 
 
 § 35. Torts, negligence. 
 
 Torts affecting real property, see infra, §§ 
 
 40, 41. 
 When action barred, see infra, § 51. 
 
 Against actions for tort. 7 L.R.A. 600.* 
 
 When does statute commence to run against 
 an action for negligence or misconduct 
 of an attorney in performance of pro- 
 fessional duties. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1005. 
 
 When limitations begin to run in favor of 
 ' abstracter of titles. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 454; 15 L.E.A.(N.S.) 160. 
 
 New promise or acknowledgment to remove 
 bar of statute of limitations against 
 an action based on tort. 13 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 912- 
 
 § 3«. Fraud. 
 
 Kii'ect of laches, see supra, § 10. 
 When action barred, see infra, § 53. 
 
 In case of concealed fraiid. 6 L.R.A. 799;* 
 7 L.R.A. 826;* 8 L.R.A. 687;* 25 
 L.R.A. 566. 
 
 Eifect of fraud under New York Code of 
 Civil Procedure to delay running of 
 statute. 2 L.R.A. 830. * 
 
 Effect of public records as notice or evidence 
 of notice which will set statute of limi- 
 tations running against action based 
 on fraud. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 208. 
 
 Is action based on fraud governed by stat- 
 ute of limitations applicable to injury 
 to property or injury to person. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 353. 
 
 Effect of rignt to attack property fraudu- 
 lently conveyed, to start statute of 
 limitations runing as against right to 
 file creditors' bill. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 988. 
 
 Failure to notify other party of mistake 
 made by him as fraud which will toll 
 the statute of limitations. 21 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 950. 
 
 Concealment of identity by change of name 
 as interrupting statute of limitations. 
 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 741. 
 
 LlillTATION OF ACTIONS, IX. d— cont'd 
 § 3 7. Trusts. 
 
 Effect of laches, see supra, § 11. 
 When action barred, see infra, § 52. 
 
 Application of statute of limitations to 
 trusts. 8 L.E.A. 480.* 
 
 Kffect of executor's promise as to payment 
 of legacy to terminate trust and start 
 limitation. 9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 214. 
 
 Effect of mere silence or failure to give no- 
 tice, between parties sustaining trust 
 or confidential relations, to toll the 
 statute of limitations. 21 L.EAi. (N.S.) 
 963. ' 
 
 § 38. Mistake. 
 
 When does statute of limitations commence 
 to run against action to recover money 
 paid by mistake. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1191. 
 
 Failure to notify other party of mistake 
 made by him as fraud which will toll 
 statute of limitations. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 950. 
 
 § 38a. Usury. 
 
 When action barred, see infra, § 54. 
 
 Against action to recover penalty against 
 national bank taking usurious interest. 
 56 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 § 38b. Crimes. 
 
 Running of lihiitations against action to 
 recover stolen propertv. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.)) 120; 34 L.R.A"(N.S.) 62L 
 
 e. Siiits relating to real property; tax 
 sales. 
 
 § 39. Generally. 
 
 Effect of laches, see supra, § 9. 
 
 Mortgage on, see supra, § 28. 
 
 When action barred,' see infra, §§ 55-57. 
 
 Effect of husband's life estate to suspend 
 or prevent running of statute of limita- 
 tions against wife's title to real estate 
 adversely possessed. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 86. 
 
 Does statute of limitations run during life 
 estate against proceedings by remain- 
 derman to compel appropriation of 
 property by third person having power 
 of eminent domain. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1154. 
 
 Effect of void proceedings under which real 
 property is sold, to start statute of 
 limitations running in favor of pur- 
 chaser in possession. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 354. 
 
 Accrual of cause of action for breach of 
 covenant of seisin or of warranty, so 
 as to set in motion the statute of limi- 
 tations. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1189. 
 
 § 40. For Injury to land. 
 
 When action barred, see infra, § 56. 
 
 When right of action for injury to real 
 estate, from a cause not immediatelv 
 T, • ■...«• ^ , effective, accrues. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379'. 
 
 Begm with this boolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.B,.A. NOTES. 
 
 865 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, II. e— cont'd 
 When does statute of limitations commence 
 to run against action for injury to 
 surface by mining operations or other 
 excavations. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.). 805. 
 Running of limitations against action by 
 abutting owner for compensation for 
 railroad in street. 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 835. 
 
 § 11. — caused by water. 
 
 Against municipality for injury by surface 
 water. 65 L.R.A. 285. 
 
 Against action for breach of duty by munic- 
 ipality with respect to drainage. 61 
 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 When does statute begin to run against 
 action for damages to land on account 
 of obstructing stream or surface water. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 886; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 645. 
 
 When does statute commence to run against 
 action for damages for the flooding of 
 land caused by the digging of a ditch 
 or drain. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 894; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 645. 
 
 When does statute of limitations commence 
 to run against action for damages 
 caused by seepage from a ditch or canal. 
 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 Application of statute of limitations to 
 actions for injuries caused by milldam. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 206. 
 
 § 42. Joint tenants. 
 
 Accounting between, see supra, § 30. 
 
 Laches as affecting right of one cotenant 
 to benefit of purchase of outstanding 
 title by another. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 526. 
 
 Disability of some, but not all, of the joint 
 tenants as affecting the statute of limi- 
 tations. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 407. 
 
 § 43. Tax sales. 
 
 When action barred, see infra, § 57. 
 
 Against action to overturn tax title. 2 
 L.R.A. 515.* 
 
 Does a void tax deed set in motion special 
 statutes of limitation governing actions 
 to recover land sold for taxes. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 339. 
 
 Effect upon special statute of limitations, 
 which begins to run /rom time actual 
 possession is taken under tax deed, of 
 fact that such deed was void or irregu- 
 lar. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1102. 
 
 /. Decedents' estates. 
 
 § 44. Generally. 
 
 When action barred, see infra, § 58. 
 
 Effect of executor's promise as to payment 
 of legacy to terminate trust and start 
 limitations running. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 214. 
 
 Is statute of limitations suspended during 
 period allowed administrator to bring 
 action. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1200. 
 
 EfiFect of appointment of temporary adminis- 
 trator. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 824. 
 
 Consult also L.R.i- Digests to date. 55 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, II.— cont'd 
 g. Miscellaneous kinds of action. 
 
 § 45. Generally. 
 
 As to liability of title abstracter. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 454; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 160. 
 
 Against action to recover stolen or lost 
 property. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 120; 34 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 621. 
 
 When right of accommodation party who 
 has been obliged to pay bill or note ac- 
 crues to recover amount so paid from 
 accommodated party. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 787. 
 
 Against an action by a surety against a 
 cosurety for contribution. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 585; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 113L 
 
 h. Absence; nonresidence. 
 
 § 46. Generally. 
 
 ferson absent from the state. 8 L.R.A. 
 333.* 
 
 What constitutes "residence out of the 
 state" within meaning of statute. 17 
 L.R.A. 225. 
 
 Applicability to nonresidents of provision 
 suspending limitations against defend- 
 ant who is out of state, until his "re- 
 turn." 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 24. 
 
 Applicability of provision that time during 
 which defendant is a nonresident shall 
 not be computed, to defendant who was 
 a nonresident when cause of action ac- 
 crued. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 436. 
 
 Applicability of tolling provision in general 
 statute when defendant absent from 
 state, to special limitation imposed by 
 statute creating cause of action for 
 wrongful death. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 521. 
 
 Effect of mortgagor's absence from the state 
 to toll the statute of limitations as 
 against foreclosure proceedings against 
 his grantee. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 898. 
 
 Sufficiency and effect of "return" to state 
 by defendant to start statute of limi- 
 tations running. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
 {. Disabilities. 
 
 § 47. Generally. 
 
 Disability of some but not all of joint ten- 
 ants' as affecting statute of limitations. 
 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 407: 
 
 III. Period of limitation; when action 
 barred. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 4 8. Generally. 
 
 Vested right in defense of bar, see supra, 
 
 § 3. 
 Effect of bar of one remedy, on right to 
 
 other remedy, see supra, §§ 13, 14. 
 Presumption of payment from lapse of time, 
 
 see Evidence, § 106. 
 Limitation of actions to enforce judgment, 
 
 see Judgment, § 86. 
 
866 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, III. a— cont'd 
 First and last days in computation of time 
 
 for. 49 L.R.A. 212; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1160. 
 Admissibility of book of account as affected 
 
 by lapse of time. 52 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 b. Contracts; mortgages. 
 
 § 49. Contracts generally. 
 
 WTien statute runs, see supra, § 22. 
 
 Under New York Code of Civil Procedure, 
 for action upon a contract obligation, 
 express or implied. 2 L.R.A. 829.* 
 
 Recital of consideration as contract in writ- 
 ing within statute of limitations. 68 
 L.R.A. 931; 
 
 Statute of limitations Applicable to action 
 to enforce an implied promise arising 
 from acceptance of devise chargeable 
 with payment of legacy. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 393. 
 
 § 50. Mortgages. 
 
 Effect of bar of other remedy, see supra, 
 
 § 14. 
 ■ When -'Statute runs,, see supra,- § 28. 
 Removal of bar, see infra, §§ 65-67, 71. 
 
 Presumption of payment of mortgage from 
 
 lapse of time. 1 L.R.A. 346.* 
 ■, For foreclosure of mortgage. 10 L.R.A. 
 507.* 
 
 Does the last payment on a past-due debt 
 secured by a mortgage, which debt sub- 
 sequently becomes barred, fix the pe- 
 riod from which the limitation applica- 
 ble to the mortgage is to be computed. 
 11 L.R,A.(N.S.) 744. 
 
 c. Negligence; trusts; fraud; usury. 
 
 § 51. Negligence. 
 
 When statute runs, see supra, § 35. 
 
 Necessity of pleading limitation as a bar 
 to statutory action fpr death, 26 
 
 ■■' ■ L;.R;A.t;N,s.) .1221: '■■ 
 
 § 52. Trusts. 
 
 Effect of laches, see supra, § 11. 
 When statute runs, see supra, § 37. 
 
 Effect of statute of limitations on the trust 
 relationship arising from the taking of 
 title in the husband's name, to lands in- 
 herited by, or purchased with the 
 money of, the wife. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 493. 
 
 § 53. Fraud. 
 
 Effect of laches, see supra, § 10. 
 When statute runs, see supra, § 36. 
 
 Is action based on fraud governed by stat- 
 ute applicable to injury to property, or 
 injury to the person. "28 L.R.-A. (N.S.) 
 353. 
 
 § 54. Usury. 
 
 .When statute runs, see supra, § 38a. 
 
 Limit of time for interposing defense of 
 usury against national bank. 56 L.R.A. 
 686. 
 
 Begin with this book on every lau> question. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, III. c— cont'd 
 Right to set off usurious payments to na- 
 tional bank when right to recover pen- 
 alty barred by limitation. 56 L.R.A. 
 699. 
 
 d. Suits relating to real property. 
 
 §55. Generally. 
 
 Effect of laches, see supra, § 9. 
 
 When statute runs, see supra, §§ 39-42. 
 
 Mortgage on, see supra, § 50. 
 
 Vested right in defense of limitations in 
 actions involving title to real property. 
 45 L.R.A. 609. , 
 
 Right of one in possession under void fore- 
 closure sale as affected by statute of 
 limitations. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 846. 
 
 Delay of infant or feme covert In paying 
 purchase price or bringing suit as 6ar 
 to action for specific performance of 
 contract for sale of land, of which time 
 is not of the essence. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 639. 
 
 §56. Injuries to land. 
 
 When statute runs, see supra, §§ 40, 41. 
 
 Action for injury to lateral support. 68 
 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 Action for injuries from taking of water 
 supply by right of eminent domain. 58 
 L.R.A. 258. 
 
 For damming back waters of stream. 59 
 L.R.A. 888. 
 
 Applicability pf statute of limitations gov- 
 erning action for trespass, to actions 
 for damages to real property. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1047. 
 
 Effect of statute of limitations on liability 
 of life tenant for permissive waste. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 675. 
 
 § 57. Taxes; tax sales. 
 
 When statute runs, see supra, § 43. 
 
 Action to overturn tax titles. 2 L.R.A. 
 514.* 
 
 Statute limiting time for attack on tax 
 sale, or creating a conclusive presump- 
 tion as to its validity, as applied to a 
 sale under proceedings, void for juris- 
 dictional defects, under which posses- 
 sion has not been taken. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 157. 
 
 e. Decedents' estates. 
 
 § 58. Generally. 
 
 When statute runs, see supra, § 44. 
 Limitation of time to present claim against 
 
 decedent's estate, see ExECtrTORS and 
 
 Administbatobs, §§ 40, 41. 
 
 Effect on devolution of decedent's personalty 
 of statutes barring administration and 
 of lapse of time. 15 L.R.A. 497. 
 
 Do proceedings for sale of decedent's real 
 property fall within "omnibus" provi- 
 sion of statute of limitations. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1304. 
 
IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 867 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, III— cont'd | LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, IV.— cont'd 
 f. Miscellaneous. i h. By suit. 
 
 § 59. Generally. 
 
 Under New York Code, for damages for in- 
 jury to property. 2 L.R.A. 830.* 
 
 For equitable causes of action under N. Y. 
 Code Civ. Proc. § 382, subd. 5, 2 L.R.A. 
 829.* 
 
 Right of eminent domain to acquire water 
 supply. 58 L.R.:&. 258. 
 
 Limitation applicable to bastardy proceed- 
 ings or action to compel support. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 144. 
 
 IT. Interruption of statute; removal of 
 Jtar. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 60. Generally. 
 
 Effect of negligence to stop running of stat- 
 ute. 1 L.R.A. 319.* 
 
 What win prevent or delay running of lim- 
 itation on stipulated time for commen- 
 cing suit on insurance policy. 47 
 L.R.A. 709. 
 
 Effect of overt act within limitation period 
 where the conspiracy was originally 
 formed and the first act' committed be- 
 yond the period of limitation. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1053. ■ ; ! 
 
 Effect, on running of statute of liinitations,i 
 of request not to sue or agreement not' 
 to plead the statute. 16 L.R:A.(N.S.) ' 
 645. i 
 
 Is statute of limitations suspended during; 
 period allowed administrator to bring' 
 action. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1200. 
 
 Effect of creating testamentary trust for' 
 payment of debts. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 361. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to re- 
 move bar of limitations. 52 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 § 61. Interruption by Insolvency as-, 
 signment. 
 
 Claims against fund assigned for creditors.! 
 26 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Actions against assignor. 26 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Rule in equity. 26 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Statutory provisions. 26 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Fund obtained under United States bank- 
 ruptcy statute. 26 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 Suits against bankrupt. 26 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 § 62. Power of partner after dissolu- 
 tion to interrupt statute. 
 
 Generally. 15 L.R.A. 656. 
 
 Power to revive liability upon barred debt. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 657. 
 Rule as to debts not yet barred. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 658. 
 Notice of dissolution. 15 L.R.A. 659. 
 Giving note, confessing judgment, etc. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 660. 
 Power of liquidating partner. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 660. 
 Special cases; contribution. 15 L.R.A. 660. 
 Statutory changes. 15 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 § 63. Generally. 
 
 When action based on service by publication 
 deemed commenced, for purpose of stat- 
 ute of limitations. 28 • L.R.A. ilN'.S.) 
 702. 
 
 Loss of cause of action by lapse of time 
 pending suit. 18 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Fault pf plaintiff causing failure of suit as 
 affecting his right to additional time 
 allowed by stathte for bringing new 
 action. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 478. 
 
 Suspension by injunction. 30 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Effect of injunction against suing to pre- 
 vent running of statute. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1187; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 673. 
 
 Effect of revival of judgment. 13 L.R.A. 
 565.* 
 
 § 64. Relation of new pleadings to 
 statute of limitations. 
 
 In general. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 259; 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 196. 
 The statutes and their interpretation. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 260. 
 The allowing of amendments. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 264. 
 Underlying principles. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 267. 
 The effect on the statute of limitations 
 of the birth of litigation. 3 L.R.A. 
 , (N.S.) 267. 
 The relation back of amended plead- 
 ' • ings., 3 L.R.A.(N.8.) 268. 
 The introduction of new cavises of ac- 
 tion. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 269. i 
 The question of applying the principles. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 272. 
 Illustrative cases. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 In general. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 
 Identity maintained. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 275; 33 L.R.A. (X.S.) 
 197. 1 
 
 Identity changed. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 278; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199. 
 Personal injury actions. 3 L.R.A. 
 fN.S.) 282. 
 Identity maintained. 3 L.l'.A. 
 (N.S.) 282; 33 L.R.A. ( X.S.) 
 197. 
 Identity changed. 3 L.R.A. ( X'.S. ) 
 286; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) Iflfl. 
 Changes from law to law. 3 L.R.A. (X.S.) 
 287; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1096. 
 In general. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 287. 
 Law and equity. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 288. 
 Tort and contract. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 289. 
 Contract to contract. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 290. 
 Common law and statute. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 291; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) KW7. 
 Amendment to avoid the bar of the statute 
 
 of limitations. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 293. 
 Enlarging claims. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 293. ^ 
 Limitation by contract or special statiite, 
 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 294. 
 Transition from Federal to state court. 3 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 Lack of jurisdiction in the beginning. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 296. 
 
868 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 3 L.K.A.(N.S.) 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, IV. b— cont'd 
 Premature suits. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 296. 
 Structural weakness at the outset. 3 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 296. 
 In primary litigations. 
 
 296. 
 In original pleadings. 
 296. 
 
 When no cause of action is al- 
 leged. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 297. 
 When the initial pleading is de- 
 murrable. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 300. 
 When an essential averment is 
 lacking. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 301. 
 Changes in parties. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 Plaintiffs. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 305. 
 Defendants. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 306. 
 Amendment of pleading after limitation 
 period by changing from common 
 law to statute, or vice versa, or 
 from statute of one jurisdiction to 
 statute of another. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1096. 
 Common law to statute, or vice versa. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1097. 
 Statute of one jurisdiction to statute 
 of another. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1099. 
 
 c. Payment. 
 
 g 65. Generally. 
 
 Effect of payments to estop one from plead- 
 ing statute of limitations. 63 L.R.A. 
 203. 
 
 Effect of payment on conditions to take a 
 debt out of the bar of the statute of 
 limitations. 55 L.R.A. 320. 
 
 Revival of barred debt by application of 
 general payment. 14* L.R.A. 208 ; 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1141. 
 
 Right to apply indebtedness owed by 
 creditor to debtor, for purpose of toll- 
 ing statute. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 
 Effect of giving a check for an indebtedness, 
 or part thereof, to toll the statute of 
 limitations upon the original indebted- 
 ness. 18 L.R.A. (N,.S.) 223. 
 
 At what time does a partial payment made 
 by check or note arrest the r-unning of 
 the statute of limitations. 1 B. R. C. 
 494. 
 
 Effect of payment on barred judgment. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 445. 
 
 Effect of payment on security held as col- 
 lateral to stay running of statute 
 against principal obligation. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 •Giving of commercial paper as taking debt 
 out of statute. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 97. 
 
 Effect of specific application of payment to 
 last item of open account upon the 
 statute of limitations. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 126. 
 
 Does the last payment on a past-due debt 
 secured by a mortgage, which debt sub- 
 sequently becomes barred, fix the period 
 from which the limitation applicable to 
 the mortgage is to be computed. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 744. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, IV. c— cont'd 
 § 66. Effect on one person, of payment 
 by another. 
 
 Payment by principal aa extending limita- 
 tion period as to surety. 37 L.K.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 272. 
 
 Payment by joint debtor as agent of co- 
 debtor, as suspending ai tolling statute 
 of limitations as to himself. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 685. 
 
 15ffect of part payment on mortgage by one 
 cotenant to toll statute (rf limitations 
 as to others. 27 L.R.A.(N.8.) 146. 
 
 Effect of payment by mortgagor to toll stat- 
 ute as against his grantee or other per- 
 son holding interest in property 
 through him. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 169. 
 
 Payment of interest by devisee of property 
 covered by mortgage, as keeping debt 
 alive against whole estate. 2 B. R. C. 
 293. 
 
 § 6 7. Application ot proceeds eS inTO>l- 
 untary sale. 
 
 Effect of applicaition to indebtedmess of 
 proceeds of sale of collateral secuirity, 
 upon running of statute of lim;itations. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 
 Effect of application of proceeds of sale 
 under deed of trust or mortgage upon 
 the running of the statute of limita- 
 tions against the indebtedness secured. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S4' 479. 
 
 d.. JVew promise or aclenowledgment. 
 
 § 68. Generally. 
 
 Acknowledgment to take debt out of statute. 
 
 5 L.R.A. 743;* 10 L.R.A. 511.* 
 New promise after bar. 53 L.E.A. E62. 
 Effect of new promise or acknowledgment of 
 
 debt to remove bar of limitations to 
 
 enforce vendor's lien. 39 LJl.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1177. 
 New promise or acknowledgment to remove 
 
 bar of statute of limitations against an 
 
 action based on tort. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 912. 
 Effect of new promise or payment on barred 
 
 judgment. 8 LJt.A. (N.S.) 440. 
 
 § 69. To whom must be made. 
 
 Person to whom acknowledgment or new 
 promise must be made to toll the 
 statute or remove the bar. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 805; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 . 262. 
 
 Application of general rule. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 806. 
 
 Application of rule holding acknowledg- 
 ment to stranger sufficient. 25 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 809. 
 
 New York rule. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 810. 
 
 Rule that intention governs. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 811. 
 
 Rule in England. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 811. 
 
 Begin with this booTf. on every law question. 
 
 g 70. Sufficiency of. 
 
 Promise to pay as soon 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 300. 
 
 as one can. 27 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, IV. d— cont'd 
 
 Expression of hope or expectation as a new 
 promise which will toll the statute of 
 limitations. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 577. 
 
 Unaccepted offer of compromise as tolling 
 statute. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 885. 
 
 Devise or legacy reciting consideration as 
 acknowledgment affecting bar of stat- 
 ute. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1117. 
 
 person, 
 promise 
 
 of 
 by 
 
 ac- 
 an- 
 
 37 L.R.A. 
 37 L.R.A. 
 
 § 71. Effect on one 
 knowledgment or 
 other. 
 
 Promise by principal as extending limita- 
 tion period as to surety. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 272. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 273. 
 Common-law rule abrogated. 
 
 (X.S.) 274. 
 Common-law rule followed. 
 
 (N.S.) 276. 
 Distinction observed between payments 
 before and those after the bar of 
 the statute. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 277. 
 England. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 277. 
 
 Ontario. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 278. 
 Acknowledgment, or promise to pay by 
 joint debtor as agent of eodebtor, as 
 suspending or tolling statute of limita- 
 tions as to himself. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 685. 
 Effect of acknowledgment by mortgagor to 
 toll statute as against his grantee or 
 other person holding interest in prop- 
 erty through him. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 169. 
 
 LIMITATION OF INDEBTEDNESS. 
 
 Of county, see Counties, § 10. 
 
 Of municipality, see Municipal Cokpo- 
 
 BATIONS, §§ 65-67. 
 Of school district, see Schools, § 33. 
 Of state, see States, § 15. 
 
 Enforceability of loan to private corpora- 
 tion which alone or in connection with 
 existing indebtedness exceeds the cor- 
 poration's power to incur indebtedness. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 598. 
 
 LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. 
 
 Of carrier, see Cabriebs, §§ 28, 29, 91, 128- 
 
 135. 
 Of telegraph company, see Telegraphs, 
 
 §§ 20, 21. 
 
 By surety for surety. 21 L.R.A. 250. 
 
 Limitation by statute of liability for sett- 
 ing fires spreading to property of 
 others. 21 L.R.A. 256. 
 
 Effect of statute limiting innkeeper's liabil- 
 ity for goods not delivered into his 
 custody. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 577. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LIMITATION OF LIABILITY— cont'd 
 How far does limitation of liability in 
 policy of indemnity insurance against 
 liability for injuries to employees and 
 others include expenses of litigation. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 479. 
 
 LIMITATION OVER. 
 
 Under rule in Shelley's Case, see Deeds, 
 
 § 30; Wills, § 82. 
 In general, see Deeds, § 31; Wills, § 93. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 LIMITED LIABILITY. 
 
 See Shipping, § 20. 
 
 LIMITED PARTNERSHIP. 
 
 See Pabtnebship, § 58. 
 
 LIMITED PROBATE. 
 
 Contents of will as affecting right to. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 97L 
 
 LIMITED TICKETS. 
 
 Passenger's right to stop over in case of. 
 28 L.R.A. 775. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 LINE FENCE. 
 
 See Fences, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 LINEMEN. 
 
 In general, see Electricity, III. 
 Master's liability for negligence of vice 
 
 principal toward, see Mastee and 
 
 Servant, § 154. 
 
 LINSEED OIL. 
 
 Right to require that oil offered for sale 
 shall answer a designated standard of 
 purity. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 160. 
 
 LIQUIDATED DAMAGES. 
 
 See Damages, §§ 38-40. 
 
870 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES 
 
 LIQUIDATED DEMANDS. 
 
 Accord and satisfaction bv part payment 
 of. 20 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 LIQUIDATING PARTNER. 
 
 Powers of, see Partnership, § 34. 
 
 Right to compensation. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 396. 
 
 < » » 
 
 LIQUOR LICENSE. 
 
 See Intoxicating Liquors, §§ 9-16. 
 
 4 » > 
 
 LIQUOR NUISANCE. 
 See Intoxicating Liquors, § 37. 
 
 — — — ••—* 
 
 LIQUORS. 
 See Intoxicating Liquors. 
 
 LIS PENDENS. 
 
 § i. Generally. 
 
 Abatement by pendency of action, see 
 Abatement and Revival, §§ 5-7. 
 
 Doctrine of. 2 L.R.A. 48;' 4 L.R.A. 716.* 
 
 Rule rooted in public policy: 2 L.R.A. 48.* 
 
 Of what, notice. 2 L.R.A. 615.* 
 
 Index of, as part of record of title. 14 
 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 Suit for specific performance of contract 
 in relation to real property as lis 
 pendens. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 552. 
 
 § 2. Coinniencement of. 
 
 When initiated. 2 L.R.A. 48.* 
 
 Beginning of lis pendens as to rights as- 
 serted by defendant as basis of affirm- 
 ative relief. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 464. 
 
 § 3. Effect of. 
 
 Effect of. 8 L.R.A. 553.* 
 In divorce cases. 2 L.R.A. 615.* 
 As notice. 2 L.R.A. 50;* 7 L.R.A. 812.* 
 Pendency of action as creating contingency 
 of claim affecting time for its presenta- 
 tion. 58 L.R.A. 84. 
 Filing of, as notice of assignment. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 771. 
 Effect of filing of lis pendens on' marketa- 
 bility of title. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 29. 
 
 § 4. Purchase pending suit. 
 
 Effect of purchase pendente lite. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 49.* 
 Alienation pending suit. 2 L.R.A. 48.* 
 Protection to one purchasing after decree 
 
 and before any steps have been taken 
 
 to review the same. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 443. 
 
 LIS PENDENS— cont'd 
 
 Rights of one acquiring interest in property 
 from party to suit pending proceedings 
 in appellate court. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 735. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 LIST. 
 
 Failure to file tax list, see Taxes, § 52. 
 
 ♦-•-* 
 
 LISTENING. 
 
 At railroad crossing, see Railroad, §§ 83, 
 84. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession procured by. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 
 LISTING. ; 
 
 What constitutes listing of property with 
 broker. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 562. 
 
 LITERARY AND ARTISTIC 
 PROPERTY. 
 
 Copyright on, see Copyright. 
 Rights in, as between master and servant, 
 see MA.STER and Servant, § 14. 
 
 Rights at common law in intellectual pro- 
 ductions, tl L.R.A.(N.S.) 174. 
 
 Common-law right in unpublished pictures. 
 1 B.R. C. 195. 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 Validity of bequest for literary purposes. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1006. 
 
 Begin tvith this hook on every law question. 
 
 LITIGATION. 
 
 Equal privileges as to. 14 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 Power of corporate president as to. 14 
 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 Hazard of, as affecting marketability of 
 title. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 14. 
 
 Personal liability of executor or adminis- 
 trator to distributees for interest where 
 settlement of estate is delayed bv. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. '. 
 
 Publication of matters derogatory to 
 parties to, as attempt to prevent or 
 obstruct course of justice or as con- 
 tempt of court. 2 B'. R. C. 483. 
 
 Grantee's oral promise to grantor to hold 
 in trust made for purpose of avoiding 
 litigation and giving rise to construc- 
 tive trust. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 916. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 871 
 
 LITTORAL OWNERS, 
 
 See Waters, II. 
 
 LIVERY STABLE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Lien for keeping horses, see Liens, §§ 14, 
 
 17. 
 
 Care required of keeper of boarding stable. 
 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 188. 
 
 Keepers of, as independent contractors. 65 
 L.R.A. 468. 
 
 Liability of keeper for loss of property of 
 patron. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 348. 
 
 Liability of stranger's property in hands of 
 livery keeper to distress. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 796. 
 
 Validity of agreement in restraint of trade 
 ancillary to sale of livery stable busi- 
 ness as affected bv territorial scope. 
 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 929. 
 
 § 2. Use of property for. 
 
 As a nuisance. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1025. 
 Municipal ^regulation of, as nuisance. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 653. 
 Power to use property for, conditional upon 
 
 consent of neighbors. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 978. 
 
 § 3. Hiring of horses. 
 
 Warranty of horse or vehicle kept for 
 hire. 19 L.R.A. 283. 
 As to liabilitv of liverv-stable keeper. 
 
 19 L.R.A.' 283. 
 As to asauming risks by the hirer. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 283. 
 Analogous cases. 19 L.R.A. 283. 
 Duty of livery-stable keeper as to character 
 
 of horse. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 372. 
 Who is responsible for acts of driver fur- 
 nished with a hired vehicle. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1122; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816; 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 Liability of hirer 'or injury to horse while 
 being used for a purpose other than 
 that for which it was hired. 26 L.B.A. 
 366; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1106. 
 
 LIVE STOCK. 
 
 See Animals. 
 
 LIVING PERSON. 
 
 Collateral impeachability of findings as to 
 jurisdictional facts on which admin- 
 istration of estate of living person is 
 based. 18 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Validity of acts by executor or adminis- 
 trator under letters testamentary or 
 of administration where person is sub- 
 sequently proved to be alive. 21 L.R.A. 
 147. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LLOYDS. 
 
 Insurance by, see Insurance, §§ 11, 
 20.^. 
 
 64, 
 
 <«» 
 
 LOADING CARS. 
 
 As railroad hazard within statute changing 
 fellow servant rule. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 480. 
 
 LOADING VESSELS. 
 See Shipping, § 19. 
 
 « » » 
 LOAN. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Secured by mortgage, see Chattei. Mort- 
 gage; MOETGAGE. 
 
 License on business of making, see License, 
 § 32. 
 
 Municipal control over money lenders, see 
 Municipal Corporations, § 45. 
 
 Usury on, see UsuRT. 
 
 As to advances, see Advances. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove. 
 52 L.R.A. 703. 
 
 Validity of, when made in violation of law. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 
 Of intoxicating liquors as a sale. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 937; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 517. 
 
 Husband's liability for money loaned wife 
 to purchase necessaries. 65 L.R.A. 550. 
 
 Creation of partnership by sharing in profits 
 of making loans. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1055. 
 
 Allowance of interest during continuance of 
 partnership on advances by way of 
 loan in favor of partner making ad- 
 vances. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 224. 
 
 Authority of one negotiating loan to col- 
 lecting loan without possession of se- 
 curity. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 419. 
 
 Right of broker to commissions where loan 
 fails because of owner's refusal to give 
 indemnity against possible mechanics' 
 liens or other encumbrances. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 187. 
 
 Liability of corporation directors for loss 
 by making. 55 L.R.A. 762. 
 
 Liability of bank directors in case of bad 
 loans. 55 L.R.A. 751; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 173. 
 
 Rnforceability of loan to private corpora- 
 tion which alone or in connection with 
 existing indebtedness exceeds the cor- 
 poration's power to incur indebtedness. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 598. 
 
 Validity of lien given to secure loan used 
 by bankrupt to give one creditor a 
 preference. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 184. 
 
872 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LOAN— cont'd i 
 
 Is wsney loaned to improve land part of the 
 purchase price within the rule that a 
 purchase money lien takes priority 
 over homestead rights. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 89. 
 Validity of statute requiring persons en- 
 gaged in business of loaning money on 
 chattel security or security of veages 
 to file a record of loans made. 25 
 L.K.A.(N.S.) 686. 
 
 § 2. Ratification of. 
 
 Ratification of unauthorized loan by agent 
 by retention of benefits. 2 B. R. C. 
 743. 
 
 What vein constitute an implied ratifica- 
 tion of an unauthorized loan effected 
 by an agent. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 311. 
 
 § 3. Guaranty of. 
 
 By national bank, see Banks, § 37. 
 
 Guaranty of. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 370. 
 
 § 4. Rights of lender. 
 
 Right of one loaning his property to an- 
 other to claim title against the latter's 
 vendees or creditors. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 778. 
 
 Right of one loaning money for purchase 
 price of property to be subrogated to 
 vendor's lien. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1203. 
 
 § 5. Breach of contract to make. 
 
 Damages recoverable for breach of contract 
 ' to lend money. 37 L.R.A. 233; 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 Breach of agreement of insurer to make loan 
 
 on policy as justifying rescission and 
 
 recovery of premiums by insured. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 
 § 6. Of public money. 
 
 Loan of public money to citizens. 
 475. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 
 
 tOAN AGENCY. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract for services by. 53 
 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 » »» 
 
 LOAN ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 See Building and Loan Associations. 
 
 LOAN BROKERS. 
 
 Constitutionality of legislation as to, a«e 
 
 OONSTITtlTIONAL LAW, § 132. 
 
 License of, see Licenses, § 32 
 
 LOAN COMPANIES. 
 
 Right of foreign companv to enter state. 24 
 L.R.A. 314. 
 
 LOAN OFFICE. 
 
 Usurious loan office as a disorderlv bouse. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 507. 
 
 LOATHSOME DISEASE. 
 
 Condonation of, as defense to action for di- 
 vorce or annulment of marriage. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729. 
 
 Slander in charging person with having. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 
 LOBBYING. 
 
 Validity of contract for services to pro- 
 cure legislation, see Conteacts, § 102. 
 
 * «» 
 
 LOBSTER. 
 
 Governmental regulation of lobster fishing. 
 39 L.R.A. 590. 
 
 LOCAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 See Public Impbovements. 
 
 LOCAL OPTION. 
 
 See Intoxicating Liquobs, § 8. 
 
 LOCAL PREJUDICE. 
 
 As ground for removal of cause to. Federal 
 court, see Removal of Causes, § 10. 
 
 LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
 
 In general, see Constitutional Law, § 21. 
 Of municipality, see Municipal Cobpoba- 
 
 TIONS, § 5. 
 
 LOCAL TAXATION. 
 
 Begin with this Tioole on every law question. 
 
 See Public Impbovements, IV. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. iN'OTES. 
 
 873 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 Of insured property, see Insubance, §§ 78, 
 
 87. 
 Of mining claim, see Mixes, §§ 9-2i. 
 Of public buildings, contract as to, see 
 
 Public Buildings, § 2. 
 Of railroad, see Railroads, § 23. 
 Fraud or mistake as to location of land sold, 
 
 see Veis'doe and Purchaser, § 29. 
 
 Expression of opinion as to, as a fraud. 35 
 L.R.A. 438. 
 
 Effect of defendant's mistake as to location 
 of property on right to specific per- 
 formance. " 15 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 84. 
 
 Of mining shaft. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 
 LOCKOUT. 
 
 Effect on construction of express provision 
 in charter party against demurrage in 
 case of. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 
 LOOKS. 
 
 Occupancy of canal lock. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 717. ■ 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to third person 
 by, see Master and SsRyANT, § 178. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servant 
 from defects in. 54 L.R.A. 71, 79. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant by 
 defects In. 54 L.R.A. 171. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's negli- 
 gence in handling. 54 L.R.A. 127. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury 
 to person wrongfully riding on a loco- 
 motive by collusion with train em- 
 ployee. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 426. 
 
 LODE. 
 
 Mining lodes, see Mines, § 6. 
 
 LODGE. 
 
 Forfeiture of benefit certificate by default 
 of subordinate lodge. 50 L.R.A. 111. 
 
 Waiver by officers of subordinate lodge of 
 forfeiture for nonpayment of assess- 
 ment. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 421. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LODGER. 
 
 Liability for ejecting sick lodger from build- 
 ing after termination of right of occu- 
 pancy. 55 L.R.A. 258. 
 
 LODGING HOUSES. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutory regulations 
 as to safety and sanitary conditions of. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 486. 
 
 As violation of restrictive covenant in deed. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 625. 
 
 LOGGING RAILROAD. 
 
 Securing right of way for, under power of 
 eminent domain. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 969. 
 
 Liability of proprietor of logging railroad 
 for injuries sustained by person, other 
 than employee, while being carried 
 thereon. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 131; 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 190. 
 
 LOGS AND LOGGING. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. Driving, floating, or rafting logs, 
 §§ 4.-10. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Contracts for logs to be gotten out as a 
 sale within statute of frauds. 14 L.R.A. 
 233. 
 
 Occupancy of premises in relation to log- 
 ging contracts. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 702. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of, on sale out of 
 larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 38. 
 
 Liability of logging company to employee 
 for injuries caused by defectively load- 
 ed car. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 390. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of logging and lumber contract. 
 53 L.R.A. 52, 71. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 wrongful destruction or conversion of 
 logs. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 250. 
 
 § 2. Tax on logs. 
 
 Assessability of logs brought into tax dis- 
 trict after tax day. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 862. 
 
 When do logs intended for exportation pass 
 beyond state's power of taxation. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 800. 
 
 § 3. Lien on logs. 
 
 Lien of laborer on logs. 6 L.R.A. 362.* 
 
874 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 LOGS AND LOGGING— cont'd 
 //. Driving, floating, or rafting logs. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 131. 
 
 Compulsory service as to. 15 L.R.A. 322. 
 
 Right to erect log pier. 40 L.R.A. 648. 
 
 Delaying run of, as proximate cause of loss 
 from high water, wind, or other similar 
 cause. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1131. 
 
 § 5. Right to use stream for. 
 
 Right of riparian owners, see Waters, § 32. 
 
 Stream must be floatable in its natural 
 
 state. 41 L.R.A. 371. 
 What streams are floatable. 41 L.R.A. 372. 
 Necessity. 41 L.R.A. 376. 
 Artificial channel. 41 L.R.A. 376. 
 Construction of statutes. 41 L.R.A. 376. 
 Manner of use. 41 L.R.A. 376. 
 Floatable streams are public highways. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 376. 
 Correlative rights of log and riparian own- 
 ers. 41 L.R.A. 377. 
 Regulation of floatage. 41 L.R.A. 378. 
 Conflict with other navigation. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 378. 
 Conflicting rights of floatage. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 378. 
 Log-driving companies. 41 L.R.A. 379. 
 Facilities for passage of. 3 L.R.A. 809,* 
 Right of riparian owner to impound water 
 
 for purpose of floating logs. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 832. 
 
 § 6. Conflicting rights generally. 
 
 Intermingling and confusion of. 1 L.R.A. 
 718.* 
 
 Commingling and interfering with others. 
 3 L.R.A. 407.* 
 
 Relative rights of those using stream for 
 floating logs or maintaining boom and 
 those navigating vessel thereon. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 144. 
 
 Relative rights and duties of those main- 
 taining bridges across streams and 
 those floating logs therein. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 114. 
 
 Relative rights and duties between those 
 maintaining dam in floatable stream 
 and those using stream for floating logs 
 therein. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 545. 
 
 Correlative rights of log owners and ri- 
 parian owners. 41 L.R.A. 377; 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 376. 
 
 § 7. Obstruction of navigation by. 
 
 Obstruction of navigable streams by. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 407.* 
 Duty to prevent jams. 3 L.R.A. 408.* 
 Moorinf; logs and rafts as a nuisance. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 407.* 
 
 § 8. Liability for injuries. 
 
 Liability for injuries to riparian owner by 
 running logs in stream. 41 L.R.A. 
 494; 64 L.R.A. 983. 986; 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 824. 
 
 Liable for negligence. 41 L.R.A. 494. 
 
 Trespass on banks. 41 L.R.A. 495. 
 
 LOGS AND LOGGING, II.— cont'd 
 Flooding land. 41 L.R.A. 496. 
 Other injuries. 41 L.R.A. 496. 
 Excessive floods. 41 L.R.A. 497. 
 Contributory negligence. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 497. 
 Statutes. 41 L.R.A. 497. 
 Injunction. 41 L.R.A. 497. 
 Right to construct log booms. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 491; 67 L.R.A. 839. 
 Boom must not block up stream. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 491. . 
 Liability for injury caused by boom. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 492. 
 Boom on property of third person. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 492. 
 Right to recovery for injury to boom. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 492. 
 Private right of action against boom- 
 owner. 39 L.R.A. 493. 
 Charter power. 39 L.R.A. 493. 
 Acquisition of property by right of 
 
 eminent domain. 39 L.R.A. 494. 
 Governmental control. 39 L.R.A. 494. 
 Right of riparian owner to compensation for 
 damages to his property by construction 
 under legislative authority of dams or 
 booms for floating or storing logs. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 641. 
 
 § 9. Booms and dams for. 
 
 Boom companies; duties and liabilities. 1 
 L.R.A. 717.* 
 
 Right to construct log booms in stream. 39 
 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 Right to erect booms in river for sorting. 
 67 L.R.A. 839. 
 
 Taking of property for booms and logging 
 ways as a public purpose. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 151. 
 
 Business of booming or salving' logs as af- 
 fected with a public interest author- 
 izing regulation of rates and prices. 6 
 L.R;A.(N.S.) &X. 
 
 Grant of right to dam back water of stream 
 for purpose of booming privileges. 59 
 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Destruction of boom or dam by unprecedent- 
 ed flood as aiTecting liability of one 
 under contract to build and maintain it. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Right of riparian owner to compensation for 
 damages by construction, under legis- 
 lative authority, of dams or booms for 
 floating or sorting logs. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 641. 
 
 § 10. Regulation of rates. 
 
 Legislative regulation of prices for care or 
 salvage of. 33 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 IjOITERING. 
 
 Begin with this hooTe on every law question. 
 
 Prohibition against loitering in highway, 
 see Highways, § 18. 
 
 Right of person loitering on street to re- 
 cover for injury from defect or obstruc- 
 tion therein. 20 L.R.A.(N".S.) 751. 
 
INDEX TO L.E,.A. NOTES. 
 
 875 
 
 LONG ACCOUNT. 
 
 Compulsory reference of, as denial of con- 
 stitutional right to jury trial. 25 
 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE. 
 
 Right of addressee to recover damages for 
 failure to summon him to receive mes- 
 sage. 15 L.R.A.tN.S.) 810. 
 
 LOOKING. 
 
 Before crossing railroad track, see Eail- 
 
 KOADS, §§ 83, 84. 
 Before crossing street car track, see Stbeei 
 
 EAixwAys, § 21. 
 
 LOOKOUT. 
 
 Duty of railroad to maintain, see Rail- 
 roads, §§ 56, 65, 74. 
 
 For persons on street ear track, see Strkbt 
 Railways, § 14. 
 
 LOSS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of property in possession of bailee, see 
 Ballment, §§ 5-10. 
 
 Of baggage, see Cabkieks, § 89. 
 
 Of goods by carrier, see Cakriers, §§ 110, 
 111. 
 
 Of profits, as element of damages, see Dam- 
 ages, §§ 107-118. 
 
 Of dower, see Dower, §§ 7-14. 
 
 Of easement, see Easemewt, §§ 25-28. 
 
 Of homestead, see Homestead, § 8. 
 
 Of guest's property by innkeeper, see Inn- 
 keepers, §§ 7-9. 
 
 Of insured property, see Insurance, VIII. 
 
 Of right to jury trial, see Jury, § 7. 
 
 Of lien generally, see Liens, §§ 18-20. 
 
 Of mechanics' lien, see Mechanics' LIens, 
 § 22. 
 
 Of service, as element in action by parent 
 for seduction, see Seduction, § 5. 
 
 Of cargo of vessel, see Shipping, § 3. 
 
 Of time as element of damages, see Time, 
 § 10. 
 
 Of water rights by nonuser, see Waters, 
 § 37. 
 
 Liability for loss of bank deposit through 
 failure of bank, see Banks, § 16. 
 
 Notice of loss to carrier, see Carriers, 
 §§ 133, 134. 
 
 Liability of connecting carrier, see Car- 
 riers, § 143. 
 
 By destruction of property, see Destruc- 
 tion, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Finder of lost property, see Fi^'DEB. 
 
 Proximate cause of, see Pboximate Cause. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 LOSS— cont'd 
 
 Sharing in loss as requisite to existence of 
 partnership. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 992. 
 
 Loss of customers as element of damages 
 from obstruction of highway. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 253. 
 
 Legislation to protect manufacturers or 
 dealers against loss of receptacles in 
 which their products are put up. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1128. 
 
 Liability for loss of personal property pend- 
 ing exercise of option to buy or return 
 if unsatisfactory. L.R.A. (N.S.) 273. 
 
 Loss of goods during shipment as affecting 
 fulfilment of commission to purchase 
 goods. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 261. 
 
 Eff'eet of loss of registry lists. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 989. 
 
 Slander in charging woman with unchastity 
 causing loss of property. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 601. 
 
 § 2. Who must bear loss. 
 
 Who must bear loss from fire before execu- 
 tion of deed to land sold, see Vendor 
 AND Purchaser, § 6. 
 
 Who must bear loss when check or bill is 
 issued or indorsed to imposter. 50 
 L.R.A. 75; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 514; "8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1111. 
 
 Who must bear loss wliere check or draft 
 is purchased or paid upon spurious in- 
 dorsement of one who bears the same 
 name as the payee or indorsee. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1101. 
 
 Who must bear loss where merchandise 
 broker receives purchase price and fails 
 to pay over same to seller. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 474. 
 
 Right of seller under conditional sale to 
 recover amount unpaid where property 
 lost without fault of purchaser. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 97. 
 
 LOSS OF PROFITS. 
 
 As element of damages, see Damages, 
 §§ 107-118. 
 
 «-.-♦ 
 
 LOSS OF SERVICE. 
 
 As element in actions by parent for seduc- 
 tion of child, see Seduction, § 5. 
 
 ^ »» 
 
 LOSS PAYABLE CLAUSE. 
 
 Effect on rights of mortgagee of breach of 
 policy by mortgagor under. 18 L.R.A. 
 ' (N.S.) 204. 
 
876 
 
 lIvDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 LiOST INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Coraparison of witness's memory of hand- 
 writing on lost instrument with other 
 instrument. 62 L.R.A. 873. 
 
 § 2. Negotiable Instruments. 
 
 Recovery on. 16 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 Lost checks. 26 L.R.A. 571. 
 
 Maker's right to defend against transferee 
 after maturity on ground that commer- 
 cial paper had been lost. 46 L.R.A. 
 775. 
 
 May indorser of lost bill, check, or note, 
 maintain an action thereon. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 645. 
 
 Advertising lost or stolen paper as putting 
 purchaser on inquiry. 29 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 383. 
 
 Risk of giving second check upon alleged 
 loss of first. 2d L.R.A.(N.S.) 623. 
 
 As affecting question whether commercial 
 paper operates as payment of indebted- 
 ness. 35 L.R.A.(N".S.) 109. 
 
 § 3. Wills. 
 
 Effect oi delay in probating. 57 Ij.R.A. 
 258. 
 
 Evidence to establish lost or destroyed wills. 
 38 L.R.A. 433. 
 
 May part of a lost or destroyed will which 
 can be established be admitted to pro- 
 bate where there are other portions that 
 cannot be established. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 654. 
 
 § 4. liost records. 
 
 Disposition of appeal where without fraud 
 of appellant the record is lost. 25 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 860. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment. 
 30 L.R.A. 562. 
 
 LOST PAPER. 
 
 See Lost Instruments, § 2. 
 
 LOST PROPERTY. 
 
 Finder of, see Finder. 
 
 Abandonment of. 4 L.R.A.{N.S.) 573. 
 
 Larceny of. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 339. 
 
 Inheritance tax on money or property of es- 
 tate which has been lost or misap- 
 propriated since decedent's death. 32' 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1167. 
 
 When limitation commences to run against 
 action to recover. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 120. 
 
 LOST RECORDS. 
 
 LOST WILLS. 
 
 See Lost Insthlments, § 3. 
 • * » > 
 
 See Lost Instruments, § 4. 
 
 Begin with this booh- on evei'y law question 
 
 LOT. 
 
 Decision of tie vote by. 47 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 ■*—^ 
 
 LOTTERY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Indictment for, see Indictment, Informa- 
 tion, AND Complaint, § 24. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to lottery contracts, see 
 Conflict of Laws, § 4. 
 
 Schemes defined. 3 L.R.A. 403;' 7 L.R.A. 
 
 599;* 8 L.R.A. 671;* 10 L.R.A. 60.* 
 Recovery for goods sold to aid. ]5 L.K.A. 
 
 836. 
 \'alidity of fire insurance on lottery tickets. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 847. 
 Right of subscriber to lottery scheme to 
 
 recover his subscription thereto. 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 571. 
 Right to maintain action for prize offered 
 
 in prize contest. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 305. 
 Embezzlement as affected by fact that 
 
 money was collected on lottery ticket. 
 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 415. 
 
 § 2. Regulation and suppression of. 
 
 Authorization and regulation of lotteries 
 
 by statute. 7 L.R.A. 601.* 
 Constitutional and statutory prohibition of. 
 
 7 L.R.A. 601.* 
 Suppression of; forms of offense. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 403.* 
 
 § 3. Crimes in connection with. 
 
 Sale of lottery tickets as an offense. 7 
 
 L.R.A. 603.* 
 Mailing circulars concerning. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 403;* 7 L.R.A. 599.* 
 Publishing lottery scheme. 3 L.R.A. 404;* 
 
 7 L.R.A. 599> 
 Indictment for maintaining. 3 L.R.A. 403.* 
 Information for selling or offering to sell 
 
 lottery tickets. 3 L.R.A. 403.* 
 Instigation to sale of lottery ticket. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 345. 
 Evidence to sustain information with re- 
 spect to sale of lottery tickets. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 404.* 
 
 § 4. What con.stitutes. 
 
 Gift enterprises. 7 L.R.A. 600:* 12 L.R.A. 
 89.* 
 
 Guessing contest as. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 609. 
 
 Distribution of suits by tailor among mem- 
 bers of club, as. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 876. 
 
 Distribution of parcels of land by chance 
 as. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 626: 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 287. 
 
 Scheme for accumulating money by pay- 
 ments of member, and distributing it in 
 order of number of certificate, as. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1096. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 877 
 
 LOTTERY— cont'd 
 
 Operation of slot machine as gambling un- 
 der anti-lottery provision. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 241. 
 
 * « » 
 
 LOWEST BIDDER. 
 
 On public contract, see Contracts, § 160. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 LOW LANDS. 
 
 Power to fill low lands at expense of owner. 
 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 709. 
 
 LOW WATER MARK. 
 
 Title to land above, see Waters, § 16. 
 
 — < » » — 
 
 LOYALTY. 
 
 As qualification of grand juror. 28 L.R.A. 
 205. 
 
 LUCID INTERVAL. 
 
 Presumption of continuance of. 35 L.R.A. 
 123. 
 
 LUGGAGE. 
 
 See Baggage. 
 
 LUMBER. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 See also Timber. 
 
 Regulation of storage of, for purpose of 
 fire protection. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 457. 
 
 Validity of agreement in restraint of trade 
 ancillary to sale of lumber business as 
 affected by territorial scope. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 929. 
 
 Effect of statute of frauds on parol con- 
 tracts relating to, which may, but are 
 not intended to, be performed within 
 a year. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 313. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of lumber contracts. 53 L.R.A. 
 52, 71. 
 
 LUMBER— cont'd 
 § 2. Injury by. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as ap- 
 plied to injury from. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1129, 1140. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by storage 
 of, in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 612. 
 
 LUMBER WAGON. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by storage of, 
 in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 612. 
 
 LUMBER YARD. 
 
 Servants in, as fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 437. 
 Doctrine of attractive nuisance as applied 
 
 to. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1140. 
 Use of railroad right of way for purpose of, 
 
 as against owner of fee. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 518. 
 
 LUMP CHARGES. 
 
 In books of account as affecting their ad- 
 missibility in evidence. 52 L.R.A. 586. 
 
 LLTNACY PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 See Incompetei\t Persons, §§ 5-7. 
 
 *-»^^ — 
 
 LUNATICS. 
 See Incompetent Persons. 
 
 < » » ■ 
 
 LUNCH STAND. 
 
 Power of municipality to grant permit for 
 on street or sidewalk. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 402. 
 
 LUNCH WAGON. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to grant 
 permit for lunch wagon on street. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 
 M 
 
 MACHINERY. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 As fixtures, see Fixtures, § 8. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MACHINERY— cont'd 
 
 Master's duty as to, see Mastbb and Serv- 
 ant, §§'88-90. 
 
878 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MACHINERY— cont'd 
 
 Location of, as affecting insurance on. 26 
 
 L.E.A. 241. 
 Express warranty of quality as excluding 
 
 implied warranty of quality. 33 L.R.A. 
 ] (N.S.) 506. 
 
 § 2. Injuries by. 
 
 As attractive nuisance, see Negligence, § 
 23. 
 
 Employees in charge of as vice principals. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 554. 
 What comprehended in "machinery of every 
 
 description" in statute imposing duty 
 
 on master as to placing guards. 30 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 36. 
 Admissibility of evidence of prior accidents 
 
 by. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1103. 
 Evidence as to condition of before and after 
 
 accident. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1096, 1103. 
 
 MAD DOG. 
 
 Apprehension of hydrophobia as basis of re- 
 covery for mental anguish from bite 
 of dog. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458. 
 
 MAGISTRATE. 
 
 Power of to punish for contempf), see Con- 
 tempt, § 11. 
 See also Justice op the Peace. 
 
 Certificate of, in case of fire insurance. 44 
 L.R.A. 860. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence of communica- 
 tions to. 67 L.R.A. 923. 
 
 Advice of, as defense to action for ma- 
 licious prosecution. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 72. 
 
 Discharge by, as evidence of want of "prob- 
 able cause for prosecution. 64 L.R.A. 
 481. 
 
 Conviction by magistrate which has been 
 reversed or set aside as probable cause 
 defeating action for malicious prose- 
 cution. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 958. 
 
 Use before grand I'ury of minutes taken by 
 magistrate. 28 L.R.A. 320. 
 
 Voluntariness of confessions to. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 848. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession elicited bv ques- 
 tions from. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 800. 
 
 MAIIi. 
 
 MAGNETIC HEALER. 
 
 Application of statutes regulating practice 
 of medicine to. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763; 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103. 
 
 MAIDEN NAME. 
 
 See Postofficb. 
 
 MAIL AGENT. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to, see Cab- 
 EIERS, § 57. 
 
 As passenger. 2 L.R.A. 166;' 19 L.R.A. 
 339. 
 
 MAIt CLERK. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to, see Cae- 
 EIEBS, § 56. 
 
 As passengers. 19 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 MAIL TRAINS. 
 
 See Postofeice, § 2. 
 
 « « » 
 
 MAINS. 
 
 In highway, see Highways, §§ 22, 23. 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 MAINTENANCE. 
 
 See Champerty and Maintenance; Sttp- 
 pobt. 
 
 MAJORITY. 
 
 ■See' Name, § 6. 
 
 Begin with this 'book on every latv question 
 
 § 1. Full age. 
 
 Estoppel of infant by false representations 
 
 as to, see Estoppel, ^ 29. 
 Time of attaining, see Infants, § 5. 
 
 Parting with property after reaching ma- 
 jority as bar to disaffirmance of con- 
 tract made in infancy. 26 L.R.A. 179. 
 
 New promise after. 53 L.R.A. 365. 
 
 False pretenses by infant inducing another 
 to enter into contract with him by rep- 
 resenting that he is of age. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1101. 
 
 § 2. Greater number. 
 
 Necessity of, to issuance of commercial 
 bonds, see Bonds, § 21. 
 
 Computation of majority of votes at elec- 
 tion, see Elections, § 15. 
 
 What is a majority vote. 6 L.R.A. 308. 
 
 Upon what basis majority essential to 
 adoption of constitutional or other spe- 
 cial proposition submitted at general 
 election is to be computed. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 478. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 879 
 
 MAJORITY— cont'd 
 
 § 3- — of jurors or grand jurors. 
 
 Verdict by majority of jurors. 43 L.R.A. 
 
 80. 
 Concurrence by majority when grand jury 
 
 exceeds twenty-three. 28 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 § 4. — of religious society. 
 
 Rights of, on withdrawal of local church 
 society from general body. 32 L.R.A. 
 92. 
 
 Injunctive relief to majority of church mem- 
 bers, 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 872. 
 
 § 5. — of stockliolders. 
 
 Right to purchase or lease corporate prop- 
 erty. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 892. 
 
 Liability for misappropriation of corporate 
 funds through corporate action. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 
 MAKING UP TRAINS. 
 
 Use of highway for, see Highways, § 28. 
 
 ♦<-♦ 
 
 MALICE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 In inducing breach of contract, see Case, 
 
 §§ 3-5. 
 In procuring discharge of servant, see Case, 
 
 § 4- 
 
 In inducing servant to quit, see Case, § 
 5. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, §§ 43, 44. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 § 261. 
 
 Question for jury as to, see Trial, § 33. 
 
 In prosecution, see Malicious Prosecu- 
 tion, § 5. 
 
 As affecting master's liability, see Master 
 AND Servant, § 176. 
 
 bee also Motive. 
 
 Rule of proximate cause in case of malicious 
 torts. 45 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 In ejection of trespasser from moving train. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 370. 
 
 Repetition of privileged statement as evi- 
 dence of. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Malicious frightening of horse on highway 
 by locomotive, car. or train running 
 parallel therewith. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 132. 
 
 Lawfulness of boycott by other than labor 
 union where motive is malicious. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1038. 
 
 Malicious killing of dogs. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 838. 
 
 Will right of action for malicious attach- 
 ment of property pass to trustee in 
 bankruptcy or assignee for creditors. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 727. 
 
 § 2. What amounts to. 
 
 Defined. 2 L.R.A. 130;* 10 L.R.A. 621;* 
 n L.R.A. 546.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MALICE— cont'd 
 
 Detinition of "malice" as a requisite of the 
 offense of malicious mischief. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 273. 
 
 May wantonness or wilfulness precluding 
 defense of contributory negligence be 
 predicated of the omission of a duty 
 before the discovery of a person in peril 
 on a railroad or street railway track. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 427. 
 
 § 3. Effect of. 
 
 As affecting personal liability of judicial 
 officer. 14 ];..R.A. 145. 
 
 As affecting liability for blacklisting em- 
 ployees. 63 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 As affecting liability for cutting off sub- 
 terranean waters. 19 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 Effect of, on taking possession under "dan- 
 ger," "safety," or "insecurity" clause 
 in chattel mortgage. 23 L.R.A. 780. 
 
 Effect of, on riglit to recover on injunction 
 bond, attorneys' fees expended in dis- 
 solving injunction. IB L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 76. 
 
 Arbitrary or mala fide termination of part- 
 nership as basis of action in tprt. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 959. 
 
 As affecting right to recover damages for 
 ibeing prevented from voting at a pub- 
 lic election. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1106. 
 
 Liability for malicious erection of fence. 
 40 L.R.A. 177; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 831. 
 
 Liability of individual in absence of any 
 element of conspiracy for driving away 
 another's customers. 22 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1224. 
 
 Avoidance of privilege in giving or refusing 
 information affectftig character or repu- 
 tation of servant by proof of express 
 malice. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1114. 
 
 § 4. — effect of bad motive to make ac- 
 tionable what would otherwise not 
 be. 
 
 General principles involved. 62 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 In general. 62 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 Acts in exercise of rights without inter- 
 ference with legal rights of others. 
 62 L.R.A. 675. 
 
 Acts in exercise of rights accompanied 
 by interference with legal rights 
 of others. 62 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 Acts not in exercise of rights and in- 
 fringing rights of others. 62 
 L.R.A. 678. 
 Injury to property. 62 L.R.A. 678. 
 
 Causing breach of contract. 62 L.R.A. 
 678. 
 
 Obstructions to light and air. 62 
 L.R.A. 683. 
 
 Waters. 62 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 Natural water courses. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 687. 
 Percolating waters. 62 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 62 L.R.A. 693. 
 Injury to business or occupation. 62 L.R.A. 
 694. 
 
 Causing injury to trade. 62 L.R.A. 
 694. 
 
 Causing loss of employment or service. 
 62 L.R.A. 714. 
 
880 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MALICE— cont'd 
 
 Causing loss of employee or servant. 
 62 L.K.A. 719. 
 
 Injury to person or feelings. 62 L.E.A. 
 719. 
 
 Judge acting without, or in excess of, juris- 
 diction. 62 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Abust of process. 62 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 General and unclassified cases. 62 L.E.A. 
 724. 
 
 § 5. As element of cause of action or 
 offense. 
 
 As eloment of liomicide, see Homicide, § 7. 
 
 As an element of a cause of action. 11 
 
 L.E.A. 546.* 
 As an element of actual libel or slander. 
 
 2 L.E.A. 129;* 6 L.E.A. 363.* 
 As an element of an action for malicious 
 
 prosecution. 4 L.R.A. 257;* 13 L.E.A. 
 
 464.* 
 As ingredient of offense of abusing animals. 
 
 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 Necessity of actual malice to justify exem- 
 plary damages for tort. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N,S.) 440. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 MALICIOUS ARREST. 
 
 Liabilitv of officer for making. 51 L.R.A. 
 193". 
 
 »«» 
 
 MALICIOUS FENCES. 
 See Fences, § 6. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 MALICIOUS MiSCHIEP. 
 
 Definition of, "malice" as a requisite of 
 
 offense of malicious mischief. 19 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 273. 
 Eight of private citizen to destroy liquor 
 
 illegally kept for sale. 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 996. 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 322. 
 
 MALICIOUS PROSECUTION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Extent of recovery for, see Damages, §§ 
 
 16a, 54. 
 Master's liability for malicious prosecution 
 
 by servant, see Masteb and Servant, 
 
 § 173. 
 See also False Imprisonment. 
 
 Cause of action for. 13 L.R.A. 59,* 463.* 
 
 Nature of action. 4 L.R.A. 255.* 
 
 By civil actions, elements of. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 621;* 13 L.R.A. 59.* 
 Requisites of action for. 13 L.R.A. 463.* 
 
 MILICIOUS PROSECUTION— cont'd 
 
 Whether executor or administrator to be 
 sued in personal or representative ca- 
 pacity. 51 L.R.A. 266. 
 
 Interposition of unfounded defense in a civil 
 action as basis of action for damages. 
 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 
 Instituting proceedings upon a charge not 
 constituting a crime. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 230. 
 
 For wrongful search of premises. 39 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 205. 
 Error of magistrate in issuing. 39 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 206. 
 Want of probable cause. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 207. 
 Advice of counsel. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 207. 
 Damages. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207. 
 
 Malicious prosecution based on criminal 
 charge not followed by arrest. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 171. 
 
 Liability for instituting bankruptcy pro- 
 ceedings against one not thereto sub- 
 ject. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. , 
 
 Effort to collect debt as extortion. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 
 Right of one to testify as to his intent. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 392. 
 
 Evidence of character in action for. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 755. 
 
 Plea of guilty as affecting action for 
 
 licious 
 295. 
 
 prosecution. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 § 2. Who may bring action. 
 
 Will right of action for malicious attach- 
 ment of property pass to trustee in 
 bankruptcy or assignee for creditors. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 727. 
 
 Right of one in possession without title 
 to property to maintain an action for 
 malicious prosecution for seizure of 
 property in an action against him. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 330. 
 
 § 3. Who liable for. 
 
 Liability of master for nialicious prosecu- 
 tion by servant. 14 L.E.A. 791; 27 
 L.R.A. 195. 
 
 Liability of corporations for malicious 
 prosecution. 14 L.R.A. 791. 
 
 Liability of officer for. 51 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Liability of officer who uses criminal proc- 
 ess to collect a debt. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 301. 
 
 Liability of municipality for malicious 
 prosecution by its officers. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 36. 
 
 § 4. Effect of lack of jurisdiction of 
 court where prosecution was com- 
 menced. 
 
 The general rule. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1100. 
 
 Void process; failure to charge crime. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1103. 
 
 Irregular or defective process or proceed- 
 ings. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1106. 
 
 Begin with this 'booh on every law question. 
 
 § 5. Malice. 
 
 Malice as an element. 
 L.E.A. 464.* 
 
 4 L.E.A. 257; 
 
 13 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 881 
 
 MALICIOUS PROSECUTION— cont'd 
 § 6. Probable csiuse, generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, 
 
 see Evidence, § 46. 
 Suflioieney of evidence of, see Evidence, 
 
 § 303. 
 
 Want of probable cause as an element. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 258.* 
 Defense of reasonable and probable cause. 
 
 12 L.R.A. 760.* 
 Probable cause for making arrest. 42 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75. 
 Probable cause as justification of officer 
 
 making arrest. 51 L.R.A. 225. 
 Discbarge of accused by examining magis- 
 trate as evidence of want of probable 
 
 cause. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 929. 
 Verdict of guilty set aside or reversed and 
 
 followed by acquittal or nolle prosequi 
 
 as evidence of probable cause. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 701. 
 Conviction by magistrate or justice of the 
 
 peace which has been reversed or set 
 
 aside, as probable cause. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 958. 
 Conclusiveness of judgment rendered in 
 
 criminal action to show probable cause. 
 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 663. 
 Want of probable cause for wrongful search 
 
 of premises. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207. 
 Want of probable cause to believe the al- 
 leged ground of attachment, as a 
 condition of an action for a wrong- 
 ful attachment. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 120. 
 
 Where actual damages are sought. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 120. 
 
 Where exemplary damages are sought. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 127. 
 
 § 7. Acquittal or discharge as evidence 
 of want of probable cause. 
 
 Acquittal and discharge. 64 L.R.A. 475. 
 Generally. 64 L.R.A. 475. 
 On appeal. 64 L.R.A. 480. 
 Discharge by an examining magistrate. 64 
 L.R.A. 481. 
 As prima facie evidence of want of 
 
 probable cause. 64 L.R.A. 481. 
 
 Qualification of rule. 64 L.R.A. 483. 
 
 Discharge held "persuasive evidence" 
 
 of want of probable cause. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 483. 
 
 Soundness of rule questioned. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 484. 
 Cases refusing to adopt rule. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 484. 
 Conclusiveness of presumption. 64 
 L.R.A. 486. 
 Where there was a want of jurisdiction. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 486. 
 Failure to prosecute. 64 L.R.A. 486. 
 Failure to indict. 64 L.R.A. 488. 
 Finding in criminal proceeding that the 
 prosecution was malicious and without 
 probable cause. 64 L.R.A. 489. 
 
 § 8. Advice of counsel. 
 
 Advice of counsel as defense to action for 
 malicious prosecution. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 49: 39 r..R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 CoHHult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 56 
 
 MALICIOUS PROSECUTION— cont'd 
 
 Procuring and following advice. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 Disclosure of facts. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 55. 
 Generally. 18 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 55. 
 Material facts. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (X.S.) 57. 
 Facts which prosecutor had 
 reasonable grounds to be- 
 lieve existed. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 60. 
 Facts which prosecutor might 
 have known by reasonable 
 diligence. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 60. 
 Facts learned after consulta- 
 tion. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 61. 
 Motive of prosecutor. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 62. 
 Belief of prosecutor. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 63. 
 In cause of action. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 63. 
 In advice given. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 64. 
 Acting on advice. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 65. 
 Nature or correctness of advice'given. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 65. 
 Advising prosecution. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 65. 
 Sincerity of opinion. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 66. 
 Correctness of opinion. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 67. 
 Time when advice is given. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 68. 
 Advice given to third person. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 68. 
 Person giving advice. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 69. 
 • Competent reputable counsel. 18 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 Disinterested counsel. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 70. 
 Public prosecuting officer. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 71. 
 Magistrate or layman. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 Advice of counsel as aff'ecting liability for 
 exemplarv damages for malicious prose- 
 cution. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 281. 
 In action for wrongful search of premises. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207. 
 
 § 9. Termination of prosecution. 
 
 Necessity of termination of criminal prose- 
 cution. 4 L.R.A. 260.* 
 When is an action sufficiently at an end 
 to support a suit for malicious 
 prosecution therefor. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 928; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1215. 
 Termination of criminal prosecution. 
 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 929. 
 By acquittal. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 929. 
 By discharge. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1133. 
 By man-istrate. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 933. 
 
882 
 
 INDEX TO L.S.A. NOTES. 
 
 935 
 
 of grand jury to 
 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 MALICIOUS PROSECUTION— Gont'd 
 
 On habeas corpus. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) --^ 
 On failure 
 indict. 
 936. 
 On quasliing of indictment. 2 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 937. 
 On entry of nolle prosequi. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 938. 
 On failure to give security for 
 costs. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 939. 
 Discharge and abandonment. 
 
 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 939. 
 Discharge of bail. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 940. 
 By failure of grand jury to indict. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) b40. 
 By abandonment. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 941. 
 In general. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 941. 
 By entry of a nolle prosequi. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 942. 
 By failure to prosecute. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 944. 
 By settlement, compromise, or pro- 
 curement of accused. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 945. 
 Termination of civil prosecution. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 947. 
 In general. 2 L.R.A. (K.S.) 947. 
 Of actions in which malicious ar- 
 rest is made. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 948. 
 Of actions in which malicious at- 
 tachment is issued. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 950. 
 By abandonment. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 951. 
 By settlement or compromise. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 952. 
 Effect of appeal on right to maintain 
 action. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 953. 
 
 MAIilCIOUS TORTS. 
 
 See also Malice. 
 
 Liability of partnership for. 51 L.R.A. 
 469. 
 
 MALICIOUS TRESPASS. 
 
 Liability of infant for. 36 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 MALT. 
 
 Power of municipality to regulate sale of 
 nonintoxicating alcoholic beverages. 
 26 L.K.A.(N.S.) 890. 
 
 MANACLES. 
 
 On prisoner at trial, see Criminal Law, 
 § 54. 
 
 MANAGER. 
 
 Liability of newspaper manager for libel, 
 see Libel and Slandeb, § 4. 
 
 MANAGING AGENT. 
 
 As fellow servant) of injured employee, see 
 Master and Servant, III. d, 3. 
 
 Of corporation on whom process may be 
 served, see Writ and Process, § 27. 
 
 MANAGING PARTNER. 
 
 Compensation of. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 394. 
 
 MANDAMUS. 
 
 MALPRACTICE 
 
 2. Generally. 
 
 See Physicians and StrRGEONS, §§ 12-16. When will not lie 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 I. In general, g 1, 
 
 II. When may issue, §§ 3-lS. 
 
 a. In general, § 8, 
 
 h. To public officer or board, 
 
 §§ 3-11. 
 c. To corporations, §§ 18-15. 
 III. Jurisdiction; procedure; hearing! 
 determination, §§ 16-81. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutional objection in mandamus pro- 
 ceedings, see CONSTITtTTIONAL LAW, § 
 2. 
 
 Original jurisdiction in mandamus cases, 
 see Courts, § 31. 
 
 Defined. 13 L.R.A. 120.* 
 
 Nature of process. 3 L.R.A. 777.* 
 
 As a remedy, generally. 3 L.R.A. 54.* 
 
 Distinguished from prohibition. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 56> 
 Distinguished from injunction. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 55.* 
 Disobedience of, as a contempt. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1064. 
 
 //. When may issue, 
 a. In general. 
 
 13 L.R.A. 120.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 8S3 
 
 MANDAMUS, II. a— cont'd 
 
 When issuance would be useless. 3 L.E.A. 
 56.* 
 
 For what purposes issued. 3 L.R.A. 265." 
 
 Purpose of writ purely mandatory. 3 
 L.R.A. 65.* 
 
 To enforce public duties. 5 L.R.A. 162;" 
 6 L.R.A. 161.* 
 
 To compel removal of obstruction from 
 highway. 6 L.R.A. 161.* 
 
 To obtain reinstatement in social organiza- 
 tion or club. 8 L.E.A. 195.* 
 
 When writ could be immediately rendered 
 nugatory by taking new action avoid- 
 in-; defects complained of. 31 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 512. 
 
 b. To public officer or board. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 To public officer. 1 L.R.A. 738;* 6 L.R.A. 
 161;* 7 L.R.A. 105.* 
 Right to, dependent upon legal duty of 
 
 officer to act. 3 L.E.A. 778.* 
 Necessity that duties commanded be 
 purely ministerial. 3 L.R.A. 778.* 
 
 Not control official discretion. 3 L.R.A. 
 316,* 778.* 
 
 To compel action of medical board. 20 
 L.R.A. 355. 
 
 To compel issuance of diploma. 3 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 1115. 
 
 To compel delivery of copy or to require 
 promulgation of an act passed by the 
 legislature. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1089. 
 
 To compel officer to dispose of property as 
 directed by court. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 , 664. 
 
 ilandamus to compel performance of con- 
 tinuous acts or control general course 
 of official conduct. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 810. 
 
 Mandamus to compel former officer, after 
 tlie expiration of term, to perform duty 
 pertaining to his office. 36 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 1084. 
 
 § 4. To courts and court officers. 
 
 To inferior tribunal. 3 L.R.A. 476.* 
 To compel inferior court to execute or en- 
 force its judgment or decree. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 886. 
 To set aside service of process. 3 L.E.A. 
 
 ■zee.* 
 
 Jn exercise of superintending control over 
 inferior courts. 51 L.E.A. 33. 
 
 To compel judge to sign bills of exception, 
 etc. 36 L.E;A.(N.S.) 1087. 
 
 To prevent change of venue from court hav- 
 ing exclusive jurisdiction. 2 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 568. 
 
 To compel removal of case to Federal court 
 or remanding of case to state court. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 392. 
 
 § 5. To executive officers. 
 
 To governor. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 750; 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 355. 
 
 Extent to which courts will interfere by 
 mandamus with heads of executive de- 
 partment. 3 L.R.A. 55.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MANDAMUS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 § 6. To excise officers. 
 
 To compel approval and acceptance of liquor 
 
 bond. 7 L.R.A. 740.' 
 To control decision of licensing officers as 
 
 to iltness of applicant for license to 
 
 sell intoxicating liquors. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1195. 
 To compel public officials to enforce the 
 
 liquor law. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 246. 
 
 § 7. To enforce rights In public con- 
 tract. 
 
 To enforce right of lowest bidder on public 
 contract. 26 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 To compel award of public contract to low- 
 est bidder. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 128. 
 
 To compel municipal or other public officer 
 or board to perform duty resting in 
 contract alone. 20 L.R.A. ( N.S. 1 "801. 
 
 § 8. To compel payment of municipal 
 debt by custodian of funds. 
 
 In general. 14 L.R.A. 773. 
 
 Rule where audit is conclusive. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 775. 
 Statutory changes permitting enforcement 
 
 of ministerial duties. 14 L.R.A. 775. 
 Cases in which writ may issue. 14 L.E.A. 
 
 776. 
 Defenses; irregular or insufficient audit or 
 warrant. 14 L.E.A. 778. 
 
 Absence of funds. 14 L.E.A. 779. 
 
 Fraud; illegality of claim. 14 L.E.A. 
 779. 
 
 Wrong claimant. 14 L.E.A. 780. 
 
 Other~aefenses. 14 L.E.A. 780. 
 Unconstitutionality of statute as defense 
 
 against mandamus to compel payment 
 
 of public money. 47 L.R.A. 516! 
 
 § 9. As to title to, or acceptance of, 
 office. 
 
 Right to try title to office by. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 56.* 
 To compel payment of salary to public 
 
 officer whose title is disputed. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 588. 
 Right to try question, who is de facto officer 
 
 in mandamus proceeding. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 661. 
 Provision for contesting election of city 
 
 officer before city council or other mu- 
 nicipal body as executive of mandamus. 
 
 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 211. 
 To compel one usurping office to turn over 
 
 papers. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 528. 
 To compel acceptance of office. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 493. 
 
 § 10. To compel surrender of office. 
 
 General doctrine. 31 L.R.A. 343. 
 Necessity of a demand and refusal. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 348. 
 Effect of such surrender. 31 L.E.A. 349. 
 Sufficiency of title to support. 31 L.E.A. 
 
 349. 
 Special provisions relating to. 31 L.E.A. 
 
 355. 
 In the case of a private corporation. 31 
 
 L.E.A. 360. 
 
884 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MANDAMUS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 When writ refused. 31 L.E.A. 361. 
 
 Insufficiency of facts. 31 L.R.A. 361. 
 In case of a private partv. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 361. 
 When there is another remedy. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 362. 
 In the absence of ouster. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 362. ' 
 Prima facie title. 31 L.R.A. 362. 
 Possession by an officer de facto. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 363. 
 When the title is in issue. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 363. 
 Question of election. 31 L.R.A. 366. 
 Other relief sought. 31 L.R.A. 367. 
 Relator's own act. 31 L.R.A. 367. 
 English cases. 31 L.R.A. 368. 
 
 § 10a. To compel restoration to office. 
 
 Mandamus to restore to office one who has 
 been illegally removed. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 49. 
 The right to a mandamus. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 50. 
 Immunity of the heads of the state. 
 
 19 L.R.A.{N.S.) 52. 
 When mandamus lies to reinstate ousted 
 
 officer. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 53. 
 When office is occupied under claim of 
 
 right. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 57. 
 Basic requirements. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 62. 
 Clear legal right to office. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 62. 
 Undisputed facts. 19 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 64. 
 Lack of other adequate remedv. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 64. 
 Diligence. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 66. 
 The power of a motion. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 68. 
 In cases of unrestrained discretion. 
 
 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 68. 
 Under statutory restriction. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 Removals for cause. 19 L.RA. (N.S.) 
 72. 
 After trial upon charges. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 Adequate causes. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 71 
 Failure to qualify. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 73. 
 Desertion. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 74. 
 Resignation. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 74. 
 Causes involving moral turpi- 
 tude. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 74. 
 Unfitness, unfaithfulness, aind 
 incompetency. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 75. 
 Original ineligibility. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 75. 
 Abolition of the office. 19 L.RA.. 
 
 (N.S.) 76. , 
 Insufficient causes. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 77. 
 Arhitrary removals without cause. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) -78. 
 
 Begin with this hook, on every law question. 
 
 MANDAMUS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Depositions without removal. 19 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79. 
 Suspensions. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79. 
 Retirements on pension. 19 L.R.A. 
 80. 
 Transfers. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) SQ. 
 Reductions in rank. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 80. 
 When term of office has expired. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 80. 
 Necessity of public interest. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 8L 
 Questions of practice. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 82 
 Parties'. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 Additional relief. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 83. 
 Conditional allowance of writ. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 83. 
 Abatement. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 83, 
 Discontinuance. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 83. 
 
 § 11. As to elections. 
 
 To compel election officers to act after they 
 liave met and adjourned. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1089. 
 
 Provision for testing election of city officer 
 before city council or other municipal 
 body as exclusive of mandamus. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 21L 
 
 c. To corporations. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 To compel acts by corporations. 12 L.R.A^ 
 180.* 
 
 To enforce provision of by-laws of corpora^ 
 tion. 32 L.R.A. 575. 
 
 To enforce right to inspect books of corpo- 
 ration. 45 L.R.A. 457. 
 
 To compel issuance of corporate stock. 3 
 L.R.A. 265.* 
 
 To compel transfer on books of corporation 
 of stocks purchased in aid of con- 
 spiracy against the corporation. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 108. 
 
 § 13. Public-service corporations. 
 
 Right to enforce by mandamus duty of 
 public-service corporation arising whol- 
 ly from contract. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1084. 
 
 As proper remedy to make available fran- 
 chise in street or highway as against 
 municipality. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 782. 
 
 To compel delivery of market quotations to 
 bucket shop. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 
 § 14. — water companies. 
 
 To enforce contract to supply city with 
 wafer. 61 L.R.A. 74. 
 
 To compel water company to supply in- 
 dividual applicant with water at rea- 
 sonable rates. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 963. 
 
 To enforce the right of a stockholder of a 
 water company to water. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 372. 
 
INDEX XO L.R.A. NOTKS. 
 
 885 
 
 MANDAMUS, II. c— cont'd 
 
 § 15. — railroad companies. 
 
 To compel operation of railroad. 24 L.R.A. 
 o64. 
 
 Increased facilities. 24 L.R.A. otiO. 
 
 Compelling completion of road. 24 
 L.R.A. 566. 
 To compel railroad company to construct 
 
 fences. 12 L.R.A. 181.* 
 Right of state to require railroad company 
 
 to equip its road. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 320. 
 
 III. Jurisdiction; procedure; hearing; 
 determ i nation . 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Procedure in mandamus to enforce right to 
 inspect books of corporation. 45 L.R.A. 
 469. 
 
 Necessity of showing clear legal right. 3 
 L.R.A. 777.* 
 
 Issuance of writ in discretion of court. 3 
 L.R.A. 55;* 13 L.R.A. 120.* 
 
 Right to try, in mandamus proceeding, the 
 question. Who is de facto officer. 13 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 661. 
 
 Right of relator in mandamus proceedings 
 to attack constitutionality of statute 
 relied upon by respondent. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 266. 
 
 Right to go behind judgment against county 
 or municipality in mandamus proceed- 
 ings to enforce same. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1002. 
 
 Removal, because of separable controversy, 
 of mandamus proceeding. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 98. 
 
 § 17. Jurisdiction. 
 
 Original jurisdiction of court) of last resort 
 in mandamus case. 58 L.R.A. 833 ; 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1000. 
 
 Exclusiveness of jurisdiction of court of last 
 resort to issue remedial writs for pre- 
 rogative purposes. 13 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 768. 
 
 § 18. Parties. 
 
 By private person to compel removal of ob- 
 struction from navigable stream. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763. 
 
 ^Yho is real party in interest by whom man- 
 damus proceedings must) be instituted. 
 64 L.R.A. 622. 
 
 § 19. Pleading. 
 
 Essential requisites to valid application for. 
 3 L.R.A. 265;* 3 L.R.A. 777.* 
 
 § 2 0. Unconstitutionality of statute 
 as defense against mandamus to 
 compel its enforcement. 
 
 Generally. 47 L.R.A. 512; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1260; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1060. 
 
 Constitutional change or judicial declara- 
 tion of invalidity. 47 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Ministerial duties. 47 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 To compel tax. 47 L.R.A. 514. 
 
 The payment of public money. 47 L.R..\. 
 516. 
 
 .Judicial officers. 47 L.R.A. 516. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MANDAMUS, III.— cont'd 
 Other decisions. 47 L.R.A. 517. 
 Practice matters. 47 L.R.A. 517. 
 Cases in 'which defense was made without 
 anj' discussion. 47 L.R.A. 518. 
 
 §21. Relief granted. 
 
 Character and extent of relief by mandamus 
 against an officer vested with discre- 
 tion, who has rendered a decision upon 
 a ground not within his discretion. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 525. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 MANDATORY INJUNCTION. 
 
 See Injunction, §§ 78, 79. 
 
 *-'-*■ 
 
 MANDATORY STATUTES. 
 
 See Statutes, § 24. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 MANIA. 
 
 Religious mania as proof of testamentary 
 incapacity. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 
 ♦■•-♦ 
 
 MANIFOLD COPIES. 
 
 As originals. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 MANSLAUGHTER. 
 
 bee Homicide. 
 
 MAN TRAP. 
 
 CHvil liability for injury by, see Negli- 
 gence, § 21. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for death caused by, 
 upon one's own property. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 346; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 369. 
 
 MANUAL LABOR. 
 
 Right to exclude from school for refusal to 
 perform. 41 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 MANUFACTURE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 See also Manufaotureks. 
 
 Judicial notice of facts with relation to. 
 4 L.R.A. 39.* 
 
886 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MANUFACTURE— cont'd 
 
 What constitutes; manufacturers; manu- 
 facturing companies ; newspapers and 
 publishers; manufactured articles. 14 
 L.R.A. 107. 
 
 May water company be required to furnish 
 water for power or manufacturing pur- 
 poses. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 805. 
 
 Construction on ground as manufacturing 
 within provisions of bankruptcy law 
 defining corporations which may be ad- 
 Judged involuntary bankrupts. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 475. 
 
 § 2. Oral contract to manufacture. 
 
 Contract for as affected by statute of frauds. 
 14 L.R.A. 232. 
 
 Sale distinguished from contract to manu- 
 facture. 6 L.R.A. 788;* 14 L.R.A. 
 230; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 319. 
 
 § 8. Manufacturing as a public pur- 
 pose. 
 
 Taking of property for water power for 
 manufacturing, as a public purpose. 
 22 L.R,A.(N.S.) 160. 
 
 Furnishing water and water power to pub- 
 lic for manufacturing purposes as a 
 public purpose. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 410. 
 
 § 4. Measure of damages for breach 
 of contract for manufacture of 
 goods. 
 
 Loss of profits as damages on vendee's re- 
 fusal to take articles manufactured 
 for him. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 740; 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages fos 
 breach of contract for sale or purchase 
 of articles to be manufactured. 52 
 L.R.A. 230. 
 
 Loss of use of plant as element of damages 
 for failure to deliver material to. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 709. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 Monopolistic combinations of, see Monop- 
 olies AND Combinations, II. 
 
 Liability for injury due to defects in 
 articles manufactured, see Negligence, 
 § 15. 
 
 Implied warranty by, see Sales, § 30. 
 
 See also Manufactube. 
 
 Waiver of manufacturer's lien by attach- 
 ment or execution. 50 L.R.A. 722. 
 
 Legislation to protect against loss of recep- 
 tacles in which their products are put 
 up. 14 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1128. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to conduct 
 manufactories. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 121. 
 
 Interference by competitor or others with 
 agents of. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 904. 
 
 Right of one delivering goods for manufac- 
 ture to claim title as against vendees 
 or creditors of manufacturer. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 781, 796. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS—cont'd 
 
 V^alidity of agreement by employees of 
 manufacturing companies not to engage 
 in competing business as affected by 
 its scope in time and territorial ex- 
 tent. 24 L.K.A.(N.S.) 939. 
 
 Validity of restrictive agreement ancillary 
 to sale of business of. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 930. 
 
 MANUFACTURING COKPORATIONS. 
 
 Taxation of, see Taxes, § 38. 
 
 Electric company as, for purposes of tax 
 laws. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 
 MANUFACTURING ESTABLISH- 
 
 MENT. 
 
 Persons working in, as independent con- 
 tractors. 65 L.R.A. 488, 494. 
 
 Supervising employees in, as vice principals. 
 51 L.R.A. 534, 554, 581. 
 
 Import of word "additions" in insurance 
 policy on. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 159. 
 
 MANURE. 
 
 Tenant's rights as to, see Landlord aj.d 
 Tenant, § 51. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to grant 
 exclusive right for removal of. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830. 
 
 MANUSCRIPT. 
 
 As baggage. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 371. 
 Measure of damages for loss or destruc- 
 tion of. 8 L.R.A.(N.S. ) 369. 
 
 * » » 
 
 ' MAP. 
 
 See Plats and Maps. 
 
 « « » 
 
 MARGIN. 
 
 Transactions in bucket shops, see Bucket 
 
 Shop. 
 Validity of dealings on, see Contracts, 
 
 §§'l06, 116. 
 
 MARINE CORPS. 
 
 Enlistment of minor in, vi'itbout parent's 
 consent. .39 L.R.A. (N.S.I 458. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every laic question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 887 
 
 MARINE INSURANCE. 
 
 Risks covered by policv of, see Insxjbance, 
 
 §§ 157, 158. 
 Cause of loss, see Insubance, §§ 157, 158. 
 Extent of loss or recovery, see Insurance, 
 
 §§ 175, 176. 
 Actions on policy, see Insurance, § 204. 
 
 Severability of insurance on same policies. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 218. 
 Sot-off in case of bankruptcy. 55 L.E.A. 
 
 67. 
 Conclusiveness of judgment of foreign court 
 
 of admiralty on policies of marine 
 
 insurance. 20 L.E.A. 669. 
 Wben stipulations limiting time for suit 
 
 on policy begins to run. 47 L.E.A. 
 
 708. 
 
 MARINERS. 
 
 See Seamen. 
 
 MARINE TORTS. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for. 
 52 L.E.A. 61. 
 
 SIARITAL INFIDELITY. 
 
 In general, see Adtoltert; Htjsband and 
 Wife, § 3. 
 
 Effect of. on gifts betvfeen spouses, see 
 Husband and Wife, § 50. 
 
 Effect of, on marriage settlement, see Hus- 
 band AND Wife, § 60. 
 
 MARITAL INTERCOURSE. 
 
 Eefusal of, as ground for divorce. 14 
 L.E.A. 685. 
 
 MARITAL RIGHTS. 
 
 Fraud on, see Husband and Wife, 
 43a. 
 
 §§ 43, 
 
 MARITIME CONTRACTS. 
 
 What contracts will support maritime lien, 
 see Maritime Liens, § 2. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of. 66 L.E.A. 193. 
 
 Eight of servant under maritime law to 
 compensation in case of incomplete per- 
 formance of his contract because of 
 physical disability. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 ol g 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MARITIME JURISDICTION. 
 
 See Admiealtt, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 — ♦-•-• 
 
 MARITIME LAW. 
 
 Doctrine of maritime law as to termi- 
 nation of contract of employment by 
 death of servant during stipulated 
 term. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 929. 
 
 MARITIME LIENS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 State statute creating lien on vessel. 1 
 L.R.A. 505.* 
 
 Lien of decree in admiralty. 47 L.E.A. 480. 
 
 For wharfage charges. 70 L.E.A. 209. 
 
 Does lien upon vessel for safe carriage at- 
 tach while goods are in lighter prepara- 
 tory to being loaded on vessel. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 569. 
 
 Acceptance of commercial paper as dis- 
 charge of material and supplies. 35 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 94. 
 
 § 2. What contracts will support. 
 
 General principles. 70 L.E.A. 354. 
 Decisions by common-law courts 70 L.R.A. 
 358 
 Weight.' 70 L.R.A. 358. 
 Lien for freight and demurrage. 70 
 
 L.E.A. 358. 
 Average. 70 L.R.A. 363. 
 Wages. 70 L.E.A. 364. 
 Hypothecation and bottomry. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 364. 
 Supplies and repairs. 70 L.E.A. 365. 
 Advances and disbursements. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 367. 
 To enforce contract of vessel. 70 L.E.A. 
 
 ■368. 
 Salvage. 70 L.E.A. 368. 
 To pay for services of vessel. 70 L.R.A. 
 368. 
 Freight. 70 L.E.A. 368. 
 
 Lien exists. 70 L.E.A. 368. 
 Depends on possession. 70 L.R.A, 
 
 370. 
 On subfreights. 70 L.R.A. 371. 
 When attaches. 70 L.E.A. 373. 
 Demurrage, dead freight, and other 
 charges. 70 L.E.A. 374. 
 General average. 70 L.E.A. 375. 
 Salvage. 70 L.E.A. 376. 
 
 In general. 70 L.E.A. 376. 
 Eescue of captured ship. 70 L.R.A. 
 377. 
 Contracts with seamen. 70 L.E.A. 377. 
 Lien for services. 70 L.E.A. 377. 
 Lien exists. 70 L.E.A. 377. 
 Who entitled to. 70 L.R.A. 379. 
 Effect of special contract. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 380. 
 Chartered vessel. 70 L.R.A. 380. 
 Loss of. 70 L.E.A. 381. 
 Board and supplies. 70 L.R.A. 381. 
 
888 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MARITIME LIENS— cont'd 
 Contract between master and ship. 70 
 L.E.A. 381. 
 Services. 70 L.R.A. 381. 
 Disbursements. 70 L.R.A. 383. 
 
 Lien on ship and cargo. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 383. 
 Lien on freight. 70 L.R.A. 384. 
 Contracts with other persons. 70 L.R.A. 
 384. 
 Pilots. 70 L.R.A. 384. 
 Stevedores. 70 L.R.A. 384. 
 Watchmen and caretakers. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 386. 
 Agents, brokers, clerks, etc. 70 L.R.A. 
 387. 
 Other contracts for services and benefits 
 generally. 70 L.R.A. 388. 
 Towage. 70 L.R.A. 388. 
 Wharfage. 70 L.R.A. 388. 
 Insurance. 70 L.R.A. 389. 
 Other contracts. 70 L.R.A. 390. 
 Vessel in custody of law. 70 L.R.A. 
 391. 
 Contracts for supplies and repairs. 70 
 L.R.A. 391. 
 Authority to give lien. 70 L.R.A. 391. 
 Of master. 70 L.R.A. 391. 
 Of owner. 70 L.R.A. 392. 
 Vessel under charter. 70 L.R.A. 
 395. 
 Supplies furnished in foreign poft. 70 
 L.E.A. 399. 
 General rule. 70 L.R.A. 399. 
 Necessity for lien must exist. 70 
 
 L.R,A. 401. 
 W^at are necessaries. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 403. 
 Who must order. 70 L.R.A. 404. 
 No lien if sale is on personal credit. 
 
 70 L.R.A. 405. 
 Effect of taking collateral security, 
 
 70 L.R.A. 406. 
 Character of vessel. 70 L.R.A. 407. 
 Supplies furnished in home port. 70 
 L.R.A. 407. 
 No implied lien exists generally. 
 
 70 L.R.A. 407. 
 Criticisms of rule. 70 L.R.A. 409. 
 Change^ of admiralty rule. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 410. 
 Effect of state statute. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 411. 
 Possessory lien for repairs. 70 
 
 L.E.A. 411. 
 Lien on proceeds. 70 L.R.A. 412. 
 What ports are foreign, and what do- 
 mestic. 70 L.R.A. 412. 
 Contracts for construction. 70 L.R.A. 413. 
 Advances. 70 L.R.A. 414. 
 
 Lien for, in general. 70 L.R.A. 414. 
 By agent, charterer, consignee, etc. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 416. 
 By ship's husband or part owner. 70 
 L.R.A. 416. 
 Mortgage, purchase money, drafts. 70 
 
 L.E.A. 417. 
 Bottomry. 70 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 May give lien. 70 L.R.A. 418. 
 Who may give. 70 L.R.A. 419. 
 Necessity must exist. 70 L.R.A. 420. 
 
 MARITIME LIENS— cont'd 
 
 For what purposes given. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 423. 
 Who may take. 70 L.R.A. 425. 
 Risk and interests. 70 L.R.A. 425. 
 For past debts, or after other credit. 
 
 70 L.R.A. 426. 
 Communication with owner. 70 L.R.A, 
 
 427. 
 Presumptions and burden of proof. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 428. 
 Rights of cargo. 70 L.R.A. 429. 
 Recording. 70 L.R.A. 429. 
 Respondentia. 70 L.R.A. 429. 
 Hypothecation of freight. 70 L.R.A. 431. 
 Contract for ship's services. 70 L.R.A. 
 432. 
 Lien to enforce carriage contract. 70 
 L.R.A. 432. 
 In favor of cargo. 70 L.R.A. 432. 
 In favor of passenger. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 433. 
 Effect of "Commerce Clause." 70 
 L.R.A. 433. 
 When lien attaches. 70 L.R.A. 433. 
 Contract to act as agent. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 435. 
 Other contracts. 70 L.R.A. 436. 
 Effect of English statutes. 70 L.R.A. 436. 
 The statutes and their interpretation. 
 
 70 L.R.A. 436. 
 Lien of master. 70 L.R.A. 437. 
 For wages. 70 L.R.A. 437. 
 For disbursements. 70 L.R.A. 438. 
 Supplies and repairs. 70 L.R.A. 439. 
 Advances. 70 L.R.A. 439. 
 Other liens. 70 L.R.A. 439. 
 
 MARK. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 On ballots, see Elections, § 21. 
 Trademarks, see Tbademaek. 
 
 of property found. 37 
 
 Begin with this 1>ooTc on every law question 
 
 Indicating owner 
 
 L.R.A. 123. 
 Identification by marks of goods sold out 
 
 of a larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 16. 
 On negotiable paper as putting purchaser 
 
 on inquiry. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 376. 
 Marking of location of mining claim. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 856. 
 
 § 2. Signature by. 
 
 Signature to will by, see Wills, § 22. 
 Attestation of will by, see Wills, § 31. 
 
 Signature by. 12 L.R.A. 205;" 22 L.R.A. 
 370. 
 Signing wills. 22 L.R.A. 370. 
 Attesting will by mark. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 372. 
 Deeds, notes, and contracts signed and 
 attested by mark. 22 L.R.A. 372. 
 Does ability to write invalidate signature 
 made by. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1193. 
 
 § 3. —proof of. 
 
 Proof of. 64 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 By subscribing witness. 35 L.R.A. 350. 
 
IXDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 88» 
 
 MAKK — cont'd 
 
 Wlien attesting witnesses are dead or can- 
 not remember the transaction. 44 
 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Comparison of, in disputed instrument. 65 
 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 MARICETABLE TITLE. 
 
 Effect on, of failure to make one a party 
 
 to suit, see Parties, § 35. 
 To real property sold, see Vendob and 
 
 PUBCHASEE, '§§ 15-18. 
 
 MARKET HOUSE. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for tort 
 in connection with. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 95. 
 
 JIARltET PLACE. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to grant or 
 lease space on street or sidewalk for 
 purposes for. 25 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 401. 
 
 MARKET PRICE. 
 
 Extent of recovery for breach of contract 
 for sale of article without market price, 
 see Damages, § 36. 
 
 False statement as to, see Fbatjd and De- 
 ceit, § 10. 
 
 How determined. 13 L.R.A. 771.* 
 Effect on contract of providing for payment 
 at. 53 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 MARKET QUOTATIONS. 
 
 Property rights in. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 889. 
 Mandamus to compel delivery of, to bucket 
 shop. 3 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 MARKETS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Municipal control over, see Municipal 
 Corporations, § 44. 
 
 Necessity of franchise for. 37 L.R.A. 718. 
 Delegation of municipal power as to. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 726. 
 Validity of classification in Sunday law 
 
 as to keeping open. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1259. 
 Implied power of municipality to purchase 
 
 real estate on credit for establishment 
 
 of. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 746. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MARKETS— cont'd 
 
 Power to make use of property for, con- 
 ditional upon consent of neighbors. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 978. 
 
 § 2. Market regulations restricting 
 sales. 
 
 Regulation of markets and market houses. 
 
 9 L.R.A. 69.* 
 American cases. 24 L.R.A. 584. 
 
 Regulations and ordinances as affecting 
 
 contracts. 24 L.R.A. 584. 
 Corporate privileges and grant. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 584. 
 Market regulation and rules. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 584. 
 Requiring license for sales in market. 
 
 24 L.R.A. 584. 
 License for streets. 24 L.R.A. 585. 
 License for shops. 24 L.R.A. 585. 
 Prohibition of sales except at market. 
 
 24 L.R.A. 585. 
 Tax. 24 L.R.A. 586. 
 Slaughtering. 24 L.R.A. 586. 
 English cases. 24 L.R.A. 587. 
 
 Market rights and disturbance. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 587. 
 Tolls. 24 L.R.A. 587. • 
 Sales by sample. 24 L.R.A. 588. 
 License and regulation. 24 L.R.A. 588. 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 § 3. Use of street for. 
 
 Using street for market purposes. 
 
 L.R.A. 558. 
 As additional .burden on easement. 
 
 L.R.A. 480. 
 Liability of municipality for obstruction or 
 
 defect in street by market. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 614. 
 Injunction againgt city as to nuisance of. 
 
 23 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 MARKET VALUE. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of sale or purchase of article 
 having no market. 52 L.R.A. 219. 
 
 MARKING. 
 
 Of mine upon the ground, see Mines, § 18. 
 
 MARRIAGE. 
 
 6-7. 
 
 wli o m ay 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-4. 
 
 II. Validity generaUij, § 
 
 III. Cwpaciiy of parties 
 
 marry, §§ 8-13. 
 IV. Effect of marriage, §§ 14, IS. 
 V. Annulment, g§ 16-20. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Relation by, see Affinity. 
 
890 
 
 IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MARRIAGE, I.— cont'd 
 
 Breach of promise to marry, see Beeaoh 
 
 OP Peomise. 
 Rights and duties of husband and wife, 
 
 generally, see Husband and Wife. 
 Effect of misrepresentation or concealment 
 
 as to character on marital relation, see 
 
 Chaeaoteb, § 3. 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 13. 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 
 Constitutional Law, § 82. 
 Validity of contract affecting marriage re- 
 lation, see CoNTBACTS, § 82. 
 As to divorce, see Divobce and Separation. 
 Admissibility of hearsay evidence, as to, 
 
 see Evidence, § 219. 
 Insurance on intended husband's life, see 
 
 Fiancee. 
 Specific performance of contract to provide 
 
 for party to, see Specific Peefobm- 
 
 ANCE, § 8. 
 
 Customs of Indian tribes as to. 7 L.R.A. 
 125.* 
 
 Power of consul to perform marriage cere- 
 mony. 45 L.R.A. 497. 
 
 Belief in invalidity of former marriage as 
 defense to prosecution for bigamy. 27 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1103. 
 
 Injunction against enforcing invalid con- 
 tracts relating to marriage. 48 L.R.A. 
 843. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of statutes 
 in relation to. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 431. 
 
 Offer of marriage as defense to prosecution 
 for seduction. 2S L.R.A. (N.S.) 421. 
 
 Release of promise to marry as considera- 
 tion for contract. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 656. 
 
 Fraudulent inducement by one party to a 
 void marriage as ground for civil 
 action in favor of other party. 33 
 L.R.A. 411. 
 Does action survive defendant's death. 
 33 L.ITA. 411. 
 
 Ignorance that parties to marriage are un- 
 der age as defense to prosecution for 
 officiating at the marriage. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 504. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of persons 
 since deceased, against his or her own 
 marriage. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 190. 
 
 Slander in charging woman with unchastity 
 causing loss of marriage. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 599. 
 
 § 2. Property or services acquired or 
 rendered during unlawrul mar- 
 riage. 
 
 Right to invoke aid of court to determine 
 rights to property accumulated in com- 
 mon by parties living in illicit re- 
 lations. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 838. 
 
 Right to recover for household services ren- 
 dered while parties were living to- 
 gether under void marriage. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 788. 
 
 § 3. Restraints on. 
 
 Devise or bequest in restraint of, see 
 Wills, § 85. 
 
 Begin ivith this tooh on every law question. 
 
 MARRIAGE, I.— cont'd 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of estatn 
 under condition against marriage. Wi) 
 Ij.R.A. 858. 
 
 Validity of provision for person while un- 
 married. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 545. 
 
 Legislative power to forbid marriage, i 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 531. 
 Miscegenation. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 532. 
 Polygamy. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 536. 
 
 § 4. Hovp proved. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, §§ 27, 28. 
 
 Sufficiency of proof of marriage, see Evi- 
 dence, § 295. 
 
 Cohabitation and repute, as proof of. 7 
 L.R.A. 709.* 
 
 Cohabitation as proof of, where it begins un- 
 lawfully. 14 L.R.A. 364. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations and admis- 
 sions to prove marriage. 12 L.R.A. 
 838.* 
 
 II. Validity generally. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Effect of fraud on marriage, see Fraud and 
 Deceit, §§ 16, 30. 
 
 Laws goveriiing validitv of. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 155; 11 L.R.A.(N.S.') 1082; 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 800; 26 L.R.A.(N.S.)179; 28 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 7.53. 
 Essentials to validity of. 10 L.R.A. 568;* 
 
 11 L.R.A. 587.* 
 What marriages are void o6 initio. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 505.* 
 Common-law marriage; effect of statute. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 353. 
 Validity of marriage per verha de prcesenti. 
 
 11 L.R.A. 587.* 
 Effect upon duly solemnized marriage of ab- 
 sence of license required by statute. 
 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 463. 
 Presumption of marriage license. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 541. 
 Law governing legitimacy as dependent on 
 
 validity of marriage. 65 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 § 6. Effect of duress to avoid mar- 
 riage. 
 
 Effect of, generally. 43 L.R.A. 814. 
 Wha* duress is sufficient. 43 L.R.A. 814. 
 
 Generally. 43 L.R.A. 814. 
 
 Threats. 43 L.R.A. 815. 
 
 Arrest or imprisonment. 43 L.R.A. 
 816. 
 Ratification. 43 L.R.A. 818. 
 Matters of procedure. 43 L.R.A. 819. 
 
 § 7. Ratification of Invalid marriage. 
 
 Of marriage of person when insane. 40 
 L.R.A. 741. 
 
 Of marriage effected by duress. 43 L.R.A. 
 818. 
 
 Cohabitation as ratification of forced mar- 
 riage. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 805. 
 
l.XUJOX TO L.K.A. NOIKS. 
 
 891 
 
 MARRIAGE— ounfd 
 
 ///. Capacity of parties; who may 
 maiin/. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Marriage of infant, see Infants, § 15. 
 Marriage lift-vveen whites and negroes, see 
 
 MiSC'EGJCXATION. 
 
 Incapacity to contract. 9 L.E.A. 505.* 
 Presumption as to capacity flowing from 
 
 marriage ceremony. 16 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 100. 
 Efl'ect of intoxication on marriage. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 § 9. Persons under age of consent. 
 
 Conrtiet of laws as to validity. 57 L.Pv,.A. 
 
 172. 
 Validity of marriage of persons of nonage. 
 
 22 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1202. 
 Efl'ect of parents' consent. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1206. 
 Etfect of statute fixing age of consent in 
 
 defining statutory rape as determining 
 
 aoi.- of consent for marriage. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 847. 
 
 § 10. Marriage of person while insane. 
 
 Invalidity of. 40 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Degree of incapacity which will affect. 40 
 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 Test of capacity to contract. 40 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 Test of capacity to know the nature of the 
 act. 40 L.R.A. 739. 
 
 Incapacity combined with fraud. 40 L.R.A. 
 740. " 
 
 Incapacity as a, ground for divorce. 40 
 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Eatification and waiver of right to attack. 
 40 L.E.A. 741. 
 
 Evidence of incapacity. 40 L.R.A. 742. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 742. 
 SuflScieucv, weight, and admissibility. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 742. 
 Effect of inquisition. 40 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 The annulment. 40 L.R.A. 744. 
 
 Necessity of decree for. 40 L.R..\. 744. 
 Jurisdiction; procedure. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 745. 
 Effect. 40 L.R.A. 746. 
 
 Mental capacity essential to a valid mar- 
 riage. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 
 Effect of recovery of sanity after commence- 
 ment of cohabitation between parties 
 married while one of them was insane. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.i 247. 
 
 Misrepresentations or concealment as to 
 antenuptial insanity as ground for an- 
 nulment of marriage. 13 L.R.A. f N.S. ) 
 996. 
 
 § 11. Per-sons already married. 
 
 Bigamy, see Bigamy. 
 
 Second marriage, when void ab initio. 12 
 
 L.R.A. 50.* 
 Validity of agreement to marry where one 
 
 of the parties Is already married. 1 B. 
 
 E. C. 917. 
 Constilt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JIARIUAGE, III.— cont'd 
 
 Conflicting presumptions as to validity of 
 former marriage. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 104. 
 
 Presumption as to validity of former mar- 
 riage in prosecution for bigamy. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1036. 
 
 § 12. Divorced persons. 
 
 Eft'eet of, see infra, § 15. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 24 L.R.A. 831; 57 
 
 L.R.A. 169. 
 Right to remarry after divorce. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 703.* 
 Efl'ect of statutes forbidding remarriage of 
 guilty party after divorce. 24 
 L.R.A. 831; 57 L.R.A. 169. 
 Effect in other states. 24 L.R.A. 831; 
 
 57 L.R.A. 169. 
 Effect in state where enacted. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 831. 
 Remarriage in state of enactment. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 831. 
 Marrying in another state and return- 
 ing to state of prohibition. 24 
 L.R.A. 833; 57 L.R.A. 169. 
 Effect of right to appeal from divorce decree 
 on party's right to remarry. 17 L.R.A. 
 573. 
 
 § 13. Subsequent removal of impedi- 
 ment. 
 
 Efl'ect of removal of impediment to mar- 
 riage after parties have begun co- 
 habitation. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 244. 
 
 IV. Effect of marriage. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Presumption flowing from marriage cere- 
 mony, see Evidence, § 28. 
 
 As effecting revocation of will, see Wills, 
 § 37. 
 
 Effect of marriage upon wife's status as an 
 alien. 22 L.R.A. 148. 
 
 How far marriage of infant works eman- 
 cipation. 16 L.R.A. 578; 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 160. 
 
 Effect of injured party's marriage to one of 
 several joint tort feasors to release all. 
 58 L.R.A. 307. 
 
 Effect of marrying witness in order to pre- 
 vent her from testifying. 67 L.R.A. 
 499. 
 
 Effect of intermarriage between debtor and 
 creditor upon indebtedness. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 683. 
 
 r.aw governing effect of subsequent marriage 
 to legitimate children previously born. 
 1)0 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Elfl'ect of contracting or dissolution of, after 
 initiation, but before consummation of 
 right under homestead entry. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 967. 
 
 Effect of ceremonial marriage to overcome 
 presumption arising from cohabitation 
 and reputation. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 
 Marrying out of state contrary to decree as 
 contempt of court. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 765. 
 
892 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MARRIAGE, IV.— cont'd 
 
 § 15. Of divorced person. 
 
 Effect of widow's remarriage on right of 
 children in homestead. 56 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 Effect of marriage of mother on right to ap- 
 pointment as guardian of minor child. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 875. 
 
 Intermarriage of parties to a divorce upon 
 the right to alimony or provision in lieu 
 of alimony. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 923. 
 
 Effect of second marriage upon obligation 
 to pay alimony. 62 L.R.A. 975. 
 
 V. Annulment. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Divorce or separation, see Divoecb and Sep- 
 
 ABATION. 
 
 Effect of conviction and sentence upon mar- 
 riage relation. 31 L.R.A. 5] 5. 
 
 Power to compel plaintiff in suit for annul- 
 ment of marriage to submit to a phy- 
 sical examination. 14 L.R.A. 466. 
 
 Annulment of marriage on publication 
 where defendant is absent from the 
 country. 19 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 Conclusiveness as to third persons of decree 
 in suit for annulment as to facts adjudi- 
 cated as distinguished from status es- 
 tablished. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 559. 
 
 Condonation of loathsome disease as defense 
 to action for annulment. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 729. 
 
 Annulment of marriage of person while in- 
 sane. 40 L.R.A. 744. 
 Necessity of decree for. 40 L.R.A. 744. 
 Jurisdiction; procedure. 40 L.R.A. 745. 
 Effect. 40 L.R.A. 746. 
 
 § 17. Jurisdiction. 
 
 See CouETS, § 8; Eqxiitt, § 12. . 
 
 § 18. Grounds for. 
 
 Antenuptial pregnancy or unohastity as a 
 ground of divorce or annulment of 
 marriage. 18 L.R.A. 375. 
 Pregnancy. 18 L.R.A. 375. 
 Existence of a bastard child. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 377. 
 Unchastity. 18 L.R.A. 377. 
 
 Misrepresentations or concealment as to 
 one's physical or mental condition as 
 ground for annulment of marriage. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 
 Misrepresentation as to disposition or gen- 
 eral character as ground for. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 301. 
 
 What constitutes duress for which mar- 
 riage may be annulled. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 803. 
 
 Right to avoid marriage entered into, to es- 
 
 • cape prosecution for seduction, upon 
 
 ground of duress. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 
 § 19. Effect of. 
 
 On communitv property, see Husband a.xd 
 Wipe, § 30. 
 
 Effect of decree annulling marriage. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 505.* 
 Of marriage entered into while insane. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 746 
 
 MARRIAGE, V.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of annulment on property held by the 
 
 entireties. 30 L.R.A. 333. 
 Division of property upon the annulment of 
 marriage. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 844. 
 Community property. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 845. 
 
 §20. Alimony. 
 
 As to alimony in divorce suit, see Divobcb 
 AND Sepaeation, §§ 34-49. 
 
 Alimony in suit to annul marriage. 3 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 192. 
 Right to temporary alimony on annulment 
 
 of marriage. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 500. 
 Power, upon annuling a marriage, to require 
 
 man to provide for support of woman or 
 
 child. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 767. 
 
 * » » 
 
 MARRIAGE BROKAGB. 
 
 Injunction against enforcing marriage brok- 
 age bonds. 48 L.R.A. 843. 
 
 MARRIAGE CEREMONY. 
 
 Presumption from, see Evidence, § 28. 
 
 ♦ »♦ 
 
 MARRIAGE SETTLEMENT. 
 
 See Husband and Wife, §§ 55-61. 
 
 «-»-» 
 
 MARRIED PERSONS. 
 
 In general, see Husband and Wife. 
 Marriage of, see Maekiage, § 11. 
 
 MARRIED WOMEN. 
 
 See Husband and Wife. 
 
 MARSHAL. 
 
 Deputy marshal, see Deputy, § 2. 
 
 As public officer. 17 L.R.A. 245; 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 882. 
 
 Liability of, for his deputy's tort in making 
 arrest. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1019. 
 
 Liability of sureties on bond of, for death 
 of person due to act or default of prin- 
 cipal or one of his deputies. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 758. 
 
 Begin with this took on every law question. 
 
 MARSHALING ASSETS AND SECURI- 
 TIES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Doctrine of. 5 L.R.A. 280* 
 
INDEX 10 L.R.A, NOTES. 
 
 893 
 
 MARSHALING ASSETS AND SECURI- 
 TIES— cont'd 
 
 Of assets as affecting priority of United 
 States. 29 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 Of funds of mutual fire insurance com- 
 panies. 32 L.R.A. 498. 
 
 In favor of voluntary covenantee. 13 
 L.R.A. 723.* 
 
 Rule of distribution of insolvent's estate 
 among creditors, secured and un- 
 secured. 8 L.R.A. 458.* 
 
 Duty of one debtor to exonerate the other, 
 as affecting the rule which denies the 
 right to marshal assets where the 
 funds are not derived from a common 
 source, or are not in the hands of a 
 common debtor. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 965. 
 
 Right of junior creditor to compel para- 
 mount creditor to resort primarily to 
 property- of third person which may be 
 subjected to pavment of his claim. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1000. 
 
 § 2. Inverse order of alienation. 
 
 Mortgaged lands liable in inverse order of 
 
 alienation. 5 L.R.A. 282.* 
 Rights and contributions of successive pur- 
 chasers. 5 L.R.A. 282.* 
 Equitable rights of purchaser of' first 
 parcel of mortgaged premises. 5 
 L.R.A. 284.* 
 Effect of release of parcels by mortgagee. 
 
 5 L.R.A. 286.* 
 Rule as to inverse order of alienation as 
 affected by assumption of mort- 
 gage debt. 39 L.R.A. (N-S.) 359. 
 As between mortgagor and his grantee 
 or .privies. 39 L.R.A. f N.S.) 360. 
 As between grantees of part of mort- 
 gaged premises or their privies. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 360. 
 Where conveyance is made subject to 
 mortgage". 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 361. 
 Effect upon mortgagee's rights. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 362. 
 
 MARSHES. 
 
 Surface water as distinguished from. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 529. 
 Taking of property for reclamation of, as a 
 
 public purpose. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 163. 
 Right to hasten flow of water from. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N;S.) 169. 
 
 MARTIAL LAW. 
 
 Martial law when there is no actual war. 
 65 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Definition of martial law. 65 L.R.A. 
 193. 
 
 Power to proclaim and maintain mar- 
 tial law. 65 L.R.A. 195. 
 
 Discretion and authority of military 
 when called to aid civil power. 65 
 L.R.A. 198. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MARTIAL LAW— cont'd 
 
 Power of military, in time of actual 
 war, to arrest and punish citizens 
 in places where civil courts arc 
 open. 65 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 MASONIC HAIili. 
 
 Assessment for local improvement. 35 
 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 MASSAGE. 
 
 Application of statute regulating practice 
 of medicine to persons giving special 
 kinds of treatment. 3 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 762; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1297. 
 
 MASSES. 
 
 Validity of bequests for; secret trusts to 
 use for masses. 25 L.R.A. 360; 40 
 L.R.A. 717; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1005. 
 
 Enforcement of general bequests for. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 
 MASTER. 
 
 § 1. Of vessel. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of contracts of. 66 
 L.R.A. 228. 
 
 Maritime lien of. 70 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 Authority to give maritime lien for sup- 
 plies and repairs. 70 L.R.A. 391. 
 
 § 2. In chancery. 
 
 Right of woman to be. 38 L.R.A. 213. 
 Waiver by cross-examination of objection 
 
 to testimony taken before. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 108. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Rights and relation generally, 
 §§ 2-4:7. 
 
 a, In general, §§ 3-9. 
 
 b. Statutes affecting relations, 
 
 §§ 10-13. 
 o. Products of servant's labor 
 or inventions, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 d. Validity of contract, §§ 15, 
 
 16. 
 
 e. Authority of employee, §§ 
 
 n-lSa. 
 
 f. When relation exists, §§ 19- 
 
 23. 
 
 g. Wages; compensation, §§ 
 
 34-31. 
 h. Hours of labor, §§ 32, 33. 
 
894 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SJiKVANT, II.— uoiit'd 
 
 i. TeitiiiiKition of relation; 
 discltavfje ; enticing, §§ 
 34-47. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 3i-39. 
 
 2. Discharge, §§ 4=0-4:6. 
 
 8. Enticing ; procuring dis- 
 charge, § 47. 
 Ill, Duty and UahiUty of master to 
 servant, §§ 4S-109a. 
 a. Nature and extent of mas- 
 ter's duty, §§ 48-108. 
 1. In general, §§ 48-64. 
 
 5. Knowledge as element 
 
 of employer's liahility, 
 §§ 65-68. 
 
 3. Scope of employment ; 
 
 direct cotmnand, §§ 
 69, 70. 
 4:. As to rules and regula- 
 tions for conduct of 
 business, § 71. 
 
 6. Duty to tvarn or instruct 
 
 servant, §§ 72- 
 
 78. 
 (a) In general, §§ 
 
 72-75. 
 (h) Children, §§ 76- 
 
 78. 
 
 6. Safety as to place, ap- 
 
 pliances, and 
 
 tools, §§ 79-103. 
 (a) In general, §g 
 
 79-87. 
 (i) Machinery, §§ 88- 
 
 90. 
 
 (c) In mines, §§ 91, 
 
 91a. 
 
 (d) Railroad and 
 
 .street raihvay 
 cases, §§ 92-97. 
 
 (e) Inspection, gg 98- 
 
 102. 
 
 (f) Superintendence 
 
 and ' supervision, 
 g 103. 
 
 7. Selection, employment, 
 
 and retention of fellotv 
 servants, gg 104-106. 
 
 S. Liability to volunteer, 
 gg 107-108. 
 6. Assumption of risU, gg 109- 
 
 122. 
 
 c. Contributory negligence, gg 
 
 123-131. 
 
 d. Fellow .servants. g§ 132- 
 
 169a. 
 1. In general, g§ 132-138. 
 
 (a) Generally, g 132. 
 
 (b) Concurrent negli- 
 
 gence of master 
 and fellow serv- 
 ant, gg 133, 134. 
 
 (c) Fellow servant 
 
 rule as affected 
 by statute, g 135. 
 
 (d) Who are fellow 
 
 servants general- 
 if, gg 136, 137 
 
 'Begin with this booh- un every law question 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d. 1 — 
 cont'd 
 
 (e) For what acts of 
 fellow servant 
 master is liable, 
 § 138. 
 S. Common employment, 
 apart fi-om statute, 
 where no question as 
 to vice principalship, 
 gg 139-143. 
 8. Vice principal; superior 
 servant, gg 144- 
 169a. 
 
 (a) In general, g 144. 
 
 (b) Considered with 
 
 reference to ranlc 
 of superior serv- 
 ant, gg 145- 
 152. 
 
 (c) Vice principal- 
 
 ship as de- 
 t e r mirie d 
 with refer- 
 ence to char- 
 acter of act 
 causing in- 
 jury ; delega- 
 tion of duty, 
 gg 153-169a. 
 
 (1) In general, 
 
 g§ 153, 154. 
 
 (2) Liability of 
 
 master for 
 negligence of 
 coservant, gg 
 155- 162a. 
 
 (3) Delegation of 
 
 master's duty, 
 gg 163-169a. 
 IV. Liability of master to third per- 
 son, gg 170-193. 
 
 a. For acts of servants or 
 
 agents, gg 170-184. 
 
 1. In general, gg 170-180. 
 
 2. Scope of employment; 
 
 disobedience of ordn'S, 
 gg 181-184. 
 
 b. For acts of independent 
 
 contractors, gg 185- 
 195. 
 
 1. In general, gg 185-188. 
 
 2. For what acts of con- 
 
 tractor employer is 
 liable, gg 189-194. 
 8. Who are independent 
 contractors, g 195. 
 V. Liability of servant or contractor, 
 gg 196-198. 
 VI. Joint liability of master and serv- 
 ant, g 199. 
 yil. lAability of third person to serv- 
 ant or master, gg 200-202. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to apprentices, see Apprentices. 
 Servant's fraud in examining vouchers, see 
 
 Banks, § 29. 
 Bond insuring fidelity of employee, see 
 
 Bonds, § 11. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 895 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, I.— cont'd 
 
 Employees of carrier as passengers, see 
 Carriers, § 6. 
 
 Character of employee, see Character, § 2. 
 
 Relation between carriers and employees in 
 matters affecting interstate commerce, 
 see CoMMBascE, § 19. 
 
 Custom of, see Custom and Usage, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Servant's choice of remedy, see Election 
 OF Remedies, § 7. 
 
 Employers' indemnity insurance, see In- 
 surance, §§ 212-217. 
 
 Employees in mine, see Mines, §§ 39-42. 
 
 Ratification by employer, see Ratification, 
 § 4. ■ 
 
 Action hy father for seduction of child, 
 see Seduction, § 4. 
 
 Sickness of employee, see Sickness, § 9. 
 
 Service on employee, see Writ and Pro- 
 cess, § 23. 
 
 Lien of innkeeper on goods of master of 
 guest. 21 L.R.A. 230. 
 
 Robbery by taking property from servant. 
 67 L.R.A. 346. 
 
 Effect of servant's consent to taking of 
 property on crime of larceny. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1149. 
 
 Competency as juror of employee or rela- 
 tive of employee of party or person 
 interested in action. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 982. 
 
 Right of employer who has been held liable 
 for tort of or upon servant or contract- 
 or to recover from the actual wrong- 
 doer. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1153. 
 
 Admissibility of reports by employee to em- 
 plover to prove fact in issue. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 930. 
 
 Communication to stenographer or clerk as 
 publication of libel. 1 B. R. C. 455. 
 
 //. Rights and relation, generally. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to con- 
 tract of employment, see Evidence, § 
 92. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence of contract of em- 
 ployment, see Evidence, § 310. 
 
 Injunction against disclosure of trade 
 secrets by employee, see Injunction, § 
 72. 
 
 Liability growing out of the giving or re- 
 fusing of information affecting the 
 character or reputation of servant, see 
 Libel and Slander, §§ 20, 27. 
 
 Servant and agent distinguished. 2 L.R.A. 
 192.* 
 
 Distinction between office and employment. 
 17 L.R.A. 244. 
 
 Railroad employee as passenger. 31 L.R.A. 
 321. 
 
 Police power to license employment agen- 
 cies. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 859; 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 263. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession made to mas- 
 ter. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 8.54. 
 Consult also L.ll.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Contract of service. 5 L.R.A. 759.* 
 
 Assignability of contracts for personal serv- 
 ices. 12 L.R.A. 496.* 
 
 Reduction of rank or changing duties of 
 employee as violation of contract of 
 employment. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1011. 
 
 Servant's right as to tips received by him. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1217. 
 
 Effect of contemporaneous agreement to 
 give debtor employment or retain him 
 in a position to render attempted pref- 
 erence invalid as to other creditors. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 310. 
 
 Right of servant to common-law possessory 
 lien or its statutory substitute for serv- 
 ices in connection with property. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 731. 
 
 § 3. Occupation of master's premises. 
 
 Occupation of premises as a servant and as 
 a tenant. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698. 
 
 Service or tenancy. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 699. 
 
 Character of occupation, whether as 
 servant or tenant. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 70.3. 
 
 Character of occupation tested with 
 reference to its being ancillary or 
 not to the services performed. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 707. 
 
 Cases illustrating the application of 
 this test. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 709. 
 
 Character of occupation tested with 
 reference to its beneficial or non- 
 beneficial quality. 4 L.R.A. (-N.S.) 
 718. 
 
 Character of occupation to the effect of 
 the arrangement as giving or not 
 giving the servant an estate in the 
 land. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 720. 
 
 Character of occupation to the effect 
 that the privilege of occupation 
 represents a certain amount of 
 pecuniary compensation. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 722. 
 
 Change in the character of the occupa- 
 tion, when inferred. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 724. 
 
 Occupancy of a dwelling "by virtue of 
 an office, service, or employment." 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725. 
 
 Character of occupation viewed as an 
 element determining the correct- 
 ness of the wording of indictments 
 for burglary. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 727. 
 Right to remove servant from premises 
 
 after termination of service. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 761. 
 
 § 4. Duty of servant to obey his mas- 
 ter's orders. 
 
 Master's liability for injuries received in 
 
 obeying direct command, see infra, § 
 
 70. 
 Assumption of risk by servant obeying 
 
 orders, see infra, § 117. 
 Contributory negligence of servant obeying 
 
 command, see infra, §§ 126, 127. 
 
 Generally. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 
fi96 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. a— cont'd 
 Duty considered as one arising from an 
 implied agreement. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 814. 
 Duty as based upon an express stipu- 
 lation in the contract. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 819. 
 Duty in tlie case of seamen. 24 L.R.A. 
 '(N.S.) 820. 
 Ximits of the duty of obedience. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 821. 
 Duties in respect of the character, time, 
 and place of the work. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 825. 
 What kind of services a servant is 
 bound to perform. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 825. 
 At what places the servant is bound to 
 
 work. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 830. 
 At what times the servant is bound to 
 work. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 831. 
 Hours of work. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 831. 
 Days of work. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 832. 
 Obligatory periods of work, when 
 the services are not to be ren- 
 dered continuously. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 834. 
 Absence from work in violation of 
 express orders ad hoc. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 835. 
 
 § 5. Duration of employment. 
 
 Time for which contracts of employment 
 
 may be made on behalf of corporation 
 
 by its officers, directors, and agents. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 471; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177. 
 
 Contracts for permanent employment, and 
 
 similar agreements. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 512. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. 512. 
 Indefiniteness and uncertainty. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 513. 
 Illegality ; public policy ; restraint i of 
 
 trade. 35 L.R.A. 513. 
 Statute of frauds as to contracts not to 
 
 be performed within a year. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 514. 
 Consideration. 35 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 Generally. 35 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 Mutuality. 35 L.R.A. 515. 
 Substantial performance by employer; 
 
 duty of servant to accept work of- 
 fered. 35 L.R.A. 516. 
 Damages for breach by employer. 35 
 
 L.E.A. 516. 
 Practice and pleading. 35 L.R.A. 517. 
 Duration of contract of hiring which speci- 
 fies no term, but fixes compensation at 
 a certain amount per day, week, month, 
 or year. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 529. 
 
 g 6. Ill treatment of servant. 
 
 Homicide by excessive chastisement of serv- 
 ant. 60 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 Criminal liability of master for ill-treat- 
 ment of, or neglect of, servant, causing 
 death. 61 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. a— cont'd 
 § 7. Blacklisting. 
 
 Blacklisting emplovees. 63 L.R.A. 289; 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1118. 
 Right of employers to combine for 
 blacklisting purposes. 63 L.R.A. 
 290. 
 Right of corporation to circulate a 
 blacklist among its own agents or 
 employees. 63 L.R.A. 292. 
 Effect of malice. 63 L.R.A. 293. 
 Legislation. 63 L.R.A. 294; 
 Injunction against blacklisting. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 342; 4. L.R.A. (N.S.) 1121. 
 Action on the case for. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1120. 
 
 § 8. Agreement not to engage in rival 
 business. 
 
 Validity of, see infra, § 16. 
 
 Injunction against employee engaging in 
 
 competitive business, see Injunction, 
 
 § 14. 
 
 Entering another's employment as breach of 
 covenant not to engage in rival busi- 
 ness. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 769. 
 
 Is servant bound by restrictive provision 
 against conducting rival business where 
 he is wrongfully discharged. 1 B. E. 
 C. 502. 
 
 § 9. Enforcement of contract of em- 
 ployment. 
 
 Injunction against breach of contract, see 
 Injunction, § 7a. 
 
 Enforcement of contract of service by courts 
 of equity. 6 L.R,A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 
 Right to enforcement of specific perform- 
 ance of contract for personal services. 
 6 L.R.A. 653.* 
 
 Enforcement in equity of stipulations by 
 employees not to perform services for 
 any other persons than their' employ- 
 ers. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1130. 
 
 Right to mandatory injunction to compel 
 specific performance of contract for 
 services. 20 L.R.A. 167. 
 
 b. Statutes affecting relations. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Statutory regulation of wages, see infra, 
 
 §§ 30, 31. 
 Statutory regulation of hours of labor, see 
 
 infra, § 33. 
 Constitutionality of statutes, see Constitu- 
 
 TiONAi- Law, §§ 62, 66. 
 
 Begin ivith this booTe on every law question. 
 
 Constitutionality of 
 relations of em 
 21 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Statutes respecting 
 L.R.A. 759, 848; 
 
 State regulation of 
 road companies 
 commerce and 
 L.R.A.(N.S.), 1 
 240. 
 
 Power of legislature 
 pay ■ employee's 
 (N.S.) 306. 
 
 various laws affecting 
 ployers and employed. 
 
 health of place. 25 
 32 L.R.A. 853. 
 relations between rail- 
 engaged in interstate 
 their employees. 15 
 34; 29 L,R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 to compel employer to 
 poll tax. 9 L.R.A. 
 
I^DEX TO L.R.A. NOTE!>. 
 
 897 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, I J. b— cont'd 
 § 11. Affecting right to contract. 
 
 Statutory restrictions on contracts between. 
 14 L.R.A. 325; 17 L.R.A. 853: 21 
 L.E.A. 798. 
 
 Statutes forbidding or regulating contracts 
 for labor of children or women. 21 
 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Constltutionalitj' of statutes forbidding em- 
 ployer to exact agreement from em- 
 ployee not to join labor union. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 
 Constitutionalitj' of statute forbidding 
 avoidance of liability to employee or re- 
 duction of his damages by relief or in- 
 demnity contract. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 706; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute providing for 
 imprisonment for breach of contract of 
 labor or rental. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 
 § 12. As to employment of women and 
 children. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes forbidding or 
 regulating contracts for labor of chil- 
 dren or women. 21 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Constitutionality of child labor laws. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.') 602; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1123. 
 
 Constitutionality of legislation limiting 
 hours of labor by women. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 628. 
 
 Private action for violation of child labor 
 laws. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 381. 
 
 Employment of child in violation of stat- 
 ute as negligence which will sustain an 
 action bv the child for personal in- 
 juries. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 335; 1 B. E. 
 C. 629. 
 
 c. Products of servant's labor or in- 
 vention. 
 
 § 13. Generally; patented inventions. 
 
 Rights of employer and employee with re- 
 spect to things produced by the 
 labor of the employee. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1154. 
 Earnings of employee. 5 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1154. 
 Generally. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1154. 
 Proprietary interest of a master 
 in the earnings of his ap- 
 prentice. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1156. 
 Wages. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1]56. 
 Extraordinary gains. .5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1159. 
 Waiver of tort in actions for 
 enticing or harboring ap- 
 prentice, 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1161. 
 Proprietary interest of a master in 
 the earnings of his hired 
 servant. •"> L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1162. 
 Where the servant undertakes 
 extraneous work without 
 his master's consent. 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1162. 
 Statutory provisions. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1168. 
 CotisuU also L.Ji.A. JH<j(sts to date. 57 
 
 MASTER AND SER\^\NT, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Master's right to wages earned 
 by servant whose services 
 have been transferred with 
 the master's consent. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1169. 
 
 Master's rights; when forfeit- 
 ed by failure to assert 
 them. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1169. 
 
 Rights of master where the 
 servant enlists in the Ar- 
 mv or Navy. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1169. 
 Working for another person; when 
 regarded as a breach of 
 duty on the servant's 
 part. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1170. 
 
 Duty of servant considered 
 with reference to the ques- 
 tion whether the master 
 was or was not prejudiced 
 by the extraneous work. 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1170. 
 
 Specific agreements defining 
 extent of servant's obliga- 
 tions; effect of. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1171. 
 Eights of parties determined with 
 reference to the position 
 of servants as fiduciary 
 agents. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1172. 
 
 General rule stated. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1172. 
 
 Remedies of the master against 
 the servant in equity. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1172. 
 
 Remedies of the master against 
 the servant at law. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1174. 
 
 Liability of the third person 
 who participated in the 
 wrongful transaction. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1175. 
 
 Breach of duty good cause for 
 discharging the servant. 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1176. 
 
 Inventions ojf employees. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173; 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1177. 
 Eights of employers and employees 
 
 considered without reference 
 
 to the patent laws. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1177. 
 Eights pf employers and employees 
 considered with reference 
 to the patent laws; gen- 
 erally. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1178. 
 
 Employee entitled to inven- 
 tions independently made 
 by him. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1178. 
 
 Employee subjected to duress. 
 .5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1179. 
 
 Patent taken out by employee 
 in violation of his fiduci- 
 ary obligations. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1179. 
 
898 
 
 INDJiX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Acquiescence by employee in 
 the taking out of a patent 
 by his employer. 5 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1179. 
 Assignment of {latent rights 
 bv employee. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1180. 
 Employer licensed by employee 
 to use his inventions. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) IISI. 
 Engagement of employee for the 
 purpose of making improve- 
 ments in specific articles. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) liSl. 
 Engagement of employee for the 
 purpose of perfecting an origi- 
 nal conception of the em- 
 ployer. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1184. 
 Employment of workman for the 
 express purpose of making in- 
 ventions for the employer's 
 benefit. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1186. 
 Refusal of employee to disclose the 
 results of discoveries made 
 by him; when deemed to be 
 a breach of duty. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1187. 
 Right of master to inventions of servant. 
 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 Title to letters patent.' 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1173. 
 Shopright, or license to use thing pat- 
 ented. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1176. 
 
 § 14. Literary work. 
 
 Respective rights of master and servant in 
 
 intellectual work. .51 L.R.A. 3-59. 
 Rights of employer and employee with re- 
 spect to literary or pictorial work 
 of employee. 1 B. R. C. 32i. 
 
 Employer as "author" within copy- 
 right acts. 1 B. R. C. 324. 
 
 Eight of employer to copyright. 1 B. 
 R. C. 325. 
 
 Eiglit to copyright in work done in con- 
 nection with ofiicial duties. 1 B. 
 R. C. 329. 
 
 Rights in work for encyclopedias, 
 periodicals, etc. 1 B. R. C. 330. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 1 B. R. C. 332. 
 Literary work of employees. * 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1187. 
 
 Eiglita of an employer in respect to the 
 results of literary or artistic work 
 performed by the' employee; gener- 
 ally. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) li'87. 
 
 Rights of parties in regard to books. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1188. 
 
 Dramatic pieces. 5, L.R.A. (N.S.) 1189. 
 
 Musical compositions. 5 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1189. 
 
 Abstracts from official records. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1190. 
 
 Encyclopedias and- periodicals. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1190. 
 
 Notes to new editions of books pre- 
 viously copyrighted by the em- 
 ployer. 5 L.R.A,(N.S.) 1192. 
 Begin with this book on every Inir q\ 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. c— cont'd 
 Literary work done in connection with 
 official duties. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1193. 
 Eights of parties as affected by the 
 fiduciary obligations of the em- 
 ployee. 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1193. 
 
 d. Validity of contract. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 As to length of employment, see supra, 
 
 § 5. 
 Under provisions of statute, see supra, 
 
 § ]]. 
 Master's liability for injury to sfervant as 
 
 affected by contract, see infra, §§ 52, 
 
 53. 
 Measure of damages for employee's breach 
 
 of contract by employee, see Damages, 
 
 § 24. 
 Measure of damages for m.aster's breach of 
 
 contract of employment, see Damages, 
 
 §§ 25, 25a. 
 
 Mutuality of contract of employment which, 
 by its terms, is binding upon only one 
 of the parties for the time designated. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 
 Validity of agreement at common law by 
 wliieli employer seeks to direct trade 
 of his employees to other parties. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 649. 
 
 Effect of statute of frauds on parol con- 
 tracts of employment wliieh may but 
 are not intended to be performed with- 
 in -a year. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 321. 
 
 §16. Not to engage In competitive 
 
 business. 
 
 See CoiNTEAcrs, §§ 109, 118. 
 
 e. Autliority of employee. 
 
 §17. Generally. 
 
 Authority of agent generally, see Princi- 
 pal AND Agent, IV. 
 
 Implied or presumed authority of superin- 
 tendent of department to contract as 
 to matters relating to his departnieut. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1135. 
 
 Inference of employee's authority to expel 
 trespassers from practice of doing so. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 693. 
 
 Authority of child to bind parent by con- 
 tracts other than those for necesisaries 
 as implied from child's employment by 
 father. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 882.' 
 
 Right of conductor to waive conditions in 
 stock drover's pass. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 646. 
 
 Authority of superintendent to contract for 
 payment of employees while laid off. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1141. 
 
 § 18. To employ physician. 
 
 Power of conductor to hire physician to 
 
 treat person injured by train. 16 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1081. 
 leation. 
 
IKDKX TO L.K.A. NOTKS. 
 
 899 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Authority of agent or other represejitative 
 of railroad company to employ medical 
 services for injured person. 20 L.Ii.A. 
 695. 
 
 § 18a. — for injured employee. 
 
 Authority of agent or repi-esentative to em- 
 ploy medical services for employee. 2U 
 L.R.A. 695. 
 Implied power of employee to employ physi- 
 cian to attend injured employee. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 351. 
 Railroad corporations. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 352. 
 In cases of emergency. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 353. 
 Other corporations. 34 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 353. 
 In cases of emergency. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 355. 
 Where servant injured vfhile not 
 in service of master. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 355. 
 Implied authority of servant of in- 
 dividual. 34' L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 Povcer of officer of ship to bind ship- 
 owner. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 Liability of master for medical attendance 
 engaged by employee who, by the con- 
 tract of employment, was entitled to 
 such attendance. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 
 f. When relation exists, 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Liability for injury to servant while not at 
 work, see infra, § 61. 
 
 Payment of wages as test of existence of 
 relation. 37 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 Servant sharing in profits as a partner. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 Firemen as servants or agents of owner of 
 burning property. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 237. 
 
 May one in charge of a vehicle under a 
 contract purporting to he a bailment 
 or a lease be regarded as a, servant of 
 the owner as to a third person injured 
 by the vehicle. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 544. 
 
 § 2 0. AVliich of two or more persons Is 
 
 master of third. 
 Generally. 37 L.R.A. 33. 
 Tests of the existence of the relation of 
 master and servant. 37 L.R.A. 38. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. 38. 
 Value of tests other than the power 
 of control. 37 L.R.A. 39. 
 Payment of wages. 37 L.R.A. 39. 
 Power of hiring and discharging. 
 
 37 L.R.A. 40. 
 For whom the act complained of, 
 was done. 37 L.R.A. 42. 
 Ownership oi instrumentalities man- 
 aged by 'servant; inference from. 
 37 L.R.A. 44. 
 How far general principles hold in the 
 case of servants in the employ of' 
 the ;^overnment. 37 L.R.A. 45. 
 Consult also I^.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. f— cont'd 
 Effect of plaintiff's ignorance of actual con- 
 ditions. 37 L.R.A. 45. 
 In the case of strangers. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 V). 
 In the case of servants. 37 L.R.A. 46. 
 Liability for acts of servants regularly act- 
 ing for dissociated employers in differ- 
 ent capacities. 37 L.R.A. 47. 
 Relationship where servanl^f are hired by 
 one in the employment of anotliei . 
 37 L.R.A. IS. 
 Position of servants hired by an agent. 
 37 L.R.A. 48. 
 Actions by third persons for in- 
 juries. 37 L.R.A. 48. 
 Actions by servants for per.sontil 
 
 injuries. 37 L.R:A. 49. 
 Criminal proceedings. 37 L.R.A. 
 50. 
 Position of servants hired by independ- 
 ent contractors. 37 L.R.A. 50. 
 Actions by third persons for in- 
 juries. 37 L.R.A. 50. 
 Actions by servants for personal 
 
 injuries. 37 L.R.A. 52. 
 Exercise of control by principal 
 employer; effect of. 37 L.R.A. 
 53. 
 Whose servants are the crew of a chartered 
 vessel. 37 L.R.A. 54. 
 General principles. 37 L.R.A. 55. 
 What kind of contract will operate to 
 transfer the control from the own- 
 er. 37 L.R.A. 55. 
 Effect of contract tested by considering 
 who has the power of controlling 
 the crew. 37 L.R.A. 50. , , 
 Power to control in the case of vessels 
 chartered by the state. 37 L.R.A. 
 58. 
 Rule where the charterer is the captain 
 of the ship. 37 L.R.A. 58. 
 Position of servants of railroad companies 
 wliieh are using the same premises. 
 37 L.R.A. 59. 
 Rights of third persons. 37 L.R.A. 59. 
 Rights of servants. 37 L.R.A. 60. 
 Generally. 37 L.R.A. 60. 
 Defense of common employment. 
 37 L.R.A. 61. 
 Position of servants working for connecting 
 
 carriers. 37 L.R.A. 64. 
 Relation between a lessor or licensor and 
 the servants of the lessee or licensee. 
 37 L.R.A. 65. 
 Position of servants delivering or receiving 
 goods elsewhere than at the em- 
 ployer's place of business. 37 
 L.R.A. 66. 
 ■ Generally. 37 L.R.A. 66. , 
 
 Common-law rules changed by legisla-' 
 ' tion in Pennsylvania. 37 L.R.A: 
 67. 
 I'osition of servants working on the same 
 
 trains. 37 L.R.A. 68. 
 Position of servants delegated to perform 
 work contracted for by their mas- 
 ter. 37 L.R.A. 69. 
 Generally. 37 L.R.A. 69. 
 
900 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. f— cont'd 
 Position of servants sent to work in 
 charge of plant. 37 L.R.A. 70^. 
 General summary of principles. 37 
 
 , L.R.A. 70. 
 Bearing of these principles on the 
 doctrine of imputed negli- 
 gence. 37 L.R.A. 74. 
 Apparent inconsistencies in the de- 
 cisions, discussion of. 37 
 L.R.A. 74. 
 Illustrative cases. 37 L.R.A. 75. 
 Special circumstances tending to show 
 which employer had control of 
 a servant in charge of plant. 
 37 L.R.A. 76. 
 Selection of a particular servant. 
 
 37 L.R.A. 76. 
 Length of period of hiring. 37 
 
 ■^L.R.A. 77. 
 Personal interference on the part 
 
 of the hirer. 37 L.R.A. 77. 
 Exercise of a limited measure of 
 control by the hirer under 
 the terms of the contract. 37 
 L.R.A. 78. 
 Hirer responsible for acts of per- 
 son appointed by himself 
 to perform work with respect 
 to the chattel hired. 37 
 L.R.A. 79. 
 Position of servants sent to work with- 
 out plant; illustrative cases. 
 37 L.R.A. 79. 
 General erajiloyer remains liable to 
 some extent as master. 37 L.R.A. 
 81. 
 Constructive service as predicated from the 
 necessity of discharging special ob- 
 ligations to the public. 37 L.R.A. 
 8}. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. 81. 
 Responsibility for injuries resulting 
 from works of construction. 37 
 L.R.A. 81. 
 Constructive service predicated from 
 the" duties of railroad companies 
 as carriers. 37 L.R.A. 81. 
 Responsibility of a grantee of public 
 franchises for the acts of the 
 servants of the lessee in pos- 
 session under an unauthorized 
 contract. 37 L.R.A. 83. 
 As regards third persons. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 83. 
 As regards servants. 37 L.R.A. 83. 
 Responsibility where the lessee is in 
 possession under an author- 
 ized contract. 37 L.R.A. 84. 
 As regards third persons. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 84. 
 In the case of servants. 37 L.R.A.. 
 85. 
 Position of servants operating railroads for 
 receivers and trustees for mortgage 
 bondholders. 37 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 § 21. For purpose o( holding master 
 liable for servant's act.s. 
 
 Actions by third persons for injuries due 
 to negligence of servants hired by in- 
 dependent contractor. 37 L.R.A. 50. 
 
 Begin tvith this book on every latv question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. f— cont'd 
 
 Liability for acts of servants regularly act- 
 ing for dissociated employers in differ- 
 ent capacities. 37 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 Liability of general employer for negligence 
 of employee while assisting a third per- 
 son without the former's knowledge or 
 consent. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 651. 
 
 Who is responsible for acts of driver fur- 
 nished with a hired vehicle. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1122; 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 973. 
 
 Liability of automobile owner for negligence 
 of chauffeur furnished by third person. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 933. 
 
 Who is responsible for negligence of chauf- 
 feur operating a leased or demon- 
 strating car. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 457. 
 Liability where car is leased. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 458. 
 Liability where care is being demon- 
 strated. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 459. 
 
 May one in charge of a vehicle under a 
 contract purporting to be a bailment or 
 lease be regarded as a servant of the 
 owner as to a third person injured by 
 the vehicle. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 544. 
 
 Liability of a railroad company for negli- 
 gence of one of its employees while run- 
 ning on the road of another company 
 subject to the orders of the latter's 
 train despatcher. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 323. 
 
 The liability of master for injury to proper- 
 ty or person of one to whom he owes 
 no contractual duty, by acts of volun- 
 teer whom servant permits to assist in 
 performance of master's service. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 572. 
 
 § 22. — servant employed as detective, 
 policeman, etc. 
 
 Liability of private person or corporation 
 for acts of special police officer ap- 
 pointed by public authority. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 289; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 481; 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 122. 
 
 Liability of master for arrest or false im- 
 prisonment by servant employed as de- 
 tective, policeman, or watchman. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 88 
 
 § 23. For purpose of fixing master's 
 liability to servant. 
 
 Who are volunteers, see infra, § 108. 
 
 Applicability of master and servant doc- 
 trines to case of injured actor. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 514. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to an 
 emergency assistant. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1180. 
 
 g. Wages; compensation. 
 
 g 24. Generally. 
 
 Right to recover wages for contract period 
 subsequent to discharge, see infra, 
 § 43a. 
 
 Garnishment of, see Garnishment, § 10a. 
 
 Lien of laborers for, see Mechanics' Liens. 
 
 Priority of claim for, see Pkiobitt, § 2. 
 
 Of seamen, see Seamen, § 2. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 901 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. g— cont'd 
 
 Action to recover reasonable valvxe of serv- 
 ices. 1 L.R.A. 827;* 5 L.R.A. 707.* 
 
 Payment of wages as test of existence of re- 
 lation of master and servant. 37 
 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 Dishonesty as affecting right to wages. 13 
 L.R.A. 72.* 
 
 Contract which fixes compensation at a cer- 
 tain amount per unit of worlc done as 
 entire or severable. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1069. 
 
 Effect of fact tliat servant is entitled to 
 commissions out of fund on his prose- 
 cution for embezzlement in case lie re- 
 tains the whole fund. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 511. 
 
 Rights of employer in earnings of employee. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 
 Effect of discharge in bankruptcy on claim 
 for services procured by bankrupt's 
 fraud. 34L.R.A.(N.S.) 894. 
 
 Damages from negligence and Avant of skill 
 as a set-off in action for services. 12 
 L.R.A. 321.* 
 
 Eft'ect of receipt of wages to mitigate dam- 
 ages for personal injury. 67 L.R.A. 
 89. 
 
 Right to recover for household services ren- 
 dered while parties were living in illicit 
 relations. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 work done by servant. 52 L.R.A. 701. 
 
 § 2 5. On part performance of con- 
 tract. . 
 
 Pleasure of damages for master's breach of 
 contract, see Damages, §§ 25, 25a. 
 
 Right to wages on part performance of con- 
 tract. 24 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 Recovery for services and expenses under a 
 running contract with a corporation 
 ended by its insolvency and dissolution. 
 69 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 § 26. —in event of disability. 
 
 Right to recover for services interrupted by 
 
 sickness or death. 16 L.R.A. 858. 
 Right of servant to compensation in case 
 of incomplete performance of his 
 contract caused by physical dis- 
 ability. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 Performance permanently interrupted 
 by reason of the physical dis- 
 ability of the servant. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 Abandonment by servant. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 315. 
 Dismissal by master. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 318. 
 Servant released from engage- 
 ment. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 318. 
 Doctrine of the maritime law. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) .318. 
 Performance temporarily interrupted 
 by reason of the physical dis- 
 ability of the servant. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 Doctrine of common-law courts. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, 11. g— cont'd 
 
 Servant's rights in respect of 
 work actually done. 2S 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 Servant's rights in respect of 
 the period during which 
 he was disabled. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 Servant not bound to make up 
 for lost time. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 322. 
 Servant's right as affected by 
 specific stipulations. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 322. 
 Effect of specific statutory 
 provisions. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 323. 
 Doctrine in civil-law jurisdictions. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 323. 
 Scotland. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 323. 
 Louisiana. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 324. 
 Quebec. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 324. 
 Effect of physical disability considered 
 with reference to circum- 
 stances importing fault on the 
 servant's part. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 325. 
 Disability anticipated when con- 
 tract was made. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 325. 
 IDisability caused by injury sus- 
 tained by reason of the serv- 
 ant's own negligence. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 325. 
 Duty of servant to resume work after 
 removal of his disability. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 325. 
 Master's right of recoupment for dam- 
 age caused by servant's death or 
 disability. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 326. 
 
 § 2 7. For extra worlt. 
 Right to extra compensation in excess of 
 time limited by statute. 65 L.R.A. 46. 
 Under what circumstances is a servant en- 
 titled to recover remuneration for 
 extra work. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 Recovery in the absence of an express 
 contract to pay remuneration. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 652. 
 Generally. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 Right of recovery considered with 
 reference to the character 
 of the extra work. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 653. 
 Recovery denied. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 6.53. 
 Recovery allowed. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N]s.) 656. 
 Eight of recovery considered with 
 reference to the time when 
 the services were rendered. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 658. 
 Work done on weeks days. Ef- 
 fect of decisions under the 
 common law. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 658. 
 Work done on Sundays. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 659. 
 
902 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. g— cont'd 
 
 Recovery for extra work performed 
 by governmental and munici- 
 pal employees. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 600'. 
 Recovery for extra work in civil- 
 law jurisdictions. 30 L.R.A. 
 [K.H'.) 661. 
 Express agreements to pay for extra 
 work. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 
 § 28. Assignment of. 
 
 Of future earniiif-s. 14 L.R.A. 126. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute restricting right 
 to assign salary or wages. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1108. 
 
 Validity of assignment of wages or salary 
 to be earned. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 565. 
 
 Effect of discharge in bankruptcy upon as- 
 signment of wages to be earned in the 
 future under contract terminable at 
 will. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1025; 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 375. 
 
 § 29. Liability of, for debts. 
 
 Equitable remedy to subject to judgment, 
 future salary. 63 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 Exemption of wages from levy after pay- 
 ment by employer. 18 L.R.A. .586. 
 
 Garnishment of unearned salary. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 912. 
 
 Law governing exemption of, from garnish- 
 ment. 67 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 Injunction against repeated garnishment of 
 exempt wages. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 983. 
 
 Right to enjoin garnishment of wages be- 
 cause of rule of employer for discharge 
 of employees whose wages are gar- 
 nished. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 491. 
 
 § 30. Statutory regulations. 
 
 Who are laborers within meaning of stat- 
 utes protecting wages. 18 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute regulating con- 
 tracts as to. 14 L.R.A. 325; 17 L.R.A. 
 853; 21 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 Legislative power to regulate rate of com- 
 pensation for personal services. 33 
 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to mode of 
 payment of wages. • 21 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Validity and effect of statutes requiring 
 wages to be paid in lawful money. 28 
 L.E.A. 273. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes against ''com- 
 pany stores"." 21 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes giving priority 
 to claims of certain laborers. 21 L.R.A. 
 797. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute restricting right 
 to assign salary or wages. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1108. 
 
 Power of legislature to require municipality 
 to pension employees. 34 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 608. 
 
 Power of legislature to compel employer to 
 pay employee's poll tax. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 306. 
 
 Rig-ht to extra compensation in excess of 
 time limited by statute. 65 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 Begin 'irith this hook on every lair question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. g— cont'd 
 § 31 as to time of payment. 
 
 Validity and effect of statutes regulating 
 time of payment of wages. 21 L.R.A. 
 797; 28 L.R.A. 344; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 350; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 255; 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 549. 
 
 State statutes relating to time of payment 
 of wages as interference with inter- 
 state commerce. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 240. 
 
 h. Hours of labor. 
 
 § 32. Generally. 
 
 Servant's duty to obey master's orders as 
 to hours of labor. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 831. 
 
 What employers are within statute limiting 
 hours of labor. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1031. 
 
 § 33. lilmitatlon of, by statute or ordi- 
 nance. 
 
 General construction and application of 
 
 statute. 65 L.R.A. 33. 
 Constitutionality of statute. 19 L.R.A. 141 ; 
 21 L.R.A. 796; 65 L.R.A. 38; 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130; 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 242; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 628; 
 40 L.R.A. 893. 
 Under Federal Constitution. 65 L.R.A. 
 38. 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 38. 
 Due process of law. 65 L.R.A. 40. 
 Equal protection of the laws. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 42. 
 Impairing obligation of contract. 
 65 L.R.A. 42. 
 Under state Constitution. 65 L.R.A. 
 42. 
 Police power of state. 65 L.R.A. 44. 
 Right to extra compensation for labor in 
 
 excess of limited time. 65 L.R.A. 4(i. 
 Criminal liability for violation of statute. 
 
 65 L.R.A. 50. 
 Laws concerning hours of labor. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 796. 
 Validity of limitation of hours of labor on 
 public work. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 131; 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 201; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 767. 
 Constitutionality of statutory restrictions 
 on hours of labor of children. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 602; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 112L 
 State statute limiting hours of labor by 
 railroad employees as interference with 
 interstate commerce. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 240. 
 Validity of limitation of hours of labor on 
 public work. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 767. 
 
 i. Termination of relation; discharge; 
 enticing, 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 % 34. Generally. 
 
 Compensation on termination of contract 
 before limit fixed thereby, see supra, 
 §§ 25, 26. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 903 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. i, 1— cont'd 
 Constitutionality of statute providing for 
 imprisonment for breach of contract of 
 labor. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 
 g 33. Duty to continue business. 
 
 Cessation of master's business. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) SOS. 
 Sale of master's land or other property. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) SIO. 
 Rule in the case of agency contrasted. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 810. 
 Effect of specific stipulations in regard to 
 
 discontinuance of the master's busi- 
 ness. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) Sll. 
 Duty to see that the conditions of the serv- 
 ice undergo no material changes. 
 6 L.R.A. (X.S.) S12. 
 
 Generally. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 812. 
 
 Changes in personnel of a partnership. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 815. 
 
 § 36. Employer's duty to provide em- 
 ployee with work. 
 
 Duty of employer to provide employee with 
 work during the stipulated term. 
 2 B. R. C. 758. 
 
 Effect of contracts to "retain and em- 
 plov'' at wages computed by time. 
 2 B. R. C. 764. 
 
 Effect of other contracts of employment 
 for a specified period at wages com- 
 puted by time. 2 B. R. C. 768. 
 
 Where compensation depends upon 
 quantity of work performed. 2 
 B. R. C. 774. 
 
 Effect of contracts by which an employ- 
 er expressly agrees to provide a 
 certain amount or kind of work. 
 2 B. R. C. 777. 
 
 § 3 7. Death of party. 
 
 Termination of contract of employment by 
 
 the death of one of the parties. 
 
 23 L.R.A. 712; 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1002; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 914; 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1187. 
 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 915. 
 
 Death of individual master. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1002; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 916. 
 
 Death of member of employing firm. 
 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 919. 
 Death of servant. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 921. 
 Death of master during the stipulated 
 
 term. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 923. 
 Death of servant during stipulated 
 term. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 925. 
 Doctrine of common-law courts. 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 925. 
 Contracts entire as regards re- 
 muneration. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 925. 
 Contracts providing for pay- 
 ment of remuneration in 
 instalments. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 929. 
 Liability of estate of deceased 
 servant for unearned por- 
 tion of prepaid remuner- 
 ation. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 929. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. i, 1— cont'd 
 Doctrine of the maritime law. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 929. 
 Doctrine of civil-law jurisdictions. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 930. 
 Death of master. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 930. 
 Death of servant. 21 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 930. 
 Right to recover for services interrupted 
 by death. 16 L.R.A. 858. 
 
 § 38. Rescission; dissatisfaction. 
 
 Termination of contracts of employment 
 which contain stipulations per- 
 mitting rescission by the employer 
 if the work is not satisfactorily 
 performed. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 403; 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1003. 
 
 Generally. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 
 Under what circumstances the employ- 
 er's judgment as to the quality of 
 the work is conclusive. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 405. 
 
 How far the actual existence of dissat- 
 isfaction on the employer's part 
 may be inquired into. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 411. 
 
 Necessity of showing that the dissatis- 
 faction alleged was covered by the 
 contract. 12 L.R.A. (N.S'.) 415. 
 
 § 39. Condonation. 
 
 Condonation of servant's breach of duty. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1004. 
 
 Generally. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1004. 
 
 Doctrine that condonation is presumed 
 from mere retention. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1005. 
 
 Doctrine that condonation is a ques- 
 tion for the jury, except in clear 
 cases. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1007. 
 
 Qualifications of the rule as to waiver. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1009. 
 Of breach of contract of employment. 6 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 77. 
 
 2. Discharge. 
 
 § 40. Generally. 
 
 Liability for inducing, see Case, § 4. 
 Measure of damages for wrongful discharge, 
 see Damages, § 25a. 
 
 Right to discharge attorney employed for 
 contingent fee. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 389. 
 
 Is servant bound by restrictive provision 
 against conducting rival business, 
 where he is wrongfully discharged. 
 1 B. R. C. 502. 
 
 Servant's right to compensation in case of 
 incomplete performance of his contract 
 or dismissal by master because of 
 physical disability. 28 L.RA..(N.S.) 
 318. 
 
 .Jurisdiction and powers of consul with re- 
 spect to discharge of seamen abroad. 
 45 L.R.A. 493. 
 
 § 41. Grounds for discharge. 
 
 Rights and remedies of servant discharged 
 for good cause, see infra, § 45. 
 
904 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SER'^'ANT, II. i, 2— cont'd 
 
 Justification for discharge of servant. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 
 Breach of duty hj- servant as good cause 
 for his discharge. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 3176. 
 
 Interest in or connection with other busi- 
 ness as. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1217. 
 
 Disobedience of regulations as. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 950. 
 
 Intoxication as justification for discharge. 
 38 L.R.A.(]Sr.S.) 339. 
 
 Justification for discharge as aft'ecting serv- 
 ant's right to recover wages for subse- 
 quent period. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 
 § 42. Remedy for wrongful discharge. 
 
 Remedy for wrongful discharge. 5 L.R.A. 
 j 760;* 24 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 § 43. — action lor damages. 
 
 Remedy of wrongfully discharged servant 
 by action for damages for breach 
 of contract. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 50. 
 General rules as to right to maintain. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 51. 
 Exclusiveness of the remedy. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 53. 
 Nature and scope. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 Who entitled to remedy, and against 
 
 whom. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 57. 
 When right of action accrues. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 58. 
 Readiness to perform as a condition. 
 
 . 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 59. 
 Employment and discharge as a condi- 
 tion. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 60. 
 The contract of employment gen- 
 erally. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 60. 
 The discharge generally. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 61. 
 Change of plans or circumstances 
 as a discharge. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 63. 
 Pleading. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 64. 
 
 The contract. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 64. 
 The breach. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 65. 
 Performance, or readiness to 
 perform. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 67. 
 Damages. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67. 
 Evidence. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 68. 
 
 Burden and measure of proof. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68. 
 Admissibility. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 69. 
 Sufijciency. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) TO. 
 Determination of the issue. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 Defenses. 6 L.R:A.(N.S.) 73. 
 
 Invalidity of contract. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 73. 
 Abandonment of employment. 6 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 Waiver of discharge. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 74. 
 Change of plans or circumstances. 
 
 G L.R.A.(N.S,1 75. 
 Justification of discharge. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 76. 
 Begin rvith this !>oo7c on every law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. 1, 2— cont'd 
 Generally. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 76. 
 What justifies discharge. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 Waiver or condonation of 
 breach by servant. 6 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 Subsequent competition with em- 
 ployer. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 How pleaded. 6 Li.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 Burden and measure of proof of 
 defensive matters. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 81. 
 Damages. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 
 Prima facie measure of. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 82. 
 Actual loss, or value of contract 
 as a measure. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 83. 
 Rule where compensation is based 
 on fruits or profits of the en- 
 terprise. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 Result of Avorlc as affecting. 6 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 Elements of. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 88. 
 General rules. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 88. 
 Expenses resulting from con- 
 tract or breach. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 89. 
 Expenses of the service. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 Interest. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 Necessity of establishing value. 6 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 Rules applicable to contracts for 
 legal services. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 92. 
 Other employment in mitigation or 
 reduction. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 94. 
 General rules. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 94. 
 Measure of damages in this 
 connection. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 95. 
 To what employment applica- 
 ble. 6 L.R.'A.(N.S.) 97. 
 What a subject of credit. 6 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 Mitigation not defense. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 99. 
 Duty to seek. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 100. , 
 What is reasonable diligence. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 101. 
 Kind of employment taken or 
 sought. 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 102. 
 Engaging in the prosecution 
 of one's own business. 6 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 104. 
 Recall by discharging employ- 
 er. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 105. 
 Pleading. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 107. 
 Proof. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 108. 
 Restrictions as to scope and 
 amount. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 111. 
 Limitation to time of suit 
 brought. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 111. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 905 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. i, 2— cont'd 
 Limitation to time of trial. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 111. 
 Allowance of damages to ac- 
 crue after trial. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N S.) 113. 
 Limitation of recovery to con- 
 tract price. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 116. 
 Limitation of recovery to no- 
 tice period. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 116. 
 Amount of damages, how deter- 
 mined. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 118. 
 Claim based on wrongful discharge as 
 
 a set-off. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 118. 
 Recovery as a bar or estoppel. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 119. 
 
 § -iSa. — future wage.s. 
 
 Right of wrongfully discharged servant tp 
 
 recover wages for contract period 
 
 subsequent to discharge. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 439; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 577. 
 
 Doctrine of constructive service. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 440. 
 Adoption and theory of. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 440. 
 To what servants applicable. 5 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 442. 
 When suit may be brought. 5 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.") 443. 
 Readiness to perform. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 444. 
 Recall and its effect. 5 L.R..4i. 
 
 (N.S.) 446. 
 Effect of obtaining other service. 
 
 .3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 447. 
 Effect of consent to termination of 
 
 the relation. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 448. 
 Recoverv as a bar or estoppel. 5 
 
 L.r'.A.(N.S.) 449. 
 Repudiation. .5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 450. 
 Special statutory provisions as to. 5 
 
 L.R.A.('N.S.) 453. 
 Substance and legality. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 453. 
 Effect. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 454. 
 Application. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 4.i.5. 
 Justification of discharge as affect- 
 ing. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 Rules applicable to contracts with sea- 
 men. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 456. 
 
 § 44. — with respect to services ac- 
 tually rendered. 
 Remedy of wrongfully discharged servant 
 with respect to services actual! v 
 rendered. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 579. 
 Effect of discharge on right of reoo\erv. 
 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 579. 
 Action on the contract of employment. 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 581. 
 General rules. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) r>81. 
 Measure of recovery. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 582. 
 On the quantum meruit. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 582. 
 General rules. 5 L,R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 582. 
 The election. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 583. 
 ConsvU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, II. i, 2— cont'd 
 What constitutes rescission au- 
 thorizing qvantum meruit. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 584. 
 The amount of the recovery. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 Recovery as a bar or estoppel. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 586. 
 
 § 45. Rights and remedies of servant 
 discharged for good cause. 
 
 Early rule as to entire contracts. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 524. 
 Exception in case of divisible contracts. 5 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 525. 
 The modern or American doctrine. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 527. 
 Generally. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 527. 
 Discharge under void contract of em- 
 ployment. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 528. 
 Method of recovery. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 528. 
 Amount recoverable. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 529. 
 Rights with reference to contract period 
 after discharge. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 531. 
 
 § 46. Duty to recommend or give 
 clearance card to discharged em- 
 ployee. 
 
 Duty to give character. 62 L.R.A. 922, 
 Duty to give clearance card. 62 L.E.A. 
 925. 
 Of corporation. 62 L.R.A. 925. 
 When combination exists among cor- 
 porations. 62 L.R.A. 925. 
 When a, uniform custom to do so is 
 shown. 62 L.R.A. 928. 
 Legislation. 62 L.R.A. 930. 
 
 3. Enticing; 'procuring discharge. 
 
 § 4 7. Generally. 
 
 Inducing discharge of servant, see Case, 
 § 4. 
 
 Enticing servant to quit, see Case, § 5. 
 
 As to labor organization generally, see Cox- 
 SPIEAOY, §§ 4-8; Labor Okqanizatiok. 
 
 Conspiracy of laborers, see Conspiracy, §§ 
 .5-7. 
 
 As to strikes, see Conspibact, § 6. 
 
 Enticement from parent, see Pabent and 
 Child, § 11. 
 
 Election of remedy for enticing, see Elec- 
 tion or Remedies, § 9. 
 
 ///. Duty and Udbility of master to 
 servant. 
 
 a. Nature and extent of master's duty. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 4 8. Generally. 
 
 Master's liability for acts of fellow serv- 
 ants, see infra, §§ 138, 155-162a. 
 
 Delegation of master's duty to fellow serv- 
 ant, see infra, §§ 163-169. 
 
 Liability for injury by animals, sec A\i- 
 mals, § 15. 
 
 Liability for injury on bridge, see Bridges, 
 
906 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 1— cont'd 
 Liability for injury by electricity, see Eleo- 
 
 TEICITY, § 15. 
 Liability for injury by elevator, see Eleva- 
 
 TOBS, § 7. 
 Liability for injury to servant in factory, 
 
 see Factokies, § 2. 
 Liability for injury by falling object, see 
 
 Falling Objects, § 3. 
 Liability for injury to servant by horse, 
 
 see Horses, § 13. 
 To servants in mine, see Mines, §§ 40, 41. 
 Municipal liability for injuries to em- 
 ployees, see Municipal Cobpokations, 
 
 § 80. 
 Liability for Injury to seamen, see Seamen, 
 
 § 3. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to 
 
 master's negligence, see Evidence, §§ 
 
 77, 78. 
 Evidence generally as to master's negligence, 
 
 see Evidence, § 268. 
 Insurance against employer's liability, see 
 
 Insueance, §§ 212-217. 
 Proximate cause of injury to servant, see 
 
 Pboximate Cause, §§ 15, 16. 
 Duty and liability of vessels and their own- 
 ers as to employees, see Shipping, §§ 
 
 10-lla. 
 Question for jury as to, see Tbial, § 40. 
 Instructions as to master's negligence, see 
 
 Trial, § 65. 
 
 Negligence of master; question for jury. 1 
 L.R.A. 173.* 
 
 Exposure of servant to extraordinary risks. 
 7 L.R.A. 172.*' 
 
 Violation of Sunday law as a defense. 2 
 L.R.A. 521;* 9 L,R.A. 321;* 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 547. 
 
 Personal liability of corporate officers for 
 injury to employee. 28 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 Statutes to secure health and safety of em- 
 ployees. 25 L.E.A. 759, 848; 32 L.R.A. 
 853. 
 
 Duty toward employee on track, to main- 
 tain lookout on railroad train. 25 
 L.R.A. 290. 
 
 Duty to relieve servant who, without mas- 
 ter's fault, has been caught in a dan- 
 gerous situation. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 940. 
 
 Overwork of servant as affecting master's 
 liability for injury to him. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1214. 
 
 Liability of master for Injuries to servant 
 from fumes arising from materials 
 handled by him. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 679. 
 
 Liability of municipality as employee for 
 tort in connection with its water works 
 system. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 241. 
 
 Ordinances affecting operation of railroads 
 as intended for benefit of employees. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 Injured employee's right to reach fund un- 
 der employer's liability policy. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 958. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of mas- ] 
 ter's negligence. 59 L.R.A. 252. | 
 
 Pleading particular cause of injury as ' 
 waiver of right to rely on res ipsa I 
 loquitur. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 
 lieyln with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 1— cont'd 
 
 Applicability of maxim. Res ipsa loquitur, 
 as between master and servant. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 337; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 214. 
 
 Right of employer who had been held liable 
 for tort upon servant or contractor, to 
 recover from actual wrongdoer. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1156. 
 
 Liability of township for injury to em- 
 ployee engaged m repairing highway. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1074. 
 
 Evidence as to condition prior and subse- 
 quent to accident. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 J 085. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to relative rights and duties of. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 438. 
 
 §49. Concurrent negligence of third 
 person. 
 
 Concurrent negligence of fellow servant, 
 see infra, §§ 133, 134. 
 
 In case of contributing agencies. 4 Tj.R.A. 
 851;* 16 L.R.A. 819. 
 
 Rule when dangerous condition is due to 
 act of stranger. 41 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Joint liability of master and person in- 
 stalling machine to employee injured 
 during installation. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 734. 
 
 § 50. Injury to minoi- servant. 
 
 Liability for violation of statute as to, see 
 
 infra, § 55. 
 Duty to warn or instruct minor servant, 
 
 see infra, p 76-78. 
 Assumption of risk by minor employee, see 
 
 infra, § 122. 
 
 Dutv of master to furnish medical aid to. 
 "28 L.R.A. 555. 
 
 Minority of servant as evidence of negli- 
 gence of master in employing him. 48 
 L.R.A. 380. 
 
 Liability to minor volunteer. 22 L.R.A. 
 ■ 664. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to minor by 
 explosion of bottle which he is re- 
 quired to handle. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 239. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to 
 capacity of minor servant to compre 
 hend and avoid danger. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 487. 
 
 May incompetence of minor to perform 
 duties of particular employment be in- 
 ferred from his minority alone. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 331. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to minor serv- 
 ant who secures employment by mis- 
 representing his age. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 500; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 708; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 624. 
 
 § 51. — parent's riglit ol recovery. 
 
 Right of parent to recover for injury to 
 minor servant employed without 
 his consent. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 311. 
 Consent to employment at one kind pf 
 wor!<, and minor placed at more 
 dangerous work. 30 L.R.A. (N.f?.) 
 313. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 907 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 1— cont'd 
 Acquieseeuee of parent. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 314. 
 Knowledge of the employer. 30 L.R. A. 
 
 (N.S.) 314. 
 Consent of mother to employment. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 314. 
 
 § 52. As affected by contract. 
 
 Effect of contract exempting from liabili- 
 ty to servants of other party. 4G L.R.A. 
 54. 
 
 Validity of contract exonerating master in 
 advance from liability for negligent in- 
 juries to servant. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 537. 
 
 Validity of stipulation in employee's pass 
 limiting carrier's liability. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) -250. 
 
 Effect of character of, or stipulations in, 
 contract on master's duty to furnisli 
 medical aid to servant. 28 L.R.A. 553; 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 
 § 53. — as to option to accept Ibenefits 
 from relief fund. 
 
 Validity of provision in contract of rail- 
 road relief department for forfeiture 
 of benefits in case of suit against com- 
 pany for damages. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 198. 
 Contracts requiring servant to elect be- 
 tween acceptance of benefits out of 
 a relief fund and a prosecution of 
 his claims, in an action for dam- 
 ages. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 182. 
 Generally. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 183. 
 Objects, organization, and legal status 
 of relief associations. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 184. 
 Stipulations by which it is agreed that 
 the acceptance of the benefits shall 
 be a bar to a subsequent action 
 for damages. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 186. 
 Validity and effect of such stipula- 
 tions. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 187. 
 Consideration sufficient. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 187. 
 Public policy not contravened. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 189. 
 Jurisdiction of courts not ousted. 
 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 191. 
 Interest of servants subserved. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 192. 
 Coercion not predicable. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 192. 
 Undue influence and fraud. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 192. 
 Mistake as to strength of claim 
 for damages. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 192. 
 Statutory inhibition. 11 L.RA. 
 
 (N.S.) 192. 
 Death of servant, effect of. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 193. 
 Stipulations making execution of re- 
 lease a condition precedent to pay- 
 ment of benefits out of relief fund. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 1— cont'd 
 Provisions defining the effect of institu- 
 tion of action for damages by mem- 
 bers of relief associations or their 
 representatives. 11 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 194. 
 Arrangements by masters with insur- 
 ance companies for tlie indemnifica- 
 tion of servants. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 104. 
 Releases after the injury has been re- 
 ceived, and without reference 
 to a prior contract witli a re- 
 lief association. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 194. 
 Generally. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 194. 
 When such releases are a bar to 
 subsequent actions. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 194. 
 Consideration. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 194. 
 Public policy, contravention of, 
 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 198. 
 Servant's ignorance of tiie ex- 
 tent of his legal rights 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 198. 
 Servant's misconception of the 
 legal eirect of release, tlie 
 contents of whicli he 
 knows. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 198. 
 Servant's ignorance of the con- 
 tents of the release. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 198. 
 Fraud. 11 l..R.A.(N.S.) 200. 
 Mistake of servant regarding 
 the extent of his injuries. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 201. 
 Insanity. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 201. 
 Joint tort feasor previously 
 released. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 201. 
 Failure of employee to fulfil 
 stipulations which were 
 the consideration of the 
 release. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 201. 
 Constitutionality of statute forbidding the 
 avoidance of liability to employee or 
 reduction of his damages by relief ox 
 indemnity contract. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.I 
 706; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867, 
 
 § 54. Violation of statute. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk of master's 
 breach of statutory duty. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 981; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 646; 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 634; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 647. 
 Employee's right of action for employer's 
 violation of statute not expressly 
 conferring right. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 376. 
 Building and factory laws. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 376. 
 Construction. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 376. 
 Scaffold. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 376. 
 Walls and flooring. 9 L.R..\.' 
 (N.S.) 378. 
 Equipment. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379. 
 Fire escapes. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 379. 
 
fl08 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 1— cont'd 
 Elevators, boistways, etc. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 380. 
 Guards about machinery. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 381. 
 Child labor laws. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 383. 
 Mining acts. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 382. 
 
 Contributor}' negli^gence as a defense 
 against violation of statutory duty 
 where statute excUides defense of as- 
 sumed risk. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1152. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to servant 
 caused by elevators uninclosed ai- re- 
 quired by statute or ordinance. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 784. 
 
 Liability of street railway company to em- 
 ployees for failure to perform statutory 
 duty to provide vestibules on cars. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 428. 
 
 § 55. — toward minor employees. 
 
 Constitutionality of child labor laws, see 
 supra, § 12. 
 
 Proximate cause of injury to minor serv- 
 ant, see Proximate Cause, § 16. 
 
 Private action for employer's violation of 
 child labor laws. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 381. 
 Employment in violation of statute as sus- 
 taining child's action for negli- 
 gence. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 335; 1 B. 
 R. C. 629. 
 Necessity that injurv proximately re- 
 sult. 1 B. R. C."634. 
 Confusion of question of negligence 
 with that of proximate cause. 1 
 B. R. C. 037. 
 Probative force of fact of unlawful em- 
 ployment. 1 B. R. C. 038. 
 Liability of master for injury to minor 
 servant who procures employment by 
 misrepresenting his age. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 443; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 500; 25 
 L.R.A.(N:S.) 708. 
 May one employing child under statutory 
 age rely on contributory negligence or 
 assumption of risk, to defeat liability 
 for personal injuries sustained by lat- 
 ter. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 461; 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 876. 
 
 § 56. Employers' liability acits. 
 
 Safety appliance act, see infra, § 96. 
 
 Knowledge as element of master's liability 
 
 under. 41 L.R.A. 143. 
 What constitutes a defect in the "ways'" of 
 
 a railroad company within. 19 L.R.A. 
 ■ (N.S.) 738. 
 
 Effect of, on master's duty to furnish safe 
 
 appliances when prepared by fellow 
 
 servants. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229. 
 Effect of, on common-law action. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1038. 
 Power of state court to enforce right under 
 
 Federal employers' liability act. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 684. 
 Burden of proving contributory negligence 
 
 under. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1218. 
 Injured employee's right to reach fund 
 
 under. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 958. 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 1— cont'd 
 
 Who may raise question that employers' 
 
 liability law involves unconstitutional 
 
 discrimination. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 958. 
 
 § 57. — notice of injury required bj. 
 
 Sufficiency of notice of injury under. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 233. 
 
 Service by mail of notice required by. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 238. 
 
 Applicability of rule requiring notice of 
 defect or notice of injury as condition 
 of municipal liability for personal in- 
 jury on street or highway in case of 
 injurv to municipal employee. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 533. 
 
 Constitutionality of requirement of notice 
 to employer of defect or of injuries as 
 condition of liability for injuries to 
 servant. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 203. 
 
 § 5 7a. Worlcmen's compensation acts. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute rendering mas- 
 ter liable for injury to servant, irre- 
 spective of negligence. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 162. 
 
 Constitutionality of compulsory industrial 
 insurance. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 466. 
 
 § 58. A.s to medical assistance. 
 Authority of servant to employ for injured 
 servant, see supra, § 18a. 
 
 Duty to furnish medical aid to servant. 28 
 L.R.A. 546; 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 Servants generallv. 28 L.R.A. 546; 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 50. 
 Aid furnished by master under his 
 
 own roof. 28 L.R.A. 547. 
 Master may furnish aid. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 547. 
 Doctrine in regard to railroads. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 547. 
 Irresponsibility for surgeon's neg- 
 ligence. 28 L.R.A. 548. 
 Seamen. 28 L.R.A. 549; 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 68. 
 General rule. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 68. 
 When persons are within scope of 
 
 rule. 28 L.R.A. 553 ; 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S..) 70. 
 Limits of ship owner's obligation 
 
 under general maritime law. 
 
 4 L.R.A.(N.i5.) 71. 
 Under statutes. 28 L.R.A. 553; 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 73. 
 Effect of character of, or stipula- 
 tions in, contract. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 553; 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 Effect of hospital treatment. 28 
 
 L.E.A. 555. 
 Liability of ship for negligence in 
 
 treatment. 28 L.R.A. 555. 
 Duty to provide against scurvy. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 555. 
 Duration of obligation. 28 L.R.A. 
 551; 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 
 Where no fault on part of 
 ship owner is shown. 4 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 
 Where ship owner or hia 
 agents have been in fault. 
 4 L.E.A.(N.S.) 80. 
 
INDl^X TO L.1!.A. KOTES. 
 
 909 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 1— tont'd 
 Apprentices. 28 L.R.A. 555; 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 50. 
 Slaves. 28 L.R.A. 555; 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 50. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to fvirnish pvopei 
 medical treatment to sick or injinod 
 servants. 54 L.R.A. 83. 
 
 Right of servant to recover for master's 
 delay in taking him to hospital. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 
 Duty and obligation of vessel on inland 
 lake or river in respect of sick or in- 
 jured member of crew. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 199. 
 
 § 59. Liiabillty for negligence ol 
 physician employed. 
 
 Authority of employee to employ physician, 
 see supra, §§ 18, ISa. 
 
 Irresponsibility of master for surgeon's 
 negligence in caring for wounded serv- 
 ant. 28 L.R.A. 548. 
 
 Master's liability for negligence of prac- 
 titioner employed to attend servant. 4 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 
 Liability of master for negligence of physi- 
 cian or surgeon employed at the mas- 
 ter's expense to attend servant. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 486. 
 
 Liability for negligence of attendants fur- 
 nished by relief department toward 
 which employees contribute. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1167; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1207. 
 
 Master's liability for medical attendance en- 
 gaged by employee who, by contract of 
 employment, was entitled to such at- 
 tendance. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 
 § 60. Liiabillty foi- services of physi- 
 cian. 
 
 Power of employers to defray the medical 
 expenses of their injured servants. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 57. 
 Generally. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 57. 
 Exercise of this power by agents of in- 
 dividual employers. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 58. 
 Exercise of this power by agents of cor- 
 porations. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 In cases where there is no special 
 emergency. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 In cases where there is a special 
 emergency. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 63. 
 Liability of master for services of physician 
 whom he summons to care for employee. 
 18L.R.A.(N.S.) 174. 
 
 § 61. Injury while servant not at 
 work. 
 
 Injury to servant on master's premises be- 
 fore, after, or between hours of work. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 853; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 954. 
 
 Ejffect upon master's liability for breach of 
 .statutory duty of fact that employee 
 was resting at the time of injury. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 309. 
 Confult also Tj.S.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 1— cont'd 
 
 Liability of master for injury to servant 
 who had left his working place and 
 gone to another portion of the plant 
 for his own purposes. 12 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 861; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 960. 
 
 Mrawure of duty owing to servants with re- 
 spect to elevators which they are re- 
 quired or permitted to use for personal 
 transportation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 911. 
 
 Employee of railroad or street railway as 
 a passenger while being carried to or 
 from work. 31 L.R.A. 321; 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 853; 19 L.R.A. (M.S.) 717; 23 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 954. 
 
 § 62. Duty to protect servant whose 
 worlc requires exposure to cold. 
 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 924. 
 When master has agreed to furnish protec- 
 tion. 70 L.R.A. 926. 
 Care after injury. 70 L.R.A. 926. 
 
 § 63. explosions. 
 
 Liability for fellow servant's negligence 
 causing. 29 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 Negligence of co-servant in failing to pre- 
 vent exjjlosion. 54 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 Master's nonliability for co-servant's neg- 
 ligence as to inspection incidental to 
 details of blasting work. 54 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to guard against 
 dangers from explosive substances. .34 
 L.R.A. 69, 77. 
 
 Delegability of master's duty to warn serv- 
 ants as to dangers from blasting. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 640. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to minor by 
 explosion of bottle which he is required 
 to handle. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 239. 
 
 Liability of master for injuries to servant 
 
 caused by the explosion of molten 
 
 metal with which he is at work. 
 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 953. 
 
 Duty of master to warn. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 953. 
 Presumption as to servant's knowledge. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 954. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 955. 
 
 Liability of master for injuries due to the 
 explosion of dynamite by lighting. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1260. 
 
 Injury to railroad employee by torpedoes on 
 track. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1084. 
 
 § 64. Notice of injury. 
 
 Under employers' liability acts, sec supra, 
 § 57. 
 
 Constitutionality of requirement of notice 
 of injuries as condition of liability for 
 injury to servant. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 203. 
 
 Applicability of rule requiring notice of in- 
 juries as condition of municipal liabili- 
 ty for personal injuries on street or 
 highway in case of injury to municipal 
 employee. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 533. 
 
910 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a— cont'd 
 3. Knowledge as element of employ- 
 er's liability. 
 
 § 65. Generally. 
 
 Master's duty as to inspection of elevators 
 furnished servant, see infra, § 101. 
 
 Generally. 41 L.R.A. 33. 
 Actual knowledge. 41 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 Existence of actual knowledge, effect of. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 39. 
 Absence of actual knowledge, effect of. 
 41 L.R.A. 42. 
 Constructive knowledge. 41 L.R.A. 43. 
 Generally. 41 L.R.A. 43. 
 Liability predicated from constructive 
 knowledge. 41 L.R.A. 44. 
 General statements of the rule. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 As to the condition of the place of 
 
 work. 4] L.R.A. 45. 
 As to the condition of machinery 
 and apparatus. 41 L.R.A. 46. 
 As to the capacity of servants. 4] 
 L.R.A. 46. 
 Nonliability predicated from want of 
 constructive knowledge. 41 
 L.R.A. 47. 
 General statements. 41 L.R.A. 47. 
 As to place of work. 4] L.R.A. 50. 
 As to machinery. 41 L.R.A. 52. 
 As to servants. 41 L.R.A. 53. 
 Rule when the dangerous condition is due 
 to the act of a stranger or of a fellow 
 servant, or to the operation of some ab- 
 normal physical force. 41 L.R.A. 54. 
 Imputed knowledge of probable future 
 events'. 41 L.R.A. 55. 
 Accidents which might reasonably have 
 
 been anticipated. 41 L.R.A. 56. 
 Accidents which could not reasonably 
 have been anticipated.. 41 L.E.A. 
 57. 
 Duties of a master after learning of a dan- 
 ger to which his servant is exposed. 
 4] L.R.A. 137. 
 Duty to remove the causes of the unusu- 
 al risk; illustrative cases. 41 
 L.R.A. 138. 
 Machinery and appliances. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 139. 
 Place of work. 41 L.R.A. 139. 
 Servants. 41 L.R.A. 141. 
 Length of time during which the em- 
 ployer lias had knowledge of a dan- 
 ger'. 41 L.R.A. 141. 
 Duty to instruct the servant. 41 L.R.A. 
 ]43. 
 Knowledge as an element of liability under 
 statute. 41 L.R.A. 143. 
 Decision under emplovers' liability acts. 
 41 L.R.A. 143. 
 Statutes modifying the doctrine of 
 common employment. 41 
 L.R.A. 143. 
 Statutes embodying common-law 
 
 rules. 41 L.R.A. 144. 
 Acts imposing liability for oniis 
 sions of duty. 41 L.R.A. 145 
 Statutes modifviiig the rules of evi- 
 dence. 41'LR.A. 145. 
 Damage acts. 4] L.R.A. 145. 
 
 Becfin irilh litis booli- on every law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IH. a, 2— cont'd 
 Pleading. 41 L.R.A. 145. 
 
 Necessity for an averment of knowledge 
 on the master's part. 41 L.E.A. 
 145. 
 Necessity for an averment of ignorance 
 on the plaintiff's part. 41 L.R.A. 
 148. 
 What particularity is required in the 
 servant's petition. 41 L.R.A. 148. 
 Necessity for an agreement between the 
 allegations and the proof. 41 
 L.R.A. 149. 
 Burden of proof; opinions as evidence. 41 
 L.R.A. ]43. 
 Burden of proof. 41 L.R.A. 150. 
 Admissibility of opinions as evidence. 
 41 L.R.A. 153. 
 Instructions. 41 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 § 66. As to places and appliances. 
 
 Master's constructive knowledge as to con- 
 dition of place of work, as element of 
 liability. 41 L.R.A. 45, 50. 
 Master's constructive knowledge as to con- 
 dition of machinery and apparatus as 
 element of liability. 41 L.R.A. 46, 52. 
 Circumstances charging an employer with 
 knowledge of the condition of his 
 instrumentalities. 41 L.R.A. 61. 
 Notoriety. 41 L.R.A. 62. 
 Opportunities of master to observe de- 
 fect. 41 L.R.A. 62. 
 Length of time defect has existed. 41 
 L.R.A. 63. 
 Generally. 41 L.R.A. 63. 
 Rulings as to specific periods. 41 
 L.R.A. 65. 
 Scientific facts; what knowledge of, im- 
 puted. 41 L.R.A. 66. ' 
 Previous operation of instrumentalities. 
 41 L.R.A. 67. ' 
 Efficient operation, inference from. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 67. 
 Prior occurrences indicating de- 
 fects. 41 L.E.A. 67. 
 Defective operation of other appli- 
 ances. 41 L.R.A. 69. 
 Repairs and alterations. 41 L.R.A. 70. 
 Master's duty after learning of danger to 
 which servant is exposed through de- 
 fects in place of work. 41 L.R.A. ]3H. 
 Master's duty after learning of danger to 
 which servant is exposed from defects 
 in machinery and appliances. 41 L.R.A. 
 139. 
 Applicability to latent defects of rule im- 
 puting to master notice of defects in 
 original construction. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 104. 
 Definiteness of complaint to employer to 
 charge him with notice of defect which 
 caused injury. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 469. 
 
 § 67. As to fellow servants. 
 
 Master's constructive knowledge as to capac- 
 ity of servants as element of l-ability 
 to iniured servant. 41 L.R.A. 46, 53. 
 Employer's duty to know the character and 
 capacity of his servants. 41 L.R.A. 
 90. 
 At the time of hiring. 41 L.R.A. 90 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 931 
 
 MASTER AND SEKVANT, III. u., 2— contM 
 At the time of promotion. 4T L.R.A 
 
 92. 
 During time of service. 41 L.R.A. 93. 
 Generally. 41 L.R.A. 93. 
 Single delinquency of servant prior 
 
 to accident. 41 L.R.A. 93. 
 Several previous delinquencies. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 94. 
 After what time knowledge of serv- 
 ant's unfitness will be inferred. 
 41 L.R.A. 96. 
 General reputation, of the delinquent 
 servant as notice to the master. 
 41 L.R.A. 97. 
 Generally. 41 L.R.A. 97. 
 Reputation not evidence of serv- 
 ant's unfitness. 41 L.R.A. 99. 
 Nicknames as evidence. 41 L.R.A. 
 99. 
 Omission to ascertain capacity of serv- 
 ant who is injured. 41 L.R.A. 100. 
 Master's duty after learning of incompeten- 
 cy of fellow servants. 41 L.R.A. 141. 
 
 § 68. "Wliose knowledge Is impvited to 
 employer. 
 
 Whose knowledge is imputed to the employ- 
 er. 41 L.R.A. 132. 
 General principles. 41 L.R.A. 132. 
 Illustrative cases of notice to various 
 employees. 41 L.R.A. 133. 
 Servant in complete control of the 
 master's business. 41 L.R.A. 
 133. 
 Servants charged with the duty of 
 seeing that the place of work 
 is safe. 41 L.R.A. 133. 
 Servants charged with the duty of 
 providing and maintaining ap- 
 pliances. 41 L.R.A. 134. 
 Employee having power to hire and 
 discharge servants. 41 L.R.A. 
 135. 
 Employees whose knowledge is not 
 imputed to the master. 41 
 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 3. Scope of employment; direct com- 
 mand. 
 
 § 6 9. Injuries in performance of 
 duties oxitside scope of original 
 employment. 
 
 Generally. 48 L.R.A. 796. 
 
 No recovery where servant undertakes new 
 functions ex propria niotu and with- 
 out master's acquiescence. 48 L.R.A. 
 797. 
 
 When negligence is predicated of a com- 
 mand to do work outside the scope of 
 the original contract. 48 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Risks of work outside scope of employment, 
 when deemed to be assumed. 48 L.R.A. 
 803. 
 
 Doctrine of common employment qualified 
 as regards servants working outside 
 the scope of their employment. 48 
 L.R.A. 80r,. 
 
 Contributory negligence as a defense. 48 
 L.R.A. 806. 
 Consult alfio L.R.A. Digestn to ilute. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 3— cont'd 
 Absence of compulsion, an essential ele- 
 ment of assumption of risks and 
 contributory negligence. 48 L.R.A. 
 808. 
 
 Generally. 48 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Protest or objection by servant. 48 
 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Pear of losing position. 48 L.R.A. 
 809. 
 
 § 70. Injuries received in obeying a 
 direct command. 
 
 Servant's duty to obey master's orders, .see 
 supra, § 4. 
 
 Contributory negligence as a defense. 48 
 L.R.A. 806. 
 
 Assumption of risk by servant obeying or- 
 ders, see infra, § 117. 
 
 Contributory negligence of servant obeying 
 command, see infra, §§ 126, 127. 
 
 Generally. 48 L.R.A. 753. 
 
 Direct orders, an immaterial factor, where 
 the risk to which they exposed the 
 servant vs'as one of those assumed. 48 
 L.R.A. 754. 
 
 Contributory negligence; when not predicat- 
 ed on compliance with a, direct order. 
 48 L.R.A. 755. 
 
 Master and servant not upon the same 
 footing. 48 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Servant usually entitled to act on the as- 
 sumption that his master has per- 
 formed and will perform his dutv. 48 
 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Rationale of the servant's right to rely on 
 the master. 48 L.R.A. 760. 
 Order an implied assurance of safety. 
 
 48 L.RjA. 760. 
 Order tends to throw servant off his 
 
 guard. 48 L.R.A. 760. 
 Necessity for prompt obedience. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 760. 
 Direct order tends to negative volun- 
 tariness of action. 48 L.R.A. 762. 
 
 When direct orders will not iustifv tlie 
 servant's obedience. 48 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 Negligence in respect to the manner of 
 carryiiig out the order. 48 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 Specific order no excuse unless t'le servant's 
 act was induced by it. 48 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 Bv whose orders the master is bound. 48 
 L.R.A. 765. 
 
 Effect of command in general. 30 L.R.A. 
 ■ (N.S.) 437. 
 
 View that assumption of risk is not afl''ct:-(l 
 by obeying direct command. 30 L.R..\. 
 (N.S.) 438. 
 
 View that contributory negligence is not 
 affected by obeying direct command. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 441. 
 
 View that direct command makes assump- 
 tion of risk and contributory nr;.;li- 
 gence questions of fact only. 30 L.IJ.A. 
 (N.S.) 442. 
 
 View that servant is not precluded from 
 recovery unless danger is great and 
 imminent. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 445. 
 
 Where master's liabilitv is lixed i-egardlesh 
 of the command. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 4.50. 
 
912 
 
 IXDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER ANT) SERVANT, III. a, 3— cont'd 
 
 Servant's right of action for injuries re- 
 ceived in obeying direct command ac- 
 companied by assurance of safety. 48 
 L.R.A. 542; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 453. 
 
 Predicating negligence on command to do 
 work outside scope of original con- 
 tract. 48 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Duty to use care in giving orders as non- 
 assignable duty of master. 51 L.R.A. 
 ru:',. 
 
 Issuance of orders by superior servant as 
 an official act. 51 L.R.A. 590. 
 
 4. As to rules and regulations for con- 
 duct of business. 
 
 § 71. Generally. 
 
 Disobedience of master's rules as contribu- 
 tory negligence, see infra, § 125. 
 
 Delegation of duties as to, see infra, § 164. 
 General principles. 43 L.R.A. 306. 
 lamits of the duty to promulgate rules. 43 
 L.R.A. 3'08. 
 In general. 43 L.R.A. 309. 
 Extent of employer's duty tested by the 
 usage of other persons engaged in 
 the same business. 43 L.R.A. 311. 
 Rules prescribed must be dennite and 
 
 intelligible. 43 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 Necessity for rules, — whether for court 
 
 or jury to decide. 43 L.E.A. 314. 
 
 Habitual practice of employees, how far a 
 
 legal substitute for a rule. 43 L.R.A. 
 
 316. 
 
 I'he master's duty to promulgate his rules. 
 
 43 L.R.A. 318. 
 The master's duty to enforce his rules. 43 
 
 L.R.A. 319. 
 No recovery by servant unless omission to 
 promulgate rules was proximate cause 
 of the injury. 43 L.R.A. 320. 
 Construction and meaning of rules. 43 
 
 L.R.A. 322. 
 Illustrative decisions as to the sufficiency 
 of rules framed for the protection 
 of railroad servants. 43 L.R.A. 
 326. 
 Rules for the protection of car re- 
 pairers, and other railroad em- 
 ployees doing work on side tracks. 
 43 L.R.A. 326. 
 Rules to prevent the automatic or un- 
 authorized movements of engines 
 or cars. 43 L.R.A. 330. 
 Rules to obviate injury from the sudden 
 starting of railway cars. 43 
 L.R.A. 331. 
 Rules regulating the switching of cars. 
 
 43 L.R.A. 331. 
 Rules as to the manner of loading rail- 
 way cars. 43 L.R.A. 331. 
 Rules as to the operation of trains by 
 schedules or special orders. 43 
 L.R.A. 332. 
 Duty as to trainmen. 43 L.R.A. 
 
 332. 
 Duty as to employees working on 
 'or near tracks. 43 L.R.A. 337. 
 Rules prescribing means for warning 
 employees of the proximity of mov- 
 ing trains or cars. 43 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Begin tvith this hoolc on every lau> question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 4— cont'd 
 
 Illustrative decisions as to the sufficiency of 
 rules framed for the protection of serv- 
 ants in miscellaneous employments. 43 
 L.R.A. 341. 
 
 Relation between the doctrine of common 
 employment and the duty of a mas- 
 ter to promulgate rules. 43 L.R.A. 
 342. 
 Duty of making rules, assignability of. 
 
 43 L.R.A. 342. 
 Duty to publish the rules, assignability 
 
 of. 43 L.R.A. 344. 
 Position of employees vested with 
 power to suspend general rules by 
 special directioas, 43 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Duty of master to adopt rules to protect 
 servant, or to warn him, against dan- 
 gers not reasonably to be apprehended. 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 
 Responsibility of master for rules or general 
 orders promulgated by servant. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 772. 
 
 Failure to reduce to writing orders govern- 
 ing the running of trains or cars. 19 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 239. 
 
 Negligence of fellow servant concurring 
 with master's failure to establish or 
 enforce proper rules or regulations for 
 conduct of business. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 516. 
 
 Superintending employee's violation of rules 
 promulgated by master as negligence 
 for which master is liable. 58 L.E.A. 
 47. 
 
 5. Duty to ivarn or instintct servant. 
 
 (a) In general. 
 
 § 7 2. Generally. 
 
 Delegation of duty as to, see infra, § 165. 
 
 Generally. 44 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 56 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 What knowledge of scientific facts is im- 
 puted to adult servants. 44 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 Duty of instruction considered with refer- 
 ence to doctrine of common employ- 
 ment. 44 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 No recovery by servant unless failure to 
 instruct was efficient cause of injury. 
 44 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 Duties of master and servant as to rules 
 prescribing means for warning em- 
 ployees of proximity of moving trains 
 of cars. 43 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Master's duty to instruct servant as to dan- 
 ger to which he is exposed. 41 L.E.A. 
 143. ■ 
 
 Duty to protect or warn against dangers not 
 seasonably to be apprehended. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 89. 
 
 Master's duty to instruct servant as to 
 risks from changed condition of in- 
 strumentalities or place of work. 44 
 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 Master's duty to instruct servant as to risks 
 from introduction of new or abnormally 
 dangerous appliances. 44 L.R.A. 46. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 9] 3 
 
 PIASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 5 (a) — 
 
 COIlt'll 
 
 Duty to impart information as to perma- 
 nent dangers superadded to environ- 
 ment after work has begun. 54 L.R.A, 
 98. 
 
 Of danger of electricity. 32 L.R.A. 352. 
 
 Dutv to instruct servant as to danger in 
 'felling trees. 2 L.R.A. ("N.S.) 840. 
 
 Duty to warn servant against vicious horse. 
 "S L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 
 Duty to warn servant engaged in blasting 
 of dangers therefrom. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 997. 
 
 ilaster's dvity to warn of danger from ex- 
 plosion of molten metal with which 
 servant is at work. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 953. 
 
 Right of employee to rely on statute re- 
 quiring signal to be given by train ap- 
 proaching crossing. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1105. 
 
 Duty of master as to instructing and warn- 
 ing servant unable to understand Eng- 
 lish. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 296. 
 
 Master's duty to instruct servant after 
 learning of danger to which he is ex- 
 posed. 41 L.R.A. 143. 
 
 Misunderstanding order. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 407. 
 
 § 73. As affected by servant's knowl- 
 edge or experience. 
 
 Actual knowledge of servant, existence of 
 dutv to instruct negatived bv. 44 
 L.R'.A. 40. 
 Constructive knowledge of servant as bear- 
 ing upon the duty of the master 
 to instruct him. 44 L.R.A. 42. 
 Generally. 44 L.R.A. 42. 
 Ordinary perils of an employment, no 
 dutv to instruct as to. 44 L.R.A. 
 43.' 
 Extraordinary risks of employment, 
 master prima facie bound to 
 instruct servant with regard 
 to. 44 L.R.A. 44. 
 Risks arising from a changed con- 
 dition of the instrumentalities 
 or place of work. ' 44 L.R.A. 
 45. 
 Risks arising from the introduc- 
 tion of new or abnormally dan- 
 gerous appliances. 44 L.R.A. 
 46. 
 Risks arising from the servant's 
 transfer to new duties. 44 
 L.R.A. 46. 
 Fact that danger was or was not dis- 
 coverable by the exercise of 
 ordinary care, duty of instruc- 
 tion discussed with reference 
 to. 44 L.R.A. 49. 
 No duty to instruct where knowl- 
 edge imputed to the servant. 
 44 L.R.A. 49. 
 Cases illustrating this general rule. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 51. 
 Master bound to instruct, whore 
 no knowledge of the danger 
 can be imputed to the servant. 
 44 L.R.A. .54. 
 Consult also L.B.i- Vigents to clati. 58 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 5 (a) — 
 
 cont'd 
 lOxperience of servant as a special factor 
 bearing upon the master's duty of 
 instruction. 44 L.R.A. 57. 
 
 Generally. 44 L.R.A. 57. 
 
 Circumstances under which no instruc- 
 tion is necessary. 44 L.R.A. 58. 
 
 Circumstances under which instruction 
 is necessary. 44 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 § 74. Duty to warn against transitory 
 and sporadic dangers. 
 
 Cases involving customary methods of do- 
 ing business and departures from such 
 methods. 44 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 Perils due to transitory changes in the con- 
 dition of the place of work. 44 L.R.A. 
 79. 
 
 Perils due to the recurrent movements of 
 railway cars and other heavy bodies. 
 44 L.R.A. 80. 
 
 Duty to warn as to dangers of transitory 
 class occasionally supervening during 
 progress of work. 54 L.R.A. 100. 
 
 §7 5. Sufficiency of warning. 
 
 In the case of adults. 44 L.R.A. 81. 
 As to sporadic and transitory dangers. 
 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 (b) Children. 
 
 44 
 
 § 7 6. Generally. 
 
 What knowledge of scientific facts is im- 
 puted to minor servants. 44 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 Instructing minor who is of insufficient age 
 or capacity to comprehend dangers of 
 employment as affecting master's re- 
 sponsibility. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to ca- 
 pacity of minor servant to comprehend 
 and avoid danger. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 487. 
 
 What instruction and warning to minor 
 servant will be sufficient. 44 L.R.A. 8 i. 
 
 § 77. Minority as special factor bear- 
 ing on master's duty of instruction. 
 
 General principles stated. 44 L.R.A. 61. 
 Rationale of rule requiring the master 
 to instruct a minor servant. 44 
 L.R.A. 63. 
 Special principles applicable in action 
 by the father of an injured minor. 
 44 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 Minor employees usually on the same foot- 
 ing as adults, after proper instruction 
 has been given. 44 L.R.A. 65. 
 
 Constructive knowledge of dangers, when a 
 bar to an action by minor servants. 
 44 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 Circumstances to be considered in determin- 
 ing whether knowledge of a danger is 
 to be imputed to a minor. 44 L.R.,\. 
 67. 
 
 lUiistrative cases in regard to the construc- 
 tive kno\vIedge of minor servants. 44 
 L.R.A. 68. 
 
 § 78. Dangers of which servant is al- 
 ready aware. 
 
 General rule. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 111. 
 
914 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 5 (b) — 
 
 cont'd 
 Particular circumataneeB excusing warning 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 113. 
 Wliere the danger ia patent or obvious. 2! 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 113. 
 Obvious dangers not appreciated because o 
 
 youth and inexperience. 29 L.R.A. (N 
 
 S.) 115. 
 Knowledge without appreciation of the dan 
 
 ger. 29 L.R.A. ( N.S. ), 115. 
 
 e. Safety as to place, appliances, and 
 tools. 
 
 (a) In general. 
 
 § 7 9. Generally. 
 
 Violation of statutorv duties as to, see su- 
 pra, §§ 54, 55. 
 
 Knowledge as element of master's liability 
 as to, see si'.ora, § 66. 
 
 Dutv to warn o * instruct servant as to, see 
 'supra, §§ 72-78. 
 
 Master's duty to inspect, see infra, §§ 98- 
 102. 
 
 Liability for acts of coservants in respect 
 to, "see infra, §§ 155-162. 
 
 Nondelegable duties of master as to, see 
 infra, § 166. 
 
 As to appliances. 1 L.R.A. 174,* 698;* 2 
 L.R.A. 520;* 4 L.R.A. 796;* 8 L.R.A. 
 6.30;* 13 L.R.A. 374.* 
 
 Dutv of master to guard against latent de- 
 ■fects. 'i L.R.A. 798.* 
 
 As to fire escapes on building. 15 L.R.A. 
 160. 
 
 Diiiferent forms of statement of the general 
 rule with respect to the master's duty 
 rts to places and appliances furnished 
 to servant. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 602. 
 
 Standard of master's duty with respect to 
 selection between different styles or 
 makes of appliances. 6 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 492. 
 
 Furnishing for servant's use article in gen- 
 eral use as measure of master's duty. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 128; 27 L.R.A.fN.S.) 
 181. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to servant in 
 using appliance for purpose other than 
 that for which it was primarily intend- 
 ed. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 984. 
 
 Applicability, as between master and serv- 
 ant, of maxim. Res ipsa loquitur, to 
 fall of bridge. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 591. 
 
 Master's liability for injuries sustained by 
 servant from falling over nail or bolt 
 projecting from floor. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 242. 
 
 Liability of master to servant for personal 
 injury by wild animal or animal kept 
 for exhibition purposes. 23 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.I 1071. 
 
 Liability of master to servant for failure to 
 provide independent contractor with 
 safe appliances. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 283. 
 
 Master's constructive knowledge as to con- 
 dition of place of work as element of 
 liability to injured servant. 41 L.R.A. 
 4:,. r>ii.' 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law qtiestion. 
 
 AIASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 6 (a) — 
 cont'd 
 
 Master's duty to servants after learning of 
 dangerous condition of place of work. 
 41 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 Vonliability for negligent use of safe appli- 
 ance by fellow servant. 54 L.R.A. 111. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence as to place of work. 59 L.R.A. 
 253. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations as to struc- 
 ture and appliances. , 59 L.R.A. 25,8. 
 
 § 80. Changing conditions; making re- 
 pairs. 
 
 In general. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 340: 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1267. 
 
 Work of construction or demolition. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 342. 
 
 In general. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 342. 
 
 Railroads. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 344. 
 
 Buildings. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 346. 
 
 Excavations. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) .350. 
 In general. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 350. 
 Mines. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 352. 
 Quarries. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356.' 
 Gravel pits. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 357. 
 Sewers, trenches, tunnels, etc. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 358. 
 Unexpected explosions. 19 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 360. 
 
 Repair work. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 362. 
 
 Completed working place. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 363. 
 In general. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 363. 
 Removal of snow and ice. 19 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 365. 
 
 Illustrative cases — obvious risks. 19 L.R.A. 
 ^(N.S.) 307. 
 
 Applicability of rule as to safe place where 
 servants are engaged in the work of re- 
 moving dangerous conditions. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 321. 
 
 Duty of master in respect to defective ap- 
 pliance which servant is employed to 
 repair. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 331. 
 
 Master's nonliability for coservant's neali- 
 gence in respect of dangers arising 
 from changing condition of building or 
 other structures while in course of erec- 
 tion or repair. 54 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 Master's nonliability for coservant's negli- 
 gence in respect to dangers incident to 
 demolition of buildings. 54 L.R.A. 140. 
 
 §81. Tools. 
 
 Duty to inspect, see infra, § 100. 
 Assumption of risk from use of defective 
 tools, see infra, §§ 111-122. 
 
 As to tools. 1 L.R.A. 174.» 698;* 2 L.R.A. 
 .520;* 4 L.R.A. 796;* 8 L.R.A. 636:* 
 13 L.R.A. 374.* 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in 
 common tools. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 668; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 832. 
 Question considered with reference to 
 various instrumentalities. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 670. 
 Striking implements such as ham- 
 mers, mauls, etc. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 671; 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 834. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NO'J'ES. 
 
 916 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT. III. a, 6 (a) — 
 cont'd 
 
 Buffers. 13 L.R.A.(X.S.) 675. 
 Riveting implements other tlian 
 liammers. 13 L.U.A. (N.S.) 
 675. 
 Punches. 13 L.R.A. (N. Si.) 67(i; 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.vS) 834. 
 Chisels and similar tools. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 076; 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) S35. 
 Drills. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 678. 
 Forks and hooks. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 678. 
 Ice tongs. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 670. 
 Jacks. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 679. 
 Prize poles. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680. 
 Crowbars. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680; 
 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 834. 
 Pinch bars. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 681. 
 Claw bars. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 681; 
 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 835. 
 Wrenches. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 681. 
 Simple appliances. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 682. 
 Liability of master for injuries incident to 
 the use of steel tools in blasting. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 982. 
 Delegability of master's duty to instruct or 
 warn servants as to macliinery, tools, 
 or appliances. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 629. 
 
 § 82. Flying splinters. 
 
 Liability of master for> injuries caused by 
 splinters flying from hammers or 
 chisels, punches, and other similar 
 tools. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 670; 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 800; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 832. 
 The "common" tool rule. 30 L.R.A. ( N. 
 
 S.) 800. 
 Master's liability as determined by or- 
 dinary rules of master and 
 servant. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801. 
 Where servant is inexperienced or 
 ignorant of the defects. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 803. 
 Master's liability as affected by fact 
 that defective tool was furnished 
 , to and used by another servant. 
 , 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804. 
 Where tool is not shown to be danger- 
 ous. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 804. 
 
 § 83. Ladders. 
 
 Nondelegable duties as to defective ladders. 
 54 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to servant by 
 defective ladder not forming part of a 
 structure. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 687. 
 
 § 84. Scaffolds. 
 
 Nondelegable duties as to defects in scaf- 
 folds, platforms, etc. 54 L.R.A. 69, 77. 
 
 Negligence of coservant in respect to prep- 
 aration of scaffolds, staging, etc. 54 
 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Master's liability for negligence of coserv- 
 ant in respect to defective scaffolds. 54 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Vifiestft to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 6 (a) — 
 
 cont'd 
 
 What are scaffolds or structures within 
 statutes relating to safety of scaffolds 
 in connection with structures. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 30. 
 
 Duty of master as' to condition of scaffold 
 constructed by employees, to an em- 
 ployee not a member of tlie gang for 
 whose use the scaffold was primarilv 
 constructed. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 952. 
 
 Applicability as between master and serv- 
 ant of maxim, Res ipsa loquitur, to fall 
 of scaffold. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 586. 
 
 Employee's right of action for employer's 
 violation of building laws as to scaf- 
 folds. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 376. 
 
 § 85. Elevators. 
 
 Inspection of, see infra, § 101. 
 
 Accidents to employees in use of elevators. 
 8 L.R.A. 819.*' 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant 
 caused by elevator uninclosed as re- 
 quired by statute or ordinance. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 784. 
 
 Measure of duty owing to servants with re- 
 spect to elevators which they are re- 
 quired or permitted to use for person- 
 al transportation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 911. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to employee 
 caused by defective elevator and negli- 
 gence of fellow servant. 2 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 647. 
 
 § 86. Electricity. 
 
 Liability of electric company to employee 
 for injury caused by electric shock. 32 
 L.R.A. S51. 
 
 Liability of street railway company for in- 
 jury to employee from poles placed too 
 near track. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Injury to electric lineman through defect 
 in pole or its appurtenances. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 774; 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 509. 
 
 Who aro fellow servants of linemen. .'SO 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 47. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty of selecting apjili- 
 ances, etc.. for linemen. 30 L.R.A. ( N.S. i 
 50. 
 
 Employee attempting to remove wire of an- 
 iitlier company interfering with his em- 
 plover's line as a volunteer. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 617. 
 
 § 8". Statutory liiiliility for detects in 
 condition of plant. 
 
 Generally. 57 L.R.A. 817. 
 
 Effect of these statutory provisions as to 
 
 defects, generally. 57 L.R.A. 818. 
 Master not liable unless the defect alleged 
 
 was the proximate cause of the injurv. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 818. 
 What instrumentalities are covered by the 
 terms "ways," etc. 57 L.R.A. 819. 
 
 Two or more descriptive terms used in 
 combination. 57 L.R.A. 819. 
 
 "Ways." 57 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 "Works." 57 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 "Machinery." 57 L.R.A. 821. 
 
 "Plant." 57 L.R.A. 821. 
 
916 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 6 (a) — 
 
 cont'd 
 Significance of tlie qualifying plirase, "con- 
 nected with or used in tlie business 
 of the employer." 57 L.R.A. 821. 
 Instrumentalities temporarily used by 
 servants in the transaction of the 
 business. 57 L.R.A. 821. 
 Structures, etc.. in course of erection or 
 
 demolition. 57 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 Instrumentalities not yet brought into 
 
 use, or disused. 57 L.R.A. 827. 
 
 What constitutes a defect. 57 L.R.A. 827. 
 
 Specific examples of defects. 57 L.R.A. 830. 
 
 Defects in the condition of the wavs. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 830. 
 Defects in the condition of the works. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 830. 
 Defects in the condition of the machin- 
 ery. 57 L.R.A. 830. 
 Defects in the condition of the plant. 
 57 L.R.A. 831. 
 Conditions not amounting to defects. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 832. 
 Defective system, employer liable for. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 835. 
 Not discovered or remedied owing to negli- 
 gence, etc. 57 L.R.A. 836. 
 Generally. 57 L.R.A. 836. 
 Not discovered. 57 L.R.A. 837. 
 Not remedied. 57 L.R.A. 838. 
 Persons intrusted with the duty, etc. 
 57 L.R.A. 838. 
 Abnormal conditions resulting from the use 
 of the appliances furnished by the mas- 
 ter, how far regarded as defects. 57 
 L.R.A. 839. 
 Defects in temporary appliances constructed 
 by the servants themselves, not deemed 
 to be chargeable to the employer. 57 
 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 (b) Machinery 
 
 § 88. Generally. 
 
 As to machinery. 1 L.R.A. 174,* 698;' 2 
 L.R.A. 520;' 4 L.R.A. 796;* 8 L.R.A. 
 636;* 13 L.R.A. 374.* 
 
 What instrumentalities are covered by the 
 term "machinery." 57 L.R.A. 821. 
 
 Statutory liability for defects in condition 
 of machinery! 57 L.R.A. 830. 
 
 Master's constructive knowledge as to con- 
 dition of machinery and apparatus as 
 element of liability to injured servant. 
 41 L.R.A. 46, 53. 
 
 blaster's duty to servant after learning of 
 dangerous condition of machinery and 
 appliances. 41 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in respect to defective machinery. 54 
 L.R.A. 172, 177. 
 
 Nondelegable duty as to defects in. 54 
 L.R.A. 72, 80. 
 
 Delegability of master's duty to warn serv- 
 ants of danger from starting of machin- 
 ery. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 647. 
 
 Injuries caused by defects in machinery 
 while used for a purpose not contem- 
 phited. 18 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 Begin with this booJc on evenj law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 6 (b) — 
 cont'd 
 
 Liability of master where machine which 
 fails to perform the service for which 
 it was designed is supplemented by the 
 work of an employee. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 267. 
 
 Presumption of negligence of master from 
 unexplained starting of machinery in- 
 juring servant. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 298. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations as to. 59 
 L.R.A. 258. 
 
 §8 9. Injuries from projecting screws 
 in moving machinery. 
 
 Discussion of the question whether the 
 maintenance of a set screw imports 
 negligence at common law. 48 L.R.A. 
 96. 
 
 Liability of master under statutes. 48 
 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Defenses of assumption of risks and contrib- 
 utory negligence. 48 L.R.A. 98. 
 
 § 90. Guarding macliinery. 
 
 Common practice as the measure of master's 
 duty to guard machinery. 16 L.Pi.A. 
 (N.S.) 140. 
 
 What is comprehended in expression "ma- 
 chinery of every description," in stat 
 utes imposing duty on master as to 
 placing guards. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 36. 
 
 Employee's right of action for employer's 
 violation of statutory duty as to giiards 
 about machinery. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 381. 
 
 Duty of master to guard against employ- 
 ee's hair being caught in machinery. 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 972. 
 
 Is employer's statutory duty to guard place 
 or machinery owing to employees of 
 conductor. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 269. 
 
 Master's duty to guard machinery as a dele- 
 gable one. 54 L.R.A. 71; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 568. 
 
 Master's nonliability for coservant's negli- 
 gence in displacing guards provided for 
 dangerous machinery. 54 L.R.A. 137. 
 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in respect to uncovering machinery. 54 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 (c) In mines 
 
 §91. Generally. 
 
 Employee's right of action for employer's 
 violation of mining acts. 9 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 382. 
 
 Evidence as to conditions before and after 
 accident. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1095, 1108. 
 
 § 91a. Statutory regulations lor pro- 
 tection of workmen. 
 
 Props. 25 L.E.A. 848. 
 
 Cage and signals. 25 L.R.A. 849. 
 
 Shafts and fences. 25 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 Escape and ventilation shafts. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 850. 
 Miscellaneous. 25 L.R.A. 852. 
 
IXDEX TO L.n.A. XOTi'S. 
 
 917 
 
 PIASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 6— cont'd 
 (d) Railroad and street raiJii-ai/ cancfi. 
 
 § 92. Generally. 
 
 Liability for negligence of coscrvant. sec in- 
 fra, § 162a. 
 Delegation of duties as to. see infra, § 167. 
 
 -\ s to failure to fence track. ir> L.R.A. 320. 
 
 Injury to railroad emplovee by torpedoes on 
 tlie track. 16 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1084. 
 
 Liability of railroad company to emplo\ees 
 lor negligence of shippers in their "use 
 of instrunientalities for loading and un- 
 loading cars. -24 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1020. 
 
 As to defective track o\\ned by another 
 railroad company causing injuries to 
 railroad emplovee in line of duty 22 
 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Liability of railroad lessee or licensee to its 
 servants for condition of track. (> 
 L.R.A. (X.iS.) 7S7. 
 
 § 93. Contlitioii of cars. 
 
 Duty of consignor or consignee to his em- 
 ployees, as to condition of car. 14 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 972. 
 
 Liability of master for injuries sustained 
 by servant in taking defective car or 
 engine to a shop for repairs. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 335. 
 
 Liability of railroad company to employee 
 for injuries caused by defectively load- 
 ed car. 13 L.R.A. (X^S.) 384. 
 
 Lial)ility of street railway company for in- 
 jury to employees for failure to per- 
 form statutory duty to provide vesti- 
 bules for cars. 30" L.R.A. (N.S.) 428. 
 
 A'alidity of statutes and ordinances for pro- 
 tection and comfort of street car opera- 
 tives. 42 L.R.A. (X^S.) 1060. 
 
 Delegability of duty as to method of load- 
 ing cais. 54 L.R.A. 78. 
 
 Xondelegablc duties as to defective cars. 
 54 L.R.A. 71, 79. 
 
 § 94. Switches. 
 
 Sufficiency of rules for switching of cars. 
 43 -L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Servant's disobedience of rules in regard to 
 .switching. 43 L.R.A. 365. 
 
 Right of jury to pass on question of negli- 
 gence in use of switch of a particular 
 type or- construction. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 600. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's neg- 
 ligence in manipulating. 54 L.R.A. 129. 
 
 Master's liability for negligence of coservant 
 in respect to defective switches. 54 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 Duty to keep switch closed as a delegable 
 one. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 
 § 95. —failure to block. 
 
 Death of servant caused by neglect to block 
 
 frogs and guard rails. 2 L.R.A. 67.* 
 Want of blocking not negligence per se 
 
 apart from statute. 48 L.R.A. OS: 16 
 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 715. 
 Statutes requiring frogs, etc., to be blocked. 
 
 48 L.R.A. 71; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 719. 
 votisult also L.R.A. Difjextx to date. 
 
 MASTER AXD SERVANT. III. a, 6 (d) — 
 cont'd 
 
 Want of blocking considered as a risk as- 
 sumed by the servant. 48 L.R.A. 72 ■ 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 717. 
 
 Leaving switch unlocked as proximate cause 
 of derailment of train resulting from 
 the throwing of the switch by a stran- 
 ger. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 738. 
 
 § 9 6. Safety appliance acts. 
 
 Duty and liability under Federal and state 
 railway safety appliance acts. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 473; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 49. 
 
 Standard or measure of duty; exercise 
 of reasonable care. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 474; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 Specific requirements. 20 L.R.A. (X. 
 
 S.) 478; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 50. 
 Duty to make immediate repairs. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 480. 
 Cars being called to repair shop. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 48L 
 What are "cars" within meaning of 
 safety appliance act. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 482. 
 Unit of offense. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 51. 
 To what lines or traffic, duty attaches. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478; 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 51. 
 
 Railroad wholly within a state, and 
 without traffic arrangements 
 with other roads. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 52. 
 Intrastate cars of interstate car- 
 rier. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 Switching and switch engines, gen- 
 erally. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 54. 
 Cars in yard for repairs. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 Character and condition of rolling 
 
 stock. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 Assumption of risk, contributory neg- 
 ligence, and proximate cause. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482, 483; 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 57. 
 Applicability of Federal safety appliance act 
 to railroad entirely within the state 
 and without traffic arrangements witli 
 other roads. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 167. 
 Is terminal railway company, in moving in- 
 terstate traffic, within Federal safety 
 appliance act. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 582. 
 
 § 97. Poles and trees near street car 
 track. 
 
 Liability of street railway company for in- 
 jury to employee from poles placed too 
 near to track.' 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Liability of street railway company operat- 
 ing in a street for injury to employee by 
 a tree or a pole maintained by third 
 person near the track. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 978. 
 
 (p) Inspection. 
 
 § 98. Generally. 
 
 Delegability of duty as to, see infra, § 168. 
 
918 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 -MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 6 (e) — 
 cont'd 
 
 Servant's disobedience of rules prescribing 
 for inspection of appliances. 43 L.R.A. 
 365. 
 
 Imputing to master coservant's negligence 
 in respect to inspection. 54 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 -Vondelegability of duty to inspect poles for 
 electric wires. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 
 Master's duty to inspect as aii'ected by fact 
 that instrumentality was purwaseu 
 from responsible dealer. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1120. 
 
 Higlit of master to rely on inspection by 
 public aunthorities of places, or appli- 
 ances. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 812. 
 
 § !)0. Iiistrunientalities generally. 
 
 Duty of active inspection of instrumental- 
 ities when first used. 41 L.R.A. 
 70. 
 Rule where the employer is himself the 
 
 manufacturer. 41 L.R.A. 70. 
 Rule where the employer is a mere pur- 
 chaser of the appliance. 41 L.R.A. 
 71. 
 Duty of active inspection of instrumental- 
 ities while in use. 41 L.R.A. 74. 
 Geneial principles. 41 L.R.A. 74. 
 Inspection must be efficient. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 75. 
 What degree of care must b(J exercised 
 , in the inspection. 41 L.R.A. 77. 
 As afl'ected by the length of time used. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 79. 
 Frequency with which inspecti07is 
 should be made. 41 L.R.A. 80. 
 Generally. 41 L.R.A. 80. 
 Rulings as to specific periods. 41 
 L.R.A. 81. 
 Limits of liability based on duty of in- 
 spection. 41 L.R.A. 82. 
 Generally. 41 L.R.A. 82. 
 Omission of duty must be proxi- 
 mate cause of injury. 41 
 L.R.A. 83. 
 Employer not liable for latent de- 
 fects. 41 L.R.A. 83. 
 What tests an employer is not 
 bound to apply. 41 L.R.A. 84. 
 Illustrative cases showing extent of du- 
 ty. 41 L.R.A. 84. 
 Place of work. 41 L.R.A. 84. 
 Weight-supporting appliances. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 87. 
 Steam boilers. 41 L.R.A. 87. 
 Cars and their appurtenances. 41 
 L.R.A. 88. 
 Employer's liability qualified by the serv- 
 ant's duty to acquaint himself with 
 his environment. 41 L.R.A. 125. 
 Generally. 41 L.R.A. 125. 
 Obligations of the master and servant 
 as to inspection compared. 41 
 L.R.A. 127. 
 General statements of principles in- 
 volved. 41 L.R.A. 127. 
 Statements of the general rule with 
 reference to particular instru- 
 mentalities. 41 L.R.A. 129. 
 Rule where the servant has equal or 
 superior knowledge or means 
 of knowledge. 41 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 tiff/in with this hooTc on every lair question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 6 (e)— 
 cont'd 
 
 J 100. Tools and implements fur- 
 nished servant. 
 
 Duty of master to inspect. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 944. 
 In general. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 944. 
 When defect is obvious to employee. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 948. 
 Ordinary tools in every day use. 1 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 949. 
 When duty of inspection rests on em- 
 ployee. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 950. 
 When tool is property of fellow work- 
 man. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 950. 
 Right of emplovee to assume that tools are 
 
 safe. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 950. 
 Right to complain of failure to inspect when 
 safe tools are available. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 952. 
 
 § 101. Elevators. 
 
 Duty to employees as to inspection of eleva- 
 tors. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592. 
 
 Master's right to rely on inspection of ele- 
 vators by public authorities. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 812. 
 
 § 102. Materials. 
 
 Master's duty ,to inspect materials. 70 
 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Degree of care required in inspection. 70 
 L.R.A. 833. 
 Ordinary and reasonable care. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 833. 
 Inefl'ective inspection. 70 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 Duty of master to inspect junk to be 
 handled by employees. 40 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 890. 
 
 Master's right to rely on inspection by pub- 
 lic authorities. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 812. 
 
 (f) Superintendence and supervision. 
 
 § 103. Generally. 
 
 Employer's duty as to the supervision of 
 appliances not owned by him, but 
 used by his servants. 41, L.R.A. 
 100. 
 Rule as to the inspection of foreign 
 cars. 41 L.R.A. 101. 
 General principles. 41 L.R.A. 101. 
 Degree of care required. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 102. 
 Duty of inspecting foreign cars 
 considered with reference to 
 the doctrine of common em- 
 ployment. 41 L.R.A. 107. 
 Duty of master to furnish superintendence 
 where the work is complicated and 
 dangerous. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 481. 
 
 7. Selection, employment, and reten- 
 tion of fellow servants. 
 
 § 104. Generally. 
 
 Delegability of duty as to employing compe- 
 tent fellow servants, see infra, § 169. 
 
 General principles. 48 L.R.A. 369. 
 
 Nature and extent of the master's duty 
 stated. 48 L.R.A. 369. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 919 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 7— cont'd 
 
 Duty considered as creating an excep- 
 tion to the doctrine of common em- 
 ployment. 48 L.R.A. 369. 
 
 Standard of care obligatory upon the 
 master in regard to the selection 
 of his servants. 48 L.R.A. 371. 
 
 What constitutes an incorapetent serv- 
 ant. 48 L.R.A. 373. 
 
 Plaintiff's recovery dependent upon 
 proof of master's actual or con- 
 structive knowledge of coservant's 
 unfitness. 48 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 Duty to inquire into the fitness of a 
 servant at the time he is hired. 48 
 L.R.A. 376. 
 
 Duty of the master to keep lnlll:^elf in- 
 formed as to the fitness of a serv- 
 ant already in his employment. 48 
 L.R.A. 377. 
 Probative value of various facts as tending 
 to show culpability on the master's 
 part. 48 L.R.A. 378. 
 
 Incompetency of servant. 48 L.R.A. 
 :178. 
 
 Race and color of delinquent servant. 
 48 L.R.A. 379. 
 
 Appearance and manner of the servant 
 while testifying. 48 L.R.A. 380. 
 
 Language of delinquent servant himself 
 indicating reclclessness of char- 
 acter. 48 L.R.A. 380. 
 
 Minority. 48 L.R.A. 380. 
 
 Previous experience of the servant. 48 
 L.R.A. SJl. 
 
 Acts of negligence prior to the accident. 
 48 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 Act of negligence which caused the 
 accident. 48 L.R.A. 387. 
 
 Temporary unfitness at the time of the 
 accident. 48 L.R.A. 388. 
 
 Derelictions of duty subsequent to the 
 injury in suit. 48 L.R.A. 388. 
 
 Disclaimer of fitness by delinquent serv- 
 ant himself. 48 L.R.A. 388. 
 
 Specific statements as to unfitness made 
 hy coemployees of delinquent serv- 
 ant. 48 L.R.A. 389. 
 
 Reputation of delinquent servant. 48 
 L.R.A. 389. 
 Admissibility, generally. 48 L.R.A. 
 
 389. 
 Reputation not evidence of actual 
 
 unfitness. 48 L.R.A. 391. 
 Nicknames as evidence against the 
 master. 48 L.R.A. 391. 
 
 Length of the period during which the 
 unfitness has continued. 48 L.R.A. 
 392. 
 
 A promise by the master to discharge 
 the delinquent servant. 48 L.R.A. 
 392. 
 Disobedience of orders .as incompetency 
 
 vifithin the rule as to master's duty to 
 
 furnish competent fellow servants. 30 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 109. 
 Duty of master to servant to keep informed 
 
 as to fitness of coservants in his em- 
 ploy. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 288. 
 Con.tult also L.R.A. Dlnests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. a, 7— cont'd 
 Right of servant to rely on promise of mas- 
 ter to discharge incompetent or care- 
 less fellow servant. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1043. 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence with relation to competent and 
 careful fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 263. 
 May breach of duty to employ or retain 
 none but competent servants be inferred 
 in fact from their incompetency. 20 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 322. 
 May incompetency of minor to perform du- 
 ties of a particular employment be in- 
 ferred from his minority alone. 20 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 331. 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter of servant. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 750. 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove in- 
 competency of servant. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 760. 
 Evidence of reputation to show incompe- 
 tency of servant or master's knowl- 
 edge thereof. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 751. 
 Actual incompetency. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 751. 
 At time of employment. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 751. 
 During emplnvment. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 752. 
 Master's knowledge. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 752. 
 
 § 105. Liability of master for injuries 
 caused by incompetency of lello* 
 servant. 
 
 Master's knowledge of incompetency as 
 element of liability, see supra, § 67. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to 
 servant's incompetency, see Evidence, 
 § 78. 
 
 Employment, generally. 25 L.R.A. 710. 
 Retention in employ. 25 L.R.A. 713. 
 Incompetency through use of liquor. 25 
 
 L.R.A. '714. 
 Pleading incompetency. 25 L.R.A. 715. 
 Evidence. 25 L.R.A. 716. 
 
 Generally. 25 L.R.A. 716. 
 
 Specific acts. 25 L.R.A. 716. 
 
 Notice to company. 25 L.K.A. 716. 
 
 Burden of proof. 25 L.R.A. 717. 
 Master's liability for injury to servants in 
 
 respect to failure to employ suitable 
 
 servants. 54 L.R.A. 172. 
 Ma.ster's liability for injury to servant due 
 
 to unfitness of delinquent fellow serv- 
 ant. 54 L.R.A. 177. 
 Liability for employing drunkard. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 § 106. Employing sufficient number of 
 servants. 
 
 Delegability of duty as to, see infra, 
 § 169a. 
 
 Duty of master to provide sufficient help. 
 '48 L.R.A. 392; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 773; 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 913, 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant 
 due to failure to employ adequate num- 
 ber of servants. 54 L.R.A. 173, 178. 
 
920 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 PIASTER AND SERVANT, III. a— cont'd 
 S. Liability to volunteer. 
 
 § 107. Generally. 
 
 .\,-.Turaption of risk by volunteei-, see infra, 
 § 121. 
 
 I-iabilitv of master for injury to volunteer. 
 22 'L.R.A. 664; 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 561. 
 
 Duty and liability of owner to one on prem- 
 ises for purpose of seeing his em- 
 ployees. 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 497. 
 
 § 108. Who are volunteers. 
 
 Volunteer, who is. 16 L.R.A. 861. 
 
 Employee attempting to remove wire of 
 another company interfering with his 
 employer's line, as a volunteer. 31 
 L.R.A.(NX) 617. 
 
 6. Assumption of risTc. 
 
 § 109. Generally. 
 
 Assumption of risk of changing conditions, 
 see supra, § 80. 
 
 Risk of explosion, see Explosion.s and Ex- 
 plosives, § 7. 
 
 Bv servant, in general. 1 L.R.A. 131;* 4 
 L.R.A. 51;* 6 L.R.A. 76,» 246;- 12 
 L.R.A. 342;* 13 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 56 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 1 11 absence of contractual relation. 3 L.R..4. 
 iX.S.) 1097. 
 
 § 110. Kela.tion between assumption 
 of risk and contributory negli- 
 gence. 
 
 Distinction between assumption of risk and 
 contributory negligence. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 138. ' 
 
 Relation between defenses of assumption 
 of risks and contributory negligence in 
 entering or remaining in emplovment. 
 49 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 risks assumed in gen- 
 shock. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 § 111. Various 
 eral. 
 
 Of danger of electric 
 353. 
 
 From projecting screw in moving machin- 
 ery. 48 L.R.A. 98. 
 
 Assumption by train employee of risks due 
 to defects in tracks or roadbed. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1255. 
 
 Assumption of risk of unblocked switches. 
 48 L.E.A. 72; 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 717. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk of being in- 
 jured by dust or splinters caused by the 
 progress of the work. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 364. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk of injury by 
 splinters flying off hammers, chisels, 
 punches, and similar tools. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 800. 
 
 Assumption of risk of defective ladder not 
 forming part of structure. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 687. 
 
 Assniiiptioii of risk of overstraining muscles 
 in lifting weights under immediate di- 
 rection of master or vice principal. 25 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 362. 
 
 Hcij'i iiitli this book on every law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. b— cont'd 
 
 Assumption by tenant's employee of risk 
 of unsafe portions of building remain- 
 ing in landlord's possession. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1097. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk in using un- 
 safe horse or mule. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 695. 
 
 Assumption of risks under railway safety 
 appliance acts. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482; 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 57. 
 
 § 112. Volenti non fit injuria as a de- , 
 fense. 
 
 Meaning and effect of the maxim, as a mat- 
 ter of verbal construction. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 162. 
 Relation of the maxim to the doctrine of 
 
 a contractual assumption of risks. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 163. 
 Maxim not available as a defense, unless 
 
 plaintiff's knowledge of danger is 
 
 shown. 47 L.R.A. 164. 
 Logical significance of the servant's knowl- 
 edge. 47 L.R.A. 166. 
 How far voluntary action may be inferred 
 
 from the servant's knowledge of a risk, 
 
 generally. 47 L.R.A. 170. 
 Specific circumstances bearing on question 
 whether servant was volens. 47 
 L.R.A. 172. 
 
 Fact that risk was one ordinarily in- 
 cident to the service. 47 L.R.A. 
 172. 
 
 Fact that risk was known to the serv- 
 ant when he entered the employ- 
 ment. 47 L.R.A. 174. 
 
 Fact that risk was not known to the 
 servant when he entered the em- 
 ployment. 47 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Fact that conditions were or were not 
 under the control of the servant. 
 47 L.R.A. 184. 
 
 Fact that work was undertaken by serv- 
 ant ex propria motu. 47 L.R.A. 
 185. 
 
 Fact that servant complained of the 
 dangerous condition. 47 L.R.A. 
 185. 
 
 Fact that servant's motive for con- 
 tinuing work was his fear of dis- 
 missal. 47 L.R.A. 187. 
 
 Fact that duty violated was statutory. 
 47 L.R.A. 190. 
 
 Necessity of proving consent to partic- 
 ular risk. 47 L.R.A. 192. 
 
 Circumstances indicating master's ac- 
 ceptance of the responsibility. 47 
 L.R.A. 193. 
 Negligence of the servants of a person other 
 
 than the plaintiff's employer not a 
 
 risk assumed. 47 L.R.A. 193. 
 Relation of the maxim to the defense of 
 
 contributory negligence. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 198. 
 Bearing of the servant's knowledge upon the 
 
 question whether he was negligent. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 200. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 921 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. b— cont'd 
 § 113. As affected by servant's knowl- 
 edge and appreciation of danger; 
 obvious dangers; latent defects. 
 
 Effect of assurance of safety, see infra, 
 
 § 118. 
 Effect of master's promise to remove specific 
 
 cause of danger, see infra, §§ 119, 120. 
 
 Duty of servant to report defects in plant. 
 57 L.R.A. 842. 
 Statutory and common-law doctrines 
 
 compared. 57 L.R.A. S42. 
 Position of a servant wlio fails to re- 
 port a defect. 57 L.R.A. 84,3. 
 Position of a servant who has reported 
 a defect. 57 L.R.A. 844. 
 Servant's assumption of risk of danger im- 
 perfectly appreciated. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 990. 
 Servant's knowledge as element of defense 
 of contributory negligence in entering 
 or remaining in employment. 49 L.R.A. 
 33. 
 Assumption of obvious risks of hazardous 
 
 employment. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 272. 
 Assumption of risk of defective tool, ma- 
 chine, or appliance, where the defect is 
 obvious, but its importance not appreci- 
 ated. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 691. 
 Attempting dangerous work in obedience 
 to orders without fully appreciating 
 danger. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.)' 838. 
 In obeying orders to perform obviously 
 dangerous work. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830. 
 Effect of master's assurance as to obviovis 
 dangers of employment. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 971. ■ 
 Dangers created by the master's negligence, 
 which might have been discovered 
 by the exercise of ordinary care on 
 the part of the servant. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1250. 
 Test in Federal court. 28 L.R.A. (N.S) 
 
 1251. 
 Test in Arkansas. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1252. 
 Test in Minnesota. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1252 
 Test il Texas. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 125.3. 
 Miscellaneous tests. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1254. 
 Right of railroad engineer to proceed with 
 engine after learning while en route 
 that engine is defective, without as- 
 suming risk. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 339. 
 Servant's assumption of risk from latent 
 danger or defect. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 76. 
 
 § 114. Of master's negligence. 
 
 May servant assume the risk of dangers 
 created by the master's negligence. 
 4 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 848; 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1215. 
 
 Necessity of negligence on part of mas- 
 ter to permit recovery. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1216. 
 
 Distinction between ordinary and ex- 
 traordinary risks. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 12i8. 
 
 Assumption of ordinary risks. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1219. 
 Consrilt also L.R.A. Digpstft to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. b— cont'd 
 Assumption of extraordinary risks. 2S 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1220. 
 The two senses in which the term 
 is used. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1221. 
 Knowledge as an clement of as- 
 sumption of extraordinary 
 risks. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1222. 
 Apparent)}' contrary statements as 
 affected by the facts of the 
 case. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 122.3. 
 Basis of assumption of risk of 
 master's negligence. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1228. 
 Apparent modification of the genei'al 
 rule in some states. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1231. 
 Illinois. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1231. 
 Michigan. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1232. 
 Utah. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1233. 
 West Virginia. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1234. 
 Wisconsin. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1234. 
 The Missouri doctrine. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1234. 
 The North Carolina rule. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1240. 
 Statutes abolishing or abrogating as- 
 sumption of risk. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1242. 
 Dangers created by master's negligence 
 which might have been discovered by 
 exercise of ordinary care on servant's 
 part. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1250. 
 
 § 115. Of master's bi-each of statutory 
 duty. 
 
 In general. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 981; 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 646; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 634: 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 646; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1229. 
 
 Risk not assumed. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 983; 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 647; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1229. 
 
 Special statutory provisions. 6 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 985;' 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 648; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1231. 
 
 Risk may be assumed. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 981; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 649; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1230. 
 
 Federal cases. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 986: 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 648; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 651. 
 
 Contributory negligence as defense to serv- 
 ant's action for injuries from viola- 
 tion of master's statutory duty where 
 statute excludes defense of assumption 
 • of risk. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1152. 
 
 § 116. Outside scope of employment. 
 
 When risks of work outside scope of em- 
 ployment are deemed to be assumed. 
 48 L.R.A. 803. 
 
 Absence of compulsion as essential element 
 of assumption of risks by servant per- 
 forming duties outside scope of original 
 employment. 48 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 § 117. Obeying orders. 
 
 Servant's duty to obey master's orders, see 
 supra, § 4. 
 
022 
 
 INDEX TO L.E-.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTEE AND SERVANT, III. b— cont'd 
 Master's liability for injuries received in 
 
 obeying direct command, see supra, 
 
 § 70. 
 Contributory negligence of servant obeying 
 
 command, see infra, §§ 326, 127. 
 
 Direct orders as essential factor where the 
 risk to which tliey exposed servant 
 was one of those assumed. 48 L.R.A. 
 754. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk in obeying 
 orders to perform obviously dangerous 
 work. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830. 
 
 .Utempting dangerous work in obedience to 
 orders, without fully appreciating the 
 danger. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 838. 
 
 Servant's right of action for injuries re- 
 ceived in obeying direct command ac- 
 companied by assurance of safety. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 453. 
 
 ^'iew that direct command makes assump- 
 tion of risk question of fact only. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 442. 
 
 § 118. Assurance of safety by master 
 or coservant. 
 
 General rule. 48 L.R.A. 542; 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1014; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 453. 
 
 Illustrative cases. 48 L.R.A. 542. 
 
 Rationale of rule. 48 L.R.A. 544. 
 
 When an assurance of safety is not con- 
 clusive in the servant's favor. 48 
 L.R.A. 545. 
 
 Whose assurances bind the master. 48 
 L.R.A. 546. 
 
 Effect of master's assurance as to obvious 
 dangers of employment. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 971. 
 
 Right of action for injuries received in 
 obeying direct command accompanied 
 by assurance of safety. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 453. 
 
 § 119. Continuing work on master's 
 promise to remove a specific cause 
 of danger; promise to repair. 
 
 General rule. 40 L.R.A. 782. 
 Rationale of the relation between the par- 
 ties after the giving of the promise. 
 40 L.R.A. 783. 
 Continuance of work after promise not 
 contributory negligence, as matter 
 of law. 40 L.R.A. 786. 
 Generally. 40 L.R.A. 786. 
 Contributory negligence predicated from 
 the gravity of the risk incurred. 
 40 L.R.A. 788. 
 Contributory negligence predicated from 
 the length of time the servant has 
 worked after the promise was 
 given. 40 L.R.A. 785). 
 Illustrative cases. 40 L.R.^A. 791. 
 Servant's action not maintainable unless 
 his continuance of work was actually 
 induced by the master's promise to 
 protect him from some danger, etc. 
 40 L.R.A. 793. 
 Whose promise is binding on an employer. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 796. 
 Rule where the promise relates to simple 
 appliances. 40 L.R.A. 797 
 
 Begin with this booJc on every law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. b— cont'd 
 
 Obligations of the servant pending the ful- 
 filment of the promise. 40 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Servant's right to rely on master's promise 
 to discharge incompetent or careless 
 servant. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1043. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk of defect in 
 simple tool which master has promised 
 to repair or replace. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1052. 
 
 Effect of promise to repair at some definite 
 future time or after a certain event to 
 suspend the doctrine of assumed risk 
 during the interval. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 913; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 472. 
 
 Liability of master for breach of promise to 
 remedy conditions, or furnish other 
 appliances, where they were already 
 reasonably safe. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1179. 
 
 Effect of master's promise to repair de- 
 fective ladder not forming part of 
 structure. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 689. 
 
 § 12 0. — effect of promiee wliere dan- 
 ger is great and imminent. 
 
 General principles. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 598. 
 Illustrative cases. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 601. 
 As a matter of law. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 601. 
 Mines and sand pits. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 601. 
 Saws and planing mills. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 602. 
 Protection from falling objects. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 602. 
 Work in the dark. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 603.- 
 Contributory negligence as a auestion 
 of fact. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 Care to be exercised by the servant after the 
 promise. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 606. 
 
 § 121. Assumption by volunteer. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to volunteer, 
 see supra, §§ 107, 108. 
 
 Generally. 22 L.R.A. 663. 
 
 Liability to minor volunteer. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 664. 
 Assisting; by request of one in authority. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 664. 
 Persons with interest. 22 L.R.A. 665. 
 Persons not volunteers. 22 L.R.A. 665. 
 Servant volunteer. 22 L^R.A. 665. 
 
 § 122. By minor employee. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to minor em- 
 ployee, see supra, §§' 50, 51, 55. 
 
 Duty to warn or instruct minor emplovees, 
 see supra, §§ 76-78. 
 
 Assumption of risks by minor employees. 
 
 8 L.R.A. 491;* 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 May one employing child under statutory 
 
 age rely on assumption of risk to defeat 
 
 liability for personal injury to latter. 
 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 
 c. Contributory negligence. 
 
 § 123. Generally. 
 
 Act of employee in emergency, see Emek- 
 GENCT, § 2. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 923 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, 111. c— cont'd 
 Presumption and Burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, § 83. 
 Servant injured by falling object, sec TTaj.t, 
 
 iNG Objects,"! 4. 
 As to last clear cliance generally, see Nkh- 
 
 LIGBNCE, §§ 50-52. 
 Question for jury as to, see Teial, § 47. 
 
 Generally. 4 L.R.A. 51;* 8 L.R.A, 491.* 
 Distinction between assumption of rislc and 
 contributory negligence. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 138. 
 Conflict of laws as to. 56 L.R.A. 22 J. 
 Relation of maxim Volenti iwii fit iajinia 
 to defense of contributory negligence. 
 47 L.R.A. 161. 
 Attempting to save emplover's property. 2 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 954. 
 Contributory negligence in using unsafe 
 
 horse or mule. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 695. 
 With respect to- injury from projecting 
 screw in moving machinery. 48 L.R.A. 
 98. 
 By employee of electric company. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 353. 
 Of railroad employee in riding on engine. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 552. 
 Duty of employee engaged in repairing or 
 cleaning track to look out for his ovi-n 
 safety. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 646. 
 \ enturing witli train or hand car on track 
 over which other train has the right of 
 way. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1014. 
 Walking in front of moving car to prepare 
 
 coupling. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 Negligence of employee of railroad in step- 
 ping between moving cars. 41 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 32. 
 Cases illustrating non-negligent condi- 
 tions. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 Qualification of rule where conditions 
 are dangerous. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 34. 
 Doctrine that stepping between moving 
 cars is negligence per se. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 36. 
 Contributory negligence of employee of rail- 
 road company injured by defectively 
 loaded car. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 391. , 
 ■ niitributory negligence in failing to re- 
 member dangerous conditions. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79. 
 General rule. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79. 
 Illustrative cases. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 80. 
 Injuries on railroads. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S. I 80. 
 In other occupations. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N-S.) 84. 
 Instructions to the jury. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 86. 
 Limits to the rule. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 86. 
 Availability of defense of contributory negli- 
 gence, under safety appliance acts. 20 
 L.EA.,(N.S.) 483; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 57. 
 Employee's right to rely on statute requir- 
 ing signal to be given by train ap- 
 proaching crossing. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1105. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to tlnte. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. c— cont'd 
 
 Duty of servant to report defects in con- 
 dition of plant. 57 L.R.A. 842. 
 
 J^iability of employer qualified by servant's 
 duty to acquaint himself with his en- 
 vironment. 41 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 Duty to relieve servant who, without nuih 
 ter's fault, has been caught in dangin- 
 ous situation. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 940. 
 
 Riglit of servant to compensation in case of 
 incomplete performance of his contract 
 caused by phvsical disability due to, bis 
 own negligence. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 325. 
 
 Contributory negligence as defense to serv- 
 ant's action for injuries from viola- 
 tion of master's statutory duty wlicrc 
 statute excludes defense of assumption 
 of risk. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1J52. 
 
 § 12 J. Minor employees. 
 
 ilay one emploj'ing child under statutory 
 age rely on contributory negligence to 
 defeat liability for personal injury to 
 latter. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461: 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 876. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as tu ca- 
 pacity of minor servant to comprehend 
 and 'avoid danger. 29 L.R.A. (NiS.) 
 487. 
 
 § 12 5. Disobedience of master's rules, 
 as. 
 
 Master's duty as to rules and regulations, 
 see supra, § 71. 
 
 Rules binding on employees. 24 L.R.A. 657. 
 
 Examples. 24 L.R.A. 657. 
 
 Exceptions. 24 L.R.A. 658. 
 
 Notice. 24 L.R.A. 658. 
 
 The rule must not have been waived. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 0.59. 
 The disobedience must be unnecessary. 24 
 
 L.E.A. 661. 
 The rule must be applicable. 24 L.R.A. 661. 
 The disobedience must contribute to the in- 
 jury. 24 L.R.A. 662. 
 Wilful injury. 24 L.R.A. 662. 
 Reasonableness of rule. 24 L.R.A. 662. 
 How the rules are construed. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 662. 
 Evidence. 24 L.R.A. 662. 
 Question for court or jury. 24 L.R.A. 662. 
 Duty of the servant in regard to the rules 
 promulgated by his employer. 43 
 L.R.A. 350. 
 Generally. 43 L.R.A. 350. 
 yiolation of rule by plaintiff not a bar 
 to recovery, unless shown to be 
 proximate cause of injury. 43 
 L.R.A. 352. 
 Servant not bound by rules not known 
 to him. 43 L.R.A. 356. 
 General principles stated. 43 
 
 L.R.A. 356. 
 When a servant is deemed to luivc 
 knowledge of a rule. 43 
 L.R.A. 357. 
 Validity of rules as regards employees. 
 43 L.R.A. 359. 
 Public policy. 43 L.R.A. 359. 
 Reasonableness. 43 L.R.A. 361. 
 
924 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. c— cont'd 
 Illustrative eases with regard to the 
 violation of rules by the serv- 
 ant. 43 L.R.A. 363. 
 
 Disobedience to rules respecting 
 signals. 43 L.R.A. 363. 
 
 Disobedience to rules regulating the 
 work of coupling cars. 43 
 L.R.A. 364. 
 
 Disobedience to rules regulating 
 the operation of trains. 43 
 L.R.A. 364. 
 
 Disobedience to rules in regard to 
 switching. 43 L.R.A. 365. 
 
 Disobedience to rules regulating 
 the manner of getting on or 
 off railway cars. 43 /L.R.A. 
 365. 
 
 Rules directing employees to be or 
 not to be in particlilar places. 
 43 L.R.A. 365. 
 
 Disobedience to rules prescribing 
 that appliances shall be in- 
 spected. 43 L.R.A. 365. 
 
 Disobedience to rules requiring 
 servant to report dangers. 43 
 L.R.A. 366. 
 
 Disobedience to rules regulating 
 the manipulation of machin- 
 ery. 43 L.R.A. 366. 
 
 Disobedience to rules regulating 
 personal habits of servants. 
 43 L.E.A. 3(i6. 
 Waiver of rules habitually disregarded. 
 43 L.R.A. 366. 
 
 Doctrine of waiver stated. 43 
 L.R.A. 366. 
 
 Acquiescence in violation, when im- 
 plied from employer's knowl- 
 edge. 43 L.R.A. 368. 
 
 Rationale of doctrine. 43 L.R.A. 
 370. 
 
 Express agreenipnt to obey rules, 
 effect of. 43 L.R.A. 370. 
 Obligation of rules and other duties, 
 
 effect of conflict between. 43 L.R.A. 
 
 371. 
 Injuries caused by coservants' violation 
 of rules, liability for. 43 
 L.R.A. 373. 
 
 Under common-law principles. 43 
 L.R.A. 373. 
 
 Under statutes modifying the com- 
 mon law. 43 L.R.A. 375. 
 Violati'on of rule which conflicts with other 
 rules or orders as contributory negli- 
 gence. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 972. 
 Contributory negligence in disobeying -rule 
 in obedience to orders of superior. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 
 g 12 6. Obe.ying; command. 
 
 Servant's duty to obey master's orders, see 
 supra, § 4. 
 
 Master's liability for injuries received in 
 obeying direct command, see supra. § 
 70. 
 
 Assumption of risk by servant obeying or- 
 ders, see supra, § 117. 
 
 Contributory negligence of employee in 
 obeving direct command. 30 ' L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 441. 
 
 Begin with this book on every la\c question 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. &— cont'd 
 
 View that direct command makes con- 
 tributory negligence question of fact 
 only. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 442. 
 
 Rationale of servant's right to rely on 
 master's direct command. 48 L.R.A. 
 750. 
 
 When contributory negligence not predi- 
 cated on compliance with direct order. 
 48 L.R.A. 755. 
 
 When direct orders will not justify serv- 
 ant's obedience. 48 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 Specific command from master no excuse 
 unless servant's act was induced there- 
 by. 48 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 Negligence as to manner of carrying out 
 master's direct command. 48 L.R.A. 
 764. 
 
 Servant's disobedience of rule in obedience 
 to orders of superior. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 90. 
 
 Misunderstanding of order. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 407. 
 
 § 127. —servant's reliance on orders 
 as contributory negligence. 
 
 Question of law or fact. J 7 L.R.A. 604. 
 Setting servant at dangerous work outside 
 
 of the scope of employment. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 604. 
 Seamen. 17 L.R.A. 606. 
 Emergency or hurry. 17 L.R.A. 606. 
 Assurance of safetv. 17 L.R.A. 606. 
 
 § 128. In entering or remaining In 
 employment. 
 
 When the servant's action is barred. 49 
 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Servant's knowledge as an element of 
 the defense, generally. 49 L.R.A. 
 33. 
 
 Contributory negligence held to l)c a 
 question for jury where servant's 
 knowledge of defects only is shown. 
 49 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 Contributory negligence inferred from 
 servant's knowledge both of defects 
 and resulting dangers. 49 L.R.A. 
 37. 
 
 Contributory negligence inferred from 
 servant's knowledge of defects 
 alone. 49 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 The rationale of the principle. 49 
 L.R.A. 41. 
 
 Knowledge of danger held to be not 
 necessarily a bar to the action. 49 
 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 Missouri doctrine as to the effect of 
 the servant's continuance of work 
 with knowledge. 49 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Failure of servant to report defect. 49 
 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 Duty of the servant to quit the employ- 
 ment when he ascertains that he is 
 exposed to an abnormal danger. 
 49 L.R.A. 47. 
 Relation between the defenses of assump- 
 tion of risks and contributory neg- 
 ligence. 49 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 Logical independence of the two de- 
 fenses. 49 L.R.a! 50. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 925 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. i^-cont'd 
 
 Assumption of risk a conclusive de- 
 fense irrespecti%'e of whether serv- 
 ant exercised due care. 49 L.R.A. 
 51. 
 
 Contributorj- negligence in respect to 
 risks assumed. 49 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 Defenses confused owing to inaccu- 
 racies of terminology. 49 L.R.A. 
 55. 
 
 Doctrinal confusion between the de- 
 fenses. 49 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 § 129. — effect of master's assurance 
 of safety. 
 
 Eft'ect of assurance of safety given by the 
 master or a coservant. 48 L.R.A. 542. 
 
 § 130. — effect of master's promise to 
 repair or remove dangerous condi- 
 tion. 
 
 Contributory negligence as matter of law 
 
 notwithstanding master's promise 
 
 to repair where danger is great 
 
 and imminent. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 601. 
 Mines and sandpits. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 601. 
 Saws and planing mills. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 602. 
 Protection from falling objects. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 602. 
 Work in the dark. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 603. 
 Continuing work after master's promise to 
 
 remove specific cause of danger as 
 
 contributory negligence. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 L.R.A. 786.' 
 Contributory negligence predicated 
 
 from gravitv of risk incurred. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 788. " 
 Contributory negligence predicated 
 
 from length of time servant has 
 
 worked after giving of promise. 40 
 
 789. 
 Servant's right to rely on master's promise 
 to discharge incompetent or careless 
 follow servant. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3 043. 
 
 § 131. Performing duties outside scope 
 of employment. 
 
 Contributory negligence as defense where 
 injuries received in performance of 
 duties outside of original contract. 48 
 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 Absence of compulsion as essential element 
 of contributory negligence in perform- 
 ing duties outside scope of original em- 
 ployment. 48 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 d. Fellow servants. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 (a) Getieralhf. 
 
 § 132. Generally. 
 
 Imputing knowledge of fellow servant to 
 
 master, see supra, § 68. 
 Master's duty as to selection and retention 
 
 of fellow servants, see supra, §§ 104, 
 
 105. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Vigests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 1 (a) — 
 
 cont'd 
 Master's duty to employ sufficient number 
 
 of fellow servants, see supra, § 106. 
 Master's liability for injury due to negli- 
 gence of fellow servant in mine, see 
 
 Mines, § 41. 
 Imputing fellow servant's negligence to 
 
 master, see Negligence, § 45. 
 Question for jury as to master's liability 
 
 for fellow servant's negligence, see 
 
 Trial, § 4]. 
 
 General rule as to master's nonliability for 
 negligence of. 1 L.R.A. 483;* 3 L.R.A. 
 i560.* 
 
 Liability for negligence of coservant acting 
 under authority. 12 L.R.A. 97.* 
 
 Imputing servant's negligence to fellow 
 servant. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to fellow-servant rule. 
 56 L.R.A. 219. 
 
 Rule when dangerous condition is due to 
 act of fellow servant. 41 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Duty of instruction considered with refer- 
 ence to the doctrine of common em- 
 ployment. 44 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 Liability of master as affected by inability 
 of fellow servant to understand Eng- 
 lish. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 39. 
 i Overwork of servant as affecting master's 
 liability for injury to him or another 
 servant. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1214. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to vice prin- 
 cipal by negligence of servant. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 301. 
 
 Master's liability as affected by restrictions 
 upon his freedom of selection and su- 
 perintendence of employees by labor or- 
 ganizations. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1105. 
 
 Master's duty to inspect tools belonging to 
 fellow workman. 1 L.R.A. (N.ST) 950. 
 
 Contributory negligence in disobeying rule 
 in obedience to orders of superior. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 
 Burden of proving contributory negligence 
 under felloM'-servant act. 33 L.R.A. 
 (X.S. ) 1219. 
 
 Possible inference that accident to servant 
 was due to negligence of fellow servant. 
 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 354. 
 
 Evidence of fellow servant's character. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 
 Personal liability of servant for injury to 
 fellow servant. 28 L.R.A. 440. 
 
 (h) Concurrent negligence of master 
 and fellow servant. 
 
 § 13 3. Generally. 
 
 Combined negligence of master and coserv- 
 ants. 7 L.R.A. 503.* 
 
 Negligence of fellow servant concurring 
 with failure of the master to establish 
 or enforce proper rules or regulations 
 for conduct of business. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 516. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to employee 
 caused by defective elevator and negli- 
 gence of fellow servant. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 647. 
 
!)2t) 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 ilASTEK AND SEEVAJ^T, III. d, 1 (b) — 
 
 cont'd 
 g 134. Relation ot proximate cause 
 
 doctrine to master's liability lor in- 
 juries to servant from. 
 licHation of proximate cause doctrine to 
 master's liability for injuries to 
 servant from combined negligence 
 of himself and fellow servant. 16 
 L.R.A. 819. 
 
 Proximate cause. 16 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 "A" proximate cause as distinguished 
 from "the" proximate cause. 16 
 L.R.A. 822. 
 
 Eiglit to consider relative negligence. 
 16 L.R.A. 823. 
 
 Existence of liability when master's 
 negligence an essential element. 16 
 L.R.A. 823. 
 
 Where master's negligence is the effi- 
 cient cause. 16 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 Where servant's nej^ligence was the 
 cause. 16 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Felloir-seriant rnlc nfi affected T>y 
 t^lithite. 
 
 § 135. Generally. 
 
 Validity of statvite abrogating fellow-serv- 
 ant rule. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1040. 
 Is a street or interurban railway affected 
 by abrogation of fellow-servant rule as 
 to "railroads." 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 Applicability to private railroad, of enact- 
 ment abrogating fellow-servant rule as 
 to "railroads." 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 479. 
 What constitutes operation of railroad un- 
 der statutes abrogating fellow-servant 
 rule for railroads. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 696. 
 Is the work of a section gang "connected 
 with the use and operation" of the rail- 
 road, within the meaning of fellow 
 servant statute. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 452. 
 What is a railroad hazard within statutes 
 abolishing or restricting fellow- 
 servant rule as to railroad em- 
 ployees. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478; 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 Construction work. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 479. 
 Loading and unloading cars. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 480. 
 Hand cars. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 481. 
 Repairing tracks. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 482. 
 Work in depots, roundhouses, etc. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 482. 
 Riding to and from work on cars. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 483. 
 Injuries caused by the negligence of 
 passing trains. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 484. 
 Injury by negligent running of train on 
 which employee was employed. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 484. 
 Question for jury. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 485. 
 State statute modifying fellow-servant rule 
 . as an interference with interstate com- 
 merce. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 134. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 1— cont'd 
 (d) Who are fellow seri-nnts generally. 
 
 § 136. Generally. 
 
 Who are fellow servants on vessel, see Ship- 
 ping, § 11. 
 Question for jury as to, see Trial, § 27. 
 
 793; 
 
 L.R.A. 500;' 
 
 Begin with this hook on eveiy law question. 
 
 Generally. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 792. 
 Servants not on duty. 18 L.R.A. 797. 
 As affected by legislation. 38 L.R.A. 797. 
 Common service. 18 L.R.A. 817. 
 Servants in mine as. 50 L.R.A. 437, 461. 
 Common laborers and persons engaged in 
 blasting as fellow servants. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1180. 
 Liability of railway company for injury to 
 its servants by negligence of union de- 
 pot employees. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1196. 
 Operatives employed in industrial plant as 
 fellow servants of employees engaged 
 in operation of private railroad eon- 
 ducted in connection therewith. 'i') 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 354. 
 Operator of elevator or other hoisting ap- 
 .paratus as fellow servant of other 
 employees of the establishment. 41 
 L.R.a:(N.S.) 156. 
 Servant engaged in cleaning or repair- 
 ing the elevator or shaft. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 157. 
 Employees engaged in loading or un- 
 loading sliips. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 157. 
 Employees engaged in various I'mstnu-- 
 tion works. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 157. 
 Employees in mines. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 158. 
 Employees in hotels. 
 
 158. 
 Employees of stores. 
 
 158. 
 
 Employees in mercantile or manufac- 
 turing establishments. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 159. 
 Employees in various other establish- 
 ments. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 169. 
 The "departmental doctrine." 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 159. 
 Who are fellow servants of linemen when 
 no question of vice principal is in- 
 volved. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 48. 
 Linemen as fellow servants of members 
 of gang erecting poles. 30 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 48. 
 Departmental theory as affecting different 
 classes of workmen operating or using 
 machinery, or in building a structure. 
 1 L.R.A.,(N.S.) 682. 
 
 § 13 7. — servant of employer and 
 servant of contractor. , 
 
 Servant of employer and servant of con- 
 tractor as fellow servants. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 334. 
 Mere consociation as affecting legal re- 
 lation. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 335. 
 Work on buildings. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 335. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 1 (d)— 1 
 cont'd 
 
 Woi-k connected with construction j 
 or operation of railways. 17 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 335. | 
 
 Loading and unloading. 17 L.R.A. i 
 (N.S.) 336. i 
 
 Servants in genera] employ of contrac- | 
 tor or his employer as servants 
 of the other for some special 
 purpose. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 337. 
 Persons furnished to make repairs. 17 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 338. 
 Persons furnished to drive teams. 17 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 33S. 
 Persons furnished to operate machin- 
 ery. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 339. 
 
 (e) For tvhat acts of fellow servant 
 master is liable. 
 
 § 138. Generally. 
 
 For what acts of superior servant master 
 is liable, see infra, §§ 151, 152. 
 
 Dependent on question of vice principal- 
 ship, see infra, §§ 15,5-162a. 
 
 What duties are delegable to fellow servant, 
 »ee infra, §§ 163-169. 
 
 Liability of master for injuries inflicted up- 
 on an employee maliciously or in sport 
 bv other emplovees. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 109. 
 
 2. Cotnmon eniplot/ment, apart from 
 statute, where no question as to 
 vice principalship. 
 
 § 139. Generally. 
 
 In general. 50 L.R.A. 417. 
 
 General statement of what constitutes 
 common employment. 50 L.R.A. 
 419. 
 Common employment a question of law 
 when the facts are undisputed. 50 
 L.R.A. 421. 
 Relation between doctrine of common em- 
 plovment and master's duty to promul- 
 sate rules. 43 L.R.A. 342. 
 Duty of instructing servant considered with 
 reference to doctrine of common em- 
 ployment. 44 L.R.A. 86. 
 What constitutes common employment. 18 
 L.R.A. 793. 
 Servants not on duty. 18 L.R.A. 797. 
 Legislation. 18 L.R.A. 797. 
 What constitutes common service. 18 
 L.R.A. 817. 
 
 § 140. Servants working outside scope 
 of employment. 
 
 Doctrine of common employment qnalifieil 
 as to servants working outside of scope 
 of employment. 48 L.R.A. 805. 
 
 § 141. Theory that community of em- 
 ployment depends solely on whether 
 delinquent servant's negligence wa-. 
 a risk contemplaiert by the in- 
 i lived servant. 
 
 Gentially. 50 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 fon.'nirt also Jj.li.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 2— cont'd 
 
 Diversity of duties or departments not 
 
 sullicient to exclude defense of common 
 
 employment. 50 L.R.A. 42(). 
 
 Contiguity a material, thougli not decisive, 
 
 factor. 50 L.R.A. 427. 
 Illustrative cases of common employment. 
 50 L.R.A. 429. 
 Railway work. 50 L.R.A. 429. 
 
 Servants working in the office de- 
 partments and operating 
 trains. 50 L.R.A. 429. 
 Servants engaged in handling the 
 
 same train. 50 L.R.A. 430. 
 Servants working on different 
 
 trains. 50 L.R.A. 431. 
 Servants handling ordinary trains 
 and servants employed in the 
 repair or construction of the 
 permanent way. 50 L.R.A. 
 432. 
 Servants handling work trains and 
 servants employed on the per- 
 manent way in connection 
 with such trains. 50 L.R.A. 
 434. 
 Servants engaged in handling 
 trains and in giving signals. 
 50 L.R.A. 434. 
 Servants belonging to regular 
 train crews and switclimen. 
 50 L.R.A. 434. 
 Servants handling cars and serv- 
 ants inspecting or repairing 
 them. 50 L.R.A. 435. 
 Servants handling trains and serv- 
 ants performing miscellaneous 
 duties in yards. 50 L.R.A. 
 435. 
 Servants engaged solely in the con- 
 struction or maintenance of 
 the permanent way and its ac- 
 cessories. 50 L.R.A. 435. 
 Servants loading cars and servants 
 handling them. 50 L.R.A. 430. 
 Servants engaged in loading cars, 
 and trackmen. 50 L.R.A. 436. 
 Servants employed in the mechan- 
 ical departments. 50 L.R.A. 
 436. 
 Occupations other than railway work. 
 50 L.R.A. 436. 
 Servants of municipal corpora- 
 tions. 50 L.R.A. 436. 
 Servants in stores. 50 L.K.A. 436. 
 Servants working on stagecoaches. 
 
 50 L.R.A. 436. 
 Servants in mills, factories, and 
 similar establishments. 50 
 L.R.A. 436. 
 Employees in lumber yards. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 437. 
 Servants working in quarries. 50 
 
 437. 
 Servants working in or about 
 mines anS similar work. 50 
 L.R.A. 437. 
 Servants engaged in building or 
 equipping ships. 50 L.R.A. 
 437. 
 Crews of ships. 50 L.R.A. 438. 
 
U2S 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 iIA.si].:R AND SERVANT, III. d, 2— cont'd 
 
 Servants engaged in loading and 
 
 unloading ships. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 438. 
 
 Servants employed on structures in 
 
 course of erection. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 438. 
 
 Servants engaged in repairing 
 
 plant. 50 L.R.A. 438. 
 Servants operating lioisting appa- 
 ratus and other servants in 
 the same establishment. 50 
 L.R.A. 438. 
 Servants engaged inside and out- 
 side of warehouses, factories, 
 etc. 50 L.R.A. 439. 
 Disconnection of duties, when so great as 
 to negative implied acceptance of the 
 risk of a fellow servant's negligence. 
 50 L.R.A. 439. 
 
 § 112. Theory that conimoii employ- 
 ment depends on identity of depart- 
 ments or work or consociation of 
 duties. 
 
 Identity of department as a test, generally. 
 
 50 L.R.A. 442. 
 Consociation of duties, as a test of common 
 
 emp)o\ -nt. 50 L.R.A. 444. 
 Same subject continued. 50 L.R.A. 446. 
 Relation between the theories of nonassign- 
 able duties and consociation of duties. 
 50 L.R.A. 448. 
 Difference of identity of department not 
 necessarily conclusive under the conso- 
 ciation doctrine. 50 L.R.A. 449. 
 Some secondary results of the consociation 
 doctrine have been noted in the de- 
 cisions. 50 L.R.A. 451. 
 Consociation primarily a question of fact 
 
 for the jury. 50 L.R.A. 452. 
 Criticisms of the doctrine of consociation. 
 
 50 L.R.A. 453. 
 Illustrative cases as to the doctrine of con- 
 sociated duties. 50 L.R.A. 455. 
 Railway work. 50 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 Servants engaged in office work 
 and in handling trains. 50 
 L.R.A. 455. 
 Servants working on the same 
 
 train. 50 L.R.A. 456. 
 ■Servants handling difl'erent trains. 
 
 50 L.R.A. 456. 
 Servants handling trains and 
 
 switchmen. 50 L.R.A. 456. 
 Servants handling trains, and ex- 
 press' and baggage men. 50 
 L.R.A. 456. 
 Servants handling trains and car 
 inspectors or ear repairers. 50 
 L.R.A. 457. 
 Servants handling trains and 
 
 watchmen. 50 L.R.A. 457. 
 Switching crews in yards. 50 
 
 L.E.A. 457. 
 Servants handling trains and serv- 
 ants loading cars. 50 L.R.A. 
 458. 
 
 Begin with this hook on crcfij law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 2— confd 
 
 Servants handling ordinary trains 
 and servants employed in the 
 repair or construction of the 
 permanent way. 50 L.R.A. 
 458. 
 
 Servants handling work trains and 
 servants employed on the per- 
 manent way. 50 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 Servants engaged solely in the con- 
 struction or maintenance of 
 the permanent way. 50 L.R.A. 
 459. 
 
 Servants in the mechanical and in 
 other departments. 50' L.R.A. 
 459. 
 
 Servants engaged in roundhouses 
 and the various shops. 50 
 L.R.A. 460. 
 Occupations other than railway work. 
 50 L.R.A. 460. 
 
 Servants engaged in work on build- 
 ings in process of erection. 50 
 L.R.A. 460. 
 
 Servants working on or about 
 ships. 50 L.R.A. 460. 
 
 Servants employed in coal yards. 
 50 L.R.A. 460. 
 
 Servants employed in iron works. 
 50 L.R.A. 460. 
 
 Servants employed in factories, etc. 
 50 L.R.A. 461. 
 
 Servants engaged in mining work. 
 50 L.R.A. ^461. 
 
 Servants employed in hotels. 50 
 L.R.A. 461." 
 
 Servants emploved in mills. 50 
 L.R.A. 461."' 
 
 Servants employed in quarries and 
 sewers. 50 L.R.A. 461. 
 
 § 143. Common employment consid- 
 ered with reference to continuity 
 of relation of master and servant. 
 
 Generally. 50 L.R.A. 461. 
 
 Control by the master at the time of the in- 
 jury, the ultimate determinative factor. 
 50 L.R.A. 462. 
 
 Positions of servants while being transport- 
 ed on vehicles belonging to their em- 
 ployers. 50 L.R.A. 462. 
 
 Rationale of these cases. 50 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 Payment or nonpayment of fare not neces- 
 sarily decisive for or against the serv- 
 ant's right to recover. 50 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 Special bargain, whether rights of a pas- 
 senger may be conferred by. 50 L.R.A. 
 467. 
 
 Position of servants while entering or leav- 
 ing the premises of their employers on 
 foot. 50 L.R.A. 468. 
 
 3. Vice principal; stipcrior servant. 
 
 (a) In general. 
 
 § 144. Generally. 
 
 Who are vice principals on vessel, see Ship- 
 ping, § lla. 
 
 Master's liability for negligent acts of vice 
 principal, generally. 7 L.R.A. 501.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 929 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (a) — 
 cont'd 
 
 Liability of master for assault by superior 
 on inferior servant in the way of dis- 
 cipline. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 798. 
 
 Negligent superiors as fellow servants. 18 
 L.R.A. 823. 
 
 Superior employees as fellow servants. 18 
 L.R.A. 827. 
 
 (h) Considered ivitli reference to rarilc 
 of superior servant. 
 
 § 145. Generally. 
 
 Generally. 51 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Mere inequality of rank, significance of. 
 Usually held not to warrant inference 
 that the superior servant is a vice 
 principal. 51 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 Summary of the effect of the decisions in 
 each jurisdiction with regard to 
 the relation of supervising em- 
 ployees to their subordinates. 51 
 L.R.A. 602. 
 Introductorv statement. 51 L.R.A. 602. 
 The United" Kingdom. 51 L.R.A. 603. 
 British colonies. 51 L.R.A. 603. 
 Federal courts. 51 L.R.A. 003. 
 State courts. 51 L.R.A. 006. 
 
 Master's liabilty as affected by superior 
 rank of employee whose negligence in 
 preparation or structural modification 
 of instrumentalities causes injury to 
 fellow servant. 54 L.R.A. 147. 
 
 § 146. Doctrine that vice principalship 
 is not deducible merely from pos- 
 session of po)ver of control over 
 injured servant. 
 
 General statemeet. 51 L.R.A. 537. 
 Rationale of the doctrine. 51 L.R.A. 518. 
 Qualification of the doctrine in cases where 
 an order takes a servant outside the 
 original scope of his employment. 51 
 L.R.A. 520. 
 Power of hiring and discharging subordi- 
 nates, significance of. 51 L.R.A. 520. 
 Application of the doctrine to the various 
 grades of supervising employees. 51 
 L.R.A. 522. 
 Illustrative cases. 51 L.R.A. 525. 
 
 General managers. 51 L.R.A. 525. 
 Employees in control of railway trains. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 525. 
 Supervising employees in railway 
 
 yards. 51 L.R.A. 526. 
 Foreman of wrecking gangs on rail- 
 ways. 51 L.R.A. 527. 
 Employees supervising track work on 
 
 railways. 51 L.R.A. 527. 
 Employees supervising various kinds of 
 construction work. 51 L.R.A. 528. 
 Supervising employees in the mechan- 
 ical departments of railways and 
 other concerns. 51 L.R.A. 531. 
 Foreman supervising work in quarries. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 533. 
 Employee supervising the loading of a 
 vehicle elsewhere than on railways. 
 51 L.R.A. 533. 
 Foreman of gangs loading or unload- 
 ing ships. 51 L.R.A. 533. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date, t 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (b) — 
 cont'd 
 Supervising employees in smelting 
 
 works. 51 L.R.A. 533. 
 Employees supervising farms. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 534. 
 Supervising employees in manufactur- 
 ing establishments. 51 L.R.A. 534. 
 Supervising employees in mines. 51 
 L.R.A. 534. 
 Without reference to statutes. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 534. 
 Appointed under statutes. 51 
 L.R.A. 535. 
 Subordinate ofiicers of ships. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 537. 
 Commanding officers of ships. 51 
 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 § 147. Doctrine that all superior serv- 
 ants are vice principals as regards 
 theii" subordinates. 
 
 General statement. 51 L.R.A. 539. 
 Relation of the superior-servant doctrine 
 
 to the doctrine that the head of a de- 
 partment is a vice principal. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 541. 
 Rationale of the doctrine. 51 L.R.A. 542. 
 
 Unequal knowledge of superior and sub- 
 ordinate. 51 L.R.A. 542. 
 
 Inability of master or superior agents 
 to supervise all details of the work. 
 51 L.R.A. 542. 
 
 Obligation of servant to obey his su- 
 perior. 51 L.R.A. 542. 
 
 Duty to use care in giving orders re- 
 garded as one of the nonassignable 
 duties of the master. 51 L.R.A. 
 543. 
 What constitutes the exercise of control 
 
 within the meaning of the doctrine. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 547. 
 Existence or absence of a power to hire and 
 
 discharge subordinates; significance of. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 548. 
 Illustrative cases. 51 L.R.A. 550. 
 
 General managing agents. 51 L.R.A. 
 550. 
 
 Employees controlling the movements 
 of trains which they do not assist 
 in operating. 51 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 Employees in control of railway trains. 
 51 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 Supervising employees in railway 
 yards and depots. 51 L.R.A. 552. 
 
 Employees supervising the loadii"^ of 
 railway cars. 51 L.R.A. 552. 
 
 Employees supervising track work on 
 railways. 51 L.R.A. 552. 
 
 Employees supervising various kinds of 
 construction work. 51 L.R.A. 5j3 
 
 Foremen in the mechanical depart- 
 ments of railway companies. 51 
 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Employees in charge of machinery. 51 
 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Supervising employees in manufactur- 
 ing establishments. 51 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Supervising employees in smelting 
 works. 51 L.R.A. 555. 
 
 Employees supervising the moving of 
 heavy articles. 51 L.R.A. 555. 
 
930 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (b) — 
 cont'd 
 Employees supervising the loading of 
 
 vessels. 51 L.R.A. 555. 
 Foremen in quarries. 51 L.R.A. 555. 
 Foremen in mines. 51 L.R.A. 555. 
 Officers of ships. 51 L.R.A. 555. 
 
 § 148. Relation of general managing 
 agent to his subordinates. 
 
 Doctrine that a, general manager is a vice 
 principal. 51 L.R.A. 556. 
 English and colonial cases. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 556. 
 American cases. 51 L.R.A. 559. 
 Rationale of the doctrine. 51 L.K.A. 562. 
 Doctrine that a general manager is not a 
 vice principal. 51 L.R.A. 564. 
 English and colonial cases. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 564. 
 American cases. 51 L.R.A. 566. 
 Opposing theories reviewed. 51 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 § 148a, Relation of employees in 
 charge of departments to their 
 subordinates. 
 
 General statement. 51 L.R.A. 572. 
 Rationale of the master's liability for the 
 
 negligence of a departmental manager. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 574. 
 Limits of the doctrine of departmental con- 
 trol. 51 L.R.A. 574. 
 Supervising employees held to be heads of 
 departments. 51 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 Employees in the operating department 
 of railway companies. 51 L.R.A. 
 578. 
 
 Employees in charge of railway trains. 
 51 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 Employees supervising the construction 
 and maintenance of railway tracks 
 and structures. 51 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 Supervising employees in railway 
 yards, depots, etc. 51 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Supervising employees in the mechan- 
 ical departments of railways. 51 
 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Employees supervising railway depart- 
 ments not connected with transpor- 
 tation. 51 L.R.A. 581 . 
 
 Supervising employees in manufactur- 
 ing establishments. 51 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Foremen in smelting works. 51 L.R.A. 
 581. 
 
 Employees supervising mining work. 
 51 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Supervising employees under munici- 
 palities. 51 L.R.A: 582. 
 
 Employees concerned with the loading 
 of vessels. 51 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 The commanding officers of ships. 51 
 L.R.A. 582. 
 Supervising employees held not to be heads 
 
 of departments. 51 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 § 149. Train despatcher and telegraph 
 operator as fellow servants of 
 trainmen. 
 
 General doctrine. 25 L.R.A. 386. 
 Special principles against the relation. 25 
 L.R.A. 388. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (b) — 
 
 cont'd 
 Train despatcher as fellow servant at com- 
 mon law of train employees. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 651. 
 
 Jurisdiction holding train despatcher 
 not a fellow servant. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 651. 
 
 Rule in Federal courts. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 653. 
 
 Jurisdiction holding train despatehei 
 to be a fellow servant. 7 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 655. 
 
 Application of superior servant doc- 
 trine. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 656. 
 
 Liability dependent on nature of neg- 
 ligent act of so-called train des- 
 patcher. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6S6. 
 
 Train despatcher acting in name of 
 superintendent. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 657. 
 Train despatchers as vice principals. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 91. 
 Telegraph operator as fellow servant of 
 
 trainmen. 25 L.R.A. 393; 50 L.R.A. 
 
 429. 
 
 § 150. When conductor deemed co- 
 servant of other railway employees. 
 
 In general. 46 L.R.A. 337. 
 Doctrine that a conductor is a coservant of 
 a, subordinate because both are en- 
 gaged in the same general business. 
 46 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Decisions under the common law. 46 
 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Decisions under statutes embodying 
 common-law principles. 46 L.R.A. 
 338. 
 Circumstances constituting a conductor a 
 vice principal as to subordinates. 
 46 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Power to control the subordinate who 
 was injured. 46 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Power to control, accompanied by the 
 power to employ and discharge, 
 46 L.R.A. 348. 
 
 Conductor considered as the head of a 
 department. 46 L.R.A. 348. 
 
 Nature of the act which caused the in- 
 jury; position of conductor tested 
 by. 46 L.R.A. 353. 
 Relation of conductor to employees other 
 than those under his control. 46 
 L.R.A. 357. 
 
 Generally. 46 L.R.A. 357. 
 
 Relation of conductor to members oi 
 the crews' of other trains. 46 
 L.R.A. 357. 
 
 Relation of conductor to employees 
 traveling on his train, but not sub- 
 ject to his control. 46 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 Relation of conductor to servants work- 
 ing on or near the track. 46 L.R.A. 
 360. 
 Conductors pro hao vice, position of. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 361. 
 Liability of the master where the conduc- 
 tor is the injured servant. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 362. 
 
INDEX TO L.II.A. NOTES. 
 
 931 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (b) — 
 cont'd 
 
 § 151. For what acts of superior serv- 
 ant master is liable. 
 
 No responsibility as to matters beyond the 
 scope of the authority of tlie superior 
 servant. 51 L.R.A. 584. 
 Distinction between official and nonofficial 
 acts of supervising employees. 51 
 L.R.A. 586. 
 Generally. 51 L.R.A. 586. 
 Distinction considered with relation to 
 the doctrine that the nature of 
 the negligent act is the test of 
 liability. 51 L.R.A. 587. 
 Breach of nondelegable duties by any su- 
 perior servant, master liable for. 51 
 L.R.A. 588. 
 Issuaiice of orders deemed to be an of- 
 ficial act. 51 L.R.A. 590. 
 Failure to protect subordinates from tran- 
 sitory dangers deemed to be official 
 negligence. 51 L.R.A. 592. 
 Theory that a vice principal does not rep- 
 resent the master except in so far 
 as he is discharging some nondele- 
 gable duty. 51 L.R.A. 593. 
 Theory that a vice principal does not 
 act as the master's representative 
 when he engages in manual labor. 
 51 L.R.A. 594. 
 Qualifications of this theory. 51 L.R.A. 
 596. 
 Theory that a vice principal represents the 
 master, even when he participates in 
 manual labor. 51 L.R.A. 597. 
 Discussion of the doctrine of the dual ca- 
 pacity of vice principals. 51 
 L.R.A. 599. 
 With reference to the standpoints of 
 the courts which reject the su- 
 perior-servant doctrine. 51 L.R.A. 
 599. 
 With reference to tlie superior-servant 
 doctrine. 51 L.R.A. 602. 
 
 § 152. Statutory liability for negli- 
 gence of employees exercising 
 superintendence. 
 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Conditions precedent to recovery by the 
 
 servant, generally. 58 L.R.A. 34. 
 What employees are superintendents. 58 
 L.R.A. 34. 
 Within the English, Massachusetts, 
 New York, and Colorado acts. 
 58 L.R.A. 34. 
 General remarks. 58 L.R.A. 34. 
 Employees held to be vice princi- 
 pals. 58 L.R.A. 34. 
 Employees for whose negligenct 
 the master is not liable. 58 
 L.R.A. 36. 
 Within the Alabama act. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 37. 
 Within the Ontario and other colonial 
 acts. 58 L.R.A. 38. 
 Employees controlling machinery; position 
 
 of. 58 L.R.A. 39. 
 Master liable though injured servant was 
 not under the control of the negligent 
 employee. 58 L.R.A. 39. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Vlgests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (b) — 
 
 cont'd 
 Deputy superintendents, liability for negli- 
 gence of. 58 L.R.A. 40. 
 Necessity of proving that the injurious act 
 
 was negligent. 58 L.R.A. 41. 
 Acts constituting negligence in the exercise 
 of superintendence. 58 L.R.A. 44. 
 Generally. 58 L.R.A. 44. 
 The adoption of an improper method of 
 doing the work in hand. 58 L.R.A. 
 44. 
 The giving of improper directions with 
 respect to particular details of the 
 work. 58 L.R.A. 45. 
 The failure to furnish proper appli- 
 ances. 58 L.R.A. 46. 
 Employing servants not competent for 
 the work to be done. 58 L.R.A. 40. 
 Allowing abnormally dangerous condi- 
 tions to exist in the place of work. 
 58 L.R.A. 46. 
 The failure to give instructions under 
 circumstances which indicate the 
 • propriety of doing so. 58 L.R.A. 
 46. 
 The failure to warn a servant as to the 
 existence of an abnormal danger. 
 58 L.R.A. 46. 
 The violation of the rules promulgated 
 by the master. 58 L.R.A. 47. 
 Statutory liability of employers for the neg- 
 ligence of superintendents while partic- 
 ipating in the work. 58 L.R.A. 47; 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146; 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 601. 
 Liability of master for negligence of super- 
 vising employee employed pursuant to 
 statute. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 945. 
 
 (c) Vice principalship as determined 
 with reference to character of act 
 causing injury; delegation of duty. 
 
 (1) In general. 
 
 § 153. Generally. 
 
 Generally. 54 L.R.A. 37. 
 Section foreman as fellow servant of mem- 
 bers of crew with respect to oper- 
 ation of hand car. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 434. 
 Doctrine that vice principalship is de- 
 termined by nature of act. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 434. 
 Doctrine that vice principalship is de- 
 pendent on rank. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 440. 
 A servant charged with the duty to warn 
 other servants of danger as a vice prin- 
 cipal. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1161. 
 
 § 154. As to linemen. 
 
 Fellow servants of lineman as dependent up- 
 on existence of vice principalship. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 Servants held to be vice principals by 
 general nature of duties imposrtl 
 upon them. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 Duties generally held to be nondelega- 
 ble. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 Duty of inspection. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 50. 
 
932 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (c) 
 (1)— cont'd 
 
 Duty of instructing inexperienced 
 
 men. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 50. 
 Duty of selecting fellow servants, 
 appliances, etc. 30 L.R.A. 
 (i\.S.) 50. 
 Duty in respect to having current cut 
 
 off. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 51. 
 Acts in respect to mere details of the 
 
 work. 30 L.K.A.(N.S.) 51. 
 Lineman as fellow servant ol employee 
 in control of the current. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.y.) 52. 
 
 (3) Liability of tnaster for 'negligence 
 of cosefvant, 
 
 § 155. Generally. 
 
 Master's liability lor injuries caused by in- 
 competency of fellow servant, see supra, 
 § 105. 
 
 Effect of fellow servant's drunkenness, see 
 UBUKKEiNNISSS, § y. 
 
 Liability for negligence of fellow servant 
 causing explosion. 29 L.K.A. 358. 
 
 Liability ox master for negligence of mine 
 boss outside the scope of his statutory 
 duties. 11 L.R.A.(JM.S.) 840. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant 
 through dangerous condition due to 
 act 01 fellow servant. 41 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Statutory liability of employers for negli- 
 gence of superintendents while partici- 
 pating in the worlt. 58 L.R.A. 47 ; 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 601. 
 
 Liability of railway companies for negli- 
 gence of servants who transmit orders 
 or see that they are carried out. 54 
 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 Master's liability for injuries due to co- 
 servant's violation of rules. 43 L.R.A. 
 373. 
 
 Master's liability for injury done by serv- 
 ant to fellow servant in use of danger- 
 ous agency placed in his custody. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 371. 
 
 Negligence of servant in sending out unsafe 
 street cars causing injury to other 
 servants. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 670. 
 
 Liability dependent on nature of negligent 
 act of so-called train despatcher. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 656. 
 
 § 156. liiabillty for any negligence in- 
 volving breach of one of his per- 
 sonal duties. 
 
 Generally. 54 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Various forms in which the master's re- 
 sponsibility is stated. 54 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Subsidiary consequences deduced from the 
 general principle. 54 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 Rationale of the doctrine of nondelegable 
 duties. 54 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 Master sometimes liable both on account of 
 the character of the negligent act and 
 the official position of the negligent 
 servant. 54 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 Doctrine of nondelegable duties applicable 
 to artificial persons. 54 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 Begin with this booTe on every law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (o) 
 (2)— cont'd 
 
 Servants of contractors, when precluded 
 from availing themselves of the doc- 
 trine in actions against their masters, 
 54 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 Delegation of personal duties to an inde 
 pendent contractor, effect of. 54 L.R.A, 
 52; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 793. 
 
 Same subject continued; opposing doc 
 trines discussed. 54 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 Massachusetts doctrine not identical with 
 that of other states. 54 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 Servants may act in a dual capacity. 54 
 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 Pleading. 54 L.R.A. 61. 
 
 Burden of proof. 54 L.R.A. 61. 
 
 Propriety of instructions. 54 L.R.A. 62. 
 
 Functions of court and jury. 54 L.R.A. 63. 
 
 § 15 7. Nonliability for negligence in 
 respect to details of the work. 
 
 Generally. 54 L.R.A. 106. 
 
 Supervision of details not a master's duty. 
 
 54 L.R.A. 108. 
 Merely transitory perils; master not bound 
 
 to protect the servant against. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 109. 
 Dangers caused by the progress of the 
 
 work; master not bound to protect 
 
 servant against. 54 L.R.A. 109. 
 Preparation or care of instrumentalities; 
 
 master not responsible for, where these 
 
 functions are a part of the work to be 
 
 done. 54 L.R.A. 110. 
 Negligent use of safe appliances by fellow 
 
 servant; master not responsible for. 
 
 54 L.R.A. 111. 
 Rationale of doctrine exempting master 
 
 from liability for negligence in carry- 
 ing out the details of the work. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 112. 
 Pleading. 54 L.R.A. 114. 
 
 Declaration. 54 L.R.A. 114. 
 
 Plea. 54 L.R.A. 114. 
 Instructions. 54 L.R.A. 114. 
 Functions of court and jury in passing upon 
 
 evidence. 54 L.R.A. 114. 
 Explanation of classification of the cases 
 
 cited in the ensuing sections. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 115. 
 
 § 158. Nonliability for negligence in- 
 volving merely the use of the in- 
 strumentalities. 
 
 Orders respecting the use of the instru- 
 mentalities. 54 L.R.A. 116. 
 Generally. 54 L.R.A. 116. 
 Order accompanied by an assurance of 
 safety. 54 L.R.A. 116. 
 
 Choice of particular methods of work. 54 
 L.R.A. 117. 
 
 Disposition of the force of employees avail- 
 able for the work in hand. 54 L.R.A. 
 117. 
 
 Assigning servants to work for which they 
 are unfitted. 54 L.R.A. 118. 
 
 Negligence in sending servants into abnor- 
 mally dangerous places without warn- 
 ing. 54 L.R.A. 118. 
 
 Failing to warn servants as to dangers aris- 
 ing from the execution of the details of 
 the work. 54 L.R.A. 120. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. XOTJiS. 
 
 033 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (c) 
 
 (2)— cont'd 
 Absence from the post of duty. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 121. 
 Selecting an imperfect appliance from the 
 
 stock available. 54 L.R.A. 121. 
 Failing to use the instrumentalities fur- 
 nished by the master. 54 L.R.A. 122. 
 Negligence in failing to discard a defective 
 
 for a suitable instrumentality. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 123. 
 Using instrumentalities in a manner not 
 
 contemplated nor authorized by the 
 
 master. 54 L.R.A. 123. 
 Giving of signals. 54 L.R.A. 124. 
 Negligence in carrying out the express 
 orders or regulations of the mas- 
 ter. 54 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 Cases of the nonobservance or in- 
 adequate observance of general 
 rules. 54 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 Cases of negligence in carrying out 
 specific orders. 54 L.R.A. 127. 
 Failure to give instructions. 54 L.R.A. 127. 
 Negligence in manipulation of the instru- 
 mentalities during the progress of 
 the work. 54 L.R.A. 127. 
 
 Handling railway cars and locomotives. 
 54 L.R.A. 127. 
 
 Operating hand cars. 54 L.R.A. 128. 
 
 Improperly placing the loads on rail- 
 way cars and other vehicles. 54 
 L.R.A. 128. 
 
 Unloading railway cars or other vehi- 
 cles. 54 L.R.A. 129. 
 
 Manipulating switches. 54 L.R.A. 129. 
 
 Failing to prevent ' the movement of 
 heavy pieces of machinery. 54 
 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 Operating hoisting machinery. 54 
 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 Operating machinery in sawmills. 54 
 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Operating a fire hose. 54 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Starting machinery without warning. 
 54 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Moving heavy articles. 54 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Causing or allowing heavy objects to 
 fall. 54 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 Failing to prevent explosions. 54 
 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 Work of blasting. 54 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 Failing to keep floors clean. 54 L.R.A. 
 133. 
 
 Exposing the servant to excessive heat. 
 54 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 Failing to keep place of work properly 
 ventilated. 54 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 Falling to keep place of work properly 
 lighted. 54 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 Exposing servant to peril from un- 
 covered hatchways or other danger- 
 ous openings. 54 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 Handling ships in docks. 54 L.R.A. 
 1.33. 
 
 Navigating ships. 54 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 Driving horses. 54 L.R.A. 134. 
 Negligence in the transmission of the mas- 
 ter's orders to otlier servants. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 134. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (c) 
 
 (2)— cont'd 
 § 159. Xonliitbility for negligence in 
 preparation or structural modifica- 
 tion of instrumentalities or tlieir 
 parts. 
 Negligence which produces structural un- 
 safely of a temporary character. 
 54 L.R.A. 137. 
 Defects in railway tracks. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 137. 
 Displacement of guards provided for 
 dangerous machinery. 54 L.R.A. 
 137 
 Dangerous supervening in excavation 
 work; trenches, mines, quarries, 
 etc. 54 L.R.A. 138. 
 Dangers arising from the changing con- 
 dition of buildings and other struc- 
 tures while in course of erection or 
 repair. 54 L.R.A. 139. 
 Dangers incident to the demolition of 
 buildings. 54 L.R.A. 140. 
 Negligence in failing to adjust or secure 
 instrumentalities or their parts while 
 in use. 54 L.R.A. 140. 
 Negligence in the preparation of temporary 
 structures or other instrumentali- 
 ties as a part of the work; general 
 rule. 54 L.R.A. 142. 
 Application of the rule in case of scaf- 
 folds, staging, etc. 54 L.R.A. 142. 
 Application of the rule in the case of 
 other instrumentalities. 54 L.R.A. 
 144. 
 Rationale and limits of a master's exemp- 
 tion from liability for the adjustment 
 or prepai-ation of instrumentalities. 54 
 L.R.A. 144. 
 Special circumstances not affecting the ex- 
 tent of the master's liability. 54 
 L.R.A. 147. 
 Superior rank of the delinquent em- 
 ployee. 54 L.R.A. 147. 
 Similarity or dissimilarity of the work 
 in which the delinquent and in- 
 jured servants were engaged. 54 
 L.R.A. 148. 
 Completion of appliance before plaintiff 
 began to work. 54 L.R.A. 149. 
 When the delinquency is deemed not to be 
 in respect to the details of the work. 
 54 L.R.A. 150. 
 Appliance furnished by the master in per- 
 son. 54 L.R.A. 150. 
 Implied undertaking to supply instru- 
 mentality in a completed condition. 54 
 L.R.A. 150. 
 Suitable materials not furnished. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 152. 
 Servants not left free as to the selection of 
 
 the materials. 54 L.R.A. 152. 
 Permanent character of the instrumentality 
 
 relied upon. 54 L.R.A. 152. 
 Adjustment treated as a nondelegable func- 
 tion. 54 L.R.A. 152. 
 Operation not one of the transitory class. 
 
 54 L.R.A. 152. 
 Master's liability for failure of employees 
 exercising superintendence to furnish 
 proper appliances. 58 L.R.A. 46. 
 
934 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (c) 
 
 (2)— cont'd 
 § 160. Liability for injuries due to de- 
 fects in appliances prepared by 
 fellow servants. 
 Duty of master to furnish safe appliances 
 as affected by fact that defective 
 appliances are prepared by fellow 
 servants. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 500; 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 220. 
 The common-law rule. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 220. 
 In general. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 220. 
 Where the master is bound to fur- 
 nish the appliance. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 222. 
 Where the servant is bound to fur- 
 nish the appliance. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 224. 
 Where the master takes it upon 
 himself to furnish the appli- 
 ance. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 228. 
 Effect of employer's liability acts. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229. 
 
 § 161. Nonliability for negligence of 
 coservants charged with duty of 
 keeping instrumentalities in proper 
 condition. 
 
 Theory that a master is never liable for 
 
 negligence in regard to inspection and 
 
 repairs. 54 L.R.A. 153. 
 Theory that the liability of the master de- 
 pends on the subject-matter of the 
 inspection or repairs neglected. 54 
 L.R.A. 156. 
 
 Inspection and repair of railway 
 tracks. 54 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Inspection and repair of rolling stock. 
 54 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Inspection of rolling stock belonging to 
 other companies. 54 L.R.A. 159. 
 
 Inspection and repair of other kinds of 
 machinery. 54 L.R.A. 160. 
 
 Inspection incidental to the details of 
 blasting work. 54 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Inspection of loads on railway cars. 54 
 L.R.A. 161. 
 Master liable where the delinquent servant 
 
 was engaged in a different class of 
 
 work. 54 L.R.A. 162. 
 Negligence in failing to replace an unsound 
 
 by a sound appliance, when master not 
 
 liable for. 54 L.R.A. 162. 
 All employees engaged in repairing regard- 
 ed as coservants of each other. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 163. 
 
 § 162. Doctrine as to details of work 
 no protection to master, when his 
 own negligence or that of a vice 
 principal, was an efficient cause of 
 the injury. 
 
 Master liable where he or his vice principal 
 directed the details of the work. 54 
 L.R.A. 164. 
 
 Master liable where his own negligence 
 intervenes as a proximate cause be- 
 tween a delinquent coservant's negli- 
 gence and the injury. 54 L.R.A. 165. 
 Begin with this booTe on every law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (c) 
 
 (2)— cont'd 
 Master liable where his own antecedent 
 negligence and a subsequent delinquen- 
 cy of a eoservant are both efficient 
 causes of the injury. 54 L.R.A. 167. 
 Illustrative cases as to concurrent negli- 
 gence. 54 L.R.A. 168. 
 In respect to an order or other official 
 
 act of a vice principal by virtue of 
 
 his rank. 54 L.R.A. 169. 
 In regard to the nonperformance of a 
 
 statutory duty. 54 L.R.A. 169. 
 In respect to a. defective roadbed or 
 
 railways. 54 L.R.A. 169. 
 In respect to defective switches. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 In respect to dangerous objects close to 
 
 railway tracks. 54 L.R.A. 170. 
 In respect to defective bridges. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 In respect to the improper making up 
 
 of trains. 54 L.R.A. 170. 
 In respect to the want of proper light- 
 ing of the place of work. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 In respect to uncovering machinery. 
 
 54 L.R.A. 170. 
 In respect to defective scaffolds. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 In respect to other abnormal dangers of 
 
 the place of work. 54 L.R.A. 170. 
 In respect to defective railway cars. 
 
 54 L.R.A. 171. 
 In respect to defective locomotives. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 171. 
 In respect to defective hand cars. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 172. 
 In regard to defective machinery of 
 
 other kinds. 54 L.R.A. 172. 
 In respect to the employment of suit- 
 able servants. 54 L.R.A. 172. 
 In respect to the failure to employ an 
 
 adeqiiate number of servants. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 173. 
 In respect to a defective system. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 173. 
 In respect to seeing that regulations 
 
 are duly carried out. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 173. 
 In respect to the failure to notify as 
 
 to abnormal dangers. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 173. 
 Master's liability determined with reference 
 
 to the question whether the co- 
 servant's delinquency did or did 
 
 not break the chain of causation. 
 
 54 L.R.A. 174. 
 No brealj in the chain of causation. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 174. 
 Chain of causation deemed to have 
 been broken. 54 L.R.A. 175. 
 
 Legal cause of the injury held not 
 to be an official act of negli- 
 gence on the part of a vice 
 principal. 54 L.R.A. 175. 
 
 Defects in structures or other dan- 
 gers of the place of work. 54 
 L.R.A. 176. 
 
 Defects in machinery. 54 L.R.A. 
 177. 
 
 Unfitness of the delinquent eoserv- 
 ant. 54 L.R.A. 177. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 935 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (e) 
 (2)— cont'd 
 
 Inadequate number of servants. 
 
 54 L.R.A. 178. 
 Defective regulations. 54 L.R.A. 
 178. 
 
 § 162a. Railroad cases. 
 
 Master's nonliability for coservant's negli- 
 gence in respect to defects in railway 
 tracks. 54 L.R.A. 137. 
 
 Master's nonliability for coservant's negli- 
 gence in respect to inspection and re- 
 pair of railway tracks. 54 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Master's nonliability for coservant's negli- 
 gence in inspection and repair of 
 rolling stock. 54 L.R.A. 158. 
 Rolling stock belonging to other com- 
 panies. 54 L.R.A. 159. 
 
 Master's nonliability for coservant's negli- 
 gence as to inspection of loads on rail- 
 way cars. 54 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in respect to defective roadbed or rail- 
 ways. 54 L.R.A. 169. 
 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in respect to defective switches. 54 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in respect to dangerous objects close to 
 railway tracks. 54 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in respect to making up of trains. 54 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in respect of defective railway car. 54 
 L.R.A. 171. 
 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in respect to defective locomotives. 54 
 L.R.A. 171. 
 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in respect to defective band cars. 54 
 L.R.A. 172. 
 
 (3) Delegation of master's duty. 
 
 § 163. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws, as to. 56 L.R.A. 222. 
 Rationale of doctrine of nondelegable 
 
 duties. 54 L.R.A. 46. 
 Doctrine of nondelegable duties applicable 
 
 to artificial persons. 54 L.R.A. 51. 
 Adjustment of instrumentalities for use of 
 employees treated as a nondelegable 
 function. 54 L.R.A. 152. , 
 Duty to use care in giving orders as non- 
 assignable duty of master. 51 L.R.A. 
 543. 
 Master's liability for breach of nondelegable 
 duties by any superior servant. 51 
 L.R.A. 588. 
 Nondelegable duties of employers of line- 
 men. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 Duty of Inspection. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 50. 
 Duty of instructing inexperienced men. 
 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 Duty of selecting fellow servants, ap- 
 pliances, etc. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 Doctrine that train despatchers are vice 
 principals. 54 L.R.A. 91. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (c) 
 (3)— cont'd 
 
 Train despatcher as representing com- 
 pany as to special orders suspend- 
 ing regular time-tables. 54 L.R.A. 
 92. 
 
 Doctrine that train despatchers are not 
 vice principals. 54 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 Effect on master's liability to servant of 
 delegation of personal duty to inde- 
 pendent contractor. 54 L.R.A. 52; 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 793. 
 
 Liability of master for injury or death of 
 servant through competent employee 
 delegating his duties to an incompe- 
 tent fellow servant. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 439. 
 
 § 164. As to rules and regulations. 
 
 Assignment of duty of making and publish- 
 ing rules for conduct of business. 43 
 L.R.A. 342. 
 Nondelegability of duty to frame rules and 
 
 regulations for conduct of business. 
 
 54 L.R'.A. 86. 
 Duty to bring regulations to knowledge 
 
 of employees. 54 L.R.A. 88. 
 How far duty to carry out regulations 
 
 is absolute generally. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 89. 
 Duty to. carry out regulations with re- 
 spect to movement of trains. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 91. 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in seeing that regulations are carried 
 out. 54 L.R.A. 173. 
 
 § 165. As to warning or instructing 
 servant. 
 
 Duty to impart information as to per- 
 manent dangers normally incident to 
 the work at the time it is entered upon. 
 54 L.R.A. 96. 
 
 Duty to impart information as to perma- 
 nent dangers superadded to the envi- 
 ronment after the work has begun. 54 
 L.R.A. 98. 
 
 Duty to warn as to dangers of the transi- 
 tory class occasionally supervening 
 during the progress of the work. 54 
 L.R.A. 100. 
 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in sending servants into abnormally 
 dangerous places without warning. 54 
 L.R.A. 118. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's failure 
 to warn servants as to dangers from 
 execution of details of work. 54 L.R.A. 
 120. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's negli- 
 gence in failing to give instructions. 
 54 L.R.A. 127. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's negli- 
 gence in starting machinery without 
 warning. 54 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Master's liability for injury due to failure 
 of superintending employee to warn 
 servant as to existence of an abnormal 
 danger. 58 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 Is the duty of the master to instruct ot' 
 warn servants delegable. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 624. 
 
9S0 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (c) 
 (3)— cont'd 
 
 Impending dangers. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 626. 
 General statements of the rule. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 626. 
 Of machinery, tools, and appli- 
 ances. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 629. 
 Of the working place and perilous 
 operations. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 633. 
 Of new and extraordinary perils. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 Transitory and recurring dangers. 26 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 639. 
 In general. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 639. 
 Of blasting and attendant perils. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 640. 
 Of hoisting and loading. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 642. 
 Of falling things. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 645. 
 Of the starting of machinery. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 647. 
 Of e.xternal dangers. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 648. 
 Transitory and nonrecurring dangers. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 649. 
 Nondelegability of duty of instructing in- 
 experienced linemen. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 50. 
 Is duty of railroad or street railway com- 
 pany with respect to signals or warn- 
 ings a delegable one. 54 L.R.A. 
 124; 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 110.3. 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in failing to notify as to abnormal 
 dangers. 54 L.R.A. 173. 
 Duty to tell employee when ordered to per- 
 form special service to give warning to 
 coemployees. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 669. 
 Servant charged with duty to warn other 
 servants of danger as a vice principal. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1161. 
 
 § 166. As to place and appliances. 
 
 Duties imposed by statute. 54 L.R.A. 63. 
 Quality of duty unchanged by stat- 
 ute. 54 L.R.A. 63. 
 Quality of duty altered. 54 L.R.A. 65. 
 Duties to see that the unintelligent in- 
 strumentalities of the work are rea- 
 sonably safe; general rule stated. 54 
 L.R.A. 65. 
 Duty to see that the unintelligent instl-u- 
 mentalities of the work, as orig- 
 inally supplied, satisfy the legal 
 standard of safety. 54 L.R.A. 67. 
 Inadequacy of safeguards against dan- 
 gers from explosive substances. 
 54 L.R.A. 60. 
 Defective appliances for protecting 
 servants engaged in excavating. 54 
 L.R.A. 69. 
 Defects in scaffolds, stagings, etc. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 69. 
 Defects in other structures. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 71. 
 Unguarded machinery. 54 L.R.A. 71. 
 Unguarded openings in floors, etc. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 71. 
 Defecu.. pipes. 54 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (c) 
 (3)— cont'd 
 Defective appliances for loading and. 
 
 unloading vehicles. 54 L.R.A. 71. 
 Defective ladders. 54 L.R.A. 72. 
 Defective ropes, rigging, etc. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 72. 
 Defective hoisting apparatus. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 72. 
 Other defects in machinery. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 72. 
 Duty to see that the unintelligent instru- 
 mentalities are maintained in a 
 
 suitable condition for the work to 
 
 be done. 54 L.R.A. 74. 
 Defects on tracks other than railway. 
 
 54 L.R.A. 77. 
 Defective footpaths. 54 L.R.A. 77. 
 Inadequacy of safeguards against dan- 
 gers from explosive substances. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 77. 
 Inadequacy of protection for servants 
 
 engaged in excavation work. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 77. 
 Inadequacy of protection for servants 
 
 working in mines. 54 L.R.A. 77. 
 Defects in bridges. 54 L.R.A. 77. 
 Defects in scaffolds, platforms, etc. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 77. 
 Defects in other structures. S4 L.R.A. 
 
 78. 
 Pitfalls. 54 L.R.A. 78. 
 Want of adequate protection against 
 
 injuries from falling bodies. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 78. 
 Defects in vehiclesr 54 L.R.A. 80. 
 Defective Tjoilers. 54 L.R.A. 80. 
 Defective hoisting apparatus. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 80,. 
 Defective adjflstment of the parts of 
 
 machinery. 54 L.R.A. 80. 
 Other defects in machinery. 54 L.E.A. 
 
 80. 
 Difference between the extent of a master's 
 responsibility for original supply and 
 subsequent maintenance. 54 L.R.A. 81. 
 Duty to see that worn-out or otherwise de- 
 fective parts of instrumentalities are 
 replaced bv suitable substitutes. 54 
 L.R.A. 82." 
 Duty to furnish proper medical treatment 
 to sick or injured servants. 54 L.R.A. 
 83. 
 Master's duty to guard machinery as a 
 
 delegable one. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 568. 
 Delegability of master's duty to instruct or 
 warn servants as to machinery, tools, 
 or appliances. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.)"629. 
 Delegability of master's duty to instruct or 
 warn servants as to working place and 
 perilous operations. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 633. 
 
 § 167. — railroad and street railway 
 cases. 
 
 Nondelegable duties as to defective locomo- 
 tives. 54 L.R.A. 71, 79. 
 
 Nondelegable duties as to defective railway 
 tracks. 54 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 Nondelegable duties as to dangerous condi- 
 tions along side railway tracks. 54 
 L.R.A. 76. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 937 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (c) 
 
 (3)— cont'd 
 Delegability of duty a3 to defect's in bridges, 
 
 trestles, etc. 54 L.R.A. 69. 
 Nondelegable duties as to keeping railway 
 
 cars stationary when not in use. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 79. 
 Determining tlie order of cars in a train as 
 
 a delegable duty. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 279. 
 Is the duty of a railroad or street railway 
 
 company with respect to signals or 
 
 warnings a delegable one. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 124; 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1103. 
 Delegability of duty as to method of loading 
 
 cars. 54 L.R.A. 78. 
 Xondelegable duties as to defective railway 
 
 cars. 54 L.R.A. 71, 79. 
 Duty to keep switch closed, as a delegable 
 
 one. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 
 § 168. — as to Inspection. 
 
 Theory that master's liability depends on 
 
 subject-matter of inspection. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 156. 
 
 Assignability of the duty of inspection. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 109. 
 
 Theory that the duty of inspection is 
 
 assignable. 41 L.R.A. 109. 
 
 Theory tiiat the master is bound merely 
 
 to supervise the inspectors. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 112. 
 
 Theory that the duty of inspection is 
 
 nonassignable. 41 L.R.A. 115. 
 
 General principles. 41 L.R.A. 115. 
 
 Illustrative rulings. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 116. 
 Illustrative rulings expressed in 
 terms of the doctrine of com- 
 mon employment. 41 L.R.A. 
 120. 
 As dependent upon the distinction be- 
 tween the furnishing and use of 
 the agencies. 41 L.R.A. 120. 
 Nondelegability of duty to inspect instru- 
 mentalities. 54 L.R.A. 101. 
 Duty to inspect instrumentalities at 
 time they are first brought into 
 use. 54 L.R.A. 101. 
 Duty to inspect) instrumentalities dur- 
 ing time they are kept in use. 54 
 L.R.A. 102. 
 Duty to inspect instrumentalities be- 
 longing to another person but tem- 
 porarily used by the master. 54 
 L.R.A. 105. 
 Nondelegable duties of employers of linemen 
 as to. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 
 § 169. As to employing fellow serv- 
 ants — competency. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to hire suitable 
 
 servants. 54 L.R.A. 83. 
 Nondelegability of duty of selecting fellow 
 
 servants of linemen. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 50. 
 
 § 169a. —adequate number. 
 
 Master's liability for coservant's negligence 
 in failing to employ an adequate num- 
 ber of servants. 54 L.R.A. 173, 178. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Vigests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, III. d, 3 (c) 
 (3)— cont'd 
 
 Nondelegable duty to employ servants suffi- 
 cient in number for work in hand. 54 
 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 Liability of master for failure of foreman 
 to designate enough hands to perform 
 work. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 918. 
 
 IV. Liahility of master to third person. 
 
 a. For acts of servants or agents, 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 17 0. Generally. 
 
 Liability as affected by question whether 
 relation exists, see supra, §§ 21, 22. 
 
 Joint liability of master and servant for 
 latter's acts, see infra, § 199. 
 
 Liability of carrier for torts of servant, see 
 Careiebs, §§ 10a, 14, 15a, 30-35, 53. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for acts of servant, 
 see Gbiminai, Law, § 29; Intoxicat- 
 ing Liquoss, § 23. 
 
 Punitive damages for acti of servant, see 
 Damages, § 14. 
 
 Liability for injury by horse used by serv- 
 ant, see HoBSBS, § 12. 
 
 Innkeeper's liability for acts of servant, see 
 Innkeepers, § 11. 
 
 Landlord's liability for acts of tenant's serv- 
 ants, see Landlord and Tenant, § 61. 
 
 Employer's liability for maintenance of nui- 
 sance, see Nuisances, § 13. 
 
 Liability for acts of master of vessel, see 
 Shipping, § 12. 
 
 Liability of vessel or owner for acts of em- 
 ployees, see Shipping, § 13. 
 
 Master's liability for trespass, see Tres- 
 pass, § 8. 
 
 Trustee's liability for negligence of servant, 
 see Tettsts,' § 26. 
 
 Liability for acts of watchman, see Watch- 
 men, § 3. 
 
 Liability to third persona, generally. 4 
 L.R.A. 420.* 
 
 Imputing servant's negligence to master. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 635. 
 
 Liability to employees of contractor for in- 
 jury caused by owner's servants. 26 
 L.R.A. 527. 
 
 Care necessary in selection of person operat- 
 ing passenger elevator. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 751. 
 
 For wrongful appropriation by servant of 
 thing bailed. 29 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to child invited 
 into place of danger by employee. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804. 
 
 When knowledge of servant as to vicious 
 character of dog chargeable to master. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 463. 
 
 Does fact that a drug clerk is a licensed 
 pharmacist) relieve his employer, from 
 liability for his negligence or lack of 
 skill. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 275. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for sale of intoxicat- 
 ing liquor by servant. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 786; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 321; 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 419. 
 
938 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. a, 1— cont'd 
 
 Master's liability where result of servant's 
 abuse of authority will be serious, or 
 temptation to abuse is strong. 27 
 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 Master's liability for servant's neglect or 
 disobedience of statutory requirements. 
 27 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 Liability of lunatic for torts of employee. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 
 Question for jury as to master's liability 
 for servant's wrongful or negligent act 
 toward third person. 27 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 Effect on master's liability for injury by 
 servant to third person, of latter's con- 
 tribution to injury. 27 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 Penal liability for act of servant. 41 L.R.A. 
 C50. 
 
 Liability of private person or corporation 
 for acts of special police officer appoint- 
 ed by public authority. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 289; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 481; 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 122. 
 
 Evidence of servant's character in action 
 against master. 14 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 756. 
 
 § 171. I;ialbility of particular kinds of 
 employers. 
 
 Carrier's liability for ejection of trespasser 
 or passenger by employee, see Caebibes, 
 §§ 30-35. 
 
 Carrier's liability for acts of employees to- 
 ward passengers, generally, see Cae- 
 EIEES, III. especially § 53. 
 
 Liability of charitable institution, see 
 Chaeitibs, § 12. 
 
 Liability of municipality for negligence of 
 its officers or employees, see Mtjnicipai. 
 Coepoeations, § 8l'. 
 
 Liability of state for negligence of servants 
 or agents: 8 L.R.A. 399.* 
 
 Liability of county for negligence of em- 
 ployee. 39 L.R.A. 59, 62. 
 
 Liability of union depot company for negli- 
 gence of its own or carrier's employees. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 433. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for act of 
 employee in inviting pedestrian to cross 
 train obstructing highway. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1071; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 469. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for personal 
 injuries by object thrown from moving 
 train. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 581. 
 
 Liability of corporation for slander by the 
 agent or employee. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 873. 
 
 Personal liability of highway officers for 
 acts of their employees. 22 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 Liability of trustee for torts or negligence 
 of servant's. 63 L.R.A. 227. 
 
 Master's liability for negligence in driving 
 ambulance. ' 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 481. 
 
 Responsibility of one hiring convict labor 
 for acts of laborer. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 317. 
 
 Duty and liability for conduct of messen- 
 gers furnished for use of others. 2 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1091. 
 
 § 17 2. Assault. 
 
 Liability of carrier for assault by employee 
 on passenger, see Caebibes, § 14. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. a, l—'^o"* f 
 
 Liability for assaults by servants. A 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Master's liability for wrongful assault by 
 servant. 27 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 May assault growing out of quarrel com- 
 menced while employee is acting within 
 scope of his employment, be regarded as 
 a personal act of the employee for which 
 employer is not liable. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 475. 
 
 Liability of master for assault by servant 
 sent to recover property. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 567. 
 
 Liability of innkeeper or restaurant) keeper 
 for assault by his servant upon a pa- 
 tron. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 
 § 173. Arrest, imprisonment, or ma- 
 licious prosecution. 
 
 Carrier's liability for arrest of passenger 
 by employee, see Cakeiebs, § 15a. 
 
 Master's liability for servant's act in caus- 
 ing arrest, see False Impbisonmert, 
 §3. 
 
 Master's liability for false imprisonment by 
 servant. 27 L.R.A. 195. 
 
 Liability for false arrest, imprisonment, or 
 malicious prosecution by servant. 
 14 L.R.A. 791. 
 
 Liability of master for arrest or false im- 
 prisonment by servant employed as de- 
 tective, policeman, or watchman. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 88. 
 
 Liability of private person or corporation 
 for acts of special police officer ap- 
 pointed by public authority. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 289; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 481; 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 122. 
 
 § 17 4. Slander. 
 
 Liability of master for slander by servant. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 929. 
 
 § 175. Sportive acts. 
 
 Liability for injury to passenger by sport- 
 ive act of servant. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 605. 
 
 Master's liability for injuries inflicted on 
 employee in sport by other employees. 
 .34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 109. 
 
 Liability of master for injury from the 
 sportive manner in which a servant per- 
 forms an act done in the discharge of 
 his duty. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1193. 
 
 § 17 6. Malicious acts. 
 
 Master's civil responsibility for malicious 
 acts of servant towards one having no 
 claim on master by reason of contract, 
 incipient or perfected. 27 L.R.A. 184. 
 Liability of master for malicious act of 
 servant when master owes special 
 duty to party injured. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 485. 
 When malicious act is within scope of 
 employment. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 487. 
 When act is beyond scope of employ- 
 ment. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 491. 
 
IJ^DEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 939 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. a, 1— cont'd 
 Effect of injured party being the ag- 
 gressor, i L.K.A.(N.S.) 504. 
 Extent of liability. 4 L.K.A.(N.S.) 
 506. 
 
 Master's liability for injuries maliciously 
 inflicted on employee by other em- 
 ployees. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 109. 
 
 Railroad company's liability for malicious 
 refusaj of freight agent to deliver 
 freight. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 926. 
 
 Effect of malice on master's liability for in- 
 jury done by servant to third person in 
 use of dangerous agency placed in his 
 custody. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 401. 
 
 Evidence of fellow servant's malice, in ac- 
 tion by injured servant. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 772. 
 
 § 177. Dangerous agency. 
 
 Liability for injury by electricity, see Elec- 
 TBICITT, § 14. 
 
 Liability for injury by explosion, see Ex- 
 plosions AND Explosives, § 8. 
 
 Master's liability for employee's wrongful 
 or negligent use of dangerous agencies. 
 27 L.R.A. 200. 
 Liability of master for injury done by serv- 
 ant to third person in use of dan- 
 gerous agencv placed in his cus- 
 tody. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 367. 
 General rules as to liability. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 368. 
 Statement of. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 368. 
 Foundation and reasons for. 10 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 370. 
 Degree of care necessary under. 
 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 370. 
 Application to injury to fellow 
 servant. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 371. 
 What are dangerous agencies generally. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372. 
 Application of rules to particular 
 classes of agencies. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 374. 
 Poisons and other deleterious 
 drugs and substances. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 374. 
 Firearms. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 375. 
 Explosives. 10 L.R.A.{N.S.) 376. 
 Dynamite. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 376. 
 Signal torpedoes. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 378. 
 Powder and other explosive 
 substances generally. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 380. 
 Steam power. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 382 
 Generally. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 382. 
 
 In the use of water craft. 10 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 389. 
 
 Electricity. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 389. 
 
 Streetcars. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 390. 
 
 Dangerous animals. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 392. 
 Other miscellaneous objects or ap- 
 pliances. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 393. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. a, 1— cont'd 
 
 Application of scope of employment 
 
 doctrine. 10 L.R.A. (M.S.) 394. 
 
 General rules, 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 394. 
 The test of liability. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 395. 
 With reference to particular agen- 
 cies and classes of agen- 
 cies. 10L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 Firearms. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 Explosives. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 397. 
 Other miscellaneous agencies. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 400. 
 Effect of malice, wantonness, or per- 
 sonal motive of servant. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 401. 
 General rules. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 401. 
 Application to use of particular 
 agencies. 10 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 401. 
 Effect of, on contributory negli- 
 gence. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 403. 
 Effect of, on damages. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 403. 
 
 § 178. — locomotives. 
 
 General rules. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 383. 
 Laws with reference to passengers and plat- 
 forms. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 384. 
 With reference to stranger. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 385. 
 In operation of trains generally. 10 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 385. 
 In whistling and blowing off steam. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 387. 
 Locomotive as dangerous agency for injury 
 by which, when used by servant, master 
 is liable. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 372, 383, 
 399. 
 
 § 179. Child acting as servant. 
 
 Liability of parent as such, see Paeent and 
 Child, § 10. 
 
 Parent's liability for tort of minor child 
 where relation of master and serv- 
 ant exists. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 
 In general. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 
 Acts within scope of employment. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 939. 
 
 Acts not within scope of employment. 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 941. 
 
 Presumptions. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 942. 
 
 When question of relation a question 
 for jury. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 942. 
 
 § 180. Effect of servant's acts on ques- 
 tion of contributory negligence of 
 person injured. 
 
 Negligence in alighting from moving train 
 by direction or invitation of those in 
 charge. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 751. 
 
 Negligence in boarding moving tl-ain by di- 
 rection of employee. 22 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 759. 
 
 Effect of permission or knowledge of train 
 employee on contributory negligence in 
 attempting to cross a train standing on 
 a crossing. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1067. 
 
940 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. a— cont'd 
 2. Scope of employment; disobedience 
 of orders. 
 
 g 18 1. Generally. 
 
 Act within scope of servant's agency. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 421.* 
 Liability for acts of servant beyond mas- 
 ter's instructions. 8 L.R.A. 204.* 
 Master's civil responsibility for the wrong- 
 ful or negligent act of his servant 
 or agent towards one who has no 
 claim upon the master by reason 
 of a contract incipient or perfected. 
 27 L.K.A. 161. 
 Liability for acts expressly directed to 
 
 be done. 27 L.R.A. 161. 
 Grounds of liability in case the serv- 
 ant is not obeying orders. 27 
 L.R.A. 161. 
 The servant must have been acting in 
 the capacity for which he was em- 
 ployed. 27 L.R.A. 164. 
 Master liable for acts within scope of 
 servant's employment. 27 
 L.R.A. 167. 
 Liability the general rule. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 167. 
 Liability for negligent^ acts. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 167. 
 Liability for fraudulent and tor- 
 tious acts. 27 L.R.A. 172. 
 Limitation of scope of employ- 
 ment. 27 L.R.A. 174. 
 Disobedience of orders. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 181. 
 Performance of unlawful acts. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 182. 
 Acts of master of vessel. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 182. 
 
 Wilful and malicious acts. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 184. 
 
 Where the result of abuse of authority 
 
 will be serious or the temptation 
 
 to abuse is strong. 27 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 Neglect or disobedience of statutory 
 
 requirements. 27 L.R.A. 201. 
 Question for jury. 27 L.R.A. 202. 
 Contribution to injury. 27 L.R.A. 202. 
 Express authority to certain train employ- 
 ees to eject trespassers as negativing 
 implied authority of other employees. 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1164. 
 Inference of employee's authority to expel 
 trespassers from practice of doing so. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 693. 
 Liability of railroad company for injury 
 to person wrongfully on train by collu- 
 sion with a train employee. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 419. 
 May assault growing out of quarrel com- 
 menced while employee is acting within 
 scope of his employment be regarded 
 as a personal act of the employee for 
 which employer is not liable. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 475. 
 Failure of master to prevent practice by 
 employees not in performance of any 
 duty owed to him as ground of lia- 
 bility. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1038 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. a, 2— cont'd 
 l^iability of master for assault by servant/ 
 
 sent to recover property. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 567. 
 
 § 182. Servant engaged In his own 
 business or pleasure. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by automobile 
 when used by servant for his own busi- 
 ness or pleasure. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 235; 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1033; 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 216; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 93; 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 382; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79; 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 834. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by horse when 
 used by servant for his own business or 
 pleasure. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1033. 
 
 Responsibility of master to third person for 
 acts of employee in attempting to re- 
 cover possession of goods which lie has 
 delivered at his own risk, without re- 
 ceiving payment of charge against 
 same. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 
 § 183. For acts in excess of authority 
 of servant sent to commit trespass. 
 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 731; 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 297. 
 Effect of a trespass being an unlawful act, 
 
 upon master's liability. 70 L.R.A. 731. 
 Effect of express instructions forbidding 
 
 acts complained of. 70 L.R.A. 731. 
 Effect of acts committed being criminal, 
 
 upon presumption of authority there- 
 for. 70 L.R.A. 732. 
 Acts within apparent scope of employment. 
 70 L.R.A. 733. 
 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 733. 
 
 Excessive force. 70 L.R.A. 735. 
 
 Obnoxious conduct. 70 L.R.A. 736. 
 
 Conversion of property severed. 70 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 Acts outside apparent scope of employment. 
 
 70 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 § 184. Disobedience of rules or orders. 
 
 Grounds of liability where servant is not 
 obeying orders. 27 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Master's liability for servant's acts within 
 scope of employment, notwithstanding 
 his disobedience of orders. 27 L.R.A. 
 181. 
 
 Violation by servant of rule adopted by 
 railway company for protection of the 
 public, as evidence of negligence toward 
 a member of the public. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1063. 
 
 Liability of master for tort committed by 
 servant in course of his employment, 
 and with a view to the furtherance of 
 Jiis master's business, but contrary to 
 the master's express instructions. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 416. 
 
 b. For acts of independent contractor. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 18 5. Generally. 
 
 Liability of contractor, see infra, §§ 196- 
 
 198. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 941 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 Liability for injury to servants of inde- 
 pendent contractor, see infra, § 202. 
 
 In mine, see Mines, § 42. 
 
 Liability of vessel or owner, see Shipping, 
 §§ 15, 16. 
 
 As to timber, see Timber, § 7. 
 
 Position as servant, of person hired by in- 
 dependent contractors. 37 L.E.A. .50. 
 
 Liability to servant of lessee of contractee. 
 4 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Liability of master to servant for failure 
 to provide independent contractor with 
 safe appliances. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 283. 
 
 Exceptions to rule that employer is not 
 liable for acts of independent contrac- 
 tor. 14 L.R.A. 828. 
 
 Liability of proprietor of place of amuse- 
 ment) for acts of independent contractor 
 or concessionaire. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 717. 
 
 Municipal knowledge of defect in highway 
 created bv independent contractor. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 704. 
 
 Effect of master's liability to servant, of 
 delegation of personal duty to. 54 
 L.R.A. 52; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 793. 
 
 § 186. General rule as to absence of 
 liability. 
 
 General doctrine. 65 L.R.A. 622. 
 History of the doctrine. 65 L.R.A. 624. 
 
 Bush V. Steinman considered. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 624. 
 Doctrine that different rules apply to 
 real and personal property. 65 
 L.R.A. 626. 
 Final rejection of doctrine making dis- 
 tinction between real and personal 
 property. 65 L.R.A. 629. 
 Effect of decision in Randleson v. Mur- 
 ray. 65 L.R.A. 630. 
 Subsequent development of the law. 
 65 L.R.A. 631. 
 Rationale of the doctrine. 65 L.E.A. 632. 
 Extent of employer's duty with respect to 
 the supervision and direction of the 
 work. 65 L.R.A. 635. 
 Extent of duty of employer to guard against 
 possible accidents. 65 L.R.A. 639. 
 
 § 18 7. Where employer's own act is a 
 proximate cause of Injury. 
 
 Generally. 66 L.R.A. 941. 
 
 Employment of contractor who is incompe- 
 tent or otherwise unfit. 66 L.R.A. 941. 
 
 Nonperformance by employer of duties not 
 cast by the contract upon the contrac- 
 tor. 66 L.R.A. 945. 
 
 Employer's tortious act co-operating with 
 that of the contractor to produce the 
 injury. 66 L.R.A. 947. 
 
 Failure to remedy a nuisance.' 66 L.R.A. 
 948. 
 
 Active interference with the work. 66 
 L.R.A. 950. 
 
 Employer's ratification or adoption of the 
 contractor's tort. 66 L.R.A. 956. 
 
 § 188. After master has assumed con- 
 trol of subject-matter. 
 
 In general. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 595. 
 
 Consult also Ij.B.A. TUtjests to date 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. -b, 1— cont'd 
 Necessity of showing that dangerous condi- 
 tions were known to employer. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 601. 
 
 S. For what acts of contractor em- 
 ployer is liaMe. 
 
 § 189. Generally. 
 
 While working on building, see Buildings, 
 §•11. 
 
 Liability of carrier, see Caeriers, § 53. 
 
 Liability for fires set by independent con- 
 tractor, see FiKES, § 6. 
 
 Liability of railroad company, see Rail- 
 roads, § 49. 
 
 On vessel, see Shipping, § 16. 
 
 For what torts employer is not bound to 
 answer. 65 L.R.A. 641. 
 
 Acts constituting trespass. 65 L.R.A. 655. 
 
 For fall of wall or building while in pos- 
 session of independent contractor. 34 
 L.R.A. 558. 
 
 For act affecting safety of highway. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 845; 17 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 
 758. 
 
 For acts in setting out fire. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 788; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 175. 
 
 For negligence in the performance of con- 
 tract requiring blasting. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 914; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 851. 
 
 For torts in cutting timber. 16 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 255. 
 
 Responsibility of owner or occupier of 
 building where operation of elevator is 
 let to independent contractor. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 945. 
 
 Right of railroad company to delegate to 
 independent contractor the maintenance 
 of gates or a flagman at a street cross- 
 ing. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1177. 
 
 For acts of independent contractor in con- 
 nection with water works system. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 
 For obstruction or defect in street caused 
 by independent contractor. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 547. 
 
 § 190. When injuries result from non- 
 performance of absolute duties of 
 employer. 
 
 In general. 66 L.E.A. 120. 
 
 Duty to comply with statute. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 121. 
 Duty of municipality to keep highways in 
 safe condition. 66 L.R.A. 126. 
 In general. 66 L.R.A. 126. 
 Liability incurred where contractor is 
 employed by municipality itself. 
 66 L.R.A. 129. 
 Liability incurred where contractor is 
 employed by private person. C6 
 L.R.A. 132. 
 Necessity of showing that the munici- 
 palitv had notice of the dangerous 
 conditions. 66 L.R.A. 1.33. 
 Duties imposed on grantees of special privi- 
 leges in respect to highways. 66 L.R.A. 
 134. 
 Duties incident to the exercise of corporati^ 
 n"d other franchises. 66 L.R.A. 
 136. 
 
9«2 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. b, 2— cont'd 
 In general. 66 L.E.A. 136. 
 Liability in respect to construction 
 
 work. 66 L.R.A. 137. 
 Liability in respect to the operation of 
 the completed plant. 66 
 L.R.A. 140. 
 Liability of railway companies in 
 
 general. 66 L.R.A. 140. 
 Liability of railway companies con- 
 sidered with reference to the 
 legality of the contractual ar- 
 rangements. 66 L.R.A. 142. 
 Liability of companies other than 
 those operating railways. 66 
 L.R.A. 146. ^ 
 
 Duty to see that no nuisance is created or 
 
 maintained. 66 L.R.A. 146. 
 Duty to insure safety. 66 L.R.A. 147. 
 Duty to avoid interfering with the right of 
 
 lateral support. 66 L.R.A. 148. 
 Duty not to impede the public use of high- 
 ways. 66 L.R.A. 148. 
 Duties assumed by express contract. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 148. 
 Duties arising out of implied contract. 66 
 L.R.A. 150. 
 Carriers of passengers. 66 L.R.A. 150. 
 Consignees of goods conveyed on rail- 
 ways. 66 L.R.A. 152. 
 Persons giving public exhibitions. 66 
 
 152. 
 Masters. 66 L.R.A. 153. 
 Landlords. 66 L.R.A. 154. 
 Duty to rebuild party wall. 66 L.R.A. 154. 
 
 8 191. Where work Is dangerous un- 
 less certain precautions are ol)- 
 served. 
 
 Doctrine stated, generally. 65 L.R.A. 833. 
 Limits of the doctrine. 65 L.R.A. 838. 
 Effect of stipulation by contractor to take 
 appropriate precautions. 65 L.R.A. 
 841. 
 Necessity of showing that the contractor 
 was acting under the authority of the 
 employer. 65 L.R.A. 842. 
 Liability of employer where work is dan- 
 gerous to persons using highways. 
 65 L.R.A. 842. 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 842. 
 Erection of buildings. 65 L.R.A. 843. 
 Delivery of goods through openings in 
 
 footpaths. 65 L.R.A. 844. 
 Construrtion or repair of highways. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 845. 
 Other construction work on highways. 
 65 L.R.A. 845. 
 Street railways. 65 L.R.A. 845. 
 Area under footpath. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 846. 
 Sewer. 65 L.R.A. 846. 
 Pipe line. 65 L.R.A. 847. 
 Telephone line. 65 L.R.A. 847. 
 Removal of wrecks from navigable riv- 
 ers. 65 L.R.A. 848. 
 Liability where work is dangerous to ad- 
 joining landowners. 65 L.R.A. 849. 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 849. 
 Injurv to lateral support. 65 L.E.A. 
 849. I 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. b, 2— cont'd 
 Injury to adjoining building through 
 negligent execution of work con- 
 nected with party wall. 65 L.R.A, 
 851. 
 Injury to business and goods of occu- 
 pant of adjoining premises. 65 
 L.R.A. 852. 
 Injury from explosion caused by negli- 
 gent escape of gas. 65 L.R.A. 852. 
 Injury resulting from flooding of lands 
 through negligent drainage oper- 
 ations. 65 L.R.A. 853. 
 Injury resulting from allowing mate- 
 rials dredged from water to escape 
 onto adjoining land. 65 L.R.A, 
 853. 
 Injury resulting from negligent demoli- 
 tion of fire ruins. 65 L.R.A. 853. 
 Injury resulting from allowing fire to 
 
 escape. 65 L.R.A. 853. 
 Injury resulting from blasting opera- 
 tions. 65 L.R.A. 854. 
 Liability where work is dangerous to per- 
 sons invited onto defendant's premises. 
 65 L.R.A. 855. 
 Liability where work is dangerous to ten- 
 ants. 65 L.R.A. 855. 
 Liability where work is dangerous to own- 
 ers of vessels navigating rivers. 65 
 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 § 192. Where negligence does not pro- 
 duce permanently dangerous con- 
 dition. 
 
 Work on railways. 65 L.R.A. 643. 
 Work on buildings. 65 L.R.A. 643. 
 Work on highways. 65 L.R.A. 644. 
 Work involving handling heavy articles. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 644. 
 Management of teams. 65 L.R.A. 644. 
 Management of vessels. 65 L.R.A. 644. 
 Entertainment at public resorts. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 644. 
 Loading or unloading of ships. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 644. 
 Blasting operations. 65 L.R.A. 644. 
 
 § 193. Where negligence produces 
 dangerous conditions of more or 
 less permanent character. 
 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 646. 
 Work on railways. 65 L.R.A. 646. 
 Construction of bridges, embankments, and 
 
 dams. 65 L.R.A. 647. 
 Construction of telegraph and telephone 
 
 lines. 65 L.R.A. 648. 
 Laying of pipe lines. 65 L.R.A. 648. 
 Construction of buildings. 65 L.R.A. 648. 
 Repairing or reconstruction of buildings. 
 
 65 L.R.A. 649. 
 Demolition of buildings. 65 L.R.A. 649. 
 Work performed on streets and highways. 
 
 65 L.R.A. 650. 
 Work done on premises adjacent to streets 
 
 and highways, and affecting the safety 
 
 thereof. 65 L.R.A. 652. 
 Scavenging work. 65 L.R.A. 653. 
 Work in harbors. 65 L.R.A'. 653. 
 Excavation work. 65 L.R.A. 654. 
 Work involving the use of fire for the de- 
 struction of timber. 65 L.R.A. 654. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 943 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. b, 2— cont'd 
 Work in mines. 65 L.R.A. 654. 
 Hauling of timber. G5. L.R.A. 654. 
 Operation of ferries. 65 L.R.A. 654. 
 Loading or unloading of ships. 65 L.R.A. 
 654. 
 
 § 194. Where injury is direct result 
 of work contracted for. 
 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 742. 
 
 Liability where stipulated work is illegal. 
 
 65 L.R.A. 746. 
 Liability where performance of work will 
 
 involve commission of trespass. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 748. 
 Liability where performance of work will 
 necessarily cause injury. 65 L.R.A. 
 750. 
 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 750. 
 
 Commission of nuisance. 65 L.R.A. 
 751. 
 
 Blasting operations. 65 L.R.A. 753. 
 Liability where work is done according to 
 
 plans furnished by employer. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 754. 
 Liability where work is done according to 
 
 methods prescribed by employer. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 755. 
 
 3. Who are independent contractors. 
 
 § 195. Generally. 
 
 Question for jury as to, see Tkial, § 28. 
 
 In generaL 65 L.R.A. 445; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 371. 
 Independent contractors distinguished from 
 
 servants and agents. 65 L.R.A. 447. 
 Persons acting in the dual capacity of con- 
 tractor and servant or agent. 65 L.R.A. 
 449. 
 Contractors not within purview of statutes 
 relating to servants or agents. 65 
 L.R.A. 451. 
 Character of contract is tested by the ex- 
 istence or absence of a right of control 
 on the employer's part. 65 L.R.A. 453. 
 Presumptions entertained as to character of 
 contractor. 65 L.R.A. 459; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 372. 
 Independence of contract usually inferable 
 where it is for the performance 
 of an entire piece of work at a 
 specified price. 65 L.R.A. 461; 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 372. 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 461. 
 Persons engaged in construction or oth- 
 er work on railways. 65 L.R.A. 
 461. 
 Persons who undertake the construc- 
 tion of entire buildings or specific 
 ' portions thereof. 65 L.R.A. 462 ; 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372. 
 Persons engaged to execute repairs or 
 improvements on a building. 65 
 L.R.A. 465; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 373. 
 Painters and decorators. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 373. 
 Architects. 65 L.R.A. 465; 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 374. 
 Persons doing work on bridges. 65 
 L.R.A. 466. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. b, 3— cont'd 
 
 Persons engaged in other kinds of con- 
 struction work. 65 L.R.A. 466; 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 374. 
 
 Persons undertaking various kinds of 
 work on highways. 65 L.R.A. 466; 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 374. 
 
 Persons operating mines. 65 L.R.A. 
 407. 
 
 Persons operating quarries. 65 L.R.A 
 467. 
 
 Persons operating mills. 65 L.R.A. 
 467; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 374. 
 
 Master tradesmen and craftsmen. 65 
 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 Persons wlio furnish teams and men to 
 do various kinds of work. 65 
 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 Draymen, truckmen, carters, etc. 65 
 L.R.A. 468. 
 
 Keepers of livery stables. 65 L.R.A. 
 468. 
 
 Drovers. 65 L.R.A. 468. 
 
 Persons who undertake various opera- 
 tions connected with the handling 
 of timber. 65 L.R.A. 460; 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 374. 
 
 Persons employed to clear land. 65 
 L.R.A. 469. 
 
 Persons cultivating land on shares. 65 
 L.R.A. 469. 
 
 Persons engaged in scavenging work. 
 65 L.R.A. 469. 
 
 Railway companies operating cars on 
 private lines. 65 L.R.A. 469. 
 
 Persons assisting in public entertain- 
 ments. 65 L.R.A. 470. 
 
 Persons conducting departments in 
 stores. 65 L.R.A. 470. 
 
 Stevedores. 65 L.R.A. 470; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 375. 
 
 Construction and repair of ships. 65 
 L.R.A. 470. 
 
 Transfer agents doing business on rail- 
 way trains. 65 L.R.A. 471. 
 
 Contractors not within purview of stat- 
 utes relating to servants only. 65 
 L.R.A. 471. 
 Liability arising from employment of tug. 
 65 L.R.A. 471. 
 
 English doctrine as to relation between 
 owner of tug and its tow. 65 
 L.R.A. 471. 
 
 American doctrine. 65 L.R.A. 472. 
 
 Liability of harbor commissioners. 65 
 L.R.A. 474. 
 Liability arising out of certain other con- 
 tracts of an independent nature. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 474; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 375. 
 Effect of reservation of a limited power of 
 control. 65 L.R.A. 475; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 376. 
 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 475. 
 
 Clauses relating to supervision of work. 
 65 L.R.A. 478. 
 
 Clauses providing that the work shall 
 be done under the direction of the 
 employer. 65 L.R.A. 479. 
 Effect of other clauses. 65 L.R.A. 4S3. 
 Rfl^ect in general of reservation of full pow- 
 er of control. 65 L.R.A. 484; 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
944 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. h, 3— cont'd 
 Matters negativing independence of con- 
 tractor. 65 L.R.A. 485; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 379. 
 Effect of specific terms of contract. 65 
 L.R.A. 485; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 379. 
 Work on railroads. 65 L.R.A. 485. 
 Construction of buildings. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 486. 
 Demolition of buildings. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 486. 
 Street improvements. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 487. 
 Construction of canals. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 488. 
 Laying of pipe lines. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 488. 
 Work in mines. 65 L.R.A. 488. 
 Scavenging work. 65 L.R.A. 488. 
 Work in manufacturing establish- 
 ments. 65 L.R.A. 488. 
 Sale of commodities. 65 L.R.A. 
 489. 
 Effect of provisions of statutes appli- 
 cable to the circumstances. 65 
 L.R.A. 490. 
 Effect of direct evidence that employer 
 exercised control over the 
 work. 65 L.R.A. 490 ; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 379. 
 Work on railways. 65 L.R.A. 491. 
 Construction of buildings. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 492. 
 Work in streets. 65 L.R.A. 493. 
 Clearing of land. 65 L.R.A. 493. 
 Work in manufacturing establish- 
 ments. 65 L.R.A. 494. 
 Work done with teams. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 494. 
 Unloading of ships. 65 L.R.A. 494. 
 Sale of commodities. 65 L.R.A. 
 494. 
 Effect of character of stipulated work. 
 65 L.R.A. 495; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 379. 
 Effect of employment being general. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 497. 
 Effect of partition of work among sev- 
 eral contractors. 65 L.R.A. 500. 
 Absence of regular vocation. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 380. 
 Nature of contract determined with refer- 
 ence to various factors. 65 L.R.A. 
 500; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 380. 
 Degree of skill or care required. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 500. 
 Existence or absence of obligation to 
 perform work in person. 65 L.R.A. 
 500. 
 Reservation of right to terminate con- 
 tract of employment. 65 L.R.A. 
 501; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 380. 
 Surrender or retention of control of 
 premises on which stipulated 
 work is done. 65 L.R.A. 502. 
 Surrender of control. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 502. 
 Retention of control. 65 L.R.A. 
 504. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, IV. b, 3 — cont'd 
 
 The basis on which the compensation of 
 the employee is calculated. 65 
 L.R.A. 505; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 381. 
 
 Pecuniary circumstances of person em- 
 ployed. 65 L.R.A. 506. 
 
 Provision in contract that employer 
 shall be indemnified for all losses 
 caused by the negligence of the per- 
 son employed. 65 L.R.A. 506; 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 381. 
 
 Use of contractor's appliances by em- 
 ployer. 65 L.R.A. 507. 
 
 The furnishing by the employer of the 
 appliances or materials for the 
 work. 65 L.R.A. 507; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 381. 
 
 The fact that the stipulated work con- 
 stituted a, part of the employer's 
 regular operations. 65 L.R.A. 507. 
 
 Provision in contract prohibiting use 
 of employer's name. 65 L.R.A. 
 507. 
 
 The fact that the contractor was a di- 
 rector of the employing company. 
 65 L.E.A. 507. 
 
 Virtual identity of an employing and 
 contracting company. 65 L.R.A. 
 S07. 
 Intimacy of business relations between con- 
 tractor and employer. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 382. 
 Estoppel to deny existence of relation of 
 
 independent contractor. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 896; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 Province of court and jury. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 508; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 Cartman as independent contractor. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1122; 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 816; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 
 V. Liability of servant or contractor, 
 
 § 196. Generally. 
 
 Joint liability of master and servant for 
 latter's acts, see infra, § 199. 
 
 Liability over to employer, see Indemnity, 
 § 3. 
 
 Liability of contractor for injury to ten- 
 ant, see Landlord and Tenant, § 73. 
 
 Liability of employee without license, see 
 License, § 16. 
 
 Servant's liability for trespass, see Tres- 
 pass, § 9. 
 
 Liability of employee in case license' tax is 
 not paid by employer. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 946. 
 
 Servant's liability to third person for torts. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 378. 
 
 Liability of highway contractor for danger- 
 ous conditions where municipality, 
 county, or town is not liable. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1009. 
 
 Liability of contractor to third persona for 
 defects in his work after its completion 
 and acceptance. 26 L.R.A. 504; 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 968. 
 
 Begin witJi this boo7c on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 945 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, V.— cont'd 
 
 Liability of independent contractor to ten- 
 ant for injury caused by defects in 
 building. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 477. 
 
 Liability of subcontractor for injury to 
 property resulting from defective per- 
 formance of work. 2 L.K.A.(N.S.) 790. 
 
 Liability of subcontractor to owner for in- 
 jury to property. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 799. 
 
 Personal liability of servant for injury to 
 fellow servant. 28 L.R.A. 440. 
 
 Liability of independent contractors to 
 servants of principal emplover. 46 
 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 Liability of one contractor to servants of 
 another working on same premises. 46 
 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 § 19 7. For his own negligence or non- 
 feasance. 
 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. 433; 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 343. 
 Examples of misfeasance. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 346. 
 Where servant is in full control of 
 the work. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 346. 
 Where primary question is wheth- 
 er master and servant are 
 jointly liable. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 347. 
 Where servant is not guilty of negli- 
 gence. 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 348. 
 Examples of nonfeasance. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 349. 
 Doctrine that servant is liable for non- 
 feasance. 25 L.E.A. (N.S.) 350. 
 
 § 19 8. For trespass or other positive 
 wrong nnder employer's orders. 
 
 General rules. 50 L.R.A. 644. 
 
 Trespass. 50 L.R.A. 645. 
 
 Assault, fraud, and other wrongful acts. 
 
 50 L.R.A. 646. 
 Conversion. 50 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 Agency no defense. 50 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 Mere deposit with agent. 50 L.R.A. 
 650. 
 
 Mere transportation by agent. 50 
 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 Changing title. 50 L.R.A. 653. 
 Taking of property under order of employ- 
 er and in good faith as larceny. 41 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 
 VI. Joint liahility of master and serv- 
 ant. 
 
 § 199. Generally. 
 
 Liability over to employer, 8ee Indemnity, 
 
 § 3- 
 
 Conclusiveness on employee of judgment 
 against employer, and vice versa, see 
 Judgment, § 44. 
 
 Joint liability of master and servant for 
 tort of servant. 28 L.R.A. 441; 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 356. 
 Constat also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, VI.— cont d 
 
 Joinder of statutory action against a mas- 
 ter with common-law action against 
 servant, for latt 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 675. 
 
 Removal for separable controversy of joint 
 action against master and servant. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 96. 
 
 Removal of cause by nonresident corpora- 
 tion joined with resident employee. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 370, 375. 
 
 Effect of verdict for servant in action 
 against master and servant for lattor's 
 negligence or misfeasance. 9 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 880; 30 L.R.A.(N.S,) 404. 
 
 Judgment in favor of employee as bar to 
 recovery against employer for em- 
 ployee's act or default. 54 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 VII. Liability of third person to serv- 
 ant or master. 
 
 § 200. Generally. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injury to servants 
 of tenant, see Landloed and Tenant, 
 § 72. 
 
 The right of a servant to recover damages 
 from persons other than his mas- 
 ter for injuries received in the per- 
 formance of his duties. 46 L.R.A. 
 33. 
 General principles stated and discussed. 
 46 L.R.A. 35. 
 Action sounding in contract not 
 maintainable by stranger 
 thereto. 46 L.R.A. 35. 
 Breach of duty the foundation of 
 the right to recover. 46 
 L.R.A. 35. 
 When duty to use care may b« 
 predicated as to a stranger, 
 generally. 46 L.R.A. 36. 
 Duty arising from defendant's con- 
 trol of the injurious agency. 
 46 L.R.A. 38. 
 Extent of duty apart from exercise 
 of control. 46 L.R.A. 38. 
 Early cases reviewed. 46 
 
 'L.R.A. 38. 
 Doctrine of Brett, M. R., in 
 Heaven v. Pender. 46 
 L.R.A. 41. 
 Doctrine of other modern de- 
 cisions. 46 L.R.A. 42. 
 Concluding remarks. 46 
 L.R.A. 43. 
 Knowledge as an element of a defend- 
 ant's liability to the servants 
 of another person. 46 L.R.A. 
 45. 
 Generally. 46 L.R.A. 45. 
 Duty to communicate knowledge. 
 46 L.E.A. 47. 
 Measure of care obligatory as regards 
 the servants of other persons. 
 46 L.R.A. 51. 
 Generally. 46 L.R.A. 51. 
 As compared with measure of care 
 required from a master to his 
 own servant. 46 L.R.A. 52. 
 60 
 
946 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, VII.— cont'd 
 
 Eflfect of agreements between 
 plaintiff's master and the de- 
 fendant, exempting defendant 
 from liability. 46 L.R.A. 54. 
 Liability of occupant of premises to 
 servants entering them. 46 
 L.R.A. 58. 
 General principles. 46 L.R.A. 58. 
 Liability to servants invited, 
 expressly or by implica- 
 tion. 46 L.R.A. 58. 
 Liability to servants entering 
 as mere licensees. 46 
 L.R.A. 59. 
 Liability to servants entering 
 as trespassers. 46 L.R.A. 
 63. 
 Liability to servants transporting 
 merchandise, etc., to or 
 from defendant's prem- 
 ises. 46 L.R.A. 63. ' 
 Servants conveying articles to 
 or from warehouses, fac- 
 tories, etc. 46 L.R.A. 63. 
 Servants conveying articles to 
 or from the premises of 
 railway companies. 46 
 L.R.A. 64. 
 Miscellaneous. 46 L.R.A. 67. 
 Liability of owner of premises to 
 servants of persona con- 
 tracting with him for the 
 performance of work 
 thereon. 46 L.R.A. 68. 
 General principles. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 Duty to servants sent to 
 do temporary work. 46 
 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 Duty to servants engaged in 
 the erection of buildings. 
 46 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 Duty to servants engaged in 
 mining. 46 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 Duty to servants working on 
 railways. 46 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 Duty to servants working on 
 ships. 46 L.R.A. 73. 
 
 Liability to servants of sub- 
 contractors. 46 L.R.A. 
 75. 
 
 Duty to warn contractor's 
 servants of the approach 
 of transitory dangers. 46 
 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 When the owner of premises 
 may be held liable for 
 contractor's negligence. 
 46 L.R.A. 78. 
 
 Reservation of control over the 
 work by the principal em- 
 ployer; effect of. 46 
 L.R.A. 79. 
 Liability of owner of premises to 
 
 servants of a contractor not 
 
 employed by himself. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 80. 
 Liability to public servants enter- 
 ing premises in discharge of 
 
 official duties. 46 L.R.A. 81. 
 Begin wUh this iooh on every law quesHon 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, VII.— cont'd 
 Liability of the owner of premises of 
 which he is not in possession. 46 
 L.R.A. 83. 
 Liability arising from the joint use of 
 premises by several employ- 
 ers. 46 L.R.A. 94. 
 Liability of one contractor to the 
 sei-vants of another worlcing 
 on the same premises. 46 
 L.R.A. 49. 
 Liability of a contract to the serv- 
 ants of the principal employ- 
 er. 46 L.R.A. 95. 
 Liability of a contractor to a serv- 
 ant of a lessee of the con- 
 tractee. 46 L.R.A. 97. 
 Liability of consignee to servants 
 
 of carrier. 46 L.R.A. 97. 
 Liability for injuries caused by 
 wires extended over the prem- 
 ises of others. 46 L.R.A. 97. 
 Liability of one of two persons 
 making a joint use of struc- 
 tures, to the servants of the 
 other. 46 L.R.A. 99. 
 Liability of a railway company to 
 the servants of a person upon 
 whose premises it operates a 
 spur track. 46 L.R.A. 100. 
 Liability to servants where two or 
 more railway companies use 
 the same tracks. 46 L.R.A. 
 102. 
 Liability • where two companies 
 jointly use station grounds. 
 46 L.R.A. 103. 
 Liability of shippers of goods to 
 seamen and stevedores. 46 
 L.R.A. 104. 
 Liability of owner or occupier of land 
 to servants working on adjacent 
 premises. 46 L.R.A. 104. 
 Liability for injuries caused by the 
 condition of chattels delivered 
 by the defendant to the plain- 
 tiff's master. 46 L.R.A. 104. 
 Injuries caused by an appliance 
 under the control of the de- 
 fendant at the time of the ac- 
 cident. 46 L.R.A. 105. 
 Injuries caused by an appliance 
 not under the control of 
 the defendant at the time 
 of the accident. 46 L.R.A. 
 107. 
 Liability of vendor to vendee's 
 servants. 46 L.R.A. 108. 
 Liability for the condition of 
 a chattel transferred for 
 temporary purposes. 46 
 L.R.A. 108. 
 Duty of keeping appliance 
 bailed in safe condition, 
 usually lies on bailee. 46 
 L.R.A. 115. 
 Rule in the case of things danger- 
 ous in themselves. 46 L.R.A. 
 116. 
 Liability as dependent on proximi- 
 ty of cause. 46 L.B.A. 
 119. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 947 
 
 MASTER AND SERVANT, VII.— cont'd 
 
 When the chain of causation 
 is complete or broken, it! 
 119. 
 Concurrent liability. 46 L.R.A. 
 122. 
 Duty to protect electric wires for safety of 
 workmen on premises. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 777. 
 Damages recoverable in action by master 
 for injury to servant or apprentice. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 38. 
 
 § 201. Jjiability ot carrier. 
 
 Liability of carrier for injury to servants 
 of other persons. 46 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 Liability of carrier for personal injuries 
 to employees of consignor or consignee 
 caused by unsafe car. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 857. 
 
 Liability of lessor of railroad for injury to 
 employees due to negligence of another 
 company using the road under a lease, 
 license, or other contract. 44 L.R.A. 
 753. 
 
 Contract exempting railroad company from 
 liability for negligent injury to em- 
 ployee of sleeping car company and 
 others sustaining a similar relation to 
 the railroad company. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 432. 
 
 § 202. l/iability to servants of con- 
 tractor. 
 
 For unsafe appliances or place of labor. 26 
 L.R.A. 524. 
 Generally. 26 L.R.A. 524. 
 Premises. 26 L.R.A. 524. 
 Appliances. 26 L.R.A. 525. 
 Servants. 26 L.R.A. 527. 
 Owner absolved. 26 L.R.A. 528. 
 
 When servants of independent contractor 
 precluded from availing themselves of 
 doctrine of master's liability for any 
 negligence involving breach of his per- 
 sonal duties. 54 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 Liability of owner of building in process of 
 erection for injury to contractor's em- 
 ployees from defects existing at the 
 time they commenced work. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 857. 
 
 Liability on contractor's bond which under- 
 takes to indemnify owner against lia- 
 bility for injuries to employees, where 
 the injury is due to owner's negligence. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1174. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making owner 
 personally liable to employees of build- 
 ing contractors because of noncompli- 
 ance with provisions for their protec- 
 tion. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 868. 
 
 Is statutory duty of employer to guard 
 place or- machinery owing to employees 
 of contractor. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 269. 
 
 Liability of one contractor to servants of 
 another working on same premises. 46 
 L.E.A. 94. 
 
 4 » » 
 
 MASTER CRATTSMEN. 
 
 As independent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 467. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MASTER TRADESMEN. 
 
 As independent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 MATE. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of contracts of. 66 
 L.R.A. 229. 
 
 MATERIALITY. 
 
 Of alteration, see Alteration of Insteu- 
 
 MENTS, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Of evidence generally, see Evidence, XII. 
 
 May charge of subornation of perjury be 
 based on false testimony which is im- 
 material. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 120. 
 
 MATERIALMEN. 
 
 Provision in contractor's bond for payment 
 
 of, see Bonds, § 10. 
 Provision in contract for payment of, see 
 
 Building and Consteuction Con- 
 
 TBACTS, § 2. 
 
 Lien of, see Maritime Liens; Mechanics' 
 Liens. 
 
 MATERIALS. 
 
 Provision in bond for payment for, see 
 
 Bonds, § 10. 
 Provision in contract for payment for, see 
 
 Building and Consteuction Con- 
 
 tbacts, § 2. 
 Lien for, see Makitime Liens; Mechanics' 
 
 Liens. 
 Master's duty as to inspection of, see Mas- 
 
 teb and Sievant, § 102. 
 
 Priority of claim for materials against 
 property in hands of receiver over re- 
 corded liens. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 696, 
 701. 
 
 MATERNITY. 
 
 Admissibility of hearsay evidence as to, 
 
 see Evidence, § 219. 
 
 Evidence of declarations to show maternity 
 of illegitimate child. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1052. 
 
 MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION. 
 
 Conclusiveness of stated or settled account 
 containing inaccuracy or error in 
 method of. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
948 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MATRIMONIAL PROPERTY, 
 
 See Husband amd Wife, IV. 
 
 MATURITY. 
 
 Of commercial paper, see Bills and Notes, 
 
 §§ 54-57. 
 Usury in agreement for interest after. 49 
 
 L.E.A. 550. 
 
 MAULS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.E.A.(N.S.) 671. 
 
 MAXIMS. 
 
 In equity, see Equity, § 22. 
 
 Applicability of maxim res ipsa loquitur, 
 see Evidence, III. g. 
 
 Applicability of maxim that one cannot 
 profit by his own wrong to descent of 
 property to murderer, see Descent and 
 DiSTEIBUTION, § 8. 
 
 To rights of murderer in proceeds of in- 
 surance policy, see Insxjkance, § 193. 
 
 As to taking advantage of one's own wrong. 
 5 L.R.A. 344.* 
 How far abrogated by statute. 25 
 L.E.A. 564. 
 
 Applicability of rule of caveat emptor to 
 sales for partition. 33 L.K.A. (N.S.) 
 409. 
 
 Applicability of rule of caveat emptor to 
 sale with particular description of kind 
 or quality. 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 260. 
 
 Damnum absque injuria. 5 L.E.A. 372;* 6 
 L.R.A. 573;* 8 L.E.A. 787.* 
 
 Application of maxim damnum absque in- 
 juria to right to consequential dam- 
 ages to property no part of which is 
 taken from smoke, noise, dust, etc. in- 
 cident to ordinary operation of rail- 
 road. 17 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1054. 
 
 Effect of legislative authority' on liability 
 for private nuisance constituting dam- 
 num absque injuria. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 52. 
 
 Necessity of qualifying by reference to con- 
 scious falsity an instruction under a 
 statute enacting the maxim Falsus in 
 una, falsus in omnAbus without that 
 qualification. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 680. 
 
 Applicability of doctrine of idem sonans to 
 substituted or constructive service of 
 process. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 122. 
 
 Application of maxim "In pari delicto 
 melior est conditio possidentis" to 
 action to recover back nonexempt prop- 
 erty conveyed to avoid nonexistent or 
 unfounded demand. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1007. 
 
 MAXIM— cont'd 
 
 Application of maxim "In pari delicto 
 melior est conditio defendentis" to a,e- 
 tion for specific enforcement for limit- 
 ed time of contract against public 
 policy to prevent public inconvenience. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1032. 
 
 Application of maxim mobilia sequuntur 
 personam to place of taxing nonresi- 
 dent's personalty. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 704. 
 
 Noscitur a sodis. 9 L.E.A. 196.* 
 
 Applicability of principle of nullum tempus 
 occurritt regi to action by agencies of 
 state. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 746. 
 
 Applicability to bequest of chattel for life 
 of maxim quae ipso usu consumuntur, 
 16 L.E.A.(N.S.) 483. 
 
 Qui prior est in tempore, potior est in jure 
 as applied to rights of different 
 assignees. 66 L.E.A. 774. 
 
 Respondeat superior. 44 Ij.E.A. 799. 
 
 Application of doctrine of respondeat su- 
 perior to liability of eleemosynary in- 
 stitution for personal tort Of -agent or 
 servant. 4 L.E.A. (N.S.) 269. 
 
 Sic utere tVA) ut aUenum non Icedas, 9 
 L.R.A. 810.* 
 
 The application of the maxim sic utere tuo 
 
 "" ut alienum non Icedas to injuries by 
 blasting. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 570. 
 
 Eight to us and improve one's own prop- 
 erty. 6 L.R.A. 449.* 
 
 Application of maxim that one must use 
 one's own rights in such a manner as 
 not to interfere with those of another 
 to interference by user of electricity 
 with business or injury to property of 
 another resulting from induction or use 
 of earth as a return electric current. 
 
 2 B. R. C. 132. 
 
 Volenti non fit injuria as a defense to ac- 
 tions by injured servants. 47 L.R.A. 
 161. 
 
 Loss of one of two innocent parties. 7 
 L.R.A. 745.* 
 
 MAY. 
 
 When word "may" in statute is to be 
 deemed mandatory. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 340. 
 
 MAYHEM. 
 
 Mayhem as depending upon the means or 
 instrument used to inflict the injury. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1132. 
 
 Begin uitli this hooli, on every law question. 
 
 MEALS. 
 
 Serving liquor with meals by proprietor of 
 hotel or restaurant as a sale thereof. 
 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 943. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 949 
 
 MEANDER LINE. 
 
 As boundary. 42 L.E.A. 510. 
 As basis for dividing accretions. 12 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 687. 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 Parol evidence to show, see Evidence, 
 § 165. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 See Weights and Measures. 
 
 < « » 
 
 MEAT. 
 
 See Food, § 7. 
 
 MECHANICS' LIENS. 
 
 I. In general, §§ l-i. 
 II. Right to lien, §§ 5-7. 
 III. Priority §§ S, 9. 
 IT. For what icork or materials, §g 
 10-13. 
 T. To ivhat property or interest lien 
 attaches, §§ li-lS. 
 TI. Of subcontractors and. material- 
 men, §§ 19-21. 
 Til. Hoir tvaived or defeated, § 32. 
 Till. Enforcement; procedure, §§ 23- 
 32. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 % 1. Generally. 
 
 As to liens, generally, see Liens. 
 
 Effect of provisions in contractor's bonds, 
 
 see Bonds, § 10. 
 For improvements on leased premises, see 
 
 Landlord and Tenant, § 40. 
 
 Nature and scope of remedy. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 701.* 
 Wbo are laborers within statute for. 18 
 
 L.E.A. 305. 
 Who entitled to lien. 11 L.R.A. 740.* 
 What is an "appurtenance" for purposes of. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 653. 
 New York mechanics' lien law, generally. 
 13 L.R.A. 701.* 
 Who are mechanics within act. 13 
 L.R.A. 702.* 
 Subcontractors or materialmen. 
 
 13 L.R.A. 703.* 
 Term "owner" defined. 13 L.R.A. 
 703.* 
 Consent of owner sufficient. IZ L.R.A. 
 
 703.* 
 Performance of contract as a condition 
 
 precedent. 13 L.R.A. 705.* 
 Discharging lien. 13 L.R.A. 706.* 
 Amount recoverable. 13 L.R.A. 706.* 
 Costs. 13 L.R.A. 706.* 
 Consult also L.It.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MECHANICS' LIENS, I.— cont'd 
 Protection of, by enjoining sales under other 
 
 process. 30 L.R.A. 128. 
 Assignability of. 11 L.R.A. 740;* 13 L.R.A. 
 
 704.* 
 
 § 2. Validity and construction of stat- 
 utes. 
 
 Construction of statutes. 11 L.R.A. 553.* 
 State statute creating lien on vessel. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 505.* 
 Validity of statutory provision for attor- 
 ney's fees in suit to foreclose. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 910. 
 
 § 3 . — as to subcontractors and ma- 
 terialmen. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to effect on 
 liens of subordinate claims of payments 
 to contractors or subcontractors. 20 
 L.R.A. 565. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making owner 
 personally liable to laborers or ma- 
 terialmen because of noncompliance 
 with provisions for their protection. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 868. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute giving me- 
 chanics' lien contrary to agreement of 
 contractor. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 574. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making owner 
 personally liable to laborers or ma- 
 terialmen because of noncompliance 
 with provisions for their protection. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 868. 
 
 § 4. Indemnity against. 
 
 Broker's right to commission where sale or 
 loan fails because of owner's refusal to 
 give indemnity against possible liens. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 187. 
 
 II. Right to lien. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Lien governed by contract with owner. 13 
 L.R.A. 702.* 
 
 Mechanic's lien under contract made or per- 
 formed in another state. 38 L.R.A. 
 410. 
 
 Meaning of term "owner" in New York me- 
 chanics' lien law. 13 L.R.A. 703.* 
 
 § 6. Consent of owner. 
 
 Necessity of contract with, or consent of, 
 owner. 11 L.R.A. 742.* 
 
 Consent of owner sufficient under New York 
 mechanics' lien law. 13 L.R.A. 703.* 
 
 Mortgagee as owner within mechanics' lien 
 laws. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 84. 
 
 Requiring another to make improvements 
 upon land at his own expense as a con- 
 sent by the owner which will subject 
 his interest to a lien. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 764. 
 
 § 7. — power of lessee or vendee to 
 subject owner's interests to liens. 
 
 Mechanic's lien upon building erected by 
 
 vendee. 62 L.E.A. 380. 
 Statute giving liens for improvements made 
 under contracts with owner. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 601. 
 
950 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MECHANICS' LIENS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Where improvements are required by 
 lease or contract of sale. 23 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 604. 
 Statutes giving liens on interests of the one 
 causing the improvements to be made. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 605. 
 Statutes giving liens for improvements made 
 by contract with or at request of 
 owner. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 607. 
 Statutes giving lien for improvements made 
 by agents. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 608. 
 Improvements required by owner. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 610. 
 Where statute gives lien for improvements 
 made with consent of owner. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 612. 
 Where lease or contract of sale re- 
 quires the improvement. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 615. 
 Statutes giving Hens for improvements 
 made with permission of owner. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 Improvements required by owner in 
 lease or contract of sale. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 Statutes giving liens for improvements 
 made with the written consent of the 
 owner. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 617. 
 Statutes giving liens where owner with 
 knowledge of the improvement fails to 
 give notice of nonliability. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 618. 
 
 ///. Priority. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Generally. 13 L.R.A. 705.* 
 
 Over subsequent liens. 12 L.R.A. 33.* 
 
 Priority of claims against property in 
 
 hands of receiver over. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1013. 
 Eights of seller of fixtures, retaining title 
 
 thereto or lien thereon, as against 
 
 holder of mechanics' lien. 1 B. R. C. 
 
 673. 
 
 § 9. — as to earlier mortgages. 
 
 Unrecorded mortgages. 14 L.R.A. 306. 
 Mortgage for advances. 14 L.R.A. 307. 
 Purchase-money mortgages. 14 L.R.A. 307. 
 Priority of statutory preference of claim 
 
 for labor over pre-existing mortgage. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 IV. For what worTc or materials. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 For sinking well. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 550. 
 
 Right to a lien for labor in preparing ma- 
 terials in manufactured form, under a 
 statute giving a lien for work or labor 
 performed on the building or structure. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 
 Food furnished contractor for employees 
 and teams as material giving lien on 
 railroad. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 
 Right of servant to common law possessory 
 lien or its statutory substitute for serv- 
 ices in connection with property. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 731. 
 
 MECHANICS' LIENS, IV.— cont'd 
 Right to statutory lien on property of third 
 person for rental of personal property 
 let to contractor for use in work of a 
 lienable nature. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585. 
 Right to mechanics' lien for labor or ma- 
 terial furnished on order of architect 
 before abandonment of contract by con- 
 tractor. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 89. 
 Explosives as materials used in improving 
 
 real property. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 288. 
 Are contractors or subcontractors within 
 the protection of statutes giving 
 liens to "laborers," "mechanics," 
 "workmen," and the like. 30 
 L.R.A. 85. 
 Teams and teaming. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Heating apparatus as part of 
 purpose of mechanics' lien. 
 982. 
 
 realty for 
 1 B. R. C. 
 
 struc- 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every laiv question. 
 
 § 11. Materials furnislied for 
 ture, but not actually used. 
 
 Generally. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 749. 
 
 Giving liens for material furnished towards 
 
 the completion or performance of any 
 
 contract. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 750. 
 Giving lien for materials furnished "for" 
 
 structure. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 750. 
 Giving lien for materials furnished for con- 
 struction or erection of structure. 31 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 751. 
 Debts contracted for materials furnished 
 
 for or in erection of building. 31 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 753. 
 Giving lien for materials "used" or "to be 
 
 used" in the structure. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 755. 
 Where diversion of material is made an 
 
 offense. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 
 § 12. Materials used but not Incor- 
 porated in structure. 
 
 Materials wholly or partially consumed in 
 process of work, but not becoming a 
 part of the structure. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 866. 
 Mechanics' lien upon premises for an im- 
 provement not placed thereon but 
 having a physical or beneficial con- 
 nection therewith. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 354. 
 Generally. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 Lien upon pumping or power plant for 
 pipes, wires, or tracks laid in 
 street. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 Sidewalks, paving, or water or sewer 
 connections in street. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 Generally. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 Decisions permitting liens. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 356. 
 Decisions denying liens. 42 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 358. 
 
 § IS. Services of architect. 
 
 Generally. 16 L.R.A. 600; 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 354. 
 Simply furnishing plans. 16 L.R.A. 601. 
 
IKDEX 10 L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 951 
 
 MECHAMCS' LIEN'S, IV.— cont'd 
 Superintending. 16 L.R.A. 601. 
 Eight of architect to mechanic's Hen. 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 354. 
 
 36 
 
 y. To wliat property or interest lien 
 attaches, 
 
 § 14. GeneraUy. 
 
 Power of lessee or vendee to subject owner's 
 interests to mechanics' liens, see supra, 
 §7. 
 
 To what lien attaches. 13 L.R.A. 702.* 
 
 On logs. 6 L.E.A. 362.* 
 
 On homestead property. 9 L.R.A. 805.* 
 
 On railroads. 8 L.R.A. 700.* 
 
 On laud of married woman. 10 L.R.A 33.* 
 
 Right to mechanics' lien for improvements 
 made on infant's land by authority of 
 guardian. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1159. 
 
 Mechanics' lien on landlords interest for 
 labor or materials furnislied tenant for 
 the building or improvement removable 
 by tenant. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 485. 
 
 Where building covers adjoining lots held 
 in severalty. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1219. 
 
 § 15. Several lots or buildings. 
 
 On several lots. 1 L.R.A. 514.* 
 Right to file a single mechanic's lien against 
 several buildings. 17 L.R.A. 314. 
 
 § 16. Buildings distinct from land. 
 
 In general. 62 L.R.A. 369. 
 
 Erection upon land of a stranger. 62 
 L.R.A. 370. 
 
 Extension of erection upon adjoining land. 
 62 L.R.A. 373. 
 
 Erection by husband upon wife's land. 62 
 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 Erection upon homestead lands. 62 L.R.A. 
 375. 
 
 Erection upon leasehold estates. 62 L.R.A. 
 375. 
 
 Erection by vendee of the land under a con- 
 tract of purchase. 62 L.R.A. 380. 
 
 Erection upon land vested in third parties 
 by deed of trust. 62 L.R.A. 381. 
 
 Failure of description of the laud in affida- 
 vit of claim. 62 L.R.A. 382. 
 
 § 17. Extent of land to which Hen at- 
 taches. 
 
 Statutes giving lien on "lot" or "tract." 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 836. 
 
 Statute expressly giving lien on land neces- 
 sary for use of improvement. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 838. 
 
 § 18. Public property. 
 
 Generally. 35 L.R.A. 141; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 261; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 315. 
 Schoolhouses. 35 L.R.A. 142. 
 Courthouses. 35 L.R.A. 143. 
 Government land. 35 L.R.A. 144. 
 Basis of rule. 35 L.R.A. 144. 
 Exceptional cases. 35 L.R.A. 144. 
 The rule in Kansas. 35 L.R.A. 145. 
 Personal judgment. 35 L.R.A. 145. 
 Use must be public. 35 L.R.A. 145. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MECHANICS' LIENS, V.— cont'd 
 On claim or interest in public lands for 
 debts contracted before issuance of pat- 
 ent. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 409. 
 
 VI. Of subcontractors and material- 
 men. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Validity of statutes as to, see supra, § 3. 
 
 Provision in contractor's bond for payment 
 of claims of, sf« Bonds, § 10. 
 
 Provision in contractor's contract for pay- 
 ment of claims of, see Building and 
 
 CONSTKUCTION (.DISTRACTS, § 2. 
 
 Lien of subcontractor. 7 L.R.A. 711.* 
 
 Who are subcontractors or materialmen, 
 within New York mechanics' lien law. 
 13 L.R.A. 703.* 
 
 Right of subcontractor to protection of 
 statutes giving liens to "laborers," "me- 
 chanics," "workmen," and the like. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 
 Eight of subcontractor or materialmen to 
 personal judgment against owner. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1036; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 321. 
 
 § 20. Subsequent matters affecting 
 right to lien. 
 
 Relation back of subcontractor's lien to the 
 date of that of the original contractor. 
 16 L.R.A. 335. 
 
 Effect of death of principal contractor on 
 rights of subcontractor or materialman 
 to a lien, or to payment by owner. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 45. 1 
 
 Effect of bankruptcy of contractor on right 
 of laborer or materialman to enforce 
 lien against property improved. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 409. 
 
 § 21. — payments to contractors. 
 
 Payment to contractors or subcontractors 
 as affecting liens of subordinate 
 claimants. 20 L.R.A. 560. 
 Sum due under original contract as 
 measure of owner's liability. 20 
 L.R.A. 560. 
 Payments made after notice. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 564. 
 Constitutionality of statutes. 20 
 L.R.A. 565. 
 Right of owner, as against subcontractor 
 who filed lien, to credit for payments 
 made to other subcontractors or mate- 
 rialmen, who did not file liens, before 
 the expiration of the time allowed for 
 that purpose. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 919. 
 
 VII. How waived or defeated. 
 
 § 22. Generally. 
 
 In case of subcontractors or materialmen, 
 
 see supra, §§ 20, 21. 
 Discharge of lien, see infra, § 30. 
 
 Waiver of laborer's lien by attachment or 
 execution. 50 L.R.A. 722. 
 
952 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MECHANICS' LIENS, VII.— cont'd 
 Effect upon rights of owner of lien on build- 
 ing of its wrongful removal and attach- 
 ment to third person's land without for- 
 mer's consent. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 435. 
 Removal, removability, or destruction of 
 work or improvement as affecting 
 lien on the property improved. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 296. 
 Removal by owner of land or stranger. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 297. 
 Improvement removable by tenant. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298. 
 Destruction. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.-) 299. 
 Jurisdictions upholding liens on 
 
 land. 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 300. 
 Jurisdiction denying lien on land, 
 generally. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 301. 
 Exceptions to rule denying liens. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 302. 
 Acceptance of commercial paper as extin- 
 guishment of. 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 93. 
 Recovering personal judgment against own- 
 er as waiver of mechanics' lien. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 Effect of discharge in bankruptcy on lien. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 295. 
 
 YIII. Enforcement; procedure. 
 
 § 2 3. Generally. 
 
 Actions to enforce. 11 L.R.A. 743.* 
 
 Effect of sale to satisfy mechanic's lien up- 
 on wife's right of dower. 18 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 Removal for separable controversy of pro- 
 ceedings to foreclose. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 72. 
 
 Eight to accept favorable part of decree 
 and appeal from the rest. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 13. 
 
 § 24. Parties. 
 
 Contractor as a necessary party to a bill to 
 enforce a mechanics' lien. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 69. 
 
 § 25. Costs; attorney's fee. 
 
 Right to costs under New York mechanics' 
 
 lien law. 13 L.R.A. 706.* 
 Constitutionality of statute giving attor- 
 
 nev's fee in suit to foreclose. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 565. 
 i 
 § 2 6. Notice; statement. 
 Notice to be filed. 13 L.R.A. 704.* 
 Notice to owner as a, condition of lien. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 740.* 
 Description of property in notice. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 741.* 
 Proof of notice. 13 L.R.A. 704.* 
 Eailure of description of land in affidavit of 
 
 claim and buildings distinct from land. 
 
 62 L.E.A. 382. 
 
 § 2 7. — effect of filing excessive lien. 
 
 Unintentional mistake. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 306. 
 Overstatement of price or value of 
 labor or materials actually fur- 
 nished. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 306. 
 
 MECHANICS' LIENS, VIII.— cont'd 
 
 Omission of credits. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 310. 
 Incomplete performance where entire 
 contract price is claimed. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 Inclusion of nonlienable items. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 Items ordinarily of a lienable 
 character. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 311. 
 Items of a nonlienable character. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 314. 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to 
 segregate lienable and non- 
 lienable items. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 316. 
 Intentional or fraudulent overstatement. 29 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 317. 
 Specific statutory provisions. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 317. 
 
 § 28. Time of filing lien. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for. 
 49 L.E.A. 236. 
 
 Work done, or material furnished, in per- 
 fecting original work, as lienable items 
 to establish period for filing claim. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 864. 
 
 Eight to tack different contracts to perform 
 labor or furnish material for purpose 
 of extending time to file lien. 15 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 
 § 2 9. — effect of addition of new items 
 to extend time. 
 
 General rule. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 902. 
 
 Completion as test. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 902. 
 
 Necessity that items be undei: the same 
 contract. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 902. 
 Where gratuitous or voluntary. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 903. 
 Where trivial. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 Effect of request of owner. 
 
 (N.S.) 904. 
 Where required by contract. 
 
 (N.S.) 905. 
 Effect of delay. 
 
 In general. 
 
 904. 
 35 L.E.A. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 
 
 Begin witJt this hooTc on every law question. 
 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 906. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 906. 
 Where delay is at request of owner. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 906. 
 Where delay is unreasonable. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 906. 
 Where furnished to remedy defect. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 907. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 907. 
 Where required by the owner. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 907. 
 Extras. 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 908. 
 Repairs. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 
 § 30. Discharge of lien. 
 
 Discharge of lien jinder New York B>e- 
 chanics' lien law. 13 L.R.A. 706.* 
 
 § 31. Personal judgment. 
 
 In action to enforce mechanic's lien on pub- 
 lic property. 35 L.R.A. 145. 
 
MECHANICS' LIENS, VIII.— cont'd 
 Eight of subcontractor or materialmen to 
 personal judgment against owner. 14 
 L.E.A.{N.S.) 1036; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 321. 
 Eecovering personal judgment against own- 
 er as waiver of mechanics' lien. 32 
 L.E.A.{N.S.) 1073. 
 
 § S2. Amount recoverable. 
 
 Amount recoverable under New York me- 
 chanics' lien law. 13 L.E.A. 706.* 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MEDICAL TREATMENT. 
 
 953 
 
 SIEDIOAL ASSISTANCE. 
 
 Master's duty as to, see Mastee and Serv- 
 ant, § 58. 
 
 MEDICAL ATTENDANCE. 
 
 In general, see Physicians and Suegeons. 
 
 Duty and liability of one other than a 
 physician or surgeon who contracts to 
 provide medical or surgical attention 
 to another. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 
 MEDICAL BOARDS. 
 
 Judicial power to review action of boards 
 in respect to licenses of physicians, 
 dentists, etc. 20 L.E.A. 355. 
 Mandamus to compel action. 20 L.E.A. 
 355. 
 
 « » » 
 
 MEDICAL BOOKS. 
 
 As evidence. 40 L.E.A. 553. 
 
 »fEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 Determining character or standing of, for 
 purpose of license statutes. 22 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 735. 
 
 MEDICAL EXPENSES. 
 In case of emergency, see Emergen cy, § 5. 
 
 MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT. 
 
 Eight of woman to be. 38 L.E.A. 211. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 Liability under accident policy for death or 
 injury caused by. 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1004. 
 
 Nondelegability of master's duty to furnish 
 proper treatment. 54 L.E.A. 83. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Liability of drugists as to, see Drugs and 
 
 Druggists, § 5. 
 Validity of agreements as to, see Drugs 
 
 AND Druggists, § 6. 
 Patent medicine, see Patent Medicines. 
 Practice of, see Physicians and Surgeons. 
 
 < » 
 
 MEDIUM. 
 
 Of payment, see Payment, §§ 6-11. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 SIEETING. 
 
 Of corporate officers, see Corporations, 
 § 60. 
 
 Of stockholders, see CoRroRATiONS, §§ 122- 
 126. 
 
 Of religious societies, see Eeligious So- 
 cieties, § 2. 
 
 Of school district, see Schools, § 26. 
 
 Character of meeting essential to offense of 
 disturbing a meeting. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 828. 
 
 Eight of public to attend municipal council 
 meetings. 1 B. E. C. 296. 
 
 MEETING OP MINDS. 
 
 In execution of contract, see Conteacts, 
 §§ 19-23. 
 
 MEMBERSHIP. 
 
 In religious society, see Eeligious So- 
 cieties, §§ 11-13. 
 
 MEMORANDA. 
 
 Within statute of frauds, see Contracts, § 
 52. 
 
 Admissibility of, in evidence, see Evidence, 
 § 135. 
 
 Making or altering of, as forgery, see For- 
 gery, § 6. 
 
 Eight of stockholder to make, from books. 
 
 45 L.E.A. 449. 
 Forgery by making or altering. 54 L.E.A. 
 
 794. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MEMORANDA— cont'd 
 
 Impeachment of enrolled bill by. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 31.- 
 
 On back of note at time of execution as sub- 
 stantive part thereof. 15 L.R.A. 
 ,(N.S.) 612. 
 
 -•-•-•- 
 
 MEMORY. 
 
 Impairment of, as defense to prosecution for 
 perjury. 21 L.R. A. ( N.S. ) 993. 
 
 Weakness of, as affecting testamentary ca- 
 pacity. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 42. 
 
 MENACE. 
 
 See Threats. 
 
 4 » » 
 
 MENTAL ANGUISH. 
 
 Damages for, see Damages, §§ 96-106. 
 
 Necessity of corroboration of admission or 
 testimony of party to divorce in re- 
 lation to mental suffering or other 
 state of mind. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 45. 
 
 Of accused as affecting voluntariness of 
 confession. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 790. 
 
 MENTAL CAPACITY. 
 Of testator, see Wills, §§ 9-15. 
 
 BIENTAL CONDITION. 
 
 As affecting criminal responsibility, see 
 Criminal Law, §§ 8, 9. ■ 
 
 As affecting admissibility of dying declara- 
 tions. 56 L.R.A. 381. 
 
 MENTAL SUGGESTION. 
 
 Application of statutes regulating practice 
 of medicine to treatment by. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 763; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1297. 
 
 MERCANTILE AGENCY. 
 
 See CoMMEECiAL Agencies. 
 
 MERCHANDISE. 
 
 MERCHANDISE— cont'd 
 
 Liability for failure to forward bonded 
 merchandise. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1060. 
 
 Sufficiency of selection or designation of 
 part sold out of a larger lot. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 41. 
 
 Validity of chattel mortgage of stock of, as 
 affected by provision or agreement giv- 
 ing mortgagor possession with power 
 of sale. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1181. 
 
 MERCHANTS. 
 
 Libel or Slander of, see Libel and Slander, 
 
 §§ 16, 17, 26. 
 Unlawful combinations of, or against, see 
 
 Monopolies, II. 
 Liability for sale of dangerous or defective 
 
 article or substance, see Negligence, § 
 
 15. - '. 
 
 Validity of contract by'' fiinlicenaed mer- 
 ehant. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 Discrimination against iionresidents by 
 statute or ordinance imposing license 
 tax on. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 285. 
 
 Power of municipality to regulate use of 
 scales by. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 266. 
 
 Liability for malicious acts of employees 
 towards customers. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 485. 
 
 MERCHANTS' DESPATCH. 
 
 Character of, as common carriers. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 902. 
 
 MERCY. 
 
 Intimation that recommendation to mercy 
 would be entertained as ground for re- 
 versal of conviction. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 239. 
 
 Seller's liability for injuries due to defects 
 in, see Negligence, § 15. 
 Begin with this VooTc on every latv question 
 
 MERETRICIOUS RELATIONS. 
 
 t 
 
 Effect of meretricious relations between 
 testator and beneficiary on validity of 
 devise or bequest. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 477, 
 
 Right to recover for household services ren- 
 dered while the parties were living in 
 illicit relations. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
 Character of presumption as to undue in- 
 fluence in bequest to mistress. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 Blander in charging woman with being one's 
 mistress. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 611. 
 
INDEX TO L.II.A. NOTES. 
 
 MERGER. 
 
 § 1. Genepally. 
 
 Of contracts, see Conteacts, § CO. 
 
 Of corporations, see Coepoeatioxs, III. 
 
 Of mortgage, see Mobtqaqe, § 58. 
 
 Of stipulations as to title in executory con- 
 tract in subsequently executed convey- 
 ance, see Vendoe and Puechaseb, § 42. 
 
 Doctrine of; estates in land. 5 L.E.A. 721.* 
 
 In case of estate by entireties. 30 L.R.A. 
 313. 
 
 Of private injury for death of child in pub- 
 lic wrong. 41 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 Effect of union of life estate and remote re- 
 mainder or reversion in the same per- 
 son, upon intermediate contingent re- 
 mainder. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
 Sale of collateral merging security in debt. 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 714. 
 
 § 2. In judgment. 
 
 Merger of cause of action in foreign judg- 
 ment in personam. 20 L.R.A. 681. 
 
 Effect of judgment against garnishee to 
 merge principal debtor's liability. 47 
 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Judgment on judgment of sister state as 
 merger of the original. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 360. 
 
 95S 
 
 MESSENGER— cont'd 
 
 Duty and liability for conduct of messen- 
 gers furnished for use of others. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1091. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 METAIiS. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of, on sale out of 
 larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 44. 
 
 # ■ » 
 
 METERS. 
 
 Gas meter, see Gas, § 10. 
 For water, see Watees, § 124. 
 
 MEXICAN GRANT. 
 
 Location of mining claim on, 
 (N.S.) 786. 
 
 *~t~* — 
 
 7 L.R.A. 
 
 MIDDLEMAN, 
 
 MERITS. 
 
 Affidavit of, see Judgment, § 
 
 Liability of seller for injury due to defects 
 in things sold, see Negligence, § 15. 
 
 Fraud and secret dealings of, as affecting 
 commissions. 45 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 MERRY-GO-ROUND. 
 
 41 
 
 Injunction against, by municipality. 
 
 L.R.A. 322. 
 Liability of person maintaining, for safety 
 
 of patrons. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1070. 
 
 MESNE PROFITS. 
 
 Right of doweress to. 21 L.E.A. 180. 
 Liability of cotenant for. 28 L.E.A. 857. 
 Claim for, as debt within provision as to 
 
 imprisonment for debt. 34 L.R.A. 641. 
 Burden of proof in action to recover for 
 
 failure to execute process. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 420. 
 
 MID WIVES. 
 
 Midwifery as practice of medicine contra- 
 vening statute. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to reporting 
 and registering births, deaths, etc. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1015. 
 
 MIGRATION. 
 
 As ground for forfeiting corporate charter. 
 24 L.R.A. 462. 
 
 MIIiCH COWS. 
 
 MESSAGES. 
 
 Telegraph messages, see Telegeaphs, § 8. 
 By telephone, see Telephones, § 10. 
 
 MESSENGER. 
 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 grand jury by. 28 L.R.A. 371. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 Police regulations as to food for. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 932. 
 
 MILEAGE BOOKS. 
 
 Validity of statutes requiring issuance of, 
 at reduced rates. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1086. 
 
 » « » 
 
 MILITARY DUTY. 
 
 Homicide in discharge of military duty. 
 67 L.R.A. 295. 
 
956 
 
 INDEX TO LJELA. NOTES. 
 
 MILITARY DUTY— cont'd 
 
 Scope and eifeet of provision exempting in- 
 surer from loss caused by military 
 power. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 
 MILITARY LAWS. 
 
 Eight to convict for offense against both 
 military and civil authorities. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 710. 
 
 MILITARY POWER. 
 
 Power of governor, in exercise of power to 
 suppress insurrection, to authorize 
 arrest and detention of persons without 
 turning them over to the civil authori- 
 ties. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 979. 
 
 MILITARY RESERVATION. 
 
 Location of mining claim on. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 790.' 
 Cutting of timber on. 70 L.R.A. 909. 
 
 MILLDAM, 
 
 < «» 
 
 MILITARY SERVICE. 
 
 See Abmt and Navy. 
 
 ♦ »» • 
 
 MILITIA. 
 
 Exemption of firemen from duty in, see 
 FlEE Depaktment, § 2. 
 
 Calling out, for service. 15 L.R.A. 116. 
 
 Enlistment in, of minor without parent's 
 consent, 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 454. 
 
 Power of governor to disband. 23 L.R.A. 
 510. 
 
 Are state militias subject to the articles of 
 war of the United States. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 354. 
 
 Right conferred by statutory exemption of 
 fireman from jury or militia duty. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 498. 
 
 Right of officer of regiment of, to maintain 
 action for libel or slander based on 
 charges against officers of regiment 
 witliout naming any particular one. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 728. 
 
 Power to require carrier to transport mi- 
 litia at reduced rate. 41 L.K.A. (N.S.) 
 524. 
 
 See Dams. 
 
 MILLING IN TRANSIT. 
 
 Carrier's right to make discriminating 
 rate for wheat to be converted into flour 
 to be shipped over its road. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 225. 
 
 MILL POND. 
 
 Right to fish in. 60 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Right to consider value of property as part 
 of natural waterpower in fixing com- 
 pensation for taking land for. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 912. 
 
 MILL RACE. 
 
 See Race, § 3. 
 
 MILK. 
 
 MILLS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Milldams, see Dams. 
 
 Grant of water power for, see Watees, §§ 
 99, 100. 
 
 Servants in, as fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 
 436, 461. 
 
 Persons operating, as independent con- 
 tractors. 65 L.R.A. 467, 488; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 374. 
 
 Character of occupancy of employees in. 
 4 L.R.A.{N.S.) 715. 
 
 Interference with mill by damming back 
 water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 819. 
 
 Duty of mill owner to provide facilities for 
 passage of logs. 3 L.R.A. 809.* 
 
 Provisions in insurance policy against ceas- 
 ing to operate. 8 L.R.A. 81.* 
 
 Right to exercise power of eminent domain 
 for purpose of. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 
 § 2. Conveyance of. 
 
 What passes by conveyance of. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 285.* 
 How far grant of mill includes water right. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 § 3. Rights of upper and lower own- 
 ers. 
 
 Respective rights of upper and lower mill 
 
 owners. 7 L.R.A. 614.* 
 Right as between appropriator, above, and 
 
 junior appropriator below, mill, during 
 
 periods when water is not used by mill. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6.15. 
 
 „ 4. Tolls, rates, and prices. 
 
 Right to take toll without franchise. 
 See Food, § 8. L.R.A. 712. 
 
 Begin with tJiis hoolc on eveiy law question. 
 
 37 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 857 
 
 MILLS — cont'd 
 
 Legislative regulation of tolls of. 33 L.R.A. 
 182. 
 
 Business of, as affected with a public inter- 
 est authorizing regulation of rates and 
 prices. 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 836. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 MINEBAIi LANDS. 
 
 Eight to cut timber on. 70 L.E.A. 904. 
 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 MINBKAIi OIL. 
 
 See Mines, §§ 33-38. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 MIJiTERALS. 
 
 In general, see Mines. 
 Eight to minerals in highway, see High- 
 ways, § 44. 
 
 MINES. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. On public lands, §§ 4-26. 
 a. In general, §§ 4-8. 
 6. Location, §§ 9-21. 
 
 c. Relocation, §§ 22, 23. 
 
 d. Adverse or protest, § 24. 
 
 e. Assessment icorfc; abandon- 
 
 ment; forfeiture, §§ 25, 26. 
 
 III. On private land, §§ 21-38. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 27-30. 
 
 b. Coal, §§ 31, 32. 
 
 c. Oil and gas, §§ 33-38. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 33, 34. 
 
 2. Leases, §§ 33-38. 
 
 IV. Employees and independent con- 
 
 tractors in, §§ 39-42. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Condemnation of land for mining purposes, 
 see Eminent Domain, § 12. 
 
 Injunction against mining operations, see 
 Injuxction-, § 24. 
 
 Mineral rights of life tenant, see Life Ten- 
 ants, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to employee in, 
 see Master and Servant, §§ 91, 91a. 
 
 Mining corporation, see Mining Cobpo- 
 
 RATION. 
 
 Mining partnership, see Mining Partner- 
 ship. 
 Pollution of water for mining purposes or 
 by mining operations, see Waters, § 58. 
 
 Eight to discharge water from, on lower 
 land. 42 L.E.A. (NJS.) 714. 
 
 § 2. Minerals generally. 
 
 Widow's dower right in minerals, see Dow- 
 
 EE, § 18. 
 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MINES, I.— cont'd 
 
 Suffieioncy of delivery of minerals on sale 
 out of larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 44. 
 
 § 3. Acquiring property by eminent 
 domain. 
 
 Taking of property for mining purposes as 
 a public purpose. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 
 Production of gold as a public purpose for 
 which the right of eminent domain may 
 be exercised. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 Taking property for mining road undei 
 power of eminent domain. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 977; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 701. 
 
 Power to exercise right of eminent domain 
 for purpose of securing right of way 
 for tunnel. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 106. 
 
 II. On public land^. 
 
 a. In general, 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Question relating to mining claims as Fed- 
 eral question. 62 L.R.A. 534. 
 
 Custom as to prior appropriation of water 
 for. 30 L.R.A. 669. 
 
 Pollution of stream by mining operations. 
 24 L.R.A. 64; 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 276; 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 272. 
 
 Acquiring title to mining claim by adverse 
 possession. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 817. 
 
 Eight to cut timber on mineral lands. 70 
 L.E.A. 904. 
 
 Descent of unpatented mining claim. 4 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 919. 
 
 Liability for removal of lateral or sub- 
 jacent suppo't of land by placer min- 
 ing. 68 L.E.A. 674. 
 
 § 5. Rights under tunnel-site loca- 
 tions. 
 
 Statutory authority for tunnel:Site loca- 
 tions. 53 L.E.A. 794. 
 
 Precedence as between tunnel locator and 
 surface locator. 53 L.R.A. 794. 
 
 Extent of tunnel locator's right to veins dis- 
 covered in tunnel. 53 L.E.A. 795. 
 
 Necessity of following up discovery in tun- 
 nel by location on surface. 53 L.R.A. 
 795. 
 
 Right and duty of tunnel locator to "ad- 
 verse" surface locations; meaning of 
 "line of tunnel," 53 L.R.A. 796. 
 
 Expenditures on tunnel. 53 L.E.A. 799. 
 
 Location and notice of tunnel claim. 53 
 L.E.A. 799. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 53 L.E.A. 799. 
 
 § 6. Lodes or veins within placer 
 claims. 
 
 Generally. 50 L.R.A. 289. 
 When lode excluded from placer patent. 50 
 L.R.A. 289. 
 Unknown lodes. 50 L.R.A. 289. 
 Known lodes. 50 L.R.A. 290. 
 Generally. 50 L.R.A. 290. 
 What constitutes knowledge; char- 
 acter of vein or lode as 
 known. 50 L.R.A. 290. 
 Belief. 50 L.R.A. 290. 
 
958 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MINES, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Necessity that lode be previ- 
 ously located. 50 L.R.A. 
 290. 
 Constructive notice. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 291. 
 Character of vein or lode as 
 known. 50 L.R.A. 291. 
 To whom known. 50 L.R.A. 292. 
 Time of knowledge. 50 L.R.A. 292. 
 Presumption and proof as to knowledge 
 
 of vein or lode. 50 L.R.A. 292. 
 Validity and effect of express excep- 
 tion in placer patent. 50 L.R.A. 
 293. 
 Entertaining applications, and granting pat- 
 ents, for lode claims after issuance of 
 placer patent. 50 L.R.A. 293. 
 Width of lode claim. 50 L.R.A. 294. 
 Adverse; effect of judgment in adverse suit. 
 
 50 L.R.A. 294. 
 Right to locate lode claim before applica- 
 tion for placer patent. 50 L.R.A. 295. 
 Miscellaneous. 50 L.R.A. 296. 
 
 § 7. Veins intersecting, crossing, or 
 uniting. 
 
 Veins intersecting or crossing, generally. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 209. 
 Necessity of adversing. 50 L.R.A. 212. 
 Veins uniting. 50 L.R.A. 212. 
 Extent of tunnel locator's rights to veins 
 
 discovered in tunnel. 53 L.R.A. 795. 
 
 § 8. Right to follow vein on dip be- 
 yond surface lines. 
 
 In general. 53 L.R.A. 491. 
 Parallelism of lines. 53 L.R.A. 492. 
 When the apex crosses both side lines. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 495. 
 When the apex crosses an end line and a 
 
 side line. 53 L.R.A. 496. 
 When the apex enters across a side line and 
 
 departs across the same side line. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 497. 
 Identity of the vein or lode. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 497. 
 Conflict and priority of rights. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 499. 
 Uniting interests; laying lines of junior, 
 
 upon senior, location. 53 L.R.A. 501. 
 The right as affected by contract. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 502. 
 Degree of dip. 53 L.R.A. 503. 
 Right as to veins other than discovery vein. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 503. 
 Title to ore bodies that apex beyond claim, 
 
 when adverse party cannot follow dip. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 504. 
 Miscellaneous. 53 L.R.A. 506. 
 
 J). Location. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Mining claim and location defined. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 765. 
 Right to locate lode claim before application 
 
 for placer patent. 50 L.R.A. 295. 
 Effect of excessive location of mining claim. 
 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1029. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 MINES, II. b— cont'd 
 
 § 10. Location previous to mining 
 statutes. 
 
 Foundation of the right. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 768. 
 Miners' rules and regulations. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 768. 
 What land could be taken. 7 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 769. 
 The question of possession. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 772. 
 Extent of claim. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 773. 
 Notice of appropriation. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 774. 
 
 § 11. Statutory authority for. 
 
 The Federal statutes. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 775. 
 
 Supplementary legislation by states and ter- 
 ritories. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 776. 
 
 Supplementary rules and regulations of 
 miners. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 776. 
 
 § 12. What lands may be located. 
 
 Unoccupied, unappropriated public domain. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 777. 
 
 General rule. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 777. 
 
 Patented lands. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 778. 
 
 Lands appropriated for mining pur- 
 poses. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 780. 
 
 Occupation without color of title. T 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 Lands claimed under Mexican and 
 Spanish grants. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 786. 
 
 Indian reservations. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 787. 
 
 Military and naval reservations. T 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 790. 
 
 Tide lands. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 790. 
 Mineral lands. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 791. 
 
 Restriction to. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 791. 
 
 What are, within statutory grants, ex- 
 ceptions, and reservations. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 792. 
 What substances in lands are mineral. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 805. 
 Placer deposits. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 809. 
 Coal and oil lands. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 810. 
 
 § 13. Who may locate. 
 
 The general rule. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 812. 
 Citizens. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 812. 
 
 The provisions of the Federal statutes. 
 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 812. 
 Early rule as to effect of alienage. 7 
 
 'L.R.A.(N.S.) 813. 
 The more modern rule. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 814. 
 Proof of citizenship. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 815. 
 Corporations. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816. 
 Nonresidents, minors, etc. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 816. 
 Agents, partners, etc. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 817. 
 Validity and effect of location by. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 817. 
 Authority to act. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 
 § 14. Discovery. 
 
 Necessity of. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 819. 
 Prospecting for. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 
IKDEX TO L.E.A. KOTES 
 
 959 
 
 MINES, II. b— cont'd 
 What constitutes. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 821. 
 Generally. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 821. 
 The vein or lode discovered. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 821. 
 The question of value of the deposit. 7 
 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 823. 
 The apex with reference to discovery and 
 holding surface. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 824. 
 By whom made. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 825. 
 Time of making. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 825. 
 Place of. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 826. 
 
 Generally. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 Effect of discovery upon another claim. 
 
 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 827. 
 Shifting discovery point. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 828. 
 Determination as to existence and discovery 
 
 of ore. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 829. 
 Discovery in placer mining. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 831. 
 Generally. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 831. 
 For petroleum or mineral oil. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 832. 
 Necessity of following discovery in tunnel by 
 location on surface. 53 L.R.A. 795. 
 832. 
 
 § 15. Notice of. 
 
 When required. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 832. 
 The purpose or object. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 833. 
 Posting. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 833. 
 Contents. 7 L.R.A. (NS.) 834. 
 
 Generally. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 834. 
 
 Name, date, etc. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 835. 
 
 Description of claim. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 836. 
 In placer mining. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 838. 
 Location and notice of tunnel claims. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 § 16. Discovery or development work. 
 
 Provision for. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 839. 
 Purpose and validity. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 839. 
 Effect of noncompliance. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 839 
 Location of shaft. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 840. 
 The disclosure of mineral. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 841. 
 Time of completion. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 842. 
 Equivalent of the shaft. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 842. 
 
 § 17. Surface area of. 
 
 The surface incident to lode. 7 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 842. 
 Location with reference to strike of vein. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 Generally. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 843. 
 Effect of lode crossing or leaving claim. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 844. 
 Form. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 845. 
 
 Of lode claims. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 845. 
 Parallelism of end lines. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 846. 
 Of placer claims. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 847. 
 Size. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 848. 
 
 Under act of 1866. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 848. 
 Under act of 1872. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 848. 
 Of placer claim. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 851. 
 Fixing boundaries; swinging claim. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 851. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Vigests to dam. 
 
 MINES, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Laying over adjoining claims. 7 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 853. 
 Eight to ovej-lap. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 853. 
 Effect of intersection by senior claim. 
 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 855. 
 
 § 18. Marking upon the ground. 
 
 Provision for and purpose of. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 856. 
 Necessity of compliance. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 856. 
 Time of. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 857. 
 Sufiiciency of. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 858. 
 
 Under the Federal statute. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 858. 
 
 Under local statutes and miners' regu- 
 lations. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 861. 
 Marking placer claims. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 862. 
 Controlling character of marks. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 863. 
 Removal or obliteration of marks. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 864. 
 Necessity of marking on the ground bound- 
 aries of placer claims on surveyed land 
 
 of the United States. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 993. 
 
 § 19. Record. 
 
 Necessity of, under the Federal statute. 7 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 864. 
 Provisions for, by state and territorial stat- 
 utes. 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 865. 
 
 Summary. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 865. 
 
 Legality. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 866. 
 Provision for, by rules and regulations of 
 
 miners. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 866. 
 Purpose and effect. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 Application of rules to placer-mining claims. 
 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 867. 
 Contents. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 868. 
 
 General considerations. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Name, date, etc. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 868. 
 
 Description of claim and lay of the lode. 
 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 869. 
 
 Preference to natural objects or perma- 
 nent monuments. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 870. 
 Verification. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 875. 
 The act of recording. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 877. 
 
 Method and place of. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 877. 
 
 Time of. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 878. 
 The record as evidence. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 879. 
 
 What may be proved by. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 879. 
 
 Methods of proof. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 880. 
 
 §2 0. Additional or amended location. 
 
 Authority for and purpose and nature of. 
 
 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 880. 
 By whom it may be made. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 881. 
 Defects which may be reached and changes 
 made. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 882. 
 General rules. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 882. 
 Mistakes in prior location. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 883. 
 Taking in new territory. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 883. 
 
960 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MINES, II. b— cont'd 
 
 § 21. Full performance as prerequisite 
 to possessory title. 
 
 Genei-al rule. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 
 The question of time of performance. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 885. 
 Exceptions based on possession. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 886. 
 
 c. Relocation, 
 
 § 2 2. Generally. 
 
 Additional or amended location, see supra, 
 
 § 20. 
 
 Right of cotenant, agent, or person standing 
 in other fiduciary relation, to re- 
 locate a mining claim for his own 
 benefit to the exclusion of other 
 party. 50 L.R.A. 184. 
 Cotenant. 50 L.R.A. 184. 
 Agent. 50 L.R.A. 186. 
 Grantor; mortgagor. 50 L.R.A. 186. 
 Respective rights of one who relocates min- 
 ing ground before, and one who relo- 
 cates it after, the abandonment or for- 
 feiture of a senior location. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 162. 
 When mining claim becomes segregated from 
 public domain so as to be no longer sub- 
 ject to requirements for assessment 
 work or liable to relocation. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1121. 
 
 § 23. — as abandoned or forfeited. 
 
 When claim subject to relocation. 68 L.R.A. 
 833 
 
 Generally. 68 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 Relocation after application or entry 
 for patent. 68 L.R.A. 835. 
 
 Relocation before abandonment or for- 
 feiture of original location. 68 
 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 Relocation after default in assessment 
 work, but while original locator 
 still in occupation. 68 L.R.A. 837. 
 Resumption of work. 68 L.R.A. 837. 
 
 Eflect of, generally. 68 L.R.A. 837. 
 
 Resumption after initiation, but before 
 completion, of relocation. 68 
 L.R.A. 838. 
 
 Resumption after failure to perfect, or 
 after forfeiture or abandonment of, 
 relocation. 68 L.R.A. 839. 
 
 Continuing work commenced before ex- 
 piration of year. 68 L.R.A. 839. 
 
 Necessity of prosecuting resumption 
 work in good faith and with due 
 diligence. 68 L.R.A. 840. 
 Who may relocate. 68 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 Nonmineral claimant. 68 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 Relocation by, or in interest of, owner 
 of original location. 68 L.R.A. 
 841. 
 
 Relocation by cotenant. 68 L.R.A. 842. 
 When all or part of forfeited or aban- 
 doned claim was within lines of junior 
 
 MINES, II. c— cont'd 
 
 By owner of adjoining or overlapping 
 
 claim. 68 L.R.A. 845. 
 Necessity of referring in location cer- 
 tificate to previous abandonment or 
 forfeiture. 68 L.R.A. 846. 
 Discovery shaft or equivalent; declara- 
 tory statement. 68 L.R.A. 846. 
 Right of relocator to be credited with value 
 of improvements made by original lo- 
 cator. 68 L.R.A. 846. 
 Character and availability of relocator's 
 
 rights. 68 L.R.A. 846. 
 Burden of proof; pleading. 68 L.R.A. 847. 
 Procedure when relocation made pending ap- 
 plication for patent. 68 L.R.A. 847. 
 Placer claims. 68 L.R.A. 848. 
 Miscellaneous. 68 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 d. Adverse or protest. 
 
 §24. Generally. 
 
 Right and duty of tunnel locator to "ad- 
 verse" surface locations. 53 L.R.A. 796. 
 
 Adverse; effect of judgment in adverse suit. 
 50 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 Necessity of adversing in case of veins in- 
 tersecting, crossing, or uniting. 50 
 L.R.A. 212. 
 
 Duty and right of excluded co-owner to file 
 adverse or protest against application 
 for patent to a mining claim. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1126. 
 
 e. Assess^nent work; abandonment; 
 forfeiture, 
 
 § 25. Assessment work. 
 
 Discovery or development work as essential 
 element of location, see supra, § 16. 
 
 Effect of performance of, or contribution 
 to, assessment work by one not the 
 owner of the legal title, nor his agent, 
 to prevent forfeiture of mining claim. 
 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1136. 
 
 When mining claim becomes segregated 
 from public domain so as to be no 
 longer subject to requirements as to 
 assessment work or liable to relocation. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1121. 
 
 § 2 6. Abandonment; forfeiture. 
 
 Relocation of mining claim as forfeited. 68 
 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 Respective rights of one relocating a min- 
 ing claim before and one relocating it 
 after abandonment or 'forfeiture of 
 senior location. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 162. 
 
 Effect of previous abandonment of opened 
 mine on rights of tenant for life. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1103. 
 
 location, or subsequent right of way. | Effect of performance of, or contribution to 
 
 68 L.R.A. 842. 
 Requisites and mode of relocation. 68 
 L.R.A. 845. 
 Generally. 68 L.R.A. 845. 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question. 
 
 assessment work by one not the owner 
 of the legal title, nor his agent, to pre- 
 vent forfeiture of mining claim. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1136. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 961 
 
 MINES— cont'd 
 
 ///. On private land. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 27. Generally. 
 
 Conveyance of; rights of owner of surface 
 and of mineral. 13 L.R.A. 627.* 
 
 Effect, upon remote grantee, of reservation 
 or exception of mineral rights. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 477. 
 
 Effect of mining rights on marketability 
 of title. 38 L.R.A. (X.S.) 32. 
 
 Right of dower in. 16 L.R.A. 247. 
 
 Mineral rights of tenant for life. 36 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 1099. 
 
 Possession of surface as possession of min- 
 erals within rule against conveyance of 
 land held adversely. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 74-5. 
 
 Fraudulent concealment or misrepresenta- 
 tion as to, by purchaser. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 751. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action for conversion of min- 
 erals from land in another state or 
 country. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 940; 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 994. 
 
 Interest of one other than owner of soil, in 
 mineral, in situ as independent subject 
 of taxation. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 688. 
 
 Interference by owner of eoil with removal 
 of minerals or timber during term fixed 
 by lease or sale as extending time for 
 removal. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 120. 
 
 Ejectment to recover mining rights. 18 
 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 Pollution of stream by mining operations. 
 24 L.R.A. 64; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 276; 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 272. 
 
 § 28. Right to minerals under high- 
 way. 
 
 See Highways, § 44. 
 
 § 99. Surface support. 
 
 As to lateral support of land and buildings, 
 generally, see Latebal Suppobt. 
 
 Right to subjacent support for coal lands. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 Liability for removal of subjacent support 
 
 by mining. 68 L.R.A. 675. 
 Liability of lessor of mining right for inju- 
 ry to surface. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 822. 
 Duty of owner of mineral to leave subja- 
 cent support of surface. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 2.36. 
 Not dependent on care or negligence. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 237. 
 Interference with buildings or springs. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 237. 
 Substitution of artificial for natural 
 
 supports. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 238. 
 Effect of custom. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 238. 
 Waiver of right. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 238. 
 Grant of mineral with reservation 
 of surface. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 241. 
 Grant ef surface with reservation 
 of minerals. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Bigests to date. 
 
 MINES, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Overlying and underlying seams. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 244. 
 Under English inclosure acts. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 245. 
 Release in instrument executed 
 after severance of estates. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 245. 
 Injunction against removal of subjacent 
 support by mining. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 851. 
 When does statute of limitations commence 
 to run against action for injury to sur- 
 face by mining operations or other ex- 
 cavations. 23 L.R.A. (N.S-^ 805. 
 
 § 30. Leases. 
 
 Of coal mine, see infra, § 32. 
 
 Oil and gas leases, see infra, §§ 35-38. 
 
 When instrument creating right in minerals 
 in land is to be regarded as a lease, as 
 distinguished from a license. 18 
 L.R.A. 492; 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 614. 
 
 Injunction against mining operations by 
 lessee pending dispute as to forfeiture 
 of lease. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 333. 
 
 Effect of lease on marketability of title. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 32. 
 
 b. Coal, 
 
 § 31. Generally. 
 
 Surface support, see supra, § 29. 
 
 Right of dower in mine. 16 L.R.A. 247. 
 
 Right to drill through coal of another own- 
 er. 25 L.R.A. 225. 
 
 Coal as real estate for purposes of taxation. 
 15 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 Right of grantee of coal in place to trans- 
 port coal from adjoining tract. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 826. 
 
 Right to locate coal lands. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 810. 
 
 g 32. Lease. 
 
 Distinction between lease and license as to 
 minerals. 18 L.R.A. 492. 
 
 When agreement or instrument conferring 
 right to mine and remove coal to be re- 
 garded as an absolute sale or convey- 
 ance of coal in place, as distinguished 
 from a lease or a conditional sale. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 c. Oil and gas, 
 1. In general- 
 
 § 33. Generally. 
 
 Rights of life tenant as to, see Life Ten- 
 ants, § 4. 
 
 Right to locate oil Unds. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 810. 
 Discovery in placer mining for petroleum 
 
 or mineral oil. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 832. 
 Business of supplying natural gas. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 443. 
 Supplying natural gas as a business of 
 
 public character. 10 T,.R.A. 193.* 
 61 
 
962 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MINES, III. c, 1— cont'd 
 
 Natural gas as article of commerce. 12 
 L.R.A. 652.* 
 
 Transportation of natural gas. 10 L.R.A. 
 193.* 
 
 Right to forbid exportation of natural gas. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1193. 
 
 Location of mining claim on oil lands. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 810. 
 
 Right of one who pumps oil, gas, or water 
 on his premises to enjoin similar acts 
 by his neighbor. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1057. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute to prevent 
 waste of. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 430. 
 
 Pollution of stream by oil well refuse. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 280. 
 
 Right of municipality, in absence of con- 
 tract, to restrain natural gas company 
 from discontinuing the business of sup- 
 plying gas. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 92. 
 
 § 34. Nature of property in mineral 
 oil or gas. 
 
 Natural gas. 25 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 Petroleum. 25 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 Right to drill through coal of another own- 
 er. 25 L.R.A. 225. 
 
 Nature of interest in leases. 25 L.R.A. 226. 
 
 Gas in ground as real property. 25 L.R.A. 
 222. 
 
 Oil as part of realty. 25 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 Oil and gas lease as real estate or person- 
 alty. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 472. 
 
 Pipe line as real estate for purposes of tax- 
 ation. 15 L.R.A. 299. 
 
 2. Leases. 
 
 % 35. Generally. 
 
 Leases of oil lands, covenants in. 12 L.R.A. 
 290.* 
 
 When instrument creating right in min- 
 erals in land is to be regarded as a 
 lease, as distinguished from a license. 
 18 L.R.A. 492; 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 614. 
 
 Nature of interest in lease. 25 L.R.A. 226. 
 
 Oil and gas lease as real estate or person- 
 alty. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 472. 
 
 Effect of lease on marketability of title. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 320. 
 
 g 36. Liability for rent on oil and gas 
 lease. 
 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. 847. 
 
 Lessee's failure to prosecute work. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 848. 
 Production in paying quantities. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 849. 
 Termination of liability. 33 L.R.A. 850. 
 Effect of alternative provision for rent in 
 
 oil and gas lease. 31 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 § 3T. Effect of assignment of oil and 
 gas lease. 
 
 Liability of assignor. 34 L.R.A. 62. 
 Liability of assignee. 34 L.R.A. 63. 
 
 § 38. .Forfeiture of oil and g:as lease. 
 Generally. 31 L.R.A. 673. 
 Manner of enforcing forfeiture clause. 31 
 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Begin with this book on every laiv question. 
 
 MINES, III. c, 2— cont'd 
 
 Waiver. 31 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Estoppel. 31 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 How forfeiture clause regarded. 31 L.R.A. 
 674. 
 
 Absence of obligation clause. 31 L.R.A. 
 674. 
 
 Effect of alternative provision for rent. 31 
 L.E.A. 674. 
 
 Who may set up forfeiture. 31 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of min- 
 ing lease. 69 L.R.A. 858. 
 
 Effect of provision for minimum royalties 
 or an annual rental upon right to for- 
 feit mining lease for failure to prose- 
 cute work. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 417; 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 176. 
 
 Right to declare forfeiture of oil and gas 
 lease for failure of the lessee to mar- 
 ket product after completing well. 28 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 959; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 134. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction to cancel oil or gas 
 lease for failure to develop premises. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 34. 
 
 Is lessor entitled to declare forfeiture of 
 oil and gas lease for failure of the 
 lessee to market produce after com- 
 pleting well. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 959. 
 
 IV. Employees and independent con- 
 tractors in. 
 
 g 39. Generally. 
 
 Character of occupancy of employees in. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 716. 
 
 § 40. Liability for injury to. 
 
 Statutory provisions for protection of work- 
 men in; 25 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Employee's right of action for employer's 
 violation of mining acts. 9 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 382. 
 
 Duty of owner of mine to servants of per- 
 son engaged in mining. 46 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk from changing 
 condition of excavations in, during 
 progress of work. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 352. 
 
 Contributory negligence of servant in con- 
 tinuing work in mine notwithstanding 
 master's promise to repair where dan- 
 ger is great and imminent. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 601. 
 
 Duty of owner of mine to servants of per- 
 son engaged in mining. 46 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 Evidence as to condition prior and subse- 
 quent to accident. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1095, 1108. 
 
 g 41. — through negligence ol fellow 
 servants. 
 
 Servants in, as fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 
 437, 461. 
 
 Supervising emploveea in, as vice princi- 
 pals. 51 L.R.A. 534, 554, 582. 
 
 Foremen in, as vice principals. 51 L.E.A. 
 555. 
 
 Operator of elevator or other hoisting ap- 
 paratus as fellow servant of other em- 
 ployees in mine. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 158. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servants 
 working in. 54 L.R.A. 77. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 tea 
 
 MINES, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Liability of master for negligence of mine 
 
 boss outside the scope of his statvitory 
 
 duties. 11 L.R.A.(]Sf.S.) 840. 
 Imputing to master coservant's negligence 
 
 in respect to dangers in. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 138. 
 
 § 42. Independent contractors in. 
 
 Persons operating, as independent contrac- 
 tors. S5 L.R.A. 467, 488. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in work in. 65 
 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 Rights and duties of lessee of oil and gas 
 privileges as to the locations of wells. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1108. 
 
 MINIMIZING DAMAGES. 
 
 See Damages, §§ 3-11. 
 
 * • * 
 
 MINIMUM KATES. 
 
 Right of light or water company whose 
 rates are fixed by ' public authorities 
 to establish. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 MINING CORPORATION. 
 
 Right of foreign company to engage in min- 
 ing. 24 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 Right of corporation to locate mining 
 claim. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816. 
 
 MINING PARTNERSHIP. 
 
 Right of partners to locate mining claim. 
 7 L.R.A. (X.S.) 817. 
 
 Liability of retiring member of mining 
 partnership for debts subsequently in- 
 curred. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 851. 
 
 -♦» » 
 
 MINISTER. 
 
 See Religious Societies, §§ 6-9. 
 
 MINORITY. 
 
 Ignorance of minority of person to whom 
 liquor is sold, see Intoxicating Liq- 
 uors, § 29. 
 
 When minority terminates, see Ma.jokitt, 
 § 1- 
 
 § 1. Of stockholders in corporation. 
 
 Condemnation of shares of, see Cobpoba- 
 
 TIOKS, § 73. 
 Rights of, see Cobpoeations, § 97. 
 
 CoiiNuU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 JIIXORITY— cont'd 
 
 § 2. Of church members. 
 
 Rights of, on withdrawal of local church 
 society from general body. 32 L.R.A. 
 92. 
 
 Injunctive relief to minority of church 
 members. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 
 MINORS. 
 
 See Infants. 
 
 MINUTES. 
 
 Of official stenographer, see Stbnogbaphek, 
 § 3. 
 
 Use before grand jury of minutes taken by 
 
 magistrate. 28 L.R.A. 320. 
 Right of indicted person to inspect minutes 
 
 of grand jury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558. 
 
 * ■ » 
 
 MISADVENTURE. 
 
 Homicide by, see Homicide, § 14. ' 
 
 < ■ » 
 
 MISAPPROPRIATION. 
 
 Of special deposit by bank or officer, 32 
 L.R.A. 775. 
 
 MISBEHAVIOR. 
 
 Effect of passenger's misbehavior on car- 
 rier's liability for assault by employee.- 
 14 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 MISBRANDING, 
 
 Of food, see Food, § 4. 
 
 ♦-•-* 
 
 MISCALCULATION. 
 
 As excuse for contributory negligence of 
 person injured by defect in street. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 653. 
 
 ♦ » »- 
 
 MISCARRIAGE. 
 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, § 60;. 
 
 «-»-♦ 
 
 MISCEGENATION. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 57 L.R.A. 167. 
 
964 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MISCEGENATION— cont'd 
 
 Legislative power to forbid. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 532. 
 
 Statute prohibiting intermarriage of white 
 and colored persons, as a denial of 
 equal privileges and immunities. 14 
 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 Who is negro, mulatto, or person of color 
 within statute not specifically defining 
 the same. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 180. 
 
 Effect of repeal of statute prohibiting after 
 commencement of cohabitation between 
 white person and negro. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 247. 
 
 MISCONDUCT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of officer, effect on eligibility, see Officees, 
 
 § 9- 
 Expulsion of pupil for, see Schools, § 11. 
 
 Liability of corporate directors for mis- 
 conduct of executive officers and em- 
 ployees. 55 L.R.A. 756. 
 
 Receiver's right to be indemnified for costs 
 of defending action charging him with. 
 2 B. R. C. 423. 
 
 Right of court to set aside award in emi- 
 nent domain for misconduct of commis- 
 sioners or jurors. ' 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 567. 
 
 Effect of misconduct of spectator during 
 criminal trial. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 
 Causing trespasser to jump from moving 
 wagon as actionable misconduct. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1064. 
 
 Attorney's right to withdraw from suit be- 
 cause of client's misconduct. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 960. 
 
 As ground for disbarment of attorney. 19 
 J L.R.A.(N.S.) 892. 
 
 § 2. Of partner. 
 
 Right to compensation because of copart- 
 ner's misconduct. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 395. 
 
 Forfeiture of compensation by partner bv. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 415. 
 
 § 3. Of husband or wife. 
 
 Efl'ect of, on right to dower, see Dowee, § 
 
 10. 
 Competency of one spouse as witness to 
 
 misconduct of other, see Witnesses, § 
 
 19. 
 
 Marital misconduct of one spouse as avoid- 
 ing gift to other spouse. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 124. 
 
 JJffect of, on question of desertion by spouse 
 leaving because of other spouse's mis- 
 conduct. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1123, 1126. 
 
 MISDELIVERY. 
 
 Of goods by carrier, see Caeeiebs, § 119. 
 
 MISDEMEANOR. 
 
 Arrest for, generally, see Aeebst. 
 
 Homicide in commission of. 63 L.RjV. 379. 
 Homicide by officer in making arrest for. 
 
 8 L.R.A. 534.* 
 Homicide in attempting to prevent. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 536. 
 
 MISDESCRIPTION. 
 
 In will, see Wills, § 67. 
 
 MISDIRECTION. 
 
 Carrier's liability for misdirection of pas- 
 senger by employee. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 110; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1178. 
 
 MISFEASANCE. 
 
 55 
 
 Negligence or unskilfulness as. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 924. 
 
 Liability of corporate directors for 
 L.R.A. 657. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporations for. 
 2 B. R. C. 233. 
 
 Liability of agent or servant to third per- 
 sons for. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 346. 
 
 Effect of verdict for servant in action 
 against master and servant for latter's 
 misfeasance. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 880; 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 MISJOINDER. 
 
 In pleading, see Pleading, § 15. 
 
 4 »» 
 
 MISNOMER. 
 
 See Name, I. b. 
 
 •-*♦ 
 
 MISQUOTATION. 
 
 Right of shipper where carrier negligently 
 misquotes rate which has been filed or 
 published as required by statute. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 MISREPRESENTATIONS. 
 
 See Fbaud and Deceit. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 965 
 
 MISROUTING. 
 
 Loss or damage from, due to initial carrier's 
 own negligence or breach of contract. 
 31 LJl.A.(N.S.) 85. 
 
 * »» 
 
 MISSING WILLS. 
 
 ETidence to establish. 38 L.RA. 433. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 MISSIONS. 
 
 Validity of bequest for. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1005. 
 
 MISSPELLING. 
 
 Effect of misspelling name of person whose 
 signature is charged to have been 
 forged. 27 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1003. 
 
 MISSTATEMENT. 
 
 See Fbaud and Deceit. 
 
 MISTAKE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Recovery back of money paid under mistake, 
 see AsstiMPSiT, § 3. 
 
 Effect of, on criminal responsibility, see 
 Cbiminai. Law, §§ 13, 14; Intoxicat- 
 ing LiQTJOBS, §§ 29, 31, 33. 
 
 Effect of mistake in election of remedy, see 
 Election of Remedies, §§ 13-15. 
 
 As ground of equitable relief, generally, see 
 EQtnTT, § 6. 
 
 Parol evidence of, see Evidence, §§ 177, 
 178. 
 
 As to identity, see Identttt and Identifi- 
 cation, § 3. 
 
 With respect to liquor, see Intoxicating 
 LiQUOE, §§ 29, 31, 33. 
 
 As affecting statute of limitations, see Limi- 
 tation OF Actions, § 38. 
 
 In name, see Name, § 14. 
 
 In marking of ballot by official. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 810. 
 Killing of dog by. IS L.R.A. 252. 
 As affecting liability of directors for acts in 
 
 excess of their power. 55 L.R.A. 758. 
 Levy of assessment by mistake; remedies. 
 
 12 L.R.A. 618.* 
 Validity of tax sale when nonpayment is 
 
 due to mistake or negligence of tax 
 
 officers. 20 L.R.A. 487. 
 Liability of attorney to client for. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 883. 
 Liability of surveyor for. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) j 
 
 1048. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MISTAKE— cont'd 
 
 Right of creditor to attack a judgment 
 against debtor in favor of another 
 creditor on ground of. 29 L.RA. (N.S.) 
 1190. 
 
 Liability of registrar of deed for mistake 
 in registering or indexing instrument 
 affecting title to real property. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 127. 
 
 In amount of mechanics' lien. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 306. 
 
 Effect of mistakes in courses and distances 
 in description of mining claims. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 838. 
 
 Mistaken identity as justification for as- 
 sault. 67 L.R.A. 565. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of estate 
 due to mistake. 69 L.R.A. 849. 
 
 Validity of promise to remedy. 53 L.R.A. 
 358. 
 
 Effect of misspelling name of person whose 
 signature is charged to have been 
 forged. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1003. 
 
 § 2. Contractual matters generally. 
 
 As ground for relief from contract general- 
 ly, see Coktkaots, §§ 147, 148. 
 
 As ground for rescission of contract, see 
 CONTBACTS, § 154. 
 
 Right to reinstatement of mortgage dis- 
 charged by mistake, see Moetgage, 
 § 60. 
 
 As ground for reformation of instrument, 
 see Refobmation of Instbuments. 
 
 Effect of, on right to specific performance, 
 see Specific Pebfobmance, § 24. 
 
 Burden of proof as to. 5 L.R.A. 159.* ' 
 
 Character of evidence to show. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 159.* 
 Parol proof of. 5 L.R.A. 158;* 6 L.R.A. 
 
 838.* . . „ 
 
 § 3. Matters as to accounts. 
 
 Effect of, on account stated. 27 L.R.A. 818. 
 
 Conclusiveness of stated or settled account 
 containing inaccuracy or error in 
 method of mathematical calculation. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 787. 
 
 § 4. Matters as to commercial paper; 
 banking' matters. 
 
 Effect of mistake in name of payee in nego- 
 tiable instrument. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 506. 
 
 As to identity of payee or indorser of bill 
 or note. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 514. 
 
 Alteration of note by. 35 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 Effect of alteration of date of note to cor- 
 rect mistake. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 517. 
 
 Alteration of instrument to correct mis- 
 take in designation of party. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 127. 
 
 Alteration of instrument to correct mistake 
 as to date. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 517. 
 
 Who must tear loss when check or bill is 
 issued or indorsed to impostor. 50 
 L.R.A. 75; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 514; 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1111. 
 
 As affecting question whether commercial 
 paper operates as payment of debt. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 75. 
 
ms 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 MISTAKE— cont'd 
 
 Commercial paper given by mistake as pay- 
 ment of partnership debt. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 54. 
 
 Right of bank to recover amount paid on 
 check or other paper drawn upon or 
 payable at it under mistaken belief that 
 there were sufficient funds to meet it. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1092; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1023. 
 
 Right of bank to recover amount paid on 
 check in ignorance of insolvency of 
 drawer who was indebted to it. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 963. 
 
 MISTAKE— cont'd 
 
 § 8. Insurance matters; relief fund. 
 
 As defense against action on assessment by 
 mutual fire insurance companies. 32 
 L.R.A. 491. 
 Necessity for reforming insurance policy be- 
 fore recovery in case of. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 548. 
 As to strength of claim for damages by one 
 electing to accept benefits out of relief 
 fund. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 192. 
 Of servant executing release on receiving 
 benefits of relief fund. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 198. 
 Reformation of insurance policy for mistako 
 5. Matters as to mortgages. of soliciting agent. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Release of mortgage by. 58 L.R.A. 788. 357. 
 
 Right to reinstatement of mortgage released ' Parol evidence^ rule as affected^ by waiver 
 or discharged by mistake. 26 L.R.A ""* "~ " "* .„»,„„ j. 
 
 33 
 
 (N.S.) 816. 
 
 % 8. As to conveyances of real prop- 
 erty. 
 
 As to quantity of land conveyed, right to 
 relief from. 4 L.R.A. 525.* 
 
 Relief of purchaser in case of mutual mis- 
 take in quantity of land sold. 11 
 L.R.A. 376.* 
 
 As a ground for relief from a, voluntary 
 trust. 19 L.R.A. 767. 
 
 Eflfect of mistake in conveyance on notice of 
 title from possession of land. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 81. 
 
 Rescission because of mistake as to extent 
 of grantor's title to land. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1039. 
 
 Specific performance as afl'ected by vendor's 
 ignorance of race or character of pur- 
 chaser. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 125. 
 
 As ground for enforcement in equity of 
 grantee's oral promise to grantor to 
 hold in trust. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 928. _ 
 
 Right of grantee in possession to question 
 grantor's right to collect purchase 
 money in case of. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 395. 
 
 Eflfect of deed of land in adverse possession, 
 made to correct mistake in prior deed. 
 ' 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 743. 
 
 liaise statements mistakenly made as to 
 title to real property as fraud. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 204. 
 
 g 7. As to contracts of sale of person- 
 alty. 
 
 Effect of mistake as to price on meeting of 
 minds in contract for sale of personalty. 
 32 L.R.A.<N.S.) 433. 
 
 Seller's mistake as to identity of vendee, as 
 affecting the passing of the title to the 
 goods sold. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 413. 
 
 Effect of retaining goods after notice of 
 mistake in quoted price. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 368. 
 
 Rights and liabilities under contract for 
 sale of personalty as afl'ected by a vend- 
 or's mistake in fixing price. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Relief from purchase at auction on ground 
 of mistake. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 927. 
 
 Begin vfith this boolc on every law qttestion. 
 
 or estoppel in case of mistake of agent 
 preparing application. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1233. 
 
 Effect of honest mistake in answer as to 
 health of insured warranted by him to 
 be true. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1277. 
 
 Retention of policy of insurance as waiver 
 of mistake as to terms of policy. 67 
 L.R.A. 705; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
 § 9. Matters as to carriers,— as to pas- 
 sengers. 
 
 Duty to passenger on wrong car or train by 
 his own mistake. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 588; 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 611. 
 
 Passenger's duty to pay fare where a mis- 
 take has been made by an employee of 
 carrier in issuing the ticket. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 464. 
 
 Liability of carrier for placing white per- 
 son in car for colored persons. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1108. 
 
 § 10. —as to freight. 
 
 Refusal of connecting carrier to surrender 
 freight, induced by a mistake as to the 
 rate due or as to the prepayment of 
 charters, as a conversion. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1048. 
 
 Liability of connecting carriers for detain- 
 ing freight because of mistake as to 
 amount due. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1054; 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 189. 
 
 Effect of shipper's mistake on passing of 
 title by delivery to carrier. 22 L.R.A. 
 417. 
 
 Carrier's liability to bona fide holder on bill 
 of lading issued by mistake of agent 
 without delivery of any goods to car- 
 rier. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 828. 
 
 Right of shipper where carrier negligently 
 misquotes rate which has been filed or 
 published as required by statute. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 391. 
 
 § 11. Slatters as to telegrams. 
 
 Telegraph company's duty as to discover- 
 ing sendee in case of mistake in ad- 
 dress. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 7U7. 
 
 § 12. In wills. 
 
 See Wills, § 67. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 967 
 
 MISTAKE— cont'd 
 
 i 13. Effect of, on «?S8npron.ise or set- 
 tlement. 
 
 As affecting compromise. 25 L.R.A (NS ) 
 309. ■ ■' 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to compromise 
 and settlement. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 841. 
 
 § 14. Effect of, on release. 
 
 Of servant, as to extent of injuries received 
 by him for which he has given a re- 
 lease. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 201. 
 
 Servant's misconception as to the legal 
 effect of a release from an injury re- 
 ceived by him, the contents of which is 
 known to him. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 198. 
 
 Estoppel to enforce contract of suretyship 
 or guaranty released through mistake. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 576. 
 
 § 15. Effect of, on award. 
 
 Relief from mistake in award. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 624.* 
 Effect of decision of architect, engineer, or 
 
 umpire in case of. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1050. 
 
 § IC. Adverse possession In case of. 
 
 Adverse possession due to ignorance or mis- 
 take as to boundary. 21 L.R.A. 829; 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 923. 
 
 Possession taken under mistaken belief that 
 land is part of public domain as ad- 
 verse to true owner. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 153. 
 
 § 17. In libel cases. 
 
 Liability of newspaper proprietor for mis- 
 takes resulting in libel. 26 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 Libel by publication of photograph as that 
 of another person. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 919. 
 
 § 18. In judicial proceedings. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment, 
 
 see Injunction, § 55. 
 As ground for relief from judgment by de- 
 fault, see Judgment, § 94. 
 In name or description in writ or process, 
 
 see Wbit and Process, §§ 5, 6. 
 Right to impeach own witness in case of. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 424. 
 Effect of summons or notice to person by 
 
 wrong initial. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 129. 
 Perjury in statements involving matters of 
 
 opinion or belief under mistake of law. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 657. 
 
 § 19. Larceny of projierty delivered 
 by. 
 
 Larceny of money or property delivered by 
 mistake. 52 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 Does wrongful appropriation of money re- 
 ceived through mistake constitute em- 
 bezzlement. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 371. 
 
 MI'TRESS. 
 
 Gift to, see Gift, Ij 8. 
 
 Effect of meretricious relations between tes- 
 tator and beneficiary on validity of de- 
 vise or bequeut. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 477. 
 eonsiilt also Tj.K.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MISTRESS— cont'd 
 
 Right to recover for household services ren- 
 dered while parties were living in il- 
 licit relations. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
 Slander in charging woman with being. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 611. 
 
 MISTRIAIi. 
 
 Right to bail in capital case upon mistrial. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 766. 
 
 Effect on conviction of failure to give ac- 
 cused an opportunity to plead where 
 there has been a mistrial. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 814. 
 
 How long jury will be permitted to de- 
 liberate before a mistrial may be or- 
 dered in a criminal case. 11 L.R.A. 
 ,(N.S.) 178. 
 
 MISUNDERSTANDING. 
 
 Effect of misunderstanding as to price in 
 contract for sale of personalty, 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
 « « » 
 
 MITIGATION. 
 
 Of damages, see Damages, §§ 3-11. 
 
 MIXED DRINK. 
 
 As intoxicating liquors. 20 L.R.A. 646. 
 Judicial notice of intoxicating character of. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 848. 
 
 MOBS AND RIOTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Liability of carrier for injury to passen- 
 ger caused by. 55 L.R.A. 713. 
 
 Liability of insurer for property destroyed 
 by mob or during riot. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 277. 
 
 Allowance of interest on value of property 
 destroyed by. 18 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 § 2. Municipal liability for acts of. 
 
 Municipal liability for property destroyed 
 by, see Municipal Cobpobatio.ns, § 75. 
 
 § 3. I/lability of members of. 
 
 Civil liability of member of a mob which 
 makes hostile demonstrations against a 
 person. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 404. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for homicide in 
 carrying out unlawful conspiracy for 
 riot. 68 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 Liability of infant for riot. 36 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 L.R.A. 577. 
 
963 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 MODELS. 
 
 Exhibition of models derogatory to parties 
 to litigation as contempt of court. 2 
 B. R. C. 501. 
 
 MODIFICATION. 
 
 Of contract, see Contracts, §§ 30, 144. 
 Of will, see Wills, § 33. 
 
 MOLASSES. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of molasses sold out 
 of larger lot. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 
 MONDAY. 
 
 Transfer of holiday from Sunday to Mon- 
 day. 19 L.R.A. 320. 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 Recovery back of money paid, see Assttmp- 
 
 SIT, §§ 2-10. 
 
 Condition of money tendered as fare, see 
 
 Caeriers, § 19. 
 Confederate money, see Confejjebate 
 
 Monet. 
 Embezzlement of, see Embezzlement. 
 Obtaining by false pretenses, see False 
 
 Pretenses. 
 Interest for use of, see Interest, II. 
 Legal tender, see Legal Tender. 
 Money in court, see Monet in Court. 
 Payment of, see Patment. 
 Public money, see Public Money. 
 Return of, see Return, § 2. 
 Tender of, see Tender. 
 
 Note payable in foreign money. 20 L.R.A. 
 481. 
 
 Garnishment of money due from receiver. 
 26 L.R.A. 218. 
 
 Larceny of money delivered by mistake. 
 52 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 Base coin. 1 L.R.A. 199.* 
 
 Tender of old, v?orn, or mutilated coin. 33 
 L.R.A. 824. 
 
 Judicial notice of facts in relation to cir- 
 culating medium. 4 L.R.A. 42.* 
 
 Title of one who takes money from thief or 
 embezzler. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631. 
 
 Omission of dollar sign or word "dollars" 
 from verdict or judgment. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 653. 
 
 Right to recover for mental anguish conse- 
 quent on failure of telegraph company 
 to transmit money to prepare corpse 
 for burial. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 Creation of partnership by provision for 
 taking profits from use of, as compensa- 
 tion. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1047. 
 
 MONEY— cont'd 
 
 Right of attorney under local statute to lien 
 
 on money in hands of adverse party to 
 
 suit or proceeding in another state. 31 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1215. 
 Payment by commercial paper as affected by 
 
 statutes requiring payment in money. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 Validity of contract for payment in coin. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 512. 
 Form of judgment on obligation to pay in 
 
 coin. 29 L.R.A. 593. 
 SuflBcieney of description of, in indictment 
 
 for larceny. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 933. 
 
 MONEY IN COURT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As a condition of relief from invalid tax 
 
 sale. 10 L.R.A. 297.* 
 Equitable remedy to subject to judgment 
 
 after return of no property found. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 704. 
 Withdrawing funds in court as affecting 
 
 right to appeal. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 18. 
 Right to withdraw money paid into court, 
 
 after tender. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 561. 
 
 § 2. Garnishment or attachment of. 
 
 Garnishment or attachment of. 12 L.R.A. 
 508.* 
 
 Right to attach or garnish funds in the 
 hands of officer of court after he has 
 been ordered to pay the same to the 
 party. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757; 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 720. 
 
 MONEY IN HAND. 
 
 Debt as, on appointment of debtor as exec- 
 utor or administrator. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 414. 
 
 MONEY LENDERS. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoB- 
 
 STiTCTiONAi, Law, § 132. 
 License of, see License, § 32. 
 Municipal control over, see Municipal Cob.- 
 
 POKATIONS, § 45. 
 
 MONEY ORDER. 
 
 See PosTOFFiCE, § 7. 
 
 MONEY PAID. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question. 
 
 Recovery ba.ck of, see Assumpsit, §5 8-1*. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 969 
 
 MONOPOIiY AND COMBINATIONS. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1, 2. 
 II. Combinations in restraint of trade, 
 commerce, or competition, 
 §§ 8-15. 
 
 a. In general, §g 3-12. 
 
 b. Remedy against, §§ 13, l-t. 
 
 c. Who may object to constitu- 
 
 tionality of anti-tnist law, 
 § 15. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to conspiracies generally, see CoN- 
 
 SPIBACT. 
 
 Constitutionality of grant of. 53 L.R.A. 
 763. 
 
 Distinction between franchise and mere mo- 
 nopoly. 4 L.R.A. 616. 
 
 Right of appropriator of water for distri- 
 bution to public to grant exclusive or 
 preferential rights to individuals. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 213. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of statutes re- 
 specting. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 444. 
 
 § 2. Creation of monopoly by munici- 
 pality. 
 
 See Municipal Coepokations, §§ 17, 54. 
 
 //. Combinations in restraint of trade, 
 commerce, or competition, 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 % 3. Generally. 
 
 As to boycotts, see Conspieact, §§ 3, 4. 
 Combinations of laborers, see Conspiracy, 
 
 §§ 4-7. 
 As to contracts in restraint of trade, gener- 
 
 allv, see Contracts, §§ 107-109, 117, 
 
 118. 
 
 Formation of trusts by illegal combination; 
 monopolies. 8 L.R.A. 500;* 9 L.R.A. 
 37.* 
 
 Contracts to stifle competition in trade; 
 conspiracies to injure trade. 2 L.R.A. 
 33;* 6 L.R.A. 457;* 8 L.R.A. 500.* 
 
 Nature of: illegal combination to fix price. 
 13 L.R.A. 770.* 
 
 Illegality of combination by corporations to 
 create. 9 L.R.A. 37.* 
 
 Contract by selling shareholder not to en- 
 gage in business in competition with 
 the corporation. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 506. 
 
 Validity of contract by public service cor- 
 poration for exclusive right of way 
 across private property. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 456. 
 
 Combination to control prices in particular 
 locality. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 223. 
 
 Combination among produce buyers as mo- 
 nopolv. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 150. 
 
 Validity of sale to promote. 12 L.R.A. 
 i'N.S.) 600. 
 
 Validity of contract giving one an exclu- 
 = ivp rifht to handle goods in a given 
 locality. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 501. 
 Cv>)iMi7t also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MONOPOLY AND COMBINATIONS, II. 
 a — cont'd 
 
 Validity of agreement not to compete, an- 
 cillary to sale or lease of property, as 
 affected by covenantee's purpose to pro- 
 cure a monopoly. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 846. 
 
 Validity of restriction in a deed as to use of 
 property reserved for purpose of secur- 
 ing monopoly to the grantor. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 909. 
 
 Validity of agreement at common law by 
 which employer seeks to direct the trade 
 of his employees to the other party. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 649. 
 
 Agreements collateral to contracts forming 
 illegal combinations. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 368; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 580; 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1034. 
 
 Forbidding the sale of a commodity in a 
 particular localitv at a, lower rate than 
 elsewhere, for the purpose of stifling 
 competition. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 804. 
 
 Forbidding the payment of a higher price 
 for a commodity in a particular commu- 
 nity than elsewhere, for the purpose ot 
 stifling competition. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 821. 
 
 Legal restrictions on department stores. 48 
 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 May oflFense of conspiracy be predicated of 
 an attempt to procure violations of the 
 Elkins act. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 720. 
 
 § 4. Illegal trusts under modern anti- 
 trust laws. 
 
 Generally. 64 L.R.A. 689. 
 Constitutionality of statute. 64 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 Under Federal Constitution. 64 L.R.A. 
 689. 
 
 Under state constitution. fl4 L.R.A. 694. 
 Efi'ect and construction of Federal anti- 
 trust law. 64 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 General purpose. 64 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 What is interstate commerce under this 
 statute. 64 L.R.A. 700. 
 
 What are unlawful restraints and mo- 
 nopolies under this statute. 64 
 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 Agreement not to engage in business. 
 64 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 Efi'ect on collateral contracts. 64 L.R.A. 
 712. 
 
 Effect on pre-existing contracts. 64 
 L.R.A. 713. 
 
 Effect in regard to patents. 64 L.R.A. 
 713. 
 
 Remedies. 64 L.R.A. 714. 
 
 Criminal prosecution. 64 L.R.A. 714. 
 Injunction. 64 L.R.A. 715. 
 Action for triple damages. 64 
 L.R.A. 716. 
 
 Case of the Northern Securities Com- 
 pany. 64 L.R.A. 717. 
 Effect and construction of state anti-trust 
 
 laws. 64 L.R.A. 719. 
 Contracts in partial restraint of trade as 
 
 affected by modern anti-trust acts. 9 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 446. 
 Is combination to control the price of labor 
 
 or other personal service per se a vio- 
 lation of statute against trusts and 
 
 monopolies. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1260. 
 
970 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MONOPOLY AND COMBINATIONS, II. 
 a — cont'd 
 
 Legality, under modern anti-trust acts, of 
 combinations or agreements which re- 
 strict the class of persons to whom com- 
 modities shall be sold, or from whom 
 they shall be bought. 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 136. 
 
 Relation of contract or combination to in- 
 terstate commerce which will bring it 
 within Federal anti-trust act. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 268. 
 
 Combination of dealers as giving right of 
 action for damages, under Federal anti- 
 trust law, to merchants thereby re- 
 stricted in, or prevented from, obtain- 
 ing goods. 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 984. 
 
 § 5. Control over resale. 
 
 Power of state to make invalid a provision 
 in a sale of goods for resale, forbidding 
 the purchaser to handle goods of other 
 dealers. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 968. 
 
 § 6 . — validity of contract provision 
 for control of price on resale. 
 
 The rebate plan. 27 L.K.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 
 The contract system. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 
 Goods patented or coyprighted. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 401. 
 
 Goods produced by secret process. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 402. 
 
 Rights of manufacturer, not protected by 
 patent or copyright, with respect to in- 
 terference by third parties with selling 
 system by whic'i he seeks to control re- 
 tail price. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 135. 
 
 § 7. Of railroad companies or car- 
 riers. 
 
 Discrimination by carriers, generally, see 
 
 Caeriebs, V. b. 
 Discrimination by carriers as to rates, see 
 
 Cabbiebs, § 159. 
 Rebates by carriers, see Caeeiees, § 160. 
 
 Unlawful combinations between railroads. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 849;* 9 L.R.A. 690.* 
 Authority of railroads to consolidate. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 726.* 
 Restrictions on consolidation of parallel or 
 
 competing railroads. 45 L.R.A. 271. 
 
 g 8. Of banks. 
 
 Validity and effect of agreement among 
 banks to prevent Competition for de- 
 posits of public money. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1052. 
 
 § 9. Of brokers or jobbers. 
 
 Organization of brokerage concern by job- 
 bers or dealers as an unlawful monop- 
 oly. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 464. 
 
 § 10. Of telephone companies. 
 
 Validity of contracts between telephone 
 companies for exclusive connection. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 124. 
 
 Validity of contract for exclusive right to 
 furnish telephone service. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 494, 
 
 MONOPOLY AND COMBINATIONS, II, 
 
 a — cont'd 
 § 11. Of underwriters. 
 
 Legality of combination among insurance 
 underwriters. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153- 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 459. 
 
 § 12. As to patented articles. 
 
 Municipal contracts for work or articles 
 which embody a patented invention. 
 18 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 Measure of damages for infringemeat of 
 patent as affected by holding close 
 monopoly. 51 L.R.A. 809. 
 
 Effect of Federal anti-trust law in regard 
 to patents. 64 L.R.A. 713. 
 
 Validity of contract for material patented 
 or held in monopoly where a public let- 
 ting to the lowest bidder is required. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 680. 
 
 b. Remedy against. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 As public nuisance; remedy by injunction. 
 12 L.R.A. 753.* 
 
 § 14. To whom available. 
 
 May a person not a party to an agreement, 
 who is injured thereby in his busi- 
 ness, assail the validity thereof, on 
 the ground that it tends to create 
 or promote a monopoly. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 148. 
 At common law. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 149. 
 Under statutes. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 152. 
 Stockholders of corporations. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) IJo. 
 Combination of dealers as giving right of 
 action, where no statutory provision 
 therefor exists, to merchant who cannot 
 obtain goods because of such combina- 
 tion. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 976. 
 Enforcement by members of illegal combi- 
 nations of agreements collateral to con- 
 tracts forming such combinations. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 368; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 580; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.), 1034. 
 
 c. Who may object to constitutionality 
 of anti-ttmst law. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Who may raise objection that anti-trust 
 laws involve unconstitutional discrimi- 
 nation. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 958. 
 
 <« » 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 What constitutes, see Time, § 15. 
 
 MONUMENT. 
 
 Begin ivith this booTe on every law question. 
 
 % 1, Reference to, In description of 
 mining claim. 
 
 Description of mining claim with reference 
 to permanent monuments. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 838. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 971 
 
 MONUMENT— cont'd 
 
 Reference to permanent monuments in 
 
 record of mining claim. 7 L.R.A. i 
 
 (N.S.) 870. 
 
 § 3. Over graves. 
 
 Liability of decedent's estate for. 33 L.R.A. 
 666. 
 
 Is money set aside under Avill for purpose 
 of caring for monument subject to in- 
 heritance tax. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 474. 
 
 Validity of testamentary provision for erec- 
 tion of. 1 B. R. C. 931. 
 
 Allowance for, against deceased's estate. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 572. 
 
 MOORING. 
 
 Liability for injuries caused by. 
 981. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 
 
 MORAL CHARACTER. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 689. 
 
 MORAL INSANITY. 
 
 As affecting testamentary capacity. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 89. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 MORALITY. 
 
 See MoBALS and Mobaxitt. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 MORAL LIFE. 
 
 Protection of personal rights relating to. 
 37 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 MORAL OBLIGATION. 
 
 As consideration for contract, see CoN- 
 TEACTS, § 13. 
 
 As basis of appropriations. 14 L.K.A. 477. 
 
 Power of legislature to compel payment by 
 municipalities of nonlegal demands. 48 
 L.R.A. 473. 
 
 Constitutionality of retroactive statute 
 which attempts to base a right of ac- 
 tion upon. .52 L.R.A. 934. 
 
 MORAL QUALIFICATIONS. 
 
 Of executors. 16 L.R.A. 538. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MORALS AND MORA.^ITY. 
 
 As to immorality, see Immorality. 
 
 Injunction against nuisances affecting. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 321. 
 Municipal power as to nuisances affecting. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 520. 
 Constitutionality of discrimination based on 
 
 race or color in police regulations 
 
 affecting. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 604. 
 
 MORAL TURPITUDE. 
 
 Mandamus to restore to office one who has 
 been removed for. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 
 MORPHINISM. 
 
 As ground for divorce, see Divorce an& 
 
 Separation, § 27. 
 Effect on responsibility and capacity, see 
 
 Incompetent Peesons, § 4. 
 Of insured, see Insurance, § 97. 
 Effect of, on competency as witness, see 
 
 Witnesses, § 15. 
 
 MORTALITY TABLES. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence, see EviDENcas, § 
 
 147. 
 Weight of, as evidence, see Evidence, § 307. 
 
 MORTGAGE. 
 
 II. 
 
 In general, g§ 1-4:. 
 Nature, validity, and effect, §f 
 5-34. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 5-12. 
 
 h. Wliat constitutes, §§ 13-15. 
 
 c. What property subject to or 
 covered by mortgage; de~ 
 scription, §§ 16-19. 
 
 d. Validity, §§ 20-34. 
 
 e. Effect of, generally, §§ 25, 
 26. 
 
 ■f. Estates of parties in prop- 
 erty mortgaged, § 27. 
 0. Rights, remedies, and lia- 
 bilities of parties gen- 
 erally, §§ 28-33. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 28-31. 
 
 2. As to taxes, § 32. 
 
 3. As to rents, earnings^ 
 and profits, § 33. 
 
 h. Bondholders, § 34. 
 Priority, §§ 35-39. 
 IV. Sale of mortgaged property; as- 
 sumption of debt, §§ 40-46. 
 V. Assignm,ent of m.ortgage, §§ *7- 
 51. 
 Payment; discharge; release; eac- 
 tinction or extension of 
 lien, §§ 52-60. 
 
 Ill 
 
 VI 
 
972 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MOBTGAGE, VII.— cont'd 
 
 a. In general, §§ 53-55. 
 ft. What operates as a discharge 
 or satisfaction, §§ 56, 57. 
 c. Merger; keeping alive; re- 
 instatement, §§ 58-60. 
 VII. Enforcement; poxvers of sale, §§ 
 
 61-84:. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 61-64. 
 
 ft. On default of interest, in- 
 stalment, taxes, etc. ; accel- 
 eration, § 65. 
 
 c. Who may enforce, §§ 66-68. 
 
 d. Parties, §§ 69-78. 
 
 e. Defenses, § 73. 
 
 f. Decree, § 74. 
 
 g. Power of sale; strict fore- 
 
 closure, §§ 75-77. 
 h. Sale, §§ 78-82. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 78-79a. 
 
 2. Purchasers and their 
 
 rights, title, lia- 
 hilities, etc., §g 
 80-83. 
 
 (a) In general, §§ 80, 
 
 81. 
 
 (b) Under vaid sale, 
 § 83. 
 
 I. Surplus; proceeds of sale, 
 
 § 83. 
 j. Deficiency, § 84. 
 Tin. Redemption, §§ 85-91. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 8 1. Generally. 
 
 Acknowledgment of, see Acknowledg- 
 ment. 
 
 Adverse possession by mortgagor and mort- 
 gagee, see Adverse Possession, § 7. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, §§ 6, 7a. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoN- 
 
 STITtJTIONAL LAW, § 84. 
 
 Effect of death of party to, see Death, § 20. 
 Dower in land mortgaged by husband, see 
 
 Dower, §§ 3, 4. 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, § 182. 
 Change of title to insured property by, see 
 
 Insueance, § 72. 
 Effect on mortgagee of mortgagor's failure 
 
 to give notice of loss, see Insueance, 
 
 § 147. 
 As to recording laws, see Kecobds and Eb- 
 
 coBDiNQ Laws, IV. 
 Effect of recording, see Rbcobds and Re- 
 
 C0BDIN6 Laws, §§ 24-27. 
 Ccmtract for support of mortgagee, see 
 
 Support, § 5. 
 To building and loan association, see Build- 
 ing AND Loan Associations, § 5. 
 Oiattel mortgage, see Chattel Mortgage. 
 On homestead on public land, see Public 
 
 Lands, § 17. 
 On railroad property, see Raileoads, § 20. 
 
 Specific performance of contract to give. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 Alteration of, after delivery. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N:S.) 289. 
 Effeet on mortgage, of alteration of note 
 
 secured thereby. 16 L.R.A. 468. 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question. 
 
 MORTGAGE, I.— cont'd 
 
 Creation of tenancy by mortgagor's agree- 
 ment as to payment for services. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 701. 
 
 Notice of title from possession by mort- 
 gagee. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 120. 
 
 Estoppel of one attesting mortgage to 
 assert title. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 879. 
 
 Paying interest on forged mortgage as es- 
 toppel to question the mortgage. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations by mortgagor 
 made out of court as to his purpose 
 in making a mortgage attacked as 
 fraudulent as against creditors. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 
 § 2. Taxation of. 
 
 Rights of parties to mortgage, as to taxes, 
 
 see infra, § 32. 
 Taxation on, as double taxation, see Taxes, 
 
 § 10. 
 Situs for taxation of debts evidenced by 
 
 mortgage, see Taxes, § 47. 
 
 Power to tax. 16 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 Properties of mortgagor and mortgagee dis- 
 tinguished for purpose of taxation. 2 
 L.R.A. 801.* 
 
 Effect of mortgage foreclosure to transfer 
 immunity from taxation. 60 L.R.A. 
 102. 
 
 § 3. — succession tax. 
 
 Debt due to nonresident secured by mort- 
 gage on land within the state as subject 
 of inheritance tax. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1104; 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 784. 
 
 Deduction of, in computing succession tax. 
 16 L.R.A. {N.S.) 329. 
 
 § 4. Reformation of. 
 
 Reformation of mortgage after foreclosure. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 
 Reformation of judicial proceedings. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 90. 
 
 Reformation and new foreclosure. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 92. 
 
 Other remedies. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 93. 
 
 Foreclosure under power of sale. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 93. 
 
 Effeet of reformation on right to re- 
 deem. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 94. 
 Mistake of law as ground for. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 'J^.S.) 823. 
 
 II. Nature, validity, and effect, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Position of mortgagees of partnership. 28 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 
 Right of foreign corporation to take mort- 
 gage on real property within the state, 
 24 L.R.A. 328. 
 
 §.6. Nature of, generally. 
 
 Common-law doctrine. 7 L.R.A. 273.* 
 Equitable theory; American doctrine. I 
 L.R.A. 273,* 274.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 073 
 
 MORI-GAGE, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Abandonment of legal theory. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 275.* 
 Preference by mortgage as an assignment 
 
 for creditors. 37 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 S 7. — of equitable mortgage. 
 
 Equitable; nature of. 9 L.R.A. 544.* 
 
 § 8. Execution. 
 
 Of chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mokt- 
 
 GAQE, § 3. 
 
 Formalities as to execution. 8 L.R.A. 614.* 
 
 Validity of acknowledgment of deed of 
 trust taken by trustee. 16 L.R.A, 719. 
 
 Execution of mortgage by corporation. 6 
 L.R.A. 565.* 
 
 Signing by proxy. 22 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 Proof of signature by mark when attesting 
 witnesses are dead or cannot remember 
 transaction. 44 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Implied authority to fill in name of mort- 
 gagee in blank left for that purpose at 
 time of delivery. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 423. 
 
 § 9. PoTver to give mortgage. 
 
 Power of trustee to mortgage trust estate 
 for purpose of making improvements so 
 as to render it productive. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 263. 
 
 § 10. — of corporation. 
 
 Power of corporation to mortgage. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 565;* 11 L.R.A. 846.* 
 Powers of president and vice president of 
 
 corporation to give mortgage. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 359. 
 
 § 11. — of partner. 
 
 Power of partner to give, on real estate. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 95. 
 Power of surviving partner to give, on real 
 
 estate. 28 L.R.A. 134. 
 
 § 12. W'liat is a purchase money mort- 
 gage. 
 
 How far mortgage for loan regaided as 
 
 for purchase money. 14 L.R.A. 55. 
 Mortgage to secure money advanced to pur- 
 chase property as a purchase 
 money mortgage. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 272. 
 Where contemporaneously executed. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 272. 
 General ' rule. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 272. 
 As applied to judgments against 
 purchaser. 40 L.R.A. ('N.S.) 
 273. 
 As to mortgages executed by pur- 
 chaser. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.') 274. 
 As to dower and homestead rights. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 275. 
 Miscellaneous. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 275. 
 When mortgage is subsequent to deed. 
 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 As between mortgage to vendor and 
 simultaneous or prior mortgage to 
 third person. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 277. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MORTGAGE, II.— cont'd 
 
 b. What constitutes. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Transactions constituting a sale, and not a 
 
 mortgage. 1 L.R.A. 241.* 
 Effect of deed delivered in escrow as further 
 
 security for a mortgage debt. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 628. 
 
 § 14. Equitable moi'tgage. 
 
 Equitable lien, see Liens, §§ 5-7. 
 
 Equitable mortgage by deposit of title deeds. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 206. 
 Deposit accompanied by oral agreement 
 to give legal mortgage. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 211. 
 Deposit accompanied by written agree- 
 ment. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 212. 
 Right to foreclose deed intended as security 
 for debt as an equitable mortgage. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 572. 
 Necessity and character of one's previous 
 interest in land essential to his claim 
 as an equitable mortgagor. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 521. 
 Nature of equitable mortgage. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 544.* 
 Keeping alive after payment. 1 L.R.A. 
 . (N.S.) 405. 
 
 § 15. Deed absolute on lace intended 
 as mortgage. 
 
 When deed absolute on face cannot be con- 
 strued as a mortgage. 1 L.R.A. 240.* 
 
 Right to foreclose deed intended as security 
 for debt, as an equitable mortga-ge. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 572. 
 
 Does a deed absolute on its face, but intend- 
 ed as a mortgage, convey the legal 
 title. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.). 209. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity over suit to have 
 deed declared a mortgage as to land in 
 another state or country. 69 L.R.A. 
 685. 
 
 Grantee's oral promise to grantor to hold 
 in trust, as giving rise to constructive 
 trust, where conveyance was made as 
 security. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 922. 
 
 Protection of purchaser from apparent 
 vendee under instrument apparently a 
 conveyance, but intended as a mort- 
 gage. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1046; 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 982. 
 
 Eflfect of failure to record defeasance as 
 against creditors of the grantee. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 387. 
 
 Effect of judgment declaring husband's 
 title to an estate to be that of mort- 
 gagee on dower right of wife who is 
 not a party to the action. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 723. 
 
 Effect of debt becoming barred -by limita- 
 tions, upon rights and remedies under 
 conveyance absolute on its face, but in- 
 tended as a mort^-age. 11 L.R.A. f N.S. V 
 825; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 840. 
 
 Right to accept favorable part of decree on 
 absolute deed decreed to be a mortgage, 
 and appeal from the rest. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 11. 
 
974 
 
 INDEX TO L,.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MORTGAGE, II.— cont'd 
 c. What property subject to or covered 
 hy mortgage; description. 
 
 § 16. Property subject to mortgage. 
 
 Plight to mortgage privilege to use streets 
 for quasi-public purposes. 47 L.E.A. 
 S7. 
 
 Right to mortgage' burial lot. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 322. 
 
 § 17. Property covered. 
 
 Right to rents, earnings, and profits, see 
 infra, § 33. 
 
 What property included in railroad mort- 
 gage. 9 L.R.A. 140,* 142.* 
 
 § 18. — after-acquired property. 
 
 Including after-acquired property. 9 L.R.A. 
 140,* 141,* 142.* 
 
 Rails and other permanent fixtures annexed 
 after execution of railroad mortgage. 
 66 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Validity of mortgage, other than railroad 
 mortgage, covering after-acquired prop- 
 erty. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 
 S 19. Description. 
 
 Sufficiency of description of premises. 12 
 L.R.A. 177.* 
 
 d. Validity. 
 
 § 2 0. Generally. 
 
 Gf chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mokt- 
 
 GAQE, §§ 4-6. 
 
 Validity of, as against creditors, see Fbaud- 
 UI.BNT CojSIVEyANOES, §§ 8a, 9. 
 
 Fictitious names, as affecting validity of. 
 39 L.R.A. 423. 
 
 Necessity of bond by guardian to make his 
 mortgage of land valid. 33 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 Validity of mortgage upon public lands ex- 
 executed by claimant under ■ the home- 
 stead acts prior to patent or final proof. 
 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 934. 
 
 Validity of mortgage, other than railroad 
 mortgage, covering after-acquired real- 
 ity. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 
 Effect of deed and mortgage upon one who 
 signs, but is not named in it. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 298. 
 
 Validity of mortgage partially made on Sun- 
 day and perfected on a secular day. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1151. 
 
 Mortgage procured by threats of prosecu- 
 tion of relative. 20 L.R.A.(N S.) 484. 
 
 Effect of insolvency statutes upon mortgage 
 preferring creditors. 37 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 Voidability of mortgage within four months 
 of bankruptcy given pursuant to execu- 
 tory agreement antedating such period. 
 17 'L.R.A.(N.S.) 937. 
 
 Validity of lien given to secure loans used 
 by bankrupt to give one of his creditors 
 a preference. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 184. 
 
 Right to enforce mortgage given by an in- 
 competent who had not been declared 
 such. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 MORTGAGE, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity over suit to cancel 
 
 void mortgage on realty in other state 
 
 or country. 69 L.R.A. 682. 
 
 § 21. Wlio may question validity. 
 
 Who may set up defense of usury, see infra, 
 § 24. 
 
 Estoppel of grantee to deny validity. 8 
 L.R.A. 316.* 
 
 Right of subsequent creditor to question 
 corporate mortgage in favor of, or for 
 the benefit of, directors, in absence of 
 fraud. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 825. 
 
 § 22. Consideration. 
 
 Pre-existing debt as consideration for mort- 
 gage as against other creditors or 
 equities. 33 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 g 2 3. Usury. 
 
 Effect of mortgage security upon question 
 as to governing law with respect to 
 usury. 62 L.R.A. 61. 
 
 Does the lew rei sites with respect to inter- 
 est and usury control in action to fore- 
 close mortgage on real property. 55 
 L.R.A. 933. 
 
 Enforcement of mortgage valid by law where 
 made and payable, but usurious by lex 
 fori et rei sitcB. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1191. 
 
 § 24. — who may set up defense of. 
 
 To whom defense of usury in mortgage 
 availabie. 10 L.R.A. 459.* 
 
 Right of vendee of land subject to mort- 
 gage to raise question of usury. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 814; 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 857. 
 
 e. Effect of, generally. 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 Effect of mortgage contemporaneous with 
 note as defense to note. 43 L.R.A. 472. 
 
 Effect of provisions in, on liability of ad- 
 vanced member of loan association to 
 assessment for losses. 29 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 As rendering title unmarketable. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 30. 
 
 Effect of instrument in form of chattel mort- 
 gage to create a lien on real estate. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 869. 
 
 As violation of covenant in lease against 
 assignment or sale. -14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1204. 
 
 Assumption of individual debts of partner 
 by mortgage of partnership property. 
 29 L.R.A. 692'. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of. 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 801, 823. 
 
 Joining in mortgage on property as a 
 waiver of prior lien. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 348. 
 
 Effect of one spouse joining in iire execu- 
 tion of the other's deed or mortgage to 
 convey the former's separate property 
 included therein. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 289. 
 
 Begin with, this hoole on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. ISTOTES. 
 
 975 
 
 MORTGAGE, II. e— cont'd 
 
 § 2 6. On negotiability of note. 
 
 Effect of mortgage on negotiability of note. 
 35 L.R.A. 536. 
 
 Effect of stipulation for attorneys' fees in 
 mortgage upon negotiability of note se- 
 cured thereby. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 217. 
 
 Recital in note as to mortgage security as 
 affecting negotiability. 32 L.R.A. 
 (K.S.) 858. 
 
 /. Estates of parties in property mort- 
 gaged. 
 
 § 2 7. Generally. 
 
 'Xitle of mortgagor. 7 L.R.A. 275.* 
 
 Estate of mortgagee. 4 L.R.A. 427.* 
 
 As affecting change of title or interest in 
 insured property. 38 L.R.A. 502. 
 
 Effect of mortgage upon wife's right of 
 dower. 18 L.R.A. 76. 
 
 Mortgagee as owner within mechanics' lien 
 law. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 84. 
 
 Curtesy in equity of redemption. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 454. 
 
 Does a deed absolute on its face but in- 
 tended as a mortgage convey the legal 
 title. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 
 g. Bights, remedies, and liabilities of 
 parties generally, 
 
 1. In general, 
 
 § 2 8. Generally. 
 
 Of purchasers on foreclosure, see infra, §§ 
 
 80-81. 
 Right to redeem, see infra, §§ 86-89. 
 Rights in fixtures on mortgaged premises, 
 
 see Fixtures, §§ 5, 7. 
 Rights of mortgagee to insurance money, see 
 
 Insurance, § 185. 
 Right of insurer to subrogation to rights of 
 
 mortgagee, see Insueasce, § 197. 
 Subrogation to rights under, generally, see 
 
 SUBROGATIOH, § 4. 
 
 § 29. Of mortgagor. 
 
 Mortgagor in possession. 7 L.R.A. 630.* 
 
 ~ _ht to cut tim' 
 L.R.A. 607.* 
 
 Dedication of land by mortgagor. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1026. 
 
 Power of mortgagor to sell or contract with 
 reference to mortgaged property, free 
 from mortgage. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 404. 
 
 Right of mortgagor of mining claim to re- 
 locate same for his own benefit. 50 
 L.R.A. 186. 
 
 Effect of stipulation .that mortgagor shall 
 become a tenant. 49 L.R.A. 435. 
 
 Infecting premises with contagious disease 
 as waste. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 474. 
 
 § 3 0. Of mortgagee. 
 
 Of mortgagee purchasing on foreclosure, see 
 infra, §§ 8], 82. 
 
 Right to redeem, see infra, § 89. 
 
 Accounting by or to mortgagee, see Ac- 
 counting, § 2. 
 
 In eminent domain proceedings, see Emi- 
 nent Domain, § 38. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MORTGAGE, II. g, 1— cont'd 
 
 Effect of mortgagor's acts on rights of mort- 
 gagee under insurance policy, see In- 
 SUBA^^OE, § 82. 
 
 Protection of rights of mortgagee. 7 L.R.A. 
 631.* 
 
 When mortgagee entitled to possession. 7 
 L.R.A. 274;* 13 L.R.A. 290.* 
 
 Rights of mortgagee on condemnation of 
 premises. 18 L.R.A. 113. 
 
 Right of senior mortgagee to disbursements. 
 9 L.R.A. 678.* 
 
 Right of mortgage creditor to question va- 
 lidity of attachment. 35 L.R.A. 708. 
 
 Remedies of mortgagee. 1 L.R.A. 397;* 6 
 L.R.A. 610.* 
 
 Remedy of mortgagee for injury to security. 
 1 L.R.A. 366.* 
 
 Accounting. 9 L.R.A. 678.* 
 
 Ejectment by mortgagee. 18 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 Injunction in favor of mortgagee against 
 execution sale. 30 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 Preliminary injunction which would have 
 effect of transferring possession of prop- 
 erty from mortgagor to mortgagee. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 34. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to award compensa- 
 tory damages against mortgagee for 
 breach of trust. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 900. 
 
 § 31. —mortgagee in possession. 
 
 Rights of mortgagee in possession. 7 L.R.A. 
 276,* 277.* 
 
 Attornment of tenant to mortgagee in pos- 
 session. 8 L.R.A. 568.* 
 
 Meaning of term and character of mort- 
 gagee in possession. 37 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 Purchaser at void foreclosure sale as mort- 
 gagee in possession. 40 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 839. 
 
 Rights of purchaser at void foreclosure sale 
 as mortgagee in possession. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 842. 
 
 Does limitation run against mortgagee in 
 possession. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 
 Effect of entry by mortgagee by virtue of 
 an interest in the property, but not un- 
 der the mortgage, to enable him to hold 
 as a mortgagee in possession. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 151. 
 
 2. As to taxes, 
 
 § 32. Generally. 
 
 Tacking taxes to debt. 5 L.R.A. 293.* 
 
 Right of mortgagee, who has paid taxes, to 
 maintain independent action against 
 mortgagor for reimbursement before or 
 after foreclosure of mortgage. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 679. 
 
 Right to prevent foreclosure of mortgage for 
 default in taxes by payment of same be- 
 fore commencement of action. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 360. 
 
 Right of purchaser on foreclosure to recoveT 
 amount paid to relieve land from tai 
 from prior owner who should have paid 
 same. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 562. 
 
976 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 MOETGAGE, II. g— cont'd 
 3. As to rents, earnings, and profits. 
 
 § 33. Generally. 
 
 During or after foreclosure, see infra, § 79. 
 
 Earnings and profits. 6 L.E.A. 566.* 
 Right to income, rents, and earnings under 
 
 railroad mortgage. 6 L.R.A. 566;* 9 
 
 L.R.A. 142.* 
 
 h. Bondholders. 
 
 g 34. Generally. 
 
 Right of bondholders to bring suit to en- 
 force mortgage, see infra, § 68. 
 
 Bondholders as parties to foreclosure suit, 
 see infra, § 72. 
 
 Rights of bondholders. 6 L.E.A. 566.* 
 Extent to which bondholders are represent- 
 ed by trustee in mortgage or deed of 
 trust securing the bonds. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1006. 
 Whose servants are employees operating 
 railroads for trustees of mortgage bond- 
 holders. 37 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 ///. Priority. 
 
 § 35. Generally. 
 
 Priority of railroad mortgage over other 
 
 liens. 9 L.R.A. 143.* 
 EflBcacy of chattel mortgage as against real- 
 estate mortgage. 15 L.R.A. 57. 
 Of purchase money mortgage to dower right. 
 
 4 L.R.A. 607.* 
 Priority of statutory preference of claim 
 
 for labor over pre-existing mortgage. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 Priority of claims against property in 
 
 hands of receiver over mortgage. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 695. 
 
 § 36. Unrecorded mortgage. 
 
 As between unrecorded mortgage and judg- 
 ment. 10 L.R.A. 411.* 
 
 Of unrecorded mortgage as against pur- 
 chaser at judicial sale. 21 L.S.A. 38. 
 
 § 3 7. Over mechanics' and laborers' 
 liens. 
 
 iSee MECHAiiTics' Liens, § 9. 
 
 § 38. Over local assessments. 
 
 Superiority asj between special assessment 
 for public improvement and private 
 mortgage. 35 L.R.A. 372; 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 769. 
 
 Necessity of giving mortgagee notice of pub- 
 lic improvement. 37 L.R.iV. (N.S.) 
 558. 
 
 § 39. Of notes falling due at different 
 times secured Ijy same mortgage. 
 
 In general. 24 L.R.A. 800; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 183. 
 Pro rata rule. 24 L.R.A. 800; 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 185. 
 Pro rata as to notes made to different 
 
 parties. 24 L.R.A. 801. 
 Priority as regulated by maturity. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 Begin with, this hoole on every law question. 
 
 MOETGAGE, III.— cont'd 
 
 Priority as regulated by contract of as- 
 signment. 24 L.R.A. 802. 
 
 The earlier maturity rule. 42 LJIA.. 
 (N.S.) 199. 
 
 The prior assignment rule. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 205. 
 
 IV. Sale of mortgaged property; os- 
 sumption of debt. 
 
 § 40. Generally. 
 
 Covenants against mortgages, see Cove- 
 nants, §§ 10, 11, 28-30. 
 
 Liability in inverse order of alienation, see 
 Marshai-inq Assets and Sectjbities, 
 § 2. 
 
 Mortgagee as purchaser. 7 L.R.A. 279.* 
 
 Rule as to inverse order of alienation as af- 
 fected by assumption of mortgage debt. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 
 Efifect of assumption of debt, before notice 
 of defective title, to sustain the bona 
 fide character of purchaser of real es- 
 tate. 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1120. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to assumption 
 of mortgage. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 819. 
 
 Effect of transfer of part of tract of mort- 
 gaged land, to create easement. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) .343. 
 
 Structures erected by railroad company on 
 right of way through land subject to 
 previous mortgage. 66 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 Effect of purchase at tax sale, by or in the 
 
 interest of mortgagor, guarantor of 
 
 mortgage indebtedness, or purchaser of 
 
 equity of redemption. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 , 121. 
 
 Release of grantee by mortgagor. 6 L.R.A. 
 612.* 
 
 Subrogation of mortgagor on payment of 
 debt after conveyance of property. 5 
 L.R.A. 289.* 
 
 § 41. Rights of purchaser. 
 
 Right of vendee of real estate subject to 
 mortgage to raise question of usury. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 814; 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 857. 
 
 Right of one purchasing equity of redemp- 
 tion to cut out second mortgage by pur- 
 chasing under foreclosure of first. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 491. 
 
 § 42. Protection of one purchasing 
 from apparent vendee in deed in- 
 tended as a mortgage. 
 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1046; 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 982. 
 Purchaser with knowledge or notice. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1046. 
 Bona fide purchaser for value. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1047. 
 Where defeasance recorded. 32 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1049. 
 Where grantee authorized to sell, or 
 
 grantor acquiesces in sale. 32' 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1049. 
 
INDEX TO L.E,A. NOTES. 
 
 977 
 
 MORTGAGE, IV.— cont'd 
 
 § 43. Ijiability of purchaser. 
 
 Liability of purchaser of land for mort- 
 gage debt. 5 L.R.A. 276;* 6 L.R.A. 
 612;* 7 L.R.A. 33;* 8 L.R.A. 315.* 
 
 Effect of assumption of payment of mort- 
 gage to create personal liability. 6 
 LJR.A. 611.* 
 
 Test of personal obligation of grantee of 
 mortgaged premises. 8 L.R.A. 316.* 
 
 Obligations of, and remedies against, gran- 
 tee assuming payment of mortgage. 
 5 L.R.A. 279;* 8 L.R.A. 315.* 
 When grantor not personally liable. 8 
 L.R.A. 315.* 
 
 Contingency of liability of grantee assum- 
 ing mortgage as affecting presentation 
 for claim against decedent's estate. 58 
 L.R.A. 89. 
 
 Parol evidence to show that grantee of deed 
 assumed existing liens. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1202. 
 
 Estoppel of grantee to deny validity of mort- 
 gage. 8 L.R.A. 316.* 
 
 Right of mortgagee to maintain personal ac- 
 tion against grantee who has assumed 
 payment. 6 L.R.A. 611;* 25 L.R.A. 
 275. , 
 
 Right of mortgagee to enforce purchaser's 
 promise to pay the mortgage where the 
 grantor or promisee was not himself 
 liable. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 492; 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 151. 
 
 Mortgagee's right to sue where property is 
 sold subject to mortgage. 25 L.R.A. 
 275. 
 
 § 44. Liability as between mortgagor 
 and purchaser. 
 
 Primary liability for mortgage debt as be- 
 tween vendor and purchaser. 5 L.R.A. 
 281.* 
 
 Relation of vendor and vendee of mortgaged 
 property as principal and surety. 5 
 L.R.A. 277;* 8 L.R.A. 317.' 
 
 Release of mortgagor as surety by mort- 
 gagee's dealing with vendee who has 
 assumed the mortgage. 16 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 Eflect upon mortgagor's obligation of modi- 
 fication between mortgagee and subse- 
 quent grantee. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 666. 
 
 Effect of payment or acknowledgment by 
 mortgagor to toll statute of limitations 
 as against his grantee. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 169. 
 
 § 45. Effect of I'csclssion of purchase 
 on assumption of mortgage or lien 
 thereon. 
 
 Rule that contract is not subject to rescis- 
 sion. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 673. 
 
 Rule that contract is subject to rescission 
 prior to actual acceptance by mort- 
 f^gee. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 674. 
 
 Effect of extrinpic circumstances or charac- 
 ter of contract. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 675. 
 
 Right to rescinii' after acceptance. 40 L.R.A. I 
 (N.S.) 676. 
 Consult also L.It.A. Digests to date. 6 
 
 MORTGAGE, IV.— cont'd 
 § 46. Creation of Indebtedness, by pur- 
 chase by municipality. 
 
 Is mortgage debt upon property purchased 
 by municipality without assuming pay- 
 merit, part of a municipal indebtedness. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 684. 
 
 Purchase of equity of redemption by munici- 
 pality as creating indebtedness within 
 debt limit provisions. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1105. 
 
 V. Assignment of mortgage. 
 
 § 47. Generally. 
 
 Assignment of, subject to equities. 5 L.R.A. 
 291;* 13 L.R.A. 297.* 
 
 Form and sufficiency of. 13 L.R.A. 294.* 
 
 Eight to transfer security without the debt. 
 13 L.R.A. 295.* 
 
 Assignment of bonds secured by mortgage. 
 13 L.R.A. 296.* 
 
 Equitable assignees of mortgagor. 5 L.R.A. 
 292.* 
 
 Lien of mortgage securing negotiable instru- 
 ments assigned before maturity as af- 
 fected by payment to payee without 
 knowledge of assignment. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 577; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 462. 
 
 Effect of placing bond indorsed in blank in 
 custody of another to estop as against 
 purchaser in good faith. 29 L.R.A. 
 _ (N.S.) 256. 
 
 Assignee of junior mortgage as necessary 
 party to suit for foreclosure of senior 
 mortgage. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 433. 
 
 Effect of negotiable character of note se- 
 cured by junior mortgage on necessity 
 of making assignee of such mortgage a 
 party to a suit for foreclosure of senior 
 mortgage. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 434. 
 
 § 48. Nature and effect of. 
 
 Assignment as collateral security. 13 
 L.R.A. 294.* 
 
 Assignment of, as a conveyance within re- 
 cording acts. 5 L.R.A. 292.* 
 
 Assignment of mortgage; effect of. 5 
 L.R.A. 292,* 621;* 13 L.R.A. 294.* 
 
 Effect of assignment of mortgage debt to 
 carry security. 13 L.R.A. 295.* 
 
 Effect of assignment of note secured by 
 mortgage. 13 L.R.A. 296.* 
 
 § 49. — effect of assignment by or with 
 mortgagor's consent to tliird per- 
 son after payment of debt original- . 
 ly secured. 
 
 Effect of intention to preserve lien after 
 
 payment. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 111. 
 In absence of intention to preserve lien ; 
 payment before maturity. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 113. 
 Payment after maturity. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 114. 
 Payment by purchaser of equity of redemp- 
 tion ; effect of intention to preserve 
 lien. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 In absence of intent to preserve lien. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 118. 
 
978 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MORTGAGE, V.— cont'd 
 
 Attempt after payment of principal debt, 
 to assign mortgage indemnifying surety 
 or indorser. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 119. 
 
 § 5 0. Rights of assignee. 
 
 Assignee's power of sale. 8 L.R.A. 724.* 
 
 Holder of, as bona iide purchaser. 2 L.R.A. 
 736.* 
 
 As against subsequent bona flde purchasers 
 or encumbrancers relying on apparent 
 discharge of mortgage bv mortgagee. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1025. 
 
 To enforce option to declare entire mort- 
 gage due for default of payments. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 590. 
 
 Does assignee of mortgage as collateral se- 
 curity, who forecloses the same and i 
 purchases the property, hold the title 
 subject to a trust in favor of the as- 
 signor. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1094. 
 
 § 51. Priority between assignees. 
 
 Priority among assignees. 13 L.R.A. 298.* 
 
 VI. Payment; discharge; release; ex- 
 tinction or extension of lien, 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 52. Generally. 
 
 Subrogation to rights of mortgage, see Sub- 
 rogation, § 4. 
 
 Presumption of payment from lapse of time. 
 1 L.R.A. 346.* 
 
 Payment of illegal bonus for discharge of, 
 pending foreclosure, as duress. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 574. 
 
 Mortgagee as trustee, on discharge of. 13 
 L.R.A. 298.* 
 
 Contribution between heir and widow in 
 case of payment of mortgage by either. 
 5 L.R.A. 520.* 
 
 Liability of advanced member of loan as- 
 sociation to assessment for losses after 
 release of mortgage. 29 L.R.A 181. 
 
 Rights of assignee as against subsequent 
 bona fide purchasers or encuratfiancers 
 relying on apparent discharge of the 
 mortgage by mortgagee. 15 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1025. 
 
 Effect upon lien of mortgage securing nego- 
 tiable instruments assigned before ma- 
 turity, of payment to payee without 
 knowledge of assignment. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 577; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 462. 
 
 Rights of life tenant who pays mortgage as 
 against remainderman. 29 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 153. 
 
 Effect on mortgage of alteration of note 
 secured by it. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 
 Effect of discharge in bankruptcy on lien 
 of mortgage. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 
 Extent to which bondholders are repre- 
 sented by trustee in release of mort- 
 gaged property. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1011. 
 
 New obligation given by debtor to secure 
 release of lien as novation of the orig- 
 inal obligation. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 464. 
 
 § 53. Application of payments. 
 
 See Payment, § 20. 
 
 Begin with this booh on every law question. 
 
 MORTGAGE, VI. a^-cont'd 
 § 54. Release of parcel. 
 Effect of release of parcels by mortgagee. 
 5 L.R.A. 286.* 
 
 § 55. Extension of lien by renewal of 
 secnred debt. 
 
 Generally. 55 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 As against original debtor and mortgagor. 
 
 55 L.R.A. 673. 
 As against subsequent encumbrancers or 
 
 grantees. 55 L.R.A. 677. 
 Effect of renewal by one, to secure whose 
 
 debt, mortgage was given by another. 
 
 55 L.R.A. 684. 
 Absence from state as operating to renew 
 
 debt. 55 L.R.A. 685. 
 Under provision of particular statute or 
 
 Code. 55 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 b. What operates as a discharge or 
 satisfaction. 
 
 § 5 6. Generally. 
 
 Waiver of junior lien by failure to assert it 
 in foreclosure proceedings, see infra, 
 § 64. 
 
 Effect of payment of debt by volunteer. 23 
 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Not extinguished by second security. 10 
 L.R.A. 537.* 
 
 Effect of purchase by mortgagee at foreclo- 
 sure sale to extinguish lien. 7 L.R.A. 
 279.* 
 
 Effect of deed in partition on mortgage lien. 
 57 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 Waiver of lien of mortgage by attachment 
 or execution. 50 L.R.A. 718. 
 
 Lien on mortgage securing negotiable in- 
 struments assigned before maturity as 
 affected by payment to payee, without 
 knowledge of assignment. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 577. 
 
 Effect upon lien of mortgage, of entry of 
 judgment upon bond or note secured 
 thereby. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1095. 
 
 Acceptance of renewal paper as satisfaction 
 of mortgage. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 86. 
 
 Payment to one not in possession of mort- 
 gage. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 414. 
 
 Voluntary conveyance in which dower is not 
 released, in satisfaction of a mortgage 
 releasing dower. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 323. 
 
 § 57. Effect of unaccepted tender on 
 lien. 
 
 Before and at maturity. 33 L.R.A. 231; 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 403. 
 
 After maturity. 33 L.R.A. 231; 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 998. 
 
 By and to Whom made. 33 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Tender of portion only. 33 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Sufficiency. 33 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 In amount tendered. 33 L.R.A. 233. 
 Made on condition. 33 L.R.A. 234. 
 Other instances. 33 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 Ground of refusal. 33 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 Remedy of mortgagor. 33 L.R.A. 235. 
 
 Equivalent to tender. 33 L.R.A. 235. 
 
 Mortgage conditioned to support the mort- 
 gagee. 33 L.R.A. 235. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 33 L.R.A. 235. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 979 
 
 MORTG VGE, VI.— cont'd 
 o. Merger; Teeeping alive; reinstate- 
 ment. 
 
 § 58. Merger; keeping alive. 
 
 Keeping alive mortgage discharged or re- 
 leased by mistake. 2S L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 904. 
 Keeping equitable alive mortgage after pay- 
 ment. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 405. 
 Proceedings to enforce mortgage for part 
 of debt as affected by prior proceedings 
 in matters of merger. 37 L.R.A. 758. 
 Merger of mortgage by conveyance from 
 mortgagor to mortgagee or revival 
 thereof after such conve3'ance, 
 where there are intermediate en- 
 cumbrances upon the property. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 834. 
 General rule. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 834. 
 Merger as a question of intention. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 837. 
 Where mortgage is discharged or 
 surrendered. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 838. 
 Doctrine that discharge or 
 surrender does not affect 
 priority. 39 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 838. 
 Doctrine that priority is lost. 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 Where discharge is procured 
 by fraud. 39 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 841. 
 Where mortgage previously 
 assigned as collateral. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 841. 
 Where mortgagee gives or receives 
 additional consideration. 39 
 L.R.A. 841. 
 Where deed to mortgagee is in- 
 valid. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 842. 
 Recitals in deed. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 842. 
 Where intention is expressed. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 
 § 59. Revival; reinstatement. 
 
 Revival of mortgage after conveyance from 
 mortgagor to mortgagee, where there 
 are intermediate encumbrances on the 
 property. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 834. 
 
 Revival of discharged mortgage in favor of 
 assignee of equity of redemption, who 
 pays it, as against Junior lien. 16 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 470. 
 
 § 60. — right to reinstalenient of mort- 
 gage released or discharged by mis- 
 take. 
 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 788; 26 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 816; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 825, 904. 
 
 Mistake as to the effect of a decree. 58 
 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 Where the release is unintentional. 58 
 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 Where the wrong mortgage is released 58 
 L.R.A. 791. 
 
 Release without authority. 58 L.R A 792. 
 
 Itrnorance of intervening judgments and at- 
 tachments. 58 L.R.A. 794. 
 Consult also L,.R./l. Digests to date. 
 
 MORTGAGE, VI. c— cont'd 
 
 Ignorance of intervening mortgage liens or 
 
 deeds. 58 L.R.A. 796. 
 Ignorance of defective title. 58 L.R.A. 801. 
 Mistake as to assets of debtor. 58 L.R.A 
 
 804. 
 Jlistake as to amount and consideration. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 804. 
 Mistake of law. 58 L.R.A. 805. 
 Dicta. 58 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 Tit. Enforcement; powers of sale. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 6i; Generally. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action to foreclose mortgage 
 on land in other state, see CouKTS, 
 § 22. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction of suit, see Equity, 
 § 10. 
 
 Right of set-off, see Set-Oit and Counter- 
 claim, § 9. 
 
 Foreclosure of mortgage upon land in an- 
 other state. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 986. 
 
 Enforcement of mortgage valid according 
 to law of place where made and pay- 
 able, but usurious according to the lex 
 fori et rei sitw. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1191. 
 
 Right to foreclose deed intended as security 
 for debt as an equitable mortgage. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 572. 
 
 Reformation of mortgage after foreclosure. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 90. 
 
 Denial of matters as to, on information and 
 belief. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 779. 
 
 Appointment of receiver. 1 L.R.A. 397,** 
 398.* 
 
 Priority of certificates of indebtedness is- 
 sued by receiver appointed in action to 
 foreclose railroad mortgage. 9 L.R.A. 
 143.* 
 
 Removal, for separable controversy, of pro- 
 ceeding to foreclose. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 72. 
 
 § 62. ElTect of foreclosure. 
 
 Foreclosure suit as bar to action at law. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 205.* 
 Pendency of foreclosure suit in both state 
 
 and Federal courts sitting in same 
 
 state. 42 L.R.A. 451. 
 Effect of foreclosure of one of several si- 
 multaneous mortgages upon the others. 
 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524. 
 Effect of foreclosure by taking possession 
 
 before all of mortgage debt due. 3 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 § 63. Proceedings to enforce mort- 
 gage for part of debt. 
 
 Right to enforce. 37 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Generally. 37 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 For interest in default. 37 L.R.A, 739, 
 Parties. 37 L.R.A. 741. 
 
 Comortgagocs. 37 L.R.A. 741. 
 
 Holders of instalment notes "lud as- 
 signees. 37 L.R.A, 742. 
 Decree. 37 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Generally. 37 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Providing for sale of portion. 37 
 L.R.A. 744. 
 
980 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 MORTGAGE, VII. a— cont'd 
 
 Providing for balance of the debt. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 745. 
 Deficiency. 37 L.R.A. 748. 
 Stay of proceedings. 37 L.E.A. 749. 
 Sale. 37 L.R.A. 751. 
 
 Validity of. 37 L.R.A. 751. 
 Eflfect of. 37 L.R.A. 751. 
 Redemption, right to. 37 L.R.A. 752. 
 As affected by prior proceedings. 37 L.R.A. 
 752. 
 Where the prior proceeding is invalid 
 
 or insufficient. 37 L.R.A. 752. 
 Where the parties are different. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 752. 
 Where the lien is exhausted. 37 L.E.A. 
 
 753. 
 Where the lien is preserved. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 755. 
 Where there is a redemption. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 756. 
 In matters of merger. 37 L.R.A. 758. 
 In regard to another remedy. 37 
 L.R.A. 759. 
 
 § 64. Waiver of junior lien by failure 
 to assert it, in foreclosure proceed- 
 ings. 
 
 Generally. 68 L.R.A. 323. 
 Splitting claims. 68 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 By plaintiff. 68 L.E.A. 323. 
 
 By defendant. 68 L.E.A. 324. 
 Where default was taken. 68 L.E.A. 325. 
 Application of the proceeds of sale. 68 
 
 L.E.A. 330. 
 
 b. On default of interest, instalment, 
 taxes, etc. ; acceleration. 
 
 § 65. Generally. 
 
 Right to enforce mortgage for interest in 
 default. 37 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Right of assignee of mortgage to enforce 
 option to declare entire mortgage due 
 for default of payments. 15 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 590. 
 
 Right to prevent foreclosure of mortgage on 
 real property for default in payment 
 of interest or taxes by payment of 
 same before commencement of action. 
 22 L.E.A.(N.S.) 360. 
 
 Effect of acceleration provision in mortgage 
 to start the statute of limitations run- 
 ■ ning. 12 L.E.A.{N.S.) 1190; 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1110. 
 
 Place and requisites of tender of interest 
 which will prevent acceleration of ma- 
 turity of mortgage under interest 
 clause. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 308. 
 
 Acceleration provision as affecting negotia- 
 bility of notes secured. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 390. ' 
 
 Provision in bond or note that interest 
 when due and unpaid shall be added to 
 the principal, as affecting right to fore- 
 close mortgage securing the same for 
 default in interest. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 :08. 
 
 c. Who may enforce. 
 
 ^ 66. Generally. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom fore- 
 closure action must be brought. 64 
 L.E.A. 618. 
 
 MORTGAGE, VII. c— cont'd 
 
 Right of mortgagee who has assigned mort- 
 gage as collateral security to foreclose 
 same. 5 L.R.A. 291.* 
 
 Effect of foreclosure by unauthorized for- 
 eign corporation. 24 L.R.A. 330. 
 
 Eight of assignee of mortgage to enforce op- 
 tion to declare entire mortgage due 
 for default of payments. 15 L.R.A. (N 
 S.) 590. 
 
 § 6 7. Junior encumbrancer. 
 
 Suit by junior encumbrancer. 1 L.R.A. 
 334.* 
 
 Eight of holder of junior mortgage to fore- 
 close. 5 L.R.A. 291.* 
 
 § 68. Bondholders. 
 
 Eight of bondholder to sue for enforcement 
 of trust deed. 20 L.E.A. 535. 
 
 Particular provisions of mortgage giv- 
 ing bondholder right to sue. 20 
 L.R.A. 536. 
 
 Trustee's disqualification or refusal to 
 act entitling bondholder to sue. 20 
 L.E.A. 536. 
 
 Stockholder bound by action of trustee. 
 20 L.E.A. 537. 
 
 Mortgage directly to bondholders. 20 
 L.R.A. 538. 
 
 Single bondholder acquiring no advan- 
 tage over others of same class. 20 
 L.R.A. 538. 
 
 Action at law. 20 L.R.A. 538. 
 
 Bondholders' partial protection. 20 
 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 The old Pennsylvania doctrine. 20 
 L.R.A. 539. 
 Foreclosure suit by bondholders in both 
 
 state and Federal courts sitting in 
 
 same state. 42 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 d. Parties. 
 
 § 6 9. Generally. 
 
 Effect of failure to make one a party, see 
 Parties, § 34. 
 
 Necessary parties in suit by junior encum- 
 brancer. 1 L.E.A. 334.* 
 
 Necessary parties to foreclosure of railroad 
 mortgage. 1 L.E.A. 334.* 
 
 Doweress as necessary party to foreclosure 
 suit. 5 L.E.A. 521.* 
 
 Parties to proceedings to foreclose mortgage 
 for part of debt. 37 L.E.A. 741. 
 
 As affected by prior proceedings in which 
 the parties were different. 37 L.R.A 
 752. 
 
 Foreclosure as against persons not in being. 
 8 L.E.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 
 Judgment against trustee in mortgage as 
 affecting beneficiary who was not a 
 party. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 196. 
 
 Eflfect of foreclosure of one of several si- 
 multaneous mortgages without making 
 other mortgagees parties to the suit. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524. 
 
 § 7 0. Junior encumbrancers. 
 
 Necessity of making junior encumbrancer a 
 paVty to a suit for foreclosure of a 
 senior mortgage. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 426. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 981 
 
 MORTGAGE, VII. d— cont'd 
 
 General rule. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 427. 
 Where junior mortgagee knows of pro- 
 ceeding. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 430. 
 Necessity of knowledge by senior mort- 
 gagee of junior mortgage. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 431. 
 When process against junior encum- 
 brancer is defective. 36 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 431. 
 Where affirmative relief is sought 
 against junior encumbrancer. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 432. 
 Where interest of junior mortgagee is 
 indirect or normal. 36 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 432. 
 EflFect of special agreement between 
 senior mortgagee and mortgagor. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 432. 
 Death of junior mortgagee. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 433. 
 Assignee of junior mortgage. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 Purchaser under foreclosure of jun- 
 ior mortgage. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 434. 
 In general. 36 L.R.A^(N.S.) 
 
 434. 
 When senior or junior mort- 
 gagee is purchaser. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 434. 
 Effect of negotiable character of 
 note secured by junior mort- 
 gage. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 434. 
 Effect of objection before final decree. 
 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 435. 
 Remedies of junior encumbrancer. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 435. 
 Right to surplus from sale under 
 senior mortgage. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 436. 
 Miscellaneous. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 (N.S.) 437. 
 Remedy of purchaser at sale under sen- 
 ior mortgage. 36 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 437. 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 437. 
 Right to pay off junior mortgage. 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 437. 
 
 g 7 1. Trustee. 
 
 Trustee as necessary parties in action by 
 bondholders. 20 L.R.A. 538; 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1017. 
 
 § 72. Bondholders. 
 
 Bondholders as necessary parties in suit 
 by trustees. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1008. 
 
 e. Defenses. 
 
 § 73. Generally. 
 
 Effect of bar of other remedy to bar fore- 
 closure suit, see Limitation of Ac- 
 tions, § 14. 
 
 When statute of limitations runs on action 
 to foreclose mortgage, see Limitation 
 or Actions, § 28. 
 
 When action to foreclose mortgage is 
 barred, see Limitation op Actions, 
 
 § 50. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MORTGAGE, VII. e— cont'd 
 Mortgage contemporaneous with note as de- 
 fense thereto. 43 L.R.A. 472. 
 
 f. Decree. 
 
 § 74. Generally. 
 
 Decree for deficiency, see infra, § 84. 
 
 In proceedings to enforce mortgage for part 
 
 of debt. 37 L.R.A. 743. 
 Judgment against trustee in mortgage as 
 
 affecting beneficiary who was not a 
 
 party. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 196. 
 Right of third person to have judgment of 
 
 foreclosure set aside. 54 L.R.A. 763. 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 
 jurisdiction on judgment of foreclosure. 
 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985. 
 Right to accept favorable part of decree 
 
 and appeal from the rest. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 12. 
 
 g. Power of sale; strict foreclosure. 
 
 § 7 5. Generally. 
 
 Right to strict foreclosure of a mortgage. 
 
 . 20 L.R.A. 370. 
 Effect of foreclosure by taking possession 
 before all of mortg 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 § 76. Revocation of power of sale. 
 
 Does power of sale in a mortgage or deed 
 of trust confer an interest which 
 prevents its revocation by death 
 of mortgagor. 70 L.R.A. 135. 
 The general rule. 70 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 Where the mortgagee's or trustee's 
 
 interest is in the thing itself. 
 
 70 L.R.A. 136. 
 Where his interest is only in the 
 
 proceeds of the sale. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 140. 
 Effect of statutes of administration. 
 
 70 L.R.A. 141. 
 Virtual extinguishment of the 
 
 power. 70 L.R.A. 141. 
 Suspension _of the power. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 145. 
 
 § 7 7. Sale under power. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 44. 
 
 Requisites to validity of sale under power. 
 8 L.R.A. 50.* 
 
 Right of mortgagee to exercise power of 
 sale during pendency of foreclosure, or 
 of action for debt secured. 2 B. R. C. 
 841. 
 
 Effect of bar of other remedies to prevent 
 a sale of property under a power in a 
 rust deed > 
 (N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Right to enjoin sale under power in mort- 
 gage against which the statute of limi 
 tations has run. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510. 
 
 Injunction against sale under power in 
 mortgage because of overstatement of 
 amount due. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 
 Reformation of mortgage after foreclosure 
 under power of sale. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 93. 
 
982 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MORTGAGE, VII.— cont'd 
 h. Sale. 
 
 1. In general, 
 
 § 7 8. Generally. 
 
 Under power in mortgage, see supra, § 77. 
 Proceeds of, see infra, § 83. 
 Injunction against sale, see Injunction, 
 §§ 43, 44. 
 
 In proceedings to enforce mortgage for part 
 of debt. 37 L.R.A. 751. 
 
 Eflfect of sale under mortgage on wife's 
 right of dower. 18 L.R.A. 76. 
 
 Enjoining sale under trust deed pending 
 bankruptcy. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 
 Right of mortgagor to engage in competing 
 business after sale of business and good 
 will on foreclosure. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 765. 
 
 Right to proceeds of insurance where loss 
 occurs after foreclosure sale but during 
 the period of redemption. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 448. 
 
 Necessity for change of possession to uphold 
 sale under deed of trust as against 
 creditors of former owner. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1021. 
 
 What fund is chargeable with costs and 
 expenses of sale when encumbered prop- 
 erty is sold in bankruptcy free of liens. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 737. 
 
 First and last daj's in computing time for 
 sales under. 49 L.R.A. 235. 
 
 Setting aside sale. 9 L.R.A. 731.* ■ 
 
 § 7 9. En masse or In parcels. 
 
 Effect of sale en masse by sheriff directed 
 to sell parcels of land, separately mort- 
 gaged, separately. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 549. 
 
 § 79a. Right to rents and Income. 
 
 Right to rents or income after foreclosure 
 decree and before purchaser's title is 
 perfected. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1079. 
 
 Power of equity, in jurisdiction where mort- 
 gage does not convey the title, to im- 
 pound rents and profits of mortgaged 
 property pending foreclosure. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1001. 
 
 2. Purchasers and tlieir riglits, 
 Uahility, etc. 
 
 (a) In general. 
 
 title, 
 
 § 80. Generally. 
 
 Purchase by one ootenant under foreclosure 
 of mortgage given by one through 
 whom the cotenants derived title. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 591. 
 
 Eight of purchaser to relief in equity 
 against collection of bond and mort- 
 gage. 5 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 Rights of purchaser at foreclosure sale with 
 respect to fixtures. 7 L.R.A. 278. 
 
 Right to crops and emblements on foreclo- 
 sure as against tenant. 4 L.R.A. 453.* 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question 
 
 ^rORTGAGE, VII. h, 2 (a)— cont'd 
 
 Right of one purchasing equity of redemp- 
 tion to cut out second mortgage by 
 purchasing under foreclosure of first. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 491. 
 
 Right of purchaser at foreclosure sale to 
 recover amount paid to relieve land 
 from tax from prior owner who should 
 have paid the same. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 562. 
 
 Remedy of purchaser at sale under senior 
 mortgage to which a junior mortgagee 
 was not made a party. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 437. 
 
 Does a water right used in connection with 
 land mortgaged prior to its acquire- 
 ment pass on foreclosure. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 359. 
 
 Rights of seller of chattel retaining title 
 thereto or a lien thereon as against 
 purchaser on foreclosure of an existing 
 mortgage on the realty to which the 
 chattel was affixed by the owner. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 123. 
 
 Liability of purchaser at mortgage sale of 
 property charged with the payment 
 of legacy. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 
 Purchaser under foreclosure of junior mort- 
 gage as necessary party to suit for 
 foreclosure . of senior mortgage. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 434. 
 
 Subsequent completion of title acquired at 
 foreclosure as inuring to benefit of 
 grantee in quitclaim. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1190. 
 
 § 81. Mortgagee as purchaser. 
 
 Under void sale, see infra, § 82. 
 
 Right of mortgagee purchasing at foreclo- 
 sure sale. 7 L.R.A. 279.* 
 
 Eflfect of purchase by mortgage at foreclo- 
 sure sale to extinguish lien of mort- 
 gage. 7 L.R.A. 279.* 
 
 (b) Under void sale. 
 
 § 82. Generally. 
 
 Right of one in possession undler invalid 
 foreclosure sale to acquire a tax title. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 333. 
 Right of one in possession claiming under 
 void foreclosure sale. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 839. 
 General rule — purchaser as mortgagee 
 in possession. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 8.39. 
 Meaning of term and character of mort- 
 gagee in possession. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 841. 
 Rights of purchaser as mortgagee in 
 possession. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.I 
 842. 
 Eight to enforce payment of pur- 
 chase price or mortgage. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 842. 
 Eight to retain possession until 
 payment. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 843. 
 As against ejectment action. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 As against partition action. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 845. 
 
INDKX TO L.R.A. JSOIES. 
 
 98a 
 
 MORTGAGE, VII. h, 2 (b) -cont'd 
 
 Proceeding to quit title. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 845. 
 Right to payment for improve- 
 ments. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 845. 
 Miscellaneous rights. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 846. 
 Eights of purchaser as affected by stat- 
 ute of limitations. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 846. 
 .When action accrues. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 846. 
 As affected by nature of title 
 or disability of claimant. 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 847. 
 What statute applicable. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 847. 
 Rights of purchaser as affected by 
 laches of mortgagor. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 848. 
 
 i. Surplus; proceeds of sale. 
 
 § 83. Generally. 
 
 Application of proceeds, see Payment, § 21. 
 
 Does homestead exemption attach to the 
 surplus upon foreclosure of a lien para- 
 mount to the homestead right. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 491. 
 
 Is surplus realized upon foreclosure sale of 
 real estate after mortgagor's death to 
 be deemed real or personal property. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 723. 
 
 Right of junior mortgagee aa to surplus 
 upon a foreclosure sale under a senior 
 mortgage, in a proceeding to which he 
 was not a party. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 47. 
 
 Effect of application of proceeds of sale 
 under deed of trust or mortgage upon 
 running of limitations against the in- 
 debtedness secured. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 479. 
 
 j. Deficiency. 
 
 8 84. Generally. 
 
 In proceedings to enforce mortgage for part 
 
 of debt. 37 L.R.A. 748. 
 Action at law for. 4 L.R.A. 205.* 
 Judgment and execution for. 4 L.R.A. 205.* 
 Deficiency judgment against nonresident 
 
 served constructively. 50 L.R.A. 583. 
 Right of mortgagee who secures a deficiency 
 
 decree to redeem from the sale. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 413. 
 Right of mortgagee who secures a deficiency 
 
 decree to redeem from the sale. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.&.) 413. 
 
 VII/. Redemption. 
 
 § 85. Generalijf. 
 
 Improvements ol, redemption, see Improve- 
 ments, § 15. 
 From tax sale, sm Taxes, §§ 82-85. 
 
 In proceedings ia enforce mortgage for part 
 
 of debt. 37 L.R.A. 752, 756. 
 Impairment of obligation of contract by 
 
 change of law as to. 31 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Tender essential to redeem. 9 L.R.A. 676.* 
 
 Consult also L.B.A.. Digests to date. 
 
 MORTGAGE, VIIL— cont'd 
 
 Allowance for improvements upon redemp- 
 tion from foreclosure sale. 9 L.R.A. 
 676.* 
 
 Jurisdiction of suit to redeem land in an- 
 other state or country. 69 L.R.A. 685. 
 
 Right of one who advances money to redeem 
 from mortgage, to be subrogated to 
 lien. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 190. 
 
 § 86. Right of. 
 
 In proceedings to enforce mortgage for part 
 of debt. 37 L.R.A. 752. 
 
 Effect of reformation of mortgage after 
 foreclosure on right to redeem. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 
 Right to redeem as affected by deed deliv- 
 ered in escrow as further security for 
 debt. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 628. 
 
 § 87. Who may redeem. 
 
 Right of junior enciimbranoer to redeem. 
 9 L.R.A. 677.* 
 
 § 88. — mortgagor's wife or widow. 
 
 Eight of wife during husband's lifetime to 
 redeem from mortgage on his real prop- 
 erty. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1068. 
 
 Widow's right to redeem from mortgage be- 
 cause of her dower interest. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1039. 
 
 § 89. — mortgagee or purchaser. 
 
 May a purchaser or mortgagee from the 
 original owner, after a sale under a 
 prior mortgage and during the redemp- 
 tion period, be a redemptioner. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 508. 
 
 Right of mortgagee who secures a deficien- 
 cy degree to redeem from the sale 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 413. 
 
 § 90. Time. 
 
 Time allowed for. 9 L.R.A. 677.* 
 Applicability of statute of limitations to 
 
 suit to redeem from mortgage. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 511.* 
 Extension of time for, when last day falls 
 
 on Sunday. 14 L.R.A. 122. 
 
 § 91. Effect of. 
 
 Notice of; effect of; what of. 9 L.R.A. 678.* 
 
 MORTGAGEE IN POSSESSION, 
 
 See MoBTGAGE, § 31. 
 
 MORTMAIN ACT. 
 
 Law governing validity of legacy under. 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 440. 
 
 MORTUARY TABIjES. 
 
 See MoETALiTT Tables. 
 
984 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Father's right to appoint guardian for child 
 as against mother, see Guaedian and 
 Wabd, § 3. 
 
 See also Pabent and Child. 
 
 Inheritance by illegitimate from. 23 L.R.A. 
 754. 
 
 Father as sole next of kin to unmarried 
 child to exclusion of mother. 1 B. R. C. 
 566. 
 
 Mother's right to appointment as guardian 
 of minor child. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 870. 
 
 Right to recover for injury to minor serv- 
 ant employed without mother's consent. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 314. 
 
 MOTHER-IN-LAW. 
 
 Insurable interest in life of. 54 L.R.A. 
 232. 
 
 Ab member of family of insured. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 336. 
 
 Implied agreement to pay for services ren- 
 dered to. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 886. 
 
 MOTIONS AND ORDERS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 First and last days in computing time on. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 222. 
 Injunction against judgment for error and 
 
 irregularity in rulings on. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 703. 
 Set-off on motion against judgment in 
 
 hands of assignee. 23 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 § 2. When proper remedy. 
 
 Questioning validity of attachment by 
 
 motion in court of law. 35 L.R.A. 771. 
 Remedy by motion to obtain discharge of 
 
 accused for delay of prosecution. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 544. 
 Correction of record on appeal by motion. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 211. 
 
 § 3. Orders. 
 
 What entry or record is necessary to com- 
 plete order. 28 L.R.A. 621. 
 
 Effect of omission of internal revenue stamp 
 from order. 48 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 Character and kinds of orders within rule 
 that orders cannot be collaterally 
 attacked for fraud. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 980. 
 
 Right to appeal from void order. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 733. 
 
 Right to accept favorable part of order and 
 appeal from remainder. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1. 
 
 § 4. — disobedience of. 
 
 Disobedience of, as a contempt, see Con- 
 tempt, §§8, 8a. 
 
 MOTIONS AND ORDERS— cont'd 
 
 Power to punish disobedience to orders in 
 
 case by striking out pleadings. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1185; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1062. 
 
 MOTIONS IN ARREST. 
 
 In criminal prosecution, see Ceiminal 
 
 Law, § 58. 
 In civil action, see Judgment, § 19. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 MOTIVE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof ais to, 
 
 see Evidence, § 45. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 
 § 258. 
 Purpose, see Ptjepose. 
 Question for jury as to, see Tbial, § 34. 
 See also Malice. 
 
 For obscene or indecent publication. 24 
 L.R.A. 111. 
 
 Of teacher in punishing pupil. 65 L.R.A. 
 894. 
 
 Of prosecutor in obtaining advice of coun- 
 sel. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 62. 
 
 Infliction of corporal punishment on pupil 
 with improper motive. 1 B. R. C. 
 723. 
 
 Necessity for bad or fraudulent motive to 
 justify disbarment of an attorney. 18 
 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 "Children" as word of limitation, when in- 
 dicative of motive. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 310. 
 
 Provision in conveyance or devise to reli- 
 gious or charitable organization direct- 
 ing particular purposes of grant as in- 
 dicating motive of same. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1122. 
 
 Basis of distinction between absolute and 
 qualified rights as affecting right to 
 inquire into motive. 29 LJR.A. (N.S.) 
 869. 
 
 I 
 
 § 2. Effect of. 
 
 Effect of bad motive to make actionable 
 what would not otherwise be so, see 
 Malice, § 4. 
 
 As affecting personal liability of judicial 
 officer. 14 L.R.A. 145. 
 
 As affecting right to recover statutory pen- 
 alty from carrier. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 497. 
 
 As affecting justification in libel or slan- 
 der. 21 L.R.A. 503. 
 
 Stockholder's right to inspect corporate 
 books as affected by. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 186. 
 
 Fact that servant's motive for continuing 
 work was fear of dismissal as affecting 
 right to recover for injury. 47 L.R.A. 
 187. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 985 
 
 MOTIVE— cont'd 
 
 Effect of, on right to injunctive relief to 
 compel or prevent the erection, main- 
 tenance, or removal of boundary fence. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 58. 
 
 Effect of personal motive on master's lia- 
 bility for injury done by servant to 
 third person in use of dangerous agency 
 placed in his custody. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 401. 
 
 Liability of labor union or its members to 
 persons with whose employment it has 
 interfered as affected by motive. 1 
 B. R. C. 515. 
 
 Lawfulness of boycott by other than labor 
 union where motive is malicious. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1038. 
 
 MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 Of railroad train, see Railboads, § 5. 
 Of street railway, see Street Railways, 
 S7. 
 
 MOTOR CYCLE. 
 
 As to automobiles, see Automobiles. 
 As to bicycles, see Bictcles. 
 
 Regulations affecting motor cycles. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1069. 
 
 Motor cycles as a motor vehicle within stat- 
 utes regulating the latter and other 
 similar vehicles. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 41. 
 
 Admissibility, in prosecution for driving at 
 dangerous speed, of evidence of traflSc 
 reasonably to be expected upon high- 
 way. 2 B. R. C. 201. 
 
 MOTORMAN. 
 
 See STBtXTT Railways, IV. b. 
 < ■ » 
 
 MOTOR VEHICLES. 
 
 See Automobiles; Motob Cycle. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 MOURNING APPAREL. 
 
 Allowance against deceased's estate for. 33 
 L.R.A. 665; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 572. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 MOVABLE PROPERTY. 
 
 Location of, as affecting insurance on. 26 
 L.R.A. 237. 
 
 < « » 
 
 MOVING BUILDINGS. 
 
 See Buildings, § 13. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 MOVING PICTURES. 
 
 License of moving picture shows, see 
 License, § 34a. 
 
 Right to exhibit on Sunday. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 465. 
 Regulation affecting moving pictures. 40 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 License. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 Place of exhibition. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 394. 
 Character of pictures. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 194. 
 Censorship of films. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 194. 
 Revocation of license. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 194. 
 
 MOVING TRAIN. 
 
 Negligence in getting on or off, see Cab- 
 eiebs, §§ 81, 82. 
 
 < « » 
 
 MUD. 
 
 As defect in dock or wharf. 61 L.R.A. 948. 
 
 MULATTO. 
 
 Who is, within statute not specifically de- 
 fining the same. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 180. 
 
 Stating that a white person is a mulatto as 
 actionable. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 974. 
 
 MULE. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk or contribu- 
 tory negligence in using unsafe mule, 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 695. 
 
 MOUTH. 
 
 C««nmi88ion of sodomy by penetration of. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MULTIFARIOUSNESS. 
 
 See Action oe Suit, VI. 
 
986 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MULTIPLICITY OF ACTIONS. 
 
 As ground for equitable jurisdiction, 
 Equity, § 4; Injuxotiojs!, § 4. 
 
 For causing death. 34 L.E.A. 796. 
 
 MUNICIPAL BONDS. 
 
 See Bonds, III. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. 
 
 /. In general, §§ l-3a. 
 II. Legislative control over, §§ 3-5. 
 III. Organisation; charter; form of 
 government ; initiative and ref- 
 erendum, §§ 6-9. 
 IT. Territory ; boundaries; annexation; 
 division, §§ 10-13. 
 T. Powers, duties, and lldbilities, §§ 
 li-lll. 
 
 a. Powers generally, §§ 14-17. 
 
 b. Delegation of poiver, § IS. 
 
 c. Legislative functions; ordi- 
 
 nances; hy-laivs, §§ 
 19-53. 
 1. In general, §19. 
 
 5. Council meetings; en- 
 
 actment and repeal of 
 ordinances, §§ 20-88. 
 8. Effect of ordinances 
 
 generally, § 83. 
 4:. Validity of ordinances) 
 extent of poiver, 
 §§ 24-50. 
 
 (a) In general, §§ 84- 
 
 26. 
 
 (b) As to streets, wa- 
 
 ters, drains, and 
 sewers, §§ 27-29. 
 
 (c) As to public serv- 
 
 ice, SS 30-32. 
 
 (d) As to health and 
 
 safety, § 33. 
 
 (e) As to nuisances, 
 
 §§ 34-41. 
 
 (f) Regulation of 
 
 business, §§ 42- 
 50. 
 
 6. Violation and enforce- 
 
 ment of ordinance, § 
 51. 
 6. By-laws, § 52. 
 
 d. Contracts generally, §§ 53- 
 
 60. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 53-57. 
 
 2. Implied contracts, §§ 
 
 58-60. 
 
 e. Borroiving ; indebtedness; 
 
 expenditures, §§ 61- 
 67. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 61-64. 
 
 2. Limitation of indebted- 
 
 ness, §§ 65-67. 
 
 f. Property rights; municipal 
 
 plants, §§ 68-71. 
 
 g. Liability for damages, §§ 
 
 78-101. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. g— 
 cont'd 
 
 1. In general, §§ 78-80. 
 3. For acts of officers or 
 agents, §§ 81-84. 
 
 3. For acts of licensees or 
 
 independent contract- 
 ors, § 85. 
 
 4. As to drains, sewers, and 
 
 waters generally, g § 
 86-94. 
 
 5. As to streets, bridges, 
 
 and parks, §§ 95-97. 
 
 6. As to buildings; prison, 
 
 §§ 98, 99. 
 
 7. Failure to enforce ordi- 
 
 nance, § 100. 
 
 8. Enforcement of void 
 
 ordinance, § 101. 
 h. Claims against or in favor 
 of, §§ 103-108. 
 1. Claims against, §§ 103- 
 
 107. 
 3. Claims in favor of, g 
 108. 
 i. Taxation, §§ 109-111. 
 VI. Officers and employees, §§ 113- 
 122. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Conditions to consent by, see Conditions, 
 §4. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 Constitutional Law, §§ 85, 86. 
 
 Estoppel of, see Estoppel, § 2. 
 
 Running of limitations against, see Limi- 
 tation OF Actions, § 17. 
 
 Necessary parties in action against, see 
 Parties, § 32. 
 
 Local improvement by, see Pttblic Improve- 
 ments. 
 
 Judicial notice m respect to. 4 L.R.A. 36.* 
 
 As agencies of government. 1 L.R.A. 844;* 
 2 L.R.A. 142.* 
 
 What constitutes a village. 35 L.E.A. 396. 
 
 What objects or purposes may be combined 
 in a single question submitted to voters 
 of a municipality. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 665. 
 
 Right of subcontractor, materialman, or 
 laborer to maintain action on contrac- 
 tor's bond running to. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 581. 
 
 Duty of carrier to accept freight originat- 
 ing and terminating within city limits. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 
 Violation by private citizen of decree 
 against a municipality as contempt. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 226. 
 
 § 2. Right of taxpayer to inspect book 
 of municipality. 
 
 Generally. 64 L.E.A. 418. 
 What is a sufficient interest. 64 L.R.A. 418. 
 Necessity of a sufficient purpose. 64 L.R.A. 
 419. 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 419. 
 What is a sufficient purpose'. 64 L.R.A. 
 420. 
 The right under statutes. 64 L.R.A. 424. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 987 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, I.— cont'd 
 Effect of statutory authority to inspect, 
 
 vested in designated board. 04 L.R.A. 
 
 425. 
 Regulations as to manner of inspection. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 4-26. 
 
 § 2a. Actions by, or against. 
 
 Injunction against, see Ixjunction, II. 1. 
 Injunction by municipality against nui- 
 sance, see I>^JCNCTiON, § 29. 
 
 Taxpayer as real party in interest by 
 whom action must be brought. 64 
 L.R.A. 619. 
 
 Private action against municipality, for 
 violation of statute not expressly con- 
 ferring riglit of action. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 383. 
 
 State as proper party to maintain a bill to 
 abate or enjoin a public nuisance in a 
 city street. ]9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Venue of action against municipal corpora- 
 tion. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 711. 
 
 II. Legislative control over. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Statutes regulating police departments of 
 cities as special and local legislation. 
 2 L.R.A. 579.* 
 
 Authority of legislature to remove from 
 trusteeship. 13 L.R.A. 217;* 16 L.R.A. 
 695. 
 
 Power to change boundaries of munici- 
 pality. 1 LJI.A. 757.* 
 
 Power to annex territory to municipality. 
 27 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Power of legislature to require municipal- 
 ity to pension employees. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 608. 
 
 Validity of limitation of hours of labor on 
 public work. 8 L.R.A. (I*. S.) 131; 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 201; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 767. 
 
 Power of legislature to authorize munici- 
 pality to build, purchase, or operate 
 railroad or street railway as affected 
 by restrictions on power to aid private 
 enterprises. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 
 § 4. Classification of cities. 
 
 Seei Statuie.s. 
 
 § 5. Local seK-government. 
 
 See CoxsTiTUTio?JAL Law, § 21. 
 
 III. Organisation; charter; form of 
 government ; initiative and referen- 
 dum. 
 
 § 6. Organization. 
 
 Creation or incorporation of town, see 
 Towns, § 2. 
 
 Physical characteristics necessary to mu- 
 nicipal organization. 25 L.R.A. 755. 
 
 Who may maintain quo warranto to test 
 validity of organization of municipal 
 corporation or political subdivision of 
 state. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 685. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, III.— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 7. Cliarter. 
 
 Combining in single question to voters of 
 municipality question of charter amend- 
 ments. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 673. 
 
 Estoppel of state because of laches to at- 
 tack municipal charter. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 533. 
 
 § 8. Commission form of government. 
 
 Constitutionality of. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802; 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 111. 
 
 § 9. Initiative and referendum. 
 
 Initiative and referendum. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1092; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 969. 
 
 IV. Territory; boundaries; annexation; 
 division. 
 
 § 10. Boundaries. 
 
 Boundary of, on navigable waters. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 520. 
 Boundary of, on tidal waters. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 243. 
 
 § 11. Annexation; extension. 
 
 Constitutionality ' of statutes as to, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 86. 
 
 Annexation or division of territory of town, 
 see Town, § 3. 
 
 Extension of city limits. 11 L.R.A. 778.* 
 Legislative power to change boundaries of. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 757.* 
 Power of legislature to annex territory to 
 
 municipalities. 27 L.R.A. 737. 
 Power as against municipality. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 Power as against the inhabitants of 
 
 the town. 27 L.R.A. 738. 
 As against owner of annexed territory. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 738. 
 Power of the court to control legisla- 
 ture. 27 L.R.A. 739. 
 Rights of landowlier. 27 L.R.A. 741. 
 Taking property without compensation 
 
 or due process of law. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 741. 
 Annexation by special law. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 743. 
 Interference with election districts. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 744. 
 Other constitutional requirements. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 744. 
 Held valid on facts. 27 L.R.A. 745. 
 Limitation on legislative power. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 745. 
 Makiiio- special taxing district. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 7-16. 
 Extension of city limits to include toll road 
 as taking of property for which com- 
 pensation must be made. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1071. 
 Liability of annexed territory to pay pro- 
 portionate share of existing debts. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1147. 
 Municipal liability for defects or obstruc- 
 tions in streets in annexed territory. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 Municipal taxation of rural land within 
 
 corporate limits. 34 L.R.A. 193. 
 
988 
 
 mDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 § 12. — discrimination in. 
 
 Discrimination between residents or proper- 
 ty owners in territory annexed, as to 
 right to defend against annexation of 
 territory to municipality. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 421. 
 
 Wlio may raise objection that statute an- 
 nexing land to cities contains unconsti- 
 tutional discrimination. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 957. 
 
 § 13. Division. 
 
 Division of territory of town, see Towns, 
 § 3. 
 
 Division of territory of municipality, town, 
 or county as affecting its assets 
 and liabilities, in absence of stat- 
 ute on the point. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 285. 
 Assets. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 286. 
 
 Surplus. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 287. 
 Fund appropriated to territory di- 
 vided. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 287. 
 Fund arising from tax on property 
 in new division. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 287. , 
 Eight of new corporation in assets 
 when made liable for share of 
 debts. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 288. 
 Obligations. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 289. 
 
 Support of pauper. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 290. 
 Liability for injury by defective 
 highway now in new division. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 290. 
 Location of improvement as affect- 
 ing liability for expense. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 290. 
 Liability of territory exempt when 
 detached. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 291 
 Time. 39 l!r.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 
 When organization deemed com- 
 plete. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 When fund available. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 29L 
 Date of obligation. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 291. 
 
 F. Powers, duties, and lidbilities, 
 
 a. Powers generally. 
 
 % 14. Generally. 
 
 Power to exempt property from taxation, 
 see infra, § 110. 
 
 Power to regulate carriers, see Carriers, V. 
 
 Power of eminent domain, see EmineN'J^ 
 Domain. 
 
 Power to compel change of grade of rail- 
 way in street, see Highways, § 31. 
 
 Injunction by municipality, see Injunc- 
 tion, § 29. 
 
 Power to make lease, see Landlord and 
 Tenant, § 11. 
 
 Of town, see Towns, §§ 4, 5. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions, as 
 to powers. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 442. 
 
 Powers granted to towns and villages. 3 
 L.R.A. 472.* 
 
 Begin with this lioolc on every law question. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. a— 
 cont'd 
 
 Special grant of power. 2 L.R.A. 721.* 
 
 Estoppel as to assertion of governmental 
 power. 16 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Power to donate property for worthy pur- 
 poses. 11 L.R.A. 124.* 
 
 Right to fish. 60 L.R.A. 514. 
 
 Right to build and regulate wharf. 40 
 L.R.A. 645. 
 
 Power to lease wharf. 8 L.R.A. 802.* 
 
 Rights of, as to wharfage charges. 70 
 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 Right of municipality to collect tolls for 
 use of bridge or highway. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 836. 
 
 Power to employ private detectives. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 Power to remove officer in absence of statu- 
 tory authority. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 572; 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 519. 
 
 Right of, to recover back money paid out 
 in violation of the Constitution. IS 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 157. 
 
 § 15. Power to administer trust. 
 
 Power to administer public charity, 7 
 
 L.R.A. 765.* 
 As trustee for charitable bequest. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 69; 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 112. 
 Capacity of, to take property in trust. 13 
 
 L.R.A. 217.* 
 Validity of bequest to. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1009. 
 
 § 16. Fewer to engage in private en- 
 terprise. 
 
 Ice. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 117. 
 Liquor dispensaries. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 Plumbing. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 119. 
 Supplying electrical fixtures. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 119. 
 Selling of coal. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 119. 
 Dry dock and harbor. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 121. 
 Owning manufactories. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 121. 
 Buying and selling real estate. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 121. 
 Quarry or brickyard. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 122. 
 
 § 17. Power to discriminate. 
 
 Monopoly or discrimination in contract, see 
 infra, § 54. 
 
 Powers of, to be exercised impartially. 6 
 L.R.A. 268.* 
 
 Creation of monopoly by municipality. 13 
 L.R.A. 383.* 
 
 Discrimination by municipality between its 
 own residents and other residents of 
 the same state. 16 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 Power of municipality to establish ex- 
 clusive hack stands. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 471. 
 
 6. Delegation of power. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 To municipality, see Constittttionai, Law, 
 § 15. 
 
 Delegation of municipal power as to license, 
 franchise, and buildings. 20 
 L.R.A. 721. 
 
liSDEX TO L.R.A, NOTES. 
 
 989 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPOKATIONS, V. b— 
 cont'd 
 Street parades; Salvation Army; 
 
 amusements. 20 L.R.A. 721. 
 Saloons. 20 L.R.A. 722. 
 License hacks, etc. 20 L.R.A. 724. 
 License peddlers, auctions, sales, 
 
 plumbers. 20 L.R.A. 724. 
 Buildings. 20 L.R.A. 725. 
 Markets. 20 L.R.A. 726. 
 Toll; wharves and bridges. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 726. 
 Railroad grants. 20 L.R.A. 726. 
 Light, gas, and lighting companies. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 726. 
 City property; contracts; miscellane- 
 ous. 20 L.R.A. 727. 
 Delegation by city council of power as to 
 
 drainage. 61 L.R.A. 653. 
 Delegation by city council of power to de- 
 termine width, grade, material, etc., 
 of street, sidewalk, or sewer improve- 
 ments. 20 L.R.A. 653. 
 Right to delegate power to impose license 
 fee for use of streets by vehicles. 36 
 L.R.A. 416. 
 Delegation of power of taxation to mu- 
 nicipal authorities. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 62. 
 To municipal or appointive agency. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 65. 
 
 c. Legislative functions; ordinances; 
 J)y-laivs. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 % 19. Generally. 
 
 Delegation of power by council, see supra, 
 
 § 18. 
 Jurisdiction with respect to ordinances, see 
 
 COUETS, § 6. 
 Judicial notice of ordinances, see Evidence, 
 
 Injunction as to ordinances, see Injunc- 
 tion, § 62. 
 
 License by, see License, II. 
 
 Duties imposed on railroad company by 
 ordinance, see Raileoads, § 50. 
 
 Ordinances, by-laws, and resolutions defined 
 and distinguished. 3 L.R.A. 261.* 
 
 Denial on information and belief of acts of 
 city council. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 781. 
 
 2. Council meeting; enactment and re- 
 peal of ordinances. 
 
 § 2 0. Generally. 
 
 Right of public to attend municipal council 
 meetings. 1 B. R. C. 296. 
 
 Vote of common council or similar body as 
 affected by personal interest of mem- 
 bers. 18 L.R.A. 367. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in city 
 council minute book. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 114. 
 
 § 21. Enactment. 
 
 Injunction to prevent passage of municipal 
 ordinance. 13 L.R.A. 844; 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 152. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. c, 2— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 22. Repeal. 
 
 Effect --of repeal without savings clause of 
 penal statute or ordinance upon prior 
 conviction under it. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 
 3. Effect of ordinance generally. 
 
 § 23. Generally. 
 
 Effect of ordinance on negligence in manu- 
 facture and storage of explosives. 29 
 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Effect of ordinance on municipal liability 
 for ice on streets or sidewalks. 21 
 L.R.A. 264. 
 
 Effect on character of estate in burial lot 
 of ordinance closing cemetery. 67 
 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 Effect on constructive or total loss of in- 
 sured building of local ordinances or 
 regulations preventing repair. 56 
 L.R.A. .791. 
 
 Rights under ordinance requiring award of 
 contract to lowest bidder. 26 L.R.A. 
 707. 
 
 4. Validity of ordinances; extent of 
 poiver. 
 
 (a) In general 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 Regulation of automobiles, see Auto- 
 mobiles, § 1. 
 
 Power to regulate buildings, see Buildings, 
 §§ 1-6. 
 
 Regulations as to fire limits, see Buildings, 
 § 4. 
 
 Regulations for fire protection, see Build- 
 ings, § 4. 
 
 Regulations as to fire escapes, see Build- 
 ings, § 5. 
 
 Ordinance as to speed of train, see Rail- 
 roads, § 72. 
 
 Extent of powers. 1 L.R.A. 169;* 2 L.R.A. 
 
 54;* 3 L.R.A. 472.* 
 Regulating stray animals. 4 L.R.A. 254.* 
 Municipal liability for false imprisonment 
 
 and unlawful arrest under invalid 
 
 ordinance. 47 L.R.A. 593. 
 Validity of ordinance vesting in officers 
 
 discretion as to the subject-matter. 1 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 940. 
 Validity of regulations for fire protection 
 
 other than building regulations. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 Power of municipal corporation to prohibit 
 
 factories. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 177. 
 Implied power of municipal corporation to 
 
 create the oflnce of deputy or assistant 
 
 to an incumbent of an office which is 
 
 expressly authorized. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 660. 
 Power to make use of property for particu- 
 lar purpose or in a particular manner. 
 
 conditional upon consent of neighbors. 
 
 8 L'.R.A.(N.S.) 97r 
 
990 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. XOTES. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. c, 4 (a) 
 — cont'd 
 
 Power of municipality to make right to 
 transact certain business dependent on 
 consent of municipal authorities, fl 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 659. 
 
 Exercise of police power for esthetic pur- 
 poses. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 998. 
 
 Municipal power as to regulation of signs 
 and billboards. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 735. 
 
 § 2 5. Ordinances as to matters cov- 
 ered by state laws. 
 
 Conflict of ordinance witl) state law. 13 
 
 L.R.A. 185.* 
 Power to legislate on subjects covered by 
 
 state laws. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 382. 
 Power of municipality to punish what is 
 
 also an offense under state law. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 Validity of municipal ordinance declaring 
 
 that all or certain classes of offenses 
 
 -denounced by the law of the state 
 
 shall be offenses under the ordinance. 
 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 
 § 2 6. Especial powers in time o£ epi- 
 demics. 
 
 In general. 26 L.R.A. 727. 
 
 Pesthouses. 26 L.R.A. 727. 
 
 Vaccination. 26 L.R.A. 728. 
 
 Physicians. 26 L.R.A. 728. 
 
 Nursing, attendance, and support. 26 
 
 L.E.A. 729. 
 Effect of settlement of sick person. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 729. 
 
 (b) As to streets, waters, drains, and 
 seivers. 
 
 § 2 7. As to streets. 
 
 As to drains in, see infra, § 29. 
 
 Power over nuisances affecting, see infra, 
 § 36. 
 
 Liability with reference to streets, see 
 infra, § 95. 
 
 Regulation and license of automobiles in, 
 see Atjtomoeiles, § 1. 
 
 Power as to hack stands, see Hacks, § 2. 
 
 Powers as to streets generally, see High- 
 ways, IV. 
 
 Powers as to railroads in street, see High- 
 ways, IV. e. 
 
 Powers as to street railway, see Steeet 
 Railways, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 As to nuisances in streets generally, see 
 Highways, §§ 40, 41. 
 
 License on vehicles generally, see License, 
 § 43. 
 
 License for use of streets generally, see 
 License, § 44. 
 
 Power to light streets. 8 L.R.A. 487.* 
 
 Power of city councils to vacate street. 26 
 L.R.A. 823. 
 
 Regulations affecting motor cycles in streets. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1068. 
 
 Power to limit municipal control or au- 
 thority over street or over public 
 ground as an incident of its acquisition 
 of title or right therein. 9, L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1045. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. c, 4 (b) 
 — cont'd 
 
 Delegation by city council of power to de- 
 termine M'idth, grade, material, etc., of 
 street or sidewalk. 20 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 g 2 8. As to waters. 
 
 Power over nuisances affecting, see infra 
 
 § 36. 
 Ownership of waterworks plant, see infra 
 
 § 70. 
 Liability as to, see infra, §§ 90-94. 
 
 Rights of municipal corporations with re- 
 spect to surface water. 65 L.R.A. 250. 
 
 Power to authorize obstruction of navigable 
 waters. 59 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 E'ower and dutv of, as to improving naviga- 
 bility of stream. 67 L.R.A. 849. 
 
 § 29. As to drains and sewers. 
 
 Liability as to, see infra, §§ 86-89. 
 
 Delegation of power as to drainage. 61 
 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 Delegation by city council of power as to 
 sewer improvements. 20 L.R.A. 6-53. 
 
 Power of municipality to authorize use of 
 highway for private drain. 16 L.R.A. 
 715. 
 
 Effect of limitation of municipal indebted- 
 ness upon acquisition of sewer system. 
 59 I^R.A. 604. 
 
 Control of nuisances affecting drains and 
 drainage. 38 L.R.A. 319; 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1050. 
 
 Institution of drainage proceedings by ordi- 
 nance. 60 L.R.A. 168. 
 
 (c) As to public service. 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 Powers as to railroads, see Highways, 
 
 IV. e. 
 Powers as to street railways, see Street 
 
 Railways, §§ 5, 6. 
 Power to regulate companies supplying city 
 
 with water, see Watees, § 110. 
 
 Power of officers to make contracts as to, 
 binding on their successors or for a 
 term of years. 16 L.R.A. 258. 
 
 Power apart from contract, to regulate the 
 rates to be charged by public service 
 corporations. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 759. 
 
 Power to require public service corporation 
 to carry municipal wires on its poles. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 
 §31. Ferries. 
 
 License of, see License, § 27. 
 
 Power of municipality to establish and reg- 
 ulate or operate ferry. 59 L.R.A. 521. 
 
 § 32. As to light and heat; gas. 
 Ownership of lighting plant, see infra, § 69. 
 
 Supplying with gas. 11 L.R.A. 729.* 
 Period for which contract as to gas may 
 
 be made. 16 L.R.A. 258. 
 Power of municipality to fix gas rates as 
 incident of its power to authorize lay- 
 ing of gas mains. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1197. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 99] 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. c, 4 
 (c) — cont'd 
 
 Eight of municipality, in absence of con- 
 tracts, to restrain a natural gas com- 
 pany from discontinuing the business 
 of supplying gas. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 92. 
 
 Delegation of power to gas and lighting 
 companies. 20 L.R.A. 726. 
 
 Right of taxpayer in absence of statvite to 
 enjoin unlawful expenditures by mu- 
 nicipality for lighting and heating. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 
 (d) As to health and safety. 
 
 g 33. GeneraUy. 
 
 As to nuisances affecting, see infra, §§ 39, 
 
 41. 
 As to health, generally, see Health. 
 
 Validity of ordinances for protection or 
 comfort of street car operatives. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1060. 
 
 Validity of regulations concerning elevators 
 and hoistways. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to grant 
 exclusive right or create monopoly for 
 removal of substances inimical to 
 health. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830. 
 
 Validity of ordinance for destruction of 
 food products below prescribed stand- 
 ard or unfit for use. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 260. 
 
 (e) As to nuisances. 
 
 § 34. Generally. 
 
 JIunicipal liability as to, see infra, § 77. 
 Regulation of animals, see Animals, § 22. 
 Injunction by municipality against nui- 
 sance, see Injunction, § 29. 
 As to nuisances generally, see Nuisances. 
 
 Municipal control over smoke as a public 
 nuisance. 39 L.R.A. 551; 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 156; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 554. 
 
 § 35. Power to define, prevent, and 
 abate. 
 
 Municipal authority to abate. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 714.* 
 Right of, to sue to enjoin or abate public 
 
 nuisance. 51 L.R.A. 657. 
 Power of municipality as well as state to 
 
 punish for. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 53. 
 Derivation of power over nuisa'nces. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 593. 
 Nature of the power. 36 L.R.A. 594. . 
 Questions of fact. 36 L.R.A. 594. 
 The question of judicial determination. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 595. 
 Power to define. 36 L.R.A. 596. 
 
 Extent of power. 36 L.R.A. 596. 
 
 Limit of power. 36 L.R.A. 598. 
 Extent of power to prevent or abate. 36 
 L.R.A. 599. 
 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. 599. 
 
 Board of health. 36 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 Nonresidents. 36 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 Statutory power. 36 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Extraterritorial extent of power. 36 
 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 To take or destroy property. 36 L.R.A. 
 605. 
 ConKult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. c, 4 , 
 
 (e) — cont'd 
 Limit of power to prevent or abate. 36 
 . L.R.A. 606. 
 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. 606. 
 
 In cases of abuse of privilege. 36 
 L.R.A. 608. 
 The question of discrimination. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 608. 
 The methods of abatement. 36 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 Proceedings in equity. 36 L.R.A. 609. 
 Effect of authority or license. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 609. 
 No infringement of constitutional rights. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 610. 
 Notice. 36 L.R.A. 613. 
 Power to declare particular kinds of amuse- 
 ment nuisances per se. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 548. 
 
 § 36. Affecting highways and waters. 
 
 As to nuisances in streets generally, see 
 Highways, §§ 40, 41. 
 
 In general. 39 L.R.A. 650. 
 Removal of garbage, etc. 39 L.R.A. 653. 
 Obstructions of and encroachments on 
 streets. 39 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 In general. 39 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 Stalls, show-eases, signboards, etc. 39 
 L.R.A. 661. 
 
 Buildings and fences. 39 L.R.A. 662. 
 
 Things overhanging streets, etc. 39 
 L.R.A. 667. 
 
 Trees on streets. 39 L.R.A. 670. 
 
 Injunction against. 42 L.R.A. 814. 
 Nuisances relating to the use of streets. 
 39 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 Parades and noise on streets. 39 
 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 Animals running at large. 39 L.R.A. 
 674. 
 
 Vehicles. 39 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 Selling on streets. 39 L.R.A. 678. 
 
 Sliding in the streets. 39 L.R.A. 679. 
 
 Sidewalks. 39 L.R.A. 679. 
 
 Gas pipes. 39 L.R.A. 680. 
 
 Convict labor on the streets. 39 L.R.A. 
 680. 
 
 Betting on streets. 39 L.R.A. 681. 
 Waters, water courses, etc. 38 L.R.A. 324 ; 
 
 39 L.R.A. 681. 
 Municipal power over electrical companies. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 609. 
 Injunction by municipality against nui- 
 sances in water and water courses. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 465, 470. 
 Right of municipality to create nuisance by 
 
 pollution at a point where its sewers 
 
 discharge. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1050. 
 
 § 3 7. On streets, created by street rail- 
 roads and other electrical com- 
 Ijanies. 
 
 Street railroads. 39 L.R.A. 609. 
 Telegraph and electrical poles, etc. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 619. 
 Steam and electricity. 39 L.R.A. 621. 
 Injunction against. 44 L.R.A. 565. 
 
992 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. c, 4- 
 
 ( e ) — cont'd 
 § 38. Over buildings and otlier struc- 
 
 tnres as nuisances. 
 
 Extent of power over buildings as such. 38 
 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Limit of power. 38 L.R.A. 165. 
 In general. 38 L.R.A. 165. 
 To destroy. 38 L.R.A. 166. 
 
 Over the use of buildings. 38 L.R.A. 169. 
 
 Wooden and frame buildings. 38 L.R.A. 
 170. 
 In street. 39 L.R.A. 662. 
 
 Injunction by municipality against nui- 
 sance of. 41 L.R.A. 328; 42 L.R.A. 
 822. 
 
 § 39. Relating to trade or business. 
 
 In general. 38 L.R.A. 641. 
 
 Slaughterhouses. 38 L.R.A. 646. 
 
 Laundries. 38 L.R.A. 651. 
 
 Fertilizers. 38 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 Livery stables. 38 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 Brick and lime kilns. 38 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 Brick yards. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 247; 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 Stock yards. 38 L.R.A. 655; 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 122. 
 Tallow, fat, hides, etc. 38 L.R.A. 655. 
 Dairies. 38 L.R.A. 657. 
 Pawnbrokers, junk and second-hand clothes 
 
 dealers. 38 L.R.A. 657. 
 Miscellaneous trades. 38 L.R.A. 657. 
 Power to prohibit the opening or working 
 of a quarry. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 796. 
 
 § 40. Affecting public morals, decency, 
 peace, and good order. 
 
 Nuisances affecting public morals and de- 
 cency. 39 L.R.A. 520. 
 
 In general. 39 L.R.A. 520. 
 
 Houses of ill fame, etc. 39 L.R.A. 521. 
 
 Gambling. 39 L.R.A. 523. 
 
 Bowling alleys. 39 L.R.A. 524. 
 
 Drunkenness. 39 L.R.A. 524. 
 Nuisances affecting public peace and good 
 order. 39 L.R.A. 524. 
 
 In general. 39 L.R.A. 524. 
 
 Intoxicating liquors. 39 L.R.A. 525. 
 
 Public amusements. 39 L.R.A. 528. 
 
 Injunction against. 41 L.R.A. 321. 
 Right of municipal corporation to prohibit 
 
 the keeping, standing, or exhibiting of 
 
 stallions and jacks. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 736. 
 
 § 41. Affecting salety, health, and per- 
 sonal comfort. 
 
 Matters as to trade or business affecting 
 health and comfort, see supra, § 39. 
 
 Nuisances relating to public safety. 3S 
 
 L.R.A. 305. 
 In general. 38 L.R.A. 305. 
 Electricity, steam, and explosives. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 306. 
 Nuisances relating to health. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 311. 
 In general. 38 L.R.A. 311. 
 Removal of filth, etc. 38 L.R.A. 314. 
 Water-closets and privies. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 316. 
 Drains and drainage. 3S L.R.A. 319; 
 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 105O 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. e, 4 
 
 ( e ) — cont'd 
 
 Persons and things infected with dis- 
 ease. 38 L.R.A. 321. 
 With respect to offensive and unwhole- 
 some smells. 38 L.R.A. 322. 
 Water and water courses. 38 L.R.A, 
 
 324. 
 Burial of the dead. 38 L.R.A. 327. 
 Dead animals. 38 L.R.A. 330; 9 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1197. 
 The keeping of animals. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 332; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 266. 
 
 Articles of food. 38 L.R.A. 335. 
 
 Injunction against. 40 L.'R.A. 470; 41 
 
 L.R.A. 322. 
 Right to establish contagious disease hospi- 
 tal beyond city limits. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1028; 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 260; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 228. 
 Power of municipality to regulate burials 
 and cemeteries. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 262. 
 
 (f) Regulation of business, 
 
 § 42. Generally. 
 
 Power as to nuisance affecting business, see 
 
 supra, § 39. 
 License to engage in particular business, 
 
 see Intoxicating Liquors, III.; 
 
 License, II. 
 Regulation of liquor traffic, see Intoxioat- 
 
 INQ LiQUOKS, II. 
 
 Power to license and regulate business. 3 
 L.R.A. 261;* 13 L.R.A. 587.* 
 
 Construction of ordinance imposing license 
 tax. 9 L.R.A. 788.* 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to make 
 right to transact certain business de- 
 pendent upon consent of municipal au- 
 thorities. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 659. 
 
 Liability of municipality for attempting to 
 enforce void ordinance regulating busi- 
 ness or conduct of those within its 
 limits. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409;34L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 141. 
 
 § 43. Bakeries. 
 
 Power to regulate location or condition of 
 bakeries. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 842. 
 
 § 44. Markets. 
 
 License of, see License, § 33. 
 
 Power to regulate market. 9 L.R.A. 69;* 
 
 , 24 L.R.A. 584. 
 Delegation of power as to. 20 L.R.A. 726. 
 
 § 45. Money lenders. 
 
 License of. see License, § 32. 
 
 Validity of ordinance requiring persons en- 
 gaged in business of loaning money on 
 chattel security or security of wages 
 to file a record of loans made. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 686. 
 
 § 46. Peddlers. 
 
 License of, see License, § 35. 
 
 Validity of ordinance regulating hawking 
 and peddling. 14 L.R.A. 100. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 993 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. c, i 
 
 (f)— cont'd 
 Validity of ordinance regulating conduct of 
 
 licensed street hucksters or peddlers. 
 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 304. 
 Power of municipality as well as state to 
 
 punish for peddling. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 53. 
 
 § 4". Restaurants. 
 
 Proprietor of hotel conducted on European 
 plan as keeper of restaurant within 
 ordinance. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 566. 
 
 § -18. Second-hand business, junk, etc. 
 
 License of, see License, § 31. 
 
 Power to regulate traffic in. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1168. 
 Municipal power over business of dealers in, 
 
 as nuisance. 38 L.R.A. 657. 
 Police power as exercised by municipali- 
 ties over the business of pawn- 
 brokers, junk dealers, and dealers 
 in second-hand clothes. 32 L.R.A. 
 116. 
 Power to regulate trade. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 116. 
 Pawnbrokers. 32 L.R.A. 117. 
 Junk dealers. 32 L.R.A. 120. 
 Dealers in second-hand clothes. 32 
 L.R.A. 121. 
 
 § 49. Telegraphs. 
 
 License of, see License, § 41. 
 
 Power to regulate telegraphs. 13 L.R.A. 
 454.* 
 
 § 50. Miscellaneous. 
 
 Eight of municipal corporation to require 
 theater to pay for services of fireman 
 or policeman, performed at the theater 
 or place of exhibition. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 700. 
 
 Power of municipality to regulate use of 
 scales by merchants. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 266. 
 
 Power to regulate electricians and installa- 
 tion of electrical work. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 78. 
 
 5. Violation and enforcement of ordi- 
 nance. 
 
 § 51. Generally. 
 
 Violation of ordinance as negligence, see 
 Negligence, § 10. 
 
 Private action for violation, see Pkivate Ac- 
 tion, § 2. 
 
 Death inflicted while defendant is violating 
 a municipal ordinance as homicide. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 770. 
 
 Enforcement by penalty. 3 L.R.A. 262.* 
 
 Injunction by private person to restrain vio- 
 lation. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 493. 
 
 Injunction against prosecutions under city 
 ordinance. 21 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 Prohibition to prevent unfounded prosecu- 
 tions for alleged violation of ordinance. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 448. 
 
 Collateral attack on conviction for violating 
 unconstitutional ordinance. 39 L.K.A. 
 454 
 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. c, 5— 
 cont'd 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for violating. 
 35 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 Power to remit penalties or punishment for 
 violation of ordinances. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 196; 
 
 Municipal liability for attempting to enforce 
 void ordinance regulating business ot 
 conduct within its limits. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 409; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 141. 
 
 Municipal liability for arrest and imprison- 
 ment under invalid ordinance. 47 
 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Liability of officer for making arrest for 
 breach of ordinance. 51 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 May a municipal corporation question the 
 validity of an ordinance or license un- 
 der which a business is being conducted 
 in a prosecution for carrying on such 
 business. .21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 299. 
 
 Character of proceeding for violation of 
 municipal ordinance as civil or crimi- 
 nal. 33 L.R.A. 33; 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 782. 
 
 6. By-laws. 
 
 § 52. Generally. 
 
 Power to make by-laws. 2 L.R.A. 721.* 
 Reasonableness. 2 L.R.A. 721.' 
 By-law to compel acceptance of office. 24 
 L.R.A. 492. 
 
 d. Contracts generally. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 53. Generally. 
 
 Bond of contractor, see Bonds, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 Provision in, for payment of laborers and 
 materialmen, see Building and Con- 
 struction Contracts, § 2. 
 
 As to public contracts generally, see Con- 
 tracts, VIII. 
 
 Validity of and liability on contract with 
 officer, see Contracts, §§ 99-101. 
 
 Letting of public contracts, see Contracts, 
 § 159. 
 
 Rights and remedies of lowest bidder, see 
 Contracts, § 160. 
 
 Specifications for public contracts, see Con- 
 tracts, § 161. 
 
 With respect to gas, see Gas, § 2. 
 
 Contracts for local improvements, see PuB- 
 ■ Lie Improvements, §§ 7-9. 
 
 Municipal liability on contract. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 752;* 6 L.R.A. 318.* 
 Delegation of power as to. 20 L.R..'\. 727. 
 Provision in, for pavment in gold or silver. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 522. " 
 Limitation of the doctrine of ultra vires, in 
 
 respect to municipal corporations. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 619. 
 Contract for gas. 10 L.R.A. 194.* 
 Contract for supplying city with water. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 61. 
 Municipal subscription in aid of railroad 
 
 construction. 5 L.R.A. 727.* 
 Right of municipal corporation to contract 
 
 for free transportation or special rates 
 
 on street cars. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 651. 
 
 63 
 
994 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MUNICIPAL COKPORATIONS, V. d, 1— 
 cont'd 
 
 Right of seller of property to municipal 
 corporation under invalid contract to 
 retake or remove the property upon re- 
 fusal of payment. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 110. 
 
 Liability of municipality for benefits re- 
 ceived under invalid contract not ex- 
 pressly prohibited by statute or public 
 policv vifhere power to contract exists. 
 27 L"E.A.(N.S.) 1117. 
 
 Liability of municipality for labor per- 
 formed or services accepted by it under 
 express contract which is invalid be- 
 cause irregularly executed. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1126. 
 
 § 54. Monopoly or discrimination in. 
 
 Power to discriminate generally, see supra, 
 § 17. 
 
 Creation of monopoly by municipality. 13 
 L.R.A. 383.* 
 
 Monopoly in contract for removal of gar- 
 bage. 27 L.R.A. 540. 
 
 Power of municipality to grant exclusive 
 right or create monopoly for removal 
 of substances inimical to health. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S-.) 830. 
 
 Municipal contracts for work or articles 
 
 which embody a patented invention. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 Where public letting to lowest bidder 
 
 is required. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680. 
 
 Right of municipality or other public body 
 to discriminate in favor of organized 
 labor. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 815. 
 
 Right of taxpayer in absence of statute to 
 enjoin favoritism in contracts. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 10. 
 
 § 55. Power to bind successors; dura- 
 tion of contract. 
 
 Period for which contract for public service 
 
 may be made. 16 L.R.A. 258. 
 Power of public officers to make contracts 
 
 binding on their successors or for term 
 
 of years. 16 L.R.A. 257. 
 Power of board to make contract for term 
 
 extending beyond its own term. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 652. 
 
 § 56. Statutes legalizing invalid con- 
 tracts. 
 
 General rules. 27 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 Bonds. 27 L.R.A. 697. 
 
 Subscriptions to internal improvejments. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 701. 
 Contracts to pay bounties. 27 L.R.A. 702. 
 Land grants. 27 L.R.A. 702. 
 Other contracts. 27 L.R.A. 702. 
 Excessive indebtedness. 27 L.R.A. 703. 
 Construction of statutes. 27 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 57. Liability of other party for viola- 
 tion of. 
 
 Right of property owner to maintain action 
 against water company for failure to 
 supply sufficient water for fire purposes 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIOirS, V. d— 
 cont'd 
 
 2. Implied contracts, 
 > 
 § 58. Generally. 
 
 Implied warranty on sale by. 6 L.R.A. 
 392.* 
 
 §59. lilability on. 
 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1117; 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72; 41 L.R.A.(N.g:) 
 473. 
 
 Benefits received under invalid contract not 
 expressly prohibited by statute or pub- 
 lic policy where power to contract 
 exists. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1117. 
 
 Benefits received under contract violative 
 of statutory restrictions. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1120. 
 
 Contract invalid because executed with offi- 
 cer of municipality. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1123. 
 
 Contract Mj*ra i;ires. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1124. 
 
 Liafcility in absence of express contract. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1124. 
 
 Liability of municipality or county on an 
 implied contract for publishing notices 
 in a newspaper. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130. 
 
 § 60. — for labor performed or serv- 
 ices accepted. 
 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1125; 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 43. 
 
 Where express contract is invalid merely 
 because irregularly executed. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1126. 
 
 Contract invalid because made with officer 
 of municipality. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1127. 
 
 Where contract violates statutory or char- 
 ter restrictions on power to contract. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1127. 
 
 Where contract is ultra vires. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1128. 
 
 Liability upon implied contract in the ab- 
 sence of express contract. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1129. 
 
 e. Borrowing ; indebtedness; expendi- 
 tures. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 61. Generally. 
 
 Municipal bonds, generally, see Bonds, III. 
 For what purposes public money may be 
 
 used by municipality, see Public 
 
 Monet, § 4. 
 Indebtedness of town, see Towns, § 7. 
 
 Power to borrow money. 7 L.R.A. 759; 9 
 
 L.R.A. 497.* 
 Validity of ordinance authorizing incurring 
 of indebtedness or appropriation of 
 money for two or more purposes. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 519. 
 Implied power of municipality to construct 
 improvements on credit. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 746. 
 as required by its contract with munici- [ Right of taxpayer in absence of statute to 
 pality. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1171; 21 L.R.A. I enjoin unlawful expenditures by munici- 
 (N.S.) 1021. ' pality. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 Begin with this 'booTc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 995 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. e, 1— 
 cont'd 
 
 Liability on its own obligations stolen from 
 it. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 444. 
 
 Mandamus to compel payment of municipal 
 debt by custodian of municipal funds. 
 14 L.R.A. 773. 
 
 Equitable remedy to subject to judgment 
 debt due from government or munici- 
 pality. 63 L.R.A. 701. 
 
 Effect of resolution to pay judgment 
 against, to excuse creditor's failure to 
 issue execution or revive judgment dur- 
 ing statutory period. 2 L.R>A. (N.S.) 
 855. 
 
 Holders as necessary parties to proceedings 
 to invalidate moneyed obligations of 
 municipality. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 256. 
 
 g 62. Corporate stock. 
 
 Liability as between corporation and one 
 acting in good faith to whom it issues 
 new certificate of stock on forged au- 
 thority. 2 B. R. C. 528. 
 
 § 63. Liability for debts in case ol 
 annexation or division. 
 
 Liability of territory annexed to county, 
 city, or other municipality, to pay pro- 
 portionate share of existing debts. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 
 Division of territory as affecting the lia- 
 bility of municipality in absence of 
 statute. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 285. 
 
 § 64. Defense of limitations. 
 
 See Limitation op Actions, § 17. 
 
 3. Limitation of indehtedness. 
 
 g 65. Generally. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to secure 
 public utilities by piecemeal to avoid 
 constitutional debt limit. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.)~ 433. 
 Effect of limitation of municipal indebted- 
 ness upon the acquisition of a 
 water supply or sewer system. 59 
 L.R.A. 604. 
 The problem. 59 L.R.A. 604. 
 Excessive contracts void. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 605. 
 Construction of limitation. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 607. 
 What is not indebtedness. 59 L.R.A. 
 610. 
 Contracts for annual supplies. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 610. 
 Provi=inn of fund for payment. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 616. 
 Creation of independent corpora- 
 tion. 59 L.R.A. 619. 
 Contract to purchase. 59 L.R.A. 619. 
 Other matters. 59 L.R.A. 620. 
 What are "public utilities" within statute 
 allowing municipality to exceed debt 
 limit for purchase or repair of public 
 utilities. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 556. 
 As to what time is the assessed valuation 
 to be taken for purposes of determininc; 
 the debt limit of a state Ot municipal- 
 itv 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 149. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. e, 2— 
 
 cont'd 
 Right of taxpayer in absence of statute to 
 
 enjoin creation of excessive indebtedness 
 
 by municipality. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 9. 
 Statutes legalizing excessive indebtedness. 
 
 27 L.RA. 703. 
 
 § 66. What constitutes an "indebted- 
 ness." 
 
 Municipal liability for tort as. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1097. 
 
 Mortgage debt upon property purchased by 
 municipality without assuming pay- 
 ment, as part of municipal indebted- 
 ness. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 684. 
 
 Must be voluntary. 23 L.R.A. 404. 
 
 Future indebtedness. 23 L.R.A. 405. 
 
 Provision for future payment. 23 L.R.A. 
 405. 
 
 Current expenses and indebtedness payable 
 out of current revenues. 23 L.R.A. 406. 
 
 Change of form of indebtedness. 23 L.R.A. 
 407. 
 
 Estimate of amount of indebtedness. 23 
 L.R.A. 408. 
 
 § 6 7. Creation of Indebtedness. 
 
 Scope. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1058. 
 Definitions. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1058. 
 Object of restricting indebtedness. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1060. 
 When indebtedness arises. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1062. 
 In generaL 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1062. 
 Obligations payable in instalments. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1063. 
 Obligations payable out of special fund or 
 current receipts. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1070. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1070. 
 Local improvements. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1072. 
 Income of year. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1077. 
 Anticipation of revenue. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1080. 
 Money in treasury. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1085. 
 Pledge or mortgage of receipts or prop- 
 erty. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1085. 
 Obligations imposed by law. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1086. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1086. 
 Torts. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1097 
 Refunding transactions. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1099. 
 Miscellaneous obligations. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1103. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1103. 
 Purchase of equity of redemption. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1105. 
 Interest. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1106. 
 Judgments. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1107. 
 Coincidence of boundaries of municipali- 
 ties. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1108. 
 
 f. Property rights; muMicipal plants. 
 
 § 68. Generally. 
 
 Taxation of property of municipality, see 
 infra, § 111. 
 
996 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. f— 
 
 cont'd 
 Right to own or operate electric appliances, 
 
 see Electricity, § 3. 
 Property rights of town, see Towns, § 5. 
 
 Power to erect buildings. 11 L.R.A. 124.* 
 
 Delegation of power as to. 20 L.R.A. 727. 
 
 Right of municipality to be a part owner 
 of property. 35 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Power of municipality to acquire property 
 for other than money consideration. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
 Taking of property for municipal purposes 
 as a public purpose. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 168. 
 
 Power to take property already devoted to 
 public by municipality. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 101. 
 
 Effect of language in grant specifying or 
 restricting use of property for munici- 
 pal purposes. 19 L.R.A. 265. 
 
 Right to permit the use of, or to lease, its 
 public buildings for private purposes. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 580. 
 
 Power of municipality to construct assem- 
 bly, convention, exhibition, or amuse- 
 ment hall. 26 L.E.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 
 Abandonment or sale by, of ground for ceme- 
 tery. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1216. 
 
 Power of legislature in respect to municipal 
 property. 48 L.R.A. 485. 
 
 Power of legislature to authorize munici- 
 pality to build, purchase, or operate 
 railroad or street railway as affected 
 by restrictions on power to aid private 
 enterprises. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 
 Liability of water company for destruction 
 of property of municipality by fire in 
 consequence of failure to maintain suf- 
 ficient pressure. 30 L.R.A. ( N.S. ), 526. 
 
 May limitations be interposed against ac- 
 tion to recover damages for injury to 
 property of municipality. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 245. 
 
 § 69. Lighting plant. 
 
 Power to own and operate electric light 
 plants. 14 L.R.A. 268. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to own elec- 
 tric light plant. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 711. 
 
 Right of municipality to profit by its light- 
 ing plant. 24 L.R.A.(N,S.) 290. 
 
 Exemption of municipal light plant from 
 taxation. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 Liability for negligent operation of electric 
 light plant. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 536. 
 
 § 70. Waterworks. 
 
 Liability in connection with, see infra, §§ 
 93, 94. 
 
 Contract to purchase plant for municipal 
 water supply. 61 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 Right of municipality to make profit from 
 its "rater or lighting plant. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 290. 
 
 Effect of limitation of municipal indebted- 
 ness upon the acquisition of a water 
 supply. 59 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Right of taxpayer in absence of statute to 
 enjoin unlawful expenditures for water- 
 works. 36 L.R.A.(N.8.) 20, 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. f— 
 cont'd 
 
 Taxation of waterworks owned by munici- 
 pality. 60 L.E.A. 851. 
 
 Is power conferred upon a municipality to 
 provide waterworks limited to estab- 
 lishment of a municipal plant. 19 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 183. 
 
 § 71. Shore and tide lands. 
 
 Municipal ownership of tide lands. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 333. 
 A municipality may have title. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 334. 
 Construction of grant. 64 L.R.A. 335. 
 Effect of practical interpretation or 
 
 acts of ownership. 64 L.R.A. 336. 
 Effect of conferring jurisdiction on the 
 
 municipality. 64 L.R.A. 337. 
 Title is subject to rights of the public. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 337. 
 Municipality may protect its title. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 338. 
 Effect of granting jurisdiction to mu- 
 nicipality. 64 L.R.A. 339. 
 Rights of, in respect to accretions to shore 
 
 lands. 58 L.R.A. 203. 
 Grant of tide lands to. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 822. 
 
 g. lAdbility for damages, 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 72. Generally. 
 
 Liability on contract, see supra, §§ 53-60. 
 
 Liability for injury by animals, see Ani- 
 mals, § 16. 
 
 Liability on contract with officer in which 
 he is personally interested, see Con- 
 tracts, § 100a. 
 
 Liability for injury by electricity, see 
 Electbicitt, § 13. 
 
 Liability for false imprisonment, see False 
 Imprisonment, § 5. 
 
 Liability as to health, see Health, § 4. 
 
 Liability for improvement assessment, see 
 Public Improvements, § 19. 
 
 Taxation of plant, see Taxes, § 32. 
 
 Supply of water by private corporations, 
 see Waters, III. 
 
 Liability of town, see Towns, § 7. 
 
 For negligence. 2 L.R.A. 500;* 4 L.R.A. 
 
 325;* 5 L.E.A. 143,* 253;* 9 L.R.A. 
 
 210.* 
 For negligence as to electric wires. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 581. 
 Liability of municipality in tort for acts 
 
 beyond the scope of its powers. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 908. 
 Liability for safety of wharf or dock. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 953. 
 For damage from falling wall. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 ,712.* 
 For removal of lateral or subjacent support 
 
 of land. 68 L.R.A. 698. 
 To persons injured in the performance of an 
 
 ultra vires act. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 910. 
 Liability for impounding animals. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 138. 
 Obligation of, as operator of ferry. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 Begin ivith this boolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 997 
 
 MUNICIPAL COEPORATIONS, V. g, 1— 
 cont'd 
 
 Inability of municipality for tort in con- 
 nection with quarry worked by it. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 281. 
 
 Municipal liability for tort as indebtedness 
 within debt limit provisions. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1097. 
 
 Negligent operation of electric light plant. 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 536. 
 
 Duty as to property secured for public use, 
 before it is thrown open to the public. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 595. 
 
 Civil liability of municipality for refusal 
 to grant permit. 1 B. R. C. 349. 
 
 Liability of municipality in damages for re- 
 peal, or interference with enjoyment, of 
 street franchise. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 861. 
 
 General liability of municipality which is 
 unable or has failed to enforce assess- 
 ments for local improvements. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 163. 
 
 Liability of, for its own obligations stolen 
 from it. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 444. 
 
 SuflSciency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence of. 59 L.R.A. 248. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 442. 
 
 § 72a. Recovery over from other 
 wrongdoer. 
 
 See Highways, § 95; Indemnity, § 4. 
 
 § 7 3. Liability for negligence in per- 
 formance of public function. 
 
 Distinction between public and private func- 
 tions of municipal corporations in re- 
 spect to liability for negligence. 19 
 L.R.A. 452; 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 665. 
 
 Repudiation of distinction between public 
 and private functions in determining 
 liability for torts in connection with 
 building used. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 97. 
 
 Liability of municipality for death caused 
 by negligence in the performance of a 
 governmental function. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 151. 
 
 § 74. Destruction of property. 
 
 For destroying buildings to stop spread of 
 
 iire. 19 L.R.A. 197. 
 For destruction of property in abatement 
 
 of public nuisance. 19 L.R.A. 195. 
 For destroying infected house. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1128. 
 
 § 7 5. — property destroyed by mobs. 
 
 General doctrine. 24 L.R.A. 592. 
 Liabilitj'. 24 L.R.A. 593. 
 Grounds for liability. 24 L.R.A. 595. 
 Extent of liability; damages. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 595. 
 When not liable. 24 L.R.A. 596. 
 Contributory negligence. 24 L.R.A. 597. 
 Necessity of notice. 24 L.R.A. 598. 
 State statutes. 24 L.R.A. 598. 
 
 Constitutionality of. 24 L.R.A. 600. 
 Construction of statutes. 24 L.R.A. 601. 
 Power to enforce judgment. 24 L.R.A. 602. 
 Right of action over. 24 L.R.A. 602. 
 What is a mob or riot for the act of which 
 
 a municipality is responsible. 10 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 925. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MUNICIPAL COEPORATIONS, V. g, 1— 
 cont'd 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for fail- 
 ure to prevent riot in street. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 638. 
 
 § 76. Spreading disease. 
 
 For spreading contagious disease by method 
 of caring for patients. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1190. 
 
 § 77. Nuisances. 
 
 Power of municipality as to, see supra, 
 
 §§ 34-41. 
 Injunction against nuisance maintained by 
 
 municipality, see Injunction, § 27. 
 Municipal authority as defense to liability 
 
 for nuisance, see Nuisances, § 27 
 
 Liability for nuisance. 1 L.R.A. 296;* 7 
 
 L.R.A. 156.* 
 For authorizing dangerous nuisance, such 
 
 as fireworks. 16 L.R.A. 395. 
 Liability for licensing a nuisance. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 895. 
 Criminal responsibility for maintaining or 
 
 permitting a nuisance. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 411. 
 Liability of, for failure to abate a nuisance. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 890. 
 
 § 78. Dumping ground; garbage: 
 ashes. 
 
 For injuries resulting from use of dumping 
 ground. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1013. 
 
 For injuries inflicted by servant engaged in 
 removing ashes or garbage. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1005; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 649. 
 
 g 7 9. For false imprisonment and un- 
 lawful arrest. 
 
 General rule. 14 L.R.A. 792; 44 L.R.A. 
 795. 
 
 Application of the maxim Respondeat su- 
 perior. 44 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 Liability as affected by ratification. 44 
 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 Reasons for the rule. 44 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 English and Canadian decisions. 44 L.R.A. 
 801. 
 
 Municipal liability for arrest and imprison- 
 ment under invalid ordinance. 47 
 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Municipal liability for arrest and imprison- 
 ment under invalid ordinance. 47 
 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 § 80. For injuries to employees. 
 
 Liability for injury to fervant in connec- 
 tion with waterworks system. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 241. 
 
 Employees of, as fellow servants in common 
 employment. 50 L.R.A. 436. 
 
 Supervising employees of, as vice principals. 
 51 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 3. For acts of officers or agents, 
 
 §81. Generally. 
 
 Liability for injury in highway through 
 negligence of employees, see Highways, 
 § 60. 
 
998 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. g, 2— 
 cont'd 
 
 For torta of agents; misfeasance or neglect 
 
 of officers. 1 L.R.A. 608,* 844;* 2 
 
 L.R.A. 366,* 500,* 712;' 4 L.R.A. 325;* 
 
 ' 6 L.R.A. 270;* 9 L.R.A. 205;* 11 
 
 L.R.A. 416.* 
 
 For torts of public officers. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 537. 
 
 For acts of officers, servants, or agents gen- 
 erally. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 147. 
 
 Applicability of doctrine of respondeat sur 
 perior. 1 L.R.A. 845.* 
 
 Liability of municipality for injury by em- 
 ployee engaged in removing refuse. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1005; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 640. 
 
 In connection v?itli waterworks. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 204. 
 
 Liability for injuries by exhibition conduct- 
 ed by its officers or employees. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 464. 
 
 Liability for negligence of park commission- 
 er. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 147. 
 
 Liability of eleemosynary institution main- 
 tained by municipality for personal tort 
 of agent or servant. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 269. 
 
 Liability of municipality for acts of its 
 officers in removing trespassers from 
 public grounds. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 435. 
 
 Liability for negligence or other tort of 
 keeper of municipal prison. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 180. 
 
 § 82. Police officers. 
 
 Liability of city for acts of. 14 L.R.A. 792; 
 35 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Municipal liability for torts of. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 537; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 915. 
 
 Liability of municipality for acts not essen- 
 tially police functions but connected 
 therewith. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 741. 
 
 § 83. Fire department. 
 
 Municipal liability for acts or negligence of 
 
 members of fire department. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 781; 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 629. 
 Liability of municipal corporation for tort 
 
 in connection with fire house. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 94. 
 
 § 84. In Instituting legal proceedings. 
 
 Liability for wrongful legal proceedings in- 
 stituted by its officers for its bene- 
 fit. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 34. 
 
 Wrongful injunction. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 34. 
 
 Wrongful attachment. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 35. 
 
 Malicious prosecution. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 36. 
 
 Suits to collect taxes. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 37. 
 
 3. For 
 
 acts of licensees or independent 
 contractors. 
 
 § 85. Generally. 
 
 For acts of its licensee. 3 L.R.A. 257.* 
 For acts of independent contractor. 
 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 14 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. g, 3— 
 
 cont'd 
 Liability for condition of highway due to 
 
 acts of independent contractor. 66 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 Liability for acts of independent contractor 
 
 in connection with waterworks system. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 242. 
 
 4. As to drains, sewers, and waters 
 generally, 
 
 § 86. Injury to person by drains and 
 sewers. 
 
 Extent of liability, see Damages, § 78. 
 
 Liability for open drain rendering highway 
 unsafe. 61 L.R.A. 706. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by holes, and 
 openings in streets for sewer purposes. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 631. 
 
 Duty to guard drainage ditch along side- 
 walk. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1169. 
 
 For death or sickness caused by sewage or 
 drainage. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 940. 
 
 § 8 7. Injury to property by drains and 
 sewers. 
 
 Liability for injuries by drains and sewers. 
 61 L.R.A. 701; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 627. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 701. 
 By reason of private or adopted drain. 
 
 61 L.R.A. 702. 
 By using stream as sewer. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 703. 
 By negligence generally. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 704. 
 Open drains. 61 L.R.A. 705. 
 Defenses against liability. 61 L.R.A. 
 706. 
 Consent or contributory negligence. 
 
 61 L.R.A. 706. 
 Flood. 61 L.R.A. 708. 
 Notice. 61 L.R.A. 710. 
 Duty and liability of municipality with re- 
 spect to drainage. 61 L.R.A. 673. 
 Liability for injury by negligent construc- 
 tion. 5 L.R.A. 126.* 
 Liability for injury due to neglect to re- 
 pair. 5 L.R.A. 127.* 
 Liability for injuries to property from 
 sewerage system not constructed accord- 
 ing to any plan adopted by competent 
 authorities, or constructed upon a de- 
 fective plan. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 952. 
 Liability for changing course of drainage 
 to injury of private property. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 831; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 619. 
 Liability of counties for injury to real prop- 
 erty from. 39 L.R.A. 69. 
 Liability for abandonment of surface water 
 
 drain. 65 L.R.A. 286. 
 Parties defendant in action against munici- 
 pality for breach of duty as to drain- 
 age. 61 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 § 88. — obstruction or overflow. 
 
 Municipal liabilitv for obstruction of. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 275. 
 Municipal liability for over-flow of stream 
 
 used by it as a sewer. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1053. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 999 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. g, 4— 
 cont'd 
 
 Measure of damages recoverable from mu- 
 nicipality for overflow from defective 
 sewer. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 860. 
 
 § 89. — pollution of waters by. 
 
 Injunction against city's drainage into 
 
 water course. 23 L.R.A. 301. 
 For pollution of water by sewers. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 124. 
 Liability of municipality for using stream 
 as a sewer. 61 L.R.A. 703. 
 As sewer outlet. 61 L.R.A. 693.' 
 Right of municipal corporation to drain 
 sewage into waters. 48 L.R'.A. 
 691; 61 L.R.A. 694. 
 Statutory authority. 48 L.R.A. 692. 
 Taking or damaging property. 48 
 L.R.A. 698. 
 Tide waters. 48 L.R.A. 702. 
 Miscellaneous. 48 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 Prescriptive rights; license. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 705. 
 Liability when others contribute to 
 
 injury. 48 L.RA.. 706. 
 Negligence. 48 L.E.A. 706. 
 When injunction justified; con- 
 tempt. 48 L.R.A. 707. 
 Sight of municipality to create nuisance by 
 pollution at a point where its sewers 
 discharge. 20 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1050. 
 Prescriptive right of municipality to pol- 
 lute streams with sewage or other 
 harmful substance. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 589. 
 Eight of municipality held liable for pollu- 
 tion of stream to recover indemnity or 
 contribution from one responsible there- 
 for. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1165. 
 
 § 90. Waters, generally. 
 
 Power of city as to, see supra, § 28. 
 Pollution of waters with sewage, see supra, 
 
 § 89. 
 Liability for injury by embankment, see 
 
 Embankment, § 2. 
 
 For damming back water of stream. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 853. 
 Municipal liability for interference with 
 
 streams by defective plan for street 
 
 construction. 67 L.R.A. 258. 
 Liability for obstructing or destroying 
 
 rights of navigation. 59 L.R.A. 78. 
 Liability of municipality for confining flood 
 
 water within banks of stream to injury 
 
 of riparian owners. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 199. 
 
 % 91. Surface waters. 
 
 Duty to care for. 65 L.R.A. 250. 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 250. 
 Upon raising grade of street. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 253. 
 Upon gathering water in body. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 256. 
 Drainage of highway. 65 L.R.A. 259. 
 Negligent or wrongful acts. 65 L.R.A. 261. 
 Changing course of drainage. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 261. 
 Casting collected body of, on adjoining I 
 property. 65 L.R.A. 262. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. g, 4— 
 
 cont'd 
 
 Accelerating or increasing flow. 65 
 L.R.A. 265. 
 
 Damming back. 65 L.R.A. 266. 
 
 Consequential injuries. 65 L.R.A. 269. 
 
 Pollution of water. 65 L.R.A. 273. 
 Acquiring right of way for drain. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 273. 
 Plans. 65 L.R.A. 274. 
 Obstructed drains. 65 L.R.A. 275. 
 Unusual storms. 65 L.R.A. 277. 
 Right and duty of individual. 65 L.R.A. 
 277. 
 
 To avoid injury. 65 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Casting water into street. 65 L.R.A. 
 279. 
 Nuisances. 65 L.R.A. 280. 
 Embankments. 65 L.R.A. 281. 
 Remedy. 65 L.E.A. 2n. 
 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 281. 
 
 Who may sue. 65 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Liability. 65 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Damages. 65 L.R.A. 284. 
 
 Limitation. 65 L.R.A. 285. 
 Abandonment of drain. 65 L.R.A. 286. 
 Liability of municipality for changing 
 
 course of surface drainage. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 831; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 619. 
 
 § 92. — injuries due to defects In 
 
 street. 
 
 Measure of damages recoverable from mu- 
 nicipality for overflow from defective 
 street. 29' L.R.A. (N.S.) 860. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to property 
 rights by surface water due to defective 
 plan of street construction. 67 L.R.A. 
 260. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for dam- 
 ming back surface water by grading of 
 streets. 65 L.R.A. 250; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 126. 
 
 § 93. Water plant. 
 
 Liability of water company, see Waters, §§ 
 118, 119. 
 
 For failure to organize and regulate water- 
 works. 11 L.R.A. 729.* 
 Municipal liability for tort in connection 
 with waterworks system. 61 
 L.R.A. 58; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 239. 
 Nonliability for insufficient supply of 
 
 water. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 239. 
 Liability generally. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 241. 
 Liability as employer. 25 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 241. 
 Liability to others than servants. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 For damage caused by broken or 
 leaking pipes. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 242. 
 For act of independent contractor. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 242. 
 For negligence in maintenance of 
 irrigation ditches in connec- 
 tion with waterworks. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 243. 
 For obstructions in streets. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 244. 
 
1000 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. g, 4— 
 cont'd 
 
 Liability of municipality operating a water- 
 works system, for breach of duty to 
 consumer. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 
 § 94. — lack of water to extinguish 
 fire. 
 
 Liability of water company, see Watees, 
 § 119. 
 
 For lack of water to extinguish fire. 23 
 L.R.A. 146; 61 L.R.A. 95; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 239; 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1045. 
 
 S. As to streets, bridges, and parks, 
 
 § 95. Streets. 
 
 Power of city as to, see supra, § 27. 
 
 Injury by water due to defective street, see 
 supra, § 92. 
 
 Liability for injuries to property in im- 
 proving streets, see Highways, § 47a. 
 
 Liability for injuries in grading street, see 
 Highways, §§ 50, 51. 
 
 Liability for changing grade of street, see 
 Highways, §§ 52, 53. 
 
 For injury by defects or obstruction in 
 streets, see Highways, §§ 57-77. 
 
 Liability for injuries from permitting or 
 failure to prevent improper use of 
 street, see Highways, §§ 76, 77. 
 
 Recovery over by municipality for injury 
 due to defects in street, see Highways, 
 § 95. 
 
 For permitting animals in streets. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 728. 
 For fire set by sparks set from steam roller 
 
 engaged in repairing street. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1094; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 654. 
 Injunction against municipality to prevent 
 
 removal of lateral or subjacent support 
 
 of land in laying out street. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 698. 
 Injury to one while coasting in street. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 865. 
 
 Coasting as a nuisance. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 867. 
 
 § 9 6. Bridges. 
 
 See Bridges, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 § 9 7. Parks. 
 
 Municipal liability for defects or obstruc- 
 tions in paths in. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 574. 
 
 Municipal liability for defects or obstruc- 
 tions in park strips, or sides of streets. 
 20 L.R.A.{N.S,) 593; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 94. 
 
 For negligence of park commissioners. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 147. 
 
 Liability for injuries through unsafe con- 
 ditions in parks or public grounds other 
 than streets. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 523. 
 
 6. As to huildings; prison. 
 
 § 98. Buildings, generally. 
 
 Municipal liability for defects or obstruc- 
 tions in passageways in public build- 
 ings. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 573. 
 Liability of municipal corporation for tort 
 in connection with buildings used 
 by it. 25 L.R.A. (N.S,' "" 
 
 Begin with, this T)oole on every law question. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. g, 6— 
 cont'd 
 
 School buildings. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 88. 
 City or townhall or courthouse. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 91. 
 Police building or jail. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 92. 
 Fire house. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 94. 
 Market houses. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 95. 
 Miscellaneous buildings. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 96. 
 Repudiation of distinction between 
 
 public and private functions. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 97. 
 
 § 99. Prisons. 
 
 Liability for injury to person in jail or 
 prison, see Jails and Prisons, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Liability for tort of keeper or inmate of, 
 see Jails and Pbisons, § 4. 
 
 Liability for injury to neighboring prop- 
 erty from maintenance of prison. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 361. 
 
 7. Failure to enforce ordinance, 
 
 § 100. Generally. 
 
 Liability for failure to enforce health or- 
 dinance. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 638. 
 
 *. Enforcement of void ordinance. 
 
 § 101. Generally. 
 
 For arrest and imprisonment under invalid 
 ordinance. 47 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Liability for attempt to enforce void ordi- 
 nance regulating the business or con- 
 duct of those within its limits. 1& 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 141. 
 
 h. Claims against or in favor of. 
 
 1. Claims against. 
 
 g 102. Generally. 
 
 Interest on, see Interest, § 18. 
 Mandamus to compel payment of, see Man- 
 damus, § 8. 
 
 Constitutionality of retroactive statute cre- 
 ating right of action against municipal 
 corporations. 52 L.R.A. 940. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation, county, or 
 town authorities to reconsider action 
 as to allowance of claim. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 289. 
 
 Right of creditor of taxing district to in- 
 voke aid of court to obtain satisfac- 
 tion of debt, where ordinary remedies 
 not available. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1020. 
 
 Right to go behind judgment against mu- 
 nicipality in mandamus proceedings to 
 enforce same. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1002. 
 
 Acceptance of partial allowance of claim 
 as an accord and satisfaction. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 119. 
 
 § 103. Presentation of. 
 
 Presentation of claims against. 10 L.R.A, 
 739.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1001 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. h, 1— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 104. Notice as condition of liability. 
 
 As condition of liability for injury in street 
 or higliway, see Highways, §§ 106, 
 107. 
 
 Does time of notice as condition of munici- 
 pal liability begin to run from the ac- 
 cident or from the injury or death. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 749. 
 
 § 105. —sufficiency of. 
 
 In case of injury by defective street, see 
 Highways, § 107. 
 
 Sufficiency of description of injury in no- 
 tice. 20 L.E.A.(N.S.) 804. 
 
 May injured person's place of residence be 
 required to be stated in notice of ac- 
 cident or injury. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 938; 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 
 § 106. — necessity for. 
 
 Validity of requirement of notice of Injury 
 as a condition of municipal liability. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1136. 
 
 Necessity of written notice as to defect as 
 condition of liability of municipal cor- 
 poration for injuries due to positive 
 act of its officers or servants. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 
 Lack of, as defense to municipal liability 
 for injury by obstruction of drains or 
 sewers. 61 L.R.A. 710. 
 
 § 107. — excuse for failure to give. 
 
 Physical or mental incapacity as an excuse 
 • for failure to give notice of injury 
 required as a condition of munici- 
 pal liability. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 Under statutes. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 In the absence of statute. 32 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 352. 
 
 2. Claims in favor of. 
 
 § 108. Generally. 
 
 Right to surrender valid claim upon a par- 
 tial payment thereof. 19 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 320. 
 Judgments. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 320. 
 Compromise of claims not reduced to 
 judgment. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 323. 
 Right of taxpayer to maintain suit to en- 
 force claim of. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 298. 
 
 i. Taxation. 
 
 § 109. Generally. 
 
 Power of. 9 L.R.A. 786.* 
 Delegation of power of taxation to munici- 
 pal authorities. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 62. 
 To municipal or appointive agency. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 65. 
 Liability of municipality for wrongful pro- 
 ceedings instituted by its officers to col- 
 lect taxes. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 37. 
 
 § 109a. For what purposes. 
 Assessments for public improvements, see 
 Public Impeovements, IV. 
 Consult aUo L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 'MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V. i— 
 cont'd 
 
 Municipal assessment of state property for 
 local improvements, see Public Im- 
 provements, § 18. 
 
 As to taxation, generally, see Taxes. 
 
 Tax on property of, see Taxes, §§ 31, 32. 
 
 For municipal purposes. 2 L.E.A. 189.* 
 To defray cost of municipal waterworks.' 61 
 
 L.R.A. 50. 
 Validity of ordinance authorizing the levy- 
 ing of taxes for two or more purposes. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 519. 
 
 § 110. What taxable. 
 
 Municipal taxation of rural lands within 
 corporate limits, see Taxes, § 22. 
 
 Authority to levy tax on privilege of keep- 
 ing dogs. 9 L.E.A. 352.* 
 
 Municipal taxation of rural lands within 
 limits of corporation. 34 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Power of city to extend exercise of tax- 
 ing power beyond corporate limits. 15 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 294. 
 
 Bicycles as subject of taxation by munici- 
 palities. 47 L.E.A. 304. 
 
 § 111. Power of municipality to ex- 
 empt property from taxation. 
 
 In generaL 15 L.E.A. 860; 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 183. 
 Legislative authority for exemptions. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 861. 
 Exemption for a consideration. 15 L.E.A. 
 
 861. 
 
 TI. Officers and, employees. 
 
 § 112. Generally. 
 
 Acts of city council, see supra, V. c. 
 Liability of municipality for acts of, see 
 
 supra, §§ 81-84. 
 Validity of contract with, see Conteacts, 
 
 §§ 99-101. 
 As to officers generally, see Officers. 
 Officers of town, see Towns, §§ 8-10. 
 
 By-law to compel acceptance of office. 24 
 L.E.A. 492. 
 
 As public officers. 17 L.R.A. 247. 
 
 Power of legislature as to. 48 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 Validity of limitation of hours of labor on 
 public works. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 131; 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 201; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 767. 
 
 Right of municipal officer not specially 
 named to maintain action for libel or 
 slander based on charges against group 
 of sueh officers. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 728. 
 
 Report by, as privileged communication. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 163. 
 
 Competency of officers of and residents in 
 municipal corporation in suit between 
 municipality and a personal represen- 
 tative. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 821. 
 
 Character and extent of relief by mandamus 
 against officer who has rendered a de- 
 cision on a ground not within his dis- 
 cretion. 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 525. 
 
 Denial on information and belief of mat- 
 ters within knowledge of municipal of- 
 ficers. 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 779. 
 
1002 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 VI.— 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, 
 
 cont'd 
 § 113. Who are. 
 
 Who are public officers generally, see Offi- 
 cers, § 2. 
 
 Who are city officers. 14 L.R.A. 646. 
 
 § 114. Deputies. 
 
 As to deputies generally, see Deputy. 
 
 Implied power of municipal corporation to 
 create the office of deputy or assistant 
 to an incumbent of an office which is 
 expressly authorized. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 660. 
 
 § 115. Appointment. 
 
 Appointment of officers generally, see Of- 
 
 FICEKS, §§ 10-14. 
 
 May appointment of municipal officers be 
 constitutionally delegated to courts or 
 judges thereof. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 579. 
 
 § 116. Term. 
 
 Term of office generally, see Officers, § 16. 
 
 Power of board to appoint officer for term 
 extending beyond its own term. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 
 Power of municipal board or committee to 
 employ one of its own members as 
 counsel, or to render other special serv- 
 ice. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 849. 
 
 § 117. Removal. 
 
 Removal of officers generally, see Officers, 
 
 §§ 22-24. 
 Of town officers, see Towns, § 10. 
 
 Right to remove summarily. 15 L.R.A. 
 95. 
 
 Power to remove officer in absence of stat- 
 utory authority. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 572. 
 
 Is power conferred upon municipality to 
 remove its officers exclusive. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1128. 
 
 Power of municipality to remove officer in 
 absence of statutory authority. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 519. 
 
 § 118. Contest of title. 
 
 Contest of title to office generally, see Of- 
 ficers, § 27. 
 
 Provision for testing election of, before city 
 council or other municipal body as ex- 
 clusive of remedies in the courts. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 § 119. Powers. 
 
 Of council, see supra, V. c. 
 
 Power to make contract extending beyond 
 
 term of office, see supra, § 55. 
 Power to make contract in which they are 
 
 personally interested, see Contracts, 
 
 S 100a. 
 Powers of officers generally, see Officers, 
 
 §§ 28-30. 
 Of town officers, see Towns, § 9. 
 
 Power to act as determined by place of per- 
 formance. 33 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 Validity of ordinance granting discretion 
 to officials. 1 L.RJi.(N.S.) 940. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, VI.— 
 
 cont'd 
 Notice of limitation of power of agents of. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 192.* 
 
 § 120. Compensation. 
 
 Compensation of officers generally, see Of- 
 FicfiHS, §§ 31-37, 44. 
 
 Right of taxpayer in absence of statute to 
 enjoin payment of illegal fees and sal- 
 aries to officers. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 11. 
 
 Right of municipal employee to recover for 
 extra work done on Sunday. 30 L.RA. 
 (N.S.) 660. 
 
 Exemption of salary of municipal officer. 
 54 L.R.A. 573. 
 
 Power of legislature to require municipality 
 to pension employees. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 608. 
 
 § 121. Liability. 
 
 Liability of officers generally, see Officers, 
 §§ 38^2. 
 
 Personal liability to other contracting party 
 of one who, without authority, assumes 
 to contract as agent for a municipal- 
 ity. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 523. 
 
 § 122. De facto officers. 
 
 De facto officers generally, see Officfbs, §§ 
 37, 43, 44. 
 
 De jure office as condition of de facto offi- 
 cer. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 105. 
 
 MUNICIPAL COURTS. 
 
 May judges of, be vested or burdened with 
 powers or duties of a nonjudicial char- 
 acter. 19 L.RJ^.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 MUNICIPAL PLANTS, 
 
 See Mdnicipai, Corporations, §§ 68-70. 
 
 SIURDER. 
 
 See HoMiciDB. 
 
 MURDERER. 
 
 Descent of property to, see Descsent aito 
 Distribution, § 8. 
 
 MUSEUM. 
 
 Occupancy of curator of. 
 705. 
 
 4 L.Il.A.(N.S.)- 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1003 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Instruction in, as a necessary for an in- 
 fant. 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 
 Poiforated rolls and wax cylinders as in- 
 fringement of copyright of sheet music. 
 2 B. R. C. 91. 
 
 MtrSICAL COMPOSITIONS. 
 
 Employer's right to musical compositions 
 composed by employees. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1189. 
 
 » « » 
 
 MUTILATED COIN. 
 
 Tender of. 33 L.R.A. 824. 
 
 ■• »» 
 
 MUTrLATED CURRENCY. 
 
 Character or condition of currency that 
 may be tendered in payment of fare. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1030. 
 
 MUTILATION. 
 
 Of corpse, see Cobpse, § 3. 
 Revocation of wills by, see Wills, §§ 39, 
 40. 
 
 Mental suffering arising from contemplation 
 of, as element of damages for personal 
 injuries. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 775. 
 
 In books of account as affecting admissi- 
 bility in evidence. 52 L.R.A. 575. 
 
 MUTUAL ACTIONS. 
 
 For specific performance of agreement to 
 permit maintenance of license on land 
 of another. 49 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 MUTUAL AGREEMENTS. 
 
 As defense to promissory note. 43 L.R.A. 
 467. 
 
 MUTUAL BENEFIT ASSOCIATION. 
 
 In general, see Benefit Societies. 
 Insurance by, see Insueance. 
 
 MUTUAL COMBAT. 
 
 Effect on civil liability for assault of fact 
 that comba* was by mutual consent 
 »i parties. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 MUTUAL COMBAT— cont'd 
 
 Right to set up self-defense in case of. 45 
 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 Homicide while engaged in. 63 L.K_A. 
 384. 
 
 Insulting words or conduct as provocaticB 
 to homicide where mutual combat re- 
 sults. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 157. 
 
 MUTUAL COMPANIES. 
 
 Mutual insurance campanies, see Insurance. 
 
 Taxation of capital stock of. 58 L.R.A. 
 525. 
 
 MUTUAL CONSENT. 
 
 To rescission or abandonment of contract. 
 30 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 MUTUAL COVENANTS. 
 
 Who may enforce mutual covenants con- 
 taining restrictions as to use of prop- 
 erty. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 25. 
 
 MUTUAL CREDITS. 
 
 Right of set-off in case of. 17 L.R.A. 461. 
 
 MUTUAL DEBTS. 
 
 Right of set-off in case of. 17 L.E.A. 461. 
 
 MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY. 
 See Insueance. 
 
 *—* ■ 
 
 MUTUALITY. 
 
 Of contract, generally, see Contracts, § 18. 
 
 Of claims as essential to right of set-off, 
 see Set-Off and Counterclaim, § 6. 
 
 As condition of right to speciiic perform- 
 ance of contract, see Specific Perform- 
 ance, §§ 21, 22. 
 
 Of duty to request arbitration of insurance 
 laws. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1067. 
 
 MUTUAL VITUPERATION. 
 
 Effect of, on right to recover for libel or 
 slander, see Libel and Slander, § 39. 
 
 MUTUAL WILLS. 
 
 See Wills, §§ 8, 35, 49. 
 
1004 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 N 
 
 NAII/. 
 
 Master's liability for injuries sustained by 
 servant from falling over nail project- 
 ing from floor. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 242. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 I. Of persons, §§ 1-18. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 1-13. 
 
 b. Mistake in; omission of; 
 
 idem sonans, §§ 14-16. 
 e. Use oj name in connection 
 with business, §§17, IS. 
 II, Of articles or things, § 19. 
 
 I. Of persons. 
 
 a. In general, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Nickname, see Nickname. 
 
 Form of Christian name requited by re- 
 cording acts. 24 L.R.A. 543. 
 
 Of locator in record of fliining claim. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 868. 
 
 Under what surname may action be 
 brought. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1089. 
 
 Of person summoned as grand juror. 27 
 L.R.A. 780, 783. 
 
 § 2. Acquisition and use of. 
 
 Form of the Christian name. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 690. 
 "Junior" and "Senior." 14 L.R.A. 691. 
 Right to change name. 14 L.R.A. 692. 
 Business name. 14 L.R.A. 693. 
 Signature and indorsement on commercial 
 
 paper. 14 L.R.A. 693. 
 Name for carrying on suit. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 694. 
 Effect on criminal prosecutions. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 694. 
 Use of abbreviations. 14 L.R.A. 694. 
 Signature of Christian names by their 
 
 initials. 14 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 § 3. Abbreviations. 
 
 Use of. 14 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 Abbreviation of officer's name in acknowl- 
 edgment. 14 L.R.A. 815. 
 
 Use of, in books of account, as affecting 
 their admissibility in evidence. 52 
 L.R.A. 573. 
 
 § 4. Initials. 
 
 To show official character. 14 L.R.A. 815. 
 
 Sufficiency of, in signature. 14 L.R.A. 693, 
 694. 
 
 Signature of Christian names by their In- 
 itials. 14 L.R.A. 691. 
 
 Use of initials instead of Christian name 
 in publication of process. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 436. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 NAME, I. a— cont'd 
 
 Effect of summons or notice to person by 
 wrong initial. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 129; 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 151. 
 
 Certainty and accuracy necessary in re- 
 spect to, in record or index relied on 
 as imparting constructive notice. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 415; 25 L.R.A.(N.8.) 
 1211. 
 
 Mistake in use of initials in conveyance as 
 affecting marketability of title. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 21. 
 
 § 5. SnflSxes. 
 
 Use of terms "junior/' and "senior." 14 
 L.R.A. 691. 
 
 § 6. Maiden name. 
 
 Publication of process against married wom- 
 an in her maiden name. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 984. 
 
 § 7. Alias. 
 
 Necessity of proving that person bore both 
 real name and the alias by which the 
 indictment purports to describe him. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 
 § 8. Fictitious name. 
 
 In negotiable instrument, see Bills and 
 Notes, § 13. 
 
 Use of fictitious name as affecting validity 
 of instrument; 39 L.R.A. 423. 
 Of contractors, grantors, and mort- 
 gagors. 39 L.R.A. 423. 
 Of grantees, patentees, mortgagees, and 
 transferees. 39 L.RA. 424. 
 Validity of sale by one conducting business 
 under fictitious name. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 600. 
 
 § 9. Business name. 
 
 Acquisition of business name by individual. 
 14 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 Liability of principal adopting agent's oth- 
 er name as business name on paper 
 executed by him. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1076. 
 
 § 10. Partnership name. 
 
 May a partnership sue or be sued in the 
 firm name. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 282. 
 
 Validity of constructive service upon part- 
 nership in firm name. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 287. 
 
 §11. Identity. 
 
 Presumption of identity from. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 824. 
 Identity of name as evidence of identity 
 
 of person in criminal cases. 4 L.B.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 539. 
 
 § 12. Change of. 
 
 Right to change name. 14 L.R.A. 692. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1005 
 
 MAME, I. a— cont'd 
 
 EU'ect upon common-law right to change 
 
 one's name by statutes providing for 
 
 such change by judicial proceedings. 
 
 26 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1167. 
 As interrupting statute of limitations. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 741. 
 
 § 13. In indictment. 
 
 Alleging names of parties in indictment for 
 false preteiise. 10 L.R.A. 305.* 
 
 Necessity in indictment for forgery, or ut- 
 tering forged instrument, of naming 
 person to whom instrument was 
 passed. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1046. 
 
 Variance as to name of deceased as ground 
 for reversal in homicide. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 187. 
 
 6. Mistake in; omission of; idem 
 sonans. 
 
 § 14. Mistake in, generally. 
 
 Mistake in name in writ or process, see 
 Wkit and Pbooess, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 Effect of mistake in name of payee in ne- 
 gotiable instrument. 22 I;.R.A. (N.S.) 
 506. 
 
 Alteration of instrument to correct mis- 
 take in designation of party. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 127. 
 
 Misnomer of trustees in charitable bequest. 
 14 L.E.A.(N.S.) 107. 
 
 Misnomer of trustee or beneficiary in be- 
 quest for charity or religion. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1010. 
 
 Effect of summons or notice to person by 
 wrong initial. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 129; 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 151. 
 
 Certainty and accuracy necessary in re- 
 spect of Christian names or initials in 
 record or index relied on as impart- 
 ing constructive notice. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 415; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1211. 
 
 Liability of officer for making arrest by 
 v?rong name. 51 L.R.A. 219. 
 
 As affecting marketability of title. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 21. 
 
 Variance as to name of deceased as ground 
 for reversal in homicide. 38 L.R,A. 
 (N.S.) 187. 
 
 § 15. Omission of. 
 
 Effect of omission of name in replevin bond 
 
 after it has served its purpose. 29 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 749. 
 Omission of Christian name in publication 
 
 of process. U L.R.A.(N.S.) 676; 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 436. 
 
 § 16. Idem sonans. 
 
 Doctrine of idem sonans. 13 L.R.A. 541.* 
 
 Applicability of doctrine of idem sonans to 
 interchange of "d" and "t." 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 643. 
 
 Applicability of doctrine of idem sonans to 
 substituted or constructive service of 
 process. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 122. 
 
 Effect of misspelling name of person whose 
 signature is charged to have 'been 
 forged. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1003. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Dif/ests to date. 
 
 NAME, L b— cont'd 
 
 c. Use ' of natne in connection with 
 business. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 As to business name, see supra, § 9. 
 
 As part of good will of business. 15 L.R.A. 
 462. 
 
 Use of, as infringement of common-law right 
 in intellectual productions. 51 L.R.A. 
 378. 
 
 Right to use of name on expiration of copy- 
 right or patent. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 550. 
 
 Right of action for use of name for adver- 
 tising purposes. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991; 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1137. 
 
 Right of one selling business and good will 
 to use similar name in competing busi- 
 ness. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 765. 
 
 Provision in contract with independent con- 
 tractor prohibiting use of employer's 
 name, 65 L.R.A. 507. 
 
 § 18. Use of, as trademarls or trade- 
 name. 
 
 Trademark generally, see Trademark. 
 Tradename generally, see Tradename. 
 
 Use of, as a trademark. 1 L.R.A. 46.* 
 
 Limitation of right to use one's own name 
 as tradename. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 660; 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 934. 
 
 Transferability of, as trademark. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 711. 
 
 Right to use one's own name as a trade- 
 mark or tradename when already used 
 by another as affected by difference in 
 appearance in other respects. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 73L 
 
 II. Of articles or things. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Of business establishment as part of good 
 
 will, see Good Will, § 5. 
 Trademark, see Trademark. 
 Tradename, see Tbadbnamb. 
 
 Of mining claim as part of notice of loca- 
 tion. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 835. 
 Right of members of organization to pro- 
 tection in use of name which their ef- 
 forts have made valuable. 28 L.R.A.' 
 (N.S.) 458. 
 Right at expiration of patent or copyright 
 to use of name by which article hag 
 become known. 1 B. R. C. 649. 
 Warranty that seed sold is true to name. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 80. 
 Measure of damages where seed sold is 
 not true to name. 37 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 8(1. 
 Description of property by local appellation 
 as satisfying statute of frauds. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 154. 
 
 NARCOTICS. 
 
 As 
 
 affecting testamentary capacity. 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 31. 
 
 27 
 
1006 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NARROW CROSSING. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury by 
 collision of train at. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 315. 
 
 -♦-•-♦- 
 
 NARROW SEAS. 
 
 Jurisdiction over. 46 L.R.A. 266. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 NATIONAL BANKS. 
 
 See Banks, §§ 45-48. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 NATIONALITY. 
 
 Competency to testify as to one's nation- 
 ality. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 760. 
 
 NATURAL GAS. 
 
 See Gas; Minks, III. c. 
 
 ■»—* ■ 
 
 NATURALIZATION. 
 
 See Aliens, § 5. 
 
 4 ■ » 
 
 NATURAL RESOURCES. 
 
 Conservation of, see Constitutionai, Law, 
 S 48. 
 
 4 • » 
 
 NATURE. 
 
 Crime against nature, see Sodomy. 
 
 * ■ > 
 
 NAVAL RESERVATION. 
 
 Location of mining claim on. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 790. 
 
 # »» 
 
 NAVIGABLE WATERS. 
 
 See Waters, I. 
 
 4 I » 
 
 NAVIGATION. 
 
 NAVIGATION— cont'd 
 Right to obstruct or destroy rights of, 
 see Watebs, § 21. 
 
 Question relationg to, as a Federal question. 
 62 L.R.A. 538. 
 
 ♦ ♦» 
 
 NAVT. 
 
 See Aemt and Navy. 
 
 4 «» 
 
 NEAR BEER. 
 
 Constitutional power to prohibit or regulate 
 sale of. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 
 NECESSARIES. 
 
 Furnished to married vroman, see Husband 
 
 AND Wife, §§ 7, 8. 
 Wife's liability for, see Husband and Wife, 
 
 § 21. 
 Furnished to infant, see Intants, §§ 18, 
 
 19. 
 
 What supplies furnished in foreign port 
 are. 70 L.R.A. 403. 
 
 NECESSARY PARTIES. 
 
 See Paeties, §§ 27-32. 
 4 ■ » 
 
 NECESSITY. 
 
 Way by, see Easements, § 14. 
 
 Necessity for taking land by eminent do- 
 main, see Eminent Domain, § 4. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, § 109. 
 
 For execution, see Execution, § 8. 
 
 For notice, see Notice, §§ 2-4. 
 
 Work of, see Sunday, § 6. 
 
 Question for jury as to, see Trial, § 25. 
 
 Justifying entry on another's land. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 152. 
 
 NE EXEAT. 
 
 Control of, see Commerce, § 3. 
 Rights of, see Waters, §§ 18-21. 
 Improvement of, see Waters, §§ 19, 20. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every law question. 
 
 Not a prerogative writ. 7 L.R.A. 396.* 
 Nature of the writ. 7 L.R.A. 396.* 
 In what cases will issue. 7 L.R.A. 397.* 
 Under what circumstances. 7 L.R.A. 397.* 
 Against foreigner. 7 L.R.A. 397.* 
 Application for writ. 7 L.R.A. 397.* 
 Bond given by defendant. 7 L.R.A. 398.* 
 The affidavit its foundation. 7 L.R.A. 398.* 
 Issuance and service of writ. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 398.* 
 Discharge of writ. 7 L.R.A. 398.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1007 
 
 NE EXEAT — cont'd 
 
 As imprisonmL'iit for debt. 34 L.R.A. 671. 
 What constitutes breach of ne exeat bond. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 
 NEGATION. 
 
 Of defenses or exceptions in indictment, see 
 I^'DICTMENT, Information, akd Com- 
 plaint, § 8. 
 
 NEGATIVE. 
 
 Use of, without consent of party paying for 
 
 same. 56 L.R.A. 397. 
 Negativing employee's Icnowledge of defects 
 
 and incompetency in pleading. 59 
 
 L.E.A. 266. 
 
 NEGATIVE EVIDENCE. 
 
 Proof of negative by books of account. 52 
 L.R.A. 719. 
 
 Proof of character by. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 666. 
 
 Establishment of good character by. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 696. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence that no previous 
 accident had ever happened from con- 
 dition complained of. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1161. 
 
 Express authority to certain train employees 
 to eject trespassers as negativing im- 
 plied authority of other employees. 32 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1164. 
 
 NEGATIVE RELIEF. 
 
 Necessity of judgment to negative relief to 
 creditors in equity. 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 15. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE. 
 
 /. As tasis of action, §§ 1-30. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 1-5. 
 
 b. Causing injury to person 
 
 or property, §§ 6-30. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 6-13. 
 
 2. Dangerous agencies, §§ 
 
 13-15. 
 
 (a) In general, §§ 
 13, 14. 
 
 (h) Negligence of sell- 
 er or manufac- 
 turer, §15. 
 S. Dangerous premises, §§ 
 ie-23a. 
 
 (a) In general, §§ 
 16-18. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. b, 3— cont'd 
 
 (b) Liabiliti/ to tres- 
 passers and 
 licensees, §§ 
 20-23a. 
 
 (1) In general, §§ 
 
 20, 21. 
 
 (2) Children, §§ 
 
 22-23a. 
 4:. On highu>ays, private 
 ways, or waters, §§34:- 
 29a. 
 5. Wlio liable, § 30. 
 II. Contributory negligence, §§ 31-55. 
 a. Injury to person, §§ 31-52. 
 1. In genen'al, §§ 31-35. 
 3. Of children or their 
 parents, §§ 36, 37. 
 
 3. On highways, §§ 38-4:0. 
 
 4. Imputed negligence, §§ 
 
 41-49. 
 
 5. Last clear chance; hu- 
 
 manitq.rian doctrine, 
 §§ 50-52. 
 6. Injury to property, §§ 53- 
 55. 
 
 I. As basis of action, 
 
 a. In general, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of title abstracter, see Abstracts, § 2. 
 Of attorney toward client, see Attoeneys, 
 
 § 11. 
 Of corporate officers and directors, see CoK- 
 
 POKATIONS, §§ 52-59. 
 Of telegraph company, see Telegraphs, III. 
 
 b. 
 Imputing attorney's negligence to client, 
 
 see Attorneys, § 17. 
 Habit as to, see Custom and Usage, §§ 2, 
 
 4. 
 Measure of damages for negligence in re- 
 gard to telegrams, see Damages, §§ 41, 
 
 102, 103, 117. 
 Estoppel by, see Estoppel, § 27. 
 Opinion evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 
 § 196. 
 Evidence of character or reputation to show, 
 
 see Evidence, § 253. 
 Evidence as to, generally, see Evidence, §§ 
 
 266-269. 
 Sufficiency of evidence of, see Evidence, § 
 
 294. 
 As a, cause for, and as a bar to, injunctions 
 
 against judgments, see Injunction, § 
 
 57. 
 As affecting judgment, see Judgment, § 94. 
 Limitation of action based on, see Limita- 
 tion or Actions, §§ 35, 40, 41, 51. 
 Pledgee's liability to pledgeor for negligence, 
 
 see Pledge and Collateral Security, 
 
 III. a. 
 Reasonableness of matters relating to, see 
 
 Reasonableness, § 5. 
 
 Effect of, to stop running of statute of lim- 
 itations, 1 L.R.A. 319.* 
 
 Care required in selecting bank for deposit 
 of Dublic funds. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 
1008 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTKS. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. a— cont'd 
 
 Care demanded of trustee to sell real es- 
 tate. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 415. 
 
 Of surety as affecting liability in case of 
 fraud of obligee. 21 L.E.A. 413. 
 
 Of party against whom judgment has been 
 obtained on unauthorized appearance 
 by attorney. 21 L.E.A. 857. 
 
 Effect of negligence on right to equitable 
 relief from contract by which one has 
 been overreached. 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 799. 
 
 As affecting right to relief from mistake of 
 law as to effect of instrument. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 882. 
 
 Effect of shipper's negligence on passing 
 of title by delivery to carrier. 22 
 L.R.A. 417. 
 
 Liability of vendor of seeds. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 79. 
 
 Liability for negligence in furnishing re- 
 lief to poor person, 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 168. 
 
 Liability of insurance broker to insured for 
 negligence. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631. 
 
 Negligence in extending credit- to person in 
 whose name title to real property is 
 permitted to stand by real owner. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 13. 
 
 Carrier's liability to bona fide holder on 
 bill of lading negligently issued by 
 agent without delivery of any goods to 
 carrier. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 828. 
 
 Of maker of note, execution of which was 
 obtained by fraud. 36 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 § 2. Of bank or bank officers. 
 
 Of bank in paying checks, see Banks, §§ 
 
 23-25. 
 In collection of commercial paper, see Banks, 
 
 §§ 31-35. 
 Negligence of officers, see Banks, § 7. 
 Recovery hack of money negligently paid 
 
 to one presenting negotiable paper, see 
 
 Banks, §§ 28, 29; Bills and Notes, 
 
 § 73. 
 
 § 3 . 3Effect of, on broker's right to com- 
 missions. 
 
 Of principal, as affecting real estate broker's 
 right to commissions. 43 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Of real estate broker as affecting his right 
 to commissions. 45 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 § 4. Effect of, on liability of personal 
 representative. 
 
 Personal liability of executor or adminis- 
 trator to distributees for interest where 
 settlement of estate is delayed by negli- 
 gence of attorneys. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 359. 
 
 Liability of personal representative for neg- 
 ligence in management of business car- 
 ried on by him on behalf of estate. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 214. 
 
 Liability for personal injury resulting from 
 negligence in care or management of 
 property of estate. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 379. 
 
 § 5. Negligent breach of contract. 
 
 Tort for negligent breach of contract) be- 
 tween private parties. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 924. 
 
 Begin with this took on et'eiy law question 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. a— cont'd 
 
 The principle involved. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 925. 
 Negligence or unskilfulness as misfea- 
 sance. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 926. 
 In general. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 Gratuitous undertakings. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 929. 
 Negligence as nonfeasance. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 929. 
 In general. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 929. 
 Gratuitous undertakings. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 931. 
 
 6. Causing injury to person or prop- 
 erty. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Act of God as negligence, see Act of God. 
 
 In connection with places of amusement, 
 see Amusements, §§ 5-7. 
 
 As to animals, see Animals. 
 
 Negligence in blasting, see Blasting. 
 
 As to bridges, see Bridges. 
 
 In regard to fire escapes, see Buildinqs, 
 § 5. 
 
 Liability for communicating contagious dis- 
 ease, see Contagious Diseases, § 2. 
 
 Liability of elevated railroad company for 
 injury to person on surface of street, 
 see Elevated Railboads, § 4. 
 
 In use of elevators, see Elevatoes, §§ 3-7. 
 
 Liability for injury caused by fright, see 
 Fright, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Of or towards incompetent persons, see In- 
 competent Persons, §§ 11, 12. 
 
 Towards infant, see Infants, §§ 37-39. 
 
 Liagility of innkeepers, see Innkeepers, 
 §§ 6-12. 
 
 Liability for injury to person confined in 
 jail or prison, see Jails and Prisons. 
 §§ 2-4. 
 
 Joint liability in case of, see Joint Cred- 
 itors AND Debtors, §§ 3-7. 
 
 Of master, see Master and Servant, III, a. 
 
 Liability for safety of wharf or dock, see 
 Wharves, § 7. 
 
 Limitation of carrier's liability for injury 
 from, see Carbiebs, §§ 28, 29, 91, 128- 
 135. 
 
 Limitation of carrier's liability in case of, 
 see Carriers, § 132. 
 
 Measure of damages for negligence of car 
 rier towards passenger, see Damages 
 §§ 15, 43-45, 105. 
 
 Measure of damages against carrier for neg 
 ligence as to baggage, see Damages 
 §§ 15, 46, 106. 
 
 Measure of damages against carrier for neg 
 ligence as to freight, see Damages 
 §§ 47, 118. 
 
 Measure of damages for negligent injury, 
 see Damages, §§ 18, 57-67, 100, 101. 
 
 Measure of damages for negligent injury to 
 personalty, see Damages, § 68. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to realty, see 
 Damages, §§ 71-79. 
 
 Right of action for death caused by negli- 
 gence, see Death, II. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES 
 
 1009 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 Physical examination in negligence action, 
 
 see Discovery and Inspection. 
 Effect of intoxication, see Dkdxkenness, 
 
 §§ 5-9. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, III. g. 
 Proximate cause of negligent injury, see 
 
 Prosimate Cause. 
 Question for jury as to, see Teiai,, §§ 39- 
 
 44. 
 
 Degrees of. 11 L.E.A. 689.* 
 
 Duty as essential element of. 12 L.R.A. 
 322.* 
 
 Relation to trespass and unwarrantable in- 
 terference; imminently dangerous acts. 
 13 L.R.A. 765.* 
 
 Liability of owner or occupant of land for 
 spread of weeds or noxious vegetation 
 to adjoining premises. 52 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury 
 to persons, not employees, caused by 
 defectively loaded car. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 204. 
 
 Liability for damages caused by shutting off 
 water or gas from premises. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 468. 
 
 In respect to safety of wharf or dock. 61 
 L.R.A. 946. 
 
 As to ambulance. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 
 Duty and liability to inspectors who enter 
 premises in performance of their duty. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 380. 
 
 Liability for personal injury to one using 
 telephone. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 
 Liability for injuries to one blinded by 
 headlight. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 876. 
 
 Liability for injuries to buildings on ad- 
 joining land by negligent removal of 
 lateral support of the soil. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 243. 
 
 Liability for injuries from matter precipi- 
 tated upon adjoining property. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1171. 
 
 Care required in sudden emergency not to 
 injure another person. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 60. 
 
 How far statutes Imposing liability for 
 negligence regarded as abrogating max- 
 im that one cannot profit by his own 
 wrong. 25 L.R.A. 572. 
 
 Power to require one who has caused injury 
 to identify himself. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 622. 
 
 Claim against state for damages from. 42 
 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 Power of equity to take jurisdiction because 
 of multiplicity of actions at law for 
 personal injuries growing out of a sin- 
 gle tort. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 464. 
 
 Right of one to testify as to his intent in 
 cases involving negligence. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 399. 
 
 Effect of admission to change burden of 
 proof and riglit to open and close in 
 action for negligence. 61 L.R.A. 538, 
 557. 
 
 Statements made some time after accident 
 as res gestm. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 917. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Dige.its to date. 64 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 lixeeptions to rule as to functions of court 
 
 and jury in negligence cases. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 3.32. 
 Requisites of special verdict in negligence 
 
 action. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 21. 
 federal courts following state decisions as 
 
 to. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 437. ' 
 
 § 7. Pleading. 
 
 I'laintiff's pleading in action for injury by, 
 see Pleading, §§ 23-30. 
 
 Alleging in single count two or more acts 
 of negligence capable of .contributing to 
 injury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 792. 
 
 Right to join in one complaint claims of 
 ordinary and gross negligence arising 
 out of one state of facts. 31 L.R.A. 
 '■ (N.S.) 158. 
 
 Right to recover for ordinary negligence un- 
 der allegation of gross, wilful, or wan- 
 ton negligence, or vice versa. 69 L.R.A. 
 601. 
 
 Denial upon information and belief as to 
 negligence. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 777. 
 
 Right to plead inconsistent defenses in ac- 
 tions relating to. 48 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 § 8. Concurrent negligence of third 
 person. 
 
 [n injury to servant generally, see Master 
 
 and Servant, § 49. 
 Concurring negligence of master and fellow 
 
 servant, see Master and Servant, 
 
 §§ 133, 134. 
 
 Where defendant's negligence is the efficient 
 and proximate cause of the injury. 
 17 L.R.A. 33. 
 Where defendant's act was unlawful. 
 
 17 L.R.A. 34. 
 Negligence of physician. 17 L.R.A. 34. 
 Where the negligence of both persons was 
 necessary to produce the injury. 
 17 L.R.A. 35. 
 In spreading fire. 17 L.R.A. 36. 
 Liability denied. 17 L.R.A. 36. 
 How far the concurring negligence must 
 have been anticipated. 17 L.R.A. 
 36. 
 Illustrations of the rule. 17 L.R.A. 37. 
 Separate acts of negligence, each caus- 
 ing damage. 17 L.R.A. 37. 
 Where the third person's negligence is the 
 
 cause of the injury. 17 L.R.A. 38. 
 Intoxication of person injured as affecting 
 liability in case of concurrent negli- 
 gence. 40 L.R.A. 139. 
 Liability of negligence with respect to elec- 
 tric current as affected by third per- 
 son's concurring negligence. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 293. 
 BITect of negligence of third persons contrib- 
 uting to negligent homicide. 61 L.R.A. 
 298. 
 
 § 9. Criminal negligence. 
 
 fn general, see Criminal Law, § 30; Homi- 
 cide, § 15. 
 
 "ffect of negligence in treatment or care 
 of wound on responsibility for homicide, 
 see Homicide, § 25. 
 
1010 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 § 10. Violation of statute or ordinance. 
 
 By employer, see Master and Sebvant, 
 
 §§ 54, 55. 
 By street railway company, see Stbebt 
 
 Railways, §§ 11. 13. 
 
 Disobedience of statute as negligence. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 339. 
 
 Private action for violation of statutes 
 regulating dangerous wares. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 382. 
 
 Violation of statute prohibiting or regu- 
 lating sale of poisons as civil negli- 
 gence. 30L.R.A.(N.S.) 522. 
 
 Violation of police ordinance as ground for 
 private action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 253. 
 
 Violation of speed limits by automobile as 
 negligence. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 40. 
 
 Violation of ordinances as to leaving hoise 
 unhitched in highway. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 854. 
 
 May wrongdoer take advantage of general 
 statutory imposition of damages for 
 negligent injuries? 28 L.R.A. 749. 
 
 Denial of liability for negligence in failing 
 to take precautions required by 
 statute, on ground that they would 
 have been insufficient to prevent 
 injury. 21 L.R.A. 723. 
 Failure to signal for crossings, etc. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 723. 
 Neglect to take precautions to prevent 
 injury to animals. 21 L.R.A. 723. 
 Neglect to fence track. 21 L.R.A. 723. 
 Burden of proof. 21 L.R.A. 724. 
 
 Requisites of averments in complaint as to 
 causal connection between violation of 
 ordinance by railroad company and in- 
 jury. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 987. 
 
 § 11. Ijlability for another's negli- 
 gence. 
 
 Liability of carrier for negligence of serv- 
 ant toward passenger, see Cabeibbs, 
 III. 
 
 Master's liability for negligence of fellow 
 servant, see Master and Sebvant, III. 
 d. 
 
 Liability of master for negligence of servant, 
 see CARRrEiBS; Mastee and Servant, 
 IV., VI. 
 
 Liability of municipality for negligence of 
 employees or agents, see Mtjnicipai, 
 Coepobations, §§ 81-84. 
 
 Negligence of parent as affecting his lia- 
 bility for tort of child. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 942. 
 
 Liability of proprietor of private sanitari- 
 um or hospital for negligence of nurse. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 306. 
 
 Liability of educational institution for neg- 
 ligence of instructor causing injury to 
 pupil. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 556. 
 
 § 12. Care due to sick or otherwise 
 helpless person to whom no con- 
 tract relation is sustained. 
 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 513. 
 No duty between strangers. 69 L.R.A. 513. 
 Principles which determine duty in certain 
 relations. 69 L.R.A. 514. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every law question. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. b,l— cont'd 
 
 Duty of special care due to persons un- 
 der disability in general. 69 L.R.A. 
 514. 
 Limitation upon this duty where dis- 
 abled party is trespasser. 69 
 L.R.A. 514. 
 Duty limited by negligence of person 
 under disability. 09 L.R.A. ."ilo. 
 Another's negligence not excuse for wil- 
 ful or wanton injury. 69 L.R.A. 
 516. 
 Duty to avoid injury. 69 L.R.A. 518. 
 
 To the sick and infirm. 69 L.R.A. 518. 
 To persons of defective sight or hearing. 
 
 69 L.R.A. 521. 
 To persons in helpless situations. 69 
 L.R.A. 523. 
 Sleeping on railway track. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 523.- 
 Foot caught in railway track. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 525. 
 Walking on railway trestle. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 526. 
 Falling on railway track. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 527. 
 Driving frightened horse. 69 
 
 L.R.A. 528. 
 Instances of other helpless situa- 
 tions. 69 L.R.A. 532. 
 Duty of persons inflicting injury to care 
 for those injured. 69 L.R.A. 533. 
 Obligation to prevent aggravation of in- 
 jury. 69 L.R.A. 533. 
 What is sufficient performance of obli- 
 gation. 69 L.R.A. 536. 
 Knowledge of disability. 69 L.R.A. 536. 
 Actual knowledge generally necessary to 
 
 creation of duty. 69 L.R.A. 536. 
 When mere belief sufficient to impose 
 
 duty. 69 L.R.A. 538. 
 Negligent ignorance equivalent to 
 knowledge. 69 L.R.A. 539. 
 Duty to discover another's peril or disabil- 
 ity. 69 L.R.A. 539. 
 At places where people are likely to be 
 
 present. 69 L.R.A. 539. 
 Whether duty exists as to trespassers. 
 
 69 L.R.A. 543. 
 What is sufficient notice of peril or dis- 
 ability. 69 L.R.A. 548. 
 Presumptions in absence of actual knowl- 
 edge of disability. 69 L.R.A. 550. 
 Right to presume person in peril will 
 
 help himself. 69 L.R.A. 550. 
 Limitations upon exercise of such pre- 
 sumption. 69 L.R.A. 552. 
 Warning of danger generally neces- 
 sary as basis for presumption. 
 69 L.R.A. 552. 
 Presumption may be repelled by 
 circumstances. 69 L.R.A. 552. 
 "Last moment" to which presump- 
 tion may be indulged. 69 
 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 3. Dangerous agencies. 
 
 (a) In general. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Negligence in blasting, see Blastins. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1011 
 
 IfEGLIGENCE, I. b, 2 (a)— cont'd 
 
 In regard to electrioity, see Electricity, 
 §§ 10-17. 
 
 Negligent injury by explosion generally, see 
 Explosions and Explosives, §§ 3-9. 
 
 Jjiability for negligence in escape and ex- 
 plosion of gas, see Gas, §§ 11-14. 
 
 Negligent injury by lire, see FlEE, §§ 3-11; 
 Raileoads, §§ 77, 78. 
 
 Negligence as to firearms, see Firearms. 
 
 Negligence in displaying fireworks, see 
 Fireworks, § 2. 
 
 Private action for violation of statutes reg- 
 ulating dangerous wares. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 382. 
 
 Liability to servants of other persons for 
 injuries by. 46 L.R.A. 116. 
 
 Effect of servant's wantonness, malice, or 
 personal motive in using dangerous 
 agency on contributory negligence of 
 person injured. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 
 S 14. Vapors; gases; oil; waters. 
 
 Liability for turning steam or other dan- 
 gerous vapors or gasses into sewer. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 957. 
 Liability of one for injury caused by es- 
 cape of dangerous substance stored 
 on his premises. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 535. 
 Escape of water. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 541. 
 Generally. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 541. 
 Injuries caused to tenants. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 545. 
 Act of God, or ms major. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 547. 
 Statutes. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 548. 
 Escape of gas. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 537. 
 Escape of oil. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 535. 
 
 fb) Negligence of seller or manufac- 
 turer. 
 
 8 15. Generally. 
 
 Liability of druggist, see Drugs and Drug- 
 gists, § 5. 
 
 Liability of seller for injury by unwhole- 
 some food, see Food, § 5. 
 
 Liability of manufacturer of dangerous ar- 
 ticle. 15 L.R.A. 818. 
 
 Liability of manufacturer of dangerously 
 defective machine. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 303; 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1103. 
 
 Liability of seller to purchaser's servant 
 ior injuries caused by condition of 
 goods delivered. 46 L.R.A. 108. 
 
 Liability of dealer for personal injuries 
 from article not obviously dangerous. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 382. 
 
 Liability of manufacturer or dealer for per- 
 sonal injuries caused by defects in au- 
 tomobile. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 
 Liability of manufacturer, packer, or vend- 
 or to persons not in priority of con- 
 tract, for injury from defects in article 
 sold. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 923. 
 
 Negligence in manufacture of explosives. 
 29 L.R.A. 718. 
 
 Liability of vendor for sale of unwholesome 
 food. 21 L.R.A. 139. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 NEGLIQENCE, I. b, 2 (b)— cont'd 
 
 Applicability of rule res ipsa loquitur in 
 action for personal injuries from defects 
 in articles manufactured or sold by 
 defendant. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 949. 
 
 Personal injuries as element of damages for 
 breach of warranty. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1047. 
 
 Duty of employer as to inspection of in- 
 strumentalities manufactured by him- 
 self. 41 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 Contributory negligence as defense in case 
 of explosion of oil below standard. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 412. 
 
 3. Dangerous premises, 
 
 (a) In ccneral, 
 
 §16. Generally. 
 
 Duty as to fire escapes on building, see 
 Buildings, § 5. 
 
 Defective condition at station, see Carriers, 
 §§ 70-72. 
 
 As to elevators, see Elevators, §§ 3-7. 
 
 Liability for injury by falling objects, see 
 Falling Objects. 
 
 Liability of landlord for injury from de- 
 fect in premises, see Landlord and 
 Tenant, §§ 58-72. 
 
 At railroad crossing, see Railroads, §§ 58- 
 70. 
 
 Duty of owner of building to keep safe. 
 11 L.R.A. 361.* 
 
 Liability of owner of premises for defective 
 condition. 5 L.R.A. 580,* 794;* T 
 L.R.A. 620.* 
 
 Liability of owner of private residence for 
 injury to person invited therein. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 442. 
 
 Duty as to entrances to building located 
 on street with ascending grade. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 730. 
 
 Duty of store or shopkeeper toward cus- 
 tomer to condition of premises. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 
 Applicability of rule res ipsa loquitur as 
 between storekeeper and customer. 16 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 931. 
 
 To whom is the duty to keep office building 
 in proper condition, owing. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1213. 
 
 Liability of owner of building in process of 
 erection for injury to contractor or lat- 
 ter's employees from defects existing at 
 the time they commence to work. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 857. 
 
 Liability of county for injury to real prop- 
 erty on account of condition of build- 
 ings. 39 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from occurrence 
 of accident to person on defendant's 
 premises. 15 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 § 17. Liability for dangerous condition 
 of private grounds lying open be- 
 side highway or frequented path. 
 
 Duty as to uninclosed property. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 687. 
 Suffering the use of property for a footpath. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 688. 
 
1012 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. b, 3 (a)— cont'd 
 
 Excavations immediately adjoining high- 
 ways. 26 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 Wh^t is adjacent to highway. 26 L.R.A. 
 691. 
 
 Devotion to public use. 26 L.E.A. 692. 
 
 Obstructions in street. 26 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 Private ways. 26 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 Statutory liability. 26 L.R.A. 693^. 
 
 Property raised above street. 26 L.R.A. 
 693. 
 
 Excavation older than highway. 26 L.R.A. 
 693. 
 
 Duty to trespasser with respect to excava- 
 tions maintained on uninclosed land 
 near highway. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 
 g 18. To fireman or policeman. 
 
 Liability of owner of property for injury to 
 fireman or policeman in discharge 
 of duty. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 60. 
 Firemen. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 60. 
 
 Violation of duty enjoined by a 
 statute or ordinance. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 Policemen. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 62. 
 
 Violation of duty enjoined by stat- 
 ute or ordinance. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 63. 
 
 (h) Liahility to trespassers and li- 
 censees, 
 
 (1) In general. 
 
 §20. Generally. 
 
 Duty and liability to trespasser generally, 
 see Teespassers, § 3. 
 
 Negligence toward licensee. 9 L.R.A. 640.* 
 
 As to trespasser or licensee. 9 L.R.A. 640.* 
 
 Duty of owner of premises to protect li- 
 censee against hidden i dangers. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 916. 
 
 Liability to servants of other persons enter- 
 ing premises as licensees. 46 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 Duty to member of public on private way 
 used by public generally. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 977. 
 
 Is one who goes upon property on business 
 with the owner deprived of the right to 
 protection against defects by the fact 
 that he temporarily turns aside to pur- 
 sue a purpose of his own. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1118. ■ 
 
 Duty to trespasser with respect to exca- 
 vations maintained on uninclosed land 
 near highway. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 
 Duty of owner of land which licensees are 
 accustomed to cross, to guard against 
 injuries in consequence of changes in 
 the condition. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1126-, 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 217. 
 
 Duty and liability of owner to one on prem- 
 ises for purpose of seeing his employees. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 497. 
 
 Injury to one examining industrial plant. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 466. 
 
 Causing trespasser to Jump from moving 
 wagon as actionable misconduct. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1064. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I, b. 3 (b) (1)— cont'd 
 Liability of owner of elevator for injury to 
 trespassers or licensee. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 402. 
 Measure of duty of company maintaining 
 electric wires on another's premises to- 
 ward trespasser or licensee on such 
 premises. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 988; 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1089. 
 Liability to trespasser or bare licensee 
 from active as distinguished from 
 passive negligence. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 492. 
 Theory of "active negligence." 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 492. 
 Decisions on ground of "passive negli- 
 gence." 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 495. 
 Employer's liability for negligent work of 
 independent pontractor dangerous to 
 persons invited onto his premises. 65 
 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 § 21. Spring gun, man trap, etc. 
 
 Liability for killing or injuring trespassers 
 by means of spring guns, traps, 
 and other dangerous instruments. 
 29 L.E.A. 154; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 369. 
 
 The general doctrine of liability. 29 
 L.R.A. 154. 
 
 Liable as for homicide. 29 L.E.A. 
 156. 
 
 When considered as a nuisance. 29 
 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 The property owner's or the trespass- 
 er's act. 29 L.E.A. 158. 
 
 The question of notice. 29 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 Act held legal. 29 L.R.A. 160. 
 
 English eases. 29 L.R.A. 161. 
 Criminal responsibility for death caused by 
 
 spring gun on one's own premises. 14 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 346. 
 
 (3) Children. 
 
 §22. Generally. 
 
 Duty of property owner to trespassing 
 child. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 559. 
 Theory that children cannot be tres- 
 passers. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 Dangerous premises in general. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 561. 
 Railroad tracks and premises. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 563. 
 In general; duty before discovery. 
 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 563, 
 Duty to discover. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 565. 
 Duty after discovery. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 569. 
 Trespassers on cars. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 - (N.S.) 572. 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 572. 
 Duty to keep children off. 32 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 574. 
 Duty after discovery. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 576. 
 Removal of trespasser. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 577. 
 
 § 23. Dangerous attractions; turn- 
 tables. 
 
 Attractive nuisance. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1094. 
 
 I«'(/,ii iiitli this hook on ever;) law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1013 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. b, 3 (b) (2)— cont'd 
 
 Origin of the doctrine. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1100. 
 Basis of liability. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1107. 
 Intentional injuries. 19 L.K.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1107. 
 Implied invitation. 19 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1110. 
 Child not regarded as trespasser. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1114. 
 Sic utere tuo ut alienum non Iwdas. 
 
 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1115. 
 Circumstances showing negligence. 
 19 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 Extent of application. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1124. 
 Attraction on private premises. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1124. 
 Dangerous things in general. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1124. 
 Explosives. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1127. 
 Lumber, building material, 
 etc. 19L.R.A.(N.S.) 1329. 
 Dangerous machinery and ap- 
 pliances. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1130. 
 Dangerous places. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1140. 
 Attractions in highway. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1154. 
 Unattractive thing in attractive 
 place. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1162. 
 Degree of care. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1163. 
 Proximate cause. 19 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 1165. 
 Age limit for application of doc- 
 trine. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1165. 
 Liability for injury to children from explo- 
 sives left accessible to them. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 586; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1257. 
 Duty to child trespassing on cars. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 572. 
 Liability of railroad companies for injury 
 to children playing on turntables. 14 
 L.R.A. 781; 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 80; 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1129. 
 Duty to guard against injury to trespass- 
 ing children by fire. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1058. 
 Application of turntable doctrine. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1059. 
 
 § 23a. — hot water or ashes; ponds, 
 etc. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as ap- 
 plied to injury from hot water or 
 ashes. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 149; 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1124. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as applied 
 to ponds, reservoirs, waterways, etc. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1143. 
 
 4. On highways, private ways, or 
 waters. 
 
 § 24. Highways. 
 
 As to areaway, see Aeeawat, § 2. 
 Negligence of owner or operator of auto- 
 mobile, see Automobiles, §§ 2, 3. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. b, 4— cont'd 
 
 Liability for injury by falling object, see 
 
 Falling Objects. 
 As to liability for defect in highway, see 
 
 Highways, g§ 56a-95. 
 Liability for frightening horse, see Horses, 
 
 §§ 7-13. 
 At railroad crossing, see Raileoads, §§ 58- 
 
 70. 
 Of street railway companies, see Stbeet 
 
 Railways, §§ 10-19. 
 Question for jury as to, see Trials, § 42. 
 
 Care required of traveler. 11 L.R.A. 34.* 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as applied 
 to attractions in highway. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1154. 
 Applicability of res ipsa loquitw to injury 
 by vehicle on highway. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1177. 
 Duty of driver to guard against persons 
 coming in contact with sides or 
 rear of vehicle. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1094. 
 Catching on or falling under vehicle. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 Skidding or slewing of vehicle. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1096. 
 Articles projecting or dragging from 
 
 vehicle. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1096. 
 Miscellaneous. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1098. 
 Effect of contributory negligence to defeat 
 
 recovery. 11 L.R.A. 34.* 
 Mutual negligence of parties. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 35.* 
 Reciprocal duties of bicyclists and other 
 persons traveling on highwavs. 47 
 L.R.A. 292. 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence in management of carriages in 
 highway. 59 L.R.A. 273. 
 Evidence in action. 11 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 § 25. —rule of tlie road. 
 
 Violation of, aa contributory negligence, 
 see infra, § 40. 
 
 Exceptions to rule. 11 L.R.A. 33.* 
 Rule not inflexible. 11 L.R.A. 33.* 
 Violation of rule; penalty. 11 L.R.A. 33.* 
 Attempt to pass advance traveler. 11 
 
 L.R.A. 34.* 
 Law of the road aa applied to bicyclists. 
 
 47 L.R.A. 293. 
 Rule of the road governing vehicles pro- 
 ceeding in the same direction. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 337. 
 General rule governing overtaking 
 
 vehicles. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 338. 
 Right to assume rule of road will be 
 
 observed. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 339. 
 Passing standing vehicles. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 339. 
 Duty to stop or wait where there is 
 insufficient room for passage. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 340. 
 Where tliere is sufficient space to pass 
 traveler who ia on wrong side. 41 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 341. 
 Where unnecessary attempt is made to pass 
 on wrong side. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 341. 
 
1014 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. b, 4— cont'd 
 
 Where movement of vehicle in front 
 indicates intention to change posi- 
 tion. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 342. 
 
 Where party changes position with- 
 out knowledge that another is at- 
 tempting to pass. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 342. 
 
 Where side on which overtaking vehi- 
 cle is entitled to pass is already 
 occupied. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 342. 
 
 Where overtaking vehicle strikes one 
 proceeding on proper side. 41 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 342. 
 
 Where traveler is driving in center of 
 road. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 Where traveler drives too close to 
 another. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 Failure to turn to right to allow ap- 
 roaching vehicle to pass as neg- 
 ligence. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 343. 
 
 Duty to use due care although other 
 traveler is negligent. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 343. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 344. 
 Rules of the road governing vehicles pro- 
 ceeding in opposite directions. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 322. 
 
 General rule governing vehicles pro- 
 ceeding in opposite directions. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 323. 
 
 To what roads and vehicles rule ap- 
 plicable. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 324. 
 
 Right to drive on any part of road 
 when other vehicles not in sight. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 325. 
 
 Wide streets. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 325. 
 
 Where wrought part of road is hid- 
 den, obstructed, or other track ex- 
 ists. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 326. 
 
 Duty to turn to extreme right. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 327. 
 
 Right to assume that travelers will 
 drive to right. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 327. 
 
 Passing between vehicles proceeding in 
 opposite directions. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 328. 
 
 Where vehicle following another turns 
 and collides with one coming to- 
 ward it. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 328. 
 
 Where one traveler is on wrong side, 
 but there is room for passage. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 328. 
 
 Where both parties are traveling on 
 wrong side. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 329. 
 
 Where one turns into prohibited part 
 of way to avoid standing vehicle. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 329. 
 
 Where vehicles are driving on or near 
 street car tracks. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 329. 
 
 Where party turns, but passes too close. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 330. 
 
 Where parties fail to turn until too 
 late. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 330. 
 
 Where collision results from shying or 
 sudden turn of horse. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 330. 
 
 Where it becomes impossible for one on 
 wrong side to yieJd road. 41 I 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 331. ' 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. b, 4^-cont'd 
 
 Rules concerning heavily loaded ve- 
 hicles. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 381. 
 Rule as to ambulances. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 331. 
 Where traveler on proper side is com- 
 pelled to act in emergency by 
 other's negligence. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 332. 
 Rule of the road as affected by dark- 
 ness. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 332. 
 Rules governing travelers on horse- 
 back. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 333. 
 Driving on wrong side as negligence 
 or evidence of negligence. 41 
 l..R.A.(N.S.) 333. 
 Duty to use due care notwithstanding 
 other travelers' negligence. 41 
 t.R.A.(N.S.) 334. 
 Miscellaneous. 4] L.R.A. (N.S.) 336. 
 Rule of the road as affecting street cars and 
 vehicles meeting or passing. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1188. 
 Where passenger is struck by vehicle 
 overtaliing street car. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1189. 
 Where street car and vehicle are pro- 
 ceeding in same direction. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1189. 
 Where street car and vehicle approach 
 from opposite directions. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1190. 
 Where injury occurs while traveler is 
 crossing or turning into street. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1193. 
 Where collision occurs with standing 
 
 vehicle. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1193. 
 Effect of using tracks contrary to cus- 
 tom. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1194. 
 Rules of road governing vehicles at inter- 
 section of streets and when turn- 
 ing across street. 41 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 346. 
 Vehicles at intersection of streets. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 346. 
 Right to presume travelers at in- 
 tersection of streets will exer- 
 cise proper care. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 347. 
 Rule where traveler starts to turn 
 into intersecting street, but 
 continues former course. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 347. 
 Rule where driver hugs curb in 
 turning from intersecting 
 street. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 348. 
 Rule where traveler takes wrong 
 side on turning into intersect- 
 ing street, and so continues. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 348. 
 Rule where collision occurs be- 
 tween traveler and one pre- 
 ceding, who turns into inter- 
 secting street. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 348. 
 Rule as to heavy vehicles in turn- 
 ing corner. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 349. 
 Rule where traveler approaching 
 intersecting street signals an- 
 other. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 349. 
 
JiSDEX TO L.R.A. ivOTES. 
 
 1015 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. h, 4— cont'd 
 
 Rule where traveler crosses inter- 
 secting street while proceed- 
 ing on wrong side. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 349. 
 Rule where traveler is obliged to 
 act in emergency at intersect- 
 ing streets. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 350. 
 Turning across street. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 350. 
 Where traveler turns across street 
 to make stop, etc., 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 352. 
 Rule as to turning by vehicles hav- 
 projecting load. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 354. 
 Law of the road as affecting pedestrian 
 injured by automobile. 38 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 496. 
 Violation of police ordinance as to rule of 
 road as ground for private action. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 252, 256. 
 
 § 26. —speed. 
 
 Speed of automobiles, see Atjtomobiles, § 5. 
 
 Excessive speed on streets. 11 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 Violation of ordinance against fast or 
 reckless driving as ground for private 
 action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 254. 
 
 Admissibility in prosecution for driving at 
 dangerous speed of evidence of traffic 
 reasonably to be expected on highway. 
 2 B. R. C. 201. 
 
 Evidence as to speed of automobiles or oth- 
 er road vehicles. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 778. 
 
 § 27. — leaving horse unhitched. 
 
 Negligence in leaving horse unhitched in 
 highway. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 845; 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 958. 
 Negligence. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 845. 
 Evidence of negligence. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 850. 
 Question for the jury. 10 L.K.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 852. 
 Ordinances and statutes. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 854. 
 Other cases. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 856. 
 Negligence in leaving horse unhitched in 
 highway. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 845; 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 958. ■ 
 Violation of ordinance as to leaving horse 
 unhitched in highway. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 854. 
 Violation of ordinance as to unfastened and 
 unguarded animals on street as ground 
 for private action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 255. 
 
 § 28. Private ways. 
 
 Injury due to defects in, see HlGHvyAYS, 
 §' 56b. 
 
 In case of private way. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 310. 
 Duty to member of public on private way 
 
 used by public generally. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 977. 
 
 § 29. Waters. 
 
 As attractive nuisance, see supra, § 23a. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. b, 4— cont'd 
 Negligence of municipality, see Municipal 
 
 COEPOBATIONS, §§ 86-94. 
 In use of navigable stream. 70 L.R.A. 279. 
 In use of water of stream as between upper 
 
 and lower proprietors. 41 L.R.A. 743. 
 Liability for injuries caused by attempted 
 
 exercise of right of navigation. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 977. 
 Duty of steamer to avoid imperiling small 
 
 boat by swells. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 920. 
 Liability to riparian owner for negligence 
 
 in running logs in stream. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 494. 
 
 § 29a. — escape of. 
 
 In storing, or confining water which es- 
 capes and causes damage. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 596. 
 
 Liability for escape of water stored on 
 premises. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 541; 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1061. 
 
 Liability of one who cuts bank of stream, 
 for damages from escaping water. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1221. 
 
 5. Who liable, 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 Liability of seller or manufacturer, see su- 
 pra, § 15. 
 Person maintaining place of amusement, 
 
 see Amusements, §§ 5-7. 
 
 Bailee, see Bailment, §§ 5-10. 
 
 Bailor, see Bailment, §§ 11, 12. 
 
 Carrier, see Cakbiers. 
 
 Charitable institution, see Chaeities, § 12. 
 
 County, see Counties, § 8. 
 
 Druggists, see Drugs and Druggists, § 5. 
 
 Hospital, see Hospitals, § 4. 
 
 Married woman for safety of her premises, 
 see Husband and Wife, § 25. 
 
 Landlord, see Landlord and 'Tenant, IV. d. 
 
 Livery-stable keeper, see Liveky Stable. 
 
 Master for negligence of servants, see Mas- 
 ter AND Servant, IV. 
 
 Servants or contractors, see Master anb 
 Servant, §§ 196-198. 
 
 Joint liability of master and servant, see 
 Master and Servant, § 199. 
 
 Third person for negligent injury to serv- 
 ant, see Master and Servant, §§ 200- 
 202. 
 
 Municipal corporation, see Municipal Cor- 
 porations, §§ 72-101. 
 
 Officer, see Officers, § 40. 
 
 Physician or surgeon, see Physicians and 
 Surgeons, §§ 12-16. 
 
 Pilot, see Pilots, § 4. 
 
 Agent, see Principal and Agent, § 42. 
 
 Railroad company, see Railroads, VII. a. 
 
 State, see States, § 11. 
 
 Street railways, see Street Railways, 
 §§ 10-19. 
 
 Warehouseman, see Warehouseman, § 4. 
 
 Civil liability of insane persons. 26 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 154; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 83. 
 
 Personal liability of arbitrator. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 278. 
 
 Liability of school district or school corpo- 
 ration to action for damages from neg- 
 ligence. 37 L.R.A. 301. 
 
1016 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, I. b, 5— cont'd 
 
 Liability of officers of a corporation for 
 its negligence. 28 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 Personal liabiilty of officer or director of 
 corporation for personal injuries from 
 torts in connection with its business. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 901. 
 
 Liability of partnership for. 51 L.E.A. 477. 
 
 Liability of fire insurance patrol for inju- 
 ries. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 810. 
 
 Liability of benevolent or fraternal society 
 for injury to person during initiation 
 or expulsion. 13 L.E.A. (N.S.) 314. 
 
 Liability of married woman for use and 
 safety of premises owned by her. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 531. 
 
 Liability of infant for negligent tort. 57 
 L.K.A. 673. 
 
 Liability of executor or administrator for 
 personal Injury resulting from negli- 
 gence in care or management of proper- 
 ty of estate. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379. 
 
 Liability of owner of bees for injury done 
 by them. 62 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 Duty and liability of owner of bathing re- 
 sort. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 982; 3 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1132; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 713; 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 
 Liability of keeper of bath house for loss 
 of guest's valuables. 6 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 828. 
 
 Responsibility of lender of chattel for in- 
 juries to borrower or a third person 
 due to its unsafe condition. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 632. 
 
 //. Contributory negligence. 
 
 a. Injury to person. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 31. Generally. 
 
 Of person injured by automobile, ssee Auto- 
 mobiles, § 6. 
 
 pf operator of automobiles, see Automo- 
 biles, § 7. 
 
 On bridge, see Bridges, § 7. 
 
 Of person injured by falling building, see 
 Buildings, § 12. 
 
 Of passenger, see Cabriebs, §§ 75-84. 
 
 Of deceased or hia parent) as defense to ac- 
 tion for death, see Death, § 13. 
 
 Of one injured by electric wire, see Elec- 
 
 TEICITT, § 18. 
 
 On elevator, see Elevators, § 8. 
 
 Of person injured by explosion, see Ex- 
 plosions AND Explosives, § 10. 
 
 Of fireman, see Fibb Department, § 8. 
 
 Of person injured by defects in highway, 
 see Highways, §§ 96-101. 
 
 Of driver of frightened horse, see Horses, 
 § 14- 
 
 Of servant, see Master and Servant, §§ 
 123-131. 
 
 On railroad track generally, see Railroads, 
 §§ 52-57. 
 
 Of person injured by railroad train, see 
 Railroads, §§ 79-86. 
 
 On street car track, see Street Railways, 
 
 §§ liO-23: 
 
 ■Of trespasser, see Trespassers, § 4. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, II. a, 1— cont'd 
 Intoxication as affecting, see Drunkenness, 
 
 §§ 5-9. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, §§ 80-84. 
 Evidence as to generally, see Evidence, 
 
 § 269. 
 Effect of, on right to recover on policy, see 
 
 Insurance, § 169. 
 Effect of patient's liegligence on liability of 
 
 physician for malpractice, see Physi- 
 cians AND Surgeons, § 15. 
 Effect of obeying or disobeying physician on 
 
 injured person's remedy against person 
 
 inflicting injury, see Physicians and 
 
 Surgeons, § 18. 
 Negativing contributory negligence in 
 
 pleading, se Pleading, § 29. 
 As a question for jury, see Trial, §§ 45-49. 
 Instructions as to, see Trial, § 66. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 56 L.E.A. 221. 
 As a defense. 3 L.E.A. 385,* 594;* 4 
 L.E.A. 126,* 239,* 263;' 5 L.E.A. 787;* 
 6 L.R.A. 194;* 7 L.E.A. 678;* 8 L.R.A. 
 783;* 9 L.R.A. 640;* 11 L.R.A. 130;* 
 12 L.E.A. 279.* 
 Test of. 11 L.E.A. 131;* 13 L.E.A. 729.* 
 Necessity that it be the proximate cause of 
 injury. 7 L.E.A. 132;* 12 L.E.A. 280.* 
 Effect of contributory negligence on right 
 of action for violation of statute not 
 expressly conferring if). 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 342. 
 Application of doctrine of contributory neg- 
 ligence to negligent homicide. 61 
 L.R.A. 298. 
 On wharf or dock. 61 L.R.A. 955. 
 As to ambulance. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 In walking through doorway leading to 
 place of danger. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 246. 
 Into elevator well. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757; 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 Cdntributory negligence of person on sur- 
 face of street injured by elevated rail- 
 way company. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 In case of falling walls or buildings. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 563. 
 Forgetfulness of obstacle or defect as con- 
 tributory negligence. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 896. 
 Holes and excavations. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 ■(N.S.) 897. 
 Snow and ice. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 898. 
 Defects in buildings. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 899. 
 Miscellaneous. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 Defective hearing of person injured as bear- 
 ing upon contributory negligence. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 193. 
 Deafness as imposing greater vigilance 
 upon sight). 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 195. 
 The deaf atj railway crossings. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 196. 
 Greater vigilance of sight at cross- 
 ings. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 197. 
 Walking on railway tracks. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 199. 
 Crossing or wallcing along street rail- 
 ways. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 202. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1017 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, II. a, 1— cont'd 
 
 Injuries from wagons. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 202. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 203. 
 Effect of wantonness, malice, or personal 
 
 motive of servant in using dangerous 
 
 agency on contributory negligence of 
 
 person injured. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 Rule as to pleading contributory negligence. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 275. 
 Probative effect of admission by injured 
 
 party of responsibility for accident. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1096. 
 Burden of proof as to. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1085. 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 
 to. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 437. 
 
 § 32. Care required of one in sudden 
 emergency. 
 
 See Emergency. 
 
 § 33. Voluntarily incurring danger to 
 save lite of another. 
 
 In general. 49 L.R.A. 715; 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1069. 
 Illustrations. 49 L.R.A. (N.S.) 716. 
 Exceptions. 49 L.R.A. 719. 
 Effect of previous contributory negligence. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 720. 
 
 § 3 4. After occurrence of original in- 
 jury. 
 
 Duty to keep down damages, see Dam- 
 'ages, §§ 3-11. 
 
 Patient's own negligence or failure to fol- 
 low instructions as affecting liability 
 of physician or surgeon for malprac- 
 tice. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1242. 
 
 In treatment or care of wound as affect- 
 ing criminal responsibility for homi- 
 cide. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 841; 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 665. 
 
 Subsequent conduct of injured person in its 
 relation to proximate cause, as distin- 
 guished from contributory negligence. 
 18 L.E.A.(N.S.) 640. 
 
 § 35. Of tenant or his guests or serv- 
 ants. 
 
 Of tenant injured by defect in premises. 34 
 L.R.A. 830; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 808. 
 
 Contributory negligence of tenant's guests 
 and servants injured by defects in 
 premises. 34 L.R.A. 616. 
 
 2. Of children or their parents. 
 
 § 3 6. Of child. 
 
 Of child. 4 L.R.A. 127;* 6 L.R.A. 536;* 8 
 L.R.A. 842;* 10 L.R.A. 654;* 12 L.R.A. 
 216.' 
 
 Duty of children when crossing or travel- 
 ing public streets to avoid passing 
 teams. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 161; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 482. 
 
 Of children trespassing on turn-table. 14 
 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 Negligence of child running in front of au- 
 tomobile. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, II. a, 2— cont'd 
 
 Contributory negligence of child in jump- 
 ing on or off moving railroad train. 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 846. 
 
 Duty of children crossing or traveling in 
 street to avoid passing teams. 19 
 L.R.A. 161; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 
 Recovery for injury to child in attempting 
 to cross street car tracks, notwithstand- 
 ing his contributory negligence. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 174. 
 
 How question wliether child sui juris de- 
 termined. 10 L.R.A. 655.* 
 
 When question of contributory negligence 
 of child for jury. 3 L.R.A. 385;* 17 
 L.R.A. 79. 
 
 Contributory negligence of child as bar to 
 parent's recovery for its death. 17 
 L.R.A. 78. 
 
 § 3 7. Of parent. 
 
 Imputing parent's negligence to child, see 
 infra, §§ 46-48. 
 
 When parent guilty of contributory negli- 
 gence in permitting child to play on 
 sidewalk. 10 L.R.A. 654.* 
 
 Unexplained presence of unattended child 
 non sui juris in place of danger as 
 prima facie evidence of negligence of 
 parents. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 395. 
 
 3. On highways, 
 
 §38. Generally. 
 
 Of person injured by automobile, see AtT- 
 
 tomobiles, §§ 6, 7. 
 Of traveler receiving shock of electricity 
 
 from wires strung along highway, see 
 
 Elbcteicity, § 18. 
 At railroad crossing, see Eaileoads, §§ 81- 
 
 84. 
 On street car track, see Street Railways, 
 
 §§ 20-23. 
 
 Standing on driven vehicle as negligence. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 223. 
 Voluntary obstruction of view while on 
 
 highway as contributory negligence. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 784. 
 
 § 39. Duty of pedestrian crossing or 
 traveling street to avoid passing 
 teams. 
 
 In general. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 161; 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 481. 
 Children. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 161; 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 482. 
 Person of impaired faculties. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 163. 
 Duty to look and listen. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 163; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 481. 
 Failure to discover approaching vehicle. 19 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 163; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 482. 
 Where approaching vehicle is seen. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 165; 39, L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 484. 
 Articles projecting or dragging from ve- 
 hicle. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 165; 39 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 484. 
 Acts in emergency. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 165; 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 485. 
 
1018 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, II. a, 3— cont'd 
 
 Vehicles approaching from behind. 19 
 
 L.K.A.{N.S.) 165; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 485. 
 Eeliance upon presumption of exercise of 
 
 due care by driver. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 166; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 486. 
 Subsequent negligence of driver. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 166. 
 Duty when traveling in street or crossing 
 
 where there is no crosswalk. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 481. 
 
 § 40. Violation of rule of the road. 
 
 Driving on wrong side of defective highway 
 as contributory negligence. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1267. 
 
 Violation of law of the road by person in- 
 jured on defective street. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 668. 
 
 Rule of the road governing vehicles pro- 
 ceeding in the same direction. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 337. 
 
 Rule of the road governing vehicles pro- 
 ceeding in opposite directions. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 332. 
 
 Rule of the road governing vehicles at in- 
 tersection of streets and .when turning 
 a cross street. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 336. 
 
 4. Imputed negligence. 
 
 § 41. Generally. 
 
 In case of injury to property, see infra, 
 § 54. 
 
 Imputing negligence of one fireman to an- 
 other, see FiKE Department, § 7. 
 
 Doctrine of last clear chance in case of. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 309. 
 
 Imputing third person's negligence to per- 
 son injured on defective street. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 670. 
 
 In case of injury by violation of ordinance 
 affecting operation of railroads. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 
 § 42. Of driver to passenger. 
 
 Of husband to wife while latter is driving, 
 see infra, § 44. 
 
 Imputed negligence of driver to passenger. 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 597. 
 The rise and decline of the doctrine. 8 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 598. 
 Liability in eases of concurrent) negli- 
 gence. 8 L.R.A. (JSr.S.) 613. 
 The general rule. 8 L.R.A..(N.S.) 
 
 613. 
 The New England highway cases 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 615. 
 Passengers of common carriers. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 In general. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 Of railroads. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 617 
 Of street railways. 8 L.R.A. (N.S. ' 
 
 619. 
 Of stagecoaches. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 621. 
 Of steamboats and ferries. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 622. 
 Occupants of hired vehicles. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 623. 
 Excursionists. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 626. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, II. a, 4— cont'd 
 
 Associates in common enterprises. 8 
 
 L.R.A, (N.S.) 628. 
 Fellow servants. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631. 
 In general. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631. 
 Public servants. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 632. 
 Private servants. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 633. 
 Master and servant. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 635. 
 Travelers in private vehicles. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 637. 
 In general. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 637. 
 Companions or guests. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 648. 
 Husband and wife. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 656. 
 Relatives. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 662. 
 Infants of tender years. 8 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 664. 
 Children sui juris. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 669. 
 Direct negligence. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 671. 
 Imputing negligence of driver of fire appara- 
 tus to fireman. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 629. 
 
 § 43. Of husband to wife. 
 
 Husband's negligence as bar to recovery for 
 injury to wife, see Husband and Wife, 
 § 64. 
 
 Of husband as bar to recovery for wife's in- 
 juries. 22 L.R.A. 460. 
 
 § 44. — while husband is driving. 
 
 Whether imputable to wife injured while 
 riding with husband. 14 L.R.A. 733. 
 
 § 45. Of coservant to master. 
 
 Imputing to master coservant^s negligence 
 in respect to preparation or structural 
 modification of instrumentalities or 
 their parts. 54 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 Imputing to master negligence of coserv- 
 ants whose duty it is to keep instru- 
 mentalities in proper condition. 54 
 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 § 46. Of parent to child. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, 
 
 see Evidence, § 84. 
 
 Imputing negligence of parent to child. 3 
 L.R.A. 385;* 6 L.R.A. 545;* 8 L.R.A. 
 495;* 17 L.R.A. 79. 
 
 § 4 7. — bar to action by child. 
 
 Contributory negligence of parent or cus- 
 todian as a bar to action by child 
 for negligent injuries. 21 L.R.A. 
 76; 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 320. 
 
 Where the parent's negligence actively 
 contributed. 21 L.R.A. 76. 
 
 Negligence in permitting the child to 
 stray into danger. 21 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 The parent's negligence is immaterial if 
 the child exercised due care. 21 
 L.R.A. 82. 
 
 Child may recover if defendant might 
 have avoided the injury after dis- 
 covering its peril. 21 L.R.A. 82. 
 
 Rule where the child is able to take 
 care of himself. 21 L.R.A. 82. 
 
 Begin ivith this Vodk on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1019 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, II. a, 4— cont'd 
 § 48. — bar to action by parent or ad- 
 ministrator. 
 
 Effect of parent's negligence to defeat his 
 recovery for injury or death of child. 
 10 L.E.A. 653;* 17 L.R.A. 79. 
 
 Contributory negligence of parent as bar to 
 action by parent or administrator for 
 death of child non sui juris. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 328; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 754. 
 
 Imputing negligence of custodian of child 
 non sui juris to parent in action by 
 latter, or by administrator, for death 
 or injury of child. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 410. 
 
 § 49. Of landlord to tenant, and vice 
 versa. 
 
 Is the landlord's negligence in relation to 
 the premises imputable to the tenant, 
 or vice versa, so as to prevent a re- 
 covery from a negligent third person. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 498. 
 
 5. Last clear chance; humanitarian 
 doctrine. 
 
 § 50. Generally. 
 
 Origin, function, and mode of operation of 
 doctrine. 55 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 The application of the doctrine in the differ- 
 ent jurisdictions in case where danger 
 not actually discovered. 55 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Doctrine of last clear chance as affected by 
 question whether negligence of plain- 
 tiff or deceased and of defendant was 
 concurrent. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 132; 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 152; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 707; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 446 (and refer- 
 ences); 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 
 Exercise of due care by plaintiff after de- 
 fendant's negligence. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1211. 
 
 Last moment to which presumption that 
 person in dangeroi^s condition will seek 
 place of safety may be indulged. 69 
 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Applicability of doctrine of last clear chance 
 to case of imputed negligence. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 309. 
 
 As distinguished from rule that contribu- 
 tory negligence is not a defense against 
 a wanton or wilful injury. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 427. 
 
 Recovery for injury to child in attempting 
 to cross street car tracks notwithstand- 
 ing his contributory negligence. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 174. 
 
 § 51. Applicability of doctrine where 
 danger not discovered. 
 
 Applicability of doctrine of last clear 
 chance where danger not actually dis- 
 covered. 55 L.R.A. 418; 36 L.R.A. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 957. 
 
 May wantonness or wilfulness, precluding 
 defense of contributory negligence, be 
 predicated of the omission of a duty 
 before the discovery of a person in a 
 position of peril on a railroad or street 
 railway track. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 427. 
 Consvlt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, II. a, 5— cont'd 
 
 § 52. Intoxication of person on rail- 
 road track as affecting applicability 
 of doctrine. 
 
 Where no duty to keep a lookout for tres- 
 passers. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 Where duty to keep lookout fully per- 
 formed. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1033. 
 
 Where object seen on track not known to 
 be a human being. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1033. 
 
 Where train men justified in assuming per- 
 son would leave track. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1034. 
 
 Breach of duty after actual discovery of 
 danger. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1035. 
 
 Effect of intoxication to interrupt trespass- 
 er's original negligence. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1035. 
 
 6. Injury to property. 
 
 § 53. Generally. 
 
 Of depositor where deposit is paid to wrong 
 
 party, see Banks, §§ 23-25a. 
 Negligence of guest at inn, see Innkeepers, 
 
 § 9. 
 In case of injury to property by fire, see 
 
 Fires, II.; Railroads, § 86. 
 Duty and negligence with respect! to lateral 
 
 support, see Lateral Support. 
 
 Of shippers of live stock with respect to 
 injury at pens or yards at stations. 44 
 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 Effect of contributory negligence on liabil- 
 ity as to infected animals. 26 L.R.A. 
 540. 
 
 In case of property destroyed by mob. 24 
 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 Contributory negligence as defense against 
 municipal liability for injurv by drain- 
 age. 61 L.R.A. 706. 
 
 Negligence' of officer or agent of a munici- 
 pality contributing to the injury of its 
 property as a bar to its recovery 
 against a third person. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 209. 
 
 § 54. As to waters. 
 
 Liability for injuries by floating, rafting, 
 or driving logs, see Logs and Logging, 
 §8. 
 
 In obstruction of navigation. 59 L.R.A. 
 88. 
 
 In case of injuries by navigation. 64 L.R.A. 
 987. 
 
 Of riparian owner injured by running logs 
 in stream. 41 L.R.A. 497. 
 
 As affecting liability for damming back wa- 
 ter of stream. 59 L.R.A. 904. 
 
 Failure to protect property against surface 
 water as contributory negligence. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 369. 
 
 § 55. Imputed negligence. 
 
 Imputing negligence of bailee to bailor in 
 action by the latter against third per- 
 son for destruction of property. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 925; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 690. 
 
1020 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NEGIIGENCE, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Is negligence of attorney attributed to par- 
 ty under statute for relief from judg- 
 ment taken by Inadvertence, surprise, 
 or excusable neglect. 27 L.K.A.(N.S.) 
 858. 
 
 NEGLIGENT HOMICIDE. 
 
 See Homicide, § 15. 
 
 »« » 
 
 NEGOTIABILITY. 
 
 See Bills and Notes, §§ 19-23; Bonds, § 
 18; Checks, § 4. 
 
 < • » 
 
 NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 See Bills and Notes; Checks. 
 « I » 
 
 NEGROES. 
 
 Separation of white and colored passengers. 
 
 see Cabbiebs, § 43. 
 Civil rights of, see Civil Eights. 
 Right to serve as jurors, see Civil Rights, 
 
 § 4. 
 Actionability of charge that one has negro 
 
 blood, see Libel and Slander, § 9. 
 Intermarriage of whites and negroes, see 
 
 Miscegenation. 
 As slave, see Slaves. 
 
 Color of delinquent fellow-servant as tend- 
 ing to show negligence of master. 48 
 L.R.A. 379. 
 
 Specific performance as aflfected by vendor's 
 ignorance that purchaser is a negro. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 125. 
 
 Who is a negro, mulatto, or a person of 
 color within statutes not specifical- 
 ly defining same. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 180. 
 Persons of color. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 181. 
 Mulatto. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 185. 
 
 Stating that a white person is a negro or 
 of negro blood as actionable. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 974. 
 
 NEIGHBORS. 
 
 In general, see Adjoining Ownee. 
 
 Power to make use of property for particu- 
 lar purpose or in particular manner 
 conditional on consent of. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 978. 
 
 NEPHEW. 
 
 NERVOUS SHOCK. 
 
 See Feight, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 < « » 
 
 NET PROFIT. 
 
 Net profit rule as to existence of partner- 
 ship, see Pabtneeship, § 7. 
 
 « « » 
 
 NETS. 
 See FiSHEBlES, § 6. 
 
 •-•-♦ — 
 
 NEURALGIA. 
 
 Application of statute regulating pratice 
 of medicine to persons giving special 
 kinds of treatment. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 762; 24 L.R.A(N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1297. 
 
 NEW ACTION. 
 
 After statute of limitations has run, see 
 Limitation op Actions, § 64. 
 
 Reversal on merits without remanding as 
 bar to. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 377. 
 
 NEWLY DISCOVERED EVIDENCE. 
 
 As ground for new trial, see New Teial, 
 
 §§ 10, 11. 
 As ground for bill of review, see Review, 
 
 § 3. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 571. 
 
 NEW PROMISE. 
 
 Consideration for, where original contract 
 unenforceable, see Contracts, § 13. 
 
 By married woman after diseoverture, ef- 
 fect, see Husband and Wife, § 19. 
 
 Removal of bar of limitations by, see Lim- 
 itation of Actions, §§ 68-71. 
 
 NEWSBOY. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to, see Cabbi- 
 ebs, § 55. 
 
 Insurable interest in life of. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 233. As' a passenger. 22 L.R.A. 796 
 
 Begin with this tooU on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1021 
 
 NEWSPAPER. 
 
 Pubfieation in as a contempt, see Con- 
 tempt, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Opinions gained from, as disqualification 
 to act as juror, see Jtjbt, § 12. 
 
 Libel by, see Libel and Slandeb. 
 
 Extracts from, as evidence. 40 L.E.A. 574. 
 
 As manufactures. 14 L.R.A. 108. 
 
 Liability of municipality or county on im- 
 plied contract for publishing notices in 
 newspaper. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130. 
 
 Newspaper opinion as disqualification of 
 juror in criminal case. 35 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 985. 
 
 Newspaper pass as violation of statute pro- 
 hibiting discrimination in passenger 
 rates. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 217; 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 657. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 NEWSPAPER QUOTATIONS. 
 
 Ab evidence of value. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 758. 
 
 » ■ » 
 
 NEW SPRING. 
 
 Right to water of. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1158. 
 
 NEW TRIAL. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1, 2. 
 II. Grounds for, §§ 3-11. 
 a. In general, § 3. 
 6. Errors in verdict, §§ i-B. 
 
 c. Matters as to jury, §§ 7-9. 
 
 d. Newly discovered evidence, 
 
 §§ lO, 11. 
 III. Practice, §§ 13-14. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 In ejectment, see Ejectment, § 13, 
 
 Setting aside award in condemnation pro- 
 ceedings, see Eminent Domain, § 35. 
 
 Relief from judgment, generally, see Judg- 
 ment, §§ 87-97. 
 
 Bill of review, see Review. 
 
 Lack of remedy by, as ground for injunc- 
 tion against judgment. 30 L.E.A. 560. 
 
 Waiver of right to appeal from order grant- 
 ing, by accepting favorable part of or- 
 der. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 27. 
 
 Eight to a new trial after satisfaction of 
 the judgment. 68 L.R.A. 126. 
 
 Effect of prior decision on statutory new 
 trial in real actions. 40 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 Effect of repeal of civil statute on pending 
 motion for. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 934. 
 
 Power of public prosecutor to dismiss pros- 
 ecution after grant of. 35 L.R.A. 716. 
 
 Admissibility on subsequent trial of admis- 
 sion made for purpose of defeating a 
 continuance. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 169. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Vigests to date. 
 
 NEW TRIAL, I.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of granting new trial after conviction 
 to extend liability on accused's bond. 
 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 861. 
 
 Question whether suit for statutory penal- 
 ty is a civil or criminal prosecution as 
 affecting right to new trial. 27 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 752. 
 
 § 2. Power of court to grant, generally. 
 
 Effect of provision that jury shall deter- 
 mine the law and the facts in libel 
 cases on court's power to set aside a 
 _ verdict. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 209. 
 Right of court to grant new trial on its 
 • - own motion, or on grounds other 
 
 than those urged by the moving 
 party. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 291. 
 At common law. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 292, 
 Civil cases. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 292. 
 Criminal cases. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 294. 
 As affected by statute. 40 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 294. 
 For grounds not specified in the mo- 
 tion. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 296. 
 Permitting chancery to set aside a verdict 
 upon an issue directed by it to a law 
 court, as an unconstitutional infringe- 
 ment upon the latter's powers. 8 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 866. 
 
 II. Grounds for, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 For perjury. 13 L.E.A. 336.' 
 
 Because of demeanor of witnesses. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 855. 
 
 Because of death of judge before signing bill 
 of exceptions. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1000. 
 
 Inconsistent testimony in another suit as 
 ground for. 42 L.R.A. 692. 
 
 Comment by prosecuting attorney on fail- 
 ure of defendant to produce witness as 
 ground for. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 811. 
 
 Refusal to allow cross-examination on rele- 
 vant matters covered by examination in 
 chief as ground for new trial. 25 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 683. 
 
 Power of court to disregard testimony be- 
 cause contrary to scientific principles. 
 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 357; 15 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 701; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 648. 
 
 6. Errors in verdict. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 For chance verdict. 11 L.R.A. 706.* 
 As remedy for correction of special verdict. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 
 § 5. Excessiveness of damages. 
 
 Curing excessiveness by remittitur, see 
 
 New Teial, § 14. 
 Granted by appellate court on account of 
 
 excessive damages. 26 L.R.A. 391. 
 
 § 6. Inadequacy of damages. 
 
 inadequacy of damages as a ground for set- 
 ting aside a verdict. 47 L.R.A. 33. 
 
1022 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NEW TRIAL, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Power and duty of the court as to. 
 
 47 L.R.A. 33. 
 Rule in contract actions. 47 L.R.A. 35. 
 Rule in actions with relation to prop- 
 erty and property rights. 47 
 L.R.A. 38. 
 Rule in actions for personal injuries. 
 47 L.R.A. 39. 
 Generally. 47 L.R.A. 39. 
 Actions for libel and slander. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 42. 
 Actions for malicious prosecution 
 and false imprisonment. 47 
 L.R.A. 43. 
 Actions for assault and battery 
 and other torts. 47 L.R.A. 
 44; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 487. 
 Actions for persojial injuries 
 caused by negligence. 47 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 General rules as to. 47 L.R.A. 
 
 44. 
 What sufficient to show bias 
 or omission of duty — in- 
 stances. 47 L.R.A. 45. 
 Statutory provisions as to small- 
 ness of damages for personal 
 injury. 47 L.R.A. 48. 
 Effect of uncertainty as to cause of in- 
 jury. 47 L.R.A. 48. 
 Who entitled to relief. 47 L.R.A. 49. 
 Matters of procedure. 47 L.R.A. 50. 
 Increase of verdict by court. 47 L.R.A. 
 51. 
 
 c. Matters as to jury. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 For separation of jury. 3 L.R.A. 210.* 
 Permitting separation of jury in capital 
 
 case. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 776. 
 For coercion of disagreeing jury. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 643. 
 Because of communication by judge with 
 
 jury not in open court. 17 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 609. 
 Right to reversal or new trial where jury 
 
 disregard erroneous instructions. 21 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 852. 
 
 § 8. Treating jurors. 
 
 Treat by party. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 Treat by attorney. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 735. 
 Treating by persons interested. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 736. 
 Treat by witness after verdict rendered. 19 
 
 L.a.A.(N.S.) 737. 
 
 § 9. Disqualification of juror. 
 
 General statement of the law. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 473. 
 
 Party knowing of disqualification 
 
 waives objection by silence. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 474. 
 
 Petitioner must show ignorance of the 
 
 disqualification. 18 L.R.A. 475. 
 Neglect to malte inquiries defeats the 
 party's right. 18 L.R.A. 475. 
 Objections on the ground of age of jurors. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 475. 
 .Alienage. 18 L.R.A. 476. 
 
 NEW TRIAL, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Want of property qualifications. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 476. 
 Irregularities of selection. 18 L.R.A. 476. 
 Bias of jurors. 18 L.R.A.' 476. 
 Relationship. 18 L.R.A. 477. 
 Language evincing a preconceived opin- 
 ion. 18 L.R.A. 478. 
 The objection that a trial juror was a 
 member of the grand jury. 18 
 L.R.A. 478. 
 Concealment of interest by juror. 18 
 
 L.R.A. 478. 
 Petitioner must negative knowledge of 
 
 bias. 18 L.R.A. 478. 
 Preponderance of evidence necessary to 
 show bias. 18 LJl.A. 478. 
 Criminality of juror. 18 L.R.A. 478. 
 
 d. Newly discovered evidence. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 As ground for bill of review, see Review, 
 § 3. 
 
 Bill of review because of newly discovered 
 evidence after affirmance or reversal by 
 appellate court. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 865;. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1030. 
 
 § 11. Cuniulatlve evidence. 
 
 Generally. 14 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 What is cumulative evidence. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 609. 
 Modifications and limitations of rule. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 610. 
 Admissions and declarations of party. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 611. 
 Other instances. 14 L.R.A. 611. 
 
 III. Practice. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 225. 
 Objecting to jurors who have served in same 
 
 or similar case by motion for new trial. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 885. 
 Review by appellate court of ruling of trial 
 
 court on motion to grant a new tr.ial 
 
 in action for bodily injuries on ground 
 
 of inadequacy of damages awarded. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 130. 
 May a judgment against two or more tort 
 
 feasors be set aside as to some and 
 
 allowed to stand as to the others. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 
 § 13. Testimony or aflficlavit of jurors. 
 
 Impeaching verdict by juror. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 523;* 9 L.R.A. 820;* 11 L.R.A. 706.* 
 Admissibility of affidavit of juror to show 
 
 misconduct outside the jury room and 
 
 not in hearing in verdict. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 930. 
 
 § 14. Remittitur. 
 
 Power of trial court to cure an excessive 
 verdict by requiring, or permitting 
 a reduction where true measure of 
 damages not ascertainable by mere 
 computation. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1064. 
 
 Begin with this booli on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1023 
 
 NEW TRIAL, III.— cont'd 
 
 Introductory. 39 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 1064. 
 Peremptory reductions. 39 L.K.A.(N. 
 
 S.) 1064. 
 Permissive remittiturs. 39 L.E.A.(N. 
 S.) 1067. 
 Where there is prejudice or pas- 
 sion. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1079. 
 
 NEXT FRIEND. 
 
 Right of insane person to institute proceed- 
 ings by, see Incompetent Persons, 
 § 19. 
 
 Representation of infant by, see Infants, 
 § 32. 
 
 As proper party to bring suit, see Pabties, 
 § 24. 
 
 NEXT OF KIN. 
 
 Right of persons claiming through deceased 
 relative to participate with those stand- 
 ing in equal degree of relationship with 
 such relative, in provision for "next of 
 kin." 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 479. 
 
 NICKNAME. 
 
 As evidence of incompetency of fellow serv- 
 ant. 41 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 As evidence of incompetency of servant 
 whose negligence causes injury to fel- 
 low servant. 48 L.R.A. 391. 
 
 NIECE. 
 
 Insurable interest in life of. 54 L.R.A. 233. 
 As member of family of insured. 3 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 334. 
 
 NIGHT. 
 
 Right to use stream for water power during. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 
 NITRO GLYCERIN. 
 
 Negligence in the manufacture and storage 
 
 of. 29 L.E.A. 718. 
 Regulating keeping or storing of. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 460. 
 
 NODS. 
 
 Admissibility as dying declarations of an- 
 swers bv. 2 B. R. C. 922. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 NOISE. 
 
 Liability for frightening horses by, see 
 
 Horses, §§ 7-11. 
 As element of damages, see Damages, § 87b. 
 As nuisance, see Nuisances, § 4. 
 
 NOLLE PROSEQUI. 
 
 Power to enter in criminal case. 35 L.R.A. 
 701. 
 
 As ground for discharge of accused. 56 
 L.R.A. 522. 
 
 Entry of, as to one joint tort feasor, effect 
 on liability of other. 58 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 Verdict of guilty set aside or reversed, and 
 followed by nolle prosequi, as evidence 
 of probable cause. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 701. 
 
 Termination of criminal prosecution by en- 
 try of, so as to support suit for ma- 
 licious prosecution. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 938, 942. 
 
 <«» 
 
 NOLO CONTENDERE. 
 
 Plea of. 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 
 NOMINAL DAMAGES. 
 
 See Damages, § 2. 
 
 »«-♦ 
 
 NOMINAL PAYMENT. 
 
 For bonus stock. 38 L.R.A. 492. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 NOMINATIONS. 
 
 See Elections, §§ 25, 26. 
 < « » 
 
 NONACCESS. 
 
 Competency of husband or wife as witness 
 as to, see Witnesses, § 20. 
 
 -♦-•-•- 
 
 NONASSESSABLE STOCK. 
 
 Assessments on. 45 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 NONATTENDANCE. 
 
 Liability of physician for. 37 L.R.A. 834 
 
 / 
 
1024 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NONCLAIM. 
 
 Statute of nonclaifn as equivalent of limi- 
 tation within rule that running of the 
 latter against debt secured will bar 
 remedy on the mortgage. 31 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1013. 
 
 NONEXPERTS. 
 
 Opinions of, see Eyidence, VIII. 
 
 NONFEASANCE. 
 
 Negligent breach of contract as. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 929. 
 
 Liability of corporate directors for. 55 
 L.R.A. 657. 
 
 Liability of agent or servant to third per- 
 sons for. 28 L.R.A. 433; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 349. 
 
 NONINTOXICATING LIQUORS. 
 
 Constitutional power to prohibit or regu- 
 late, see Intoxicating Liquoes, § i. 
 
 Sale of, see Intoxicating Liquoes, §§ 30, 
 31. 
 
 NONJOINDER. 
 
 EfiFect of husband's nonjoinder in wife's ex- 
 ecutory contract to convey, where his 
 joinder is essential to a conveyance. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 353. 
 
 NONLEGAIi DEMANDS. 
 
 Power of legislature to compel municipali- 
 ties to pay. 48 L.R.A. 473. 
 
 NONMAILABLE MATTER. 
 
 When one not personally mailing nonmail- 
 able matter may be regarded as causing 
 it to be deposited' in the mails. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 424. 
 
 NON-NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 NGN - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS — 
 cont'd 
 
 Effect of putting non-negotiable paper or 
 securities indorsed in blank into an- 
 other's possession to estop owner aa 
 against purchaser in good faith. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 254. 
 
 Effect of permitting assignor of a contract 
 to receive non-negotiable instruments 
 issued in payment thereof to estop as- 
 signee as against subsequent assignee 
 of such instrument. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 472. 
 
 NON OBSTANTE VEREDICTO. 
 
 See Judgment, § 13. 
 
 NONRESIDENTS. 
 
 Distinction between negotiable and non-ne- 
 gotiable. 18 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Condition against taking effect until others 
 have signed. 45 L.R.A. 348. 
 
 Bet-off against assignee of, of claim against 
 assignor. 23 L.R.A. 330. 
 
 Action on, after loss of. 16 L.R,A. 205. 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to aliens, see Aliens. 
 
 Attachment against, see Attachment, § 4. 
 
 Discrimination against generally, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 88. 
 
 Discrimination against as to licenses, see 
 License, § 46a. 
 
 As to foreign corporations, see Coepoka- 
 TIONS, XI. 
 
 As to residence generally, see Domicil and 
 Residence. 
 
 Jurisdiction of divorce suit by or_ against, 
 see DivoECE and Sbpaeation, §§8, 9. 
 
 Effect of appearance by, in divorce suit, see 
 Divoece and Sepaeation, § 12. 
 
 Appointment of, as administra,tor, see Ex- 
 BCUTOES and Administbatoes, § 6. 
 
 Garnishment of, see Gaenishment, § 12. 
 
 As to foreign judgments generally, see Judg- 
 ment, V. 
 
 Effect of nonresidence on running of limita- 
 tions, see Limitation of Actions, § 46. 
 
 Removal of cause to Federal court where 
 one party is a nonresident, see Removal 
 of Causes, §§ 7-9,. 
 
 Nonresidence as affecting taxation, see Tax- 
 es, §§ 17, 42, 100. 
 
 Situs of property or debts due to, for tax- 
 ation, see Taxes, § 42. 
 
 Inheritance tax against, see Taxes, § 100. 
 
 Service of process on, see Writ and Peoc- 
 Ess, §§ 13, 18. 
 
 Privilege of, from service of process, see 
 Weit and Peocbss, §§ 32, 34, 36. 
 
 Foreign corporations as. 14 L.R.A. 185. 
 
 Municipal power over nonresidents as to 
 defining, preventing, and abating nui- 
 sances. 36 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 Civil liability of, for damage done by stock 
 while straying in district prohibiting 
 running of animals at large. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1098. 
 
 Law governing validity of discrimination 
 against, in assignment for creditors. 
 65 L.R.A. 354. 
 
 Reimbursement or subrogation of purchaser 
 on annulling judicial sale in proceed- 
 ings against. 69 L.R.A, 52. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1925 
 
 NONRESIDENTS— cont'd 
 
 Nonresidence as ground of equitable set-off 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.),21. 
 
 Necessity of exhaustion of remedy as to 
 nonresident or absent debtor as condi- 
 tion precedent to creditors' bill. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 85. 
 
 Nonresidence of maker of note as excuse 
 for delay in enforcing liability. 18 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 
 Right or duty of municipality to supply 
 nonresidents with water. ,'54 L.R.A.(N. 
 S.) 542. 
 
 Necessity of consent or notice to nonresident 
 parent on adoption of child. 30 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 151. 
 
 Applicability to vehicles owned by nonresi- 
 dents of city ordinance imposing li- 
 cense on use of vehicles. 23 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 453. 
 
 Right of action for benefit of nonresident 
 aliens. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 473; 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 267. 
 
 Of defendant as affecting jurisdiction of 
 equity over suits affecting real prop- 
 erty in another state or country. 69 
 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 Service of notice in proceedings to revive 
 judgment on nonresident of state. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1163. 
 
 Right to protection on ground of unfair 
 competition against simulation of geo- 
 graphical name by a nonresident. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 80. 
 
 § 2. Rights of. 
 
 Right of nonresident widow to statutory 
 allowance, see ExEctrroRS and Admin- 
 ISTEATORS, § 55a. 
 
 Right to claim exemption, see Exemption, 
 § 10. 
 
 Right to become stockholders in corpora- 
 tion. 24 L.R.A. 252. 
 
 Right to act as executor or administrator. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 341, 349.. 
 
 Right to locate mining claim. 7 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 816. 
 
 Validity of statute giving nonresident of 
 school district right to attend school 
 without charge. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1104. 
 
 Right of alien nonresident to maintain stat- 
 utory action for death of other person. 
 54 L.R.A. 934. 
 
 Right of nonresident insane person having 
 no committee within jurisdiction to in- 
 stitute proceedings by next friend. 64 
 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 Right of, to sue. 70 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Right to sue foreign corporation. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 513. 
 Right of one nonresident to sue anotlier. 
 70 L.R.A. 517. 
 
 § 3. Injunction against. 
 
 Nonresidence as ground for injunction 
 against judgment for purchase money. 
 
 31 L.R.A. 749, 766. 
 
 Effect of vendor's nonresidence on right to 
 injunction against collection of pur- 
 chase money where title to land is oe- 
 fective. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 451. 
 Con^lt also L.B.A. Digests to date 
 
 NONRESIDENTS— cont'd 
 
 § 4. Effect of judgment against. 
 
 Effect of judgment against part of joint 
 obligors to release others where some 
 of debtors are nonresidents. 43 L.R.A. 
 162. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment rendered in for- 
 eign country against nonresident. 20 
 L.R.A. 678. 
 
 NONRIPARIAN LANDS. 
 
 Correlative rights of upper and lower pro- 
 prietors as to use of water on. 41 
 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Right to make use on nonriparian lands of 
 water rights incident to riparian lands. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 383. 
 
 NONSUIT. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment on, see Judg- 
 ment, § 31a. 
 In general, see Trial, §§ 56-59. 
 
 Collateral attack on judgment of, for fraud 
 not affecting the jurisdiction. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 986. 
 
 NONSUPPORT. 
 
 Husband's liability for, see Husband and 
 Wife, § 70. 
 
 NONTIDAL RIVERS. 
 
 Title to land under. 42 L.R.A. 165. 
 Navigability of. 42 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 NONTRIBAL INDIANS. 
 
 Jurisdiction to punish crimes committed by. 
 21 L.R.A. 173. 
 
 NONIjSER. 
 
 Loss of easement by, see Easements, S 27. 
 Discontinuance of highway by, see High 
 
 Loss'''oV^ri|hts^°in water by, see Waters, 
 § 37. 
 
 NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 iTsP of common school or teachers' training 
 school. 20 L.R.A, (N.S.) 1033. 
 
 65 
 
102(5 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NOTARIES. 
 
 Right of woman to be. 38 L.R.A. 214; 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 415. 
 
 Place at which official acts of, may be per- 
 formed. 33 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 Power as to contempt. 36 L.R.A. 822. 
 
 Statute."! relating to. as special or local. 2 
 L.R.A. 577.* 
 
 Right to attach or correct certificate of 
 acknowledgment after date of acknowl- 
 edgment. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 216. 
 
 *«» 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 See Bills and Notes. 
 
 >»-•-• 
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-11. 
 
 II. Constructive notice, § 13. 
 
 III. Imputed notice, §g 13-15. 
 
 IV. Of rights in real property, §§ 16, 
 
 17. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of assignment, see Assignment, § 12. 
 
 Of equities to transferee of commercial pa- 
 per, see Bills and Notes, § 42. 
 
 Of nonpayment of bill or note, see Bills 
 AND Notes, §§ 43-53. 
 
 Of claim against carrier, see Caeeiees, §§ 
 133, 134. 
 
 Of arrival of goods at destination, see Cae- 
 eiees, § 118. 
 
 Of eminent domain proceedings, see Emi- 
 nent Domain, §§ 32, 33. 
 
 Of accounting by personal representative, 
 see ExBCUTOKs and Administbatoes, 
 § 51. 
 
 To purchaser from fraudulent grantor, see 
 Feaudulent Conyeyances, § 12. 
 
 Of acceptance of guaranty, see GtrAEANTT, 
 § 7. 
 
 Of default to guarantor, see Gitaeantt, § 8. 
 
 Of defects in highway, see Highways, §§ 
 102-103. 
 
 Of injury, see Highways, §§ 106, 107; 
 Masteb axd Servant, §§ 57, 64; Mu- 
 nicipal Corporations, §§ 104-107; 
 Street Railways, § 24. 
 
 Of Ivmacy proceedings, see Incompetent 
 Persons, § 6. 
 
 Of insurance premiums, see Insurance, § 
 108. 
 
 Of loss, injury, or death, see Insuiance, 
 §145. 
 
 To produce, see Evidence, § 120a. 
 
 To quit, see Landlord and Tettant, § 95. 
 
 Of pendency of action, see Lis PENnE^'s. 
 
 Of mechanics' lien, see Mechanics' Liens, 
 §§ 26, 27. 
 
 Of discovery of mine, see Mines, § 15. 
 
 Of dissolution of partnership, see Partner- 
 ship, § 30. 
 
 Begin with this ioole on every law question 
 
 NOTICE, I.— cont'd 
 
 Of application for appointment of receiver, 
 see Receivers, § 1. 
 
 Of unrecorded conveyance, see Records and 
 Recording Laws, § 22. 
 
 Of defect causing injury, see Street Rail- 
 ways, § 24. 
 
 Of tax sale, see Taxes, § 73. 
 
 Of redemption from tax sale, see Taxes, 
 § 85. 
 
 Of trial, see Trial, § 6. 
 
 Of probate proceedings, see Wills, § 53. 
 
 By publication, see Writ and Process, 
 §§ 20, 21. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, §§ 155, 155a. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, 
 see Evidence, § 37. 
 
 As condition of municipal liability, see 
 Municipal Corporations, §§ 104-107. 
 
 Question for jury as to, see Teial, § 35. 
 
 Of forfeiture of corporate stock. 27 L.R.A. 
 310. 
 
 To corporation claiming lien on stock of 
 pledge or sale thereof. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 298. 
 
 To pledgee or purchaser of corporate stock 
 of corporation's claim to lien thereon. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 293. 
 
 Of conveyance by one eotenant to third per- 
 son and adverse possession founded on 
 such conveyance against others. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.') 707. 
 
 To purchaser or mortgagee of firm prop- 
 erty. 28 L.R.A. 174. 
 
 Of sale or mortgage of future crops. 23 
 L.R.A. 462. 
 
 To remove standing timber conveyed with- 
 out conveying title to the land. 55 
 L.R.A. 535. 
 
 Of assessment to members of mutual fir* 
 insurance companies. 32 L.R.A. 502. 
 
 Of assignment of policy to creditor. 50 
 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 Priority of notice of assignment to trustee 
 as giving priority of right. 66 L.R.A. 
 760. 
 
 Of withdraAval from loan association. 35 
 L.R.A. 292. 
 
 Of condition, that bond shall not take effect 
 until signed by others. 45 L.R.A. 327, 
 347. 
 
 Of time, place, and manner of sale of col- 
 lateral bonds and commercial paper. 
 53 L.R.A. 862. 
 
 Of attorney's lien. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 226. 
 
 Of change of ownership of trademark. 1 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72.5. 
 
 Of limitation on agent's power to waive 
 conditions existing" at inception of 
 policy. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 858. 
 
 Of tunnel claim. 53 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 Of location of raining claim. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 832. 
 
 To bind surety or guarantor by judgment 
 against principal. 40 L.R.A./N.S.) 
 737. 
 
 To patrons of telegraph company as to 
 
 office hours. 53 L.R.A. 733. 
 Of defect in street car track. 52 L.R.A- 
 456. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 1027 
 
 NOTICE, I.— cont'd i 
 
 To employee of railroad company injured by 
 defectively loaded car. 13 L.E.A.(>;.S.) 
 391. 
 
 By owner of premises of presence of spring 
 guns, traps, and other dangerous in- 
 struments. 29 L.R.A. 15S. 
 
 To person injured by escape and explosion 
 of gas. 29 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 Materiality of, in case of set-off against 
 judgment in hands of assignee. 23 
 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 In proceedings to determine rights of 
 mother or reputed father to custody or 
 control of illegitimate child. 65 L.R.A. 
 696. 
 
 Of proceedings to abate nuisance. 36 L.R.A. 
 613. 
 
 Of proceedings to vacate highway. 26 
 L.R.A. 828. 
 
 Of drawing of grand jury. 27 L.R.A. 783. 
 
 Notice to adverse party of application to 
 correct record on appeal. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 211. 
 
 Conclusiveness of decision of tribunal of 
 association or corporation as to notice 
 of meeting at which member was ex- 
 pelled. 49 L.R.A. 368. 
 
 Burden of proving notice of fraud to sub- 
 vendee of chattels when original seller 
 seeks to rescind for fraud of first pur- 
 chaser. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 448. 
 
 Reliance on receiving notice from opposing 
 counsel as excuse for default. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 196. 
 
 Holding over after expiration of lease with 
 option for extension or renewal with- 
 out formally exercising such option 
 where notice is required by lease. 29 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 177. 
 
 Law governing validity of stipulation as 
 to notice of claim against telegraph 
 company. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 224. 
 
 Signing notice by proxy. 22 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 § 2. Necessity for. 
 
 As condition precedent to bringing of suit, 
 
 see Action or Suit, § 10. 
 As essential to punishment for disobedience, 
 
 see Contempt, § 9. 
 Of injury as essential to recovery on em- 
 ployer's liability insurance policy, see 
 
 Insukance, § 216. 
 As condition of municipal liability, see 
 
 Municipal Coepoeations, § 106. 
 As essential to liability of purchaser for 
 
 nuisance, see Nuisances, § 17. 
 Of defect as prerequisite to recovery on 
 
 warranty, see Sale, § 56. 
 Duty to notify sender of telegram of its 
 
 nondelivery, see Telegkaphs, § 14. 
 
 Necessity of notice of default to bind guar- 
 antor. 20 L.R.A. 257. 
 
 As condition of cotenant's liability for re- 
 pairs. 29 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 Necessity of notice to owner of intention 
 to assess his property for supposed 
 benefits. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 40. 
 
 Necessity of giving mortgagee or other 
 lienor notice of public improvement, 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 558. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 NOTICE, I.— cont'd 
 
 Efleet of omitting notice of copyright from 
 licensed publication. 66 L.R.A. 444. 
 
 Duty of bailee to give bailor notice of legal 
 proceedings affecting the property. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 693. 
 
 Necessity of notice, actual or constructive, 
 of transfer not required to be recorded 
 or registered to start the four months' 
 period relating to preferences, under 
 § 60 of the bankruptcy act. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 585. 
 
 Necessity of beneficiary's knoAvledge of 
 trust. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 
 Notice to vendor as condition of vendee's 
 right to refuse subsequent deliveries 
 after breach as to earlier deliveries. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1110. 
 
 Necessity of actual notice of retirement of 
 member of firm to relieve retiring mem- 
 ber from liability on obligation renewed 
 after his retirement. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 800. 
 
 Necessity of notice of appointment of um- 
 pire or third arbitrator and of proceed- 
 ings before him. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 696. 
 
 Necessity of notice to revoke power of at- 
 torney. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 577. 
 
 Law governing stipulation in contract mak- 
 ing notice of damages a condition of 
 right of action. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 191. 
 
 Failure to serve statutory notice of libel 
 on right to actual damages. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 525. 
 
 Statute requiring notice of claim before 
 commencing an action as a statute of 
 limitations. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 997. i 
 
 Duty to notify insurer of facts, developing 
 after submission of application, but be- 
 fore delivery of policy or certificate. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 983. 
 
 Necessity of notice to stockholder to bind 
 him by an order for unpaid stock sub- 
 scription in insolvency proceedings. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 177. 
 
 Necessity for notice of reletting to tenant 
 who has abandoned premises. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 401. 
 
 Notice to landlord of defect in premises as 
 ■essential to his liability to tenant foi 
 injuries therefrom. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 808. , 
 
 Necessity of giving purchaser who refuses 
 to accept goods notice of resale or of 
 intention to resell, as affecting right oj 
 action against him. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 677. 
 
 Of intent of mob to destroy property. 24 
 L.R.A. 598. 
 
 To adjoining owners before setting fire. 21 
 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Notice of defect in highway as prerequisite ' 
 to personal liability of highway ofiBccrs. 
 22 L.R.A. 829. 
 
 Validity of requirement of written notice 
 of defect to render municipal corpora- 
 tion liable for injuries caused by de- 
 fective highway. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 391. 
 
 Necessity of notice to purchasing railroad 
 company to construct culverts, where 
 road was originally constructed with-! 
 out them. 12 L.E..A.(N.S.) 571. 
 
1028 
 
 INr)EX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NOTICE, I.— cont'd 
 
 Constitutionality of requirement of notice 
 of defect, or of injuries, as a condition 
 of liability for personal injuries. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 203. 
 
 Necessity of, to make owner of premises 
 liable for continuing nuisance created 
 by predecessor. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 
 Duty of telegraph company to notify sender 
 of delay in transmission or delivery 
 of message. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 870. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence as affected by necessity of notice 
 of nature of claim. 59 L.R.A. 216. 
 
 § 3. — In judicial proceedings gener- 
 ally. 
 
 Necessity of, to constitute due process, see 
 
 GONSTITUTIONAL LaW, § 155. 
 
 Necessity of notice of intention by attor- 
 ney to withdraw from suit because of 
 client's misconduct. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 963. 
 
 Necessity of, for entry of judgment nunc 
 pro tunc. 20 L.R.A. 147. 
 
 Injunction against judgment obtained in 
 violation of agreement to give notice. 
 30 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 Of distribution in probate proceedings as 
 jurisdictional. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 368. 
 
 When may notice bf application for ap- 
 pointment of receiver of growing crop 
 j be dispensed with. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 I 960. 
 
 To parent as condition of valid adoption of 
 child. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 
 Notice of application by guardian for leave 
 to sell infant's real estate as jurisdic- 
 tional.' 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1215. 
 
 Of application for alimony as prerequisite 
 ', to contempt proceedings to compel pay- 
 ' ment. 24 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 Necessity of notice of injunction to render 
 one not a party guilty of contempt in 
 disobeying it. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1295. 
 
 Right of one charged with contempt to no- 
 tice and hearing. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 198. 
 
 § 4. — In proceedings affecting lunatic. 
 
 Necessity of notice to alleged lunatic of 
 lunacy proceedings. 23 L.R.A. 737; 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 232. 
 
 Collateral attack on lunacy proceedings for 
 want of notice to lunatic. 23 L.R.A. 
 743; 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 895; 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 237. 
 
 Necessity of notice to insane person of ap- 
 plication for sale of his property to 
 pay debts. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 147. 
 
 § 5. Sufficiency of. 
 
 Constructive notice, see infra, § 12. 
 I As condition of municipal liability, see 
 
 Municipal CoRPOBATioisrs, § 105. 
 SufiBeiency of notice of contents of telegram, 
 
 see Telegraphs, S 19. 
 
 Of assignment of claim sufficient to prevent 
 
 set-off. 23 L.R.A. 310. 
 Of notice of alleged lunacy proceedings. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 232. 
 
 Begin with this lioolc on every law question. 
 
 NOTICE, I.— cont'd 
 
 Of notice of injunction to render one not a, 
 party guilty of contempt in disobeying 
 it. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1295. 
 
 Of notice to creditors of assumption of 
 debts on dissolution of partnership. 9 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 
 Effect of notice to person by wrong initial. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 129; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 151. 
 
 Sufficiency of notice of condemnation pro- 
 ceedings to occupant only. 16 L.R.A. 
 186. 
 
 What amounts to notice that corporate 
 stock is held in trust. 15 L.R.A. 643. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of statement of 
 grounds in notice of protest required 
 as condition of recovering back pay- 
 ment of an unlawful tax. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 476. 
 
 Enactment of law giving superior lien to 
 local assessment as notice to encum- 
 brancers of priority of subsequent as- 
 sessment. 35 L.R.A. 376. 
 
 Effect of public records as notice or evi- 
 dence of notice which will set statute 
 of ■ limitations running against action 
 based on fraud. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 208. ■ 
 
 Mere existence of party wall as notice to 
 grantee of agreement by predecessors 
 to contribute to cost in event of use. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1038. 
 
 When telegraph company charged with no- 
 tice of imp6rtance of commercial mes- 
 sage. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1188. 
 
 Sufficiency of service of notice necessary to 
 fix contract rights upon bankrupt after 
 initiation of bankruptcy proceedings 
 but before appointment of trustee. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 
 Definiteness of complaint to employer to 
 charge him with notice of defect caus- 
 ing injury. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 469. 
 
 Sufficiency of notice of injury under em- 
 ployers' liability act. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 233. 
 
 Delinquent servant's general reputation as 
 notice of incompetency to master. 41 
 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 § 6. Effect of. 
 
 Rights of one completing contract in dis- 
 regard of notice to desist. 16 L.R.A. 
 655. 
 
 To holder affecting validity of note for 
 patent right. 20 L.R.A.' 606. 
 
 Effect of notice to purchaser of defect in 
 title on right to injunction against col- 
 lection of purchase money. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 460. 
 
 Knowledge of pendency of action as affect- 
 ing right to equitable relief from judg- 
 ment rendered without personal juris- 
 diction over defendant. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1062. 
 
 Effect of notice of agency on right of de- 
 fendant in action by undisclosed princi- 
 pal to avail himself of defenses that 
 would have been available in an action 
 by the agent in Iiis own right on the 
 contract. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1029 
 
 NOTICE, I.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of omission of statement that owner 
 is unknown in notice of tax sale. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1065. 
 
 Eii'ect of purchaser's knowledge of encum- 
 brance in an action for breach of 
 covenant. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 309; 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 737. 
 
 Making time of essence of contract bv. 15 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Lien acquired bv service of, in supplement- 
 ary proceedings. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 123. 
 
 Publication by notice of matters derogatory 
 to parties to litigation as contempt of 
 court. 2 B. R. C. 498. 
 
 Effect of notice to purchaser or creditor of 
 previous transfer of corporate stock. 
 67 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 Liability of transferee with notice of cor- 
 porate stock on unpaid subscription. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 284. 
 
 Effect of notice to tradesmen on husband's 
 liability for necessaries furnished wife. 
 65 L.R.A. 532, 538, 544. 
 
 Effect of notice on carrier's liability for 
 loss of profits incident to delay in de- 
 livery of articles intended for use. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 486. 
 
 Effect of notice on purchaser's liability for 
 damming back water of stream. 59 
 L.E.A. 861. 
 
 Duty as to electric wires over highway as 
 affected by notice that wire is down. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1175. 
 
 Duty to protect traveler from personal in- 
 jury or death from electricity carried 
 by wires strung along highway as af- 
 fected by notice that wire is down. 1 
 B. E. C. 807. 
 
 Effect of giving purchaser who refuses to 
 accept goods notice of resale or of in- 
 tention to resell, as affecting right of 
 action against him. 42 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 677. 
 
 § 7. Effect of lack of notice. 
 
 Lack of actual notice in case of construc- 
 tive service as ground for relief under 
 statute permitting opening of judgment 
 for mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or 
 excusable neglect. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 ,1068. 
 
 Loss' of prejudice to bank resulting from 
 negligent failure of depositor or cor- 
 respondent bank to give prompt notice 
 of forgery as condition of its right to 
 charge forged checks to latt»r's ac- 
 count. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 
 Inadmissibility of evidence of condition be- 
 fore accident for lack of notice. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1100. 
 
 § 8. Service of. 
 
 Service of notice in proceedings to revive 
 judgment, see Judgment, § 80. 
 
 § 9. — mode of serrlce. 
 
 Service by mail, see Postoffice, § 6. 
 
 What constitutes "personal service. 
 
 L.E.A. 209. ^ ♦.i.„rat)h 61 
 
 Validity of notice sent by telegrapH. 
 
 L.R-i. 933. . ingests to date. 
 
 Consult also t.K-^- -^"^ 
 
 NOTICE, I.— cont'd 
 
 § 10. Publication of. 
 
 Publication of, in foreign language. 14 
 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 Liability of municipality or county on im- 
 plied contract for publishing notices in 
 newspaper. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130. 
 
 § 11. Time of. 
 
 First and last days in computing time of. 
 
 49 L.E.A. 221. 
 Time of notice to warrant special damages 
 
 for carrier's failure to deliver property. 
 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1111. 
 
 Giving of, on holidays. 19 L.R..H. 319. 
 Before sale of property by pledgee. 43 
 L.R.A. 750. 
 
 //. Constructive notice, 
 
 §12. Generally. 
 
 From possession of land, see infra, § 17. 
 Record as, see Records and Recobdino 
 Laws, §§ 26, 27. 
 
 Generallv. 1 L.R.A. 192;* 2 L.R.A. 734;' 
 
 4 L.R.A. 717. 
 
 Reference in deed as. 1 L.R.A. 191.* 
 
 Purchaser charged with notice of unrecord- 
 ed deed forming part of direct chain 
 of title. 7 L.R.A. 840.* 
 
 To purchaser of commercial paper after 
 maturity. 12 L.R.A. 41.* 
 
 Corporate by-law as. 25 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 Constructive notice of lode or vein within 
 placer claim. 50 L.R.A. 291. 
 
 What circumstances will charge one witn 
 notice that other contracting party 'f 
 of unsound mind. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1159. ^ , J X * 
 
 Of servant as bearing on masters duty to 
 instruct him. 44 L.R.A. 42. 
 
 As element of employer's liability for injury 
 to servant. 41 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 Implied notice to municipality of defects or 
 obstructions in streets. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 705. 
 
 Taking note from maker or payee as con- 
 structive notice of accommodation 
 character of an irregular indorsement 
 and lack of authority for such indorse- 
 ment. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 525. 
 
 Notice to put purchaser on inquiry as to 
 vendor's intent to defraud creditors. 
 32 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 III. Imputed notice. 
 
 § 13. Generally. , , , , . „, 
 
 g 14 Of agent or employee to prlncl- 
 
 P'i- """tn^eT'l L.R.A. 217,* 563:- 
 By notice ^ »'|«"*g, .^V jq L.R.A. 705.* 
 
 Exce?tfons to rui;. 10 L.R^. 705.* 
 The effect of notice to a subagent. 21 
 L.R.A. 340. „ . ,.o 
 
 Insurance agents. 21 L.R.A. 34^. 
 
1030 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NOTICE, III.— cont'd 
 
 Whose knowledge of defects is imputed to 
 employer. 41 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 What knowledge of scientific facts imputed 
 to employer. 41 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 To master of probable future accidents. 41 
 L.E.A. 55. 
 
 Admissibility of reports by agent or em- 
 ployee to employer to prove fact in 
 issue. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 231. 
 
 Imputing knowledge by officers or agents 
 of defect in highway to municipality. 
 20 L.E.A.(N.S.) 697. 
 
 Imputing agent's knowledge of vicious char- 
 acter of dog to owner. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 463. 
 
 Imputing to principal notice to agent while 
 acting in other capacity. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 444. 
 
 Knowledge by agent that his own act is in 
 excess of authority as notice to prin- 
 cipal. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 
 Effect of notice to purchaser's agent of 
 vendor's intent to defraud his creditors. 
 32 L.R.A. 62. 
 
 Notice to traveling salesman as notice to his 
 employer. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 
 Notice to trustee in mortgage or deed of 
 trust as notice to bondholders. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013. 
 
 § 15. — corporate officer or agent. 
 
 Imputing knowledge of officer to bank, see 
 
 Banks, § 8a. 
 Imputing insurance agent's knowledge to 
 
 company, see Insurance, § 20. 
 
 How far corporation charged with knowl- 
 edge of managing officer engaged in 
 illegal act. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 993. 
 
 IV. Of rights in real property. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Record as, see Records and Kecording 
 Laws, §§ 26, 27. 
 
 Effect of knowledge of existence of ease- 
 ment over land, see Easements, § 5. 
 
 That real estate is partnership property. 
 27 L.R.A. 480. 
 
 Physical conditions which will charge pur- 
 chaser of servient estate with notice of 
 easement. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 418. 
 
 Right of grantee in possession with notice 
 of defective title to question grantor's 
 , right to collect purchase money. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 363. 
 
 § 17. Possession as notice of title. 
 
 By possession of property. 2 L.R.A. 201,* 
 734;* 4 L.R.A. 222;* 8 L.R.A. 211;* 
 11 L.R.A. 661." 
 General rules as to effept of possession. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 51. 
 Rule that possession is notice. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 51. 
 Generally. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 51. 
 Reasons for rule. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 ' 55. 
 Rule that possession puts purchaser on 
 inquiry. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55^ 
 Generally. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 
 Begin with this Ttoolc on every law question. 
 
 NOTICE, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Reasons for rule. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 60. 
 Distinction between the two rules. 13 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 61. 
 Effect of statutes requiring actual no- 
 tice as an equivalent of registra- 
 tion. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 62. 
 Ignorance or knowledge of posssesion 
 as affecting. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 64. 
 General rules as to the scope of the in- 
 quiry. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 Of whom made. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 66. 
 What must be covered by. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 67. 
 Effect of unavailing inquiry. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 68. 
 Restriction as to particular title. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 68. 
 Persons reached, or affected by notice. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 71. 
 The possession. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 73. ' 
 
 Of what it is notice. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 73. 
 General rules. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 73. 
 Restriction by claim of particular 
 title. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 Requisites and sufficiency of. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 78. 
 Generally. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 78. 
 Possession based on right. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 80. 
 Present possession. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 83. 
 Extent of possession. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 84. 
 Necessity of change of possession. 
 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 86. 
 Ambiguity, indefiniteness. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 Particular acts of possession 
 which will effect notice. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 Application of rules to particular classes 
 of cases. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 96. 
 Possession of tenant. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 96. 
 As notice of interest as tenant. 
 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 96. 
 As notice of independent in- 
 terests of the tenant. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 As notice of landlord's title or 
 interest. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 Possession under contract of purchase. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 103. 
 General rules. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 103. 
 Particular application. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 105. 
 Possession of vendee under unrecord- 
 ed deed. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 109. 
 The general and common-law rule. 
 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 109. 
 Restriction of rule to putting pur- 
 chaser upon inquiry. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 111. 
 Effect of peculiar statutory pro- 
 visions as to registration. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 112. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 103J 
 
 NOTICE, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Possession by both vendor and 
 
 vendee. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 114. 
 
 Grantor's possession after conveyance. 
 
 13 L.E.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 
 Rule that possession is notice. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 Rule that vendor's possession is not 
 inconsistent witli record title. 
 13 L.R.A.{N.S.) 117. 
 Mortgagee or lienor in possession. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 120. 
 Possession of cestui que trust. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 121. 
 Possession by cotenants. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 124. 
 Generally. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 124. 
 Use for partnership purposes. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 126. 
 Possession by husband and wife. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 126. 
 Joint occupancy. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 126. 
 Occupancy by one. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 128. 
 Homestead lands. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 129. 
 Other family relations as affecting 
 possession. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 131. 
 Application of rules to easements. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 132. 
 Generally. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 132. 
 Application in particular classes of 
 cases. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 132. 
 Estoppel of possessor to assert claim. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 General rules. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 By refusal of information or failure to 
 assert. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 135. 
 By abandonment, surrender, or incon- 
 sistent dealing. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 137. 
 
 NOTICE TO PRODUCE. 
 
 See EviDBNCE, § 120a. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 NOTICE TO QUIT. 
 
 See Landlobd and Tenant, § 95. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 NOTORIETY. 
 
 As essential element of adverse possession. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1200. 
 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 NOVATION. 
 
 Commercial paper, as payment, see Pay- 
 ment, § 11. 
 
 What constitutes. 5 L.R.A. 414;' 6 L.R.A. 
 688;* 10 L.R.A. 369.* 
 
 Distinction betvpeen novation and accord ex- 
 ecutory. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1134. 
 Consult also Z,.n.A. Vigests to date. 
 
 NOVATION— cont'd 
 
 By substitution of debtor. 10 L.R.A. 369.* 
 
 Substituted obligation. 10 L.R.A. 369.» 
 
 Liability of consolidated railroad company 
 for debts of predecessor. 23 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 Effect of judgment against garnishee to 
 merge or satisfy liability of principal 
 debtor. 47 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 New obligation given by debtor to creditor 
 to secure the release of a lien as a nova- 
 tion of the original obligation. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 464. 
 
 Is promise by a third party to pay claim 
 arising out of performance of contract 
 between two other persons tainted by 
 the illegality of that contract. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 996. 
 
 NOXIOUS VAPORS. 
 
 Presumption as to statutory authority of 
 railroad to commit nuisance by emit- 
 ting. 70 L.R.A. 594. 
 
 NOXIOUS VEGETATION. 
 
 Liability for permitting spread of, to ad- 
 joining property. 52 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 NUISANCES. 
 
 I. What are, §§ 1-9. 
 II. liidbility for; right to maintain; 
 remedies, §§ 10-31. 
 a. In general, § 10. 
 J). Who liable, §§ 11-19. 
 V. Remedies; right of action 
 §§ 20-25. 
 
 d. Defenses, §§ 26-29. 
 
 e. Criminal liability; punish- 
 
 ment, §§ 30, 31. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 
 Constitutional Law, § 89. 
 Affecting health, see Health, § 11. 
 Liquor nuisance, see Intoxicating Liquors, 
 
 § 37. 
 Nuisance on leased premises, see Landlord 
 
 AND Tenant, § 62. 
 Attractive nuisances, see Negligence, §§ 
 
 23, 23a. 
 
 /. What are. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Places of amusement as, see Amusements, 
 § 2. 
 
 Fences as, see Fences, § 5. 
 
 In street or highway, see Hiohwats, § 41. 
 
 What constitutes a liquor nuisance, see In- 
 toxicating Liquors, § 37. 
 
 Conducting business so as to constitute. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 712.* 
 By use of neighboring property. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 711.* 
 
1032 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NUISANCES, I.— cont'd 
 
 § 2. As to waters; drains and sewers. 
 
 By pollution, see Waters, § 57. 
 
 By casting water on land. 4 L.R.A. 594;* 
 
 10 L.E.A. 254.* 
 Surface water as. 65 L.R.A. 280. 
 Mooring logs and rafts as. 3 L.R.A. 407.* 
 Obstruction of navigable water as. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 209;* 59 L.R.A. 90. 
 Erection of bridge over navigable waters 
 
 as. 2 L.R.A. 541.* 
 By injury to well. 6 L.R.A. 280.* 
 
 § 3. Trees near boundary. 
 
 Trees near boundary as. 2 B. R. C. 901. 
 Removal of trees near boundary as. 21 
 L.R.A. 730. 
 
 § 4. Noise as element. 
 
 Noise as. 12 L.R.A. 53.* 
 
 Noise with or without vibration incident 
 
 to lawful industrial business, as. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 287. 
 Keeping of barking dogs as. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 349. 
 Bowling alley as. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75. 
 Noisy dancing as. 
 
 On street, as a nuisance subject to munici- 
 pal control. 39 L.R.A. 672. 
 Liability of railroad for creating a nuisance 
 
 by. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 371. 
 
 § 5. Smoke, dust, etc. ; odors. 
 
 Stockyards, see Stockyaeds, § 2. 
 
 Slaughterhouse as. 13 L.R.A. 321.* 
 Emission of smoke, soot, 'cinders, and coal 
 
 dust as. 9 L.R.A. 712.* 
 Municipal control over smoke as a public 
 nuisance. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 551; 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 156; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 554. 
 Use of soft coal as. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 465. 
 Coal yards as. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 522. 
 Operation of brick kiln as. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 92. 
 Gas plant as. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 466. 
 
 Fouling wells and streams. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 468. 
 Effect of legislative authority to manu- 
 facture. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 469. 
 Adoption of method free from objec- 
 tionable features. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 470. 
 Effect of exercise of due care .to pre- 
 vent nuisance. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 471. 
 Prescriptive right to maintain nuisance. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 472. 
 Driving foul air against neighbor's windows 
 
 as. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.i 895. 
 Stable for horses as. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1025. 
 
 § 6. Explosives. 
 
 Fireworks as nuisance, see Fibewobks, § 2. 
 
 Storage of exploslTes as. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 691. 
 By maintaining powder magazines. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 306. 
 
 § 7, Hospital or pesthouse. 
 
 Hospital as. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 
 NUISANCES, I.— cont'd 
 Insane asylum or hospital for insane as. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 647. 
 
 § 8. Undertaker's establishment; ceme- 
 tery. 
 
 Undertaker's establishment as. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 608. 
 Cemetery as. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 945; 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 565. 
 
 § 9. Miscellaneous. 
 
 Animals as, see Animals, §§ 21, 22. 
 Auction as, see Auction, § 2. 
 Bridges as, see Buidgbs, § 2. 
 Matters relating to gas, see Gas. § 3. 
 Spur tracks and sidings as, see Spub 
 Tracks and Sidings, § 4. 
 
 Dancing as. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 699. 
 
 Pool selling as. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 992; 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 836. 
 Coasting as. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 Bees as. 62 L.R.A. 133. 
 Spring guns, traps, and other dangerous 
 
 instruments on premises as. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 158. 
 Projection of building or other structure 
 
 over the boundary as. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1010. 
 
 //. Liability for; right to maintain; 
 remedies. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Liability for blasting, see Blasting. 
 Measure of damages to real property from, 
 
 see Damages, §§ 17, 80. 
 Municipal control over, see Municipal Cob- 
 
 POBATIONS, §§ 34-41. 
 
 Duty and liability of one maintaining tem- 
 porary obstruction in street for purpose 
 of loading or unloading vehicles. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 97. 
 
 Right as against public, as to nuisance 
 created by damming back water of 
 stream. 59 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 b. Who liable. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Municipal liability in respect of, see Munic- 
 ipal COBPOBATIONS, § 77. 
 
 Liability in damages of one of several pol- 
 luters of a stream. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1185. 
 
 Liability of owner of vacant property for 
 using it, or permitting it to be used, 
 in such a way as to collect crowds, to 
 the injury of the neighborhood. U 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 463. 
 
 § 12. What connection with, or par- 
 ticipation in, essential to liability. 
 
 Failure of municipality to abate nuisance. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 890. 
 Under absolute legal duty. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 890. 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1033 
 
 NUISANCES, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Mere failure to exercise power to abate. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 892. 
 Maryland rule.. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 895. 
 
 Active contribution to creation or mainte- 
 nance of nuisance. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 897. 
 
 Permitting nuisance on one's premises. 32 
 L.R^.(N.S.) 899. 
 
 Authorizing nuisance. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 900. 
 
 Adopting nuisance. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 900. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 900. 
 
 § 13. Employer. 
 
 Liability of employer for nuisance commit- 
 ted by independent contractor. 65 
 L.R.A. 751. 
 
 Employer's duty to see that no nuisance is 
 created or maintained by independent 
 contractor. 66 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Liability for acts of independent contractor 
 in work constituting nuisance. 14 
 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 Employer's liability for injuries occurring 
 in performance of work by independent 
 contractor through failure to remedy 
 nuisance. 66 L.R.A. 948. 
 
 § 14. Contractor. 
 
 Liability of contractor to third persons for 
 nuisance caused by defect in his work 
 after its completion and acceptance. 28 
 L.R.A. 506. 
 
 § 15. Vendor. 
 
 Liability of one erecting or creating a nui- 
 sance upon his land for continuance of 
 same after he has parted with the title. 
 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 731. 
 I 
 
 § 16. Purchaser. 
 
 Liability of purchaser for adding to nui- 
 sance by damming back flow of stream. 
 59 L.R.A. 860. 
 
 § 17. —necessity of notice. 
 
 Necessity of notice to make owner of prem- 
 ises liable for continuing nuisance cre- 
 ated by predecessor. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 164. 
 
 Necessity of notice to purchasing railroad 
 company to construct culverts, where 
 road was originally constructed with- 
 out them. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 571. 
 
 § 18. Landlord. 
 
 Liability to third persons, see Landlokd and 
 Tenant, § 62. 
 
 Liability of landlord for, to tenant of part 
 of premises. 23 L.R.A. 158. 
 
 § 19. Railroad. „o t tj a 
 
 Damage from operation of road. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 372. 
 Roundhouses and yards. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 374. 
 Terminals, stations, etc. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 374 
 Use of spur or side track. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Collult aUo t.R.A. Digests to d«te. 
 
 NUISANCES, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Damage from stock pens and oil. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 375. 
 
 Causing overflow, accumulation, or pollution 
 of water. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 376. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 377. 
 
 Necessity of notice to purchasing railroad 
 company to construct culverts where 
 road was originally constructed with- 
 out them. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 571. 
 
 o. Remedies; right of action. 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 Indictment for, see Indictment, Infokma- 
 
 TioN, AND Complaint, § 25. 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §§ 25- 
 
 29, 65. 
 
 Remedy by action for damages. 6 L.R.A. 
 280;* 9 L.R.A. 717.* 
 
 Right of property owner to damages or in- 
 junction for maintenance of electric 
 light plant in vicinity of his property. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 237. 
 
 Power of health authorities to require al- 
 terations of private property in a par- 
 ticular manner. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 241. 
 
 Remedy for obstruction or destruction of 
 rights of navigation. 59 L.R.A. 91. 
 
 Remedy for protection from pollution of 
 source of municipal water supply. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1166. 
 
 Right of private citizen to destroy liquor 
 illegally kept for sale. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 996. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations as to 
 maintenance of public nuisance. 59 
 L.R.A. 269. 
 
 Effect of legislative authority on remedy. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 131. 
 
 § 21. Abatement. » t -d a 
 
 Abatement of public nuisance. 6 L.K.A. 
 
 763.* 
 Abatement of liquor nuisance. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 299.* 
 Right to abate nuisance by interference with 
 
 fishing rights. 60 L.R.A. 524. ^ 
 Indictment to abate. 9 L.R.A. 717.* 
 Judgment in suit to abate, as bar to ac- 
 tion for damages therefor. 58 L.R.A. 
 735. 
 
 § 22. — who may maintain suit for. 
 
 Right of lessee to maintain suit to abate- a 
 
 nuisance affecting possession. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 448. 
 Right of municipality to maintain suit to 
 
 abate nuisance. 51 L.R.A. 657. 
 State as proper party to maintain bill to 
 
 abate nuisance in city street. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1172. 
 
 g 23. right to compensation for 
 
 property destroyed in abating pub- 
 lic nuisance. t t> a 
 
 Nuisances in highways. 19 L.R.A. I9b. 
 Killing animals. 19 L.R.A. 196. 
 Liquor nuisance l",^'"-^- i"{- 
 Gaming apparatus. 19 L.K.A. 19/. 
 Fiat nets. 19 L.R.A. 197. 
 
1034 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 NUISANCES, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Liability for removing buildings on account 
 
 of fire. 19 L.E.A. 197. 
 Other cases of destroying buildings and 
 
 other property. 19 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 § 24. Who may maintain action for. 
 
 Action for abatement, see supra, § 22. 
 Who may sue for injunction, see Injunc- 
 tion, §§ 25-29, 65. 
 
 How far property, right necessary to sus- 
 tain action for. 15 L.E.A. 689. 
 Right of one in possession to maintain ac- 
 tion for nuisance without proving 
 title. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 At law. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 560. 
 Under statutes declaratory of com- 
 mon law. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 562. 
 Other statutes. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 562. 
 In equity. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 562. 
 
 § 25. —private right of action; special 
 damages. 
 
 Private remedy for. 4 L.R.A. 209;* 7 
 L.R.A. 675;* 8 L.E.A. 832.* 
 
 Private right of action for obstruction of 
 navigable stream. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 112S; 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 763. 
 Action for damages. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 764. 
 Injunctive relief. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 766. 
 Mandamus. 3« L.R.A.(N.S.) 767. _ 
 
 As basis of recovery by abutter for injury 
 to property from railroad in street. 36 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 756. 
 
 Obstructions in highway, preventing access 
 to property except by a circuitous 
 route, as a special injury entitling 
 owner to maintain action for damages, 
 or to abate the nuisance. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 227; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75. 
 
 Interference with one's use of a highway as 
 a special damage which will sustain an 
 action by him against the wrongdoer. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1053. 
 
 Right of owner to recover damages to prop- 
 erty from nuisance, not of a permanent 
 character, existing before the com- 
 mencement, or at time of the renewal, 
 of the tenancy. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1060. 
 
 d. Defenses. 
 
 § 26. Prescriptive right to maintain. 
 
 General doctrine. 53 L.E.A. 891. 
 Matters relating to health. 53 L.E.A. 893. 
 Oflfensive trades. 53 L.E.A. 893. 
 Burial of the dead. 53 L.E.A. 895. 
 Pollution of streams, etc. 53 L.E.A. 
 895. 
 Highways and places held for public use. 
 53 L.E.A. 897. 
 Obstructions and encroachments in gen- 
 eral. 53 L.E.A. 897. 
 Eailroads. 53 L.E.A. 900. 
 Fences, buildings, and other structures. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 901. 
 Sidewalks. 53 L.R.A. 903. 
 
 NUISANCE, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Nuisances relating to water ways. 53 
 L.R.A. 903. 
 
 Prescriptive right of municipality or indi- 
 vidual to pollute stream with sewage or 
 other harmful substance. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 589. 
 
 Prescriptive right to maintain nuisance 
 caused by gas plant. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 472. 
 
 Doctrine of comparative injury in suit to 
 enjoin nuisance. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 
 § 27. Municipal authority as. 
 
 Municipal authority to justify. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 712.* 
 
 §2 8. Legislative authority as a de- 
 fense. 
 
 Statutory sanction. 9 L.E.A. 712;* 10 
 
 L.E.A. 210.* 
 Effect of legislative authority on remedy 
 for private nuisance. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 131. 
 Effect of legislative authority upon liability 
 for private nuisance. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 49. 
 Introdiictory ; general principles. 1 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 Damnum absque injuria. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 52. 
 The English rule. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 59. 
 Charter confers no immunity. 1 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 60. 
 In general. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 60. 
 Railroad c)' inters. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 02. 
 In general. 1 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 62. 
 Injuries from location and 
 construction of road. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 65. 
 Yards and terminals. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 71. 
 Use of street as yard. 1 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 78. 
 Ordinary operation of road. 1 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 Cases absolving company. 1 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 83. 
 The New Jersey decisions. 1 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 100. 
 Other charters. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 108. 
 Effect of direct grant of power. 1 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 110. 
 In general. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 110. 
 Constitutionality of statutes. 1 
 L.E.A.(,N.S.) 115. 
 The Elevated Eailroad Cases. 1 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 117. 
 Grant to municipal corporAtions. 1 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 120. 
 General rule. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 120. 
 Pollution of waters; sewers. 1 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 124. 
 Obstruction of street or highwav. 
 
 1 L.E.A.(N.S.) 127. 
 Nuisance caused by change of high- 
 way grade. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 129. 
 
 Begin with this 'bode on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1035 
 
 NUISANCES, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Remedies. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 131. 
 
 By action for damages. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 131. 
 By injunction. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 134. 
 Legislative authority to manufacture gas 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 469. 
 
 § 2 9. —statutory authority to commit 
 not to be presumed. 
 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 579. 
 Grants of authority to municipal corpora- 
 tions. 70 L.R.A. 5S0. 
 To maintain sewerage system. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 580. 
 To improve streets; bridges. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 584. 
 Miscellaneous grants. 70 L.R.A. 585. 
 Grants of authority to railroad corpora- 
 tions. 70 L.R.A. 585. 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 585. 
 To construct and maintain road. 70 
 L.R.A. 586. 
 Embankments; obstructions to wa- 
 ter courses and surface wa- 
 ter; blasting. 70 L.R.A. 586. 
 Stock yards; side tracks; repair 
 shops; terminal facilities. 70 
 L.R.A. 589. 
 Smoke and noxious vapors. 70 
 L.R.A. 594. 
 Grants of authority to other corporations. 
 
 70 L.E.A. 594. 
 Grants of authority to individuals. 70 
 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 e. Criminal liability; punishment. 
 
 § 30. Criminal liability. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation. 2 
 
 B. R. C. 251. 
 Criminal or penal liability for maintenance 
 of, by servant, agent, or partner. 41 
 L.R.A. 655. 
 Criminal responsibility for maintenance of 
 dam in non-navigable stream which 
 creates a nuisance injurious to public 
 health. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1259. 
 Criminal responsibility of municipality for 
 maintaining or permitting a nui- 
 sance. 39'l.R.A.(N.S.) 411. 
 Where the nuisance is the result of con- 
 ditions created by private parties 
 on private ground. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 413. 
 Nonrepair of streets. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 414. 
 
 § 31. Punishment for maintaining. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for main- 
 taining. 35 L.R.A. 576. 
 
 Liability for punitive damages for main- 
 taining. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1119. 
 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Of grand jurors, see Gkand Just, §§ 4, 5. 
 Of judges, see Judges, § 5. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A.. Digests to date. 
 
 NUMBER— cont'd 
 
 Of jurors, see Jury, § 15. 
 
 Of jurors n&cessary, see Jury, § 15. 
 
 Of trustees, see Trusts, § 21. 
 
 Of witnesses, limitation of, see Witnesses, 
 
 § 7. 
 Duty of master to provide a sufficient 
 
 number of employees, see Master and 
 
 Servant, §§ 106, 169a. 
 
 Of examinations of insured as to loss. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 427. 
 Unfair competition in use of combination ' 
 
 of geogi-aphical name with numeral. 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1040. 
 
 NUMBERING. 
 
 Of ballots, see Elections, § 20. 
 
 Requiring numbering of automobiles. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 215. 
 
 NUNC PRO TUNC. 
 Entry of judgment, see Judgment, § 18. 
 
 NUNCUPATIVE WILLS. 
 
 See Wills, § 59. 
 
 NURSE. 
 
 Municipal power to provide during epidem- 
 ic. 26 L.R.A. 739. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for services 
 of nurse employed by physician. 20 
 L.R.A. 697. 
 
 Liability of operating surgeon for negligent 
 acts of hospital nurse in caring for 
 patient. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1174. 
 
 Liability of proprietor of private sanitarium 
 or hospital for negligence of. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 306. 
 
 NURSERY. 
 
 Power of state to regulate nursery business. 
 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 138. 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by 
 
 statute or ordinance imposing license 
 
 tax on agents for nursery stock. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 290. 
 
103S 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 o 
 
 OATH. 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 See also Affidavit. 
 
 Oath of pre-emptor of public land. 3 L.R.A. 
 163.* 
 
 Of party to correctness of books of account 
 offered in evidence. 52 L.R.A. 590. 
 
 Law governing form of oath, as consider- 
 ation for chattel mortgage. 64 L.R.A. 
 363. 
 
 Effect of denial under oath to purge one of 
 criminal contempt. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 ' 1119. 
 
 Sufficiency of averment in indictment or in- 
 formation for perjury as to Jurisdic- 
 tion or authority to administer oath. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 142. 
 
 Furnishing proofs of loss not under oath as 
 substantial compliance with policy re- 
 quiring proofs under oath. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 651. 
 
 Validity of oath taken over telephone. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 358. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession made under 
 oath. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 872. 
 
 § 2. To grand jury or offlcers in charge 
 of them. 
 
 To grand jury. 27 L.R.A. 788. 
 To officer in charge of grand jury. 27 L.R.A. 
 779, 784. 
 
 § 3. To witnesses. 
 
 Necessity of, to infant witness. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 606. 
 To witnesses before grand jurv. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 320. 
 
 § 4. Of voter. 
 
 Duty of election officers to accept sworn 
 vote. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 968. 
 
 OBEDIENCE. 
 
 By employee, see Master and Sebvant, 
 §§ 4, 70, 117, 126, 127. 
 
 Of improper direction of physician as affect- 
 ing remedy of injured person against 
 person injuring him. 49 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 OBJECTIONS. 
 
 OBLITERATION. 
 
 Cancelation of will by, see Wills, §§ 3* 
 40. 
 
 Alteration of instrument by obliterating' 
 material provision without substituting 
 new matter. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 519. 
 
 OBNOXIOUS CONDUCT. 
 
 Employer's liability for obnoxious conduct 
 of servant sent to commit trespass. 70 
 L.R.A. 736. 
 
 OBSCENE LITERATURE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Instigation to offense as to. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 345. 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for 
 
 sending obscene letter. 62 L.R.A. 239. 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 § 2. Unlawfulness of. 
 
 At common law. 24 L.R.A. 110. 
 Indecent pictures. 24 L.R.A. 110. 
 Tests of decency. 24 L.R.A. 110. 
 Questions for court and jury. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 Ill- 
 Motives and object of publication. 24 
 
 L.R.A. in. 
 Mailing obscene letters. 24 L.R.A. 112. 
 Constitutionality of statutes. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 112. 
 Propriety of legislation. 24 L.R.A. 112. 
 
 OBSCENITY. 
 
 Obscene literature, see Obscene Literature. 
 Sending obscene matter through the mail, 
 see PosTorFicE, § 10. 
 
 As ground for divorce. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 820. 
 
 As disturbance of public peace. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 505. 
 
 Carrier's liability for obscene language by 
 employees to passengers. 14 L.R.A. 739. 
 
 Necessity of use of words per se obscene to 
 constitute offense under statute relat- 
 ing to obscenity. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 225. 
 
 OBSCURITIES. 
 
 To raise question on appeal, see Appeal 
 
 AND Error, §§ 24, 24a. Deciphering of, in proof of handwriting. 65 
 
 i During trial, see Trial, § 18. L.R.A. 155. 
 
 Begin with this hooli on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1037 
 
 OBSTRUCTING JTTSTICE. 
 
 By resisting arrest, see Arrest, §§ 7, 8. 
 Escaping or aiding in escape, see Escape. 
 
 Procuring one having knowledge of offense 
 to leave jurisdiction. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 976. 
 
 Resisting service of civil process fair on its 
 face, but invalid in fact, as an offense. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 
 What constitutes offense of attempt to in- 
 fluence officers of court. 21 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 905. 
 
 Publication of matters derogatory to par- 
 ties to litigation as an attempt to per- 
 vert or obstruct course of justice, or as 
 contempt of court. 2 B. R. C. 483. 
 
 OBSTRUCTION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Loss or abandonment of easement by, see 
 Easement, § 25. 
 
 In highways, see Highways, §§ 26-39, 65- 
 75, 77. 
 
 Municipal liability for obstruction of drains 
 and sewers, see MtrNiciPAL Corpora- 
 tions, § 88. 
 
 Of navigation, see Waters, § 21. 
 
 Of water, generally, see Waters, §§ 46-50, 
 63, 75. 
 
 Of wharf rights, see Wharves, § 5. 
 
 Wharf as obstruction to navigation, see 
 Wharves, § 6. 
 
 Of free right of way. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 
 Negligence of railroad company in per- 
 mitting obstructions on its right of way 
 which obscure view of track from high- 
 way crossing. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1067. 
 
 § 2. On railroad track. 
 
 Of traveler's view at railroad crossing, see 
 
 Railroads, § 61. 
 Injury to person crossing train obstructing 
 
 crossing, see Railroads, § 62. 
 Criminal liability for, see Railroads, § 87. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to passenger 
 caused by obstruction placed on trade 
 by stranger. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 
 OBVIOUS DANGERS. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk of, see Mas- 
 ter A.\i) Sekvaxt, § 113. 
 
 ■» « » 
 
 OBVIOUS DEFECTS. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injury to tenants 
 from. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804. 
 
 OCCUPANCY. 
 
 Of insured premises, see I?SUR^^Ff'2,I^" 
 CoMult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 OCCUPANT. 
 
 Liability of occupant of building for injury 
 caused by article falling or thrown from 
 window or other opening. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 426. 
 
 OCCUPATION. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes regulating, see 
 Constitutional Law, §§ 112-146. 
 
 Of insured, see Insurance, § 95. 
 
 Libel or slander injurious to, see Libel and 
 Slander, §§ 14-20, 24-27. 
 
 Tax on, generally, see License, II. 
 
 Ta.x on, as interference with commerce, Be« 
 
 COMMEECB, § 18. 
 
 Of master's premises, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, § 3. 
 Of real property, see Use and Occupation. 
 
 Notice of title to land from occupation. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 Occupation of premises as a servant and as 
 
 a tenant. 4 L.R.A.{N.S.) 698. 
 Effect of bad motive on liability for injury 
 
 to. 62 L.K.A. 694. 
 
 OCCUPATION TAX. 
 
 See License, II. 
 
 OCCUPYING CLAIMANTS' ACTS. 
 
 See Improvements, § 7. 
 
 ♦« » 
 
 OCEAN. 
 
 Jurisdiction over. 46 L.R.A. 264. 
 
 ODORS. 
 
 As nuisances, see Nuisances, § 5. 
 
 Municipal liability for odors from sewage. 
 
 61 L.R.A. 669. 
 Liability of railroad company for damage 
 
 from. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 375. 
 Municipal regulation as to nuisance of. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 322. 
 Identification of substance by. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 854. 
 Presumption as to statutory authority to 
 
 commit nuisance by obnoxious vapors. 
 
 70 L.K-4. 594. 
 
1038 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 OFFER. 
 
 False statement as to offer for property, see 
 Fraud and Deceit, § 10. 
 
 Unaccepted offer of compromise as tolling 
 
 statute of limitations. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 885. 
 Changing terms of offer of prize after efforts 
 
 to secure it have begun. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 183. 
 
 « « » 
 
 OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE. 
 
 See CoNTEACTS, §§ 22, 23, 29. 
 
 OFFICE. 
 
 Vacancy in, see Officers, §§ 14, 17. 
 
 OFFICE BUILDING. 
 
 To whom is the duty to keep office building 
 in proper condition, owing. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1213. 
 
 OFFICE HOURS. 
 
 Rules of telegraph company as to. 53 L.R.A. 
 732. 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 r. 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 In general; who are, §§ 1, 2. 
 Selection ; incumbency ; tenure, 
 §S 3-21. 
 a. In general, § 3. 
 h. Eligibility ; qualifications, §§ 
 4-9. 
 
 c. Appointment; election; ac- 
 
 ceptance, §§ 10-15. 
 
 d. Term of office; vacancy hold- 
 
 ing over, g§ 16-18. 
 
 e. Resignation or deprival of 
 
 office; restoration, §§ 19- 
 26. 
 
 f. Contest of title; usurpation 
 
 of office, § 27. 
 Rights, powers, duties, compensa- 
 tion, and liability, §§ 28- 
 
 4:2. 
 
 a. Rights, powers, and duties, 
 generally, §§ 28-30. 
 Compensation; fees, § 
 
 37. 
 IdabiUty, §§ 38-42. 
 
 43, 44, 
 
 b. 
 
 31- 
 
 IT. Oe facto officers, 
 
 I. In general; who are 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Arrest by, see Arrest. 
 
 Begin ivith this boolc on every law question. 
 
 OFFICERS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Resistance of, see Arrest, §§ 7, 8; Ob- 
 structing Justice. 
 
 Recovery back of money from, see Assump- 
 , SIT, §§ 8, 9. 
 
 Right of subcontractor, materialman, or 
 laborer on contractor's bond running 
 to, see Bonds, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 Bonds of, see Bonds, §§ 12-15. 
 
 Bribery of, see Bribery. 
 
 Civil service laws, see Civil Service. 
 
 Power of legislature as to municipal officers, 
 see Constitutional Law, § 21. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con 
 stitutional Law, § 90. 
 
 Validity of contract affecting official action 
 see Contracts, §§ 95, 98, 100, 102. 
 
 Deputy officers, see Deputy. 
 
 Domicil of, see Domicil and Residence, 
 
 § 4- 
 Embezzlement by, see Embezzlement, § 4 
 Judicial notice as to, see Evidence, § 11. 
 Voluntariness of confession to, see Evi 
 
 DENCE, IX. 
 
 Homicide in resistance of, see Homicide, 
 § 11. 
 
 Homicide by officers of justice, see HoMi 
 CIDE, § 12. 
 
 Injunction as to offices, see Injunction 
 § 39. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §§ 61 
 62. 
 
 Larceny by, see Larceny, § 6. 
 
 Libel or slander of, see Libel and Slander, 
 § 21. 
 
 Privileged character of complaints by, see 
 Libel and Slander, § 25. 
 
 Mandamus to, see Mandamus, §§ 3-11. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for acts 
 of officers, see Municipal Corpora- 
 tions, §§ 81-84. 
 
 As proper parties to bring action, see Par- 
 ties, § 9. 
 
 Service of foreign corporation by service on, 
 see Writ and Process, §§ 26, 28. 
 
 Of bank, see Banks, §§ 6-8a. 
 
 Of corporation, see Corporations, VI. 
 
 County officers, see Counties, § 12. 
 
 Highway officers, see Highways, §§ 87, 114. 
 
 Judicial officers, see Judges. 
 
 Officers of rnvmicipality, see Municipal Cor- 
 porations, §§ 112-122. 
 
 Receivers, see Receivers. 
 
 Of church, see Religious Societies, § 10. 
 
 School officers, see Schools, §§ 23-25. 
 
 Sheriff, see Sheriff. 
 
 Tax officers, see Taxes, §§ 60, 61. 
 
 Of towns, see Towns, §§ 8-10. 
 
 Judicial notice with respect to. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 37.* 
 Liability of countv for damages by default 
 
 of. 39 L.R.A. 74. 
 As grand jurors. 28 L.R.A. 200. 
 Right to inspect books of. 27 L.R.A. 83. 
 Occupancy by, as a tenancy. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 698, 707, 725, 727. 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 
 grand jury by. 28 L.R.A. 371. 
 I Official meeting as a meeting within pur- 
 I view of offense of disturbing meeting. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 832. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1039 
 
 OFFICERS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Service on state officer in suit against for- 
 eign corporation. 23 L.R.A. 499. 
 
 Erroneous or mistalven marlcing of ballot 
 by. 47 L.R.A. SIO. 
 
 Right to attacli or garnisli fund in hands 
 of, after he has been ordered to pay 
 same to party. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75S; 
 30 L.R.A. (K.S.) 720. 
 
 Right to compel public employee to submit 
 to phvsical examination to determine 
 fitness. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 259. 
 
 Connivance in misuse of funds as affecting 
 liability of sureties on depositor's bond. 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) S65. 
 
 Liability to public servants entering prem- 
 ises in discharge of official duties. 46 
 L.R.A. 81. 
 
 Denial on information and belief of matters 
 within knowledge of public officials. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 779. 
 
 Presumption that alteration in instrument 
 hv public officer was made before exe- 
 cution. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 114. 
 
 Competency of, as expert witnessses for 
 comparison of handwriting. 63 L.R.A. 
 942. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment as between 
 plaintiff and one not a party or privy 
 who voluntarily conducted the defense 
 in an action against officers. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 965. 
 
 Validity of agreement by which compensa- 
 tion is dependent on success in procur- 
 ing contract with public officer or 
 board. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 
 § 2. 'Who are. 
 
 Who are municipal officers, see Municipal 
 
 COEPOBATIONS, § 113. 
 
 Generally. 13 L.R.A. 177. 
 Definitions. 17 L.R.A. 243. 
 What distinguishes an office from a mere 
 employment or contract. 17 L.R.A. 
 244. 
 Attorneys as. 17 L.R.A. 244. 
 Attendants of courts. 17 L.R.A. 245. 
 Clergymen. 17 L.R.A. 245. 
 Marshals, sheriffs, and their deputies. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 245. 
 Policemen and firemen. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 881 
 Policemen. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 
 Detectives. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 Town marshals or watchmen. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 882. 
 Railroad policemen. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 882. 
 Construction of constitutional or 
 statutory provisions. 36 
 
 L.R.A(N.S.) 8S3. 
 Firemen. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 Keepers of public money. 17 L.R.A. 246. 
 Officers of public institutions. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 246. 
 Officers of school districts. 17 L.R.A. 247. 
 Constables. 17 L.R.A. 247. 
 Municipal officers. 17 L.R.A. 247. 
 Tax collectors. 17 L.R.A. 247. 
 Members of Congress and of the state legis- 
 lature. 17 L.R.A. 247. 
 Miscellaneous instances. 17 L.R.A. 247. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 OFFICERS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Instances of persons performing public du- 
 ties who have been held not to be public 
 officers. 17 L.R.A. 249. 
 
 Who are city officers. 14 L.R.A. 646. 
 
 //. Selection; incumbency; tenure, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Right to inspect public records as to title to 
 office. 27 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 b. Eligibility ; qualiflcations. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Eligibility to office of judge, see Judges, 
 
 § 2. 
 Disqualification of judge, see Judges, § 4. 
 
 Right to hold office as a privilege or im- 
 munity of a citizen of the United 
 States. 14 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 Power to determine eligibility to office of 
 one nominated at primary election. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 826. 
 
 Constitutionality of primary election laws 
 imposing new restrictions or qualifica- 
 tions on candidates. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1142. 
 
 Is eligibility to be determined as of time 
 of election or appointment, or of induc- 
 tion into office. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1228; 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1119. 
 
 Right of candidate receiving next highest 
 number of votes where person receiving 
 highest number is ineligible. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1013; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 
 § 5. Incompatibility of oflHces. 
 
 Incompatibility of offices. 5 L.R.A. 853;" 
 11 L.R.A. 613;* 13 L.R.A. 670.* 
 
 Acceptance of one as resignation of other. 
 23 L.R.A. 683. 
 
 Right of person to hold two judicial posi- 
 tions at the same time. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1107. 
 
 § 6. Infants. 
 
 Infants as deputy sheriffs. 13 L.R.A. 721.* 
 
 § 7. Women. 
 
 As clerks, see Clekks, § 4. 
 As deputy, see Deputy, § 4. 
 
 In general. 38 L.R.A. 208; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 532. 
 Distinction between the right to hold elec- 
 tive office and right to hold appointive 
 
 office. 38 L.R.A. 208. 
 Right to hold judicial office. 38 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 Office of judge. 38 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 Office of justice of the peace. 38 
 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 Office of arbitrator. 38 L.R.A. 210. 
 Right to hold legislative office. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 210. 
 Right to hold administrative office. 38 
 L.R.A. 210. 
 
 When functions exercisablo by deputy, 
 generally. 38 L.R.A. 210 
 
1040 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 OFFICERS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 When functions exercisable in person. 
 38 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Sheriff. 38 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Overseer of the poor. 38 L.R.A. 
 211. 
 
 Sexton of the parish. 38 L.R.A. 
 211. 
 
 Commissioner of sewers, fish com- 
 missioner, forester, etc. 38 
 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Director of the workhouse, matron, 
 medical superintendent of the 
 hospital, member of the board 
 of health, etc. 38 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion, school director, inspector, 
 etc. 38 L.R.A. 212. 
 
 Pension agent, postmaster, etc. 
 38 L.R.A. 213. 
 
 Clerk of the county court. 38 
 L.R.A. 213. 
 
 Master in chancery. 38 L.R.A. 213. 
 
 Grand juror. 38 L.R.A. 214. 
 
 Notary public. 38 L.R.A. 214; 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 415. 
 As grand jurors. 28 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 § 8. Residence. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making resi- 
 dence within the district a qualification 
 of a public officer. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 835. 
 
 § 9. Misconduct. 
 
 Disqualified by bribery. 5 L.R.A. 217.* 
 Re-election of public officer after ouster for 
 misconduct. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 843. 
 
 c. Appointment; election; acceptance. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Validity of contract for sale or purchase of 
 office, see Contkaots, § 101. 
 
 Matters as to election of, generally, see 
 Elections. 
 
 Appointment of municipal officers, see Mu- 
 nicipal COBPOEATIONS, § 115. 
 
 Appointment as distinguished fi'om election. 
 15 L.R.A. 106. 
 
 Constitutional power of appointment. 8 
 L.R.A. 228.* 
 
 Power of appointment under civil service 
 laws. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 484. 
 
 Election of school superintendent. 10 L.R.A. 
 386.* 
 
 Provision for testing election of city officer 
 before city council or other municipal 
 body as exclusive of remedies in the 
 courts. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute regulating ap- 
 pointment to public office with refer- 
 ence to party affiliation. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 720. 
 
 Appointment or election of officers in case 
 of tie vote. 47 L.R.A. 563. 
 
 Right of candidate receiving next highest 
 number of votes where person receiving 
 highest number is ineligible. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1013; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 
 OFFICERS, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Statutes restricting vote of elector to leas 
 than all when several officers are to be 
 chosen for same office. 33 L.R.A. 141. 
 
 Attempted appointment for fixed term as re- 
 striction of power to remove at pleas- 
 ure. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 866. 
 
 Denial of official appointments on informa- 
 tion and belief. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 781. 
 
 § II. Who may appoint. 
 
 Constitutional power of courts or judges to 
 appoint officers. 16 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 May appointment of municipal officers be 
 constitutionally delegated to courts or 
 judges thereof. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 579. 
 
 § 12. Of person having appointing 
 power. 
 
 Appointment of member of body having ap- 
 pointive power. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 875. 
 
 Power of municipal board or committee to 
 employ one of its own members as 
 counsel. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 849. 
 
 § 13. For term extending beyond term 
 of appointing officer. 
 
 Power of board to appoint officer for term 
 extending beyond its own term. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 
 May officer make prospective appointment, 
 the term of which cannot begin until 
 after his own term has expired. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 514. 
 
 § 14. To fill vacancy. 
 
 Appointment or election of officers in case of 
 tie on vote to fill vacancy. 47 L.R.A. 
 563. 
 
 § 15. Acceptance. 
 
 Mandamus to compel, see Mandamus, § 9. 
 
 Compelling citizen to accept office. 24 
 L.R.A. 492. • 
 
 Necessity of, to complete resignation of 
 office. 23 L.R.A. 681; 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1010. 
 
 d. Term of office; vacancy; 
 over. 
 
 holding 
 
 Bfigin with this booh on every laxu question. 
 
 § 16. Term of office. 
 
 Appointment for term extending beyond 
 term of appointing officer, see supra, 
 § 13. 
 
 Of municipal officer, see Municipal Cobpo- 
 KATIONS, § 116. 
 
 Term of office. 11 L.R.A. 272.* 
 
 First and last days in computing time in 
 case of. 49 L.R.A. 244. 
 
 Power to extend term, by postponing time 
 for election. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 887. 
 
 Effect of detachment from a political divi- 
 sion, of territory in which an officer re- 
 sides, upon his tenure of the office. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 358. 
 
 Tenure of office under civil service laws. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 485. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1041 
 
 OFFICERS, II. d— cont'd 
 § 17. Vacancy. 
 
 Appointment to fiM vacancy, see supra, § 14. 
 In office of governor, see Govebnoe, § 3. 
 
 Vacancy in office by failure to file bond with- 
 in the time prescribed. 16 L.E,.A. 
 140. 
 
 By death of officer elect before his term 
 begins. 14 L.R.A. 858. 
 
 By sickness of governor. 25 L.R.A. 
 613. 
 Vacancy in office by death of person elected 
 
 thereto before beginning of his term. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 858. 
 
 § 18. Holding over. 
 
 Extension of liability on official bond while 
 holding over. 35 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 e. Resignation or deprival of office; 
 restoration. 
 
 § 19. Resignation. 
 
 Necessity of an acceptance to complete 
 
 resignation of an office. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 681; 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1010. 
 Distinction between public and private 
 
 interests. 23 L.R.A. 681. 
 Where acceptance is unnecessary. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 682. 
 Effect of statute law. 23 L.R.A. 682. 
 What a sufficient acceptance. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 683. 
 Incompatible offices. 23 L.R.A. 683. 
 Right to repudiate or withdraw resignation. 
 
 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1058. 
 Liability on official bond after resignation. 
 35 L.R.A. 93. 
 
 § 20. Surrender. 
 
 Mandamus to compel, see Mandamus, § 10. 
 
 § 21. Abolishing ofBce. 
 
 Effect of, on de facto officer. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 98. 
 
 § 22. Removal or suspension. 
 
 Of municipal officer, see Municipal Coepo- 
 
 EATIONS, § 117. 
 
 Of town officer, see Towns, § 10. 
 
 Is power conferred upon municipality to re- 
 move its officers exclusive. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 112. 
 
 Mandamus to compel exercise of power to 
 remove or suspend public officer. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 
 Privilege as to proceedings for. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 455. 
 
 Power of court to review action of governor 
 in removing. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 
 15 
 
 § 2 3. —right of. 
 
 Right to remove officers summarily 
 L.R.A. 95. 
 Particular officers. 15 L.R.A. 96. 
 Particular provisions. 15 L.R.A. 96. 
 Implications. 15 L.R.A. 97. 
 Where term of office is fixed. 15 L.R.A 
 
 97. 
 Removals for cause. 15 L.R.A, 98. 
 Nature of proceeding. 15 L.R.A. 99. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 66 
 
 OFFICERS, II. e— cont'd. 
 
 Power of town or municipality to remove 
 officer in absence of statutory author- 
 ity. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 572; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 519. 
 
 Attempted appointment for fixed term as 
 restriction of power to remove at pleas- 
 ure. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 866. 
 
 § 24. — grounds for. 
 
 Intentional disregard of law without cor- 
 rupt intent as ground for removal. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 566. 
 
 § 2 5. Impeachment. 
 
 Impeachment of. 7 L.R.A. 426.* 
 Privilege as to proceedings for. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 455. 
 
 § 26. Restoration to office. 
 
 Mandamus to compel, see Mandamus, 
 § 10a. 
 
 /. Contest of title; usurpation of office. 
 
 § 2 7. Generally. 
 
 By mandamus proceeding, see Mandamus, 
 
 § 9. 
 To municipal office, see Municipal Coepo- 
 
 EATIONS, § 118. 
 
 Trial of title to office; proceedings to test 
 
 right. 8 L.R.A. 228.* 
 Equity jurisdiction as to contests. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 403.* 
 Mandatory injunction as to officers. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 167. 
 Injunction to try title to office claimed un- 
 der unconstitutional statute. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 128. 
 Mandamus to compel payment of salary to 
 
 officer whose title is disputed. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 588. 
 Question relating to title to office as Federal 
 
 question. 62 L.R.A. 534. 
 
 III. Bights, powers, duties, compensa- 
 tion, and liability. 
 
 a. Rights, powers, and duties, gener- 
 ally. 
 
 § 2 8. Generally. 
 
 Powers of clerks, see Clerks, § 5. 
 
 Power to make contracts, see Contracts, 
 
 §§ 99-101. 
 Powers of judicial officers, see Judges, §§ 6, 
 
 7. 
 Mandamus to compel performance of duty 
 
 by public officer, see Mandamus, §§ 3- 
 
 11. 
 Powers of municipal officers, see Municipal 
 
 Coepoeations, § 19. 
 Of scliobl officers, see Schools, § 24. 
 Rights of sheriff, see Sheriffs, § 2. 
 Power of town officer, see Towns, § 9. 
 
 Powers of fish officers. 39 L.R.A. 589. 
 Validity of acts done on holidays. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 320. 
 .Jurisdiction or authority of officer to act 
 
 in the matter as element of bribery. 
 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 
1042 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 OFFICERS, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Right of, in executing criminal process, to 
 take possession of evidentiary articles. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 253. 
 
 Right of peace officer to carry weapons out- 
 side his district. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 998. 
 
 Right of officer to kill in self-defense. 67 
 L.R.A. 304. 
 
 Power to require carriers to transport per- 
 sons in public service at reduced rates. 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 
 Right of former sheriff to maintain action 
 in respect of a sale made by him while 
 in office. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 792. 
 
 When sheriff may act by deputy. 3 L.R.A. 
 440. 
 
 Eights in literary work done in connection 
 with official duties. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1193; 1 B. R. C. 329. 
 
 Power of officer not specially authorized, 
 to take bonds for benefit of subcontract- 
 ors, materialmen, or laborers. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 581. 
 
 May estoppel to deny authority to receive 
 money alleged to have been embezzled 
 be invoked against officer de facto 
 charged with embezzlement. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 763. 
 
 § 29. Power to act as determined by 
 the place of performance. 
 
 County, city, town boards and school 
 
 officers. 33 L.R.A. 86. 
 Courts and judges. 33 L.R.A. 87. 
 Justice of the peace. 33 L.R.A. 90. 
 Notary public. 33 L.R.A. 92. 
 Surveyor. 33 L.R.A. 92. 
 Sheriffs and constables. 33 L.R.A. 92. 
 At execution and judicial sales. 33 L.R.A. 
 92. 
 
 Real estate. 33 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 Personal property. 33 L.R.A. 94. 
 At trustees' sales. 33 L.R.A. 96. 
 At tax sales. 33 L.R.A. 96. 
 
 § 3 0. In whose name acts by deputy 
 officers to be performed. 
 
 In general. 19 L.R.A. 177; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 877. 
 Where both principal and deputy seem to 
 
 have acted. 19 L.R.A. 178. 
 Where the act is in the name of the prin- 
 cipal "by" deputy. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 877. 
 Where the act is in the name of the prin- 
 cipal alone. 19 L.R.A. 178; 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 878. 
 Where the designation of the office is er- 
 roneous or incomplete. 19 L.R.A. 178; 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 879. 
 Acts by a special deputy. 19 L.R.A. 179; 
 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 880 
 Where the act is in the name of the deputy. 
 19 L.R.A. 179; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 880. 
 As to deeds. 19 L.R.A. 179; 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 880. 
 As to execution of process and writs. 
 19 L.R.A. 180; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 881. 
 As to certificates of clerks. 19 L.R.A. 
 180; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 OFFICERS, III. a— cont'd 
 
 As to informations and indictments. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 886. 
 As to actions by and against deputies. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 181; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 887. 
 Miscellaneous. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 888. 
 
 b. Compensation; fees. 
 
 § 31. Generally. 
 
 Of clerks, see Clerks, § 6. 
 
 Of municipal officers, see Municipal Corpo- 
 
 EATIONS, § 120. 
 
 Validity of contract as to, see Contracts, 
 
 § 99a. 
 Right to reward, see Reward, § 4. 
 
 Act fixing salaries as local or special law. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 577.* 
 Necessity of appropriation for salary. 13 
 
 L.R.A. 178.* 
 Requisites of appropriation for official sala 
 
 ry or expenses. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631; 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 537. 
 Compensation of supervisor of elections. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 224.* 
 Claim against state for salary. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 53. 
 Right of public officer to be paid quantum 
 
 meruit. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1263. 
 Right of clerk on salary basis to retain fee 
 
 for naturalization. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 810. 
 Right of prosecuting attorney to compensa- 
 tion from individual. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 81. 
 Acceptance of partial allowance of claim 
 
 for, as an accord and satisfaction. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 121. 
 Taking of illegal fees by, under belief of 
 
 right thereto as extortion. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S..) 802. 
 Power of state to tax salary of Federal offi- 
 cer or of Federal government to tax 
 
 salary of state officer. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1215. 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute. 
 
 to enjoin payment of illegal fees and 
 
 salaries by municipality. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 11. 
 Mandamus to «"jnpel payment of salary to, 
 
 where title is disputed. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 588. 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 
 fees for official services. 52 L.R.A. 699. 
 
 § 32. Assignment. 
 
 Assignability of unearned salary. 9 L.R.A. 
 706.* 
 
 Validity of assignment of salary to be 
 earned. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 565. 
 
 Effect of assignment of unearned salary or 
 fees of public officer to put the same 
 when earned beyond the reach of cred- 
 itors. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 374. 
 
 § 33. Change of. 
 
 Constitutional prohibition against change of 
 salary during term as affecting fee*. 
 23 L.R.A. 609. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1043 
 
 OFFICERS, III. b— cont'd 
 
 Applicability to nonconstitutional officer of 
 constitutional provision against in- 
 crease of salary of officer during his 
 term of office. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 
 Change of salary of deputy or other sub- 
 ordinate, as violation of constitutional 
 provision against change of salary of 
 public officer during term of office. ' 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 388. 
 
 § 34. Liability for debts. 
 
 Equitable remedy to subject salary to judg- 
 ment after return of no property found. 
 63 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 § 35. — exemption of. 
 
 See Exemptions, § 5a. 
 
 S 36. Recovery back; rights of public. 
 
 Recovery of fees exacted by public officer 
 for performing act for which he was 
 not . authorized to demand compensa- 
 tion. 15 L<R.A.(N.S.) 183. 
 
 Right of public to fees unlawfully collected 
 bv officer for his own benefit. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1015. 
 
 § 3 7. Effect of payment to de facto 
 ofBcer. 
 
 Eight of de facto officer to salary, see infra, 
 § 44. 
 
 Right of officer de jure to salary for period 
 during which de facto officer has acted 
 and received pay. 19 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 Payment made to de facto officer as defense 
 to action for salary by de jure officer. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 794; 24 L.R.A, (N.S.) 
 475. 
 
 c. Liability. 
 
 § 3 8. Generally. 
 
 On bond, see Bonds, §§ 12-15. 
 
 Liability for false imprisonment, see False 
 
 Impbisonment, §§ 6-S. 
 Liability ;for interest, see Intekest, § 14. 
 Liability 'for wrongful levy, see Levy and 
 
 Seizuke, §§ 10-12. 
 Privileged communications by, see Libet. 
 
 AND Slandeb, § 25. 
 Municipal liability for acts of officers, see 
 
 Municipal Coepoeations, §§ 81-84. 
 Of clerks, see Clebks, § 7. 
 Of municipal officer, see Municipal Corpo- 
 
 BATIONS, § 121. 
 
 Of school officers, see Schools, § 25. 
 
 Of sheriff, see Shebiffs, § 3. 
 
 Of officer serving process, see Wkit and 
 
 Peocess, § 39. 
 Liability for failure to serve process, see 
 
 Wbit and Pkocess, § 40. 
 
 Of infant as officer. 57 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 For defects in abstract of title. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 99. 
 Personal liability of members of board of 
 
 health or health officers. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 635. 
 Personal liability of highway officers foi- 
 
 acta in excess of their authority. 13 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 233. 
 CoiisuU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 OFFICERS, III. c— cont'd 
 
 Liability of tax officers or their bond for 
 failure of tax purchaser's title on ac- 
 count of irregularities in procedure. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 967. 
 
 Liability of officer for making arrest. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 
 Variance between execution and judgment 
 as affecting amercement of officer for 
 failure to return execution. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 895. 
 
 Personal liability of an election officer for 
 rejecting ballots. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 501. 
 
 Liability of officer who turns over articles 
 taken from prisoner to a third person 
 in recognition of the latter's adverse 
 claim. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 833. 
 
 Liability of, for interest. 15 L.R.A. 456 ; 
 ,18 L.R.A, 456. 
 
 Statement of account of. 27 L.R.A. 821. 
 
 When police regulation is construed to ap- 
 ply to public official. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 878. 
 
 Action against, as suit against state. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 727. 
 
 Duty of officer to account for money or 
 property he has recovered as result of 
 litigation. 42 L.H.A.(N.S.) 697. 
 
 Right to maintain action to recover prop- 
 erty in specie against officer executing 
 writ. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1272. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute releasing public 
 officer or his surety from liability for 
 loss of public fund. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 97. 
 
 Removal to Federal court of causes against 
 Federal officers, 53 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations as to 
 breach of duty. 59 L.R.A. 267. 
 
 Burden of proof in action against officer for 
 failure to execute process. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 420. 
 
 Effect of judgment establishing title to 
 property seized under execution, as 
 against officer making seizure, who was 
 not a party thereto. 14 L.R.A. (N.S,) 
 530. 
 
 Character and extent of relief against an 
 officer vested with discretion, who has 
 rendered a decision upon a ground not 
 within his discretion. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 525. 
 
 Imprisonment of officers of court for debt. 
 34 L.R.A. 669. 
 
 § 39. On contract. 
 
 Liability of public officers on contracts made 
 by them for the public. 15 L.R.A. 509. 
 
 Personal liability of public officer on con- 
 tract which he attempts to make for 
 public in excess of his authority. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 428. 
 
 Personal liability of officer to sell property 
 for broker's" services. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 777. 
 
 Personal liability of officer who signs con- 
 tract by adding words indicating repre- 
 sentative capacitj (o his signature. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 6. 
 
 g 4 0. For negligence or torts. 
 
 Personal liability of highway officers for 
 negligence. 22 L.R.A. 824. 
 
1044 
 
 IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 OFFICERS, 111. e— cont'd 
 
 Of oflflcer for making an arrest. 51 L.R.A. 
 193. 
 
 Liability of officer who uses criminal process 
 to collect a debt. 24 L.R.A. (X.S.) 301. 
 
 Liability of registrar of deeds for neglect, 
 delay, or mistake in registering or in- 
 dexing instrument affecting title to 
 real property. 23 L.R.A. (N:S.) 127. 
 
 Liability of officers to bondsmen of another 
 officer for neglect to require proper set- 
 tlement of latter's accounts. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 115. 
 
 Robbery by, after making an arrest. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1024; 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 508. 
 
 Larceny while acting under writ of execu- 
 tion. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 508. 
 
 Liability of postmaster for illegal .acts 
 done in accordance with directions of 
 superior officer. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 309. 
 
 Liability as, of l-eceivers for torts or negli- 
 gence of servants. 63 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 For wrongful act of corporate board of 
 which officer is a member. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 463. 
 
 § 41. For loss by failure of bank. 
 
 Liability on bond for loss of money by theft 
 
 or bank failure. 22 L.R.A. 449. 
 Public funds. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 
 Rule that officer is insurer. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 285. 
 In generaL 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 Effect of due care. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 286. 
 Direction as to deposit. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 287. 
 Designation of depositories. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 Effect of general deposit. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 289. 
 Rule that officer is bailee. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 290. 
 Private funds. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 292. 
 Express legislation; curative acts. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 294. 
 Care required in selecting bank for deposit 
 of public funds. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 
 § 42. For judicial acts. 
 
 General rules. 14 L.R.A. 138. 
 Necessity of jurisdiction to protect officer. 
 14 LIR.A. 139. 
 
 Conclusiveness of determination as to 
 jurisdiction. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 140. 
 
 Statutory limit of jurisdiction. 14 
 L.R.A. 140. 
 Issuing warrants, attachments, etc. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 142. 
 Errors occurring after acquiring jurisdic- 
 tion. 14 .L.E.A. 143. 
 Enforcement of authority; contempt. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 144. 
 Conflicting with higher court. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 144. 
 Malice or impure motives. 14 L.R.A. 145. 
 Officiousness; intermeddling; corrupt use of 
 
 authority. 14 L.R.A. 146. 
 Proceedings after judgment. 14 L.R.A. 146. 
 For acts in excess of jurisdiction. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 92. 
 
 OFFICERS— cont'd 
 
 IV. Be facto ofjicers. 
 
 § 43. Generally. 
 
 Of municipality, see Municipal Cobpoba- 
 TIONS, § 122. 
 
 De facto officer; who is. 11 L.R.A. 105.* 
 Under unconstitutional statute. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 141. 
 De jure office as a condition of a de facto 
 
 officer. 15 L.E.A.(N.S.) 94; 24 L.R.A.. 
 
 (N.S.) 408. 
 Right to try in mandamus proceeding the- 
 
 question who is de fa^to officer. 13 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 May bond of officer de facto be enforced aa 
 
 a common-law bond. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 766. 
 May estoppel to deny authority to receive 
 
 money alleged to have been embezzled 
 
 be invoked against officer de facta 
 
 charged with embezzlement. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 763. 
 Effect of abolishing office oii de facto officer. 
 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 
 § 44. Right to salary. 
 
 Effect of payment to de facto officer, see 
 supra. § 37. 
 
 De facto and de jure distinguished; right 
 
 to salary. 13 L.R.A. 177.* 
 Right of de facto officer to salary of office. 
 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 949. 
 
 OFFICIAL MEETING. 
 
 Character of. essential to offense of disturb- 
 ing meeting. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 832. 
 
 OFFICIAL REPORT. 
 
 As privileged communication. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 163. 
 
 » » » 
 
 OFFICIAL STENOGRAPHER. 
 
 See Stekographer, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 ♦-»-♦ — . 
 
 OFFSPRING. 
 
 Loss of, as element of damages for injuries 
 resulting in miscarriage. 23 L.R-A, 
 (N.S.) 347. 
 
 OIL. 
 
 As part of realty, see Mines, §§ 38-38. 
 As dangerous agency, see Nbgligence, § 14. 
 
 Regulating, keeping, or storing of. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458. 
 
 Begin with this hoole on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1045 
 
 OIL— cont'd 
 
 Right to require that flaxseed or Unseed oil 
 oflfered for sale shall answer a desig- 
 nated standard of purity. 41 L.B.A. 
 (N.S.) 150. 
 
 Liability for injury caused by escape of oil 
 stored on one's premises. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 535. 
 
 Discharging oil into stream or bay as proxi- 
 mate cause of fire resulting therefrom. 
 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Contributory ri^ligence as defense in case 
 of explosion of oil below statutory 
 standard. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for damage 
 from. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 375. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of essential oils sold 
 out of larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 37. 
 
 Use of coloring matter in, as adulteration. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1234. 
 
 OLD AGE. 
 
 As total disability of insured. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 537. 
 As proof of testamentary incapacity. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 25. 
 
 « » » 
 
 OLEOMAKGAKIN. 
 
 See Food, § 9. 
 
 . « « > 
 
 OMISSIONS. 
 
 Parol evidence of, see Evidence, § 179. 
 From will, see Wills, § 61. 
 
 Of corporate promoters. 25 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 OMITTED PROPERTY. 
 Assessment of, see Taxes, § 54a. 
 
 ■»« » 
 
 OMNIBUS. 
 
 See Hacks. 
 
 OPEN COURT. 
 
 Hearing witnesses before grand jury in. 28 
 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 OPENING STATEMENTS. 
 
 Effect of admissions on right as to, see 
 Tkial, § 9. 
 
 Right to direct verdict or enter nonsuit on 
 opening statement of counsel. 29 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 218. 
 Consult also L.R.A.. Digests to date. 
 
 OPEN POLICY. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 84«. 
 
 -•-»♦- 
 
 OPEN SHOP. 
 
 Contoversy over "open" or "closed" shop 
 as justification for means employed to 
 aid strike. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 162; 35 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 Surgical operation, see Physicians and 
 Surgeons, §§ 12-16. 
 
 « «» 
 
 2-4, 7. 
 
 OPERATOR. 
 
 Of automobile, see Automobiles, § 
 
 < ■ » 
 
 OPHTHALMOLOGIST. 
 
 Application of statute regulating practice 
 of medicine to persons giving special 
 kinds of treatment. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 763; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1297. 
 
 <»» 
 
 OPINION EVIDENCE. 
 
 See Evidence, VIII. 
 
 *—* 
 
 OPINIONS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As evidence, see Evidence, VIII. 
 Expression of, as fraud, see Fraud and De- 
 ceit, § 7. 
 As disqualification of juror, see Jubt, § 12. 
 
 Disqualifying grand juror. 28 L.R.A. 200. 
 Libel by expressing without misstating. 28 
 L.R.A. 667. 
 
 § 2. Of court. 
 
 As part of record on appeal, see Appeal 
 
 and Erkoe, § 22. 
 Criticism of, as ground for disbarment, see 
 
 Attorneys, § 3. 
 Criticism or publication of, as contempt, 
 
 see Contempt, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 § 3. Statement of, as perjury. 
 
 Perjury in statements involving matters of 
 
 opinion or belief. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 654. 
 
 May perjury be predicated of testimony as 
 
 "to the effect of an understanding or 
 
 agreement. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1216. 
 
1046 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 OPIUM HABIT. 
 
 Application of statute regulating practice 
 of medicine to persons giving treatment 
 for. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 762; 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1297; 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 179. 
 
 OPPONENT. 
 
 As witness, right to impeach. 21 L.R.A. 
 425. 
 
 OPPRESSION. 
 
 Injunction against action or proceeding in 
 foreign jurisdiction to prevent. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 268. 
 
 OPPROBRIOUS WORDS. 
 
 As provocation for homicide. 4 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 154. 
 
 OPTICIAN. 
 
 Application of statute regulating practice 
 of medicine to persons giving special 
 kinds of treatment. 3 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 762; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1297; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 179. 
 
 OPTION. 
 
 As to mutuality, generally, see Contracts, 
 § 18. 
 
 Rights conferred by, generally, see CoN- 
 TBACTS, § 23. 
 
 Validity of wagering contracts, generally, 
 see CONTEACTS, §§ 105, 106, 115, 116., 
 
 Of insured, see Insueance, § 56. 
 
 Of insurer to rebuild, see Insueance, § 174. 
 
 Of insurer as to person to receive proceeds 
 of policy, see Insueance, § 194. 
 
 To servant to accept benefits from relief 
 fund, see Mastee and Servant, § 53. 
 
 To declare mortgage due for default of pay- 
 ments, see Mortgage, § 65. 
 
 For purchase of personal property, see Sale, 
 § 2. 
 
 Rights and liability under option for pur- 
 chase of personalty, see Sale, § 41. 
 
 As affecting specific performance, see Spe- 
 cific ftsFOEMANCE, § 22. 
 
 For purchase of real estate, see Vendoe and 
 
 PUECHASEE, § 4. 
 
 Contract for indefinite option or indefinite 
 renewal of, as perpetuity. 9 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 913. 
 
 To take interest or profits from person in 
 fiduciary relation. 29 L.R.A. 625. 
 
 OPTION— cont'd 
 
 As to maturity of paper as affecting nego- 
 tiability. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 390. 
 
 As taxable credit. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1061; 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1221. 
 
 Effect on contract of leaving option between 
 different amounts. 53 L.R.A. 292. 
 
 Renewal of contract under option as extend- 
 ing the undertaking of a surety for the 
 performance of the contract. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 422. 
 
 Of cestui que trust to require a conveyance 
 or otherwise terminate the trust as sub- 
 jecting the same to the claims of cred- 
 itors. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 236. 
 
 Promise to pay a fixed sum conditional up- 
 on exercise of an option by promisee, 
 the time for which liad not expired at 
 the time of bankruptcy, as basis of 
 provable claim. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 349. 
 
 ORAL, CONTRACTS. 
 
 Generally, see Conteacts, §§ 25-59. 
 Specific performance of, see Specific Peb- 
 formance, §§ 11-13. 
 
 » « » 
 
 ORAL EVIDENCE. 
 
 See Evidence, VII. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 ORAL, WILL. 
 
 Revocation of former will by. 37 L.R.A. 
 562. 
 
 ORDER. 
 
 Admissibility of, in evidence, see Evbdencb, 
 
 § 130. 
 Forgery of, see Forgery, § 9. 
 Obedience of, by servants, see Master and 
 
 Seevant, §§ 4, 70, 117, 126, 127. 
 Of court, see Motions and Orders. 
 Of trial, see Trial. 
 Of proof, on trial, see Teial, § 13. 
 
 Order as note. 3 L.R.A. 50.* 
 
 Liability of county for interest on. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 552. 
 Larceny by making or procuring fraudulent 
 
 orders on public funds. 32 L.R.A. (N, 
 
 S.) 234. 
 Negotiability of postofBce money orden. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 
 ORDINANCE. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 In general, see Municipal Corporations, 
 
 V. c. 
 Municipal liability for failure to enforce, 
 
 see Municipal Corporations, § 100. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1047 
 
 ORDINANCE— cont'd 
 
 Municipal liability for enforcement of void 
 ordinance, see Municipal Corpora- 
 tions, § 101. 
 
 ORES, 
 
 In general, see Mines. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of. on sale out of 
 larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 44. 
 
 ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
 Of grand jury, see Grand Jury, § 2. 
 
 Of petit jury, see Jury, III. 
 
 Or municipality, see Municipal Corpora- 
 tions, § 6. 
 
 Of school district, see Schools, § 28. 
 
 See also Associations; Benevolent Soci- 
 eties; Building and Loan Associa- 
 tions ; Corporations ; Insubanob ; 
 Partnership ; Relief Associations ; 
 Religious Societies. 
 
 Right of members of organization to pro- 
 tection in use of a name which their 
 efforts have made valuable. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 458. 
 
 ^ « » 
 
 ORGANIZED LABOR. 
 
 See Conspiracy, §§ 4-8; Labor Organiza- 
 tion. 
 
 ORIGINAL JURISDICTION. 
 
 Of court of last resort, see Courts, §§ 30, 
 31. 
 
 ORIGINAL PACKAGE. 
 
 -■Vs articles of commerce, see Commerce, 
 § 16. 
 
 Applicability of pure food laws as to label- 
 ing to retail packages taken from orig- 
 inal package of manufacturer. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 
 Original package rule as affecting questions 
 what amounts to retail as distinguished 
 from wholesale of liquor. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 625. 
 
 ORIGINALS. 
 
 Ot telegram. 50 L.R.A. 202. 
 Common law rights of authors in 
 L.R.A. 379. 
 Consult also Z.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 51 
 
 ORIGINALS— cont'd 
 
 Copies of documents made by mechanical 
 
 means as originals. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 343. 
 
 -♦-•^♦- 
 
 ORNAMBNTAL TREES. 
 
 Rights of life tenant as to. 37 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 772. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to, or de- 
 struction of. 19 L.R.A. 653; 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 930; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757; 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 ORPHAN. 
 
 Residence of, for school purposes. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 344. 
 
 OSTEOPATHIST. 
 
 Application of statutes regulating practice 
 of medicine to. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763; 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1297. 
 
 OTHER ACTION PENDING. 
 
 Abatement of actions by, see Abatement 
 AND Revival, §§ 5-7. 
 
 OUSTER. 
 
 In general, see Adverse Possession. 
 Of jurisdiction, see Courts, § 3. 
 
 Election of public officer after ouster for 
 misconduct. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 843. 
 
 Liability of cotenants to account for use 
 and occupation, and rents and profits, 
 in case of. 28 L.R.A. 832; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 228. 
 
 OVENS. 
 
 As part of realty. 1 B. R. C. 972. 
 
 OVERBUYING. 
 
 As ground for attachment. 30 L.R.A. 488. 
 
 OVERCHARGES. 
 
 Recovery back of overcharges made by pub- 
 lic service corporation. 18 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 124. 
 
1048 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 OVERCROWDING. 
 
 Carrier's liability in ease of, see Cakbiers, 
 § 74. 
 
 Carrier's duty to prevent injury to livestock 
 from. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 642. 
 
 OVERDRAFT. 
 
 Right of bank to recover back amount paid 
 on check under mistaken belief that 
 there were funds sufficient to meet it. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 13; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1092. 
 
 4 «» 
 
 OVERDUE PAPER. 
 
 See Biixs aitb Notes, § 36. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 OVEREXERTION. 
 
 Injury from, as covered by accident policy. 
 2 B. R. C. 367. 
 
 Injury or disability from strain as within 
 provision as to external, violent or ac- 
 cidental means. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 562. 
 
 Assumption of risk of, in lifting weights 
 under the immediate direction of mas- 
 ter or vice principal. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 362. 
 
 OVERFLOW. 
 
 In general, see Watees, §§ 46-50. 
 Municipal liability for overflow of drains 
 and sewers, see Municipal Cobpoba- 
 
 TIONS, § 88. 
 
 OVERHANGING OBJECTS. 
 
 Injury by falling objects, see Falling Ob- 
 jects. 
 In street, see Highways, §§ 19a, 68, 83. 
 
 OVERHEAD CROSSING. 
 
 Power of municipality to require railroad 
 company to keep highway in repair at. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 915. 
 
 OVERLAP. 
 
 OVERPAYMENT. 
 
 Right to recover back overpayment made in 
 ignorance or forgetfulness of previous 
 payments. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 517. 
 
 Right of executor or administrator to re- 
 cover back excessive payments made 
 under* mistaken belief that the estate 
 was solvent. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 440. 
 
 OVERSTATED DEBT. 
 
 Security for as participation by creditor is 
 debtor's fraudulent intent. 31 L.R.A. 
 630. 
 
 OVERSTRAINING. 
 
 See OVEREXEBTION. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 OVERWORK. 
 
 Overwork of servant as affecting master's 
 liability for injury to him or another 
 servant. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1214. 
 
 OWNERSHIP. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof aa to, see 
 EVIDENCE, §§ 104, 105. 
 
 Evidence as to generally, see Evidence, 
 § 281. 
 
 Allegations as to, in indictment, see Indict- 
 ment, Eric, § 7. 
 
 Of insured property, see Insubance, §§ 66- 
 73. 
 
 Of entire party wall by builder. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 673. 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove. 
 
 52 L.R.A. 716. 
 Denial of, in information and belief. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 777. 
 
 OWN WITNESS. 
 
 Right to impeach, see Witnesses, § 44. 
 
 OXEN. 
 
 Express warranty as to, as excluding im- 
 plied warranty. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 505. 
 
 OXYGEN, 
 
 Of mining claims. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 853. 
 Nature of adverse possession under color Application of statutes regulating practiot 
 of title in case of overlapping grants. of medicine to persons giving. 3 L.R.A 
 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1245. (N.S.) 763. 
 
 Begin tvUh this ioolc on every law queaUon. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 1049 
 
 OXYGENOR. 
 
 Application of statute regulating prac- 
 tice of medicine to persons giving spe- 
 cial kinds of treatment. 3 L.R.A.(N. 
 S.) 762; 24 L.R.A.(N.S,) 103; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1297. 
 
 OYER. 
 
 See Pleading, § 5. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 OYSTERS. 
 
 See Fisheries, § 5. 
 
 PACKAGES. 
 
 Original packages, see Obiginal Packages. 
 
 Express company's duty as to delivery and 
 
 collection of. 33 L.R.A. 66. 
 Right of passenger to carry baggage or 
 
 packages in street car. 30 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 889. 
 
 PACKER. 
 
 Liability of, to persons not in privity of 
 contract for injuries from defects in 
 articles sold. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 923. 
 
 PACKET COMPANY. 
 
 Exclusion of foreign company as affecting 
 commerce. 24 L.R.A. 312. 
 
 »«» 
 
 PAID-XJP INSURANCE. 
 
 See Instjeance, § 55. 
 
 * ■ » 
 
 PAID-UP STOCK. 
 
 Assessments on, see Cobpobations, § 111. 
 
 ■> »» 
 
 PAIN. 
 
 Allowance for in fixing damages for death. 
 
 17 L.E.A. 72. 
 Admissibility of expressions or statements 
 
 of present pain made during sickness or 
 
 subsequent to injuries. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 253. 
 Aa affecting testamentary capacity. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 28. 
 
 PAINTERS. 
 
 A* independent contractors. 17 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 373. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PAINTING. 
 
 Instruction in, as a necessary for an in- 
 fant. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 Tenant's duty as to. 64 L.R.A. 655. 
 
 PALACE CAR COMPANY. 
 
 See Pullman Cab Company. ' 
 
 < »«> 
 
 PAMPHLETS. 
 
 Publication by, of matters derogatory to 
 parties to litigation, as contempt of 
 court. 2 B. R. C. 498. 
 
 PANEL. 
 
 Of petit jury, see Jubt, III. 
 
 Excusing and completing panel of grand 
 jurors. 27 L.R.A. 780. 
 
 PAPERING. 
 
 Tenant's duty as to. 64 L.R.A. 655. 
 
 PAPERS. 
 
 Discovery and inspection of, see Discovery 
 AND Inspection, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Condition in fire policy as to keeping, pro- 
 ducing and preserving. 51 L.R.A. 699. 
 
 PAR. 
 
 Issuance of corporate bonds at less than par 
 as usury. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1106. 
 
 Accrued interest as part of par value with- 
 in prohibition against sale of bonds at 
 less than par. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 789. 
 
1050 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PARADES. 
 
 Delegation of power to regulate. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 721. 
 In street. 19 L.R.A. 858. 
 Municipal control over, as nuisance in 
 
 street. 39 L.R.A. 672. 
 Validity of ordinances as to street parades. 
 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 251. 
 
 < « » 
 
 PARALLEL RAILROADS. 
 
 Consolidation of, see Railroads, §§ 9-11. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 PARALYSIS. 
 
 As affecting testamentary capacity. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 29. 
 
 PARAMOUR. 
 
 Slander in charging woman with being. 24 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 611. 
 Competency of one spouse to testify as to 
 
 conduct of other spouse on indictment 
 
 of paramour for adultery. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 318. 
 
 PARAPHERNALIA. 
 
 Card-game paraphernalia as gaming device 
 within statute as to gaming. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1210. 
 
 PARCELS. 
 
 As baggage, see Cabbibbs, § 87. 
 Sale under mortgage in parcels, see Mort- 
 gage, § 79. 
 
 < » » 
 
 PARDON. 
 
 See Criminal Law, §§ 85-89. 
 
 #« » 
 
 PARENT AND CHILD. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Advancement to child, see Advancement. 
 Enlistment of minor, see Armt and Navy, 
 
 §2. 
 Assault and battery by parent, see Assault 
 
 AND Battebt, § 8. 
 Father's right to appoint guardian for, see 
 
 Guardian and Ward, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Begin with this hook, on every law question 
 
 PARENT AND CHILD— cont'd 
 
 Interest of children in community property, 
 see Husband and Wife, § 31. 
 
 Illegitimate children, see Illegitimacy. 
 
 Legitimation of bastard child, see Illegit- 
 imacy, § 3. 
 
 As to incest between, see Incest. 
 
 Liability for death of, or injury to, infants, 
 generally, see Infants, VI. 
 
 Insurance on life of minor child, see In- 
 fants, § 4. 
 
 Minor children, generally, see Infants, §§ 
 6-10. 
 
 Marriage of infant child, see Infants, § 15. 
 
 Parents' liability for necessaries furnished 
 minor child, see Infants, § 18a. 
 
 Insurable interest in life of, see Instjeance, 
 § 32. 
 
 Contributory negligence of parent, see Neg- 
 ligence, § 37. 
 
 Seduction of child, see Seduction. 
 
 Action by parent for seduction of child, see 
 Seduction, §§ 4, 5. 
 
 Revocation of will by birth of children, see 
 Wells, § 37. 
 
 Use of photograph to show likeness of. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 806. 
 Parent's right to remove child from state. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 937. 
 Whether parent or child real party in in- 
 terest by whom action must be brought. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 610. 
 Right of parent to appointment as guardian 
 
 of minor child. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 868. 
 Voluntariness of confession to parent. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 854. 
 Liability of parent for causing separation 
 
 of husband and wife. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 322. 
 Liability for performing surgical operation 
 
 on minor without parent's consent. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 612; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 290. 
 
 § 2. Emancipation. 
 
 Emancipation of infant child. 7 L.R.A. 
 176.* 
 
 Effect of marriage of infant as emancipa- 
 tion. 16 L.R.A. 578; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 160. 
 
 § 3. Inheritance by. 
 
 Inheritance by, generally, see Dbscewt and 
 Distribution. 
 
 Inheritance by, through, or from illegiti- 
 mate, see Descent and Distribution, 
 §5. 
 
 Father as sole next of kin to unmarried 
 child to exclusion of mother. 1 B. R. 
 C. 566. 
 
 § 4. Homestead rights. 
 
 Right of child in homestead of parent, see 
 Homestead, §§ 19, 20. 
 
 As a "family," under homestead and ex- 
 emption laws. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 366. 
 
 Rights of surviving mother under home- 
 stead and exemption laws. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 396. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1051 
 
 PARENT AND CHILD— cont'd 
 S 5. Gilts between. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to un- 
 due influence respecting gifts inter vi- 
 vos from parent to child. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 944. 
 
 May promissory note from parent to child 
 be subject of a valid gift bv former to 
 latter. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 156. 
 
 Independent advice as a condition of a valid 
 gift inter vivos between parties occu- 
 pying confidential relations. 16 L.R.A. 
 ("N.S.) 1087. 
 
 § 6. Contracts between. 
 
 Implied contract to pay for services of, see 
 Contracts, § 4. 
 
 Enforcement in equity of grantee's oral 
 promise to gi-antor to hold in trust in 
 case of conveyance between parent and 
 child. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 
 § 7. Contracts with third persons. 
 
 Parent's liability for necessaries furnished 
 
 child, see I^'FANTS, § 18a. 
 Ratification by parent, see Ratification, 
 
 § 3. 
 
 Parent's assent to sale of expectancy by 
 prospective heir. 33 L.R.A. 274. 
 
 Contracts procured by threats of prosecu- 
 tion of parent or child. 26 LIR.A. 56; 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 484; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 539. 
 
 § 8. — child's power to bind parent by. 
 
 Parent's liability for necessaries furnished 
 child, see I?>'fants, § 18a. 
 
 Authority of child to bind parent by con- 
 tracts other than those fer neces- 
 saries. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 
 Express authority given. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 882. 
 
 Authority implied from child's employ- 
 ment by father. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 882. 
 
 Where daughter has limited authority 
 to act for mother. 39 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 883. 
 
 Implication of authority from parent's 
 payment of debts contracted by 
 child. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 
 Implication of avithority from use of 
 father's name on notes, etc. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 
 Goods purchased for place in which 
 father is interested. 39 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 885. 
 
 Agency where child contracts for him- 
 self. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 885. 
 
 Cases involving stepchildren and son- 
 in-law. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 885. 
 
 Ratification. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 885. 
 
 Questions for the jury. 39 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 886. 
 
 g 9. Support. 
 
 Support and protection of minor children, 
 see Infants, §§ 11-13. 
 
 Support of an adult child as an advance- 
 ment. 22L.R.A.(N.S.) 1165. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PARENT AND CHILD— cont'd 
 
 Right of parent to sue child for support. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1159. 
 
 Right of child who supports parent at re- 
 quest of other children to recover there- 
 for from the latter. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 683. 
 
 § 10. Tort of child. 
 
 Parent's liability for torts of minor child. 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 933. 
 Liability at common law. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 933. 
 General rule. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 933. 
 Torts committed with sanction or 
 acquiescence of parent. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 936. 
 Ratification by parent of child's 
 tort. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 937. 
 What constitutes ratification. 
 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 937. 
 What does not constitute rat- 
 ification. 10 L.R.A.(N. 
 S.) 938. 
 Where relation of master and serv- 
 ant exists. 10 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 938. 
 In general. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 938. 
 Acts within scope of employ- 
 ment. 10 L.R.A.(N.S!) 
 939. 
 Acts not within scope of em- 
 ployment. 10 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 941. 
 Presumptions. 10 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 942. 
 When question of relation a 
 question for jury. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 942. 
 Negligence of parent. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 942. 
 Permitting child to have fire- 
 arms. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 942. 
 Keeping firearms, etc., within 
 reach of child. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 944. 
 Statutory liability. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 944. 
 Liability where automobile is being driven 
 by child. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 775. 
 
 § 11. Enticement. 
 
 Liability for inducing minor to quit parent, 
 see' Case, § 6. 
 
 § 12. Matters as to schools. 
 
 Expulsion of pupil for misconduct of par- 
 ent, see Schools, § 11 
 
 Right of parent with respect to text-books 
 adopted for public schools. 36 L.R.A 
 278. 
 
 What constitutes residence of child living 
 with parents entitling him to privilege 
 of public schools. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 § 13. Matters as to carriers. 
 
 Ejection of parent for nonpayment of child's 
 fare. 38 L.R.A. 140. 
 
1052 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PARENT AND CHILD— cont'd 
 
 Sufficiency of tender of fare by parent to 
 prevent ejection. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 995. 
 
 Recovery by parent from carrier for loss 
 of personal effects of infant who pays 
 no fare. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 353. 
 
 §§ 14, 15. Recovery by one for death 
 or Injury of other. 
 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, §§ 
 57-67, 100, 101. 
 
 Parent's right of action for death of child, 
 see Death, § 9. 
 
 Parent's right to recover for injury to 
 minor servant, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, § 51. 
 
 Parent's contributory negligence as bar to 
 recovery for death of, or injury to, 
 child, see Negligence, §§ 47, 48. 
 
 Imputing parent's negligence to child, see 
 Negligence, §§ 46-48. 
 
 Right of parent, guardian, or next friend 
 to compromise infant's cause of action 
 for personal injuries. 21 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 338. 
 
 Right of parent to recover for injury to 
 minor servant employed without his 
 consent. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 311. 
 
 g 16. Adoption. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 16. 
 Effect of adoption on right to inherit, see 
 
 Descent and Distbibution, § 6. 
 
 Application of collateral inheritance tax to 
 adopted children. 12 L.R.A. 404.* 
 
 Right of adopted children to take parents' 
 homestead. 56 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Sufficiency of relationship by adoption to 
 sustain action for death. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 199. 
 
 Adoption of adult under statute providing 
 for adoption of "child." 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 884. 
 
 Do terms "child," "children," "issue," etc., 
 in a will include adopted children. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1158. 
 
 Enforceability of contract to give child 
 share of estate in consideration of sur- 
 render of child to promisor, as affected 
 by noncompliance with statute pre- 
 scribing mode of adoption. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1130. 
 
 Right of parties to adoption proceeding, or 
 their privies, to attack decree of adop- 
 tion. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 159. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to un- 
 due influence respecting gifts inter 
 vivos to adopted child. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 949. 
 
 § 17. liCgal status of adopted child. 
 
 Ai to widow of adopting father. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 435. 
 As to other relatives of adopting parents. 
 
 17 L.R.A. 436. 
 As to inheritance from adopted child. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 437. 
 Rights of adopted children under wills. 17 
 
 L.R.A- 437. 
 Rights under settlement. 17 L.R.A. 438, 
 
 PARENT AND CHILD— cont'd 
 
 Rights under insurance policy. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 438. 
 Extraterritorial effect of adoption. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 439. 
 
 § 18. — consent of parents. 
 
 Validity of adoption without consent of 
 natural parents. 30 LJR.A. (N.S.) 
 146. 
 Necessity of consent or notice to par- 
 ents. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146.' 
 In general. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 146. 
 Where child has been abandoned. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 147. 
 What amounts to abandonment. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 150. 
 Nonresidence of parent. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 151. 
 Where parents are divorced or liv- 
 ing apart. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 151. 
 Necessity of parent's consent to adop- 
 tion of illegitimate child. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 152. 
 Constitutionality of statute permitting 
 adoption of child without consent of 
 parents. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 926. 
 
 § 19. Ci-iniinal responsibility as affect- 
 ed by the relation; punishment of 
 child. 
 
 As to criminal responsibility of children, 
 generally, see Criminal Law, § 7. 
 
 Criminal liability of parent for lack of sup- 
 port and medical attendance for infant 
 child, see Infants, § 13. 
 
 Command of parent as excuse for infant's 
 criminal act. 36 L.R.A. 210. 
 
 § 20. — liability for punishment of 
 child. 
 
 Homicide by excessive or Improper chastise- 
 ment of child. 60 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 Liability of parent or cjstodian for assault 
 by punishment of child. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 216. 
 
 PARISH. 
 
 Rights of, in pews. 22 L.R.A. 212. 
 
 Reputed father's right to. custody or con- 
 trol of illegitimate child as against. 
 65 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 PARISH HOUSE. 
 
 Exemption of, from taxation. 
 (N.S.) 910; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 27 L.R.A. 
 437. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 PARK COMMISSIONERS. 
 Authority of, see Paeks and Squares, | 6. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1063 
 
 PARKING CARS. 
 
 Within city limits. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 643 
 
 PARKS AND SQUARES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Amusement parks, see Amusement Packs. 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 CONSIITUTIONAL LaW, § 91. 
 
 Appropriations for. 14 L.R.A. 474. 
 Common right of residents. 6 L.R.A. 261.* 
 Remedy for the protection of owners of 
 
 property contiguous to park or square. 
 
 6 L.R.A. 262.* 
 Compensation of surveyors. 10 L.R.A. 215.* 
 Character of occupancy of keeper of. 4 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 713, 719. 
 Ejectment for easement of public in park. 
 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 129. 
 Injunction arainst obstruction of, by fences 
 
 or gates'. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 Dedication of. 1 L.R.A. 725;* 10 L.R.A. 
 
 215;* 13 L.R.A. 2.51.* 
 Taking of property for, as a p^iblic purpose. 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 170. 
 Compensation for land taken for. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 215.* 
 Power to improve streets for park pur- 
 poses at expense of abutting owner. 
 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1056. 
 
 § 2. Use of. 
 
 Prohibiting use of automobiles in. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 221. 
 Power of legislature to control use to which 
 
 property taken for the purpose of a 
 
 park or square may be put. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 938. 
 
 § 3. — change in. 
 
 What use of amounts to diversion from the 
 use for which they were dedicated. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 980. 
 
 § 4. Municipal liability for defects in. 
 
 See ■\Ir>'iciPAL Cobpobations, § 97. 
 
 § 5. Authority of commissioners. 
 
 Authority of park commissioners. 10 L.R.A. 
 215.* 
 
 PARK STRIPS. 
 
 Liabilitv for injury by defect or obstruc- 
 tion in. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 593; 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 94. 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Effect of personal interest on validity of 
 
 vote. 18 L.R.A. 367. 
 What is a majority vote. 6 L.R.A. 308.* 
 ConKult aUo L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY LAW— cont'd 
 § 2. Casting vote. 
 As to casting vote. 6 L.R.A. 308.* 
 Casting vote by presiding officer m deciding 
 tie on election. 47 L.R.A. 561. 
 
 § 3. Quorum. 
 
 Requisites of quorum. 6 L.R.A. 309.* 
 
 What constitutes a quorum for a meeting 
 of stocldiolders. 21 L.R.A. 174. 
 
 Withdrawal of stockholders from meeting to 
 break quorum. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 45. 
 
 Conclusiveness of enrolled bill on questior 
 of. 23 L.R.A. 342. 
 
 PARLOR CARS. 
 
 Right of carrier to run trains composed ex- 
 clusively of. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1139. 
 
 PAROL CONTRACTS. 
 
 Generally, see Contbacts, §§ 25-59. 
 Specific performance of, see Specific Peb- 
 rOBMANCE, §§ 11-13. 
 
 < « » 
 
 PAROLE. 
 
 See Ceiminal Law, § 86. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 PAROL EVIDENCE. 
 
 See Evidence, VII. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 PAROL GIFT. 
 
 As a conveyance. 67 L.R.A. 461. 
 Adverse possession by donee under. 35 
 L.R.A. 835. 
 
 < « » 
 
 PAROL LICENSE. 
 
 See License, I. 
 
 *-»-*■ — 
 
 PAROL PARTITION. 
 
 Of homestead. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 792. 
 
 PAROL TRUSTS. 
 
 See Tbusts, § 11. 
 
1054 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 PAROJj WARRANTY. 
 
 On sale of chattel, see Sale, §§ 27, 55. 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 PARSONAGE. 
 
 See Pabish House. 
 
 •-»♦ 
 
 PARTIAL ANSWERS. 
 
 Admissibility as dying declarations of par- 
 tial answers to questions. 2 B. R. C. 
 922.. 
 
 PARTIAL DELIVERY. 
 
 SufEciency of partial delivery of freight to 
 carrier to render it liable. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 316. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 PARTIAL INTESTACY. 
 
 See Wills, § 76. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 PARTIAL INVALIDITY. 
 
 Of chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mort- 
 gage, § 5. 
 Of statute, see Statutes, § 10. 
 
 PARTIAL PAYMENT. 
 
 Accord and satisfaction by, see Accoed and 
 
 Satisfaction, § 3. 
 Interruption of running of limitations by, 
 
 see Limitation op Actions, §§ 65-67. 
 
 By indorser after dishonor, effect. 29 L.R.A. 
 313. 
 
 Effect of, to revive debt after discharge in 
 ■bankruptcy. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 274. 
 
 Effect on governor's liability of obligee's in- 
 sistence on part payment before ex- 
 piration of term of credit. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 713. 
 
 Unauthorized compromise of action by at- 
 torney as. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 528. 
 
 Partial payment of undisputed debt as a 
 consideration for discharge of entire 
 debt. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1018: 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1005. 
 
 Right of town, county, or municipality to 
 surrender valid claim on partial pay- 
 ment thereof. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 320. 
 
 PARTICIPATION. 
 
 PARTIAL PROBATE. 
 
 Contents of will as affecting right to. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 971. 
 
 Of purchaser in fraudulent conveyance, see 
 Fbauddlent Conveyances, §§ 13-15. 
 
 In nuisance, see Nuisances, § 12. 
 
 In profits as test of creation of partner- 
 ship, see Pabtneeship, § 7. 
 
 Effect of participating in purchase and di- 
 vision of quantity of liquor to render 
 one guilty of unlawful sale. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 560. 
 
 Assumption of debts on dissolution of part- 
 nership bv participation in benefits. 9 
 L.R.A. (NIs.) 59. 
 
 Participation in nuisance to render one re- 
 sponsible therefor. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 889. 
 
 By indemnity insurer in defense of suit 
 against insured as estoppel to assert 
 that latter's liability was predicated 
 on ground not covered by policy. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 491. 
 
 PARTICULAR FUND. 
 
 Negotiabilitv of note payable out of. 35 
 L.R.A. 647. 
 
 PARTIES. 
 
 Beffin -with tTiif^ 7)oo7c on ever]) law question 
 
 1. In general, § 1. 
 II. Plaintiff, §§ 2-25. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 2-10. 
 
 b. On contracts, §§ 11-17. 
 
 1. In general, §11. 
 
 2. Third persons, §§ 12-17. 
 
 c. Effect of assignment, § IS. 
 
 d. On matters of public right, 
 
 §§ 19, 20. 
 
 e. In representative capacity, 
 
 §§ 21, 22. 
 
 f. Action in interest or in name 
 
 of another; control of, §§ 
 23, 24:. 
 
 g. Joinder, § 25. 
 III. Defendant, §§ 26-36. 
 
 a. In general, § 26. 
 
 b. Necessary parties, §§ 27-32. 
 
 c. Effect of failure to make one 
 
 a party, §§ 33-35. 
 
 d. Joinder, §36. 
 
 IV. Bringing in; intervention. §§ 37- 
 39. 
 T. Substitution, § 40. 
 
 /. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Ebrob, §§ 7, 7a, 
 12. 
 
 To criminal offense, see Cbiminal Law, §§ 
 24-29. 
 
 To deed, see Deeds, §§ 15-19. 
 
 Description of, see Desceiption, § 2. 
 
 Dismissal of, see Dismissal and Discon- 
 tinuance, § 3. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1055 
 
 PARTIES, I.— cont'd 
 
 As to political parties, see Elections. 
 
 Interpleader of, see Intekplbadee. 
 
 Parties concluded by judgment, see Judg- 
 ment, §§ 41-50. 
 
 In mandamus proceeding, see Mandamus, § 
 18. 
 
 To action to enforce meclianics' lien, see 
 llECHANics' Liens, § 24. 
 
 Privilege of, from arrest or service of 
 process, see Weit and Process, §§ 33, 
 34. 
 
 Injunction against judgment for erroneous 
 
 decision as to. 30"L.R.A. 706. 
 Continuance because of illness of. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 660. 
 Sickness of party as ground for injunction 
 
 against judgment. 30 L.R.A. 794. 
 Conclusiveness of prior decisions on appeal 
 
 as to. 34 L.R.A. 332. 
 Right to resist judgment in sister state on 
 
 ground of fraud in respect to parties. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 920. 
 Witness's right to testify to character of, 
 
 from personal knowledge. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 661. 
 Treating of jurors by, as ground for new 
 
 trial or reversal. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 Effect of changes in, on running of limita- 
 tions. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 304. 
 May partnership sue or be sued in the firm 
 
 name. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 
 II. Plaintiff, 
 a. In generaU 
 
 § 2. Generally. ' 
 
 Who may take appeal, see Appeal and 
 
 Erboe, §§ 7, 7a. 
 Action by assignee for creditors, see As- 
 signment FOE Cbeditoes, § 12; 
 Right of broker to maintain action, see 
 
 Beokees, § 3. 
 Who may maintain action against carrier 
 for loss or injury to freight, see Car- 
 riers, § 102. 
 Who may bring certiorari proceeding, see 
 
 Ceetioeaei, § 4. 
 Who may sue to remove cloud on title, see 
 
 Cloud on Title, § 5. 
 Action by stockholders, see Coeporations, 
 
 § 98. 
 Actions by foreign corporations, see Cor- 
 porations, § 149. 
 Right of nonresident to sue foreign cor- 
 poration, see Corporations, § 151. 
 Who may maintain action for death, see 
 
 Death, §§ 7-10. 
 In ejectment, see Ejectment, §§ 4, 5. 
 Who may maintain action ;for forcible en- 
 try and detainer, see Fobcible Entry 
 AND Detainee, § 3. 
 By husband or wife, see Husband and 
 
 Wife, §§ 62-69. 
 Who may maintain injunction suit, see In- 
 junction. 
 Proper party to maintain action affecting 
 rights of landlord or tenant, see Land- 
 lord AND Tenant, §§ 74-76. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PARTIES, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Who may bring action for malicious prose- 
 cution, see Malicious Prosecution, 
 § 2. 
 
 Who may maintain suit to abate nuisance, 
 see Nuisances, § 22. 
 
 Who may maintain action for nuisance, see 
 Nuisances, §§ 24, 25. 
 
 Who may maintain private action, see Pri- 
 vate Action. 
 
 Who may maintain quo warranto proceed- 
 ings, see Quo Warranto, § 5. 
 
 Who may sue for seduction, see Seduction, 
 §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Who may maintain trespass, see Trespass, 
 § 5. 
 
 Who may maintain trover, see Trovee and 
 Conversion, § 4. 
 
 Insane person. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 961. 
 
 Who must bring action to enforce liability 
 of corporate directors. 9 L.R.A. 653.* 
 
 Action to set aside judgment against oth-r 
 parties. 54 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Action to recover back usurious interest 
 paid to national bank. 66 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 Right of one not specifically named to main- 
 tain action for libel or slander based 
 on charges made against a class or 
 group of persons to which he belongs. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 726; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 382. 
 
 'Who may sue for improper use of union 
 label. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1197. 
 
 Who may complain of noncompliance with 
 statute in adopting or changing text- 
 books in schools. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1003. 
 
 Who may institute proceedings to disbar 
 or suspend attorney for withholding 
 client's money or property. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 419. 
 
 Who entitled to remedy by action for dam- 
 ages for wrongful discharge of servant. 
 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 57. 
 
 In whose name actions by and against depu- 
 ties should be brought. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 887. 
 
 Right of one not a party to original re- 
 plevin action to recover property seized 
 under process in that action. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 495. 
 
 Right of stranger to writ of habeas corpus. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Who is entitled to invoke certiorari to re- 
 view a decree or order affectins the 
 sale of intoxicating liquor. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 610. 
 
 § 3. Real party In Interest. 
 
 Who is real party in interest within mean- 
 ing of statutes defining parties by 
 whom action must be brought. 64 
 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Transfers to be paid for if collected. 
 64 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Transfers for collection and suit. 64 
 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 Equitable owner. 64 L.R.A. 592. 
 
 On contracts for benefit of third par- 
 ties. 64 L.R.A, 595. 
 
1056 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PARTIES, II. a— cont'd 
 
 On claims and accounts for work and 
 
 labor, and goods sold. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 597. 
 On claims not arising on contracts for 
 
 payment of money. 64 L.R.A. 599. 
 Bills, notes, and bonds. 64 L.R.A. 590. 
 Holder on unindorsed note. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1113. 
 Joint obligees and partial assignments. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 603. 
 Fictitious payees. 64 L.R.A. 605. 
 Bonds given in judicial and other pro- 
 ceedings. 64 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 On appeal. 64 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 In attachment. 64 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 In replevin. 64 L.E.A. 606. 
 
 Other bonds. 64 L.R.A. 606. 
 Judgments. 64 L.R.A. 608. 
 Corporations, stockholders, and associa- 
 tions. 64 L.R.A. 609. 
 Receivers. 64 L.R.A. 609. 
 Assignments for creditors. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 610. 
 Husband and wife. 64 L.R.A. 610. 
 Infants; parent and child. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 610. 
 Executors and administrators; wills. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 611. 
 Landlord and tenant. 64 L.R.A. 611. 
 Partnership. 64 L.R.A. 612. 
 Principal and agent, and parties claim- 
 ing title therefrom. 64 L.R.A. 612. 
 Insurance. 64 L.R.A. 615. 
 Against carriers of goods. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 617. 
 On collateral and pledge. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 617. 
 Chattel mortgages. 64 L.R.A. 618. 
 Foreclosure. 64 L.R.A. 618. 
 Relating to counties. 64 L.R.A. 619. 
 Taxes and taxpayers. 64 L.R.A. 619. 
 For possession of land; rents and 
 
 profits. 64 L.R.A. 620. 
 On covenants. 64 L.R.A. 621. 
 For conversion and trover. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 621. 
 For seduction. 64 L.R.A. 622. 
 Mandamus and ex rel. proceedings. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 622. 
 For use of another. 64 L.R.A. 623. 
 lAgent as trustee of express trust within 
 exception in statute requiring suits to 
 be brought in the name of the real 
 party in interest. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 641. 
 
 § 4. Matters affecting real property or 
 
 highway. 
 Action to enforce liability for removal of 
 
 lateral or subjacent support. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 694. 
 SufBciency of equitable title to sustain 
 
 action for injury to real property. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.)' 231. 
 Lessee's right to maintain suit to enjoin 
 
 nuisance. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 448. 
 Right of one in possession to maintain ac- 
 tion for nuisance without proving title. 
 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 
 Beci'nt icith this boolc on every law question. 
 
 PARTIES, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Wlio is real party in interest in action for 
 possession of land within meaning of 
 statute defining parties by whom 
 actions must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 
 620. 
 
 Right of widow, prior to assignment of 
 dower, to maintain trespass quare 
 clausum. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 209. 
 
 Who may sue township for injury by defects 
 in highway. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1241. 
 
 Interference with one's use of highway as 
 a special damage which will sustain an 
 action by him against the wrongdoer. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1053. 
 
 State as proper party to maintain bill to 
 abate or enjoin public nuisance in a 
 city street. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 
 § 5. Matters as to waters or drainage; 
 assessments. 
 
 Who may sue for damming back water of 
 
 stream. 59 L.R.A. 898. 
 For injury by surface water. 65 L.R.A. 283. 
 Action against municipality for breach of 
 
 duty with respect to drainage. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 711. 
 Who may contest assessment for drains and 
 
 sewers. 60 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 § 6. Matters as to wills. 
 
 Right of devisee or legatee to attack con- 
 veyance or transfer by testator. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 
 Parties entitled to assert forfeiture of 
 interest in will under provision for 
 forfeiture of contesting beneficiary. 
 68 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 § 7. Matters as to Insurance. 
 
 Proper party to bring action on policy, see 
 
 Insurance, §§ 205, 217. 
 
 May one who destroys insured property de- 
 feat an action by the owner on the 
 ground that the right of action is in 
 the insurer. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 870. 
 
 Should action against third person who 
 caused the loss be brought by insurer 
 or insured, where insurer has paid loss 
 and been subrogated to rights of in- 
 sured. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 922. 
 
 § 8. State. 
 
 See State, § 8. 
 
 § 9. Officers. 
 
 Right of former sheriff to maintain action 
 in respect of a sale made by him while 
 in offict. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 792. 
 
 §10. Agent. 
 
 Right to sue on contract, see infra, § 17. 
 
 Right of agent who was in possession of 
 personal property to maintain an 
 action for conversion. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 840. 
 
 Which is real party in interest by whom 
 action must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 
 612. 
 
INDEX T6 L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1057 
 
 PARTIES, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Right of agent to whom goods are consigned 
 
 to maintain action against -carrier. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 
 b. On contracts, 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Who may sue on bill or note, see Bills and 
 XoTES, §§ 62-C4. 
 
 Who may maintain action on covenant, see 
 Covenants, §§ 19, 23, 33. 
 
 Who may sue on insurance policy, see In- 
 surance, §§ 205, 217. 
 
 Who may enforce mortgage, see Mortgage, 
 §§ 66-68. 
 
 Wlio may maintain action for delay or non- 
 delivery of telegram, see Telegraphs, 
 §§ 17, 18. 
 
 Who may maintain action against carrier 
 for nondelivery of goods delivered for 
 transportation to purchaser or con- 
 signee. 22 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 Who entitled to relief where municipal cor- 
 poration grants or leases space on 
 street or sidewalk for business purpos- 
 es. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 Holder on unindorsed note as real party in 
 interest within meaning of statute by 
 whom the action must be brought. 17 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1113. 
 
 In wliose name bond of public officer in- 
 tended as a statutory bond but not 
 binding as such, may be enforced. 2] 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 771. 
 
 Who may enforce restrictive covenant or 
 agreement as to use of property. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 12. ■ 
 
 Right of party to antenuptial settlement 
 who is in default to enforce covenants 
 to be performed by other party. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 858. 
 
 2. Third persons. 
 
 g 12. Generally. 
 
 Assignee, see infra, § 18. 
 
 Mortgagee's right to enforce purchaser's 
 promise to pay mortgage, see Mort- 
 gage, § 43. 
 
 Eight to sue for delay or nondelivery of 
 telegi-am, see Telegraphs, §§ 17, 18. 
 
 Right of a third party to sue upon a con- 
 tract made for his benefit. 25 
 L.R.A. 257; 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 783. 
 The doctrine of consideration. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 257. 
 The question of privity. 25 L.R.A. 259. 
 General rules as to party to sue. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 260. 
 Grounds upholding action. 25 L.R.A. 
 261. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. 261. 
 Money had and received. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 262. 
 Implied promise. 25 L.R.A. 263. 
 There must be an actual benefit. 
 25 L.R.A. 263. 
 The statute of frauds. 25 L.R.A. 264. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PARTIES, II. b, 2— cont'd 
 
 Limitation of the rule. 25 L.R.A. iOy. 
 Designation of such party. 2;") L.R.A. 
 
 265. 
 Parol evidence to prove party. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 265. 
 Necessity of delivery. 25 L.R.A. 265. 
 Necessity of assent and knowledge. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 265. 
 Effect of assent. 25 L.R.A. 266. 
 Election of remedies. 25 L.R.A. 266. 
 Release of the promise. 25 L.R.A. 266. 
 As a defense to an action. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 '266. 
 Action maintainable by either party. 
 
 25 L.R.A. 266. 
 State doctrines. 25 L.R.A. 266. 
 Not maintainable. 25 L.R.A. 272. 
 Contracts under seal. 25 L.R.A. 273. 
 Insurance contracts. 25 L.R.A. 274. 
 Partnership transactions. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 274. 
 Purchase subject to a lien, debt, or 
 
 mortgage. 25 L.R.A. 275. 
 State statutes. 25 L.R.A. 278. 
 The English doctrine. 25 L.R.A. 279. 
 
 Effect of provision in deed for benefit of 
 stranger thereto. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 221. 
 
 Right of creditor to enforce promise of one 
 allowed to secure property at judicial 
 sale on faith of his promise to pay 
 owner's debts. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 309. 
 
 Right of third person to maintain action 
 upon promise of beneficiary to insured 
 to pay all or part of proceeds of policy 
 to such third person. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.') 
 639. 
 
 Will breach of contract with municipality 
 to keep a street or highway in repair 
 sustain an action by a person injured 
 directly against the contractor. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1112. 
 
 May one, not a party to an agreement, in- 
 jured thereby in his business, assail 
 the validity thereof on the ground that 
 it tends to create or promote a monop- 
 oly. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 148. 
 
 § 13. Consumer against water com- 
 pany. 
 
 Consumer's right to maintain suit to com- 
 pel water company to furnish water at 
 rates stipulated in contract with mu- 
 nicipality. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 958. 
 
 Right of property owner to maintain action 
 against water company for failure to 
 supply sufficient water for fire pur- 
 poses, as required by its contract with 
 municipality. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1171: 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1021. 
 
 § 14. Subcontractor, matcriiilmaii, ov 
 laborer. 
 
 Right of subcontractor, materialman, oi- 
 laborer, to maintain action on con- 
 tractor's bond to owner. 27 L.R,.\. 
 (N.S.), 573. 
 Rule for construing the obligations of 
 
 sureties. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 573. 
 The basic principle upon which actions 
 of this character rest. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 574. 
 67 
 
1058 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PARTIES, II. b, 2— cont'd 
 
 Statutory authority for contractors' 
 beneficiary bonds. 27 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 578. 
 
 Contractor's bonds as substitutes for 
 mechanics' liens. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 579. 
 
 Effect of failure to comply with statute. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 581. 
 
 Power of public corporations and offi- 
 cers not expressly authorized to 
 take beneficiary bonds. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 581. 
 
 Conditions in contractors' bonds afford- 
 ing beneficiaries rights of action. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 588. 
 
 Conditions imposing upon sureties no 
 liability to beneficiaries. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 591. 
 
 Subcontractors and their underlings. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 593. 
 
 Privity between obligees and beneficia- 
 ries in contractors' bonds. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 595. 
 
 Effect of obligees' conduct on beneficia- 
 ries' rights. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 596. 
 
 Effect of illegality of contract on rights 
 of beneficiaries against sureties. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 597. 
 
 The nominal parties to actions on con- 
 tractors' bonds. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 598. 
 
 Bonds running to wrong obligees. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 599. 
 
 Jurisdiction of courts in actions on 
 contractors' bonds. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 600. 
 
 § 15, Consignee, etc. 
 
 Right of consignee to maintain action 
 against carrier., 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 68. 
 
 Right of consignee who refuses to accept 
 goods to maintain an action for dam- 
 ages against carrier. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1071. 
 
 Right of one who is to be notified of arrival 
 of goods consigned to another, to main- 
 tain action against carrier. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 309. 
 
 Right of agent to whom goods are consigned 
 for sale to maintain action against 
 common carrier for damage to, or loss 
 of, goods during transit. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 437. 
 
 § 16. Principal. 
 
 Character of contract as affecting right of 
 undisclosed principal to sue thereon. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 472; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 324. 
 
 § 17. Agent. 
 
 Agent's right of action on contract in his 
 own name for principal. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 303. 
 
 Right of agent to recover money erroneous- 
 ly paid to third person. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 363. 
 
 Begin with this booli on every law question. 
 
 PARTIES, II. b, 2— cont'd 
 
 Right of agent, factor, broker, or commis- 
 sion merchant, to whom goods are con- 
 signed for sale, to maintain action 
 against a common carrier for damage 
 to, or loss of, goods during transit. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 437. 
 
 c. Effect of assignment. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Assignee of chose in action. 5 L.R.A. 430;* 
 
 12 L.R.A. 681.* 
 Right of assignee of bill or note to main- 
 tain action. 12 L.R.A. 683.* 
 
 What law governs. 61 L.R.A. 222. 
 Who is real party in interest by whom 
 
 action on partial assignments must be 
 
 brought. 64 L.R.A. 603. 
 Assignee of account for work and labor or 
 
 goods sold, as real party by whom 
 
 action must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 597. 
 Eight of assignee of claim from one spouse 
 
 to maintain action against the other. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1148. 
 Effect of assignment of claim ex delicto to 
 
 one against whom it was asserted, to 
 
 enable him to maintain an action tliere- 
 
 on against a. third party. 7 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 534. 
 Right 6f indorser of lost bill, check, or 
 
 note to maintain action thereon. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 645. 
 
 d. On matters of puhlic right. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Right of attorney general to bring action, 
 see Attobnet General. 
 
 Right of citizen to maintain proceedings in 
 aid of enforcement of liquor laws. 14 
 L.R.A.(N,S.) 1156. 
 
 § 20. Taxpayer. 
 
 As real party in interest by whom action 
 must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 619. 
 
 Right to maintain proceedings in aid of the 
 enforcement of the liquor laws. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1156. 
 
 Right of taxpayer in absence of statute to 
 enjoin unlawful expenditures by mu- 
 nicipality. 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 
 Right. of taxpayer to maintain suit to en- 
 force a claim of municipal corporation. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298. 
 
 e. In representative capacity. 
 
 § 21. Generally. 
 
 Action bv stockholders, see Cobpob.4.tion8, 
 
 § 98. 
 Suit by personal representative, see ExECU- 
 
 TOEs AXD Administrators, § 57. 
 
 Who is real party in interest in action for 
 
 use of another. 64 L.R.A. 623. 
 Right of next of kin to maintain action in 
 
 interest of estate. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 454. 
 Right of trustee in bankruptcy, or assignee 
 
 for creditors, to maintain partition. 
 
 20 L.E.A.(N.S.) 105. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1059 
 
 PARTIES, II. e— cont'd 
 
 Keoessity of consistency in complaint as to 
 
 representative or individual capacity of 
 
 party. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 161. 
 
 g 22. One in behalf of many. 
 
 Right of one of several covenantees, to sue. 
 
 9 L.R.A. 704.* 
 EflFect of creditors' bill for all similarly 
 
 situated. 17 L.R.A. 348. 
 Plaintiff's control of suit brougnt for all 
 
 similarly situated. 46 L.R.A. 839. 
 
 /. Action in interest or in name of an- 
 other; control of. 
 
 § 23. Generally. 
 
 Name in which suit carried on. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 693. 
 Action for divorce on behalf of insane per- 
 son. 34 L.R.A. 166. 
 In whose name action should be brought by 
 
 or against deputy. 19 L.R.A. 181. 
 Liability involved in the exercise of tlie 
 right to control or carry on litiga- 
 tion in the name of another party. 
 62 L.R.A. 617. 
 In general. 62 L.R.A. 617. 
 Liability of beneficial plaintiff for 
 costs. 62 L.R.A. 618. 
 Under Code and statutory provi- 
 sions. 62 L.R.A. 618. 
 In New York. 62 L.R.A. 618. 
 In other states. 62 L.R.A. 
 621. 
 In the absence of statutory provi- 
 sions. 62 L.R.A. 623. 
 In ejectment cases. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 623. 
 In other cases. 62 L.R.A. 625. 
 Costs against third parties defending. 
 62 L.R.A. 626. 
 In ejectment cases. 62 L.R.A. 626. 
 In other cases. 62 L.R.A. 628. 
 Costs against third parties agreeing to 
 pay the same. 62 L.R.A. 630. 
 
 § 24. By guardian ad litem or next 
 friend. 
 
 Right of insane person to institute proceed- 
 ings by next friend. 64 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Control of guardian ad litem or next friend 
 over action. 16 L.R.A. 507. 
 
 g. Joinder. 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 Joint action for specific performance of 
 agreement to permit maintenance of 
 license on land of another. 49 L.R.A. 
 513. 
 
 Right of creditor, who is also a stockholder 
 of an insolvent corporation, to join in 
 suit by other creditors. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 987. 
 
 Scope of statute permitting trustee of ex- 
 press trust to sue without joining bene- 
 ficiaries, when rights as between bene- 
 fiearies, or between them and tlie 
 trustee, are involved. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 275. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PARTIES— cont'd 
 
 ///. Defendant, 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 26. Generally. 
 
 Attachment or garnishment against foreign 
 corporation, see Cobporations, § 150. 
 
 Suits against decedent's estate, see Execu- 
 tors AND Administrators, § 58. 
 
 Liability of state to suit, see State, § 12. 
 
 Right of plaintiff to summon or charge him- 
 self as garnishee. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 510. 
 
 Who may be sued on Lloyd's policies. 55 
 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 In what capacity executor or administrator 
 to be sued for his personal tort. 51 
 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 b. Necessary parties. 
 
 §2 7. Generally. 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Ebbob, § 12. 
 In foreclosure suit, see Mgetgage, §§ 69-72. 
 
 In action to enforce liability for removal of 
 lateral support. 68 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 Contractor as a necessary party to a bill to 
 enforce a mechanics' lien. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 69. 
 
 Suit to enforce liability of heirs for obliga- 
 tions of ancestor. 21 L.R.A. 93. 
 
 To mandamus to restore to office one ille- 
 gally removed. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 
 To action for specific performance of con- 
 tract for sale of corporate stock. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 502. 
 
 §28. Corporations. 
 
 Necessity of joining corporation in action 
 by stockholder. 9 L.R.A. 656.* 
 
 Necessity of joining corporation in suit for 
 specific performance of contract for 
 sale of corporate stock. 50 L.R.A. 512. 
 
 § 2 9. Partners. 
 
 Necessity of joining dormant or special 
 
 partner. 1 L.R.A. 312.* 
 Necessity of making firm or copartners 
 
 parties in individual proceedings in 
 
 bankruptcy. 69 L.R.A. 780. 
 
 § 30. Heirs of partner. 
 
 Heirs as necessary parties to suit relating 
 to partnership real estate. 27 L.R.A. 
 349. 
 
 When heirs of deceased partner necessary 
 parties to suit relating to partnership 
 real estate. 27 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 § 31. Trusts. 
 
 Beneficiaries of trust; when necessary 1 
 L.R.A. 230.* 
 
 § 32. In action ag'ainst municipality. 
 
 Are holders necessary parties to proceedings 
 to invalidate warrants or other mon- 
 eyed obligations of county, state, or 
 municipal corporation. 3 L.R.A. (N.S ) 
 2.56. 
 
1060 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 PARTIES, IIJ. b— cont'd 
 
 Parties defendant in action against munici- 
 pality for breach of duty as to drainage. 
 61 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 e. Etfect of failure to make one a party. 
 
 § S3. Generally. 
 
 In action for specific performance of con- 
 tract to give security. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 597. 
 
 Necessity that bailor be a. party to .aflfect 
 him with the result of a suit by a 
 third person against the bailee. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 690. 
 
 Effect of partition sale upon dower rights 
 of one not a party. 16 L.R.A. 776. 
 
 Effect of judment in ejectment against 
 tenant upon a landlord not a party, or 
 vice versa. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 595. 
 
 § 34. In foreclosure suit. 
 
 Judgment against trustee in mortgage as 
 affecting beneficiary who was not a 
 party. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 196. 
 
 Effect of foreclosure of one of several simul- 
 taneous mortgages without making 
 other mortgagees parties to the suit. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 524. 
 
 Extent to which bondholders are represent- 
 ed by trustee in mortgage or deed of 
 trust securing bonds. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1006. 
 
 § 35. On marketability of title. 
 
 Title of purchaser at judicial sale as affected 
 by irregularities as to parties. 21 
 L.E.A. 43. 
 
 Compelling purchaser at judicial sale to 
 complete purchase where there was a 
 defect of parties. 21 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 Effect on marketability , of title of want of 
 necessary parties in court proceedings. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 22. 
 
 d. Joinder. 
 
 § 36. Generally, 
 
 Joint liability generally, see Joint Credi- 
 
 ' TOKS AND DbBTOBS. 
 
 Joint liability of master and servant for 
 L injury by servant, see Master and 
 Sebvawt,« § 199. 
 
 Joinder of parties in action for wife's libel 
 and slander. 30 L.R.A. S27. 
 
 Joinder of parties in action against officer 
 for making arrest. 51 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 Joinder and misjoinder in suit on Lloyd's 
 policies of insurance. 55 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Joinder of parties in suit to restrain pollu- 
 tion of water course. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1149. 
 
 Eight to join agent and undisclosed prin- 
 cipal as defendants in the same action. 
 26 L.E.A.(N.S.) 742. 
 
 Joinder of municipality and person respon- 
 sible for dangerous condition in action 
 for injuries on street or highway. 37 
 t.IU..(N.S.) 569. 
 
 I PARTIES, III. d— cont'd 
 Of persons whose independent wrongs of 
 the same kind contribute to eii.iaiiir 
 the degree or extent of injury sustained 
 by plaintiff. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 167. 
 
 IV. Bringing in; intervention. 
 
 §3 7. Bringing in. 
 
 Use of cross bill or cross complaint to bring 
 in new parties. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 127. 
 
 § 38, Intervention. 
 
 Right of third persons who claim property 
 
 to intervene in attachment action. 23 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) -536. 
 To question validity of attachment. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 772. 
 By pretermitted heirs in administration. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 
 § 39. —by surety. 
 
 Right of surety to intervene in action 
 against principal, or principal in 
 action against surety. 68 L.l!..4. 
 736. 
 
 In general: 68 L.R.A. 736. 
 
 Insolvency or fraud of principal; col- 
 lusion with creditor. 68 L.R.A. 
 741. 
 
 Conducting defense in name of princi- 
 pal. 68 L.R.A. 742. 
 
 Surety of representative of estate. 68 
 L.R.A. 744. 
 
 Intervention of principal in action 
 against surety. 68 L.R.A. 745. 
 
 Under provision of statute. 68 L.R.A. 
 745. 
 
 T. Substitution. 
 
 % 40. Generally, 
 
 Revival of suit, see Abatement and Reviv- 
 Ai,, § 8. 
 
 On appeal or error to, or from Federal Su- 
 preme Court. 66 L.R.A. 856. 
 
 PARTITION. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Record in, as a muniment of title. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 465.* 
 Right of one in possession claiming imder 
 
 void foreclosure as against partition 
 
 action. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 845. 
 Trial of title. 2 L.R.A. 172.* 
 Effect of possession in absence of writing as 
 
 to partition. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 806. 
 Collateral atta,ck on judgment of nonsuit in, 
 
 for fraud not affecting jurisdiction. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 986. 
 Injunction against judgment in, for de- 
 fenses existing prior to rendition. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 773. 
 Costs in. 10 L.R.A. 55.* 
 Allowance for improvements. 7 L.R.A. 731;* 
 
 8 L.R.A. 289.* 
 Right to accept favorable part of decree and 
 
 appeal from the rest. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 10. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1061 
 
 PARTITION— cont'd 
 
 Removal of action for, because of saparable 
 
 controversy. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 77. 
 Validity of oral agreement as to partition 
 
 of 'fences. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 227. 
 
 § 2. Jurisdiction of. 
 
 Jurisdiction in equity. 8 L.R.A. 289.* 
 
 § 3. — what property. 
 
 Jurisdiction of suit for partition of real 
 property in another state or countrv. 69 
 L.R.A. '69-2 ; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924'; 27 
 L.Rji.(X.S.) 420. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to partition personal 
 property. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 618. 
 
 § 4. Right to. 
 
 Validity of agreement against right to. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 220. 
 Right of, as against persons not in being. 
 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 
 § 5 . — who may have. 
 
 Who can maintain suit for. 1 L.R.A. 637.* 
 Right of one out of possession to partition. 
 
 20 L.R.A. 624. 
 Between tenants by entireties. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 335. 
 Right to partition among remaindermen 
 
 pending life estate. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 125. 
 Right of trustee in bankruptcy, or assignee 
 
 for creditors, to maintain partition. 
 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 105. 
 Remedy of pretermitted heirs by proceeding 
 
 for. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 
 § 6. Of what property. 
 
 Jurisdiction over, see supra, § 3. 
 
 Of personal property, see Personal Pbop- 
 
 EBTT, § 7. 
 
 Of communitv property. 56 L.R.A. 79. 
 Of estate by '^entireties. 30 L.R.A. 335; 42 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 Of partnership real estate. 28 L.R.A. 103. 
 Of water rights. 26 L.R.A. 284. 
 Of railroad right of way. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 538. 
 
 § 7. — homestead. 
 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 77; 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 786; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 550. 
 Separation and divorce. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 786. 
 Homestead right in widow and minor chil- 
 dren. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 787. 
 Homestead richt in widower or widow. 4 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 790. 
 Homestead right of minor children. 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 792. 
 Parol partition. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 792. 
 Abandonment or failure to assert claim by 
 
 widow. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 793. 
 Michigan cases. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 793. 
 Texas cases. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 794. 
 
 Under the act of 1848. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 794. 
 
 Under the Constitution of 1876. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 795. 
 Generally. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 795. 
 CoiisuU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PARTITION— cont'd 
 
 Conveyance or abandonment. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 797. 
 Homestead in community property. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 797. 
 Generally. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 797. 
 Abandonment or sale. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 799. 
 
 § 8. Effect of. 
 
 Effect of deed, see infra, § 10. 
 Effect of partition sale on dower right, see 
 DowBR, § 14. 
 
 Parol partition to give legal title or color 
 of title. 16 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 I'lffect of partition to create easement as be- 
 tween separate parcels. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 342. 
 
 Effect of partition between heirs of propert;^ 
 acquired by inheritance, upon iia 
 course of descent. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 957. 
 
 Effect of judgment in partition upon rights 
 of defendants, as between themselves, 
 which were not brought to the atten- 
 tion of the court. 14 LJl.A.(N.S.) 333. 
 
 Divestiture of estates of persons not in 
 being by. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 443. 
 
 § 9. Deeds. 
 
 Implied grant of easement in partition deed. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1082. 
 Estate held under partition deed as one 
 
 by entireties. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 167. 
 
 §10. —effect of. 
 
 Effect of deed in partition as distinguished 
 
 from ordinary deeds. 57 L.R.A. 332. 
 Deed to person other than cotenant. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 332. 
 Warranty. 57 L.R.A. 333. 
 
 In general. 57 L.R.A. 333. 
 
 Implied warranty between those hold- 
 ing by descent. 57 L.R.A. 334. 
 
 Implied warranty between those hold- 
 ing by purchase. 57 L.R.A. 336. 
 Estoppel to set up after-acquired title. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 337. 
 Estates acquired by partition deed between 
 
 parties holding different estates. 57 
 
 L.E.A. 337. 
 Words of inheritance as necessary to vest 
 
 fee. 57 L.R.A. 338. 
 Rights of subsequent purchasers. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 338. 
 Changing title from descent to purchase. 
 
 57 L.R.A. 339. 
 Effect as revoking previous will. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 339. 
 Failure of wife to join in deed. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 340. 
 Deed bv person under disability. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 340. 
 Execution of deed. 57 L.R.A. .340. 
 
 Deed not executed by all the parties to 
 it. 57 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 Defective execution. 57 L.R.A. 340. 
 Effect on judgment and mortgage liens. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 340. 
 Parol evidence to show nature of deed. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 341. 
 
1062 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PARTITION— cont'd 
 
 § 11. Rights of purchaser. 
 
 Sale; rights of purchaser; record. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 465.* 
 Applicability of rule of caveat emptor to 
 sales for partition. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 409. 
 Doctrine that rule of caveat emptor 
 applies. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409. 
 Effect of fraud or misrepresenta- 
 tion as to title. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 411. 
 Doctrine that purchaser need not com- 
 plete purchase if title is defective. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 411. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1, S. 
 II. Creation; nature; requisites; 
 what constitutes, §$ 3-7. 
 a. In general, §§ 3-B. 
 h. Creation; wivat constitutes, 
 §§ 0, T. 
 til. Rights and powers of partners as 
 
 to third persons, f§ 8, 9. 
 IT. Liability of partners to third per- 
 sons; rights of creditors, 
 §§ 10-17. 
 a. In general, S§ 10-14. 
 6. Insolvency or hanlcrwptcy, 
 §§ 15-17. 
 V. Partnership real estate, SS iS- 
 
 VI. Rights and, liabilities as hetween 
 partners, §§ SS-28. 
 Til, Dissolution or change in person- 
 nel; accounting, §S 39-51. 
 a. In general, §§ 29-39. 
 It. By death, §§ 40-4:9. 
 
 1. In general, § 40. 
 
 2. Surviving partner, g§ 
 
 41-45. 
 
 3. Estate of deceased part- 
 
 ner, §§ 4e-49. 
 e. Accounting, §§ 50, 51. 
 Till. Actions; judgments, §§ 52-57. 
 
 a. In general, S§ 52-50. 
 
 b. Suits between partners, § 57. 
 IX. Limited partnership, § 5S. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 6 1. Generally. 
 
 Estoppel of partner, see Estoppel, § 37. 
 Effect of fraud in partnership matters, see 
 
 Fbatjd and Deceit, § 25. 
 Good will of, see Good Will. 
 Injunction as to partnership matters, see 
 
 Injunction, § 38. 
 Partnership name, see Name, § 10. 
 Sickness of copartner, see Sickness, § 7. 
 
 Tax on partnership property. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 477. 
 Federal courts following state decisions on 
 
 questions relating to. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 433. 
 Power of married woman to enter into 
 
 partnership contract. 2 L.R.A. 343.* 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every late question. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, I.— cont'd 
 
 § 2. Between husband and wife. 
 
 See Husband and Wife, § 54. 
 
 II. Creation; nature; requisites; what 
 constitutes. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Proof against one of declarations of another 
 to show partnership, see Evidence, § 
 236. 
 
 For what business; how proved. 13 L.R.A. 
 370.* 
 
 Formation of, and transfer of property to, 
 partnership as ground of attachment. 
 30 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 Partnership undertakings between initial 
 and connecting carrier. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 44. 
 
 Effect on client's liability of formation of 
 partnership by attorney after employ- 
 ment by client. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 707. 
 
 Declarations of another to show. 20 L.R.A. 
 595. 
 
 Admissibility of partnership books of ac- 
 count to disprove partnership, 62 
 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 § 4. To deal in real estate. 
 
 Contracts by parol, for dealing in land, see 
 
 CONTBACtS, § 41. 
 
 In real estate speculation. 8 L.R.A. 657.* 
 
 What constitutes a partnership to deal in 
 real estate. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 503. 
 
 Power over real estate of partners in firm 
 formed to deal in real estate. 28 L.R.A. 
 106. 
 
 When real estate will be considered prop- 
 erty of firm formed to deal in land. 
 27 L.R.A. 481; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 903. 
 
 Creation of partnership by speculative pur- 
 chase of real estate for sale. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1089, 
 
 Creation of partnership by provision for 
 taking profits as compensation for use 
 of real estate. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1042. 
 
 § 5. I;labillty of corporate stockholders 
 as partners. 
 
 See CoRPOEATiONS, § 107. 
 
 T>. Creation; what constitutes. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 To deal in real estate, see supra, § 4. 
 
 What constitutes. 8 L.R.A. 657.* 
 
 When associations held to be partnerships. 
 
 3 L.R.A. 430.* 
 Formation of limited partnership. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 712.* 
 
 § 7. Sharing in profits. 
 
 Effect of agreement to share profits t» 
 create a partnership. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 963. 
 What is a partnership. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 967. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1063 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Characteristics of partnerships. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 970. 
 The force and effect of partnership con- 
 tracts. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 976. 
 Distinction between partnerships inter 
 sese and partnerships in respect of 
 third persons. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 985. 
 Partnership liability by estoppel. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 988. 
 Necessity of sharing in profits and 
 
 leases. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 992. 
 The rise, reason, and acceptance of the 
 net-profit rule. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 998. 
 The rule stated. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 998. 
 The origin of the rule. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 998. 
 The reasons assigned for the rule. 
 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 999. 
 The acceptance of the rule. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 999. 
 Criticism of the net-profit rule. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1006. 
 Qualifications and limitations of the 
 profit-sharing rule. 18 L.R-A. 
 (N.S.) 1009. 
 Division of products and gross re- 
 ceipts. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1009. 
 Distinction between net and gross 
 profits. 18L.R.A.(N.S.) 1012. 
 Sharing profits as principal. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013. 
 Sharing profits "as profits.'' 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1014. 
 The established exception to the net- 
 profit rule — taking profits as 
 compensation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1019. 
 For work and labor. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1019. 
 In general. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1019. 
 Of mariners. 18 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 1031. 
 Of agents and servants. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1032. 
 For special services. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1038. 
 Division of fees or commis- 
 sions. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1040. 
 Joint performances of con- 
 tracts and division of con- 
 tract price. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1041. 
 For the use of property. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1041. 
 In general. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1041. 
 Real estate. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1042. 
 Ships. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1045. 
 Franchises. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1046. 
 Chattels, live stock, and other 
 property. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1046. 
 For the use of money. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1047. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Investment of capital. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1047. 
 Loans. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1055. 
 The question of usury. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) lOef. 
 Participating in profits in order to col- 
 lect debts. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1062. 
 The passing of the old and advent of the 
 new test of partnership. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1066. 
 The agency test. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1072. 
 The part played by profit participation 
 in the problem of partnership. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1076. 
 Secret partnerships. 18 L.R.A, (N.S.) 
 
 1082. 
 Schemes to avoid partnership liability. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1084. 
 Community of interest in capital stock. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1084. 
 Joint ownership and tenancies in 
 common. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1084. 
 Ownership in severalty. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1087. 
 By partners in business. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1087. . 
 By unassociated persons. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1088. 
 Speculative purchases of property 
 for sale. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1089. 
 Real estate. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1089. 
 Personal property. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1090. 
 Deliveries of property for sale upon a 
 profit-sharing basis. 18 L.R.A. 
 {N.S.) 1091. 
 Associations. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1093. 
 In general. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1093. 
 Stockholders. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1094. 
 Syndicates. 18 L.R A. (N.S.) 1094. 
 Trusts, pooling and traffic agree- 
 ments. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1095. 
 Profit participation after transfers. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1098. 
 Subpartnerahips. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1099. 
 Executory contracts. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1101. 
 Pertinent legislation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1101. 
 Judicial conflict and confusion. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1103. 
 
 ///. Bights and powers of partners as 
 to third persons. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 After dissolution, see infra; §§ 31^34, 42. 
 Power to make lease, see Landlord and 
 
 Tenant, § 10. 
 Power to give mortgage, see Mortgage, § 11. 
 
 Power of partners to bind each other. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 241.* 
 Power of one partner to assign partnership 
 
 real estate for benefit of creditors. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 97. 
 
1064 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, III.— cont'd 
 
 Efl'ect. on right of individual partners of sale 
 by firm of good will of business with 
 or without an agreement not to re- 
 engage in the same business. 19 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 769. 
 
 Extent of restriction on right of unlicensed 
 person who^ is partner of licensed at- 
 torney to transact business for another. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 750. 
 
 Speculation in commodities as within the 
 ostensible or implied authority of a 
 member of a partnership operating a 
 warehouse. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1015. 
 
 § 9. As to commei'clal paper. 
 
 Liability on commercial paper, see infra, 
 
 § 12. . 
 After dissolution, see infra, § 32. 
 Of surviving partner, see infra, § 45. 
 
 Commercial paper executed by partner in 
 noiitrading firm. 11 L.R.A. 238.* 
 
 Power of one partner to bind firm by a 
 promissory note or bill of exchange un- 
 der seal. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 969. 
 
 Power of one partner to give note affecting 
 partnership real estate. 28 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Circumstances sufficient' to put a purchaser 
 of partnership papei; on inquiry. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 356. ' 
 
 IV. Liability of partners to third per- 
 sons; rights of creditors. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Rights of creditors in partnership real es- 
 tate, see infra, § 24. 
 
 After dissolution, see infra, § 36. 
 
 Actions against firnl or partners, See intra, 
 ,§§ 52-56. 
 
 Liability as partners of stockholders in il- 
 legal corporation, see Cobporations, 
 § 107. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for acts of partner, 
 see Criminal Law, § 29; Intoxicating 
 Liquors, § 23. 
 
 Levy on partnership property for debt of 
 : partner, see Levy and Seizure;' § 5. 
 
 Ratification by partner, sec Ratification, 
 § 5. 
 
 Liability for trespass, see Trespass, § 9. 
 
 Equitable rule as to partnership assets. 7 
 L.R.A. 791.* 
 
 Liability of members of limited partner- 
 ship. 3 L.R.A. 503.* 
 
 Injunction against execution sale of prop- 
 erty of. 30 L.R.A. 105. 
 
 Injunction against judgments by confession 
 against partners. 30 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 Liability of physician or surgeon for acts 
 of partner. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 786. 
 
 Effect of judgment against some of partners 
 to release liability of others. 43 L.R.A. 
 3 61. 
 
 Criminal and penal liability for act of part- 
 ner. 41 L.R.A. 650. 
 
 Partnership debt as assets on appointment 
 of member of firm as executor or ad- 
 ministrator. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 Begin U'ith this hooJc on every law qu 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Admissibility of books of account contain- 
 ing entries to charge copartnership. 52 
 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 Liability of one party to an arrangement to 
 share profits from gambling for money 
 lost by a third person to the other par- 
 ty. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 522. 
 
 § 11. Attachment against firm or part- 
 ner. 
 
 Attachment of individual property of one 
 partner for fraud of another. 25 L.R.A. 
 645. 
 
 Formation of, and transfer of property to, 
 partnership as ground of attachment. 
 30 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 Transfers and withdrawals by partners as 
 ground of attachment. 30 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 Right of partnership creditors to question 
 validity of attachment. 35 L.R.A. 769. 
 
 Right to attach property in hands of as- 
 signee for creditoirs of partnership. 26 
 L.R.A. 600. 
 
 § 12. Liability on commercial paper. 
 
 Authority of partner to execute commercial 
 
 paper, see supra, § 9. 
 After dissolution, see infra, §§ 32, 39, 45. 
 
 Demand on firm for payment of note. 36 
 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 Availability to maker of defense that com- 
 mercial paper was partnership paper as 
 against transferee after maturity. 46 
 L.R.A. 771. 
 
 Right of one indorsing note for accommoda- 
 tion of firm to recover from firm after 
 payment of note. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 784. 
 
 Right of one accepting negotiable paper 
 for accommodation of firm to recover 
 from firm after payment of paper. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 Commercial paper as payment of partner- 
 ship indebtedness. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 
 Note or other commercial paper of individu- 
 al partner as payment of firm debt 
 which he had not previously assumed. 
 , 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1019. > 
 
 Does the fact that a name signed to a hill 
 or note below the signature of another 
 obligor is that of a partnership raise a 
 presumption that it is a surety only. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 426. 
 
 § 13. Assumption by partnership of in- 
 dividual debts of partners. 
 
 Assumption of firm debts on dissolution, see 
 infra, § 37. 
 
 The general rule. 29 L.R.A. 681. 
 The question of insolvency. 29 L.R.A. 685. 
 The question of fraud. 29 L.R.A. 687. 
 Assumption held sufficient. 29 L.R.A. 688. 
 Insufficient assumption. 29 L.R.A. 691. 
 By mortgage of firm property. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 692. 
 By new firm of debts of old firm. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 694. 
 Assumption of debt originally incurred for 
 
 firm benefit. 29 L.R.A. 694. 
 estion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1005 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Right of action by third person on agree- 
 ment to assume partnership debts. 25 
 L.R.A. 274. 
 
 § 14. Liability of partnership for 
 torts. 
 
 In general. 51 L.R.A. 463. 
 
 Torts of partnership as an entity. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 465. 
 Torts of individual member. 51 L.R.A. 469. 
 Wilful and malicious torts. 51 L.R.A. 
 469. 
 When other members liable. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 469. 
 When other members not liable. 51 
 L.R.A. 470. 
 Trespass and trover. 51 L.R.A. 472. 
 Trespass. 51 L.R.A. 472. 
 Trover. 51 L.R.A. 473. 
 Negligence. 51 L.R.A. 477. 
 
 When other members liable. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 477. 
 When other members not liable. 51 
 L.R.A. 479. 
 Fraud. 51 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 General. 51 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 In purchase of property. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 484. 
 In sale of property. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 485. 
 As to trust funds. 51 L.R.A. 486. 
 For individual debt or benefit. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 489. 
 Estoppel, 51 L.R.A. 491. 
 Approval of other members — firm ac- 
 cepting benefit. 51 L.R.A. 491. 
 Other torts. 51 L.R.A. 493. 
 
 When other members liable. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 493. 
 When other members not liable. 51 
 L.R.A. 494. 
 Engaging in unlawful business. 51 L.R.A. 
 
 495. 
 Liability, joint and several. 51 L.R.A. 495. 
 False representations by partner as to cost, 
 selling or market price of property. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 185. 
 Criminal responsibility for sale of intoxi- 
 cating liquor by partner. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 786; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 321; 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 419. 
 Liability of partner to action for false im- 
 prisonment for act of copartner. 3 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 22]. 
 Suspension or disbarment of attorney for 
 partner's misconduct in withholding 
 client's money or property. 19 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 418. 
 Liability of partner for libel published with- 
 out his consent. 26 L.R.A. 779. 
 
 b. Insolvency or hanTcruptcy. 
 
 § 1.5. Generally. 
 
 Assignment, for creditors by firm or part- 
 ner, see Assignment foe Ckeditobs, 
 § 2. 
 
 Partnership bankruptcy generally, see 
 Ba>-keuptot, § 5. 
 
 Effect of bankruptcy proceedings, see Bank- 
 ruptcy, § 11. 
 Consult also Z.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, IV. b.— cont'd 
 
 Discharge of partnership liability in indi- 
 vidual proceedings in bankruptcy, see 
 BamvEuptcv, § 33. 
 
 Rights and preferences of creditors. 6 
 L.R.A. 740.* 
 
 Criminal liability of partnership for re- 
 ceiving deposit in insolvent bank. 31 
 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 .Assumption of debts on dissolution of part- 
 nership as affecting rights to priority 
 of payment. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 101. 
 
 Set-off in bankruptcy cases. 55 L.R.A. 41, 
 C9. 
 
 Claim in bankruptcy as remedy for breach 
 of agreement to assume debts on disso- 
 lution. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 114. 
 
 Right of bankrupt to discharge as affected 
 by act of partner or agent. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 785; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 623. 
 
 § 16. Of both partnership and its 
 members. 
 
 Double proof of claim against bankrupt es- 
 tate of firm and individual partner. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 Discharge of partnership liability in indi- 
 vidual bankruptcy proceedings. 69 
 L.R.A. 771. 
 
 Provability of partnership debts in indi- 
 vidual proceedings. 69 L.R.A. 772. 
 
 Effect of adjudication of bankruptcy of 
 partnership to subject the separate es- 
 tates of the partners to administra- 
 tion in bankruptcy. 5 I1.R.A. (N.S.) 
 654. 
 
 Adjudication of bankruptcy of member of 
 firm as affecting rights of firm credit- 
 ors against firm property. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 787. 
 
 Must individual partners, as well as firm, 
 be insolvent in order to render the firm 
 bankrupt or to avoid payment of a firm 
 debt as a, preference. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 960. 
 
 § 1 7. Relative rights as between indi- 
 vidual and firm creditors. 
 
 In case of partnership assignment. 10 
 L.R.A. 523.* 
 
 Assumption by insolvent partnership of in- 
 dividual debts of partners. 29 L.R.A. 
 685. 
 
 •Partnership property to be applied to part- 
 nership debts. 6 L.R.A. 740.* 
 
 Application of partner's deposit on firm 
 debt. 23 L.R.A. 111. 
 
 Use of firm property to discharge obliga- 
 tions of one partner. 29 L.R.A. 685; 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 650. 
 
 Levy on partnership property for debt of 
 partner. 46 L.R.A. 481. 
 
 Priority of executions for firm debts over 
 executions for debt of partner. 46 
 L.R.A. 501. 
 
 Priority of firm creditors as against levy 
 for an individual debt. 46 L.R.A. 494. 
 
 Position of individual creditors of partner- 
 ship real estate. 28 L.R.A. 167. 
 
1066 
 
 INDEX TO L.ILA. NOTES. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, IV. b— cont'd 
 
 Preference of firm over individual creditors 
 in partnership real estate. 28 L.R.A. 
 165. 
 
 Eight of claim based on tort of a partner- 
 ship to share with creditors of indi- 
 vidual partners. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1223. 
 
 Eight of partnership, as against firm cred- 
 itors, to sell or mortgage firm property 
 to discharge or secure individual debt 
 of one partner. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 256. 
 
 Right of creditors of ostensible partnership 
 to a preference over individual credit- 
 ors, where business is carried on by 
 individual in a firm name. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 406. 
 
 Application of partnership assets with the 
 consent Of all the partners to the pay- 
 ment of an individual debt of a partner 
 as a voidable preference under the bank- 
 ruptcy act. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1040. 
 
 Preference of firm creditor by a partner out 
 of his own property as an act of bank- 
 ruptcy by the firm. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 656. 
 
 V. Partnership real estate. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Partnership to deal in real estate, see su- 
 pra, § 4. 
 
 Oral contract for dealing in land, see CoN- 
 TBACTS, § 41. 
 
 Powers of personal representative of de- 
 ceased partner as to, see Executoes 
 AND Administbatobs, § 14a. 
 
 Improvements on, see Impkovbments, § 6. 
 
 Power of one partner to assign for benefit of 
 creditors. 28 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to identify 
 grantees in deed to firm name. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 157. 
 
 Insurance in name of partnership of prop- 
 erty, the legal title of which is in the 
 name of individuals. 40 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 152. 
 
 Notice of title from use of land for partner- 
 ship purposes. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 126. 
 
 § 19. When real estate considered as 
 partnership property. 
 
 General doctrine. 27 L.R.A. 449; 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 889. 
 The question of intention. 27 L.R.A. 455; 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 891. 
 The question of the legal title. 27 L.R.A. 
 460; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 892. 
 Immaterial to whom legal title is con- 
 veyed. 27 L.E.A. 463; 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 892. 
 Legal title in one partner. 27 L.E.A. 
 
 460; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 892. 
 Legal title in all the partners as in- 
 dividuals. 27 L.R.A. 460; 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 894. 
 Common-law doctrine. 27 L.R..4. 
 
 460; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 894. 
 When common-law doctrine not ap- 
 plicable. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 895. 
 Pennsylvania doctrine. 27 L.R.A. 
 460; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 896. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every laic question 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, V.— cont'd 
 
 Where title is taken in the firm name. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 897. 
 
 Legal title in an outside party. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 Parol evidence. 27 L.R.A. 464 j 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 898. 
 Trusts. 27 L.R.A. 468; 37 L.R.A. (N.S) 
 
 , 899. 
 Equitable conversion. 27 L.R.A. 473; 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 900. 
 Out and out conversion. 27 L.E.A. 475. 
 Reconversion. 27 L.R.A. 476. 
 Statute of frauds. 27 L.R.A. 477; 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 902. 
 Form of conveyance. 27 L.R.A. 479; 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 902. 
 When not considered personally. 27 L.E.A. 
 
 480. 
 The question of notice. 27 L.E.A. 480; 37 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 903. 
 Partnership formed for the purchase and 
 
 sale of real estate. 27 L.E.A. 481; 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 903. 
 Real estate acquired in payment of debts. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 482; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 903. 
 Real estate held under lease. 27 L.R.A. 483. 
 The effect of improvements. 27 L.E.A. 484; 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 904. 
 Land owned by partner prior to partnership. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 485. 
 Position of incoming partner. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 486; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 904. 
 Particular facts held sufficient to constitute 
 
 real estate partnership propertv. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 486; 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 904. 
 Particular facts held insufficient to consti- 
 tute real estate partnership property, 
 
 27 L.R.A. 492; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 905. 
 
 § 20. Rights of partners Inter se In. 
 
 General rule as to partners' interest. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 86. 
 Powers of partners over partnership real 
 estate. 28 L.R.A. 89. 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. 89. 
 To contract and purchase. 28 L.E.A. 
 
 91. 
 To transfer or convey firm property. 
 
 28 L.E.A. 92. 
 To convey his interest. 28 L.E.A. 94. 
 To mortgage. 28 L.E.A. 95. 
 In general. 28 L.E.A. 95. 
 For firm's benefit. 28 L.R.A. 96. 
 To secure privat'e debt. 28 L.R.A. 
 96. 
 To create liens, make assignments, etc 
 
 28 L.E.A. 97. 
 To make and renew lease. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 97. 
 To give note. 28 L.R.A. 97. 
 To sue. 28 L.R.A. 98. 
 Of continuing partner. 28 L.R.A. 98. 
 How conveyed by partnership. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 98. 
 Purchase by partner of firm property. 28 
 
 L.E.A. 99. 
 Purchase of deceased partner's interest 
 
 28 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 Sale by partner of his Interest to his co- 
 partners. 28 L.E.A. 99. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1067 
 
 PAETNERSHIP, V.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of conveyance by partner. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 100. 
 Liability of the firm for partner's acts. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 101. 
 The question of ratification. 28 L.R.A. 101. 
 Partner's right to reimbursement. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 102. 
 Equitable lien «f partners. 28 L.R.A. 102. 
 Partition of partnership real estate. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 103. 
 Position of partner advancing purchase 
 
 money. 28 L.R.A. 103. 
 Position of partner purchasing property at 
 
 sheriff's sale. 28 L.R.A. 104. 
 Position of nevp paitner. 28 L.R.A. 104. 
 Fraud by partner. 28 L.R.A. 104. 
 Estoppel of partner. 28 L.R.A. 105. 
 Statute of limitations. 28 L.R.A. 105. 
 Tender of purchase money by partner. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 105. 
 Dormant partner. 28 L.R.A. 105. 
 Deceased partner's share. 28 L.R.A. 105. 
 Homestead rights. 28 L.R.A. 105. 
 In partnership formed for the purchase and 
 
 sale of land. 28 L.R.A. 106. 
 When partnership in lands continues after 
 
 the death of a partner. 28 L.R.A. 106. 
 The question of dissolution. 28 L.R.A. 106. 
 Winding-up of lirm. 28 L.R.A. 107. 
 Division by partnership prior to dissolu- 
 tion. 28 L.R.A. 109. 
 In Louisiana. 28 L.R.A. 109. 
 Right to purchase one partner's interest in 
 
 real property belonging to partnership, 
 
 without consent of other partners. 18 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 
 g 21. Deceased partner's widow's right 
 of dower in. 
 
 General doctrine. 27 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 Must yield to partnership claims, liens, and 
 accounts. 27 L.R.A. 343. 
 
 When dower attaches. 27 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 In lands purchased for the purpose of re- 
 sale. 27 L.R.A. 346. 
 
 Effect of an agreement converting real es- 
 tate into personalty. 27 L.R.A. 347. 
 
 Right to dower in improvements. 27 L.R.A. 
 347. 
 
 When widow entitled to an equivalent. 27 
 L.R.A. 347. 
 
 Widow's right to retain possession. 27 
 L.R.A. 347. 
 
 How affected by husband's private debts. 
 27 L.R.A. 347. 
 
 Homestead rights. 27 L.R.A. 347. 
 
 Right of widow to join in deed, action, or 
 suit affecting such estate. 27 L.R.A. 
 347. 
 
 § 22. Rights of heirs of deceased part- 
 ner in. 
 
 The legal estate passes to the heir of a de- 
 ceased partner. 27 L.R.A. 348. 
 
 Nature of the title vested in the heirs. 
 27 L.R.A. 348. 
 
 The heirs bound to convey the legal title. 
 27 L.R.A. 349. 
 
 When a necessary party to suit relating to 
 such lands. 27 L.R.A. 349, 
 Consult also L.n.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, V.— cont'd 
 
 When lieirs not entitled. 27 L.R.A. 349. 
 
 As between the surviving partner and the 
 heirs. 27 L.R.A. 350. 
 
 Power of the heirs as against the surviving 
 partner. 27 L.R.A. 351. 
 
 As between the heir and personal represent- 
 atives of such deceased partner. 27 
 L.R.A. 352. 
 
 Powers vested in executors and administra- 
 tors of a deceased partner. 27 L.R.A. 
 352. 
 
 Ultimate position of the heirs. 27 L.R.A. 
 353. 
 
 § 23. Position and powers of surviving 
 partner in. 
 
 The position of a surviving partner. 28 
 L.R.A. 129. 
 At law. 28 L.R.A. 129. 
 In equity. 28 L.R.A. 129. 
 How affected by state statute. 28 
 
 L.RA.. 131. 
 As creditor. 28 L.R.A. 132. 
 Lien of surviving partner. 28 L.R.A. 
 132. 
 Powers of the surviving partner. 28 L.E.A. 
 133. 
 Of disposition. 28 L.R.A. 133. 
 To mortgage. 28 L.R.A. 134. 
 To remove encumbrances. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 134. 
 In property mortgaged to the firm. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 134. 
 To continue the business. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 134. 
 To bring ejectment. 28 L.R.A. 134. 
 With respect to leasehold property. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 135. 
 Effect! of conveyance by. 28 L.R.A. 135. 
 As between the survivor and personal rep- 
 resentatives of a deceased partner. 28 
 L.R.A. 136. 
 Injunction against survivor. 28 L.R.A. 137. 
 Rights in partnership real estate as be- 
 tween surviving partner and heirs of 
 deceased partner. 27 L.R.A. 350. 
 Power of heirs of deceased partner in real 
 estate as against surviving partner. 27 
 L.R.A. 351. 
 
 § 24. Rights and position of creditors, 
 purchasers, and other third parties 
 In. 
 
 Rights of creditors of the firm. 28 L.R.A. 
 161. 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. 161. 
 The nature of the creditors' rights. 28 
 L.R.A. 163. 
 Preference of firm over individual creditors. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 165. 
 The position of the individual creditors of a 
 partner. 28 L.R.A. 167. 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. 167. 
 Where property held prior to partner- 
 ship. 28 L.R.A. 169. 
 The position of mortgagees. 28 L.R.A. 170. 
 The position of judgment creditors. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 170. 
 The position of purchasers. 28 L.R.A. 172. 
 From the firm. 28 L.R.A. 172. 
 
1068 
 
 INPEX TO L.R.A. KOXES. 
 
 PAETNEESHIP, V.— cont'd 
 
 From partner holding the legal title. 
 
 28 L.E.A. 172. 
 Of partner's interest. 28 L.R.A. 172. 
 Of deceased partner's share. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 173. 
 Under execution against firm. 
 
 L.R.A 173. 
 Under execution against partner 
 
 L.R.A. 173. 
 The liability to see to the application 
 
 of purchase money. 28 L.R.A. 174. 
 The question of notice. 28 L.E.A. 174. 
 Levy on real estate for debt of partner. 46 
 L.R.A. 494. 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 ri. 
 
 Rights and liabilities as between 
 partners. 
 
 § 2 5. Generally. 
 
 With respect to partnership real estate, see 
 
 supra, § 20. 
 After dissolution, see infra, §§ 31-35. 
 Accounting between partners, see infrft, §§ 
 
 50, 51. 
 Actions between partners, see infra, § 57. 
 Contribution between partners, see CoN- 
 
 TEIBUTION, § 4. 
 Transfer of interest to copartner as change 
 
 in ownership of insured property, see 
 
 Insurance, § 70. 
 Equitable lien of partner, see Liens, § 7. 
 
 Requiring infant partner to do equity. 1 
 L.R.A. 863.* 
 
 Right of partners to buy from and sell to 
 each other. 3 L.R.A. 770. 
 
 Eight of partner to locate mining claim. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 817. 
 
 Right of one partner to acquire individual 
 claim against the other. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 619. 
 
 Right of partner to take renewal of lease 
 
 ( in his own name and exclude copart- 
 
 ner. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 869. 
 
 Warranty as inducement to copartner to 
 enter into a contract, as a promise to 
 Indemnify. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1151. 
 
 Arbitrary or mala fide termination of part- 
 nership as basis of action for tort. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 959. 
 
 Eights of partners as affected by sale of 
 trademark. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 722. 
 
 May the right of a partner to inspect the 
 books of the firm be delegated to an 
 agent. 2 B. E. C. 976. 
 
 Contribution between partners. 1 L.E.A. 
 313.* 
 
 Share of illegal profits. 11 L.E.A. 589.* 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract relating to partner- 
 t ship. 53 L.R.A. ,81. 
 
 § 26. Right of subrogation. 
 
 Right to subrogation of partner who pays 
 firm debt. 54 L.R.A. 614. 
 In general. 54 L.R.A. 614. 
 After dissolution. 54 L.R.A. 617. 
 In general. 54 L.R.A. 617. 
 Debts assumed by one or more part- 
 ners. 54 L.R.A. 619. 
 Death of partner. 54 L.E.A. 621 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every laiv question. 
 
 PAETNERSHIP, VII.— cont'd 
 
 Of retiring partner to rights of creditor 
 where debts have been assumed on dis- 
 solution of partnership. 9 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 117. 
 
 § 2 7. Compensation for services. 
 As between members of law firm, see Aitob- 
 NEYS, § 19. 
 
 Right of partner to compensation for serv- 
 ices rendered to the partnership. 
 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 385. 
 Scope. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 385. 
 Right to compensation. 17 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 385. 
 General rule. 17 L.E.A. (N.S.) 385. 
 Services rendered before or in an- 
 ticipation of partnership. 17 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 389. 
 Services rendered in other capacity 
 than that of partner. 17 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 390. 
 Unequal services. 17 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 39L 
 In generaL 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 391. 
 Managing or active partner. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 394. 
 Extra services necessitated by part- 
 ner's illness. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 395. 
 Compensation because of partner's 
 misconduct. 17 L.E./V-(N.S.) 
 395. 
 Services in winding up firm busi- 
 ness. 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 ' Liquidating partner's right to 
 compensation. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) S96. 
 Surviving partner's right to 
 compensation. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 399. 
 Contractual right to compenssition. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409. 
 Express contract. 17 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.)- 409. 
 Implied contract. 17 L.R A. 
 (N.S.) 412. 
 Forfeiture of compensation by mis- 
 conduct. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.'' 415. 
 Waiver of compensation. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 416. 
 Conclusion. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 416. 
 
 § 28. Rlglit to interest against copart- 
 ner. 
 
 On accounting; see infra, § 51. 
 
 Allowance of interest in favor of or against 
 
 partner during continuance of firm. 
 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 220. 
 
 Original capital. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 221. 
 
 Effect of failure to furnish. 35 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 221. 
 
 Agreements as to interest. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 223. 
 Unwithdrawn profits. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 223. 
 Advances. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 223. 
 
 By way of capital. 35 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 224. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 3069 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, VI.— cont'd 
 
 By way of loan. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 224. 
 On balances as between parties. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 225. 
 Effect of agreement. 35 L.R.A.^N.S.) 
 226. 
 
 Til. Dissolution or change in person- 
 nel; accounting. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2 9. Generally. 
 
 Effect of dissolution on good will, see Good 
 
 Will, § 4. 
 Change in partnership interest as change in 
 
 ownership of insured property, see 
 
 Instjeance, § 70. 
 
 Dissolution of partnership by reason of for- 
 mation of corporation. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (>s\S.) 471. 
 Question of dissolution of firm owning real 
 
 estate. 28 L.R.A. , 106. 
 Winding up of firm owning , real estate. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 107. 
 Continuance of business under provisions 
 
 of will. 7 L.R.A. 789.* 
 Position of new partner as to partnership 
 
 real estate. 28 L.R A. 104. 
 Statutes as to continuing firm name. 3 5 
 
 L.R.A. 466. 
 Duty of partnership toward employees as 
 
 to changes of personnel of partnership. 
 
 6 L.R.A. 807. 
 Admissibility in evidence of entries in books 
 
 of account by liquidating partner. 52 
 
 L.R.A. 846. 
 
 § 30. Notice of. 
 
 Necessity for notice of dissolution to pre- 
 vent continuing partner from reviving 
 barred debt. 15 L.R.A. 659. 
 
 Necessity of actual notice of retirement of 
 member of firm to relieve retiring mem- 
 ber from liability on obligation renewed 
 after his retirement. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 800. 
 
 § 31. Rights and powers of partners. 
 
 Actions between partners after dissolution 
 
 see infra, § 57. 
 Power to interrupt limitations aft^'r dis 
 
 solution, see Limitation op Actions 
 
 § 62. 
 Power to revive firm debt after dissolution. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 656. 
 Right of subrogation of partner who pays 
 
 firm debt after dissolution. 54 L.R.A, 
 
 617. 
 
 § 32. — as to commercial paper. 
 
 Power of member of dissolved firm to bind 
 
 other members by a note given in 
 
 payment of a firm debt. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 255. 
 
 General rule. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 255. 
 
 Necessity of notice of dissolution. 32 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 257. 
 Where authorized. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 258. 
 Consult also Z.n.A. Digests to elate. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, VII. a— cont'd 
 
 Effect of authority to settle part- 
 nership affairs. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 258. 
 Ratification. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 260. 
 
 Revival of partnership debt after dissolu- 
 tion by one partner giving note. 15 
 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 Assumption of debts on dissolution of part- 
 nership, by new firm's note for. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 65., 
 
 Acceptance of note for old debt on dissolu- 
 tion of firm as indicating creditor's 
 consent to assumption. 9 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 86. 
 
 Acceptance of note of partner assuming 
 debts on dissolution of firm as release 
 of other partner. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 92. 
 
 § 33. — as to good will. 
 
 Name of business establishment as part of 
 
 good will on dissolution. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 463. 
 Dissolution by death. ]5 L.R.A. 463. 
 Dissolution in other cases. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 463. 
 Appropriation of name on dissolution 
 
 without any transfer of good will. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 464. 
 Statutes as to continuing firm name. 
 
 15 L.R.A. 466. 
 Rights in respect of good will on dissolution 
 of partnership. 3 L.R.A. 770.* 
 
 § 34. — of liquidating or continuing 
 partner. 
 
 Power of liquidating partner to revive firm 
 debt. 15 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 Power of continuing partner over partner- 
 ship real estate. 28 L.R.A. 98. 
 
 § 35. — right to compensation. 
 
 Right of partner to compensation for serv- 
 ices In winding up firm business. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 
 § 3 6. Liabilities of partners generally. 
 
 Liability under continuing guaranty run- 
 ning to, for goods sold or credits ex- 
 tended after a change in the firm. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1231. 
 
 Liability of retiring member of mining part- 
 nership for debts subsequently incurred. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 851. 
 
 Liability of corporation formed by firm for 
 debts of old concern in absence of ex- 
 press assumption or fraud. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 589. 
 
 Specific performance of contract to give 
 security to one partner against liabil- 
 ities of firm. 6 L.R.A.(N;S.) 591. 
 
 § 3 7. Assumption of debts. 
 
 Assumption of individual debts by firm, 
 see supra, § 13. 
 
 Assumption of debts on dissolution of part- 
 nership. 25 L.R.A. 274; 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 49. 
 The assumption. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 51. 
 Eight to assume. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 5L 
 
1070 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES, 
 
 PARTNEKSHIP, VII. a— cont'd 
 
 Generally. 9 L.E.A.(N.S.) 51. 
 The question of consideration. 
 
 9 L.K.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 Statute of frauds as affecting. 
 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 54. 
 Insolvency and fraud as af- 
 fecting. 9 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 56. 
 Necessity of assumption to liabil- 
 ity. 9 L.Il.A.{N.S.) 57. 
 How made and established. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 57. 
 Generally. 9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 57. 
 Circumstances and conditions 
 indicating assumption or 
 nonassumption. 9 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 59. 
 Debts covered by assumption. 9 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 68. 
 General rules as to limitation to 
 partnership debts. 9 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 68. 
 Ignorance of debt as affecting as- 
 sumption. 9 L.E.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 Particular debts and classes of 
 debts. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 71. 
 Debts for capital or partner- 
 ship stock. 9 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 71. . 
 Debts of firm to partner. 9 
 
 L.K.A. (N.S.) 73. 
 Debts particularly specified. 
 9 L.K.A.(N.S.) 73. 
 Effect of assumption on liability of 
 retiring or indemnified part- 
 ner. 9 L.K.A.(N.S.) 74. 
 General rules. 9 L.K.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 Rule that creditor's rights cannot 
 be altered without his con- 
 sent. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 Statement and application of. 
 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 76. 
 Qualification by some courts. 
 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 78. 
 The agreement or assent of the 
 creditor. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 79. 
 iApplication of principal and sure- 
 ty rule as to creditors. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 Generally. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 The question of sufficiency of 
 ' notice or knowledge. 9 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 Particular dealings or acts as 
 a ground of release. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 Effect on application of payments. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 94. 
 Right of creditor to take advantage 
 of assumption. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 95. 
 The rule against availability. 9 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 95. 
 Rule iSiat promise is for benefit of 
 creditor. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 96. 
 Generally. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 96. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, VII. a— cont'd 
 
 Recent limitation of the rule 
 in New York. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 98. 
 Effect of assumption as a transfer of 
 indebtedness. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 99. 
 Generally. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 99. 
 As affecting rights to priority of 
 payment. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 101. 
 Assumption as affecting resort to part- 
 nership property. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 102. 
 The prevailing rule with relation 
 to partnership lien. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 102. 
 Rule that the lien is not destroyed. 
 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103. 
 Retention by special agreement or 
 arrangement. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 104. 
 The breach. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 105. 
 
 Of agreement to pay debts. 9 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 105. 
 Of covenant to indemnify or save 
 harmless. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 107. 
 Remedies. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 107. 
 
 Of the retiring partner. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 107. 
 By action at law, generally. 9 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 107. 
 The cause of action. 9 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 109. 
 By claim against estate of de- 
 cedent!. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 114. 
 By claim in insolvency or 
 bankruptcy. 9 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 114. 
 By proceedings in equity. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115. 
 creditor. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Of 
 
 ^ojfiti %ei(h, this iook on every law gtiestion. 
 
 the 
 118. 
 
 Right of action by third person on agree- 
 ment to assume partnership debts. 25 
 L.R.A. 274. 
 Assumption by new firm of debts of old 
 firm. 29 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 §38. Effect of dissolution generally. 
 
 Dissolution of partnership authorized to act 
 as agent as termination of agency. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 849. 
 
 On taxation of partnership property. 22 
 L.R.A. 478. 
 
 § 39. Matters as to commercial paper. 
 
 Power of partner as to, see supra, § 32. 
 By surviving partner, see infra, § 45. 
 
 Effect of naming dissolved firm as payee 
 in negotiable instrument. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 50/. 
 Commercial paper after dissolution of part- 
 nership as payment of firm debt. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 Firm paper. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 Notes made by one member. 35 L.E.A 
 (N.S.) 56. 
 
INDEX TO L.E,.A. NOTES. 
 
 1071 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, VII.— cont'd 
 h. By death. 
 
 1. In general, 
 
 S 3 0. Generally. 
 
 Continuation of partnership owning real 
 estate after death of partner. 28 L.E.A. 
 106. 
 
 Name of business establishment as part of 
 good will on dissolution by death. 15 
 L.R.A. 463. 
 
 Dissolution by death, of partnership au- 
 thorized to act as agent, as termination 
 of agency. 23 L.R.A.{N.S.) 850. 
 
 Termination of contract of employment by 
 death of member of employing firm. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 919. 
 
 3. Surviving partner. 
 
 S 41. Generally. 
 
 Accounting by. 7 L.E.A. 481.* 
 Bond required of. 7 L.R.A. 794.* 
 Admissibility in evidence of entries in books 
 
 of account by surviving partner. 52 
 
 L.E.A. 846. 
 
 § 42. Rights and powers of surviving 
 partner. 
 
 Position and powers of, with respect to 
 partnership real estate, see supra, § 23. 
 
 Eights and powers of. 6 L.R.A. 569;* 7 
 
 L.E.A. 481,* 788.* 
 Rights and remedies of. 7 L.R.A. 792.* 
 Continuance of business by. 5 L.R.A. 410;* 
 
 7 L.R.A. 788.* 
 Right to make a, general assignment. 6 
 
 L.R.A. 570.* 
 Eight of subrogation of partner who pays 
 
 firm debt aiter death of copartner. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 621. 
 Surviving partner as creditor of firm. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 § 43. — right to compensation. 
 
 Right to compensation. 17 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 399. 
 
 8 44. Duties of. 
 
 Duties of. 7 L.E.A. 790.* 
 
 When he is also executor of deceased 
 partner. 7 L.R.A. 793.* 
 
 § 4 5. Commercial paper by. 
 
 Note by, as payment of firm indebtedness. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 
 3. Estate of deceased partner. 
 
 g 46. Generally. 
 
 Eights of administrator of deceased partner. 
 7 L.E.A. 792.* 
 
 Eights of estate of law partner in compen- 
 sation for business unfinished at time 
 of his death. 66 L.R.A. 821. 
 
 Contingency of partner's claim for contribu- 
 tion as affecting presentation of claim 
 against deceased partner's estate. 58 
 L.R.A. 89. 
 Consult also TL.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, VII. b, 3-— cont'd 
 § 47. Rights as to real estate. 
 
 Deceased partner's widow's right of dower 
 in partnership real estate, see supra, 
 § 21. 
 
 Rights of heirs of deceased partner in part- 
 nership real estate, see supra, § 22. 
 
 Powers of personal representative, see infra, 
 § 49. 
 
 Purchase of deceased partner's interest in 
 real estate. 28 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 § 48. Powers of personal representa- 
 tive. 
 
 See ExECUTOKs and Administrators, § 14. 
 
 § 49. — as to real estate. 
 
 See Executors and Administrators, § 14a. 
 
 c. Accounting. 
 
 § 50. Generally. 
 
 Statement of accounts. 27 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 By surviving partner. 7 L.R.A. 481.* 
 
 Effect of retention of statement of account 
 by partner to render it an account 
 stated. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 341. 
 
 .Jurisdiction of court of equity over suit for 
 a partnership accounting in respect of 
 land in another jurisdiction. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 924. 
 
 Failure to account to partnership for part- 
 nership funds as theft, larcenv, or em- 
 bezzlement. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) '822. 
 
 Power of court to require accounting be- 
 tween members of partnership which is 
 illegal or void, or which has be^n en- 
 gaged in illegal business. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 478. 
 
 Liability of one party to an arrangement 
 to share profits from gambling for 
 money lost by a third person to the 
 other party. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 522. 
 
 § 51. Right to interest. 
 
 Allowance of interest in partnership ac- 
 counting. 9 L.R.A. 425.* 
 
 Till. Actions; judgments, 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 % 52. Generally. 
 
 Partnership books of account as evidence, 
 
 see Evidence, § 140. 
 Partners as parties defendant, see Parties, 
 
 § 29. 
 Heirs of partner as parties defendant, see 
 
 Parties, § 30. 
 
 Partner or partnership as real party in 
 interest by whom action must he 
 brought. 64 L.R.A. 612. 
 
 Necessity of joining dormant or special 
 partner as party to action. 1 L.E.A. 
 312.* 
 
 Defenses in action for debts assumed on dis- 
 solution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 111. 
 
 Exhaustion of remedy as to partners as 
 condition precedent to creditors' bill. 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 99, 100, 110, 111. 
 
1072 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PARTKERSHIP, VIII. a— cont'd 
 
 Removal, because of separable controversy, 
 
 of actions on , partnership liability. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 98. 
 Removal of action by limited partnership. 
 
 3 L.R.A. 503.* 
 
 § 53. Erroneous description in process. 
 
 Effect of erroneously describing defendant 
 in process as a corporation instead of 
 an individual or partnership. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 566. 
 
 § 54. Service of process. 
 
 Validity of constructive service upon part- 
 nership in firm name. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 287. 
 
 Injunction against judgment for matters 
 relating to. 31 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 § 55. Suit in flrm name. 
 
 May a, partnership sue or be sued in the 
 firm name. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 282. 
 Amendment. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 Waiver. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 Objection after judgment. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 285. 
 Collateral attack. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 What is sufficient designation. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 
 § 56. Judgment. 
 
 When nonresident partner bound by judg- 
 ment. 1 L.R.A. 312.* 
 
 Constitutionality of statute authorizing per- 
 sonal judgment against joint debtors 
 upon personal service upon one or more. 
 50 L.R.A. 595. 
 
 Who may have judgment against partners 
 set aside. 54 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 Injunction against, for matters relating to 
 service. 31 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 Injunction against judgment entered against 
 partners on confession. 30 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 6. Suits between partners. 
 
 § 57. Generally. 
 
 Accounting between pfirtners, see supra, §§ 
 50, 51. 
 
 Right of wife to sue firm to which husband 
 belongs. 6 L.R.A. 507.* 
 
 Power to sue partner with respect to part- 
 nership real estate. 28 L.R.A. 98. 
 
 Partnership earnings of ship; admiralty 
 jurisdiction. 66 L.R.A. 235. 
 
 Garnishment of uncertain amount due from 
 one partner to the other. 59 L.R.A. 
 377. 
 
 Right of one partner of dissolved firm to 
 maintain action at law against another 
 for fraud practised upon dissolution 
 with respect to assets. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 203. 
 
 Arbitrary or mala fide termination of part- 
 nership as basis of action in tort. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 959. 
 
 Right to invoke aid of court to determine 
 rights to property accumulated in com- 
 mon by parties living in illicit rela- 
 tions. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 838, 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, \III. b— cont'd 
 
 Right to arrest partner in civil action or 
 
 proceeding. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 Removal of action because of separable 
 
 controversy. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 87. 
 
 IX. Xjimited partnership. 
 
 § 58. Generally. 
 
 Formation of. 8 L.R.A, 712.* 
 
 Exists only under warrant of statute. 2 
 L.R.A. 43.* 
 
 Liability of members. 3 L.R.A. 503.*. 
 
 Necessity of joining spacial partner as 
 party to action. 1 L.R.A. 312.* 
 
 Exhaustion of remedy at law as condition 
 precedent to creditors' bill against spe- 
 cial partnership. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 111. 
 
 Removal of cause by. 3 L.R.A. 503.* 
 
 Admissibility of partnership books of ac- 
 count against special partner. 52 
 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 PART OWNER. 
 
 Right of municipality to be. 35 L.R.A. 
 737. 
 
 PART PAYMENT. 
 
 See Partial Payment. 
 
 PART PERFORMANCE. 
 
 To take contract out of statute of frauds, 
 see CONTBACTS, §§ 55-59. 
 
 Effect of part performance of contract gen- 
 erally, see CoNTEACTS, §§ 129, 137, 138. 
 
 Servant's right to wages in case of, see 
 Master and Servant,' §§ 25, 26. 
 
 Effect of, on right to specific performance 
 of contract, see Specific Performance, 
 § 13. 
 
 PARTY EMBLEM. 
 
 On ballots, see Elections, § 19. 
 
 PARTY TICKET. 
 
 When does vacancy in party ticket occur 
 within statute aathorizing the filling 
 of vacancies. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1088. 
 
 PARTY WALL. 
 
 Begin with tTii'.s 7>oo7.- on every law question. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statXites as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 92. 
 
 Defined. 1 L.R.A. 33:' 7 L.R.A. 649.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1073 
 
 PARTY WALL— cont'd 
 
 Law relating to. 7 L.R.A. 650.* 
 
 .Agreement to build as covenant running 
 with land. 1 L.R.A. 33.* 
 
 Covenant as to, running with the land. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 
 Privity of estate between adjoining owners 
 in. 66 L.R.A. 683. 
 
 Liability of insurer for value of. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 226. 
 
 Employer's liability for injury to adjoining 
 owner through independent contractor's 
 negligent execution of work connected 
 with. 65 L.R.A. 851. 
 
 Employer's liability for independent con- 
 tractor's delay in rebuilding. 66 
 L.R.A. 154. 
 
 Liability of landlord where tenant's prop- 
 erty is damaged through interference 
 with party wall of adjoining owner 
 under agreement with landlord. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 424. 
 
 § 2. Use of; easement in. 
 
 Use of. 7 L.R.A. 649.* 
 
 Jiasement and servitude created bv agree- 
 ment. 7 L.R.A. 650.* 
 
 Creation of easement of, by severance of 
 tract of land. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 366. 
 
 Acquisition, by prescription, of party-wall 
 easement in common division wall. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 131. 
 
 Effect of destruction of building to termi- 
 nate adjoining owner's easement of sup- 
 port. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 
 Effect of extending boundary wall onto ad- 
 joining property beneath the surface, 
 upon right of adjoining owner to use 
 it. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924. 
 
 Right to open windows, or other anertures, 
 in a party wall. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1191. 
 
 Right to use party wall for purposes other 
 than a building or structure. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 434. 
 
 § 3. Destruction of, or addition to. 
 
 Destruction or addition to. 10 L.R.A. 41.* 
 Right of one party to raise height of. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 386. 
 
 § 4. Contribution to cost of. 
 
 Agreement to pay half cost as a, personal 
 covenant. 1 L.R.A. 33.* 
 
 Duty of lessor to reimburse lessee for 
 amount which latter contributes to 
 cost of party wall. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 293. 
 
 Is mere existence of party wall sufficient to 
 charge grantee with notice of agreement 
 by predecessor to contribute to cost in 
 event of using wall. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1038. 
 
 § 5. — enforcement of obligation to 
 contribute to cost of, by or against 
 grantees, or successors in title. 
 In general. 66 L.R.A. 674. 
 Obligation based on contract. 66 L.R.A. 
 675. I 
 
 Treated from the standpoint of cove- 
 nants running with the land. 
 66 L.R.A. 675. ' 
 
 Consult also Tj.R.A. Digests to date. 68 
 
 PARTY WALL— cont'd 
 
 Nature of agreement. 66 L.R.A. 
 675. 
 Concerns the land. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 675. 
 Does not concern the land. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 676. 
 Distinction between benefit and 
 burden of agreement. 66 
 L.R.A. 677. 
 Indication of intent to bind and 
 benefit successors in title. 
 66 L.R.A. 678. 
 Necessity. 66 L.R.A. 678. 
 Existence of. 66 L.R.A. 678. 
 Privity of estate. 66 L.R.A. 681. 
 Definition. 66 L.R.A. 681. 
 Between covenanting parties. 
 66 L.R.A. 682. 
 Necessity. 66 L.R.A. 682. 
 Existence of. 66 L.R.A. 
 683. 
 Between landlord and 
 tenant. 66 L.R.A. 
 683. 
 Between grantor and 
 grantee. 66 L.R.A. 
 683. 
 Between adjoining 
 owners. 66 L.R.A. 
 683. 
 Between covenanting party 
 and subsequent holder of 
 his property. 66 L.R.A. 
 685. 
 Formal requisites. 66 L.R.A. 685. 
 Seal. 66 L.R.A. 685. 
 Mention of assigns. 66 L.R.A. 
 687. 
 Running of benefit and burden. 66 
 L.R.A. 687. 
 Benefit. 66 L.R.A. 687. 
 Burden. 66 L.R.A. 687. 
 Distinction between. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 687. 
 Effect of unity of title. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 688. 
 Running of covenant after use 
 and failure to pav. 66 
 L.R.A. 688. 
 Privity of estate in the sense 
 of succession. 66 L.R.A. 
 689. 
 Notice. 66 L.R.A. 689. 
 Ownership of entire wall by build- 
 er. 66 L.R.A. 690. 
 Miscellaneous. 66 L.R.A. 691. 
 Enforcement between assigns, based on 
 builder's ownership of entire 
 wall. 66 L.R.A. 692. 
 Ownership of entire wall bv build- 
 er. 66 L.R.A. 692. 
 Irrespective of terms of agree- 
 ment. 60 L.R.A. 692. 
 Governed bv terms of agree- 
 ment. 66 L.R.A. 693. 
 Necessity that agreement be 
 under seal. 66 L.R.A. 693. 
 Title to entire wall and right to 
 receive payment vest in gran- 
 tee. 66 L'.R.A. 693. 
 
1074 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PARTY WALI^-cont'd 
 
 Nonbuilder's grantee with notice 
 bound to pay an use. 66 
 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 Measure of liability. 66 L.R.A. 
 695. 
 
 Effect of ownership of both proper- 
 ties by builder. 66 L.R.A. 
 695. 
 
 Rights of purchaser from builder 
 after use of wall. 66 L.R.A. 
 695. 
 Enforcement on theory of implied equi- 
 table lien or charge. 66 L.R.A. 
 695. 
 
 Equitable lien or charge inferred. 
 66 L.R.A. 695. 
 
 Affirmative nature of agreement 
 not a bar. 66 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 Enforceable against grantees with 
 notice. 66 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 What constitutes notice. 66 L.R.A. 
 698. 
 
 Builder's rights obtained by gran- 
 tee. 66 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 Judgment solely against property. 
 66 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 Lien follows land into hands of 
 purchaser, with notice, from 
 the user. 66 L.R.A. 699. 
 Enforcement of parol agreements in 
 
 equity. 66 L.R.A. 699. 
 Notice as basis of personal liability at 
 
 law of purchaser from nonbuilder. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 700. 
 Obligation of assignee based upon pro- 
 vision in deed under which 
 nonbuilder's title acquired. 66 
 L.R.A. 700. 
 
 Subject to. 66 L.R.A. 700. 
 
 Agreement assumed. 66 L.R.A. 
 701. 
 
 Other stipulations. 66 L.R.A. 701. 
 Other . grounds of enforcement between 
 assigns. 66 L.R.A. 702. 
 
 Privity of contract. 66 L.R.A. 702. 
 
 Custom. 66 L.R.A. 702. 
 
 Express liens. 66 L.R.A. 703. 
 Obligation under contract as encum- 
 brance. 66 L.R.A. 703. 
 
 Running covenant. 66 L.R.A. 703. 
 
 Builder's ownership of entire wall. 
 66 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 Equitable charge. 66 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 Express lien. 66 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 Builder's easement in nonbuilder's 
 land. 66 L.R.A. 704. 
 Miscellaneous. 66 L.R.A. 7Q5. 
 Noncontractual obligations. 66 L.R.A. 705. 
 Implication of promise to share ex- 
 pense of wall erected without 
 express contract. 66 L.R.A. 
 705. 
 
 Wall erected merely with consent 
 of adjoining owner. 66 L.R.A. 
 705. 
 
 Erection of wall with expectation 
 of payment, to nonbuilder's 
 knowledge. 66 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 Erection of wall against nonbuild- 
 er's wish. 66 L.R.A. 706. 
 Statutory obligation. 66 L.R.A. 706. 
 
 PARTY WALL— cont'd 
 
 Obligation imposed by municipal ordi- 
 nance or building regulation. 66 
 L.R.A. 710. 
 
 Constitutionality of party-wall statutes. 
 66 L.R.A. 710. 
 
 < « » 
 
 PASS, 
 
 See Cabeieks, §§ 23, 29. 
 
 PASSAGE. 
 
 Of statute, see Statutes, §§ 3-7. 
 
 *-•-» 
 
 PASSAGEWAY. 
 
 Mandatory injunction for removal of ob- 
 structions to. 20 L.R.A. 162. 
 
 Right to, as way of necessity where other 
 possible modes of access exist. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1023. 
 
 Landlord's liability as to condition of. 23 
 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injury in common 
 passageway. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 
 Municipal liability for defects or obstruc- 
 tions in passageways in public build- 
 ings. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 573. 
 
 Abutting owner's right to continue enjoy- 
 ment of, across highway. 12 L.R A. 
 (N.S.) 918. 
 
 Duty to keep clear passageways in theater. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1075. 
 
 PASS BOOKS. 
 
 Admissibility of, in evidence. 52 L.R.A. 
 602. 
 
 PASSENGER. 
 
 See Automobiles; Cabriers, III.; Eleva- 
 TOES, II. 
 
 « » » 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 PASSENGER ELEVATORS. 
 
 See Elevatoes, §§ 2-8. 
 
 *—*■ — 
 
 PASSENGER TRANSFER CO. 
 
 Right of carrier to grant exclusive train 
 privilege to. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1181. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1075 
 
 PASSION. 
 
 Responsibility for crime committed in fit 
 
 of, see Criminal Law, § 11. 
 Homicide in heat of, see Homicide, § 32. 
 
 As proof of incapacity of testator. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 
 PASSIVE NEGLIGENCE. 
 
 Liability to trespasser or bare licensee for 
 active as distinguished from passive 
 negligence. 36 L.R.A.(N.S. 492. 
 
 < «» 
 
 PASS WAY. 
 
 See Passageway. 
 
 PAST DUE DEBT. 
 
 Does last payment on past due debt secured 
 by mortgage, which debt subsequently 
 becomes barred, fix the period from 
 which the limitation applicable to the 
 mortgage is to be computed. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 744. 
 
 PAST OFFENSE. 
 
 Liability of officer making arrest for. 51 
 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 PASTOR. 
 
 See Reliqioxts Societies, §§ 6-9. 
 
 PATENTABILITY. 
 
 Of invention, see Patent, II. 
 
 #-•-♦ • 
 
 PATENT AMBIGUITIES. 
 
 Aa to land in will, correction of. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 942. 
 
 PATENT MEDICINE. 
 
 Misrepresentation as to, as affecting valid- 
 ity of trademark. 19 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 Validity and effect of statutes prohibiting 
 or regulating sale of. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 520. 
 Consult also Tj.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PATENT RIGHTS. 
 
 See Patents. 
 
 PATENTS. 
 
 J. In general, §§ 1-5. 
 
 II. Patentability of inventions; inter- 
 ference, §§ 6-10. 
 
 III. Sale; license; assignment, §§ 11- 
 14,. 
 
 IT. Infringement, §§ 15-17. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Validity of contract as to, see Contracts, 
 
 § 85. 
 Rights in, as between master and servant, 
 
 see Master and Servant, § 13. 
 Monopolies in patented articles, see MoNOP- 
 
 OLT AND Combinations, § 12. 
 To public lands, see Public Lands, § 19. 
 Tax on patent rights, see Taxes, § 28. 
 
 Protection of right. 1 L.R.A. 799.* 
 
 Improper use of word "patent" as affecting 
 validity of trademark. 19 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Effect of Federal anti-trust law on patents. 
 64 L.R.A. 713. 
 
 Restraint of trade in patented articles. 22 
 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 Inspection of patent records. 27 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 Payment for corporate stock with unpatent- 
 ed formula or invention. 16 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 520. 
 
 As affecting bid on public contracts. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680. 
 
 As an element in taxation of capital stock 
 of corporation. 58 L.R.A. 564. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment as between 
 plaintiff and one not a party nor privy 
 who voluntarily conducted defense in 
 patent case. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 966. 
 
 § 2. Duration of. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 expiration of. 49 L.R.A. 246. 
 
 § 3. Rights after expiration of. 
 
 Right to use of name on expiration of. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 550; 1 B. R. C. 649. 
 
 16 
 
 § 4. Notes for patent right. 
 
 Notes for patent rights. 20 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Right of bona fide holder of note given for 
 patent right that does not indicate its 
 consideration as required by statute. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 842. 
 
 Effect of knowledge of consideration by pur- 
 chaser of a note given for a patent 
 right which did not indicate the nature 
 of its consideration as required by stat- 
 ute. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1057. 
 
 Circumstances sufficient to put purchaser of 
 notes given for patents upon inquiry. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 385. 
 
 § 5. Jurisdiction. 
 
 Question relating to, as Federal question. 
 62 L.R.A. 538. 
 
1076 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PATENTS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Jurisdiction over cases arising under pat- 
 ent laws of Congress. 1 L.R.A. 314.* 
 
 When state courts have jurisdiction in cases 
 involving patent rights. 1 L.R.A. 311,* 
 314.* 
 
 As to administration of Federal lavi's in 
 state courts, generally. 48 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 11. Patentability of inventions; inter- 
 ference. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Patentability of method of transacting busi- 
 ness apart from the means for carrying 
 it out. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 665. 
 
 § 7. Utility. 
 
 Utility of invention. 5 L.R.A. 784.* 
 
 § 8. Combinations. 
 
 For combination. 12 L.R.A. 107.* 
 
 § 9. Anticipation; prior knoivledge or 
 
 use. 
 Prior use or sale of invention as affecting 
 right to patent. 1 L.R.A. 48.* 
 
 § 10. Interference. 
 
 Effect in collateral proceeding of decision 
 of patent oflRce on issue of interference. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 948. 
 
 ///. Sale; license; assignment. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Notes for patent right, see supra, § 4. 
 License to use patent or patented article, 
 see License, § 3. 
 
 Reliance on fraudulent statements as to 
 patent. 37 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 Contract by municipality for use of. 18 
 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 Validity of sale of patent right in violation 
 of law. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 599. 
 
 Validity and effect of agreement to pay 
 royalties on device not in fact covered 
 by a patent, but assumed to be so cov- 
 ered. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 274. 
 
 Right to sell or use article covered by do- 
 mestic patent, which is imported from 
 foreign country. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 534. 
 
 Forfeiture of license by aiding infringement 
 or attempt to defeat patent. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 821. 
 
 § 12. Restrictions imposed on pur- 
 chaser. 
 
 Right of purchasers to sell or use, free from 
 restrictions affecting it in hands 
 of vendor. 55 L.R.A. 633. 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 633. 
 Purchase from assignee of limited ter- 
 ritory. 55 L.R.A. 636. 
 For use outside of territory. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 636. 
 For sale outside of territory. 55 
 L.R.A. 637. 
 Purchase in foreign country. 55 L.R.A. 
 639. 
 Begin uitli this booTc on every latv qu 
 
 PATENTS, III.— cont'd 
 
 Validity of contract provision to control 
 price at which patented article shall 
 be resold. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 395. 
 
 Validity of contract seeking to control 
 price at which a patented article shall 
 be resold. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 401. 
 
 § 13. Power of state to restrict or reg. 
 ulate sale or enjoyment of patent 
 right. 
 
 As to sales. 29 L.R.A. 786. 
 
 Sales of patent rights. 29 L.R.A. 786. 
 
 Sales of patented articles. 29 L.R.A. 
 790. 
 Police regulations of other business in 
 
 which patents are used. 29 L.R.A. 791. 
 Restricting right of action for infringement. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 792. 
 Taxation of patent rights. 29 L.R.A. 792; 
 
 57 L.R.A. 57. 
 
 § 14. Assignment. 
 
 Agreement to assign future inventions on 
 sale of patent. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1094. 
 
 Assignment of patent rights by employee. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 
 Validity of note for patent right where as- 
 signment is defective. 20 L.R.A. 606. 
 
 IV, Infringement. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, 
 
 §§ 19, 95, 112. 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, II. o. 
 
 Effect of omitting patented mark. 66 
 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Power of state to restrict right of action 
 for infringement. 29 L.R.A. 792. 
 
 Manufacture and sale of a part which in it- 
 self is unpatented, as infringement of 
 a combination patent of which such 
 part is an essential element. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1027. 
 
 Forfeiture of license by aiding infringement. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 821. 
 
 Conclusiveness of testimony of experts in 
 patent cases. 42 L.R.A. 770. 
 
 §16. Wlio liable for. 
 
 Liability of officers of a corporation for. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 423. 
 Liability of county for. 39 L.R.A. 73. 
 
 § 17. Of unpatented article. 
 
 Right to protection against use by rival of 
 similar design, shell or pattern not pro- 
 tected by patent. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 269; -37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 
 Unfair competition in sale of article not 
 protected by a patent identical with 
 that originated by competitor. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 448. 
 
 PATIENT. 
 
 See Physicians and Suiigeons. 
 est ion . 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1077 
 
 PATRIOTIC SOCIETY. 
 
 Exemption of pioperty of, from taxation. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 707. 
 
 PATROL. 
 
 Liability of fire insurance patrol for in- 
 juries. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 810. 
 
 PATRON. 
 
 Of places of amusements,, see Amuse- 
 ments. 
 Of inn or restaurant, see Innkeepeks. 
 Of livery stable, see Livebt Stable. 
 
 Eight of vendor of business and good will 
 to solicit customers from patrons of 
 business sold. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 767. 
 
 Liability of employer for malicious act of 
 servant towards. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 485. 
 
 PATRONAGE. 
 
 Solicitation of, at railway station, see Car- 
 ElEES, §§ 150-153. 
 
 Eight of one selling good will of profession- 
 al practice to solicit patronage of for- 
 mer clients. 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1200. 
 
 PATTERN. 
 
 Eight to protection against use by rival of 
 similar pattern not protected by pat- 
 ent. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 269; 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 259. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 PAUPER. 
 
 See Poor and Pooe Laws. 
 
 PAVEMENTS. 
 See Public Improvements. 
 
 PAVILION. 
 
 Power of municipality to construct. 2fi 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 
 PAWNBROKERS. 
 
 Municipal regulation of. 32 L.R.A. 117. 
 Municipal power over business of, as nui- 
 sance. 38 L.R.A. 637. 
 Constat also L.R.A. Digests to tlatc. 
 
 PAYMASTER. 
 
 Penalty as limit of liability on bond of. 
 55 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 PAYMENT. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-5. 
 II. Medinm of, §§ 6-11. 
 III. By and to whom, §§ 12-16. 
 ir. Time and place, §§ 17, IS. 
 r. Application of, §§ 19-32, 
 VI. Effect of, § 23. 
 
 I. In general, 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 Of checks by bank, see Banks, g§ 23-25a. 
 
 Of bill or note, see Bills and Notes, §§ 58- 
 60. 
 
 Of checks generally, see Checks, § 8. 
 
 Of wages, constitutionality of legislation 
 as to, see Constitutional Law, § 65. 
 
 Of stock subscriptions, see Corporations, 
 §§ 81, 81a, 106. 
 
 Of compensation in eminent domain pro- 
 ceedings, see Eminent Domain, § 39. 
 
 Of execution, see Execution, § 11. 
 
 Of debts of decedent's estate, see Execu- 
 tors AND Administrators, § 45. 
 
 Of insurance premiums or assessments, see 
 Insurance, §§ 112-115. 
 
 Of judgment, see Judgment, §§ 74-77. 
 
 Of wages, see Master and Servant, §§ 24- 
 31. 
 
 Of mortgage, see Mortgage, VI. 
 
 Of part of cost of party wall, see Party 
 Wall, §§ 4, 5. 
 
 Of purchase money, see Purchase Monet, 
 §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Of tax, see Taxes, §§ 64, 65. 
 
 Of usury, see Usury. 
 
 Of legacy, see Wills, § 108. 
 
 For service of police, see Police, § 3. 
 
 For use of telephone, see Telephones, § 7. 
 
 For water, enforcement of, see Waters, 
 §§ 116, 117. 
 
 Recovery back of generally, see Assump- 
 sit, II. 
 
 Recovery back of money paid out by bank, 
 see Banks, §§ 28, 29. 
 
 Recovery back of taxes paid, see Taxes, 
 §§ 86, 87. 
 
 As condition precedent to bringing of suit, 
 see Action or Suit, § 11. 
 
 Requiring payment in advance, see Advan- 
 ces, § 6. 
 
 Stopping payment of check, see Banks, 
 § 25a. 
 
 Paying out deposits, generally, see Banks, 
 " § 27. 
 
 Prespntment of bill or note for payment, see 
 Bills and Notes, §§ 43-53. 
 
 Compelling payment of costs, see Costs and 
 Fees, § 10. 
 
 Default in, see Default. 
 
 Demand for, see Demand, § 2. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evide:ue, § 106. 
 
1078 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PAYMENT, I.— cont'd 
 
 Guaranty of, see Guabanty. 
 
 Ignorance of party making, see Iqnoeance, 
 
 § 3. 
 Intent as to, see Intent, § 10. 
 Partial payment, see Partial Payment. 
 Preference in, see Pbefebencb. 
 Priority in, see Pbiobity. 
 Into court, see Tendee. 
 
 Banking customs as to. 21 L.R.A. 440. 
 
 Of withdrawals from loan association. 35 
 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 Of fines in loan association. 35 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 Of fees to witnesses. 39 L.R.A. 121. 
 
 Liability of attorney to client for mistake 
 as to. 52 L.R.A. 890. 
 
 Efi'ect of executor's promise as to payment 
 of legacy on trust relations of legatee. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 214. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of grant 
 or devise on condition of payment of 
 money. 69 L.R.A. 842. 
 
 Actual payment of attorney's fees for dis- 
 solving injunction as essential to re- 
 covery on injunction bond. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 76. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence that writ- 
 ten instrument for payment of money 
 was executed in reliance upon parol 
 promise that payment was subject to 
 a condition not incorporated therein. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 434. 
 
 Of consideration as a condition precedent 
 to suit for specific performance of a 
 contract consummated by exercise of an 
 option. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 
 Effect of creating testamentary trust for 
 payment of debts. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 
 Assumption of debts on dissolution of part- 
 nership by taking assets subject to, or 
 for purposes of payment of debts. 9 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 
 8 2. What constitutes generally. 
 
 Effect of judgment against garnishee to 
 merge or satisfy liability of principal 
 debtor. 47 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Effect of appointment of debtor as executor 
 or administrator to discharge debt or 
 charge personal representative and his 
 sureties. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 411. 
 
 Effect of intermarriage between debtor and 
 creditor upon indebtedness. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 683. 
 
 Payment to administrator as discharge of 
 debt when will is subsequently discov- 
 ered and probated. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 878. 
 
 Work in fitting up for delivery as payment 
 of price to take contract out of statute 
 of frauds. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 654. 
 
 g 3. Compelling payment; penalty for 
 delay. 
 
 Mandamus to compel payment of municipal 
 
 debt by custodian of municipal funds. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 773. 
 Bight to refuse telephone service to coerce 
 
 payment of bill. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1027. 
 
 PAYMENT, I.— cont'd 
 
 Right of public service corporation to exact 
 charge in addition to maximum rental 
 fixed by public for delay in payment. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 329. 
 
 Discontinuing service to compel payment of 
 water bills. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 301. 
 
 Forcibly compelling payment of debt as 
 robbery. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 744. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute imposing pen- 
 alty for failure to pay claim. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 106. 
 
 § 4. Reissue of instrument after pay- 
 ment. 
 
 Effect of fraudulent reissue of bill or note 
 which has been paid. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1066. 
 
 Effect of assignment of mortgage by or with 
 consent of mortgagor to third person 
 after payment of debt originally se- 
 cured. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 111. 
 
 § 5. Evidence of. 
 
 Presumption of, see Evidence, § 106. 
 
 Receipt as evidence of payment as against 
 third parties. 29 L.E.A. 737. 
 
 Right of insurance company in making pay- 
 ment of proceeds of life policy to rely 
 on clause giving company option as to 
 payee and making receipt conclusive 
 evidence of payment to proper person. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 928. 
 
 II. Medium of. 
 
 % 6. Generally. 
 
 What may be accepted in payment by bank 
 making collections, see Banks, § 34. 
 
 Parol agreement as to. 43 L.R.A. 458. 
 
 Judicial notice of facts in relation to cir- 
 culating medium. 4 L.R.A. 42.* 
 
 What agent can accept in payment. 2 
 L.R.A. 492.* 
 
 Accepting something besides money from 
 bank as a discharge of drawer of check. 
 25 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Parol evidence that payment for land sold 
 was to be otherwise than in money. 
 20 L.R.A. 106. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence as to man- 
 ner or means of paying written con- 
 tract not within statute of frauds pur- 
 porting to be payable in money. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 235. 
 
 Of legacy, conflict of laws as to medium. 
 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 468. 
 
 § 7. Coin. 
 
 Validity of contract to pay in gold or 
 silver, see Contbacts, § 89. 
 
 Special contracts and obligations to make 
 
 payment in gold or silver. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 512. 
 Form of judgment and procedure in case 
 
 of liability to make payment in coin. 
 
 29 L.E.A. 593. 
 
 Begin with this hook, on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1079 
 
 PAYMENT, II.— cont'd 
 
 8 8. — worn or base coin. 
 
 Tender of old, worn, or mutilated coin. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 824. 
 In forged paper or base coin. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 199.* 
 
 8 9. Confederate money. 
 
 Award on contract for Confederate money. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 183. 
 Injunction against enforcing contracts for 
 
 Confederate money. 48 L.R.A. 843. 
 
 8 10. Foreign money. 
 
 Note payable in foreign money. 20 L.R.A. 
 481." 
 
 8 11. Commercial paper. 
 
 Payment by commercial paper. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1. 
 Notes of debtor. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 2. 
 Absence of agreement. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 2. 
 Where it was agreed that the debt 
 should be discharged by notes. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 14. 
 Taking the notes of third party. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 18. 
 In the absence of an agreement. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 18. 
 Where there was an agreement. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 24. 
 Payment by check, draft, or bills. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 Where there was no agreement. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 26. 
 Where there was an agreement. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 32. 
 Laches. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 Subsequent action of creditor. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 34. 
 Cashing or certifying the check. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 Charging check to account. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, 
 and Wisconsin. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 39. 
 Discounting the note. 35 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 41. 
 Sales. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 44. 
 
 Debtor's note. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 44. 
 Note of third party. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 45. 
 Generally. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 45. 
 Guaranteeing payment. 35 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 46. 
 Unindorsed paper. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 46. 
 Agreements as to payment. 
 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 48. 
 Worthless notes and set-offs. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 Principal and agent. 35 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 49. 
 Generally. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 Taking paper by agent. 35 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 Giving paper by agent. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 51. 
 Attorney. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 53. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PAYMENT, II.— cont'd 
 
 Partnership. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 Surviving partner. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 54. 
 In ignorance or by mistake. 35 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 After dissolution. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 55. 
 Firm paper. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 55. 
 Notes made by one member. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 56. 
 During partnership. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 56. 
 Notes by one member. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 Notes made by firm. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 Satisfaction of prior debt. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 59. 
 Joint debtors. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 61. 
 Executors, administrators, and guard- 
 ians. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 63. 
 Surety. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 64. 
 
 Indemnity. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 64. 
 Release of sureties. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 68. 
 Void and worthless paper. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 71. 
 Generally. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 71. 
 Usury. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Stamping. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Forgery. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Fraud. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 Mistake. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75. 
 Alteration of instruments. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 76. 
 Corporations. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79. 
 Generally. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79. 
 Subscription to capital stock. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 80. 
 Other statutes requiring payment in 
 
 money. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 Execution. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 83. 
 Insurance. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 84. 
 Interest. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 Liens. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 86. 
 
 Mortgages. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 86. 
 Chattel mortgages. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 89. 
 Conditional sales. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 90. 
 Vendor's lien. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 Mechanics' lien. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 93. 
 Material and supplies. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 94. 
 Other liens. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 96. 
 Statute of limitations. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 97. 
 Presumption. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 Generally. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, and 
 Vermont. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 99. 
 Illinois cases. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 101. 
 Other cases. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 The effect of receipts. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 103. 
 Rental notes. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 106. 
 Question for the jury. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 107. 
 
1080 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 PAYMENT, II.— cont'd 
 
 Connict of laws. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) lOS 
 Notes under seal. 35 L.R.A.(N.S:) inO. 
 Lost notes. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.1 lOn. 
 Time to sue. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 110. 
 New York eases. 35 L.R.A.(X.S.) 
 
 110. 
 Other cases. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 113. 
 
 Obligation as equivalent of payment, for 
 purpose of subrogation. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 263. 
 
 Payment of check. 7 L.R.A. 442;' 9 
 L.R.A. 263.* 
 
 Check as payment of debt where drawee 
 pays to unauthorized person. 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 201. 
 
 Liability for accepting check from agent or 
 fiduciary in payment of his own debt. 
 52 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 Liability of creditor who accepts as pay- 
 ment from debtor, check of third per- 
 son which has been wrongfully pro- 
 cured by debtor. 13 L.R.A.(N.S".) 273. 
 
 Liability of bank for taking check in pay- 
 ment of paper held for collection. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1179. 
 
 Right of one who takes commercial paper 
 of corporation in payment of, or secu- 
 rity for, an Individual debt of officer. 
 31 'L.R.A. (N.S.) 169. 
 
 Garnishment of debt after delivery of check 
 in payment. 19 L.R.A. 475. 
 
 Note or other commercial paper of individu- 
 al partner as payment of firm debt not 
 previously assumed by him. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1019. 
 
 Promissory 'note as equivalent of payment 
 for purposes of subrogation. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 263. 
 
 Giving note as loss or damage within con- 
 dition of contract of indemnity. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 
 At what time does a partial payment made 
 by check or note arrest the running of 
 the statute of limitations. 1 B. R. C. 
 494. 
 
 III. By and to whom. 
 
 § 12. By third person. 
 
 Authority to make payment of bill or note, 
 
 see Bills and Notes, § 60. 
 By volunteer, see Volunteer, § 4. 
 
 Promise to repay third person. 
 372. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 
 
 § 13. —effect. 
 
 Effect to create an equitable lien. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 173.* 
 The effect of payment of a debt by a vol- 
 unteer or stranger to the original 
 undertaking. 23 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Extinguishment. 23 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Contrary doctrine. 23 L.R.A. 121. 
 
 Necessity of ratification. 23 L.R.A. 
 122. 
 
 Question of intention. 23 L.R.A. 123. 
 
 Right of action. 23 L.R.A. 123. 
 
 As to bills and notes. 23 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 Begin with thi.s bonh on every law question. 
 
 PAYMENT, III.— cont'd 
 
 Subrogation. 23 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 General doctrine. 23 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 Payment for protection. 23 L.R.A. 
 ' 127. 
 
 Bv special agreement. 23 L.R.A. 
 127. 
 
 Fraud. 23 L.R.A. 129. 
 As against executors, etc. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 129. 
 Judgment debt. 23 L.R.A. 130. 
 Purcliase money lien. 23 L.R.A. 130 
 Mortgage debt. 23 L.R.A. 131. 
 Creditor of wife. 23 L.R.A. 132. 
 Effect of part payinent. 20 L.R.A. 794. 
 
 § 14. —by agent. 
 
 .Agent's power to use principal's property 
 for payment of his own debt. 14 
 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 Liability of drawee for accepting check 
 from agent or fiduciarv in payment of 
 his debt. 52 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 Right of one who knowingly receives from 
 agent principal's money in payment of 
 the agent's own debt, but which he be- 
 lieves to be the debt of the principal. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 310. 
 
 Assumption of debt by agent as payment. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 607. 
 
 What constitutes payment to principal of 
 money paid, agent by third person for 
 principal. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 557. 
 
 § 15. To whom. 
 
 Who may receive payment of judgment, see 
 Judgment, § 75. 
 
 Validity of provision in contract for pay- 
 ment of money that it shall be payable 
 to obligee only, and not to his estate. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1239. 
 
 § 16. —to agent. 
 
 What agent can accept. 2 L.R.A. 492.* 
 Authority of traveling salesman to accept 
 payment in anything else than money. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 666. 
 
 Authority of traveling salesmen to receive 
 
 payment. 18 L.RiA. 663. 
 Agent's autliority as to accepting payment. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 324. 
 
 Payment to agent as defense to an action by 
 undisclosed principal. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 230. 
 
 Payment to one found a.t place of payment 
 designated, who was not in possession 
 of securities. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 
 Effect of fact that agent does not have pos- 
 session of securities upon question of 
 his authority to receive payment. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.)" 414. 
 
 Authority of sales agent who is authorized 
 to collect the whole or a, part of the 
 purchase price on making the sale to 
 receive payments afterward. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 700. 
 
 Right to recover from agent money paid liim 
 for his principal. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 553. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1081 
 
 PAYMENT— cont'd 
 
 IT'. Time and place. 
 
 § 17. Time of. 
 
 Statutory regulations as to time of payment 
 of wages, see Master and Servant, 
 § 31. 
 
 Contemporaneous agreement as to. 4.3 
 L.E.A. 456. 
 
 Time for, on part performance of contract 
 for services. 24 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Right to regulate time of payment as in- 
 cident to authority to make rules and 
 resfulations as to testing food. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.s.) 686. 
 
 Effect on. of delivery of goods f. o. b. 62 
 L.R.A. 805. 
 
 § 18. Place of. 
 
 Making negotiable paper payable at bank 
 as authority of bank to pay same. 9 
 L.R.A. 560.* 
 
 Alteration of note by inserting. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 643. 
 
 Contemporaneous agreement as to. 43 
 L.R.A. 458. 
 
 Place where debt payable as affecting juris- 
 diction to garnish same. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 608; 20 L.R.A(N.S.) 264. 
 
 T. Application of. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Generally. 12 L.R.A. 712.* 
 
 As between principal and interest when 
 made before due. 15 L.R.A. 169. 
 
 To national bank as affecting question of 
 usury. 56 L.R.A. 701. 
 
 Of taxes as affecting validity of tax sale. 
 20 L.R.A. 488. 
 
 Application by bank tSf individual part- 
 ner's deposit on firm debt. 23 L.R.A. 
 111. 
 
 Forger's application of proceeds of check 
 to an indebtedness to depositor as af- 
 fecting bank's right to charge same 
 against depositor's account. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 996. 
 
 Application of doctrine of appropriation of 
 payments to effect on surety or en- 
 dorser of bank's failure to apply prin- 
 cipal's deposit to account on note. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 944. 
 
 Effect of specific application of payment to 
 last item of open account on statute of 
 limitations. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 
 Effect on application of payments, of as- 
 sumption of debts on dissolution of 
 partnership. 9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 
 Right to apply indebtedness owed by cred- 
 itor to debtor for purpose of tolling 
 statute of limitations. 42 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 115.5. 
 
 § 2 0. To mortgage. 
 
 Application of withdrawal account to mort 
 gage given to loan association. 35 
 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 Right to apply payments made on stock m 
 building and loan association upon 
 mortgage given for a loan by the same 
 member. 29 L.R.A. 120. 
 Con.sKjf also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PAYMENT, v.— cont'd 
 § 21, Of proceeds of sale of mortgaged 
 property. 
 
 Of proceeds of involuntary sale so as to 
 interrupt running of limitations, see 
 Limitation of Actions, § 67. 
 
 Application of proceeds of sale or mort- 
 gage of future crops. 23 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 -'Application of proceeds of sales of mort- 
 gaged merchandise by mortgagor left 
 in possession. 18 L.R.A. 610. 
 
 §22. Duty as to. 
 
 Duty to see to application of purchase 
 money, see Purchase Money, § 3. 
 
 Duty of mortgagee to hold proceeds of in- 
 surance and apply them on indebted- 
 ness as it falls due. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1166. 
 
 Duty of purchaser from conditional vendee 
 with right to resell to see that the 
 latter's vendor is paid. 26 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 585. 
 
 TI. Effect of. 
 
 § 23. Generally. 
 
 Effect of payment by third person, see 
 supra, § 13. 
 
 Accord and satisfaction by part payment, 
 see Accord and Satisfaction, § 3. 
 
 Of bill or note, see Biiis and Notes, § 59. 
 
 Effect of payment by garnishee, see Gar- 
 nishment, § 15. 
 
 By one joint debtor as release of other, see 
 Joint Creditors and Debtors, II. 
 
 Payment of judgment, see Judgment, § 76. 
 
 Effect of, to stop running of limitations, 
 see Limitation of Actions, §§ 65-67. 
 
 Effect of payment by owner to contractor on 
 right of laborer, subcontractor, or ma- 
 terialman to lien, see Mbxjhanics' 
 Liens, § 21. 
 
 Effect on officer's right to compensation of 
 payment to de facto officer, see Offi- 
 cers, § 37. 
 
 Release of surety by payment by principal, 
 see Principal and Surety, § 11. 
 
 Of existing debt as consideration for new 
 promise. 34 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Indorsement of, on note, as affecting nego- 
 tiability. 38 L.E.A. 823. 
 
 Effect of nominal payment of bonus stock. 
 38 L.R.A. 492. 
 
 For corporate stock by transfer of property 
 as protection against liability to 
 creditors of corporation. 42 L.R.A. 
 593. 
 
 Effect of, on agreement not to plead statute 
 of limitations. 63 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 Effect of payments to executor or adminis- 
 trator under letters testamentary or of 
 administration subsequently revoked or 
 set aside. 21 L.E.A. 153. ' 
 
 Payment before judgment as ground of in- 
 junction against judgment. 31 L.E.A. 
 770. 
 
 As affecting right to injunction against 
 judgment in garnishment proceedings. 
 30 L.R.A. 363. 
 
1082 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PAYMENT, VI.— cont'd 
 
 By principal of previous drafts drawn upon 
 him by his agent without authority as 
 implied authority to draw others. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 440. 
 
 Release of surety on building contractor's 
 bond by making payments not author- 
 ized by the contract. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 418. 
 
 Payment voidable under bankruptcy act as 
 discharge of surety, guarantor, or in- 
 dorser. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 581. 
 
 Payment of original assessment for con- 
 struction of local improvement as es- 
 toppel from contesting subsequent 
 assessment for repair. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 40. 
 
 Effect of payment of debt on Sunday. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 243. 
 
 Effect of assignment of a claim esc delicto 
 to one against whom it was asserted to 
 enable him to maintain an action 
 thereon against a third party. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 534. 
 
 • « > 
 
 PAYMENT INTO COURT. 
 
 See Tendeb. 
 
 < ■ » 
 
 PEACE. 
 
 Breach of, sec Beeach of Peacb. 
 Municipal control over nuisance affecting, 
 see Municipal Cobporations, § 40. 
 
 Injunction against nuisances affecting. 41 
 L.R.A. 321, 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter for peace of victim of crime. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 708. 
 
 Competency of witness to testify as to repu- 
 tation of accused for. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 553; 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 
 Character and reputation for, as affecting 
 homicide. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 368. 
 
 PEACE BONDS. 
 
 What conduct will work a forfeiture of. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 186. 
 
 40 
 
 PEACE OFFICER. 
 
 Liability of sureties on bond of, see Bonds, 
 §§ 12-15. 
 
 Right of, to carry weapons outside his dis- 
 trict. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 998. 
 
 PECUNIARY CONDITION. 
 
 PECUNIARY INTEREST. 
 
 Necessity of, to insurable interest in life of 
 relative. 54 L.R.A. 225. 
 
 PEDDLERS. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoN- 
 
 STIT0TIONAL LAW, §.133. 
 
 License tax on, as interference with inter- 
 state commerce, see Commerce, § 18. 
 
 License of, generally, see License, § 35. 
 
 Municipal control over, generally, see Mu- 
 nicipal Cobpoeations, § 46. 
 
 PEDIGREE. 
 
 Admissibility of hearsay evidence as to, see 
 Evidence, § 219. 
 
 Entries in family Bible or other religioui 
 book as evidence. 41 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 PENAL BONDS. 
 
 Form of judgment on. 62 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 < « > 
 
 PENAI; LAWS AND STATUTES. 
 
 Enforcement of penal la>vs of another state, 
 
 see Conflict of Lavts, § 23. 
 Construction of, see Statutes, §§ 25, 26. 
 
 Jurisdiction of state courts to enforce Fed- 
 eral penal laws. 48 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 When rates fixed by penal statute are suf- 
 ficiently definite and certain. 33 L.R.A. 
 209. 
 
 PENALTY. 
 
 Admissibility of books of acccount to prove 
 52 L.R.A. 719. 
 Begin with this T)ook on every law qvestion. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1, 2. 
 II. For particular acts or offenses, S§ 
 3-7. 
 
 /. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 For advertising, see Advertising, § 3. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict «p 
 Laws, § 23. 
 
 For crime, see Criminal Lavt, VI. 
 
 Construction of penal statutes, see Stat- 
 utes, §§ 25, 26. 
 
 Constitutionality of civil service preTision 
 
 for. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 483. 
 Restraint on freedom of child as imposing 
 
 unequal penalty. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 894. 
 Must penalty in aggregate for infringing 
 
 copyright be multiple of what would 
 
 be given for each separate offense. 1 
 
 B. R. C. 768. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1083 
 
 PENALTY, I.— cont'd 
 
 Procedure to enforce; action for. 2 L.K.A. 
 38].* 
 
 Suit for statutory penalty as a civil or 
 criminal prosecution. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 739. 
 
 Applicability of criminal statutes to corpo- 
 rations as affected by nature of penalty. 
 2 B. R. C. 245. 
 
 Compulsory evidence against one's self in 
 case of. 29 L.R.A. 813. 
 
 Imprisonment for, as imprisonment for 
 debt. 34 L.R.A. 651. 
 
 Enforcement of municipal ordinance by 
 penalty. 3 L.R.A. 262.* 
 
 Power of municipality to impose additional 
 penalty on what is also an offense under 
 state law. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 56. 
 
 Judgment in criminal action as bar to civil 
 action to enforce. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 667. 
 
 Effect of repeal without saving clause of 
 statute permitting recovery of pecun- 
 iary penalty on prior conviction there- 
 under. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 245. 
 
 § 2. Provision for, in contract. 
 
 Aa limit of liability on bond, see Damages, 
 § 29. 
 
 Penalty or liquidated damages, see Dam- 
 ages, § 38. 
 
 For delay in payment, see Payment, § 3. 
 
 For taking usury, see Usubt, § 15. 
 
 Effect of imposition of, on validity of con- 
 tract. 16 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Implicati'on of invalidity of contract from 
 penalty. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 586. 
 
 Insertion of, in contract, as affecting spe- 
 cific performance. 1 L.R.A. 192.* 
 
 Effect of providing on right to rescind or 
 abandon contract for other party's de- 
 fault. 30 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 II. For particular acts or offenses. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Agreement for lump sum on payment after 
 maturity as a penalty. 49 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 Agreement for additional amount if debt is 
 not paid at maturity as a penalty. 49 
 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 For nonacceptance of office. 24 L.R.A. 493. 
 
 For refusal of inspection of books of cor- 
 poration. 45 L.R.A. 457. 
 
 Proceedings to recover under oleomargarin 
 act. 1 L.R.A. 52.* 
 
 Constitutionality of penalties imposed on 
 railroad company for failure to fence 
 tracks or build cattle guards. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 863. 
 
 Special penalty for violation of Sunday clos- 
 ing act. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 646. 
 
 § 4. As to fishing. 
 
 For illegal fishing. 39 L.R.A. 590. 
 For interference with fishing rights. 60 
 L.R.A. 624. 
 
 § 5. Against foreign corporation. 
 
 Effeet of statute prescribing penalty 
 against unauthorized foreign corpora- 
 tion upon contracts made by it. 24 
 L.R.A. 316. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PENALTY, II.— cont'd 
 
 Statutory provision for penalty as affecting 
 validity of contract made by foreign 
 corporation without complying with the 
 statutory conditions of doing business. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 688. 
 
 § 5a. Against railroad companies. 
 
 As carriers, see infra, § 6. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute imposing pen- 
 alty or added liability for failure of 
 railroad company to pay claim. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 
 § 6. Against carriers. 
 
 Against passenger carrier, see Cabeiers, 
 
 § 99. 
 Against carrier of freight, see Cakeiees, 
 
 § 146a. 
 
 § 7. Against telegraph company. 
 
 For delay in delivery of telegram. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 738. 
 For neglect of telegraph company to re- 
 ceive or transmit telegram. 7 
 L.R.A. 584.* 
 Nontransmission of telegram on Sun- 
 day. 3 L.R.A. 224.* 
 Pleadings in action to recover. 7 L.R.A. 
 584.* 
 State statutes imposing penalties on tele- 
 graph companies for not transmitting 
 and delivering messages properly. 31 
 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 PENDENCY. 
 
 Of action to abate suit, see Abatement 
 
 AND Revival, §§ 5-7. 
 Of action generally, see Lis Pendens. 
 
 PENDING ACTION. 
 
 Effect of repeal of statute on, see Statutes, 
 
 § 34. 
 See also Pendency. 
 
 » » » 
 
 PENITENTIARY. 
 
 See Jails and Prisons. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 PENSION. 
 
 Exemption of, see Exemption, § 7. 
 
 To police, see Police, § 2. 
 
 For school-teachers, see Schools, § 19. 
 
 Right of woman to be pension agent. 38 
 L.R.A. 213. 
 
 Congressional regulation of charges on pen- 
 sion claim. 33 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 Effect of receipt of, to mitigate damages for 
 wrongful death. 67 L.R.A. 94. 
 
1084 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PENSION— cont'd 
 
 Nature and circumstances of injury as af- 
 fecting right to share in pension or in- 
 surance fund for policemen and firemen. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1176. 
 
 Power of legislature to require munici- 
 pality to pension employees. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 608. 
 
 Mandamus to restore to office one who has 
 retired on pension. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 80. 
 
 PENSION AGENT. 
 
 Right of woman to be. 28 L.R.A. 213. 
 
 PEONAGE. 
 
 Constitutionality of imprisonment for 
 breach of contract of labor or rental. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 242. 
 
 PEOPLE. 
 
 Delegation of legislative power to, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 12. 
 
 PER CAPITA. 
 
 Distribution per capita under will, see 
 Wnis, § 98. 
 
 « » » 
 
 PERCOLATING WATER. 
 
 See Waters, §§ 72-77. 
 
 *«» 
 
 PER DIEM. 
 
 Claim against state for. 42 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 PEREMPTORY irSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 See Teial, §§ 56-59. 
 
 ♦-.-♦ . 
 
 PERENNIAL CROPS. 
 
 Measure of damages for destruction of. 23 
 L.R.A.((N.S.) 310. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to or de- 
 struction of. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 977. 
 
 PERFORATED ROLLS. 
 
 Perforated rolls and wax cylinders as in- 
 fringements of copyriglit of sheet 
 music. 2 B. R. C. 91. 
 As infringement of copyright of sheet 
 music. 2 B. R. C. 91. 
 
 PEREORMANCte. 
 
 Of contract, generally, see Conteacts, V. 
 Part performance of oral contract, see CoN- 
 
 tbacts, §§ 55-59. 
 Specific performance, see Specific Pbb- 
 
 FOBMANCE. 
 
 Of agreement for conveyance of land, see 
 Vendor and Pubchaseb, § 9. 
 
 PERIODICAL APPROPRIATION, 
 
 Of water. 46 L.R.A. 175. 
 
 PERIODICALS. 
 
 Rights of employer and employee with re- 
 spect to work done for. 1 B. R. C. 330. 
 
 Master's rights in respect to employee's 
 work upon. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1190. 
 
 PERISHABLE PROPERTY. 
 
 § 1. Carrier's duty and liability as to. 
 
 Loss or damage due to initial carrier's 
 
 own negligence or breach of contract. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 84. 
 Carrier's duty to, carry, in refrigerator cars. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 317.' 
 Liability of carrier for sale of, during 
 
 strike. 35 L.R.A. 630. 
 Measure of damages for carrier's delay in 
 
 delivery of receptacles for. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 134. 
 
 PERJURY. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every laiv question. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 False swearing in proofs of loss, see Instjb- 
 
 ANCE, § 148. 
 
 False testimony given under statute promis- 
 ing immunity against its use in crimi- 
 nal proceedings.' 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 237. 
 
 Judgment in civil action as evidence in a 
 criminal prosecution for perjury. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 465. 
 
 What testimony will convict. 10 L.R.A. 
 749.* 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishinent for. 35 
 L.R.A. 576. 
 
INDEX XO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 IO80 
 
 PERJURY— cont'd 
 
 § 2. What iiniounts to. 
 
 In statements involving matters of opinion 
 or belief. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 654. 
 Unqualified statements. 25 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 1)54. 
 Generally. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 654. 
 Mistake of law, generally. 25 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 657. 
 Construction of contracts. 25 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 658. 
 Statements purporting to be made 
 upon opinion or belief. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 659. 
 May perjury be predicated of testimony as 
 to the effect of an understanding or 
 agreement. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1216. 
 False swearing where no oath, or the par- 
 ticular one administered, was not re- 
 quired, as perjury. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 96. 
 
 § 3. — testimony on immaterial mat- 
 ters. 
 
 May charge of subornation of perjury be 
 based on false testimony which is im- 
 material. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 120. 
 
 May perjury be predicated of false testi- 
 mony before the grand jurj' on matters 
 immaterial to the issue. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1192. 
 
 § 4. — as affected by invalidity of pro- 
 ceedings in wlilcli testimony taken. 
 
 Generally. 54 L.R.A. 513; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 249. 
 Jurisdictional defects, generally. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 513; 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 249. 
 Pendency of proceedings. 54 L.R.A. 513. 
 Defects in organization or constitution of 
 
 tribunal. 54 L.R.A. 514; 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 250. 
 When the court had lost or exceeded its 
 
 jurisdiction. 54 L.R.A. 514; 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 250. 
 Defects in preliminary matters affecting the 
 
 jurisdiction in the particular case. 54 
 
 L.R.A. 515; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 251. 
 When want of jurisdiction arises from facts 
 
 dehors the records. 54 L.R.A. 517; 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 251. 
 Defects not affecting jurisdiction, general- 
 ly. 54 L.R.A. 519; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 252. 
 Matters especially affecting sanction under 
 
 which testimonv is given. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 520; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 252. 
 Matters relating to jury. 54 L.R.A. 521; 
 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 252. 
 
 § 5. Who liable for. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation for. 
 
 2 B. R. C. 253. 
 Criminal liability of children for. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 § 6. Indictment for. 
 
 See IiVDICTMENT, ETC., § 26. 
 
 § 7. Defenses. 
 
 Impairment of memory as defense. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 993. 
 ConsMlt also L.R.A. Digest.'^ to claW. 
 
 PERJURY— cont'd 
 
 Instigation to offense of subornation of, as 
 a defense to prosecution. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 953. 
 
 Judgment in original action as bar to 
 action by defeated action against ad- 
 verse party for perjury in procuring 
 it. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 
 Acquittal of crime as bar to subsequent 
 prosecution of defendant for perjury 
 committed on the former trial. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 385. 
 
 § 8. Effect of. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment, 
 see Injunction, § 53. 
 
 As ground for relief from judgment gen- 
 erally, see JtJDGMENT, § 96. 
 
 Right to resist judgment of sister state on 
 
 ground of false testimony. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 924. 
 Effect on presumption of probable cause for 
 
 prosecution of fact that conviction was 
 
 procured by. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 Truth of charge of, as a defense to a civil 
 
 action for libel or slander. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 145. 
 Perjury and subornation of perjury as 
 
 grounds for civil actions. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 265. 
 As ground for new trial. 13 L.R.A. 336.* 
 
 PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT. 
 
 Time for which contracts of, may be made 
 on behalf of corporation. 49 L.R.A. 
 475. 
 
 PERMISSIVE WASTE. 
 
 Liability of life tenant for. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 672. 
 
 PERMIT. 
 
 For erection of building, see Buildings, § 2. 
 
 For burial, see Corpse, § 4. 
 
 To cut timber on public land. 70 L.R.A. 
 900. 
 
 Liability for work of independent con- 
 tractor performed under. 14 L.R.A. 
 834. " 
 
 Effect of permit to keep explosives on in- 
 surer's liability for loss caused by ex- 
 plosion. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 476. 
 
 Power of municipality to require permit to 
 construct or repair buildings within its 
 limits. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 737. 
 
 :\Iunicipal liability for refusal to grant. 1 
 B. R. C. 349.' 
 
 Municipal knowledge of defective work in 
 highway under permit. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 705. 
 
 Burden of proof as to permit in prosecution 
 for sale of intoxicating liquor without 
 a license. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 
1086 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PERPETUATION OF TESTIMONY. 
 
 Equity jurisdiction for purpose of, see 
 Deposition, § 2. 
 
 PERPETUITIES. 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 432. 
 
 Provisions in violation of the law of. 1 
 L.R.A. 453;* 3 L.R.A. 145;* 4 L.K.A. 
 140;* 11 L.R.A. 85.* 
 
 When suspension of absolute ownership too 
 remote. 11 L.R.A. 87.* 
 
 Unlawful suspension of power of alienation. 
 11 L.R.A. 86.* 
 
 Unlawful suspension of power of sale. 11 
 L.R.A. 88.* 
 
 Postponement of power of appointment. 11 
 L.R.A. 89.* 
 
 When vesting of estate depends on contin- 
 gency. 11 L.E.A. 85.* 
 
 Devises of life estates to unborn children of 
 living persons, as contravening the 
 rule against. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 330. 
 
 Limitation of estate upon probate of will 
 as a violation of the rule against per- 
 petuities. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 564. 
 
 Contract for indefinite option, or indefinite 
 renewal of option, as perpetuity. 9 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 913. 
 
 Allowing period for conversion of prop- 
 erty as violation of rule against per- 
 petuities or suspension of power of 
 alienation. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 724. 
 
 Allowing specified period for election to 
 take under devise or bequest as a viola- 
 tion of the rule against perpetuities, or 
 the suspension of the power of alien- 
 ation. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 825. 
 
 Validity of devise over upon indefinite ces- 
 sation of lineal descendants of first 
 taker. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143.. 
 
 Validity of restraints on the alienation of a 
 fee simple during a limited time. 
 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 668. 
 The two doctrines. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 668. 
 In general. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 668. 
 Cases holding limited restraint 
 
 void. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 669. 
 Cases holding limited restraint 
 valid. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 672. 
 Effect of provision for cesser upon 
 breach. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 676. 
 
 8 2. Gifts to charities. 
 
 As affecting charities. 1 L.R.A. 419;* 3 
 
 L.R.A. 145;* 5 L.R.A. 34;* 11 L;R.A. 
 
 86.* 
 Effect of rule against, on enforcement of 
 
 general bequest for charity or religion. 
 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 Restrictions on alienation in devise of real 
 
 estate to religious society for specified 
 
 uses. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 523. 
 Effect of direction for accumulation upon 
 
 validity of charitable gift. 2 B. R. C. 
 
 880. 
 
 PERPETUITIES^cont'd 
 § 3. Effect of invalidity of gift becanse 
 of. 
 
 Effect on prior takers of the failure of a 
 gift because it violates the rule against 
 perpetuities. 20 L.R.A. 509. 
 
 Remainder void for remoteness; effect on 
 particular estate. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 639. 
 
 Effect of decree of distribution following a 
 testamentary disposition of property 
 void under the rule against perpetuities 
 or as unlawfully suspending the power 
 of alienation. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 900. 
 
 g 4. In respect to personal property. 
 
 Trust in respect to personal property. 3 
 L.R.A. 145;* 11 L.R.A. 89.* 
 
 PERSONAIi ACTION. 
 
 To recover tax on property. 41 L.B.A. 
 (N.S.) 730. 
 
 PERSONAIi appearance: 
 
 Prosecuting attorney's comments on defend- 
 ant's personal appearance as ground 
 for reversal. 46 L.R.A. 665. 
 
 PERSONAL COMFORT. 
 
 Municipal control over nuisance affecting, 
 see Mttnicipal Corpoeations, § 41. 
 
 PERSONAL ENCOUNTER. 
 
 Necessity that death of insured by, be 
 reasonable and legitimate consequenei 
 of violation of law in order to relieve 
 insurer. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 262. 
 
 Begin tvith this T)ooTc on every law question. 
 
 PERSONAL INJURIES. 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 By animals, see Animals, §§ 9-16. 
 
 By blasting, see Blasting. 
 
 By electricity, see Electricity, III. 
 
 By explosion, see Explosions and Explo- 
 sives, §§ 3-]0. 
 
 By fright, see Fright, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 By frightening horse, see Horses, §§ 7-14. 
 
 By gas, see Gas, §§ ]l-]5. 
 
 By fall of building, see Walls, § 3. 
 
 At place of amusement, see Amusements, 
 §§ 5-7. 
 
 In areaway, see Area ways, § 2. 
 
 On elevator, see Elevators, §§ 3-7. 
 
 In excavation, see Excavation, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 On highway, see Highways, VI. 
 
 On railroad track, see Railroads, §§ 52-5^ 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1087 
 
 PERSONAL INJURIES— cont'd 
 
 On street car track, see Street Railways, 
 
 §§ 10-19. 
 On wharf or dock, see Wharves, § 7. 
 Defenses to actions for, see Action ob 
 
 Suit, § 15. 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 22. 
 Constitutionality of requirement of notice 
 
 of, see Constitutional Law, § 155a. 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, §§ 
 
 7, 18, 57-67, 100, 101, 110. 
 Presumption of negligence from, see Jiivi- 
 
 DENCE, III. g. 
 Evidence of damages from, see Evidence, § 
 
 264. 
 Notice of, see Highways, §§ 106, 107; Mas- 
 ter and Servant, §§ 57, 64; Municipal 
 
 Coepokations, §§ 104-107. 
 Through negligence generally, see Negli- 
 gence. 
 Proximate cause of, see Proximate Cause. 
 Release of claim for, see Release. 
 Violation of Sunday law as defense to 
 
 action for, see Sunday, § 7. 
 Liability for injuries due to attempted 
 
 exercise of rights of navigation, see 
 
 Waters, § 18. 
 
 Accidental or reckless injury as an assault. 
 14 L.R.A. 227. 
 
 Assignability of cause of action for. 44 
 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Acceptance of partial allowance by city of 
 claim for, as an accord and satis- 
 faction. 42 L.R.A.{N.S.) 120. 
 
 Injury to person and to property at the 
 same time constituting more than one 
 cause of action. 50 L.R.A. 161; 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 
 Does right of action pass to trustee m 
 bankruptcy or assignee in insolvency. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Effect of statute declaring cause of action 
 for, survivable, to render it assignable. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 Validity of contract to pay attending physi- 
 cian percentage of damages recovered 
 for. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 
 Probative effect of admission by party of re- 
 sponsibility for. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1096. 
 
 Power of equity to take jurisdiction be- 
 cause of multiplicity of actions at law 
 for personal injuries growing out of a 
 single tort. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 848; 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 491. 
 
 Specification of particular bodily injuries 
 comprehended within general alle- 
 gation as excluding others otherwise 
 comprehended within such general 
 allegations. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 837. 
 
 Relation of new pleadings to statute of 
 limitations in actions for. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 282. 
 
 Law governing as to survival of cause ot 
 action or revival of action for. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 756. 
 
 Removal for separable controversy of 
 action for. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 93. 
 
 Requisites of special verdict in action for. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 21. . 
 
 Setting aside for inadequacy verdict m 
 actions for. 47 L.R.A. 39. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to Oate. 
 
 PERSONAL INJURIES— cont'd 
 § 2. Who liable and to whom. 
 
 To passenger, see Cashiers, §§ 49-74. 
 
 To husband or wife, see Husband and Wife, 
 §§ 63-65. 
 
 To infant, see Infants, §§ 37-40. 
 
 To guest at inn, see Innkeepers, §§ 10, 11. 
 
 To servant, see Master and Servant, III. 
 
 To pupil, see ScHpOLS, § 22. 
 
 To seamen, see Seamen, § 3. 
 
 To volunteer, see Volunteer, § 3. 
 
 Liability of charitable institution for, see 
 Charities, § 12. 
 
 Liability on policy for, see Insurance, §§ 
 159-171, 177-181. 
 
 Liability of person selling liquors to person 
 injured, see Intoxicating Liquors, § 
 41. 
 
 Master's liability for injury due to serv- 
 ant's negligence, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, IV. 
 
 Parent's liability for injury by child, see 
 Parent and Child, § 10. 
 
 Claim against state for. 42 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Personal liability of corporate officers or 
 directors for personal injuries from 
 torts in connection with business. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 
 Liability of community property for. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 
 Does bond of highway contractor cover per- 
 sonal injuries to members of public. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 152. 
 
 Liability for personal injury to one using 
 telephone. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 
 PERSONAL JUDGMENT. 
 
 In general, see Judgment, §§ 9, 10, 23; 
 
 Mechanics' Liens, § 31. 
 On constructive service of process, see Wbit 
 
 AND Process, § 19. 
 
 PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 Witness's right to testify to character from. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 650. 
 
 « « » 
 
 PERSONAL LIABILITY. 
 
 For local assessment, see Public Improve- 
 ments, § 28. 
 
 ♦-•-* 
 
 PERSONAL LIBERTY. 
 
 Construction of penal statute as rule of. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1081. 
 
1088 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 PERSONAL PROP3ERTY. 
 
 ?i 1. Generally. 
 
 Bailment of, see Bailment. 
 
 Mortgage of, see Chattel Mortgage. 
 
 Oral contracts relating to, see Contracts, 
 §§ 34-36. 
 
 Equitable conversion into real property, 
 and vice versa, see Equitable Conver- 
 sion; Wills, §§ 116-118. 
 
 Insurance of, see Insurance. 
 
 Perpetuities as tp, see Perpetuities, § 4. 
 
 Possession of, see Possession, §,§, 5-8. 
 
 Records of title to, see Records and Re- 
 cording Laws, §§ 9-11. 
 
 Return of goods, see Retubn, § 2. 
 
 Specific performance of contract relating 
 to, see Specific Perfobmance, § 14. 
 
 Taxation of, see Taxes. 
 
 Trust in respect to, in violation of rule 
 against perpetuities. 3 L.R.A. 145;* 
 11 L.R.A. 89.* 
 
 When personal representative is not en- 
 titled to possession of. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 704. 
 
 Abandonment of. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 573. 
 
 Statutory lien on prqperty of third person 
 for rental of personal property let to 
 contractor for use in work of a lien- 
 able nature. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 872. 
 
 Applicability of rule in Shelley's Case to 
 remainder in. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1036. 
 
 Partnership for dealing in. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1090. 
 
 Creation of partnership by provision for 
 taking profits from use of, as com- 
 pensation. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1046. 
 
 Injury to, or expense of removing as ele- 
 ment of damage for taking real estate. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 890. 
 
 Liability to servants of other persons for 
 injuries caused by condition of. 46 
 L.R.A. 104. 
 
 Authority of agent to accept chattel in 
 pavment of indebtedness due his prin- 
 cipal. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 324. 
 
 Right to plead inconsistent defense in ac- 
 tions relating to. 48 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 Removal for separable controversy of 
 f-tions relating to. 5 L.R.^.. (N.S. ) 
 80. 
 
 § 2. What constitutes. 
 
 Railroad as. 66 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Oil and gas lease as. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 472. 
 Injury from abandonment of highvray as. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 665. 
 Classification of growing fruit as. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 103. 
 
 § 3. Passing as appurtenant. 
 
 As an appurtenance. 15 L.R.A. 653. 
 What articles will pass as appurtenances 
 on sale of. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 793. 
 
 § 4. Rights of hu.'Sband and wife In. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to capacity of married 
 
 PERSONAL PROPERTY— cont'd 
 
 Power of legislature to change or destroy 
 hjisband's rights in wife's personal 
 property. 19 L.R.A. 259. 
 
 Husband's insurable interest in wife's per- 
 sonalty. 66 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 Tenancy by entireties in. 22 L.R.A. 594; 
 30 L.R.A. 317. 
 
 § 5. Transfer of. 
 
 Mortgage of, see Chattel Mortgage. 
 Sale of, see Sale. 
 
 Law governing validity of assignment of, 
 
 for creditors. 65 L.R.A. 358. 
 Injunction against execution sale of. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 99. 
 Levy under execution or attachment on 
 
 rights under lease of. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 843. 
 Right to sell while in custody of law. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1057. 
 Out of state, transfer of, by bankruptcy or 
 
 insolvency proceedings or assignment 
 
 for creditors. 23 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 § 6. —by will. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to testator's capacity to 
 dispose of. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to formal validity of 
 will disposing of. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 415. 
 
 EiTect of probate in another state of will 
 disposing of. 48 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Efi'ect of bequest for life of chattels con- 
 sumable in the lise. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 483. 
 
 § 7. Partition of. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to partition personal 
 property. 27 L.R.A. (IJT.S.) 618. 
 
 § 8. Recoyery of possession of. 
 
 Assault in recapture of, see Assault and 
 
 Battery, § 5. 
 Replevin for, see Replevin. 
 Trover for, see Trover. 
 
 PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 See Executors and Administhatoes. 
 
 PERSONAL RIGHTS. 
 
 Protection of, in equity, see Equity, § 5. 
 
 Right tp injiinction to protect. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1147. 
 
 PERSONAL SERVICE. 
 
 Right of creditors in personal services of 
 debtor, see Fraudulent Conveyances, 
 - - , § 5. 
 
 woman to contract with reference to. Of process out of state, see Writ and Proc- 
 57 L.R.A. 523. ' ess, § 12. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1083 
 
 PERSONAL SERVICE— cont'd 
 
 Is combination to control the price of labor 
 or other personal service per se a vio- 
 lation of statute against trusts and mo- 
 nopolies. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1260. 
 
 personaij tax. 
 
 Injunction against collection of illegal per- 
 sonal tax. 22 L.R.A. 708. 
 
 PERSONAL TRAITS. 
 
 Fraudulent concealment of, as ground for 
 avoiding promise of marriage. 26 
 L.R.A. 432. 
 
 PERSONS. 
 
 Corporations as, see Corpobations, § 9. 
 
 Persons : who or what is included in the 
 term "persons." 19 L.R.A. 222. 
 Definitions. 19 L.R.A. 222. 
 Is a sovereignty a person? 19 L.R.A. 
 
 223. 
 Under laws relating to attachment. 19 
 L.R.A. 224. 
 Under laws relating to taxation. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 224. 
 Within statutes of limitation. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 224. 
 Under Constitution. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 224. 
 Under miscellaneous statutes. 19 
 L.R.A. 225. 
 Women. 19 L.R.A. 226. 
 Miscellaneous instances. 19 L.R.A. 
 226. 
 
 « « » 
 
 PERSONS NOT IN BEING. 
 
 See Aftebboen Childben. 
 
 PER STIRPES. 
 
 See Wills, § 98. 
 
 ♦ . » 
 
 PERVERSION or JUSTICE. 
 
 Publication of matters derogatory to parties 
 to litigation as an attempt to pervert 
 or obstruct course of justice. 2 B. R. C. 
 483. 
 
 PEST HOUSE. 
 
 Sending diseased persons to, see Health, 
 
 § 2. 
 Tn general, see Hospitals. 
 
 ConsuU also L.R.A. Digests to date 
 
 PETITIONS. 
 
 For election, see Elections, § 10. 
 
 For liquor license, see Intoxicating Li- 
 quors, § 11. 
 
 For public improvement, see Public Im- 
 pkoveme^tts, § 3. 
 
 For removal of cause from state court, see 
 Removal of Causes, § 12. 
 
 Institution of drainage proceedings by pe- 
 tition of land owner. 60 L.R.A. 166. 
 
 Sufficiency of petition for condemning rail- 
 road right of way for telegraph or tele- 
 phone line. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 238. 
 
 Right to withdraw names from. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 372; 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1313. 
 
 For leave to file bill of review for newly 
 discovered evidence. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1033. 
 
 PETROLEUM. 
 
 In general, see Mines, §§ 33-38. 
 
 Prohibition of, on passenger vessels. 
 L.R.A. 382.* 
 
 PEWS. 
 
 Rights of pew holders, see Religious Socie- 
 ties, § 14. 
 
 Injunction against sale or other disposal of, 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 871. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 PHARMACISTS. 
 
 See Deugs and Dbuqgists. 
 
 PHILANTHROPY. 
 
 Charitable devise or bequest for, see Chari- 
 ties. 
 
 PHONOGRAPH. 
 
 Evidence by. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 306. 
 
 Perforated rolls and wax cylinders as in- 
 fringements of copyright of sheet music 
 2 B. R. C. 91. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHERS. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by or- 
 dinance imposing license tax on. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 
 69 
 
1090 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHS. 
 
 As evidence, see Evidence, § 156. 
 
 Use of, in evidence, see Evidence, § 157. 
 
 Weight of, as evidence, see Evidence, §§ 
 309-311. 
 
 Libel by publication of, see Libel and Slan- 
 der, § 7. 
 
 See also Pictukes; Poetraits. 
 
 Kight to use negative without the consent 
 of the party vpho has paid for it. 50 
 L.E.A. 397." 
 
 Riglit to duplicate without consent of person 
 under contract with whom the original 
 was produced. 7 L.R.A.{N.S.) 362. 
 
 Right of photographer or artist to use pic- 
 ture for his own purposes. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 386. 
 
 Right to talie or retain, in rogue's gallery, 
 photograph of one accused of crime. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 274; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 739. 
 
 PHYSICAL CONDITION. 
 
 As affecting admissibility of dying declara- 
 tions. 56 L.E.A. 381. 
 
 PHYSICAL DISABILITY. 
 
 See Disability, § 2. 
 
 4 « » - 
 
 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION. 
 
 See DiscovEBT and Inspection, § 5. 
 
 PHYSICAL INCAPACITY. 
 
 Physical disability, see Disability, § 2. 
 
 Fraudulent concealment of, as ground for 
 avoidinsf promise of marriage. 26 
 L.E.A. 431. 
 
 PHYSICAL INFIRMITIES. 
 
 As proof of testamentary incapacity. 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 27. 
 
 27 
 
 PHYSICAL INJURY. 
 
 See Personal Injuries. 
 
 PHYSICAL LIFE. 
 
 Protection of personal rights relating to. 
 37 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 PHYSICAL SUFFERING. 
 
 Allowance for in fixing damages for death. 
 17 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 Right to recover for mental suffering on 
 account of another's physical suffer- 
 ing. 19 L.E.A.(N.S.) 500. 
 
 As proximate result of discharging passen- 
 ger at improper place or one not his 
 destination. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1180. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-5. 
 II. Public control and regulation of, 
 §§ 6-11. 
 
 III. Duty and liahilitji to patient; mal- 
 
 practice, §§ 12-16. 
 
 IV. Negligence of, or failure to employ, 
 
 or obey commands of, as affect- 
 ing third person's liability, §§ 
 17, 18. 
 Y. Contracts and recovery for services, 
 §§ 19, 20. 
 
 I. In general, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Physical examination by, see Discovert 
 AND Inspection, § 5. 
 
 Admissibility of opinions of, see Evidence, 
 VIIT. 
 
 Privileged communications to, see Evi- 
 dence, §§ 221, 225. 
 
 Eepresentations of insured as to consulta- 
 tion with, or attendance of, see Insltr- 
 ANCe, § 96. 
 
 Sale of liquor on certificate of, see Intoxi- 
 cating Liquors, § 21a. 
 
 Libel or slander of, see Libel and Slander, 
 § 18. 
 
 Authority of servant to employ, see Mas- 
 ter and Servant, §§ 18, 18a. 
 
 Master's duty as to medical assistance, see 
 Master and Servant, § 58. 
 
 Master's liability for negligence of physi- 
 cian employed for injured servant, "see 
 Master and Servant, § 59. 
 
 Master's liability for services of physician 
 employed for servant, see Master axd 
 Servant, § 60. 
 
 Agent's authority to employ, see Principal 
 AND Agent, § 14. 
 
 Conclusiveness of certificate of, as to cause 
 of death of insured. 44 L.E.A. 854. 
 
 As witness before grand jury. 28 L.E.A. 
 323. 
 
 How far use of mails by healers is fraud- 
 ulent. 70 L.R.A. 989. 
 
 Loss of opportunity to respond to a call for 
 professional services as ground for ac- 
 tion against telegrapn company. 14 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 533. 
 
 Exemption of medical college from suit as 
 agency of state. 35 L.E.A. (N.f5.) 243. 
 
 Practice of medicine by corporation. 32 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 56. 
 
 Effect of misrepresentations or undue in- 
 fluence by, to avoid release. 5 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 663. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 3091 
 
 PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, I.— cont'd 
 Voluntariness of confession to. IS L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 855. 
 Municipal power to provide, in epidemics. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 728. 
 
 § 3. Effect of sending for, and opinion 
 of, on admissibility of dying decla- 
 rations. 
 
 Sending for, as evidencing sense of impend- 
 ing deatli at time of dving declarations. 
 56 L.R.A. 414: 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 398. 
 
 Expressions of pliysieian's opinion as evi- 
 dencing sense of impending death at 
 time dying declarations were made. 56 
 L.R.A. 413; 30 L.R.A.(N.S..) 397. 
 
 § 3. Criminal responsibility for failure 
 to provide. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for failure to pro- 
 vide child with medical attendance and 
 remedies. 1 B. R. C. 747. 
 
 Religious belief as excuse for failure to fur- 
 nish medical aid to child. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 633: 1 B. R. C. 747. 
 
 Effect of failure to provide medical attend- 
 ance to render one guilty of manslaugh- 
 ter. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 685. 
 
 § 4. Sale of practice; contracts not to 
 engage therein. 
 
 Validity of contract restraining practice of 
 profession after expiration of term of 
 service with another. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 961. 
 
 Validity of agreement by employee of phy- 
 sician not to engage in same profession, 
 as affected bv scope in time and terri- 
 torial extent." 24 L.R.A.{N.S.) 936. 
 
 Validity of restrictive agreement ancillary 
 to sale of practice as affected by its ter- 
 ritorial scope. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 927. 
 
 Plight of physician selling good will of prac- 
 tice to solicit patronage of former pa- 
 tients. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1200. 
 
 § .", •^harges of. as element of dam- 
 ages. 
 
 Expenfses of nursing and medical attendance. 
 10 L.R.A. 794;* 11 L.R.A. 46.* 
 
 Allowance for physician's services in action 
 for personal injuries, without evidence 
 of their value. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 920. 
 
 Cost of, as element of damages for injury by 
 dog. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 866. 
 
 Right to recover medical expenses of per- 
 son negligently killed. 2 B. R. C. 711. 
 
 //. Public control and regulation of. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to reporting 
 and registering births, deaths, etc. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1015. 
 
 Review of action of medical board. 20 
 L.R.A. 355. 
 
 § 7. What constitutes practice of medi- 
 cine. 
 
 What constitutes practising medicine with- 
 in the state. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1023. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, II.— 
 cont'd 
 
 Midwifery as practice of medicine contra- 
 vening statute. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 94. 
 
 Administering domestic remedy for pay as 
 practising medicine. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1094. 
 
 Application of statutes regulating practice 
 of medicine to persons giving special 
 kinds of treatment. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 762; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1297; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 179. 
 
 § 8. License of. 
 
 Constitutionality of regulations as to prac- 
 tice; license. 14 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by stat- 
 ute or ordinance as to license. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 284. 
 
 Determining character or standing of pro- 
 fessional school for purposes of license 
 statute. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 735. 
 
 License to engage in medicine as a vested 
 right to continue in same. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1272. 
 
 Burden of proof as to, in suit to recover 
 for services. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1238. 
 
 § 9. — failure to procure. 
 
 Libel or slander by imputing incompetency 
 to unlicensed physician. 26 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 Effect of failure to procure license. 16 
 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 Validity of contract by unlicensed physician. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 
 Practising medicine, surgery, or dentistry 
 without a license as a continuing of- 
 fense. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 768. 
 
 § 10. —revocation of. 
 
 Power to revoke license of. 1 L.R.A. (N.S. ): 
 
 811. 
 Grounds for revoking phvsician's license.. 
 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.). 
 
 439; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 Statute of limitations as a defense to revo^ 
 
 cation of physician's license. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 557. 
 
 § 11. Diploma to. 
 
 Mandamus to compel issuance of diploma 
 by medical school. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1115. 
 
 ///. Duty and liability to patient; mal- 
 practice. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 Confidential disclosures to, see Evidence, 
 §§ 221, 225. 
 
 Liability for malpractice when serving gra- 
 
 tuitouslv or employed by third partv. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 429. 
 Xegli.aent homicide by. 61 L.R.A. 287. 
 Duty of physician called to reduce fracture 
 
 to guiird against infection. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 752. 
 Liability of physician or surgeon for failure 
 
 to diagnose fracture or dislocation. 28 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 136. 
 
1092 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, III.— 
 cont'd 
 
 Liability of physician for injuries resulting 
 from electrical or X-ray treatment. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 262. 
 
 Liability of operating surgeon for negligent 
 acts of interne or hospital nurse in car- 
 ing for patient. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1174. 
 
 Liability of physician or surgeon for acts of 
 associate. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 Liability of physician for acts of part- 
 ner". 42 LIr.A(N.S.) 786. 
 
 Physician's right to determine frequency of 
 visits to patient. 51 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 Time when limitation begins to run on lia- 
 bility for negligence or malpractice of. 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 161. 
 
 Sufficiency as to general allegations of neg- 
 ligence. 59 L.R.A. 267. 
 
 Burden of proof as to contributory negli- 
 gence in action for malpractice. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1213. 
 
 Proof necessary to discharge burden of 
 showing that the negligence or unskil- 
 fulness of the physician caused or con- 
 tributed to the death or injury of the 
 patient. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 416. 
 
 Right of plaintiff in action for malpractice 
 to avail himself of privilege as against 
 testimony of defendant or other phy- 
 sicians. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1003. 
 
 Recovery of judgment for services as bar 
 to action for. 45 L.R.A. 541. 
 
 § 13. Degree of care and skill required 
 of. 
 
 General duty of physician. 37 L.R.A. 830. 
 What he undertakes to do. 37 L.R.A. 830. 
 
 General statements. 37 L.R.A. 830. 
 
 Does not undertake to cure. 37 L.R.A. 
 831. 
 
 Special contract. 37 L.R.A. 831. 
 Degree of care and skill required. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 831. 
 Liable for what. 37 L.R.A. 832. 
 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. 832. 
 
 For ignorance. 37 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 When he does not cause injury. 37 
 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 For acts of others. 37 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 For nonattendance. 37 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 Errors of judgment. 37 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 Giving instructions. 37 L.R.A. 835. 
 What are proper care and skill. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 835. 
 Must follow established practice. 37 L.R.A. 
 836. 
 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 Of his own school. 37 L.R.A. 837. 
 No presumption against him. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 837. 
 Free service. 37 L.R.A. 837. 
 General reputation. 37 L.R.A. 838. 
 Who judges of skill. 37 L.R.A. 838. 
 Survival of action. 37 L.R.A, 838. 
 Degree of skill and care reqviired of special- 
 ist. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1030. 
 
 § 14. Performance of operation with- 
 out con.sent. 
 
 Liability for performing surgical operation 
 vpithout consent of patient. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 439; 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 609, 
 
 Begin ivitli tJiifi hoole on everij Intr question. 
 
 PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, III.— 
 cont'd 
 
 Liability for performing surgical operation 
 on minor witnout parent's consent. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 612; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 290. 
 
 § 15. Effect of patient's negligence. 
 
 Patient's own negligence or failure to follow 
 instructions as affecting liability of 
 physician or surgeon for malpractice. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1242. 
 
 § 16. Of person other than physician. 
 
 Duty and liability of one other than a phy- 
 sician or surgeon, who contracts to pro- 
 vide medical or surgical attention to an- 
 other. ■ 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 50. 
 
 IV. Negligence of, or failure to employ, 
 or obey commands of, as affecting 
 third person's liability. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Death by medical treatment as affecting lia- 
 bility under policy of life insurance. 
 3 L.R.A. 486.* 
 Liability under accident policy for death or 
 injuries due to medical treatment. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1004. 
 Mistreatment by physician as aifecting lia- 
 bility of person's causing injury. 17 
 L.R.A. 34. 
 Criminal responsibility of one who Inflicts 
 a wound on another resulting in 
 the latter's death, as affected by 
 neglience or lack of skill in treat- 
 ment or care of a wound. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 841; 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 665. 
 Where person injured refused to submit 
 to operation. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 845. 
 Where death occurs during operation. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 844. 
 
 § 18. Obeying or disobeying as affect- 
 ing remedy of injured person. 
 
 In action against physician, see supra, § 15. 
 
 Generally. 49 L.R.A. 826. 
 
 Effect of obeying Improper directions. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 826. 
 Effect of disobeying directions. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 827. 
 
 V. Contracts and recovery for services. 
 
 § 19. Contracts. 
 
 Contract for services. 1 L.R.A. 719;* 11 
 
 L.R.A. 700.* 
 Validity of contract to furnish a patient 
 
 medical services for life. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1112. 
 Effect of statute of frauds on parol contract 
 
 for employment of physician which may 
 
 but is not intended to be performed 
 
 within a year. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 326. 
 Validity of contract by unlicensed phjrsician. 
 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.I "613. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1093 
 
 PHYSICIANS AND SURGEOXS, V.— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 20. Recovery. 
 
 Measure of compensation to physician em- 
 ployed to examine and report on phy- 
 sical condition of one who contempla- 
 tes bringing action for personal in- 
 juries. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 
 Right of physician to recover for emergency 
 services rendered unconscious person. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1090. 
 
 I^iability of public for medical services to 
 indigent person in absence of notice or 
 request. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1234. 
 
 Validity of contract to pay attending physi- 
 cian percentage of damages recovered 
 for personal injury. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 S7. 
 
 Burden of proof as to physician's license in 
 suit to recover for services. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1238. 
 
 Allowance for physician's services in action 
 for personal injuries without evidence 
 of the value thereof. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 920. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 professional services. 52 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 Conclusiveness of expert testimony as to 
 value of services. 42 L.R.A. 769. 
 
 #«» 
 
 PICKETING. 
 
 Law as to picketing. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 302. 
 
 PICTURE FRAME. 
 
 Sale of picture frame by hawkers and ped- 
 dlers, and persons soliciting orders by 
 sample or otherwise, as incidental to 
 transaction protected by commerce 
 clause. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 315; 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 266. 
 
 PICTURES. 
 
 Photograph, see Photograph. 
 Portrait, see Poeteait. 
 
 Unlawfulness of indecent pictures. 24 
 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 Common-law right in unpublished pictures. 
 1 B. R. C. 196. 
 
 Rights of employer and employee with re- 
 spect to pictorial work of employee. 1 
 B. R. C. 324. 
 
 Right of photographer or artist to use pic- 
 ture for his own purposes. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 386. 
 
 Right to take or retain in rogues' gallery 
 picture of one accused of crime. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 274; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 739. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PIECEMEAL. 
 
 Right of municipality to secure public utili- 
 ties by, to avoid constitutional debt 
 limit. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
 PIERS. 
 
 See Whabves. 
 
 PILOTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 License of, see License, § 37. 
 
 Jurisdiction of admiralty of contracts of. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 229. 
 Effect of omission to employ, on liability on 
 
 marine insurance policy. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1095. 
 
 § 2. Liability of vessel for compulsory 
 fees of. 
 
 What constitutes compulsory pilotage. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 177. 
 Consideration and construction of provisions 
 for. 39 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Generally. 39 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Exemptions. 39 L.R.A. 179. 
 Effect of constitutional restrictions. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 179. 
 Effect of national prohibition against dis- 
 crimination. 39 L.R.A. 181. 
 Effect of national provision for waters be- 
 tween states. 39 L.R.A. 182. 
 Effect of Federal licenses and license laws. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 183. 
 Conditions of liability. 39 L.R.A. 183. 
 
 Necessary qualifications of pilot. 39 
 L.R.A. 184. 
 
 Tender of services. 39 L.R.A. 185. 
 
 Refusal of services tendered. 39 L.R.A. 
 186. 
 
 First pilot offering. 39 L.R.A. 187. 
 
 Proper destination. 39 L.R.A. 188. 
 Outward-bound pilotage. 39 L.R.A. 189. 
 To whom and what the liability attaches. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 189. 
 The amount or rate. 39 L.R.A. 191. 
 
 § 3. Lien of. 
 
 Maritime lien for services of. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 384. 
 
 § 4. Negligence of. 
 
 Liability of pilot to owner of vessel hiring 
 him, for damage caused by his fault. 
 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1114. 
 
 PINCH BARS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 681. 
 
1094 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PIPE LINE. 
 
 In street, see Highway, §§ 22, 23. 
 
 Persons laying as independent contractors. 
 65 L.E.A. 488. 
 
 Employer's liability for negligence of in- 
 dependent contractor in construction of. 
 • 65 L.R.A. 847. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for acts of independ- 
 ent contractor in laying of. 65 L.R.A. 
 648. 
 
 Pipe line as real estate for purpose of tax- 
 ation. 15 L.R.A. 299. 
 
 Taking of land for, as a public purpose. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 136. 
 
 Laying pipe through land as a taking for 
 which compensation must be made. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 230. 
 
 Validity of contract for exclusive right of 
 
 1 way for, across private property. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 456. 
 
 Prescriptive right by use of underground 
 water pipes. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 976. 
 
 PIPES. 
 
 Obstruction of navigation by, liability for. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 75. 
 Lien on pumping or power plant for pipes 
 
 laid in street. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 
 #«» 
 
 PIRACY. 
 
 Of copyright publication. 66 L.R.A. 448. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 PIRATES. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of suit as to vessel 
 captured by. 66 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 PISTOL. 
 
 As weapon within statute against carrying 
 Concealed weapons. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1175. 
 
 As deadly weapon. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 500. 
 
 PITFALLS. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servant 
 from. 54 L.R.A. 78. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 Of demand for payment of note, see Bills 
 
 AND Notes, § 51. 
 Of ejection of passenger, see Carriers, § 34. 
 Of delivery by carrier, see Carriers, § 114. 
 Of filing or recording chattel mortgage, see 
 
 Chattel Mortgage, g 20. 
 
 PLACE— cont'd 
 
 Of imprisonment, see Criminal Law, § 82. 
 
 Of voting, see Elections, § 12. 
 
 Of sale of liquor, see Intoxicating Liq- 
 uors, §§ 26, 27. 
 
 Of judicial sale, see Judicial Sale, § 5. 
 
 Of payment, see Payment, § 18. 
 
 Of business, see Place of Business. 
 
 Of application for removal of cause from 
 state court, see Removal of Causes, § 
 13. 
 
 Of trial, see Venue. 
 
 Of signature to will, see Wills, § 23. 
 
 Of service of process, see Writ and Proc- 
 ess, §§ 11, 12, 17. 
 
 Limitation as to in contract in restraint of 
 trade, see Contracts, § 108. 
 
 Judicial notice as to, see Evidence, § 14. 
 
 Allegations as to, in indictment, see In- 
 dictment, Information and Com- 
 plaint, § 5. 
 
 Master's duty as to safety of, see Master 
 and Servant, III, a, 6. 
 
 Power of officer to act as determined by the 
 place of performance, see Officers, § 
 29. 
 
 Right of street railway company to limit 
 place of transfer. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.). 287. 
 
 Of location of mine. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 826. 
 
 Of examination of insured. 52 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Under provision as to producing books and 
 papers. 41 L.R.A. 706. 
 
 Of making arrest as affecting officer's lia- 
 bility. 51 L.R.A. 214. 
 
 Of detention or delivery as affecting liabil- 
 ity of officer making arrest. 51 L.R.A. 
 218. 
 
 Of resale of goods on purchaser's refusal 
 to accept them. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 681, 
 685. 
 
 Of statements made sometime after accident 
 as affecting admissibility as res gestw. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 921. 
 
 PLACE or BUSINESS. 
 
 Validity of classification in Sunday law as 
 to keeping open. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1259; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1190. 
 
 PLACE OF TRIAL. 
 
 See Venue. 
 
 PLACER MINE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Application of doctrine of lateral support 
 
 to. 68 L.R.A. 674. 
 Discovery in placer mining. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 831. 
 Size of placer claim. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 851. 
 
 § 2. Location of. 
 
 Location of placer mining claims. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 809, 
 
 Bcfjln ivith this lioolc on everi/ law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1095 
 
 PLACER MINE— cont'd 
 
 Form of location. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 847. 
 
 Application to placer mining claims of rules 
 
 as to recording. 7 L.R.A, (N.S.) 867. 
 Notice of. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 838. 
 Marking of placer claims on the ground. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 862. 
 Necessity of marking on ground boundaries 
 
 of placer claims on aur\eyed land of 
 
 the United States. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 993. 
 
 § 3. Relocation. 
 
 Relocation of placer claims as abandoned or 
 forfeited. 68 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 PLAINTIFFS. 
 
 Parties plaintiff, see Pabties, II. 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 PLAN. 
 
 Effect of filing plan on amount of damages 
 
 in condemnation of proceedings. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 758. 
 Right of architect to lien for furnishing. 
 
 16 L.R.A. 601. 
 For establishment of drains and sewers. 
 
 60 L.R.A. 176. 
 Of municipality for disposing of surface 
 
 water. 65 L.R.A. 274. 
 
 PLANING MILLS. 
 
 Contributory negligence in continuing work 
 in, notwithstanding master's promise 
 to repair. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 602. 
 
 < ■ » 
 
 PLATES. 
 
 Right to use engraved plates without con- 
 sent of party who has paid for same. 
 50 L.R.A. 397. 
 
 PLATFORM. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to passenger 
 
 on, see Caebiebs, § 60. 
 Negligence of carrier as to, see Caebiebs, 
 
 §§ 70-72. 
 Contributory negligence in riding on, see 
 
 Caebiebs, § 80. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servants 
 from defects in. 54 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 Duty of storpkeeper towards customer as to 
 condition of. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 462. 
 
 PLATS AND MAPS. 
 
 Dedication by, see Dedication, § 6. 
 Boundaries on conveyance by plat. 42 
 L R A, 509. 
 Cr/nsvU also L.R.A. DigefttK to date. 
 
 PLATS AND MAPS— cont'd 
 
 Reference to map, in description in deed. 4 
 L.R.A.' 425.* 
 
 When map controlling as to description in 
 deed. 13 L.R.A. 142.* 
 
 Constitutionality of law denying compensa- 
 tion for improvements made after filing 
 of map. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 278. 
 
 9 
 
 PLAY. 
 
 Playing ball, see Playing Ball. 
 
 Author's rights at common law in. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 174. 
 
 Duty as to obstructions or defects in stree't 
 in case of children at play therein. 22 
 L.R.A. 561; 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 905; 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 753; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 118. 
 
 Right of person using street for play to re- 
 covery for injury by defect or obstruc- 
 tion therein. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 753. 
 
 PLAYING BALL. 
 
 Playing, on Sunday as an offense. 21 
 L.E.A.{N.S.) 63; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1186. 
 
 4 » » 
 
 PLEA. 
 
 In criminal cases, see Cbiminal Law, §§ 
 
 56, 57. 
 In civil action, see Pleading, §§ 36-38. 
 
 PLEADING. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-15. 
 
 a. Generally, §§ 1-3. 
 
 6. Inconsistency; profert; oyer, 
 
 §§ 4, 5. 
 o. Judgment on; relief under, 
 
 §§ 6, 7. 
 
 d. Service of, §§ S, 9. 
 
 e. Amendment; supplem,ental 
 
 pleading, §§ 10-12. 
 
 f. Withdraxval; striking out; 
 
 misjoinder, §§ 13-15. 
 II. Plaintiff's pleadings, §§ §16-35. 
 a. In general, §§ 16, 17. 
 h. On contract liability, §§ 18- 
 22. 
 Negligence, §§ 33-30. 
 Torts; fraud, § 31. 
 In divorce suit; estates of de- 
 cedents, §§ 32, 33. 
 f. Injunction; judgment, §§ 
 34. 35. 
 Defendant's pleadings, §§ 36-3Sa. 
 IV. Cross bill, § 39. 
 
 r. Reply, § 40. 
 VI. Dem,urrer, § 4:1. 
 
 c. 
 d. 
 e. 
 
 III. 
 
1096 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PLEADING— cont'd 
 
 /. In general. 
 
 a. Generally. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 In criminal case, see Criminal Law, §§ 56, 
 57 ; Indictment, etc. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence under, see Evi- 
 dence, § 329. 
 
 Variance between pleading and proof, see 
 Evidence, §§ 330-332. 
 
 Identity of, see Identity and Identifi- 
 cation, § 11. 
 
 Conformity of judgment to pleadings, see 
 Judgment, § 12. 
 
 Priviledged nature of, see Libel and Slan- 
 DEB, § 29. 
 
 In mandamus proceeding, see Mandamus, § 
 19. 
 
 Petition for removal of cause from state 
 court, see Removal of Causes, § 12. 
 
 Necessity of incorporating admission in 
 • pleading. 61 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 Controlling effect on Federal courts of de- 
 cisions of state as to matters relating 
 to. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 451. 
 
 Effect of qualifying vpords "as executor," 
 "as administrator," in pleading. 15 
 L.R.A. 851. 
 
 Liability of attorney to client for mistake 
 in pleading. 52 L.R.A. 885. 
 
 Estoppel to deny facts pleaded to defeat 
 jurisdiction of court. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 . 423. 
 
 As affected by question whether suit for 
 statutory penalty is a civil or criminal 
 prosecution. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 745. 
 
 Perjury in statements involving matters 
 of opinion or belief. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 654. 
 
 Responsiveness of special verdict to plead- 
 ings. 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 41. 
 
 Admissions and waivers in pleadings by 
 fiduciaries. 32 L.R.A. 671. 
 
 Publication of pleadings derogatory to par- 
 ties to litigation as contempt of court. 
 2 B. R. C. 500. 
 
 Charges of adultery in pleadings as ground 
 for divorce to wife. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 311. 
 
 Usages and customs. 2 L.R.A. 709.* 
 
 Necessity of pleading illegal enactment of 
 bill. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 37. 
 
 § 2. Verification. 
 
 Scope, nature, and effect of. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 267.* 
 By corporations. 13 L.R.A. 268.* 
 By agent or attorney. 13 L.R.A. 268.* 
 
 § 3. Denials upon inforination and be- 
 lief. 
 
 Denials upon information and belief, or of 
 knowledge or information suiEcient 
 to form belief, as to matters pre- 
 sumptively witliin pleader's knowl- 
 edge. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 771. 
 
 Pleader's own acts. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 772. 
 
 Making agreements and contracts. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 773 
 
 Begin with this "book, on every law question. 
 
 PLEADING, I. a— cont'd 
 
 Matters involved in agreements. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 775. 
 Sales. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 775. 
 As to indebtedness. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 776. 
 Work or services. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 776. 
 Negligent acts. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 777. 
 Ownership and possession. 30 L.R.Ji. 
 
 (N.S.) 777. 
 Service, demand, presentment. 30 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 778. 
 Fact of incorporation. 30 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 778. 
 Matters within knowledge of public of- 
 ficials. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 779. 
 Knowledge by municipality. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 779. 
 Matters of public record. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 779. 
 Deeds and mortgages. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 779. 
 Recorded liens. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 780. 
 Matters concerning taxes. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 780. 
 
 Judgments. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 780. 
 
 Court records, matters other than 
 
 judgments. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 781. 
 
 Official appointments. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 781. 
 Acts of city council. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 781. 
 Exception as to allegations. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 782. 
 Rule as to corporations. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 782. 
 Miscellaneous. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 782. 
 Sufficiency of denial upon, in action on ne- 
 gotiable instrument. 66 L.R.A. 545, 
 554. 
 
 b. Inconsistency; profert; oyer. 
 
 § 4. Right to plead inconsistent de- 
 fenses. 
 
 Inconsistency in single plea. 48 L.R.A. 177. 
 Original common-law rule as to inconsist- 
 ency between pleas. 48 L.R.A. 178. 
 The rule under the statute of Anne. 48 
 L.R.A. 178. 
 With reference to inconsistent facts. 
 
 48 L.R.A. 178. 
 With reference to different modes of 
 
 trial. 48 L.R.A. 181. 
 Relaxation of the rule. 48 L.R.A. 182. 
 The rule in equity. 48 L.R.A. 183. 
 The rule under reform procedure. 48 L.R.A. 
 185. 
 General statement of the doctrine. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 185. 
 What defenses are inconsistent. 48 
 L.R.A. 188. 
 Distinction between inconsistency 
 in fact and inconsistency by 
 implication of law. 48 L.R.A. 
 188. 
 Test as to what inconsistency is ob- 
 jectionable. 48 L.R.A. 188. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1097 
 
 PLEADING, I. b— cont'd 
 
 Application of the rule to particular 
 actions. 48 L.R.A. 191. 
 Actions pertaining to contracts, 
 
 generally. 48 L.R.A. 191. 
 Actions pertaining to bills and 
 
 notes. 48 L.R.A. 194. 
 Actions pertaining to sales. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 196. 
 Actions pertaining to negligence 
 and for assault. 48 L.R.A. 
 197. 
 Actions pertaining to personal 
 
 property. 48 L.R.A. 197. 
 Actions pertaining to realty. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 198. 
 Actions for libel or slander. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 201. 
 Miscellaneous actions. 48 L.R.A. 
 202. 
 Effect of inconsistency as a waiver or ad- 
 mission. 48 L.R.A. 203. 
 The prevailing rule. 48 L.R.A. 203. 
 Exceptions to the rule. 48 L.R.A. 205. 
 Explanation of the apparent conflict. 
 48 L.R-A. 207. 
 Inconsistency, how taken advantage of. 48 
 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 § 5. Profert; oyer. 
 
 Profert and oyer of unsealed instrument. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 777. 
 
 c. Judgment on; relief under, 
 
 § 6. Judgment on. 
 
 Judgment on; practice. 4 L.R.A. 239.* 
 
 § 7. Relief under pleadings. 
 
 Right to recover for ordinary negligence 
 under allegation of gross, wilful, or 
 wanton negligence, or vice versa. 69 
 L.R.A. 601. 
 
 Right to obtain in suit in equity relief that 
 might be obtained at law where equi- 
 table jurisdiction is not established be- 
 cause of defectiveness of pleadings. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1065. 
 
 Necessity that pleadings disclose legal cause 
 of action to entitle one to relief in 
 equity that might be obtained at law on 
 failure to establish ground of equitable 
 jurisdiction. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1077. 
 
 Effect of default judgment beyond scope of 
 relief aslced. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 803. 
 
 d. Service of. 
 
 § 8. Time. 
 
 First and last days in computing time on. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 220. 
 Extension of time for, when last day falls 
 
 on Sunday. 14 L.R.A. 121. 
 
 § 9. On holiday. 
 
 Servite of, on holidays. 19 L.R.A. 319. 
 
 r. Amendment ; supplemental pleading. 
 
 § 10. Amendment. 
 
 Relation of new pleadings to statutes of 
 limitation, see Limitatio.n Of Actions, 
 § <54. 
 fjoYisvlt also Tj.It.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PLEADING, I. e— cont'd 
 
 Puis darrien continuance. 12 L.R.A. 301.* 
 
 Amendment of, to cure defect for which 
 motion in arrest of judgment has been 
 made. 67 L.R.A. 179. 
 
 Amendment in suit by or against partner- 
 ship in firm name. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 284. 
 
 Amendment of complaint in action against 
 carrier for torts of servant to passen- 
 ger. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1088. 
 
 Right to amend a common-law action for 
 personal injuries resulting in death into 
 a statutory action for death. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1003. 
 
 Amendment of pleadings in proceeding to 
 perpetuate testimony. 25 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 680. 
 
 Amendment of pleading as discharge of 
 sureties on bonds given to dissolve at- 
 tachments or on bail, bonds in civil 
 actions. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 484. 
 
 Effect of failure of plaintiff in action on 
 contract to avail himself of his right 
 to introduce by amendment breaches of 
 contract occurring during the pendency 
 of his action. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1197. 
 
 Right to accept favorable part of order al- 
 lowing amendments and appeal from 
 the rest. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 25. 
 
 §11. —time of. 
 
 Discretion; time and terms as to amend- 
 ments. 5 L.R.A. 774.* 
 
 Right to amend pleadings after final de- 
 cision on appeal. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 263. 
 
 § 12. Supplemental pleading. 
 
 Supplementary bill, generally. 10 L.R.A. 
 298.* 
 
 Propriety of, when original bill defect- 
 ive. 10 L.R.A. 299.* 
 
 What supplemental bill should show. 10 
 L.R.A. 300.* 
 Practice. 10 L.R.A. 300.* 
 Right to set up judgment in other court by 
 
 amendment or supplemental complaint. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 285. 
 Supplemental bill in nature of bill to re- 
 view interlocutory decree. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1029. 
 Supplementary pleadings in proceeding to 
 
 perpetuate testimony. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 680. 
 
 f. Withdrawal; strilcing out; misjoin- 
 'der. 
 
 § 13. Withdrawal. 
 
 Power of defendant's attorney to withdraw 
 answer and permit default judgment. 
 .33 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 Jurisdiction of court to award custody of 
 child after prayer for divorce has been 
 withdrawn or dismissed. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1159. 
 
 §14. Striking out. 
 
 Power to punish disobedience to orders in 
 
 case by striking pleadings. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1185; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1062, 
 
1098 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PLEADI^fG, I. f— cont'd 
 
 Striking out pleading to cure defect for 
 
 which motion in arrest of judgment has 
 
 been made. 67 L.R.A. 182. 
 
 § 15. Misjoinder. 
 
 Joinder of cause of action, see AcTIOJSi or 
 
 Suit, VI. 
 Joinder of parties, see Parties, §§ 25, 36. 
 
 Right to join in one complaint claims of 
 ordinary and gross negligence arising 
 out of one state of facts. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 158. 
 
 Right to join prayer for return of plaintiff's 
 property with prayer for divorce. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 819. 
 
 Right to join in one complaint claims of 
 ordinary and gross negligence arising 
 out of same state of facts. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 158. 
 
 Alleging in single count two or more acts 
 of negligence capable of contributing to 
 injury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 792. 
 
 II. Plaintiff' s pleadings, 
 a. In general, 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Reply, see infra, § 40. 
 Demurrer, see infra, § 41. 
 
 Necessity of consistency in complaint with 
 respect to representative or individual 
 capacity of party. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 161. 
 
 In action against infant. 5 L.R.A. 178.* 
 
 Pleadings in forcible entry and detainer. 
 8 L.R.A. 538.* 
 
 Essentials to bill for discovery. 2 L.R.A. 
 223.' 
 
 In proceeding to perpetuate testimony. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 679. 
 
 Failure to allege filing of claims by creditors 
 and insufficiency of assets in action by 
 trustee in bankruptcy to recover assets 
 of estate or to set aside preference. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 350. 
 
 In suit for relief from mistake of law as to 
 effect of instrument. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 913. 
 
 § 17. Against telegraph company. 
 
 In action against telegraph company. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 224.* 
 In action to recover statutory penalty from 
 
 telegraph company. 7 L.R.A. 584.* 
 
 b. On contract liability. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Sufficiency of common counts under the 
 
 Code. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 In action on contract in violation of law. 
 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 622. 
 In action on benefit certificate. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 786.* 
 ComTjlaint in action for teacher's wages. 
 
 10 L.R.A. 274.* 
 Necessary allegations in action of account 
 
 between cotenants. 28 L.R.A. 850. 
 In action by wrongfully discharged servant 
 
 for damages from breach of contract. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 64. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every ?aic question. 
 
 PLEADING, II. b— cont'd 
 g 19. Bills and notes. 
 
 In action to enforce obligation payable in 
 coin. 29 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 § 20. — against Indorser. 
 
 Complaint against indorser of note. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 563. 
 
 §21. Bonds. 
 
 In action on bond delivered without the 
 signature of the principal obligor. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1122. 
 
 § 22. Specific performance. 
 
 Necessity in complaint for specific perform- 
 ance of alleging adequacy of considera- 
 tion for contract sought to be enforced. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 178. 
 
 In action for specific performance of con- 
 tract to give security. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 597. 
 
 c. Negligence, 
 
 §2 3. Generally. 
 
 Generally. 5 L.R.A. 668.* 
 
 Pleading particular cause of injury as waiv- 
 er of right to rely on res ipsa loquitur. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 788. 
 
 Effect of specification of particular bodily 
 injuries comprehended within general 
 allegation to exclude others otherwise 
 comprehended within general allegation. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 837. 
 
 Alleging in single count two or more acts 
 of negligence capable of contributing 
 to injury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 792. 
 
 Right to join in one complaint claims of 
 ordinary and gross negligesce arising 
 out of same state of facts. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 158. 
 
 In private action for violation of statute 
 not expressly conferring right of action. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 390. 
 
 § 24. Sufficiency of general allegations 
 of negligence. 
 
 Generally. 59 L.R.A. 210. 
 
 The rule as generally stated. 59 L.R.A. 210. 
 
 More particular statement of the rule. '59 
 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Reasons for rule. 59 L.R.A. 214. 
 
 Averment of duty as an element of negli- 
 gence. 59 L.R.A. 214. 
 
 The rule as affected by necessity of notice 
 of nature of claim. 59 L.R.A. 216. 
 
 Effect of the nature of the negligence or 
 wrong. 59 L.R.A. 217. 
 
 The rule as affected by method of asserting 
 defect. 59 L.R.A. 218. 
 By demurrer. 59 L.R.A. 218. 
 By motion to make more definite and 
 
 certain. 59 L.R.A. 219. 
 By objection after issue joined. 59 
 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 The rule as affected by accompanving al- 
 legation of facts. 59 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 Application of rules to negligence of ordi 
 nary railroads. 59 L.R.A, 222. 
 Generallv. 59 L.R.A. 222. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1099 
 
 PLEADING, II. c— cont'd 
 
 In case of injury to persons. 59 L.R.A. 
 222. 
 General allegations as to. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 222. 
 On right of way. 59 L.R.A. 223. 
 At crossings. 59 L.R_A. 224. 
 From defective structure or appli- 
 ances. 59 L.R.A. 228. 
 From frightening horses. 59 L.R.A. 
 230. 
 In case of injury to stock. 59 L.R.A. 
 231. 
 By collision, generally. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 231. 
 Collisions from failure to properly 
 inclose track. 59 L.R.A. 232. 
 By frightening. 59 L.R.A. 233. 
 In case of injury to other property in 
 general. 59 L.R.A. 234. 
 By collision. 59 L.R.A. 234. 
 From defective construction. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 234. 
 From setting fires. 59 L.R.A. 234. 
 Application of rules to negligence of street 
 
 railroads. 59 L.R.A. 238. 
 Application of rules to negligence of car- 
 riers. 59 L.R.A. 239. 
 Of goods or property. 59 L.R.A. 239. 
 Of passengers. 59 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 General rules. 59 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 On ordinary railroads. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 241. 
 On street railroads. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 246. 
 By stage or boat. 59 L.R.A. 247. 
 Of messages. 59 L.R.A. 247. 
 Application of rules to municipal negligence. 
 59 L.R.A. 248. 
 Defective or dangerous streets or high- 
 ways. 59 L.R.A. 248. 
 Defective or dangerous sidewalks. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 249. 
 Dangerous or defective bridges. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 251. 
 Excavations. 59 L.R.A. 252. 
 Application of rules to negligence of em- 
 ployer injuring employee. 59 
 L.R.A. 252. 
 General rules. 59 L.R.A. 252. 
 With respect to the relationship of the 
 
 parties. 59 L.R.A. 253. 
 With reference to proper place to work. 
 59 L.R.A. 253. 
 Averments as to defects. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 253. 
 Averments as to knowledge of em- 
 ployer. 59 L.R.A. 254. 
 With reference to proper management 
 of work. 59 L.R.A. 255. 
 By ordinary employers. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 255. 
 By railroad companies. 59 L.R.A. 
 255. 
 With reference to proper structure, ma- 
 chinery, and appliances. 59 
 L.R.A. 258. 
 Averments as to defects in ordi- 
 nary employment. 59 L.R.A. 
 258' 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PLEADING, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Averments as to defects in railroad 
 employment. 59 L.R.A. 
 260. 
 In right of way and track. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 260. 
 In rolling stock and appli- 
 ances. 59 L.R.A. 260. 
 Averments as to knowledge of em- 
 ployer. 59 L.R.A. 262. 
 With relation to competent and careful 
 fellow servants. 59 L.R.A. 
 263. 
 Averments as to incompetency. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 263. 
 Averments as to knowledge of em- 
 ployer. 59 L.R.A. 265. 
 Averments showing responsibility 
 for fellow servant's act. 59 
 L.R.A. 266. 
 Negativing employer's knowledge of de- 
 fects or incompetency. 59 L.R.A. 
 266. 
 Application of rules to breach of official 
 
 duty. 59 L.R.A. 267. 
 Application of rules to improper perform- 
 ance of professional duty. 59 L.R.A. 
 267. 
 Application of rules to breach of contract- 
 ual duty. 59 L.R.A. 267. 
 Application of rules to maintenance of pub- 
 lic nuisance. 59 L.R.A. 269. 
 Application of rules to maintenance of de- 
 fective or unsafe premises to struc- 
 tures. 59 L.R.A. 270. 
 Application of rules to keeping danger- 
 ous animals. 59 L.R.A. 272. 
 Application to breaches of other duties 
 in general. 59 L.R.A. 273. 
 In the management of carriages 
 in highways. 59 L.R.A. 273. 
 In the management of vessels. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 274. 
 In other miscellaneous matters. 
 59 L.R.A. 274. 
 The rule as to pleading contributory negli- 
 gence. 59 L.R.A. 275. 
 
 § 25. As to animals. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence in keeping dangerous animals. 59 
 L.R.A. 272. 
 
 Necessity of alleging negligence in mode of 
 keeping animal known to be dangerous. 
 2 B. R. C. 21. 
 
 § 26. Of master. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of master's 
 negligence. 59 L.R.A. 252. 
 
 As to master's knowledge as element of lia- 
 bility. 41 L.R.A. 145. 
 
 Complaint alleging breach of one or more 
 absolute duties of master. 54 L.R.A. 
 61. 
 
 § 2 7. In respect to highway. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence as to highway. 59 L.R.A. 248. 
 
1100 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PLEADING, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Sufficiency of allegation of facts in regard 
 to defect in street or highway, in action 
 against municipal corporation for in- 
 juries received therefrom. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 42. 
 
 In actions against township 'for defects in 
 highway. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1243. 
 
 § 28. Of carrier or railroad company. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence of carriers. 59 L.R.A. 239. 
 
 Sufficiency of averments of negligence of car- 
 rier causing injury to passenger. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 602; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 809. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence of ordinary railroads. 59 L.R.A. 
 222. 
 
 In private action for violation of police or- 
 dinance affecting operation of railroads. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 215. 
 
 Requisites of averments in complaint as to 
 causal connection between violation of 
 law or ordinance by a railroad company 
 and injury. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 987. 
 
 § 29. Negativing contrlbntory negli- 
 gence. 
 
 Necessity as to alleging freedom from con- 
 tributory negligence. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1152, 1201. 
 
 § 30. Recovery lor ordinary negligence 
 under allegation of gross, wilful, or 
 wanton negligence or vice versa. 
 
 Generally. 69 L.R.A. 601. 
 
 Allegation of wilful or gross negligence. 69 
 L.R.A. 602. 
 
 Allegation of reckless or wanton negligence, 
 or both. 69 L.R.A. 608. 
 
 Recovery on allegation of ordinary negli- 
 gence, on proof of wilful or gross neg- 
 ligence. 69 L.R.A. 608. 
 
 Under statute or ordinance. 69 L.R.A. 612. 
 
 d. Torts; fraud. 
 
 % 31. Generally. 
 
 Office of innuendo. 5 L.R.A. 643.* 
 Necessity of averring seduction in order to 
 
 recover therefor in an action for breach 
 
 of promise. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 702. 
 In action against carrier for wilful tort of 
 
 servant to passenger. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1085. 
 Allegations as to fraud. 1 L.R.A. 642.* 
 
 c. In divorce suit; estates' of decedents. 
 
 § 32. In divorce suit. 
 
 In action for divorce for habitual drunken- 
 ness. 34 L.R.A. 452. 
 
 Necessity of alleging jurisdictional residence 
 in divorce proceedings. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1197. 
 
 Right to ioin praver for return of plaintiff's 
 property with prayer for divorce. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 819. 
 
 Begin with this booh: on every law question. 
 
 PLEADING, II. e— cont'd 
 § 33. Instates of decedents. 
 
 In suit against heirs on obligations of an- 
 cestor. 21 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 /. Injunction; judgment. 
 
 § 34. Injunction. 
 
 In suit to enjoin collection of purchase mon- 
 ey where title to land is defective. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 
 Necessity of alleging frar,d in use of geo- 
 graphical name as a trademark or trade 
 name or on the ground of unfair compe- 
 tition. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 75. 
 
 § 35. Judgment. 
 
 How judgment pleaded. 4 L.R.A. 685.* 
 
 III. Defendant's pleadings. 
 
 § 36. Generally. 
 
 Denial on information and belief, see supra, 
 
 § 3. 
 Inconsistency in defenses, see supra, § 4. 
 Cross bill, see infra, § 39. 
 Demurrer, see infra, § 41. 
 
 As to omission of stamp from instrument. 
 48 L.R.A. 317. 
 
 Of failure of consideration as defense to 
 action on purchase price note. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 949. 
 
 Estoppel to plead defense of limitations. 63 
 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Pleading truth as a defense to a civil ac- 
 tion for libel or slander. 21 L.R.A. 
 511; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 138. 
 
 How defense pleaded in action for damages 
 for wrongful discharge of servant. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 
 Pleading other employment in mitigation 
 or reduction of damages for wrongful 
 discharge of servant. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 107. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of con- 
 tributory negligence. 59 L.R.A. 275. 
 
 § 3 7. What must be pleaded. 
 
 Necessity of pleading defense of usury 
 strictly. 5 L.R.A. 465.* 
 
 Availability of breach of warranty as de- 
 fense in replevin or claim and delivery 
 where not specially pleaded. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 473. 
 
 Necessity of pleading limitation as bar to 
 statutory action for death. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1221. 
 
 Necessity that plea of justification or privi- 
 lege correspond to the words imputed 
 to the defendant by the complaint in 
 an action for libel. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 551. 
 
 § 38. General denial. 
 
 Effect of general denial on necessity for 
 proving freedom from contributory neg- 
 ligence. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1157. 
 
 § 38a. Denying ownership of plaintiff 
 in action on negotiable instruments. 
 
 .Aetions by third parties. 66 L.R.A. 513. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 iiai 
 
 PLEADING, III.— cont'd 
 
 Rule under commercial law. 66 L.E.A. 
 513. 
 In England. 66 L.R.A. 513. 
 In United States. 66 L.R.A. 516. 
 Denial of legal title. 66 L.R.A. 522. 
 General issue. 66 L.R.A. 522. 
 General denial under statute. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 524. 
 Denial of each and every allegation 
 "not admitted." 66 L.R.A. 
 527. 
 Denial of indorsement. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 528. 
 Denial of transfer. 66 L.R.A. 532. 
 Denial that plaintiff is the owner or 
 
 holder. 66 L.R.A. 533. 
 Denial of ownership as affected by the 
 statute requiring an action to be 
 brought by the real party in in- 
 terest. 66 L.R.A. 536. 
 Denial on information and belief. 66 
 L.R.A. 545. 
 Denial of indorsement and trans- 
 fer. 66 L.R.A. 545. 
 Denial that plaintiff is the holder 
 and owner. 66 L.R.A. 549. 
 Actions by immediate parties. j66 L.R.A. 
 550. 
 Denial of ownership. 66 L.R.A. 550. 
 Denial of transfer or delivery. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 551. 
 Denial that plaintiff is the owner or 
 real party in interest. 66 L.R.A. 
 551. 
 Denial on information and belief. 66 
 L.R.A. 554. 
 Of indorsement. 66 L.R.A. 554. 
 That plaintiff is the holder and 
 owner. 66 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 IT. Cross bill. 
 
 § 3 9. Generally. 
 
 Use of cross bill or cross complaint to bring 
 in new parties. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 127. 
 
 Right to set up by cross bill inequitable 
 conduct of plaintiff in respect to sub- 
 ject-matter not involved in the original 
 bill. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 408. 
 
 In action to remove cloud on title by de- 
 fendant not in possession. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 64. 
 
 F. Reply. 
 
 g 40. Generally. 
 
 Effect of reply to restore right of plaintiff 
 to open and close after making of ad- 
 mission. 61 L.R.A. 559. 
 
 Departure in reply, in actions for conver- 
 sion. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 291. 
 
 TI. Demurrer, 
 
 § 41. Generally. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment on, see Judg- 
 ment, § 31. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence as against demurrer. 59 L.R.A. 
 218. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PLEADING, VI.— cont'd 
 
 May a demurrer to a separate defense be 
 carried back to the complaint, where 
 the defendant has also pleaded a gen- 
 eral denial. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 
 Sufficiency on demurrer of allegation of facts 
 in regard to defect in street or highway 
 in action against municipality for in- 
 juries received therefrom. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 42. 
 
 Right of one defendant to benefit of other's 
 demurrer. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 310. 
 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting ju- 
 risdiction on judgment on demurrer. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 984. 
 
 Judgment on demurrer as res judicata. 7 
 L.R.A. 578.* 
 
 PLEDGE AND COLLATERAL SE- 
 CURITY. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. Validity; delivery; effect, §§ 4-6. 
 III. Rights, duties, and liabilities of 
 parties and third persons, 
 §§ 7-14. 
 a. In general, §§ 7-10, 
 ft. Sale, §§ 11-14. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of corporate stock, see Cobpobations, §§ 
 92-94, 113. 
 
 Manner of pledging or assigning book ac- 
 count. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 666. 
 
 Eight of surety to control. 12 L.R.A. 131.* 
 
 Interpleader between pledgeor and pledgee. 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 
 Effect of payment on security held as col- 
 lateral to stay running of statute 
 against principal obligation. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 Merger of mortgage by conveyance from 
 mortgagor to mortgagee where mort- 
 gage had previously been assisned as 
 collateral. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 841. 
 
 Effect on negotiability of bill or note of 
 provision accelerating maturity on at- 
 tempt to dispose of collateral security. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 393. 
 
 § 2. As distinguished from chattel 
 mortgage. 
 
 Distinguished from chattel mortgage; con- 
 sideration. 4 L.R.A. 305.* 
 
 § .3. Authority for. 
 
 By agent, of principal's property. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 234. 
 Authority of traveling salesmen to pledge 
 
 principal's credit for traveling expenses. 
 
 18 L.R.A. 667. 
 
 //. Validitj/ ; deliver}/; effect. 
 
 § 4. Validity. 
 
 Pledge of corporate stock, see CoBPORArioNS, 
 § 92. 
 
 1 
 
1102 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PLEDGE AND COLLATERAL SECURITY, 
 II. — cont'd 
 
 Validity of promissory note given as col- 
 lateral to invalid oral agreement within 
 statute of frauds. 18 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Validity of assignment of life policy as col- 
 lateral security to one paying prem- 
 iums. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 95L 
 
 Issuance and delivery by warehouseman of 
 receipt for his own property as a con- 
 structive transfer of possession essen- 
 tial to valid pledge. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 227; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 552. 
 
 Voidability of pledge within four months 
 of bankruptcy given pursuant to execu- 
 tory agreement antedating such period. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 937. 
 
 § 5. Delivery or change of possession. 
 
 Necessity of delivery and possession. 4 
 L.R.A. 306.* 
 
 Setting aside pledged or mortgaged proper- 
 ty retained by pledgeor or mortgagor 
 on his own premises or under his own 
 control as a delivery of cliange of pos- 
 session. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 525. 
 
 § 6. Effect. 
 
 On rights of parties and third persons, see 
 infra. III. 
 
 How far may pledge be effectual of which 
 the pledgeor's agent is made depositary. 
 25 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 As ground for attachment. 30 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 Effect of taking collateral security upon 
 maritime lien. 70 L.R.A. 406. 
 
 Effect of taking collateral security upon 
 conditional sale. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1065; 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 491. 
 
 Of forged instrument as uttering or publish- 
 ing. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1177. 
 
 Pledge of receipts or property as creation 
 of indebtedness within debt limit provi- 
 sion. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1085. 
 
 Taking security from maker as a waiver of 
 t presentment and notice by indorser. 33 
 " L.R.A.(N.S.) 641. 
 
 Recital in note as to security as affecting 
 its negotiability. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 858. 
 
 III. Rights, duties, and liabilities of 
 parties and third persons. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Persons taking commercial paper as col- 
 lateral security as bona fide holders, see 
 Bills and Notes, § 40. 
 
 Rights of pledgee of corporate stock, see 
 
 COEPOBATIONS, § 93. 
 
 Duty of pledgee of corporate stock, see CoE- 
 
 POBATIONS, § 94. 
 Liability of pledgee of corporate stock, see 
 
 Corporations, § 113. 
 Surety's right as to collateral pledged by 
 
 principal, see Principal and Surety, 
 
 § 23. 
 
 Pledgeor or pledgee as real party in inter- 
 est by whom action must be brought. 
 64 L'.R.A. 617. 
 
 PLEDGE AND COLLATERAL SECURITY, 
 III. a — cont'd 
 
 Duty of pledgee as to care of thing pledged. 
 17 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Obligations of pledgee of negotiable instru- 
 ment. 4 L.R.A. 587.* 
 
 Effect of failure of holder to make de- 
 mand or give notice of dishonor of 
 paper held as collateral or conditional 
 payment. 68 L.R.A. 482. 
 
 Extent of recovery by pledgee on note. 44 
 L.R.A. 243. 
 
 Right of pledgee of conditional vendee to 
 assert title as against conditional vend- 
 or. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 790. 
 
 Authority of pledgee to compromise obliga- 
 tions held as collateral security. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 980. 
 
 Right of one who takes commercial paper 
 of corporation as security for an indi- 
 vidual debt of officer. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 169. 
 
 Holder of bill or note as collateral security 
 as a bona fide holder. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 287. 
 
 Right of holder of note as collateral to 
 protection as bona fide holder when 
 principal obligation is collectible. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1042. 
 
 Garnishment of claim to surplus on pledge. 
 59 L.R.A. 368. 
 
 Maker's right to defend against transferee 
 after maturity on ground that paper 
 was intended for collateral security. 46 
 L.R.A. 774. 
 
 Duty of creditor to surety with respect to 
 manasement and collection of collateral. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 699. 
 
 § 8. lioss or waiver of right. 
 
 Effect of unaccepted tender upon. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 237. 
 Waiver of, by attachment or execution. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 719. 
 Effect of renewal of principal's obligation 
 
 to release party to a note executed to 
 
 the creditor as collateral. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 141. - 
 Loss of collateral by treating note secured 
 
 as itself collateral for a new note for 
 
 the same debt. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1215. 
 
 § 9. — by surrender of property. 
 
 The ancient rule. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 887.' 
 General modern rule. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 887. 
 Exceptions; delivery for sale. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 889. 
 Delivery for collection. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 890. 
 Delivery for exchange. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 891. 
 Delivery for special, temporary use. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 891. 
 Delivery to third person agreed upon. 39 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 892. 
 Delivery to pledgeor as agent of pledgee. 
 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 892. 
 Miscellaneous. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 892. 
 
 § 10. Redemption. 
 
 Redemption of pledged property. 
 306.« 
 
 4 L.R.A. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.ii. NOTES. 
 
 11U3 
 
 PLIDDGE AND COLLATERAL SECURITY, 
 
 III. a — cont'd 
 Riglit to have trust property wrongfully 
 
 pledged by a trustee for his individual 
 
 benetit redeemed by money belonging 
 
 to his insolvent estate. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 4S7. 
 Demand and notice for pledged property 
 
 wliere term of redemption is indefinite. 
 
 43 L.R.A. 7o2. 
 
 b. Sale. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Riiiiit of pledgee to sell securities. 4 L.R.A. 
 6SU.- 
 Power of sale of negotiable instru- 
 
 meuto. 4 L.R.A. ob6.* 
 Pledgee of long-time bonds. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 oSti.* 
 Negotiable instruments pledged as col- 
 lateral. 4 L.R.A. 5«7.* 
 Demand and notice. 4 L.R.A. 587.* 
 
 Effect of application to indebtedness of 
 proceeds of sale of collateral security 
 upon running of statute of limitations. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 
 Effect of unauthorized sale or disposal of 
 pledge by pledgee to dispense with ten- 
 der as a condition of trover against 
 him. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298; 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 511. 
 
 Wrongful sale of pledged property or col- 
 lateral as larceny. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 § 12. Of collateral bouds and commer- 
 cial paper. 
 
 Implied authority of pledgee to sell bonds. 
 
 43 L.R.A. 743. 
 Authority to sell. 53 L.R.A. 857. 
 
 Express contract. 53 L.R.A. 857. 
 Bonds. '53 L.R.A. 857. 
 Commercial paper. 53 L.R.A. 857. 
 Implied contract. 53 L.R.A. 857. 
 Bonds. 53 L.R.A. 858. 
 Commercial paper. 53 L.R.A. 862. 
 Notice of time, place, and manner of sale. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 862. 
 Judicial and execution sales. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 863. 
 Who may purchase. 53 L.R.A. 864. 
 . Remedy of pledgeor. 53 L.R.A. 865. 
 
 § 13. Pledgee's conversion of pledged 
 property by invalid sale. 
 
 What sales amount to a conversion. 43 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 Generally. 43 L.R.A. 737. 
 Vv ith reference to corporate stock. 43 
 L.R.A. 739. 
 Power to sell. 43 L.R.A. 742. 
 
 General statement as to. 43 L.R.A. 
 
 742. 
 Implied authority. 43 L.R.A. 742. 
 The general rule. 43 L.R.A. 7-±2. 
 As to goods and chattels. 43 L.R.A. 
 
 742. 
 As to stocks and bonds. 43 L.R^.A. 
 
 743. 
 As to choaes in action. 43 L.R.A. 
 744. 
 Consult also L.R.A.. Digests to date. 
 
 PLEDGE AND COLLATERAL SECURITY, 
 III. b — cont'd 
 Special authority. 43 L.R.A. 746. 
 
 E.xpress contracts, generally. 43 
 
 L.R.A. 746. 
 Blank transfers of stock. 43 L.R.A. 
 749. 
 Demand and notice. 43 L.R.A. 750. 
 
 Necessity of, generally. 43 L.R.A. 750. 
 When term for redemption or payment 
 
 is indefinite. 43 L.R.A. 752. 
 Where stock is held as security for 
 
 advances. 43 L.R.A. 753. 
 Under special contract. 43 L.R.A. 754. 
 SutUciency of. 43 L.R.A. 755. 
 Conduct of sale. 43 L.R.A. 756. 
 Purchase by pledgee. 43 L.R.A. 758. 
 Tender of payment to render conversion ac- 
 tionable. 43 L.R.A. 759. 
 Ratification of sale and waiver of conver- 
 sion. 43 L.R.A. 760. 
 Remedies. 43 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 By direct action. 43 L.R.A. 763. 
 By way of defense. 43 L.R.A. 766. 
 As against purchasers from the pledgee. 
 43 L.R.A. 767. 
 Measure of damages. 43 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 As to personal property, generally. 43 
 
 L.R.A. 768. 
 As to stocks, bonds, and other securi- 
 ties. 43 L.R.A. 768. 
 As to notes and other choses in action. 
 43 L.R.A. 771. 
 
 § 14. Rights of purchaser. 
 
 Right of purchaser of collateral security to 
 enforce it for more than the amount of 
 the debt secured. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 42. 
 
 Does assignee of mortgage as collateral se- 
 curity, who forcloses the same and pur- 
 chases the property, hold the title sub- 
 ject to a trust in favor of the assignor. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 
 PLOWING. 
 
 Plowing and cultivating land as an "im- 
 provement." 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 378. 
 
 PLUMBING. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 134. 
 License of plumbers, see License, § 38. 
 
 Legality under modern anti-trust acts of 
 
 combinations of plumbers. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 138. 
 Right of municipal corporation to engage 
 
 in business of. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 119. 
 Liability of landlord to third persons as to. 
 
 26 L.R.A. 202. 
 As to tenants of part of premises. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 15tl. 
 Duty of landlord to keep plumbing in propei 
 
 repair for tenant's use. 36 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 907. 
 
1104 Il^DEX TO L.R.A. NOTEtJ. 
 
 POCKET KNIVES. 
 
 As deadly weapons. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 503 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 POINTING WEAPON. 
 
 As assault. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1272. 
 
 POISON. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Blood poisoning, see Blood Poisoning. 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 135. 
 
 Master's liability for injury done by serv- 
 ant to third person in use of poison 
 placed in his custody. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 374. 
 
 Liability of master for injuries to servant 
 from fumes arising from materials. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 679. 
 
 Administering poison with intent to murder 
 or kill person other than the one taking 
 it. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 174. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for 
 poisoning. 68 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 § 2. Sale oi'. 
 
 Private action for violation of statute reg- 
 ulating sales of. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 What are poisons within statute regulating 
 pharmacists. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1013. 
 Liability of druggists for injury to stranger 
 by poison sold by him. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 646. 
 Constitutionality, construction, and effect of 
 statute prohibiting or regulating 
 the sale of poisons. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 519. 
 Constitutionality. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 519. 
 Construction — ^what are "poisons." 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 520. 
 Patent medicines. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 520. 
 Who are "sellers." 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 521. 
 Allegations and proofs. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 521. 
 Effect. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 521. 
 
 Violations as civil negligence. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 522. 
 
 POLES. 
 
 J! or carrying electric wires, see Elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant by 
 poles near street car tracks, see Mas- 
 tee AND Servant, § 97. 
 
 ilunieipal liability for injury by pole in 
 street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 607, 649. 
 
 POLES-^ont'd 
 
 Liability of street railway company for in- 
 jury to employee by a tree or pole main- 
 tained by third person near the track. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 978. 
 
 POLICE. 
 
 I 
 
 Begin with, this hook, on every law question. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Character of occupancy of premises by. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 719, 726, 729. 
 
 Policemen as public officers. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 881. 
 
 Right to compel policeman to submit to 
 physical examination to determine fit- 
 ness. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 259. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession to police oflS- 
 cers. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 801, 849. 
 
 Reports of police officers as privileged com- 
 munications. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 315. 
 
 Power to enjoin illegal acts of police of- 
 ficers other than arrest. 2 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 678, 683. 
 
 Requiring dealings in junk to be reported 
 to. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Mandamus to compel enforcement of liquor 
 law by. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 246. 
 
 § 2. Pensions to. 
 
 Power to require municipality to pension 
 policemen. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 608. 
 
 Nature and circumstances of injury as af- 
 fecting right to share in pension or in- 
 surance fund for poli<5emen and firemen. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1176. 
 
 § 3. Payment for services of. 
 
 Right of police to reward, see Reward, § 4. 
 
 Right of municipality to require theater to 
 pay for services of poli.pemen performed 
 at the theater or place of exhibition. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 700. 
 
 § 4. Injury to. 
 
 Liability for injury to policeman through 
 defects in premises, see Nesliqenoe, 
 § 18. 
 
 Liability of owner of property for injury 
 to firemen or policemen in discharge of 
 duty. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 60. 
 
 Contributory negligence of policeman in- 
 jured by defects in street. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 630. 
 
 g 5. Liability of. 
 
 Liability of policeman for injury after mak- 
 ing arrest. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1024; 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 508. 
 
 Liability of chief of police for detaining per- 
 son improperly arrested. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 74. 
 
 § 6. Liability for acts of. 
 
 Liability for acts of servant employed as 
 policeman, see Master and Servant, 
 
 Liability of municipality, see Municipai. 
 Corporations, | 82. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1105 
 
 POLICE— cont'd 
 
 Liability of private person as corporation 
 for aets of special police officer appoint- 
 ed by public authority. 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 289; 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 481; 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 122. 
 
 POLICE BUILDING. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for tort 
 in connection with. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 93. 
 
 POLICE COURTS. 
 
 May judges of, be Tested or burdened with 
 powers or duties of a judicial character. 
 !9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 POLICE POWER. 
 
 See CONBTITTJTIONAL LAW, § 23a. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 POLICE REGULATIONS. 
 
 Against fire, see Btjildinqs, § 4. 
 As to food, see Foci). 
 
 When police regulation is construed to ap- 
 ply to public officials. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 878. 
 
 Liability for rent as affected by fact that 
 property cannot be devoted to use in- 
 tended without alterations to conform 
 to police regulations. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 894. 
 
 POLITICAL AFFILIATIONS. 
 
 Ab 
 
 disqualification 
 (N.S.) 602. 
 
 of judge. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 POLITICAL DIVISION. 
 
 Election districts, see Election Districts. 
 
 Effect of detachment from a political divi- 
 sion of territory in which an officer re- 
 sides upon his tenure of office 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 358. • 
 
 20 
 
 POLITICAL MATTERS. 
 
 Judicial notice of, see Evidence, § 9. 
 
 Obligation of members of labor union as to. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 891. 
 
 Interference by equity with matters preced- 
 ing election. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 Cotisult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 POLITICAL MEETING. 
 
 Character of, essential to offense of disturb- 
 ing meeting 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 832. 
 
 POLITICAL OBLIGATIONS. 
 
 Right of labor union to impose political ob- 
 ligations on its members. 1 B. E. C. 
 90. 
 
 POLITICAL PARTIES. 
 
 In general, see Elections. 
 
 Destruction of, by primary election laws. 
 22 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1137. 
 
 Discrimination as to, in primary election 
 laws. 22 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1144. 
 
 Constitutionality of legislation affecting 
 party representation on official ballot. 
 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 353. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute regulating ap- 
 pointment to public office with reference 
 to party affiliation. 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 720. 
 
 POLITICAL RIGHTS. 
 
 Protection of, in equity. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 382. 
 
 At what time suspension of, against one un- 
 der sentence commences. 17 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 502. 
 
 » » » 
 
 POLLING BOOTH. 
 
 In highway, see Highways, § 35. 
 
 POLL TAX. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoN- 
 
 STITDTIONAL LAW, § 105. 
 
 Who liable for, see Taxes, § 63. 
 
 What are poll taxes. 29 L.R.A. 404. 
 Power to impose. 29 L.E.A. 406. 
 Restrictions and limitations. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 407. 
 The restriction and equation of the North 
 
 Carolina Constitution. 29 L.R.A. 407. 
 Upon whom imposed. 29 L.R.A. 409. 
 Place of taxation. 29 L.R.A. 410. 
 The levy and collection. 29 L.R.A. 412. 
 Disposition. 29 L.E.A. 413. 
 Payment of poll taxes as a qualification of 
 
 electors. 29 L.E.A. 414. 
 Legislative power to compel employer to pay 
 • employee's poll tax. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 306. 
 Constitutionality of poll tax as affected by 
 
 exemptions therefrom. 13 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 901. 
 
 70 
 
1106 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 POLLUTION. 
 
 Of waters, giinerally, see Watebs, §§ 55-58, 
 66, 77, 80, 103, 113. 
 
 Municipal liability for pollution of waters 
 by drains and sewers, see Municipal 
 
 COEPOEATIOKS, § 89. 
 
 POLYGAMY. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 57 L.R.A. 159. 
 Criminal liability of children for. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 202. 
 Legislative power to foi<bid. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 536. 
 Husband or wife as witness against the 
 
 other in prosecution for. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 862. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 PONDS. 
 
 See Waters, §§ 81-85. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 POOL. 
 
 Effect of understanding that loser is to 
 pay for game to bring it within stat- 
 ute against gambling. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 913. 
 
 POOLING ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 Association of persons under, as partner- 
 ship. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1095. 
 
 Between brokers as to commissions. 45 
 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 POOL ROOM. 
 
 As a nuisance. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 836. 
 Power of municipality to prohibit as a nui- 
 sance. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 548. 
 
 POOL SELLING. 
 
 As nuisance. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 992; 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 836. 
 
 POOR AND POOR LAWS. 
 
 S 1. Generally. 
 
 Woman as overseer of poor. 38 L.R.A. 
 211. 
 
 Right of counsel assigned to defend in- 
 digent person, to compensation from 
 public, in absence of statute. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 377. 
 Beijin xvifh this boolc on every law question. 
 
 POOR AND POOR LAWS— cont'd 
 § 2. Residence of. 
 
 Residence of inmates of almshouses for pur- 
 pose of voting. 23 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 Right of inmates of almshouses to acquire 
 residence as voters. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 169. 
 
 Residence of innate of charitaible or pub- 
 lic home for school purposes. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 344. 
 
 § 3. Settlement. 
 
 As affecting liability for support during 
 epidemic. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729. 
 
 Settlement of servants. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 698 and particularly 704, 708, 709, 712, 
 715, 720, 721, 723. 
 
 § 4. Support. 
 
 Bequest for relief of poor, see Charities. 
 
 Moral obligation as consideration for 
 promise to pay for past support of 
 pauper. 53 L.R.A. 358; 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 520. 
 Settlement as affecting liability for sup- 
 port in time of epidemic. 26 L.R.A. 
 729. 
 Effect on lia,bility for support of pauper 
 of division of territory of municipality, 
 town, or county. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 290. 
 Right to compensation from public for 
 relief furnished poor person, in 
 eases not provided for by law, or 
 where there has been no compli- 
 ance with statutory prerequisites. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 161. 
 Statutory duty to furnish relief as 
 basis of implied promise to com- 
 pensate. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 163. 
 Existence of emergency as basis for 
 implied promise to compensate. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 Liability of public for medical services to 
 indigent person in absence of notice or 
 request. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1234. 
 Right to use public funds to relieve per- 
 sons not entirely without means of 
 their own. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1079. 
 Validity of statute providing for govern- 
 mental assistance of individual mem- 
 bers of certain classes of unfortunate 
 or afflicted persons. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1196. 
 Liability to poor person for failure to 
 furnish, or negligence in furnishing, 
 relief. 39 L.R.A (N.S.) 168. 
 
 § 5. — liability of alleged pauper or his 
 family. 
 
 Lia'bility of alleged pauper, or his estate, 
 to pay for support or gifts ob- 
 tained on the ground of poverty. 
 55 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Liability at common law. 55 L.R.A. 
 570. 
 
 Liability under statutes. 55 L.R.A. 
 571. 
 
 Appropriating proceeds of labor. 55 
 L.R.A. 575. 
 
 Where the pauper co-operates in the 
 application of his pr~nerty to 
 his support. 55 L.R.A. 575. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1107 
 
 POOR DEBTOR. 
 
 First and last days in computing time in 
 case of. 49 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Effect of delivery of poor debtor's bond un- 
 signed by principal obligor. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1118. 
 
 # « » 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 Judicial notice of. 4 L.R.A. 39.* 
 
 # »» 
 
 PORT. 
 Home port, see Home Poet. 
 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 PORTABLE FURNACE. 
 
 As part of realty. 1 B. R. C. 972. 
 
 < ■ » 
 
 PORTABLE RANGES. 
 
 As part of realty. 1 B. R. C. 972. 
 
 PORT CHARGES. 
 
 Necessity of franchise for. 37 L.R.A. 718. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 PORTRAIT. 
 
 See also Photogeaphs; Pictures. 
 
 Right to duplicate without consent of per- 
 son under contract with whom the origi- 
 nal was produced. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 362. 
 
 POSSESSION. 
 
 7. Real property, §§ 1-4:. 
 II. Personal property, §§ 5-8. 
 
 Presumption from, see Evidence, § 105. 
 Receiver's right of, see Receivees, § 12. 
 
 I. Beat property. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Adverse possession, see Adveese Posses- 
 sion. 
 
 Title by adverse possession, see Adverse 
 Possession. 
 
 Recovery of, by forcible entry and detain- 
 er proceeding, see Forcible Entry and 
 Detainer. 
 
 Recovery of possession of leased premises, 
 see Landlord akd Tenant, §§ 94, 95. 
 
 As to mortgagee in possession, see Mobt- 
 IJAGES, § 31. 
 
 Writ of, see Wbit of Possession. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 POSSESSION, I.— cont'd 
 
 Mandatory injunction as to. 20 L.R.A. 
 169. 
 
 Descent of possessory title to mining claim. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 919. 
 
 Question of, in injunction against tres- 
 pass to cut timber. 22 L.R.A. 236. 
 
 Character of, necessary to sustain action 
 of trespass q. c. f. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 
 Right to preliminary injunction which 
 would have effect of transferring pos- 
 session from defendant to plaintiff'. 3!) 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 31. 
 
 Right of witness to state who was in pos- 
 session. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 
 § 2. Right to. 
 
 Tenant's right to, see Landlord and Ten- 
 ant, §§ 45, 46. 
 
 Life tenant's right to, see Life Tenants, 
 §§ 2-7. 
 
 Widow's right to retain possession of part- 
 nership real estate. 27 L.R.A. 347. 
 
 Right of holder of tax deed to take. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 398. 
 
 Right of lessee of life tenant to posses- 
 sion on death of his lessor. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 688. 
 
 Master's right to resume possession of prem- 
 ises occupied by servant. 4 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 704. 
 
 § 3. Effect of possession; right of 
 party in possession. 
 
 Adverse possession, see Adverse Posses- 
 sion. 
 
 Taking possession as part performance to 
 satisfy statute of frauds, see Con- 
 tracts, § 59. 
 
 Of real property as notice, see Notice, 
 § 17. 
 
 As affecting right to specific performance, 
 see Specific Performance, § 13. 
 
 Possession as element in location of min- 
 ing claim. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 772. 
 
 Possession of licensee to defeat trespass 
 after revocation of license. 28 L.R.A. 
 519. 
 
 Effect of possession on sale or mortgage of 
 future crops. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 453. 
 
 Right to crops growing on, or rental of, 
 real estate sold on contract as affected 
 by possession. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1069. 
 
 Right of tenant maintaining possession by 
 means of wrongful injunction to croph 
 grown on the leasehold. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 194. 
 
 Effect of vendee retaining possession on 
 right to predicate fraud for misstate- 
 ment as to title to land. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 212. 
 
 Right of vendee in actual possession to sus- 
 tain action for injury to real prop- 
 erty. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 
 Right of party in possession to sue for in- 
 jury bv damming back water of stream 
 59 L.R.A. 899. 
 
 Right of one in possession to maintain ac- 
 tion for nuisance without proving title. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 
1108 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 POSSESSION, I.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of void proceedings under which 
 real estate is sold to start limitations 
 running in favor of purchaser in pos- 
 session 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 354. 
 
 § 4. Necessity of possession; effect of 
 failui'e to take or have. 
 
 Necessity of possession, on sale or mort- 
 gage of future crops. 23 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 Possession as essential to liability of as- 
 signee of leasehold for rent. 14 L.R.A. 
 151. 
 
 Necessity for taking possession of land un- 
 der tax deed to set the statute of limi- 
 tations in motion. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 344. 
 
 Compelling purchaser at judicial sale to 
 complete purchase where possession can- 
 not be given. 21 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 Right of one out of possession to partition. 
 20 L.R.A. 624. 
 
 Specific performance of oral contract to 
 convey real estate in consideration of 
 making improvements where possession 
 is not taken. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 534. 
 
 II. Personal property. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Change of, see Change of Possession. 
 Delivery of, to donee, see Banks, § 12a; 
 
 Gifts, §§ 13, 14. 
 Of forged instruments, see Foegbey. 
 Recovery of possession of chattels, see Pee^ 
 
 SONAL PeOPEETY, § 8. 
 
 Denial of, upon information and belief. 30 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 777. 
 
 Mandatory injunction as to. 20 L.R.A. 
 169. 
 
 Of property assigned for creditors before 
 attachment. 26 L.R.A. 594. 
 
 Right to preliminary injunction which 
 would have effect of transferring pos- 
 session from defendant to plaintiff. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 31. 
 
 Laying ownership in possession of property 
 as agent, bailee, etc., in indictment for 
 obtaining property by false pretenses. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 645. 
 
 Right of witness to state who was in pos- 
 session. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 
 § 6. Right to. 
 
 Finder's right to possession of property 
 found. 37 L.R.A. 117. 
 
 Right of officer in executing criminal proc- 
 ess to take possession of evidentiary 
 articles. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 253. 
 
 Right of consignee to maintain action 
 against carrier for possession of prop- 
 erty. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 
 Right of one leaving his chattels in an- 
 other's possession, to claim title against 
 latter's vendees or creditors. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 760. 
 
 Effect of putting paper or securities trans- 
 ferable by delivery or indorsed or 
 assigned in blank into another's pos- 
 session, to estop owner as against pur- 
 chaser in good faith. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 252. 
 
 POSSESSION, II.— cont'd 
 § 7. Effect of; right of party in posses^ 
 sion. 
 
 Permitting mortgagor to retain possession; 
 
 see Chattel Mobtgage, § 14. 
 Effect of mortgagee's taking, possession, see 
 
 Chaitel Mobtgage, § 15. 
 Effect of delivery of, on statute of frauds, 
 
 see Conteacts, §§ 56, 57. 
 Leaving property in possession of vendor as 
 
 a fraud on creditors, see Feaudtoent 
 
 Conveyances, §§ 19, 20. 
 Acceptance of goods purchased by retention 
 
 of, see Sale, § 23. 
 
 Of check, effect of. 26 L.R.A. 571. 
 
 Effect. of possession of assignee for credit- 
 ors on transfer of propertv out of state. 
 23 L.R.A. 39, 42. 
 
 Of property as a crime. 20 L.R.A. 52. 
 
 Right of agent who was in possession of 
 personal property to maintain action 
 for conversion. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 
 Right of one having possession but no title 
 to property to maintain an action for 
 malicious prosecution for seizure of the 
 property in an action against him. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 330. 
 
 § 8. — as evidence. 
 
 Necessity of instruction as to law on cir- 
 cumstantial evidence from possession of 
 stolen property. 69 LsR.A. 198. 
 
 Of recently stolen property as evidence of 
 burglary. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199. 
 
 As proof of knowledge by receiver of stolen 
 goods. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 
 POSSESSORY LIEN. 
 
 For supplies and repairs furnished vesseL 
 70 L.R.A. 366, 411. 
 
 POSTAL CLERKS. 
 
 See Mail Cleek. 
 
 •» « » ■ 
 
 POSTAL SERVICE. 
 
 See PosTOFFioE. 
 
 POSTCARD. 
 
 Transmission Of libelous matter by post- 
 card or telegraph as publication. 1 
 B. R. C. 464. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every law question. 
 
 POSTHUMOUS CHILDREN. 
 
 See Afteebobn Childben. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1109 
 
 POSTING. 
 
 Of notice of mining location. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 833. 
 
 Effect on lien of corporation on stock cer- 
 tificate of failure to post by-law giv- 
 ing lien. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 300. 
 
 POSTMASTER. 
 
 See PosTomcB, § 3. 
 
 POSTMASTER GENERAL. 
 
 Power of court to interfere with rulings of. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 166. 
 
 POST MORTEM. 
 
 Power of coroner to order. 31 L.R.A. 540. 
 "When coroner's inquest necessary or proper. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 394. 
 Admissibility of finding of coroner, to show 
 
 cause oi death. 68 L.R.A. 285. 
 
 POSTNUPTIAL CONTRACT. 
 
 See Husband and Wife, §§ 47, 48. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 POST OBIT BONDS. 
 Form of judgment on. 62 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 * • » 
 
 POSTOFFICE. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1, 3. 
 II. Postmasters, § 3. 
 
 III. Transmission and delivery 
 
 mails, §§ 4-S. 
 
 IV. Crimes, §§ 9-12. 
 
 of 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Contract as to location of. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 589. 
 Power of courts to interfere with rulings 
 
 of Postoffice Department. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 166. 
 
 § 2. Mail trains. 
 
 Mail flerk, see Mail Ci.ebk. 
 
 Riglit to limit speed or to require the stop- 
 ping of mail trains. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 293. 
 Duty of railroad company to one who goes 
 "on station grounds for purpose of mail- 
 ing letters on mail train. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 535. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 POSTOFFICE— cont'd 
 
 II. Postm.astera, 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Right of woman to be. 38 L.R.A. 213. 
 
 Liability of a postmaster or his sureties 
 for illegal acts done in accordance with 
 the directions of a superior officer. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 309. 
 
 III. Transm,ission and delivery of 
 mails. 
 
 % 4. Generally. 
 
 When may one who does not personally mail 
 nonmailable matter be regarded as 
 causing it to be deposited in the mails. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 424. 
 
 Who must bear loss when check or bill is- 
 sued to impostor is sent by mail. 50 
 L.R.A. 81. 
 
 Effect of death of party after the mailing, 
 but before the receipt, of his letter ac- 
 cepting an offer. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 439. 
 
 Where insurance contract deemed to have 
 been made when policy is mailed to 
 local agent of insurer. 63 L.R.A. 840; 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 
 Mailing of forged instrument as uttering 
 or publishing. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1179. 
 
 Power of state to prohibit solicitation of 
 orders for intoxicating liquors by mail 
 sent from another state. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 443. 
 
 Delay of mail as accident or surprise for 
 which judgment by default mav be set 
 aside. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 740. 
 
 § 5. Service of notice by mail. 
 
 Service of notice of dishonor by mail. 12 
 L.R.A. 731.* 
 
 Time allowed for mailing check or notice 
 of dishonor as affected by the hour 
 at which the mail closes or departs. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 132. 
 
 Service by mail of notice required by em- 
 ployer's liability acts. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 238. 
 
 Mode of proving mailing of notice of ma- 
 turity of premiums or assessments. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 238. 
 
 Necessity that notice of maturity of pre- 
 miums or assessment sent through the 
 mail be received. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 253. 
 
 § 6. Contract for carriage of mail. 
 
 Contract for carriage of mail matter in vio- 
 lation of statute. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 610. 
 
 § 7. Money orders. 
 
 Purchase of money order from agent of in- 
 dorsee. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 136. 
 
 Effect of putting postoffice order into an- 
 other's possession to estop owner as 
 against purchaser in good faith. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 257. 
 
 Negotiability of postoffice money orders. 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 143. 
 
 § 8. Registered mail. 
 
 Liability of railroad for loss of registered 
 letter. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 459. 
 
1110 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 POSTOFFICE— cont'd 
 
 IV. Crimes. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Locality of crime committed through agency 
 of the mails. 19 L.R.A. 775. 
 
 Mailing circulars concerning lottery. 3 
 L.E.A. 403;* 7 L.R.A. 600.* 
 
 Extortion by means of threatening letters. 
 11 L.R.A. 657.* 
 
 How far is use of mails by "healers" fraud- 
 ulent. 70 L.R.A. 989. 
 
 Indictment for stealing or embezzling mail 
 matter. 1 L.R.A. 105.* 
 
 Instigation to offense against laws of. 25 
 L.R.A. 346. 
 
 Instigating offense against mail as defense 
 to prosecution. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 948. 
 
 § 10. Obscene matter. 
 
 As to obscene literature in mails. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 110. 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for 
 
 sending obscene letters. 62 L.R.A. 239. 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for 
 
 sending obscene matter through mail. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 55. 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for 
 
 sending c*bseene or threatening letters. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 239. 
 
 § 11. Scurrilous or defamatory matter. 
 
 Placing scurrilous or defamatory matter 
 
 upon outside covering of mail as 
 
 offense against postal laws. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 800. 
 
 Constitutionality. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 800. 
 Matter prohibited. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 801. 
 Nature of article mailed. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 803. 
 Miscellaneous. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 803. 
 
 § 12. Decoys. 
 
 Embezzlement of letters; decoy letters. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 104.* 
 Larceny of decoy letter. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 949. 
 
 POSTPONEMENT. 
 
 See Adjournment; Continuance. 
 
 * « » 
 
 POST ROADS. 
 
 Condemnation of right of way for telegraph 
 or telephone line along railroad right 
 of way under acts for. 42 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 225. 
 
 POSTS. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by posts in 
 
 street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 607. s- 
 
 Begin with this hooik on every law question 
 
 POTENTIAL EXISTENCE. 
 
 De facto officer in case of office having po- 
 tential existence. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 104. 
 
 POTENTIAL INTERESTS. 
 
 In future crops, sale or mortgage of. 23 
 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 POTJNB. 
 
 See Animals, § 20. 
 
 « » » 
 
 POWDER. 
 
 See Explosions and Explosives. 
 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 PO\^rER. 
 
 Water power, see Water Power. 
 
 Taking of property for production and dis- 
 tribution of electric power as a pub- 
 lic purpose. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 137. 
 
 POWER COMPANY. 
 
 As a manufacturing company. 64 L.R.A. 
 58. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 POWER OF ATTORNEY. 
 
 See Principal and Agent, §§ 8-10. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 POWER PLANT. 
 Mechanics' lien on. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 POWERS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Permitting mortgagor to retain possession 
 with power of sale, see Chattkl Mobt- 
 QAQE, § 14a. 
 
 Power to sell mortgaged chattels, see Chat- 
 tel Mortgage, § 26. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to power of appointment, 
 see Conflict of Lav^s, § 32. 
 
 Power of sale by executor, soe Exectjtors 
 AND Administrators, § 17. 
 
 Power of sale in mortgage, see Mortgage, 
 §§ 75-77. 
 
 Of attorney, see Principal and Agent, §§ 
 8-10. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A, KOTES. 
 
 nil 
 
 POWERS— -cont'd 
 
 Succession tax on property covered by 
 power of appointment, see Taxes, § 98. 
 
 Construction of. 3 L.R.A. 754.* 
 
 As affected by rule against perpetuities. 
 11 L.R.A. 85.* 
 
 Power to create remainder after life es- 
 tate with absolute pow«- of disposal. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1186; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 805. 
 
 Will special power, other than power of 
 sale, conferred on executor by will, 
 pass to an administrator with the will 
 annexed. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 264. 
 
 Power to create remainder after life es- 
 tate with absolute power of disposal. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1186. 
 
 Bequest of stocks, bonds, or notes under 
 power of appointment as general or 
 specific. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 73. 
 
 Inheritance or succession tax upon prop- 
 erty covered by power of appointment. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 236. 
 
 § 2. Effect of; rights under. 
 
 Is power to give option included in power 
 to sell real estate. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 867. 
 
 Limitation to heirs under rule in Shelley's 
 Case by power of appointment. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1007. 
 
 Effect of power of disposal to enlarge life 
 estate. 7 L.R.A. 836,* 838.* 
 
 Power of disposition bestowed on devisee as 
 indicative of quantum of estate intend- 
 ed to be devised. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 463. 
 
 Effect of power of appointment on time for 
 ascertaining member of class described 
 as testator's "heirs," "next of kin," 
 "relations," etc., to whom estate in 
 real or personal property is limited by 
 way of remainder or executory gift. 
 33"L.R.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 
 Marketability of title based on exercise of 
 power of sale. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 18. 
 
 Power to sell as authorizing gift. 3 L.R.A. 
 754.* 
 
 § 3. Execution. 
 
 What constitutes execution of. 7 L.R.A. 
 143.* 
 
 Validity of exercise of a power of appoint- 
 ment by the creation of a charge. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 746. 
 
 Executor executing power of sale under will 
 after discharge. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 623. 
 
 Right of mortgagee to exercise power of 
 sale during pendency of foreclosure, 
 or of a.ction for debt secured. 2 B. R. C. 
 841. 
 
 g 4. — sufficiency of execution by will. 
 
 How intent to exercise power evidenced. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 849. 
 General rules and principles. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 849. 
 Reference in donee's will to the power. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 858. 
 Reference in donee's will to property 
 
 the subject of the power. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 865. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 POWERS— cont'd 
 
 Efl'ect of general provision in donee's 
 
 will. 64 L.R.A. 871. 
 
 Presence or absence of interest 
 
 aside from power. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 871. 
 
 Circumstances surrounding donee. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 880. 
 Under statutes. 64 L.R.A. 882. 
 Will executed before creation of powxr. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 888. 
 What law governs in ascertaining in- 
 tent. 64 L.R.A. S92. 
 Validity of attempt to exercise power. 64 
 " L.R.A. 892. 
 Validity of donee's will. 64 L.R.A. 
 892. 
 General rule. 64 L.R.A. 892. 
 What law governs. 64 L.R.A. 896. 
 Formal validity of donee's 
 
 will. 64 L.R.A. 896. 
 Essential validity of donee's 
 will. 64 L.R.A. 899. 
 When limited to a class. 64 L.R.A. 
 899. 
 Exclusion of member of class. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 899. 
 Inclusion of nonmember. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 901. 
 Illusory appointment; remoteness. 
 64 L.R.A. 902. 
 When donee's will creates a trust. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 903. 
 When power exhausted; revocation. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 905. 
 Appointment by survivor of two or more 
 
 donees. 64 L.R.A. 907. 
 Appointment by infant. 64 L.R.A. 907. 
 Exercised at different times and by dif- 
 ferent acts ; partial appointment. 
 64 L.R.A. 907. 
 Exercise by deed of power limited to 
 
 will. 64 L.R.A. 909. 
 Gift of less estate than provided in 
 
 power. 64 L.R.A. 910. 
 Delegation of exercise of power. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 910. 
 Exercise for consideration. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 910. 
 Exercise for charitable use. 64 L.R.A. 
 911. 
 Relief in equity against defective exercise 
 
 of power. '64 L.R.A. 911. 
 When power in effect absolute gift. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 913. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 64 L.R.A. 913. 
 
 PRACTICE. 
 
 As to civil cases, see AcrtiON or Suit; 
 
 Damages ; Discovekt and Inspection ; 
 
 Pleading. 
 Of Federal court, see Cotjkts, §§ 36, 36a. 
 In criminal cases, see Criminal Law, IV. ; 
 
 Grand Jukt; iNnicTMENT. etc. 
 As to evidence and trial, see Depositions ; 
 
 Evidence; Trial; Witnesses. 
 
 Controlling effect on Federal courts of de- 
 cisions of state as to matters relating 
 to. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 451. 
 
1112 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PRAIRIE FIRES. 
 
 Liability for injury by. 21 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 « « > 
 
 PREACHERS. 
 See Religious Societiies, §§ 6-9. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 PRECATORY TRUST. 
 See Tbtjsts, § 9. 
 
 ♦-_♦ 
 
 PRECAUTIONS. 
 
 After accident as evidence of negligence, see 
 Evidence, § 270. 
 
 Against injury on highway. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 671. 
 
 PRECEDENCE. 
 
 Between conveyances of real property, see 
 
 Recoeds and Recobdinq Law, § 20. 
 See also Pbioeitt. 
 
 PRECEPT. 
 
 For summoning grand jury. 27 L.R.A. 778. 
 
 PRECIPITATION. 
 
 Of water from building, see Waters, § 54. 
 
 # »» 
 
 PREFEREN'CES— cont'd 
 By bankrupt, see Bankbdptct, §§ 13-17. 
 Of claims against bankrupt, see Bank- 
 BTJPTCT, § 24. 
 
 In funds of insolvent bank, see Banks, § 
 
 40. 
 Of preferred stock, see Coeporations, § 74. 
 By insolvent corporations, see Coepoba- 
 
 TIONS, § 137. 
 Preferences in fraud of creditors, generally, 
 
 see Feaudulent Conveyances, §§ 8,' '9. 
 Invalidity of, as against creditors, see 
 
 Fbaudttlent Conveyances, §§ 8-11. 
 Preferences by insolvents, generally, see In- 
 solvency, § 3. 
 Of laborers, see Labobiks, § 2. 
 Of firm over individual creditors, see Paet- 
 
 NEBSHIP, § 17. 
 To surety, see Principal and Surety, § 20. 
 Prior appropriation of water, see Watees, 
 
 §§ 89-91. 
 Between legacies, see Wills, § 105. 
 Right to, see Peioeity. 
 
 Making preferences as ground of attach- 
 ment. 30 L.R.A. 484. 
 Questioning validity of attachment for. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 780. 
 Right of creditor to set off new credits 
 
 given after receiving a preference. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 344. 
 Succession to, by surety paying judgment. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 556. 
 Preference in seat on stock exchange in 
 
 favor of other members of exchange. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 
 PREFERRED STOCK. 
 
 See CoEPOEATioNS, §§ 74, 100-102. 
 
 PREGNANCY. 
 
 PRE-EMPTION. 
 
 Oa public lands, see Public Lands, § 15. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 PRE-EXISTING DEBT. 
 
 As consideration, see Chattel Mortqaob, 
 § 6; Contracts, § 10; Sale, § 72. 
 
 Protection under recording acts of mort- 
 gage given as security for. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 57. 
 
 Transferee of chattels in satisfaction of pre- 
 existing debt, as a bona fide purchaser 
 as against original vendor, from whom 
 they were fraudulently obtained by 
 transferrer. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1174. 
 
 PREFERENCES. 
 
 In assignment for creditors, see Assign- 
 ment FOB Ckeditoss, §§ 15, 16. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to pregnant 
 woman, see Damages, § 60. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to pregnant 
 woman by seeing lunatic on train. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 647. 
 
 Antenuptial pregnancy as a ground of di- 
 vorce or annulment of marriage. 18 
 L.R.A. 375. 
 
 Misrepresentations or concealment as to 
 antenuptial pregnancy as ground for 
 .annulment of marriage. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 996. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations as to preg- 
 nancy made by one upon whom an 
 abortion is committed against others 
 charged with complicity therein. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1084. 
 
 PREJUDICE. 
 
 Begin ivith this hooh on every law question 
 
 As ground for removal of cause to Federal 
 court, see Removal or Causes, § 10. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ma 
 
 PREJUDICE— cont'd 
 
 Disqualifying grand juror. 28 L.K.A. 200. 
 
 As insane delusion. 37 L.R.A. 267. 
 
 Of member of tribunal of association or 
 
 corporation, effect. 49 L.R.A. 370. 
 As proof of incapacity of testator. 27 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 
 PREJUDICIAL ERROR. 
 
 See Appeal and Eeroe, §§ 35-40. 
 
 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. 
 
 See Cbiminal Law, § 32. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION. 
 
 See Injunction, § 80. 
 
 « « » 
 
 PRELIMINARY SUBSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 For corporate stock, withdrawal of. 33 
 L.E.A. 595. 
 
 PREMATURITY. 
 
 Effect of premature delivery by seller to 
 pass title to purchaser. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 942. 
 
 PREMEDITATION. 
 
 As element of homicide, see Homicide, § 6. 
 
 * ■ » 
 
 PREMIUM NOTES. 
 
 See Insubance, § 111. 
 
 PREMIUMS. 
 
 In loan association, see Building and Loan 
 
 Associations, § 4. 
 Insurance premiums, see Instirance, §§ 
 
 107, 108, 110-118. 
 
 PREPARATION. 
 
 PREPAYMENT. 
 
 Of telephone rentals, see Telephones, § 7. 
 
 Of compensation for property taken for 
 water supply. 58 L.R.A. 257. 
 
 PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE. 
 
 Proof of alibi by. 41 L.R.A. 530. 
 Establishment of fraud in civil action by. 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 837. 
 
 < « »- 
 
 PREREQUISITES. 
 
 See Condition Peecedent. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 PREROGATIVE POWER. 
 
 Exercise of, by chancery courts in enforcing 
 general bequest for charity or religion. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 PREROGATIVE PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Common-law rights in. 51 L.R.A. 355. 
 
 PREROGATIVE WRITS. 
 
 In general, see Certiokahi; Habeas 
 CoEPUS ; Mandamus ; Prohibition ; 
 Quo Waeeanto. 
 
 Jurisdiction of superior court to grant, see 
 Courts, §§ 30, 31. 
 
 < « » 
 
 Preparation to commit assault with intent 
 to rape or ravish as distinguished from 
 overt act in commission of offense it- 
 self. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 524. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 
 
 See Religious Societies. 
 
 *-—* 
 
 PRESCRIPTION. 
 
 § 1. Rights In real property by. 
 
 Adverse possession, generally, see Adverse 
 
 Possession. 
 Easement by, see Easements, § 9. 
 Acquiring highway by, see Highways, § 5. 
 Prescriptive right to maintain obstruction 
 
 in highway, see Highways, § 39. 
 Prescriptive rights to maintain a nuisance, 
 
 see Nuisances, § 26. 
 Prescriptive rights as to waters, see 
 
 Waters, §§ 101-105. 
 
 Creation of prescriptive right in real 
 
 property. 1 L.R.A. 488.* 
 Prescriptive right in grave or burial lot. 
 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 Prescriptive right to erect wharves. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 641. 
 
1114 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PRESCRIPTION— cont'd 
 
 Right by, to maintain a public nuisance. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 891. 
 Right by, to lateral support for buildings. 
 
 20 L.R.A. 730. 
 
 Title to abandon highway by. 26 L.R.A. 
 451. 
 
 § 2. Of physician. 
 
 Procuring liquor for another on physician's 
 prescription for self as an illegal sale. 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1008; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 273. 
 
 Must indictment or information for sale of 
 liquor by druggists on prescription 
 state name of purchaser. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 583. 
 
 PRESENCE. 
 
 Of accused, see Cbiminal Law, § 46. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 PRESENTATION. 
 
 Of claim, generally, time for, see Claims, 
 
 §2. 
 Of claims against decedent's estate, see 
 
 EXBOTJTOES AND AdMINISTRATOES, §§ 
 
 39-41. 
 
 Of claim against municipality, see Mu- 
 nicipal CORPOEATIONS, § 103. 
 
 Of claim for delay or nondelivery of tele- 
 grajn, see Telegraphs, § 21. 
 
 Of claim for damages, see Carriers, §§ 133, 
 134; Highways, §§ 106, 107; Munici- 
 pal COBPOEATIONS, § 103. 
 
 PRESENTMENT. 
 
 Of bill or note, see Bills ajsjd Notes, §§ 
 
 43-53. 
 Of cheel'!;, see Checks, §§ 9-11. 
 In criminal cases, see Criminal Law, § 35. 
 
 PRESERVATION. 
 
 Scope and effect of provisions in election 
 law for preservation of ballots. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 602. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 Of corporations, see CORPORATiONe, §§ 47, 
 48. 
 
 Mandamus against, to compel restoration 
 removed. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 to office of one who has been illegally 
 
 PRESIDING JUDGES. 
 
 Statute reducing number of ])residing 
 judges at criminal trial as ea; post 
 facto law. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 567. 
 
 PRESIDING OFFICER. 
 
 Casting vote by, in case of tie vote. 47 
 L.R.A. 561. 
 
 PRESS. 
 
 Freedom of, see Freedom of Speech and oi 
 THE Press. 
 
 PRESUMPTION. 
 
 In general, see Evidencse, III. 
 
 By pedestrian of exercise of due care by 
 driver. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 166;39L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 486. 
 
 Right of driver of vehicle to assume that 
 motorman will give him time to cross 
 the track. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1081. 
 
 Right of motorman to assume that no one 
 will attempt to drive across track so 
 close in front of car as to render a col- 
 lision probable. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1059. 
 
 Right of persons in charge of train to pre- 
 sume that child will get out of danger. 
 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 283. 
 
 Right to presume as to ability of sick or 
 otherwise helpless person to obtain 
 place of safety. 69 L.R.A. 550. 
 
 PRETERMITTED HEIRS. 
 
 Choice of remedies by, see Election of 
 Remedies, § 6. 
 
 PREVIOUS APPLICATION. 
 
 For insurance, false representations, see In- 
 surance, § 101. 
 
 PREVIOUS CONVICTION. 
 
 Prosecuting attorney's reference to, as 
 ground for reversal. 46 L.R.A. 663. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 PREVIOUS REJECTION. 
 
 Of application for insurance, see Insur- 
 ance, § 99. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1115 
 
 PRICE. 
 
 Combination to control, see Monopolt 
 
 AND C0MBI>rATI0NS, II. 
 
 Rates of public service corporations, see 
 
 Rates, § 2. 
 Reasonableness of matters relating to, see 
 
 Reasonableness, § 4. 
 
 Legislative power to fix prices. 33 L.R.A. 
 177. 
 
 Effect on contract of' leaving price indefi- 
 nite. 53 L.R.A. 2SS. 
 
 Effect of retention of goods after notice of 
 mistake in quoted price. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 368. 
 
 Purchaser's right to relv on seller's coi^pu- 
 tation of. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 419. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of contract 
 on sale of article having no market 
 price. 57 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Price at which goods are resold as affecting 
 measure of damages for breach of war- 
 ranty as to quality. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1151. 
 
 False statement as to selling or market 
 price of property. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 175. 
 
 Libel in charging one with exacting exces- 
 Bive prices. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79. 
 
 PRICE LISTS. 
 
 As evidence. 17 L.R.A. 851. 
 
 Sufficiency of identification for purposes of 
 executory contract where goods are 
 ordered by. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 927. 
 
 PRIESTS. 
 
 See Religious Societies, §§ 6-9. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE. 
 See EviDExoE, III. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ ■ 
 
 PRIMARY ELECTIONS. 
 See Elections, §§ 25, 26. 
 
 PRIMARY LIABILITY. 
 
 Liability over to person secondarily liable, 
 see Indemnity, §§ 2-4. 
 
 PRINCIPAL. 
 
 Effect of accepting, on right to interest, see 
 INTEBEST, § 2a. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. The relation; revocation, §§ 4-7. 
 III. Powers of attorney, §§ 8-10. 
 IV. Agent's authority; rights and lia- 
 bility of principal, §§ 11- 
 31. 
 a. In general, §§ 11-31. 
 6. Agent's fraud or wrong, §§ 
 32, 23. 
 
 c. Undisclosed principal, §§ 
 
 S4-37. 
 
 d. Ratification. §§ 28-31. 
 
 V. Rights, duties, and liabilities of 
 agent, §§ 310-4:3. 
 
 a. In general, § 31a. 
 
 b. As to principal, §§ 32-39. 
 
 1. In general, § 33. 
 
 3. Fiduciary capacity; con- 
 flict of interests, §§ 33- 
 35. 
 
 3. Coinpensation ; lien, §§ 
 
 36, 57. 
 
 4. Liability to principal, 
 
 §§ 38, 39. 
 
 c. As to third persons, §§ 40- 
 
 43. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Agents of bank, see Banks, §§ 6-8a. 
 
 Right of bank to apply on debt due it, de- 
 posit made by agent, see Banks, § 18. 
 
 Bond for fidelity of agent, see Bonds, § 11. 
 
 Real estate agents, see Beokeks. 
 
 Corporate agents, see Corporations, VI. 
 
 Choice of remedy against principal or 
 agent, see Election of Remedies, § 4. 
 
 Conclusiveness of election of remedy 
 against principal or agent, see Elec- 
 tion or Remedies, § 15. 
 
 Embezzlement by agent, see Embezzle- 
 ment, § 2. 
 
 Estoppel of principal or agent, see Estop- 
 pel, § 35. 
 
 Principal as proper party to bring suit, see 
 Parties, § 16. 
 
 Agent as proper party to bring suit, see 
 Parties, § 17. 
 
 Commissions charged by lender's agent as 
 usury, see Usury, § 3. 
 
 Service on agent of corporation, see Writ 
 AND Process, §§ 23, 25-27. 
 
 Factors, see Factors. 
 
 Insurance agent, see Insurance, §§ 17-23, 
 141-143. 
 
 Set-off in case of bankruptcy. 55 L.R.A. 40, 
 44, 51, 60. 
 
 Bidding as agent at judicial sale as sup- 
 pression of competition. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1206. 
 
 Situs of securities for taxation when held 
 by agent residing in different state 
 from principal. 16 L.R.A. 731. 
 
 How far pledge effectual when pledgeor's 
 agent is made depositary. 25 L.R.A. 
 577. 
 
1116 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, I.— cont'd 
 
 Delivery to carrier on shipment to princi- 
 pal. 22 L.E.A; 420. 
 
 Addressing letter to plain tiflf's agent as 
 publication for purposes of libel. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 Privilege of communications between 
 principal and agent. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 449. 
 
 Forgery by false assumption of authority 
 to sign another's name as agent. 31 
 L.R.A. 831. • 
 
 Delivery of forged instrument to agent as 
 uttering or publishing. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1178. 
 
 Effect of invalid provision for an exclusive 
 agency upon right to recover for goods 
 purchased under the contract. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 547. 
 
 Guaranty of performance of contract of 
 agency, 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 369. 
 
 Creation of trust by recommending em- 
 ployment of agent. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 685. 
 
 Agency test of existence of partnership. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1072. 
 
 Form of execution of deed by attorney in 
 fact or agent. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 805. 
 
 Solicitation of orders by sample or other- 
 wise as affected by delivery through 
 agent or by shipments in bulk to agent. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 309; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 635. 
 
 May the right of partner, or of a stock- 
 holder in a corporation, to inspect the 
 books of the firm or corporation, be 
 delegated to an agent. 2 B. R. C. 976. 
 
 Laying ownership in agent in possession in 
 indictment for obtaining property un- 
 der false pretenses. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 645. 
 
 Statements by agent made some time after 
 accident as res jreste. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 943. 
 
 Federal courts following state decision on 
 questions relating to. 40 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 433. 
 
 § 2. Effect of failure to procure li- 
 cense. 
 
 By corporate agent, see Coepobations, § 
 
 42. 
 
 Effect of failure to procure license on va- 
 lidity of contract. 16 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 § 3. Matters as to evidence. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence of entries by 
 agent in account books. 53 L.R.A. 
 526. 
 
 Admissibility of reports by agent to princi- 
 pal to prove facts in issue. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 231; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 930. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 disbursement by agent. 52 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 Admissions as evidence of agency as 
 against person making them. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 165. 
 
 Proof of one's intent by his agent. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 401. I 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question, 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT— cont'd 
 //. The relation; revocation. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Agency of bank in collection of commercial 
 
 paper, see Banks, §§ 31-35. 
 Agency of husband for wife, see Husband 
 
 AND Wife, § 18. 
 Insurance agent as agent of assured, se ' 
 
 Insurance, § 17a. 
 Insurance broker as agent of assured, see 
 
 Insurance, § 18. 
 
 Firemen as agents of owner of burning 
 property. 39 L.R.A. f N.S.) 237. 
 
 Agency of clearing-house inembers. 25 
 L.R.A. 830. 
 
 Is medical examiner agent of insurer or of 
 insured. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 505. 
 
 Powers of president and vice president of 
 corporation as to employment of 
 agents. 14 L.R.A. 358. 
 
 Effect of statute of frauds upon parol con- 
 tracts for employment of agent which 
 may, but are not intended to, be per- 
 formed within a year. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 324. 
 
 g 5. Evidence of relation. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 
 agency. 52 L.R.A. 714. 
 Proof of agency by evidence of similar acts 
 
 by alleged agent. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 219. 
 
 § 6. Revocation; termination. 
 
 Revocation of power of attorney, see infra, 
 
 §§ 9, 10. 
 Termination of broker's authority, see 
 
 Bboeebs, § 4. 
 Termination of agency of insurance agent, 
 
 see Insurance, § 23. 
 Revocation of appointment of agent on 
 
 whom process may be served, see Warr 
 
 AND Process, § 29. 
 
 Presumption of continuance of agency. 1 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 89 L 
 
 Intoxication as justification for discharge 
 of agent. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 339. 
 
 Right to discharge attorney employed for 
 contingent fee. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 389. 
 
 Termination of agency as affecting insur- 
 ance agent's right to commissions on 
 renewals. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 
 Effect of revocation of authority on agent's 
 right to receive payment where se- 
 curity is not in his possession. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 423. 
 
 Dissolution of partnership authorized to 
 act as agent, as termination of agency. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 849. 
 
 Revocation by foreign corporation of ap- 
 pointment of attorney or agent to re- 
 ceive service of process. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 678. 
 
 Avoidance by infant of brokerage agency. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1219. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency, as between 
 principal and third person of 
 notice of termination of agency by 
 act of the parties. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 663. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1117 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, II.— cont'd 
 Necessity. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 664. 
 Applications of the rule. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 666. 
 Transactions initiated before rev- 
 ocation. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 667. 
 Limited or temporary agency. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 667. 
 Sufficiency. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 668. 
 
 As to persons wlio liave not had 
 
 dealings with agent. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 669. 
 Notice or knowledge that principal 
 
 has ceased to do business. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 669. 
 Notice of knowledge that principal 
 
 is dealing with subject-matter. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 Notice or knowledge of appoint- 
 ment of agent's successor. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 Recording revocation of power of 
 
 attorney. 41 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 
 670. 
 
 § 7. —by death. 
 
 Of power of attorney, see infra, § 10. 
 
 Effect of death on contract of. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 709. 
 
 III. Powers of attorney. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Implied powers under power of attorney to 
 transact business. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 843. 
 
 Release of inchoate right of dower under 
 power of attorney. 16 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 Eight of consul to take acknowledgment of 
 power of attorney. 45 L.R.A. 499. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in. 
 39 L.RA.(N.S.) 106, 109, 112. 
 
 When may instrument in the form of 
 power of attorney be admitted to pro- 
 bate or otherwise be given effect as a 
 will. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 44. 
 
 § 9. Revocation. 
 
 Necessity of notice to revoke power of at- 
 torney. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 577. 
 
 § 10. — by death. 
 
 Effect of death of party to revoke warrant 
 
 of attorney to confess judgment. 13 
 
 L.R.A. 797. 
 Effect of provision in power of attorney 
 
 that it shall not be revoked by death. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 855. 
 
 IV. Agent's authority; rights and lia- 
 bility of principal. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Authority under power of attorney, see 
 supra, § 8. 
 
 Affidavit for attachment by agent, see At- 
 tachment, § 14a. 
 
 Powers of agents of bank, see Banks, § 8. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to elate. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, IV. a— cont'd 
 Liability of corporation for acts of agents, 
 
 see CoBPORATiONS, § 38. 
 Authority of corporate agents, see Cohpo- 
 
 BATI0N8, §§ 43-48. 
 Criminal responsibility for acts of agent, 
 
 see CEiMiNAi Law, § 29 ; Intoxicating 
 
 LiQUOKS, § 23. 
 Authority of insurance agent, see Instjb- 
 
 ANCE, §§ 19, 141-143. 
 Authority of employee, see Mastek and 
 
 Servant, §§ 17-18a. 
 Municipal liability for acts of agents, see 
 
 Municipal Coepobations, § 81-84. 
 Powers of officers, see Offioebs, §§ 28-30. 
 Authority of partner, see Paetnebship, §§ 
 
 8, 9. 
 Liability for acts of partner, see Partner- 
 ship, §§ 10-14. 
 Payment by agent, see Payment, § 14. 
 Admissibility of declarations of agent, see 
 
 Evidence, § 234. 
 
 When principal bound by agent's acts. 1 
 L.R.A. 219;* 2 L.R.A. 810;* 10 L.R.A. 
 355.* 
 
 Contract with agent as contract with prin- 
 cipal. 1 L.R.A. 507.* 
 
 Implied authority to do what is necessary 
 and usual in ordinary course of busi- 
 ness. 2 L.R.A. 808.* 
 
 Agent's implied power to assent to rescis- 
 sion of contract. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 
 Authority of superintendent to contract for 
 payment of employee while laid off. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1141. 
 
 Right of agent to locate mining claim. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 817. 
 
 Power of lessee or vendee to subject own- 
 er's interest to mechanics' liens under 
 statutes giving liens for improvements 
 made by agent. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 608. 
 
 When credit is given to agent. 2 L.R.A. 
 749.* 
 
 Effect of participation by creditor's agent 
 in debtor's fraudulent intent, as against 
 other creditors. 31 L.R.A. 642. 
 
 Implied or presumed authority of a super- 
 intendent of a department to con- 
 tract as to matters relating to his 
 department. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1135. 
 Doctrine that person dealing with the 
 agent has the right to rely upon 
 his assumption of authority. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1137. 
 
 Liability of one railroad corporation pos- 
 sessing stock control of another for the 
 acts and contracts of the latter. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 770. 
 
 Right to reward offered for arrest when ar- 
 rest is made by agent of claimant. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 218. 
 
 Right of bankrupt to discharge as affected 
 by act of agent. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 785, 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 623. 
 
 Effect of agent's consent to taking of prop- 
 erty on crime of larceny. 7 L.R.A. 
 (X'.S.) 1149. 
 
1118 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Garnishment of bank deposit in a form im- 
 porting that depositor is acting as 
 agent or fiduGiary. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1207. 
 
 Principal estopped to deny. 2 L.R.A. 808,* 
 824.* 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment as between 
 plaintiff and principal of one who 
 voluntarily conducted the defense. 37 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 963. 
 
 Election to proceed against principal or 
 agent. 2 L.R.A. 312.* 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 authority of agent. 52 L.R.A. 714. 
 
 § 12. Limitations on agent's au(5ior- 
 
 ity. 
 General and special agents. 2 L.R.A. 808.* 
 Notice of limitation. 1 L.R.A. 192.* 
 Private restrictions on agent's authority, 
 
 special instructions. 2 L.R.A. 823.* 
 Secret instructions. 10 L.R.A. 355.* 
 
 § 13. Extent of authority conferred on 
 traveling salesmen. 
 
 Generally. 18 L.R.A. 663. 
 
 Authority to collect payment. 18 L.R.A. 
 663. 
 
 Effect of agent's possession of goods. 18 
 L.R.A. 666. 
 
 Authority to accept payment in anything 
 else than money. 18 L.R.A. 666. 
 
 Authority to pledge principal's credit for 
 traveling expenses. 18 L.R.A. 667. 
 
 Authority to sell samples. 18 L.R.A. 667. 
 
 Other cases relating to powers of drum- 
 mers. 18 L.R.A. 667. 
 
 Extent of a commercial traveler's implied 
 or ostensible authority to warrant 
 goods. 39 L.ILA.{N.S.) 1151. 
 
 Authority of sales agent who is authorized 
 to collect the whole or a part of the 
 purchase price upon making the sale, 
 to receive payments afterwards. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 700. 
 
 Right to withdraw order given agent before 
 acceptance by principal. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1138. 
 
 Authority of traveling salesman to make 
 advertising contracts. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1019. 
 
 § 14. To employ medical services for 
 employee or other third person. 
 
 Authority of servant, see Master and 
 Sebvant, §§ 17-18a. 
 
 Generally. 20 L.R.A. 695. 
 
 Liability of railroad company on contract 
 made by conductor. 20 L.R.A. 695. 
 
 Contracts made by superintendent or presi- 
 dent. 20 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 Contracts made by division superintendent. 
 20 L.E.A. 696. 
 
 Contracts made with general agents or man- 
 agers. 20 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 Contracts made by agents, generally. 20 
 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 Physician or nurse employed by the physi- 
 cian in charge. 20 L.R.A. 697. 
 
 Begin with this booh on every law question 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, IV. a— cont'd 
 g 15. As to purchase or sale of prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Chattel mortgagor as agent of mortgagee tO' 
 sell, see Chattel Mortgage, § 14a. 
 
 Power to sell real estate as including power 
 to give option. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 Power to sell personal property in agent's 
 possession as implying power to ex- 
 change. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1118. 
 
 Is power to give option included in power 
 to sell real estate. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 867. 
 
 § 16. As to commercial paper. 
 
 Authority < 5 corporate agents as to, see 
 
 COKPORATIONS, § 45. 
 
 Of partner, see P.artkership, § 9. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence to show 
 whether principal or agent liable on 
 note. 20 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 Who must bear loss when check or bill 
 issued to impostor assuming to act as 
 agent of payee. 50 L.R.A. 80. 
 
 Intrusting to agent duty of examining re- 
 turned checks. 27 L.R.A. 429. 
 
 Taking commercial paper by agent as pay- 
 ment. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 
 Implied or apparent authority of agent to 
 take note payable to himself. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 341. 
 
 Principal as bona fide holder of bill or note 
 passing through agent's hands. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 628. 
 
 § 17. — execution of. 
 
 Liability of one as undisclosed principal 
 on commercial paper. 9 L.R.A. 830.* 
 Liability of principal on negotiable paper 
 executed by an agent. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1046. 
 General rules. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1047. 
 Manner of signing as affecting liability 
 of principal. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1050. 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1050. 
 Addition to signature of bare ti- 
 tle of agent or representative. 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1051. 
 Addition to signature of descrip- 
 tion as agent or officer of 
 named principal. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1054. 
 Reference to principal in body of in- 
 strument. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1057. 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1057. 
 Promise as agent of named prin- 
 cipal. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1058. 
 Several promise. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1061. 
 Promise that named principal will 
 
 pay. 21 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1061. 
 Direction to charge to principal's 
 account. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1062. 
 Reference to principal in heading, mar- 
 gin, or seal. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1063. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1119 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, IV. a— cont'd 
 Name in heading or margin. 21 
 
 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 1063. 
 Name on corporate seal. 21 L.K.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1064. 
 Nature of transaction and surrounding 
 
 circumstances as affecting. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1065. 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 106.i. 
 Intention of parties. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1067. 
 Knowledge of agency by creditor. 
 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) loen. 
 
 Reception of benefit of transaction. 
 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1070. 
 Action without or in excess of au- 
 thority. 21 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 1072. 
 Liability of principal on original 
 consideration. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1073. 
 Indorsement by agent as such. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1075. 
 Acceptances by agent as such. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1076. 
 Adoption of agent's or other name as 
 business name. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1076. 
 Exception in case of public agents. 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1078. 
 Exception in case of banking and other 
 corporations dealing in securities. 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1079. 
 Parol evidence to disclose and charge 
 principal. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1080. 
 Subject partially covered elsewhere. 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1080. 
 General rules. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1081. 
 Unqualified contract without sug- 
 gestion of agency. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1082. 
 Generally. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1082. 
 Addition of principal as party 
 to liability. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1082. 
 Suggestions of agency as affecting. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1083. 
 Principal not named. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1083. 
 Principal named. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1084. 
 Giving of commercial paper by agent as 
 
 payment. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49, 51. 
 Payment by principal of previous drafts 
 drawn upon him by his agent without 
 authority, as implied authority to draw 
 another. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 440. 
 Eight of an innocent payee to recover on 
 a note signed in blank and intrusted 
 to a third person, who exceeds his au- 
 thority in filling up the blanks before 
 delivery to the payee. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 490. 
 
 § 18. —indorsement or transfer of. 
 
 Power of agents to indorse negotiable paper. 
 27 L.R.A. 401. 
 Checks. 27 L.R.A. 401. 
 Other negotiable paper. 27 L.R.A. 402. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, IV. a^-cont'd ■ 
 Of agents in general. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 402. 
 Of corporate officers and agents. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 404. 
 Of bank officers and agents. 27 
 L.R.A. 405. 
 Indorsement for accommodation. 27 
 L.R.A. 407. 
 Effect of principal's death on agent's right 
 
 to indorse. 23 L.R.A. 711. 
 Remedy of payee of check against one who 
 has taken it on indorsement of unau- 
 thorized agent. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 211. 
 Implied warranty of genuineness upon sale 
 of negotiable paper by agent. 36 
 L.R.A. 95. 
 Dealing with agent as a circumstance put- 
 ting purchaser of negotiable paper on 
 inquiry. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 351. 
 Effect of transfer by agent, without indorse- 
 ment, of worthless check or note of 
 third person. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 550. 
 Right and duty of one who received a cheek 
 or note payable to his own order from 
 the hands of one not a party thereto. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 Purchase of money order from agent of 
 indorsee. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 136. 
 
 § 19. As to collection of debt. 
 
 Agent's authority to receive payment, see 
 Patmbnts, § 16. 
 
 Assumption of debt by agent as payment. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 607. 
 
 Implied authority of claim agent to promise 
 employment to induce settlement of 
 claim. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 826. 
 
 Liability of principal to exemplary damages 
 where attachment was sued out by 
 agent for collection of debt only. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 279. 
 
 Authority of sales agent who is authorized 
 to collect the whole or part of pur- 
 chase price on making the sale to re- 
 ceive payments afterwards. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 700. 
 
 § 20. Liability for torts. 
 
 Liability of agent, see infra, § 42. 
 
 Liability of charitable society for negligence 
 of agents or employees, see Chabities, 
 § 12. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for sales of intoxi- 
 cating liquor by agent, see Intoxicat- 
 ing i/IQUOE, § 23. 
 
 As to master's liability for tort of servant, 
 see Masteb and Servant, IV. 
 
 Criminal and penal liability for act of 
 agent. 41 L.R.A. 650. 
 
 Liability of telegraph company to undis- 
 closed principal of sendee. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 678; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1045. 
 
 § 21. Authority of agent of carrier. 
 
 Extent of authority of ticket agents, see 
 Caebiers, § 27a. 
 
 Authority of freight agent to contract for 
 transportation beyond line. 9 L.R.A. 
 833.* 
 
:]20 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, IV. a— cont'd 
 Authority of agents of initial carrier to ex- 
 tend its undertaking beyond its own 
 line. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 32. 
 
 6. Agent's fraud or wrong. 
 
 § 22. Generally. 
 
 Liability of principal for fraudulent acts of 
 agent. 1 L.R.A. 144.* 
 
 Principal's civil responsibility for agent's 
 wrongful or negligent act toward one 
 having no contract relation with mas- 
 ter. 27 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Expression of opinion by agent as a fraud. 
 35 L.R.A. 429. 
 
 False representations by agent of purchaser 
 as to selling or market price of prop- 
 erty. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 184. 
 
 Effect of fraud by agent ex necessitate in 
 making proofs of loss under fire in- 
 surance policy. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 485. 
 
 § 23. Payment of own debt by agent. 
 
 Agent's power to use property of his prin- 
 cipal for ■ payment of his own debt. 
 14 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 Liability for taking deposit of agent, fidu- 
 ciary, or other representative to pay 
 his own debt. 52 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 Right of one who knowingly received prin- 
 cipal's money in payment of agent's 
 debt which he believed to be the debt 
 of the principal. 15 L.R.A.{N.S.) 310. 
 
 c. Undisclosed principal, 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 May a contract made without authority by 
 one apparently acting on own behalf, 
 but with an undisclosed intention to 
 act for another, be ratified by such 
 other. 1 B. R. C. 397. 
 
 § 25. Rights of. 
 
 Right of principal to proceeds of insurance 
 
 policy taken by agent in his own name. 
 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 152. 
 Right of defendant in action by undisclosed 
 principal to avail himself of de- 
 fenses that would have been avail- 
 able in an action by the agent in 
 his own right on the contract. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 
 Defenses generally. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 228 
 
 Set-off. " 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229. 
 
 Payment to agent. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 230. 
 
 Effect of notice of agency. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 231. 
 Character of contract as affecting right of 
 
 undisclosed principal to sue thereon. 
 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 472; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 324. 
 Liability of telegraph company to undis- 
 closed principal of sendee. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 678; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1045. 
 
 § 26. liiablUty of. 
 
 Liability of agent, see infra, § 43. 
 
 Begin ivith this boolc on every law question. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, IV. _c— cont'd 
 
 Liability of one as undisclosed principal on 
 commercial paper. 9 L.R.A. 830.* 
 
 May statute of frauds relating to sales of 
 real property be satisfied by a memo- 
 randum which discloses that one of the 
 parties acted for an undisclosed prin- 
 cipal. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 733. 
 
 Parol evidence that one of the persons who 
 signed an instrument relating to real 
 property was agent for an undis- 
 closed principal. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 
 §27. — liability of both principal and 
 agent. 
 
 Right to join agent and undisclosed prin- 
 cipal as defendants in same action. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 742. 
 
 Action against agent as bar to one against 
 principal undisclosed when first action 
 begun. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 729. 
 
 Commencing action or taking judgment 
 against either an undisclosed princi- 
 pal or his agent as a bar to a subse- 
 quent action against the other. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 786. 
 
 d. Ratification. 
 
 § 28. Generally. 
 
 Ratification of acts of corporate agent, see 
 
 COBPOBATIONS, § 34. 
 
 Imputing agent's notice to principal, see 
 Notice, §§ 14, 15. 
 
 General rules as to. 13 L.R.A. 219.* 
 Operates retroactively. 2 L.R.A. 810.* 
 Ratification of agent's unauthorized con- 
 tract for the purchase or sale of real 
 property as affected by the statute of 
 frauds. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 Ratification of bank cashier's sale or lease 
 
 of property. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 738. 
 Ratification after loss of unauthorized act 
 of another in securing fire insurance. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1025. 
 
 § 29. Power to ratify. 
 
 Power of principal to ratify unauthorized 
 contract of agent so as to raise cause 
 of action in his own favor against the 
 adverse party. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 431. 
 
 May unauthorized contract by one apparent- 
 ly acting on his own behalf but with 
 undisclosed intention to act for an- 
 other be ratified by such other. 1 
 B. R. C. 397. 
 
 §30. What constitutes. 
 
 Effect of silence. 2 L.R.A. 809.* 
 
 By receiving and retaining benefits of trans- 
 action. 2 L.R.A. 809.* 
 
 What will constitute an implied ratifica- 
 tion of an unauthorized loan effected by 
 an agent. 6 L.R.A. (I'^.S.) 311. 
 
 Ratification of unauthorized loan by agent, 
 by retention of benefit. 2 B. R. C. 743. 
 
 Mere passive acceptance of the benefit by 
 the principal as a, ratification of an 
 agent's unauthorized use of a third per- 
 son's money for purposes beneficial to 
 principal. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 693. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1121 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, IV. d— cont'd 
 Effect of principal's performance of part 
 of contract in ignorance of unauthor- 
 ized provisions inserted by his agent 
 as ratification of latter. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 210. 
 Payment by principal of what he deems 
 property or services worth as ratifica- 
 tion of agent's unauthorized contract 
 for same. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 400. 
 
 § 31. Effect of. 
 
 Effect of ratification, generally. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 405.* 
 Effect of attempted ratification to confer 
 
 right or impose liability upon one not 
 
 contemplated by agent as his principal. 
 
 2 B. R. C. 260. 
 
 F. Rights, duties, and liahilities of 
 agent. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 g 3 la. Generally. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by 
 statute or ordinance imposing license 
 tax on. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 289, 290. 
 
 6. As to principal. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 32. Generally. 
 
 Duties and liabilities of broker, see Brok- 
 ers, § 5. 
 
 Interpleader between principal and agent. 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 
 Effect on rights of pledgee of delivery of 
 pledged property to pledgeor as form- 
 er's agent. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 892. 
 
 Enforcer- ->nt in equity of agent's parol 
 proiL.se to hold in trust property con- 
 veyed to him. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924. 
 
 Loss of. or injury to, goods during ship- 
 ment as affecting fulfilment of commis- 
 sion to purchase goods. 19 L.R.A. 
 fX.S.) 261. 
 
 Measure of damages to advertising agent 
 for breach of advertising contract. 22 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 273. 
 
 2. Fiduciary capacity; conflict of in- 
 terests. 
 
 § 33. Generally. 
 
 Fiduciary relation between attorney and 
 
 client, see Attorneys, § 10. 
 Fiduciary relation between corporation and 
 
 its agents, see Corporations, §§ 50, 51. 
 
 Eight of agent to act in double capacity. 
 12 L.R.A. 395.* 
 
 Eight of either principal to afiirmativc re- 
 lief from transaction in which agent 
 acted for both parties. 17 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 622. 
 
 Eight of agent to relocate mining claim for 
 his own benefit. 50 L.R.A. 186. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 71 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, V. b, 2— cont'd 
 
 Independent advice as a, condition of a 
 
 valid gift inter vivos between parties 
 
 occupying confidential relations. 16 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1087. 
 
 § 3 4. Purchase by agent In his own 
 name. 
 
 Right of agent to purchase subject of 
 agency. 4 L.R.A. 219;* 12 L.R.A. 396.* 
 
 Purchase by agent inures to benefit of 
 principal. 9 L.R.A. 796.* 
 
 Right of principal to retain property pur- 
 chased through agent who was secretly 
 interested therein, and seek relief 
 against the agent. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1210. 
 
 Purchase by agent for principal of property 
 which the agent personally has an op- 
 tion or contract to purchase. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 122. 
 
 § 35. —effect of statute of frauds. 
 
 Statute of frauds as affecting right to 
 equitable relief against one who has 
 purchased land in his own name in vio- 
 lation of his agreement to purchase it 
 for and in the name of complainant. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 112. 
 
 Statute of frauds as affecting legal remedy 
 for breach of contract to purchase land 
 for and in the name of another. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 123. 
 
 3. Compensation; lien. 
 
 § 3 6. Compensation. 
 
 Of brokers, see Brokers, §§ 8-13. 
 
 Of corporate agents, see Corporatioists, 
 
 § 49. 
 Of insurance agent, see Insurance, § 21. 
 Compensation of officers, see Officers, 
 
 §§ 31-37, 44. 
 
 Effect of appointment of receiver or as- 
 signee for creditors of corporation on 
 compensation of agent for unexpired 
 term. 51 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Partnership of agents by sharing in profits. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1032. 
 
 Right of one having exclusive sales agency 
 within given district, to commissions on 
 sales made by another outside of the 
 district to a resident thereof. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 971. 
 
 Salesmen's right to recover compensation as 
 affected by employment of improper 
 methods to make sales. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1149. 
 
 Validity of agreement by which compensa- 
 tion is dependent on success in pro- 
 curing contract with public officer sr 
 board. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 
 Termination of agency as affecting insur- 
 ance agent's right to commissions on 
 renewals. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract for services as agent. 
 53 L.R.A. 57. 
 
1122 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, V. b, 3— cont'd 
 Effect of agent's wilful failure to keep and 
 render true accounts of his agency, 
 upon his right to compensation. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 469. 
 Effect of fact that agent is entitled to com- 
 missions out of fund on his prosecu- 
 tion for embezzlement on retaining the 
 whole fund. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 511. 
 
 § 3 7. Lien of agent. 
 
 Lien of agent for advances to vessel. 70 
 L.R.A. 416. 
 
 ilaritime lien for services of agent. 70 
 L.R.A. 387. 
 
 ("ontract for services as agent as support- 
 ing maritime lien. 70 L.R.A. 435. 
 
 4. Lldbilitij to principal. 
 
 § 38. Generally. 
 
 Liability of bank making collections, see 
 
 Baxks, §§ 33-35. 
 Liability of directors to corporation, see 
 
 CoePoeatioks, § 59. 
 
 Liability of insurance agents to principal 
 for losses arising from their disobedi- 
 ence of instructions. 8 L.R.A. 72.* 
 
 Right of principal to recover from agent 
 commissions which latter received from 
 other party to contract. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 9.52. 
 
 Allowance of interest against agent. 18 
 L.R.A. 4S6. 
 
 Necessity of notice of default to bind guar- 
 antor of agent. 20 L.R.A. 258. 
 
 § 39. For money or property of prin- 
 cipal. 
 
 Recovery of money in agent's hands for 
 another's use. 5 L.R.A. 531.* 
 
 Right of principal who has placed money 
 in hands of agent for illegal purpose 
 to compel its return. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 267. 
 
 Liability of agent toward his principal and 
 a third person respectively for money 
 or property received in course of agen- 
 cy. % L.R.A. (N.S.) 657. 
 
 Right of principal to maintain trover or 
 case for money collected by agent or 
 attorney. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 35. 
 
 Demand as a condition of action to recover 
 money collected by an agent. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S!) 626. 
 
 When statute of limitations begins to run 
 in favor of agent receiving money of 
 principal. 1 L.R.A. 319. 
 
 When statute of limitations commences to 
 run against action to recover money 
 collected bv agent not an attorney. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 660. 
 
 c. As to third persons. 
 
 § 40. Generally. 
 
 Liability of both agent and undisclosed 
 
 principal, see supra, § 27. 
 Liability, of bank directors, see Banks, § 7. 
 Liability of corporate agents, see Coepoba- 
 
 TIONS, §§ 52-58. 
 Begin with this booli on every law question. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, V. c— cont'd 
 Of insurance agent, see Insueance, § 22. 
 Liability of agent without license, se» 
 
 License, § 16. 
 Liability of servant, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, §§ 196-198. 
 Liability of officers, see Officers, §§ 38- 
 
 42. 
 Liability for trespass, see Trespass, § 9. 
 Recovery back of money paid to agent, see 
 
 Assumpsit, § 6. 
 Conclusiveness against agent of judgment 
 
 against principal, and vice versa, see 
 
 Judgment, § 48. 
 Right of agent to bring action, see Parties, 
 
 §§ 10, 17. 
 
 Liability of agent in case license tax is not 
 paid by principal. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 946. 
 
 Agent's liability toward his principal and 
 a third person respectively for money 
 or property received in course of 
 agency. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 657. 
 
 Judgment between principal and third per- 
 son as res judicata in action between 
 latter and agent. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 37. 
 
 § 41. On contract. 
 
 Agent's responsibility on contracts signed 
 by him. 3 L.R.A. 397;* 12 L.R.A. 346.* 
 Personal liability of agent on commercial 
 paper. 9 L.R.A. 830;* 12 L.R.A. 346.* 
 Personal liability to other contracting party 
 of one who, without authority, as- 
 sumes to contract as agent for an- 
 other. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 518. 
 The liability. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 519. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 519. 
 Equal knowledge of extent of au- 
 thority. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 522. 
 Agents of public corporations. 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 523. 
 Agents of private corporations. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524. 
 Remedies. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 525. 
 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 525. 
 On the contract itself. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 526. 
 Not on the contract itself. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 530. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 530. 
 ]■! tort. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 533. 
 Assumpsit, etc., on warranty 
 of authority. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 535. 
 Under statutes. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 537. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 537. 
 Negotiable instruments law. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 538. 
 Particular jurisdictions. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 538. 
 Missouri. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 538. 
 New Jersey. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 539. 
 Pennsylvania. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 539. 
 Texas. 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 540. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1123 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, V. o— cont'd 
 Measure of damages. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 o-lO. 
 Miscellaneous. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 541. 
 
 § 41a. —personal liability of one sign- 
 ing contract by adding to his signa- 
 ture, words indicating representa- 
 tive capacity. 
 
 Introduction. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 2. 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 2. 
 General rules as to liability. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 6. 
 Rule as to public agents. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 9. 
 Effect of negotiable instruments law. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 9. 
 Effect of bringing action against, or 
 treating obligation as that of, prin- 
 cipal. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 10. 
 Effect of claim of bona fide holder. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 10. 
 Sealed instruments. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 11. 
 Signatures in which the name of the 
 principal is not disclosed. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 11. 
 Signatures in which the name of the 
 principal is disclosed. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 14. 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 14. 
 Name of principal preceded by 
 word "of." 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 14. 
 Name of principal preceded by 
 word "for." 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 14. 
 Simple contracts. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 16. 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 16. 
 
 Mere addition of word indicating 
 representative capacity to sig- 
 nature. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 16. 
 Addition of name of principal 
 following word indicating rep 
 resentative capacity. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 17. 
 Addition of name of principal pre- 
 ceded by word "of." 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 18. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 18. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 18. 
 Addition of name of principal pre- 
 ceded by "for." 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 19. 
 Simple agreement in body of contract. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 Signed by adding word or words 
 indicating representative 
 capacity. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 20. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 20. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 23. 
 Notes. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 23. 
 Liability of one who 
 signs as maker. ' 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) I 
 23. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, V. c— cont'd 
 
 Liability of one who 
 signs as indorser. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 25. 
 Drafts and checks. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 Liability of one who 
 signs as drawer. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 26. 
 Liability of one who 
 signs as acceptor. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 28. 
 Liability of one who 
 signs as indorser. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 28. 
 Signed by adding name of prin- 
 cipal to word or words 
 indicating representative 
 capacity. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 29. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 29. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 29. 
 Notes. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 29. 
 Liability of one who 
 signs as maker. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 29. 
 Liability of one who 
 signs as indorser. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 32. 
 Drafts and checks. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 32. 
 Liability of one who 
 signs as drawer. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 32. , 
 Liability of one who 
 signs as acceptor. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 33. 
 Signed by adding name of prih- 
 cipal, preceded by word 
 "of." 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3.3. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.'S.) 33. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.R.A.. 
 (N.S.) 34. 
 Notes. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 34. 
 Drafts. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.)- 
 36. 
 Signed by adding name of prin- 
 cipal, preceded by word 
 "for." 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 36. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 36. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.R.A> 
 (N.S.) 37. 
 Notes. 42 L.R.A. ( N.S. > 
 
 37. 
 Drafts. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 38. 
 
1124 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NQTES. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, V. c— cont'd 
 Agreements in wliicli the name of tlio 
 principal is disclosed. 42 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 39. 
 Signed by word or words indicating 
 representative capacity. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 39. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 39. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 40. 
 Notes. 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 40. 
 Drafts and checks. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 43. 
 Liability of one wlio 
 signs as drawer. 
 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 43. 
 Liability of one who 
 signs as acceptor. 
 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 44. 
 Signed by adding name of prin- 
 cipal to word or words in- 
 dicating representative ca- 
 pacity. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 44. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.'S.) 44. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 44. 
 Notes. 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 44. 
 Drafts. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 45. 
 Signed by adding name of prin- 
 cipal preceded by "of." 
 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 45. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.'S.) 45. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 46. 
 Signed by adding name of prin- 
 cipal preceded by "for." 
 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 47. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 47. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 47. 
 Agreement "as" agent for or on be- 
 half of another. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 47. 
 Signed with word or words indi- 
 cating representative ca- 
 pacity. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 47. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.'S.) 47. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 48. 
 Signed by adding name of prin- 
 cipal preceded bv "of." 
 42 L:E.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 49. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 50. 
 Signed by adding name of prin- 
 cipal preceded by "for." 42 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 50.' 
 
 Begin with thin book on every law question. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, V. c— cont'd 
 Agreements purporting to be by the 
 principal. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 50. 
 Signed with word or words indi- 
 cating representative ea- 
 pacitv. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 50. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 50. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 51. 
 Signed by adding name of prin- 
 cipal following word indicat- 
 ing representative capacity. 
 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 Signed by adding name of prin- 
 cipal preceded by word 
 "of." 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 52. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 52. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 52. 
 Signed by adding name of prin- 
 cipal preceded by word 
 "for." 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 52. 
 Ordinary contracts. 42 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.'S.) 53. 
 Bills and notes. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 53. 
 Corporate signatures in which the name 
 of the corporation is followed by 
 that of one or more of the officers. 
 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 53. 
 Contracts of representatives of decedents' 
 estates, guardians, trustees, and as- 
 signees. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 In general. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 Representatives of decedents' estates. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 Guardians. 42 L.E.A. 60. 
 Trustees and receivers. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 61. 
 
 § 42. For torts or negligence. 
 
 Liability of principal, see supra, § 20. 
 
 Agent's liability to third person for torts. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 378. 
 
 Liability of an agent to third persons for 
 his own negligence or nonfeasance. 28 
 L.R.A. 433; 25 L.E.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 Liability of agent for conversion, trespass, 
 or other positive act of wrongdoing 
 against tnird persons under orders of 
 employer. 50 L.E.A. 644. 
 
 Liability of landlord's agent for conversion 
 of tenant's goods by one put in pos- 
 session of premises before the expira- 
 tion of the tenancy. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 226. 
 
 §4 3. Agent of undisclosed principal. 
 
 Liability of principal, see supra, § 26. 
 
 Personal liability of agent of undisclosed 
 principal. 2 L.R.A. 812.* 
 
 Eight to recover from agent money paid him 
 for his principal where the agency is 
 undisclosed. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 560. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 :i25 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND SURETY. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1, 2. 
 II. Existence of relation; power to act 
 as surety, §§ 3, -i. 
 III. Liabilitie.-< and defenses, §§ 5-lS. 
 a. In general, §§ 5-9. 
 6. Release or discharge, §§10- 
 IS. 
 IT. Rights and remedies of surety, §§ 
 19-29. 
 a. In general, §§ 19-31. 
 h. As to creditors, §§ 22-26. 
 
 c. As to principal, §§ 27, 2S. 
 
 d. Between costireties, § 29. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 On bail bonds, see Bail and Recognizance. 
 As to bonds, generally, see Bonds. 
 Execution of bond by, see Bonds, §§ 2, 3. 
 Failure to secure all sureties agreed on, see 
 
 Bonds, § 3 a. 
 Effect of principal's failure to sign bond, 
 
 see Bonds, § 3. 
 As to guaranty, see Gtjaeanty. 
 Married woman as suretv, see Husband and 
 
 Wife, §§ 16, 17. 
 Intervention by surety, see Parties, § 39. 
 
 Hiring of convict by sui-ety. 27 L.R.A. 607. 
 Law governing usury in contract of prin- 
 cipal and surety. 62 L.E.A. 73. 
 
 § 2. Law as to becoming surety tor a 
 surety maker. 
 
 In general. 21 L.E.A. 247. 
 
 Methods of becoming suretv for surety. 21 
 
 L.E.A. 247. 
 Words added to the signature. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 247. 
 Words coupled with circumstances. 21 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 248. 
 Signature by payee to make the paper avail- 
 able. 21 L.E.A. 248. 
 Time of signing. 21 L.E.A. 249. 
 After liability of first surety fixed. 21 
 
 L.E.A. 249. 
 Guaranty. 21 L.E.A. 250. 
 Expressly limiting liability. 21 L.E.A. 250. 
 Necessity of contract with first surety. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 250. 
 Signing at request of surety. 21 L.R.A. 251. 
 Request and promise to save harmless. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 252. 
 Liability towards payee. 21 L.R.A. 252. 
 Remedy against other parties on the paper. 
 
 21 L.E.A. 252. 
 Effect of release. 21 L.E.A. 252. 
 
 71. Existence of relation; power to act 
 as surety. 
 
 § 3. Existence of relation. 
 
 Vendor as surety in respect to mortgage. 
 5L.R.A. 277;* 8 L.R.A. 317.* 
 
 Accommodation parties as cosureties. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1042. 
 
 Distinction between guaranty and surety- 
 ship. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 365. 
 Constat aUo L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND SURETY, II.— cont'd ' 
 
 Application of principal and surety rule as 
 to creditors on assumption of debts at 
 dissolution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 88. 
 
 Will contract induced by promise to fur- 
 nish a surety sustain a subsequent con- 
 tract of suretyship. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 189. 
 
 Does the fact that a name signed to a bill 
 or note below the signature of another 
 obligor is that of a partnership raise 
 a presumption that it is a surety only. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 426. 
 
 Burden of proving suretyship in action to 
 recover for failure to execute process. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 432. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence to show 
 relation of principal and surety be- 
 tween parties to note. 20 L.E.A. 711. 
 
 § 4. Power to act as surety. 
 
 Of married woman, see Husband anJ) Wife, 
 §§ 16, 17. 
 
 Power of surety company to act as surety. 
 48 L.E.A. 589. 
 
 Power of foreign surety company to act as 
 surety. 48 L.E.A. '592. 
 
 Power of corporation organized for the man- 
 ufacture and sale of liquor to enter 
 into contracts of suretyship on behalf 
 of its customers or prospective custom- 
 ers. 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 186. 
 
 III. Liahilities and defenses. 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Liability on appeal bond, see Appeal and 
 
 Error, S 46. 
 On bail bond, see Bail and Eecognizance, 
 
 § 8- 
 
 On contractor's bond, see Bonds, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 On fidelity bonds, see Bonds, § 11. 
 
 On oificia'l bonds, see Bonds, §§ 12-14. 
 
 On bond of executor or administrator, see 
 Executors and Administrators, §§ 26, 
 27. 
 
 Liability of guarantor, see Guaranty. 
 
 Conclusiveness against surety of judgment 
 against principal, see Judgment, 47. 
 
 Payment by principal as extending limita- 
 tion period as to surety, see Limitation 
 OF Actions, § 66. 
 
 Promise by principal as extending limita- 
 tion period as to surety, see Limita- 
 tion OF Actions, § 71. 
 
 Duty of surety to see that spaces on com- 
 mercial paper are filled so as to prevent 
 raising. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 402. 
 
 Eff'ect upon liability of surety of principal's 
 incapacity to contract. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1000. 
 
 Liability of sureties under civil damage act 
 for sales causing injury where not con- 
 fined to the period ('overed by their 
 bonds. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585. 
 
1126 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRIXCIPAL AND SURETY, III. a— cont'd 
 Duty of one taking note to communicate 
 the fact of 23rincipars insolvency to 
 one assuming the obligation of surety. 
 14 L.R.A.{N.S.) 377. 
 Necessity of exhausting remedy as to surety 
 as condition precedent to creditors' bill. 
 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 78. 
 Effect upon surety of judgment against 
 principal. 52 L.R.A. 165; 40 L.E.A. (N. 
 S.) 698. 
 Renewal of contract under option as extend- 
 ing the undertaking of a surety for 
 the performance of the contract. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 422. 
 Security limited to original term of the 
 
 lease. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 423. 
 
 Security extended to renewal term of 
 
 lease. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 425. 
 
 § 6. Extent of surety's liability. 
 
 Extent of recovery on bond, see Damage.?, 
 §§ 27-29. 
 
 Restriction of surety's liability to agree- 
 ment. 3 L.E.A. 168;* 4 L.E.A. 680;* 
 L.E.A. 353.* 
 
 Evile that surety's liability is not to be 
 extended by implication. 13 L.R.A. 
 418.* 
 
 Does bond of highway contractor cover per- 
 sonal injuries of members of public. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 152. 
 
 Liability of surety to principal for costs in 
 
 action 
 
 (N.S.) 
 
 replevin bond. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 § 7. Guaranty by surety of genuine- 
 ness of other signatures. 
 
 Generally. 4i) L.R.A. 315. 
 Promissory notes. 49 L.E.A. 315. 
 
 Prior signatures. 49 L.E.A. 315. 
 
 Subsequent signatures. 49 L.E.A. 316. 
 Bonds. 49 L.E.A. 316. 
 
 Prior signatures. 49 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 Subsequent signatures. 49 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 § 8. Defenses. 
 
 Release or discharge of surety, 
 §§ 10-18. 
 
 see infra, 
 
 Efi'ect of contingency of claim against es- 
 tate of deceased surety. 58 L.R.A. 
 86. 
 
 Contingency of claim against sureties on 
 bonds for title. 58 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 Breach of warranty in the principal con- 
 tract as defense to surety. 21 L.R.A. 
 406. 
 
 § 9. IjiMbility on guaranty or surety 
 obligation obtained by fraud. 
 
 In case of fraud of principal. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 409. 
 
 The obligee must not connive at the 
 
 fraud. 21 L.R.A. 410. 
 
 In case of fraud of obligee. 21 L.R.A. 410. 
 
 Secret stipulation between principal 
 
 and obligee. 21 L.E.A. 410. 
 Concealment of facts. 21 L.R.A. 411. 
 There must be fraud. 21 L.R.A. 411. 
 
 Begin xcith this boo7i on everi/ law question 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND SURETY, III. a— cont'd 
 Silence or concealment when there is 
 
 a duty to speak. 21 L.E.A. 411. 
 Surety for employee. 21 L.E.A. 412. 
 Holding agent out as honest. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 413. 
 Public officers. 21 L.E.A. 413. 
 Negligence of Surety. 21 L.E.A. 413. 
 
 6. Release or discharge. 
 
 §10. Generally. 
 
 On bail bond, see Bail and Recognizance, 
 
 § 8. 
 Of indorser of note, see Bills and Notes, 
 
 §§ 34, 43-53, 57. 
 Of guarantor, see Guaranty. §§ 9, 10. 
 
 Release of surety. 7 L.R.A. 405.* 
 
 What acts will release surety. 13 L.E.A. 
 
 418.* 
 Eelease of mortgagor as surety by mort- 
 gagee's dealing with vendee who has 
 assumed mortgage. 16 L.E.A. 85. 
 Effect of judgment against part of joint 
 or joint and several obligors to release 
 liability of others where obligors are 
 principal and surety. 43 L.R.A. 165. 
 Amendment of claim or pleading as dis- 
 charge of sureties on bonds given 
 to dissolve attachments or on bail 
 bonds in civil actions. 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.). 484. 
 Amendments changing ad damtmm. 
 
 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 484. 
 Amendments changing parties. 42 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 485. 
 Amendments changing form of claim or 
 
 action. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 487. 
 Effect of amendment where judgment 
 is rendered on original demand 
 only. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 489. 
 Change of return day. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 490. 
 Effect upon bond conditioned for fidelity of 
 employee or agent, of a change in the 
 latter's field of operation or the na- 
 ture of his duties. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 463; .36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1152. 
 Decree directing transfer of fund by exec- 
 utor, administrator, or guardian to 
 himself in another fiduciary capacity, 
 as affecting liability of his sureties. 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1136. 
 Estoppel to enforce contract of suretyship 
 or guaranty released through mistake. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) .576. 
 Constitutionality of statute releasing pub- 
 lic officer on his surety from liability 
 for loss of public fund. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 97. 
 
 § 11. Payment by principal. 
 
 Payment voidable under bankruptcy act 
 as discharge of surety, guarantor, or 
 indorser. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 581. 
 
 Payment of promissory note by maker, 
 which proves ineffectual as a satisfac- 
 tion, as affecting the liability of a 
 surety thereon. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 204. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1127 
 
 PEIXCTPAL ilND SURETY, III. b— cont'd 
 Release of surety on building contractor's 
 
 bond by making payments not autbor- 
 
 i/ed by the contract. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 418. 
 Release of surety by receipt of commercial 
 
 paper for obligation. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 68. 
 
 f 12. Surrender of, or failure to apply, 
 property of principal. 
 
 Effect on liability of tenant's surety of 
 surrender of lease containing an op- 
 tion to purchase. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 557. 
 
 Effect upon surety of bank's failure to 
 apply principal's deposit account upon 
 note. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 944. 
 
 Is surety discharged by obligee's surrender 
 of original obligation and acceptance 
 of another which is defective. 16 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 343. 
 
 Eelease of indorser of note by failure to 
 exhaust security against maker. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 539, 551. 
 
 ^ 13. Change of contract. 
 
 lEffect of alteration of instrument on sure- 
 ty's liability. 7 L.R.A. 743.* 
 
 Effect upon mortgagor's obligation of modi- 
 fication between mortgagee and subse- 
 quent grantee. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 666. 
 
 ■Change of principals to obligation as dis- 
 charge of surety. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 11607 
 
 J 14. Failure to proceed against prin- 
 cipal. 
 
 Release of indorser of note, see Bills and 
 Notes, § 57. 
 
 JLffect of failure to present claim against 
 the estate of a deceased or bankrupt 
 principal, to release surety. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1.39. 
 
 ^ 15. By extension of time of payment. 
 
 Release of indorser of note, see Bills and 
 Notes, § 57. 
 
 Release of indorser by giving time by un- 
 enforceable contract. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 534. 
 
 Effect of renewal of principal's obligation 
 to release party to a note executed to 
 the creditor as collateral. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 141. 
 
 Effect under negotiable instrument law of 
 extension of time to principal to re- 
 lease suretv or grantor. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 149." 
 
 Effect of extension of time by creditor on 
 assumption of debts on dissolution of 
 partnership. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 90. 
 
 Ilxtension of time bv attorney as discharg- 
 ing .surety. 39' L.R.A. (X.S.) 62. 
 
 Extension of time for levying execution as 
 discharge of surety. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 704. 
 Consult also L.Il A. Digests to date. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND SURia'Y, III. b— cont'd 
 Effect, under negotiable instruments law, of 
 extension of time to principal to re- 
 lease one who, on the face of the in- 
 strument, is primarily liable, but is in 
 fact a surety. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 129; 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 99. 
 
 § 16. — effect of usury In consideration 
 for extension. 
 
 Effect of payment of usury. 53 L.R.A. 316. 
 Effect of contract to pay usury. 53 L.R.A. 
 320. 
 
 §17. Death of surety or cosurety. 
 
 Effect of death of cosurety. 2 L.R.A. 184.* 
 Is liability of surety determined by his 
 death. 2 B. R. C. 937. 
 Death as termination of undertaking 
 other than joint. 2 B. R. C. 94,'i. 
 Death as termination of joint undertak- 
 ings. 2 B. R. C. 950. 
 Statutes modifying rule as to joint 
 undertakings. 2 B. R. C. 951. 
 
 § 18. Discharge of principal. 
 
 When will discharge of principal in bank- 
 ruptcy release surety on bond given by 
 principal in an action at law. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 507; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 234. 
 
 IV. Rights and retnedies of surety. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Subrogation of sureties, see Suekogation, 
 § 5. 
 
 Relief In equity. 7 L.R.A. 84.* 
 
 Right of surety to pay debt of principal. 
 1 L.R.A. 642.* 
 
 Liability of corporate officers who fail to 
 file report required by statute, to sure- 
 ty or guarantor of corporate paper. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 855. 
 
 Necessity of exhausting remedy at law in 
 actions by sureties as condition prece- 
 dent to creditors' bill. 23 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 101. 
 
 Rights of surety as affected by receipt of 
 commercial paper for obligation. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 64. 
 
 Validity of agreement with surety as to 
 custody or control of trust funds. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S,) 994. 
 
 § 20. Preference to, and priority of, 
 surety. 
 
 Preference of surety by transfer of prop- 
 erty in satisfaction of debt. 36 L.R.A. 
 34.5. 
 
 Payment of debt by bankrupt as a prefer- 
 ence to a surety therefor. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 660. 
 
 Priority of claims of sureties against prop- 
 ertv in hands of receiver over recorded 
 liens. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1026: 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 699. 
 
 g 21. Indemnity to surety. 
 
 Indemnity of surety. 13 1..R.A. 340.* 
 
1128 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND SURETY, IV. a— cont'd 
 Conveyance or transfer to indemnify sure- 
 ties or indorsers as a voluntary assign- 
 ment for creditors. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 332. 
 Specific performance of contract to give in- 
 demnity to surety. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 590. 
 
 b. As to creAitora. 
 
 § 22. Generally. 
 
 Subrogation of sureties, to rights of, see 
 
 Subrogation, § 5. 
 Subrogation to rights of sureties, see SuB- 
 
 EOGATION, § 6. 
 
 Right of sureties who perform contract on 
 abandonment by contractor, to moneys 
 unpaid on contract, as against the as- 
 signees or creditors of contractor. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 457. 
 
 § 28. As to collaterals. 
 
 Right of surety to control application of 
 
 collaterals. 12 L.R.A. 131.* 
 Duty of creditor to surety with respect to 
 management and collection of col- 
 lateral. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 699. 
 Introductory. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 700. 
 Duty as dependent on nature of pos- 
 session or lien. 37 L.R.A. (NtS.) 
 701. 
 Is there a duty of active vigilance. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 703. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 703. 
 Contradictory opinions. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 703. 
 Various judicial views. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 703. 
 Particular inactivities. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 707. 
 Failure to sell or foreclose 
 against the collateral. 37 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 707. 
 Failure to take possession of 
 collateral covered by a 
 mortgage or lien. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 708. 
 Defaulting in suits. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 710. 
 Failure to record papers. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 710. 
 Miscellaneous omissions. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 Particular agreements. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 711. 
 Under special statutes. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 712. 
 Georgia. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 712. 
 Louisiana. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 713. 
 Canada. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 713. 
 Requests to realize on collateral. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 714. 
 Sale merging security in the debt. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 714. 
 Waiver and estoppel of surety. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 715. 
 Applying collateral to other debts. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 715. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND SURETY, IV, b— cont'd 
 Good faith and fraud. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 716. 
 Miscellaneous. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 716; 
 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 699. 
 
 § 24. Bigbt to intervene. 
 
 See Pakties, § 38. 
 
 §25. Bight to relief against judgment. 
 
 Injunction against judgment in favor of 
 or against sureties, see Injunction, § 
 58. 
 
 Effect of decree against principal; vacating 
 or setting aside decree. 2 L.iR.A. 644.' 
 
 Injunction against judgment entered on 
 confession against sureties. 30 L.R.A. 
 240. 
 
 Injunction in behalf of surety against judg- 
 ment. 30 L.R.A. 567. 
 
 Enjoining judgment against or in favor of 
 sureties. 31 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 Right of surety to sue to set aside judg- 
 ment against principal. 54 L.R.A. 765. 
 
 § 2 6. Set-off. 
 
 Surety's right of set-off, generally. 13 
 
 L.R.A. 239.* 
 Rights as to set-off in case of insolvency. 
 
 17 L.R.A. 460. 
 Set-off in bankruptcy cases. 55 L.R.A. 68. 
 Right of surety or principal to interpose an 
 independent cause of action in 
 favor of the latter against the 
 plaintiff as a defense or counter- 
 claim. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 600. 
 When surety sued apart from principal. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 600. 
 When principal and surety sued joint- 
 ly. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 
 c. As to principal. 
 
 §2 7. Generally. 
 
 Subrogation of surety, see Subboqation, § 
 
 5. 
 Subrogation of creditor to rights of surety, 
 
 see Subrogation, § 6. 
 
 Right of surety on bail bond to pursue prin- 
 cipal into another state for the pur- 
 pose of arresting him. 14 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Right of surety, prior to obtaining a judg- 
 ment or licn^ to enjoin principal's 
 transfer of property to defraud him. 
 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 484. 
 
 §28. !Extinction of judgment against 
 principal by sureties' payment. 
 
 Right of surety who has paid jxidgment to 
 enforce it, see Judgment, § 83. 
 
 Rights of surety on payment of judgment. 
 
 16 L.R.A. 115. 
 
 In general. 68 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Payment by joint debtors. 68 L.R.A. 514. 
 
 The right of action at common law. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 517. 
 The nature of subrogation. 68 L.R.A. 520. 
 The civil law. 68 L.R.A. 522. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 1129 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND SURETY, IV. c— cont'd 
 The equitable doctrine of subrogation. 68 
 L.K.A. 523. 
 In general. 68 L.R.A. 523. 
 No contract right. 68 L.R.A. 524. 
 Justice the end. 68 L.R.A. 525. 
 The right never doubtful. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 526. 
 Superior equities prevail. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 526. 
 Laches. 68 L.R.A. 527. 
 Adequate remedy at \a,vr. 68 L.R.A. 
 528. 
 Subrogation to collateral securities. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 528. 
 Subrogation to rights and remedies. 68 
 
 L.RA. 534. 
 Subrogation to primary secvirities. 68 
 L.R.A. 534. 
 English cases before Lord Eldon's time. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 537. 
 Lord Eldon's doctrine. 68 L.R.A. 538. 
 Irish cases. 68 L.R.A. 539. 
 Lord Eldon's doctrine in the United 
 
 States. 68 L.R.A. 540. 
 Effect of surety's payment on the pri- 
 mary obligation. 68 L.R.A. 
 546. 
 Extinction. 68 L.R.A. 546. 
 Survival. 68 L.R.A. 548. 
 
 In general. 68 L.R.A. 548. 
 Equitv will revive. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 550. 
 In case of a lien. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 551. 
 When there is an assignment. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 552. 
 Right to a transfer. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 553. 
 Possession of original obliga- 
 tion. 68 L.R.A. 555. 
 Surety's payment in the na- 
 ture of a purchase. 68 
 L.R.A. 555. 
 Satisfaction set aside. 68 
 L.R.A. 555. 
 Succession to specialties, preferences, 
 and priorities. 68 L.R.A. 556. 
 Commercial paper. 68 L.R.A. 559. 
 
 Relation of maker and indorser. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 559. 
 Separate judgments. 68 L.R.A. 559. 
 Laws allowing joint actions. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 560. 
 Joint judgments. 68 L.R.A. 562. 
 Joint makers. 68 L.R.A. 563. 
 Discharge of secondary liabilities. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 564. 
 Satisfaction not duplicated. 68 L.R.A. 
 564. 
 Suretyship by separate contract. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 564. 
 Separate judgments against principals. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 565. 
 Judgment as a merger of the relation of 
 principal and surety. 68 L.R.A. 566. 
 Executions on original judgments. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 567. 
 Keeping paid judgments alive. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 569. 
 The question of intention. 68 L.R.A. 570. 
 Contiult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND SURETY, IV. c— cont'd 
 The need of a formal assignment. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 572. 
 Existence and proof of suretyship. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 574. 
 Statutes. 68 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 Early American legislation. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 577. 
 Legislation during the middle period. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 577. 
 Later legislation. 68 L.R.A. 578. 
 Construction and interpretation. 68 
 L.R.A. 580. 
 Effect of statutes on existing 
 
 rights. 68 L.R.A. 580. 
 The rule of interpretation. 68 
 L.R.A. 581. 
 Application and effect. 68 L.R.A. 581. 
 Complete subrogation. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 581. 
 The right to assignment. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 581. 
 Control of original judgment. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 582. 
 Executions. 68 L.R.A. 582. 
 New judgments. 68 L.R.A. 582. 
 Compulsory payments. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 583. 
 Sureties embraced. 68 L.R.A. 583. 
 Miscellaneous. 68 L.R.A. 584. 
 The English statutes. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 584. 
 Canadian statutes. 68 L.RA. 585. 
 Overruled, limited, and doubtful cases. 68 
 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 d. Between cosureties. 
 
 § 29. Generally. 
 
 Contribution between, see Contbibution, 
 §6. 
 
 Statute of frauds as to contract between 
 
 sureties. 39 L.R.A. 378. 
 Right of sureties on appeal or supersedeas 
 
 bond to look to sureties on a prior 
 
 bond of the same principal. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1021. 
 
 PRINTED SIGNATURE. 
 
 To instrument. 22 L.R.A. 301. 
 Sufficiency of, within statute of frauds. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 352. 
 
 PRINTERS' MARKS. 
 
 On official ballot. 47 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 PRINTING. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As a manufacturing business. 64 L.R.A. 62..^ 
 Attorney's implied power to bind client for 
 printer's bill. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 703. 
 
1130 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 PRINTING— cont'd 
 
 § 2. Public printing. 
 
 Claim against state for. 42 L.E.A. 59. 
 
 Power of board to make contract for pub- 
 lic printing extending beyond its own 
 term. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 655. 
 
 Liability of municipality or county on im- 
 plied contract for publishing notices 
 in newspaper. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1130. 
 
 ilight of taxpayer, in absence of statute, 
 to enjoin unlawful printing expendi- 
 tures by municipality. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 22. 
 
 PRIOR AGREEMENT. 
 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, §§ 162, 
 163. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 PRIOR APPROPRIATION. 
 
 See Waters, §§ 89-91. 
 
 — ♦-•-♦ 
 
 PRIORITY. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Of claim for advances, see Advances, § 3. 
 
 Of lien of attachment, see Attachment, 
 §§ 8, 9. 
 
 Of rights in funds of bankrupt, see Bank- 
 KITPTCY, § 12. 
 
 Of chattel mortgage, see Chattel Mort- 
 gage, § 27. 
 
 In items allowed as costs, see Costs and 
 Fees, § 8. 
 
 Of claims against insolvent, see Insolvency, 
 §§ 6-8. 
 
 Of judgment lien, see Judgment, §§ 61- 
 64. 
 
 Of lien generally, see Liens, §§ 15-17. 
 
 Of mechanics' lien, see Mechanics' Liens, 
 '§§ 8, 9. 
 
 Of mortgage on real estate, see Mortgage, 
 §§ 35-39. 
 
 Of claims against partnership, see Part- 
 nership, §§ 15-17. 
 
 Of lien of local assessment, see Public Im- 
 provements, § 31. 
 
 Of purchase money mortgage, see Pur- 
 chase Money, § 7. 
 
 Of claims against assets in hands of re- 
 ceiver, see Receivers, § 17. » 
 
 Of unrecorded instrument, see Records and 
 Recorijing Laws, § 20. 
 
 Of tax over other lien, see Taxes, § 89. 
 
 Of vendor's lien, see Vendor and Pur- 
 chaser, § .32. 
 
 Between assignees, see Assignment, §§ 13, 
 14. 
 
 Claims against assignee for creditors en- 
 titled to, see Assignment foe Cred- 
 itors, § 17. 
 
 Between dower and other claims, see Dowek, 
 §6. 
 
 Ijoss of priority of execution, see Execu- 
 tion, § 13. 
 
 PRIORITY— cont'd 
 
 Loss of priority under lev}', see Levy and 
 
 Seizure, § 15. 
 In case of garnishment, see Garnishment, 
 
 § 18. 
 Prior rights in water, see WjVters, §§ 89- 
 
 91. 
 Giving of preference, see Preference, 
 
 For rent of premises occupied by receiver 
 or assignee for creditors. 59 L.E.A. 
 691. 
 
 Priority of notes falling due at different 
 times secured by same mortgage. 24 
 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 Of claim for funeral expenses. 33 L.R.A. 
 665. 
 
 Is a legacy given to a creditor in satisfac- 
 tion of his debt entitled to priority over 
 other legacies of same class. 2 B. R. 
 C. 509. 
 
 Deposit by broker or factor to his own ac- 
 count of proceeds of sale of customer's 
 stock or property as creating a trust 
 entitled to a preference. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 808. 
 
 Effect upon priorities, of consolidation of 
 corporations. 23 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Eflfect of priority of purchase on right to 
 enforce restrictive covenant or agree- 
 ment as to use of property. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 34. 
 
 Precedence as between tunnel locator and 
 surface locator of mine. 53 L.R.A. 794. 
 
 Validity of statute giving veterans prefer- 
 ence in appointment to office. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 825. 
 
 In withdrawal from loan association. 35 
 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 In right to establish and operate ferry. 
 59 L.R.A. 531. 
 
 In rights growing out of priority of use of 
 electricity. 2 B. R. C. 129.' 
 
 § 2. Of claims of laborers. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes giving prior- 
 ity to claims of certain laborers. 21 
 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Who are laborers within statute preferring 
 wages. 18 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 § 3. Of claims by or against govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Priority of claims against state. 42 L.R.A. 
 38,' 54. 
 
 Priority of state or United States in pay- 
 ment from assets of debtor. 29 L.R.A, 
 226; 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 255. 
 
 Priority of judgment in favor of United 
 States. 47 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 4«» 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 PRIOR KNOWliEDGE. 
 
 In respect to patent, see Patents, § 9. 
 * « » 
 
 PRIOR OFFENSE. 
 
 Enhancing punishment in case of, see Crim- 
 inal Law, § 83. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 PRIOR SERVICE. 
 Disqualifying grand juror. 28 L.K.A. 202. 
 ■*-—* 
 
 1131 
 
 PRIOR USE. 
 In respect to patents, see Patents, § 9. 
 ♦-.-♦ 
 
 PRISOJf. 
 
 See Jails and Priso.ns. 
 
 PRISON ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Exemption of prison association from suit 
 as agency of state. 35 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 243. 
 
 PRISON BREACH. 
 
 See Jails axd Prisons, § 6. 
 
 PRISONER. 
 
 Liability to, for injury while confined in, see 
 Jails and Pkisons, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Property of, see Pbopeety, § 6. 
 
 Service of process on, see Writ and Proc- 
 ess, § 13a. 
 
 See also CoR'sacTS. 
 
 PRISON LABOR. 
 
 Claim against state based on contract for. 
 42 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 PRIVACY. 
 
 The law of. 31 L.E.A. 283. 
 
 Eight of action for use of photograph or 
 name for advertising purposes. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 991; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1137. 
 
 Publication of one's photograph in connec- 
 tion with scandalous matter concerning 
 another. .35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 595. 
 
 Right to take or retain in rogues' gallery 
 picture of one accused of crime before 
 conviction. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 274; 23 
 L.R.A.(N.>S.) 739. 
 
 PRIVATE ACTION. 
 
 § 1. In general. 
 
 Injunction by private person, see Injunc- 
 tion. 
 Commit also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PRIVATE ACTION— cont'd 
 Bv one injured by nuisance, see Nuisances, 
 §§ 22, 25. 
 
 For obstruction of navigable stream. 3 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1120; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 7ti3. 
 Right of private persons to contest power 
 
 of corporation to take or hold property. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 293. 
 Right of shipper where carrier negligently 
 
 misquotes rate which has been filed or 
 
 published as required by statute. 33 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 § 2. Violation of ordinance. 
 
 Violation of police ordinance as ground for 
 
 private action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 186. 
 
 Ordinances affecting the operation of 
 
 railroads. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 188. 
 
 The power to ordain. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 188. 
 Force and effect. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 191. 
 Reasonableness. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 193. 
 Territory covered. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 195. 
 Open country. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 195. 
 Between streets. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 196. 
 Railroad yards. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 196. 
 Railroad speed at common law. 5 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 197. 
 Right of action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 198. 
 Effect of penal provisions on the 
 right of action. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 203. 
 Who are protected. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 205. 
 The public. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 205. 
 Railroad employees. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 207. 
 Trespassers. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 208. 
 Proximate cause. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 209. 
 The rule. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 209. 
 The application. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 212. 
 Pleading. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 215. 
 Ordinances as evidence. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 216. 
 Excessive speed. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 218. 
 A question of fact. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 218. 
 Negligence. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 218. 
 Negligence as a matter of law. 
 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 220. 
 The Illinois rule. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 223. 
 Evidence of negligence. 5 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 226. 
 Wilful and wanton negligence. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 228.' 
 
1132 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PRIVATE ACTION— cont'd 
 
 Contributory negligence. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 230. 
 In general. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 230. 
 The right to expect obedience. 
 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 235. 
 Comparative negligence. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 239. 
 Imputed negligence. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 240. , 
 Warning signals. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 240. 
 Flying switches. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 242. 
 Watchmen on ears in motion. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 242. 
 Lights. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 244. 
 Blowing off steam. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 244. 
 Obstructing crossings. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 244. 
 Guards at crossings. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 245. 
 Flagmen. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 245. 
 Safety gates. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 246. 
 Ordinances relating to street railroads. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 247. 
 Right of action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 247. 
 Effect of penal provisions upon the 
 right of action. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 247. 
 Franchise conditions. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 248. 
 Proximate cause. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 248. 
 Contributory negligence. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 249. 
 Excessive speed. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 250. 
 In general. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 250. 
 Negligence. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 251. 
 Negligence per se. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 251. 
 Evidence of negligence. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 251. 
 Bells or gongs. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 252. 
 Fenders. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 252. 
 Rule of the road. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 252. 
 "Vigilant-watch" ordinances. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 253. 
 Ordinances regulating travel and traf- 
 fic on streets. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 253. 
 In generaL 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 253. 
 Fast or reckless driving. 5 L.R.A; 
 
 (N.S.) 254. 
 Unfastened and unguarded animals. 
 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 255. 
 Road rules. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 256. 
 Ordinances regulating the use of streets 
 and private property. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 257. 
 Street obstructions. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 257. 
 
 Begin with this hook, on every law question. 
 
 PRIVATE ACTION— cont'd 
 
 Covering sidewalks fronting build- 
 ings under construction. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 258. 
 Street excavations. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 259. 
 Excavations adjoining streets. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 Wharves. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 Electric wires. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 Blasting. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 Elevators and hatchways. 5 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 260. 
 Fire escapes. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 261. 
 Awnings, signs, and bow windows. 
 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 261. 
 Fire and explosions. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 261. 
 Ordinances requiring the performance 
 of municipal duties. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 262. 
 Review and criticism of eases. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 264. 
 Conclusion. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 270. 
 
 § 3. Violation of statute. 
 
 Private action for violation of statute not 
 expressly conferring it. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 338. 
 Disobedience of statute constitutes ac- 
 tionable negligence. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 339. 
 Effect of contributory negligence. 9 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 342. 
 Beneficiaries of statutes. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 343. 
 Proximate cause. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 345. 
 Statutes imposing duties upon rail- 
 roads. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 347. 
 The general principle. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 347. 
 Duty to fence the right of way. 
 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 347. 
 Duty to signal approach to cross- 
 ings. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 365. 
 Limitations of speed. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 373. 
 Crossing regulations. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 373. 
 Miscellaneous duties. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 374. 
 Laws and rules of navigation and wa- 
 ter carriage. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 375. 
 Building and factory laws. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 376. 
 ConBtructlon. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 376. 
 Scaffolds. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 376. 
 Walls and floorings. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 378. 
 Equipment. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379. 
 Fire escapes. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 379. 
 Elevators, hoistings, etc. 9 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 380. 
 Fire risks. 9 L.R.A. (N.S,) 381. 
 Guards about machinery. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 381. 
 Child-labor laws. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 381. 
 Mining acts. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 382. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1133 
 
 PRIVATE ACTION— cont'd 
 
 Statutes regulating sales of poisons 
 
 and other dangerous , wares. 9 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 Public duties. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 383. 
 
 Municipal obligations. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 383. 
 
 Delegated duties. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 384. 
 Statutes specifically penalizing their 
 
 violations. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 385. 
 Remedies. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 388. 
 
 Principals. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 388. 
 
 Applications. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 389. 
 Pleading. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 390. 
 
 PKIVATB BANKING. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes prohibiting. 15 
 L.R.A. 477. 
 
 PRIVATE CARRIERS. 
 
 Railroad companies as, in drawing special 
 trains or special cars. 30 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 PRIVATE CEMETERIES. 
 
 Public character of charitable bequest for. 
 37 L.R.A.(X.S.) 997. 
 
 PRIVATE COUNSEL. 
 
 Appearance before grand jury. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 568. 
 
 Right of prosecutrix in bastardy proceed- 
 ings to. 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 463. 
 
 PRIVATE CROSSING. 
 
 Maintenance of, by railroad, see Raileoads, 
 § 30. 
 
 ■♦ « » 
 
 PRIVATE DETECTIVES. 
 
 See Detectives. 
 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 PRIVATE DOCUMENTS. 
 
 Admissibility of copies of records of, from 
 other states. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 954. 
 
 < » » 
 
 PRIVATE DRAINS. 
 
 Power of municipality to authorize use of 
 highway for. 16 L.R.A. 715. 
 Consult alHO L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PRIVATE DRAINS— cont'd 
 Right and duty to connect property. 70 
 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 PRIVATE ENTERPRISE. 
 
 Power of municipality to engage in, see Mu- 
 nicipal COBPORATIONS, § 16. 
 
 Power of state to engage in. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 221. 
 
 Power of legislature to authorize counties or 
 other political divisions to build, pur- 
 chase, or operate railroad or street rail- 
 way, as affected by limitations or re- 
 strictions on power to aid private en- 
 terprises. 28L.R.A.(N.S.) 412. 
 
 PRIVATE ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 Power of railroad company to condemn right 
 of way for spur or siding to. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 181; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 636. 
 
 PRIVATE PERRY. 
 
 Obligation of owner of, as a common car- 
 rier. 68 L.R.A. 154. 
 
 < «» 
 
 PRIVATE HOSPITAIi. 
 
 See Hospital. 
 
 PRIVATE LAND CLAIM. 
 
 Location of mining claim on. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 ■ (N.S.) 786. 
 Rights in as affected by parties living in 
 illicit relations. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 840. 
 
 PRIVATE LANDS. 
 
 Drainage of, as public purpose for which ' 
 power of eminent domain may be ex- 
 ercised. 49 L.R.A. 781. 
 
 PRIVATE PURPOSES. 
 
 Public purpose, see Eminent Domain, §§ 9- 
 23. 
 
 Right of municipality to permit vise of, or 
 to lease, its public buildings for private 
 purposes. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 580. 
 
 Power of municipality as against abutting 
 owner to vacate street or portion there- 
 of and devote the land to private pur- 
 poses. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 530. 
 
1134 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PRIVATE RAILROADS. 
 
 As real or personal property. 66 L.R.A. 
 48. 
 
 Securing right of way for logging road un- 
 der jjower of eminent domain. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 969. 
 
 Liability of proprietor of, for injuries sus- 
 tained by other than employee while 
 being carried thereon. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 •131; 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 190. 
 
 Applicability to, of enactment abrogating 
 fellow-servant rule as to "railroads." 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 479. 
 
 Operatives employed in industrial plant as 
 fellow servant of employees engaged in 
 operation of private railroad conducted 
 in connection therewith. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 354. 
 
 PRIVATE RIGHTS. 
 
 Protection of from interference with, by pub- 
 lic. 18 L.R.A. 543. 
 
 Right to maintain quo warranto proceedings 
 for vindication of. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 810. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 PRIVATE ROADS. 
 
 Condemnation of land for, see Eminent Do- 
 main, § 14. 
 
 Liability for injury to travelers on, see 
 Highways, § 56b. 
 
 Petition for. 8 L.R.A. 59.* 
 
 PRIVATE SALE. 
 
 Besale at private sale to fix damages for 
 purchaser's refusal to accept goods. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 683. 
 
 PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 
 
 PoWer to regulate or prohibit. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 53. 
 
 Power to use public school money in sup- 
 port of. 15 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 Use of public school building for. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592. 
 
 Exemption from taxation of property used 
 for. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 
 Liability of property of private educational 
 institutions to assessment for local im- 
 provements. 35 L.R.A. 37. 
 
 PRIVATE SHIPPING POINTS. 
 
 As depot grounds within meaning of fence 
 laws. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 
 PRIVATE SIDINGS. 
 
 See Spur Tracks and Sidings. 
 
 4 » » 
 
 PRIVATE STREAM. 
 
 Acquirement of right on. 70 L.R.A. 274. 
 
 *-—*■ 
 
 PRIVATE USE. 
 
 Lease or license of public buildings for. 33 
 L.R.A. 118. 
 
 PRIVATE WAY. 
 
 Private way over land of another, see Ease- 
 ments. 
 
 Creation of easement by conveyance with 
 reference to, see Easements, § 11. 
 
 Private roads, see Private Roads. 
 
 Obstruction of. 14 L.R.A. 559. 
 Obstruction of, as justification for entry on 
 
 adjoining land. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 Parol agreement to construct private way 
 
 across railroad. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 702; 
 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 375. 
 Liability for dangerous condition of grounds 
 
 adjacent to private ways. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 C93. 
 Right to use public funds to maintain or 
 
 improve. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524. 
 Injunction against interference with fences, 
 
 under claim of. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69, 80. 
 
 PRIVIES. 
 
 Municipal regulations of, as nuisances, 38 
 
 L.R.A. 316. 
 Liability of landlord to third persons as 
 
 to condition of. 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 PRIVILEGE. 
 
 Ber/in u'ith this bool; on every law question. 
 
 From arrest, see Arrest, § 11. 
 
 Privileges an(; immunities of citizens, see 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAT LAW, VIII. 
 
 Of consul, see Consul. 
 
 Against self-incrimination, sec Criminal 
 
 Law, §§ 49-53. 
 As to confidential communications general- 
 ly, see Evidence. §§ 220-226; Libel 
 
 AND Slander, §§ 22-30. 
 As to proceedings of grand jury, see Grand 
 
 Jury, § 10. 
 Of members of legislature, see Legislature, 
 
 §2. 
 As to libel and slander, see Libel and 
 
 Slander, §§ 22-30. 
 Of witnesses generally, see Witnesses, § 40. 
 As to service of process, see ^^'RIT AND 
 
 Process, §§ 30-37. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1135 
 
 PRIVILEGE— cont'd 
 
 Municipal declaration of forfeiture of, for 
 breaeii of conditions, as a judicial de- 
 termination. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 221. 
 
 PRIVIIiEGED COMJIUNICATIONS. 
 
 See Evidence, §§ 220-226; 
 Slander, §§ 22-30. 
 
 Libel and 
 
 PRIVITY. 
 
 § 1. Of contract. 
 
 Between administrator or executor and lega- 
 tee, distributee, or creditor, see Execu- 
 tors AND AdjIINISTRATORS, § 4. 
 
 As to actions on contract. 25 L.R.A. 259. 
 
 As to parties on foreclosure of mortgage as 
 affecting right of set-off. 21 L.R.A. 
 326. 
 
 Between owners of party wall. 66 L.R.A. 
 681. 
 
 Of contract to contribute to cost of party 
 wall. 66 L.R.A. 702. 
 
 Of contract between abstractor and person 
 injured by his negligence. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 452. 
 
 Right to maintain replevin against one who 
 has replevied the property from one 
 with whom plaintiff is in privity. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 218. 
 
 Right of purchaser to recover amount paid 
 to relieve land from tax liens, from 
 one who should have paid the same but 
 with whom he had no contractual re- 
 lationship. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 562. 
 an administrator or e.xeeutor in such 
 privity with a legatee, distributee, or 
 creditor that he may assert a personal 
 defense of the latter to claim against 
 the estate. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 212. 
 
 Is 
 
 PKIZE. 
 
 Prize contf'st, see Prize Contest. 
 Jurisdiction of consuls in case of. 4.5 L.R.A. 
 
 495. 
 Allowance of interest on value of vessel 
 
 captured as prize. 18 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 PRIZE COXTEST. 
 
 Guessing contest as lottery. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 609. 
 
 Right to maintain action for prize offered 
 in. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) .30.5. 
 
 Changing terms of offer of prize after ef- 
 forts to secure it have begun. 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 183. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring prizes 
 
 or. other inducement to attract trade, to 
 
 be paid in cash. 4] L.R.A. (N.S.) 1041. 
 
 Consult also L.B.A. Dlgestft to date. 
 
 PRIZE FIGHTING. 
 
 Prize fighting as a crime. 15 L.R.A. 516. 
 
 Spectators as accomplices. 15 L.R.A. 
 516. 
 
 Aiding and abetting. 15 L.R.A. 517. 
 
 Indictments. 15 L.R.A. 517. 
 Consent as justification for assault. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 PRIZE POLES. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 680. 
 
 PROBABLE CAUSE. 
 
 For prosecution, see Malicious Prosecu- 
 tion, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 < « » 
 
 PROBATE. 
 
 See Wills, §§ 47-56. 
 
 *-»-*■ 
 
 PROCEEDINGS IN REM. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Divorce suit as. 59 L.R.A. 167. 
 
 What services of process in, sufficient to 
 
 constitute due process of law. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 597. 
 Effect of omission of statement that owner 
 
 is unknown in proceeding in rem to 
 
 enforce tax. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1060. 
 
 § 3. When lies. 
 
 For assault by employee on passenger. 14 
 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Against carrier for torts of servants to pas- 
 sengers. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1088. 
 
 To enforce penalty against vessel. 2 L.R.A. 
 382.* 
 
 Will action in rem lie againt proceeds of 
 private sale of property against wliich 
 such an action would lie. 2 B. R. C. 
 68. 
 
 § 3. Judgment in. 
 
 Right to personal judgment against nonresi- 
 dent in. 50 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Effect of judgment in against a dead per- 
 son. 49 L.R.A. 168. 
 
 Conclusiveness of foreign judgments in rem. 
 20 L.R.A. 668; 32 L.R.A. 236. 
 
 PROCEEDS. 
 
 Of foreclosure sale, see Mortgage, § 83. 
 Right to proceeds of land under devise of 
 land, see Wills, § 75. 
 
 Ratification of forged instrument by re- 
 ceiving proceeds of forgery. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1017. 
 
1136 
 
 PROCESS. 
 
 See Wbit and Pbocess. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 PKOCURING CAUSE OF SALE. 
 Broker as. 44 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 # » » 
 
 PRODUCE BUYERS. 
 
 Combination among, as monopoly. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 150. 
 
 12 
 
 PRODUCE EXCHANGE. 
 
 Seat in, as asset in bankruptcy. 
 (N.S.) 613. 
 
 27 L.R.A. 
 
 < « » 
 
 PRODUCER. 
 
 Implied warranty by, see Sale, § 30. 
 
 •-»-* ■ 
 
 PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS. 
 
 See DiscovBET and Inspection, § 3. 
 
 PROFANITY. 
 
 As ground for divorce. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 820. 
 
 As disturbance of public peace. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 505. 
 
 As a crime. 22 L.R.A. 353. 
 
 Profane statements made by person caus- 
 ing accident sometime thereafter as res 
 gestce. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 L.R.A. 576. 
 
 PROFERT AND OYER. 
 
 See Pleading, § 5. 
 
 ♦♦» 
 
 PROFESSION. 
 
 Libel and slander affecting, see Libel and 
 Slakdeb, §§ 14-20, 24-27. 
 
 Right to practise a profession as a privi- 
 lege or immunity of a citizen of the 
 United States. 14 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 PROFESSIONAL MEN. 
 
 Libel or slander of, see Libel and Slandeb, 
 §§ 14-20, 24-27. 
 Begin with this book on every law question 
 
 PROFESSIONAL MKN— cont'd 
 
 Validity of contract restraining practice of 
 one's profession after expiration of term 
 of service with another. 26 L.R.A. 
 . (N.S.) 961. 
 
 Validity of agreement in restraint of trade 
 ancillary to sale of profession as af- 
 fected by territorial scope. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 913. 
 
 Loss of time as element of damages for 
 destruction or loss of use of implements 
 of. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 625. 
 
 » » » 
 
 PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 License of, see License, § 39. 
 
 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. 
 
 30 
 
 Contracts for, to procure legislation, 
 
 L.R.A. 738. 
 Husband's liability for professional services 
 
 furnished wife. 65 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 PROFESSOR. 
 
 Character of occupation of premises by. 
 4 L.R:a.(N.S.) 714, 719, 72.5. 
 
 PROFIT A PRENDRE. 
 
 In easement in gross, nature of. 
 333. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 
 
 PROFITS. 
 
 Loss of, as element of damages, see Dam- 
 ages, §§ 107-118. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of parties to mort- 
 gage as to, see Moetgage, § 33. 
 
 Creation of partnership by agreement to 
 share, see Pabtneeship, § 7. 
 
 Who is real pa 'ty in interest by whom ac- 
 tion for must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 
 620. 
 
 How far profits of exempt property are 
 exempt. 19 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 Duty of cotenant to account for. 28 L.R.A. 
 831; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 224. 
 
 Liability of personal representative for 
 profits of business carried on by him. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 220. 
 
 Profits accruing during marriage in connec- 
 tion with property belonging to sepa- 
 rate estates of either spouse as com- 
 munity property. 31 L.R.A.. (N.S.) 
 1092. 
 
 Effect of secret profits on broker's right to 
 commissions. 45 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 Right to credit of, on mortgage given to loan 
 association. 29 L.R.A. 129. 
 
INDEX TO L.II.A. NOTES. 
 
 1137 
 
 PROFITS— cont'd 
 
 Power of equity in jurisdiction where mort- 
 gage does not convey title to impound 
 profits of mortgaged property pending 
 foreclosure. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) I'OOl. 
 
 Allowance of interest on withdrawn profits, 
 in favor of or against partner during 
 continuance of partnership. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 223. 
 
 Burden of proof as to profits in suit for 
 profits from infringement of patent or 
 copyright. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 653. 
 
 EflTect of statute of frauds upon parol con- 
 tracts for sharing profits which may, 
 but are not intended to, be performed 
 within a year. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 317. 
 
 Taxation of, as part of capital stock of cor- 
 poration. 58 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 PROHIBITED INSTRCJVIENTS. 
 
 Forgery of. 24 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 PROHIBITION, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of sale of liquor, see Intoxicating Liq- 
 uors, §§ 2-4. ■ 
 
 Writ of, defined. 9 L.R.A. 59.* 
 Distinguished from mandamus. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 56.* 
 Design and object of writ. 3 L.R.A. 57.* 
 
 § 2. When lies. 
 
 When writ will lie. 9 L.R.A. 60.* 
 Not a writ of right. 3 L.R.A. 57.* 
 Writ of, not to serve purpose of writ of 
 
 error or review. 3 L.R.A. 57;* 9 L.R.A. 
 
 59.* 
 Necessity that proceedings to be prohibited 
 
 shall be judicial. 3 L.R.A. 57.* 
 In exercise of superintending control over 
 
 inferior courts. 51 L.R.A. 33. 
 Against proceeding under unconstitutional 
 
 statute. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 843. 
 To restrain court from proceeding in case 
 
 in which it has erroneously denied a 
 
 change of venue. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 395. 
 To restrain suit prosecuted collusively or 
 
 for an ulterior purpose. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 874. 
 Prohibition to prevent numerous unfounded 
 
 prosecutions for alleged violation of 
 
 statute or ordinance. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 448. 
 
 PROJECTING SCREW. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant by, 
 see Mastbe and Servant, § 89. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as applied 
 to injury from. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130. 
 Consult also L.R.A.. Digests to date. 72 
 
 PROMISE. 
 
 In general, see Contract. 
 
 As fraud, see Fraud and Deceit, § 8. 
 
 To repair, see Landlord and Tenant, §§ 17, 
 17a; Master and Servant, §§ 119, 120, 
 130. 
 
 As affecting statute of limitations, see Limi- 
 tations 01? Action, §§ 68-71. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession induced by. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 820. 
 
 « »» 
 
 PROMISE OF MARRIAGE. 
 
 Breach of, see Breach of Promise. 
 
 »«» 
 
 PROMISE TO REPAIR. 
 
 See Landlord and Tenant, §§ 17, 17a; 
 Master and Servant, §§ 119, 120, 130. 
 
 #«» 
 
 PROMISSORY NOTES. 
 
 See Bills and Notes. 
 
 PROMOTERS. 
 
 See Corporations, §§ 62-65. 
 > « » 
 
 PROMOTION. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of earnings in 
 higher position on question of damages 
 for injury to person who was in line of 
 promotion. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1150. 
 
 PROMPTNESS. 
 
 As essential to rescission of contract, see 
 Contracts, § 155. 
 
 PROMPT PAYMENT. 
 
 For use of telephone, see Telephones, § 7. 
 
 Agreement for reduction of usurious interest 
 for, or in case of. 49 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 PROMULGATION. 
 
 Of rules by employer, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, § 71. 
 
 Mandamus to compel promulgation of act 
 passed by legislature. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1089. 
 
1138 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 PRODI''. 
 
 See Evidence. 
 
 PROOFS OF LOSS. 
 
 See Instjeance, §§ 143-150. 
 
 PROPERTY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of infant, see Infants, IV. 
 
 Property rights of municipality, see MuNic- 
 
 IPAI, COEPOEATIONS, §§ 68-71. 
 
 Of railroad company, see Railroads, IV. 
 
 Of religious society, see Religious Socie- 
 ties, § 3. 
 
 Of school district, see Schools, §§ 29, 30. 
 
 Of United States, see United States, § 3. 
 
 Personal property, see Peesonal Property. 
 
 Real property, see Real Property. 
 
 Public property, see Public Property. 
 
 Protection of rights in, see Constitutional 
 Law, VIll. f. 
 
 Payment for corporate stock by, see CoKPO- 
 rations, §§ 81a, 106. 
 
 Condemnation of, see Eminent Domain. 
 
 Obtaining of, by false pretenses, see False 
 Pretenses. 
 
 Insurance on, see Insurance. 
 
 Loss of, see Loss. 
 
 In transit, taxation of, see Taxes, § 43. 
 
 Insane delusions as to. 37 L.R.A. 282. 
 
 Injunction against prosecutions under city 
 ordinances affecting. 21 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 How far property right necessary to sustain 
 action for private nuisance. 1.5 L.R.A. 
 689. 
 
 Effect on property rights of divorce involv- 
 ing international elements. 5^ L.R.A. 
 178. 
 
 Conclusiveness of decisions of tribunals of 
 associations or corporations directly on 
 property rights. 49 L.R.A. 372. 
 
 § 2. Property right in various kinds of 
 Ijroperty. 
 
 In highway, see Highways, § 10. 
 
 Of husband and wife, see Husband and 
 
 Wife, IV. 
 Of incompetent persons, see Incompetent 
 
 Persons, §§ 13-16. 
 
 In products of skill and labor ; distinction 
 between common-law right and copy- 
 right. 11 L.R.A. 267.* 
 
 In bees. 40 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 In dogs. 40 L.E.A. .503. 
 
 In secrets. 13 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 In market quotations. 7L.RA. (N.S.) 889. 
 
 In ferry franchise. 59 L.R.A. 515. 
 
 Gambling device as property within consti- 
 tutional protection. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 394. 
 
 Begin with this hoaik on every law question. 
 
 PROPERTY— cont'd 
 
 § 3. Use and possession of. 
 
 Possession of real property, see Possession, 
 §§ 1-4. 
 
 Possession of personal property, see Pos- 
 session, §§ 5-8. 
 
 Right to use and improve. 6 L.R.A. 449:* 
 
 8 L.R.A. 808.* 
 Limitation of right to use one's own prop- 
 erty. 9 L.R.A. 711.* 
 Mandatory injunction as to use of. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 161. 
 Mantatorv injunction as to possession of. 
 
 20 L.E.A.' 169. 
 Right of private persons to contest power 
 
 of corporation to talce or hold. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 293. 
 Creation of partnership by provision for 
 
 taking profits for use of propertv. IS 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1041. 
 Possession of, as a crime. 20 L.R.A. 52. 
 
 § 4. Transfer of. 
 
 Of personal property, see Personal Prop- 
 erty, §§ 5, 6; Sale. 
 
 Authority of agent as to purchase or sale 
 of, see Principal and Agent, § 15. 
 
 Consent necessary to transfer. 5 L.R.A. 
 340.* 
 
 Right to preliminary injunction which 
 would have effect of transferring pos- 
 session of property,- title to which is 
 in dispute, from defendant to plaintiff. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 31. 
 
 § 5. Injury to. 
 
 Destruction of, see Destruction, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Loss of, see Loss. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to, through 
 defects in street, see Highways, § 108. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injury to, or con- 
 version of, see Landlord and Tenant, 
 §§ 70, 71. 
 
 Negligent injury to property generally, see 
 Negligence, §§ 53-55. 
 
 Effect of bad motive on liabilitj' for injury 
 ' to. 62 L.R.A. 678. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to property 
 rights through defective plan of street 
 construction. 67 L.R.A. 257. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to property 
 of one driving over defective highway 
 where at time of accident his horse is 
 frightened without fault of either 
 party. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 77; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 199. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to property of 
 one to whom he owes no contractual 
 duty by acts of volunteer assisting serv- 
 ant in performance of master's service. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 572 
 
 Effect of assisting physically in creation of 
 condition, on riglit for damages to 
 property caused thereby. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 709. 
 
 § 6. Of prisoner. 
 
 Liability of bondsmen of peace officer for 
 acts of latter as to property taken from 
 prisoner. 37 L.R..\. (N.S.') 873. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1]39 
 
 PROPERTY— cont'd 
 
 LiabiHty of officer who turns over articles 
 taken from prisoner to a tliird person 
 in recognition of tlie latter's adverse 
 claim. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 833. 
 
 PROPERTY QUALIFICVTION. 
 
 Of voters. 25 L.R.A. 482. 
 Of juror, waiver of. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 967. 
 Want of, by iurors as ground for liew trial. 
 18 L.R.A. 476. 
 
 PROPERTY RIGHT. 
 
 See Peopebtt. 
 
 • «» 
 
 PRORATING. 
 
 Between insurance companies, see Insub- 
 
 ANCE, § 200 
 
 PROSECUTING ATTORNEY. 
 
 See DiSTEicT A^'D Pbosecuting Attokney. 
 
 PROSECUTING WITNESS. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession to. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 849. 
 
 Uncontradicted statement in presence of, as 
 a confession or admission. 2.5 L.E,.A. 
 (N.S.) 551. 
 
 Competency of, on trial for obtaining prop- 
 erty by false pretenses, to testify that 
 he was induced to part with his prop- 
 erty by defendant's statements. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 642. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute authorizing 
 costs of prosecution to be imposed upon. 
 61 L.R.A. 489. 
 
 PROSECUTOR. 
 
 Illegal intent of, or transaction hj, as a 
 defense, see Cbimikal Law, § 21. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession to. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 849. 
 Power to dismiss prosecution. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 701. 
 As grand juror. 28 L.R.A. 201. 
 As witness before grand jury. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 322. 
 Sufficiency of evidence of, before grand jury 
 
 to sustain indictment. 28 L.R.A. 326. 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 
 grand jury by. 28 L.R.A. 370. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PROSPECT. 
 
 Easement of, see Easements, §§ 13, 19-21. 
 
 PROSPECTING. 
 
 For minerals. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 
 PROSPECTIVE ACTION. 
 
 May assessment for benefits rest upon pro- 
 spective action in completing improve- 
 ment. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 669. 
 
 PROSPECTIVE DAMAGES. 
 
 Recovery for, see Damages, §§ 62, 63, 119. 
 
 PROSPECTIVE GUARANTY. 
 
 See Guaranty. 
 
 PROSPECTIVE HEIR. 
 
 Transfer of expectancy by, see Expectancy. 
 
 •-•-* 
 
 PROSPECTIVE STATUTES. 
 
 Construing statute as prospective, see Stat- 
 utes, § 28. 
 
 PROSPECTS. 
 
 Husband's prospects as basis for alimony. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 
 PROSPECTUS. 
 
 Right to rescind subscription contract in 
 case of variance between prospectus 
 and articles of incorporation. ■ 33 
 L.R.A. 733. 
 
 Liability of officers or promoters to one 
 who purchases stock from an indi- 
 vidual in reliance on a prospectus is- 
 sued to induce purchase of treasury 
 stoclc. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 359. 
 
 PROSTITUTE. 
 
 Slander in charging woman with being, see 
 Libel and Slander, § 12. 
 
1140 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PROSTITUTION. 
 
 House of, see Disorderly Houses. 
 Intercourse with girl under age of consent, 
 
 see Age of Consent. 
 See also Adultery; Fornication; Incest; 
 
 Lascivious Cohabitation; Lewdness; 
 
 Prostitution ; Seduction. 
 
 Recovery for goods sold for use in aid of. 
 15 L.R.A. 835. 
 
 Effect of landlord's knowledge that tenant 
 intends to use the premises for pur- 
 poses of. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 662. 
 
 PROTECTION. 
 
 Of recording laws, who entitled to, see 
 
 Records and Recording Laws, § 16. 
 Of witness, see Witnesses, § 40. 
 
 PROTEST. 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 Of negotiable paper, see Bills and Notes, 
 §§ 43-53. 
 
 Effect of protest by servant in performance 
 of duties outside of original employ- 
 ment. 48 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Effect of acceptance under protest by ven- 
 dee where stipulations as to title in 
 executory contract for sale of land are 
 dissimilar from those in subsequently 
 executed conveyance. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 461. 
 
 § 2. As to rights in real property. 
 
 Effect of protest by owner to prevent acqui- 
 sition of right of way by prescription. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 174. 
 
 Validity of contract not to protest against 
 application for patent to public land. 
 9 L.R.A.(iSr.S.) 529. 
 
 Duty and right of excluded co-owner to file 
 adverse or protest against application 
 for patent to a mining claim. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1126. 
 
 § S. As condition of recovery bacic of 
 money paid. 
 
 Protest on making involuntary payment. 
 9 L.R.A. 632.* 
 
 Against payment of license fee as affecting 
 voluntariness of payment. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 876. 
 
 Necessity and suflRciency of statement of 
 grounds in notice of protest required 
 as condition of recovering back pay- 
 ment of an unlawful tax. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 476. 
 
 PROVABLE DEBTS. 
 
 Against estate of bankrupt, see Bank- 
 ruptcy, §§ 25, 25a. 
 
 PROVISIONS. 
 
 Sufficiency of • delivery of provisions sold 
 out of larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 36. 
 
 Express warranty as to, as excluding im- 
 plied warranty. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 505. 
 
 Liability of vendor in cases of tort for 
 sale of unwholesome provisions. 21 
 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 PROVISO. 
 
 Effect of proviso in lease against assign- 
 ment without consent upon right of 
 assignee to assign. 2 B. R. C. 803. 
 
 PROVOCATION. 
 
 For homicide, see Homicide, IV. 
 
 Evidence of provocation to mitigate dam- 
 ages in civil action for assault. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 137; 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 670. 
 
 Provocation to lessen assault as defense to 
 civil action for assault and battery. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 
 * • » 
 
 RUPTCY, ss 2.0, aoa. g§ 
 
 Begin with this took on every law question 
 
 PROVOKING DIFFICULTY. 
 
 See Homicide, §§ 28-30. 
 
 • « » 
 
 PROXIMATE CAUSE. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. Of Heath; loss or injury hy the 
 elements, §§ 4-7. 
 III. Of injury to passenger, §§ 8-10. 
 IT. Of injury hy railroad train or 
 engine, §§ 11, 12. 
 V. Of injury on defective highway 
 
 or bridge, §§ 13, li. 
 TI. Of injury to servant or tenant, gg^ 
 15-17. 
 ril. Of injury ftj/ fright, §§ IS-SO. 
 VIII. Under tdvil damage act, § 21. 
 IX. Miscellaneous, § 22. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to liability for negligent injury, gener- 
 ally, see Negligence, and other specific 
 titles, e. g. Caebiees, Electricity, 
 Master and Servant, Railroads, 
 Street Railways. 
 
 As affecting damages, see Damages. 
 
 Of loss of insured property, see Insurance, 
 VIII. e, 1. 
 
 Of injury to, or death of, insured, see In- 
 surance, VIII. e, 2. 
 
 As to "last clear chance,'' see Negligence, 
 §§ 50-52. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1141 
 
 PROXIJtATE CAUSE, I.— cont'd 
 Effect of negligence of, or failure to em- 
 ploy, physician, see Physicians and 
 
 SUEGEONS, § 17. 
 
 Effect of obeying or disobeying physician, 
 see Physicians and Suegeons, § 18. 
 
 How determined. 2 L.R.A. 696.* 
 
 Proximate and remote cause in case of neg- 
 ligence. 2 L.R.A. 695;* 5 L.R.A. 786;* 
 6 L.R.A. 194;* 7 L.R.A. 130;* 8 L.R.A. 
 82;* 12 L.R.A. 279;* 13 L.R.A. 733.* 
 
 Negligence to be actionable must be proxi- 
 mate cause of injury. 2 L.R.A. 695.* 
 
 Necessity that contributory negligence be 
 the proximate cause in order to defeat 
 the action. 7 L.R.A. 132.* 
 
 General rule that party is only liable for 
 proximate results of wrongful act. 13 
 L.R.A. 733.* 
 
 Supervening causes of injury. 5 L.R.A. 
 7S7.* 
 
 Effect of intervening agency or cause. 8 
 L.R.A. 84;* 12 L.RA. 283.* 
 
 Weather conditions as an independent, in- 
 tervening, efficient cause. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 92. 
 
 Concurrent causes of injury. 2 L.R.A. 695;* 
 5 L.R.A. 609;* 8 L.R.A. 83;* 12 L.R.A. 
 262.* 
 
 In case of concurrent negligence of third 
 person. 17 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 As a question for the jury. 2 L.R.A. 696.* 
 
 Anticipation as an element of proximate 
 cause. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 684. 
 
 Of injury from violation of statute not ex- 
 pressly conferring right of action. 9 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 345. 
 
 Negligence responsible for accident as prox- 
 imate cause of personal injury received 
 in performance of act or work rendered 
 necessary bv the accident. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 907." 
 
 Subsequent conduct of injured person in its 
 relation to proximate cause, as dis- 
 tinguished fron contributory negligence. 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 640. 
 
 The question of proximate cause as affect- 
 ing applicability of rule denying con- 
 tribution between joint tort fsasors. 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 583. 
 
 § 2. Of injury to children. 
 
 By explosion, see infra, § 7. 
 
 By railroad train, see infra, § 12. 
 
 Injury to minor servant, see infra, § 16. 
 
 Hay the intervening act of a child break 
 the causal connection between the de- 
 fendant's negligence and the injury. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 249. 
 
 Of injury by attractive nuisance. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1165. 
 
 § 3. Rule of, in case of malicious torts. 
 
 The general rule. 45 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 In case of wrongful violations of legal 
 duty or positive law. 45 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 In case of acts directly malicious or wilful. 
 45 L.R.A. 89. 
 
 Wilful misrepresentations and false war- 
 ranties. 45 L.R.A. 90. 
 
 Limit to the rule. 45 L.R.A. 91. 
 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PROXIMATE CAUSE— cont'd 
 //. Of death; loss or injury by the 
 elements. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Delaying run of logs as proximate cause 
 of loss from high water, wind, or other 
 similar cause. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1131. 
 
 § 5. Of loss by Are or wind. 
 
 Of damage by fire. 21 L.R.A. 259. 
 
 Spreading by wind of fires negligently set. 
 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 92. 
 
 Wind as proximate cause of accident. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 95. 
 
 Proximate cause of damage resulting from 
 
 fire as affected by time, distance, or 
 
 intervening property. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 759. 
 
 Effect of distance. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 760. 
 Effect of time. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 761. 
 Effect of intervening land or buildings. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 762. 
 New York rule. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 763. 
 
 Accumulation of inflammable material 
 which aids spread of fire originating 
 on another's property as proximate 
 cause of destruction of property of 
 third persons. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 446. 
 
 Negligently setting out fire as proximate 
 cause of injury to one burned while 
 seeking to protect his property. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 819. 
 
 Liability for setting, upon one's own prem- 
 ises, a fire which spread to the prop- 
 erty of others. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 
 Discharging oil into stream or bay as prox- 
 imate cause of fire resulting therefrom. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Proximate cause of injury by dangerous 
 walls left unprotected after fire. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 96. 
 
 Delaying run of logs as proximate cause 
 of injury by wind. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1131. 
 
 § 6. Of loss or injury by explosion. 
 
 As affecting liability of gas company for 
 negligence in escape or explosion of 
 gas. 29 L.R.A. 356; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 819. 
 
 § 7. —to children. 
 
 Leaving explosives accessible to children as 
 proximate cause of injury to child by 
 explosion thereof. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 586; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1257. 
 
 III. Of injury to passenger. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 As condition of liability of carrier deviat- 
 ing from course. 2 B. R. C. 608. 
 
 Negligence in directing passenger to wrong 
 train as proximate cause of injuries 
 sustained in alighting from train while 
 in motion. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 280. 
 
 What injuries may be deemed the proxi- 
 mate result of discharging passenger 
 at improper place, or one not his des- 
 tination. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1177. 
 
1142 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 PROXniATE CAUSE, III.— cont'd 
 § 9. Failure to stop train. 
 
 Of injury to passenger whose train has 
 run past station. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 266. 
 
 What injuries may be deemed the proxi- 
 mate result of failure to stop street 
 car for waiting passenger. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1007. 
 
 Damages incident to attempt to reach des- 
 tination by other means as an element 
 of recovery for failure to stop train 
 for intending passenger. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 880. 
 
 § 10. On elevator. 
 
 Leaving elevator in position to be operated 
 by stranger as proximate cause of in- 
 jury to passenger occasioned by act of 
 third party in connection therewith 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 297. 
 
 JV. Of injury by railroad train or en- 
 gine, 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Failure to give crossing signals as proxi- 
 mate cause of injury by running into 
 side of train. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1153. 
 
 Proximate cause of injury caused by car or 
 engine set in motion by third person. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 719. 
 
 § 12. To child. 
 
 Negligent operation of train at crossing as 
 proximate cause of injury to child, in- 
 capable of contributory negligence, who 
 was aware of train's approach. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 645. 
 
 T. Of injury on defective higUway or 
 bridge. 
 
 § 13. HighAvay. 
 
 Effect of fright of horse, see infra, § 20. 
 
 Defect in highway as proximate cause of in- 
 jury. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1252; 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 732. 
 
 Obstruction in highway as proximate cause 
 of injury notwithstanding intervening 
 cause. 9 L.E.A. (N.S.) 548. 
 
 Act of stranger in attempting to remedy 
 defect in highway as intervening cause 
 of injury to traveler. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 956. 
 
 What injuries may be deemed to be proxi- 
 mately caused by the absence of a guard 
 rail in a highwav. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1135. 
 
 Liability for negligence in permitting wires 
 to hang down notwithstanding inter- 
 vening act of third person in connec- 
 tion therewith. 24 L.R.A. (,N.S. ) 978. 
 
 § 14. Bridge. 
 
 Negligent breaking of bridge as proximate 
 cause of obstruction of navigation 
 necessary to effect repair. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 710. 
 
 Begin with this boole on every law question. 
 
 PROXIMATE CAUSE— cont'd 
 
 F/. Of injury to servant or tenant, 
 
 § 15. Servant. 
 
 Relation of doctrine of, to master's lia- 
 bility for injury to servant from con- 
 curring negligence of master and fel- 
 low servant, see Master akd Servaxt, 
 § 134. 
 
 As affecting liability for injury to servant 
 of other person. 46 L.R.A. 119. 
 
 Omission to promulgate rules as proximate 
 cause of injury to servant. 43 L.R.A. 
 320. 
 
 Servant's recovery for injury notwithstand- 
 ing violation of rule unless proximate 
 cause of injury. 43 L.E.A. 352. 
 
 Nonliability for failure to warn servants 
 unless such failure was proximate cause 
 of injury. 44 L.R.A. 86. 
 
 Rule of, applied to combined negligence of 
 master and fellow servant. 16 L.R.A. 
 819. 
 
 To create liability, omission of duty to 
 inspect instrumentality furnished serv- 
 ant must be proximate cause of injury. 
 41 L.R.A. 83. 
 
 Master's liability for injury .to servant 
 where his own negligence intervenes 
 as proximate cause between delinquent 
 coservant's negligence and the injurv. 
 54 L.R.A. 165. 
 
 Employer's liability for injuries in per- 
 formance of work by independent con- 
 tractor where employer's own act is 
 proximate cause of injury. 66 L.R.A. 
 941. 
 
 Negligent condition of place or appliances 
 as the proximate cause of injuries not 
 primarily caused bv that condition. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 940.' 
 
 Negligence responsible for accident as prox- 
 imate cause of personal injury sus- 
 tained in performance of act or work 
 rendered necessary by the accident. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 
 Proximate cause of injury to employee 
 caused by car or engine set in motion 
 by third person. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 719. 
 
 Leaving switch unlocked as proximate cause 
 of derailment of train resulting from 
 the throwing of the switch by a stran- 
 ger. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 738. 
 
 § 16. — minor servant. 
 
 Necessity that injury to child proximately 
 result from his employment in viola- 
 tion of statute. 1 B. R. C. 634. 
 
 § 17. Of injury to tenant. 
 
 Of injury to tenant from defect in prem- 
 ises. 34 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Til. Of injury by fright. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Right to recover for physical injury re- 
 sulting from fright caused by wrongful 
 act. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 49; 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1073; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 11.59. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1143 
 
 PROXIMATE CAUSE, ^■II.— cont'd 
 § 19. Of Injuries through fright of 
 horse. 
 
 Of injuries through fright of horse. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 367. 
 What deemed to be the proximate cause of 
 
 injuries following a runaway. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 373. 
 
 § 2 0. — on defective highway. 
 
 Liability of municipality for injury to per- 
 son or propertj' of one driving over 
 defective highway, where his horse is 
 frightened without fault of either 
 party. S L.R.A.(N.S.) 77; 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 199. 
 
 Till. Vnder civil damage act. 
 
 § 21. Generally. 
 
 Right of action, in absence of civil dam- 
 age act, for injuries or death following 
 unlawful sale of liquor. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1036. 
 
 Necessity, to sustain a recovery under civil 
 damage act, that the intoxication be 
 the proximate cause of the injury. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115S. 
 
 JX. Miscellaneous, 
 
 § 22. Generally. 
 
 Liability of telephone company for failure 
 
 to make connections for subscriber. 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 11.5; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 554. 
 Keeping of animal known to be dangerous, 
 
 as proximate cause of injury. 2 B. R. 
 
 C. 29. 
 
 PROXY. 
 
 At stockholders' meetings, see Coepoea- 
 Tioxs, § 125. 
 
 § 1. Signature by. 
 
 Signing of writ and process by, see Writ 
 A.\D Process, § 2. 
 
 Signature written by another. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 297. 
 To a deed or mortgage. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 297. 
 To notes, contracts, and bonds. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 297. 
 To writs and notices. 22 L.R.A. 298. 
 To wills. 22 L.R.A. 299. 
 "Guiding the band of subscriber." 22 
 
 L.R.A. 301. 
 Printed signature or by stamp. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 301. 
 
 PUBLIC. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Adverse possession by or against, see Ad- 
 verse Possession, § 10. 
 
 Reeo^•ery back by public of money paid, see 
 ASSI-JIPSIT, § 10. 
 ro>isiiH al.io Tj.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PUBLIC— cont'd 
 
 Use of highway by, see Highways, §§ 12- 
 
 17. 
 License from, see Liceksb, II. 
 Relative rights of public and individuals in 
 
 water, see Waters, §§ 9-23. 
 
 Corporate by-laws as notice to. 25 L.R.A. 
 49. 
 
 Protection of private rights from interfer- 
 ence by. 18 L.R.A. 543. 
 
 Right of public to attend municipal coun- 
 cil meetings. 1 B. R. C. 296. 
 
 Eight of public to fees unlawfullj' collected 
 by officer for his own benefit. 20 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 1015. 
 
 § 2. Liability. 
 
 Liability of county, see CouKTiBS, §§ 7-11. 
 Liability of municipality, see Municipal 
 
 Corporations, §§ 72-101. 
 Liability of state, see State, §§ 10-12. 
 
 Liability of public for medical services to 
 indigent person in absence of notice or 
 request. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1234. 
 
 Right of counsel assigned to defend indi- 
 gent person to compensation from pub- 
 lic in absence of statute. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 377. 
 
 PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION. 
 
 What are places of, within meaning of civil 
 rights act. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 601. 
 
 PUBLIC ADDRESS. 
 
 Public addresses derogatory to parties to 
 litigation as contempt of court. 2 B. R. 
 C. 500. 
 
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATOR. 
 
 Validity of acts by, Avhere letters of ad- 
 ministration are afterwards revoked or 
 held invalid. 21 L.R.A. 156. 
 
 PUBLIC AGENCIES. 
 
 Injunction against interfering Avith, 15 
 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 # «» 
 
 PUBLIC AMUSEMENTS. 
 See Amusements. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 PUBLICATION. 
 
 § 1, Generally. 
 
 As a contempt, see Contempt, § 6. 
 
1144 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PUBLI CATION— cont'd 
 
 What constitutes publishing of forged in 
 
 strument, see Foegery. 
 Libel by, see Libel and Slandeb. 
 Privilege of communication as affected by 
 
 extent of, see Libel and Slandeb, § 23. 
 Of libel, see Libel and Slandeb, §§ 32, 33. 
 Of notice, see Notice, § 10. 
 Of will, see Wills, § 25. 
 Of process, see Wbit and Process, §§ 20, 
 
 21. 
 
 Common-law rights with respect to publica- 
 tion of intellectual productions. 51 
 L.KA. 363. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for unlaw- 
 ful publications. 35 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 Validity of contract in restraint of trade 
 in. 22 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 Prevention of, as interference with freedom 
 of the press. 32 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 Indecency or obscenity of. 24 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 Advertising lost or stolen paper as putting 
 purchaser on inquiry. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 383. 
 
 As evidence of depositions in proceeding to 
 perpetuate testimony. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 681. 
 
 § 2. Injunction against. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 73. 
 
 § 3. In what language. 
 
 Of oiEcial notices in foreign language. 
 L.K.A. 64. 
 
 14 
 
 PUBLICATION COMPANIES. 
 
 Right of foreign company to enter state. 24 
 L.R.A. 314. 
 
 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 
 
 Master's right to rely on inspection by, of 
 places, materials or appliances. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 812. 
 
 PUBLIC BODIES. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to powers and liabilities of. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 442. 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Courthouse, see Courthouse. 
 
 Hospital, see Hospital. 
 
 Schoolhouse, see Schools, §§ 29, 30. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for tort 
 in connection with, see Municipal Cor- 
 porations, §§ 98, 99. 
 
 Lease or license of, for private purposes. 33 
 L.R.A. 118. 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS— cont'd 
 
 Right of municipality to prevent use of, or 
 to lease, its public buildings for private 
 purposes. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 580. 
 
 Injunction against city building constitut- 
 ing nuisance. 23 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 Claims against state arising out of work 
 on, or material in. 42 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 Appropriations for. 14 L.R.A. 474. 
 
 Liability of state for injury in state build- 
 ing. 42L.R.A.(N.S.) 251. 
 
 § 2. Contracts as to location of. 
 
 Contract as to location of. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 589. 
 Bribery by gift to public as consideration 
 
 for location of. 14 L.R.A. 62. 
 
 § 3. Erection of. 
 
 Lien for, see Mechanics' Liens, § 18. 
 
 Contract as to erection of. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 589. 
 
 Implied power of municipality to contract 
 for erection or repair of, on credit. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 746. 
 
 Power of municipality to construct as- 
 sembly, convention, exposition, or 
 amusement hall. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 
 Right of taxpayer in absence of statute to 
 enjoin erection of, by municipality. 36 
 L.RA.(N.S.) 18. 
 
 PUBLIC CONTRACT. 
 
 See Contracts, §§ 158-161; Municipal Cor- 
 porations, §§ 53-60; Public Improve- 
 ments, §§ 7-9; Waters, § 111. 
 
 PUBLIC CONVENIENCE. 
 
 Granting of final injunction against nui- 
 sance where public convenience is in- 
 volved. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 895. 
 
 Scope and construction of provision for in- 
 demnity in case of injury while riding 
 in or on a public conveyance. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 618. 
 
 Begin ivifh this hook on every law question. 
 
 PUBLIC CORPORATIONS. 
 
 See also Counties; Municipal Corpora- 
 tions; Public Service Corporations; 
 Schools; Towns; Villages. 
 
 Right of subcontractor, materialman, or 
 laborer to maintain action on contract- 
 or's bond running to. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 581. 
 
 Personal liability to other contracting party 
 of one who, without authority, assumes 
 to contract as agent for. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 523. 
 
 Liability of, on implied contract. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 43, 72. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1145 
 
 PUBLIC EASEMENT. 
 
 See Highways; Parks. 
 
 *—-*■ — 
 
 PUBLIC ENEMIES. 
 
 Validity of contract made for purpose of 
 aiding and abetting. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 606. 
 
 PUBLIC EXHIBITION. 
 
 Liability of proprietor for injury to patron. 
 
 1L.R.A.(N.S.) 427. 
 Municipal liability for failure to prevent. 
 
 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 864. 
 
 PUBLIC GROUNDS. 
 
 Municipal liability for injuries through un- 
 safe condition of. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 523. 
 
 Liability of municipality for acts of its of- 
 ficers in removing trespassers from. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 435. 
 
 PUBLIC HALL. 
 
 Power of municipality to construct. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 
 PUBLIC HEALTH. 
 
 See Health. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 PUBLIC HOME. 
 
 What constitutes residence entitling inmate 
 of public home to privilege of public 
 schools. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 344. 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-4:. 
 II. What are, §§ 5, 6. 
 III. Contracts for, §§ 7-9. 
 IT. Assessments; payment or liability 
 for ivorlc done, §§ 10-31. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 10-13a. 
 
 b. Nature of improvements, §§ 
 
 14, 15. 
 
 c. Persons and property liable; 
 
 exemptions, §§ 16-33. 
 
 d. Rules of apportionment, §§ 
 
 24-36. 
 
 e. Enforcement; procedure; 
 
 priorities, §§ 27-31. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS— cont'd 
 /. In general. 
 
 ' § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 93. 
 
 Drains and sewers, generally, see Dbains 
 AND Seweks. 
 
 Change of street grade, see Highways, §§ 
 52, 53. 
 
 Municipal plants, see Municipal Coepoba- 
 TioNs, §§ 68-70. 
 
 Improvement of sidewalks. 11 L.R.A. 60.* 
 
 Submission of question as to, to voters. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 665. 
 
 Bribery by offer to public to obtain. 14 
 L.E.A. 62. 
 
 Persons engaged in, as independent con- 
 tractors. 65 L.R.A. 487, 493. 
 
 Delegation by city council of the power to 
 determine the width, grade, material, 
 etc., of street, sidewalk, or sewer im- 
 provements. 20 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 Implied power of municipality to construct 
 on credit. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 746. 
 
 Rights of laborers or materialmen in fund 
 retained pursuant to contract for pub- 
 lic work to insure payment of their 
 claims. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 575. 
 
 Right of subcontractor, materialmen, or 
 laborer to maintain action on director's 
 bond to owner. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 573. 
 
 Proceeding for, as a civil suit within stat- 
 ute allowing change of venue. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 900. 
 
 Finality of decisions pertaining to local im- 
 provements. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute, to 
 enjoin unlawful expenditures by mu- 
 nicipality on highways. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 23. 
 
 Duty and right of municipality to reim- 
 burse public-service corporation for ex- 
 penses entailed by improvements in 
 street. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1026. 
 
 § 2. Right to prevent construction of 
 sidewalk. 
 
 Right of abutting owner to prevent con- 
 struction of sidewalk in front of his 
 property. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1110. 
 
 Right of municipality to prohibit construc- 
 tion of sidewalk by abutting owner in 
 front of his property. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1113. 
 
 § 3. Petition for or remonstrance 
 against. 
 
 Joining in petition for local improvement as 
 
 estoppel to deny benefits. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 41. 
 Right to withdraw names from petition or 
 
 remonstrance. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372; 
 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1113. 
 
 § 4. Liability for injury by. 
 
 Damages to property from improving high- 
 way, see Highways, § 47a. 
 
 Damages from establishing and fixing grade 
 of street, see Highways, §§ 50, 51. 
 
1146 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS, I.— cont'd 
 Liability of county for injuries to real 
 
 property from. 39 L.R.A. 63. 
 Intercepting rights in subterranean waters. 
 
 by. 19 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 II. What are, 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 What are. 12 L.R.A. 417.* 
 
 Construction and operation of canals as. 61 
 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 Rural highway as a local improvement, the 
 cost of which may be assessed against 
 tributary property upon the basis of 
 special benefit. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 73. 
 
 § 6. Levees as. 
 
 Eminent domain. 58 L.R.A. 757. 
 
 Taxation. 58 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Dutv of abutting owner. 58 L.R.A. 759. 
 
 Repair. 58 L.R.A. 759. 
 
 Levee districts. 58 L.R.A. 760. 
 
 Other matters. 58 L.R.A. 761. 
 
 III. Contracts -for, 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Sufficiency of specification for guidance of 
 bidder for public contract. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 214. 
 Remedy of lowest bidder for refusal of au- 
 thorities to award contract to him. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 Injunction. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 127. 
 Mandamus. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 128. 
 Action for damages. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 129. 
 In general. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 129. 
 Where bid has been accepted. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 Right to appeal. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130. 
 Certiorari. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 130. 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract for construction or 
 repair of highway. 53 L.R.A. 49, 68. 
 Right of owner of tradename to protection 
 against its use to describe character of 
 material to be used in performing a 
 contract. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 339. 
 Conclusiveness as between municipality and 
 contractor of decision of engineer or 
 other empowered officer as to matters 
 concerning contract for public improve- 
 ment. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 317. 
 
 § 8. Power of city to bind contractor to 
 repair pavement. 
 
 When the question arises. 44 L.R.A. 527. 
 
 Agreements including repairs. 44 L.R.A. 
 528. 
 
 Agreements constituting mere guaranty. 44 
 L.R.A. 533. 
 
 Single agreements for construction and re- 
 pair. 44 L.R.A. 538. 
 
 Separable agreements. 44 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 Express statutory authority. 44 L.R.A. 
 540. 
 
 Begin with this Voole on every latv question 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS, III.— cont'd 
 § 9. What included in provision for 
 keeping in repair. 
 
 What conditions or defects are covered by 
 provision in paving contraot requiring 
 contractor to keep pavement in repair. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 154. 
 
 IV. Assessments; paymeixt or liatiUty 
 for work done. 
 
 a. In general, 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Assessments for drains and sewers, see 
 Drains and Sewers, §§ 12-14. 
 
 Estoppel as to, see Estoppel, § 7. 
 
 Parties plaintiff in actions affecting, see 
 Parties, § 5. 
 
 Modes of assessment. 8 L.R.A. 372.* 
 
 Validity of assessments. 4 L.R.A. 294;* 6 
 L.R.A. 802;* 8 L.R.A. 369.* 
 
 Special assessment as municipal indebted- 
 ness. 59 L.R.A. 618. 
 
 Legislative power as to payment for public 
 improvements. 48 L.R.A. 469. 
 
 Delegation by city council of power with 
 respect to pavement assessment. 20 
 L.R.A. 656. 
 
 May an assessment of benefits rest upon 
 nrospective action in completing im- 
 provement. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 669. 
 
 Implied right to interest on assessment. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 694. 
 
 Assessment for improvements made before 
 property was included within the im- 
 provement district. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 543. 
 
 Waiver of objection that assessment ex- 
 ceeds the percentage limited by charter 
 or statute. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 582. 
 
 Location of improvement as affecting lia- 
 bility for expense thereof on division 
 of territory of municipality, town, or 
 county. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 290. 
 
 Increase in proportion of assessment im- 
 posed on property as impairment of 
 vested rights. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 546. 
 
 § 11. Assessment as a tax. 
 
 Special assessment as tax. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 837. 
 Assessments a= distinguished from taxes. 
 
 6 L.R.A. 155.* 
 
 § 12. Taxation for improvements. 
 
 Ta.xation for. 12 L.R.A. 417.* 
 
 Taxation for road and highway purposes. 
 
 8 L.R.A. 304.* 
 Conscription of labor for working highway 
 
 as a tax. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1139. 
 
 § 13. Defects In work as defense to 
 assessment. 
 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 905; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1086. 
 The general rules. 56 L.R.A. 905. 
 Application to street assessments. 56 L.R.A. 
 907. 
 
 General statement as to. 56 L.R.A. 907. 
 
IXDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1147 
 
 PUBUC IMPEOVETiIENTS, IV. a -cont'd 
 Effect of acceptance of confirmation, 
 
 generally. 56 L.R.A. 007. 
 Appeal ; exclusivoness of remedv by. 
 
 56 L.R.A. OOS. 
 Exception as to substantial departure 
 from authorized plan. 56 L.R.A. 
 90S. 
 Distinction between departure and sub- 
 stantial compliance. 56 L.R.A. 
 90f». 
 General rules as to. 56 L.R.A. 909. 
 What constitutes a substantial de- 
 parture. 56 L.R.A. 910. 
 Different or defective mate- 
 rials or workmanship. 56 
 L.R.A. 910. 
 Different location. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 91-2. 
 Omission of part of work. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 912. 
 Delay or failure 'to complete. 
 56 L.R.A. 914. 
 Eight to recover on quantum meruit. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 915. 
 Estoppel to assert defect. 56 L.R.A. 
 917. 
 Application to sidewalk assessments. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 918. 
 Application to sewer assessments. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 919. 
 Application to drainage assessments. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 921. 
 Application to assessments for water mains. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 922. 
 Defictive or improper work as a set-off or 
 counterclaim. 56 L.R.A. 922. 
 
 § 13a. Lien for. 
 
 Lien for, generally, see LlENS, §§ 12, 16. 
 
 ileclianics' lien for sidewalks, paving or 
 
 water or sewer connections in street. 
 
 42 L.E.A.(X.S.) 3.56. 
 
 &. Xatiiie of Improvements. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Assessment for cost of abolishing grade 
 crossings. 26 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 Charging expense of grading for sidewalk 
 upon abutting owner. 28 L.E.A. 496. 
 
 Right to levy assessments for benefits for 
 paving, planking, or otherwise improv- 
 ing streets. 8 L.E.A. ,370.* 
 
 Power to compel abutting property owner to 
 improve or care for space between side- 
 walk and curb. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 935. 
 
 Power to improve streets for park [lurposes 
 at expense of abutting owner. 32 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1056. 
 
 Right to use public funds to maintain or 
 improve private' ways, or ways dedi- 
 cated to public but never accepted. 35 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 524. 
 
 Power to assess coat of improvements for 
 wharf purposes on fee owner. 5 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 289. 
 
 Power to fill lowlands at expense of owner. 
 30 L.R.A. (X.S.) 709. 
 Consult aJso L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PUELT'C Il[PROVE]\IEyTS, IV. b— contM 
 Laving water mains at expense of abutting 
 
 property. 3 L.R.A. (N.R.) 817. 
 Assessments for purchase or construction of 
 
 municipal wnter plant. 61 L.R.A. 52. 
 For drainage ditches. 69 L.R.A. 810. 
 For drains and sewers. 60 L.R.A. 227. 
 
 § 15. Street sprinkling and sweeping. 
 
 Right to impose on abutting owners the 
 duty or expense of sprinkling, 
 sweeping, and cleaning streets or 
 sidewalks. 24 L.R.A. 412. 
 Street sprinkling. 24 L.R.A. 412. 
 Street sweeping. 24 L.R.A. 413. 
 Compelling removal of ice and snow 
 from sidewalks. 24 L.R.A. 413. 
 Special assessment for street sprinkling 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 182. 
 Power to improve and repair streets as con- 
 ferring power to expend money for 
 sprinkling. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 434. 
 Power to compel street railway to sprinkle 
 tracks. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 235. 
 
 c. Persons and property liable; exemp- 
 tions. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 For assessments for drains and sewers, see 
 
 Dr.4i.\.s and Sewers, § 13. 
 Duty of life tenant as to assessments, see 
 
 Life Tenants, § 10. 
 
 Assessments on rural lands within limits 
 of municipality. 34 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 § IJ. State. 
 
 Claims against state for work on. 42 L.E.A. 
 56. 
 
 § 18. — municipal assessment of state 
 property. 
 
 Generally. 23 L.E.A. 807. 
 General doctrine. 23 L.E.A. 807. 
 Distinction between assessment and taxa- 
 tion. 23 L.E.A. 807. 
 Liability to assessment. 23 L.R.A. 808. 
 Government property. 23 L.R.A. 810. 
 
 § 19. Municipality, 
 
 General liability of municipality which is 
 unable or has failed to enforce as- 
 sessments for local improvements. 
 32 L.R.A, (N.S.) 163. 
 As affected bv terms of contract, gen- 
 erally. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 164. 
 When assessment scheme is beyond 
 poAver of municipality. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 165. 
 As affected by terms of statute, con- 
 tract, or ordinance. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 166. 
 Where recourse to property is lost lie- 
 cause of defects or irregular- 
 ities in proceedings. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 167. 
 As affected by terms of statute, 
 ordinance, or contract. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 169. 
 
1148 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS, IV. c— cont'd 
 
 Where property has been released by 
 
 reason of delay of municipality. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) ]70. 
 
 Refusal to proceed with assessment 
 
 scheme. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 172. 
 Where municipality has merely neglect- 
 ed or failed to proceed with 
 assessment scheme. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 174. 
 Failure to make reassessment or re- 
 levy. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 176. 
 Deficiency; purchase of property by 
 municipality. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 177. 
 Where municipality grants rebates to 
 property owners. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 178. 
 Cost of, as indebtedness within debt limit 
 provision. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1072. 
 
 § 20. Abutting owner. 
 
 For what improvements liable, see supra, §§ 
 14, 15. 
 
 Charging burden of street improvement on 
 abutting lot directly. 14 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 Personal liability of property owner to pay 
 assessments for local improvements. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1259; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 770. 
 
 Assessment of cost of local improvement 
 made under municipal authority a- 
 gainst abutting owner who had made 
 improvement on his own initiative. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 877. 
 
 § 21. Railroad right of way. ' 
 
 Generally. 28 L.R.A. 249; 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 112; 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 935. 
 The English cases. 28 L.R.A. 249. 
 Property not contiguous. 28 L.R.A. 249. 
 Property not benefited. 28 L.R.A. 249. 
 Property, generally. 28 L.R.A. 250. 
 Right of way. 28 L.R.A. 250. 
 Liability of right of way and trackage of, 
 
 to assessments for street improvements. 
 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 487. 
 
 § 22. Street railway. 
 
 General provisions. 46 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Liability of company on the ground that its 
 property and franchises are property 
 benefited. 46 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Liability of company under statute author- 
 izing assessment of "lands," "build- 
 ings," etc. 46 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Liability for pavements laid before track. 
 46 L.R.A. 194. 
 
 Liability after removing tracks. 46 L.R.A. 
 195. 
 
 Space which company is required to pave. 
 46 L.R.A. 195. 
 
 Liability for pavements outside of track. 
 4fi L.R.A. 196. 
 
 Liability for paving at street intersections. 
 46 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 Liability for paving streets bordering on 
 neutral ground occupied by street rail- 
 way tracks. 46 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 Effect of agreement at time of extending 
 tracks. 46 L.R.A. 196. 
 Begin with this 'book, on every law question. 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS, IV. c— cont'd 
 Exemption from assessment on payment of 
 
 license fees. 46 L.R.A. 197. 
 ] Extent of repairs; repaving. 46 L.R.A. 397. 
 ' Reflooring bridge. 46 L.R.A. 199. 
 Changing method of staying stringers. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 199. 
 Liability for preliminary work. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 199. 
 Preliminary notice to company. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 199. 
 Estoppel of company to deny liability. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 200. 
 Amount for which company is liable. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 200. 
 Liability of company for worthless pave- 
 ment. 46 L.R.A. 200. 
 Liability of company's receiver. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 201. 
 Necessity of assessing company. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 201. 
 When street is paved so as to impose on 
 
 company the duty to repair or repave. 
 
 46 L.R;A. 202. 
 Liability of company where city is to fur- 
 nish materials used. 46 L.R.A. 202. 
 Increasing liability of company. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 202. 
 By whom assessment collected. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 203. 
 Lien for assessment. 46 L.R.A. 203. 
 Liability of right of way and trackage of 
 
 street railway company to assessment 
 
 for street improvements. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 487. 
 Power to compel street railway to sprinkle 
 
 tracks. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 235. 
 
 § 23. Exemptions. 
 
 Exemption from taxes, see Taxes, §§ 14-38, 
 95-100. 
 
 Exemption from assessment, generally. 6 
 
 L.R.A. 155,* 531;* 12 L.R.A. 852.* 
 Exemption from taxation by corporate 
 charter as affecting liability for local 
 assessments. 1 L.R.A. 613.* 
 Liability to local assessments for benefits 
 of property exempt from general 
 taxation. 35 L.R.A. 33; 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 451; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 303. 
 Distinction, in meaning between the 
 phrases "local assessment" and 
 "taxation." 35 L.R.A. 33. 
 Distinction in application of rule gov- 
 erning exemptions. 35 L.R.A. 35. 
 Rule regarding property of religious 
 societies, charitable associa- 
 tions, educational institutions, 
 etc. 35 L.R.A. 36; 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 453. 
 Property of religious societies. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 36. 
 Propertv set aside for cemeteries. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 36. 
 Property of private educational in- 
 stitutions. 35 L.R.A. 37. 
 Property devoted to public char- 
 ities. 35 L.R.A. 37. 
 Property owned br fraternal socie- 
 ties'. 35 L.R.A. 38. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1149 
 
 PUBLIC I-MPROVEMEXTS, IV. c— cont'd 
 Rule regarding public property. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 38; 18 L.R.A.(X.S.) 453. 
 Rule regarding quasi public property, 
 
 35 L.R.A. 39. 
 Property exempt by Constitution or ex- 
 press statutory enactment. 18 
 _ L.R.A. (X.S.) 451. 
 From liability for expense of drainage. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 380. 
 Exemption from tax for n\unicipal water 
 
 supply. 61 L.R.A. 56. 
 Right, in absence of statute, to exempt prop- 
 erty within improvement district 
 from special assessment, in consid- 
 eration of acts done or other obli- 
 gations assumed. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 781. 
 Validity, generally. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 782. 
 Objection bv owner of land not exempt- 
 ed." 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 782. 
 Where contract yields substantial 
 compensation. 41 L.R.A. (N.S. > 
 783. 
 When question arises between owner of 
 exempted land and municipality. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 783. 
 In special circumstances. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 784. 
 
 d. Rules of apportionment. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 Rule of apportionment. 8 L.R.A. 371.* 
 Apportionment of assessment for drains and 
 
 sewers. 60 L.R.A. 234. 
 Validity of assessments upon abutting prop- 
 erty, made by charging upon each 
 piece the cost of the improvement 
 in front of it. 21 L.R.A. 563. 
 Grading and paving streets. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 563. 
 Sidewalks. 21 L.R.A. 565. 
 Right to subdivide private owner's land for 
 the purpose of assessment for public 
 improvements. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 405. 
 
 § 25. Frontage tax. 
 
 Assessments for improvements by the front- 
 foot rule. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1124. 
 The power to impose special assess- 
 ments. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1126. 
 In the abstract. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1126. 
 The custodian. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1127. 
 Nature. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1129. 
 The taxing power. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1129. 
 The power of eminent domain. 
 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130. 
 The police power. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1132. 
 Distinction between taxes and assess- 
 ments. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1133. 
 Constitutional limitations of the power 
 of arbitrary assessment. 28 
 L.R.A.fNS.) 1135. 
 The taxing power. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1135. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS, IV. d— cont'd 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1135. 
 Requirement that taxation 
 shall be equal. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1136. 
 Requirement that taxation 
 shall be uniform. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1137. 
 Requirement that taxation 
 shall be both equal and 
 uniform. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1138. 
 Requirement that taxation 
 shall be ad valorem. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1138. 
 Requirement that taxation 
 shall be ad valorem anl 
 imposed by uniform rule. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1139. 
 Requirement that taxation 
 shall be equal, uniform, 
 and ad valorem. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1140. 
 The Constitutions of Illinois. 
 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1141. 
 The Constitutions of Alabama. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1142. 
 Review of constitutional re- 
 quirements of equal, uni- 
 form, and ad valorem tax- 
 , ation in relation to assess- 
 
 ments. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1142. 
 The power of eminent domain. 28 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3144. 
 The Federal Constitution. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1144. 
 Municipal power. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1149. 
 Constitutional. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1149. 
 Statutory. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1150. 
 The principles governing the interpo- 
 sition of the courts. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1151. 
 The necessity for an apportionment. 28 
 
 L.R.A. (isr.S.) 1157. 
 The legislative discretion to prescribe 
 rules of apportionment. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1158. 
 The binding quality of statutory rules 
 of apportionment. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1160. 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1160. 
 The front-foot rule. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1161. 
 The rule of benefits. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1162. 
 The ad volorera rule. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1165. 
 Alternative rules. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1166. 
 Effect of omissions of legislature to 
 prescribe a rule of apportionment. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1166. 
 Special benefits the justification and 
 foundation of local assessments. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1168. 
 Assessments that exceed benefits. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1172. 
 Equation of benefit and burden to par- 
 
1180 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS, IV. d— cont'd 
 ticular pieces of property. 28 
 L.E.A.{N.S.) 1175. 
 The front-foot rule in the abstract. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1178. 
 Squaring the front-foot rule with the 
 rule of benefits. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1182. 
 Failures of the front-foot rule to repre- 
 sent benefits. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1191. 
 Rural lands. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1191. 
 Property off the line of improve- 
 ment. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1192. 
 When benefits are utterly ignored. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1193. 
 The front-foot rule as affected by the 
 sort of improvement. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1195. 
 Improvements under the police 
 power. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1]95.' 
 Improvements involving the power 
 of eminent domain. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1197. 
 The landowner's right to notice and 
 a hearing. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1201. 
 The proper method of assessing accord- 
 ing to the front-foot rule. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1204. 
 Estoppel of landowner. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1206. 
 Conclusion. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1206. 
 Constitutionality of frontage rule of as- 
 sessment. 17 L.R.A. 330. 
 Frontage assessment for construction of 
 water mains. 61 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 § 2 6. Benefits to property. 
 
 Right to make assessments according to 
 
 benefits. 8 L.R.A. 369.* 
 Necessity of special benefit to sustain as- 
 sessment for local improvement. 14 
 L.R.A. 755. 
 Legislative discretion as to rule of ap- 
 portionment. 14 L.R.A. 757. 
 
 e. Enforcement ; -procedure; priorities. 
 
 § 2 7. Generally. 
 
 For drains and sewers, see Drains and 
 Sewers, § 14. 
 
 Limitation of action to enforce, see Limita- 
 tion OF Actions, § 12. 
 
 Necessity of giving mortgagee or other lien- 
 or notice. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558. 
 
 Selection of interested person to assess bene- 
 fits from improvement. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 292. 
 
 Right of property owner to have amount 
 of assessment fixed by jury. 60 L.R.A. 
 236. 
 
 Removal of local assessment proceedings be- 
 cause of separable controversy. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 
 Validity of statutory provision for attor- 
 ney's fees in proceedings involving col- 
 lections of taxes or special assessments. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1062 
 
 Begin with this hook on every laiv question 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS, IV. e— cont'd 
 § 28. Personal liability to pay assess- 
 ment. 
 
 Source of power to create a liability for 
 local assessment. 35 L.R.A. 58. 
 
 Power to create a liability of property un- 
 questionable. 35 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 Power to create a personal liability upheld. 
 35 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 Power to create a personal liability denied. 
 35 L.R.A. 60. 
 
 Personal liability beyond the value of the 
 property assessed. 35 L.R.A. 63. 
 
 § 29. Set-off. 
 
 Right of set-off or a counterclaim in action 
 by state. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 376. 
 
 § 30. Reassessment. 
 
 Effect of running a limitation since orig- 
 inal assessment upon a reassessment 
 order because of invalidity of original. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 735. 
 
 General liability of municipality on failure 
 to make reassessment after failure to 
 enforce assessment. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 176. 
 
 § 30a. L/iens; priorities. 
 
 For paving assessment. 46 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 § 31. — priority of lien. 
 
 Priority over mortgage, see Mobtgaqe, § 
 38. 
 
 Superiority of lien of local assessment over 
 prior lien. 35 L.R.A. 372: 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 761. 
 Power of legislature to make special 
 assessments superior to other 
 prior liens. 35 L.R.A. 373; 30' 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 762. 
 By statute subsequent to creation 
 of prior lien. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 762. 
 Where statute does not expressly give 
 preference over pre-existing' 
 liens. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763. ' 
 In general. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 763. 
 Particular statutes held to make 
 assessment lien superior. 30 
 .L.R.A.(N.S.) 764. 
 Particular statutes held not to 
 m.^ke assessment lien superior. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 766. 
 Superiority as between successive spe- 
 cial assessments. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 767. 
 Superiority as between special assess- 
 ments and taxes. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 768. 
 Superiority as between special assess- 
 ments and mortgages due state. 
 30 L.R.A.(X.S.) 768. 
 Superiority as between special assess- 
 ments and private mortgages con- 
 trolled bv court. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 769. 
 Rights of transferee of assessment lien. 
 
 30 L.R.A, f N.S.) 769. 
 Estoppel. .30 L.R.A.(X.S.) 769. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1151 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS, IV. e— cont'd 
 
 Existence of lien of local assessment de- 
 pends upon legislative enactment. 35 
 L.R.A. 373. 
 
 Existence of the law enables the lien to 
 dominate the land itself, regardless of 
 ownership. 35 L.R.A. 375. 
 
 The law being statutory, compliance with 
 its terms is necessary and sufficient. 35 
 L.R.A. 375. 
 
 Enactment of law before encumbrance is 
 notice to encumbrancers of priority of 
 subsequent assessment. 35 L.R.A. 37G. 
 
 Enactment of law after encumbrance malces 
 priority of assessment depend upon con- 
 stitutional control of retroactive law. 
 35 L.R.A. 377. 
 
 Priority of assessments over kindred liens. 
 35"L.R.A. 378. 
 
 Exceptions to all the stated rules. 35 
 L.R.A. 37S. 
 
 PUBLIC INSTITUTION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Claim by, against state. 42 L.R.A. 63. 
 Officers of, as public officers. 17 L.R.A. 246. 
 
 § 2. Residence at. 
 
 Residence of student at, for purpose of vot- 
 ing. 23 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 Acquiring residence as a voter while an in- 
 mate of. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 168. 
 
 PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. Grants and reservations J>y United 
 States generally, §§ 4-6. 
 ///. Disposal through land department ; 
 entry; sale, §§ 7-19. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Improvements on, see infra, §§ 9, 10. 
 Mines on, see Mines, II. 
 Private land claim, see Private Land 
 CLAi.\r. 
 
 Jurisdiction of state courts over lands of 
 United States. 17 L.R.A. 720. 
 
 Question as to land titles under act of Con- 
 gress as Federal question. 62 L.R.A. 
 532. 
 
 Mechanics' liens on. 35 L.R.A. 144. 
 
 Appropriation of percolating water on pub- 
 lic lands. 30 L.R.A. 186; 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 76. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 matters relating to. 49 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 Applicability of state community property 
 law to real property acquired from 
 Federal government. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1117. 
 Consult also L.R.A- Digests to date. 
 
 PUBLIC LANDS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Statutes legalizing invalid grants by county 
 
 or municipal corporation. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 696. 
 
 § 2. Fences on. 
 
 Erection of fences so as to interfere witli 
 ingress and egress to and from. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 733. 
 
 Injunction against obstruction of, by fences 
 or gates. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 84. 
 
 § 3. Right to cut timber on. 
 
 What timber is within the statutes. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 874. 
 Remedies against timber trespassers. 70 
 L.R.A. 875. 
 Criminal prosecutions. 70 L.R.A. 875. 
 Civil actions. 70 L.R.A. 876. 
 Settlement for cutting timber. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 878. 
 Custom as a defense. 70 L.R.A. 878. 
 Trespasser's title. 70 L.R.A. 879. 
 Mistake. 70 L.R.A. 879. 
 Right to cut timber as affected by land 
 grant. 70 L.R.A. 880. 
 Railroad land. 70 L.R.A. 880. 
 
 Application of grant. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 880. 
 Forfeiture of grant. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 882. 
 Proximity of timber to place of 
 use. ' 70 L.R.A. 882. 
 Grant to state. 70 L.R.A. 885. 
 Homestead and pre-emption land. 70 
 L.R.A. 885. 
 Right of settler to cut timber. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 885. 
 Action by settler. 70 L.R.A. 890. 
 Cutting for turpentine. 70 L.R.A. 892. 
 Title relating back affecting previous tres- 
 pass. 70 L.R.A. 893. 
 Settler acquiring title. 70 L.R.A. 893. 
 Purchaser's title. 70 L.R.A. 896. 
 Rights of purchasers not having acquired 
 
 title. 70 L.R.A. 899. 
 Licenses and permits. 70 L.R.A. 900. 
 
 Authority of licensor. 70 L.R.A. 900. 
 . Effect of license. 70 L.R.A. 902. 
 Termination of license. 70 L.R.A. 904. 
 Timber culture acts. 70 L.R.A. 904. 
 Mineral lands. 70 L.R.A. 904. 
 
 Act of 1878, chap. 150. 70 L.R.A. 904. 
 Generally. 70 L.R.A. 904. 
 Rules of the Secretary of the In- 
 terior. 70 L.R.A. 905. 
 Act of 1878, chap. 151. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 907. 
 Act of May 10, 1872, 70 L.R.A. 908. 
 Cutting timber on reservations. 70 L.R.A. 
 909. 
 
 II. Grants and reservations ty United 
 States generally. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Land grants as contracts within constitu- 
 tional provision against impairment. 10 
 L.R.A. 406.* 
 
 How far title to islands is included in gov- 
 ernment grants. 58 L.R.A. 675. 
 
1152 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PUBLIC LANDS, II.— cont'd 
 
 (ioveriiment grant bounded by nontidal river 
 
 as canying title to land thereunder. 
 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1240. 
 Location of mining claim on agricultural 
 
 grant. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 798. 
 
 § 5. Grant to railroad. 
 
 Location of mining claim on railroad aid 
 grant. 7 L.R.A.(N.S,.) 801. 
 
 Right to cut timber on public land as af- 
 fected by grant to railroad. 70 L.R.A. 
 880. 
 
 § 6. Forest reservation. 
 
 Location of mining claim on forest reser- 
 vation. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 804. 
 
 III. Disposal through land depart- 
 ment; entry; sale. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 When interest vests. 3 L.R.A. 161.* 
 
 Duty of life tenant to pay assessments. 
 
 '32 L.R.A. 746. 
 Lands oflFered for sale. 3 L.R.A. 161,* 163.* 
 Contracts of actual settlers. 3 L.R.A. 163.* 
 Certificates of entry. 3 L.R.A. 162.* 
 Proofs of settlement. 3 L.R.A. 163.* 
 Right to enter upon land in possession of 
 
 another. 3 L.R.A. 162.* 
 Necessity of filing notice of claim. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 162.* 
 Surveys; meander lines. 6 L.R.A. 387.* 
 Property granted or sold by reservation of 
 title or lien in favor of public, as sub- 
 ject of taxation. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 669. 
 Possession taken under mistaken belief that 
 land is part of public domain as ad- 
 verse to 'true owner. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 153. 
 Right as aflfected by parties living in illicit 
 relations. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 840. 
 
 § 8. Highways over. 
 
 Establishment of highways over public land 
 subsequent to entry thereon by one who 
 has not perfected his title. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 764. 
 
 § 9. Improvements; crops. 
 
 Taxation of public land claims and im- 
 provements thereon. 15 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 Plowing and cultivating land as an "im- 
 provement." 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 378. 
 
 § 10. — right of one who buys, or 
 makes lawful entry on, to crops and 
 Improvements placed thereon by 
 another. 
 
 Crops. 70 L.R.A. 799. 
 Improvements. 70 L.R.A. 800. 
 Removal during possession. 70 L.R.A. 802. 
 Relief under occupying claimant, and simi- 
 lar acts. 70 L.R.A. 803. 
 
 S 11. Sale or transfer of land entered. 
 
 Mortgage on homestead, see infra, § 17. 
 
 Prohibition of grant as including lease. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 686. 
 
 Title acquired by subsequent grants as pass- 
 ing under quitclaim. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1188. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 PUBLIC LANDS, III.— cont'd 
 § 12. — inheritance of. 
 
 Inheritance by alien of patented lands. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 180. 
 Alien's iright to inherit lands granted for 
 
 military services and colonization. 31 
 
 L.R.A. 180. 
 
 § 13. —devise of. 
 
 Right of entryman to devise claim or inter- 
 est in public land. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 397. 
 
 § 14. Liability for debts. 
 
 Liability of claim or interest in public 
 lands for debts contracted before 
 issuance of patent. 34 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 405. 
 
 In general. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 406. 
 
 Debts created after final proof or cer- 
 tificate. 34 L.R.A.{N.S.) 406. 
 
 Nature of obligations. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 408. 
 Generally. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 408. 
 Mechanics' or similar liens. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409. 
 
 Obtaining patent by commutation and 
 payment. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409. 
 
 Bankruptcy of entryman. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 410. 
 
 Death of entryman. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 410. 
 
 Necessity of occupation after patent. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 411. 
 
 Conveyance by patentee. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 411. 
 
 § 15. Pre-emption. 
 
 Right of pre-emption; how created. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 162.* 
 Oath of pre-emptor. 3 L.R.A. 163.* 
 Location of mining claim on pre-emption 
 
 grant. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 798. 
 
 § 16. Homestead. 
 
 Homestead right in. 9 L.R.A. 777.* 
 
 Effect of the contracting or dissolution of 
 marriage after the initiation, but be- 
 fore the consummation, of right under 
 homestead entry. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 967. 
 
 Title, for purpose of insurance, of house 
 on government land under homestead 
 entry, as within sole and unconditional 
 ownershif clause in insurance policy. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 903. 
 
 Right of homesteader on public land, be- 
 fore receiving patent, to recover for in- 
 jury to premises, and measure of dam- 
 ages therefor. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 958. 
 
 Location of mining claim on homestead 
 grant. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 798. 
 
 Right to preliminary injunction in case of 
 contest between entrymen which would 
 have effect of transferring possession 
 of property from defendant to plain- 
 tiff. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 34. 
 
 Necessity of both residence and cultivation 
 as a condition of a patent under a home- 
 stead entry under the Federal laws. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 752. 
 
INDEX TO LJI.A. NOTES. 
 
 1153 
 
 PUBLIC LANDS, III.— cont'd 
 § 17. — mortgage on. 
 
 Validity of mortgage on public lands exe- 
 cuted by claimant under homestead acts 
 prior to patent or final proof. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 93-i. 
 
 i 18. Town sites. 
 
 Right to change lot lines of occupants after 
 
 entry under the townsite act. 30 
 
 L.R.'A.(N.S.) 183. 
 Location of mining claim on. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 796. 
 
 § 19. Patents. 
 
 For lode claims after issuance of placer 
 patent. 50 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 Use of fictitious name as affecting validity 
 of patent. 39 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Validity of contract not to protest against 
 application for patent to. 9 L.R.A. 
 I N.S.) 529. 
 
 Necessity of both residence and cultivation 
 as condition of a patent under home- 
 stead entry. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 patent to land. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 104. 
 
 PUBLIC MONEY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Appropriation of, generally, see Appeopeia- 
 
 TIONS. 
 
 Necessity and requisites of appropriation 
 
 of, see Appeopriations, § 2. 
 Deposits of, in bank, see Banks, § 10. 
 Loss of, by bank failure, see Banks, § 16. 
 Loan of, see Loak, § 6. 
 As to use of school funds, see Schools, § 38. 
 
 Keepers of, as public officers. 17 L.R.A. 
 246. 
 
 Eight of municipality to recover back 
 monev paid out in violation of the 
 Constitution. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 157. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute releasing pub- 
 lic officer or his surety from liability 
 for loss of public fund. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 97. 
 
 Larceny by making or procuring fraudu- 
 lent orders on public funds. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 234. 
 
 Requiring payment from inmate as affect- 
 ing right of charitable institution to 
 public aid. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 190. 
 
 § 2. Jrandamus to compel payment of. 
 
 See JIaxdamds, § 8. 
 
 § 3. Injunction against donation of. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute, 
 
 to enjoin donation by municipality. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 13. 
 Injunction to restrain town and village 
 
 from making illegal appropriations. 7 
 
 L.R.A. 180.* 
 
 § 4. For what purposes used. 
 
 For reward, see Reward, § 2. 
 Recovery back of payment made for goods 
 purchased, see Sale, §§ 47, 52. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 73 
 
 PUBLIC MONEY— cont'd 
 
 In general. 14 L.R.a. 474. 
 
 Support of schools. 14 L.R.A. 474. 
 
 Public buildings, parks, and improvements. 
 14 L.R.A. 474. 
 
 Celebrations; public entertainments. 14 
 L.R.A. 475. 
 
 Relief or loans to citizens. 14 L.R.A. 475. 
 
 Protection against fire or disease. 14 
 L.R.A. 476. 
 
 Furnishing soldiers. 14 L.R.A. 476. 
 
 Expenses relating to corporate existence. 
 14 L.R.A. 477. 
 
 Payment of moral obligations. 14 L.R.A. 
 477. 
 
 Aid to business corporations or enterprises. 
 14 L.R.A. 478. 
 
 Aid to railroads. 14 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 Rewards for criminals. 14 L.R.A. 480. 
 
 Power of municipality to donate property 
 for worthy purposes. 11 L.R.A. 124.* 
 
 For expenses of legislative committee to 
 attend public function. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 409. 
 
 Use of, to establish drains and sewers. 60 
 L.R.A. 226. 
 
 Power of legislature to authorize counties 
 or other political divisions to build, 
 purchase, or operate railroad or street 
 railwaj' as affected by restrictions on 
 power to aid private enterprises. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 412. 
 
 Use of public fund to maintain or improve 
 private ways or ways dedicated to pub- 
 lic but never accepted. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 524. 
 
 Right to use public funds to relieve per- 
 sons not entirely without means of 
 their own. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1079. 
 
 Validity of statute providing for govern- 
 mental assistance of individual mem- 
 bers of certain classes of unfortunate 
 or afflicted persons. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1196. 
 
 PUBLIC MORALS. 
 
 Municipal control over nuisance affecting, 
 see Municipal Cobpoeations, § 40. 
 
 Injunction agair.st nuisances affecting. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 321. 
 Right of municipality to revoke license to 
 
 carry on business as incident to duty 
 
 to protect. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 718. 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation for 
 
 offenses against. 2 B. R. C. 249. 
 
 « » »- 
 
 PUBLIC OFFICERS. 
 
 See Officers. 
 
 «-<-♦ 
 
 PUBLIC PEACE. 
 
 Disorderly language as disturbance of. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 505. 
 
1154 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 PUBLIC PLACES. 
 
 Grant of right to use for advertising pur- 
 poses. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 455. 
 
 PUBLIC POLICY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Contracts opposed to, see Contracts, IV. a. 
 
 Consolidation of parallel or competing rail- 
 roads as against. 45 L.R.A. 272. 
 
 Exemption of officer's salary on grounds of. 
 54 L.R.A. 568. 
 
 As related to communistic life or tenure of 
 property. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 
 In relation as to effect of homicide on devo- 
 lution of property. 3 L.R.A. (N.S. 1 
 726. 
 
 Claims illegal or void by statute or public 
 policy as subject of valid compromise. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 297. 
 
 Lavpfulness of boycott by other than labor 
 union when violative of public policy. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1034. 
 
 Validity from standpoint of, of provision 
 in will for forfeiture of interest by 
 contesting beneficiary. 68 L.R.A. 447. 
 
 Necessary accordance with, in enforcement 
 of general bequest for charity or re- 
 ligion. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 71; 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 998. 
 
 Designation as beneficiary, in insurance 
 policy or benefit certificate, of one 
 without insurable interest, as affected 
 by considerations of. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 555. 
 
 § 2. Effect of, on enforcement of law 
 of other state or country. 
 
 As to law governing insurance contract. 
 63 L.R.A. 848; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 972. 
 
 As to action for death or bodily injury 
 under law of other state. 56 L.R.A. 
 202. 
 
 Of forum, sale of intoxicating liquor in vio- 
 lation of. 61 L.R.A. 429. 
 
 As to right of nonresident or foreign cor- 
 poration to sue. 70 L.R.A. 521. 
 
 PUBLIC PRINTING. 
 
 See Pbinting, § 2. 
 
 PUBLIC PROPERTY. 
 
 Mechanics' 'lien on, see Mechanics' Liens, 
 
 § ]8. 
 Liability to local assessment, see Public 
 
 Impeovements, §§ 17-19, 23. 
 Taxation of, see Taxes, §§ 30-32. 
 See also State Institutions. 
 
 Injunction against sale of, under execution. 
 
 30 L.R.A. 103. 
 Mechanics' liens on. 35 L.R.A. 141. 
 
 PUBLIC PROPERTY— cont'd 
 
 For which public money may be used. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 474. 
 Property leased by public as subject to 
 
 taxation. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 167. 
 
 * » » 
 
 PUBLIC PROSECUTOR. 
 
 See District and Peosecuting Attobney. 
 
 *—* 
 
 PUBLIC PURPOSE. 
 
 For which property may be condemned, see 
 
 Eminent Domain, §§ 9-23. 
 Manufacturing as, see Maxufactureb, § 3. 
 
 « « » 
 
 PUBLIC RECORDS. 
 
 See Records and Recording Laws. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 PUBLIC RESORTS. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for acts of inde- 
 pendent contractor at entertainments 
 at. 65 L.R.A. 644. 
 
 PUBLIC SAFETY. 
 
 Injunction against nuisance affecting. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 322. 
 Municipal regulation of nuisances relating 
 
 to. 38 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 PUBLIC SALE. 
 
 On resale of goods to fix damages for pur- 
 chaser's refusal to accept. 42 L.R>A. 
 (N.S.) 683. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 See Schools. 
 
 PUBLIC SECURITIES. 
 
 Bonds, see Bonds, III. 
 
 General exemption of, from taxation as 
 comprehending death duties. 1 B. R. C. 
 879. 
 
 JBegin u>it1i this hoolc on every law question. 
 
IXDEX TO L.R.A. 1\0TES. 
 
 1156 
 
 PUBLIC SERVICE CORPORATIONS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Recovery back of money from, see As- 
 sumpsit, § 7. 
 
 Use of highway by, see Highways, §§ 21- 
 32. 
 
 Mandamus to, see Mandami's, §§ 13-15. 
 
 Rates charged by, see Rates, § 2. 
 
 For irrigation purposes, see Wateks, §§ 
 92-97. 
 
 For supplying water generally, see Wateks, 
 III. 
 
 See also Cakriers; Electric Lights; Gas; 
 Insueaxce; Railroads; Street Rail- 
 ways ; Telegraphs ; Telephones ; 
 
 WAEEIIOUSBaiEN ; WATERS. 
 
 Fire insurance as a business affected by 
 public interest. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1195. 
 
 Specific performance of agreement for main- 
 tenance of license on land. 49 L.R.A. 
 518. 
 
 Recovery back of excessive payments to. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) ,124. 
 
 Involuntary bankruptcy proceedings against. 
 33 L.R.A.{N.S.) 454. 
 
 Right to interfere with wires of, in moving 
 house along street. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 448. 
 
 Duty and right of municipality to reim- 
 burse for expenses entailed by improve- 
 ment in street. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 
 Does taxation of business or occupation of 
 public-service corporation and taxation 
 of its franchise or right to occupy the 
 streets amounts to double taxation. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 221. 
 
 Power to require public service corporation 
 to carry municipal wires on its poles. 
 32 L.R.A.(X.S.) 997. 
 
 § 2. Rights and powers of. 
 
 Right of appropriator of water for distri- 
 bution to the public to grant exclusive 
 or preferential rights to the individual. 
 29 L.R.A.(X.S.) 213. 
 
 R.ight of public-service corporation per- 
 forming two distinct kinds of service 
 to refuse to furnish one without the 
 other. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1078. 
 
 Validity of contract bv public service cor- 
 poration for exclusive right of way 
 across private property. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 456. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 
 § 3. — as to prompt payment of ren- 
 tals. 
 
 Discrimination by requiring payment of 
 rental in advance. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 3] 5. 
 
 Reasonableness of regulation requiring pay- 
 ment of rentals in advance. 19 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 693; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 319. 
 
 Right to exact charge in addition to maxi- 
 mum rental fixed bv public for delay in 
 payment. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 329. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PUBLIC SERVICE CORPORATIONS— 
 
 cont'd 
 § 4. Ijiabilities of. 
 
 See also Carriers; Electric Lights; Gas; 
 Insurance; Railroads; Street Rail- 
 ways;.. Telegraphs ; . .Telep[ones; 
 Warehousemen; Waters. 
 
 Liability of, for freightening horses by con- 
 struction apparatus in street. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 942. 
 
 Continued duty and liability of public serv- 
 ice corporation to members of public 
 after conveyance to foreign corporation 
 incapable of taking title. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 362. 
 
 Validity of contract making public service 
 corporations' liability to municipality 
 dependent upon the continuance of its 
 franchise without competition. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 214. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions 
 as to. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 
 PUBLIC SPEECH. 
 
 Copyright in report of. 2 B. R. 0. 336. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 PUBLIC TRIAL. 
 See Criminal Law, § 44. 
 
 ♦-•-♦^ — 
 
 PUBLIC URINALS. 
 
 Injunction against, when constituting nui- 
 sance. 23 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 PUBLIC USE. 
 
 Dedication of property for, see Dedication. 
 
 Condemnation of property devoted to, see 
 Eminent Domain, §§ 7, 8. 
 
 Taking of property for, see Eminent Do- 
 main, §§ 9-23. 
 
 PUBLIC USER. 
 
 As acceptance of dedication, see Dedica- 
 tion, § 7. 
 
 PUBLIC UTILITIES. 
 
 Heating service as. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510, 
 What are, within statute permitting mu- 
 nicipality to exceed debt limit for pur- 
 chase or repair of. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 556. 
 Right of municipality to secure, by piece- 
 meal to avoid constitutional debt limit,. 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 433. 
 
1156 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 PUBLIC WATEK SUPPLY. 
 
 See Watees, III. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 PUBLIC WORKS. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract for construction or 
 repair of. 53 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes requiring 
 work incident to public contract to be 
 done in state or a local division there- 
 of. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 
 PUBLISHERS. 
 
 Validity of restrictive agreement on sale 
 of stage and coach lines. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 932. 
 
 PUBLISHING. 
 
 Of forged instrument, see Fokgeet. 
 
 As a manufacturing business. 64 L.R.A. 
 62. 
 
 PUFFING. 
 
 As a fraud. 35 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 PULLMAN CAR COMPANY. 
 
 See Cakeiers, §§ 96, 97. 
 
 PUMPING PLANT. 
 
 Mechanics' lien on. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 
 PUNCHES. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 676. 
 
 PUNISHMENT. 
 
 For assaxilt and battery, see Assault and 
 
 Battery, § 15. 
 In bastardy proceedings, see Bastardy, § 5. 
 For contempt, see Contempt, §§ 10-13. 
 For crime generally, see Criminal Law, 
 
 VI. 
 Of fraud, see Fraud and Deceit, § 35. 
 For gambling, see Gaming, § 8. 
 For homicide, see Homicide, § 35. 
 For offenses as to intoxicating liquors, see 
 
 Intoxicating Liquors, § 35. 
 Begin with this booU on every law question 
 
 PUNISHMENT— cont'd 
 
 For larceny, see Larceny, § 12. 
 
 For maintaining nuisance, see Nuisances, 
 
 § 31. 
 For robbery, see Robbery, § 7. 
 Homicide by excessive punishment, see 
 
 Homicide, § 9. 
 Of child, see Parent and Child, § 20. 
 Of scholar, see Schools, §§ 21, 22. 
 
 *-»-* 
 
 PUNITIVE DAMAGES. 
 
 See Damages, §§ 13-19. 
 
 — — ■*-»-* 
 
 PUPILS. 
 
 See Schools. 
 
 PURCHASE MONEY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Injunction against collection of, when title 
 is defective, see Injunction, § 45. 
 
 For liquors, liability for, see Intoxicating 
 Liquors, § 40. 
 
 At judicial sale, abatement or return of, 
 see Judicial Sale, § 15. 
 
 On sale of chattels, see Sale, §§ 45-47, 60. 
 
 Abatement from, in action for specific per- 
 formance, see Specific Performance, 
 § 28. 
 
 Usury in interest on deferred payments of, 
 see Usury, § 7. 
 
 For land, see Vendor and Purchaser, §§ 
 10-13. 
 
 Tender of purchase money for real estate by 
 partner. 28 L.R.A. 105. 
 
 Usury in deferred payments of. 27 L.RA. 
 565. 
 
 Possession of partner advancing for partner- 
 ship real estate. 28 L.R.A. 103. 
 
 Effect of ward's retention of, to cure failure 
 to require bond of guardian. 33 L.R.A. 
 /63. 
 
 Effect of refusal to accept on real estate 
 broker's right to commissions. 43 
 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Negotiability of note for, as affected by 
 reservation of title of property. 43 
 L.R.A. 27". 
 
 Failure of consideration as ground for in- 
 junction against judgment for. 31 
 L.R.A. 748. 
 
 Effect of refusal to execute purchase-money 
 notes to give seller an immediate right 
 of action. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 180. 
 
 Effect of defendant's mistake of fact as to 
 the right to specific performance of con- 
 tract induced thereby. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 87. 
 
 Right of purchaser of land at judicial sale 
 to abatement of purchase price for de- 
 ficiency in quantity. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 393. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1157 
 
 PURCHASE MOJsEY— cont'd 
 
 Sale with particular description of kind or 
 quality as warranty or condition pre- 
 cedent where purchase price is paid be- 
 fore opportunity to inspect. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 273. 
 
 Effect of mistake or misunderstanding as to, 
 in contract for sale of personalty. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 433. 
 
 Right of customer who has advanced pur- 
 chase money to broker or factor to 
 preference in case of insolvency prior 
 to making of purchase. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 95. 
 
 § 2. Payment ol. 
 
 Payable in instalments, see Instalments, 
 
 § 3. 
 Medium of payment of, see Payment, § 11. 
 For land, see Vendob and Pdhchasek, 
 
 §§ 10-13. 
 
 Necessity for immediate payment on tax 
 sale. 33 L.R.A. 481. 
 
 Of purchase price of timber conveyed with- 
 out conveying title to the land. 55 
 L.R.A. 520. 
 
 Right of purchasers of, or creditors levying 
 on, goods sold for cash but delivered 
 without payment. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.I 
 697; 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 709. 
 
 Right of vendee to specific performance of 
 contract for payment of purchase price 
 where vendor is unable to convey a good 
 and unencumbered title. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 117; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1195. 
 
 Tender of deed or abstract of title as con- 
 dition of enforcing forfeiture for ven- 
 dee's failure to pay last instalment of 
 purchase money. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 
 Necessity of specifying time of payment of, 
 in contract or memorandum for sale of 
 real property. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 84. 
 
 § 3 . — duty to see to application of. 
 
 Duty of purchaser from insolvent to see to 
 application of purchase price to debts. 
 .32 L.R.A. 65. 
 
 Duty of purchaser from conditional vendee 
 with right to resell to see that latter's 
 vendor is paid. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 
 Duty of one purchasing from trustees under 
 testamentary trust for payment of 
 debts to see to application of. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 370. 
 
 Liability of purchaser from partnership to 
 see to application of. 28 L.R.A. 174. 
 
 § 4. Recovery back or retnrn of. 
 
 Recovery of purchase price of property sold 
 for unlawful purpose, see Contracts, 
 § 114. 
 
 Recovery back of purchase money for land, 
 see Vendor and Ptjechaser, § 14. 
 
 Liability of execution creditor for return of 
 purchase price on failure of title to 
 property sold on execution. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1218. 
 
 § 5. Men for. 
 
 Lien of seller of personalty, see Sale, § 60. 
 Lien of vendor of land for, see Vendor and 
 Purchaser, §§ 30-35. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 PURCHASE MONEY— cont'd 
 Alaritime lien for. 70 L.R.A. 417. 
 Is money loaned to improve land part of 
 purchase price within rule tliat a pur- 
 chase money lien takes priority over 
 homestead rights. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 
 § 6. Mortgage for. , 
 
 What is, see Mortgage, § 12. 
 
 Effect of statutory bar of action for pur- 
 chase money on right to enforce lien 
 where vendor takes mortgage which 
 shows that it is given for the purchase 
 money. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1176. 
 
 Transfer of purchase money obligation as 
 afXecting reservation of title on condi- 
 tional sale. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 71. 
 
 § 7. — priority of. 
 
 Superiority of purchase money mortgage 
 to dower right. 4 L.R.A. 607.* 
 
 Mortgage to secure purchase money ad- 
 vanced to purchase property, as a pur- 
 chase money mortgage not subject to 
 homestead rights. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 
 Priority of later mechanic's lien over. 14 
 L.R.A. 307. 
 
 § 8. Chattel mortgage for. 
 
 Validity of chattel mortgage of stock of 
 merchandise to secure purchase price 
 as affected by provision or agreement 
 giving mortgagor possession with power 
 of sale. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1191. 
 
 § 9. Defense to action for. 
 
 Failure of consideration as defense to action 
 on note for. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 
 Breach of parol warranty as defense to ac- 
 tion between original parties on note 
 for purchase price of chattel. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 267. 
 
 What misrepresentations as to books sold 
 will constitute a defense to an action 
 for their purchase price. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1210. 
 
 PURCHASE MONEY MORTGAGE. 
 
 See Purchase Monet, §§ 6, 7. 
 « t » • 
 
 PURE FOOD LAW. 
 
 See Food. 
 
 PURPOSE. 
 
 Motive, see Motive. 
 
 For which taxes may be levied, gee Taxes, 
 § 13. 
 
 Effect of stockholder's purpose on remedy 
 to obtain inspection of books. 45 
 L.R.A. 461. 
 
 Stockholder's right to inspect books as af- 
 fected by. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 186. 
 
1158 
 
 IKDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 PURVEYING. 
 
 As a manufacturing business. 64 L.E.A. 64. 
 
 PUTATIVE FATHER. 
 
 Effect of attempt by, to appoint guardian 
 for child against surviving mother. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 2S4. 
 
 QUAE IPSO USU CONSUMUNTUR. 
 
 Effect of bequest for life of chattels con- 
 sumable in the use. 16 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 483. 
 
 QUALIFICATION. 
 
 Of voters, see Elections, I. 
 
 Of grand jurors, see Geand Jubt, § 3. 
 
 Of person licensed to sell liquor, see In- 
 toxicating LiQUOES, § 12. 
 
 Of judge, see Judges, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Of juror, see Jury, §§ 11-14. 
 
 Of justice of the peace, see Justice op the 
 Peace, § 2. 
 
 Of officers, see Officers, §§ 4-9. 
 
 Of witnesses, see Witnesses, §§ 9-25. 
 
 QUALIFIED LIMITATIONS. 
 
 Under rule in Shellev's Case. 29 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 1077, 1121, 1126, 1152. 
 
 QUALIFIED PRIVILEGE. 
 
 As to libel or slander, see Libel and Slan- 
 der, §§ 22-30. 
 
 Aa to information given by master aflfect- 
 ing character or reputation of serv- 
 ant. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1105. 
 
 QUALITY. 
 
 Breach of warranty as to, see Sale, §§ 33- 
 
 36, .54. 
 Of land sold, see Vendob and Pukohaser, 
 
 §§ 19-21. 
 
 Statement of, as a fraud. 35 L.B..A. 419, 
 
 436. 
 Dut^- of water company as to quality of 
 
 water furnished. 61 L.R.A. 87. 
 Relief from purchase at auction on ground 
 
 of mistake aa to. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 930. 
 Effect of delivery to carrier on buyer's 
 
 right to reject goods for lack of. 8 
 
 L.'R.A.fN.S.') 1167. 
 Police rcETulations prcsorihins' standard of 
 
 quality of milk. 1 L.R.A. (X.S.I 018, 
 Begin ivith this book, on every loic qi 
 
 QUALITY— cont'd 
 
 Parol evidence that parties to a written 
 contract which merely names a class 
 or species contemplated a particular 
 quality. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 967. 
 
 QUANTITY. 
 
 Admissibility of memoranda on check stubs 
 as memoranda of. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 729. 
 
 Statements as to, as a fraud. 35 L.R.A. 
 419, 438. 
 
 Eight to rely on representations as to. 37 
 L.E.A. 610. 
 
 Purchaser's right to rely on sellor's esti- 
 mate of. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 419. 
 
 Effect of misrepresentation as to quantity 
 of goods by shipper on his right to 
 recover for loss 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 745. 
 
 Limitation as to quantity of water power 
 granted. 67 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 Duty of water company as to quantity of 
 water furnished. 61 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 Effect of mistake of fact by defendant as 
 to, on right to specific performance of 
 contract induced by the mistake. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 
 Relief from purchase at auction on ground 
 of mistake as to. 34 L.R,A.(N.S.) 
 928. 
 
 QUANTUM MERUIT. 
 
 Recovery on, see Contracts, §§ 129, 137, 
 138. 
 
 QTJARANTINE. 
 
 Duty and liability of carrier as to, see Car- 
 riers, § 44. 
 Of human beings, see Health, § 9. 
 
 Delegation by legislature of power as to 
 quarantining cattle, 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 651. 
 
 QUARRY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Persons operating, as independent contract- 
 ors. 65 L.R.A. 467. 488. 
 lestion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1159 
 
 QUARRY—cont'd 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to main- 
 tain. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 122. 
 
 Power of municipality to prohibit the open- 
 ing or working of. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 796. 
 
 Liability of municipality for tort in con- 
 nection with quarry worked by it. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 281. 
 
 § 2. Injury to servant in. 
 
 Foreman supervising work in, as vice prin- 
 cipal. 51 L.R.A. 533, 555. 
 
 Servants in, as fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 
 437, 461. 
 
 Imputing to master coservant's negligence 
 in respect to dangers in. 54 L.R.A. 
 138. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk from changing 
 condition of excavations in, during 
 progress of work. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 
 QUASHING. 
 
 Of indictment, see Indictment, Infobma- 
 TioN, AND Complaint, § 29. 
 
 QUASI PUBLIC CORPORATIONS. 
 
 Injunction against sale of property of. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 104. 
 Execution or judicial sale of franchise or 
 
 property necessary for its enjoyment. 
 
 20 L.R.A. 737: 31 L.R.A. 637. 
 
 QUASI PUBLIC PROPERTY. 
 
 Liability of, to local assessment. 35 L.R.A. 
 39. 
 
 QUASI PUBLIC PURPOSE. 
 
 Eight to transfer or mortgage privilege to 
 use street for. 47 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 QUESTION FOR COURT. 
 
 See Trial, III. 
 
 ♦-.-• 
 
 QUESTION OF FACT. 
 
 See Tbial, III. 
 
 QUIET ENJOYMENT. 
 
 Covenant for, see Covenants, § 12, 31-33. 
 » « » • 
 
 QUIETING TITLE. 
 
 See Cloud on Title. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 QUITCLAIM DEED. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Right of grantee in possession under, to 
 question grantor's right to purchase 
 money. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 385. 
 
 § 2. Rights of purchaser by. 
 
 Bona fide purchase by. 1 L.R.A. 798.* 
 
 Purchaser under quitclaim deed as a bona 
 fide purchaser entitled to protection. 
 1 L.R.A. 799.* 
 
 Right of holder of quitclaim to protection 
 against latent equities. 29 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Right of purchasers by quitclaim to in- 
 junction against collection of purchase 
 money, where title to land is defective. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 458. 
 
 Precedence as between quitclaim deed and 
 senior unrecorded deed. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 240; 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 159. 
 
 § 3. Effect of. 
 
 Effect of, in otherwise perfect record title, 
 see Records and Recokoing Laws, § 
 15. 
 
 § 4. — on after-acquired title. 
 
 General rule. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1182. 
 Designation of particular interest or estate. 
 
 35, L.R.A.(N.S.) 1184. 
 Covenants in quitclaim. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1185. 
 Completion or confirmation of interest pass- 
 ing under quitclaim. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1188. 
 Generally. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1188. 
 Subsequent grant by public. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1189. 
 Completion of title derived from judi- 
 cial sale. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1190. 
 
 Future interests. 
 
 1190. 
 
 Separate interests 
 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Effect of statutes. 35 
 
 Character of deed as 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1193. 
 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 in same property. 
 
 1191. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1192. 
 
 a. quitclaim. 35 
 
 QUIA TIMET. 
 
 Effect of remedy at law on jurisdiction by 
 bill quia timet. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 53. 
 Consult .il'o L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 5. Adverse possession under. 
 
 I Possession under quitclaim deed by one of 
 several tenants as adverse to cotenant. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 708. 
 As color of title for adverse possession. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 776. 
 
1160 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 QUORUM. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 EVIDEKCE, § 58. 
 
 At stockholders' meeting, see Cobpoeations, 
 
 s 126. 
 In general, see Pabliamentaey Law, § 3. 
 
 QUOTATIONS. 
 
 Mandamus to compel delivery of market 
 
 quotations to bucket shop. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 153. 
 Property right in market quotations. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 889. 
 In newspaper as evidence of value. 16 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 758. 
 
 QUOTED PRICE. 
 
 Effect of retention of goods after notice of 
 mistake in. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 368. 
 
 QUO WARRANTO. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Remedy by ancient writ of. 3 L.R.A. 510.* 
 Jurisdiction. 3 L.R.A. 510.* 
 Judicial discretion. 3 L.R.A. 511.* 
 Proceedings; by whom instituted. 3 
 L.R.A. 511.* 
 'Information in nature of quo warranto. 3 
 L.R.A. 512.* 
 Proceedings by information. 3 L.R.A. 
 512.* 
 
 § 2. Jurisdiction. 
 
 Original jurisdiction of court of last re- 
 sort, see CouBTs, § 30. 
 
 Jurisdiction of ancient writ of. 3 L.R.A. 
 510.* 
 
 QUO WARRANTO— cont'd 
 § 3. When proper remedy. 
 
 To inquire into validity of drainage assess- 
 ment. 60 L.R.A. 243. 
 
 Right to maintain quo warranto proceed- 
 ings for vindication of private rights. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 810. 
 
 Provision for testing election of eity officer 
 before city council or other municipal 
 body as exclusive of quo warranto. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 208. 
 
 Quo warranto to test validity of liquol 
 license. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 555.' 
 
 §4. — corporate matters. 
 
 To oust foreign association from exercise 
 
 of corporate function. 24 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 For illegal exercise of corporate franchise. 
 
 7 L.R.A. 319.* 
 Against corporations for making illegal 
 charges in the course of authorized 
 business. 63 L.R.A. 761. 
 In general. 63 L.R.A. 761. 
 When allowed. 63 L.R.A. 761. 
 Effect of existence of other adequate 
 
 remedy. 63 L.R.A. 762. 
 Extent of judgment rendered. 63 
 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 § 5. Who entitled to maintain. 
 
 By whom proceedings by ancient writ of, 
 instituted. 3 L.R.A. 511.* 
 
 Who may maintain quo warranto to test 
 validity of organization of municipal 
 corporation or political subdivision of 
 state. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 685. 
 
 As matter of right by attorney general or 
 district attorney. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 826. 
 
 Scope of discretion of, public prosecutor 
 with respect to institution of proceed- 
 ings in nature of quo warranto. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 
 § 6. Right to jury in. 
 
 Right to jury in quo warranto proceedings, 
 24 L.R.A. 806; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 639. 
 
 R 
 
 RACE. 
 
 § 1. Division of manlcind. 
 
 Civil rights of different races, gee Cl'WL 
 
 Eights. 
 See also Indians ; Nbqroes. 
 
 Of delinquent fellow servant as tending to 
 show negligence of master. 48 L.R.A. 
 379. 
 
 § a. Contest or game. 
 
 <iorse race, see Horse Race. 
 
 Illegal intent of prosecutor as affecting 
 guilt of obtaining property by fake 
 race. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 276. 
 
 Begin with this booh on every law question. 
 
 RACE — cont'd 
 
 Larceny by fraudulent race or game. 1 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 862; 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1164; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 735. 
 
 Intention to participate in fraudulent race 
 as affecting right of one who was him- 
 self defrauded. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 906. 
 
 Municipal liability for failure to prevent. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 641; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 862. 
 
 § 3. Mill race. 
 
 Implied reservation of use of. 13 LEA 
 
 657.* 
 Passing of, by grant of water power. 6T 
 
 L.R.A. 386. 
 
RACE— cont'd 
 
 Creation of easement to use of mill race 
 by conveyance of mill. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 359. 
 
 Duty to maintain bridge over race way in- 
 tersecting liighway. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 
 INDEX TO Ii.R.A. NOTES. 1161 
 
 RAILROAD COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 RACE WAY. 
 
 See Race, § 3. 
 
 RADIATORS. 
 
 As part of realty. 1 B. R. C. 972, 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 RAFTS. 
 
 Right to use stream for rafting logs, see 
 Logs and Logging, §§ 4-10. 
 
 RAFTSMEN. 
 
 Eight of third persons claiming under rafts- 
 men to assert title as against owner. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 781. 
 
 RAGS. 
 
 Power to regulate traffic in. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1168. 
 
 RAILING. 
 
 At dangerous places in highway, see High- 
 ways, § 73. 
 
 RAILROAD AID. 
 
 In creneral, see Railkoads, § 26. 
 
 Bonds for, see Bonds, § 20. 
 
 Grant of land for, see Public Lands, § 5. 
 
 RAILROAD-AID GRANT. 
 
 See Public Lands, § 5. 
 
 RAILROAD CARS. 
 
 Injunction by Federal court against. 3 
 L.R.A. 238.* 
 
 Regulation of rates by. 3 L.R.A. 661.* 
 
 Autliority of. 2 L.R.A. 195;* 9 L.R.A. 
 754.* 
 
 Delegation to, of power to regulate car- 
 riers. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 639. 
 
 RAILROAD HAZARD. 
 
 What is within statutes abolishing fellow- 
 servant rule. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478; 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 
 RAILROAD RELIEF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 See Relief Associations. 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 See Cars. , ^ 
 
 eonisult al-o L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1, 3. 
 II. Franchises and charter rights; 
 Tpo-wers generally ; motive power, 
 §§ 8-5. 
 III. Lease; license; consolidation, §§ 
 
 6-11. 
 IT. Property; right of way; liens; 
 mortgages; taxes, §§ 12-32. 
 F. Location; relocation, § 23. 
 VI. Construction, maintenance, and 
 equipment, §§ 24-4:2. 
 a. In general, §§ 34, 25. 
 6. Aid in construction, § 36. 
 o. Depots and stations ; bridges, 
 §§ 37, 38. 
 
 d. Crossings; cattle guards, §§ 
 
 31-34. 
 
 e. Sidings, spur tracks, and 
 
 lateral roads, §§ 35, 36. 
 
 f. Fences; gates, §§ 37-41. 
 
 g. Diversion or obstruction of 
 
 water, § 43. 
 VII. Operation, §§ 43-87. 
 
 a. Duty and liability of rail- 
 road company, §§ 43- 
 78. 
 1. In general, §§ 43-45. 
 g. Liability geiierallij, §§ 
 46-50. 
 
 8. Liability for injuries to 
 
 children, § 51. 
 4, Injuries to persons on or 
 
 near track,, §§ 52-57. 
 C. Accidents at crossing, 
 §§ 58-70. 
 
 (a) In general, §S 58- 
 
 65. 
 
 (b) Signals, §§ 66- 
 
 69. 
 (o) Flagmen; safety 
 gates, § 70. 
 
 9. Speed, §§ 71, 72. 
 
1162 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. a— cont'd 
 
 7. Injuries to animals, §§ 
 
 73-76. 
 
 8. Fires, §§ 77, 7«. 
 
 I>. Contrihittory negligence, §§ 
 
 79-86. 
 1. In general, § 79. 
 8. Persons on or near 
 
 tracJc, § 80. 
 S. At crossing, §§ 81-84:. 
 4:. Injuries to animals, § 
 
 85. 
 5. As to fires, § 86. 
 C. Criminal liahility of third 
 persons for obstructing 
 trade, § 87. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Electric railways, see Electric Eailwats 
 
 ■EleTated railroads, see Elevated Rail- 
 roads. 
 
 Interurban railroads, see Intebukean Rail- 
 roads. 
 
 Private railroads, see Private Railroads. 
 
 Street railways, see Street Railways. 
 
 Terminal railways, see Terminal Rail- 
 ways. 
 
 As common carrier, see Carriers. 
 
 Compulsory connection with sidetracks, see 
 Carriers, § 149. 
 
 Delegation of power as to, see Constitu- 
 tional Law, § 17. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to,' see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 94. 
 
 Validity of contracts with railroad com- 
 pany, see Contracts, § 95. 
 
 Exercise of power of eminent domain by, 
 see Eminent Domain. 
 
 Taking railroad property for other public 
 purpose, see Eminent Domain, § 8. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §§ 66, 
 67. 
 
 Laying out highway across, see Highways, 
 §7. 
 
 Lighting of streets and bridges by railroad 
 company, see Highways, § 55. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by acts or 
 omissions of railroad company, see 
 Highways, § 63. 
 
 Income of railroad company, see Income, 
 
 § 4- 
 Mandamus against railroad company, see 
 
 Mandamus, § 15. 
 Employees of, generally, see Master and 
 
 Servant. 
 Fellow servants of employees of, see Mas- 
 ter AND Servant, III. d. 
 Unlawful combination of, see Monopoly 
 
 AND Combinations, § 7. 
 Liability for nuisance, see Nuisances, 
 
 § 19. 
 Receiver for, generally, see Receivisbs. 
 Liability of receiver, see Receivers, §§ 15- 
 
 21. 
 
 Temporary railroad as violation of cove- 
 nant against offensive trade or busi- 
 ness. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 10.39. 
 
 Use for railroad purposes of squares, parks 
 or commons as a diversion. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 980. 
 
 Begin with this iooTc on every law question. 
 
 RAILROADS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Right of railroad, constructively liable for 
 tort, to contribution or indemnity from 
 one actually responsible for its commis- 
 sion. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1149. 
 
 Railroad policemen as public officers. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 882. 
 
 Street or interurban railway as within 
 statute abrogating fellow-servant rule. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 117. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute imposing pen- 
 alty or added liability for failure to 
 pay claim. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 102. 
 
 § 2. Foreign companies. 
 
 Right of foreign railroad companies in 
 state. 24 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 Locality of jurisdiction of state court in 
 counties in which foreign railroads ex- 
 tend. 70 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 II. Franchises and charter rights; 
 powers generally; motive poxver. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Franchise for railroad in street, see High- 
 ways, §§ 26-32. 
 
 Nature of railroad franchise. 66 L.R.A. 36. 
 
 Charter rights of; subject to legislative 
 control. 9 L.R.A. 754.* 
 
 What is within charter power to build lat- 
 eral railroad. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) .326. 
 
 Privilege of using street as a contract with- 
 in constitutional provision against im- 
 pairing obligation of contracts. 50 
 L.R.A. 143. 
 
 ^ 4. Powers of, generally. 
 
 Implied power of railroad to engage in or 
 guarantee enterprise other than trans- 
 portation of goods or passengers. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 887; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 830. 
 
 Right of railroad to contract for the use of 
 its cars for advertising purposes. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1010. 
 
 § 5. Motive power. 
 
 What motive power mav be used. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 138. 
 
 ///. Lease; license; consolidation. 
 
 § 6. Lease. 
 
 Lease of parallel or competing railroads. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 274. 
 Service of process on servant or agent of 
 
 lessee. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 272. 
 
 §7. — liability of parties to. 
 
 Lease as affecting liabilities. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 344;* 10 L.R.A. 794.* 
 Liability of lessor of railroad f©r injuries 
 caused by negligence of another com- 
 pany using road under another eon- 
 tract. 44 L.R.A. 737. 
 Liability of lessor of railroad for injuries 
 cp-used by negligence of another 
 company using the road under a 
 lease, license, or other contract. 
 44 L.R.A. 737 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1163 
 
 RAILROADS, III.— cont'd 
 
 General principles as to. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 737. 
 Under raihvav leases. 44 L.R.A. 738. 
 Tlie general rule. 44 L.R.A. 738. 
 Application to particular subjects. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 740. 
 Authority to lease; construction. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 741. 
 Effect of authority. 44 L.R.A. 742. 
 Conflict of opinion. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 742. 
 Rule requiring special statu- 
 tory exemption. 44 L.R.A. 
 743. 
 Rule that general authority to 
 lease is sufficient. 44 
 L.R.A. 745. 
 NecossitT of entire control by 
 
 lessee. 44 L.R.A. 740. 
 Limited to injuries in opera- 
 tion of road. 44 L.R.A. 
 747. 
 Operation and charter duties 
 distinguished. 44 L.R.A. 
 748. 
 Under running privileges or arrange- 
 ments. 44 L.R.A. 750. 
 Under contracts for construction or oth- 
 erwise. 44 L.R.A. 752. 
 Under ineffectual attempt to consoli- 
 date. 44 L.R.A. 753. 
 Occupation must be authorized. 44 
 
 753. 
 Injuries to employees. 44 L.R.A. 753. 
 Provisions for joint liability. 44 L.R.A. 
 
 754. 
 Effect of lease or other contract upon 
 failure of duty to fence. 44 L.R.A. 
 755. 
 Duty of lessee of railroad as to condition 
 
 of track. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 Liability of railroad lessee to its servant 
 for condition of track. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 787. 
 
 § 8. Liiability in case of license or com- 
 mon use of property. 
 
 Liability of licensee to its servant for con- 
 dition of track. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 787. 
 
 Liability to servants where two or more 
 railway companies use same tracks or 
 station grounds. 46 L.R.A. 102. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for negli- 
 gence of an employee while running on 
 the road of another company, subject 
 to the order of the latter's train des- 
 pateher. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 323. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury to 
 one riding on train run over its tracks 
 by another company under license 
 through negligence of the licensee. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 887. 
 
 Liability of railroad for fires set out by 
 engines of other company permitted to 
 use its road. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1175. 
 
 § 9. Combinations; consolidation. 
 
 Authority of railroads to consolidate. 5 
 L.R.'A. 726.* 
 Consult also L.B.A.. Digests to date. 
 
 RAILROADS, III.— cont'd 
 
 ^ 10. — restrictions on right. 
 
 Combinations of: constitutional and statu- 
 tory restrictions upon. 1 L.R.A. 849.* 
 Restrictions on consolidation of parallel or 
 competing railroads. 45 L.R.A. 
 271. 
 Against public policy. 45 L.R.A. 272. 
 Power of legislature to prevent consoli- 
 dation. 45 L.R.A. 272. 
 Statutory provisions forbidding consoli- 
 dation. 45 L.R.A. 272. 
 Permission to consolidate. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 273. 
 Leases. 45 L.R.A. 274. 
 What are competing lines. ■ 45 L.R.A. 
 
 274. 
 Enforcement of law. 45 L.R.A. 275. 
 
 § 11. — liability in case of. 
 
 Liability of consolidated company for debts 
 of its predecessor. 23 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 Liability of lessor of railroad for injuries 
 by negligence of another company using 
 road under ineffectual attempt to con- 
 solidate. 44 L.R.A. 753. 
 
 Liability of one railroad corporation pos- 
 sessing stock control of another for 
 acts and contracts of the latter. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 770. 
 
 IT. Property; right of way; liens; 
 mortgages; taxes. 
 
 § 12. Property generally. 
 
 Appurtenances to railroads. 15 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 Right of foreign corporations to own land 
 in state. 24 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 Location of railroad property as affecting 
 insurance thereon. 26 L.R.A. 242. 
 
 Effect of language in grant specifying or 
 restricting use of property to railroad 
 purposes. 19 L.R.A. 266. 
 
 Right to dower in lands purchased by rail- 
 road company. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 726. 
 
 § 13. Nature of railroad property. 
 
 Nature of railroad, whether real estate or 
 personal property. 66 L.R.A. 33. 
 At common law. 66 L.R.A. 34. 
 By statute. 66 L.R.A. 35. 
 Franchises. 66 L.R.A. 36. 
 Right of way. 66 L.R.A. 36. 
 Ejectment. 66 L.R.A. 40. 
 Superstructure. 66 L.R.A. 41. 
 In general. 66 L.R.A. 41. 
 When use for railroad purposes 
 
 ceases. 66 L.R.A. 41. 
 Structures on mortgaged premises. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 43. 
 When the subject of a railroad 
 
 mortgage. 66 L.R.A. 44. 
 Vendors' liens. 66 L.R.A. 44. 
 Structures on the lands of another 
 before condemnation. 66 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 Abandoned roads. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 44. 
 Entry by license. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 45. 
 Entry by trespass. 66 J^.R.A. 
 46. ■ 
 
1164 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 RAILROADS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Private roads. 66 L.R.A. 4b. 
 Rolling stock. 66 L.R.A. 49 
 Supplies. 66 L.R.A. 5]. 
 For the purposes of taxation. 15 L.R.A. 
 298; 66 L.R.A. 51. 
 Generally. 66 L.R.A. 52. 
 Right of way and superstructures. 
 
 66 L.R.A. 53. 
 Rolling stock and construction ma- 
 terials. 86 L.R.A. 55. 
 Rights in public streets. 66 L.R.A. 
 
 55. 
 The English rates. 66 L.R.A. 56. 
 Poles and wires. 66 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 § 14. Sale or transfer of property. 
 
 Validity of sale of real estate by railroad 
 corporation. 25 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 Injunction against execution sale of prop- 
 erty of. 30 L.R.A. 104. 
 
 Attachment or garnishment of foreign rail- 
 road cars. 64 L.R.A. 501. 
 
 Preliminary injunction which would have 
 effect of transferring possession of 
 property from one to another of two 
 companies contesting right to property. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 
 § 15. Right of way. 
 
 For siding or spur track, see infra, § 36. 
 
 Taking lands of, under power of eminent do- 
 main, see Eminent Domain. 
 
 As additional burden upon easement, and 
 Injury to property abutting on high- 
 way, see Eminent Domain. 
 
 Adverse possession of right of way, see Ad- 
 VEBSE Possession, § 11. 
 
 Use and obstruction of highway by railroad, 
 see Highways, §§ 20-32. 
 
 Rights and liabilities as against abutting 
 owner where railroad constructed in 
 highway, see Highways, § 27. 
 
 Liability for improvement assessment, see 
 Public Improvements, § 21. 
 
 Right of way; defined. 4 L.R.A. 275.* 
 Transfer of. 3 L.R.A. 176.* 
 Partition of. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 538. 
 Adverse possession of. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 272. 
 Condemnation or grant of land for right of 
 
 way as carrying right to lateral and 
 
 subjacent support. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 155'. 
 Right of reversion ^on abandonment of road, 
 
 deeded to railroad company. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 806. 
 Acquisition of prescriptive right of way 
 
 across. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 190. 
 
 § 16. — how obtained. 
 
 Acquisition of right of way by exercise of 
 eminent domain, see Eminekt Do- 
 main. 
 
 How obtained; nature of. 1 L.R.A. 215.* 
 Location across land by license of owner. 
 
 4 L.R.A. 791.* 
 Grant of right of way. 2 L.R.A. 281;" 8 
 
 L.R.A. 180.* 
 
 RAILROADS, IV.— cont'd 
 § 17. — uses to which right of way 
 may be devoted. 
 
 Telegraph right of way, see Telegraphs, 
 § 2. 
 
 Introduction. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 512. 
 General principles. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 513. 
 Whether or not additional use. 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 513. 
 No interference with legitimate use of 
 
 railway. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 513. 
 No substantial damage. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 514. 
 Use reasonably contemplated when 
 
 land taken. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 514. 
 Mere competition. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 '515. 
 Estoppel against the railway. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 515. 
 Abandonment plus a different use. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 515. 
 Particular uses. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 516. 
 Coal yards and sheds. 36 L.R.A. 516. 
 Depots, engine houses, and car houses. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 516. 
 Elevators. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 516. 
 Freight facilities. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 517. 
 Hotels and boarding houses. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 517. 
 Lumber yards. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 518. 
 Personal use by railway agent. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 518. 
 
 places, 
 places. 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 lines. 36 
 36 L.R.A. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 
 
 Begin ivith this hooh on every law question 
 
 Recreation 
 
 518. 
 Refreshment 
 
 518. 
 Stock yards and pens. 
 
 518. 
 Storage purposes. 
 
 518. 
 Telegraph and telephone 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 519. 
 Warehouses and corncribs. 
 
 (N.S.) 519. 
 Wharves, docks, and piers. 
 
 (N.S.) 520. 
 Miscellaneous. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 521. 
 English cases. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 521. 
 Power to authorize consti'uction of tele- 
 graph or telephone line along railroad 
 right of way without compensation to 
 railroad company. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 703. 
 Measure of damages for right of way for 
 telegraph or telephone line on railroad 
 right of way. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 191. 
 
 § 18. — as encumbrance. 
 
 Effect of purchaser's knowledge of railroad 
 right of way in action for breach of 
 covenant against encumbrances. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 318. 
 
 Railroad right of way across land at time 
 of conveyance as breach of covenant. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 
 § 19. Liens. 
 
 Applicability of mechanic's lien law to rail- 
 roads. 8 L.R.A. 700.* 
 
 Food furnished contractor for employees 
 and teams as material giving lien on 
 railroad. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 509. 
 
IKDEX TO L.R.A. XOTES. 
 
 1165 
 
 KAILEOADS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Vendor's lien for purchase price of i-ail- 
 
 road rails. 66 L.R.A. 44. 
 Priority of mortgage over other liens. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 143.* 
 Priority of claims against property of, in 
 
 hands of receiver over recorded liens. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1015. 
 
 § 2 0. Mortgage. 
 
 What property included in. 9 L.R.A. 140,* 
 142.* 
 
 Covering after-acquired property. 9 L.R.A. 
 140,* 141,* 142.* 
 
 Right to income, rents, and earnings un- 
 der. 6 L.R.A. 566;* 9 L.R.A. 142.* 
 
 Effect of, on rails and other permanent fix- 
 tures annexed after execution. 66 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Foreclosure of, necessary parties. 1 L.R.A. 
 334.* 
 
 Jurisdiction to order foreclosure sale in dif- 
 ferent states. 32 L.R.A. 208: 69 L.R.A. 
 682. 
 
 Priority of, over other liens. 9 L.R.A. 143.* 
 
 Priority oit certificates of indebtedness is- 
 sued by receiver in action to foreclose. 
 9 L.R.A. 143.* 
 
 § 21. Taxes. 
 
 Exemption of property of, from taxation. 
 1 L.R.A. 246.* 
 
 Nature of property for purpose of. 15 
 L.R.A. 298; 66 L.R.A. 51. 
 
 Franchise tax on, as interference with Fed- 
 eral agency. 57 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 Eflfeet of commerce clause of Federal Con- 
 stitution. 60 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 Taxation of receipts of railroad company. 
 57 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 Situs of railroad rolling stock for purposes 
 of taxation. 69 L.R.A. 445. 
 
 Principal office of, as domicil for tax pur- 
 poses. 69 L.R.A. 436. 
 
 § 2 2. A.ssessments for local improve- 
 ments. 
 
 See Public Impbovements, § 21. 
 
 V. Location ; relocation. 
 
 § 23. Generally. 
 
 Priority of location of line. 4 L.R.A. 791;* 
 
 12 L.R.A. 220.* 
 Validity of contract made to influence loca- 
 tion of railroad. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 800. 
 Validity of contract to pay an officer of a 
 railroad company for h'is own benefit, 
 conditioned on specified location of the 
 road. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524; 25 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 967. 
 Right to relocate railroad. 36 L.R.A. 510. 
 Right to change before construction of 
 
 road. 36 L.R.A. 511. 
 Statutory authority. 36 L.R.A. 512. 
 Construction of statutory authority. 
 
 36 L.R.A. 513. 
 Private and contract rights. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 513. 
 Compelling change. 36 L.R.A. 514. 
 Provision for government control of se- 
 lection of route. 36 L.R.A. 514. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 RAILROADS— cont'd 
 
 VI. Constmctioii, maintenance, and 
 equipment. 
 
 a. Ill general. 
 
 § 34. Generally. 
 
 Condition for construction within specified 
 time, see Condition's, § 9. 
 
 Validity of contract which contemplates 
 the turning over by a railroad company 
 to a construction company of bonds 
 and stocks of the former of a par value 
 in excess of the cost of construction. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 191. 
 
 Prescriptive right to maintain. 53 L.R.A. 
 900. 
 
 Specific performance of agreement for main- 
 tenance of railroad on land. 49 L.R.A. 
 518. 
 
 Right of state to require railroad company 
 to equip its road. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 320. 
 
 Allowance of interest on damages to prop- 
 erty from negligent construction of 
 railroads. 18 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 § 2 5. Injury to property; interference 
 with rights of others. 
 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, III. 
 
 q- 
 
 Right to compensation for, see Eminent 
 Domain, §§ 49, 50. 
 
 Injury to abutting lands by railroad con- 
 struction. 3 L.R.A. 565.* 
 
 Injuries to land from blasting in course of 
 railway construction. 17 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 Right of railroad company to cut off access 
 by owner of upland to navigable water. 
 40 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Emission of smoke, soot, cinders, and coal 
 dust, as a nuisance. 9 L.R.A. 712.* 
 
 Statutory authority to commit nuisance by 
 construction or operation of. 70 L.R.A. 
 585. 
 
 Liability of railroad company in construct- 
 ing its roadway, for removal of lateral 
 support to adjoining property. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3]'8. 
 
 Right to cut wires crossing tracks. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1212. 
 
 b. Aid in const miction. 
 
 § 26. Generally. 
 
 Railroad aid bonds, see Bonds, § 20. 
 Grant of public land to, see Public Lands, 
 § 5. 
 
 Aid with public money. 14 L.R.A. 479. 
 
 Municipal aid. 5 L.R.A. 726.* 
 
 Statutes leijalizing invalid subscriptions to. 
 27 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 Delegation of municipal power as to rail- 
 road grants. 20 L.R.A. 726. 
 
 Power of legislature to authorize counties 
 or other political divisions to build, 
 purchase, or operate railroad or street 
 railway, as affected by restrictions on 
 power to aid private enterprises. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 
1166 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 RAILROADS, VI. b— cont'd 
 
 Construction of grants to railroad com- 
 panies as to percolating water. 39 
 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 Combining in single question to voters ot 
 municipality the object of granting aid 
 to railroads. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 669. 
 
 c. Depots and stations; bridges. 
 
 % 2 7. Depots; and stations. 
 
 Duty of carrier toward passenger in rela- 
 tion to station, see Cakeieks, §§ 45, 46, 
 48, 70, 71, 94. 
 
 Governmental regulations as to stations, see 
 Caeeiebs, §§ 161, 162. 
 
 Specific performance of contract as to, see 
 Specific Performance, § 10. 
 
 Dominion over stations and grounds. 8 
 L.R.A. 753.* 
 
 Duty of railroad company to one who goes 
 on station grounds for purpose of mail- 
 ing letters on mail train. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 535. 
 
 Validity of contract by railroad company 
 to establish and maintain station. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 594. 
 
 Validity of contract to pay an officer of a 
 railroad company for his own benefit 
 conditioned on specified location of 
 depot. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 967. 
 
 Specific performance of contract to estab- 
 lish or maintain station. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 307. 
 
 § 28. Bridges. 
 
 Railroad bridge over navigable stream. 2 
 L.R.A. 542.* 
 
 Duty to construct bridges at its own ex- 
 pense over public drainage ditches. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1118. 
 
 Obstruction of waters of stream by railroad 
 bridge. 59 L.R.A. 863. 
 
 d. Crossings; cattle guards. 
 
 8 29. Crossing by other railroad or 
 street railroad. 
 
 Delegation by legislature to railroad com- 
 mission of power as to track connec- 
 tions and crossings. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 654. 
 
 Right of railroad company to compensation 
 for laying street railway across its 
 track on a street crossing. 29 L.R.A. 
 485. 
 
 Right of railroad company to compensation 
 for the crossing of its track where it 
 . intersects a street or highwaj' by an 
 electric road. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 916. 
 
 § 3 0. Private crossings: 
 
 Parol agreement to construct private way 
 across railroad. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 702; 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 375. 
 
 General nature of duty owed by railroad 
 company to one permitted by it to use 
 private crossing constructed by it. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 597. 
 
 Begin with this hooJc on every law question 
 
 RAILROADS, VI. d— cont'd 
 § 31. Highway crossings. 
 
 Accidents at, see infra, §§ 58-70. 
 Contributory negligence at crossing, see 
 
 infra, §§ 81-84. 
 Requirements at crossings, see Highways, 
 
 §§ 30, 31. 
 Power of municipality to change grade of 
 
 railroad, see Highways, § 31. 
 Obstruction of crossings by trains, see 
 Highways, § 32. 
 
 Power to open highway crossing. 7 L.R.A. 
 121.* 
 
 Power to lay out streets or highways across 
 railway property or right of way. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1213. 
 
 Compensation for crossing by highway. 7 
 L.R.A. 122.* 
 
 Liability of railroad company to abutting 
 owner for damages from change of 
 grade of highway necessary to carry it 
 across tracks. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 226. 
 
 Power to compel railroad to establish or 
 maintain at its own expense overhead 
 or underground crossing, as affected by 
 the fact that the street or highv.'ay is 
 opened subsequently to construction of 
 railroad. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 298. 
 
 Necessity of making compensation, and 
 measure thereof, upon laying of street 
 across railway property. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1226. 
 
 Compensation for construction and main- 
 tenance of crossing and safeguards as 
 element of damages for laying out 
 street across railway property. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1232. 
 
 § 32. — abolishing grade crossing. ' 
 
 Liability for cost of changing grade of street 
 to prevent the crossing of a rail- 
 road at grade. 26 L.R.A. 92. 
 Liability of railroad company. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 93. 
 Eileet of charter provisions. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 93. 
 Distribution of liability. 26 L.R.A. 94. 
 Delegation of authority to apportion 
 
 liability. 26 L.R.A. 94. 
 Contracts. 26 L.R.A. 95. 
 Special assessment. 26 L.R.A. 95. 
 Statutes prohibiting grade crossings. 
 26 L.R.A. 95. 
 Power to compel railroad to establish or 
 maintain at its own expense overhead 
 or underground crossing, as affected by 
 the fact that the street or highway is 
 opened subsequently to construction of 
 the railroad. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 298. 
 
 § 33. — Safety gates and ilagnien. 
 
 Duty and liability as to, see infra, § 70. 
 
 Power of municipality to require safety 
 gates at crossing. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 141. 
 
 Delegation of power to make regulations as 
 to safety gates and flagman. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 646. 
 
 Compensation for maintaining flagmen, as 
 element of damages for laying out 
 street across railway prcpert's . 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1235. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1167 
 
 RAILROADS, VI. d— cont'd 
 § 34. Cattle guards. 
 
 Duty as to cattle guaids. 5 L.R.A. 813.* 
 
 Duty of railroad company to keep cattle 
 
 guards in condition. 3G L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 997. 
 
 At common law. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 997. 
 
 Wliere required bv statute. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 998. 
 Negligence on the part of the railroad 
 
 company. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 998. 
 As to snow and ice. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 999. 
 Miscellaneous. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1000. 
 Effect of contributory negligence of 
 owner of stock. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1000. 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring rail- 
 road company to build. 31 L.R.A. 
 1 N.S.I 861. 
 Constitutionality of statutes excluding de- 
 fense of contributory negligence and 
 assumption of risk on failure to build. 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 Effect of contributory negligence of owner 
 of stock getting on track through de- 
 fects in. 36 LJS.A.(N.S.) 100. 
 Compensation for making, as element of 
 damages for laying out street across 
 railway property. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1234. 
 
 e. Sidings, spur trades, and lateral 
 roads. 
 
 § 35. Generally. 
 
 Power to compel road to build or maintain 
 sidetracks for accommodation of ship- 
 pers. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013. 
 
 Presumption of statutory authority of rail- 
 road to commit nuisance by maintain- 
 ing. 70 L.R.A. 589. 
 
 Validity, as affected by public policy, of 
 contract to maintain private sidings. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 130. 
 
 What is within charter power to build 
 lateral railroad. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 326. 
 
 Liability of railroad to servants of persons 
 upon whose premises it operates a spur 
 track. 46 L.R.A. 100. 
 
 § 3 6. Right of way for. 
 
 Condemnation of land for, see Eminent Do- 
 ^.lAix, § 22. 
 
 Right of wav for lateral and spur tracks. 
 4 L.R.A.' 276.* 
 
 Eight of railroad company to condemn 
 right of way over or across tracks of 
 another company for a spur track to 
 private establishments. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 512. 
 
 /. Fences; gates. 
 
 § 3 7. Fences. 
 
 Injury to animals due to lack of or de- 
 fects in, see infra, § 75. 
 
 Dutv to fence track. 5 L.R.A. 737;* 8 
 L.R.A. 135;* 11 L.R.A. 426;* 12 L.R.A. 
 ISO.* 
 
 Effect of lease or other contract on failure 
 of duty to fence. 44 L.R.A. 755. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 rtAILROADS, VI. f— cont'd 
 
 Alandamus to compel company to construct 
 
 fences. 12 L.R.A. 181.* 
 Measure of care of railroad company to 
 
 maintain fence once constructed. 11 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 228. 
 Private action for violation of statutory 
 
 duty to fence right of way. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 347. 
 Private action for violation of statutory 
 
 duty to fence right of way. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 347. 
 
 § 38. — constitutionality of statute re- 
 quiring fence. 
 
 Dutv implied, though not expressly im- 
 
 ' posed. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 862. 
 Constitutionality of penalties. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 863. 
 Value of stock. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 863. 
 Double or increased damages. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 863. 
 Liability for diminution in value of ad- 
 joining land. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 864. 
 Where company has fenced, and not 
 
 negligent. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 864. 
 Attorney fee. 31 L.R.A. 864. 
 Impairing obligation of contract. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 866. 
 Necessity of uniformity of requirements as 
 
 to fencing. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 Delegability of power to compel railroads 
 
 to fence. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 Excluding defense of contributory negligehce 
 and assumption of risk. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 867. 
 Constitutionality of statutes relating to 
 fixing value of stock killed on unfenced 
 road. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 Constitutionality of statute making failure 
 to fence evidence of negligence. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 §3 9. — toward whom duty owed. 
 
 Duty of railroad company to fence tracks 
 
 against persons. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1197. 
 
 Duty to fence against children. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 784; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1103. 
 Obligation of railroad company to employees 
 as to fencing track. 25 L.R.A. 320. 
 Statutory duty to fence. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 320. 
 Liability in absence of statute. 25 
 L.R.A. 322. 
 
 § 40. —at what place. 
 On depot grounds. 5 L.R.A. 737.* 
 What are depot grounds within the mean- 
 ing of fence laws. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 203. 
 The principle involved. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 203. 
 In general; illustrative cases. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 204. 
 In general. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 204. 
 Extension beyond town limits. 7 
 
 L.1!.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 Way stations; flag stations; sid- 
 
 "ings. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 Switch limits. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 209. 
 
1168 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 RAILROADS, VI. f— cont'd 
 
 In general. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 209. 
 Points between switch ends 
 and depot building. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 211 
 Points beyond switch ends. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 211 
 Private shipping points. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 213. 
 Extent of depot grounds a question for 
 the jury. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 213. 
 In general. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 213. 
 Effect of allotment as depot 
 grounds. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 214. 
 Where burden of proof lies. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 215. 
 Duty of railroad company to fence right of 
 way within limits of city, town, or vil- 
 lage. 27 L.R.A. (N.S;) 796. 
 
 § 41. Gates. 
 
 Safety gates at crossing, see supra, § 33. 
 
 Duty to keep gates in railroad fence closed. 
 49 L.R.A. 625. 
 In general. 49 L.R.A. 625. 
 General rules; upon whom duty rests. 
 49 L.R.A. 625. 
 Conflict of authority. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 625. 
 Rule placing duty on the company. 
 4S L.R.A. 625. 
 
 Rule placing duty on adjacent own- 
 er. 49 L.R.A. 626. 
 Duty as affected by question as to who 
 opened the gate. 49 L.R.A. 
 629. 
 Generally. 49 L.R.A. 629. 
 Rule when opened by railroad com- 
 pany. 49 L.R.A. 629. 
 Rule when opened by adjacent own- 
 er. 49 L.R.A. 630. 
 Rule when opened by stranger. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 632. 
 Rule when opened through defect- 
 ive construction or fasten- 
 ings. 49 L.R.A. 633. 
 Duty as affected by ownership of stock. 
 49 L.R.A. 633. 
 Stock of adjacent ov/ner. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 633. 
 Stock of tenant or licensee. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 634. 
 Stock of third persons. 49 L.R.A. 
 634. 
 Diligence required to keep gates closed. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 636. 
 Necessity of affirmative proof of negli- 
 gence. 49 L.R.A. 638. 
 What crossings are within the statutory 
 rule. 49 L.R.A. 639. 
 
 / 
 
 g. Diversion or obstimction of water. 
 
 § 42. Generally. 
 
 Obstruction of waters of stream by railroad 
 
 bridge. 59 L.R.A. 863. 
 Railroad causing overflow or accumulation, 
 
 as a nuisance. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 376. 
 Presumption as to statutory authority to 
 
 commit nuisance by obstruction of 
 
 water by railroads. 70 L.R.A. 586. 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question 
 
 RAILROADS, VI. g— cont'd 
 
 Liability for injury by damming back 
 water of stream. ■ 59 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Right of railroad to divert water from non- 
 tidal stream without compensation to 
 riparian owner. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 
 Liability of railroad for conducting surface 
 water through its embankments and 
 onto the property of an adjoining own- 
 er. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 680. 
 
 Necessity of notice to purchasing railroad 
 company to construct culverts where 
 road was originally constructed with- 
 out them. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 571. 
 
 VII. Operation. 
 
 a. Duty and liability of railroad com- 
 pany. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 43. Generally. 
 
 Power of employee to employ physician for 
 injured person, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, §§ IS, 18a. 
 
 Injury to employees, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, III. 
 
 Question for jury as to negligence of rail- 
 road company, see Trial, § 43. 
 
 Right to enforce by mandamus duty of rail- 
 road company arising wholly from con- 
 tract. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1084. 
 
 Mandamus to compel railway company to 
 perform public duties required by its 
 charter. 12 L.R.A. 180.* 
 
 Right as riparian owner to take water from 
 stream for its engines. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 543. 
 
 § 44. Compelling operation. 
 
 Compelling operation of; compelling in- 
 creased facilities; compelling comple- 
 tion of road. 24 L.R.A. 564. 
 
 §4 5. Mghting tracks. 
 
 Compelling roads to light their tracks in 
 
 city. 41 L.R.A. 422. 
 Power to compel railroad companies to light 
 
 their tracks in cities. 19 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 658. 
 
 2. lAahility, generally. 
 
 § 46. Generally. 
 
 In case of consolidation, see supra, § 11. 
 Liability for injury by frightening horse, see 
 
 HOHSES, § 10. 
 Liability for injuries to employees, see 
 
 Master and Servant, III. 
 Liability for acts of servant, see Master 
 
 AND Servant, IV. 
 Liability for injury to servants of third 
 
 persons, see Master and Servant, 
 
 §§ 200-202. 
 As to "last clear chance," see Negligence, 
 
 §§ 50-52. 
 Proximate cause of injury, see Proximate 
 
 Cause, §§ 11, 12. 
 For general questions of negligence and con- 
 tributory negligence, see Negligence. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1169 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. a, 2— cont'd 
 
 Liability under statute to prevent acccidenta 
 on railroads. 13 L.R.A. 185.* 
 
 Strit construction of statutes fixing a new 
 liability upon railroad companies in 
 derogation of common-law liability. 10 
 L.R.A. 840.* 
 
 Liability of proprietor of logging railroad, 
 or other railroad used for private pur- 
 pose, for injuries sustained by one oth- 
 er than an employee, while being carried 
 thereon. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 131; 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 190. 
 
 Duty to protect one other than employee 
 from injury by movement of cars or 
 trains while loading or unloading 
 freight or express. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 960. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury to 
 persons other than employees caused by 
 defectively loaded cars. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 204. 
 
 Liability for private nuisance. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 62. 
 
 Liability for creating nuisance. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 371. 
 
 Duty of railroad company to avoid inter- 
 ference with extinguishment of fires. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1110; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 
 SufEciency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence of. 59 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 Evidence of prior accidents. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1102. 
 
 Evidence as to conditions before and after 
 accident. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1085. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of agents of, 
 as res ffestce. 19 L.R.A. 745. 
 
 Violation by servant of rule adopted by rail- 
 way company for protection of the pub- 
 lic, as evidence of negligence toward a 
 member of the public. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1063. 
 
 Train despatcher's record as evidence. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1190. 
 
 Right of court to decide question as to 
 quickest means of stopping train, as a 
 matter of common knowledge. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 262. 
 
 § 47. Criminal liability. 
 
 Of one obstructing track, see infra, § 87. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of railroad com- 
 pany. 2 B. R. C. 253. 
 
 Homicide resulting from negligent manage- 
 ment of railways, locomotives, etc. 61 
 L.R.A. 281. 
 
 § 48. Liability for injuries due to acts 
 of third persons. 
 
 Liability for acts of employees, see Mastbb 
 AND Sebvant, IV. 
 
 Liability in case of lease, see supra, § 7. 
 
 In case of license or common use of prop- 
 erty, see supra, § 8. 
 
 For accident caused by wrongful act of 
 stranger. 22 L.R.A. 306. 
 
 J.iability of railroad company for fire 
 started by persons allowed to be on the 
 right of way. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 472. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 74 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. a, 2— cont'd 
 Proximate cause of injury by car or engine 
 
 set in motion by third person. 20 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 719.' 
 Act of third person as excuse to railroad 
 
 for blocking street crossing. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 350. 
 
 § 49. —Independent contractors. 
 
 For act of independent contractor. 9 L.R.A. 
 604;* 14 L.R.A. 828. 
 
 Liability of railway companies in respect 
 to operation of plant negligently con- 
 structed by independent contractor. 66 
 L.R.A. 140. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for acts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in work on. 65 
 L.R.A. 643, 646. 
 
 Right of railroad company to delegate to 
 independent contractor the mainte- 
 nance of gates or of flagman at a street 
 crossing. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1177. 
 
 § 50. Duty and liability Imposed by 
 statute or ordinance. 
 
 Stepping on track in front of approaching 
 train running in excess of speed pre- 
 scribed by ordinance. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 196. 
 
 Private action for violation of statute im- 
 
 Eosing duties on railroads. 9 
 .R.A.(N.S.) 347. 
 General principles. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 347. 
 Duty to fence the right of way. 9 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S. ( 347. 
 Duty to signal approach of crossings. 
 
 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 365. 
 Limitations of speed. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 •373. 
 Crossing regulations. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 373. 
 Miscellaneous duties. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 374. 
 Violating ordinance as to operation, aa 
 ground for private action. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 188. 
 As to flac^man. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 245. 
 As to saffety gates. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 Eflfect of contributory negligence on 
 liability for violating police ordi- 
 nance. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 Requisites of averments in complaint as to 
 causal connection between violation of 
 law or ordinance by a railroad com- 
 pany and injury. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 987. 
 
 3. Liahility for injuries to children. 
 
 § 51. Generally. 
 
 Liability for injury to children on cars, see 
 Carriers, § 55. 
 
 Care required of railroad companies to pre- 
 vent injuring small children upon 
 the track. 25 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 Duty of railroads to fence against chil- 
 dren. 25 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 Duty to discover child on track. 25 
 L.R.A. 784. 
 
 Lookout for children. 25 L.R.A. 786; 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 566. 
 
n7o 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. a, 3— cont'd 
 
 Negligence after discovery. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 787. 
 Failure to give signal. 25 L.R.A. 788. 
 Speed. 25 L.R.A. 789. 
 In citj'. 25 L.R.A. 790. 
 Foot caught. 25 L.R.A. 790. 
 Sudden appearance of child. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 791. 
 Projecting timber or car. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 79]. 
 Gross negligence. 25 L.R.A. 791. 
 
 Right of persons in charge of train to pre- 
 sume that child will get out of danger, 
 e L.R.A. (N.S.) 283. 
 
 Duty to keep lookout for infant trespassers 
 "on track. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1079. 
 
 Negligent operation of train at crossing as 
 ground of liability for killing or in- 
 juring child incapable of contributory 
 negligence, who was aware of train's 
 approach. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 645. 
 
 Duty of railroad company to fence tracks 
 'against children. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1103. 
 
 Liability for injuries on turntable. 14 
 L.R.A. 781; 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 80; 16 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1129. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance", as applied 
 to injury from cars. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1136. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as applied 
 to railroad tracks and structures. 19 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1150. 
 
 4. Injuries to persons on or near track. 
 
 § 52. Generally. 
 
 Injuries due to excessive speed, see infra, 
 
 §§ 71, 72. 
 Contributory negligence, see infra, § 80. 
 
 Duty to avoid injury to trespasser. 6 L.R.A. 
 242;* 10 L.R.A. 139;* 11 L.R.A. 385;* 
 13 L.R.A. 248.* 
 Implied license to go upon railroad track. 
 
 13 L.R.A. 634. 
 Right of railroad to keep trespassers from 
 track or right of way. 66 L.R.A. 587. 
 Liability for personal injuries from negli- 
 gent operation of trains to person 
 on adjoining property or highway. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 980."' 
 Injuries caused by car leaving track. 
 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 981. 
 Object thrown, falling, or projecting 
 from train. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 981. 
 Sparks and cinders. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 983. 
 Injuries by suction. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 9S3. 
 Liability to trespasser or licensee on 
 adjoining property. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 983. 
 Miscellaneous. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985. 
 Liability of railroad company for personal 
 injuries by objects thrown from moving 
 train. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 581. 
 Duty and liability of railroad company to- 
 ward one who goes upon its property 
 to pass around a train blocking the 
 crossing. 5 L.R.,\. (N.S.) 775. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. a, 4— cont'd 
 
 Liability of railroad for injuries to one 
 not an employee, by closing gap be- 
 tween standing cars at point other than 
 a highway crossing. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 558. 
 
 Duty to moderate speed of train when tres- 
 passers are to be anticipated. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 352. 
 
 Ordinance affecting operation of railroads 
 as intended for benefit of trespassers. 
 5 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 208. 
 
 Right of action against railroad company 
 for mutilation of the body of person 
 killed on track. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 405. 
 
 Liability of electric railway for injury to 
 trespasser or licensee from exposed 
 third rail. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 
 When contributory negligence of person on 
 track will not defeat recovery. 1] 
 L.R.A. 386.* 
 Application of doctrine of last clear 
 chance in case of trespassers or 
 others Injured upon railroad track. 
 55 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 Intoxication of persons on railroad track as 
 affecting applicability of last clear 
 chance. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1031. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence. 59 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 § 53. Undiscovered persons. 
 
 Duty to discover, see infra, § 56. 
 
 Doctrine of last clear chance, in case of. 55 
 L.R.A. 424; 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 957. 
 
 May wantonness or wilfullness, precluding 
 defense of contributory negligence, be 
 predicated of omission of a duty before 
 discovery of a person in peril on a rail- 
 road track. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 427. 
 
 § 54. Negligence after discovery. 
 
 Negligence after discovery of small children 
 on track. 25 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 Last moment to which presumption that 
 person on track will seek place of safety 
 may be indulged. 69 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 § 55. Helpless persons. 
 
 Children, see supra, § 51. 
 
 Duty to avoid injury to persons in helpless 
 position on track. 25 L.R.A. 790; 69 
 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Duty as to inebriates. 10 L.R.A. 139.* 
 
 Duty to discover disability of person on 
 track. 69 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 Duty of trainmen, upon perceiving object 
 the character of which is unknown, but 
 which in fact is a trespasser helpless on 
 track. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 408. 
 
 § 56. Keeping lookout. 
 
 At crossing, see infra, § 65. 
 For animals, see infra, § 74. 
 Lookout on street .car, see Street Rail- 
 ways, § 14. 
 
 On locomotive or train. 25 L.R.A. 287. 
 Duty of railroad company to keep lookout 
 for trespassers. 25 L.R.A. 2S9. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. XOTES. 
 
 1171 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. a, 4— cont'd 
 Duty to discover peril or disability ot per- 
 son on railroad track. 69 L.R.A. 539. 
 Duty to maintain lookout for persons on 
 track; generally. 25 L.R.A. 287 ; 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1089. 
 Party on track in city. 25 L.R.A. 288. 
 Employee on track. 25 L.R.A. 290. 
 Injuries to passenger. 25 L.R.A. 290 
 Stock. 25 L.R.A. 291. 
 Rule where presence of trespassers 
 should not be anticipated. 8 L.R.A. 
 (K.S.) 1069. 
 Rule where presence of trespassers 
 should be anticipated. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1076. 
 Rules as applied to infant trespassers. 
 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1079. 
 Statutes. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1083. 
 Duty of railroad company to keep lookout 
 for trespassers on track. 25 L.R.A. 
 289; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 264. 
 Rule where presence of trespassers 
 should not be anticipated. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 266. 
 Rule where presence of trespassers 
 should be anticipated. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 267. 
 Trains backing or switching. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 271. 
 Rules as applied to infant trespassers. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 274. 
 Statutes. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 Duty to keep lookout for children on track. 
 25 L.R.A. 786; 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 566; 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 274. 
 Duty of employees in charge of engine to 
 keep a lookout, as affected by other du- 
 ties. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 723. 
 Intoxication of persons on railroad track 
 as affecting applicability of doctrine 
 of last clear chance. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1033. 
 
 § 57. Signals. 
 
 At crossings, see infra, §§ 66-69. 
 
 Failure to give signal to children on track. 
 25 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 5. Accidents at crossing. 
 
 (a) In general. 
 
 § 58. Generally. 
 
 fSpeed at, see infra, §§ 71, 72. 
 Contributory negligence, see infra, §§ 81-84. 
 
 Duty of railroad to travelers on highway, 
 n L.R.A. 157.* 
 
 Vigilance required of railroad company at 
 hii^hway crossing. 3 L.R.A. 745.* 
 
 Negligence of railroad company in respect 
 to flying switches or detached cars mov- 
 ing by their own momentum. 18 L.R.A. 
 63. 
 
 Liability of railroad for personal injuries 
 to persons on highway from neglijrent 
 operation of train. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 980. 
 
 Liability for killing or injuring one who 
 went on railroad crossing without 
 knowledge of its existont-p. 2S L.R.A. 
 'N.S.) 382. 
 Cim-iult alio Tj.R.A. Digests to rlate. 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. a,, 5 (a)— cont'd 
 
 Liability for injury to bicyclist crossing 
 43 L.R.A. 301; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 158. 
 
 Private action for violation of crossing reg- 
 ulations. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 373. 
 
 Application of doctrine of last clear chance. 
 55 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence. 59 L.R.A. 224. 
 
 § 59. Private crossing. 
 
 General nature of the duty owed by a rail- 
 road company to one who, with its 
 permission, uses a private crossing con- 
 structed by it. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 597. 
 
 § 60. Delects in crossing. 
 
 Injuries otherwise than by train, see High- 
 ways, § 88. 
 
 Defective condition of railroad crossing as 
 affecting traveler's right to recover for 
 injuries sustained in collision with 
 train. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 312; 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 426. 
 
 § 61. Obstruction of traveler's view at 
 crossing. 
 
 Duty of railroad employees on approaching 
 crossing as affected by obstruction 
 of traveler's view of track. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 232. 
 Necessity for flagman or gateman. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 237. 
 Negligence of railroad company in permit- 
 ting obstructions on its right of way 
 which obscure view of track from high- 
 way crossing. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1067. 
 
 § 62. Injury to person crossing train 
 obstructing crossing. 
 
 Contributory negligence, see infra, § 82. 
 Obstruction of crossings by trains generally, 
 see Highways, § 32. 
 
 Duty toward person attempting to cross 
 train obstructing highway. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1074. 
 
 Duty and liability towards person going on 
 its property to pass around a train 
 blocking crossing. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 775. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for act of 
 employee in inviting pedestrian to 
 cross train obstructing highway. 13 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1071; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 469. 
 
 § 63. Undiscovered persons. 
 
 Doctrine of last clear chance in case of. 55 
 L.R.A. 424; 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 957. 
 
 May Avantonness or wilfulness, precluding 
 defense of contributory negligence be 
 predicated of omission of duty before 
 discovery of person in position of peril 
 at crossing. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 432, 440. 
 
 8 64. Duty after discovery ot danger. 
 
 Duty of engineer to avoid accident after dis- 
 covering peril of person at crossing. 
 3 L.R.A. 595.* 
 
 DutT of enginrer when person seen crossing 
 'railroad track. 3 L.R.A. 6P3.* 
 
1172 
 
 lIvDEX TO L.R.A. NOTEvS. 
 
 RAILROADS, Vll. a, 5 (a)— cont'd i 
 § 65. Lookout. 
 
 For persons on track, see supra, § 56. 
 For animals, see infra, § 74. 
 
 Liability for failure to maintain lookout at 
 
 crossings. 25 L.R.A. 287. 
 Application of last clear chance in case of 
 
 omission of duty to keep a lookout. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 (J)) Signals. 
 
 § 66. Generally. 
 
 At places other than crossings, see supra, 
 § 57. 
 
 Duty to give warning on approaching cross- 
 ings. 7 L.R.A. 316;* 9 L.R.A. 158;* 
 11 L.R.A. 385.* 
 
 Liability for failure to give statutory sig- 
 nals when they would not have pre- 
 vented the injury. 21 L.R.A. 723. 
 
 Violation of rule as to giving of signals as 
 evidence of negligence towards member 
 of public. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.-) 1063. 
 
 Private action for violation of ordinances 
 requiring warning signals. 5 L.R.A. 
 (I^.S.) 240. 
 
 Private action for violation of statutory 
 dxity to signal approach of crossings. 
 9 L.R,A. (N.S.) 365. 
 
 Power of municipal corpord-tions to regulate 
 signals from trains at crossings. 17 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 561. 
 
 Failure to give crossing signals as proxi- 
 mate cause of injury by running into 
 side of train. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1153. 
 
 Duty of one crossing railroad track as , af- 
 fected by flagman's signaling to pro- 
 ^ ceed. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 803. 
 
 Failure to give customary signals as excus- 
 ing nonperformance of dutv to look and 
 listen. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 391. 
 . Statements by engineer as to failure to 
 whistle made sometime after accident 
 as res gestce. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 931. 
 
 § 6 7. Statutory signals as measure ot 
 duty. 
 
 Neglect to give signals. 15 L.R.A. 427. 
 Neglect to exercise due care. 15 L.R.A. 428. 
 Instances. 15 L.R.A. 428. 
 Apparent exceptions to the first rule. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 428. 
 Province of jury. 15 L.R.A. 429. 
 
 § 68. Toward whom duty owed. 
 
 For whose benefit signals by approaching 
 trains are required by statute at 
 railway crossings. 17 L.R.A. 254. 
 
 Persons on track, but not in highway. 
 17 L.R.A. 254. 
 
 Persons or animals in highway. 17 
 L.R.A. 255. 
 
 Duty to give crossing signals for the 
 benefit of persons near a crossing, 
 but who are not about to use the 
 same. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 998; 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 667. 
 
 Duty as to trespassers and licensees. 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 667. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on eve-nj law question. 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. a, 5 (b)— cont'd 
 
 Duty to person on parallel road, not 
 intending to cross track. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 668. 
 
 Failure to give signal as affecting liability 
 for injury to small children on track. 
 25 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 Right of employee to rely on statute requir- 
 ing signal to be given by train ap- 
 proaching crossing. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1105. 
 
 § 69. At wliat crossings. 
 
 At what railway crossing signals of trains 
 are required. 16 L.R.A. 119. 
 
 Duty as to signals by locomotive approach- 
 ing overhead crossings. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 307; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 915. 
 
 (c) Flagmen; safety gates, 
 
 § 7 0. Generally. 
 
 In general, see supra, § 33. 
 
 Duty to supply flagmen and gates at cross- 
 ings. 3 L.R.A. 594.* 
 Duty as to operation of safety gates at rail- 
 road crossing. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 988. 
 Gates raised when crossing is unsafe. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 989. 
 Injuiies from gates. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 99L 
 Miscellaneous. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 992. 
 Delegation by legislature of power to re- 
 quire flagmen' and gates at railroad 
 crossings. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 646. 
 Necessity for flagman at crossing where 
 traveler's view of track is obstructed. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 237. 
 Right of railroad company to delegate to 
 independent contractor the mainte- 
 nance of. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1177. 
 Violation of police ordinance as to flagman 
 as ground for private action. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 245. 
 Violation of police ordinance as to safety 
 gates as ground for private action. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 246. 
 Conduct of flagman or absence from his post 
 as affecting liability for injury at 
 crossing. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 Duty of flagman. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 Position at crossing, 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 356. 
 Absence from post. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 357. 
 As negligence of company. 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 357. 
 As affecting contributory negli- 
 gence. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 357. 
 Failure to signal when present. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 As negligence of company., 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 359. 
 As affecting contributory negli- 
 gence. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 Negligent giving of signal. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 360. 
 Signal of safety. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 361. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1173 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. a, 5 (c)— cont'd 
 Duty of one crossing railroad track as af- 
 fected by flagman's signal to proceed. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 803. 
 Duty of traveler going on crossing wiien 
 gates are open. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 521. 
 
 6. Speed. 
 
 § 71. Generally. . 
 
 Speed of street car, see Street R.\ilways, 
 §§ 12, 13. 
 
 Dutv to slaclien speed at railroad crossing. 
 7 L.R.A. 317.* 
 
 Negligence in crossing a street at high rate 
 of speed. 3 L.R.A. 594.* 
 
 ypeed at country crossing as negligence. 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 778. 
 
 Operating train at high rate of speed as 
 negligence. 9 L.R.A. 160;* 11 L.R.A. 
 434.* 
 
 Rate of speed in populous district. 3 
 L.R.A. 683.* 
 
 Rate of speed preventing stoppage of trains 
 within distance disclosed by head- 
 light. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 978. 
 Effect of fog, rain, or snow. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 980. 
 
 In case of small children on track. 25 
 L.R.A. 7S9. 
 
 Duty to moderate speed of train where tres- 
 passers are to be anticipated. 11 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 352. 
 
 Frightening horse on highway by excessive 
 speed of train. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 127. 
 
 Evidence as to speed of trains and hand 
 cars. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 790. 
 
 Violation by servant of the rule adopted by 
 company as to speed as evidence of neg- 
 ligence towards member of public. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1063. 
 
 Assumption which one approaching railroad 
 track may indulge as to speed of com- 
 ing train. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 
 § 72. Regulations of, by statute or 
 ordinance; violations of regv^la- 
 tlons. 
 
 Municipal regulations of rate of speed of 
 railroad trains. 4 L.R.A. 776.* 
 
 Power of municipal corporations to regu- 
 late speed of. trains at highway cross- 
 ings. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 561. 
 
 Right to limit speed or to require stopping 
 of interstate mail trains. 14 L.R.A. 
 I N.S.) 293. 
 
 Private action for violation of statutory 
 limitation of speed. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 373. 
 
 Violation of ordinance as to, as ground for 
 private action. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 197, 
 218. 
 
 Stepping on track in front of approaching 
 train running in excess of speed pre- 
 scribed by ordinance. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 196, 
 
 7. Injuries to animals. 
 
 6 73. Generally. 
 
 Contributorv negligence, see infra. § 85. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. a, 7— cont'd 
 
 Duty of companj' to adopt necessary pre- 
 cautions. 1 L.R.A. 448.* 
 
 Liability of railroad under Missouri statute 
 for cattle killed or injured. 11 
 L.R,A, 426,* 
 VVIien animal not actually struck. 11 
 L.R.A. 427.* 
 
 Liability when animals are trespassing. 1 
 L.R.A. 449.* 
 
 When injury to livestock is done "by" or 
 "caused by" railroad train or engine, 
 within the meaning of statutes on that 
 subject. 14 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 Liability for killing or injuring live stock 
 on track because of lack of pi-oper head- 
 light. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 271. 
 
 Liability for failure to take precautions to 
 prevent injuries which could not have 
 been prevented. 21 L.R.A. 723. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for attract- 
 ing animals running at large, to its 
 premises, by allowing freight or waste 
 attractive to live stock to remain ex- 
 posed thereon. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 83. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute imposing abso- 
 lute liability for injury to animals. 25 
 L.R.A. 162; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1018. 
 
 Application of doctrine of last clear chance. 
 55 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of neg- 
 ligence. 59 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 Presumption of negligence from injury to 
 livestock by railway train. 15 L.R.A. 
 39. 
 
 Power of legislature to make the killing of 
 stock prima facie evidence of negligence. 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 227. 
 
 Evidence sufficient to fix liability. 11 
 L.R.A. 428.* 
 
 Right to interest on damages allowed for 
 injuries to stock by passing train. 18 
 L.R.A. 450. 
 
 Effect of contributory negligence of stock 
 owner. 1 L.R.A. 449,* 450.* 
 
 Validity of statutory provision for attor- 
 ney's fee in action for killing cattle. 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 910. 
 
 § 74. Lookout for. 
 
 Duty to keep lookout for stock on track. 
 11 L.R.A. 460;* 25 L.R.A. 29L 
 
 Duty of railroad employees to keep a look- 
 out of live stock on track. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 858. 
 
 Duty to keep lookout for horses on highway 
 parallel with track. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 128. 
 
 § 7 5. Lack of, or defects in fences or 
 
 gates. 
 Duty as to fences generally, see supra, §§ 37 
 
 -40. 
 Duty as to gates generally, see supra, § 41. 
 
 Liability for cattle killed or injured owing 
 to failure to fence track. 8 L.R.A. 
 135.* 
 
 Liability of railroad whose failure to main- 
 tain fences permits escape of live stock, 
 wliich is killed or injured outside its 
 right of way. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 573. 
 
1174 
 
 IXUEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. a, 7— cont'd 
 
 Liability for injury to stocli other than by 
 trains, because of breach of statutory 
 duty to fence. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1181. 
 
 Injury by reason of leaving gates in rail- 
 road fence open. 49 L.K.A. 625. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making failure 
 to fence evidence of negligence. 31 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as . to fixing 
 value of stock killed on unfenced road. 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 § 7 6. Dogs. 
 
 Liability for killing dogs. 37 L.R.A. 659. 
 Action for injury to dogs by railroad trains. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 509. 
 Duty with respect to dogs on track. 6 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91L 
 
 8. Fires. 
 
 § 7 7. Generally. 
 
 Contributory negligence, see infra, § 86. 
 
 Set out by sparks from locomotive; liabil- 
 ity for damages. 1 L.R.A. 625;* 3 
 L.R.A. 639;* 9 L.R.A. 750,* 824;* 11 
 L.E.A. 507.* ' 
 
 Liability of railroad for setting fires which 
 spread to property of others. 21 L.R.A. 
 262. 
 
 Negligence of company in not keeping track 
 clear of combustibles. 5 L.R.A. 591.* 
 
 Right of railroad company to burn com- 
 bustibles on right of way. 11 
 L.R.A. 506.* 
 Degree of care required. 11 L.R.A. 506.* 
 Liability for negligence. 11 L.R.A. 507.* 
 
 Liability for burning property stored or 
 piled on right of way by licensee. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 533. 
 
 Liability for fires started by persons al- 
 lowed to be on right of way. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 472. 
 
 Liability for fire set by engines of other 
 company permitted to use road. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1175. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for personal 
 injury to person struck by sparks or 
 cinders escaping from locomotive. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 241. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute imposing abso- 
 lute liability for. 25 L.R.A. 161; 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1016. 
 
 Validity of statutory provision for attor- 
 ney's fee in action against railroad for 
 damages from fire. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 910. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute denying insur- 
 er's right of subrogation against person 
 responsible for destruction of property 
 where fire is caused by railroad com- 
 pany. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1202. 
 
 Sufiiciency of general allegations of neg- 
 ligence. 59 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 Variance between allegation and proof as 
 to time in action against railroad com- 
 pany for setting out fires. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 635. 
 
 Right to interest on sum allowed as dam- 
 ages from railway fires. 18 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Begin with this booJc on every law question. 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. a, 8— cont'd 
 
 May one who destroys property defoat an 
 action by the owner upon the ground 
 that the right of action is in the insur- 
 er. 23 L.R.A. (N-S.) 870. 
 
 Duty to avoid interference with extinguish- 
 ment of fires. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 382; 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1110; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 20. 
 
 § 7 8. Presumptions; evidence. 
 
 Presumption as to negligence in case of rail- 
 way fires. 15 L.R.A. 40. 
 
 Effect of presumption from fact that fire 
 was set by locomotive to carry (juestion 
 of negligence to jury. 5 L.R.A. (K.S.) 
 99. ^ 
 
 Power of legislature to make injury by fire 
 from locomotives prima facie evidence 
 of negligence. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 227. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of other fires. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1146. 
 
 Distance within which sparks from a prop- 
 erly equipped engine will set fire as a 
 subject of expert testimony. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1039. 
 
 6. Contributory negligence, 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 79. Generally. 
 
 Persons on train, see Caeeiers, §§ 75-84. 
 
 Doctrine of last clear chance or humani- 
 tarian doctrine, see Negligence, §§ 50- 
 52. 
 
 Contributory negligence as to street cars, see 
 Steeet Railways, §§ 20-23. 
 
 Presumption of care of person killed at 
 crossing. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 344. 
 
 Effect of continuing negligence of person 
 injured on liability of the company. 
 55 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 Effect of, on liability for violating police 
 ordinance affecting operation of rail- 
 roads. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 
 Defective hearing of person injured as bear- 
 ing upon contributory negligence. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 196, 197. 
 
 2. Persons on or near track. 
 
 § 80. Generally. 
 
 Liability of company, see supra, §§ 52-57. 
 
 Contributory negligence of passenger while 
 crossing track, see Carbiers, § 83. 
 
 On tracks of interurban railroad, see Intbk- 
 URBAN Railroad, § 4. 
 
 Doctrine of last clear chance, see Negli- 
 gence, §§ 50-52. 
 
 Oil street car track, see Street Railways, 
 §§ 20-23. 
 
 Effect of contributory negligence of tres- 
 passer, to defeat recovery against rail- 
 road. 10 L.R.A. 140.* 
 
 Negligence of passenger ejected from train, 
 in walking on railroad track. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 359. 
 
I^^DEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1175 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. b, 2— cont'd 
 May wantonness or wilfulness, precluding 
 defense of contributory negligence, be 
 predicated of the omission of a duty be- 
 fore the discovery of a person in peril 
 on a railroad track. 21 L.R.A. (M.S.) 
 427. 
 Contributory negligenc;' in stepping on 
 track in front of approaching train 
 running in excess of speed prescribed 
 by ordinance. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 196. 
 
 3. At crossing. 
 
 § 81. Generally. 
 
 Liability of company, see supra, §§ 58-70. 
 
 Concurrent duties of traveler and railroad 
 company ait highway crossings. 3 
 L.R.A. 743.* 
 
 Xegligence of drivers of teams at crossing. 
 3 L.R.A. 744.* 
 
 Care required of driver of automobile at 
 railroad crossing. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 794; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924. 
 
 Right of one going on railroad crossing to 
 rescue property to recover for injury. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 346. 
 
 Contributory negligence in attempting to 
 cross in front of engine or cars stand- 
 ing near street crossing. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 963. 
 
 Intoxication of person injured amounting to 
 contributory negligence. 40 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 In respect to flying switches or detached 
 cars moved by their own momentum. 
 18 L.R.A. 65. 
 
 Duty of one crossing railroad track as af- 
 fected' by flagman's signal to proceed. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 803. 
 
 Right of one about to cross railroad track 
 t" rely upon train schedules. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 253. 
 
 Right of one crossing railway tracks to as- 
 sume that approaching train will stop 
 at intervening station. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 380. 
 
 Assumption which one approaching railroad 
 crossing may indulge as to speed of 
 coming train. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 
 Conduct of flagman or absence from his post 
 as affecting liability for injury at cross- 
 ing. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 355. 
 
 Stepping on track in front of approaching 
 train running in excess of speed pre- 
 scribed by ordinance. 3 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 196. 
 
 Presumption as to exercise of due care by 
 person found killed at crossing. 16 
 L.R.A. 261. 
 
 Right to rely on presumption of self-pres- 
 ervation -in action for negligent killing 
 at railroad crossing in order to pre- 
 vent nonsuit where there were no eye- 
 witnesses to the killing. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 844. 
 
 g 82. Attempting to cross train ob- 
 structing crossing. 
 
 Liability of company, see supra, § 62. 
 Obstruction of crossings by trains gener- | 
 ally, see Highways, § 32. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 r>AILRO.'U)S, VII. b, 3— cont'd 
 -Vogligence in passing between or under cars 
 
 13 L.R.A. 634.* 
 Contributory negligence in attempting to 
 
 cross a train standing on a ci'o.ssing. 
 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1066; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 466. 
 
 § 83. Duty to stop, look, and listen. 
 
 On street car track, see Street Railways, 
 § 21. 
 
 Contributory negligence at crossing ; duty 
 to stop, look, and listen. 7 L.R.A. 
 316;* 9 L.R.A. 161,* 163;* 11 L.R.A. 
 385.* 
 
 Duty to stop, look, and listen after enter- 
 ing on first track. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 505. 
 
 Fright of team as excuse for omission to 
 look and listen at railroad crossing. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 415. 
 
 Effect of pedestrian's looking or failure to 
 look before attempting to cross train 
 standing on crossing. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1069. 
 
 Duty of passenger embarking or disembark- 
 ing at station to stop, look, and listen 
 before crossing track at station to his 
 train. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 620; 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 128; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 338. 
 
 Duty to look and listen before crossing in- 
 terurban electric railway on company's 
 own right of way. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1224. 
 
 Duty of traveler to stop, look, and listen 
 upon approaching overhead or under- 
 ground railroad crossings. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 150. 
 
 Duty of traveler going upon railroad cross- 
 ing when gates are open. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 521. 
 
 Failure to give customary signals as ex- 
 cusing nonperformance of duty to look 
 and listen. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 391. 
 
 §84. — duty as to place and direction 
 of observation. 
 
 Care required in selecting place for observa- 
 tion. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 136. 
 Distance. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 137. 
 Looking at the customary place. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 138. 
 At a place dangerous in itself. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 138. 
 Duty to look more than once. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 138. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 138. 
 Circumstances making failure to look 
 again negligence. 37 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 139. 
 Circumstances under which failure to 
 look again was not neeligencc as 
 matter of law. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 140. 
 Duty where view near track is obstructed, 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 142. 
 Iri general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 142. 
 By a passing train. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 143. 
 By smoke from another train. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 14'< 
 
1176 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 RAILROADS, VII. b, 3— cont'd 
 
 Duty to go ahead of team to look. 
 37 L.R.A.{N.S.) 144. 
 When looking would have been useless. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 145. 
 Direction for looking. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 146. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 Where greater danger is to be appre- 
 hended from one direction. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 147. 
 Where a second train or car follows 
 the first on the same track. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 147. 
 Duty of driver who has traveled some dis- 
 tance parallel with track after looking 
 for car, to look again before crossing 
 track. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 309. 
 
 4. Injuries to animals. 
 
 § 85. Generally. 
 
 Negligence of company, see supra, §§ 73-76. 
 
 Effect of owner's contributory negligence on 
 liability for injury to livestock. 1 
 L.R.A. 449,* 450.* 
 
 Effect of contributory negligence of owner 
 of stock getting on railroad trade 
 through defects in cattle guards. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1000. 
 
 Obligation of owner to keep stock confined. 
 1 L.R.A. 450.* 
 
 Effect of contribuitory negligencei where 
 railroad company has failed to perform 
 duty as to keeping cattle guards in 
 proper condition. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes excluding de- 
 fense of contributory negligence and 
 assumption of risk on failure of rail- 
 road company to fence tracks and 
 build cattle guards. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 867. 
 
 5. As to flres. 
 
 § 8 6. Generally. 
 
 Negligence of company, see supra, §§ 77, 78. 
 
 Duty of abutting owner to prevent accumu- 
 lation of combustible materials near 
 right of way. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 
 Duty of owner of property adjoining a rail- 
 road right of way to protect it from 
 fires set out by passing locomotives. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 526. 
 
 c. Oriminal liability of third persons 
 for obstructing track. 
 
 § 8 7. Generally. 
 
 Instigation to offense of obstructing rail- 
 road track. 25 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Criminl liability of children for obstruct- 
 ing railway track. 36 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 Homicide by derailing railway train. 63 
 L.R.A. 378. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for obstruct- 
 ing railroad track. 35 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 RAILROAD SIDINGS. 
 
 See Spue Tracks and Sidings. 
 
 •-•-•■ ■ — 
 
 RAILROAD TRESTLE. 
 
 Duty to avoid injury to person walking on. 
 69 L.R.A. 576. 
 
 RAILROAD YARDS. 
 
 Supervising employees in, as vice principals. 
 51 L.R.A. 552, 581. 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 See Railroads. 
 
 RAIN. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to passenger by 
 rain from open doors or windows. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 926. 
 
 Effect of, on question of negligence in run- 
 ning train at speed preventing stoppage 
 within distance disclosed by headlight. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 980. 
 
 RAISED CHECKS. 
 
 See Banks, §§ 24, 29. 
 
 RAISING. 
 
 Of commercial paper, see Banks, §§ 24, 29; 
 Bills and Notes, § 16. 
 
 RAISING BLOOD. 
 
 What constitutes, within meaning of insur- 
 ance policy. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 917. 
 
 RANGE. 
 
 As part of realty. 1 B. R. C. 972. 
 
 RANGER. 
 
 Begin with, this booje on every law question. 
 
 Of royal park as a tenant. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 713, 719. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1177 
 
 RANSOM. 
 
 Of vessel captured by pirates ; jurisdiction 
 of admiralty over suit as to. 66 L.R.A. 
 207. 
 
 RAPE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Defined. 8 L.R.A. 297.* 
 
 Necessity of force and resistance. 8 L.R.A. 
 297.'* 
 
 Aiders and abetters guilty as criminals. 8 
 L.R.A. 297.* 
 
 Preparation to commit assault with intent 
 to rape or ravish as distinguished from 
 overt act in commission of offense it- 
 self. 42 L.R.A. 524. 
 
 What intoxication will excuse. 36 L.R.A. 
 479. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 L.R.A. 576. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 313. 
 
 § 2. By infant. 
 
 Liability of infant for. 36 L.R.A. 203, 208. 
 
 § 3. Of female under age of consent. 
 
 Effect of statute fixing age of consent in de- 
 fining statutory rape as determining 
 age of consent for marriage. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 847. 
 
 Does statute fixing age of consent render 
 girl below that age incapable of sexual 
 crime. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 
 Effect of defendant's mistalte as to age of 
 girl, under statute denouncing sexual 
 offenses against females below specified 
 age. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 661. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter for chastity of victim of crime. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 723. 
 
 § 4. Evidence In prosecution for. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 68 L.R.A. 56, 70, 71„ 73. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 62 L.R.A. 314, 322, 329. 
 
 Evidence of other crime in prosecution for 
 assault with intent to commit. 62 
 L.R.A. 228. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter for chastity in prosecution 
 for. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 714. 
 In prosecution for assault with intent 
 to ravish. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 724. 
 
 Impeachment of character of prosecutrix for 
 chastity by proof of prior acts of in- 
 tercourse with defendant. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 173. 
 
 May the corroboration of prosecutrix nec- 
 essary to conviction of rape be supplied 
 by her own complaints out of court. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1149. 
 
 Admissibility of previous statements by a 
 witness out of court consistent with his 
 testimony. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 886. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Vipests to date. 
 
 RAPE— cont'd 
 
 Admissibility of declarations by prosecutrix 
 
 as res gesice. 19 L.R.A. 744. 
 Admissibility of declarations of infant too 
 
 voung to be sworn as a, witness at the 
 
 trial. 65 L.R.A. 316. 
 Necessity of instruction as to law on cir- 
 
 cvmistantial evidence on prosecution 
 
 for. 69 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 RATES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of interest, see Interest, § 19. 
 See also Rentals. 
 
 Of compulsory pilotage fees. 39 L.R.A. 191. 
 Libel in charging one with exacting exces- 
 sive rates. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 
 § 2. Of public service corporations. 
 
 Of carrier, see Carbiees, §§ 154-160. 
 
 For ferry, see Ferries, § 7. 
 
 For gas, see Gas, §§ 7, 8. 
 
 Of insurance, see Insueanoe, § 119. 
 
 For driving, floating, or rafting logs, see 
 
 Logs and Logging, § 10. 
 For mills, see Mills, § 4. 
 Of telegraph company, see Telegraphs, § 7. 
 Of telephone company, see Telephones^ 
 
 §§ 5-7. 
 Of warehousemen, see Warehousemen, § 3. 
 For water, see Waters, §§ 97, 120-123. 
 For use of wharf, see Wharves, §§ 10, 11. 
 Equity jurisdiction to fix, see Equity, § 20. 
 Constitutionality of provision as to, see 
 
 Constitutional Law, § 136. 
 Reasonableness of matters relating to, sea 
 
 Reasonableness, § 4. 
 
 Of toll for ferriage. 59 L.R.A. 543. 
 Power of municipality apart from contract 
 to regulate the rates to be charged by 
 public service corporations. 33 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 759. 
 Kinds of business affected with a public in- 
 terest subjecting them to regulation 
 and control in respect to rates or 
 prices. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 834. 
 Allowance for depreciation in plant in fix- 
 ing rates of public service corpora- 
 tion. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1209. 
 In valuation of property as basis upon 
 which income is computed. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1210. 
 Deduction from gross earnings in as- 
 certaining or fixing net income. 38^ 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1212. 
 
 RATIFICATION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of forged instrument or signature, see For- 
 gery, § 11. 
 
 Of loan, see Loan, § 2. 
 
 Of invalid marriage, see Marriage, § 7. 
 
 Of invalid contract, see Contracts, §§ 110, 
 111. 
 
 By corporation, see Corporations, § 34. 
 
1178 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 RATIFICATION— cont'd 
 
 Of agent's acts, generally, see Peincipai, 
 
 AND Agent, §§ 28-31. 
 Estoppel by, see Estoppel, § 12. 
 
 Necessity of ratifying payment of debt by 
 volunteer or stranger. 23 L.R.A. 122. 
 
 Of broker's acts in finding purchaser or in 
 exchanging principal's property. 44 
 L.R.A. 618. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for false 
 imprisonment and unlawful arrest as 
 affected by. 44 L.R.A. 800. 
 
 Damages for breach of warranty by exist- 
 ence of unexpired lease which has been 
 ratified by grantee. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 779. 
 
 Subsequent ratification of unauthorized de- 
 struction as revocation of will. 2 B. 
 R. C. 550. 
 
 § 2. By husband. 
 
 Of debt previously contracted by wife by 
 husband's express promise to pay. 7 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1048. 
 
 Husband's liability on ground of ratification 
 for wife's purchases on his credit of 
 articles for her personal use. 65 L.R.A. 
 549. 
 
 § 3. By parent. 
 
 By parent of child's act In making contract 
 other than for necessaries. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N,S.) 885. 
 
 By parent of child's tort. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 937. 
 
 § 4. By employer. 
 
 Of servant's wrongful appropriation of 
 thing bailed. 29 L.R.A. 96. 
 
 Employer's ratification of independent con- 
 tractor's tort as affecting former's lia- 
 bility for injuries occurring during 
 work. 66 L.R.A. 956. 
 
 § 5. By partners. 
 
 Of acts of partner with respect to partner- 
 ship real estate. 28 L.R.A. 101. 
 
 Of note given by member of firm after disso- 
 lution in payment of firm debt. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 260. 
 
 action 
 529. 
 
 by 
 
 § 6. By client. 
 
 Of unauthorized compromise of 
 attorneys. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 unauthorized employment of associate 
 counsel. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 
 Of 
 
 RAVINES. 
 
 As water courses. 15 L.R.A. 630. 
 
 RAVISHMENT. 
 
 READING BILLS. 
 
 Showing by journal nonobservance of re- 
 quirement as to reading bill. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 14. 
 
 Of single statute enacting code, compilation 
 of laws, or amendment of numerous sec- 
 tions thereof in enacting same. 55 
 L.R.A. 835. 
 
 READVERTISEMENT. 
 
 On rejecting bids for public contract. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 710. 
 Necessity of, on judicial sale on adjourned 
 
 or postponed date. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 249. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 REAIi ESTATE AGENT. 
 
 See Brokers. 
 
 ♦» » 
 
 REAL PARTY IN INTEREST. 
 
 As proper party to bring suit, see Parties, 
 § 3. 
 
 REAL PROPERTY. 
 
 See Rape. 
 
 jj,':i.n irith this boo7c on every law question 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Abstracts of title, see Abstracts. 
 Adverse possession of, see Adverse Posses- 
 sion. 
 Boundaries of, see Boundaries. 
 Cloud on title of, see Cloud on Title. 
 Conditions relating to, see Conditions, II. 
 Conflict of laws as to rights in, see Conflict 
 
 op Laws, §§ 26, 27. 
 Construction of contracts relating to, see 
 
 Contracts, § 67. 
 Right of corporation to take or own, see 
 
 Corporations, §§ 26, 26a, 142. 
 Right of foreign corporation to own, see 
 
 Corporations; § 142. 
 Covenants restricting use of premises, see 
 
 Covenants, §§ 5-7, 21-25. 
 Jurisdiction in matters affecting land in 
 
 other state, see Courts, §§ 21, 22. 
 Covenants relating to, see Covenants. 
 Damages for injury to, see Damages, §§ 10, 
 
 71-79. 
 Measure of damages to real property from 
 
 nuisance, see Damages, §§ 17, 80. 
 Measure of damages for breach of contract 
 
 as to, see Damages, §§ 31-34. 
 Dedication of, see Dedication. 
 Description of, see Description, § 4. 
 Equitable conversion of personalty into, see 
 
 Equitable Conversion ; Wills, 
 
 §§ 116-118. 
 Estoppel to claim after acquired title, see 
 
 Estoppel, § 5. 
 Admissibility of declarations of former own- 
 er, see Evidence, § 233. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1179 
 
 REAL, PROPERTY— cont'd 
 
 Injunction as to, see Injunction, §§ 19-24. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment in action re- 
 lating to, see Judgment, §§ 37, 37a. 
 
 Limitation of actions as to, see Limitation 
 OP Actions, §§ 9, 39-43, 55-57. 
 
 Matters as to lis pendens, see Lis Pendens. 
 
 Parties plaintiff in action affecting, see Par- 
 ties, § 4. 
 
 Partnership to deal in, see Pabtnership, 
 § 4. 
 
 Rights of deceased partner's estate as to, 
 see Partnership. § 47. 
 
 Possession of, see Possession, §§ 1-4. 
 
 Protest as to rights in, see Protest, § 3. 
 
 Recording of instruments affecting real 
 property, see Records and Recording 
 Laws. §§ 12-27. 
 
 Timber on, see Timber. 
 
 Contracts for, see Contracts, §§ 40-49, 58, 
 59: Specific Performance; Vendor 
 and Purchaser. 
 
 Rights in land under water, see Waters, 
 §§ 12-17. 
 
 Probate of wills relating to, see Wills, 
 §§ 47-56. 
 
 As to fixtures, see Fixtures. 
 
 As to flats, see Flats. 
 
 As to mines, see Mines. 
 
 Partnership land, see Partnership, §§ 18- 
 24. 
 
 Public lands, see Public Lands. 
 
 Tide land, see Tide Lands. 
 
 Doctrine of merger. 5 L.R.A. 721.* 
 
 Effect of foreign bankruptcy or insolvency 
 proceedings or assignment for creditors 
 upon. 23 L.R.A. 44; 65 L.R.A. 362. 
 
 Situs of, for purposes of administration. 
 24 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 Right to plead inconsistent defenses in ac- 
 tions relating to. 48 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Right of insane person to institute proceed- 
 ings affecting, before commission of 
 lunacy. 64 L.R.A. 524. 
 
 Power to fill low lands at expense of owner. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 709. 
 
 May a state court protect an inchoate in- 
 terest in real property under attach- 
 ment in suit pending in Federal court 
 or -race versa. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 624. 
 
 Removal to I'ederal court of actions relating 
 to. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 
 Lien on, acquired by service of notice in 
 supplementary proceedings. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 129. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to questions concerning. 40 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 380. 
 
 § 2. What regarded as. 
 
 What constitutes real property for purpose 
 of taxation, see Taxes, § 21. 
 
 See also Eq citable Conversion; Wills, 
 §§ 116-118. 
 
 Classification of growing fruit as. 16 L.R.A. 
 103. 
 
 Oil and gas lease as real property. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 472. 
 
 Whether railroad is real estate or personal- 
 ty. 66 L.R.A. 33. 
 Consult also L.Ii.A. Digests to date. 
 
 REAL PROPERTY— cont'd 
 
 Nature of interest of vendor or vendee in a 
 land contract as real or personal prop- 
 erty. 57 L.R.A. 643. 
 
 § 3. Title to, or estate in. 
 
 Estate by curtesy in, see Curtesy, § 21. 
 
 Dower in, see Dower. 
 
 Homestead in, see Homestead. 
 
 By adverse possession, see Adverse Posses- 
 sion. 
 
 Rights of cotenants as to, see Cotenancy. 
 
 Effect on legal title of a conveyance in 
 fraud of creditors, see Fraudulent 
 Conveyances, § 4. 
 
 Rights of husband and wife in, see Husband 
 AND Wife, IV. 
 
 Respective rights of life tenants and re- 
 maindermen, see Life Tenants. 
 
 Notice of rights in, see Notice, §§ 16, 17. 
 
 Notice of, from possession of land, see No- 
 tice, § 17. 
 
 Effect upon title to real property of ap- 
 pointment of foreign receiver. 23 
 L.R.A. 57. 
 
 Sufficiency of equitable title to sustain ac- 
 tion for injury to. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 231. 
 
 § 4. Sale or transfer of. 
 
 Liability for defects in abstract of title, see 
 Abstracts, § 2. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to transfer of, see Con- 
 flict OF Laws, §§ 25, 28, 29. 
 
 Extent of recovery for taking of, under 
 power of eminent domain, see Dam- 
 ages, §§ 82-93. 
 
 Conveyances of, generally, see Deeds; Quit- 
 claim Deed. 
 
 As to champertous conveyances, see Cham- 
 perty AND Maintenance. 
 
 Character and nature of estate passing un- 
 ■ der deed, see Deeds, §§ 28-31. 
 
 Taking of, under power of eminent domain, 
 see Eminent Domain. 
 
 Power of personal representative to sell, 
 see Executors and Administrators, 
 § 17. 
 
 Sale of, by personal representative, see Ex- 
 ecutors AND Administrators, § 59, 
 
 Gift of, see Gift, § 5. 
 
 Sale of, by guardian, see Guardian and 
 Wap.d, § 14. 
 
 Conveyance of, in fraud of creditors, see 
 Fraudui.ent Conveyances. 
 
 Lease of, see Landlord and Tenant, III. 
 
 As subject of levy, see Levy and Seizurk, 
 § 4. 
 
 Mortgage of, see Mortgage. 
 
 Partition of, see Partition. 
 
 I'frpetuities and suspension of power of 
 alienation, see Perpetuities. 
 
 Character and nature of estate passing un- 
 der will, see Wills, §§ 77-102. 
 
 Devise of, see Wills, V. 
 
 Degree of proof necessary to establish parol 
 gift of. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 508. 
 
 Sale of, as an abandonment. 10 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 633. 
 
 Validity of sale of, in violation of law. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 598 
 
1180 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 REAL PROPERTY— cont'd 
 
 Right to preliminary injunction which 
 would have effect of transferring pos- 
 session from defendant to plaintiff. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 31. 
 
 REASONABLE DOUBT. 
 
 Proof beyond in criminal case, see Evidence, 
 §§ 323-325. 
 
 Degree of certainty necessary to establish 
 fraud in a civil action. 33 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 836. 
 
 REASONABLENESS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of time for removal of goods by consignee, 
 
 see Carriers, § 118. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, § 110. 
 Of time, see Time, §§ 6, 12. 
 Question for jury as to, see Trial, §§ 23, 24. 
 
 Of rule in Shelley's Case. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 988. 
 
 Reasonableness of use after breach of war- 
 ranty or noncompliance with contract 
 of sale as a question for court or jury. 
 36 LR.A.(N.S.) 474. 
 
 Rights conferred by grant of unrestricted 
 easement as limited to a reasonable use. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 292. 
 
 Of agreement in restraint of trade ancillary 
 to sale of business or profession. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 913. 
 
 Of sum of which carrier may be required 
 to take passenger's fare and return 
 change. 35 L.R.A. 489; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 868. 
 
 Of detention of prisoner as affecting of- 
 ficer's liability. 51 L.R.A. 216. 
 
 Of classifications for purposes of corporate 
 taxation. 60 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Of punishment of pupil. 65 L.R.A. 897. 
 
 Of fines in loan associations. 35 L.R.A. 217. 
 
 § 2. Matters as to banks. 
 
 Of care of savings bank in paying out de- 
 posits to fraudulent claimants. 69 
 L.R.A. 317. 
 
 Of by-law of savings bank for protection of 
 depositors from payments to fraudu- 
 lent claimants. 69 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 § 3. Matters as to waters. 
 
 Of correlative acts of upper and lower pro- 
 prietors as to use and flow of water in 
 stream. 41 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 Of use of percolating water. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 266. 
 
 Discontinuing service to compel payment of 
 unreasonable water bill.- 31 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 303. 
 
 § 4. Matters as to rates or prices. 
 
 Of license fees, see License, §§ 47-49. 
 
 REASONABLENESS— cont'd 
 
 Tests of reasonableness of tolls, rates, or 
 prices fixed by legislature. 33 L.R.A. 
 185. 
 
 Elements entering into determination of 
 reasonableness of railroad rates pre- 
 scribed by state for local traffic. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 108; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1001. 
 
 Right to question reasonableness of statu- 
 tory rate for gas. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) TfiO 
 
 Discontinuing service to compel payment of 
 unreasonable water bill. 31 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 303. 
 
 § 5. Matters as to skill, care, or negli- 
 gence. 
 
 Of municipal diligence in caring for condi- 
 tion of streets. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 581. 
 
 § 6. Of amount fixed as liquidated 
 damages. 
 
 Reasonableness of amount stipulated for as 
 liquidated damages in land contract. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 27. 
 
 Of stipulation for damages in building con- 
 tracts as determining whether penalties 
 or liquidated damages are intended. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 600. 
 
 § 7. Of by-laws, rules, and regnlations. 
 
 Of new by-laws as implied condition of 
 consent to change of by-laws. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 521. 
 
 Of by-law of savings bank for protection of 
 depositors from payment to fraudulent 
 claimants. 69 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 Of regulation of public service corporation 
 requiring payment of rentals in ad- 
 vance. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 693; 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 319. 
 
 ordinance affecting operation of rail- 
 roads. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 193. 
 
 Of rules as to office hours of telegraph com- 
 panies. 53 L.R.A. 732. 
 
 Of rules promulgated for conduct of mas- 
 ter's business. 43 L.R.A. 361. • 
 
 Of 
 
 *«» 
 
 REASONABLE TIME. 
 
 See Time, §§ 6, 12. 
 
 REASSESSMENT. 
 
 For local improvement, see Public Impbovb- 
 
 MENTS, § 30. 
 Of taxes, see Taxes, § 59. 
 
 REASSIGNMENT. 
 
 Begin icith this hook on every law question. 
 
 Of homestead, see Homestead, § 21. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1181 
 
 REBATES. 
 
 By carrier, see Carriers, § 160. 
 
 Validity of contract for. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 609. 
 
 Validity of rebate plan to control price at 
 which an article shall be resold. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 396. 
 
 Custom among real estate agents to take re- 
 bates from other party as affecting 
 right to compensation from employer. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1047. 
 
 Applicability of statute against rebates to 
 allowance by agent to insured of part 
 of former's commission. 23 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 722. 
 
 General liability of municipality for assess- 
 ments for local improvements Where it 
 grants rebates to property owners. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 178. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation for 
 granting. 2 B. B.'. C. 252. 
 
 Recovering back, invalid tax paid to obtain 
 rebate. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1045. 
 
 REBELLION. 
 
 Eight to recover price of property sold in 
 aid of rebellion. 15 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 REBUILDING. 
 
 Insurer's option as to, see Insurance, § 174. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 REBUKE. 
 
 To attorney during trial as prejudicing 
 rights of party. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 428. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 REBUTTAL. 
 
 See EviDEXcE, §§ 276, 277. 
 
 RECAPTURE. 
 
 Of property, assault during, see Assatot 
 A\D Battery, § 5. 
 
 Of personal property generally, see Person- 
 al Property, § 8. 
 
 Right of peace oflScer to enter dwelling to 
 recapture escaping prisoner. 16 L.R.A. 
 .501. 
 
 Homicide in making. 67 L.R.A. 303. 
 Escaped convicts. 67 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 Right of seamen to salvage on recapture of 
 ship from pirates, enemeis, or bellig- 
 erents. 64 L.R.A. 199. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 RECEIPT. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Admissibility of, in evidence, see Evidence, 
 
 § 136. 
 Of warehouseman, see Warehousemen, § .5. 
 
 For part payment, as accord and satisfac- 
 tion. 20 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 Demanding receipt as condition of payment 
 as duress. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 To whom delivery may be made under ship- 
 ping receipts. 38 L.R.A. 362. 
 
 § 2. Alteration or forgery of. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in. 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.-) 1^0. 
 Forgery by making or altering. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 796. 
 Uttering or publishing of forged receipt. 8 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1178. 
 
 3. Effect of. 
 
 As evidence of payment as against third 
 parties. 29 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Right of insurance company to rely on 
 clause giving it option as to payee 
 of proceeds of policy and making re- 
 ceipt conclusive evidence of payment 
 to proper person. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 928. 
 
 As affecting question whether taking of 
 commercial paper operates as payment 
 of debt. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103. 
 
 EfTect of giving receipt on transfer with- 
 out indorsement of worthless check or 
 note of third person. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 539. 
 
 Effect of receipt by carrier for goods sold 
 to satisfy statute of frauds. 22 L.R.A. 
 426. 
 
 RECEIVERS. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Appointment, §§ 2-10. 
 III. Rights and powers, §§ 11-14:. 
 IT. Liability; claims; priorities; set- 
 off; receivers' certificates; liens, 
 §§ 16-21. 
 V. Actions; accounting; garnish- 
 ment of, g§ 22-25. 
 VI. Cost of receivership, § 26. 
 Til. Foreign receivers, § 27. 
 nil. Sales hy, § 28. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Receivers as officers of court. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 792.* 
 Injunction against strike by employees of. 
 
 28 L.R.A. 471. 
 Whoso servants are employees operating 
 
 railroads for recrivors. 37 L.R.A. 85. 
 Right of officer of corporation to refuse 
 
 to turn over books to a receiver upon 
 
 the 'ground that they have a tendency 
 
 to incriminate him. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 725. 
 
1182 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 RECEIVERS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 
 to construction and effect of statutes 
 
 relating to receiverships. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 431. 
 Effect of bankrupt law on receiverships. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 190. 
 
 //. Appointment. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Appointment of receivers of corporation to 
 protect creditors. 20 L.R.A. 214. 
 
 Right to have receiver appointed to take 
 charge of claims not legally or equita- 
 bly enforceable.^ 5 L.R.A.{N.S.) 771. 
 
 When may notice of application for ap- 
 pointment of receiver of growing crop 
 be dispensed with. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 960. 
 
 Time from which order appointing receiver 
 becomes operative. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 657. 
 
 § 3. Jurisdiction to appoint. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to appoint receiver 
 of real property in another state or 
 country. 69 L.R.A. 69.3. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to appoint to pre- 
 serve status quo pending action or 
 proceedings before other tribunal. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 228. 
 
 Inherent jurisdiction of equity, inde- 
 pendently of statute, at the instance of 
 stockholders, to appoint a receiver 
 because of mismanagement or fraud of 
 its officers. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 § 4. Exhausting remedies at law as a 
 condition of judgment creditor's 
 right to a receivership. 
 
 General rule. 33 L.R.A. 546. 
 
 Common-law writ must have been sued out. 
 33 L.R.A. 546. 
 
 Necessity of a return. 33 L.R.A. 546. 
 
 Remedies must be shown to have been ex- 
 hausted. 33 L.R.A. 548. 
 
 Irregular return. 33 L.R.A. 549. 
 
 What other remedy will bar receivership. 
 33 L.R.A. 549. 
 
 Statutory changes. 33 L.R.A. 549. 
 
 Supplementary proceedings. 33 L.R.A. 550. 
 
 Effect of laches. 33 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 § 5. Power to appoint receivers of cor- 
 poration when no other relief 
 asked. 
 
 Appointing receivers of corporations in a 
 direct action for that purpose. 20 
 L.R.A. 210. 
 
 Proceedings under the statutes. 20 L.R.A. 
 211. 
 
 In case of consent. 20 L.R.A. 213. 
 
 Right to receiver on failure to elect officers 
 or upon corporation ceasing to act. 20 
 L.R.A. 213. 
 
 Appointment of receivers where the officers 
 disagree as to management. 20 L.R.A. 
 213. 
 
 Appointment of receivers in case of mis- 
 management. 20 L.R.A. 214, 
 
 RECEIVERS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Appointment of receivers for building as- 
 sociations. 20 L.R.A. 214. 
 
 Receiver to protect creditors. 20 L.R.A. 
 214. 
 
 § 6. Effect of appointment. 
 
 Exclusiveness of jurisdiction first acquired 
 where receiver has been appointed, see 
 CODKTS, § 50. 
 
 Effect of appointment of, on compensation 
 of officers, agents, or employees for 
 unexpired term. 51 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Effect of appointment of receiver for in- 
 sured on fire insurance. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 643. 
 
 Effect of, on right of set-off. 17 L.R.A. 4.38. 
 
 Effect of appointment of receiver for cor- 
 poration on right to deal with corpora- 
 tion directly. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) ]200. 
 
 To whom notice of protest or nonpayment 
 of bill or note should be given after 
 appointment of receiver. 61 L.R.A. 
 900. 
 
 § 7. Exclusiveness of jurisdiction by 
 appointment of. 
 
 See Courts, § 50. 
 
 § 8. Appeal from order appointing. 
 
 Effect of appeal from order appointing a 
 receiver of corporation to enable a 
 court of concurrent jurisdiction to take 
 jurisdiction. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 
 Effect of order to turn back the property 
 after appeal from appointment of re- 
 ceiver, upon right of other courts to 
 exercise jurisdiction over it. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 963. 
 
 § 9. Costs in suit for appointment. 
 
 Costs of receivership, see infra, § 26. 
 
 Allowance of attorney's fees in suit for 
 appointment of receiver of corporation. 
 54 L.R.A. 823. 
 
 § 10. Bonds of receiver. 
 
 Effect oft surety on hond of, of judgment 
 against principal. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 721. ■ 
 
 III. Rights and poivers of. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Action by, see infra, § 22. 
 
 Powers, in general. 1 L.R.A. 653.* 
 Right of receiver to question validity of 
 
 attachment. 35 L.R.A. 770. , 
 
 Right of receiver of drawer, appointed after 
 the issuance of a draft or check but 
 before its presentation, as against the 
 holder. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 83. 
 Power of railway receiver to contract for 
 transportation beyond own line. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 I Authority of receiver of initial carrier to 
 Requiring a stockholder to seek relief first ( extend its undertaking bevond its own 
 
 from the corporation. 20 L.R.A. 214. line. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 RECEIVERS, III.— cont'd 
 §12. Right of possession. 
 
 Effect of attachment of real estate to defeat 
 the right of possession of receiver sub- 
 sequently appointed by another court. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 
 § 13. Right to compensation. 
 
 Right of partner appointed receiver on 
 liquidation to compensation. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 399. 
 
 Right of surviving partner acting as re- 
 ceiver to compensation. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 408. 
 
 § 14. Right to deal with receivership 
 for own benefit. 
 
 Right to purchase. 1 B. R. C. 411. 
 Dealings otherwise than by purchase. 1 
 
 B. R. C. 413. 
 Liability for interest on funds. 1 B. R. C. 
 
 416. 
 
 IV. Lidbilitij ; claims; priorities ; set- 
 off I receivers' certificates; liens, 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Actions against, see infra, § 23. 
 Accounting by, see infra, § 24. 
 Garnishment of, see infra, § 25. 
 Liability for rent of premises occupied by, 
 
 see IiAKDLOKD AND TENANT, § 86. 
 
 Liability of receiver in official capacity. 1 
 L.R.A. 179.* 
 
 Incurring expense by running railroad. 11 
 L.R.A. 480.* 
 
 Liability of arbitrators as receivers of 
 property. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 28]. 
 
 Personal liability of receiver who signs 
 contract adding words indicating repre- 
 sentative capacity to his signature. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 
 § 16. For what liable. 
 
 Liability for interest, see Interest, § 15. 
 
 For torts or negligence of servants. 63 
 
 L.R.A. 228. 
 Liability of the receiver of a railroad for 
 
 personal injuries or death caused by 
 
 its operation. 15 L.R.A. 262. 
 Liability for paving assessment on street 
 
 railway. 46 L.R.A. 201. 
 Obligation of receiver on the contract of 
 
 the party whose property he holds. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 90. 
 Liability for rent of premises occupied by. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 673. 
 Duty of receiver of fund to pay funeral 
 
 expenses. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 201. 
 
 § 17. Priority of claims. 
 
 Right of preferred stock to preference as 
 
 to capitaL 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 288. 
 Are claims of creditors of an insolvent com- 
 pany who undertake to conduct its 
 business postponed to claims or debts 
 incurred during their management. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1166. 
 Priority of claims against property in hands 
 of receiver over recorded liens. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013; 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 695. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 1183 
 
 RECEIVERS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Definitions. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1013; 41 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69.5. 
 Claims against a railroad, arising 
 prior to receivership. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1015; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 696. 
 For labor and material. 2 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 1015; 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 696. 
 Where there was a diversion 
 of earnings. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1015. 
 To maintain a going concern. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1021. 
 On other equitable grounds. 2 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1023. 
 Not within the rule. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 3025. 
 For money advanced and claims of 
 sureties. 2 L.R.A.( N.S.) 1026; 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 699. 
 For leases and rental. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1030; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 700. 
 For damages. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1033; 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 700. 
 For services of officers and attor- 
 neys. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1036; 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 700. 
 For construction. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1037. 
 Statutory liens. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1039. 
 Claims arising during receivership. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1042; 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 701. 
 For labor and material. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1042; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 701. 
 For money advanced. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1044; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 701. 
 For leases and rental. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 1044. 
 For damages. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1048; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 702. 
 For services of attorneys. 2 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1050. 
 For commissions, expenses, and 
 
 costs. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1051. 
 For insurance premiums. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1051. 
 For taxes. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1052. 
 Receiver's certificates. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1052; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 703. 
 Statutory liens. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 10,55. 
 Other quasi-public corporations. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1055; 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 704. 
 Private corporations and other private 
 concerns. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1057; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 707. 
 Claims arising prior to recniver- 
 ship. 2 L.R.A.(N,S.) 
 1058. 
 For labor and supplies. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1058; 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 
1184 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 RECEIVERS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 For money advanced. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1060. 
 
 For rental. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1060. 
 
 For services of officers and at- 
 torneys. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1060. 
 
 For taxes. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1060. 
 
 Statutory liens. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1061. 
 Claims arising during receivership. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1063; 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 
 For labor and supplies. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1058; 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 708. 
 
 Receiver's certificates. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1063; 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 
 For rental. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1066; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 710. 
 
 For services of attorneys. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1067; 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 710. 
 
 For commissions, expenses, and 
 costs. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1067; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 710. 
 
 For taxes. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1069. 
 
 8 18. Set-off. 
 
 Set-oflf of claims. 23 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 Effect of appointment of receiver on right 
 
 of set-off. 17 L.R.A. 458. 
 Right to set-off against receiver claims 
 
 purchased after insolvency. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 280. 
 
 § 19. I>lens. 
 
 Power to permit receiver of a private cor- 
 poration to create liens on its prop- 
 erty. 16 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 § 20. Receivers' certificates. 
 
 Priority of receivers' certificates of indebt- 
 edness. 9 L.R.A. 143;* 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1052, 1063. 
 
 § 21. IJiability of insolvent for acts of 
 receiver. 
 
 Liability of railroad for acts of receiver. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 179.* 
 Criminal prosecution of corporation for acts 
 
 or omissions vphile in the hands of a 
 
 receiver. 26 L.R.A. 710. 
 
 T. Actions; accounting; garnishment 
 of. 
 
 § 22. Actions by. 
 
 To enforce liability of stockholders, see 
 COKPOBATIONS, § 116a. 
 
 As real party in interest by whom action 
 must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 Collection of notes by receiver of mutual 
 fire insurance company. 32 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 Power of receiver to sue out jurisdiction 
 of appointment. 4 Ii.E,.A.(N.S.) 824. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question. 
 
 RECEIVERS, v.— cont'd 
 
 Right of foreign receiver to sue. 23 L.R.A. 
 54. 
 
 Right of creditor, who is also a stock- 
 holder of an insolvent corporation, to 
 offset debt due from corporation in 
 action by receiver to enforce his statu- 
 tory liability. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 996. 
 
 § 23. Actions against. 
 
 Actions against. 3 L.R.A. 634.* 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to try claims against 
 its receiver, which involve purely legal 
 questions. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 709. 
 
 § 24. Accounting by. 
 
 Right of court to surcharge account of, in 
 absence of objection to account, or 
 upon an objection by amicus c-uriw. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 284. 
 
 § 2S. Garnishment of. 
 
 Garnishment of money due from. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 218. 
 Right to attach or garnish fund in hands 
 
 of, after direction to pay same to party. 
 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 758; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 720. 
 
 TI. Cost of receivership, 
 
 § 26. Generally. 
 
 Costa in suit for appointment of receiver, 
 see supra, § 9. 
 
 Liability for cost of receivership where final 
 
 judgment is against the party who 
 
 procured the receivership. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 412. 
 Liability of unsuccessful party. 25 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 Compensation from fund. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 415. 
 Effect of insufficient funds. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 417. 
 Discretion of court. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 418. 
 Right of receiver to be indemnified for costs 
 of defending an action charging him 
 with fraud or misconduct. 2 B. R. C. 
 423. 
 
 Til. Foreign receivers, 
 
 § 2 7. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to matters affecting re- 
 ceiver, see Conflict of Laws, § 25. 
 
 Extraterritorial powers or recognition of. 
 6 L.R.A. 693;* 8 L.R.A. 62;* 9 L.R.A. 
 601.* 
 Power of receiver to sue out of jurisdiction 
 
 of appointment. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 824. 
 Rights of receiver as to property outside 
 of the jurisdiction in which he is 
 appointed. 23 L.R.A. 52. 
 As to attachment. 23 L.R.A. 52. 
 After receiver gets possession. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 54. 
 Right of foreign receiver to sue. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 54. 
 Title to land. 23 L.R.A. 57. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTKS. 
 
 1185 
 
 RECEIVERS— cont'd 
 
 nil. Sales hy. 
 
 § 28. Generally. 
 
 Sale by receiver as violation of covenant 
 in lease against assignment or sale. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1203. 
 
 Right of receiver to purchase property. 1 
 B. R. C. 411. 
 
 RECEIVER'S CERTIFICATES. 
 
 See Receivers, § 20. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY. 
 
 As to larceny, see Larceny. 
 
 Instigation to. 25 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Knowledge necessary to convict one of re- 
 ceiving stolen goods. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 833. 
 
 Where property in question was stolen in 
 foreign state or country. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 750. 
 
 Prosecution for larceny of one who re- 
 ceives or sells within the state prop- 
 erty actually stolen with his conniv- 
 ance by another in another state. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 314, 320. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 62 L.R.A. 269. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 68 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 RECEPTION. 
 
 Of evidence, see Trial, §§ 12-14. 
 Of verdict, see Tbial, §§ 76, 77. 
 
 RECIPROCAL RIGHTS. 
 
 In artificial condition of body of water. 
 50 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 RECITALS. 
 
 E£Fect of recital as to security on negotia- 
 bility of paper, see Bills and Notes, 
 § 23. 
 
 As to consideration, see Contracts, § 17. 
 
 Of money consideration in deed, see Deeds, 
 § 14. 
 
 Effect of recitals in bonus stock. 38 L.R.A. 
 492. 
 
 Of money consideration in deed as contrac- 
 tual. 68 L.R.A. 925. 
 
 In deed of mortgaged property to mort- 
 gagee; effect on question of merger. 
 39 L.R.A.(N,S.) 843. 
 
 Recital \n note as to security as affect- 
 ing 'ts negotiability. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 858. 
 
 In will of conveyance of land as devise 
 where conveyance was not in fact made 
 or proved ineffectual. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 645. 
 
 Estoppel by, in deed or mortgage by mar- 
 ried woman. 22 L.R.A. 780. 
 
 RECENT DEFECT^. 
 
 Liability of township for injury by recent 
 defects in highway. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1273. 
 
 RECENTLY STOLEN PROPERTY. 
 
 Possession of, as evidence of burglary. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 199. 
 
 Production of bill of sale as repelling pre- 
 sumption of guilt from possession of. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 320. 
 
 RECEPTACLES. 
 
 Measure of damages for carrier's delay in 
 delivery of receptacles for perishable 
 goods. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 134. 
 Consult also L.n.A. Digests to date. 75 
 
 RECKLESS DRIVING. 
 
 Violation of ordinance against as ground 
 for private action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S'.) 
 254. 
 
 RECKLESS INJURY. 
 
 As an assault. 14 L.R.A. 227. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 RECKLESS STATEMENTS. 
 As a fraud. 35 L.R.A. 431. 
 
 RECLAMATION. 
 
 As justification for drainage of private 
 
 lands. 49 L.R.A. 783. 
 Taking of property for reclamation of 
 
 marshes as a public purpose. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 163. 
 
118d 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTEB. 
 
 RECOGNITION. 
 
 Waiver of purchaser's right to rescind con- 
 tract for purchase of real property by 
 expressly recognizing the contract. 30 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 878. 
 
 RECOGNIZANCE. 
 
 See Bail and Recognizance. 
 
 RECOMMENDATION TO MERCY. 
 
 Intimation that recommendation to mercy 
 would be entertained as ground for re- 
 versal of conviction. 40 I1.R.A. (N.S.) 
 239. 
 
 RECOMMITMENT. 
 
 Of person fconvicted of crime, see Cbiminal 
 Law, § 76. 
 
 Recommitment without further hearing of 
 person discharged from insane hospi- 
 tal. 14 L.R.A.('N.S.) 468. 
 
 RECONCII/IATION. 
 
 Power of court to allow attorney's fees in 
 divorce suit after reconciliation of par- 
 ties. 36 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1001. 
 
 Effort by one spouse to induce other to 
 return home as condition of desertion 
 by latter. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1118. 
 
 RECONSIDERATION. 
 
 Right of municipality, county, or town au- 
 thorities to reconsider action as to al- 
 lowance of claim. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 
 RECONVENING. 
 
 Of grand jury. 27 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 RECONVERSION. 
 
 Of partnership real estate. 27 L.R.A. 476. 
 
 Into real property after equitable conver- 
 sion into personalty by contract for 
 sale of land. 57 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 sale 01 lana. 01 Jj.rt.ja. ooz. 10 
 
 Begin u-ith this hook on every law question 
 
 RECORDS AND RECORDING LAWS. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1-S. 
 II. Records of legislature, § 6. 
 III. Judicial records, §§ 7,8. 
 IT. Records of title, §§ 9-27. 
 
 a. To personal property, §§ 9- 
 
 11. 
 
 b. To real property, §§ 13-27. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 12-15a. 
 
 3. Who entitled to protec- 
 tion, §16. 
 
 3. Wliat may be recorded, 
 § 17. 
 
 4:. Requisites and suffi- 
 ciency of record, § 18. 
 
 6. Necessity for recording; 
 effect of failure, §§ 19- 
 33. 
 
 6. Time of recording de- 
 
 lay, § 33. 
 
 7. As notice; effect of re- 
 
 cording, §§ 24:-37. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Amendment of, on certiorari, see Ceetio- 
 babi, § 6. 
 
 Inspection of, see Discovert and Inspec- 
 tion, § 4. 
 
 Judicial notice of, see Evidence, §§ 7, -8. 
 
 Admissibility of, in evidence, see Evidence, 
 §§ 126-129. 
 
 Lost records, see Lost Instettmefts, § 4. 
 
 Of mining location, see Mines, § 19. 
 
 Loss or alteration of, as ground of injunc- 
 tion against judgments. 30 L.R.A. 562, 
 563. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 record. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 115. 
 
 Form of Christian name required in. 24 
 L.R.A. 543. 
 
 Discovery of matters of record as ground 
 for bill of review. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1042. 
 
 Power of equity to cancel false records. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 304. 
 
 Denial upon information and belief of mat- 
 ters appearing on public records. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 779. 
 
 Admissibility of secondary evidence to iden- 
 tify. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 
 Use of, as standard for comparison of hand- 
 writing. 63 L.R.A. 435. 
 
 May records of sales of liquor which a drug- 
 gist is required by law to keep be used 
 as evidence against him in a criminal 
 prosecution. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 
 § 2. Right to inspect public records. 
 
 Records of title to real property, see infra 
 § 13. 
 
 Abstracters. 27 L.RA. 82. 
 Suits. 27 L.R.A. 83. 
 
 Record making or copying. 27 L.R.A. 83. 
 Account books of public officers. 27 L,R.A. 
 83. 
 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. 83. 
 
 Toll books, 27 L.RA. 84. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1187 
 
 RECORDS AND RECORDING LAWS, I — 
 
 cont'd 
 
 As to boundaries and titles. 27 L.RA. 
 84. 
 As to title of office. 27 L.R.A. 85. 
 Liquor records. 27 L.R.A. 85. 
 Patent records. 27 L.R.A. 85. 
 Right to inspect public records relating to 
 
 public contracts. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 280. 
 Right of indicted person to inspect minvitcs 
 
 of grand jury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558. 
 
 § 3. Index as part of record. 
 
 Index as part of record of title. 14 L.R.A. 
 393. 
 Judgments. 14 L.R.A. 393. 
 Lis pendens. 14 L.R.A. 395. 
 Attachment. 14 L.R.A. 395. 
 Deeds and mortgages. 14 L.R.A. 395. 
 Necessity of index. 14 L.R.A. 395. 
 Sufficiency of index. 14 L.R.A. 396. 
 
 § 4. Necessity of recording; effect of 
 failure to record. 
 
 Instruments transferring personal property, 
 
 see infra, § 10. 
 Instruments transferring real property, see 
 
 infra, §§ 19-22. 
 
 Release of surety upon creditor's failure to 
 record papers. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 710. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance requiring 
 persons engaged in the business of loan- 
 ing money on chattel security or secu- 
 rity of wages to file a record of loans 
 made. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 686. 
 
 § 5. Effect of recording. 
 
 Instruments transferring personal property, 
 see infra, § 11. 
 
 Instruments transferring real estate, see in- 
 fra, §§ 24-27. 
 
 Recording of forged instrument as uttering 
 or publishing. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1180. 
 
 Effect of public record as notice or evidence 
 of notice to start statute of limitations 
 against action based on fraud. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 208. 
 
 II. Records of legislature. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Impeachment of enrolled bill by. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 31. 
 
 Conclusiveness of enrolled bill as to com- 
 pliance with provisions for recording 
 vote. 23 L.R.A. 342. 
 
 Showing by journal's failure to record vote 
 on bill. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 19. 
 
 in. Judicial records. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Ebeob, §§ 18- 
 23. 
 
 Record of judgment, see Judgment, §§ 14- 
 18. 
 
 Judicial notice of records of sister state. 
 4 L.R.A. 42.* . 
 
 Judicial notice of court's own record m oth- 
 er actions. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 616; 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 905. 
 Confnilt also L.Jt.A. Digests to date. 
 
 RECORDS AND RECORDING LAWS, III. 
 — cont'd 
 
 Denial on information and belief of court 
 records. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 781. 
 
 Admission on record as affecting burden of 
 proof and right to open and close. 61 
 L.R.A. 530. 
 
 Of finding of indictment. 28 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Record of bringing indictment into open 
 court. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6-83. 
 
 Right of indicted person to inspect minutes 
 of grand jury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558. 
 
 Showing of record as to number and agree- 
 ment of jurors. 43 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 EflFect of recording verdict on right to cor- 
 rect. 23 L.R.A. 735. 
 
 Sufficiency of record of guardian's bond. 33 
 L.R.A. 762. 
 
 Injunction against judgment obtained by 
 fraud in matters of record. 30 L.R.A. 
 791. 
 
 Injunction against judgment for irregular- 
 ities in. 30 L.R.A. 709. 
 
 § 8. Amendment. i 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Ebbob, § 21. 
 
 Of record as to indictment. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 688. 
 
 Amendment of, to cure defect for which mo- 
 tion in arrest of judgment has been 
 made. 67 L.R.A. 179. 
 
 Power of trial court to correct its records 
 after an appeal or writ of error, 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 IT. Records of fttl». 
 a. To personal property. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Recording of transfer by bankrupt, see 
 
 Bankbuptot, § 16. 
 Record of chattel mortgage, see Chattbl 
 
 Mobtgage, §§ 16-22. 
 Of transfer of corporate stock, see CobpoeA- 
 
 TIONS, § 89. 
 Record of goods sold, see Sale, § 19. 
 
 Recording of bottomry bonds. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 429. 
 Right to rely on representations as to. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 § 10. Necessity of recording; effect of 
 failure. 
 
 As to real property, see infra, §§ 19-22. 
 
 Necessity of recording instrument creating 
 lien or reserving title to personal prop- 
 erty in state to which property is sub- 
 sequently removed. 64 L.R.A. 356: 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 385. 
 
 Effect of failure to record contract of con- 
 ditional sale on vendor's right to relief 
 in case of purchaser's bankruptcy. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 564. 
 
 g 11. Effect of recording. 
 
 As to real property, see infra, §§ 24-27. 
 
 Recordation of lien on fixtures as personalty 
 as notice to purchaser or mortgagee of 
 realty. 1 B. R. C. 691. 
 
 As a constructive notice of conditional sale. 
 10 L.R.A. 236* 
 
1188 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 RECORDS AND RECORDING LAWS, IV. 
 — cont'd 
 
 ft. To real property. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 As to abstracts of title, see Abstracts. 
 Delivery of deed for record as delivery, see 
 Deeds, § 8. 
 
 Legislative control over recording acts. 13 
 L.R.A. 235.* 
 
 Right to rely on representations as to. 37 
 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 Primary object of recording acts. 13 L.R.A. 
 235.* 
 
 Of assignment of lease. 15 L.R.A. 755. 
 
 Record of mining claim. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 864. 
 
 Purchaser's duty to examine records to de- 
 termine location of property. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 307. 
 
 Effect of failure to pay registration tax or 
 fee. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 146. 
 
 Liability of registrar of deeds for neglect, 
 delay, or mistake in registering or in- 
 dexing instrument affecting title to real 
 property. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 127. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of recording 
 acts. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 420. 
 
 Right to jury in proceedings for registra- 
 tion of land titles. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1044. 
 
 g 13. Right to Inspect. 
 
 Right of abstracters to inspect. 27 L.R.A. 
 82. 
 
 Right to inspect public records as to bound- 
 aries and titles. 27 L.R.A. 84. 
 
 § 14. Conveyance recorded before 
 grantor obtained title. 
 
 The doctrine of estoppel. 23 L.R.A. 561. 
 The doctrine of notice from registration. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 565. 
 Comparison and limitation of the opposing 
 
 principles. 23 L.R.A. 567. 
 
 § 15. Effect of quitclaim deed in other- 
 wise perfect record title. 
 
 Quitclaim purchasers not protected against 
 
 latent equities. 29 L.R.A. 33. 
 Purchaser with notice. 29 L.R.A. 34. 
 Other rulings. 29 L.R.A. 36. 
 Distinction between conveyance of land and 
 
 of mere interest. 29 L.R.A. 37. 
 Doctrine of the United States Supreme 
 
 Court. 29 L.R.A. 38. 
 Where not protected. 29 L.R.A. 41. 
 Where entitled to protection. 29 L.R.A. 42. 
 The Iowa doctrine. 29 L.R.A. 44. 
 Care must he used. 29 L.R.A. 46. 
 Remote quitclaim in chain of title. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 47. 
 Effect of remote quitclaim in chain of title 
 upon rights of subsequent purchas- 
 er. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1035. 
 
 Where quitclaim is to immediate gran- 
 tor. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1036. 
 
 Where quitclaim is to remote grantor. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1037. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 RECORDS AND RECORDING LAWS, IV. 
 
 b, 1 — cont'd 
 § 15a. Possession under unrecorded 
 
 instrument as notice of title. 
 
 See Notice, § 17. 
 
 3. Who entitled to protection. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Who is a purchaser for value within record- 
 ing acts. 13 L.R.A. 237.* 
 Discharge of antecedent debt as a consid- 
 eration sustaining one's character as a 
 bona fide purchaser or encumbrancer. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 620. 
 Protection of purchaser from apparent 
 vendee under instrument apparently a 
 conveyance but intended as a mortgage. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1046. 
 Right of one claiming through heir or devi- 
 see to protection against unrecorded 
 conveyance by ancestor or his personal 
 representative. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 328. 
 Protection under recording acts of mort- 
 gage given as security for pre-ex- 
 isting debt. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 57. 
 Effect of additional consideration. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 Extension of time. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 61. 
 Release of security. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 61. 
 Compromise of debt. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 61. 
 Releasing personal liability. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 New debt contracted. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 61. 
 
 3. What may lie recorded. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Foreign probate. 1 L.R.A. 81.* 
 
 Assignment of mortgage as a conveyance 
 within recording acts. 5 LJl.A. 292.* 
 
 Lease as conveyance within meaning of re- 
 cording statutes. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 879. 
 
 4z. Requisites and sufflt^ency of record. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Statutory forms of registration. 13 L.R.A. 
 237.* 
 
 Certainty and accuracy necessary in respect 
 to Christian names or initials in record 
 or index relied on as imparting con- 
 structive notice. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 415; 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1211. 
 
 S. Necessity of recording; effect of 
 failure. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 As to personal property, see supra, § 10. 
 
 Necessity of filing notice of claim to public 
 
 land. 3 L.R.A. 162.* 
 Result of failure to record. 13 L.R.A. 238.* 
 Failure to record conveyance as a fraud 
 
 upon creditors. 31 .L.R.A. 638. 
 Estoppel by allowing record title to remain 
 
 in another. 22 L.R.A. 256. i 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1189 
 
 RECORDS AND RECORDING LAWS, IV. 
 b, 5 — cont'd 
 
 Effect of gap in record title on marketabil- 
 ity of title. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 24. 
 
 Effect of unrecorded prior conveyance on 
 marketability of title. 38 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 Burden of proof as to bona fides of pur- 
 chaser claiming against prior unre- 
 corded conveyance or encumbrance. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1124. 
 
 Failure to file defeasance as affecting right 
 of creditors of grantee in deed intend- 
 ed as a mortgage. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 387. 
 
 When local law deemed to require register- 
 ing or recording of a transfer within 
 meaning of § 60a of the bankruptcy 
 law. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 148; 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1233. 
 
 Failure to record defeasance as against cred- 
 itors of grantee in deed intended as a 
 mortgage. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 387. 
 
 Failure to record conveyance to insured as 
 affecting his sole unconditional owner- 
 ship. 22 L.E.A.(N.S.) 732. 
 
 Remedy of one who fails to record a deed 
 against his grantor who subsequently 
 conveys to an innocent third person. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 284. 
 
 Effect of destruction or cancelation, or re- 
 delivery to grantor for that purpose, of 
 delivered but unrecorded deed. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1167; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 495. 
 
 § 20. Priority of unrecorded instru- 
 ment. 
 
 Priority of judgment over unrecorded con- 
 veyance, see Jtidgment, § 62. 
 
 Priority over unrecorded mortgage, see 
 MOETGAGE, § 36. 
 
 Priority as between judgment and prior un- 
 recorded conveyance. 10 L.R.A. 411;* 
 16 L.R.A. 668. 
 
 Priority of unrecorded deed as against pur- 
 chaser at judicial sale. 21 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 When mechanics' lien superior to earlier 
 unrecorded mortgage. 14 L.R.A. 306. 
 
 Precedence as between quitclaim deed and 
 senior unrecorded deed. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 240; 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 159. 
 
 Precedence as between conveyance of land 
 for a nominal or inadequate considera- 
 tion and senior unrecorded conveyance. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 
 Necessity for recording assignment for cred- 
 itors as against attaching creditor. 26 
 L.R.A. 594. 
 
 § 21. Who affected by failure to re- 
 cord. 
 
 When instrument regarded as recorded; who 
 suffers by failure of clerk to make 
 record or by his mistake in recording. 
 12 L.R.A. 384.* 
 
 § 22. Notice of unrecorded conveyance. 
 
 Constructive notice by reference in deed. 1 
 L.R.A. 192.* 
 
 SuflSeiency and effect of actual notice of pri- 
 or unrecorded deed or mortgage. 4 
 L.R.A. 717.* 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 RECORDS AND RECORDING LAWS, IV. 
 b, 5 — cont'd 
 
 Purchaser charged with notice of unreeord- 
 ed deed forming part of direct chain of 
 title. 7 L.R.A. 840.* 
 
 Effect of notice of prior unrecorded con- 
 veyance on rank of lien of judgment. 
 16 L.R.A. 670. 
 
 6. Time for recording; delay. 
 
 § 2 3. Generally. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 
 recording. 49 L.R.A. 242. 
 Delay in recording as fraud against credi- 
 tors. 32 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 7. As notice; effect of recording. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 As to personal property, see supra, § 11. 
 
 Record in partition as a muniment of title. 
 2 L.R.A. 465.* 
 
 Effect of recording conveyance by one co- 
 tenant to third person to found adverse 
 possession against others. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 708. 
 
 Effect of recording tax deed on limitation 
 . of actions to recover land sold for 
 taxes. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 
 Effect ot recorded agreement not incorpo- 
 Tated in a conveyance restricting use 
 of property upon successor in title. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1129. 
 
 § 25. As delivery. 
 
 Record of deed by grantor as delivery to 
 grantee. 54 L.R.A. 865; 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 224; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 941. 
 
 Effect of recording undelivered transfer or 
 assignment. 21 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 Permitting undelivered deed wrongfully re- 
 corded by grantee to remain on record, 
 as estoppel of grantor or his successors 
 to deny its delivery as against one pur- 
 chasing in reliance on the record. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 712. 
 
 § 26. As notice. 
 
 Records as constructive notice. 5 L.R.A. 
 285.* 
 
 Record as notice of junior lien. 5 L.R.A. 
 291.* 
 
 Registry of mortgage as notice. 13 L.R.A, 
 236.* 
 
 Doctrine of notice from registration, of con- 
 veyance recorded before grantor ob- 
 tained title. 23 L.R.A. 565. 
 
 Recordation of lien on fixtures as person- 
 alty, as notice to purchaser or mort- 
 gagee of realty. 1 B. R. C. 691. 
 
 Notice by record as affecting fraudulent 
 statements. 37 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 Destruction of record of deed or mortgage 
 as affecting constructive notice impart- 
 ed thereby. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 
 § 2 7. — instrument not entitled to be 
 recorded. 
 
 Unauthorized record as notice. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 192.* 
 
1190 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 RECORDS AND RECORDING LAWS, IV. 
 
 -b, 7 — cont'd 
 
 Record of instrument not entitled to be 
 recorded as actual notice. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 400. 
 
 Record of instrument acknowledged before 
 a stockholder or officer of a corporation 
 which is a party to the instrument, as 
 notice. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 376. 
 
 <«» 
 
 KECOUPMENT. 
 
 See Sbtt-Off and Countebclaim, § 13. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 RECOURSE. 
 
 Aasignor without, as an indorser. 36 L.R.A. 
 119. 
 
 RECOVERY BACK. 
 
 Of payments made, see AsstTMPSIT, II. 
 
 « ■ * 
 
 RECOVERY OVER. 
 See Indemnity, §§ 2-4. 
 
 »« » 
 
 RECREATION. 
 See Amusements. 
 
 « » » 
 
 RECRIMINATORY DEFENSE. 
 
 In action for divorce, see Divoboe and Skp- 
 
 ASATION, § 33. 
 
 #«» 
 
 RECTOR. 
 
 See Religious Societies, §§ 8-9. 
 
 ♦*-• ■ 
 
 RECTORY. 
 
 See Paeish House. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 REDELIVERY 
 
 Of deeds, see Deeds, § 33. 
 
 ♦*-♦ 
 
 REDEMPTION. 
 
 REDEMPTION— cont'd 
 
 Of pledged property, see Pledge and Col- 
 
 latebal Secueitt, § 10. 
 From tax sale, see Taxes, §§ 82-85. 
 
 Liability of government or other public 
 body for its own obligations stolen 
 from it after redemption. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 446. 
 
 Of corporate stock which has been forfeited. 
 27 L.R.A. 311. 
 
 Extension of time for redemption when last 
 day falls on Sunday. 14 L.Rji. 122. 
 
 Jurisdiction of suit to redeem land in an- 
 other state or country. 69 L.R.A. 685. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 REDIRECT EXAMINATION. 
 
 See Witnesses, § 39. 
 
 #»» 
 
 REDUCED RATES. 
 
 Power to require of carrier, see Cabbiebs, 
 § 167. 
 
 REDUCTION. 
 
 Of stock, see Cobpobations, § 71. 
 Of damages, see Damages, §§ 3-11. 
 Of punishment, for good behavior, see 
 Cbiminal Law, § 81. 
 
 Mandamus to restore to original rank officer 
 who has been reduced in rank. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 80. 
 
 Right to reduction in rent of farm because 
 part of it is not tillable. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.)' 555. 
 
 Of shares of preferred, guaranteed, and in- 
 terest bearing stock. ■ 27 L.B,.A. 151 
 
 RE-ELECTION. 
 
 After ouster of officer for miscoBduet. ( 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 843. 
 
 RE-ENACTMENT. 
 
 Construction of re-enacted statutes, see 
 Statutes, § 27. 
 
 Of Code or compilation of laws by single 
 statute. 55 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 RE-ENTRY. 
 
 From judicial sale, see Judicial Sale, § 19. 
 From mortgage, see Mobtgage, §§ 85-91. 
 
 Begin with this hooTc. on every law question. 
 
 Landlord's right of, see Landlokd and Tin- 
 ant, § 94. 
 
 Re-entry for condition broken in case et 
 devise to religious society for specified , 
 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 1191 
 
 RE-EXAMINATION. 
 
 See Witnesses, § 39. 
 
 ♦-»♦ 
 
 REFERENCE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 156. 
 
 Compulsory; when proper; wlien discretion- 
 ary. 3 L.R.A. 271.* 
 
 Personal liability of referee to sell property 
 for broker's services. 38 L.K.A.(N.S.) 
 777. 
 
 Effect of interposing a counterclaim, set-off, 
 or affirmative defense which would in 
 itself be a proper subject for a compul- 
 sory reference, where the cause of action 
 declared upon by plaintiff would not. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 264. 
 
 § 2. Compulsory, as denial of consti- 
 tutional, right to jury trial. 
 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. 68; 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 146; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 46. 
 
 The United States Constitution. 25 L.R.A. 
 68. 
 
 Where the right existed prior to the state 
 Constitution. 25 L.R.A. 68. 
 
 State statute no infringement of constitu- 
 tional right. 25 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Equitable account. 25 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 Constitution violated. 25 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 Action at law. 25 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 State Constitution. 25 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 § 2a. — action on account. 
 
 Compulsory reference of accountg as denial 
 of constitutional right to jury trial. 
 25 L.R.A. 70. 
 
 Denial of jury trial in actions involving ac- 
 counts. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 46. 
 
 § 3. Report. 
 
 Effect of failure to file report within proper 
 time. 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 581. 
 
 REFERENDUM. 
 
 Initiative and referendum. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1092; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 
 REFORMATION OF INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Of deeds, see Deeds, § 36. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity, see Equity, § 16. 
 
 Of insurance policy, see Insurance, § 48. 
 
 Of mortgage, see Moetqage, § 4. 
 
 Of will, see Wnxs, § 33. 
 
 Reformation of contract because of mistake 
 of law as to its effect. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 900. 
 
 Mistake of law as to effect of instrument as 
 ground of. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 785. 
 Consult also li.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 REFORMATION OF INSTRUMENTS— 
 
 cont'd 
 Evidence necessary for reformation. 3 L R.A 
 
 190.* 
 Burden of proof. 5 L.R.A. 159.* 
 Evidence necessary to show mistake. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 159.* 
 Enforcement of corrected agreement. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 159.* 
 Right to accept favorable part of decree 
 
 and appeal from the rest. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 11. 
 
 REFORMATORIES. 
 
 Commitment of infants to, without convic- 
 tion of crime. 16 L.R.A. 691. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 REFRESHING MEMORY. 
 
 See Witnesses, § 28. 
 
 •-*♦ 
 
 REFRESHMENT. 
 
 Right to use railroad right of way for pur- 
 pose of refreshment place as against 
 owner of fee. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 618. 
 
 « » » 
 
 REFRIGERATOR. 
 
 As fixture. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 576. 
 
 * « » 
 
 REFRIGERATOR OARS. 
 
 Carrier's duty with respect to. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 317. 
 Duty of carrier to furnish cars of a type 
 
 not owned by it. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 310. 
 
 REFUSAL. 
 
 Rights conferred by, see Contbacts, § 23. 
 
 REFUSE. 
 
 Liability of abutting owner for injury to 
 
 pedestrian by refuse on sidewalk. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 707. 
 Municipal liability for injury by refuse in 
 
 street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 610. 
 Right to throw into stream. 41 L.R.A. 751. 
 Obstruction of navigation by, liability for. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 73. 
 Pollution of stream by refuse from mining 
 
 operations. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 276. 
 
1192 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 REGISTER. 
 
 Admissibility of, as proof of partnership. 
 20 L.R.A. 599. 
 
 » « » 
 
 REGISTERED MAIL. 
 
 See PosTOFFiCE, § 8. 
 
 ♦-♦-♦^ — 
 
 REGISTRAR OF DEEDS. 
 
 Liability for neglect, delay, or mistake in 
 registering or indexing instrument af- 
 fecting title to real property. 23 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 127. 
 
 REGISTRATION. 
 
 Of voters, see Electiohs, § 6. 
 
 Of instrument to affect title, see Records 
 
 AKD ReCOKDINQ InSTBUMBNTS, II. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to registering 
 births, deaths, etc. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1015. 
 
 Of automobile. 1 L.E.A.(N.S.) 215. 
 
 REGISTRATION TAX. 
 
 Effect of failure to pay. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 146. 
 
 REGISTRY LIST. 
 
 Effect of loss or destruction of. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 989. 
 
 REGULATION. 
 
 Of carriers, see Oaeriees, V. 
 
 Of physicians and surgeons, see Physicians 
 
 AND SUKGEONS, §§ 6-11. 
 
 Reasonableness of, see Reasonableness, § 7. 
 
 REHEARING. 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Eekob, § 45. 
 
 REIMBURSEMENT. 
 
 Of personal representative, see ExeC0TOES 
 
 AND Administbatoes, § 53. 
 Of one holding under void tax deed, see 
 
 Taxes, § 79. 
 Begin with this hook, on every law question. 
 
 REIMBURSEMENT— cont'd 
 Of purchaser at void judicial sale. 21 L.R.A. 
 50. 
 
 Of purchaser on annulling judicial sale. 69 
 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 Right of mortgagee who has paid taxes to 
 maintain independent action against 
 mortgagor for reimbursement before or 
 after foreclosure of mortgage. 10 L,E.A. 
 (N.S.) 679. 
 
 Of partner for money paid for partnership 
 real estate. 28 L.R.A. 102. 
 
 School-teacher's right to reimbursement for 
 money expended for school without 
 precedent authority. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1177. 
 
 Contingency of claim for reimbursement of 
 sureties and indorsees as affecting time 
 for its presentation. 58 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 REINSTATEMENT. 
 
 Of insured after forfeiture, see Instjbance, 
 
 § 109. 
 Of mortgage, see Moetqage, §§ 59, 60. 
 Of officer, see Officers, § 26. 
 
 Reinstatement or placing in statu quo as 
 condition to relief, from mistake of law 
 as to effect of instrument. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 902. 
 
 REINSURANCE. 
 
 See Instjbance, §§ 209, 210. 
 
 REISSUE. 
 
 Of instrument after payment, see Patment, 
 §4. 
 
 RELATION 
 
 See Relative. 
 
 RELATION BACK. 
 
 Entry of judgment nunc pro tunc, see Judg- 
 ment, § 18. 
 
 Of order appointing receiver. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 657. 
 Of deed delivered to third person. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 891. 
 Of judgment to beginning of term. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 246. 
 Judgment by relation back to time prior 
 
 to death of judgment debtor. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 167. 
 Of subcontractor's lien to date of that of 
 
 original contractor. 16 L.E.A. 335. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1193 
 
 RELATION BACK— cont'd 
 
 Of amended pleading to prevent bar of lim- 
 itations. 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 268. 
 
 Retroactive effect of filing chattel mortgage 
 for record aa against lien acquired after 
 execution of mortgage. 33 L.R.A. 163. 
 
 RELATIONSHIP. 
 
 Resemblance as evidence of, see Evidence, 
 § 154. 
 
 Relationship to attorney in case as dis- 
 qualifyimg judge. 42 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 1178. 
 
 RELATIVE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Various particular relatives, see Aunts ; 
 Bbothebs and Sistees; Beothees-in 
 Law; Cousins; Gbandpaeents ; Hus- 
 band and Wipe; Pabent and Child; 
 Sisteks-in-Law; Uncles. 
 
 By affinity, see Affinity. 
 
 Implied contract to pay for services to, see 
 CONTBACTS, §§ 4, 5. 
 
 Measure of damage for injury to, see 
 Damages, §§ 7, 57-64, 100, 101, 110. 
 
 Measure of damage for death of, see Dam- 
 ages, §§ 65-67, 101. 
 
 Right of action for death of, see Death, 
 §§ 3-10. 
 
 Descent and distribution of property of, see 
 Descent and DiSTBiBunoN. 
 
 Validity of contract procured by threat to 
 prosecute, see Dueess, § 4. 
 
 Validity of transactions between, see 
 Feaudulent Conveyances, §§ 21, 21a. 
 
 Illegitimate children, see Illegitimacy. 
 
 Incest between, see Incest. 
 
 Right to custody of infant child, see In- 
 fants, §§ 6-10. 
 
 Insurable interest of, see Insueance, §§ 27- 
 35. 
 
 Relationship by adoption, see Paeent and 
 Child, §§ 16-18. 
 
 Discrimination against, in succession tax, 
 see Taxes, §§ 93, 94. 
 
 Legacy to, see Wills, §§ 69, 70. 
 
 Defined. 13 L.R.A. 37.* 
 
 Right of relative of party to instrument 
 to take acknowledgment. 33 L.R.A. 
 340. 
 
 Resemblance as evidence of relationship. 
 52 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Moral consideration arising from relation- 
 ship as a sufficient consideration to 
 support a promise to become respon- 
 sible for another's debt. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 436. 
 
 Effect of relationship on contract otherwise 
 ohampertous. 14 L.R.A. 747. 
 
 Reputed father's right to custody or con- 
 trol of illegitimate child as against. 
 65 L.R.A. 694. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 RELATIVE— cont'd 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of relative of 
 claimant upon issue of his relationship 
 or heirship to decedent. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 530. 
 
 What constitutes residence of child living 
 with relative entitling him to privilege 
 of public schools. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 342. 
 
 Right to compel or restrain removal of re- 
 mains of deceased relative. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 491. 
 
 Imputing negligence of one to other. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 662. 
 
 § a. As juror or grand juror. 
 
 As juror, see JuBY, § 11a. 
 
 As grand juror. 28 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 § 3. Support of. 
 
 Support of infant child, see Dtvoecb and 
 Sbpaeation, § 57; Infants, §§ 11-12. 
 
 Promise to pay for past support of. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 355. 
 Power of state to make relatives of person 
 
 committed to insane asylum, liable for 
 
 cost of his maintenance therein. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 295. 
 
 § 4. Trust between relatives. 
 
 Trust between family relatives; presump- 
 tions. 2 L.R.A. 816.* 
 
 Enforcement in equity of grantee's oral 
 promise to grantor to hold in trust in 
 case of conveyance between relatives. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 925, 926, 928. 
 
 § 5. Criminal responsibility of one 
 assisting or avenging relative. 
 
 Homicide in defense of. 67 L.R.A. 546. 
 
 Is one assisting relative in peril bound by 
 the latter's act in bringing on the diffi- 
 culty. 15L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013; 39L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 671. 
 
 Killing or assaulting of, as sufficient provo- 
 cation .to .reduce homicide to man- 
 slaughter. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 RELEASE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 On bail, see Bail and Recognizancb. 
 
 Of surety on bail bond, see Bail and Re- 
 cognizance, § 8. 
 
 Of indorser, see Bills and Notes, § 34. 
 
 On habeas corpus, see Habeas Cokpus, § 6. 
 
 From liability on insurance policy, see In- 
 sueance, § 180. 
 
 Of joint tort feasor, see Joint Ckeditoes 
 AND Debtoes, §§ 8-11. 
 
 From mortgage, see Mortgage, §§ 52-60. 
 
 See also Accord and Satisfaction; Com- 
 
 PKOMISE AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 By personal representatives of claim due 
 estate. 14 L.R.A. 414. 
 
 From liability for damage by damming back 
 water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 868. 
 
 Of expectancy by prospective heir to an- 
 cestor. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 439. 
 
1194 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 RELEASE— cont'd 
 
 Stipulation making execution of release 
 from liability for damages a condition 
 precedent to payment of benefits out of 
 relief fund. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 194. 
 
 Releases by servant after injury has been 
 received and without reference to a 
 prior contract with a relief association. 
 11 L.E.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 
 Applicability to release of rule against con- 
 veyance of land held adversely. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 735. 
 
 Formal release under seal or in writing on 
 payment of part of liquidated and un- 
 disputed debt. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 
 Law governing release of claim for dam- 
 ages for death or bodily injury. 56 
 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 Presumption of. 1 L.R.A. 191.* 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 110. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence that release 
 was delivered on condition. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1147. 
 
 Right to reinstatement of mortgage when 
 released by mistake. 58 L.R.A. 788. 
 
 § 2. What operates as. 
 
 Of surety, see Principal 
 §§ 10-18. 
 
 AND Surety, 
 
 Of 
 
 certification of 
 698; 29 L.R.A. 
 
 drawer or indorser by 
 check. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 (N.S.) 205. 
 Of one partner by other partner's assump- 
 tion of debts on dissolution of partner- 
 ship. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 
 § 3. What included in; extent of. 
 
 Does release of damages for construction of 
 rxiroad in highway include damages 
 from elevation of grade. 10 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1202. 
 
 Effect of specification of particular claim to 
 limit import of general release. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1034. 
 
 Scope of release under policy indemnifying 
 insured against loss of time by sickness 
 or accident. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 211. 
 
 § 4. Effect. 
 
 On bail, see Bail and Recognizance, § 6. 
 
 As affecting right of action for death. 34 
 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 Of interest in estate by one receiving ad- 
 vancement; effect on right to share in 
 after-acquired property. 65 L.E.A. 578. 
 
 Release of principal after maturity of ob- 
 ligation as affecting guarantor. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 875. 
 
 Effect on prior surety of release of later 
 surety. 21 L.E.A. 252. 
 
 Of other security as affecting protection un- 
 der recording act of mortgage given 
 as security for antecedent indebtedness. 
 33L.R.A.(N.S.) 67. 
 
 Discharge of one primarily liable for loss 
 of insured property as affecting in- 
 sured's right of action against insurer. 
 29 L.E.A.(N.S.) 698. 
 
 EELEASE— cont'd 
 
 Rebuttal of presumption of acceptance of 
 assignment or deed of trust for credit- 
 ors by conditions imposing. 24 L.E.A. 
 375. 
 
 Of joint debtors, effect of. 5 L.E.A. 696.* 
 
 Effect of release of one joint tort feasor 
 on liability of the other. 58 L.E.A. 293. 
 
 § 5. As consideration. 
 Of promise to marry as consideration for 
 contract. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 656. 
 
 § 6. Validity; setting aside. 
 
 Effect of fraud on, see Featjd and DECEar, 
 
 § 17. 
 Effect of mistake, see Mistake, § 14. 
 
 Eight in action at law to attack release for 
 fraud. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 915. 
 
 Effect of misrepresentations or undue in- 
 fluence by physician to avoid release. 
 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 663. 
 
 Avoidance by infant of release of cause of 
 action eae delicto. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 690. 
 
 §7. — return of consideration. 
 
 Return or tender of consideration for re- 
 lease of claim for personal injuries 
 set aside on ground of fraud. 35 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 660. 
 Doctrine that return or tender is un- 
 necessary. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 661. 
 Doctrine that return or tender is nec- 
 essary. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 662. 
 In general. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 662. 
 As affected by nature of action. 
 
 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 662. 
 As affected by nature of fraud. 36 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 662. 
 When excused. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 663. 
 Time of tender. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 664. 
 Miscellaneous. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 665. 
 
 RELETTING. 
 
 Of leased premises, see Landlord and Ten- 
 ant, § 31. 
 
 KELEVANCY. 
 
 Of evidence, see Evidence, XII. 
 
 RELIANCE. 
 
 On fraudulent representations, see Fbaijd 
 AND Deceit, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 RELIEF. 
 
 Begin with this ioolc on every law question. 
 
 Injunctive relief, sec Injunction. 
 
 From judgment, see Judgment, §§ 87-97. 
 
RELIEF— cont'd 
 
 Of citizens, appropriations for. 14 L.R.A. 
 475. 
 
 Settlement by injured person as precluding 
 action for his death resulting from In- 
 jury. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 176. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 1196 
 
 RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION. 
 
 In schools, see Schools, § 37. 
 
 ■*—¥ 
 
 RELIEF ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Contract with servant as to option of in- 
 jured servant to accept benefits from 
 relief fund, see Master and Sekvant, 
 § 53. 
 
 Of railroad employees. 1 L.R.A. 75.* 
 Validity of contracts of. 1 L.R.A. 75.* 
 Liability for negligence of attendants fur- 
 nished by relief department tovpard 
 which employees contribute. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1167; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1207. 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 Devise or bequest for, see Charities. 
 
 Effect of religion of parent on right to 
 custody of child. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 610. 
 
 RELIGIOUS BELIEF. 
 
 As qualification of witness, see Witnesses, 
 § 12. 
 
 Religious belief as insane delusion. 37 
 L.R.A. 269. 
 
 Religious belief as excuse for failure to 
 furnish medical aid to child. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 633. 
 
 Validity of trust to propagate a particular 
 religious belief as a charity. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 320. 
 
 Effect of bequest with a condition as to re- 
 ligious belief. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 804. 
 
 RELIGIOUS BOOKS. 
 
 Admissibility of entries in, in evidence, see 
 Evidence, § 145. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 RELIGIOUS EXERCISES. 
 In public schools. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 860. 
 
 » « » 
 
 RELIGIOUS GARB. 
 
 At schools, see Schools, § 5. 
 
 Right to require or prohibit wearing of, in 
 college. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 337. ' 
 
 Consult also L.R.-i. Digests to dafe. 
 
 RteLIGIOUS MANIA. 
 
 As affecting testamentary capacity. 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 
 27 
 
 RELIGIOUS RIGHTS. 
 
 Religious belief as affecting competency of 
 witness. 42 L.R.A. 553; 23 L.R.A. (N. 
 S. ) 1023. 
 
 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1, 2. 
 II. Title to, or control of, property, 
 § 3. 
 III. Schism or division of, §§ 4, 5. 
 IV. Ministers and priests, §§ 6-9. 
 
 V. Trustees, §10. 
 VI. Membership in, §§ 11-13. 
 VII. Pew holders, § 14. 
 
 I. In general, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Bequest for, see Charities. 
 
 Specifying in will, use of devii* to, see 
 Wills, § 84. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 95. 
 
 Jurisdiction over, see Courts, § 12. 
 
 Tribunals of, see Ecclesiastioal Tribu- 
 nals. 
 
 Identity of, see Identity and Identifica- 
 tion, § 7. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 37. 
 
 Tax on, see Taxes, §§ 24-26. ■ 
 
 Police power over. 2 L.R.A. 110.* 
 Jurisdiction of courts. 13 L.R.A. 199.* 
 As trustee in charitable bequest. 14 L.RA, 
 (N.S.) 113. 
 
 § 2. Meetings of. 
 
 Disturbing meeting, see Disturbing Meet- 
 ing. 
 
 Use of public school building for religious 
 meetings. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 593. 
 
 //. Title to, or control of, property. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 In case of schism or division, see infra, §§ 4, 
 5. 
 
 Adverse possession by. 27 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 388. 
 
 By what law governed ; title of church prop- 
 erty; distinction between church and 
 corporation. 13 L.R.A. 198.* 
 
 Conveyance on condition that property 
 be used for church purposes. 19 L.R.A. 
 262. 
 
1196 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES, II.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of specifying use of real estate in de- 
 vise to. 11 L.R.A.{N.S.) 509. 
 
 Enjoining control, use of, or interference 
 with, church property. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 854. 
 
 Public policy as related to communistic life 
 or tenure of property. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 909. 
 
 Right of member of church to injunction 
 against unlawful sale by trustees. 2 
 ; L.R.A.(N.S.) 828. 
 
 III. Schism or division of. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Litigation growing out of schism or divi- 
 sion in religious society. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 692. 
 
 Basis of jurisdiction of civil court; dis- 
 tinction between jurisdiction of the 
 civil court, and the conclusiveness 
 of decision of ecclesiastical tribu- 
 nal. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 692. 
 
 Doctrine of Watson v. Jones, generally. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 694. 
 
 Independent or congregational soci- 
 ety, generally. 24 L.R. A. ( N.S. ) 
 695. 
 
 Societies belonging to an ecclesiasti- 
 cal system, generally. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 696. 
 
 Identity the criterion. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 696. 
 
 Limitations of, and exceptions to, gen- 
 eral principles. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 697. 
 
 Property subject to an express trust. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 700. 
 
 Conclusiveness of decision of ecclesias- 
 tical tribunal as to its own juris- 
 diction or powers. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 701. 
 
 Implied trusts; change of fundamental 
 religious doctrines or denomina- 
 tional or ecclesiastical connections. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 703. 
 
 Effect of incorporation of local religious 
 society. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 715. 
 
 Union or reunion of Cumberland 
 Church with Presbyterian Church 
 U. S. A. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 717; 30 
 L.R.A.(*r.S.) 666. 
 
 Schism in Presbyterian Church growing 
 out of "declaration and testimony." 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 720. 
 
 Schism in Church of the United Breth- 
 ren in Christ. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 721. 
 
 Schism in Evangelical Association of 
 North America. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 725. 
 
 Separation of Methodist Episcopal 
 Church South from the general 
 body 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 726. 
 
 Schisms in Society of Friends. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 727. 
 Effect of statute providing for use of 
 
 church property by both parties in case 
 
 of a schism or division in the society. 
 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729 
 
 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES, III.— cont'd 
 Right to preliminary injunction which 
 would have effect of transferring pos- 
 session of property from one faction to 
 another. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 
 § 5. PovFer of local church to with- 
 draw from general body. 
 
 Independent congregations. 32 L.R.A. 92. 
 Rights of majority and minority. 32 L.R.A 
 
 92. 
 Rule under particular statutes. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 94. 
 Property acquired under express trust or 
 
 for particular purpose. 32 L.R.A. 95. 
 Synodical relations. 32 L.R.A. 96. 
 Rule where governing body of denomination 
 
 changes its laws. 32 L.R.A. 97. 
 Immaterial change. 32 L.R.A. 98. 
 Withdrawal under laws of church. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 98. 
 Division of property. 32 L.RA. 98. 
 Effect of statutory permission. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 98. 
 Effect of unanimous action. 32 L.R.A. 98. 
 Rights of third persons. 32 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 IV. Ministers and priests. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Libel of, see Libel and Slandee, § 19. 
 
 Ministers as public officers. 17 'L.R.A. 245. 
 
 Right to remove minister summarily. 15 
 L.R.A. 96. 
 
 Character of occupation of premises by min- 
 isters. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 713, 721. 
 
 Injunctive relief affecting. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 854. 
 
 Oral promise by, to one conveying land to 
 him to hold in trust as giving rise to 
 constructive trust. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 924. 
 
 Going to another state, county, or district 
 to preach as effecting change of domicil 
 or residence. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 996. 
 
 Ignorance that parties to marriage are un- 
 der age as defense to prosecution for 
 officiating at the marriage. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 504. 
 
 Sending for, as evidencing sense of impend- 
 ing death at time of dying declarations. 
 56 L.R.A. 415; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 398. 
 
 § 7. Liability for salary of. 
 
 Generally. 38 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 Taxes, subscriptions, etc. 38 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 A contract for services is binding. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 687. 
 Interference with performance of duties. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 688. 
 Absence of contract. 38 L.R.A. 688. 
 Absence of incorporation 38 L.R.A. 689. 
 Dissolution of pastoral relation. 38 L.R.A, 
 
 689. 
 Entitled to compensation. 38 L.R.A. 689. 
 Individual liability. 38 L.R.A. 689. 
 Sale of property. 38 L.R.A. 689. 
 Accord and satisfaction. 38 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 Begin with this booU on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1197 
 
 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES, IV.— cont'd 
 § 8. Bequest for support of. 
 
 Bequest for support of. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 94. 
 Validity of general bequest for education 
 
 and support of ministry. 37 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 1004. 
 
 § 9. Review by civil coxirt of dismissal 
 or removal of priest or minister by 
 ecclesiastical tribunal. 
 
 Sec CouBTS, § 12. 
 
 V. Trustees. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Trusts in temporalities; authority of trus- 
 tees. 11 L.R.A. 214.* 
 
 Inkmctive relief affecting church trustees. 
 3 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 860. 
 
 E'-trinsic evidence to show who is liable on 
 note executed by trustees of. 20 L.R.A. 
 705. 
 
 P-^wer of court to order new election for 
 trustee of religious society because of 
 doubt as to result of original election. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 686. 
 
 Plight of member of church to injunction 
 against unlawful sale by trustees. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 828. 
 
 VI. Membership in. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Right of member to injunction against un- 
 lawful sale by trustees. 2 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 828. 
 
 Right of educational, charitable, or religious 
 institution to exclude person on account 
 of race or color. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 447. 
 
 Membership in a religious society or de- 
 nomination as disqualification to serve 
 as juror in a cause involving its rights. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 992. 
 
 Right of one member to maintain action for 
 libel or slander based on charges 
 against religious body. 23 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 730. 
 
 § 12. Liability for debts. 
 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 255. 
 
 Early rule te Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
 
 and Maine. 69 L.R.A, 255. 
 Incorporated societies. 69 L.R.A. 256. 
 Unincorporated societies. 69 L.R.A. 257. 
 
 § IS. Expulsion or excommunication 
 of members. 
 
 Civil power to review. 15 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 Conclusiveness of decision of ecclesiastical 
 tribunal. 49 L.R.A. 354. 
 
 Review by civil courts of expulsion of mem- 
 ber. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1154. 
 
 Power of civil court to compel restoration 
 of member expelled by. 36 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 946. 
 
 VII. Pew holders. 
 
 § 14. Riffhts of. 
 
 The nature of their right and title. 22 
 L.R.A. 206. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES, VII.— cont'd 
 
 English doctrine. 22 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 United States doctrine. 22 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 In Pennsylvania. 22 L.R.A. 210. 
 
 Conditions attached. 22 L.R.A. 211. 
 Rights of the parish or society. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 212. 
 Rights of the pew owner. 22 L.R.A. 213. 
 
 Compensation upon removal. 22 L.RA. 
 213. 
 
 Action for disturbance. 22 L.R.A. 214. 
 Free church. 22 L.R.A. 215. 
 Attachment. 22 L.R.A. 215. 
 Assessment and taxation. 22 L.R.A. 215. 
 Relief under the English law. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 217. 
 
 RELOCATION. 
 
 Of mining claim, see Mines, §§ 22, 23. 
 Of railroad, see Eailboads, § 23. 
 
 RELUCTANT WITNESS. 
 
 Power of court to examine. 57 L.R.A. 881. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 REMAINDERMEN. 
 
 Adverse possession by or against, see Ad- 
 verse Possession, § 9. 
 
 As to respective rights of life tenants and 
 remaindermen, see Life Tenants. 
 
 Right of remaindermen to maintain eject- 
 ment. 18 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 Rights of remaindermen on condemnation 
 of property. 21 L.R.A. 212. 
 
 Right to partition among remaindermen 
 pending life estate. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 125. 
 
 ♦«» 
 
 REMAINDERS. 
 
 Contingent interests, generally, see COSTIH- 
 
 GENT Interests. 
 In land, see Deeds, § 31; Lite Tenants; 
 
 Wills, §§ 81, 82, 91, 101, 102. 
 
 ♦<-• 
 
 REMAINS. 
 
 See Corpse. 
 
 « « » 
 
 REMARRIAGE. 
 
 After divorce, see Marriage, §§ 12, 16. 
 
1198 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 In general, see Specific Titles, e. g., Ac- 
 tion OB Sott; Equity; Injunction, 
 
 etc. 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, §§38-45. 
 Impairment of obligation of contract by 
 
 change of, see Constitutional Law, 
 
 §§ 35-37. 
 Election of, see Blecton of Rb:^edies. 
 For testing election, see Elections, § 28. 
 For fraud, see Fraud and Deceit, §§ 36- 
 
 41. 
 Against conveyance in fraud of creditors, 
 
 see Fraudulent Convetanoes, §§ 24- 
 
 26. 
 Of or against heirs, see Heirs, § 7. 
 On insurance policy, see Insurance, §§ 201- 
 
 206. 
 Against monopolies and combinations, see 
 
 Monopoly and Combinations, §§ 13, 
 
 14. 
 
 For relief from mistake of law as to effect 
 of instrument. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 894. 
 
 REMEDY AT LAW. 
 
 Exhaustion of, as condition precedent to 
 equitable remedies of creditors, see 
 Creditors' Bill, § 2. 
 
 Exhaustion of, as condition precedent to 
 judgment creditor's right to receiver- 
 ship, see Eecbivers, § 4. 
 
 Effect of, on equitable jurisdiction, see 
 Equity, § 3; Injunction, § 3. 
 
 -♦-•-•- 
 
 REMISSION. 
 
 Of fines of loan association. 35 L.B.A. 222. 
 
 ♦-»♦ 
 
 REMITTITUR. 
 
 Curing excessive verdict by, see New Trial, 
 S 14. 
 
 On appeal to prevent reversal. 26 L.R.A. 
 384. 
 
 REMONSTRANCE. 
 
 Against liquor license, see Intoxicating 
 
 Liquors, § 11. 
 Against public improvement, see Public 
 
 Improvements, § 3. 
 
 4gain8t establishment of drains and sewers. 
 
 60 L.R.A. 218. 
 Right to withdraw names from. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 372; 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1113 
 
 REMOTE GRANTEE. 
 
 Right of, to sue for breach of covenant 
 when covenantor had neither title nor 
 possession. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 514. 
 
 Will covenant of general warranty sustain 
 action by remote grantee evicted under 
 an encumbrance, where the deed also 
 contains covenants not running with 
 the land. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1094. 
 
 REMOVAL. 
 
 Of executor or administrator, see Execu- 
 tors and Administrators, § 8. 
 
 Of officers, see Municipal Corporations, 
 § 117; Officers, §§ 22-24. 
 
 Of cause, see Removal of Causes, 
 
 Of trustee, see Trusts, § 20. 
 
 REMOVAL OF CAUSES. 
 
 I. In general; right of, §§ 1, 2. 
 II. What suits removable; amount in 
 
 controversy, §§ 3, 4. 
 III. Grounds, §§ 6-10. 
 IT. Practice; procedure, §§ 11- IS. 
 V. Effect of removal; subsequent pro- 
 ceedings, §§ 16, 17. 
 TI. Removal of criminal causes, §§ 18, 
 19. 
 
 I. In general; right of. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 By appeal or proceedings in error, see Ap- 
 peal AND Error. 
 
 Removal of cause from state to Federal 
 
 court. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 392. 
 Whether case made for removal, as Federal 
 
 question. 62 L.R.A. 538. 
 Mandamus to compel removal of case to 
 
 Federal court or remanding of case to 
 
 state court. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 392. 
 
 § 2. Right of. 
 
 Right of plaintiff to remove cause. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 229.* 
 Effect of subsequent amendment to take 
 
 away right. 3 L.R.A. 546.* 
 
 //. What suits removable; amount in 
 controversy. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Nature of suits removable. 5 L.R.A. 476;* 
 
 - 11 L.R.A. 567.* 
 Proceedings in eminent domain removable. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 65.* 
 
 Suit to remove bridge across navigable river. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 541.* 
 
 Where state is a party. 3 L.R.A. 322.* 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question 
 
 § 4. Ancillary suits. 
 
 Ancillary suits not removable. 
 554. 
 
 3 L.E.A. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 11S9 
 
 REilOVAL OF CAUSES, II.— cont'd 
 § 5. Amount In controversy. 
 
 Right dependent on amount in dispute. 1 
 L.E.A. 65;* 9 L.R.A. 228:* 11 L.R.A. 
 568." 
 
 Amount in controversy, in case of set-ofiF. 
 1 L.RA. 67.* 
 
 ///. Grounds. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Removal of criminal cause for discrimina- 
 tion as to jurors. 55 L.R.A. 574. 
 
 Reliance upon Federal statute to defeat a 
 defense in an action otherwise main- 
 tainable at common law, as a ground 
 for removal of case to the Federal 
 court. 17 L.E.A. (N.S.) 861. 
 
 § 7. Citizenship. 
 
 On ground of citizenship. 1 L.R.A. 65,* 
 
 108;* 3 L.R.A. 545;* 9 L.R.A. 228;* 11 
 
 L.R.A. 567.* 
 Removal of cause to Federal court because 
 
 of diversity of citizenship. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 iN.S.) 57. 
 Necessitv that citizenship of parties be di- 
 
 vers'e. 3 L.R.A. 545.* 
 Suit against partners. 3 L.R.A. 504.* 
 When necessary coparties are citizens of 
 
 different states. 9 L.R.A. 229.* 
 Fraud in joining a resident as codefendant 
 
 with a nonresident defendant, for the 
 
 purpose of preventing a removal to the 
 
 Federal court on the ground of diverse 
 
 citizenship. 22 L.RA. (N.S.) 1235. 
 
 § 8. — corporations. 
 
 Right to remove cause. 1 L.R.A. 568.* 
 Suit against corporations. 1 L.R.A. 65.* 
 Suits removable by foreign corporation. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 65;* 11 L.R.A. 568.* 
 Effect of state legislation to prevent re- 
 moval by foreign corporation. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 572.* 
 Stipulation against, by foreign corporation. 
 
 24 L.R.A. 294. 
 Citizenship and residence of corporations. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 184. 
 Removal of cause by nonresident corporation 
 
 joined with resident employee. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 370, 375. 
 
 g 9. Separable controversy. 
 
 Removal of cause to Federal court because 
 of separable controversy. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 50. 
 Review of statutes. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 Act of 1866. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 50. 
 Act of 1867. 5 L.RA. (N.S.) 52. 
 Act of 1873. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 Act of 1875. 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 Acts of 1887 and 1888. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 54. 
 Scope and limitations of statutes. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 55. 
 In general. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 As to aliens. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 56. 
 As to states. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 56. 
 Afl to residence. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 57. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 REMOVAL OF CAUSES, III.— cont'd 
 
 As to citizenship. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 57. 
 What constitutes separable controversy. 
 
 5 L.E.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 The general rule. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 58. 
 
 Elements of separable contro- 
 versy. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 
 Actions on joint, or joint and 
 several, liability. 5 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62. 
 
 Joinder of causes of action. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 63. 
 How determined. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 64. 
 
 In general; the record. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 64. 
 
 The complaint. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 64. 
 
 The answer or other defensive 
 pleading. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 66. 
 
 The petition for removal. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 
 Proceedings subsequent to ap- 
 plication for removal. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68. 
 Effect of failure to serve, default, 
 
 or dismissal as to one party. 
 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68. 
 Application of general rules in particu- 
 lar actions. 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 69. 
 Actions relating to real estate. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 69. 
 
 Controversies concerning title, 
 interest, possession, etc. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 69. 
 
 Foreclosure of mortgages and 
 other liens. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 
 Condemnation proceedings. 5 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 75. 
 
 Local assessment proceedings. 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 77. 
 
 Partition, assignment of dow- 
 er, and other actions. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 77. 
 Actions relating to personal prop- 
 erty. 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 80. 
 Actions relating to estates of de- 
 ceased persons. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 81. 
 Actions relating to corporations. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 82. 
 
 Suits by stockholders and 
 creditors growing out of 
 ultra vires and other hos- 
 tile acts. 5 L.RA. (N.S.) 
 82. 
 
 Ownership and transfer of 
 stock. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 
 Insolvency and forfeiture of 
 franchises. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 86. 
 
 Statutory liability of stock- 
 holders. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 87. 
 
 Action by public corporation 
 to cancel judgments. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 87. 
 
1200 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 REMOVAL OF CAUSES, III.— cont'd 
 
 Actions relating to partnerships. 5 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 
 Actions relating to trusts and 
 
 trustees. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 
 Actions relating to insurance and 
 
 recovery of fire losses paid by 
 
 insurer. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 
 Creditors' bill and similar actions. 
 
 5 L.E.A.(N.S.) 89. 
 Taxpayers' actions. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 90. 
 Bill of interpleader. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 91. 
 Actions based upon joint, or joint 
 and several, liability. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 Actions ex contractu. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 91. 
 Actions in tort. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 92. 
 Actions on partnership liabil- 
 ity. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 Injunctions and mandamus. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 98. 
 
 8 10. Prejudice or local influence. 
 
 For prejudice or local influence. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 65;* 3 L.R.A. 545;* 9 L.R.A, 228;* 11 
 
 L.R.A. 567.* 
 Of criminal prosecution under U. S. Rev. 
 
 Stat. § 641. 53 L.R.A. 573. 
 
 IT. Practice; procedure. 
 
 S 11 ■ Generally. 
 
 Preservation of property pending proceed- 
 ings. 1 L.R.A. 66.* 
 
 Effect of amendment to take away right. 
 3 L.R.A. 546.* 
 
 When removal perfected. 1 L.R.A. 65,* 66.* 
 
 Practice and procedure in circuit court. 3 
 L.E.A. 545.* 
 
 § 12. Petition; affidavit. 
 
 Petitiofft -amrfavit. 1 L.R.A. 65 ; * 3 L.R.A. 
 
 546;* 9 L.R.A. 232;* 11 L.R.A. 567.* 
 Affidavit for removal. 3 L.R.A. 547.* 
 How affidavit taken and certified. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 648.» 
 By whom affidavit to be made. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 548.* 
 
 § 13. Place of application for removal. 
 
 Where application to be made. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 570.* 
 Application made to circuit court. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 231.* 
 
 8 14. Time. 
 
 Time within which application must be 
 made. 3 L.R.A. 545; 9 L.R.A. 230;* 
 11 L.R.A. 569.* 
 
 8 15. Bond. 
 
 Bond. 5 L.R.A. 476.* 
 
 Begin with this hoole on every law question. 
 
 I REMOVAL OF CAUSES— cont'd 
 I V. Effect of removal; subsequent pro- 
 ceedings. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Of criminal prosecution. 53 L.R.A. 576, 
 580. 
 
 Effect of transition from Federal court to 
 state court on running of limitations. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 295. 
 
 Revocation of license of foreign corporation 
 on account of removal of action to Fed- 
 eral court. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1019. 
 
 § 17. Subsequent proceedings. 
 
 Remanding cause. 3 L.R.A. 322.* 
 
 Right to appeal from order. 1 L.R.A. 
 67.* 
 
 Proceedings after removal; power of court 
 to protect rights. 1 L.R.A. 66.* 
 
 Power of state court to render judgment for 
 costs in case removed to Federal court 
 and not remanded. 30 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 1059. 
 
 Right of plaintiff, after removal of action 
 commenced in state court to the Federal 
 court, and its dismissal in the latter 
 court without prejudice, to commence a 
 new action in a state court upon the 
 same cause of action. 7 L.R.A. ( N.S. l 
 501; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1195. 
 
 Effect of pendency in Federal court of ac- 
 tion m personam removed from state 
 court upon right to commence a new 
 action upon the same cause in the 
 state court. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 969. 
 
 VI. Removal of criminal causes. 
 
 % 18. Generally. 
 
 Removal of criminal cause from one Feder- 
 al court into another. 53 L.R.A. 568. 
 
 Removal of criminal cause from territorial 
 into Federal courts. 53 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 § 19. Removal of criminal cause from 
 state to Federal court. 
 
 Power of Congress to authorize removals. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 571. 
 Removals under U. S. Rev. Stat. § 641, t» 
 
 protect Federal rights. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 572. 
 Terms of statute, generally. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 572. 
 Local prejudice. 53 L.R.A. 573. 
 Discrimination as to jurors. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 574. 
 Effect of removal. 53 L.R.A. 576. 
 Removals under U. S. Rev. Stat. § 643, of 
 
 causes against Federal officers. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 577. 
 Terms of statute, generally. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 577. 
 Commencement of prosecution. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 579. 
 Who entitled to removal. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 579. 
 Effect of removal. 53 L.R.A. 580. 
 Removals under act of (Congress of March 
 3, 1863. 53 L.R.A. 581. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1201 
 
 RENEWAL. 
 
 Of note, see Biixs and Notes, §§ 56, 57. 
 
 Of chattel mortgage, see Chattei, Mokt- 
 GAGE, § 22. 
 
 Of insviranee policy, see Instjbance, § 39. 
 
 Of lease, see Landlord and Tenant, §§ 20a, 
 25, 50. 
 
 Effect of void renewal on liability on orig- 
 inal contract, see Conteaots, § 72. 
 
 Extension of mortgage lien by renewal of 
 secured debt, see Mortgage, § 55. 
 
 As affecting liability of surety, see Princi- 
 pal and Surety, §§ 15, 16. 
 
 Of ferry license. 59 L.R.A. 535. 
 
 Validity and effect of stipulation in con- 
 tract to renew on terms to be agreed 
 upon. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 201. 
 
 Of obligations by incompetent person. 34 
 L.R.A. 274. 
 
 Extension of lien of mortgage by renewal of 
 secured debt. 55 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Effect on renewal of fire insurance policy of 
 circumstances invalidating original pol- 
 icy but which in the meantime have 
 ceased to exist. 1 B. R. C. 610. 
 
 Assignability of insurance agent's right to 
 commissions on renewal premiums. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 
 Termination of agency as affecting insur- 
 ance agent's right to commissions on. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 153. 
 
 RENTS. 
 
 Accounting for, by eotenant, see Cotenanct, 
 § 8. 
 
 In general, see Landlord and Tenant, §§ 
 77-93. 
 
 Guaranty or insurance of, see Insurance, 
 § 218. 
 
 For lease of mine, see Mines, III. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of parties to mort- 
 gage as to, see Mortgage, § 33. 
 
 Right to, on foreclosure, see Mortgage, 
 § 79a. 
 
 RENUNCIATION. 
 
 Of benefit under will, see Wills, §§ 110- 
 115. 
 
 Of corporations, see Corpobations, III. 
 
 RENTALS. 
 
 For, gas, payment of, see Gas, § 9. 
 
 Rent generally, see Landlord and Tenant, 
 
 V, 
 See also Rates. 
 
 Jiiglit to compel water company to furnish 
 general supply while municipality is 
 in default in paying hydrant rentals. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 196. 
 
 Power of municipality to exact fee or rental 
 for vaults or areaways in street. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 868. 
 
 Reasonableness of regulation of public serv- 
 ice corporation requiring payment of, 
 in advance. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 693; 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 
 Statutory lien on property of third person 
 for rental of personal property let to 
 contractor for use in work of a lien- 
 able nature. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585; 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 
 Discrimination by public service corpora- 
 tion by requiring payment of rental in 
 advance. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 
 Right to exact charge in addition to maxi- 
 mum rental fixed by public for delay 
 inpayment. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 329. 
 
 REPAIRS. 
 
 RENT INSURANCE. 
 
 See Insurance, § 218. 
 
 C'onnuU «Jso r.K.A. Digeffts tn date. 
 
 Of bridge, see Bridges, § 3. 
 
 Cotenant's liability for, see Cotenancy, § 9. 
 
 Duty of railroad company as to repairs in 
 
 highway, see Highways, § 48. 
 Option of insurance company to make, see 
 
 Insurance, § 174. 
 Covenant as to, see Lanplord and Tenant, 
 
 §§ 17, 17a, 71. 
 Duty and liability of landlord as to, see 
 
 Landlord and Tenant, IV. d. 
 Tenant's duty as to, see Landlord and Ten- 
 ant, § 57. 
 Lien for, see Liens, § 11. 
 Master's duty as to making, see Master and 
 
 Servant, § 80. 
 Effect of master's promise to repair, see 
 
 Master and Servant, §§ 119, 120, 130. 
 Imputing to master, coservants' neglect of 
 
 duty as to repairs, see Master and 
 
 Servant, § 161. 
 Provisions in paving contract for keeping in 
 
 repair, see Public Improvements, §§ 8, 
 
 9. 
 
 Of levees, 58 L.R.A. 759. 
 
 Of drainage ditch. 69 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 Maritime lien for. 70 L.R.A. 391, 439. 
 
 Right of life tenant to timber for. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 765. 
 
 Right of water company to require ciistomer 
 to keep service pipe in repair. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 229. 
 
 When separate property of married woman 
 is chargeable with costs of. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 307. 
 
 Duty of street railway as to repairs of de- 
 fects in track or street. 52 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Right of one leaving chaittels in a,nother's 
 possession for repairs to claim title 
 against latter's vendees or creditors. 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 796. 
 76 
 
1202 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 REPAIRS— cont'd 
 
 Duty of gas company as to repair of lines to 
 prevent escape or explosion of gas. 32 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 814. 
 
 Effect of, to extend time for filing mechan- 
 ics' lien. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 908. 
 
 REPAIR SHOP. 
 
 Presumption of statutory authority of rail- 
 road to commit nuisance by maintain- 
 ing. 70 L.R.A. 589. 
 
 REPAYING. 
 
 Liability of street railway for. 46 L.R.A. 
 197. 
 
 REPEAL. 
 
 Of corporate charter, see Coepobations, 
 
 § 19. 
 Of ordinance, see Municipal Cobpobations, 
 
 § 22. 
 Of statute, see Statutes, §§ 31-35. 
 
 REPEATED MESSAGE. 
 
 See also Ukbepeated Message. 
 
 Applicability of stipulation as to repeated 
 messages to telegraph messages to fail- 
 ure or delay in transmission or deli/- 
 ery. 28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 566. 
 
 REPEATED TRESPASSES. 
 
 Injunction against. 13 L.E.A.(N.S.) 173; 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 417. 
 
 REPETITION. 
 
 Of privileged statement as evidence of mal- 
 ice. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1109. 
 
 REPLEVIN. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1, 3. 
 II. Right of action and recovery, §§ 
 3-10. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 3-B. 
 
 b. For what, §§ 6-10. 
 III. Procedure, §§ 11-16. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Action of trover, see Tboveb, 
 
 Begin with this boo7c on every Unv qiiestion. 
 
 REPLEVIN, I.— cont'd 
 A possessory action. 11 L.R.A. 172.* 
 First and last days in computing time on. 
 49 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 § 2. Duty to preserve and return prop- 
 erty replevied. 
 
 Loss or destruction of the property. 69 
 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Emancipation of slaves. 69 L.R.A. 286. 
 Depreciation of the property. 69 L.R.A. 
 
 286. 
 
 II, Right of action and recovery, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Shipper's right to maintain replevin for 
 goods shipped for less rate than that 
 fixed by interstate commerce act. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 354. 
 
 Seller's mistake as to identity of vendee as 
 affecting the passing of the title to the 
 goods sold. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 413. 
 
 Bringing action for purchase price as waiver 
 of right in conditional sale to recover 
 property in specie. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 144. 
 
 Right of one who intends to make an il- 
 legal use of property to invoke aid of 
 court for recovery from one who has 
 wrongfully taken the same. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1093. 
 
 § 4. Conditions precedent. 
 
 Necessity of returning consideration be- 
 fore bringing replevin for property 
 Obtained by fraudulent purchase. 
 21 L.R.A. 206; 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 474. 
 
 Consideration must have value. 21 
 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 Worthless notes must be returned. 21 
 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 When title not parted with. 21 L.R.A. 
 208. 
 
 Where restoration impossible. 21 
 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 Third person cannot raise objection. 
 21 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 Where vendee has made a profit from 
 the use of the article purchased. 
 21 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 The introduction of equitable princi- 
 ples. 21 L.R.A. 209. 
 Right of conditional seller to replevin prop- 
 erty without returning or offering to 
 
 return purchase money. 38 Ii.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 897. 
 
 S 5. Where defendant not In posses- 
 sion. 
 
 Right to maintain action to recover prop- 
 erty in specie against one not in 
 possession. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1265. 
 
 General rule in replevin. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1266. 
 
 Where defendant has parted with the 
 property in good faith. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1268. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOlliS. 
 
 1203 
 
 REPLEVIN, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Where defendant cannot restore the 
 identical property, although it is 
 in his possession. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1268. 
 
 Where defendant has parted with the 
 property in bad faith. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1269. 
 
 Where the property has been taken 
 from defendant by process of law. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1271. 
 
 Where property is under tlje control of 
 defendant, though not in his man- 
 ual possession. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1271. 
 
 Where defendant has made an assign- 
 ment for the benefit of his cred- 
 itors. 18 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1272. 
 
 Where defendant is an officer executing 
 writ, and has parted with the 
 property in good faith. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1272. 
 
 Where only a formal paper levy was 
 made. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1273. 
 
 Where defendant has restored property 
 on forthcoming bond. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1273. 
 
 Action against creditor while property 
 is in hands of levying officer. 18 
 1274. 
 
 Where the statute provides for the al- 
 ternative recovery. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1275. 
 
 Detinue at common law. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1275. 
 
 Burden of proof in detinue. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1276. 
 
 h. For what. 
 
 t 6. Generally. 
 
 For dogs. 40 L.R.A. 507. 
 
 For intoxicating liquors. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1118. 
 
 For timber cut but not removed before ex- 
 piration of time limit. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 547. 
 
 To recover the produce of trees unlawfully 
 cut from land. 19 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 For deed of real property. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 507. 
 
 For promissory note. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 138. 
 
 Right to maintain trover to recover pos- 
 session of paid bill or note. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1043. 
 
 S 7. Undivided interest in personalty. 
 
 General rule. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 267. 
 
 Exception as to divisible property of uni- 
 form kind, quality, and value. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 269. 
 
 Commingled goods. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 270. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 270. 
 Plaintiff's fault. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 270. 
 Defendant's fault. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 270. 
 No fault. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 271. 
 
 g 8. Things severed from land. 
 
 Right be maintain, by or against one in 
 adverse possession of land, for 
 things severed. 69 L.R.A. 732. 
 Consitlt also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 REPLEVIN, II. b— cont'd 
 
 The general rule. 69 L.R.A. 732. 
 , In general. 69 L.R.A. 732. 
 
 Reason of the rule. 69 L.R.A. 732. 
 Nature of the adverse possession. 69 
 L.R.A. 734. 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 734. 
 Incidental trial of title. 69 L.R.A. 
 735. 
 Replevin of jrucius industriales. 69 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 § 9. Property in custody of law. 
 
 For property in legal custody. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 408.* 
 For property taken by levy under void or 
 
 voidable judgment. 55 L.R.A. 280. 
 
 § 10. — property already replevined. 
 
 Right of one from whom property has been 
 taken in replevin to maintain simi- 
 lar action for its recovery. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 216. 
 The general rule as to property subject 
 to replevin. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 216. 
 Previous taking from plaintiff, or per- 
 sons in privity with him. 8 
 L.R.A. 216. 
 From plaintiff personally. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 216. 
 From person in privity with plain- 
 tiff. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 218. 
 Previous taking from stranger in inter- 
 est. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 219. 
 Property in the custody of the law. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 220. 
 General rules. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 220. 
 Application when property was 
 taken from third person. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 221. 
 Exception where officer acts with- 
 out authority. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 223. 
 Effect of surrender of property by 
 officer to a party. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 223. 
 Determination in first action as a bar. 
 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 224. 
 Relief, how obtained. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 225. 
 Right of one not a party to original replevin 
 action to recover property seized under 
 process in that action. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 495. 
 
 III. Procedure. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Measure of recovery in, see Damages, § 69. 
 
 Effect of admission to change burden of 
 proof and right to open and close. 61 
 L.R.A. 539, 546. 
 
 Right to accept favorable part of judgment 
 and appeal from the rest.. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 14. 
 
 Who is real party in interest, who must 
 bring action in replevin. 64 L.R.A. 
 606. 
 
 Whether action to be brought against ex- 
 ecutor or administrator in personal or 
 representative capacity. 51 L.R.A. 266. 
 
1204 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 REPLEVIN, III— cont'd 
 § 12. Bond. 
 
 Measure of recovery on, see Damages, § 28. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 100. 
 
 Condition that replevin bond shall not take 
 effect until signed by others. 45 L.K.A. 
 334. 
 
 Effect of delivery of bond unsigned by prin- 
 cipal obligor. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1118. 
 
 Replevy bond as precluding defendant in at- 
 tachment suit from attacking the 
 ground of attachment. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 406. 
 
 Form of judgment on replevin bond. 62 
 L.R.A. 453. 
 
 Effect upon surety on replevin bond of 
 judgment against principal. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 744. 
 
 § 13. — defects or Irregularities In, as 
 defense to action on bond which 
 has served its purpose. 
 
 Enforceable as a common-law bond. 29 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 747. 
 Amount of the bond. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 748. 
 Defect in condition of bond. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 748. 
 Omission of name. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 749. 
 Irregularities in execution of bond. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 749. 
 
 Effect of principal's signing, or omis- 
 sion to sign, bond. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 750. 
 
 Unauthorized signature. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 750. 
 
 Number of sureties. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 750. 
 Signing or delivering on Sunday. 29 L.fl.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 750. 
 Delivery. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 751. 
 Acceptance and approval. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 751. 
 Filing. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 751. 
 Failure of sureties to justify. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 751. 
 Clerical errors. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 751. 
 Officer's assignment. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 Alteration of bond. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 Filing additional bond as release of sure- 
 ties on original undertaking. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 752. 
 Effect of disability of one of the makers. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 752. 
 
 § 14. Defenses. 
 
 To action on bond, see supra, § 13. 
 
 Availability of breach of warranty as de- 
 fense in replevin or claim and delivery 
 where not specially pleaded. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 473. 
 
 g 15. Judgment, verdict. 
 
 What matters concluded by judgment, see 
 JtlDGMENT, § 36. 
 
 Judgment against plaintiff in replevin of 
 logs involving bqundary as establishing 
 boundary claimed by defendant. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1020. 
 
 Requisites of special verdict in action of. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 18. 
 
 REPLEVIN, III.— cont'd 
 
 § 16. Set-off; recoupment. 
 
 Set-off in case of. 11 L.R.A. 257.* 
 Right of one garnished in respect of prop- 
 erty wrongfully taken from debt to set 
 off his own claim against latter. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1185. 
 Right in replevin to recoup damages grow- 
 ing out of same transaction. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 748. 
 
 REPLY. 
 
 See also Pleading, § 40, 
 
 Necessity of proof of genuineness of reply 
 letter. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229. 
 
 REPORT. 
 
 Contempt in publishing inaccurate report 
 
 of court decision, see Contempt, §§ 6, 
 
 7. 
 Liability of corporate officers for failure to 
 
 file, see Coepoeations, § 56. 
 Admissibility in evidence, see Evidence, § 
 
 130. 
 Privileged nature of, see Libel and Slan- 
 
 DEE, §§ 24-27. 
 Of referee, see Rbfeebnoe, § 3. 
 
 Collateral attack for fraud not affecting 
 jurisdiction oa judgments and orders 
 confirming. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 982. 
 
 Liability of corporate officer who fails to 
 file report required by statute to surety 
 or guarantor of corporate property. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 865. 
 
 False statements in reports required by 
 statute to be made by public officer as 
 basis of action by individuals at com- 
 mon law for deceit against corporate 
 officers or directors personally. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 872. 
 
 « « » 
 
 REPORTER. 
 
 See Newspapebs. 
 
 ♦ t» 
 
 REPRESENTATION. 
 
 As fraud, see-FsAUD and Deceit. 
 By insured, see Insubance, V. h. 
 
 Of persons not in being. 8 L.RA. (N.S.) 
 51. ' 
 
 Taxation without. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 
 Power of corporate president and vice presi- 
 dent as to. 14 L.R.A. 359. 
 
 REPRODUCTIONS. 
 
 Begin wifli this hook on every Ittw question. 
 
 As infringement of common law rights in 
 literary productions. 51 L.R.A. 379. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1205 
 
 REPUBLilOAN FORM OF GOVERN- 
 MENT. 
 
 Commission form of government as viola- 
 tion of guarantee' of. 41 L.K.A.(N.S.) 
 112. 
 
 REPUDIATION. 
 
 Of agreement to turn state's evidence. 18 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 823. 
 
 * « » 
 
 REPUGNANCY. 
 
 In provisions of will, see Wills, §§ 63, 78. 
 
 • » » 
 
 REPURCHASE. 
 
 See also Resale. 
 
 Validity of contract by vendor to repur- 
 chase vendee's interest after latter's 
 default. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 544. 
 
 Agreement by corporation at time of sale 
 to repurchase its own shares of stock. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 53. 
 
 REPUTATION. 
 
 As to character, see Chabacteb. 
 
 Evidence as to, see Evidence, §§ 249-253. 
 
 Of deceased as affecting homicide, see Homi- 
 cide, § 3. 
 
 Actionability of statement as to servant's 
 reputation, see Libel and Slandbb, 
 §§ 20, 27. 
 
 Competency of witness as to, see Witnesses, 
 § 25. 
 
 Of indorser as putting purchaser of nego- 
 tiable paper on inquiry. 29 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 373. 
 
 Truth as defense to civil action for libel 
 or slander Injurious to. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 143. 
 
 Extent of trespasser's liability for injury to. 
 53 L.E.A. 634. 
 
 Certificate of, to servant; rights and lia- 
 bilities as to. 4 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1091. 
 
 Liability growing out of repetition of in- 
 formation affecting character of reputa- 
 tion of servant. 4 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1114. 
 
 REPUTED FATHER. 
 
 REQUEST. 
 
 As condition precedent to bringing of suit, 
 see Action or Suit, § 9. 
 
 Of party for arbitration of insurance loss. 
 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1065. 
 For goods as subject of forgery. 32 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 327. 
 
 RESALE. 
 
 Tor purpose of fixing damages from pur- 
 chaser's refusal to accept goods, see 
 Damages, § 35a. 
 
 Control over, as element of monopoly, see 
 Monopoly and Combinations, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 See also EEPtrBCHASE. 
 
 Purchaser's right on rejecting goods for 
 breach of warranty to resell them on 
 seller's account. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 932. 
 
 VaUdity of contract provision seeking to 
 control prices at which articles shall 
 be resold. 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 395. 
 
 RESCISSION. 
 
 For breach of condition subsequent, see Con- 
 ditions, § 13. 
 
 Of contract, generally, see Conteacts, §§ 
 149-156. 
 
 Of deed, see Deeds, § 33. 
 
 Of contract of employment, see Masteb 
 AND Sebvant, § 38. 
 
 Of contract for sale of personalty, see Sale, 
 §§ 62-70. 
 
 Of contract for sale of land, see Vendob 
 
 AND PUBCHASEB, §§ 22-25. 
 
 See also Cancelation of Instkuments, §§ 
 22-25. 
 
 RESCUE. 
 
 Homicide to prevent. 67 L.R.A. 302. 
 
 Eight of one going on railroad crossing to 
 rescue property to recover for injury. 
 28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 346. 
 
 Voluntarily incurring danger to save an- 
 other's life as contributory negligence. 
 27 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1069. 
 
 Care required of one attempting to rescue 
 another in sudden emergency. 37 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 46. 
 
 RESEMBLANCE. 
 
 As evidence of relationship, see Evidence, 
 § 154. 
 
 r 
 
 RESENTENCE. 
 
 Right to custody or control of illegitimate I Of person convicted of crime, see Cbiminal 
 child. 65 L.E.A. 689. ' Law, § 76. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A.. Digests to date. 
 
1206 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 RESERVATION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 In deeds, see Deeds, §§ 24-27. 
 
 Creation of easement by, see Easements, 
 
 § 8. 
 Of rights against others by releasing one 
 
 joint debtor, see Joint Ceeditors and 
 
 Debtors, § 9. 
 
 Of title in bailment for sale. 22 L.R.A. 
 850. 
 
 Knowledge or notice of, sufficient to put 
 purchaser from fraudulent vendor on 
 inquiry. 32 L.E.A. 56. 
 
 Of right to dam back water of stream. 59 
 L.R.A. 830. 
 
 Transfer of purchase money obligation as 
 affecting reservation of title on con- 
 ditional sale. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 71. 
 
 Reservation of right of re-entry as affecting 
 character of instrument as assignment 
 or sublease. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 
 § 2. Of public land. 
 
 Indian reservation, see Indian Eesebvation. 
 Military reservation, see Militaey Reser- 
 vation. 
 Naval reservation, see Naval Reservation. 
 Forest reservation, see Public Lands, § 6. 
 
 Gutting of timber on. 70 L.R.A. 909. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 RESERVE. 
 
 Effect of statute providing for application 
 of reserve to purchase of extended or 
 paid up insurance. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1046. 
 
 RESERVE FUND. 
 
 Taxation of, as part of capital stock of 
 corporation. 58 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 Effect of provision that deficiency in assess- 
 ment may be paid from. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 264. 
 
 RESERVOIR. 
 
 Passing of storage reservoir to grantee of 
 mill. 58 L.R.A. 490. 
 
 Liability for withdrawing water from. 62 
 L.R.A. 579. 
 
 Liability for escape of water from. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 535. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as ap- 
 plied to. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1143. 
 
 Right to consider value of property as part 
 of natural water power in fixing com- 
 pensation for taking land for. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 912. 
 
 RES GEST^. 
 
 See Evidence, XI. 
 
 RESHIPMENT. 
 
 Right of stoppage in transitu after reship- 
 ment. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3L 
 
 RESIDENCE. 
 
 See DoMiciL and Residence. 
 
 RESIDENT COUNSEL. 
 
 Attorney's implied power to employ. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 707. 
 
 23 
 
 RESIDUARY LEGATEE. 
 
 Right of, to gift failing for remoteness. 20 
 L.E.A. 517. 
 
 RESIGNATION. 
 
 Of personal representative, see ExECOTOBS 
 
 AND Administrators, § 8. 
 Of officer, see Officers, § 19. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 RES IPSA liOQUITIIR. 
 
 See Evidence, III. g. 
 « ■ » 
 
 RESISTANCE. 
 
 Of arrest, see Aekest, §§ 7, 8. 
 Of trespass, see Trespass, § 3. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 RESISTING ARREST. 
 
 See Aeeest, §§ 7, 8. 
 
 « «» 
 
 RESISTING OFFICER. 
 
 See Aerest, §§ 7, 8. 
 
 RES JUDICATA. 
 
 See Judgment, III. 
 
 RESOLUTION. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 Distinguished from statute. 2 L.R.A. 612; 
 4 L.R.A. 65.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1207 
 
 RESOLUTION— cont'd 
 
 Distinguished from ordinance. 14 L.R.A. 
 268. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 passing and taking effect of. 49 L.R.A. 
 243. 
 
 Effect of resolution of city to pay judgment 
 against it to excuse creditor's failure 
 to issue execution or revive judgment 
 during statutory period. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 855. 
 
 Effect of resolution by corporate directors 
 to complete a, contract. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 293. 
 
 Retroactive effect of resolution of mutual 
 insurance company changing period 
 during which policy may be contested 
 for suicide. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 504. 
 
 RESPONDEAT SUPERIOR. 
 
 In general, see Master and Servant, IV. 
 
 Doctrine of, generally. 1 L.R.A. 607.* 
 Application of doctrine to municipal cor- 
 porations. 1 L.R.A. 608.* 
 Application of doctrine to charitable insti- 
 tutions. 1 L.R.A. 608.* 
 
 RESPONDENTIA. 
 
 Bonds of, as giving maritime lien. 70 L.E.A. 
 429. 
 
 RESTAURANT. 
 
 8 1. Generally. 
 
 Municipal control over, see Municipal Cob- 
 
 POEATIONS, § 47. 
 
 'Use of railroad right of way for purposes 
 of, as against owner of fee. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 518. 
 
 § 2. Liability of lieeper of. 
 
 Liability for serving unfit food. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 480. 
 
 Liability of keeper of, for assault by his 
 servant upon a patron. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1155. 
 
 Liability of restaurant keeper to customer 
 for injury by act of servant in 
 emergency. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 464. 
 
 Proprietor of hotel conducted on European 
 plan as keeper of, within license stat- 
 ute or ordinance. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 566. 
 
 Berving liquor with meals by proprietor of 
 hotel or restaurant as a sale thereof. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 943. 
 
 RESTITUTION. 
 
 Ob reversal, see Appeal and Ebboe, § 44a. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 RESTORATION. 
 
 As prerequisite to rescission of contract, 
 
 see Contracts, § 156. 
 On disaffirmance of infant's contract, see 
 
 Infants, § 23. 
 To office, see OmoERS, § 26. 
 
 Restoration of right to vote by service of 
 sentence upon conviction for crime. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 418. 
 
 RESTRAINT OF TRADE. 
 
 Contracts in restraint of trade, see Con- 
 tracts, §§ 107-109, 117, 118; Monop- 
 oly and Combinations. 
 
 Breach of contract not to engage in rival 
 business, see Contracts, § 131c. 
 
 RESTRAINT ON ALIENATION. 
 
 In will, see Wills, §§ 78, 87. 
 See also Perpetuities. 
 
 < » » 
 
 RESTRAINT ON MARRIAGE. 
 
 See Marbiaqe, § 3. 
 
 «-•-* . 
 
 RESTRICTIONS. 
 
 Restrictive covenants, see Covenants, §§ 
 5-7, 21-25. 
 
 On use of dedicated property, see Dedi- 
 cation, § 3. 
 
 On purchaser of patent, or patented article, 
 see Patents, §§ 12, 13. 
 
 On right of railroads to combine, see Rail- 
 roads, § 10. 
 
 On sale or use of property as affecting pur- 
 chaser, see Sale, § 43. 
 
 On power of corporation or association to 
 take under will, see Wills, §§ 72, 73. 
 
 In will, see Wills, §§ 83-90. 
 
 Right of purchaser of personalty to sell or 
 use it free from restrictions affecting 
 it in hands of vendor. 55 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 Validity of restriction in deed as to use of 
 property inserted for purpose of secur- 
 ing a monopoly to the grantor. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 910. 
 
 Right of manager to impose restrictions on 
 admission to theater. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1188. 
 
 Offense of keeping gaming house as affected 
 by restrictions on admission. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. 
 
 RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS. 
 
 See Covenants, §§ 5-7, 21-26. 
 
1208 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 RESULTING TRUSTS. 
 
 See Tbusts, § 13. 
 
 * • » 
 RETAIL. 
 
 What constitutes sale of liquor at, see In- 
 
 TOXICATINQ LiQXJOBS, § 21. 
 
 Right to fix retail price of hook as inci- 
 dent of copyright. 15 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 767. 
 
 -*-»-¥- 
 
 RETAINER. 
 
 Of attorney, see Attoenet, § 7. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 RETAINING WALIi. 
 
 C!o8t of, as element of damages for removal 
 of lateral support. 68 L.R.A. 700. 
 
 RETAKING. 
 
 Seller's right to retake property, see Sale, 
 §§ 44, 50. 
 
 RETALIATION. 
 
 Disproportionate retaliation as affecting 
 degree of homicide in heat of passion. 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 822. 
 
 RETALIATION LAWS. 
 
 In respect to corporate taxation. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 360. 
 Imposing restrictions on business of foreign 
 
 insurance companies. 24 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 «-•-» 
 
 RETENTION. 
 
 Of witnesses, see Witnesses, § 3. 
 ♦ »» 
 RETENTION OF POSSESSION. 
 
 Presumption of fraud towards creditors 
 
 from, see Evidence, § 49. 
 Effect of, on validity of conveyance as 
 
 against creditors, see Fbaudtixent 
 
 CONVBTANCES, §§ 19, 20. 
 
 Begin vvith this booh on evei"U law question. 
 
 RETRACTION. 
 
 Su£Sciency of, to reduce damages in libel as 
 a question for court or for jury. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 796. 
 
 RETRAXIT. 
 
 Right of attorney to enter retraxit. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1313. 
 
 25 
 
 RETREAT. 
 
 Necessity of, before committing homicide, 
 see Homicide, § 29. 
 
 RETROSPECTIVE BY-LAW. 
 
 Validity of retrospective by-law of benefit 
 society or insurance company, see In- 
 sueance, § 47. 
 
 RETROSPECTIVE STATUTES. 
 
 In general, see Constitutional Law, §§ 8- 
 10; Statutes, § 28. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for violation of a 
 statute after a judicial ruling that it 
 was unconstitutional and before that 
 ruling had been changed. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 788. 
 
 RETURN. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 To execution, see Execution, § 10. 
 Of process generally, see Weit and Peoc- 
 ess, § 41. 
 
 Necessity of, to protect officer making ar- 
 rest. 51 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 § 2. Of money or goods. 
 
 Of insurance premium, see Insubance, §5 
 116-118. 
 
 Recovery back of money paid, see Assump- 
 sit, §§ 2-10. 
 
 Of purchase price, see Judicial Sale, § 15 ; 
 Puechase Monet, § 4. 
 
 Of consideration on setting aside release, 
 see Release, § 7. 
 
 Necessity of, on breach of warranty, see 
 Sale, § 57. 
 
 Of consideration as prerequisite to rescis- 
 sion of contract of sale, see Sale, § 64. 
 
 Necessity for, as condition of judgment 
 
 creditor's right to receivership. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 546. 
 Liability of auctioneer or clerk of auction 
 
 for return of money. 35 LR.A. (N.S.) 
 
 481. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1209 
 
 RETURN— cont'd 
 
 Construction of provision for return of 
 goods sold in case of rescission for 
 breach of warranty. 32 L.R.A, (N.S.) 
 
 212. 
 
 RETURN DAY. 
 
 Amendment of claim or pleading by chang- 
 ing return day as discharge of sureties 
 on bonds given to dissolve attachments 
 or on bail bonds in civil actions. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 490. 
 
 REVALUATION. 
 
 Of homestead, see Homestead, § 21. 
 
 REVENUE. 
 
 InteTBal revenue, see Internal Reventib. 
 
 What are acts for raising revenue which 
 
 must originate in lovrer branch of 
 
 legislature. 35 L.R.A. 188. 
 Conclusiveness of enrolled bill for raising. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 Execution of revenue bond on condition 
 
 that others shall sign. 45 L.R.A. 335. 
 
 <« » 
 
 REVENUE STAMP. 
 See InTEBKAL REVENtTE, § 2. 
 
 *-*-* 
 
 REVERSAL. 
 
 Grounds for, see Appeal and Ebbob, §§ 35- 
 40. 
 
 » « » 
 
 REVERSIBLE ERROR. 
 
 See Appeal and Ebeob, §§ 35-40. 
 
 ♦-»> 
 
 REVERSION. 
 
 Of property dedicated, see Dedication, § 9. 
 Under provisions of deed, see Deeds, § 35. 
 Of street, see Highways, § 112. 
 
 Reversionary interests as subject of attach- 
 ment or levy on execution. 23 L.R.A. 
 643; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 118. 
 
 Are "heirs" who take under the possibility 
 of reverter determined as of the time 
 of the ancestor's death, or as of the 
 time of the termination of the fee. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 
 Possibility of reverter on dedication of land 
 in which third persons have an inter- 
 est. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1026. 
 Consult also L.R.A.. Digests to date. 
 
 REVERSION— cont'd 
 
 Effect on estates in reversion of tax sale 
 
 during existence of life estate. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 REVERSIONERS. 
 
 Adverse possession by or against, see Ad- 
 verse Possession, § 9. 
 
 Rights of, in eminent domain proceedings, 
 see Eminent Domain, § 37. 
 
 Liability of reversioner for injury to ten- 
 ant's guests and servants from defects 
 in premises. 34 L.R.A. 611; 46 L.R.A. 
 85. 
 
 Rights of, in case of injury by escape and 
 explosion of gas. 29 L.R.A. 359. 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 By appeal or error, see Appeal and Ereob. 
 
 By certiorari, see Oeetiobabi. 
 
 As to new trial, generally, se* New Trial. 
 
 Writ of prohibition not to serve purpose of 
 writ of review. 9 L.R.A. 59.* 
 
 First and last days in computing time for. 
 49 L.R.A. 226. 
 
 Supplemental bill in nature of bill to re- 
 view interlocutory decree. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1029. 
 
 § 2. Right to maintain bill of, as de- 
 pendent on interest. 
 
 Who cannot file bill of review. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 385. 
 Bill in nature of bill of review. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 385. 
 Original bill. 36 L.R.A. 386. 
 Who may maintain bill of review. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 386. 
 Must be injured. 36 L.R.A. 386. 
 Reversal must benefit. 36 L.R.A. 387. 
 Must show interest. 36 L.R.A. 388. 
 Statutes. 36 L.R.A. 389. 
 
 § 3. For newly discovered evidence. 
 
 In general. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 865; 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1030. 
 Purpose of bill. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1031. 
 Necessity of leave to file. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1031. 
 Leave as a matter of discretion. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1031. 
 Petition for leave. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1033. 
 Nature of new evidence. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1034. 
 Materiality and weight. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1034. 
 Parol testimony. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1035. 
 Whether new evidence must relate to 
 matter controverted on the origi- 
 nal hearing. 30L.R.A.(N.S.) 1036. 
 Evidence impeaching witnesses. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1037. 
 Time of discovery. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1038. 
 Diligence in discovery of evidence. 30 
 L.R.A„(N.S.) 1039. 
 
1210 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 REVIEW— cont'd 
 
 Matters of record. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1042. 
 ' When question may be raised. 30 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1042. 
 
 REVISORY LAWS. 
 
 Title of, see Statutes, § 14; 
 *-»-*■ 
 
 REVIVAL. 
 
 Of action, see Abatement and Revival, § 8. 
 Of debt released by discharge in bank- 
 ruptcy, see Bankeuptct, § 36. 
 Of judgment, see Jttdgment, §§ 79, 80. 
 Of mortgage, see Moetqage, §§ 59, 60. 
 Revival of will, see Wills, §§ 43, 44. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to revival of policy. 63 
 L.R.A. 846. 
 
 REVOCATION. 
 
 Of submission to arbitration, see Abbitra- 
 
 TION, § 3. 
 Of foreign corporation's license, see CoEPO- 
 
 EATIONS, § 141. 
 Of deed, see Deeds, § 34. 
 Of letters of administration or probate, see 
 
 Executors and Administbaxobs, §§ 
 
 §§ 9, 16. 
 Of gift, see Gift, § 16. 
 Of license generally, see License, §§ 10, 11, 
 
 17, 18. 
 Of liquor license, see Intoxicatinq 
 
 LiQUOBS, § 15. 
 
 Of physician's license, see Physicians 
 
 AND SUEGEONS, § 10. 
 
 Of teacher's license, see Schools, § 14. 
 
 Of power of sale under mortgage, see Mort- 
 gage, § 76. 
 
 Of agency, see Peincipal and Agent, §§ 
 6, 7, 9, 10. 
 
 Of trust, see Teusts, § 17. 
 
 Of will, see Wills, §§ 34-42. 
 
 Of probate, see Wills, § 55. 
 
 Of appointment of agent on whom process 
 may be served, see Writ and Peocess, 
 § 29. 
 
 Of contract for transfer of parental re- 
 sponsibility or authority. 27 L.R.A. 
 58; 42 L.E:A. 1016. 
 
 Of proxy to vote corporate stock. 29 
 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Of conveyance by husband to wife. 69 
 L.R.A. 367. 
 
 Sufficiency of execution by will of power of 
 appointment after its revocation. 64 
 L.R.A. 905. 
 
 Does power of sale in mortgage or deed of 
 trust prevent its revocation by death 
 of mortgagor. 70 L.R.A. 135. 
 
 Liability of owner on revoking authority of 
 real estate broker employed for a defi- 
 nite period. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 366. 
 
 REVOCATION— cont'd 
 
 Revocability of executed gift. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 285. 
 
 Statute of limitations as defense to revoca- 
 tion of attorney's license. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 557. 
 
 REVOLVING SHAFT. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as ap- 
 plied to injury from. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1130. 
 
 REWARDS. 
 
 119. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 For finding property. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 For arrest. 11 L.R.A. 398.* 
 
 Claims against state for. 42 L.R.A. 63. 
 
 Necessity of prior knowledge of reward as 
 
 condition of earning the same. 9 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1057. 
 Right to maintain action for prize offered 
 
 in prize contest. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 305. 
 Voluntariness of confession induced by 
 
 promise of. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 823. 
 Larceny of property found by holding for 
 
 reward. 37 L.R.A. 125. 
 
 § 2. Use of public money for. 
 
 Use of public money for rewards for crimi- 
 nals. 14 L.R.A. 480. 
 
 § 3. What must be done to earn. 
 
 Part performance. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 217. 
 Effect of assistance of officer. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 217. 
 Arrest by agent of claimant. 7 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 218. 
 Under Mississippi statute. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 238. 
 
 § 4. Right of officer to. 
 
 Right to receive reward. 11 L.R.A. 398.* 
 Right to claim reward for arrest. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1170; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 924. 
 Effect of assistance of officers on right to 
 
 reward for procuring arrest. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 217. 
 
 ♦ ♦» 
 
 RIDER. 
 
 Effect of, 
 636. 
 
 on insurance policy. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 RIGGING. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every Xww question. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servant 
 from defects in. 54 L.R.A. 72. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1211 
 
 BIGHT AJVD WKONG. 
 
 Impulse obliterating sense of, as excuse for 
 crime. 18 L.E.A. 229. 
 
 RIGHT OF ACTION. 
 
 See Action ob Stjit, § 4. 
 
 BIGHT OF ENTRY. 
 
 On condition broken, see Conditions, § 12. 
 
 «-*-« 
 
 RIGHT OF WAY. 
 
 See Easements; Eminent Domain, §§ 21, 
 22, 25, 49, 50; Railboads, §§ 15-18; 
 Telephones, § 3. 
 
 RIVERS— cont'd 
 
 As boundary between states, see Bound- 
 aries, § 2 a. 
 
 As boundary of private property, see 
 BOUNDAKIES, § B. 
 
 Jurisdiction over inland rivers. 46 L.R.A. 
 276. 
 
 Navigability of. 42 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 Water overflowing banks as surface water. 
 25 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 Title to land under rivers. 42 L.R.A. 162. 
 
 Duty and obligation of vessel on, in re- 
 spect to sick or injured member of 
 crew. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 199. 
 
 ROADBED. 
 
 RINKS. 
 
 As places of amusement within civil rights 
 acts. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 
 <« » 
 
 RIOTS. 
 
 See Mobs and Riots. 
 
 ♦-»♦ — 
 
 RIPARIAN OWNERS. 
 
 See Waters, II. 
 
 *-•-♦ 
 
 RIPARIAN RIGHTS. 
 
 See Waters, II. 
 
 ♦«» 
 
 RISK. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defective 
 
 roadbed. 54 L.R.A. 169. 
 Scope of provision exempting insurer or 
 
 limiting liability when insured injured 
 
 on roadbed of railroad. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 970. 
 
 ROAD COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 Power of, to vacate highway. 26 L.R.A. 824. 
 
 •-»♦ 
 
 ROAD WORK. 
 
 Compulsory use of private .property in. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1045. 
 
 ROBBERY. 
 
 153- 
 
 Insurance against, see Insurance, 
 
 171. 
 Assumption of, by servant, see Master and 
 
 Servant, III. b. 
 
 RIVAL BUSINESS. 
 
 Restriction against servant conducting, 
 see Master and Servant, §§ 8, 16. 
 
 RIVERS. 
 
 In general, see Waters. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of other's spouse's property, see Husband 
 
 AND Wife, § 46. 
 Indictment for, see Indictment, etc., § 28. 
 
 What intoxication will excuse. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 469. 
 As affected by right, or belief in right, to 
 
 property sought to be secured. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 801. 
 Forcibly compelling payment of debt aa 
 
 robbery. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 744. 
 By officers after making an arrest. 1 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1024; 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 508. 
 Several offenses growing out of samp facts. 
 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 725. 
 Homicide in attempting to prevent. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 534. 
 As affecting liability on official bond. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 450. 
 
 § 2. Instigation to commit. 
 
 Instigation to commit. 25 L.R.A. 343. 
 Instigation of offense as i» defense to prose- 
 cution. 30 L.R.A. (IT.S.) 95&. 
 
1212 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ROBBERY— cont'd 
 
 § 3. Attempt to commit. 
 
 Procuring or providing instrumentality 
 adapted to commission of, with intent 
 to commit same as an attempt to com- 
 mit. 6 L.R.A.{N.S.) 804. 
 
 § 4. By taking from person property 
 belonging to another. 
 
 In general. 67 L.R.A. 344. 
 Taking from wife or servant. 67 L.E.A. 
 346. 
 
 § 5. What force sufficient to constitute. 
 
 In general. 57 L.R.A. 432. 
 Actual force. 57 L.R.A. 432. 
 Snatching. 57 L.R.A. 432. 
 
 When there is resistance. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 432. 
 When there is no resistance. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 433. 
 When property is attached to the 
 person so as to afford resist- 
 ance. 57 L.R.A. 437. 
 When the taking is without knowledge 
 of the person robbed. 57 L.R.A. 
 438. 
 Constructive force. 57 L.R.A. 439. 
 In general. 57 L.R.A. 439. 
 Demand with overwhelming numbers 
 or demonstrations of force. 57 
 L.R.A. 439. 
 Threatening to charge with crimen in- 
 
 nominatum. 57 L.R.A. 440. 
 Other threats of prosecution. 57 
 L.R.A. 441. 
 Force used to obtain property under color 
 of right or claim of ownership. 57 
 L.R.A. 443. 
 Force employed as a means of escape or to 
 prevent a recaption of property taken 
 without force. 57 L.R.A. 443. 
 Decisions under special statutes. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 445. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 57 L.R.A. 446. 
 
 § 6. Evidence in prosecution for. 
 
 Right of one to testify as to his intent. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 390. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 62 L.R.A. 288, 318, 324. 
 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 68 L.R.A. 46, 65, 70. 
 
 Necessity of instruction as to law on cir- 
 cumstantial evidence on prosecution 
 for. 69 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 § 7. Punishment for. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 L.R.A. S77. 
 
 ROGUES' GAMjERY. 
 
 Right to take or retain in rogues' gallery 
 picture of one accused of crime before 
 conviction. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 274; 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 739. 
 
 Truth of charge as to, as defense to civil 
 action for libel or slander. 31 L.R,A. 
 (N.S.) 146. 
 
 ROIiLER SKATING. 
 
 Liability for injury to child skating on 
 street. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 118. 
 
 ROLLING STOCK. 
 
 State regulation of equipment of railroad 
 rolling stock as interference with inter- 
 state commerce. 32 L.R.A.,(N.S.) 20. 
 
 Situs of, for tax purposes. 69 L.R.A. 447. 
 
 Of railroad as personalty or real estate. 
 66 L.R.A. 49, 55. 
 
 ROOF. 
 
 Landlord's duty to repair. 14 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injuries from defect- 
 ive condition of. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1142. 
 
 Negligence as to electric wires on. 32 
 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 ROCK. 
 
 As defect in dock or wharf. 61 L.R.A. 94 
 As deadly weapon. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 507. 
 
 ROENTGEN RAT. 
 
 5ee X-Ray. 
 
 ROPES. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servant 
 from defects in. 54 L.R.A. 72. 
 
 ROUNDHOUSE. 
 
 Servants in, as fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 460. 
 Work in, as railroad hazard within statute 
 
 changing fellow servant rule. 18 
 
 L.R.A.(N.e.) 482. 
 Railroad roundhouse as nuisance. 32 L Ji.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 374. 
 
 ROUND TRIP TICKET. 
 
 See Caeeiees, § 22. 
 
 Segin with this hoolc on every law question 
 
 ROUTE. 
 
 Duty of carrier as to. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 222. 
 Extent of ticket agent's authority as to. 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 231. 
 
ROTALTIES. 
 
 Provision for, in mining lease, see Mines, 
 lU. 
 
 For use of patent, see Patents, III. 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 RUBBISH. 
 
 Obligation of tenant to remove. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 652, 662. 
 Municipal liability for injury by rubbish in 
 
 street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 610. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTBi. 
 
 RUNAWAY. 
 
 See Horses, §§ 7- 14. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 1213 
 
 RULE IN SHELLEY'S CASE. 
 
 See Deeds, § 30; Wills, § 82. 
 
 RULE OP THE ROAD. 
 
 See Negligence, §§ 25, 40. 
 
 RULES. 
 
 Of carrier, see Cakkiers, § 4. 
 
 Of insurance company, see Insurance, 
 §§ 46, 47. 
 
 Master's duty and liability as to, see Mas- 
 tee AND Servant, § 71. 
 
 Disobedience of, by servant, as contributory 
 negligence, see Master and Servant, 
 § 125. 
 
 Master's liability to third person for injury 
 by servant's disobedience of, see Mas- 
 ter AND Servant, § 184. 
 
 Of miners as to location of mining claim. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 768. 
 
 Of gas company as to meters. 30 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 492. 
 
 Effect of clearing house rules. 25 L.R.A. 
 830. 
 
 Violation by servant of rule adopted by rail- 
 way company for protection of the pub- 
 lic as evidence of negligence towards a 
 member of the public. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1063. 
 
 RUNNING BOARD. 
 
 Duty of street car company to passenger on, 
 
 see Carriers, § 60. 
 Contributory negligence in riding on, see 
 
 Carriers, § 80. 
 
 RUNNING EXPENSES. 
 
 Priority of claims for, against property in 
 hands of receiver over recorded liens. 
 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 710. 
 
 RUNNING WITH THE LAND. 
 
 Covenants which run with the land, see 
 Covenants, §§ 14, 15. 
 
 Right of 'action for damages to real prop- 
 erty as. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 819. 
 
 RUPTURE. 
 
 Rupture of blood vessel as accident within 
 accident insurance policy. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1206. 
 
 RULB:S OF APPORTIONMENT. 
 
 For improvement assessment, see Public 
 Improvements, §§ 24-26. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 RUM. 
 
 As intoxicating liquor. 20 L.R.A. 649. 
 * » » 
 
 RUMOR. 
 
 As evidence before grand jury. 28 L.R.A. 
 323. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 RURAL HIGHWAYS. 
 
 Duty of municipality as to conditions of 
 rural highways within city or village 
 limits. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 823. 
 
 RURAL LANDS. 
 
 Municipal taxation of rural lands within 
 limits of corporation. 27 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 695. 
 
 Constitutionality of frontage rule of as- 
 sessment of, for public improvements 
 17 L.R.A. 332. 
 
 Assessment of rural lands for public im- 
 provements by front-foot rule. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1191. 
 
 RUTS. 
 
 Municipal liability for permitting ruts to 
 remain in highway. 9 L.R.A. (N.S. ), 
 1266. 
 
1214 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SAFE. 
 
 Iron safe clause, see Insubance, § 79. 
 
 Levy of attachment or execution upon safe 
 and its contents. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 764. 
 
 SAFE DEPOSIT BOX. 
 
 Garnishment of contents of. 
 (N.S.) 764. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 
 
 SAFETY. 
 
 Effect of assurance of, by master or coserv- 
 
 ant on assumption of risk, see Masteb 
 
 AND Servant, § 118. 
 Effect of master's assurance of, on servant's 
 
 contributory negligence, see Mastek 
 
 AND Servant, § 129. 
 Municipal control over nuisance affecting, 
 
 see Municipal' Corporations, § 41. 
 
 Municipal power over nuisances affecting. 
 38 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 Injunctions by municipality against nui- 
 sance affecting. 41 L.R.A. 322. 
 
 SAFETY APPLIANCE ACT. 
 
 See Master and Servant, § 96. 
 
 SAFETY CLAUSE. 
 
 Effect of, in chattel mortgage, see CHATTEL 
 Mortgage, § 26. 
 
 SAFETY GATES. 
 
 At railroad crossing, see Railroads, §§ 33, 
 70. 
 
 SAGGING WIRES. 
 
 See Blbcteicitt, III. 
 
 SALARY. 
 
 Exemption of, see Exemption, § 5. 
 Garnishment of, see Garnishment, § 10a. 
 Of employee, see Master and Servant, 
 
 §§ 24-31. 
 Of officer, see Officers, §§ 31-37, 44. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question 
 
 SALARY— cont'd 
 
 Of minister, liability for, see Religious 
 
 Societies, § 7. 
 Of school teacher, see Schools, §§ 17, 18. 
 
 Claim against state for. 42 L.R.A. 53. 
 Preference of, in distribution of assets of 
 
 insolvent insurance company. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 107. 
 Oral promise to see salary paid. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 217. 
 
 SALE. 
 
 7. In general, g 1. 
 II. When sale complete; termination 
 of contract of, §§ 2, 3. 
 III. What constitutes, § 4. 
 IV. ralidity, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 T. Effect, §§ 7, 8. 
 VI. Passing of title, §§ 9-13. 
 VII. Delivery; tender, § i*. 
 VIII. Conditional sale, §§ 15-20. 
 IX. Acceptance; retention, §§ 21-26. 
 X. Warranty, §§ 26-3S. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 26-29. 
 
 b. On sale ty manufacturer, f 
 
 30. 
 e. Of fitness, §§ 31, 32. 
 
 d. Of quality or leind, §S 83- 
 
 36. 
 
 e. On sale of goods hy sample, 
 
 § 37. 
 
 f. Effect of inspection or op- 
 
 portunity to inspect, § 3S. 
 XI, Duties, rights, and remedies of 
 
 parties, §§ 39-72. 
 a. In general, §§ 39-4:7. 
 h. Condition at sale, §§ 4k8-S2. 
 o. On hreach of warranty, §f 
 
 S3-S9. 
 
 d. Lien for price; stoppage in 
 
 transitu, §§ 60, 61. 
 
 e. Rescission, §§ 62-70. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 62-64:. 
 
 2. Grounds, §§ 65-68. 
 
 3. Waiver of right, §§ 69, 
 
 70. 
 
 f. Rights of bona fide purchas- 
 
 ers, §§ 71, 72. 
 
 I. In general, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of animals, see Animals, § 5. 
 
 At auction, see Auction. 
 
 Of commercial paper, see Bills and Notes. 
 §§ 26-42. 
 
 Of bill of lading with draft attached, see 
 Bills op Lading, § 2. 
 
 Of mortgaged chattels, see Chattel Mort- 
 gage, § 28. 
 
 Of copyright, see Copyright, § 6. 
 
 Of corporate stock, see Corporations, SS 82- 
 95. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1215 
 
 SALE, I.— cont'd 
 
 Of cotenanta interest, see Cotenancy, §§ 11, 
 
 12. 
 Of growing crop, see Crops, § 5. 
 Of property in custody of law, see Cusxodt 
 
 OF Law, §§ 2, 3. 
 Of game, see Game Laws. 
 Of ice, see Ice, § 3. 
 Of intoxicating liquors, see Intoxicating 
 
 Liquors, §§ 19-37. 
 Judicial sale, see Judicial Sale. 
 On foreclosure, see Mortgage, §§ 75-84. 
 Of physician's practice, see Physicians 
 
 AND Surgeons, § 4. 
 Of pledged property, see Pledge and Col- 
 
 LATESAL Security, §§ 11-14. 
 Of poison, see Poison, § 2. 
 Of public land, see Public Lands, §§ 11-13. 
 Of railroad property, see Railroads, § 14. 
 Of real property generally, see Real Prop- 
 erty, § 4 ; Vendor and Purchaser. 
 Of timber, see Timber, §§ 2-5. 
 Of trademark, see Trademark, §§ 4, 5. 
 For taxes, see Taxes, §§ 71, 72-81a. 
 By incompetent person, see Incompetent 
 
 Persons, § 16. 
 By inventor, see Patents, III. 
 By receiver, see Receivbks, § 28. 
 Assignment, see Assignment. 
 Matters as to interstate commerce, see 
 
 Commerce, §§ 14-18. 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, §§ 30, 31. 
 Construction of contract of, see Contracts, 
 
 § 66. 
 Damages in case of, see Damages, §§ 35-37. 
 Power of personal representative to sell 
 
 property of estate, see Executors and 
 
 Administrators, § 17. 
 Exeption of proceeds of exempt property 
 
 sold, see Exemptions, § 8. 
 As to matters in relation to food, see Food. 
 Guaranty of payment, see Guaranty. 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 15. 
 Seller's intent, see Intent, § 6. 
 Covenant in lease against, see Landlord 
 
 AND Tenant, § 19. 
 Market regulations restricting sales, see 
 
 Markets, § 2. 
 As to personal injuries from defects in 
 
 articles sold, see Negligence, § 15. 
 Medium of payment for, see Payment, §§ 6- 
 
 11. 
 
 Bicycles as subjects of. 47 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 Use of negatives or engraved plates without 
 the consent of the party who has paid 
 for the same. 50 L.R.A. 397. 
 
 Implied covenant in sale of goodwill. 3 
 L.R.A. 770.* 
 
 Necessity of franchise for taking of tolls on. 
 37 L.R.A. 718. 
 
 Bailee's right to assert against bailor hos- 
 tile, adverse, paramount title of pur- 
 chaser of bailed property from bailor. 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 694. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in bill 
 of sale. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 115. 
 
 Will action in rem lie against proceeds of 
 private sale of property against which 
 such an action would lie. 2 B. R. C. 
 
 68. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SALE, I.— cont'd 
 
 Of future crops. 23 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 Of goods to be acquired. 4 L.R.A. 398.* 
 
 Sale and delivery of food stuffs on Sunday 
 as a work of necessity. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 617. 
 
 Of letters, injunction against. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 944. 
 
 Right to require that articles offered for 
 sale shall answer a designated standard 
 of purity. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 149. 
 
 Denials upon information and belief as to. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 775. 
 
 Sale of another's property as larceny. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816. 
 
 Retaking properiiy upon failure to carry out 
 contract as larceny. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 553. 
 
 Increasing price upon sale on credit as us- 
 ury. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 102. 
 
 Oral promise to be responsible for price of 
 goods sold. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 221. 
 
 Power of state to restrict or regulate sale of 
 patent right. 29 L.R.A. 786. 
 Sale of patented articles. 29 L.R.A. 
 790. 
 
 Libel in charging one with excessive com- 
 pensation for goods sold. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 79. 
 
 II. When sale complete; termination of 
 contract of. 
 
 § 2. When sale complete. 
 
 Right to withdraw order given agent before 
 acceptance by principal. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1138. 
 
 § 3. Termination of contract of. 
 
 Effect of death of party on contract of sale. 
 23 L.R.A. 708. 
 
 ///. What constitutes, 
 
 % 4. Generally. 
 
 What is a conditional sale, see infra, § 16. 
 In case of intoxicating liquors, see Intoxi- 
 cating Liquors, §§ 20, 21. 
 
 Distinguished from contract to manufac- 
 ture. 6 L.R.A. 788.* 
 
 Distinguished from contracts to manufac- 
 ture, within the meaning of the statute 
 of frauds. 14 L.R.A. 230. 
 
 Distinguished from bailment. 10 L.R.A. 
 233.* 
 
 Distinction between sales of personalty and 
 agreements for work and labor as af- 
 fecting statute of frauds. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 319. 
 
 Transactions constituting a sale, and not a 
 mortgage. 1 L.R.A. 241.* 
 
 Absolute sale; when cannot be construed a 
 mortgage. 1 L.R.A. 240.* 
 
 Sale, absolute on face, shown by parol to be 
 intended as a mortgage. 6 L.R.A. 643.* 
 
 What amounts to a violation of covenant 
 in lease against sale. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1200 
 
1216 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SALE, III.— cont'd 
 
 Loss of, or injury to, goods during ship- 
 ment as affecting fulfilment of com- 
 mission to purchase goods. 19 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 26L 
 
 IT. Talidity. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Of conditional sale, see infra, § 18. 
 
 Effect of provision empowering mortgagor 
 to sell chattels, see Chattel Mobtgaoe, 
 §14a. 
 
 Oral contract of, see Contracts, §§ 35, 36, 
 56, 57. 
 
 Of sale of expectancy, see Expectancy, § 3. 
 
 Fraud in obtaining credit, see Fraud and 
 DE)CKIT, § 11. 
 
 Validity of, as against creditor, see Fraudu- 
 lent CoNVEyANCES. 
 
 Sale as an unlawful preference, see Insol- 
 vency, § 3. 
 
 Of intoxicating liquor, see Intoxicatlng 
 Liquors, §§ 21a-31. 
 
 Validity of sales made on Sunday, see Sun- 
 day, § 4. 
 
 Validity of contract for purchase of indefi- 
 nite quantity. 15 L.E.A. 218. 
 
 Validity of sales in violation of law. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 596. 
 
 Power of state to make invalid a provision 
 in a sale of goods for resale, forbidding 
 purchaser to handle goods of other deal- 
 ers. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 968. 
 
 Eight to sell property while in custody of 
 law. 1 L.E.A.{N.S.) 1055. 
 
 Validity of sale of, or agreement to sell, 
 commercial paper to one primarily lia- 
 ble thereon. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 
 Sufficiency of identification for purposes of 
 executory contract, where goods are 
 ordered by reference to a catalogue or 
 price list. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 927. 
 
 Mutuality of accepted proposition to furnish 
 such materials as one needs in his busi- 
 ness. 11 L.E.A.(N.S.) 713. 
 
 Collateral to contracts forming illegal com- 
 bination. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 680. 
 
 Validity of agreement by which compensa- 
 tion for making, is dependent upon suc- 
 cess in procuring contract with public 
 officer or board. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations by seller made 
 out of court as to his purpose in mak- 
 ing transfer attacked as fraudulent 
 against creditors. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 § 6. Sale in bulk. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 116. 
 
 Applicability of statutes relating to pales of 
 
 stocks of goods in bulk to transfer in 
 
 payment of a creditor. 12 L.E.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 174. 
 What kind or classes of property are within 
 
 the operation of bulk-sale statutes. 25 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 758. 
 Is chattel mortgage within meaning of sales 
 
 in bulk law. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 178. 
 Statutory requirements on sale of stock of 
 
 goods in bulk. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 331. 
 Oonault also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SALE, IV.— cont'd 
 
 What are "fixtures" within mea,ning of bulk 
 
 sale law. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 218. 
 Remedy of creditors where sale is ma,de in 
 violation of bulk sales law. 39 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 374. 
 Eemedy at law. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 375. 
 In equity. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 377. 
 
 T. Effect. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Of conditional sale, see infra, § 20. 
 Effect of sale of good will, see Good Will, 
 § 2. 
 
 As ademption of legacy. 1 L.R.A. 204.* 
 
 Of business, effect to carry good will. 3 
 L.E.A. 769.* 
 
 Prior use and sale of invention as affecting 
 right to patent. 1 L.E.A. 48.* 
 
 Effect of sale of, or agreement to sell, com- 
 mercial paper to one primarily liable 
 thereon. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 
 § 8. What passes as appurtenant 
 
 What articles will pass as appurtenances 
 upon sale of chattels. 8 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 793. 
 The general rule. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 793. 
 In general. 8 L.E.A. (N.S.) 793. 
 Ships. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 793. 
 Business plants. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 795. 
 Unknown contents of chattels. 8 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 796. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 796. 
 
 TI. Passing of title, 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Payment as condition. 10 L.E.A. 314.* 
 When title passes; condition precedent; in- 
 tention. 1 L.E.A. 767;* 3 L.E.A. 199;* 
 17 L.E.A. 180.* 
 Effect of acceptance of order for goods. 17 
 
 L.E.A. 178. 
 Necessity of meeting of minds as to price. 
 
 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) 429. 
 Seller's mistake as to identity of vendee, as 
 affecting the passing of title to the 
 goods sold. 13 L.E.A.(N.S.) 413. 
 Effect of attaching draft to bill of lading 
 to prevent title passing upon delivery 
 of goods to carrier. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1078. 
 When title passes under consignment of 
 goods for sale with provision in 
 effect that consignee purchase 
 balance of consignment. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 620. 
 General rule. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 620. 
 Title prior to termination of agency or 
 
 consignment. 39 L.R.A. 623. 
 Where consignee to purchase at option 
 of consignor. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 623. 
 Where optional with consignor to pur- 
 chase. 39 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 624. 
 Seller's mistake as to identity of vendee, as 
 affecting the passing of the title to the 
 goods sold. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 413. 
 
IN'UEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1217 
 
 SALE, VI.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of indorsing and mailing to pur- 
 chaser a bill of lading, naming seller 
 as consignee, to pass title to purchaser. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 293. 
 
 When title passes where vendor consigns 
 goods to himself and vendee is to be 
 notified of their arrival and to receive 
 them upon payment of draft. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 309. 
 
 Provision for paynient of instalments of 
 price of article during construction as 
 indicating intention to pass title. 2 
 B. K. C. 640. 
 
 § 10. By delivery. 
 
 Necessity of delivery. 17 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Waiver of condition; transfer of title; 
 change of possession. 12 L.R.A. 700.* 
 
 Completion of contract by delivery. 2 
 L.R.A. 519.* 
 
 Right of purchasers of, or creditors levying 
 on, goods sold for casn, hut delivered 
 without payment. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 e^B; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 709. 
 
 Effect of premature delivery to pass title 
 to purchaser. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 942. 
 
 Symbolic delivery by sample to satisfy stat- 
 ute of frauds. 70 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Passing of title by delivery f. o. b. 62 
 L.R.A. 802; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 
 § 11. — to carrier. 
 
 Question of law or fact. 22 L.R.A. 415. 
 Between buyer and seller. 22 L.R.A. 415. 
 Delivery to designated carrier. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 415. 
 Delivery to carrier, generally. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 43 6. 
 Effect of shipper's mistake or negli- 
 gence. 22 L.R.A. 417. 
 Effect of fraud. 22 L.R.A. 418. 
 The shipment, and not the loading, the 
 
 important fact. 22 L.R.A. 418. 
 Between consignor and consignee. 22 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 418. 
 Consignment to satisfy debt. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 418. 
 Consignment for sale. 22 L.R.A. 419. 
 Shipment to one whose money paid for 
 
 the goods. 22 L.R.A. 420. 
 Shipment by agent to principal. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 420. 
 Consignment without condition. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 420. 
 Conduct indicating an intention to retain 
 
 title. 22 L.R.A. 420. 
 Consigning to shipper's agent. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 420. 
 Agreement to deliver to designated 
 
 place. 22 L.R.A. 421. 
 Bill of lading. 22 h.V,.A. 421. 
 Making goods delivorable to consignor's 
 
 order. 22 L.R.A. A2^. 
 Bill of lading in name of consignee. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 423. 
 Draft against bill of lading. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 423. 
 Special contracts or courses of dealmg. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 424. 
 Imposition of conditions. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 424. 
 ConfsuU aUo T^.R.A- Uifir^lf' to ilate. 
 
 SALE, VI.— cont'd 
 
 Sufficiency of change of possession as re- 
 gards creditors. 22 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 Place where sale is consummated. 22 
 L.R.A. 425. 
 Goods sent C. 0. D. 22 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Effect of receipt by carrier to satisfy stat- 
 ute of frauds. 22 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Right to maintain action. 22 L.R.A. 427. 
 Owner may sue. 22 L.R.A. 427. 
 Right of consignor. 22 L.R.A. 427. 
 Suit by consignee. 22 L.R.A. 428. 
 Admiralty suits. 22 L.R.A. 429. 
 
 Delivery to carrier as satisfying statute of 
 fraud. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1038. 
 
 Where title passes upon shipment of intox- 
 icating liquor C. 0. D. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 383; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 
 Passing of title to consignee on delivery to 
 carrier as affected by provisions of bill 
 of lading and attachment of draft there- 
 to. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 
 Effect of delivery to carrier on buyer's ri'jht 
 to reject for lack of quality. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1167. 
 
 Circumstances indicating acceptance bv de- 
 livery to carrier. 35 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1043. 
 
 § 12. — of goods sold out of larsep lot. 
 
 Necessity of delivery of goods sold out of 
 
 a larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 21. 
 Effect of actual delivery of goods sold out of 
 
 a larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 22. 
 Of entire subiect of sale. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 22. 
 Of excessive quantity. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 23. 
 Of part of a purchase. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 25. 
 What constitutes a sufficient delivery to 
 
 transfer title to property sold. 26 
 
 L.R.A. (NS.) 27. 
 Generally. 26 L.R.A.(N S.) 27. 
 Growing crops. 26 L.R.A. (NS) 39. 
 Hay and fodder. 26 L.R. A. ( N S. ) 31. 
 Tobacco. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 32. 
 Cotton. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 32. 
 Grain. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 Flour. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 35 
 Sugar and molasses. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 35. 
 Provisions. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 30. 
 Distilled and fernionted liquors. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 36. 
 Essential oils. 26 L.R.A. (N R.) 37. 
 S:anding timber. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 37. 
 Logs and cord wood. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 38. 
 Tan bark. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 40. 
 Lumber. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 40. 
 General stocks of merchandise. 26 
 
 L.R.A. f N.S.) 41., 
 Textile fabrics and leather. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 42. 
 Bricks. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 42. 
 Metals, ores, and minerals. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 44. 
 Chattels. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 44. 
 Livestock. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 45. 
 77 
 
1218 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 SALE, VI.— cont'd 
 
 § 12a. Effect of destruction befoi-i' de- 
 livery. 
 
 Effect on sale, of destruetion of property 
 after actual or constructive delivery, 
 . preventing the ascertainment of the 
 price according to the terms of the con- 
 tract. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 197. 
 
 § 13. Sufficiency of selection or desig- 
 nation of goods sold out of larger 
 lot. 
 
 The definition and elements of a sale. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 5. 
 Distinction between executory and executed 
 
 •sales. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6. 
 The influence of the intention of the parties. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 7. 
 Risk of loss an accompaniment of title. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 10. 
 The completion of a sale. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 10. 
 The necessity of agreeing upon the price. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 12., 
 The necessity of the buyer's acceptance. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 13. 
 The need to put property sold in a de- 
 liverable state. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 14. 
 The necessity of identifying the subject of 
 
 a sale. "26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 15. 
 Identification by marks. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 16- ', .■ , 
 
 The necessity of counting, v^eighing, or 
 measuring the subject of a sale. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 17. 
 Property in the keeping of third persons. 
 
 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 47: ■ 
 Community of ownership in masses of per- 
 sonal property. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 The necessity of dividing bulk on sales of 
 part of a mass. 26 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 54. 
 The general doctrine. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 54. 
 Indistinguishable units and homogene- 
 ous masses. 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 57. 
 The decisions for and against. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 57. 
 Reasoning, criticism, and counter 
 criticism. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62'. 
 
 VII. Delivery; tender. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Delivery passing title, see supra, §§ 10-12. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of change of pos- 
 session to protect purchaser against the 
 creditors of seller, see FBAtrDTn,ENT 
 Conveyances, §§ 19, 20. 
 
 Law governing validity of sale as depend- 
 ing on transfer of possession. 64 
 L.R.A. 829. 
 
 Duty of parties with respect to delivery and 
 receipt of articles sold with particular 
 description of kind or qualitv. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 287. 
 
 Tender of property to buyer who is in de- 
 fault in fixing date for delivery and is 
 not present at the agreed place. 2 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 529, 
 
 Begin witli this hooJc on every law question. 
 
 SALE, VII.— cont'd 
 
 Construction and effect of "strike" claij^,f 
 in contract of sale and delivery. !i 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1187. 
 Delivery on week day pursuant to contract 
 made on Sunday. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 86. 
 Delay in attempting to regain property ob- 
 tained under agreement to pay therefor 
 on delivery, as waiver of that condi- 
 tion. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 948; 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 824. 
 Effect of acceptance of goods as a waiver of 
 damages for delay in delivery. 54 
 L.R.A. 718; 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1114. 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence as to 
 time for delivery of goods where 
 none is specified in written con- 
 tract. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 619. 
 Proof of oral understanding or agree- 
 ment. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 619. 
 Proof of custom or usage. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 619. 
 Admissibility on question of reasonable- 
 ness of time. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 620. 
 Adniissibility of books of account to prove 
 delivery of goods sold. 52 L.R.A. 690. 
 
 Till. Conditional sale, 
 
 §15. Generally. 
 
 Rights of parties, see infra, §§ 48-52. 
 
 Law governing. 64 L.R.A. 833. 
 
 On instalment plan: contracts of lease. 9 
 
 L.R.A: .373;'' 10 L.R.A. 233;* 12 L.R.A. 
 
 446.* 
 Waiver of condition. 12 L.R.A. 700.* 
 Reservation of title to property as affecting 
 
 negotiability of note for purchase 
 
 price. 43 L.R.A. 277. 
 Effect of taking collateral security upon con- 
 ditional sale. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 491. 
 Transfer of purchase-money obligation as 
 
 affecting reservation of title. 37 Ij.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 71. 
 Destruction of property Sold conditionallT 
 
 while in seller's possession. 36 KR.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 595. 
 
 §16. What Is. 
 
 Contracts of lease as conditional sale. 9 
 L.R.A. 373.* 
 
 Whether instrument construed as a chattel 
 mortgage or sale on condition. 6 IxR.A. 
 643.* 
 
 What constitutes conditional sale: distin- 
 guished from bailment; retaining titfe 
 until payment. 10 L.R.A. 233'* 
 
 § 17. What constitutes payment of 
 purchase price. 
 
 Rights of parties on default of payment, see 
 infra, § 49. 
 
 Acceptance of commercial paper as payment 
 
 of purchase price upon conditional safe. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) no. 
 Notes given for purchase money on oondi- 
 
 tional sale as payment of debt. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 
IMUEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1219 
 
 SA).E, Vlll.-^-ont'd 
 g 18. Validity. 
 
 As against creditors of, and purchasers 
 
 from, buyer. ] 2 L.R.A. 703. 
 Reservations of title in bailments for sale, 
 
 as against creditors of bailor and bailee. 
 
 ■12 I..E.A. 850. 
 
 § 1». Kecording of. 
 
 Constructive notice of, by records. 10 
 L.R.A. 236.* 
 
 Necessity of recording of conditional sale 
 in state to which property is subse- 
 quently removed. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 387. 
 
 Recordation of lien on fixtures as personalty 
 as notice to mortgagee of realty. 1 
 B. R. C. 691. 
 
 g 20. Effect of. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of conditional 
 sales. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 416. 
 
 Assignment or transfer of purchaser's in- 
 terest under a conditional sale. 40 
 L.E.A.{X.S.) 873. 
 
 Effect of retention of title to personal prop- 
 erty until payment of purchase price, to 
 characterize sale as executory. 5 
 L.R_i.(N.S.) 475. 
 
 IX. Acceptance; retention. 
 
 § 21. Generally. 
 
 Of goods manufactured to order. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 702.* 
 Remedy of conditional vendor for refusal to 
 
 accept. 68 L.R.A. 100. 
 Effect of delivery to carrier upon buyer's 
 
 right to reject goods for lack of qual- 
 ity. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1167. 
 Selling or mortgaging chattel as waiver 
 
 of purchaser's right to return. 38 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1035. 
 Necessity of buyer's acceptance of goods 
 
 sold out of a, larger lot. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 13. 
 
 § 22. What constitutes an acceptance. 
 
 Particular circumstance indicating accept- 
 ance by delivery to carrier. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1043. 
 Acknowledgment by seller of receipt of 
 order for goods as an acceptance. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 903. 
 Where acknowledgment is to agent of 
 
 seller. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 905. 
 Whether question of law or fact. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 906. 
 Offer by purcliaser to hcII property to a 
 third person as acceptance which will 
 satisfy statute of frauds. 36 L.R.A. 
 fN.S.) 76. 
 
 g 23. —retention of possession as. 
 
 Effect of retention of goods after notice of 
 mistake in quoted price. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 368. 
 
 Effect of use of property purchased on ap- 
 proval after expression of dissatisfac- 
 tion. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1107. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SALE, IX.— cont'd 
 
 Right of buyer to retain goods and defeat 
 action for price on discovering that 
 iioods do not comply with requirements 
 of contract. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1167. 
 
 g 2-1. l£lfect-of acceptance. 
 
 Waiver of known breach of warranty by, 
 
 M'e infra, § 59. 
 Acceptance as satisfying statute of fraud.s, 
 
 sec C<i.NTK.\CTS, § .56a. 
 
 EftVtt of acceptance of goods. 12 L.R.A. 
 :!99.* 
 
 Effect of acceptance of goods deliverable in 
 instalments on right to rescind eon- 
 tract or refuse further deliveries for 
 breach as to quality. 38 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 542. 
 
 Acceptance of chattel before agreement as 
 to purchase price, as assent to seller's 
 price. 11 L.R.A.{N.S.) 254. 
 
 Eft'ect of acceptance by purchaser on sale 
 
 with particular description of kind 
 
 or quality. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 
 Without opportunitv to make practical 
 
 inspection. 35 ■■L.R.A.(N.S.) 279. 
 
 After inspection. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 280. 
 
 Effect of acceptance of goods as a waiver of 
 damages for delay in delivery. 54 
 L.R.A. 718; 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1114. 
 
 Acceptance with knowledge of breach of 
 warranty as waiver of breach. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 501. 
 
 § 25. — as passing title. 
 
 Effect of acceptance of order for goods to 
 pass title. 17 L.R.A. 178. 
 
 Z. Warranty. 
 
 a. In general, 
 
 §26. Generally. 
 
 Rights and duty on breach of, see infra, §§ 
 53-59, 68. 
 
 Implied warranty of genuineness on trans- 
 fer of commercial paper, see Bills and 
 Notes, § 32. 
 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, § 163. 
 
 Of stallion, see Stallions, § 3. 
 
 Law govei-ning. 64 L.R.A. 825. 
 Express warranty. 6 L.R.A. 374.* 
 Implied warranty. 6 L.R.A. 374,' 392.* 
 Before or after sale. 13 L.R.A. 678.* 
 As to patent defects. 3 L.R.A. 184.* 
 Does warranty extend to obvious defects in 
 
 animal or slave. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 Of satisfaction. 1 L.R.A. 645.* 
 Effect of stipulation that goods shall be 
 
 "satisfactory." 17 L.R.A. 208. 
 Rule of caveat emptor. L.R.A. 73,* 375.* 
 Application to judicial sales. 3 L.R.A. 
 441.* 
 I'^.KJstence of implied warranty on judicial 
 
 sale. 3 L.R.A. 440.* 
 (iiiplied warranty on sale of stock. 53 
 
 L.R.A. 153. 
 Inflect of, on sale of exemptancy by pro- 
 spective heir. 33 L.R.A. 274. 
 
1220 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 SALE, X. a— cont'd 
 
 Extent of commercial traveler's implied or 
 
 ostensible authority to warrant goods. 
 
 .39 L.K.A.(N.S.) 1151. 
 
 § 27. Parol warranty. 
 
 Rights on breach of, see infra, § 55. 
 
 Oral warranty. 12 L.R.A. 694.* 
 Right to show parol warranty in connec- 
 tion with contract for sale of per- 
 sonalty. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1183. 
 
 Where written contract contains no 
 warranty. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1187. 
 
 Parol warranty relating to different 
 subject-matter than written war- 
 ranty. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1194. 
 
 Parol warranty relating to same subject 
 matter as written warranty. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1196. 
 
 Stipulation precluding different war- 
 ranty. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1199. 
 
 § 28. Of title. 
 
 Does implied covenant of title on sale of 
 chattels protect against outstanding 
 liens or encumbrances. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 410. 
 
 Implied warranty of, by one transferring 
 without indorsement check or note of 
 third person. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 
 § 29. On transfer of third person's 
 note witliout indorsement. 
 
 Implied warranties by one transferring with- 
 out indorsement check or note of 
 third person. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 
 Title. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 
 Genuineness. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 
 Validity. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 544. 
 
 Infirmity, isnorance of. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 544. 
 
 Usury. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 546. 
 
 Solvency. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
 Accommodation paper. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 548. 
 
 b. On sale 'by manufacturer, 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 On sale by manufacturer. 6 L.R.A. 392.* 
 
 Implied warranty of fitness of particular ar- 
 ticle purchased from manufacturer for 
 particular use. 22 L.R.A. 189; 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 855. 
 
 Warranty on sale by manufacturer of goods 
 by sample. 70 L.R.A. 665. 
 
 Express warranty as to quality of article 
 to be manufactured as excluding im- 
 plied warranty. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 508. 
 
 Sale of manufactures by sample as exclud- 
 ing implied warranty other than that 
 goods shall conform to sample. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 139. 
 
 Implied warranty by manufacturer of ma- 
 chinery or apparatus not in itself de- 
 fective of fitness for vise under existing 
 conditions. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 180. 
 
 Latent defects in both sample and bulk of 
 goods sold by manufacturer. 70 L.R.A. 
 605. 
 Begin ii-ith this booh- <i>i evcri/ lair qi 
 
 SALES, X. b— cont'd 
 
 Right of purcl aser to reject goods for 
 •breach of warranty relating to goods to 
 be manufactured. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924. 
 
 c. Of fitness. 
 
 § 31. Generally. 
 
 By manufacturer or vendor of machinery oi 
 apparatus not in itself defective, of fit- 
 ness for use under existing conditions. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 180. 
 
 § 32. Implied warranty of fitness of 
 property bouglit for special pur- 
 pose. 
 
 In general. 22 L.R.A. 187; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 868; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 783; 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 737. 
 ('onf>-r.f executed or executory. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 IBS. 
 Deprivation of article. 22 L.R.A. 193. 
 Latent defects. 22 L.R.A. 193. 
 Knowledge of purpose. 22 L.R.A. 194. 
 lifi'ect of inspection. 22 L.RA. 194. 
 Articles of food, etc. 22 L.R.A. 195; 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 884. 
 I'rovisions of the state Codes and statutes. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 196. 
 Rnglish doctrine. 22 L.R.A. 197. 
 Of fitness of a particular article purchased 
 
 from a manufacturer or producer for a 
 
 particular use. 22 L.R.A. 189; 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 855. 
 
 d. Of quality or Icind. 
 
 § 33. Generally. 
 
 nights and remedies of parties, see infra, 
 § 54. 
 
 Distinction between warranty of identity 
 and warranty of quality. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 265. 
 
 Effect of representing things sold to be 
 "good." 15 L.R.A. 795. 
 
 Of soundness of horse. 3 L.R.A. 184;* 12 
 L.R.A. 695.* 
 
 What amounts to a breach of warranty of 
 soundness of a horse. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 182. 
 
 Right of purchaser of goods deliverable in 
 instalments to rescind the contract or 
 refuse further deliveries for breach as 
 . to quality. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 539. 
 
 May words in an executory contract, from 
 which the law implies a warranty as to 
 quality, be relied on as an express war- 
 ranty. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 160. 
 
 Exhibition of article or sample to jury on 
 issue of quality of goods. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1021. 
 
 Parol evidence that parties to a written con- 
 tract which merely names a class or 
 species, contemplated a particular quali- 
 ty or kind. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 9«7. 
 
 § 34. Express warranty as to quality 
 excluding implied warranty as to 
 quality. 
 
 General rule. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 502. 
 Application of rule. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 503. 
 tpstioii. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1221 
 
 SALE, X. d— cont'd 
 
 In general. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 503 
 Warranty of slaves. 33 L.R.A.(NS) 
 504. ' 
 
 Warranty of animals. 33 L.R. A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 504. 
 Grain, provisions, etc. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 505. 
 Fertilizer. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 505. 
 Machinery, etc. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 506. 
 Implied warranty of fitness or 
 suitability. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 506. 
 Power, size, speed, quality, etc. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 507. 
 Miscellaneous. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 507. 
 Exceptions to rule. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 508. 
 Where articles to be manufactured. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 508. 
 Where articles sold for retail purposes. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 510. 
 Where implied warranty relates to dis- 
 tinct, independent matter. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 511. 
 Where express warranty superadded 
 for benefit of buyer. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 512. 
 Where contract contains special pro- 
 visions aftecting warranty. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 512. 
 Where application of express war- 
 ranty is conditioned upon per- 
 formance by buyer. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 512. 
 Where contract provides against 
 any other obligation than tliat 
 expressly assumed. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 512. 
 
 § 35. Implied warranty of quality in 
 sales by description. 
 
 In executory sales. 14 L.R.A. 492. 
 Vendee's rights. 14 L.R.A. 402. 
 Vendee's remedies. 14 L.R.A. 493. 
 In executed sales. 34 L.R.A. 493. 
 Effect of sale with particular description 
 of kind or quality. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 258. 
 Applicabilitv of rule of caveat emptor. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 260. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 Doctrine of Chandelor v. Lopus and 
 Seixas v. Woods. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 261. 
 Distinction between warranty of 
 of identity and warranty of 
 quality. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 265. 
 Distinction between warranty and con- 
 dition precedent. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 265. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 265. 
 Confusion of terras. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 267. 
 Danger in confusion. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 268. 
 Whether warranty or condition prece- 
 dent. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 270. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 270. 
 Where purchaser buvs upon inspec- 
 tion. 35 L.R.a".(N.S.) 271. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to tlritc. 
 
 SALE, X. d— cont'd 
 
 Where no inspection or opportunity 
 to inspect. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 271. 
 Where purchase price paid before 
 opportunity to inspect. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 273. 
 Whether question for jury. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 273. 
 Intention as the test. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 274. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 274. 
 How intention determined. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 275. 
 Where words referable to qual- 
 ity rather than to identity, 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 Combination of words of iden- 
 tity with words of quality. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 276. 
 Where words necessary to iden- 
 tify. 35 L.R'A.(N.S.) 
 276. 
 As affected by opportunity to in- 
 spect. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 277. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 277. 
 Where efficient inspection not 
 practicable. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 277. 
 Acceptance by purchaser. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 279. 
 Without opportunity to make prac- 
 ticable inspection. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 279. 
 After inspection. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 280. 
 Comparison of cases with reference to 
 particular descriptive statements. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 283. 
 Estoppel. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 285. 
 As excluding implied warranty of mer- 
 chantability. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 285. 
 As excluding implied warranty of fit- 
 ness. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 Duty of parties with respect to delivery 
 and receipt of articles. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 287. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 287. 
 Sufficiency of compliance with 
 contract. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 288. 
 Where description relates to 
 identity. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 288. 
 Where description relates to 
 quality. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 289. 
 Use of sample. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 290. 
 Where seller inspects for pur- 
 chaser. 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 290. 
 Necessity that all the articles 
 meet the description. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 290. 
 Where sale is of specific property. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 290. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SALE, X. d— ecint'd 
 
 In s;eneral. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 "290. I 
 
 Where description refers to 
 
 source. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 291. 
 
 Remedy of purchaser on default of 
 
 seller. Zr, L.R.A.(N.S.) 291., 
 
 g 36. Of seeds sold. 
 
 Express warranty of, as excluding impliei 
 
 warranty. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 8(13. 
 Effect of sale of seeds with particular de- 
 scription of kind or quality. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 277. 
 General rule. 37 L.R.A.{N.S.) 79. 
 Warranty that seed is true to name. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 80. 
 Warranty of germinating power. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 81. 
 Freedom from noxious Weed seeds, etc. 37 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 Effect of nonwarranty or disclaimer of war- 
 ranty clause. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.^ 82. 
 I'^ffect of ignorance on part of seller. 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 84. 
 Negligence of purchaser. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 84. 
 Remedies of purchaser. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 . 85. 
 
 Rescission. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 Damages. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85. 
 
 Where seed is not sowed or planted. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 86. 
 Where seed is mixed with other 
 
 seed. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 86. 
 Where seed is not true to name. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 86. 
 Where seed does not possess germi- 
 nating power. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 87. 
 Where seed contains noxious seed, 
 
 etc. 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 Interest. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 88. 
 
 e. On sale of goods by sample. 
 
 % 37. Generally. 
 
 Of goods by sample. 5 L.R.A. 702.* 
 
 Generally. 70 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 What constitutes a sale by sample. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 654. 
 Nature and extent of warranty, generally. 
 
 70 L.R.A. 660. 
 Sale bv both sample and description. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 663. 
 Latent defect in both sample and hulk. 70 
 L.R.A. 665. 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 665. 
 Where sale is by manufacturer. 70 
 L.R.A. 665. ■ 
 Does sale by sample exclude implied war- 
 ranty other than that goods shall 
 cnnform to sample. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 139. 
 Wbevr- sale is hv manufacturer. 29 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.)" 139. 
 Where not by manufacturer. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 341. 
 Right of purchaser to reject goods for breach 
 of warranty on sale by sample. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 922 
 
 lirpiii trith fhif. hoolt on every law question. 
 
 SALE, X.— cont'd 
 
 /. Effect of inspection or opportunity 
 to inspect. 
 
 § 38. Generally. 
 
 Effect of inspection on implied warranty of 
 fitness of property bought for special 
 purpose. 22 L.R.A. 194. 
 
 Sale with particular description of kind 
 or quality as warranty or condition 
 precedent where purchaser buys on in- 
 spection. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 271. 
 
 Opportunity to inspect as affecting ques- 
 tion whether description of kind or 
 quality in contract of sale is a war- 
 ranty or a condition precedent. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 271. 
 
 Effect of delivery of goods f. o. b. on place 
 of inspection. 62 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 Failure of vendee to inspect or test goods 
 as waiver of express warranty. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 235. 
 
 Purchaser's right to reject goods for breach 
 of warranty on inspection where no op- 
 portunity for inspection was given un- 
 til after delivery. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 915. 
 
 XI. Duties, rights, and remedies of 
 parties. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 39. Generally. 
 
 On purchase of bill of lading with draft at- 
 tached, see Bills and Notes, § 37. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of contract 
 of sale, see Damages, §§ 35-37. 
 
 Loss of profits .as element of damages for 
 breach of contract of sale, see Dam- 
 ages, § 115. 
 
 Liability for negligence in sale of drugs, see 
 Drugs and Deugoists, § 5. 
 
 Liability of seller for negligence in sale of 
 food, see Food, § 5. 
 
 Liability of seller generally for injury due 
 to defects in property sold, see Negli- 
 gence, § 15. 
 
 Duty of purchaser. 2 L.R.A. 519.* 
 
 When purchaser acquires no title. 13 
 L.R.A. 717.* 
 
 Right of purchaser to maintain action 
 against carrier. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 71. 
 
 Claim against state based on a sale. 42 
 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 Liability- for negligent performance, by sel- 
 ler, of agreement to ship goods, by rea- 
 son of which they are lost. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 679. 
 
 Right of one in possession of another's prop- 
 erty to appropriate it to an executory 
 contract with the latter. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 622. 
 
 Right of buyer to maintain separate action 
 for nondelivery of each instalment un- 
 der entire contract. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1042. 
 
 Liability of vendor of diseased live stock, 
 in the absence of express warranty. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 202. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. XOTES. 
 
 1223 
 
 SAIjE, XI. a — cont'd 
 
 Purchase of bills of lading with draft at- 
 tached as assumption of seller's obliga- 
 tion. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Rights and liabilitivs. under contract for sale 
 of personalty as affected bv vendor's 
 mistake in ' fixing price. 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Right of purchaser of personalty to rely on 
 seller's compute tion of price, or esti- 
 mate of quantity. 17 L.R.A. (K.S.) 
 419. 
 
 Usurious agreement for interest in case of 
 sales. 49 L.K.A. .5.i3, 
 
 Resale to fix damages for purchaser's re- 
 fusal to accept goods. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 669. 
 
 Effect of seller's election to resell goods to 
 fix damages for purchaser's refusal to 
 accept on seller's right to purchase. 42 
 L.E.A.(ir.S.) 675. 
 
 Right to plead inconsistent defenses in ac- 
 tions relating- to. 48 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 Interpleader between seller and agent. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 753. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 sale and delivery of goods. 52 L.R.A. 
 690. 
 
 § 40. Assignability ol contract of sale. 
 
 Assignability of executory contract to per- 
 form particular work as distinguished 
 from contract of sale. 23 L.R.A.(N.S. ) 
 223. 
 
 Assignability of contract to supply such 
 quantity of goods as purchaser may re- 
 quire in his business. 2 B. R. C. 444. 
 
 § il. Under option to purchase. 
 
 Effect of option to return goods. 17 L.R.A. 
 209. 
 
 Rights conferred by a refusal or option. 21 
 L.R.A. 127. 
 
 Liability for loss of a damage to personal 
 property pending exercise of option to 
 buy or return if unsatisfactory. 6 
 L.R.A.(3Sr.S.) 273. 
 
 Purchase by agent for principal of prop- 
 erty which agent personally has an op- 
 tion or contract to purchase. 11 L.R.A. 
 as.S.) 122. 
 
 Liability of promoter on sale to corpora- 
 lion of property on which he holds 
 option. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1114. 
 
 When title passes under consignment of 
 goods for sale with provision that con- 
 signee purchase at option of consignor. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 623. 
 
 § 42. Effect of contract to ship goods 
 t. o. b. 
 
 In general. 62 L.R.A. 795. 
 Vendor's liability as to holding and trans- 
 portation expenses. 62 L.R.A. 796. 
 Upon whom the duty of furnishing cars or 
 vessels lies. 62 L.R.A. 797; 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 928. 
 Effect of delivery f. o. b. 62 L.R.A. 798. 
 Upon the placing of the risk. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 798. 
 Upon the passing of the title. 62 
 L.R.A. 802; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 Oovnilt alfto L.Ii.,1. Dir/eftts to date. 
 
 SALE, XI. a— cont'd 
 
 Upon the place of inspection. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 804. 
 Upon the time of payment. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 805. 
 Upon the riylit of stoppage in trannilu 
 62 L.R.A. 805. 
 
 § 43. Restrictions on sale or use of 
 property as affecting purchaser. 
 
 Of patented article, see Patents. § 12. 
 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 631. 
 
 Copyrighted articles, electrotype plates, etc. 
 
 55 L.R.A. 632. 
 Validity of contract to resell property at an 
 
 advanced price. 3 L.R.A. ( N.S. | 213. 
 
 § 44. Seller's right to retake property. 
 
 Under conditional sale, see infra, § 50. 
 
 Right of seller of property to municipal 
 corporation under invalid contract to 
 take or remove property upon refusal 
 of payment. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 110. 
 
 Seller's right to recover possession or value 
 of property on default by purchaser. 32 
 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 § 45. Recovery of purchase price by 
 seller. 
 
 Payment of purchase price on conditional 
 
 sale, see supra, § 17. 
 Under conditional sale, see infra, § 51. 
 Rescission of sale for default in payment, 
 
 see infra, § 66. 
 Guaranty of purchase price, see Guaeawty. 
 Liability for purchase price of intoxicating 
 
 liquor, see Intoxicating Liquor.s, § 40. 
 
 Law governing right of action for purchase 
 price before expiration of credit. 64 
 L.R.A. 828. 
 
 Right to recover price of property sold for 
 unlawful use. 15 L.R.A. 834. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion for goods sold must be brought, e.^ 
 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 Necessity of notice to bind guarantor of pay- 
 ment of purchase price. 20 L.R.A. 259. 
 
 Defense to action for price. 11 L.R.A. 681.' 
 
 Failure of consideration as defense to action 
 on a purchase price note. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 938. 
 
 What misrepresentations will afford defense 
 to action for purchase price of books. 
 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Delay in attempting to regain property ob 
 tained under agreement to pay therefor 
 on deliverv as waiver of that condition. 
 11 L.R.A."(N.S.) 948; 23 L.R.A.( NT.S. » 
 824. 
 
 Action for price as bar to action for dam- 
 ages for fraud. S L.R.A.(N.S.) 582. 
 
 Effect of setting up defects as a countei-- 
 claim in an action on one of a series of 
 notes given for, or to recover an instal- 
 ment of, the purchase price, upon the 
 right to set up a like counterclaim in 
 subsequent actions. 10 L.R..A.(N.S. ) 
 734. 
 
 Right to recover for goods sold under con- 
 tract containing provision for an ex 
 elusive agency. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
1224 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SALE, XI. a— cont'd 
 
 § 4 6. — time of suing for. 
 
 Action for price before expiration of credit. 
 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 908. 
 
 Right of seller, upon breacli of executory 
 contract, to maintain action for con- 
 tract price. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 808: 26 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 248. 
 
 Effect of refusal to execute purchase-money 
 notes to give vendor an immediate right 
 of action. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 180. 
 
 § 47. Recovery back of payments 
 made. 
 
 Under conditional sale, see infra, § 52. 
 
 Effect of default in payment followed by 
 rescission as forfeiture of payments al- 
 ready made. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 785. 
 
 b. Conditional sale. 
 
 § 48. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 33. 
 
 Effect on question of fixture generally, of re- 
 tention of title to, or lien on, chattel 
 sold, see Fixtures, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Title to foal of mare sold conditionally. 17 
 L.R.A. 82. 
 
 Remedy of conditional vendor for refusal to 
 accept. 08 L.R.A. 100. 
 
 Right of vendor under conditional sale as 
 affected by bankruptcy of purchaser. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 
 Effect of taking collateral security upOn 
 conditional sale. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1065. 
 
 Duty of purchaser of property from condi- 
 tional vendee with right to sell, to see 
 that latter's vendor is paid. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 585. 
 
 Damages recoverable by conditional vendor 
 of personalty from third person who 
 converts the same after partial pay- 
 ment of the purchase price. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 458. 
 
 Destruction of property sold conditionally 
 while in possession of seller. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 505. 
 
 Liability for loss of or damage to personal 
 property pending exercise of option to 
 buy, or to return if unsatisfactory. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 273. 
 
 § 49. On default of payment. 
 
 Right of vendor. 32 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 To collect the balance after the vendor 
 retakes possession. 32 L.RJi.. 455. 
 
 To recover purchase price where the 
 property is destroved after de- 
 livery. 32 L.R.A. 458. 
 
 To recover on unpaid notes or contract 
 where the vendor does not resume 
 possession or accept a return of 
 the property. 32 L.R.A. 458. 
 
 To recover from the purchaser the pos- 
 session or the value of the property 
 on default. 32 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 To assert vendor's lien. 32 L.R.A. 464. 
 Right of purchaser. 32 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 SALE, XI. b— cont'd 
 
 To recover payments where the vendor 
 took the property from his posses- 
 sion. 32 L.R.A. 465. 
 To recover the property, or its value, 
 as in trespass. 32 L.R.A. 467. 
 Forfeiture. 32 L.R.A. 469. 
 
 By vendor, of money received. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 469. 
 By purchaser, of money paid. 32 
 L.R.A. 469. 
 Rescission. 32 L.R.A. 469. 
 Statutory provisions as to rights and reme- 
 dies. 32 L.R.A. 470. 
 Waiver. 32 L.R.A. 471. 
 Election of remedy under contract. 32 
 L.R.A. 471. 
 
 §50. Seller's right to retake property. 
 
 Seller's right to recover from purchaser pos- 
 session or value of property on default. 
 32 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 Right of vendor in conditional sale to re- 
 cover property as affected by his knowl- 
 edge that the purchaser intended to 
 make an unlawful use of it. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 967. 
 
 Right to employ force in retaking property 
 sold conditionally. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 606. 
 
 Liability for abuse of right to retake prop- 
 erty sold conditionally, upon breach of 
 condition. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1132. 
 
 Bringing action for purchase price as waiver 
 of right of vendor in conditional sale 
 to recover property in specie. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 144. 
 
 Apparent ownership of conditional vendee, 
 as affecting right of conditional vendor 
 to claim title as against conditional 
 purchaser's vendees or creditors. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 766,782-790. 
 
 § 51. Recovery of purchase price by 
 seller. 
 
 Seller's rif ht to collect balance after retak- 
 ing possession. 32 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 Eight to recover on unpaid notes or con- 
 tracts where vendor does not resume 
 possession or accept return of property. 
 32 L.R.A. 458. 
 
 Right to recover purchase price where prop- 
 erty is destroyed after delivery. 32 
 L.R.A. 458. 
 
 Right of seller under conditional sale to re- 
 cover amount unpaid where property 
 lost or destroyed without fault of pur- 
 chaser. 2L.E.A.(N.S.) 97. 
 
 § 52. Purchaser's right to recover 
 back payments where seller retakes 
 property. 
 
 General rule. 32 L.R.A. 465; 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 891. 
 Where contract mutuallv rescinded. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 894. 
 Where seller unlawfully takes or sells the 
 
 property. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 895. 
 Right of seller to replevin property without 
 returning or offering to return pur- 
 chase money. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 897. 
 
 Begin xvith this hoolc on every lair qnestion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1225 
 
 SALE, XI. b— cont'd 
 
 Where value of use of, or damage to 
 property equals or exceeds amount 
 paid on purchase price. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 808. 
 Judgment in replevin action as affecting 
 right to recover purchase monev paid. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 898. 
 Where purchase price is represented by buy- 
 er's notes. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 898. 
 Where property in hands of third person. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 899. 
 Statutory right. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 Massachusetts. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 899. 
 Missouri. 3S L.R.A. (N.S.) 900. 
 New York. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 900. 
 Ohio. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 901. 
 Tennessee. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 901. 
 Vermont. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 902. 
 Application of law of state where con- 
 tract executed, where relief is 
 sought in another state. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 902. 
 Right to recover property or its value as in 
 trespass. 32 L.R.A. 467. 
 
 c. On breach of warranty, 
 
 § 53. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of warranty, 
 see Damages, § 37. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages, see 
 Damages, § 116. 
 
 Liability of seller or manufacturer for in- 
 juries by dangerous or defective article, 
 see Negligence, § 15. 
 
 Effect of representing things to be "good." 
 35 L.R.A. 795. 
 
 Refusal to accept article that does not com- 
 ply with warranty. 1 L.R.A. 646.* 
 
 Liability of infant for false warranty. 57 
 L.R.A. 680. 
 
 Rule of proximate cause in case of false 
 warranties. 45 L.R.A. 90. 
 
 Effect of warranty clause in contract on 
 failure of consideration as defense to ac- 
 tion on purchase money note. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 946. 
 
 Arrest under civil process for breach of 
 warranty. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 844. 
 
 Right of purchaser, upon rejecting goods for 
 breach of warranty, to resell them on 
 account of seller. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 932. 
 
 Time when limitation begins to run on lia- 
 bility for breach of warranty. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 162. 
 
 Recoupment of damages for breach of war- 
 ranty. 1 L.R.A. 339.* 
 
 Avaiiibility of breach of warranty as set- 
 off. 10 L.R.A. 379.* 
 
 Avaiiibility of breach of warranty as de- 
 fense in replevin or claim and delivery 
 where not specially pleaded. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 473. 
 
 Breach of warranty in the principal contract 
 as defense to a surety. 21 L.R.A. 406. 
 Cotifnlt also Tj.R.A. nigesls to date. 
 
 SALE, XI. e— cont'd 
 
 May purchaser recover damages for breach 
 of warranty or fraud as to both ar- 
 ticles where one article is substituted 
 for another at his request and both are 
 defective. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 298. 
 
 § 54. As to quality oi- quantity. 
 
 Rights and remedies of purchaser in sales 
 by description. 14 oj.R.A. 492. 
 
 Remedy of purchaser on default of one 
 who sells with particular description of 
 kind or quality. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 
 Right of purchaser of goods deliverable in 
 instalments to rescind the contract or 
 refuse further deliveries for breach as 
 to quality. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 539. 
 
 Right of purchaser who has resold to recov- 
 er for breach of warranty as to quanti- 
 ty or quality, where he has not actually 
 made good to his vendees. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 465. 
 
 § 5 5. Parol warranty. 
 
 Breach of parol warranty as defense to ac- 
 tion between original parties on note 
 for purchase price of chattel. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 267. 
 
 § 56. Necessity of notice of defect. 
 
 Effect of provision in contract of sale that 
 claim for defects must be made within 
 certain time, where defects are latent. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 245. 
 
 Waiver of stipulated notice of failure of 
 machine to work properly. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 142. 
 
 § 57. Necessity of returning. 
 
 Necessity of returning article that does not 
 comply with warranty. 1 L.R.A. 646.* 
 
 Construction of provision for return in event 
 of rescission for breach of warranty. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 212. 
 
 Effect of provision in contract of sale for 
 return of defective goods upon buyer's 
 right to recover for breach of warranty, 
 express or implied. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 540. 
 
 Effect of change of condition of chattel upon 
 right to return it for breach of warran- 
 ty. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 678, 
 
 Remedy for breach of warranty of horse 
 where its death prevents its return and 
 the substitution of another, as provided 
 by the contract. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 823. 
 
 § 58. Waiver of breach. 
 Effect of inspection or opportunity to in- 
 spect, see supra, § 38. 
 
 Vendee's failure to inspect or test goods 
 as waiver of express warranty. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 235. 
 
 Waiver by seller of provision for return of 
 goods in case of rescission for breach 
 of warranty. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 214. 
 
 § 59. — by acceptance with knowledge 
 of breach. 
 
 Wliere warranty express. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 r,o-2. 
 
122« 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 SALE, XI. c— cont'd 
 
 Rule that purchaser has option to accept 
 
 or reject. 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 506. 
 Doctrine that purchaser must accept. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 507. 
 Right to. accept where warranty implied. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 507. 
 Right to retain article after obtaining 
 
 knowledge of defect. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 509. 
 
 (I. Lien for price; stoppage in transitu, 
 
 § 60. Liibn for price. 
 
 I, aw governing right to vendor's' lien. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 831. 
 Vendor's lien for purchase price of railroad 
 
 rails. 66 L.E.A. 44. 
 l^i.aht of vendor by conditional sale to as- 
 
 .■iert lien on default of payment. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 464. 
 Poi sonal liability of purchaser of personal 
 
 property which is subject to a lien. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 \SHiver of seller's lien by attachment or 
 
 execution. 50 L.E.A. 714. 
 
 § 61. Stoppage in transitu. 
 
 Stoppage in transitu. 3 L.R.A. 647;* 4 
 
 L.R.A. 732;* 11 L.E.A. 347.* 
 Who may exercise the right. 3 L.E.A. 648.* 
 Groods when in transitu. 3 L.E.A. 648.* 
 Priority of right over claims of creditors. 
 
 :; L.E.A. 648.* 
 Effect of stoppage. 3 L.R.A. 648.* 
 (Conditions of right. 11 L.E.A. 347.* 
 Duration of right. 11 L.E.A. 347.* 
 When right ceases. 11 L.R.A. 349.* 
 Waiver of, by attachment or execution. 50 
 
 L.E.A. 721. 
 f'jiTect on, of contract to ship goods f. o. 
 
 b. 62 L.E.A. 805. 
 Right of stoppage in transitu after reship- 
 
 ment. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 31. 
 
 e. Rescission, 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 62. Generally. 
 
 Right of seller to retake property, see supra, 
 § 44. 
 
 Effect of investigation by purchaser. 6 
 L.R.A. 151.* 
 
 When sale of expectancy by prospective heir 
 will be set aside. 33 L.R.A. 278, 284. 
 
 Rescission by vendor of seeds. 37 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 85. 
 
 Right of infant to rescind sale of corporate 
 stock. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 128. 
 
 Effect of default in payment, followed by re- 
 scission, as forfeiture of payments al- 
 ready made. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 Right of purchaser on conditional sale to 
 recover back payments where contract is 
 mutually rescinded. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 894. 
 
 § 63. Prerequisites to. 
 
 Demand as a condition of recovery of goods 
 in case of purchaser's fraud. 2 L.R.A. 
 1.55.* 
 
 SALE, XI. e, 1— cont'd 
 
 Notice to vendor as condition of vendee's 
 right to refuse subsequent deliveries 
 after breach as to earlier deliveries. 
 8 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1110. 
 
 §64. — return of consideration. 
 
 Necessity of returning consideration before 
 bringing replevin for property obtained 
 by fraudulent purchase. 21 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 Necessity that tender, as condition of rescis- 
 sion for breach of warranty, shall cover 
 all the property sold. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 727. 
 
 Necessity of returning amount paid on 
 fraudulent purchase in action of replev- 
 in by seller. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 474. 
 
 Construction of provision for return in the 
 event of rescission for breach of 
 warranty. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 212. 
 In general. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 212. 
 Waiver by seller. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 214. 
 Sufficiency of compliance with require- 
 ment. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 215. 
 
 2. Grounds. 
 
 § 65. Generally. 
 
 What will warrant rescission of contract of 
 
 sale. 30 L.R.A. 61. 
 Rescission for insolvency. 2 L.R.A. 153.* 
 Use as waiver of right to rescind for non- 
 compliance with contract. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 467. 
 
 § 66. Default in payment. 
 
 Eescission for failure to pay for instalment 
 as delivered. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1. 
 
 Rescission of conditional sale on default of 
 payment. 32 L.R.A. 469. 
 
 § 67. Fraud. 
 
 What constitutes fraud, see Fbadd and De- 
 ceit, §§ 4-12. 
 
 Sale as a fraud upon creditors of seller, see 
 Fbatjdulent Conveyances. 
 
 Eescission for fraud. 2 L.R.A. 153.* 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 64 L.R.A. 827. 
 Fraud in obtaining credit. 14 L.E.A. 
 264. 
 Eepresentation to commercial 
 agencies. 2 L.E.A. 154;* 14 
 L.E.A. 264. 
 Intent; concealment of insolvency. 
 2 L.R.A. 154;* 14 L.E.A. 264. 
 Eeoovery of property by vendor in case of 
 
 fraud. 1 L.R.A. 618.* 
 Purchase of stolen property, or property ob- 
 tained by fraud. 4 L.R.A. 368.* 
 Election of remedies in case of fraudulent 
 
 purchase. 15 L.R.A. 89. 
 False statement as to cost, selling or mar- 
 ket price of property or its offers there- 
 for. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 175. 
 Lack of reasonable expectation of ability to 
 pay as equivalent Of intention not to 
 pay. ■ 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 556. 
 Right of seller to retake goods from innocent 
 purchaser from fraudulent vendee. 4 
 L.E.A. 369.* 
 
 Begin with this took on everif law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 122',' 
 
 SALE, XI. e, 2 — cont'd 
 
 Ijiability of partnership for fraud in pur- 
 chase of property. 51 L.R.A. 484. 
 In sale of property, ol L.R.A. 485. 
 
 Necessity of returning amount paid on 
 fraudulent purchase in action of re- 
 plevin by seller. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 474. 
 
 Effect of bankruptcy proceedings on prior 
 action to rescind sale for fraud. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1204. 
 
 Right of seller to reclaim goods as against 
 assignee for creditors or trustee in 
 bankruptcy of buyer, who procured 
 them by false representations. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1032. 
 
 Burden of proof as to payment of value by, 
 or notice of fraud to, subvendee of chat- 
 tels, when original seller seeks to re- 
 scind for fraud of first purchase. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 448. 
 
 What misrepresentations will afford ground 
 for rescinding a sale of books. 22 
 L.R,A.{N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Rescission by purchaser for seller's fraud 
 as affecting former's right to recover 
 damages, other than loss of contract. 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 910. 
 
 Waiver of fraud by completing executory 
 contract for sale of personal property 
 after discovering the fraud. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 452. 
 
 § 68. Breach of warranty. 
 
 Interest on rescission for breach, see Intek- 
 
 EST, § 7. 
 
 Rescission for breach of. 4 L.R.A. 370;* 
 
 9 L.R.A. 611.* 
 Right of rescission on breach of warranty 
 by vendor of seeds. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 85. 
 Construction of provisions for return of 
 property, in event of rescission for 
 breach of warranty. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 212. 
 Right of purchaser to reject goods for breach 
 of warranty. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 914. 
 As dependent upon question whether 
 contract executed or executory. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 914. 
 Where no opportunity for inspection 
 until after delivery. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 915. 
 Where contract contains express 
 warranty to same effect as im- 
 plied warranty. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 917. 
 Executoiy contracts. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 918. 
 Executed lontracts. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 919. 
 Sale by sample. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 922. 
 Where" purchased for particular pur- 
 poses. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924. 
 Warranties relating to goods to be 
 manufactured, or product to be 
 furnished by seller. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 924. 
 Confnilt alJio L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SALE, XI. e, 2 — cont'd 
 Right of purchaser of goods deliverable in 
 instalments to rescind the contract, 
 or refuse further deliveries, for 
 breach as to quality. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 539. 
 Default as giving riglit to terminate 
 contract. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 541. 
 Necessity that breach be continu- 
 ing. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 541. 
 Estoppel of purchaser. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 542. 
 Effect of acceptance. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 542. 
 Upon right to rescind. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 542. 
 As imposing obligation to accopt 
 subsequent deliveries. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 543. 
 Where article accepted is of 
 agreed quality, and arti- 
 cles subsequently tender- 
 ed are defective. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 543. 
 Where article accepted is not 
 of stipulated quality. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 543. 
 Where articles subsequent- 
 ly tendered is of 
 agreed quality. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 543. 
 Where article subsequent- 
 ly tendered is not of 
 agreed quality. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 544. 
 Purchaser's election to rescind for breach 
 of warranty as affecting recovery 
 against seller. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 925. 
 General' rule. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 Interest. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 928. 
 Freight paid. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 928. 
 Special circumstances. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 928. 
 Breach of contract. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 929. 
 Use as waiver of right to rescind for breach 
 of warranty. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 467. 
 
 3. Waiver of right. 
 
 § 69. Generally. 
 
 Waiver of right to rescind by use of prop- 
 erty to test it. 21 L.R.A. 135. 
 
 Acceptance of portion of instalment, as af- 
 fecting right to rescind continuing con- 
 tract for failure to deliver whole. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 864. 
 
 Waiver of fraud by completing executory 
 contract for sale of personal property 
 after discovering the fraud. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 452. 
 
 § 7 0. Waiver by use of right to re- 
 scind for Iircach of warranty or 
 noncompliance with contract. 
 
 General rule. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 468. 
 Use for purpose of test. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 469. 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 469. 
 
1228 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 .SALE, XI. e, 3— cont'd 
 
 Where goods expressly sold subject to 
 trial. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 469. 
 Use after discovery of defect. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 470. 
 Use after ascertaining failure to meet re- 
 quirements of contract. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 471. 
 Wliere further use is at the request of 
 
 the seller. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 472. 
 Use after notice of rescission. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 472. 
 Rescission for delav in delivering. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 474. 
 \A'hether reasonableness qvv-stion for court 
 
 or jury. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 474. 
 When objection should be made. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 475. 
 
 f. Rights of bona fide purchasers. 
 
 § 71. Generally. 
 
 Of note, see Bills and Notes, §§ 38-42. 
 
 Of bond, see. Bonds, § 23. 
 
 In general, see Bona Fide Holder. 
 
 § 7 2. Pre-existing- debt as consider- 
 ation for bona fide purchase of non- 
 negotiable property. 
 
 Notice of prior equities. 36 L.R.A. 161. 
 Value of the property. 36 L.R.A. 162. 
 Performance of transfer. 36 L.R.A. 163. 
 Generally. 36 L.R.A. 163. 
 
 Cases holding that the creditor is a 
 
 bona fide purchaser. 36 L.R.A. 163. 
 
 Cases holding that the creditor is not a 
 
 bona fide purchaser. 36 L.R.A. 166. 
 
 Decisions in states vt'here the rule is 
 
 not uniform. 36 L.R.A. 167. 
 
 SALES IN GROSS. 
 Of trade mark. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 
 » » » 
 
 SALESMEN. 
 
 Traveling salesmen, see Commercial Trav- 
 elers. 
 
 Authority of sales agent who is authorized 
 to collect tlie whole or part of purchase 
 price on making the sale to receive pay- 
 ment afterwards. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 700. 
 
 Salesman's rijiht to compensation as affected 
 bv employment of improper method to 
 make sales. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1149. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract of. S3 L.R.A. 77. 
 
 Salesman's right to recover compensation 
 as affected by employment of improper 
 methods to make sales. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1149. 
 
 SALOONIiEEPERS. 
 
 Liability, at common law, of a saloonkeeper 
 for personal injury to patron. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 649. 
 
 SALOONKEEPERS— cont'd 
 Liability for malicious acts of servants to- 
 vpards patrons. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 485. 
 
 SALOONS. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 29. 
 As to sale of intoxicating liquor, generally, 
 
 see Intoxicating Liquor, §§ 19-37. 
 Saloonkeepers, see Saloonkeepers. 
 
 Power to license. 20 L.R.A. 722. 
 
 Power to exclude women from. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 657. 
 Validity of agreement in restraint of trade, 
 
 ancillary to sale of saloon, as affected 
 
 by territorial scope. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 928. 
 As a place of public accommodation within 
 
 civil rights act. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 601. 
 As a place of amusement within civil rights 
 
 acts. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 
 SALVAGE. 
 
 Eight to, in case of reinsurance. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 862. 
 Legislative power to fix prices for salvage of 
 
 logs. 33 L.R.A. 182. 
 Rights of seamen as salvors. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 193. 
 Where vessel causing peril and that claim- 
 ing salvage have the same owner. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 873. 
 Jurisdiction of admiralty over contract as 
 
 to. 66 L.R.A. 206, 232. 
 Rights of seamen as salvors. 64 L.R.A. 
 193. 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 193. 
 General salvors. 64 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 The general rule. 64 L.R.A. 193. 
 Exceptions to the general rule. 64 
 L.R.A. 193. 
 Extraordinary services. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 193. 
 Discharge of seamen. 64 
 L.R.A. 196. 
 Abandonment by master. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 196. 
 Recapture. 64 L.R.A. 199. 
 Compensation in the nature of salvage. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 200. 
 Maritime lien for. 70 L.R.A. 368, 376. 
 
 SALVATION ARMY. 
 
 Delegation of power to regulate parades of. 
 20 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 SAMPLE. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 Implied warranty on sale by, see Sale, § 37. 
 Regulation of sales by. 24 L.R.A. 588. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1229 
 
 SAMPLE— cont'd 
 
 Authority of traveling salesmen to soil. 18 
 L.R.A. 667. 
 
 Solicitation of orders by samplo as inter- 
 state commerce. 19 L.R.A. (X.S.) .304. 
 
 Liability for loss or destruction of commer- 
 cial traveler's samples. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 350. 
 
 Exhibition of sample to jury on issue of 
 quality of goods. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1021. 
 
 Validity of requirement that dairymen 
 shall give sample of milk to inspectors 
 without compensation. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 918. 
 
 Duty of parties with respect to delivery and 
 receipt of articles sold by sample. 35 
 L.RA.(N.S.) 290. 
 
 Symbolic delivery by, to satisfy statute of 
 frauds. 70 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 SAMPLE MERCHANDISE. 
 
 Carrier's liability for loss of, when carried 
 as baggage. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1035. 
 
 SANATORIUM. 
 
 Erection of, as violation of restrictive cove- 
 nant in deed. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 617. 
 
 SANCTION. 
 
 Of evil by statute, when implied. 14 L.R.A. 
 846. 
 
 SANDPITS. 
 
 Contributory negligence in continuing work 
 in, notwithstanding master's promise to 
 repair. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) ""i 
 
 601. 
 
 SANITARIUM. 
 
 Liability of proprietor of private sanitarium 
 or hospital for negligence of nurse. 
 6L.R.A.(N.S.) 306. 
 
 « »» 
 
 SANITY. 
 
 See Incompetent Persons. 
 » » » 
 
 SATISFACTION. 
 
 Accord and satisfaction, see Accord and 
 
 Satisfaction. 
 Of execution, see Execution, § 11. 
 Of judgments, see Judgment, §§ 74-77-. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SATISFACTION— cont'd 
 
 Failure of employee to give, see Mastee and 
 
 Servant, § 38. 
 Of condition in Avill, see WlJXS, § 88. 
 
 AoiTcnifiit to give. 17 L.R.A. 207.* 
 
 Effect of stiimliition that goods sold shall 
 be satisfactory. 17 L.R.A. 208. 
 
 Warranty of, on sale of goods. 1 L.R.A. 
 645.'' 
 
 Eft'ect of use of property purchased on ap- 
 proval after expression of dissatis- 
 faction. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1107. 
 
 Wliat constitutes "satisfactory titlo" with- 
 in requirement of land contract or 
 other agreement relating to land. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 741. 
 
 Payment of note by maker which proves 
 ineffectual as a satisfaction as affect- 
 ing surety's liability thereon. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 205. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 SAVINGS BANKS. 
 
 See Banks, §§ 12, 13, 43, 44. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 SAWMIUU. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's neg- 
 ligence in operating. 54 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Contributory negligence in continuing work 
 in, notwithstanding master's promise to 
 repair. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 602. 
 
 SCAFFOLD. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant 
 by, see Master and Servant, § 84. 
 
 SCALES. 
 
 Obstruction of street by. 14 L.R.A. 558. 
 Power of municipality to regulate use of 
 
 scales by merchants. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 266. 
 Power of municipal corporation to grant 
 
 right to maintain scales in street. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 403. 
 
 » «» 
 
 SCALPING. 
 
 See Cabbiers, §§ 21, 148. 
 •-*-• 
 
 SCANDAL. 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for publi- 
 cations, disseminaijing. 35 L.R.A. 578. 
 
1230 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOISES. 
 
 SCANDALOUS MATTEK. 
 
 reason for omitting part of will from 
 probate. 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 974. 
 
 SCAVENGERS. 
 
 See Gaebaqe. 
 
 SCENIC RAII/ROAD. 
 
 Liability of person maintaining, for safety 
 of patron. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 772; 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1054; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1070. 
 
 SCHEDULE. 
 
 In assignment for creditors, see Assign- 
 ment FOR Creditors, § 5. 
 
 Sufficiency of rules as to operation of trains 
 by. 43 L.R.A. 332. 
 
 SCHISM. 
 
 See Religious Societies, §§ 4, 5. 
 » »» 
 
 SCHOOL DISTRICT. 
 
 See Schools, V. 
 
 SCHOOLHOUSE. 
 
 See Schools, §§ 29, 30. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 Location of mines on 
 794. 
 
 SCHOOL LANDS. 
 
 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 SCHOOL MONEY. 
 
 See Schools, § 38. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1, 2. 
 II. Government; control; attendance; 
 exclusion, §§ 3-11. 
 III. Teachers, §§ 13-22. 
 IT. Offlcers; elections, §§ 23-36. 
 
 Beoi^' ivlth tfiis boolt: on every la,w question. 
 
 SCHOOLS— cont'd 
 T. Districts; property; schoolhoitses ; 
 liahilitles; indebtedness;' taxes, 
 §§ 27-35. 
 VI. Text-boolcs ; instruction; school 
 money, §§ 36-38. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Charitable bequest for, see Chabities. 
 Oonstitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 
 CONSTITTTTIONAL LAW, § 96. 
 
 Sale of liquor within prohibited distance 
 of, see Intoxicatins Liquors, § 27. 
 
 How public school constituted. 10 L.R.A. 
 273.* 
 
 Nature and relation to state of incorporated 
 educational institutions belonging to 
 aLate. 29 L.R.A. 380. 
 
 Protection of school privileges by the equal- 
 ity provision of the 14th Amendment. 
 14 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Establishment of school as violation of 
 restrictive covenant in deed. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 616. 
 
 Taking of property for common schools 
 as a public purpose. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 169. 
 
 On what basis majority essential to adop- 
 tion of proposition for establishing 
 high school is to be computed. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478. 
 
 Determining character of standing of pro- 
 fessional school or college for purposes 
 of license statutes. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 735. 
 
 As a violation of covenant against disagree- 
 able noise or nuisance. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1039. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute, 
 to enjoin school contract. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 16. 
 
 School session as a meeting within purview 
 of offense of disturbing meeting. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 832. 
 
 § 2. Transportation of pupils. 
 
 Power to require carriers to give reduced 
 rates to school children. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.^.) 973; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 524. 
 
 Duty of public to furnish free transpor- 
 tation to pupils. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1110. 
 
 Right to use school money for transporta- 
 tion of pupils. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 710. 
 
 //. Government; control; attendance; 
 exclusion. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Power of school authorities to require at- 
 tendance at particular school as affected 
 by location, accessibility, or distance. 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 584. 
 
 § 3a. Compulsory education. 
 
 What ' instruction constitutes compliance 
 with compulsorv education statute. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 95. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1231 
 
 SCHOOLS, II.— cont'd 
 g 4. Private schools. 
 
 Power to regulate or prohibit private 
 schools. 29 L.R,A.(N.S.) 53. 
 
 Power of legislatures. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 53. 
 
 Power of courts. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 
 § 5. Religious garb. 
 
 Validity of rule forbidding religious garb 
 in school. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 
 Right to require or prohibit the wearing 
 of uniforms or religious garb in pub- 
 lie school or college. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 337. 
 
 § 6. Resilience ot pupils. 
 
 What constitutes residence entitling chil- 
 dren to the privileges of public 
 schools. 26 L.R.A. 581; 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 341. 
 
 Bona fide residence. 26 L.RA. 581. 
 
 Fictitious residence. 26 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 Bona fide residents, when not entitled. 
 26 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Analogies. 26 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Living with relative or stranger. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 342. 
 
 Living with guardian. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 343. 
 
 Living with parents. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 343. 
 
 Orphan: inmate of charitable or public 
 home. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 344. 
 
 Estoppel of district. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 344. 
 Validity of statute giving nonresident of 
 
 school district right to attend school 
 
 without charge. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1104. 
 Residence of student for purpose of voting. 
 
 23 L.E.A. 215. 
 Acquiring residence as voter while attend- 
 ing school. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 170. 
 
 § 7. Discrimination against colored 
 cliiltlren; separate schools. 
 
 Separate schools for colored children. 14 
 L.tl.A. 581. 
 
 Statute excluding colored children from 
 benefit of school system as denial of 
 equal protection of laws. 1 L.R.A. 
 294.* 
 
 Who is negro, mulatto, or person of color 
 within school law not specifically de- 
 hning the same. 31 L.R.A. ( N.S.) 180. 
 
 Right of educational, charitable, or religious 
 institution to exclude person on account 
 of race or color. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 447. 
 
 § 8. Vaccination of puijils. 
 
 Vaccination as condition of attendance. 2.3 
 
 L.R.A. 152. 
 Power to require vaccination as condition 
 
 of admission to. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 710. 
 
 § 9. Control of pupils; suspension. 
 
 Teacher's right to enforce discipline, sec 
 
 infra, § 20. 
 Teacher's right to chastise pupil, see infra, 
 
 § 21. 
 Teacher's liability for injury to pupil, see 
 . infra, § 22. 
 Conmilt also L,.R./l. Digents to date. 
 
 SCHOOLS, II.— cont'd 
 
 Suspension and dismissal from school. 6 
 L.R.A. 535.* 
 
 Rales and regulations for conduct and man- 
 agement of pupils. 6 L.R.A. 534.* 
 
 Forbidding student's affiliation with secret 
 society. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 352. 
 
 §10. — outside of school grounds. 
 
 Misconduct out of school. 6 L.R.A. 535.* 
 Power of school authorities over pupils 
 
 while outside of school grounds. 3 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 496. 
 Right of school authorities to control pupils 
 
 when going to and from school. 62 
 
 L.E.A. 160. 
 
 § 11. — right to exclude, suspend, or 
 expel pupils for misconduct of 
 themselves or parents. 
 
 Where the parent's action affects the child. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 593. 
 For misconduct of pupil. 41 L.R.A. 594. 
 For absence and tardiness. 41 L.R.A. 597. 
 For connection with secret societies. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 599. 
 For failure to participate in certain studies 
 
 and exercises. 41 L.R.A. 599. 
 For refusal to perform manual labor. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 603. 
 For failure to pay for injury to school 
 
 property. 41 L.R.A. 603. 
 Controlling conduct of pupil after the rela- 
 tion' of teacher and pupil has ceased. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 604. 
 Questions of pleading and practice. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 III. Teachers. 
 
 g la. Generally. 
 
 Going to another state, county, or district 
 to teach school or preach as affecting 
 a change of domicil or residence. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 996. 
 
 Privileged character of complaints to proper 
 authorities against school-teachers. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1043. 
 
 Privilege of school superintendent or other 
 officer in reporting to school authorities 
 upon character of teacher. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 200. 
 
 Validity of contract restraining practice of 
 profession after expiration of term of 
 service with another. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 961. 
 
 Character of occupation of premises bv mas- 
 ters. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 714, 719, 721. 
 
 § 13. I/icense. 
 
 License to teach. 10 L.R.A. 273.* 
 Validity of contract by unlicensed teacher. 
 
 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 614. 
 Ktfect of contract by teacher without license 
 or certificate of qualification. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 Certificate as prerequisite to valid con- 
 tract. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 Effect of failure to have ccrtiflcate. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 413. 
 Excuse for failure to obtain certificate. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) -ilr-,. 
 
1232 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SCHOOLS, III.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of subsequent issuance of cer- 
 tificate. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 415. 
 
 Where certificate expires during term 
 of service. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 417. 
 
 § 14. — revocation of. 
 
 Interference by courts with revocation of 
 school teacher's license. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1148. 
 
 § 15. Appointment or employment of. 
 
 Appointment of. 10 L.R.A. 273.* 
 
 Contract with. 10 L.R.A. 273.* 
 
 Power to employ. 10 L.R.A. 273.* 
 
 For period extending beyond term of 
 trustees. 16 L.R.A. 257. 
 
 Power of board to appoint superintendents 
 or teachers for terms extending beyond 
 its own term. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 657. 
 
 § 16. Discharge of. 
 
 Removal and discharge of. 10 L.R.A. 274.* 
 
 § 17. Wages; salary; expenditures. 
 
 Payment of wages. 10 L.R.A. 274.* 
 
 Complaint in action for wages. 10 L.R.A. 
 274.* . 
 
 Evidence in action for wages. 10 L.R.A. 
 274.* 
 
 Exemption of salary from claims of credit- 
 ors. 54 L.R.A. 572. 
 
 Right of school-teacher to be reimbursed 
 for inoney expended for school purposes 
 without precedent authority. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1177. 
 
 § 18. — while not teaching. 
 
 Right of teacher to salary during temporary 
 interruption of school in term 
 time. 50 L.R.A. 371. 
 
 Epidemics and sickness. 50 L.R.A. 371. 
 
 Building destroyed or unfit for use. 
 50 L.R.A. 373. 
 
 Holidays. 50 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 Lack of funds. 50 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 Special contract provisions. 50 L.R.A. 
 375. 
 Right of school-teachers to pay during ab- 
 sence. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 513. 
 
 Holidays. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 514. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 515. 
 
 § 19. Pensions. 
 
 Power of legislature to require municipality 
 to pension teachers. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 609. 
 
 § 20. Right to enforce discipline. 
 
 Control of pupils, generally, see supra, §§ 
 
 9-11. ■ . i ■ 
 
 Generally. 6 L.R.A. 534.* 
 
 § 21. —right to punish pupil. 
 
 Liability for improper punishment, see in- 
 fra, 22. 
 
 Kight to chastise pupils. 6 L.R.A. 534.* 
 Right of teacher to inflict corporal punish- 
 ment on pupil. 1 B. R. C. 718. 
 Excessive punishment. 1 B. E. C. 720. 
 
 Begin with this Tjoolc on every latv question. 
 
 SCHOOLS, III.— cont'd 
 
 Infliction with improper motive, or 
 
 without proper cause. 1 B. R: C. 
 
 723. 
 Statutory provisions. 1 B. R. C. 724. 
 
 § 22. — liability for personal injury to 
 pupil. 
 
 Liability for assault, see Assault and Bat- 
 tery, § 8. 
 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 891. 
 Reasonable restraint or correction. 65 
 L.R.A. 891. 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 891. 
 When injury results from punishment 
 on account of defect in pupil's con- 
 stitution unknown to teacher. 65 
 L.R.A. 892. 
 When pupil is of age. 65 L.R.A. 892. 
 When teacher is not regularly appoint- 
 ed. 65 L.R.A. 892. 
 Kxcessive restraint or correction. 65 L.R.A. 
 893. 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 893. 
 Error of judgment. 65 L.R.A. 894. 
 The discretionary nature of the 
 power to punish, vested in 
 teachers. 65 L.R.A. 894. 
 Presumption of proper motive. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 894. 
 Effect of proper motive. 65 L.R.A. 
 895. 
 Improper motive. 65 L.R.A. 896. 
 Punishment inflicted without proper cause. 
 
 65 L.R.A. 897. 
 When cause of punishment is unknown to 
 
 pupil. 65 L.R.A. 897. 
 Reasonableness or excessiveness of punish- 
 ment is for the jury. 65 L.R.A. 
 897. , , 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 897. 
 Material considerations. 65 L.R.A. 898. 
 Statutes. 65 L.R.A. 899. - 
 Homicide by excessive or improper chastise- 
 ment of pupil. 60 L.R.A. 803. 
 
 IV. Officers; elections. 
 
 §23. Generally. 
 
 Officers of school district as public officers. 
 
 17 L.R.A. 247. 
 Right of woman to be superintendent or 
 
 other officer of. 38 L.R.A. 212. 
 
 S 24. Rights and powers of officers. 
 
 Power to act as determined by place of 
 
 performance. 33 L.R.A. 86. 
 Power of trustees to hire teacher for period 
 extending beyond their own term. 16 
 L.R.A. 257. 
 Power of board to appoint officer or make 
 contract for term extending be- 
 yond its own term. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 652. 
 Employment of superintendents and 
 teachers of public schools. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 657. 
 Right of school oflJeer to repudiate or with- 
 draw resignation. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1058. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOl'ES. 
 
 1233 
 
 SCHOOLS, IV.— cont'd 
 
 § 25. tiiabiUty of officers. 
 
 Personal liability of scliool officer on con 
 
 tract in excess of his authority. 2.'. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 428. 
 Report by superintendent, as privileged com 
 
 munication. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 Privilege of school superintendent or othei 
 
 officer in reporting to school authoritie; 
 
 on character of teacher. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 200. 
 
 § 2 6. Meetings; elections. 
 
 Election of superintendent. 10 L.R.A. 186." 
 
 Right to vote in school election; womer. 
 
 voters. 21 L.R.A. 662. 
 Right of women to vote at school meetings. 
 
 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 522. 
 
 V. Districts; property; schoolhouses ; 
 liabilities; indebtedness; taxes. 
 
 § 2 7. Districts generally. 
 
 Removal for separable controversy of ac- 
 tion by school district to cancel judg- 
 ment. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 
 Right of subcontractor, materialman, or 
 laborer to maintain action on contract- 
 or's bond running to school district. 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 581. 
 
 Ratification by school district of unauthor- 
 ized contract. 20 L.R.A. 136. 
 
 Right to withdraw name from petition. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372. 
 
 § 28. — organization; boundaries. 
 
 Effect of changing boundaries of school dis- 
 trict on rights in real property. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 486. 
 
 Who may maintain quo warranto to test va- 
 lidity of organization of school dis- 
 trict. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 685. 
 
 § 29. Property; schoolhouses. 
 
 Taxation of, see infra, § 35. 
 Sale of liquor within prohibited distance 
 of, see Intoxicating Liquoes, § 27. 
 
 Mechanics' liens on schoolhouses. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 142; 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 315. 
 Implied power of municipality to purchase 
 
 or build on credit. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 746. 
 Liability of municipal corporation for tort 
 
 in connection with school building. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 
 § 30. —use of. 
 
 Use of buildings for private purpose. 33 
 
 L.R.A. 118. 
 Effect of language in grant specifying or 
 restricting the use of property for 
 school purposes. 19 L.R.A. 265. 
 Use of public school building or other school 
 property for other than school 
 purposes. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 588. 
 Lectures and entertainments. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 589. 
 Dances. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 591. 
 Elections. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592. 
 Private or select schools. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 592. 
 Religious meetings. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 593. 
 f'onfiuU also T^.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SCHOOLS, v.— cont'd 
 
 Fraternal organizations. 
 
 (N.S.) 595. 
 Cemetery. 31 L.R.A. (N.S. 
 
 31 L.R.A. 
 
 595. 
 
 3 31. Liabilities. 
 
 lability of school district or school cor- 
 poration to action for damages from 
 negligence. 37 L.R.A. 301. 
 
 § 32. Indebtedness. 
 
 .lability of district on paper executed by 
 school district. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1078. 
 
 Liability of territory annexed to school dis- 
 trict to pay proportionate share of ex- 
 isting debts. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1147. 
 
 r-Iolders as necessary parties to proceedings 
 to invalidate moneyed obligations of 
 school district. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 256. 
 
 When limitations begin to run against ac- 
 tion on obligations of school district 
 pavable out of particular fund. 10 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 478. 
 
 § 33. —limitation of. 
 
 Maintenance of school as necessity which 
 will justify school district in exceed- 
 ing debt limit. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 891. 
 
 § 34. —bonds. 
 
 liight of taxpayer, in absence of statute, 
 to enjoin issuance or payment of school 
 bonds. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 7. 
 
 Liability of, for its bonds stolen from it. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 446. 
 
 § 35. Taxes. 
 
 Exemption of property of, from local assess- 
 ments, see Public Improvements, § 
 23. 
 
 Bxemption from taxation, see Taxes, §§ 24- 
 26. 
 
 Right to extend tax over territory added to 
 school district after tax voted. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 60L 
 
 TI. Text-booTcs; instruction; school 
 money. 
 
 § 36. Adoption of text-books for pub- 
 lic schools. 
 
 Generally. 36 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Right to select, generally. 36 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Validity of selection. 36 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Enforcing use of book. 36 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Rights of parent. 36 L.R.A. 278. 
 
 Attack on action of school board. 36 
 L.R.A. 278. 
 
 Period of designation. 36 L.R.A. 278. 
 
 Effect of rules of school board. 36 L.R.A. 
 278. 
 
 Interpretation of statutes. 36 L.R.A. 279. 
 
 Who may complain of noncompliance with 
 statute in adopting or changing text- 
 books in sonools. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1003. 
 
 § 3 7. Religious instruction. 
 
 Religious exercises or instruction in public 
 schools. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 860. 
 
 78 
 
1234 
 
 INDEX 10 L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SCHOOLS, VI.— cont'd 
 
 § 88. School moneys. 
 
 L'se of public money for schools. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 474. 
 
 Power to use public school moneys in sup- 
 port of other educational institu- 
 tions. 15 L.E.A. 825. 
 Private senools. ■ 15 L.R.A. 825. 
 Other public institutions. 15 L.E.A. 
 826. 
 
 Right to use school money for transporta- 
 tion of pupils. 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 710. 
 
 Use of common school funds for normal 
 school or teacher's training school. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1033. 
 
 Appropriations for sectarian school. 14 
 L.R.A. 418. 
 
 Right to recover back public money appro- 
 priated to sectarian institutions. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 171. 
 
 SCIENCK. 
 
 •Judicial knowledge of matters of science or 
 art. 4 L.R.A. 39.* 
 
 Power of court to disregard testimony be- 
 cause contrary to scientific principles. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 357; 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 701; 28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 648. 
 
 » I » ■ 
 
 SCIENTEB. 
 
 See Animals, II. d. 
 
 <■> 
 
 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence, see EVIDENCE, § 
 146. 
 
 SOrB:NTIFIC FACTS. 
 
 What knowledge of is imputed to servants. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 75. 
 What knowledge of imputed to employer. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 SCINTILLA. 
 
 The scintilla doctrine. 2 L.R.A. 340;* 4 
 J^.R.A. 778.* 
 
 SCOPE OF EMPLOYMENT. 
 
 Master's liability for injuries received in 
 performing duties outside of, see Mas- 
 
 TEK AND SeRVAWT, § 69. 
 
 Sinvanfs assumption of risks outside of, 
 see Ma-ster and Servant, § 116. 
 
 Contributory negligence of servant perform- 
 ing duties outside of, see Master and 
 Seuvant, § 131. 
 
 SCOPE OF EMPLOYMENT— cont'd 
 Servants working outside of, as fellow serv- 
 ants, see Master and Servant, § 140. 
 Master's liability for acts of servant out- 
 side of, see Master and Servant, §§ 
 181-184. 
 
 ♦ ■ » 
 
 SCREEN DOORS. 
 
 See Screens, § 2. 
 
 *-•-• 
 
 SCREENS. 
 
 § 1. Ge,nerally. 
 
 In barroom; ordinance as to. 24 L.Bj^. 
 
 768. 
 As fixtures. 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1189. 
 Effect of temporary screening of bar during 
 
 prohibited hours. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 136. 
 
 § 2. Screen doors. 
 
 Burglary by forcing. 17 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 1100 ; 
 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 770. 
 
 SCREWS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant from 
 projecting screws, see Master and 
 Servant, § 89. 
 
 SCRIVENER. 
 
 Competency of, to testify to his own or tes- 
 tator's intention. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 
 SCRUPLES. 
 
 Disqualifying grand juror. 28 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 4 ■ » 
 SCURRILOUS MATTER. 
 
 Sending through the mail, see Postoffice, 
 
 §n. 
 
 SCURVY. 
 
 Duty towards seamen to provide against. 
 28 L.R.A. 555. 
 
 Bp/jhi ii'ith this hoolc on everij 7a it- qiiestion. 
 
 SEA. 
 
 .Turisdiction over, see Waters, g 4, 
 
 Title to land under tidewater. 42 I1.B.A. 
 161. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1^35 
 
 SEAL. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Effect of writ or process issued without, see 
 Writ and Process, § 4. 
 
 Judicial notice of seal of state. 4 L.R.A. 
 41.* 
 
 Sufficiency of scroll. 1 L.R.A. 861.* 
 
 Relief from omission of seal. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 839. 
 
 Situs of debts by specialty. 24 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 Liability of heirs on specialty debt of an- 
 cestor. 21 L.R.A. 90. 
 
 In assignment of lease. 15 L.R.A. 754. 
 
 On writ of venire for grand jurv. 27 L.R.A. 
 779. 
 
 Action by third persons on contracts under. 
 25 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 Undelivered sealed instrument as a gift. 
 21 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 Right in action at law to attack release 
 under seal for fraud. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 915. 
 
 Oral evidence of consideration in sealed in- 
 strument. 6 L.R.A. 596.* 
 
 Effect of release under seal of one joint 
 tort feasor on liability of other. 58 
 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 Necessity of, to make agreement to con- 
 tribute to cost of party wall enforceable 
 by or against grantees or successors in 
 title. 66 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 I'o certify copies of records for use in other 
 state. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 969. 
 
 Effect of writ or process issued without seal 
 of the court. 20 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Personal liability of one who signs sealed 
 instrament by adding words indicating 
 representative capacity to his signature. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 11. 
 
 § 2. On commercial paper. 
 
 On commercial paper. 11 L.R.A. 833.* 
 
 Note under seal as payment of indebtedness. 
 .35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 109. 
 
 Bond or sealed note as subject of gift. 26 
 L.R.A. 308. 
 
 As affecting negotiability. 35 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Personal liability of officers on notes made 
 under seal of corporation. 19 L.R.A. 
 679. 
 
 Kfl'eet of reference to principal in seal on 
 his liability on negotiable paper exe- 
 cuted by agent. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1046. 
 
 Power of one partner to bind firm by prom- 
 issory note or bill of exchange under 
 seal. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 969. 
 
 Effect of putting sealed note indorsed in 
 blank into another's possession to estop 
 owner as against purchaser in good 
 faith. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 257. 
 
 SEALED NOTE. 
 
 See Peal, § 2. 
 
 ♦<-• 
 
 SEALED VERDICT. 
 
 Correction of, see Trial, § 85. 
 
 Consult nlso l.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SEAMEN. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Jurisdiction and powers of consul with re- 
 spect to. 45 L.R.A. 486, 488, 493. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of contracts for serv- 
 ices of. 66 L.R.A. 226. 
 
 Maritime lien under contracts with. 70 
 L.R.A. 377. 
 
 Duty of obedience to master. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 82L 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 shipping articles. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 108. 
 
 Rights of seamen as salvors. 64 L.R.A. 
 193. 
 
 Whose servants are the crew of a chartered 
 vessel. 37 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 § 2. Wages; compensation. 
 
 Exemption of wages of. 18 L.R.A. 310. 
 Assignment or mortgage of future earnings 
 
 of. 14 L.R.A. 127. 
 Recovery of future wages after wrongful 
 
 discharge. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 456. 
 Maritime lien for. 70 L.R.A. 364. 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of suit for wages 
 
 of. 66 L.R.A. 201. 
 Partnership of, by sharing profits in place 
 
 of other compensation. 18 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 1031. 
 Compensation in nature of salvage. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 § 8. Injury to. 
 
 Liability of owners of vessel for acts of 
 
 master towards crew. 27 L.R.A. 183. 
 As fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 438. 
 Who are fellow servants in ship crews, apart 
 
 from statute, where no questions as to 
 
 vice principalship arise. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 438. 
 Liability of shipper of goods to seamen and 
 
 stevedore. 46 L.R.A. 104. 
 Liability of master for assault by officers 
 
 on, in way of discipline. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 798. 
 Reliance on orders as affecting contributorv 
 
 negligence of. 17 L.R.A. 606. 
 
 § 4. Duty toward sick or in.iurecl sea- 
 men. 
 
 Duty to furnish medical aid to. 28 L.R.A. 
 549. 
 
 Duty to provide medical attendance for. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 49. 
 
 Duty and obligation of vessel on inland 
 lake or river in respect of sick or in- 
 jured member of crew. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 199. 
 
 SEARCH AND SEIZFRE. 
 
 is to search of title, see Abstracts. 
 Seizure under execution or attachment, see 
 Levy and Seizure. 
 
 Seizure and production of papers. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 819. 
 Searches and seizures; how far prohibited. 
 
 11 L.R.A. 378.* 
 
1236 
 
 [NDJiX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SEARCH AND SEIZURE— cont'd 
 
 Of prisoner. 9 L.R.A. 323.* 
 
 To compel one to furnish evidence against 
 himself. 29 L.R.A. 818. 
 
 Gambling device as property within con- 
 stitutional protection against. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 394. 
 
 Right of officer, in executing criminal proc- 
 ess, to take possession of evidentiary 
 articles. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 253. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence against accused 
 of articles obtained by. 59 L.R.A. 466. 
 
 Search warrant without an affidavit or com- 
 plaint. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 548. 
 
 To what extent may premises be damaged in 
 executing search warrant. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 819. 
 
 Malicious prosecution for wrongful search 
 of premises. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 205. 
 
 Right to compel public employee to submit 
 to physical examination to determine 
 fitness. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 259. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute authorizing 
 seizure of animals by humane officers. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 
 SECOND MARRIAGE. 
 
 Effect of, on right to alimony, see Divorce 
 AND Sepabation, § 47. 
 
 SECOND OFFENSE. 
 
 Increased punishment for, see Cbiminal 
 Law, § 83. 
 
 SECRECY. 
 
 SEASHORE. 
 
 See Shobe. 
 
 SEAT. 
 
 Right of passenger to, see Carbtebs, § 41. 
 In exchange, see Exchanges, § 2. 
 
 SECESSION. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence of copies of rec- 
 ords of seceding states. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 954. 
 
 * ■ » 
 
 SECOND APPEAL. 
 
 To Federal Supreme Court. 66 L.R.A. 870. 
 ♦-«-♦ 
 
 SECONDARY EVIDENCE. 
 
 See Evidence, IV. 
 
 SECONDARY LIABILITY. 
 
 Liability over, of person secondarily liable, 
 see Indemnity, §§ 2-4. 
 
 SECOND-HAND GOODS. 
 
 License for dealing in, see License, § 31. 
 Municipal regulation of dealings in, see 
 JCUNICIPAL Coepokations, § 48. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession induced by 
 promise of. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 821. 
 
 Of ballot at primary election. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1145. 
 
 SECRET ADVANTAGE. 
 
 pFect of giving to. one creditor on composl- 
 '■ tion with creditors, see Composition 
 WITH Ceeditoes, § 2. 
 
 SECRET AGREEMENT. 
 
 Secret agreement for reservation of surplus 
 on assignment of chose in action as 
 security as a fraud on other creditors. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372. 
 
 SECRETARY. 
 
 Time for which contract of employment may 
 be made for corporation by. 49 L.R.A. 
 473. 
 
 SECRETARY OF INTERIOR. 
 
 Mandamus against, to compel restoration to 
 office of one who has been illegally re- 
 moved. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 
 Rules of, as to cutting of timber on mineral 
 lands. 70 L.R.A. 905. 
 
 Character and extent of relief by mandamus 
 against. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 527. 
 
 SECRETARY OF NAVY. 
 
 Mandamus against to compel restoration to 
 office of one who has been illegally 
 removed. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 
 »« » 
 
 Begin with this book, on every law question. 
 
 SECRETARY OF WAR. 
 
 Mandamus against, to compel restoration 
 to office of one who has been illegally 
 removed. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 52. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1237 
 
 SECRET BONUS. 
 
 To officer of director of corporation as af- 
 fecting right to enforce contract against 
 corporation. 7 L.E.A.(N.S. ) 467. 
 
 SECRET CRIME. 
 
 Homicide in attempting to prevent. 67 
 L.E.A. 536. 
 
 SECRET DEALINGS. 
 
 Of real estate broker as aflfecting commig' 
 sions. 45 L.E.A. 33. 
 
 SECRETION. 
 
 Of property as ground for attachment. 30 
 L.R.A. 473. 
 
 SECRET PARTNERSHIP. 
 
 Bv agreement to share profits. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1082. 
 
 SECRET PROCESS. 
 
 Restraint of trade in. 22 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 Validity of contract to control price of re- 
 sale of goods produced by secret proc- 
 ess. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 402. 
 
 SECRET PROFITS. 
 
 18 
 
 Liability of corporate promoter for. 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1110. 
 
 Right of principal to retain property pur- 
 chased througli agent secretly interest- 
 ed therein and seek relief from agent. 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1210. 
 
 SECRET RETURN. 
 
 SuflBeiency and eftect of secret return to 
 state by defendant to start limitations 
 running. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 551. 
 
 SECRETS. 
 
 Injunction against violation of, see Injunc- 
 tion, § 72. 
 
 Property in. 13 L.R.A. 652. 
 Validity of contracts relating to. 13 L.R.A. 
 652. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SECRETS— cont'd 
 
 Protection of trade secrets. 12 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 102; 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 933. 
 Restraint of trade in secret process. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 SECRET SOCIETIES. 
 
 Expulsion from school for connection with. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 599. 
 Forbidding students' affiliation with. 7 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 352. 
 Right to prohibit wearing badge of society 
 
 by nonmember. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 795. 
 Liability of benevolent or fraternal society 
 
 for injury to person during- initiation 
 
 or expulsion. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 314. 
 
 SECRET TRUST. 
 
 See Teust, § 8. 
 
 SECTARIAN INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Public aid to. 14 L.R.A. 418. 
 Right to recover back public money appro- 
 priated to. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 171. 
 
 SECTION. 
 
 Deficiency in quantity of property described 
 as a section or fraction of a section as 
 breach of a covenant. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 558. 
 
 *»* 
 
 SECTION FOREMAN. 
 
 As fellow servant of members of crew with 
 respect to operation of hand car. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 434. 
 
 » »» 
 
 SECTION GANG. 
 
 Work of, as connected "with use and opera- 
 tion" of railroad within meaning of 
 fellow-servant statute. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 452. 
 
 SECULAR BUSINESS. 
 
 Effect of use of property of charitable, edu- 
 cational or relisrions institution in secu- 
 lar business on right to exemption from 
 ta,xation, see Iaxes, § 26. 
 
1238 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ; SECURITY. 
 
 On appeal, see' Appeal and Eeroe, §§ 16, 
 
 17, 46. 
 As to bonds, see Bonds. 
 For costs, see. Costs and Fees, § 5. 
 Loss of lien by giving, see Liens, § 20. 
 Collateral security, see Pledge and Col- 
 
 latekal Sbcubitt. 
 Specifle performance of contract to give, see 
 
 Specific Peefoemance, § 7. 
 
 Statements as to, as a fraud. 35 L.E.A. 
 424. 
 
 Specific performance of contract to give. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 585. 
 
 Eight to require legatee of life interest in 
 money or its equivalent to give security 
 for benefit of remaindermen. 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 716. 
 
 Waiver of attorney's lien by taking. 2 
 B. E. C. 58. 
 
 Permitting conveyance to attorney of sub- 
 ject-matter of litigation or retainer to 
 stand as security for his advances and 
 fees. 23 L.E.A. (N.S.) 689. 
 
 Eight of public service corporation to exact 
 security of consumer. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 319. 
 
 SEDUCTION. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 11. Civil liability, §S 2-5. 
 III. Criminal liability, §§ 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 6, 7. 
 
 8 t. Generally. 
 
 Assault to prevent seduction of wife in fu- 
 ture. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 688. 
 
 Eight to avoid marriage entered into to 
 escape prosecution for seduction, upon 
 ground of duress. 16 L.E.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 
 II. Civil liatility. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, 
 
 § .50a. 
 
 Seduction of divorced woman or widow. 
 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 265. 
 
 Efl'eet of fact that intercourse *as accom- 
 plished by force to defeat action for se- 
 duction. 18 L.E.A.(N.S.) 587. 
 
 § 3. Who may sue for. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion must be brought. 64 L.E.A. 622. 
 
 Kvidence of plaintiff's character in action 
 for. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 752. 
 
 !5 1. — parent of female. 
 
 Right of one in loco parentis to maintain 
 
 iiction for seduction of an illegitimate. 
 
 .35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1062. 
 Kvidence of character of parent or child in 
 
 parent's action for, 14 L.E.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 750. 
 
 SEDUCTION, II.— cont'd 
 § 5. Loss of service as element iu ac- 
 tion by father. 
 
 General rules. 14 L.E.A. 700. 
 
 Law as administered in England. 14 L.E.A. 
 
 700. 
 American rule of constructive service. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 701. 
 Actual service. 14 L.E.A. 702. 
 Relinquishment of right to service. 14 
 
 L.E.A. 702. 
 Necessity that relation exist at time of 
 
 seduction. 14 L.E.A. 703. 
 Where child is of full age. 14 L.E.A. 704. 
 
 What service is suflicient when child 
 is of age. 14 L.E.A. 704. 
 What impairment of serving power must 
 
 be shown. 14 L.E.A. 705. 
 Construction of statutes. 14 L.B.A. 707. 
 
 III. Criminal liability. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Effect of defendant's mistake as to age of 
 
 girl. 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 Criminal liability of children for. .36 
 
 L.E.A. 208. 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 
 62 L.E.A. 329. 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter for chastity in prosecution for. 
 
 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 727. 
 Eight of one to testify as to his intent. 
 
 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 Impeachment of character of prosecutrix 
 
 for chastity by proof of prior acts of 
 
 intercourse with defendant. 30 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 173. 
 Necessity and sufiSciency of description of 
 
 offense in bail bond or recognizance. 38 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 313. 
 
 § 7. Offer of marriage as defense. 
 
 In general. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 421. 
 Statutes specifically relating to offer of 
 marriage as defense. 29 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 422. 
 Time of offer. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 422. 
 Eequisites of offer. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 423. 
 Good faith of offer. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 423. 
 
 SEED GRAIN. 
 
 Validity of statute providing for supply of. 
 by government. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1196. 
 
 SEEDS. 
 
 Warranty on sale of, see Sale, § 36. 
 
 See also Seed Grain. 
 
 Liability of vendor of seeds. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 79. 
 
 lirgin with this book on every latr question. 
 
SEEPAGE. 
 
 See Waters, § 71. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 index to l.r.a. notes. 1239 
 
 seijP-exeouting provisions. 
 
 In couKtitution, aee Constitutional Law, 
 
 SEISIN. 
 
 Covenant of, see Covenants, §§ 8, 9, 26, 
 27. 
 
 Effect on easement of unity of seisin of 
 dominant and servient estate. 1 B. R. 
 0. 477. 
 
 SEIZURE. 
 
 Of property in custody of law, see CusTODy 
 
 OF Law, §§ 2, 3. 
 Of intoxicating liquors, see Intoxicating 
 
 Liquors, § 34. 
 See also Levy and Seizure; Search and 
 
 Seizure. 
 
 SELECTION. 
 
 Of jury, see Jury, III. 
 
 Master's duty as to selection of servants, 
 
 see Master and Servant, §§ 104-106. 
 Of ofBeers, see Officers, II. 
 Of goods sold out of larger lot, see Sale, 
 
 § 13. 
 
 ' II child's right in parent's homestead. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 48. 
 V';ilidity of provision in carrier's contract 
 
 imposing lesponsibility for selecting 
 
 cars on shipper. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 412. 
 Sufficiency of description in land contract 
 
 which gives right to select particular 
 
 tract to be conveyed. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 147. 
 Of beneficiaries of charity by trustees. 14 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 130; 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1017. 
 
 SEIiECT S0HOOIj8. 
 
 Use of public school building for. 31 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 592. 
 
 SELF-CRIMINATION. 
 
 See Cbimhial Law. §§ 49-.53. 
 
 SELF-DEFENSE. 
 
 See Assault, § 4a; Homicide, §§ 27-30. 
 Consult alfto K.Ti.l. TliffrfilK to elate. 
 
 Self-executing provisions in insurance poli- 
 cies forbidding use of intoxicating li- 
 quor. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 211. 
 
 SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
 
 See Constitutional Law, § 21. 
 
 •-#-♦ 
 
 SELF-INCRIMINATION. 
 
 See Criminal Law, §§ 49-53. 
 
 ^t-*-^ 
 
 SELF-INFLICTED INJIIRIES. 
 
 As accident within insurance policy. 30 
 L.R.A. 207. 
 
 SELLING PRICE. 
 
 False statement as to selling price of prop- 
 erty. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 175. 
 
 SENATOR. 
 
 United States senator, see United States 
 Senators. 
 
 SENILE DEMENTIA. 
 
 As affecting testamentary capacity. 27 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 89. 
 
 SENIOR. 
 
 Effect of use of term in connection with 
 name. 14 L.R.A. 691. 
 
 SENTENCE. 
 For crime, see Criminal Law, VI. 
 ♦<-» — — 
 
 SEPARABLE CONTROVERSY. 
 
 Reiiioval of, see Removal of Causes, § 9. 
 — >»-»-•— 
 
 SEPARATE COACH LAW. 
 
 See Caruiers, § 43. 
 
1240 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SEPARATE COMPARTMENT. 
 
 On train, see Cabriers, § 43. 
 
 « . » 
 
 SEPARATE ESTATE. 
 
 Of married woman, see Husband and Wij'B, 
 §§ 33-37. 
 
 SEPARATE MAINTENANCE. 
 
 See Divorce and Separation. 
 
 SEPARATE PROPERTY. 
 
 See Husband and Wife, §§ 33-37. 
 
 ♦«» 
 
 SEPARATE SCHOOLS. 
 
 For colored children, see Schools, § 7. 
 
 * • » 
 
 SEPARATE TRIALS. 
 
 Constitutionality of provision for separate 
 trial of different issues in same case. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 138. 
 
 SEPARATION. 
 
 Of passengers, see Cabriers, § 43. 
 
 Of jury in criminal case, see Criminal 
 
 Law, § 37. 
 Between husband and wife, see Divorce and 
 
 Separation. 
 Of jury, see Trial, § 73. 
 Of riparian rights from upland, see Waters, 
 
 § 36. 
 
 < « » 
 
 SEPTICAEMIA. 
 
 See Insurance, § 160. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ • 
 
 SEQUESTRATION. 
 
 In equity. 1 L.R.A. 788.* 
 
 Effect upon surety on sequestration bond of 
 
 judgment against principal. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 745. 
 Of provision in will renounced by widow. 
 
 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 
 , SERA^CE. 
 
 Injunction against discontinuance of, by cor- 
 
 , poration, see Injunction, § 35. 
 Of notice, generally, see Notice, §§,8, 9. 
 Of notice in proceedings to revive judgment, 
 
 see Judgment, § 80. 
 Of pleading, see Pleadings, §§ 9, 10. 
 By mail, see Postoffice, § 5. 
 Of process, see Writ and Process, II. 
 
 What constitutes personal service of papers. 
 16 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Of citation from Federal Supreme Court. 
 66 L.R.A. 843. 
 
 Of writ of error from Federal Supreme 
 Court. 66 L.R.A. 840. 
 
 Of order for payment of alimony as pre- 
 requisite to contempt proceedings for 
 nonpayment. 24 L.R.A. 436. 
 
 « « » 
 
 SERVICES. 
 
 See Work and Labor. 
 
 *** 
 
 SERVITUDE. 
 
 In land, see Easements. 
 
 Restraint of freedom of child as creating 
 involuntary servitude. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 893. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 SET-OFF AND COUNTERCLAIM. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 
 II. Of and' against what demands, §§ 
 
 4,-21. 
 a. In gene^'al, §§ 4-9. 
 ft. Equitable set-offs, §§ 10-13. 
 
 c. Becoupment, § 13. 
 
 d. Of or against assigned 
 
 claims, §§ 14, 15. 
 
 e. Effect of insolvency, §§ 16- 
 
 21. 
 
 III. After judgment; of or against 
 
 judgment, §§ 22-24. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Effect of assignment for creditors on rischt 
 of set-off, see Assignment for Credit- 
 ors, § 9. 
 
 In action on note, see Bills and Notes, 
 § 68. 
 
 Right to, in action to enforce liability of 
 stoclcholders, see Corporations. 
 
 Effect of counterclaim in amount in excess 
 of jurisdiction, see Courts, § 28. 
 
 Against distributive share of decedent's 
 estate, see Executors and Adminis- 
 trators, § 49. 
 
 Based on fraud, see Fraud and Deceit, 
 § 41. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1241 
 
 SET-OFF AND COUNTERCLAIM, I.— 
 cont'd 
 
 In action to enforce local improvement as- 
 sessment, see Public Improvements, 
 § 20. 
 
 In replevin suit, see Replevin, § 16. 
 
 In action by state, see States, § 9. 
 
 Defined. 10 L.R.A. 378.* 
 
 What constitutes counterclaim. 10 L.R.A. 
 379.* 
 
 Doctrine; borrowed from the civil law. 
 4 L.R.A. 858.* 
 
 Statutory, not common-law, right. 10 
 L.R.A. 378.* 
 
 Effect of tender by defendant upon his 
 right to avail himself of defenses or 
 counterclaim. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 354. 
 
 Right of plaintiff to take a nonsuit where 
 defendant has interposed a counterclaim 
 entitling him to affirmative relief and 
 the right to such dismissal is not de- 
 fined or denied by statute. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 340. 
 
 § 2. Injunction in aid of. 
 
 Injunction against judgment, see infra, § 24. 
 
 Injunction in aid of, against negotiation of 
 
 note. 28 L.R.A. 578. 
 Injunction against sale under power in 
 
 mortgage in order to let in set-off. 35 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 As ground of injunction against tax. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 709. 
 
 § 3. Effect of. 
 
 As affecting, ri^ht to remove cause from 
 state to Federal court. 1 L.R.A. 67.* 
 
 Set-off for debts as affecting taxation. 22 
 L.R.A. 477. 
 
 Effect of counterclaim in amount in excess 
 of jurisdiction. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 606- 
 
 Effect of interposing counterclaim or set-off 
 which would in itself be a proper sub- 
 ject for compulsory reference where the 
 cause of action declared upon by plain- 
 tiff would not. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 264. 
 
 Effect of setting up defects in articles pur- 
 chased, as a counterclaim in an action 
 on one of a series of notes given for, or 
 for an instalment of, the purchase price, 
 upon the right to set up a like counter- 
 claim in subsequent actions. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 734. 
 
 //. Of and against what demands. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Setting off benefits in eminent domain pro- 
 ceedings, see Damages, § 93. 
 Of claim against decedent's estate, see Ex- 
 
 ECUTOKS AND AdMINISTBATOES, § 38. 
 
 Breach of warranty as subject of. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 379.* 
 When authorized, generally. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 378.* 
 Allowance of, In replevin. 11 L.R.A. 257.* 
 Availability of, as against exempt claim. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 33. 
 Consult also L.B.4. Digests to date. 
 
 SET-OFF AND COUNTERCLAIM, II. a— 
 cont'd 
 
 Set-off and counterclaim against an exempt 
 claim. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 Right of set-off against exempt claims 
 
 generally. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 Right to set oft' one judgment against 
 another which is exempt, or is 
 based on a wrongful taking of ex- 
 empt property. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 577. 
 
 For damage by negligence and want of skill 
 in performance of services. 12 L.R.A. 
 321.* 
 
 For defective work in action for local as- 
 sessment. 56 L.R.A. 922. 
 
 Offsets and counterclaims in action by in- 
 fant for services. 15 L.R.A. 213. 
 
 By surety of joint indebtedness. 13 L.R.A. 
 233.* 
 
 In garnishment of executor. 47 L.R.A. 363. 
 
 Right of set-off, counterclaim, or recoup- 
 ment in action by state. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 376. 
 
 Indebtedness of heir to estate as counter- 
 claim or set-off against distributive 
 share in proceeds of real estate. 4 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 Right of one employing minor without par- 
 ent's consent to allowance for expen- 
 ditures for necessaries. 9 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 411. 
 
 Claim based on wrongful discharge of serv- 
 ant as a set-off in action by servant for 
 wrongful discharge. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 118. 
 
 Offset against damages for suffering from 
 miscarriage, of suffering which would 
 have resulted from natural parturi- 
 tion. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 598. 
 
 Right to set up by cross bill inequitable 
 conduct of plaintiff in respect of sub- 
 ject-matter not involved in the original 
 bill. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 408. 
 
 Necessity that counterclaim, when based on 
 a contract arising out of an independ- 
 ent transaction, be such as to qualify 
 or defeat the plaintiff's claim. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction of statutes as to. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 453. 
 
 Constitutionality of retroactive statute cre- 
 ating a right of set-off on account of 
 past acts or transactions. 52 L.E.A. 
 934. 
 
 § 5. XJnliquiclated claims. 
 
 Of unliquidated demands or damages. 4 
 L.R.A. 858;* 10 L.R.A. 379.* 
 
 Setting off unliquidated cross demands. 9 
 L.R.A. 108,* 560.* 
 
 Set-off or recoupment of unliquidated claims 
 in garnishment. 59 L.R.A. 389. 
 
 § 6. Mutuality of claims. 
 
 Availability of set-oft' to surety, see Prin- 
 cipal AND Surety, § 26. 
 
 Right of set-off where third person gives 
 note for goods sold. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 49. 
 
1242 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 SET-OFF AND COUNTERCLAIM, II. a— 
 cont'd 
 
 Right of one in reality, but not nominally, 
 liable, to set off indebtedness against 
 claimant. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 512. 
 
 Right of defendant in action by undisclosed 
 principal to avail himself of set-ofl 
 against agent. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 229. 
 
 Right of surety or principal to interpose an 
 independent cause of action in favor ot 
 the latter against the plaintiflF as a de- 
 fense or counterclaim. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 600. 
 
 Right of one garnished in respect of prop 
 crty wrongfully taken from debtor to 
 set off his own claim against latter. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1185. 
 
 § 7. Insurance cases. 
 
 Set-off in case of bankruptcy. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 49, 66, 72. 
 On settlement of claims against insolvent 
 
 insurance company. 38 L.R.A. 105. 
 In case of assessments against members of 
 
 mutual fire insurance company. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 504. 
 Right of, as affected by fact that insurance 
 
 broker is agent for insured. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 641. 
 Does existence of indebtedness from insurer 
 
 to insured in an amount sufficient to 
 
 pay premium or assessment prevent for- 
 
 feitiire of policy for nonpayment of 
 
 premium. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 
 § 8. Claims by or against banks. 
 
 In ease of insolvency of bank, see infra, 
 
 § 19a. 
 In case of insolvency of depositor, see infra, 
 
 § 19b. 
 
 Right of bank to set off collection against 
 amount due to it. 2 L.R.A. 700.* 
 
 Right to set off illegal interest paid to na- 
 tional bank. 56 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 Right to set off judgment for penalty 
 against national bank taking usurious 
 interest. 56 L.R.A. 700. 
 
 Right to set off claim for twice amount of 
 interest paid to national bank. 56 
 L.R.A. 700. 
 
 § 8a. — unmatured claims. 
 
 Right of bank to set off unmatured claim 
 
 against deposit of debtor. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 811. 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 811. 
 Special agreement. 27 L.R.A. ( N'.S.) 
 
 812. 
 As against depositor, 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 812. 
 Personal representative. 27 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 812. 
 As to ganiislurn; or attaching creditors. 
 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 813. 
 As to bona fide holder of check. 27 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 
 § 9. On mortgage foreclosure. 
 
 Genciallv. 21 L.R.A. 321. 
 Estates." 21 L.R.A, .322, 
 Usui-y. 21 L.R.A. 323. 
 ■ Coexisting demands. 21 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 liegin tvith thit hook on rrrr>i law question 
 
 SET-OFF AND COUNTERCLAIM, IL ar- 
 cont'd 
 
 Rents, waste, and injury. 21 L.E.A. 324. 
 
 Fraud. 21 L.R.A. 324. 
 
 Breach of covenants; title and encum- 
 brances. 21 L.R.A. 324. 
 
 Contract for credits. 21 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 Special grounds for equitable interference, 
 as insolvency, etc. 21 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 Privity as to parties. 21 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 Practice. 21 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence. 21 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 ft. Equitable set-offs. 
 
 §10. Generally. 
 
 Equity follows law. 4 L.R.A. 858;' 7 
 L.R.A. 84.* 
 
 Equity rule as to cross demands. 2 L.R.A. 
 273;* 11 L.R.A. 259.* 
 
 Nonresidence as ground of. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 21. 
 
 Nonresidence as ground of equitable set- 
 off. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 21. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment. 
 31 L.E.A. 768. 
 
 Injunction against enforcement of judgment 
 as aid to equitable set-off of claim 
 against judgment creditor. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 142. 
 
 § 1 1 . In case ol assignment. 
 
 Availability of equitable set-off against as- 
 signee. 2 L.R.A. 273.* 
 
 Equities which will justify set-off against 
 assignee of commercial paper. 23 
 L.R.A. 330. 
 
 Of debtor's demand against assignor as 
 against assigned claim. 23 L.R.A. 309, 
 
 Equitable set-offs as against holder of ne- 
 gotiable paper transferred after ma- 
 turity. 46 L.R.A. 796. 
 
 § 12. In case of Insolvency. 
 
 Insolvency as special ground for set-off in 
 equity on mortgage foreclosure. 21 
 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 Insolvency as an equity in case of set-off 
 against judgment in hands of assignee, 
 23 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Equities connected with assigned contract in 
 hands of receiver or assignee for credit- 
 ors. 23 L.R.A. 320. 
 
 c. Recoupment. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 In action by state, see State, § 9. 
 
 Recoupment as element of set-off. 10 L.R.A. 
 379,* 380.* 
 
 Of unliquidated claims in garnishment. 59 
 L.R.A. 389. 
 
 Master's right of recoupment for damages 
 caused by servant's death or disabilitv, 
 28 L.R.A, (N.S.) 326. 
 
 Right in replevin to recoup damages grow- 
 ing out of same transaction. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 748. 
 
 d. Of or against assigned claims. 
 
 § 14. Generally. 
 
 Equitable set-off, see supra, § 11. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1243 
 
 SET-OFF AND COUNTEECLAIM, II. d— 
 
 cont'd 
 In case of insolvency, see infra, §§ 20, 21. 
 Judgments, see infra, § 23. 
 In case of bankruptcy, see Bankruptct, 
 
 §30. 
 
 Set-off, against assigned claim, of debtor's 
 demand against assignor. 23 
 L.R.A. 305. 
 Kind of choses in action to which set- 
 offs are applicable. 23 L.R.A. 
 305. , 
 Assignment will not defeat set-off. 23 
 
 L.E.A. 306. 
 Where rights become fixed. 23 L.EA. 
 
 306. 
 Eights eoiinooted « itli assigned con- 
 tract. -23 L.E.A. 307. 
 Effect of agreement to set off. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 308. 
 Assignee of bank. 23 L.E.A. 308. 
 Claims by and against corporation, gen- 
 erally. 23 L.E.A. 309. 
 What set-off proper. 23 L.E.A. 309. 
 Equitable causes for set-off. 23 L.E.A. 
 
 309. 
 Estoppel. 23 L.E.A. 309. 
 Counter set-off. 23 L.E.A. 310. 
 What assignment may be sufficient. 
 
 23 L.R.A. 310. 
 What notice of assignment sufficient. 
 
 23 L.E.A. 310. 
 Counterclaims. 23 L.E.A. 310. 
 S«t-off against assignee of commercial pa- 
 per, of claim against assignor. 23 
 L.R.A. 325. 
 Paper indorsed before maturity. 23 
 
 L.E.A. 325. 
 Paper negotiable in bank or payable 
 without defalcation. 23 L.E.A. 
 328. 
 What necessary to defeat right of set- 
 off. 23 L.E.A. 328. 
 Paper not negotiable. 23 L.E.A. 330. 
 Paper irregularly transferred. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 330. 
 Fraudulent transfers or tranfers with- 
 out value. 23 L.E.A. 330. 
 Contingent liability and claims not 
 
 owned. 23 L.E.A. 330. 
 Equities which will justify set-off. 23 
 
 L.E.A. 330. 
 Assignment will not defeat perfected 
 
 right. 23 L.E.A. 331. 
 Claims not in the same right. 23 
 
 L.E.A. 331. 
 Effect of agreements. 23 L.R.A. 331. 
 Effect of new note. 23 L.E.A. 331. 
 Effect of aasiqiiment without recourse. 
 
 23 L.R.A; .331. 
 Counter ^et-uff. 23 L.R.A. 331. 
 Attempt to compel set-off bv statute. 
 
 23 L.E.A. .331. 
 Special contracts. 23 L.E.A. 331. 
 When i.^ an assignment b.y a stoil;h(jUi;r uf 
 a claim against a curporation subject 
 to the right to set off tlie stockholder's 
 liability against Hiich claim. 10 L.Tt.A, 
 (N.S.)' 472. 
 aonfnilt also T^.H.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SET-OFF AND COUNTEECLAIM, II. d— 
 cont'd 
 
 § 15. Paper transferred after ma- 
 turity. 
 
 Against holder of negotiable paper trans- 
 ferred after maturity, 46 L.R.A. 790. 
 
 Right to set off against transferee of ne- 
 gotiable paper after maturity, claim 
 against original payee. 23 L.E.A. 328 ; 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 658. 
 
 e. Effect of insolvency. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Equitable set-off, see supra, § 12. 
 In bankruptcy cases, see BANB:EtJPTOT, §§ 
 26-30. 
 
 On settlement of claims of insolvent insur- 
 ance company. 38 L.E.A. 105. 
 
 Right of creditor, who is also a stockholder 
 of an insolvent corporation, to offset 
 against his statvitory liability debt due 
 from corporation or debt paid another 
 creditor. 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 989, 998. 
 
 § 17. Contingent claims. 
 
 Set-off in case of bankruptcy. 55 L.E.A. 
 57. 
 
 Eight to set-off against claims in hancis 
 of receiver or assignee for creditors. 
 23 L.R.A. 319. 
 
 Eight to set-off against assignee of com- 
 mercial paper. 23 L.E.A. 330. 
 
 § 18. Of insolvent's obligation on 
 claim In hands of his receiver, or 
 assignee or trustee for creditors. 
 
 Set-off of claim against receiver, see Re- 
 CEIVEES, § 18. 
 
 Assignees for creditors. 23 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 Receiver. 23 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 Limitation upon the rule. 23 L.R.A. 314, 
 
 Claims not due. 23 L.R.A. 315. 
 
 Set-off between corporation and stockholder. 
 23 L.E.A. 316. 
 
 The effect of the doctrine of mutual credits. 
 23 L.R.A. 317. 
 
 The English rule. 23 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 Claims not owned. 23 L.E.A. 319. 
 
 Special circumstances which will defeat 
 right. 23 L.R.A. 319. 
 
 Contingent claims. 23 L.E.A. 319. 
 
 Commercial paper. 23 L.R.A. 319. 
 
 Equities connected with the assigned con- 
 tract. 23 L.R.A. 320. 
 
 C!haracter of demands which mav be set-oft' 
 23 L.R.A. 320. 
 
 JOffect of agreement. 23 L.E.A. 320. 
 
 § 19. Effect of Immaturity of claisn 
 at time insolvency occurs. 
 
 In case of hankruptc^y, see T!ANr<RUPTC\, 
 S 29. 
 
 Wlirro the immature debt is owing to thi' 
 iiih-olvent. 17 L.R.A. 45G. 
 Riglits of biiiik depositor. 17 L.R.-:\. 
 
 4:'i7. 
 ICIVci't uf appointment of receiver. 17 
 L.i;.A. 458. 
 Where the debt is owing bv the insolvent. 
 17 L.E.A. 458. 
 
1244 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SET-OFF AND COUNTERCLAIM, II. e— 
 cont'd 
 Riglits of surety, indorser, etc. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 460. 
 Doctrine of "mutual credits." 17 
 L.R.A. 461. 
 Unmatured against matured claim. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 393. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 393. 
 As affected by considerations of an 
 equitable character. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 394. 
 Doctrine sustaining right of offset. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 394. 
 Under bankruptcy law of 1898 and amend- 
 ments. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 Contingent claims. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 396, 
 Matured against unmatured claim. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 Right to set off insolvent's obligations on 
 claims not due in hands of his receiver 
 or assisnee or trustee for creditors. 23 
 L.R.A.'^315. 
 Bank's right to set-off unmatured claim 
 against deposit account of its insolvent 
 debtor. 15 L.R.A. 710. 
 
 § 19a. By or against insolvent bank. 
 
 By or against insolvent bank. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 456. 
 Right of debtor of insolvent bank to set off 
 demand. 2 L.R.A. 273.* 
 When debt to bank not mature at time 
 of bank's insolvency. 17 L.R.A. 
 456. 
 Depositor's right of set-off when bank be- 
 comes bankrupt. 55 L.R.A. 48, 52, 62, 
 70. 
 Right to set off against insolvent bank 
 claims purchased after insolvency. 21 
 L.R.A. 282. 
 
 § 19b. Set-off In case of insolvency of 
 depositor. 
 
 Bank's right of set-off when depositor be- 
 comes bankrupt. 55 L.R.A. 48, 53, 59, 
 63, 70. 
 Right of bank to set off unmatured claim 
 against deposit account of its in- 
 solvent debtor. 15 L.R.A. 710. 
 In case depositor dies insolvent. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 711. 
 Effect of presentation of cheek against 
 the fund. 15 L.R.A. 711. 
 Right of bank to set off its own claim 
 against a deposit which by an agree- 
 ment invalid as against the trustee in 
 bankruptcy it had undertaken to hold 
 as a fund for creditors. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 484. 
 Set-off by bank against bankrupt's deposit 
 as a preference within the bankruptcy 
 law. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 863. 
 
 § 20. Assigned claims. 
 
 In case of bankruptcy, see Bankruptcy, 
 § 30. 
 
 Set-off against assignee of commercial pa- 
 per, of contingent claim against as- 
 signor. 23 L.R.A. 330. 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question. 
 
 SET-OFF AND COUNTERCLAIM, II. e— 
 
 cont'd 
 Insolvency as an equity for set-off against 
 
 judgment in hands of assignee. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 §21. — claims purchased after the In- 
 solvency. 
 
 Bankruptcy statutes. 21 L.R.A. 280. 
 Insolvency. 21 L.R.A. 281. 
 Receivership. 21 L.R.A. 281. 
 Assignment for creditors. 21 L.RA. 281. 
 Claims against banks. 21 L.R.A. 282. 
 Bank bills. 21 L.R.A. 282. , 
 Decedents' estates. 21 L.R.A. 282. 
 
 ///. After judgment; of or against 
 judgment, 
 
 § 22. Right of set-off. 
 
 Right to set off judgment for penalty 
 against national bank taking usurious 
 interest. 56 L.R.A. 700. 
 
 Right of, by judgment debtor against judg- 
 ment creditor as affecting fraudulent 
 grantee of former. 67 L.R.A. 598. 
 
 Right to set off one judgment against an- 
 other which is exempt or is based on 
 a wrongful taking of exempt property. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 494; 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 577. 
 
 § 23. — assigned judgment. 
 
 Set-off against judgment in hands of as- 
 signee. 23 L.R.A. 335. 
 
 Assignment of verdict. 23 L.RA. 335. 
 
 How far subject to set-off of demand 
 not in judgment. 23 L.R.A. 336. 
 
 Where cross judgments are in same ac- 
 tion. 23 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Notice. 23 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Set-off of claims against one who never 
 had title, not available. 23 L.R.A. 
 337. 
 
 Assignees protected. 23 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Fraudulent assignment, or for the pur- 
 pose of defeating set-off. 23 
 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Insolvency as an equity. 23 L.R.A. 
 338. 
 
 Where assignee the real party. 23 
 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Assignment without consideration. 23 
 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Want of legal title. 23 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Judgment on note. 23 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Rights of holder of assigned judgment. 
 23 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Waiver. 23 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Set-off of contingent liability. 23 
 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Assignment in accordance with prior 
 agreement. 23 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Set-off on motion. 23 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Assignment to attorney may defeat his 
 lien. 23 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 § 24. As ground for injunction. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment 
 
 in garnishment. 30 L.R.A. 363. 
 As ground of injunction against judgment 
 
 when it existed before its rendition. 
 
 31 L.R.A. 763. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1245 
 
 SET-OFF AND COUNTERCLAIM, III.— 
 
 cont'd 
 Arising after judgment as ground of in- 
 junction. 30 L.R.A. 569. 
 Injunction against enforcement of judgment 
 as aid to eauitable set-off of claim 
 against judgment creditor. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 142. 
 General rule. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 142. 
 Right as against assignee of judg- 
 ment. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 Effect of failure to assert claim in ac- 
 tion at law. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 143. 
 In general. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 143. 
 Where claim could not be inter- 
 posed. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 Necessity of tendering balance where 
 claim is less than judgment. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 144. 
 
 SET SCREWS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant by, 
 see Mastee and Seevant, § 89. 
 
 Liability for injury to servant by. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 96. 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as applierl 
 
 to injury from. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130. 
 
 SETTING APART. 
 
 Of child's right in parent's homestead. 56 
 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 SETTING ASIDE. 
 
 Of judgment, see Judgment, §§ 87-97. 
 
 Of judicial sale, see Judicial Sale, § 17. 
 
 Of verdict, see New Tkial. 
 
 Of release, see Release, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Of probate, see Wills, § 55. 
 
 SETTLED ACCOUNT. 
 
 See Accounts, § 2. 
 
 < » » 
 
 SETTLED LAND ACT. 
 
 See Life Tenants. 
 
 SETTLEJIENT. 
 
 By way of compromise, see CoMPROMrsE 
 
 AND Settlement. 
 Between husband and wife, see Husband 
 
 AND Wife, §§ 55-61. 
 Of poor persons, see Poor and Poor Law.s, 
 
 s s 
 Consult also L.R.A. Di()fstK to elate. 
 
 SETTLEMENT— cont'd 
 
 On public lands for cutting of timber. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 878. 
 Rights of adopted child under. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 438. 
 Marriage settlements under rule in Shelley's 
 
 Case. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of 
 
 settlement. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 822. 
 Power to revoke or set aside. 15 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 SEVEN YEARS' ABSENCE. 
 
 Presumption of death from, see Evidence, 
 § 30. 
 
 SEVERABILITY. 
 
 Of contracts, see Contracts, § 62. 
 Of provisions of insurance policy, see In- 
 surance, §§ 61, 62. 
 
 SEVERAL OFFENSES. 
 
 Right to convict for several offenses grow- 
 ing out of same facts. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 SEVERANCE. 
 
 Creation of easement by severance of tract 
 of land with apparent benefit existing 
 see Easements, § 12. 
 
 SEWAGE. 
 
 Muncipal liability for injury bv, see Mu- 
 nicipal Corporations, S§ 86-S9. 
 
 Pollution of stream by, see Municipal Cor- 
 porations, § 89. 
 
 « » » 
 
 SEWER CONNECTION. 
 
 See DSains and Sewers, § 5. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 SEWERS. 
 
 In general, see Drains and Sewers. 
 
 *-»-*■ 
 
 SEX. 
 
 Who may raise objection that statute con- 
 tains unconstitutional discrimination 
 based on sex. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 960. 
 
1246 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SEXTON. 
 Right of woman to be. 38 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 SEXUAL CRIMES. 
 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, §§ 
 50-50b, 99. 
 
 See also Adulteey; Foenication; Incest; 
 Lewdness; Prostitution; Rape; Se- 
 duction; Sexual Inteecourse ; Sodo- 
 my. 
 
 Solicitation to. 25 L.R.A. 438. 
 
 Right to convict for several offenses grow- 
 ing out of same facts. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 693. 
 
 Does statute fixing age of consent render 
 girl below that age incapable of. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 872. 
 
 Defendant's mistake as to age of girl as 
 affecting guilt under statute denoun- 
 cing sexual oil'enses against females be- 
 low specified age. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 661. 
 
 May defendant charged with sexual of- 
 fense against female of previous chaste 
 character impeach her character for 
 chastity by reason of his own inter- 
 course with her prior to the acts 
 charged. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 173. 
 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for 
 committing. 62 L.R.A. 228, 281, 314, 
 322, 329. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances to prove char- 
 acter for chastity of victim of sexual 
 crime. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 714. 
 
 SEXUAL IMMORALITY. 
 
 Actionability of words charging, see Libel 
 and Slander, § 12. 
 
 SEXUAL INTERCOURSE. 
 
 See also Adultery; Foenication; Incest; 
 Lascivious Cohabitation; Lewdness; 
 Prostitution; Rape; Seduction; 
 Sexual Crimes; Sodomy. 
 
 Extent of trespasser's liability for entering 
 premises for purposes of. 53 L.R.A. 
 633. 
 
 Evidence of specific instances of, to im- 
 peach witness. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 697. 
 
 SEXUAL OFFENSES. 
 
 See Sexual Cbimes. 
 
 SEXUAL RELATION. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 97. 
 
 «-»-• 
 
 SHADE TREES. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to, see Dam- 
 ages, § 75. 
 
 Liability for injuring or destroying. 11 
 L.RJV.(N.S.) 930; 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 757. 
 
 SHAKERS. 
 
 Public policy as related to communistic 
 life or tenure of property by. 8 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 910. 
 
 SHALLOW WATER. 
 
 As defect in dock or wharf, 
 949. 
 
 61 L.R.A. 
 
 SHARES. 
 
 Of corporate stock, see Cobpoeations, VIII. 
 
 Levy on crops held on shares. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 260. 
 Sale or mortgage of future crops raised on 
 
 shares. 23 L.R.A. 468. 
 
 SHEDS. 
 
 Right to use railroad right of way for coal 
 sheds. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 516. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by shed over- 
 hanging street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 645. 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 Right to kill sheep-killing dogs. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 251; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 837. 
 Constitutionality of tax on dogs for benefit 
 
 of sheep owners. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 855. 
 
 SHEET MUSIC. 
 
 Perforated rolls and wax cylinders as in- 
 fringements of copyright of sheet music. 
 2 B.R.C. 91. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on eivi^i/ law qtiestion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1247 
 
 SHELL. 
 
 Right to protection against use of rival 
 design, shell or pattern not protected 
 by patent. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 269; 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 
 SHELLEY'S CASE. 
 
 Rule in, see Deeois, § 30; Wills, § 82. 
 
 SHELL FISHERY. 
 
 See riBHEBiES, § 6. 
 
 ♦"•■♦ 
 
 SHELTER. 
 
 Innkeeper's duty as to, see Innkeepebs, 
 § 12. 
 
 SHERIFFS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Bond of, see Bonds, §§ 12-15. 
 Deputy sheriff, see Deptjtibs, § 2. 
 
 Sheriffs as public oflSeers. 17 L.R.A. 245. 
 
 Right of woman to be. 38 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Place at which official acts of, may be per- 
 formed. 33 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 Right to attach or garnish fund in hands 
 of, after direction to pay same to party. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 720. 
 
 Effect of misrepresentation by, to purchas- 
 ers on judicial sale. 18 L.R.A. 88. 
 
 § 2. Rights. 
 
 Right of sheriff to make bids on sales con- 
 ducted by them. 20 L.R.A. 503. 
 
 Right of former sheriff to maintain action 
 in respect of a sale made by him while 
 in office. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 792. 
 
 § 3. Duties and liabilities. 
 
 Liability on bond, see Bonds, §§ 12-15. 
 Duty and liability of sheriff making levy, 
 see Levy and Sbizube, § 12. 
 
 Mandamus to compel sheriff to enforce 
 liquor law. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 246. 
 
 Duty as to adverse claims in proce»?d9 of 
 judgments in his hands. 47 L.R.A. 
 737. 
 
 Duty of sheriff to pursue property which 
 escapes from his custody. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 132. 
 
 Relief of purchaser by action against sher- 
 iff upon annulling judicial or execu- 
 tion sale. 69 L.R.A. .58. 
 
 Liability of officer who uses criminal proc- 
 ess to collect a debt. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 301. 
 
 liability for making arrest. 42 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 69. 
 CofixnU alsc T..H. I 7*if/esfs to dale. 
 
 SHERIFFS— cont'd 
 
 Foi deputy's tort in making arrest. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1019. 
 
 Burden of proof in action against, for fail- 
 ure to execute process. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 420. 
 
 SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT. 
 
 See also Monopolt and Combinations, 11. 
 
 Diversion of trade by labor union from one 
 with whom it is in controversy, as vio- 
 lating Sherman act. 1 B. R. C. 281. 
 
 SHIFTING DESCENTS. 
 
 As affecting descent to kindred of the half- 
 blood. 29 L.R.A. 567. 
 
 SHIP BROKERS. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction over contracts of. 
 66 L.R.A. 236. 
 
 SHIPMENT. 
 
 Of freight, see Caeeiebs, IV. 
 ♦-•-♦ — 
 
 SHIPPING. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-5. 
 II. Regulations, §§ 6, 7. 
 III. Duty and Uahility of vessel or own- 
 ers, §§ S-16. 
 IT. Charter party; loading and unload- 
 ing, §§ 17-19. 
 r. TAmited liaUHty, §§ 20, 31. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1 . Generally. 
 
 Admiralty, see Admiealtt. 
 General average, see Aveeage. 
 Collision, see Collision. 
 Maritime lien, see Maritime Lien. 
 Pilots, see Pilots. 
 Salvage, see Salvage. 
 Seamen, see Seamen. 
 
 Duty of steamer to avoid imperiling small 
 
 'boat by swells. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 920. 
 What constitutes delivery of freight to 
 
 carrier by water. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 322. 
 Private action for violation of laws and 
 
 rules of water carriage. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 374. 
 ^Vill action in rem lie against proceeds of 
 
 private sale of property against which 
 
 such an action would lie. 2 B. R. C. 
 
 t;8. 
 
 KfTeet of deviation upon rights and lialjili 
 tifs of carriers. 2 B. R. C. 587. 
 
1248 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NqtES. 
 
 SHIPPING, I.— cont'd 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence in management of vessels. 5!) 
 L.R.A. 274. 
 
 Imputing negligence of steamboat to pas- 
 senger. 8 L.R.A.{N.S.) 622. 
 
 § 2. Jurisdiction and powers of con- 
 sul. 
 
 With respect to disabled vessels. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 495. 
 With respect to deserting seamen. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 486. 
 As to controversies between seamen and 
 
 masters of foreign vessels. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 488. 
 Witli respect to discharge of seamen abroad. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 493. 
 Power of consul to retain ship's papers. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 § 3. lioss or destruction of cargo. 
 
 General average in case of, see Average. 
 
 Right of carrier to recover for loss or de- 
 struction of cargo. 2 L.R.A. 174.* 
 Loss by perils of the sea. 3 L.R.A. 426.* 
 Duty to hasten shipment or talce other pre- 
 cautions to prevent loss threatened 
 without any antecedent fault on the 
 carrier's part. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 640. 
 
 § 4. Ships, generally. 
 
 What are vessels. 1 L.R.A. 505.* 
 
 Jurisdiction over ships at sea. 46 L.R.A. 
 264. 
 
 Wlien vessel engaged in interstate com- 
 merce. 2 L.R.A. 381.* 
 
 Effect of bankruptcy or insolvency proceed- 
 ings on ship on high seas. 23 L.R.A. 
 46. 
 
 Mechanics' liens on vessels; creation of lien 
 by state. 1 L.R.A. 505.* 
 
 Ownership of derelict. 18 L.R.A. 695. 
 
 Creation of partnership by provision, for 
 taking profits as compensation for use 
 of ships. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1045. 
 
 What articles will pass as appurtenances 
 on sale of. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 793. 
 
 § 5. Taxation. 
 
 Where ships taxable. 37 L.R.A. 518; 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 105. 
 
 Situs of water craft for purposes of taxa- 
 tion. 69 L.R.A. 447. 
 
 Local license tax on vessels licensed by the 
 United States. 27 L.R.A. 414. 
 
 What is home port of vessel for purpose of 
 taxation. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 197, 1196. 
 
 Taxation of receipts of steamship compa- 
 nies. 57 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 II. Regulations. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 As to limited liability, see infra, § 20. 
 
 Regulation of steam vessels. 2 L.R.A. 380.* 
 Inspection of vessels. 2 L.R.A. 380.* 
 Examination of applicants for license as 
 
 master, etc. 2 L.K.A. 380.* 
 Quarantine of sliips. 20 L.R.A. 484. 
 
 Begin with thix booh- oji rvcri/ Jaiv question. 
 
 I SHIPPING, II.— cont'd 
 § 7. For protection of passengers. • 
 
 Suit to recover penalty for overcrowding 
 steamers. 4 L.R.A. 125.* 
 
 Provisions against carrying excess of pas- 
 sengers. 2 L.R.A. 381.* 
 
 Prohibition of petroleum on passenger ves- 
 sels. 2 L.R.A. 382.* 
 
 ///. Duty and liability of vessel or 
 oivners, 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Liability of vessel for compulsory pilot fees, 
 see Pilot, § 2. 
 
 Responsibilities of carriers by water. 2 
 L.R.A. 173.* 
 
 Liability for injuries caused by attempted 
 exercise of right of navigation. 64 
 L.R.A. 977. 
 
 Homicide resulting from negligent naviga- 
 tion or management of vessels. 61 
 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 Liability for injury to wharf by vessel at- 
 tached thereto during a storm. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 312. 
 
 Liability of vessel or owner for compulsory 
 pilotage fees. 39 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Liability of owner for cost of removing ves- 
 sel sunk in harbor. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1120. 
 
 Liability for failure to forward bonded mer- 
 chandise. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1060. 
 
 § 9. To passengers. 
 
 Duty of steamship company to passengers 
 as to condition of decks. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 532. 
 
 Liability of steamship for malicious acts 
 of servants towards passengers. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 494. 
 
 Liability for failure to supply berth. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1012. 
 
 Duty of carrier to passenger on boat char- 
 tered to third per.ion for excursion or 
 similar purpose. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 425. 
 
 Duty of vessel to return to wharf to per- 
 mit visitor to depart. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 969. 
 
 § 10. To employees. 
 
 Duty to provide medical aid for seamen. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68. 
 
 Implied power of officer of ship to employ 
 physician to attend injured employee. 
 .34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 355. 
 
 Liability of owner to servants of other per- 
 sons working thereon. 4^ L.R.A. 73. 
 
 § 11. — who are fellow servants. 
 
 Servants working on or about ship as fel- 
 low servants. 50 L.R.A. 460. 
 
 Servants ensraged in building or equipping 
 ship as fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 437. 
 
 § 11a. — who arc vice principals. 
 
 Officers of ships as vice principals. 51 
 
 L.R.A. 555. 
 Foreman of gangs loading or unloading 
 
 ships as vice principal. 51 L.R.A. 533. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1249 
 
 SHIPPING, IIT.— cont'd 
 
 Subordinate officers of ships as vice princi- 
 pals. 51 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Commanding oiBcers of ships as vice prin- 
 cipals. 51 L.R.A. 539, 582. 
 
 Supervising employees concerned with load- 
 ing of vessels as vice principals. 51 
 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 § 12. For acts of master of vessel. 
 Owners' liability for acts of master of vessel 
 towards persons having no claim 
 on owners by reason of contract, 
 incipient or perfected. 27 L.R.A. 
 182. 
 Collision cases. 27 L.R.A. 182. 
 Acts towards cargo. 27 L.R.A. 183. 
 Acts towards crew. 27 L.R.A. 183. 
 
 § 13. For acts of employees. 
 
 Liability for acts of servants in making out 
 false bill of lading. 27 L.R.A. 172. 
 
 Master's liability for injury done by serv- 
 ant to third person in use of water 
 craft placed in his custody. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 389. 
 
 Liability of steamship company for malici- 
 ous acts of employees towards passen- 
 gers. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 494. 
 
 g 14. For acts of vice principal. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's negli- 
 gence in navigating ships. 54 L.R.A. 
 133. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's negli- 
 gence in handling ships in docks. 54 
 L.R.A. 133. 
 
 § 15. For acts of independent con- 
 tractors. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for independent con- 
 tractor's management of vessel. 65 
 L.R.A. 644. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for acts of independ- 
 ent contractor in loading or unloading 
 of ships. 65 L.R.A. 644, 654. 
 
 Employer's liability for work of independ- 
 ent contractor which is dangerous to 
 owners of vessels navigating rivers. 65 
 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 § 16. — who are independent contrac- 
 tors. 
 
 Persons engaged in construction and re- 
 pair of ships as. 65 L.R.A. 470. 
 
 Persons engaged in unloading ships as. 65 
 L.R.A. 494. 
 
 IV. Charter party; loading and un- 
 loading, 
 
 § 17. Charter party. 
 
 Right to rescind or abandon charter party. 
 
 30 L.R.A. 37. 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of. 66 L.R.A. 200, 
 
 22.^. 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 
 breach of charter or rental of vessels. 
 
 53 L.R.A. 105. 
 Validity of agreement to pay commission 
 
 for obtaining charter for steamship 
 
 from United States. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 747. 
 
 SHIPPING, IV.— cont'd 
 
 § 18. — provision as to demurrage. 
 
 Demurrage generally, see Caeriees, § 141. 
 
 Efifect and construction of express provision 
 in cliarter party against demurrage in 
 case of Strike. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 126. 
 
 § 19. Loading and unloading vessels. 
 
 Unloading cargo. 6 L.R.A. 172.* 
 
 Effect of strikes on unloading. 35 L.R.A. 
 630. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for acts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in loading or un- 
 loading ship. 65 L.R.A. 644, 654. 
 
 Persons engaged in unloading ships as in- 
 dependent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 470. 
 
 V. Limited liability. 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 Power of Congress to regulate liability of 
 
 shipowners. 7 L.R.A. 55.* 
 Construction of limited liability act of Con- 
 gress. 7 L.R.A. 55.* 
 Damage caused by collision. 7 L.R.A. 56.* 
 Damages for personal injuries. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 57.* 
 Surrender and transfer of ship and freight. 
 
 7 L.R.A. 58.* 
 Apportionment of fund paid into court. 7 
 
 L.R.A. 58.* 
 What owners entitled to benefit of act. 7 
 
 L.R.A. 58.* 
 Proceedings for claim of benefit of act. 7 
 
 L.R.A. 59.* 
 Jurisdiction in proceedings for limitation of 
 
 liability. 7 L.R.A. 59.* 
 Effect of institution of proceedings under 
 
 limited liability act. 10 L.R.A. 420.* 
 Lack of knowledge or privity on part of 
 
 owner as a condition of limita+ion of 
 
 liability under act of 1884. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 769. 
 
 § 21. Cause 
 
 Loss Jby fire. 
 
 of loss. 
 
 7 L.R.A. 56.' 
 
 SHIPPING AUTICLES. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 108. 
 
 SHIPPING RECEIPTS. 
 
 To whom delivery may be made under. 
 L.R.A. 362. 
 
 38 
 
 SHIPPING REGISTER. 
 
 Admissibility of, as proof of partnership. 
 20 L.R.A. 599. 
 
 roiisiilt aluo L.R.A. Digests to date. 79 
 
 SHIPS. 
 
 See Shipping, § 4 ; Vessels. 
 
1250 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 SHIP'S HUSBAND. 
 
 Right of, to maritime lien for advances. 70 
 L.E.A. 416. 
 
 » « » 
 
 SHIP'S PAPERS. 
 
 Power of consul to retain. 45 L.E.A. 500. 
 ■> » » 
 
 SHIPWRECK. 
 
 See Weecks. 
 
 SHOOTING. 
 
 Negligence in. 14 L.E.A. 675. 
 
 As an assault. 14 L.E.A. 226. 
 
 Master's liability for wrongful shooting by 
 
 employee. 27 L.E.A. 197, 201. 
 Locality of crime committed by shooting 
 
 across state boundary. 28 L.E.A. 59. 
 Assault with intent to murder or kill by 
 
 shooting into crowd. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 173. 
 
 SHOOTING GALLERY. 
 
 Liability of person maintaining, for safety 
 of patrons. 1 L.E.A. (N.S.) 427; 3 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1132. 
 
 SHOPKEEPER. 
 
 See Stoeekeepeb. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 SHOPS. 
 
 Eequirement of license for. 24 L.E.A. 585. 
 
 SHORE. 
 
 Eelative rights of public and individuals in, 
 Sep Waters, §§ 12-17. 
 
 What is. 45 L.E.A. 242. 
 
 Liability for removal of lateral or subja- 
 cent support of shore property. 68 
 L.E.A. 682. 
 
 Eiparian owner's right to protect from en- 
 croachment of water. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 162. 
 
 Right of way on. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 
 Eiylit of public to bathe on. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1047. 
 Berjiii with this hoolc on cveri/ loin qi 
 
 SHORE LANDS. 
 
 Of municipality, see Municipal Cobpoba- 
 TIONS, § 71. 
 
 Law of accretions to. 58 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 ■>«» — — 
 
 SHORE LINE. 
 
 Does public easement In street terminating 
 at shore line follow recession of shore 
 line. 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 593. 
 
 SHORTHAND. 
 
 Instruction in, as a necessary for an in- 
 fant. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 
 SHORTHAND NOTES. 
 
 Impeachment of enrolled bill by. 40 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 32. 
 Eight of jury to have reporter's shorthand 
 
 notes read to them. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 931. 
 
 SHOW. 
 
 See Amusemenis. 
 
 SHOWCASES. 
 
 On sidewalk, as a nuisance; municipal pow- 
 er over. 39 L.E.A. 661. 
 
 SHOWERS. 
 
 Appointment and duties of showers in tak- 
 ing view. 42 L.E.A. 376. 
 
 SHRUBBERY. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to or de- 
 struction of. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 930; 2« 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 757; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1115. 
 
 Right to shrubs growing in highwav. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1053. 
 
 SHUTTING OFF SUPPLY. 
 
 Of gas, see Gas, § 6. 
 Of water, see Waters, § 115. 
 if^sLinn. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1251 
 
 SICKNESS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As excuse for nonperformance of contract, 
 eee Contracts, § 125. 
 
 Allowance for mental anguish from failure 
 to deliver telegram announcing, see 
 Damages, § 103. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment, 
 see Injunction, § 54. 
 
 Care due toward sick person, see Negli- 
 gence, § J 2. 
 
 Sick persons, see Sick Pebsons. 
 
 As act of God. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 808. 
 
 Effect to relieve from contract. 14 L.E.A. 
 217. 
 
 As defense to action for breach of promise 
 to marry. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 582. 
 
 Of party as ground for continuance. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 660. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment. 
 30 L.E.A. 794. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for sick- 
 ness caused by sewage or drainage. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940. 
 
 What is "last sickness" permitting noncupa- 
 tive will. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1092. 
 
 Mental anguish suffered by sender of tele- 
 gram in being deprived of advice and 
 consolation as element of damages for 
 failure to deliver telegram announcing. 
 14 L.R.A.(X.S.) 499. 
 
 Admissibility of expressions or statements 
 of present pain during sickness or sub- 
 sequent to injuries. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 253. 
 
 Slander in charging woman with unchastity 
 causing sickness. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 
 Right of teacher to salary during. 50 L.R.A. 
 371. 
 
 § 2. Bequest for relief of. 
 
 Validity of bequest for relief of. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 102; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1008, 
 1013. 
 
 § 3. Of judge. 
 
 Personal liability of executor or administra- 
 tor for interest where settlement of es- 
 tate is delayed by illness of judge. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 359. 
 
 § 4. Of juror. 
 
 Agreement in verdict by remaining jurors. 
 43 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 § 5. Of witness. 
 
 Right to have direct testimony stricken out 
 wiiere cross-examination is interrupted 
 by illness of witness. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 403. 
 
 Of witness as ground for admission of testi- 
 mony given upon preliminary examina- 
 tion in a criminal case. 25 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 873. 
 
 § 6. Of passenger. 
 
 ■Carrier's dutv towards sick or disabled pas- 
 sen i'er, see Carriees, §§ 39, 40. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SICKNESS— cont'd 
 
 As proximate result of discharging pas- 
 senger at improper place or one not his 
 destination. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1180. 
 
 § 7. Of copartner. 
 
 Right to compensation for extra services 
 necessitated by copartner's illness. 17 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 395. 
 
 § 8. Of insured. 
 
 Insurance against generally, see Insurance. 
 
 Effect of assured's ill-health at time of ap- 
 plication for insurance. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1144. 
 
 Effect of refusal to deliver policy contain- 
 ing stipulation that it shall not be- 
 come binding unless delivered to as- 
 sured while in good health because of 
 illness of assured. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1146. 
 
 Effect of delivery while assured is ill of 
 policy containing stipulation that it 
 shall not become binding unless de- 
 livered while assured is in good health. 
 
 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 11 50. 
 
 Previous diseased condition as affecting lia- 
 bility on insurance policy for death or 
 injury from accident. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 445. 
 
 As total disability of insured. 38 L.R.A. 
 537. 
 
 Validity of provision in policy requiring 
 notice of sickness within specified time. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 106. 
 
 Effect of incapacitating illness on failure to 
 pay insurance premium when due. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 319. 
 
 § 9. Of employee. 
 
 Servant's right to compensation on part 
 performance due to, see Master and 
 Servant, § 26. 
 
 § 10. Of member of crew of ressel. 
 
 See Seamen, § 4. . 
 
 § 11. Of live stock. 
 
 See Animals, § 17. 
 
 SICK PERSON. 
 
 Carrier's duty towards, see Cabkiees, §§ 
 
 39, 40. 
 Duty towards sick seamen, see Seamen, § 4. 
 
 Care due to, when no contract relation ex- 
 ists. 69 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Liability of property owner for compelling 
 removal of sick person. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 510. 
 
 Settlement of, as affecting liability for sup- 
 port in time of epidemic. 26 L.R.A. 
 729. 
 
 SIDE TRACKS. 
 
 See Spur Tracks and SmiNGS. 
 
1252 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 SIDEWALKS. 
 
 See Highways; Public Improvements. 
 
 «-»-♦ 
 
 SIDE WALIiS. 
 
 Party walls, see Pabty Wall. 
 Landlord's duty as to. 14 L.R.A. 241. 
 
 SIDINGS. 
 
 See Spub Tkacks akd Sidings. 
 
 SIGNALS. 
 
 To employee, see Master and Servant, §§ 
 72-78, 165. 
 
 Of approach of railroad train, see Rail- 
 roads, §§ 57, 66-69. 
 
 Duty of operaitor of automobile as to. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 489. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury resulting from 
 negligent or meddlesome act of fellow 
 passenger in giving. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 726. 
 
 Effect of signalling car to make one a pas- 
 senger. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 283; 25 
 L.K.A.(N.S.) 408. 
 
 SIGNAL TORPEDOES. 
 
 Injury to railroad employee by torpedoes 
 
 on the track. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1084. 
 As dangerous agency for injury by which, 
 
 when used by servant, master is liable. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N'.S.) 378, 398. 
 Liability for injury to children from signal 
 
 torpedo left accessible to them. 14 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 586. 
 
 SIGNATURE. 
 
 Duty of bank to know signature of deposi- 
 tor, see Banks, § 24. 
 
 To commercial paper, see Bills and Notes, 
 §§ 8, 9. 
 
 Guaranty of, see Bills and Notes, § 9; 
 Principal and Surety, § 7. 
 
 Forgery of, see Banks, §§ 24, 29; Bills 
 and Notes, § 16; Forgery. 
 
 Ratification of forged signature, see Rati- 
 fication, § 8. 
 
 To instrument required by statute of fraud-*, 
 see Contracts, §§ 53, 54. 
 
 To deed, see Deeds, § 5. 
 
 Proof of, see Evidence, §§ 198-205. 
 
 By mark, see Mask, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 By proxy, see Pkoxy. 
 
 To bills, see Statutes, § 6. 
 
 To will, see Wills, §§ 20-24. 
 
 Of witnesses to will, see Wills, § 30. 
 
 SIGNATURE— cont'd 
 
 Of writ and process by proxy, see Writ 
 AND Process, § 2. 
 
 Matter following, as part of contract. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 436. 
 
 Becomine surety for surety by adding words 
 to srgnature. 21 L.R.A. 247. 
 
 Sufficiency of printed or stamped signature 
 within statute of frauds. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 352. 
 
 Waiver of requirement of signature to rail- 
 way ticket or coupon. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 432. 
 
 Personal liability of one who signs contract 
 by adding words indicating representa- 
 tive capacity to his signature. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 
 To deed by attprney in fact or agent. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 805. 
 
 SIGNBOARDS. 
 
 Allowance of, in street, see Highways, 
 
 § 19a. 
 Injury to traveler by, see Highways, §§ 68, 
 
 83. 
 See also Billboard. 
 
 Compensation for making, as element of 
 damages for laying out street across 
 railway property. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1235. 
 
 SIGNS. 
 
 Signboards, see Signboards. 
 
 Giving of dying declaration by. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 427. 
 Admissibility as dying declarations of 
 
 answers by. 2 B. R. C. 922. 
 
 SILENCE. 
 
 Estoppel by, see Estoppel, §§ 18-26. 
 As fraud, see Fraud and Deceit, § 6. 
 
 Silence of accused on statement in his pres- 
 ence as a confession. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 543. 
 
 Effect of mere silence between parties sus- 
 taining trust or confidential relations, 
 to toll stptute of limitations. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 963. 
 
 Begin icith this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 Validity of contract to pay in, see Con- 
 tracts, § 89. 
 
 Form of judgment on obligation to pay in. 
 29 L.R.A. 593. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1253 
 
 SIMILAR ACTS. 
 
 Evidence of, see Evidence, §§ 272-275. 
 
 SIMPLE CONTRACT. 
 
 As assets giving jurisdiction to bind ad- 
 ministrator. 24 L.R.A. 685. 
 
 SIMULATED DEBTS. 
 
 Inclusion of, as participation by creditor in 
 debtor's fraudulent intent. 31 L.E.A. 
 632. 
 
 < » » 
 
 SINGLENESS. 
 
 Of special verdict. 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 48. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 SINGLE TRANSACTION. 
 
 By foreign corporation as doing business 
 within state. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 693. 
 
 SINGULARITY. 
 
 As proof of incapaeitv of testator. 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 
 27 
 
 SINKS. 
 Landlord's duty as to. 14 L.R.A. 240. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 SISTER. 
 
 See Bbothees and Sisters. 
 
 SKATING RINK. 
 
 As a place of amusement within civil rights 
 
 acts. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 Power of municipality to declare, a nuisance 
 
 verse. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 543. 
 
 SISTER-IN-LAW. 
 
 See Bbothebs-in-Law and Sistee8-in-IiAw. 
 
 SITUATION. 
 
 Right to rely on representations as to. 
 L.R.A. 610. 
 
 37 
 
 SKIDDING. 
 
 Injury by automobile while skidding. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 495. 
 
 -*—*^ 
 
 SLANDER, 
 
 See LiBEi; AND Slandeb. 
 
 *»» 
 
 SLANDER OF TITLE. 
 
 See Libel and Slandeb, § 31. 
 
 SLAUGHTER HOUSES. 
 
 As nuisance. 13 L.R.A. 321.* 
 
 Municipal power over, as nuisances. 38 
 L.R.A. 646. 
 
 Power of city to prohibit slaughtering ex- 
 cept at certain places. 24 L.R.A. 586. 
 
 Power to make use of property for, condi- 
 tional on consent of neighbors. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) ,978. 
 
 SLAVES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Instigation to steal. 25 L.R.A. 344. 
 Instigation to trade with. 25 L.R.A. 344. 
 Adverse possession of, under parol gift. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 839. 
 Part performance of contracts for services 
 
 of. 24 L.R.A. 231. 
 Criminal liability for dealing of partner, 
 
 agent, or servant with. 41 L.R.A. 658. 
 Voluntariness of confession to master. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 854. 
 Admissibility of dying declarations of. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 360. 
 Question relating to slavery as Federal 
 
 question. 62 L.R.A. 539. 
 
 2. Duty and liability to. 
 
 Duty to furnish medical aid to. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 555. 
 Master's duty to provide medical assistance 
 SITUS. for. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 
 Master's liability for act of overseer in 
 Of debt, see Debt, § 4; Gabnishmbnt, § 12. striking or whipping slave. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 For purjxise of taxation, see Taxes, §§ , 197. 
 
 40-49 300. I Homicide by excessive chastisement of slave. 
 
 See also Conflict of Laws. 60 L.R.A. 804. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A.. Digests to date. 
 
1254 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SLAVES— cont'd 
 § 3. Escape of. 
 
 Master's liability for acts of servant in 
 permitting slave to escape. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 ni. 
 
 g 4. Sale of. 
 
 Validity of sale of, in violation of law. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 598. 
 
 Injunction against sale of, under execu- 
 tion. 30 L.R.A. 117. 
 
 Does warranty extend to obvious defects in. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 
 Does express warranty as to soundness of 
 slave exclude implied warranty in re- 
 gard thereto. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 504.- 
 
 SliEDGE HAMMER. 
 
 Master's liability for injury ty defect in. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 671. 
 
 SLEEPING CAB COMPANIES. 
 
 See Cabbiees, §§ 96, 97. 
 
 « « » 
 
 SLIDING. 
 In streets as nuisance. 39 L.R.A. 679. 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 SLOT MACHINE. 
 
 Operation of, as gambling. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 239; 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 573; 42 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 720. 
 
 SLOUGHS. 
 
 As part of boundary between states. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 649. 
 
 SLUT. 
 
 Slander in charging woman with being, see 
 Libel and Si-andee, § 12. 
 
 SMALLPOX. 
 
 Hospital for, see Hospitals. 
 Vaccination for, see Health, § 
 
 10. 
 
 SMELLS. 
 
 SMELTING WORKS. 
 
 Supervising employees in, as vice principals. 
 51 L.R.A. 534, 581. 
 
 SMOKE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As element of damages, see Damages, § 87a. 
 
 Duty of traveler approaching railroad cross- 
 ing where view near track is obstructed 
 bv smoke from another train. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 144. 
 
 § 2. Liability as to. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third persons as to. 
 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 Loss of insured property by smoke from 
 heating apparatus without actual igni- 
 tion. 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 501. 
 
 § 3. Regulation and control of. 
 
 As nuisance, see Nuisances, § 5. 
 
 Presumption as to statutory authority to 
 commit nuisance of. 70 L.R.A. 594. 
 
 Liability of railroad for creating nuisance. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 371. 
 
 See Duties. 
 
 SMUGGLERS. 
 
 SNATCHING. 
 
 As force constituting robbery. 57 L.R.A. 
 432. 
 
 See Odoes. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question 
 
 SNOW. 
 
 On street or sidewalk, see Highways, §§ 56, 
 71, 84, 86, 91. 
 
 Duty to remove, from cattle guards. 5 
 
 L.R.A. 813.* 
 Duty of railroad company as to snow on 
 
 cattle guards. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 EflEeot of, on question of negligence in run- 
 ning train at speed preventing stoppage 
 
 within distance disclosed bv headlight. 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 980. 
 Snow storm as act of God relieving carrier 
 
 from liability. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3209. 
 Duty of carrier of passengers to keep steps 
 
 of cars free from. ]5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 523; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592. 
 Servant's assumption of risk of injury from 
 
 snow on working place. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 365. 
 For^etfulness of, as contributory negligence. 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1265 
 
 SNOW STORM. 
 
 As act of God relieving carrier from lia- 
 bility. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1209. • 
 
 See Clubs. 
 
 SOCIAL CLUBS. 
 
 SOCIALISM. 
 
 Validity of bequest for education in. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1007. 
 
 37 
 
 SOCIAL MEETING. 
 
 Character of essential to offense of disturb- 
 ing meeting. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 832. 
 
 SOCIAL TREATING. 
 
 See Teeating. 
 
 SOCIETY. 
 
 Various kinds of societies, see Associa- 
 tions; Clubs; Be;n'evolent Societies; 
 Religious Societies. 
 
 Constitutionality of discrimination against 
 women in restrictions of. 49 L.R.A. 
 115. 
 
 « « » 
 
 SODA FOUNTAIN. 
 
 As place of public accommodation within 
 meaning of the civil rights act. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 601. 
 
 As place of amusement within civil rights 
 acts. 19 L.E.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 
 SODOMY. 
 
 May sodomy be committed bv penetration 
 
 of mouth. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 478. 
 Threat to charge with, as constructive force 
 
 sufficient for robbery. 57 L.R.A. 440. 
 Truth of charge as to, as defense to civil 
 
 action for libel or slander. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 146. 
 
 SOFT COAL. 
 
 Use of, as a nuisance. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 465. 
 Commit also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SOFT DRINKS. 
 
 Regulation of sale of, see Intoxicating 
 Liquors, § 4. 
 
 What liquors are intoxicating, see Intoxi- 
 cating Liquors, § 30. 
 
 SOIL. 
 
 Right to soil in highway, see Highways, § 
 44. 
 
 Taking earth for public use, when justified. 
 
 3 L.R.A. 832.* 
 Right of municipality to take soil from 
 
 highway to injury of fee. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1164. 
 
 SOLAR TIME. 
 
 See Time, § 13. 
 
 SOLDIERS. 
 
 Pensions to, see Pensions. 
 
 Appropriations for public aid in furnishing. 
 
 14 L.R.A. 476. 
 Bounties to. 10 L.R.A. 202.* 
 Constitutional protection of right to vote. 
 
 25: L.R.A. 482. 
 
 SOLDIERS' HOME. 
 
 Acquiring residence as a voter while an 
 inmate of. 23 L.R.A. 215; 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 168. 
 
 Jurisdiction of estate of inmate of. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 586. 
 
 SOLE AGENCY. 
 
 By real estate broker for sale of land. 44 
 L.R.A. 350. 
 
 SOLE AND UNCONDITIONAIj 
 OWNERSHIP. 
 
 See Insurance, § 68. 
 
 SOLE BENEFICIARY. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of, to show 
 lack of testamentary capacity or undue 
 influence. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 741. 
 
1256 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SOLE DEBTOR. 
 
 Effept of death of sole judgment debtor on 
 remedy by execution. 61 L.R.A. 362. 
 
 SOLICITATION. 
 
 To commit crime, see Cbiminal Law, § 18. 
 Of patronage at railway station, see Cae- 
 BIBES, § 152. 
 
 To violate injunction as justification for so 
 doing. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 304. 
 
 Right of attorney at law to solicit business. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282; 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 941. 
 
 Right of vendor of business and good will 
 to solicit customers from patrons of 
 business sold. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 767. 
 
 Eight in absence of negative covenant to 
 enjoin employee from soliciting busi- 
 ness from customers of employer. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 260. 
 
 License or occupation tax on persons en- 
 gaged in soliciting orders by sample or 
 otherwise as a violation of the com- 
 merce clause. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 297; 
 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 265. 
 
 Soliciting trade as doing business within 
 state. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1214. 
 
 Power of state to prohibit solicitation of 
 orders for intoxicating liquors by mail 
 sent from another state. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 443. 
 
 SOIilCITOR. 
 
 Measure of damages to solicitor for breach 
 of advertising contract. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 273. 
 
 SOLVENCY. 
 
 Insolvency, see Insolvency. 
 
 Implied warranty of, on transfer without 
 indorsement of check or note of third 
 person. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
 * « » 
 
 SON-IN-LAW. 
 
 See Father-in-law and Son-in-Law. 
 
 SOOT. 
 
 Loss of insured property by soot from heat- 
 ing apparatus without actual ignition. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 501. 
 
 Right to compensation for consequential 
 damages to property from. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1054. 
 
 SORROW. 
 
 As element of damages, see Damages, §§ 
 96-106. 
 
 SOUNDNESS, 
 
 What amounts to breach of warranty of 
 soundness of horse. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 182. 
 
 » »» 
 
 SOVEREIGN. 
 
 Immunity of, from suit in his own court. 
 11 L.R.A. 370.* 
 
 As a person. 19 L.R.A. 223. 
 
 Jurisdiction of suit against foreign sover- 
 eign. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 
 Extent of right to obstruct or destroy 
 rights of navigation. 59 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 SPANISH GRANT. 
 
 Location of mining claim on. 7 L.R,A. 
 
 (N.S.) 786. 
 
 SPARK ARRESTER. 
 
 Negligence as to, on threshing or similar 
 stationary engines. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 530. 
 
 SPARKS. 
 
 Fires set by sparks from locomotives, see 
 Railboads, §§ 77, 78, 86. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for personal 
 injuries to person struck by sparks or 
 cinders escaping from locomotive. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 241. 
 
 Liability of railroad for personal injuries 
 from sparks thrown on adjoining prop- 
 erty or nighway. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 983. 
 
 Liability of elevated railway company for 
 personal injury by spark to person on 
 surface of street. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 92. 
 
 Liability for fires set by sharks from chim- 
 ney. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1003. 
 
 SPECIAL ASSESSMENTS. 
 
 See Drains and Sewebs, §§ 12-14; Pubuc 
 Impbovembnts, IV. 
 
 SPECIAL ATTOIUSTEY. 
 
 Begin with this boole on evein/ law question. 
 
 Appearance of, before 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 568. 
 
 grand jury. 33 
 
INDEX TO L 
 
 SPECIAL BARGAINS. 
 
 Loss of profits from loss of, as damages. 
 53 L.E.A. 45. 
 
 SPECIAL BENEFIT.. 
 
 Setting off, against damages in eminent do- 
 main proceedings, see Damages, § 93. 
 
 As basis for assessment for public improve- 
 ment, see Public Improvements, § 26. 
 
 SPECIAL CARS. 
 
 Kailroad companies as private carriers in 
 drawing. 30 L.E.A. 161. 
 
 SPECIAL DAMAGE. 
 
 In libel or slander, see Damages, § 56. 
 By nuisance, see Nuisances, § 25. 
 
 Unlawful obstruction preventing one from 
 using a highway as a, special damage 
 which will sustain an action against 
 the wrongdoer. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1053. 
 
 * « » 
 
 SPECIAL DEPOSIT. 
 
 See Banks, § 11. 
 
 SPECIAL DEPUTY. 
 
 In whose name acts by should be performed. 
 42 L.E.A.(N.S.) 880. 
 
 SPECIAL FUND. 
 
 Claim against state for salary payable out 
 of. 42 L.E.A. 54. 
 
 When obligations payable out, as indebted- 
 ness within debt limit provision. 37 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1070. 
 
 SPECIAL GRAND JURY. 
 
 Generally. 27 L.E.A. 787. 
 
 SPECIALISTS. 
 
 Degree of care and skill required of. 20 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1030. 
 Consult filfio Ij.n.A. Digests to date. 
 
 E.A. NOTES. 
 
 SPECIAL JUDGE. 
 
 1257 
 
 Authority of, as to bills of exceptions and 
 cases made. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 SPECIAL LEGISLATION. 
 
 See Statutes, §§ 15-18. 
 
 «-•-♦ 
 
 SPECIAL ORDERS. 
 
 When within statute of frauds. 14 L.E.A. 
 
 231. 
 Sufficiency of rules as to operation of trains 
 
 by. 43 L.E.A. 332. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 SPECIAL PARTNER. 
 
 See Partnership, § 58. 
 
 ♦-.-» 
 
 SPECIAL POLICE. 
 
 See Police, § 6. 
 
 SPECIAL PURPOSE. 
 
 Implied warranty of fitness of property 
 bought for, see Sale, § 32. 
 
 SPECIAL RATES. 
 
 Carrier's power to make, see Cabbiees, § 
 155. 
 
 SPECIAL SESSION. 
 
 Conclusiveness of enrolled bill passed at 
 special session of legislature. 40 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 27. 
 
 SPECIAL STOCK. 
 
 Generally. 27 L.E.A. 151. 
 
 SPECIAL TAXATION. 
 
 Assessment for public improvements, see 
 Drains and Sewers, §§ 12-14; Puc- 
 r.ic Improvements, IV 
 
1258 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SPECIAL, TERM. 
 
 Of grand jury. 27 L.R.A. 787. 
 
 » «» 
 
 SPECIAL TRAINS. 
 
 Railroad companies as private carriers in 
 drawing. 30 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 SPECIALTY. 
 
 As to deeds, see Deeds. 
 
 As to mortgages, see Moetgage. 
 
 Undelivered specialty as gift. 21 L.II.A. 
 694. 
 
 Liability of heirs on specialty debt of an- 
 cestor. 21 L.R.A. 90. 
 
 As asset giving jurisdiction to bind ad- 
 ministrator. 24 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 Action by third persona on. 25 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 As subject of gift. 26 L.R.A. 308. 
 
 Succession to, by surety paying judgment. 
 68 L.R.A. 556. 
 
 SPECIAL USE. 
 
 Recovery for, in eminent domain, see Dam- 
 ages, § 83. 
 
 » «» 
 
 SPECIAL VERDICT. 
 
 See Tbial, §§ 80-82, 84. 
 « ■ > 
 SPECIFICATIONS. 
 
 For public contracts, see Contracts, § 161. 
 
 For establishment of drains and sewers. 
 60 L.R.A. 176. 
 
 Cost of conforming work to, as measure of 
 damages for defect or omission in per- 
 formance of building contract. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 592. 
 
 SPECIFIC LEGACIES. 
 
 See Wills, §§ 122, 127, 128. 
 « « » 
 
 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. Contracts enforceable, §§ 4-26. 
 a. In general, §§ 4-lOa. 
 6. Oral contracts, §§ 11-18. 
 1. In general, § 11. 
 8. As to real property, § 
 12, 13. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question 
 
 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE, II.— cont'd 
 
 c. Contracts relating to per- 
 
 sonal property, § jf4. 
 
 d. Contracts for real property, 
 
 §§ 15-10. 
 
 e. Effect of defendant's in- 
 
 ability to specifically per- 
 form, § 20. 
 
 f. Mutuality of obligation; op- 
 
 tion, §§21, 22. 
 
 g. Certainty and deflniteness, 
 
 § 23. 
 h. Mistake; fraud; consider- 
 ation, §§ 24,-26. 
 III. Decree; relief granted, §§ 27-20. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Plaintiff's pleadings in action for, see 
 Pleadings, § 22. 
 
 Discretion as to granting; remedy at law. 
 8 L.R.A. 625;* 12 L.R.A. 239.* 
 
 Penalty not prevent. 1 L.R.A. 192.* 
 
 Right of private persons to contest power 
 of corporation to take or hold property 
 in action for. 32 L.R.A. 296. 
 
 Distinction between indirectly securing spe- 
 cific performance and preventing in- 
 jury to business, as affecting necessity 
 that services be unique, to warrant in- 
 junction against breach of covenant 
 not to enter another's employment. S5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 119. 
 
 Anticipatory breach of contract as basis of 
 suit for specific performance. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 408. 
 
 Suit for specific performance of contract 
 in relation to real property as lis petir 
 dens. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 552. 
 
 Suit for, not prosecuted to judgment as a 
 conclusive election of remedies. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 309. 
 
 § 2. Time. 
 
 Forfeiture clause in contract; materiality 
 of time; time, when essence of contract. 
 12 L.R.A. 239.* 
 
 Uncertainty as to time, as affecting right to 
 specific performance. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 221. 
 
 Laches or delay of party seeking specific 
 performance of contract for sale of 
 corporate ptock. 50 L.R.A. 508; 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 500. 
 
 Delay of infant or feme covert in paying 
 purchase price or bringing suit as bar 
 to action for specific performance of 
 contract for sale of land of which time 
 is not of the essence. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 639. 
 
 § 3. Conditions; tender. 
 
 Conditions precedent to; necessity of ten- 
 der. 1 L.R.A. 554.* 
 
 Tender or payment of consideration as con- 
 dition precedent to suit to enforce con- 
 tract to convey realty consummated by 
 vender's exercise of option. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 91. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1259 
 
 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE— cont'd 
 //. Contracts etiforceable. 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 4. Sliscellaneous contracts. 
 
 Of contract for indemnitj', see Indemnity, 
 
 Contract to supply city with water. 61 
 L.R.A. 74. 
 
 Of contract for municipal water supply. 61 
 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 Of agreement to submit to arbitration. 15 
 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Enforceability of promise by beneficiary to 
 pay proceeds of life insurance policy to 
 third person. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 692. 
 
 Jurisdiction to compel performance of 
 agreement for assumption of debts on 
 dissolution of partnership. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 116. 
 
 Stipulation for liquidated damages in con- 
 tract not to engage in business, as 
 affecting equitable jurisdiction to en- 
 join breach thereof. 10 L.RA..(N.S) 
 204. 
 
 Of contract between husband and wife to 
 compromise pending or contemplated 
 divorce suit. 60 L.R.A. 412. 
 
 To prevent revocation of license. 49 L.R.A. 
 507. 
 
 When purchaser at judicial sale compelled 
 to complete purchase. 2] L.R.A. 45. 
 
 Of contract signed by beneficiary but not by 
 holder of legal title. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 884. 
 
 § 5. Illegal contracts. 
 
 Illegality of contract for sale of corporate 
 stock. 50 L.R.A. 508; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 500. 
 
 Equitable enforcement for limited time to 
 prevent public inconvenience, of con- 
 tract which is against public policy. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1032. 
 
 § 6. Contracts of service. 
 
 Agreement as to disposition of property at 
 death, see infra, § 9. 
 
 Of contract for personal service. 6 L.R.A. 
 653.* 
 
 Subject considered with reference to the 
 general principles which define the 
 limits of equitable jurisdiction. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 
 General rule that equity will not specifical- 
 ly enforce contracts of service. 6 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1123. 
 
 Rationale of this rule. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1125. 
 
 Qualification of the general rule where the 
 applicant for relief is in the employ- 
 ment of a body of trustees. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1128. 
 
 Enforcement of stipulations by employees 
 not to perform services for any 
 other persons than their employ- 
 ers. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130. 
 English cases. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130. 
 American cases. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1137. 
 Oonmilt also L.R.A.. Digests to datr. 
 
 SPECIFIC PERFORJIANCE, II. a— cont'd 
 Absence of express negative stipulation, to 
 what extent a bar to exercise of 
 equitable jurisdiction. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1134. 
 English cases. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1134. 
 Aii.erican cases. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1137. 
 Quality of the services, how far a material 
 element. 6 L.R.A.(NjS.) 1138. 
 Englisli authorities. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1138. 
 American doctrine. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1139. 
 Generally. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1139. 
 To what descriptions of services 
 the doctrine is applicable. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1143. 
 Doctrine applicable whether the 
 contract does or does not em- 
 brace a negative stipulation. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1144. 
 Mandatory injunction to compel specific 
 performance of contract for services. 
 20 L.R.A. 167. 
 
 § 7. Contract to give security. 
 
 Real-estate mortgages. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 585. 
 Chattel mortgages. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 588. 
 Indemnity to surety. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 590. 
 Annuities. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 591. 
 Partnership. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 593. 
 Security or indemnity in other cases. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 592. 
 Remedy at law. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 594. 
 Indefinite agreement. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 595. 
 Party in default. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 596. 
 Pleading, practice, and parties. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 597. 
 Impossible relief. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 597. 
 
 § 8. Contract to provide for party to 
 marriage. 
 
 As to marriage settlements, generally, see 
 Husband and Wife, § 59. 
 
 Specific performance of contract to provide 
 for intended husband or wife. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 232. 
 
 Specific performance of agreement on part 
 of third person to make provision for 
 parties to contemplated marriage. 7 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 734. 
 
 § 9. As to disposition of property at 
 death. 
 
 Enforcement against estate of decedent of 
 contract to pay money or give prop- 
 erty. 14 L.R.A. 862. 
 
 Specific performance of contract to make 
 will, or to leave property, in con- 
 sideration of services to continue dur- 
 ing promisor's lifetime, as affected by 
 brevity of period elapsing before 
 promisor's death. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 157. 
 
 Enforceability of contract to give child 
 share of estate in consideration of sur- 
 render of child to promisor, as affect- 
 ed by noncompliance with statute pre- 
 scribing mode of adoption. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1130 
 
1260 
 
 INDEX TO L.II.A. NOTES. 
 
 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Right to specific performance or injunction 
 during lifetime of one who has con- 
 veyed, or is about to convey, property 
 in violation of his agreement to leave 
 the same, at his death, to the complain- 
 ant. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 218. 
 
 Specific performance of oral contract to de- 
 vise or convey land in consideration of 
 performing services or furnishing sup- 
 port, where no possession taiien, or im- 
 provements made. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 466. 
 
 Specific performance of oral contract to 
 devise land in consideration of per- 
 forming services or furnishing support 
 where no possession is taken or im- 
 provements made. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 752. 
 
 § 10. Railroad station. 
 
 Specific performance of contract to estab- 
 lish or maintain railroad station. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 307. 
 
 g 10a, Continuing contracts. 
 
 Of contract for performance of continuous 
 
 acts. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 828. 
 Mutuality of obligation as a condition of 
 
 the right to specific performance of a 
 
 continuing contract. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 391; 38 L.R.A.{N.S.) 452. 
 
 h. Oral contracts. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Of parol trust. 2 L.R.A. 662.* 
 
 Of parol agreement to contribute to cost of 
 party wall. 66 L.R.A. 699. 
 
 Efi'ect of defendant's denial of oral con- 
 tract. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 410. 
 
 2. As to real property. 
 
 § 12. Generally. 
 
 Statute of frauds with reference to con- 
 tracts, relating to realty, generally, see 
 
 CONTBACTS, §§ 40-49. 
 
 In general. 5 L.R.A. 323.* 
 
 Tlieory of ground for relief. 5 L.R.A. 324.* 
 
 Verbal contract for exchange of lands. 5 
 L.R.A. 245.* 
 
 Of oral contract to convey real estate in 
 consideration of making improvements, 
 where possession not taken. 33 L.R.A; 
 (N.S.) 534. 
 
 Specific performance of oral contract to 
 devise or convey land in consideration 
 of performing services or furnishing 
 support, where no possession taken or 
 improvements made. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 752. 
 
 § 13. Part performance; taking pos- 
 session. 
 
 Efifect of, generally, see Contbacts, §§ 58, 
 59. 
 
 Where contract fully performed by one par- 
 ty. 5 L.R.A. 324.* 
 
 Begin with this hook on every laiv question 
 
 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE, II. b, 2— 
 cont'd 
 
 Part performance. 5 L.R.A. 325.* 
 
 Sufficiency of payment alone. 5 L.R.A. 
 326.* 
 
 Taking possession as an act of performance. 
 5 L.R.A. 326.* 
 
 Taking possession and making improve- 
 ments as part performance. 5 L.R.A. 
 327.* 
 
 Sufficiency of possession alone as ground for 
 granting specific performance of parol 
 gift of, or contract to convey, real 
 property. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 870. 
 
 Specific performance of oral lease void un- 
 der statute of frauds after lessee's 
 entry into possession and making im- 
 provements. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 852. 
 
 o. Contracts relating to personal 
 property. 
 
 § 1 4 ,' Contracts for sale of corporate 
 stock. 
 
 Jurisdiction. 50 L.R.A. 501: 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 491. 
 Remedy at law. 50 L.R.A. 501; 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 492. 
 Other property involved. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 505; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 495. 
 Trust involved. 50 L.R.A. 505; 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 495. 
 Mutuality of remedy. 50 L.R.A. 506; 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 496. 
 To enable the purchaser to secure con- 
 trol of corporation. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 506; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 496. 
 To indemnify the vendor against lia- 
 bility on stock. 50 L.R.A. 506. 
 Defenses. 50 L.R.A. 507; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 497. 
 Uncertainty and incompleteness of con- 
 tract. 50 L.R.A. 507; 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 497. 
 Lack of consideration. 50 L.R.A. 507 ; 
 
 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 498. 
 Lack of mutuality. 50 L.R.A. 507; 31 • 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 499. 
 Fraud. 50 L.R.A. 508: 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 500. 
 lU^ality of contract. 50 L.R.A. 508; 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 500. 
 Claim that partnership created. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 508. 
 Laches or delay of party seeking. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 508; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 500. 
 Disposal of stock to other persons. 50 
 
 L.R.A. 509; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 501. 
 Change in value. 50 L.R.A. 510; 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 501. 
 Miscellaneous. 45 L.R.A. 510; 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 501. 
 Parties. 50 L.R.A. 512; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 502. 
 Relief. 50 L.R.A. 512; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 502. 
 
 d. Contracts for real property. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Oral contracts, see supra, §§ 12, 13. 
 
INBKX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1261 
 
 SJ'ECIFIC PERFORMANCE, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Right to. as affected by vendor's ignorance 
 of raoe or character of purchaser. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) .125. 
 
 ^'endl>e's right to specific performance with 
 allowance for buildings destroyed after 
 making of executory contract. ]0 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 125. 
 
 Right to specific performance of contract to 
 convey real estate as affected by at- 
 teJtnpted reservation of cemetery or 
 burial plot. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 384. 
 
 May jurisdiction of suit for specific per- 
 formance of a contract for conveyance 
 of land within the territorial jurisdic- 
 tion rest upon constructive service of 
 process against a nonresident. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1135. 
 
 Delay of infant or feme covert in paying 
 purchase price or bringing suit as bar 
 to action for specific performance of 
 contract for sale of land of which time 
 is not of the essence. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 639. 
 
 Tender or payment of consideration as con- 
 dition precedent to suit for specific 
 performance of contract to convey real- 
 ty consummated by vendee's exercise of 
 an option. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 
 § 16. Outside of jurisdiction. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity to decree specific per- 
 formance of contract affecting real es- 
 tate in other state or country. 69 
 L.R.A. 681. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity over suits for, in re- 
 lation to real property in another state 
 or country. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 924. 
 
 § 17. Doubtful titles. 
 
 Doubtful title. 3 L.R.A. 739.* 
 
 Whether sufficient to make title at time of 
 decree. 3 L.R.A. 740.* 
 
 Allowing vendor reasonable time to perfect 
 title by decree for specific perform- 
 ance. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 25. 
 
 Right of vendee to specific performance with 
 abatement from purchase price, where 
 vendor is unable to convey good and un- 
 encumbered title. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 117; 38 L.R.A.m.S.) 1195. 
 
 § 18. Effect of fraud. 
 
 In ease of misrepresentation as to location 
 of property. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 306. 
 
 EflFect of concealment or misrepresentation 
 of fact affecting vahie of real estate 
 by purchaser who seeks specific per- 
 formance. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 755. 
 
 § 19. Where wife refuses to unite In 
 conveyance. 
 
 Generally. 24 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 Specific performance against wife on con- 
 tract of husband. 24 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 Specific performance against wife by con- 
 tract of wife. 24 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 Contracts that are enforceable against her 
 and her husband. 24 L.R.A. 764. 
 Consult also Tj.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Specific performance against husband where 
 wife refuses to unite in conveyance. 
 24 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 Specific performance by husband with 
 abatement for deficiency in title. 24 
 L.R.A. 765. 
 
 Requiring husband to obtain his wife's sig- 
 nature. 24 L.R.A. 766. 
 
 Mutuality; enforcing contracts against ven- 
 dee. 24 L.R.A. 766. 
 
 Effect of nonjoinder of husband in wife's 
 executory contract to convey, where_ his 
 joinder is essential to a conveyance. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) .353. 
 
 e. Effect of defendant's inability to 
 
 specifically perform,. 
 
 § 2 0. Generally. 
 
 Effect of incapacity to perform. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 240.* 
 Generally. 16 L.R.A. 614. 
 When plaintiff knows that performance can- 
 not be enforced. 36 L.R.A. 614. 
 Where defendant disables himself pending 
 
 action. 16 L.R.A. 615. 
 When defendant has at any time rendered 
 
 himself incapable of performing. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 615. 
 General jurisdiction over damages. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 615. 
 The effect of modern legislation. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 616. 
 The effect of the Code provision. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 616. 
 
 f. Mutuality of obligation; option. 
 
 §21. Generally. 
 
 Mutuality of right. 1 L.R.A. 554;* 12 
 L.R.A. 244.* 
 
 Contract for conveyance not signed by wife. 
 24 L.R.A. 766. 
 
 Of remedy as affecting jurisdiction of ac- 
 tion for specific performance of con- 
 tract for sale of stock. 50 L.R.A. 506; 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 496. 
 
 Lack of, as defense to action for specific 
 performance of contract for sale of cor- 
 porate stock. 50 L.R.A. 507 ; 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 499. 
 
 Mutuality of obligation as a condition of 
 right to specific performance of a con- 
 tinuing contract. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391; 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 452. 
 
 Right of party not bound because he did not 
 sign the contract, to enforce specific 
 performance against a party who did 
 sign. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 397; 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 680. 
 
 § 22. Option contracts. 
 
 Enforcement of contract not to withdraw. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 131. 
 Enforcement of / completed contract. ^1 
 
 L.R.A. 131. 
 Necessity for consideration. 21 L.R.A. 131. 
 Enforcement against third person. 21 
 
 L.R.A, 132. 
 
1262 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE, II. f— cont'd 
 
 Right to rfelief before acceptance. 21 L.R.A. 
 132. 
 
 Necessity that contract be specific. 21 
 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 Right to specific performance of option to 
 purchase as affected by lack of mutual- 
 ity of obligation. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 
 Tender or payment of consideration as a 
 condition precedent to a, suit for the 
 specific performance of a contract to 
 convey realty consummated by the 
 vendee's exercise of an option. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 
 g. Certainty and deflniteness. 
 
 § 2 3. Generally. 
 
 Certainty and deflniteness of contract. 1 
 L.R.A. 381.* 
 
 Necessity that option contract be specific. 
 21 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 Uncertainty as to time as affecting right 
 to. 2 'L.R.A. (N.S.) 221. 
 
 Right as affected by provision for liquidat- 
 ed damages. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 210. 
 
 Uncertainty and incompleteness of contract 
 for sale of corporate stock. 50 L.R.A. 
 537; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 497. 
 
 h. Mirlalce; fraud; consideration. 
 
 § 2 4. Mistake. 
 
 Effect of mistake of fact by defendant on 
 rip;l t to the specific performance of a 
 contract induced thereby. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 81. 
 
 § 25. Fraud. 
 
 In contract as to real property, see supra, 
 § 18. 
 
 Fraudulent expression of opinion as a de- 
 fense. 35 L.R.A'. 433. 
 
 In contract for sale of corporate stock. 50 
 L.R.A. 508; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 500. 
 
 § 26. Co5iGideratJon. 
 
 Specific performance of gift. 5 L.R.A. 323.* 
 
 Wptcific performance of voluntary agree- 
 nenls. 11 L.R.A. ]16.* 
 
 Necessity for consideration for option con- 
 tract. 21 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Lack of consideration as defense to action 
 for specific perfoi-mance of contract for 
 sale of eoi-porate stock. 50 L.R.A. 507 ; 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 498. 
 
 Refusal of specific performance of contract 
 to convey property because of inade- 
 quacy of consi.deration. 14 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 317. 
 
 Necessity in a complaint for specific per- 
 formance of alleging facts- showing. ad- 
 equacy of consideration for contract 
 sought to be enforced. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 178. 
 
 III. Decree; relief granted. 
 
 § 2 7. Generally. 
 
 Contract to give security; impossible relief. 
 
 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE, 111.— cont'd 
 
 Relief granted in action for specific per- 
 formance of contract for sale of corpo- 
 rate stock. 50 L.R.A. 512; 31 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 502. 
 
 Allowing vendor reasonable time to perfect 
 title by decree for specific performance. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 25. 
 
 Right to accept favorable part of decree and 
 appeal from the fest. 29 L.R,A. (N.S.) 
 11. 
 
 § 28. Abatement from price. 
 
 Specific performance by husband, with 
 abatement for deficiency in title where 
 wife refuses to join. 24 L.R.A. 765. 
 Right of vendee to specific performance with 
 abatement from purchase price, 
 where vendor is unable to convey a 
 good and unencunihcred title. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 117; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1195. 
 Claims for dower. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1196. 
 Right of vendee to sp^cili.", perfonnaiice 
 with allowance for buildings destroved 
 after makin? of executory contract. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 125. 
 
 §2 9. Damages in lieu of. 
 
 Damages in lieu of specific performance. 20 
 L.E.A. 752. 
 
 SPECTACLES. 
 
 Application of statute regulating practice 
 of medicine to persons pivim 5p(-"'ixl 
 kinds of treatment. 3 L.PA 'r S.) 
 702; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1297. 
 
 SPECTATOR. 
 
 Misconduct of, at criminal prosecution, see 
 Criminal Law, § 44. 
 
 SPECULATION. 
 
 Legislation forbidding speculation in theater 
 tickets. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 183. 
 
 Creation of partnership by speculative pur- 
 chases of property for sale. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) ]089. 
 
 Speculation in commodities as within osten- 
 sible or implied authority of m.einber of 
 partnership operating warehouse. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1015. 
 
 Benin ivith this boolc on every law qnestion 
 
 SPECULATIVE BELIEF. 
 
 As proof of testament," ry incapacity. 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 
 27 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 1263 
 
 SPECtrtATIVE POLICIES. 
 
 Right to take out. 25 L.R.A. 628. 
 
 SPEECH. 
 
 Freedom of, see Fkeedom or Speech and 
 OF THE Press. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 73. 
 Copyright in report of public speecli. 2 
 B. R. C. 335. 
 
 SPEED. 
 
 Of automobile, see Automobiles, § 6. 
 On highway, see Negligence, § 26. 
 Of railroad train, see Railroads, §§ 71, 72 
 Of street car, see Street Railways, §§ 12, 
 
 13. 
 Opinion evidence as to, see Evidence, § 195. 
 Regulation of speed of vehicles in street, 
 
 see Highways, § 46. 
 
 Express warranty as to, as excluding im- 
 plied warranty. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 507. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute fixing minimum 
 rate of speed at which carrier may 
 transport special kinds of freight. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) lOlS. 
 
 Liability for injury by excessive speed in 
 exercise of rights of navigation. 64 
 L.R.A. 979. 
 
 SPELLING. 
 
 Comparison of, in disputed instrument. 65 
 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 « « » 
 
 SPENDTHRIFT TRUST. 
 
 See Trusts, § 34. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 SPILES. 
 
 As dffects in dock or wharf. 61 L.R.A. 
 949. 
 
 SPIRITUALISM. 
 
 As insane delusion. 37 L.R.A. 270. 
 Effect of belief in. on testamentarv capacity. 
 16 L.R.A. 677; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 674. 
 
 ♦ » » 
 
 SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS. 
 
 Intoxicating liquors, generally, see Intox- 
 icating LiQT-ORS. 
 
 As intoxicatiiiff liquors. 20 L.R.A. 6J5. 
 Consiat also L.Tt.A. THgeKts to date. 
 
 SPITE FENCES. 
 See Fences, § 6. 
 
 SPITTING BLOOD. 
 
 .Vhat constitutes within meaning of insur- 
 ance policy. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 917. 
 
 SPLINTERS. 
 
 .Master's liability for injury by flying 
 splinters, see Master and Servant, § 
 82. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk of being in- 
 jured by, during progress of work. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 
 SPLITTING ACTION. 
 
 Splitting causes of action, see Action ob 
 Suit, § 17. 
 
 SPOLIATOR. 
 
 Presumption against spoliator of evidence, 
 
 see Evidence, § 56. 
 
 -» » » 
 
 SPONTANEOUSNESS. 
 
 Of confession. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 794. 
 
 *-•-* 
 
 SPORADIC DANGERS. 
 
 Duty to warn servant against, see Master 
 AND Servant, § 74. 
 
 SPORT. 
 
 Sportive act of servant, see Master and 
 Servant, § 175. 
 
 Homicide while engased in. 63 L.R.A. 383. 
 Prohibition of, on Sunrlav. 17 L.R.A. 830. 
 Right of public .nutl'nr'ties to preserve ice 
 for. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1103. 
 
 4 »»- 
 
 SPORTIVE ACT. 
 
 Of servant, see Master and Sehvtant, § 17.'"k 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 SPOUSE. 
 
 See Husband and Wife. 
 
1264 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SPREADING DISEASE. 
 
 Municipal liability for, see Municipal Cob- 
 POBATIONS, § 76. 
 
 SPRING. 
 
 See Wateks, § 78. 
 
 SPRING GUN. 
 
 Civil liability for injury by, see Negli- 
 gence, § 21. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for death caused by, 
 upon one's own property. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 346. 
 
 SPRINKLING STREETS. 
 
 Assessments for, see Public iMPBOviaiENTS, 
 § 15. 
 
 SPRINKLING TRACKS. 
 
 Power to compel street railway to sprinkle 
 tracks. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 235. 
 
 » » » 
 
 SPUR. 
 
 See Spub Tracks and Sidings. 
 «-•-• 
 
 SPURIOUS CLAIM. 
 
 Liability for procuring judgment on, and 
 enforcing same against judgment debt- 
 or's property. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1112. 
 
 SPURIOUS INDORSEMENT. 
 
 Who must bear loss where check or draft 
 is purchased or paid on spurious in- 
 dorsement of one bearing same name 
 as payee or indorsee. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1101. 
 
 SPUR TRACKS AND SIDINGS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Compulsory connection with side tracks, see 
 
 Cabbiebs, § 149. 
 Right of way for, see Railboads, S 36. 
 Maintenance of, by railroad, see Railkoads, 
 
 § 35. 
 
 Loading car on side track as delivery to 
 carrier. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 318. 
 
 SPUR TRACKS AND SIDINGS— cont'd 
 Power to compel railroad to buil-d, main- 
 tain, or connect with side tracks for 
 accommodation of shippers. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1013. 
 Liability of railroad company to servants 
 of persons on whose premises it operates 
 a spur track. 46 L.R.A. 100. 
 
 § 2. Condemnation of land for. 
 
 See Eminent Domain, § 22. 
 
 § 3. Contract to maintain. 
 
 Validity, as affected by public policy, of 
 contract by railroad company to main- 
 tain private siding. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 130. 
 
 § 4. As nuisance. 
 
 Presumption of statutory authority of rail- 
 road to commit nuisance by maintain- 
 ing. 70 L.R.A. 589. 
 
 Use of, as a nuisance. 32 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 375. 
 
 § 5. Fences at. 
 
 What are sidings, within meaning of fence 
 
 laws. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 SPYING. 
 
 Admissibility, in criminal case, of testimony 
 as to facts learned while spying. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 45L 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 SQUARES. 
 
 See Paeks and Squares. 
 
 STABLES. 
 
 Livery stable, see Liveet Stable. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third persons as to 
 condition of. 26 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 As nuisances. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1025. 
 
 As within restrictive covenants in convey- 
 ances of real estate. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.I 
 730. 
 
 As a violation of covenant against offensive 
 building. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1039. 
 
 STAGE COACHES. 
 
 Begin with this booTe on evert/ larv question. 
 
 Negligence in starting, before passenger is 
 seated. 42 L.R.A. 296. 
 
 SuflBciency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence. 59 L.R.A. 247. 
 
 Imputing negligence of driver to passenger. 
 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 621. 
 
 Servants working on, as fellow servants. 
 50 L.R.A. 436. 
 
 Validity of restrictive agreement ancillary 
 to sale of stage and coach lines. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 932. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1265 
 
 STAGINGS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to servant on, 
 see Mastek and Servant, § 84. 
 
 STAIRWAY. 
 
 § 1. Easement in. 
 
 Implied reservation of use of. 13 L.E.A. 
 
 657.*^ 
 Implied grant of easement for, in partition 
 
 deed. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 10S2. 
 Eight to, as way of necessity where other 
 
 possible modes of access exist. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1023. 
 
 § 2. Duty and liability as to condi- 
 tion of. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by stairway 
 in street, see Highways, § 62. 
 
 Duty of storekeeper toward customer as to 
 
 "condition of. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 461. 
 Municipal liability for injury by stairway 
 im street sides. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 622. 
 
 § 3. —of landlord. 
 
 Landlord's liability for injury in common 
 
 stairway. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 3:'6. 
 Eesponsibility of landlord for injuries from 
 
 defects in stairway remaining in his 
 
 possession. 14 L.E.A. 239. 
 Liability of landlord as to condition of 
 
 stairway not controlled by tenant. 23 
 
 L.E.A. 1.57. 
 Landlord's duty to light common stairway. 
 
 1 B. E. d 107. 
 
 STALLIONS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Eight of municipality to prohibit the keep- 
 ing, standing, or exhibiting of. 11 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 736. 
 
 § 2. License for keeping of. 
 
 Effect of failure to procure license on right 
 to recover for services of. 1 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1159. 
 
 Validity of contract by unlicensed owner of. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 
 § 3. Warranty of. 
 
 Implied warranty of fitness of. 15 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 868; 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 
 Express warranty as to, as excluding im- 
 plied warranty. 33 L.E.A. (N.S.) 505. 
 
 STAMPED SIGNATURE. 
 
 SuflBciency of, within statute of frauds. 
 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 352. 
 
 STAMPS. 
 
 Effect of omitting revenue stamp from in- 
 strument, see Internal Eevenue, § 
 2. 
 
 Trading stamps, see Trading Stamps. 
 
 Signature to instrument by. 22 L.R.A. 301. 
 
 STAIjIiS. 
 
 On sidewalk, as a nuisai>ce under municipal 
 control. 39 L.R.A. 661. 
 foii.sMW also Tj.n.A. Vigests to date. 
 
 STAMP TAX. 
 
 See Internal Revenue. 
 ♦« » 
 
 STANDARD. 
 
 For comparison of handwriting, see Evi- 
 dence. 
 
 STANDARD TIME. 
 
 See Time, § 13. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 STANDING. 
 
 Standing on driven vehicle as negligence. 
 
 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 223. 
 Standing on moving vehicle by fireman as 
 
 negligence. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 630. 
 
 ♦-»-» 
 
 STANDING TIMBER. 
 
 See Timber. 
 
 ♦ ■ » 
 
 STANDING WATER. 
 
 Rights In. 19 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 STARE DECISIS. 
 
 See Courts, § 59. 
 
 STARVATION. 
 
 Of cattle during transportation, carriers 
 duty to prevent. 39 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 643. 
 
1266 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 STATE. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. Ilirjhts and pou-crs of, §§ 4-7. 
 III. SuU by, §§ S, 0. 
 ir. Liahllities of, §§ 10-12. 
 T. Claims against; indebtedness of, 
 §§ 13-15. 
 
 I. In general, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 tjfficers of, see Attobney General; Govek 
 
 :vOB; Legisla;i,he. 
 Boundary of, see Bouxoaktes, §§ 1-3. 
 Interference with local self-government by, 
 
 see Constitutional Law, § 21. 
 Municipal power as to crimes under state 
 
 law, see Criminal Law, § 70. 
 Validity of ordinance on matters covered 
 
 by "state laws, see Municipal Cokpoea- 
 
 TIONS, § 25. 
 Priority of claims by or against, see Pri- 
 
 ORITY, § 3. 
 State institutions, see State Institutions. 
 Statutes of, see Statutes. 
 
 Relation of, to general government, as to 
 eon'merce and navigable waters. 12 
 L.B.A. 673.*^ 
 
 Judicial notice of civil divisions of. 4 
 L.R.A. 37.* 
 
 Governor's power to employ counsel for. 
 .5.5 L.R.A. 493. 
 
 Estoppel of state because of laches to at- 
 tack municipal charter. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 533. 
 
 Removal of separable controversy in which 
 state is a party. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 56. 
 
 Duty of, to advance fees of witnesses sum- 
 moned on its behalf. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 781. 
 
 Confiscation by, of fish nets found in illegal 
 use. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 997. 
 
 Prevpution of illegal removal of state capi- 
 taL 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 380. 
 
 § 2. Admis.syoTi of. 
 
 Generally. 12 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 § 3. Taxation of property of. 
 
 ilunicinal assessment of property of. 23 
 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 Propertv leafied by state as subiect to tax- 
 ation. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 167. 
 
 II. Rights and powers of. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Riglit to appeal in criminal case, see Appeal 
 
 'and Eebob, § 7a. 
 Power to regulate commerce, see Commerce. 
 Priority of claim of state, see Insolvency, 
 
 § 8- 
 
 Power to restrict or regulate sale or enjoy- 
 ment of patent right, see Patents, § 13. 
 
 Right to require serA ices of witness without 
 compensation, see Witne.'J.ses, § 49. 
 
 Dominion and sovereignty of new states. 
 12 L.R.A. 674.* 
 
 Jtefjin with this hooTc on ercrii Imr question . 
 
 STATE, II.— cont'd 
 
 Authority of, to establish and regulate the 
 right of suffrage. 1 L.R.A. 112.* 
 
 Power to regulate inheritance by alien. 31 
 L.R.A. 179. 
 
 Power of sfafe, under 14th Amendment, to 
 deny to aliens the right to engage in a 
 lawful occupation. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 799. 
 
 I'ower of state to engage in enterprises gen- 
 erally conducted by private person or 
 corporation. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 221. 
 
 State guardianship of children. 15 L.R.A. 
 593. 
 
 Power of state to regulate burials and 
 cemeteries. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 262. 
 
 Power of state to ma'ce estate of person 
 committed to insane asylum, or his 
 relatives, liable for cost of his main- 
 tenance therein. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 
 Power to restrict and regulate sale or cn- 
 jovment of patent rights. 29 L.R.A. 
 786. 
 
 Right of state to contest will so as to es- 
 cheat the property. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 643. 
 
 Right to require railroad companv to equip 
 its road. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 320. 
 
 Right of state to control municipal fire de- 
 partment. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 575. 
 
 Effect of laches on sta+e's right to ouit a 
 corporation of its rights and franchise. 
 14 L."R.i*.(y.S.) 3.^6. 
 
 Extent and limit of state authority over 
 consolidated int"rstate transaction. 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 769. 
 
 Right to appeal in criminal ease. 19 L.R.A. 
 342. 
 
 § 5. As to taxes. 
 
 Taxation by, generally, see Taxtcs. 
 
 Power to, tax Federal agencipo ins+ri"n"n- 
 
 talities, or property, see Taxes, §§6, 
 
 7. 
 
 Power and jurisdiction of, to tax corporate 
 franchises. 57 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 § 6. Property rights. 
 
 State ownership of waters, see Waters, 
 
 As trustee in charitable bequest. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 113. 
 
 Ownership of waters by. 50 L.R.A. 737. 
 itle to islands as between state and sub- 
 ject. 58 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Rights in literary work done in connection 
 with official duties. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1193. 
 
 Power of state to secure title to private 
 property hv adverse possession. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1120. 
 
 Right to erect wharves. 40 L.R.A. 647. 
 
 § 7. Conveyance or grant by. 
 
 Right of, to grant tide land. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 337. 
 Conveyance by state of land held adversely. 
 
 35 L.R.a'.(N.S.) 747. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1267 
 
 iSTATE— cont'd 
 
 ///. Suit hy. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 As proper party to maintain bill to abate 
 or enjoin public nuisance in city street. 
 19 L.1!.A.(J<.S.) 1173. 
 
 Injunction at suit of, against public nui- 
 sance wbich is also a ci ime. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 747; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 691. 
 
 Injunction at suit of stai,e against public 
 nuisance which Is also a crime. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 325. 
 
 Applicability of statute of limitations to 
 actions by agencies of state. 3 L.R.A. 
 (ISi.8.) 746; 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 921. 
 
 § 9. Right of set-off, counterclaim, or 
 recoupment in. 
 
 In gencrw. 33 L.U.A.(N.S.) 377. 
 By statute. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 Right to affirmative relief. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 381 
 Miscellaneous. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 Taxaiion eases. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 Public improvement cases. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 385. 
 
 lY. Liabilities of. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Liability lor interest, see Interest, § 16. 
 Liability for public impiovement, see Pub- 
 lic" Impbovements, §§ 17, 18. 
 
 Circumstances under which employee of 
 stai.e may recover remuneration for 
 extra work. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66U. 
 
 § 11. For torts or negligence. 
 
 Liability of, lor negligence of servants or 
 agents. 8 L.R.A. 3U9.* 
 
 Claim against state for damages from. 42 
 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 Liability of state for injury in state build- 
 ing. 42 L.R.A. (N.8.) 25L 
 
 Liability of eleemosynary institution main- 
 tained by, for personal tort of agent oi 
 servant. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 269. 
 
 § 13. Liability to suit. 
 
 Law authorizing suit against. 11 L.R.A. 
 370.* 
 
 Immunity from suits. 8 L.R.A. 399;" 11 
 L.R.A. 370.* 
 
 Liability of state to suit in its own courts. 
 11 L.R.A. 370.* 
 
 Actions against officers as suits against 
 states, 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 727. 
 
 When claim against state deemed based on 
 contract within statute permitting ae 
 tion against state. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 256. 
 
 Immunity from suit of state institution not 
 of a political or governmental charac- 
 ter. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 243. 
 
 F. Claims against; indebtedness of. 
 
 § 13. Claims against. 
 
 Running of limitations on, see Limitation 
 OF Actions, § 16. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 STATE, v.— cont'd 
 
 Enforcement of obligations incurred by. 
 13 L.R.A. 170.* 
 
 When claim against state deemed based on 
 contract within statute permitting ac- 
 tion against state. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 256. 
 
 Acceptance of partial allowance of claim 
 as an accord and satisfaction. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 117. 
 
 § ISa. — what claims are valid de- 
 mands against state. 
 
 Generally. 42 L.R.A. 33. 
 bummary of cases in regard to claims. 42 
 L.R.A. 37. 
 As affected by the state Constitution. 
 
 42 L.R.A. 37. 
 As affected by the construction of stat- 
 utes. 42 L.R.A. 37. 
 Allowing. 42 L.K.A. 37. 
 Creating a special fund for. 42 
 
 L.R.A.- 37. 
 Limiting. 42 L.R.A. 38. 
 Prohibiting. 42 L.R.A. 38. 
 Repealing or altering prior stat- 
 utes allowing. 42 L.R.A. 38. 
 Where there is no statute. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 38. 
 As to priority. 42 L.R.A. 38. 
 Arising on contracts. 42 L.R.A. 38. 
 Contrary to public policy. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 39. 
 Where the claimant was estopped. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 39. 
 Affected by the evidence. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 39. 
 Affected by the remedy. 42 L.R.A. 39. 
 Where there was an injunction. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 39. 
 As to the auditing. 42 L.R.A. 39. 
 A condition precedent not being com- 
 plied with. 42 L.R.A. 39. 
 As to party. 42 L.R.A. 30. 
 Affected bv the statute of limitations. 
 42 L.R.A. 39. 
 For per diem. 42 L.R.A. 40. 
 For costs. 42 L.R.A. 41. 
 For fees. 42 L.R.A. 44. 
 For services. 42 L.R.A. 47. 
 For expenses. 42 L.R.A. 49, 
 For attorneys' fees. 42 L.R.A. 51. 
 For salary. 42 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 As to performance of condition prece- 
 dent. 42 L.R.A. 53. 
 As to priority. 42 L.R.A. 54. 
 To be paid out of a, special fund. 42 
 L.R.A. 54. 
 On contracts. 42 L.R.A. 54. 
 Generally. 42 L.R.A. 54. 
 As common carrier or whal-finger. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 55. 
 Of sale. 42 L.R.A. 55. 
 On public buildings and improvements. 
 
 42 L.R.A. 56. 
 For prison labor. 42 L.R.A. 59. 
 For printing. 42 L.R.A. 59. 
 i'or supplies. 42 L.R.A. 61. 
 For interest. 42 L.R.A. 62. 
 By public institutions. 42 L.R.A. 63. 
 For bounty and reward. 42 L.R.A. 63. 
 
1268 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 STATE, v.— cont'd 
 
 For damages from negligence and torts. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 64. 
 Under public health laws. 42 L.E.A. 65. 
 For injuries arising on canals and water- 
 courses. 42 L.R.A. 6.5. 
 Generally. 42 L.R.A. 65. 
 Claims on account of revocation of 
 grant, or for abandonment. 42 
 L.R.A. 67. 
 As affected by statute of limitations. 
 
 42 L.R.A. 67. 
 For personal injuries. 42 L.R.A. 69. 
 For refunding money paid to the state. 42 
 L.E.A. 69. 
 
 § 4. Indebtedness of. 
 
 State indebtedness. 11 L.R.A. 370.* 
 Implied exemption of state bonds. 7 L.R.AI 
 (N.S.) 663. 
 
 § 15. — limitation of. 
 
 As to what time is assessed valuation to 
 be taken for purpose of determining 
 debt limit of state. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 149. 
 
 * « » 
 
 STATE BANKS. 
 See Banks, § 49. 
 
 » ■ » 
 
 STATE COURTS. 
 
 See CoimTS, §§ 33, 34. 
 
 « I » 
 
 STATED ACCOUNT. 
 
 See Accounts, § 2. 
 
 STATE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Commitment of infants to, see Infants, 
 § 8. 
 
 Officers of, as public officers. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 246. 
 Taxes by county for. 17 L.R.A. 795. 
 Claim by, against state. 42 L.E.A. 63. 
 Liability of state for injury in any state 
 
 building. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 251. 
 Residence at, for purpose of voting. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 215. 
 State university as quasi corporation. 29 
 
 L.E.A. 381. 
 Immunity from suit of state institutions 
 
 not of a political or governmental 
 
 character. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 243. 
 
 § 2. Nature of incorporated institu- 
 tions belonging to state. 
 
 JCature of incorporated institutions belong- 
 ing to the state. 29 L.E.A. 378. 
 In generaL 29 L.E.A. 378. 
 
 STATE INSTITUTIONS— cont'd 
 Banks. 29 L.R.A. 378. 
 Educational institutions. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 380. 
 Other state institutions. 29 L.E.A. 
 383. 
 Liabilities of such institutions. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 383. 
 Directors, trustees, and officers. 29 
 L.R.A. 384. 
 In general. 29 L.E.A. 384. 
 Personal liability. 29 L.R.A. 385. 
 
 STATEMENT. 
 
 Of mechanics' lien, see Mechanics' Liens, 
 §§ 26, 27. 
 
 Eight of court to instruct jury as to statu- 
 tory statement by accused. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 827. 
 
 STATE MILITIA. 
 
 See Militia. 
 
 STATE'S EVIDENCE. 
 
 Effect of agreement for immunity of ac- 
 complice testifying for prosecution, see 
 Ceiminal Law, § 34. 
 
 Admissibility of promise to obtain com- 
 promise after repudiation of agreement 
 to turn state's evidence. 18 LJI.A. 
 (N.S.) 823. 
 
 STATE UNIVERSITIES. 
 As quasi corporations. 29 L.R.A. 381. 
 
 STATION AGENT. 
 
 Authority of station agent of initial carrier 
 to extend its undertaking beyond its 
 own line. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 
 STATIONARY ENGINES. 
 
 Negligence as to spark 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 530. 
 
 arresters on. 1 
 
 STATIONERY. 
 
 Begin with this booJc. on every la^v question. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute, to 
 enjoin unlawful expenditures by mu- 
 nicipality for stationery. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 22. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1269 
 
 STATION GROUNDS. 
 
 Powei' to lay out streets or highways over. 
 •24 L.EA.(N.S.) 1213. 
 
 STATIONS. 
 
 Duty of carrier to passengers in rela- 
 'tioii to, see Carriers, §§ 45, 46, 70-72, 
 
 94. 
 Governmontal regulations concerning, see 
 
 Cabkiebs, §§^161, 162. 
 Contracts in relation to, see Railroads, 
 
 § 27. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes in relation to 
 Tital statistics. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1015. 
 
 STATUS. 
 
 Presumptions and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, §§ 22-24. 
 Of adopted child, see Parent and Child, 
 
 §§ 17, 18. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 STATUTE OF FRAUDS. 
 
 Sw CONTBACTS, §§ 25-59. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS. 
 
 See Limitation of Actions. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 STATUTES. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 13. 
 II. Enactment; validity, §§ 3-18. 
 
 a. Enactment; adoption, §§ 
 
 3-7. 
 6. Validity generally, §§ S-10. 
 
 c. Proof oj, legislative jour- 
 
 nals; conclusiveness of en- 
 rolled bill, §§ 11, 12. 
 
 d. Entitling; plurality of sub- 
 
 ject, §§ 13, li. 
 
 e. General and special: classi- 
 
 fication, §§15-18. 
 III. Construction; operation; effect, §§ 
 19-28. 
 a. In general, §§ 19-22. 
 ft. Meaning of words; manda- 
 tory or directory, §§ 23, 
 
 24:. 
 
 c. Construction of penal stat- 
 
 utes; strict or liberal con- 
 struction, §§ 25, 36. 
 
 d. Adopted or re-enacted stat- 
 
 utes, § 27. 
 rnnsult also Ij.KA. Digests to date. 
 
 STATUTES, III.— cont'd 
 
 e. Prospective or retrospective, 
 § 28. 
 IV. Amendment; re-enactm,ent ; repeal, 
 §§ 29-35. 
 a. Amendment; re-enactm,ent, 
 
 §§ 29, 30. 
 ft. Repeal, §§ 31-35. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Extraterritorial enforcement of, see Con- 
 flict OF Laws. 
 
 Validity of contract for services to procure 
 legislation, see Contracts, § 102. 
 
 Presumption as to, see Evidence, §§ 19, 20. 
 
 Presumption as to statutes of other state, 
 see Evidence, § 20. 
 
 Validity of ordinance on matters covered 
 by statute, see Municii-al Cobpoea- 
 TIONS, § 25. 
 
 Violation of, as negligence, see Negligence, 
 § 10. 
 
 Duties imposed on railroad by, see Rail- 
 roads, § 50. 
 
 Regulation of speed of railroad train by, see 
 Railroads, § 72. 
 
 Resolution distinguished from. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 612;^ i L.R.A. 65.* 
 Mandamus to compel delivery of copy or to 
 
 require promulgation of an act passed 
 
 by the legislature. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 ]bS9. 
 
 § 2. Violation of. 
 
 Validity of contract in violation of, see Con- 
 tracts, §§ 75, 76. 
 
 Violation of statute by master as basis of 
 of action, see Master and Servant, 
 §§ 54-5-a. 
 
 Private action for violation of, see Private 
 Action, § 3. 
 
 Suit for statutory penalty as a civil or 
 criminal prosecution. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 739. 
 
 Criminal responsibility for violation of stat- 
 ute after judicial ruling that it was 
 unconstitutional and before such ruling 
 had been changed. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 //. Enactment; validity, 
 a. Enactment; adoption. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Conclusiveness of enrolled bill as to, see 
 infra, § 12. 
 
 Making statute contingent on approval by 
 the people, see Constitutional Law, 
 § 12. 
 
 Passage of, as excuse for nonperformance 
 of contract, see Contracts, § 124a. 
 
 Enactment of ordinance, see Municipal Cor- 
 porations, § 21. 
 
 Steps necessary to pass. 2 L.R.A. 609;* 8 
 L.R.A. 326;* 11 L.R.A. 491.* 
 
 Adoption of English statutes as part of com- 
 mon law. 22 L.R.A. 508. 
 
1270 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. jS-QTES. 
 
 STATUTES, II. a— cont'd 
 Power ot legislature to enact a Code or com- 
 pilation of laws, or amend many or 
 undesignated sections thereof, by 
 a single statute. 55 L.R.A. 833. 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 833. 
 Embodying in adopting act. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 835. 
 Reading. 55 L.R.A. 835. 
 
 § 4. Revenue bills. 
 
 What are acts for raising revenue which 
 must originate in the lower branch of 
 the legislature. 35 L.R.A. 188. 
 
 Attack on enrolled bill for improper origin 
 of. 40 L.RA.(N.S.) 13. 
 
 § 5. Governor's part in enactment. 
 
 Withdrawal of bill from governor. 14 L.R.A. 
 251. 
 
 Return of bill by governor. 11 L.R.A. 491.* 
 
 Power of governor to veto part only of stat- 
 ute. 55 L.R.A. 882. 
 
 Attack on enrolled bill for nonpresentation 
 to governor within time prescribed by 
 Constitution. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 23. 
 
 Attack on enrolled bill for nonapproval by 
 governor. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 23. 
 
 Resort to legislative journals to show pas- 
 sage of bill over governor's veto. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 34. 
 
 Attack on enrolled bill passed at special 
 session not within scope of governor's 
 message or proclamation. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 27. 
 
 § 6. — signing after adjonrnment of 
 legislature. 
 
 Right of the executive to sign a bill after 
 the adjournment of the legislative 
 bodies. 37 L.R.A. 39]. 
 
 The right denied. 37 L.R.A. 391. 
 
 The right sustained. 37 L.R.A. 391. 
 
 Whether the signing is an executive or 
 legislative act. 37 L.R.A. 396. 
 
 § 7. Time of passage of. 
 
 What is the time of "passage" of. 15 L.R^A. 
 
 243. 
 First and last days in computing time of 
 
 enactment. 49 L.R.A. 243. 
 Construction of constitutional limitations 
 as to time for introduction of bills 
 in legislative assemblies. 67 
 L.R.A. 965. 
 
 Text of constitutional provisions. 67 
 L.R.A. 965. 
 
 Presumptions respecting the regularity 
 of legislative action. 67 L.R.A. 
 906. 
 
 Amendment and substitution of bills 
 after expiration of constitutional 
 limitation. 67 L.R.A. 967. 
 Impeachment of bill by showing introduc- 
 tion of it after time limited by 
 constitution. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 12. 
 
 Passage. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 22. 
 
 Change of original purpose. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 13. 
 
 Nonpresentation to governor. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 23 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 STAUES, II.— cont'd 
 
 b. Validity, generally. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Power to cure unconstitutional act by 
 amendment, see infra, § 30. 
 
 Jonstitutionality of statute, generally, see 
 Constitutional Law. 
 
 Constitutional provisions protecting private 
 rights, see Constitutional Law. 
 
 Curative acts, see Constitutional Law, §§ 
 9, 10. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, §§ 19, 20. 
 
 Unconstitutionality of statute as defense 
 against mandamus to compel its en- 
 forcement, see Mandamus, § 20. 
 
 Consideration of extrinsic evidence to show 
 unconstitutionality of. 14 L.R.A. 
 459. 
 Statutes incorporating counties or 
 
 towns. 14 L.R.A. 459. 
 Statutes attacked as local. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 459. 
 Statutes affecting private rights. 14 
 , L.R.A. 460. 
 Unconstitutionality of statute as defense 
 against mandamus to compel its en- 
 forcement. 47 L.R.A. 512; 24 L.R A. 
 (N.S.) 1260. 
 Prohibition against proceeding under uncon- 
 stitutional statute. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 843. 
 
 § 9. Who may question validity. 
 
 Of anti-trust law, see Monopoly and Com- 
 binations, § 15. 
 
 Who may raise objection that a statute 
 contains an unconstitutional dis- 
 crimination. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 954. 
 
 Composition of juries. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 957. 
 
 Taxation. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 957. 
 
 Annexing land to cities. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 957. 
 
 Employers' liability laws. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 958. 
 
 Anti-trust laws. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 958. 
 
 Discriminations based on citizenship or 
 residence. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 958. 
 
 Discriminations based on sex. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 960 
 
 Discriminations based on race. 32 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 960. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 960. 
 Right of relator in mandamus proceedings 
 
 to attack constitutionality of statute 
 
 relied upon by respondent. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 266. 
 
 § 10. Partial invalidity. 
 
 Valid in part and invalid in part. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 363;* 10 L.R.A. 196.* 
 Of civil service laws. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 484. 
 
 c. Proof of, legislative journals; con- 
 clusiveness of enrolled bill. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Judicial notice of legislative journals, see 
 Evidence, § 5. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 1271 
 
 STATUTES, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Legislative journals as evidence. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 612;* 11 L.R.A. 491;* 23 L.R.A. 340. 
 As evidence of proper enactment of statute. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 Judicial notice of existence and contents of. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 38. 
 
 § 12. Conclusiveness of enrolled bill. 
 
 Generally. 23 L.R.A. 340; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1. 
 The English rule. 23 L.R.A. 341. 
 Decisions holding the enrolled act conclu- 
 sive. 23 L.R.A. 341. 
 The effect of constitutional provision^. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 342. 
 Provisions as to quorum and recording vote. 
 
 23 L.R.A. 342. 
 Requirements as to special legislation. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 343. 
 General expression as to compliance with 
 
 eonstitution. 23 L.R.A. 343. 
 As to fact of passage. 23 L.R.A. 343. 
 To contradict enrolled bill. 23 L.R.A. 345. 
 How far journals may establish a law for 
 which no enrolled bill is found. 23 
 L.R.A. 345. 
 The New York decisions. 23 L.R.A. 346. 
 Special circumstances. 23 L.R.A. 346. 
 \\hat evidence may be considered. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 347. 
 Evidence. 23 L.R.A. 347. 
 Collateral decisions. 23 L.R.A. 347. 
 Vacillation of judicial opinion. 23 L.R.A. 
 348. 
 Conflicting rules. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 4. 
 Doctrine of absolute conclusive- 
 ness. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 4. 
 Doctrine of prima facie conclusive- 
 ness. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6. 
 Where the journals are silent 
 as to compliance with con- 
 stitutional requirements. 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 6. 
 Where it affirmatively appears 
 that a constitutional re- 
 quirement was not com- 
 plied with. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 9. 
 Doctrine as to matters required by 
 the Constitution to be> shown 
 on the journal. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 10. 
 Particular grounds of attack. 40 L.R.A. 
 12. 
 Necessity of considering in light of 
 general principles. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 12. 
 Legality of legislative session. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 12. 
 Introduction of bill after time lim- 
 ited by Constitution. 40 L.R.A. 
 12. 
 Improper origin of revenue bills. 
 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 13. 
 Change of original purpose of bill. 
 40 L.'R.A.(N.S.) 13. 
 After time limited for intro- 
 duction of bills. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 13. 
 ClmauU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 STATUTES, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Failure to refer bill to committee. 
 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 14. 
 Failure to print bill before pas- 
 sage. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 14. 
 Nonobservance of constitutional re- 
 quirement as to reading 
 bill. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 14. 
 Suspension of such require- 
 ment. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 16. 
 Reading bill before signing by 
 legislative officers. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 16. 
 Indefinite suspension of action on 
 
 bill. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 17. 
 Adoption of substitute for enrolled 
 
 bill. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 17. 
 Bufficiency of vote by which bill 
 was passed. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 17. 
 Tasssje with aid of votes of 
 members illegally elected 
 or seated. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 17. 
 Lack of constitutional ma- 
 jority. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 17. 
 To pass bill over gover- 
 nor's veto. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 19. 
 To give bill immediate 
 eff'ect. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 19. 
 Failure to record vote as Consti- 
 tution directs. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 19. 
 As required by statute in 
 North Carolina on bills 
 raising revenue or pledg- 
 ing credit of state or mu- 
 nicipality. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 21. 
 Passage of bill after time limited 
 by Constitution. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 22. 
 Bill not signed by presiding of- 
 ficers of legiflature in man- 
 ner directed by Constitution. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 22. 
 Nonprosentation of bill to gover- 
 nor within time prescribed by 
 Constitution. 40 L.R.A. (N.S. 
 23. 
 Nonapproval of bill by governor. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 23. 
 Enrolled bill different from tliat 
 passed. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 23. 
 Different title. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 23. 
 Difference in substance. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 24. 
 Nonconcurrence in amend- 
 ments. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 26. 
 Bill passed at special session of 
 legislature. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 27. 
 
1272 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 STATUTES, II. c— cont'd 
 
 Not within scope of procla- 
 mation of governor con- 
 vening' it. I 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 29. 
 Not within scope of gover- 
 nor's message. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 28. 
 Failure to give notice of applica- 
 tion for passage of local or 
 special act. 40 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 28. 
 Violation of statutory or legisla- 
 tive rules of procedure in 
 passing bill. 40 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 29. 
 Fraud or improper motive of 
 legislature in passing bill. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 29. 
 Bill passed without enacting 
 clause. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 30. 
 Impeachment of bills by evidence 
 other than legislative jour- 
 nals. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 30. 
 Records and documents. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 30. 
 Bill as originallv introduced. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 30. 
 Engrossed bill. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 31. 
 Records and papers of gover- 
 nor. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 31. 
 Records of secretary of state. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 31. 
 Certificates of legislative of- 
 ficers. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 31. 
 Records and memoranda of 
 legislSitive oEficers and 
 clerks. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 31. 
 Stenographer's minutes. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 32. 
 Committee reports. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 32. 
 Protests of members of legis- 
 lature. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 32. 
 Parol evidence. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 32. 
 Stipulations and admissions as to 
 invalidity of bill. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 33. 
 Resort to legislative journals in aid of 
 bills. 40 l!r.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 To establish law for which no en- 
 rolled bill can be found. 40 
 L.R.A.(N,S.) 33. 
 To show passage of bill by consti- 
 tutional majority. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 34. 
 To show passage of bill over gov- 
 ernor's veto. 40 L.RA.(N?S.) 
 34. 
 To show enactment of bill with 
 emergency clause. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 34. 
 Resort to evidence other than journals 
 in aid of bills. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 34. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 as 
 40 
 
 Begin with this book on every larv gtiestion 
 
 STATUTES, II. c— cont'd 
 Documentary. 40 
 34. 
 To show passage of bill. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 34. 
 To show reading of bill. 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 34. 
 To show approval of bill. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 34. 
 To identify enrolled bill 
 that aetuallv passed. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 To, supply omission from en- 
 rolled bill. 40 L.R.A. 
 ! (N.S.) 3.5. 
 
 Parol evidence. 40 L.R.A.( JJ.S.) 
 
 35. 
 
 Resort to journals to determine which 
 
 of two inconsistent bills is in 
 
 force. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 
 Conclusiveness of journal recitals. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 Effect of inconsistent journal entries. 
 
 40 L.E.A.(N.S.) 36. 
 Presumption of regular enactment of 
 
 bills. 40 L.H.A.(N.S.) 36. 
 Legality of enactment of bill as ques- 
 tion of law. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 37. 
 Necessity of pleading illegal enact- 
 ment of bill. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 37. 
 Proof of existence and contents of. jour- 
 nals. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 38. 
 Necessity of. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 38. 
 Judicial notice of. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 38. 
 
 d. Entitling; plurality of subjects. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Constitutional requirement that statute 
 shall relate to but one subject, 
 which shall be expressed in title, 
 generally. 1 L.R.A. 362;* 2 
 L.R.A. 609;* 4 L.R.A. 93.* 
 Instances. 2 L.R.A. 609;* 4 L.R.A. 
 93.* 
 
 Title must fairly suggest subjects dealt 
 with in the act. 2 L.R.A. 789.* 
 
 Sufficiency of title of statute embodying a 
 Code or compilation of laws'. 55 
 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 Single statute embodying Code or compila- 
 tion of laws as affected by prohibition 
 against plurality of subjects. 55 
 L.R.A. 840. 
 
 Provision in act against giving away of in- 
 toxicating liquors where title only pro- 
 hibits or regulates its sale as contra- 
 vening the constitutional provision 
 that the subject of every bill be ex- 
 pressed in its title. 15 L.R.A. (NS) 
 430. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance authoriz- 
 ing a levying of taxes, incurring of in 
 debtedness, or the appropriation 
 money, for two or more purposes. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 519. 
 
 Sufficiency of title of civil service laws 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 483. 
 
 of 
 14 
 
 34 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1273 
 
 STATUTES, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Sufficiency of title of primary election laws 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1137; 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 133. 
 Title as aid to construction. 2 L.R.A. 610. 
 
 § 14. Amendatory or revisory laws. 
 
 Title of amendatory or revisory act. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 362.* 
 Sufficiency of title of statute amending 
 many or undersignated sections of 
 Code or compilation of laws. 5.5 
 L.R.A. 842. 
 Designating sections amended by num- 
 ber alone. 55 L.R.A. 842. 
 Failure to designate sections amended 
 in any manner. 55 L.R.A. 845. 
 Single statute amending many sections of 
 Code or compilation of laws as affect- 
 ed by prohibition against plurality of 
 subjects. 55 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 e. General and special; classification. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 As to equal protection and privileges, see 
 Constitutional Lavt, VIII. b. 
 
 Local and special legislation prohibited. 2 
 L.R.A. 577;* 7 L.R.A. 194;* 11 
 L.R.A. 492.* 
 
 Instances, illustrations. 2 L.R.A. 577;'' 7 
 L.R.A. 195.* 
 Acts relating to notaries public. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 577.* 
 Acts fixing salaries of officers. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 577.* 
 Police regulations. 2 L.R.A. 578.* 
 Miscellaneous. 7 L.R.A. 195.* 
 
 Judicial notice of special legislation. 4 
 L.R.A. 40.* 
 
 General laws must be enacted where appli- 
 cable; legislative discretion. 14 L.R.A. 
 566. 
 
 Laws of general nature to have uniform 
 operation. 3 L.R.A. 211,* 289.* 
 
 Validity of classification in Sunday law. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1259; 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1190. 
 
 Special or local primary election law. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1139. 
 
 Primary election law as special or local 
 law. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 
 Local and special civil service legislation. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 483. 
 
 Statute providing for commission form of 
 government as special and local legis- 
 lation. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 112. 
 
 Constitutionality of private statutes to au- 
 thorize disposal of property. 16 
 L.R.A. 251. 
 
 Curative act as special legislation. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 327; 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 584; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 465. 
 
 Consideration of extrinsic evidence to 
 show unconstitutionality of statute at- 
 tacked as locaL 14 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 Attack on enrolled bill for failure to give 
 notice of application for passage of. 
 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 28. 
 Consult also L.B. I. Digests to date. 
 
 STATUTES, II. e— cont'd 
 § 16. Municipal mattei-s. 
 
 Classification of cities. 2 L.E.A. 578;* 7 
 L.R.A. 193.* 
 
 Regulating police departments of cities and 
 towns. 2 L.R.A. 570.* 
 
 Establishment of municipalities. 2 L.R.A. 
 578.* 
 
 Annexation of territory to municipality bv. 
 27 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Discrimination with respect to occupation 
 tax based on classification of munic- 
 ipalities. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 195. 
 
 Constitutionality of commission form of 
 government. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802. 
 
 § 17. Taxes. 
 
 Tax statutes. 2 L.R.A. 579.* 
 
 Classification for purposes of corporate 
 taxation. 60 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 Discrimination with respect to occupation 
 tax based on classification of munici- 
 palities. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 195. 
 
 § 18. — succession taxes. 
 
 Local or special succession tax law. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 600. 
 
 Classification of inheritances or gifts for 
 purposes of succession tax on basis of 
 amount. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 732. 
 
 III. Construction, operation, effect. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 §19. Generally. 
 
 Effect of repeal, see infra, §§ 33-35. 
 
 Construction and effect of statute relating 
 to particular subjects, see particular 
 titles, e. g., Limitation of Actions; 
 Municipal Corporations. 
 
 Extraterritorial effect of statute, see Con- 
 flict OF Laws. 
 
 Construction of constitution, see Constitu- 
 tional Law, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 Statutory authority as defense to liability 
 for maintaining nuisance, see Nui- 
 sances, §§ 28, 29. 
 
 Rules of construction. 5 L.R.A. 340.* 
 
 When letter of law must yield to the spirit. 
 5 L-R-A. 341.* 
 
 Avoidance of absurdity. 5 L.R.A. 343.* 
 
 Title, as aid to construction. 2 L.R.A. 
 610.* 
 
 Judicial power in interpretation and con- 
 struction of. 12 L.R.A. 856.* 
 
 Exceptions in operation of. 5 L.R.A. 340.* 
 
 Allowance of exception in operation of stat- 
 ute not expressed in statute. 5 L.R.A. 
 341.* 
 
 Implied sanction of evil by. 14 L.R.A. 846. 
 
 Mechanics' lien cannot be given by judicial 
 construction. 1 L.R.A. 363.* 
 
 Remedy in equitv, where statute defective. 
 5 L.R.A. 343.* 
 
 Construction of statutes legalizing invalid 
 municipal contracts. 27 L.R.A. 704. 
 
 Construction of statutes as to exemption 
 from inheritance or succession taxes. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1209. 
 
1274 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 STATUTES, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Effect of passage, before expiration of time 
 for perforniance of contract, of statute 
 rendering performance impossible. IC 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 415; 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 554, 559. 
 
 Effect of, to defeat or preserve pending 
 civil actions. 14 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Legislative requirements as defense to car- 
 rier for delay in transportation of pas- 
 sengers or freight. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1184. 
 
 Effect on pending action of expiration o1 
 statutory period permitting litigation 
 by corporation after dissolution. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 452. 
 
 Effect on pre-existing jud<Tments of statute 
 permitting release of one joint judg- 
 ment debtor without affecting the oth- 
 ers. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1066. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to construction and effect of. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 393. 
 
 § 20. Legislative intent. 
 
 Construed with reference to legislative in- 
 tent. 5 L.R.A. 340.* 
 
 Implication from penalty that legislature 
 intended .that contract in violation of 
 statute should be invalid. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 588. 
 
 § 21. Construing statutes together. 
 
 Construing statutes together. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 363.* 
 Application of maxim, TVoscitur a sociis. 9 
 
 L.E.A. 196.* 
 
 § 22. Effect to abrogate maxim that 
 one cannot profit by his own wrong. 
 
 Divorce statutes. 25 L.R.A. 565. 
 Statutes of limitation. 25 L.R.A. 566. 
 Statutes against foreign corporations. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 569. 
 Statute compelling railroad company to 
 
 carry baggage free. 25 L.R.A. 569. 
 Statute avoidirg auction sales when duty 
 
 unpaid. 25 L.R.A. 569. 
 Statute of frauds. 25 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 Rule of construction. 25 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Prevention of reduction to writing. 25 
 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Fraudulent omission of part of the 
 agreement. 25 LR.A. 570. 
 
 Preventing a will. 25 L.R.A. 571. 
 
 The rule at law. 25 L.R.A. 571. 
 Statutes providing for discharge in bank- 
 ruptcy. 25 L.R.A. 571. 
 Statutes imposing liability for negligence 
 
 25 L.R.A. 572. 
 Statutes giving dower. 25 L.R.A. 573. 
 Estoppel generally. 25 L.R.A. 573. 
 Nebraska decisions. 25 L.R.A. 573. 
 
 ft. Meaning of words; mandatory or 
 directory. 
 
 § 23. Generally. 
 
 Corporations as persons within statutes, 
 see CoEPOBATlONS, § 9. 
 
 Begin with tftis hooTe on every law question. 
 
 STATUTES, III. b— cont'd 
 
 Do terms "child," "children,"' "issue," etc. 
 in statutes governing distribution of 
 decedent's estate include adopted 
 children. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 914. 
 
 Meaning of words "unmarried" and "with- 
 out having been married" in statute. 
 15 L.R.A. 292. 
 
 § 24. Mandatory or directory. 
 
 When mandatory and when directory, gen- 
 erally. 12 L.R.A. 353.* 
 Enabling statutes. 12 L.R.A. 353.* 
 Duties imposed by statute. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 353.* 
 Statutes conferring new rights and 
 
 remedies. 12 L.R.A. 353.* 
 Grant of special powers. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 354.* 
 Authority conferred by statute. 12 
 
 L.R.A. 355.* 
 Construction of words "may,'' "shall," 
 
 and "must." 12 L.R.A. 35.5.* 
 Permissive words in statute. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 356.* 
 Protection of personal and property 
 
 rights. 12 L.R.A. 356.* 
 Tax laws. 12 L.R.A. 357.* 
 Mode and manner of doing an act. 12 
 
 L.R.A. 358.* 
 Time for doing an act. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 358.* 
 The word "may" construed. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 161;* 10 L.R.A. 499.* 
 When word "may" in statute is to be deem- 
 ed mandatory. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 340. 
 
 c. Construction of penal statutes; strict 
 or liberal construction. 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 Penal, how construed. 3 L.R.A. 224.* 
 Statutes enhancing penalty for crime com- 
 mitted bv habitual criminals or prior 
 offenders' 34 L.R.A. 400. 
 Statutory provision for penalty as affecting 
 validity of contract made by foreign 
 corporation without complying with 
 statutory conditions of doing business. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 688. 
 
 § 26. Strict or liberal construction. 
 
 Strict or liberal construction of statute fix- 
 ing penalty for taking of usury by 
 national bank. 56 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 d. Adopted or re-enacted statutes. 
 
 % 2 7. Generally. 
 
 Construction of adopted statute. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 667.* 
 Effect of re-enactment of statute which has 
 
 received. judicial construction. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 390.* 
 
 e. Prospective or retrospective. 
 
 § 28. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of retrospective act, see 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAT, LAW, §§ 8-10. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1275 
 
 STAUES, III. e— cont'd 
 
 General rule against construing statute so 
 as to give it a retrospective effect. 10 
 L.R.A. 407;* 12 L.R.A. 50.* 
 
 Retroactive effect of statute as to effect of 
 conviction on marriage relation. 31 
 L.R.A. 520. 
 
 Applicability to existing judgments of stat- 
 ute abolishing or diminishing exemp- 
 tions. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 189. 
 
 Applicability to existing contracts, of stat- 
 ute avoiding contractual stipulations 
 limiting time for action. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1016. 
 
 Applicability to past sales of statute elim- 
 inating notice of expiration of redemp- 
 tion period required by previous stat- 
 ute, or requiring such notice when 
 none was before required. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 818. 
 
 IV. Amendment; re-enactment; repeal. 
 
 a. Atnendment; re-enactment. 
 
 §§ 2 9, 30. Generally. 
 
 Sufficiency of title of amendatory act, see 
 supra, § 14. 
 
 Construction of re-enacted statute, see 
 supra, § 27. 
 
 Amendment of constitution, see Constitu- 
 tional Law, § 4. 
 
 Power to cure unconstitutional act by 
 amendment, see Constitutional Law, 
 § 9. 
 
 Xecessity of setting forth amended statute. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 362;* 4 L.R.A. 95.* 
 Xecessity of re-enacting aM publishing at 
 
 full length Code or compilation of laws 
 
 sought to be amended. 55 L.R.A. 853. 
 Amendment and substitution of bills after 
 
 expiration of constitutional limitation. 
 
 67 L.R.A. 967. 
 Primary election law as amendment to 
 
 prior act. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1139. 
 Implied repeal by. 1 L.R.A. 362.* 
 Effect of amendment on act amended. 4 
 
 L.R.A. 308.* 
 
 6. Repeal. 
 
 § 31. Generally. 
 
 Of ordinance, see Municipal Coepoeations, 
 § 22. 
 
 Repeal of municipal exemption of ru)al 
 lands within corporate limits. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 696. 
 
 § 32. Implied repeal. 
 
 Not favored. 4 L.R.A. 309.* 
 
 Effect of. 4 L.R.A. 310.* 
 
 By amendment, revision, or re-enaetment. 
 1 L.R.A. 362.* 
 
 Conflict between early and late statutes. 1 
 L.R.A. 363;* 4 L.R.A. 309.* 
 
 Implied repeal of statute exempting corpor- 
 ation from taxation. 60 L.R.A. 9.S. 
 
 Repeal of statute excluding evidence dis- 
 covered or obtained by judicial pro- 
 ceedings against accused. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 96. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SATUTES, IV. b— cont'd 
 § 3 3. Effect of repeal. 
 
 Of implied repeal. 4 L.R.A. 310.* 
 
 Effect of repeal or alteration of statute al- 
 lowing claim against state. 42 L.R.A. 
 38. 
 ] Effect of repeal on existing right of action. 
 4 L.R.A. 5.35;* 14 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Effect of repeal of prohibitory statute on 
 validity of contract. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 591. 
 
 Repeal of statute imposing succession tax, 
 as affecting estate of one who died be- 
 fore the repealing act took effect. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Effect of repeal of statute on condition as 
 de /acio oilicer. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 
 § 34. — on pending actions. 
 
 Pending appeal, see Appeal and Ebbob, § 
 
 11. 
 
 Effect of repeal and re-enactment of stat- 
 ute on pending suit. 5 L.R.A. 315.* 
 
 Effect of repeal to defeat or preserve pend- 
 ing civil actions. 14 L.R.A. 722. 
 
 Effect of repeal of civil statute pending 
 motion for new trial from judgment 
 based thereon. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 934. 
 
 § 35. — on criminal liability. 
 
 Effect of repeal without saving clause or 
 penal statute ,or ordinance upon prior 
 conviction under it. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 
 Effect of repeal for repugnancy of criminal 
 statute on prior offense. 9 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 165. 
 
 STATUTORY NEW TRIAL. 
 
 In ejectment, see Ejectment, § 13. 
 
 STATUTORY REMEDY. 
 
 Exclusiveness of, see Election of Reme- 
 dies, § 12. 
 
 STATUTORY STATEMENT. 
 
 Right of court to instruct jury as to stat- 
 utory statement by accused. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 827. 
 
 STAY. 
 
 Of action, see Action oe Suit, § 20. 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Ekeoe, §§ 9- 
 
 10a, 15-17, 46. 
 Liability on appeal bond, see Appeal and 
 
 Ekeoe, § 46. 
 Of execution, see Execution. § 12. 
 Of execution of sentence for crime, see 
 
 Cbiminal Law, § 84. 
 
1276 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 STEALING. 
 
 Larceny. 
 
 STEAM. 
 
 Municipal regulation of, as nuisance. 38 
 L.R.A. 306; 39 L.E.A. 621. 
 
 Liability for turning into sewer. 1.5 L.E.A. 
 (KS.) 957. 
 
 Duty to prevent escape of steam from en- 
 gine in highway so as to frighten 
 horses. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1209. 
 
 Private action for injury by violation of 
 police ordinance against blowing off 
 steam. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 244. 
 
 STEAMBOATS. 
 
 See Shippinq. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 STEAM BOILER, 
 
 Master's duty to .inspect. 41 L.B.A. 87. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 STEAMER. 
 
 See Shipping. 
 
 » »» 
 
 STEAM HEATING PLANT. 
 
 As part of realty. 1 B. E. C. 972. 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 As dangerous agency for injury by which, 
 when used by servant master is liable. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 
 STEAM ROLLER. 
 
 Liability for fires set by, see Fires, § 8. 
 ♦-»-♦ 
 
 STEAMSHIP. 
 
 See Shippijstg. 
 
 STEAMSHIP COMPANY. 
 
 State tax on receipts and income of. 
 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 57 
 
 STEAMSHIP TICKETS. 
 
 Notice to passenger of conditions on. 23 
 L.E.A. 846. 
 
 STENOGRAPHER. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Communication to, as publication of libel. 
 1 B. R. C. 455. 
 
 Stockholder's right to assistance of, in in- 
 specting corporate books. 20 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 197. 
 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 grand jury by. 28 L.R.A. 371. 
 
 § 2. Official stenographer. 
 
 Improper influence or interference with 
 
 grand jury by. 28 L.R.A. 371. 
 Attorney's implied power to bind client for 
 
 fees of. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 703. 
 Disposition of appeal on death or default of 
 
 official stenographer. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 867. 
 
 § 3 . — minutes of. 
 
 Eight of jury to have reporter's shorthand 
 notes read to them. 21 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 931. 
 
 Impeachment of enrolled bill by. 40 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 32. 
 
 STEPCHILDREN AND STEP- 
 PARENTS. 
 
 Stepchildren as members of the family of 
 insured. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 334. 
 
 Stepchild as "dependent" within restriction 
 as to beneficiaries of mutual benefit as- 
 sociations. 2 Ij.R.A. (N.S.) 653; 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 208. 
 
 Abandonment of homestead by stepparent, 
 effect on rights of children. 56 L.R.A. 
 84. 
 
 Liability for necessaries furnished step- 
 child. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 535. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to un- 
 due influence respecting gifts inter 
 vivos to stepchildren. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 949. 
 
 Implied agreement to pay for services ren- 
 dered to stepparents. 11 L.R.A. (N.S. > 
 885. 
 
 Authority of stepchild to bind parent by 
 contracts other than those for neces- 
 saries. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 885. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession to stepfather. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 854. 
 
 Begin with this hook, on every laiv question. 
 
 STEPPING BLOCKS. 
 
 In highway, see Highways, § 36. 
 
 As unlawful obstructions or nuisances. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 853. 
 
 31 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 3277 
 
 STEPS. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by steps in 
 street. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637. 
 
 Right of abuttina: owner to extend steps 
 into street. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 193. 
 
 STERILIZATION. 
 
 Of criminals or defectives. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 419. 
 
 STEVEDORE. 
 
 Contracts of; jurisdiction of admiralty as 
 
 to. 66 L.R.A. 229. 
 Liability of shippers of goods for injuries 
 
 to. 46 L.R.A. 104. 
 Maritime lien for services of. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 384. 
 As independent contractor. 65 L.B.A. 470; 
 
 17 L.E.A.(N.S.) 375. 
 
 STEWARDS. 
 
 Character of occupancy by steward of club. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 718. 
 
 STICKS. 
 
 As deadly weapons. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 504. 
 
 STIFLING COMPETITION. 
 
 See Monopoly and Combinations. 
 
 »«» 
 
 STIPtJIiATED DAMAGES. 
 
 See Damages, §§ 38-40. 
 
 #«» 
 
 STIPULATION. 
 
 In telegraph blank, see Telegraphs, §§ 20, 
 
 21. 
 During trial, see Trial, § 7. 
 
 Collateral attack on judgment by, for fraud 
 not affecting the jurisdiction. 36 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 987. 
 
 STOCK. 
 
 Livestock, see Animals; Railroad-, §§ 73- 
 76, 85. 
 
 Of building and loan association, see Build- 
 ing AND Loan AssocIATIo^, § 3. 
 Consult also L.R.i- Digextn to date. 
 
 STOCK— cont'd 
 
 Corporate stock generally, see Corpora- 
 tions, VIII. 
 
 STOCK AND PRODUCE EXCHANGE. 
 
 See Board of Trade; Exchanges. 
 
 STOCK BREEDERS. 
 
 Validity of contract with unlicensed breed- 
 er. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 617. 
 
 STOCK CARS. 
 
 In general, see Carriers, §§ 124-127. 
 
 Risk assumed by passenger on. 19 L.B.A. 
 311. 
 
 < « » 
 
 STOCK CERTIFICATE. 
 
 See Corporations, VIII. 
 
 ♦<-• 
 
 STOCK DIVIDENDS. 
 
 Right to, as between life tenant and remain- 
 dermen, see Lite Tenants, § 6. 
 
 STOCK DROVER. 
 
 See Drovers. 
 
 STOCK EXCHANGE. 
 
 See Exchanges. 
 
 STOCKHOLDERS. 
 
 Of corporation, see Corporations, VIII. 
 
 «-•-♦ 
 
 STOCKHOLDERS' LIABILITIES. 
 
 See Corporations, §§ 104-121. 
 ♦»» ■ 
 
 STOCKMEN. 
 
 See Dbovebs. 
 
1278 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 STOCK NOTE. 
 
 When limitations begin to run against ac- 
 tion on stock note of mutual insurance 
 company. 1 L.E.A.(N.S.) 914. 
 
 STOCK PENS. 
 
 See Carbiers, § 125. 
 
 STOCK RIGHTS. 
 
 See Corporations. §§ 100-102; Life Ten- 
 ants, § 6. 
 
 STOCK TRANSFER TAX. 
 
 See Taxes, § 107. 
 
 » » » 
 
 STOCK YARDS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Use of railroad right of way for purposes 
 
 of, as against owner of fee. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 518. 
 Duty of carrier to deliver car at. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 682. 
 Discrimination by carrier in delivering live 
 
 stock to stock yards. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 511. 
 
 § 2. As nuisance. 
 
 Municipal power over, as a nuisance. 38 
 L.R.A. 655. 
 
 Duty of carriers of live stock as to, at 
 'stations. 44 L.R.A. 289. 
 
 Power of municipal corporation to prevent 
 stock yards witliin corporate limits. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 122. 
 
 Presumption of statutory authority of rail- 
 road to commit nuisance by maintain 
 ing. 70 L.R.A. 589. 
 
 — ♦-*-^— 
 
 STOLEN NOTES. 
 
 See Stolen Property, § 2. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 STOLEN PROPERTY. 
 
 § 1. Genei-ally. 
 
 Stolen stock certificates, see Corporations, 
 § 75. 
 
 As to larcpny generally, see Laecent. 
 
 Right to retake. 4 L.R.A. 368.* 
 
 Running of limitations against action to 
 
 recover. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 120; 34 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 621. 
 
 STOLEN PROPERTY— cont'd 
 § 2. Commercial paper. 
 
 Lost or stolen check. 26 L.R.A. 571. 
 
 Circumstances sufficient to put purchaser of, 
 on inquiry. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 385. 
 
 Malccr's right to defend against transferee 
 after maturity on ground that com- 
 mercial paper had been stolen. 46 
 L.R.A. 775. 
 
 STONES. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by stones in 
 street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 615. 
 
 STOP, LOOK, AND LISTEN. 
 
 Duty to, before crossing railroad track, 
 
 see Railroads, §§ 83, 84. 
 Before crossing street car tracks, see 
 
 Street Railways, § 21. 
 
 STOPOVER. 
 
 See Carriers, § .47. 
 
 < »» 
 
 STOPPAGE IN TRANSITU. 
 
 See Sale, § 61. 
 
 STOPPING. 
 
 At railroad track to listen, see Railroads, 
 
 §§ 83, 84. 
 At street car track to listen, see Street 
 
 Railways, § 21. 
 
 < «» 
 
 STOPPING PAYMENT. 
 
 Of check, see Banks, § 25a. 
 
 STOPPING TRAINS. 
 
 Right to require, see Carriers, § 162. 
 Failure to stop train as proximate cause of 
 
 injury to passenger, see Proximate 
 
 Cause, § 9. 
 
 STORAGE. 
 
 Bctfin irith this 6oo7c on every law question. 
 
 Cold storage, see Cold Storage. 
 In warehouse, see Warehouses. 
 
 Contract for; jurisdiction of admiralty. 
 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 66 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1279 
 
 STORAGE— cont'd 
 
 Right to store appropriated water. 46 
 L.R.A. 322; 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 320. 
 
 Right of one not in the storage business to 
 a common law lion for storage charge. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1164. 
 
 Right to use railroad right of way as 
 against owner of fee for storage pur- 
 poses. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 518. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages in 
 case of storage contracts. 53 L.R.A. 
 65. 
 
 Negligence in storage of explosives. 29 
 L.R.A. 724. 
 
 Of explosives 'as nuisance. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 691. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by storage of 
 vehicles, lumber, etc., in street. 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 612. 
 
 Liability for damages by escape of danger- 
 ous substance stored on premises. 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 535. 
 Oil. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 535. 
 Gas. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 537. 
 Water. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 541; 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1061. 
 
 Negligence in storage of water which escapes 
 and causes damage. 1 L.R.A. (NS) 
 586. 
 
 Encroachment on public street or alley by 
 occupier of abutting property for pur- 
 pose of, as basis of adverse possession 
 or estoppel. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1056. 
 
 Business of storing grain in warehouses as 
 affected with a public interest authoriz- 
 ing , regulation of rates and prices. 6 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 836. 
 
 STORAGE RESERVOIR. 
 
 Passing of, to grantee of mill. 58 LR.A. 490. 
 
 Right to consider value of property as part 
 of natural water power in fixing com- 
 pensation for taking land for. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 912. 
 
 STOREItEEPER. 
 
 § 1. Duty and liabiJity towards cus- 
 tomers. 
 
 Liability for injury by elevator to customer 
 in store, see Elevatoks, § 6. 
 
 Liability for malicious act of servants to- 
 wards customers. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 485. 
 
 Liability of, for property stolen from cus- 
 tomers. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 314. 
 
 Applicability of ru!^ res ipsa loquitur as 
 between storekeeper and customer. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 931. 
 
 Duty of store or shopkeeper toward custom- 
 er as to condition of prpini.ses. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 456. 
 Oonftnlt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 STORE ORDERS. 
 
 Usury in. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1058. 
 
 STORES. 
 
 Department stores, see Department 
 Stores. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes against "com- 
 pany stores." 21 L.R.A. 797. 
 
 Insurable interest in fluctuating property 
 in. 52 L.R.A. 340. 
 
 Servants in, as fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 
 436. 
 
 Operator of elevator or other hoisting appa- 
 ratus as fellow servant of other em- 
 ployees in. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 158. 
 
 Validity of classification in Sunday law as 
 to keeping open. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1259; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1190. 
 
 STORM. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by surface 
 water during unusual storms. 65 
 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Liability for injury on wharf by vessel at- 
 tached thereto during storm. 27 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 312. 
 
 Snowstorm as act of God relieving carrier 
 from liability. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1209. 
 
 Effect of, on duty as to electric wires over 
 highway.. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1174. 
 
 Duty to protect traveler from personal in- 
 jury or death from electricity carried 
 from wires strung along higiiway as 
 affected by storms. 1 B. R. C. 808. 
 
 STORM DOORS. 
 As fixtures. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1189. 
 
 STORM WINDOWS. 
 
 As fixtures. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1189. 
 
 STOVES. 
 
 Gas stoves as fixtures. 17 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 699. 
 As part of realty. 1 B. R. C. 972. 
 
 STRAIN. 
 
 Right to recover on insurance policy for in- 
 jury from, see Insurance, § 163. 
 
3 280 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 STRAITS. 
 
 Jurisdiction over. 46 L.R.A. 266. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 STRANDING. 
 
 Voluntary, effect of, upon liability on ma- 
 rine insurance policy. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1097. 
 
 STRANGCIiATION. 
 
 Of horse during transportation. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 643. 
 
 STRAW. 
 
 Tenant's rights as to, see Landlokd and 
 Tenant, § 51. 
 
 Regulation of storage of, for purpose of fire 
 protection. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 457. 
 
 STREAMS. 
 
 See Waters. 
 
 STREET CABS. 
 
 Injury by, see Street 'Railwayb, §§ 10-24. 
 
 As dangerous agency for injury by which, 
 
 when used by servant, master is liable. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 390. 
 Negligence of servant in sending out unsafe 
 
 cars causing injury to other servants. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 
 STREET CAR TRANSFER, 
 
 See Cabbiebs, § 27. 
 
 STREET FRANCHISE. 
 
 See Highways, §§ 21-32. 
 
 STREET INTERSECTIONS. 
 
 Liability of street railway for assessment 
 for pavements at. 46 L.R.A. 196. 
 
 STREET PARADES. 
 
 See Parades. 
 Begin with this book on every laiv question 
 
 STREET RAILWAYS. 
 
 J. In general, §§ 1, 2. 
 II. Franchises; construction; munici' 
 ■pal control over, §§ 3-0, 
 a. In general, §§ 3, 4. 
 6. Municipal control over, §§ 
 5, 6. 
 
 III. Motive power, § 7. 
 
 IV. Operation, §§ S-Si. 
 
 a. In general, § 8, 9. 
 
 b. Duty and care of company, 
 
 §§ 10-19. 
 
 c. Contributory negligence, SS 
 
 20-33. 
 
 d. Notice of defect or injury, 
 
 § 2i. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As carriers, see Cabriers. 
 Regulation of rates, see Carriers, V. o. 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 98 
 Validity of agreement with, see Contracts, 
 
 § 96. 
 Municipal liability for injury by acts or 
 
 omissions of street railway company, 
 
 see HiGHWATS, § 64. 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §§ 66- 
 
 68. 
 Assessment against, for local improvement, 
 
 see Public Improvements, § 22. 
 Appointment of receiver for, see Receivers. 
 See also Electric Railways; Elevated 
 
 Railroads; Ikterukban Railroads. 
 
 Right of common carrier to contract for the 
 use of its cars for advertising purposes. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1010. 
 
 § 2. Crossing railroad track. 
 
 See Railroads, § 29. 
 
 //. Franchises; construction; munici- 
 pal control over, 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 As additional servitude in street, see Emi- 
 nent Domain, V. 
 
 Use of highway for street railroads. 1 
 L.R.A. 493;* 8 L.R.A. 453.* 
 
 Right to construct street railroad as a 
 franchise. 2 L.R.A. 255.* 
 
 Privilege of using street as a contract with- 
 in provision against impairing obliga- 
 tion. 50 L.R.A. 143. 
 
 Power of legislature to authorize counties 
 or other political subdivisions to build, 
 purchase, or operate street railway as 
 affected by restrictions on power to aid 
 private enterprise. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 412. 
 
 Liability for unskilfulness or negligence in 
 constructing road in street. 3 LJEt.A. 
 176.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1281 
 
 STREET EAILNVAYS, II. a— cont'd 
 Employer's liability for negligence of inde- 
 pendent contractor, in construction of. 
 60 L.R.A. S45. 
 
 § 4. Rights of abutting owner. 
 
 Amount allowed to abutting owner on per- 
 mitting street railway in street, see 
 Damages, S HO. 
 
 Abutting owner's right to compensation, on 
 construction of, see Eminent Domain, 
 § 51. 
 
 As additional burden in street, see Eminent 
 Domain, § 57. 
 
 Authority to use streets. 1 L.R.A. 493;' 
 8 L.R.A. 453.* 
 
 Acquiring right of way. 2 L.R.A. 255.* 
 
 Construction of elevated road; appropria- 
 tion of right of way. 8 L.R.A. 173.* 
 
 Taking of land for, as a public use. 22 
 L^R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 
 Injury to abutting owner by laying track 
 near side of street. 43 L.R.A. 554. 
 
 Rights of abutting owner as affected by 
 track close to sidewalk. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 981. 
 
 Remedy of abutting owner as affected by 
 his consent to the construction of, in 
 street. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991; 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 433. 
 
 Preventive remedy of noneonsenting abut- 
 ting owner where use of highway for 
 street railway is authorized by public. 
 28 L.R.A. (N!s.) 1082. 
 
 b. MunicipaJ control otwi\ 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Power of municipality, in absence of express 
 legislative authority, to grant franchise 
 for street railway. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 92.5, 930, 935. 
 
 Municipal control over, as nuisances. 39 
 L.R.A. 609. 
 
 Power of municipality to compel change of 
 grade of railway in street. 70 L.R.A. 
 850. 
 
 Duty and right of municipality to reimburse 
 street railway company for expenses in- 
 curred in changing or relaying track. 
 6 L.R.A. (X.S.) 1028. 
 
 Power to com]3el street railway to sprinkle 
 tracks. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 235. 
 
 Power of municipality to prevent laying 
 an additional track under a franchise 
 originally granting the right to lay 
 double tracks. 36 L.RA.(N.S.) 850. 
 
 Right of municipal corporation to resist by 
 force unauthorized use of street. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1269. 
 
 Estoppel of town or municipality to object 
 to street railway in street by acquies- 
 cence or consent to Its construction or 
 use. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1187. 
 
 ■Validity of ordinance requiring conductor 
 on street car. 15 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Municipal regulation of carriage of passen- 
 gers by street railroads. 1.9 L.R.A. 570. 
 ConsiiU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 STREET RAILWAYS, II. b— cont'd 
 Liability of municipality in damages for 
 repeal, or interference with enjoyment, 
 of street franchise. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 861. 
 
 § 6. Municipal power to impose con- 
 ditlons when giving consent to. 
 
 Power to assent involves power to impose 
 
 conditions. 36 L.R.A. 33. 
 Agreement by railroad. 36 L.R.A. 34. 
 Conditions enforced. 36 L.R.A. 35. 
 Express power to impose conditions. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 35. 
 No power over subject where consent not 
 
 necessary. 36 L.R.A. 36. 
 Conflict with other authority. 36 L.R.A. 36. 
 Conditions after completion of contract. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 36. 
 Right to control street. 36 L.R.A. 36. 
 Effeci; of municipal direction or sanction on 
 
 liability of street railroad company for 
 
 defect in track or street. 15 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 845. 
 
 III. Motive power, 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Motive power of. 8 L.R.A. 539;* 10 L.R.A. 
 
 176.* 
 Regulation as to motive power. 10 L.E.A 
 
 176.* 
 What motive power may be used. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 138. 
 
 IV. Operation, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Duty to avoid interference with extinguish- 
 "ment of fires. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 382; 20 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1110. 
 
 § 9. Compelling operation. 
 
 Compelling operation of. 24 L.R.A. 564. 
 
 Duty of street railway to run car through 
 to end of route indicated by sign there- 
 on. 1 B. R. C. 442. 
 
 Right of street railway company to discon- 
 tinue line in absence of statutory or 
 contractual provision to the contrary. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 866. 
 
 6. Duty and care of company. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Duty to passenger, see Carriers, III. 
 Liability for negligence as to dangerous elec- 
 tric currents on wires, see Elbctbioity, 
 
 III. a. 
 Liability for injury due to defects in high- 
 
 Avay, see Highways, §§ 89-91. 
 Liability for injury due to defect in street 
 
 or track, see Highways, § 90. 
 Liabil ity for injury by frightening horse, see 
 
 Horses, § 11. 
 Injury to employee of, see Master and 
 
 Servant, III. 
 Question for jury as to negligence of street 
 
 railway company, see Trial, § 44. 
 81 
 
1282 
 
 I^TDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 STREET RAILWAYS, IV. b— cont'd 
 
 Of cable line, care required. 7 L.R.A. 819.* 
 
 Necessity of headlights on street cars. 26 
 L.R.A. 300. 
 
 Injuries to bicyclists caused by street cars, 
 47 L.R.A. 302. 
 
 Validity of ordinance requiring conductor 
 on street car. 15 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Injury to street car passenger who, upon 
 alighting, passes around car and is 
 struck by car 'on another track. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 887. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to third per- 
 son due to negligence of servants in 
 charge of street cars. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 390. 
 
 Liability for injury to person other than 
 passenger or employee by derailment of 
 streetcar. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 751. 
 
 Duty of motorman upon perceiving vehicle 
 standing near track unattended. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 560. 
 
 Duty before starting car to see that no one 
 is in dangerous proximity to side or 
 rear of car. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1153. 
 
 Liability of street railway company to one 
 hit by swing of car on curve. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S'.) 890; 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 133. 
 
 Eight of motorman to assume that person 
 on track will get out of way. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 880. 
 
 Right of motorman to assume that no one 
 will attempt to cross track so close in 
 front of car as to render a collision 
 probable. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1059. 
 
 Rule of the road as affecting street cars and 
 vehicles meeting or passing. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1188. 
 Where passenger is struck by vehicle 
 overtaking street car. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1189. 
 Where street car and vehicle are pro- 
 ceeding in tlie same direction. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1189. 
 Where street car and vehicle approach 
 from opposite directions. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1190. 
 Where injury occurs while traveler is 
 crossing or turning into street. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1193. 
 Where collision occurs with standing 
 
 vehicle. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1193. 
 Effect of using tracks contrary to cus- 
 tom. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1194. 
 
 Duty to avoid interference with extinguish- 
 ment of fire. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382; 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1110; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 20. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence of. 59 L.R.A. 238. 
 
 § 11. Violation of ordinance. 
 
 As to speed, see infra, § 13. 
 
 Effect of municipal ordinance concerning 
 
 liability for injury to pedestrians. 13 
 
 L.R.A. 74.* 
 Violating ordinance as to operation of, as 
 
 ground for private action. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 (.v.S.) 247, 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 STREET RAILWAYS, IV. b— cont'd 
 § 12. Speed. 
 
 Violation by servant of rule of company a» 
 to speed as evidence of negligence to- 
 wards traveler. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1063. 
 
 Speed of street car as affecting negligence 
 of passenger in getting on or off while 
 in motion. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 274. 
 
 Frightening of horse by excessive speed of 
 street car. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 286. 
 
 Injury to children by speed of street car. 
 25 L.R.A. 664. 
 
 Evidence as to speed of street cars. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 784., 
 
 § 13. — violation of ordinance as to. 
 
 Violation of ordinance as to speed of' street 
 cars as ground for private action. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 250. 
 
 Operating street car at speed in excess of 
 that prescribed by ordinance as negli- 
 gence or evidence of negligence. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1093. 
 
 § 14. Lookout. 
 
 Lookout on railroad train, see Eaileoads, 
 §§ 56, 65, 74. 
 
 Lookout to prevent collisions with horses or 
 vehicles. 25 L.R.A. 512. 
 
 Duty of employee on street car to keep look- 
 out for children. 25 L.R.A. 663. 
 
 § 15. Injury to dogs. 
 
 Liability for injury to dogs. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 509. 
 Duty with respect to dogs on track. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 911. 
 
 § 16. Injury to helpless persons on 
 track. 
 
 Duty towards sick, iniirm, disabled, ' or 
 otherwise helpless person on street car 
 track. 69 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Duty of person in charge of street ear upon 
 perceiving an object the character of 
 which is unknown, but which is in fact 
 a person helpless, on or near the track. 
 20 L.E.A.(N.S.) 987. 
 
 § 17. Duty to avoid injuring children 
 on track. 
 
 Care required of employees. 25 L.R.A. 663. 
 
 Lookout. 25 L.R.A. 663. 
 
 Speed. 25 L.R.A. 664. 
 Negligence defined. 25 L.R.A. 664. 
 
 Lookout. 25 L.E.A. 664. 
 
 Speed. 25 L.R.A. 665. 
 Negligence a question for jury. 25 L.R.A. 
 665. 
 
 Lookout. 25 L.R.A. 665. 
 
 Speed. 25 L.R.A. 665. 
 Right of motorman to assume that child on 
 
 track will get out of way. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 880. 
 Duty of motorman to anticipate that child 
 
 may leave place of safety. 18 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 371. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1283 
 
 STREET RAILWAYS, IV. b— cont'd 
 8 1*>. Injuries by street car collisions 
 with vehicles or horses. 
 
 Horses or vehicles caught in dangerous 
 places. 25 L.R.A. 50S. 
 
 Injuries at street crossings. 25 L.R.A. 508. 
 
 Crossing the track at places other than 
 streets. 25 L.R.A. 509. 
 
 Injury received in turning out. 25 L.R.A 
 510. 
 
 "Look out." 25 L.R.A. 512. 
 
 Right of way. 25 L.R.A. 512. 
 
 Duty of motorman on perceiving vehicle 
 standing near track unattended or oc- 
 cupied only hv child. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 560. 
 
 § 19. Collision with fire apparatus. 
 
 Liability of street railway company for in- 
 juries caused by collision with fire 
 apparatus. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 623. 
 
 Effect of law, rule, or custom giving 
 fire apparatus right of way. 19 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 626. 
 
 Imputation of driver's negligence to 
 fireman. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 630. 
 
 Standing on moving vehicle as negli- 
 gence. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 630. 
 
 Injui'v to street car passengers. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 630. 
 
 c. Contributory negligence, 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 Rule of the road as affecting street cars 
 and vehicles meeting and passing. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1188. 
 
 Defective hearing of person injured as bear- 
 ing upon contributory negligence. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 202. 
 
 Construction and effect of statute making 
 it an offense to get on a moving car 
 or train. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 513. 
 
 Contributory negligence of person struck 
 by street car while waiting for a car. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 228. 
 
 Duty of person working near street car 
 tracks to look out for his own safety. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 
 Is one guilty of contributory negligence, as 
 matter of law, in walking with due 
 care upon a street railway track laid 
 in a public street. 9 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 244. 
 
 Right of driver of vehicle to assume that 
 motorman will give him time to cross 
 track. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1081. 
 Driving across street railway where view of 
 approaching car is obstructed as con- 
 tributory negligence. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 266. 
 Duty of operator of automobile when near 
 
 street cars. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 Effect of, on liability for violation of police 
 ordinance relating to street railroads. 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 249. 
 In case of frightening of horse by street 
 car. .34 L.R.A. 486; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 288. 
 
 § 21. Duty to look and listen. 
 
 At railroad crossing, see Railroads, §§ 83, 
 84. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 STREET RAILWAYS. IV. c— cont'd 
 Duty to look and listen before crossing 
 tracks of an electric road. 15 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 254; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1224. 
 Duty of driver wno has traveled some dis- 
 tance parallel with track after looking 
 for car, to look again before crossing 
 track. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 309. 
 
 § 22. Of children. 
 
 What acts of child in attempting to cross 
 street car tracks are negligence as mat- 
 ter of law. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 106. 
 
 Duty of motorman on perceiving vehicle 
 near track occupied by child only. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 560. 
 
 § 23. Wantonness or wilfulness pre- 
 cluding defense of. 
 
 May wantonness or wilfulness, precluding 
 defense of contributory negligence, oe 
 predicated of the omission of a duty be- 
 fore the discovery of a person in peril 
 on a railroad or street railway track. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 427. 
 
 d. Notice of defect or injury. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 Notice of injury due to defect in street 
 car track or street. 52 L.R.A. 463. 
 
 Constitutionality of requirement of notice 
 to, of defect or injuries, as condition 
 of liability for personal injuries. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 203. 
 
 STKEETS. 
 
 See Highways. 
 
 STREET SPRINKLING. 
 
 Assessment for, see Public Impbovements, 
 § 15. 
 
 STREET SWEEPING. 
 
 Special assessment for, see Public Impbove- 
 ments, § 15. 
 
 STRICT CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Of statute, see Statutes, § 26. 
 «-•-♦ 
 
 STRICT FORECLOSURE. 
 
 See MoBTGAGB, '§§ 75-77. ^ 
 
 STRIKE. 
 
 See CONSPIKACY, g§ 6-8. 
 
1284 
 
 IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 STRIKING OUT. 
 
 Of pleadings, see Pleading, § 14. 
 Of evidence, see Trial, § 14. 
 
 STRONG PASSIONS. 
 
 As proof of incapacity of testator. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 
 27 
 
 STRUCTURES. 
 
 Restrictive covenants as to, see Covenakts 
 AND Conditions. 
 
 SViiat are witliin statute relating to safety 
 of. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 30. 
 
 STRUMPET. 
 
 Slander in charging woman with being, see 
 Libel and Slander, § 12. 
 
 STUBS. 
 
 Admissibility of memoranda on check stubs. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 727. 
 
 STUDENT. 
 
 23 
 
 Residence of, for purpose of voting. 
 
 L.R.A. 215. 
 Acquiring residence as voters while attend 
 
 ing school. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 170. 
 
 <»» 
 
 STUD HORSE. 
 
 See Stallions. 
 
 < ■ » 
 
 STUMPS. 
 
 Municipal liability for injurv by stumps 
 in street. 20 L.E.A.(N.SO 607. 
 
 STUPOR. 
 
 As affecting testamentary capacity. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 31. 
 
 27 
 
 SUBAGENT. 
 
 Trust in proceeds of collection by insolvent 
 bank as against claims of subagent. 
 32 L.R.A. 720. 
 
 SUBAGENT— cont'd 
 
 Right of subagents to purchase real estate 
 
 listed with broker for sale. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1161. 
 
 SUBCONTRACT. 
 
 Loss of profits from loss of, as damages. 53 
 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 SUBCONTRACTORS. 
 
 Rights of, under subcontractors' bonds, see 
 
 Bonds, § 10. 
 Lien of, see Mechanics' Liens, §§ 19-21. 
 As proper party to bring suit, see Pakties, 
 
 § 14. 
 
 Liability to servants of. 46 L.R.A. 75. 
 Negligence of, causing injury to property 
 owner. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 799. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 SUBFREIGHT. 
 
 Maritime, lien for. 70 L.R.A. 371. 
 
 «-»-♦ 
 
 SUBJACENT SUPPORT. 
 
 Measure of damages for removing, see Dam- 
 ages, § 72. 
 
 Right passing by deed, see Deeds, § 23. 
 
 Removal of, as a taking of property, see 
 Eminent Domain, § 43. 
 
 Of mine, see Mines, § 29. 
 
 Lateral support, see Lateral Support. 
 
 Liability for removal of subjacent support 
 of land in its natural condition. 68 
 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Condemnation or grant of land for railroad 
 right of way as carrying right to sub- 
 jacent support. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 155. 
 
 • »» 
 
 Begin with this Ttoolc on every law question. 
 
 SUBLEASE. 
 
 See Landlord and Tenant, § 38. 
 •-•-• 
 
 SUBMERGENCE, 
 
 See Waters, § 43. 
 
 *-•-♦ 
 
 SUBMISSION. 
 
 To arbitration, see Arbitration, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Of case under New York Code. 4 L.R.A. 
 6S5. 
 
INDEX TO L.B.A. KOTES, 
 
 1285 
 
 SUBORDINATE. 
 
 Privileged character of complaints to public 
 officer against subordinates. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1041. 
 
 Change of salary of subordinate as viola- 
 tion of constitutional provision against 
 change of salary of public officer dur- 
 ing term of office. 37 L.E,A.(N.S.) 
 
 SUBORDINATE LODGE. 
 
 Forfeiture of benefit certificate by default 
 of. 50 L.R.A. 111. 
 
 Waiver by officers of, of forfeiture for non- 
 payment of assessments. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 421. 
 
 Waiver by, of right of benefit association 
 to insist upon forfeiture because of vio- 
 lation of laws of association. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 136. 
 
 SUBORNATION. 
 
 Of perjury, see Pekjury. 
 < » » — 
 
 SUBPAKTNERSHIP. 
 
 Creation of, by agreement for sliaring prof- 
 its. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1099. 
 
 *» * 
 
 SUBPCENA. 
 
 See Witnesses, §§ 4, 5. 
 ♦ » » 
 
 SUBPCENA DUCES TECUM. 
 
 See Witnesses, § 5. 
 
 SUBROGATION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of insurer, see Insurance, §§ 195-197. 
 Of partner who pays firm debt, see Part- 
 XERsmp, § 26. 
 
 Defined; doctrine of; nature and scope. 1 
 L.R.A. 641;* 13 L.R.A. 619.* 
 
 Equitable doctrine of. 5 L.R.A. 288.* 
 
 Obligation as the equivalent of payment for 
 the purposes of. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 263. 
 
 Of carrier to claims against insurer. 3 
 L.R.A. 426.* 
 
 Right of creditors to subrogation to per- 
 sonal representative's right of indem- 
 nity for debts contracted in carrying on 
 business. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 233. 
 Consult also L.R.A.. Digests to date. 
 
 SUBEOGATlOlX— cont'd 
 § 2. Of one discharging debt, lieu or 
 encumbrance generally. 
 
 On payment of another's debt. 23 L.R.A. 
 ]24. 
 
 Right of one paying stranger's debt to he 
 subrogated to the rights of the cred-~ 
 itor. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 233. 
 
 Right of one advancing money to pay off 
 lien or encumbrance upon defective se- 
 curity to be subrogated to such lien or 
 encumbrance. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 838. 
 
 Right of life tenant who pays off liens or 
 encumbrances as against remainderman. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 153. , 
 
 Right of one advancing money to pay off a 
 which proves defective, to be subro- 
 gated to such lien or encumbrance. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 838. 
 
 Subrogation to remedies of legatee on pay- 
 ment of legacy charged upon devise. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 822. 
 
 § 3. Of purchaser at judicial sale. 
 
 Of purchaser on void execution sale. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 48. 
 Of purchaser on annulling judicial sale. 6P 
 
 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 § -4. As to mortgages. 
 
 Subrogation of insurer to rights of mort- 
 gagee, see Insurance, § 197. 
 
 To rights of mortgagee, generally. 5 L.R.A. 
 289;* 23 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Of holder of junior mortgage to rights ol 
 prior mortgagee. 5 L.R.A. 290:* 23 
 L.R.A. 131. 
 
 Subrogation of mortgagor on payment Oj 
 debt after conveyance of property. 5 
 L.R.A. 289.* 
 
 Right to subrogation to lien of mortgage foi 
 money advanced to pay off the same on 
 defective security. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 838. 
 
 Right of one cotenant who pays mortgage 
 to be subrogated to the rights of mort- 
 gagee as against other cotenant or his 
 privies. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 559. 
 
 Right of one who adavnces money to an- 
 other for purpose of redeeming from a 
 sale under a mortgage to be subrogated 
 to the lien of the mortgage. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 190. 
 
 Right of one advancing money for purchas* 
 price of property to be subrogated to 
 vendor's lien where mortgage is taken 
 as security. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1209. 
 
 Subrogation of equitable assignee to rights 
 of mortgagee. 6 L.R.A. 61.* 
 
 Subrogation to discharge mortgage in 
 favor of assignee of equity of redemp- 
 tion, who pays it as against junior lien. 
 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 470. 
 
 § 5. Of surety. 
 
 Of sureties to rights of creditors. 1 L.R.A. 
 642;* 5 L.R.A. 288;* 7 L.R.A. 84.* 
 
 Of surety who pays judgment against prin- 
 cipal. 68 L.R.A. 520, 523, 528, 534, 
 572, 581. 
 
 On executor's bond after paying claim. 9 
 L,R.A, 227.* 
 
1286 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 SUEROGjiTION— cont'd 
 
 Right of surety on administrator's bond, 
 who pays claim. 9 L.R.A. 227.* 
 
 Right of surety to be subrogated to priority 
 of state or United States in payment 
 from assets of debtor. 29 L.R.A. 240, 
 248. 
 
 Eight of surety advancing money for pur- 
 chase price of property to be subrogated 
 to vendor's lien. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1204. 
 
 Right of sureties of public ofiBcer, who have 
 made good a loss occasioned by their 
 principal's default or misconduct, to 
 be subrogated to the rights of the obli- 
 gee or beneficiary of the bond against 
 a third person. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 155. 
 
 Right of sureties on appeal bond or super- 
 sedeas to look to sureties on prior bond 
 of same principal. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1021. 
 
 § 6. To rights of surety. 
 
 Of creditor to collateral securities held by 
 surety. 5 L.R.A. 290.* 
 
 § 7. To vendor's lien. 
 
 See Vendor and Purchaser, § 7. 
 
 § 8. To tax lien. 
 
 Of person paying tax. 29 L.R.A. 282. 
 
 Right of purchaser of property to recover 
 the amount he has paid to relieve land 
 from tax lien from one wlio should have 
 paid the same but with whom he had 
 no contractual relationship. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 562. 
 
 -♦ »» 
 
 SUBSCRIBING WITNESSES. 
 
 See Attesting Witness. 
 
 ♦ »» 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION. 
 
 Construction of subscription contract, see 
 
 CONTB.iCTS, § t)9. 
 
 For stock, see Corporations, §§ 77-81a. 
 To will, see Wills, §§ 20-24. • 
 
 Forfeiture of, for breach of condition. 13 
 L.R.A. 698. 
 
 Effect of receipt of, to mitigate damages 
 for wrongful death. 67 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 By municipality to internal improvements, 
 statutes legalizing. 27 L.R.A. 701. 
 
 Validity of; conditions. 3 L.R.A. 468.* 
 
 Gift of note for. 26 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 Validity of subscription Induced by false 
 statements that certain other persons 
 were to Invest in the enterprise. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 477. 
 
 Right of subscriber to lottery scheme to re- 
 cover his subscription thereto. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 571. 
 
 Procuring subscriptions on Sunday. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 194. 
 iFor salary of pastor. 38 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law qii 
 
 SUBSEQUENT CREDITORS. 
 
 Validity of conveyance as against, see 
 Fraudulent Conveyances, § 23. 
 
 SUBSEQUENT PURCHASERS. 
 
 Injunction against execution sale of prop- 
 erty of. 30 L.R.A. 114. 
 
 SUBSEQUENT WILL. 
 
 Revocation of prior will by, see Wills, § 38. 
 
 «-»> 
 
 SUBSIDY LANDS. 
 
 Location of mining claim on railroad sub- 
 sidy lands. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802. 
 
 SUBSTANTIAL PERFORMANCE. 
 
 Of contracts, see Contracts, §§ 129, 136, 
 138. 
 
 SUBSTITUTE. 
 
 Admissibility as affecting damages for per- 
 sonal injuries of amount paid for serv- 
 ices of substitute. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 737. 
 
 Delay by purchaser in securing substitute as 
 affecting his damages for vendor's fail- 
 ure to deliver. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 192. 
 
 Validity of agreement made after divorce 
 as substitute for award of alimony. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1167. 
 
 SUBSTITUTED SERVICE. 
 
 See Writ and Process, §§ 15-19. 
 
 SUBSTITUTION. 
 
 Effect of void substitution on liability on 
 original contract, see Contracts, § 72. 
 Of parties, see Parties, § 40. 
 
 Of parties on appeal or error to or from 
 
 Federal Supreme Court. 66 L.R.A. 856. 
 Of juror in criminal case. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 '(X.S.) 36. 
 Abandonment or loss of private way by use 
 
 of substituted way. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 883. 
 estion. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1287 
 
 - SUBTERRANEAN WATERS. 
 
 See Waters, §§ 72-77. 
 
 *—-^ 
 
 SUBURBAN PROPERTY. 
 
 Constitutionality of frontage rule of assess- 
 ment of, for public improvements. 17 
 L.E.A. 332. 
 
 SUBWAY. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoN- 
 
 STiTuiioNAL Law, § 99. 
 Subway railroad, see Subway Railroad. 
 
 Franchise of electrical company for. 34 
 L.R.A. 369. 
 
 Requiring electric wires to be put under 
 ground. 31 L.R.A. 806. 
 
 Privilege of subway in street as contract 
 within provision against impairing ob- 
 ligation. 50 L.R.A. 147. 
 
 ilunieipal liability for injury to abutting 
 owner from, under constitutional pro- 
 vision against "damaging" private 
 property for public vise without com- 
 pensation. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1198. 
 
 SUBWAY RAILROAD. 
 
 Injury by crush in entering oar at subway 
 station. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 729. 
 
 As additional servitude in street. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 727. 
 
 SUCCESS. 
 
 Validity of agreement by which compensa- 
 tion is dependent on success in procur- 
 ing contract with public officer or 
 board. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 747. 
 
 SUCCESSION TAX. 
 
 See Taxes, §§ 90-105. 
 
 SUCCESSIVE ASSESSMENTS. 
 
 Against stockholders, see Cobpoeations, 
 § 110. 
 
 SUCCE.SSIVE PINES. 
 
 [n loan association. 35 L.R.A. 219. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SUCCESSIVE GRANTS. 
 Of water power. 67 L.R.A. 372. 
 
 ♦-»♦ • 
 
 SUCCESSOR. 
 
 Eight of vendor of business and good will 
 to hold liimself out as successor of busi- 
 ness sold. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 766. 
 
 Does guaranty of credit extended for price 
 of goods sold cover sales to. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 901. 
 
 SUCTION. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for personal 
 injuries by, to persons on adjoining 
 property or highway. 31 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 983. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 SUDDEN EMERGENCY. 
 
 See Emebgenoy. 
 
 *—¥ 
 
 SUE AND LABOR CLAUSE. 
 
 Right to recover xinder ''sue and labor" 
 clause in policy of marine insurance for 
 moving cargo over-land. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 116L 
 
 SUFFERING. 
 
 Admissibility of complaints of, see Evi- 
 dence, § 238. 
 Mental, see Mental Anguish. 
 Physical, see Physical Suffebino, 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 To name, see Name, § 5. 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 SUFFOCATION. 
 
 Duty of carrier to protect live stock from 
 injury by. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 642. 
 
 < « » 
 
 SUFFRAGE. 
 
 Right of, see Elections, I. 
 ♦-.-♦ 
 
 SUGAR. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of sugar sold out of 
 larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 35. 
 
1288 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 SUICIDE. 
 
 Presumption ajid burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, § 32. 
 Of insured, see Insurance, §§ 170, 171. 
 
 As evidence of testamentary incapacity. 24 
 
 L.E.A. 577; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 94. 
 Attempt of intoxicated person to commit. 
 
 36 L.E.A. 479. 
 Attempt to commit suicide as a crime. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 Inciting or abetting. 66 L.E.A. 304; 22 
 L.R.A.(]N.S.) 243. 
 Application of rule as to prior convic- 
 tion of abettor. 66 L.E.A. 304. 
 Incitement amounting to compulsion. 
 
 66 L.E.A. 304. 
 Ordinary persuasion. 66 L.E.A. 304. 
 Suicide by mutual agreement. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 305. 
 Distinction between principals and abet- 
 tors. 66 L.E.A. 305. 
 Effect of statutory enactments as to sui- 
 cide. 66 L.R.A. 306. 
 Sufficiency of proof. '66 L.E.A. 307. 
 
 SUITABILITY. 
 
 See Sale, §§ 31, 32. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 SUIT CLUB. 
 
 Distribution of suits by tailor among mem- 
 bers of club as lottery. 21 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 876. 
 
 SUIT MONEY. 
 
 In divorce case, see Divoece and Sepaka- 
 TION, §§ 39-40a. 
 
 SUITOR. 
 
 Ab grand juror. 28 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 SUMMARY JUDGMENT. 
 
 Failure of consideration as ground for in- 
 junction against. 31 L.E.A. 755. 
 
 SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 Against tenant, see Landloed and Tenant, 
 § 94. 
 
 To 
 
 SUMMONS. 
 
 See Wbit and Peocess. 
 
 remove obstructions in higliwav. 18 
 I;.E.A. 149. 
 Conclusiveness of foreign decree in. 20 
 L.E.A. 680. 
 Begin with this Itoole on every law question. 
 
 SUNDAY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Amusements on, see Amusements, § 9. 
 
 Constitutionality of Sunday laws, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 139. 
 
 Sale of liquor on, see Intoxicating Liquor, 
 § 25. 
 
 Eule as to, in computing time, see Time, 
 § 19. 
 
 Execution of will on, see Wh-ls, § 19. 
 
 Special penalty .for violation of Sunday 
 closing act. 15 L.E.A.(N.S.) 646. 
 
 Violation of Sunday law as a continuing 
 offense. 20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 
 Criminal liability for Sabbath breaking by 
 agent or servant. 41 L.E.A. 658, 670. 
 
 Criminal liability of children for Sabbath 
 desecration. 36 L.E.A. 208. 
 
 Right of alleged fraudulent grantee to show 
 that judgment against grantor was 
 based on a transaction in violation of 
 Sunday law. 67 L.R.A. 602. 
 
 Pleading, in actions for violation of Sun- 
 day law. 4 L.R.A. 466.* 
 
 Duty of innkeeper as to furnishing liquor 
 to traveler on Sundav. 2 B. E. C. 
 687. 
 
 § 2. Holiday falling on. 
 
 Transfer of holiday from Sunday to Monday. 
 19 L.E.A. 320. 
 
 § 3. Judicial proceedings on. 
 
 Nonjuridical day. 3 L.E.A. 658.* 
 Eeceiving verdict on Sunday. 7 L.E.A. 
 327;* 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 844. 
 
 § 4. Contracts. 
 
 Conflict of laws 
 Laws, § 3. 
 
 as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Validity of. 3 L.E.A. 224;" 4 L.R.A. 680;" 
 ' 7 L.E.A. 498;* 11 L.R.A. 63;* 14 L.E.A. 
 193. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to Sunday contract. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67. 
 
 Validity of sale partially made on Sun- 
 day and perfected on secular day. 4 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1151. 
 
 Delivery on week day pursuant to contract 
 made on Sunday. .20 L.E.A. (N.S.) 86. 
 
 Signing or delivering replevin bond on Sun- 
 day as a defense. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 750. 
 
 Procuring subscriptions on Sunday. 14 
 L.R.A. 194. 
 
 Effect of payment of debt on Sunday. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 243. 
 
 Effect, upon validity of contract, of igno- 
 rance of one party that it was executed 
 by the other on Sunday. 18 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1176. 
 
 Eemedy of party as to rescission of Sunday 
 contract. 17 L.R.A. 779. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1289 
 
 SI- N DA Y-^ cont'd 
 
 Return of consideration as condition of de- 
 fense against contract made on. 5 
 L.R.A.tN.S.) 295. 
 
 § 5. Labor on. 
 
 Violation of Sunday law by barbers, see 
 Baebeks, § 2. 
 
 Sunday labor. 14 L.K.A. 192. 
 
 Commercial transactions. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 193. 
 To prevent loss or injury. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 193. 
 Agricultural operations. 14 L.E.A. 
 
 193. 
 Other secular employments. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 193. 
 To save time. 14 L.R.A. 194. 
 Decisions affecting carriers. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 194. 
 Procuring subscriptions; making will. 
 14 L"R.A. 194. 
 Transmission of telegram upon. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 224.* 
 Duty of carrier to give regular train service 
 
 "on Sunday. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 401. 
 Prohibition of running of freight trains on 
 Sunday as excuse for delay in trans- 
 portation. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1184. 
 Right of servant to recover for extra woric 
 done on Sunday. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 659. 
 Servant's duty to obey master's orders as 
 to working on. 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 833. 
 
 § 6. — work of necessity. 
 
 What are. 3 L.R.A. 224.* 
 
 Sale and delivery of food stuffs on Sunday 
 
 as. 18 L.E.A. (N.S.) 617. 
 Agricultural operations on Sunday as. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 320. 
 
 § 7. Personal injuries. 
 
 Violation of Sunday law as contributory 
 
 negligence. 21 L.E.A. (N.S.) 669-. 
 Violation of Sunday law as defense to action 
 
 for personal injuries. 9 L.R.A. 321;* 
 
 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 547. 
 Liability for injury to person traveling on 
 
 Sunday from defects in highway. 13 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1271. 
 
 § 8. State and municipal offense. 
 
 Municipal ordinance regulating observance 
 of Sunday, which is also regulated by 
 state law. 17 L.E.A. (N.S.) 51. 
 
 Eight of both state and municipality to 
 convict of violation of Sunday closing 
 laws. 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 708. 
 
 »»♦■ 
 
 SUNDAY SCHOOLS. 
 
 Validity of bequest for. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1004. 
 Enforcement of bequest for. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 96. 
 As a meeting within purview of offense of 
 
 disturbing a meeting. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 830. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 STJN STROKE. 
 
 Eisks covered by insurance against. 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 609. 
 
 SUN TIME. 
 
 See Time, § 13. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENCE. 
 
 Master's duty as to, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, § 103. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT. 
 
 Injury to servant through negligence of, see 
 Master and Servant, III. d, 3. 
 
 Right to mechanics' lien. 16 L.R.A. 601. 
 Of hospital, right of woman to be. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 211. I 
 
 Report by, as privileged communication. 5 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 163. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC 
 INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Right of woman to be. 38 L.R.A. 212. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS. 
 
 Privilege of, in reporting to school authori- 
 ties on character of teacher. 30 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 200. 
 
 Power of board to employ superintendent 
 for term extending beyond its own term. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 657. 
 
 SUPERINTENDING CONTROL. 
 
 See CoxTRTS, §§ 30, 31. 
 
 SUPERIOR EMPLOYEES. 
 
 See Master and Servant, III. d, 3. 
 
 ♦-»♦ 
 
 SUPERNATURAL INFLUENCES. 
 
 Effect of belief, on capacity to make will 
 or deed. 16 L.E.A. 677. 
 
1290 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NqtES. 
 
 SUPERSEDEAS. 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal axd Bhhob, §§ 9-lOa, 
 15-17, 46. 
 
 SUPERSTITIOUS USES. 
 Bequest for masses as. 25 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 SUPERVISING EMPLOYEES. 
 
 As fellow servants, see Master and Sebv- 
 ANT, III. d, 3. 
 
 Character of occupancy of premises bv. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 712. 
 
 SUPERVISION. 
 
 Employer's duty as to, see Master and 
 Servant, § 103. 
 
 SUPERVISORY JURISDICTION. 
 
 On appeal, see Appeal and Ekroe, § 5. 
 Of superior over inferior or subordinate tri- 
 bunal, see COTJETS, §§ 30, 31. 
 
 SUPPLEBIENTARY PLEADING. 
 
 See Pleading, § 12. 
 
 « » > 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 See Execution, §§ 15, 16. 
 
 — — ♦-•-* — — 
 
 SUPPLIES. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Claim against state for. 42 L.R.A. 61. 
 
 Priority of claims against property in hands 
 of receiver for. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1058. 
 
 What supplies to jurors are proper sub- 
 jects of county charge. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 200. 
 
 Right of taxpayer in absence of statute to 
 enjoin unlavrful expenditures by munic- 
 ipality for. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 22, 
 
 § 2. Lien for. 
 
 Mechanics' lien for, see Mechanics' Liens. 
 
 Maritime lien for. 70 L.R.A. 365, 381, 391, 
 407, 439. 
 
 Priority of claim for supplies against prop- 
 erty in hands of receiver over recorded 
 liens. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 696, 701, 708. 
 
 Acceptance of commercial paper as waiver 
 of lien for. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 94. 
 
 Begin 'with, this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 SUPPORT. 
 
 I. In general, §§ 1, 2. 
 II. Contract for, §§ 3-3. 
 III. Of building or land, § 0, 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, §§ 100, 101. 
 
 Of child, see Contracts, § 87 ; Divorce and 
 Separation, § 57; Infants, §§ 11-13. 
 
 Of relative, see Relatives, § 3. 
 
 Of parent or adult child, see Parent and 
 Child, § 9. 
 
 Of wife, generally, see Divorce and Sepa- 
 ration, §§ 34-49; Husband and Wife, 
 §§ 7-10, 21, 22, 70, 71. 
 
 Allowance for widow's support, see Execu- 
 tors AND Administrators, §§ 55, 55a. 
 
 Of incompetent person, see Incompetent 
 Persons, § 17. 
 
 Of pauper, see Poor and Poor Laws, §§ 4, 5.. 
 
 Municipal power to provide during epidemic. 
 26 L.R.A. 729. 
 
 Garnishment of claiins for. 59 L.R.A. 374. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of devise- 
 on condition of support. 69 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 Using lunatic's property in support of his 
 family. 34 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 § 2. Provision in will for. 
 
 See Wills, § 95. 
 
 //. Contract for, 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Moral obligation as consideration for prom- 
 ise to pay for past support of relative. 
 53 L.R.A. 355; 26 L.R.A.{N.S.) 520. 
 
 Right of one who brealcs contract to sup- 
 port another for life, to recover on 
 quantum meruit. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 537. 
 
 Effect of statute of frauds upon parol con- 
 tracts to support for life. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 330. 
 
 Liability of lessee for rent during part of 
 term remaining after death of person 
 whom he agreed to support. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 347. 
 
 Specific performance of contract to provide- 
 for intended husband or wife. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 232. 
 
 Specific performance of, or injunction dur- 
 ing lifetime of promisor, against breach 
 of contract to leave property at death 
 to complainant. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 218. 
 
 Validity of antenuptial contract by husband 
 or wife to support the other. ' 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 491. 
 
 Apportionment of annuity created for. 63 
 L.R.A. 621. 
 
 § 4. Of grantor. 
 
 Deed to secure support. 3 L.R.A. 836.* 
 Validity of agreement to transfer future- 
 acquired property in consideration of 
 maintenance. 70 L.R.A. 485. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1291 
 
 SUPPORT, II.— cont'd 
 
 Agreement for support in Consideration of 
 conveyance as basis for equitable lien. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 607. 
 
 Right to subject debtor's interest under con- 
 tract for his support to claims of cred- 
 itors. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1213. 
 
 Specific performance of oral contract to 
 devise or convey land in consideration 
 of performing services or furnishing 
 support where no possession is talccn 
 or improvements made. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 466; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 752. 
 
 Does grantor's right to rescind for breach 
 of condition as to support descend to 
 his heirs or representatives. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 232. 
 
 Jlay grantor rescind a deed executed in con- 
 sideration of future support where per- 
 formance by grantee is without fault on 
 his part prevented bv the grantor. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 932. 
 
 Parol evidence that consideration for deed 
 was support of grantor. 20 L.R.A. 104. 
 
 Parol evidence of agreement to support 
 grantor in addition to consideration 
 named in deed. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1199. 
 
 Applicability of succession tax to property 
 conveyed or agreed to be conveyed in 
 consideration of grantor's support dur- 
 ing his life. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 226. 
 
 § 5. Of mortgagee. 
 
 Effect of unaccepted tender on lien of mort- 
 gage for support of mortgagee. 33 
 L.E.A. 235. 
 
 ///. Of building or land, 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Lateral support, see Lateral Suppoet. 
 Subjacent support, see Mikes, § 29; Sub- 
 jacent SUPPOKT. 
 
 Right of owner of upper floor to compel 
 maintenance of walls. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 510. 
 
 Effect of destruction of building to termi- 
 nate adjoining owner's easement of sup- 
 port, io L.R.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 
 suppkessiojV of competition. 
 
 See Competition. 
 
 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED 
 STATES. 
 
 Appellate jurisdiction of, see Appeal akd 
 
 Ebbok, § 4. 
 Sub.=(equent proceedings below pending error 
 
 or appeal to, see Appeal and Errok, 
 
 § 10a. 
 Time for transfer of cause to, see Ai'Peal 
 
 AND Ekhob, § 15. 
 Security on error or appeal to, see Appeal 
 
 AND Errok, § 17. 
 Consult (ilfio L.U.A. Digests to dntr. 
 
 SUPREME 'COURT OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES— cont'd 
 What should be shown by record in, boi. 
 
 Appeal and ERnoE, § 20. 
 Questions reviewable in,. see Appeal and Ee- 
 
 EOB, § 28. 
 Review of facts in, see Appeal and Error, 
 
 § 34. 
 
 Jurisdiction of civil actions against consuls. 
 45 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 Jurisdiction of criminal actions against con- 
 suls. 45 L.E.A. 584. 
 
 Superintending control and supervisory ju- 
 risdiction of. 51 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Review in, on certiorari of decision of Fed- 
 eral court. 50 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action against national bank 
 to recover penalty for taking usurious 
 interest. 56 L.R.A. 680. 
 
 SURCHARGE. 
 
 Right of court to surcharge account of exec- 
 utor, administrator, guardian or receiv- 
 er in absence of objection of the account 
 or on objection by amicus curiw. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 284. 
 
 SURETY COMPANIES. 
 
 Legal powers and privileges of surety and 
 
 trust companies. 48 L.R.A. 587. 
 In general. 48 L.R.A. 587. 
 Special act creating. 48 L.R.A. 588. 
 Granting special or exclusive privileges 
 
 to. 48 L.R.A. 588. 
 Power to act as guardian, etc., without 
 
 bond. 48 L.R.A. 589. 
 Power to act as surety. 48 L.R.A. 589. 
 
 In general. 48 L.R.A. 589. 
 
 On appeal bond. 48 L.R.A. 590. 
 Right to counter security. 48 L.R.A. 
 
 .591. 
 Riglit to relief from suretyship. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 591. 
 Right to tax amount paid to, as costs. 
 
 48 L.R.A. 591. 
 Right of personal representative, etc., 
 
 to credit for amount paid to. 48 
 
 L.R.A. 591. 
 Foreign companies. 48 L.R.A. 592. 
 
 Power to act as surety. 48 L.R.A. 
 592. 
 
 Power to act as trustee, etc. 48 
 L.R.A. 593. 
 Character of and rules governing contracts 
 by corporations engaged for profit in 
 business of guarantying fidelity or con- 
 tracts of other persons. 33 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 • 513. 
 
 SURETYSHIP. 
 
 See Principal and Sdrett. 
 
1292 
 
 IXDEX TO L.U.A. NOTES. 
 
 SURFACE SUPPORT. 
 
 See Subjacent Suppobt. 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 SURFACE WATERS. 
 See Waters, §§ 59-67. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 SURF BATHING. 
 
 As violation of Sunday Laws. 30 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 470. 
 
 » » » 
 
 SURGEONS. 
 
 See Physicians and Sukgeons, 
 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 See Physicians and Surgeons, §§ 12-16. 
 — ♦-•-• 
 
 SURNAME. 
 
 See Name. 
 
 SURPLUS. 
 
 On foreclosure, see Mortgage, § 83. 
 
 Garnishment of. 59 L.R.A. 368. 
 
 Taxation of, as part of capital stock of 
 corporation. 58 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 Distribution of, upon dissolution of mutual 
 insurance company. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 653. 
 
 Of insolvent insurance company, distribu- 
 tion of. 38 L.R.A. 110. 
 
 Reservation of surplus upon assignment of 
 chose in action as security, as a fraud 
 upon other creditors. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 370. 
 
 SURPLUSAGE. 
 
 Oorrection of special verdict by rejection of. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 
 SURPLUS WATER. 
 
 Use of, in improving navigability of stream. 
 67 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 SURPRISE. 
 
 SURPRISE— cont'd 
 
 As ground of injunction against judgment, 
 
 see Injunction, § 56. 
 Ab ground for relief from judgment, see 
 
 Judgment, § 94. 
 
 Right to impeach own witness in case of. 
 21 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 *-•-# 
 
 SURRENDER, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of fugitive from justice, see Extradition. 
 
 Of insurance policy, see Insurance, §§ 53, 
 54. 
 
 Of tenancy, see Landlord and Tenant, §§ 
 29, 30. 
 
 Of office, see Officers, § 20. 
 
 Loss or waiver of right by pledgee's sur- 
 render of property, see Pledge and Col- 
 lateral Security, § 9. 
 
 Power of corporate president to surrender 
 claims. 14 L.R.A. 359. 
 
 Of bonus stock. 38 L.R.A. 494. 
 
 Applicability of statute of frauds to sur- 
 render of purchaser's interest under 
 land contract. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 879. 
 
 Estoppel of possessor of land to assert 
 claim by surrender. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 137. 
 
 § 2. By accused. 
 
 Of fugitive from justice. 26 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Right to habeas corpus in ease of voluntary 
 surrender. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 885. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of defendant's vol- 
 untary surrender. 20 L.R;A. (N.S.) 
 409. 
 
 SURRENDER VALUE. 
 
 Of policy, see Insurance, § 57. 
 
 SURROGATE. 
 
 Jurisdiction of, see Courts, § 34. 
 
 Conclusiveness of surrogate's decree on right 
 of personal representative to interplead 
 claimants. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 987. 
 
 SURVEYOR. 
 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, § 176. 
 
 Begin ivith this booic on every law question. 
 
 Compensation of. 10 L.R.A. 215.* 
 Place at which official acts of, may be per- 
 formed. 33 L.R.A. 92. 
 Liability of, for errors or mistakes. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S,) 1043. 
 
STJRVIAAL. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SWEEPING STREETS. 
 
 1293 
 
 Of action or cause of action, see Abate- 
 ment AND Revival, §§ 2-4. 
 Of contract, see Coxtracts, § 146. 
 
 Of primary obligation on payment by sure- 
 ty. 68 L.R.A. 548. 
 
 SURVIVING PARTNER. 
 
 See Pabtnekship, §§ 41-45. 
 
 *—*■ 
 
 SURVIVORSHIP. 
 
 Presumption of, see Evibence, § 31. 
 
 Rights acquired by, under homestead and 
 exemption laws. 4 L.R.A. (J.S.) 390. 
 
 Constructive trust in deed of homestead by 
 husband to wife with proviso attempt- 
 ing to derogate from her right of. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 312. 
 
 SUSPENSION. 
 
 Of attorney, see Attoeneys, §§ 4, 5. 
 
 Of sentence, see Criminal Law, § 84. 
 
 Of writ of habeas corpus, see Habeas Cor- 
 pus, § 8. 
 
 Of business in insured property, effect, see 
 Insurance, § 76. 
 
 Of member of benefit society, see Insur- 
 ance, § 105. 
 
 From office, see Municipal Corporations, 
 § 117; Officers, §§ 22-24. 
 
 Of alienation, see Perpetuities. 
 
 Of pupil, see Schools, §§ 9-11. 
 
 SUSPICION. 
 
 Voluntariness of confession made under. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 796. 
 
 SUSPICIOUS STATEMENTS. 
 Eight to rely on. 37 L.R.A. 596. 
 
 SWALES. 
 
 As water courses. 15 L.R.A. 630. 
 Municipal liability for obstruction of. 65 
 L.R.A. 269. 
 
 Assessment for, see Public Improvements, 
 § 15. 
 
 SWELLS. 
 
 Duty of steamer to avoid imperiling small 
 boat by. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 920. 
 
 SWINDLING. 
 
 Truth of charge as to, as defense to civil 
 action for libel or slander. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 146. 
 
 Necessity of instruction as to law on cir- 
 cumstantial evidence from possession of 
 stolen property. 69 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 SWINGING DOORS. 
 
 Duty of storekeeper toward customer as to 
 condition of. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 463. 
 
 SWITCH. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to employee due 
 to defect in, see Master and Servant, 
 §§ 94, 95. 
 
 Unblocked switches, see Unblocked 
 Switches. 
 
 SWITCH LIMITS. 
 
 As depot grounds within meaning of fence 
 laws. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 
 ♦ « » 
 
 SWITCHMEN. 
 
 As fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 434, 456, 457. 
 
 — — •-»-» — 
 
 SWITCH TRACKS. 
 
 See Spur Tracks and Sidings. 
 
 SWAMPS. 
 
 Power to fill low lands at expense of owner. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 709. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 SYNDICATES. 
 
 As to corporate promoters, see Corpoea- 
 TIONS, §§ 62-65. 
 
 Relations and rights of syndicate members. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 216. 
 Scope and nature of the subject. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 216. 
 Rights and powers of members. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 217. 
 
1294 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 SYNDICATES— cont'd 
 
 Rights, duties, and liabilities in trans- 
 actions between themselves. 40 
 L.R.A. 218. 
 
 General rule as to good faith re- 
 quired. 40 L.R.A. 218. 
 
 Sales by member to association. 40 
 L.R.A. 219. 
 
 Purchases with secret advantages. 
 40 L.R.A. 222. 
 
 Dealings between associations hav- 
 ing common members. 40 
 L.R.A. 224. 
 
 Contribution to capital, expenses, 
 and losses. 40 L.R.A. 225. 
 
 Interest in property of association. 
 40 L.E.A. 225. 
 
 40 
 
 SYNDICATES— cont'd 
 
 Compensation for service 
 L.R.A. 226. 
 Remedies. 40 L.R.A. 226. 
 Unincorporated syndicate as a partnership. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 
 SYPHILIS. 
 
 Condonation of, as defense to action for di- 
 vorce or annulment of marriage. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729. 
 
 Misrepresentations or concealment as to, as 
 ground for annulment of marriage. 13 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 996. 
 
 TACKING. 
 
 Of adverse possession, see Adveese Posses- 
 sion, § 20. 
 
 Effect of addition of new items to extend 
 time for filing nieclianies' lien. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 
 Right to tack different contracts to per- 
 form labor or furnish material for pur- 
 pose of extending time to file lien. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 299. 
 
 TAKING. 
 
 What constitutes, see Eminent Domain, §§ 
 41-44. 
 
 TAIiESSlEN. 
 
 Summoning biased talesman as a contempt. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1013. 
 
 TAIjLOW. 
 
 Municipal power over, as nuisance. 
 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 38 
 
 TAN BARK. 
 
 Sufficiency of deliverv of, on sale out of 
 larger lot. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 40. 
 
 TANGIBLE PROPERTY. 
 
 Corporate bonds as subject of attachment 
 as. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 421 
 
 TAPPING "WIRES. 
 
 Illegal intent of prosecutor as affecting guilt 
 of obtaining property by scheme for. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 
 TARDINESS. 
 
 Of attorney as contempt of court. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 389. 
 Right to exclude pupil from school for. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 TAVERN. 
 
 See Innkeepees. 
 
 TAXATION. 
 
 See Taxes. 
 
 TAX CERTIFICATE. 
 
 As color of title, see Adveese Possession, 
 
 § 16. 
 In general, see Taxes, § 80. 
 
 ISegin with this l>ooli- on every law question. 
 
 TAX COLLECTOR. 
 
 See Taxes, § 61. 
 
 ^ «» ■ 
 
 TAX DEED. 
 
 As color of title, see Adveese Possession, 
 
 § 17. 
 In general, see Taxes, §§ 80, 81. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1295 
 
 TAXES. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-3. 
 II. Poti-er of taxation; what taxable, 
 
 §§ J:-39. 
 
 a. Pou-er generally, §§ J, ,5. 
 
 I). Power of state or mtinici- 
 palitij to tax Federal agen- 
 cies, instrn mentalities, and 
 property, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 c. Equality; uniformity; dis- 
 
 crimination; double tax- 
 ation, §§ S-13. 
 
 d. For what purpose or use, § 
 
 13. 
 
 e. What taxable; exemptions, 
 
 §§ li-39. 
 1. In general, §§ H-29. 
 8. Public property, §§ 30- 
 
 32. 
 3. Corporations and cor- 
 porate property, §§ 33- 
 39. 
 III. Where taxable; situs of property, 
 
 §§ 4:0-49. 
 IV, Assessment and levy; enforce- 
 ment; collection, §§ 50-87. 
 a. In general, §§ 50-52. 
 6. Asse.<ssment, §§ 53-58. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 53-55. 
 
 2. Valuation, §§ 56-58. 
 
 c. Reassessment, § 59. 
 
 d. Tax officers, §§ 60, 61. 
 
 e. Who liable for tax; to whom 
 
 taxable, §§ 62, 63. 
 
 f. Payment; tender, §§ 64, 65. 
 
 g. Relief from, §§ 66, 67. 
 
 h. Enforcement and collection 
 
 generally, §§ 68-71. 
 i. Sale for nonpayment; tax 
 
 certificate or deed; tax title, 
 
 §§ 73-8 la. 
 j. Redemption, §§ 82-85. 
 Jc. Recovering bade taxes paid, 
 
 §§ 86, 87. 
 V. Lien; priorities, §§ 88, 89. 
 VI. Succession tax, §§ 90-105. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 90-95. 
 
 b. Property and transfers sub- 
 
 ject to, or exempt from, §§ 
 96-9Sa. 
 
 c. Persons subject to, or ex- 
 
 empt from, §§ 99, 100. 
 
 d. Assessment; valuatioti, §§ 
 
 101-103. 
 
 e. Payment; classification, §§ 
 
 104, 105. 
 VII. Income tax, § 106. 
 VIII. StocU transfer tax, § 107. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 As affecting commerce, see CommercIs, 
 §§ 20, 21. 
 
 Impairment of obligation of contracts as 
 to. see CoKSTiTUTioNAL Law, § 32. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to general- 
 ly, see CONSTITUTIONAI. I;AW, §§ 102- 
 105. 
 
 As taking of property, see Eminent Do- 
 main, § 42. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TAXES, I.— cont'd 
 
 Estoppel as to, see Estoppel, § 7. 
 
 Internal revenue tax, see Internal Rev- 
 enue. 
 
 Rights of parties to mortgage as to taxes, 
 see Mortgage, § 32. 
 
 By municipality generally, see Municipal 
 Corporations, §§ 109-111. 
 
 Assessment for public improvements, see 
 Public Improvements, IV. 
 
 General and special legislation as to, see 
 Statutes, §§ 17, 18. 
 
 Taxation by or against United States, see 
 United States, §§ 7, 8. 
 
 Tax statute as local or special law. 2 L.R.A. 
 579.* 
 
 State revenue laws as due process of law. 2 
 L.R.A. 657.* 
 
 Increase in proportion of tax or assessment 
 imposed on property as impairment of 
 vested rights. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 546. 
 
 Nature of occcupation of servant with re- 
 spect to matters of taxation. 4 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 698. 
 
 Effect of failure to pay registration tax. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 
 Denial upon information and belief of mat- 
 te'rs concerning taxes. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 780. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions on 
 questions i-elating to. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 444. 
 
 Right to consider accruing taxes in assign- 
 ing dower or fixing its cash value. 40 
 L.R.A. (N.S;) 609. 
 
 § 2. What constitutes a tax. 
 
 Special assessment as tax. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 837. 
 
 License fees as taxes. 4 L.R.A. 809;* 9 
 L.R.A. 786.* 
 
 Water rates as taxes. 21 L.R.A. 519. 
 
 Fees as taxes, within constitutional pro- 
 visions relating to taxation. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 153. 
 
 Conscription of labor for working highway, 
 as a tax. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1139. 
 
 What are poll taxes. 29 L.R.A. 404. 
 
 § 3. Taxing districts. 
 
 Right to extend tax over territory added 
 to taxing district after tax voted. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 601. 
 
 Power of legislature to make special tax- 
 ing district of territory annexed to mu- 
 nicipality. 27 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 Right to interplead different taxing dis- 
 tricts claiming right to claim same 
 property. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 330. 
 
 Right of creditor of taxing district to m- 
 voke aid of court to obtain satisfac- 
 tion of debt, where ordinary remedies 
 not available. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1020. 
 
 II. Poiver of taxation; what taxable, 
 a. Poiver, generally. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Power to impose succession tax, see infra, 
 § 92. 
 
1296 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 TAXES, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Power to tax, legislative. 11 L.E.A. 123.* 
 Power to impose poll tax. 29 L.R.A. 406. 
 Constitutional restriction of. 8 L.R.A. 369.* 
 Ad valorem; constitutional provision. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 270.* 
 Municipal taxation. 9 L.R.A. 786.* 
 Taxation without representation. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 67. 
 Estoppel of taxing power to tax land, by 
 
 wrongful claim of ownership of. 14 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1074. 
 Right to extend tax over territory added to 
 
 taxing district after tax voted. 39 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 601. 
 
 § 5. Delegation of power. 
 
 To what boards or bodies power of taxation 
 
 may be delegated. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 61; 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1078. 
 Individuals or private corporations. 
 
 IS L.E.A. (N.S.) 61. 
 County or municipal authorities. 15 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62. 
 Municipal or appointive agency. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 65. 
 Board of equalization or revision. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 Taxation without representation. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67. 
 Consent to delegation of power. 15 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 70. 
 
 h. Power of state or municipality to tax 
 Federal agencies, instrumentalities, 
 and property. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Power of state to tax salary of Federal 
 officer, or of Federal government to tax 
 salary of state officer. 34 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1215. 
 
 Exemption from state taxation of paper giv- 
 en for interest on obligations of the 
 Federal government. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 608. 
 
 Property leased by United States as subject 
 to taxation. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 167. 
 
 Local license tax on vessels licensed by. 27 
 L.R.A. 414. 
 
 Municipal assessment of property of United 
 States. 23 L.R.A. 810. 
 
 Applicability of general tax exemptions to 
 inheritance or succession tax on be- 
 quest to United States. 23 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1209. 
 
 § 7. State taxation of national banliis. 
 
 Decisions prior to establishment of nation- 
 al banks. 45 L.E.A. 737. 
 Acts establishing national banks. 45 L.E.A. 
 
 738. 
 Taxation of property franchises or processes 
 
 of banking. 45 L.E.A. 739. 
 Taxation of shares of stock. 45 L.E.A. 743; 
 3 L.E.A.(N.S.) 584. 
 Shares may be taxed. 45 L.R.A. 743. 
 Requirement as to equality. 45 L.E.A. 
 744. 
 Form of legislation. 45 L.R.A. 744. 
 What is moneyed capital. 45 
 L.E.A. 745. 
 
 Begin with this Jjook on every law question. 
 
 TAXES, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Effect of exemption of property in 
 
 state. 45 L.E.A. 746. 
 Discrimination. 45 L.R.A. 748; 10 
 
 L.R.A. ( N.S. ), 947. 
 Deduction of indebtedness. 45 
 
 L.E.A. 751. 
 
 Other deductions. 45 L.R.A. 753. 
 
 Difference in manner of taxing 
 
 state and national banks. 45 
 
 L.E.A. 755. 
 
 Discount for prompt payment. 45 
 
 L.E.A. 756. 
 Uniformity throughout state. 45 
 L.E.A. 756. 
 Method of fixing value of shares. 45 
 L.R.A. 756. 
 Valuation above par. 45 L.E.A. 
 756. 
 Territories may exact tax. 45 L.R.A. 
 759. 
 Deduction for investment in bonds. 
 
 45 L.R.A. 757. 
 Deduction for investment in real 
 estate and other property. 45 
 L.R.A. 757. 
 Method of assessing the tax. 45 L.E.A. 
 
 758. 
 Period for which tax payable. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 758. 
 Where tax is to be assessed. 45 L.E.A. 
 762. 
 .Bank officers to assist. 45 L.E.A. 762. 
 Provisions of state Constitutions. 45 L.E.A. 
 
 763. 
 Remedies. 45 L.E.A. 763. 
 Contracts for special rates. 45 L.E.A. 764. 
 Tax on bank officers. 45 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 0. Equality; uniformity; discrimina- 
 tion; double taxation. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Constitutional equality in taxation of cor- 
 porations, see infra, § 39. 
 Of succession tax, see infra, § 93. 
 In license tax, see License, §§ 46, 46a. 
 
 Equality and uniformity. 1 L.R.A. 758;* 
 4 L.R.A. 809;* 8 L.R.A. 369;* 13 L.R.A. 
 533.* 
 
 Equal privileges as to. 14 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 Self-executing effect of provision as to uni- 
 formity. 16 L.R.A. 284. 
 
 Constitutionality of poll tax as affected 
 by exemptions therefrom. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 901. 
 
 Who may raise objection that taxation 
 statute contains an unconstitutional 
 discrimination. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 957. 
 
 Validity of discrimination in rate of tax- 
 ation on rural lands within limits of 
 municipality. 34 L.E.A. 193. 
 
 § 9. Double taxation. 
 
 In succession tax, see infra, § 94. 
 
 Double taxation; what constitutes; valid- 
 ity. 16 L.E.A. 59. . 
 
 Avoidance of double domestic taxation in 
 case of property brought into tax dis- 
 trict after tax day. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 860. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 129T 
 
 TAXES, II. (^-cont'd 
 
 § 10. — tax on mortgage. 
 
 ation of mortgage as doi 
 2 L.R.A. 350;* 16 L.R.A. 60. 
 
 full value as double 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 152. 
 
 taxation. 23 
 
 § 11. — of corporations. 
 
 In taxation of corporations. GO L.R.A. 366. 
 
 Tax on corporate franchise as double tax- 
 ation. 57 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Double taxation in taxing capital stock of 
 corporation. 58 L.R.A. 589. 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 594. 
 Corporations and stockliolders. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 589. 
 Capital stock and corporate property. 
 58 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 Taxation of shares of stock and corporate 
 assets as double taxation. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 952. 
 
 Taxation of business or occupation of a 
 public-service corporation, and of its 
 franchise or right to occupy the streets, 
 as double taxation. 28 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 22. 
 
 § 12. — tax in tvro or more states. 
 
 Exacting succession tax in two or more 
 states as double taxation. 15 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) ]50. 
 
 Taxation of property in different states as 
 double taxation. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 142. 
 
 d. For what purpose or use. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 U hat constitutes a tax, see supra, § 2. 
 Uses for which public money may be em- 
 ployed, see Public Money, § 4. 
 For school purposes, see School,s, § 35. 
 
 For local purposes. 13 L.R.A. 533.* 
 Public purposes for which money may be 
 
 raised by taxation. 14 L.R.A. 474. 
 Must be laid for public purposes, and not 
 for private Interests. 8 L.R.A. 
 283.* 
 
 Whether particular purpose is public 
 or private, as a legislative ques- 
 tion. 8 L.R.A. 284.* 
 For highways. 8 L.R.A. 304.* 
 For levees. 58 L.R.A. 758. 
 For salary of pa'stor. 38 L.R.A. 687. 
 To defray cost of municipal waterworks. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 50. 
 By county for state institution. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 795. 
 For county and municipal purposes. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 189.* 
 To defray cost of municipal waterworks. 
 
 61 L.R.A. 50. 
 Eight of municipal corporation to require 
 
 use of water meters and impose expense 
 
 of same on consumers. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 410. 
 Constitutionality of tax on dogs for benefit 
 
 of sheep owners. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 855. 
 Validity of law imposing tax on insurance 
 
 companies for the benefit of firemen. 13 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1147. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Uigests to date. 
 
 TAXES, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Validity of statute providing for govern- 
 mental assistance of individual mem- 
 bers of certain classes of unfortunate 
 or afflicted persons. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1196. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance authorizing 
 levy of tax for two or more purposes. 
 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 519. 
 
 e. What taxable; exemptions, 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 14. Generally; miscellaneous sub- 
 jects of taxation. 
 
 Power of state to tax Federal agency, in- 
 strumentality, or property, see supra, 
 
 §§ 6, 7.- 
 Property subject to inheritance tax, see 
 
 infra, §§ 96-98. 
 Income, see infra, § 106. 
 Exemption from succession tax, see infra, 
 
 §§ 95-100. 
 Tax on dogs, see Animals, § 19. 
 Of banks, see Banks, § 50. 
 Of commercial bonds, see Bonds, § 26. 
 Taxation of bridge, see Bridges, § 13. 
 On cemetery, see Cemetebies, § 3. 
 On copyrighted article, see Copyright, § 10. 
 On land held by the curtesy, see Curtesy, 
 
 § 5. 
 Taxation of property of gas company, see 
 
 Gas, § 4. 
 Tax on leasehold interest, see Landlord 
 
 AND Tenant, § 8. 
 Tax on improvements on leased premises, 
 
 see Landlord and Tenant, § 41. 
 Tax or license on occupation, see License, 
 
 II. 
 What property subject to municipal tax, see 
 
 Municipal Corporations, § 110. 
 Poll tax, see Poll Taxes. 
 Of vessels, see Shipping, § 5. 
 
 Effect of dissolution on taxation of part- 
 nership property. 22 L.R.A. 478. 
 
 Property of joint-stock association. 22 
 L.R.A. 478. 
 
 Exemption of copyrights. 57 L.R.A. 57; 58 
 L.R.A. 564. 
 
 Trademark as a subject of taxation. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 30. 
 
 Goodwill of business. 58 L.R.A. 566. 
 
 Property right in intellectual productions. 
 51 L.R.A. 381. 
 
 Bicycles as subjects of taxation by munici- 
 palities. 47 L.R.A. 304. 
 
 Assessment and taxation of pew. 22 L.R.A. 
 215. 
 
 Privilege or license to sell intoxicating liq- 
 uors as subject of taxation. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 455. 
 
 Tax on gross receipts of interstate tele- 
 graph and telephone companies. 24 
 L.R.A. ]62. 
 
 Deposit by insurance company as subject 
 of taxation. 3G L.R.A. (N.S.) 226. 
 
 Taxation of toll bridge. 58 L.R.A. 168; 30 
 L.R.A.(N,S.) 364. 
 82 
 
1298 
 
 INDEX TO L.It.A. NOTES. 
 
 TAXES, e, 1— cont'd 
 
 Is property for which no method of taxa- 
 tion is prescribed subject to taxation 
 under a statute declaring that all prop- 
 erty not exempt shall be taxed "in the 
 manner provided by this act." 28 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 251. 
 
 Interest of one other than the owner of the 
 soil in growing trees or timber, or their 
 products, as separate subject of taxa- 
 tion. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 693. 
 
 Interest of one other than the owner of the 
 soil in mineral in situ as independent 
 subject of taxation. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 688. 
 
 § 15. Exemptions generally. 
 
 In succession tax, see infra, § 95. 
 From local assessment, see Public Impeove- 
 ME.NTS, § 23. 
 
 Grants of immunity strietlv construed. 3 
 L.R.A. 206;* 7 L.R.A. '70.* 
 
 Exemption restricted to use of property. 9 
 L.R.A. 629.* 
 
 E.xemption of consuls. 45 L.R.A. 587. 
 
 E,xemption of Indians. 13 L.R.A. 512.* 
 
 Real property given to trustees to sell and 
 pay proceeds to certain institution aa 
 within exemption from taxation ex- 
 tended to real property of such insti- 
 tution. 42 L.E.A.(]Sr.S.) 530. 
 
 Question as to exemption from taxation as 
 Federal question. 62 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Extent of exemption. 9 L.R.A. 629. 
 
 Constitutionality of poll tax as affected by 
 e.xemptions therefrom. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 901. 
 
 Liability to local assessments for benefits, 
 of property exempt from general taxa- 
 tion. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 451; 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 303. 
 
 Effect of exemption of property in state in 
 taxing shares of national bank stock. 
 45 L.R.A. 746. 
 
 § 16. Power to exempt. 
 
 Power of municipality to exempt from taxa- 
 tion, see Municipal Coepoeations, 
 § 111. 
 
 Power of' state legislature to exempt from 
 
 taxation. 19 L.R.A. 77. 
 Municipal power to exempt. 15 L.R.A. 860; 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 183. 
 Power of municipality to exempt rural 
 
 lands within corporate limits from 
 
 taxation. 34 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 § 17. Property of nonresident. 
 
 Where property of, or debts due to, non- 
 resident are taxable, see infra, § 42. 
 
 Transfer tax on estate of nonresident, see 
 infra, § 100. 
 
 Propertv of nonresident held by resident 
 
 trustee. 2 L.R.A. 801.* 
 Taxation of mortgage given to nonresident. 
 
 16 L.R.A. 60. 
 Taxation of shares of stock owned by. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 580. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every laiv question. 
 
 TAXES, e, 1— cont'd 
 
 § 17a. Property becoming subject to 
 tax after tax day. 
 
 Assessability of property brought Into tax 
 
 district after tax day. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 856. 
 
 Statutes as to particular classes or 
 
 kinds of property. 38 L.R.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 859. 
 
 Avoidance of double domestic ta.xa- 
 
 tion. 38' L.R.A. (N.S.) 860. 
 Objection of nonuniformity. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 861. 
 Statutes as to logs. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 862. 
 Miscellaneous. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 862. 
 Personal property acquiring a taxable 
 nature after tax day. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1157. 
 Personal propertv not existing on tax 
 
 day. 38 l'r.A.(N.S.) 1158. 
 Statute passed after tax day. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1158. 
 Corporations formed or first owning 
 property after tax day. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1159. 
 Change of charter after tax day. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 
 § 18. Credits. 
 
 Credits. 2 L.R.A. 800.* 
 
 Option as taxable credit. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1061. 
 
 Option to purchase, or contract for sale of, 
 real property, as a taxable credit. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1221. 
 
 Outstanding accounts as "property" or 
 "credits" subject to taxation. 29 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 60. 
 
 Shares of stock in building and loan asso- 
 ciation as "credits" within taxing stat- 
 ute. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 137. 
 
 Amount due under contract for the pur- 
 chase of land, not evidenced by note or 
 purchase-money mortgage, as a credit 
 subject to taxation. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1220. 
 
 Constitutionality of provision for deduct- 
 ing debts from credits to be taxed. 23 
 L.R.A. 278. 
 
 § 19. Judgments. 
 
 Constitutionality of specific tax upon judg- 
 ments. 32'L.R.A.(N.S.) 179. 
 
 § 20. Mortgages. 
 
 As double taxation, see supra, § 10. 
 Situs for taxation of property secured by 
 mortgage, see infra, § 47. 
 
 Power to tax mortgages. 16 L.R.A. 59. 
 Property of mortgagor and of mortgagee 
 distinguished. 2 L.R.A. 801.* 
 
 § 21. Wliat constitutes real estate for 
 purposes of. 
 
 Coal. 15 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 Public land claims, and improvements there- 
 on. 15 L.R.A. 297. 
 Leasehold interests. 15 L.R.A. 297. 
 Wharves, piers, am] bridges. 15 L.R.A 298. 
 Railway property. 15 L.R.A. 298. 
 
IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1299 
 
 TAXES. II. e, 1— cont'd 
 Pipe line. 15 L.R.A. 299. 
 Telegraph line. 1.5 L.R.A. 299. 
 Watei- and ;;as companies' property. 
 L.R.A. 299. 
 
 15 
 
 § 22. Municipal taxation oC rural 
 lands williin corporate limits. 
 
 Exemption of lands annexed to towns and 
 
 cities. 1 L.R.A. 758.* 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. IQ.'J; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 09.1. 
 N aliditv of exemption or discrimination in 
 
 rates. 34 L.R.A. 193; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 C9G. 
 Construction of statutory exemption or dis- 
 crimination. 34 L.R.A. 194; 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 698. 
 Eight to repeal exemptions. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 195; 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 696. 
 Validity of taxation of farm lands. 34 
 
 L.R.A. 195. 
 Power of courts. 34 L.R.A. 196. 
 What property is taxable. 34 L.R.A. 198. 
 Power of municipality to exempt. 34 
 
 L.E.A. 200. 
 Original incorporation. 34 L.R.A. 200. 
 Assessments. 34 L.R.A. 200. 
 Method of raising question. 34 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 Validity of taxation of rural lands. 
 27 "L.R.A. (N.S.) 695. 
 
 What land is rural and what urban. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 697. 
 Who determines question. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698. 
 
 § 23. State, United States, or munici- 
 pal bonds. 
 
 Liability of municipal bonds to taxation. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1159. 
 
 Implied exemption of state or municipal 
 bonds. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 663. 
 
 Taxation of United States bonds as part of 
 capital stock of corporation. 57 L.R.A. 
 57; 58 L.R.A. 568. 
 
 Exemption from state taxation of paper 
 given for interest on obligations of Fed- 
 eral government. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 608. 
 
 § 24. Charitable, educational, and re- 
 ligious institutions. 
 
 Taxation of colleges, see Colleges, § 2. 
 Exemption from improvement assessment, 
 see Public Improvements, § 23. 
 
 Exemption of cemeteries. 10 L.R.A. 365.* 
 
 Exemption of property devoted to educa- 
 tional, literary, or scientific purposes. 
 10 L.R.A. 376.'* 
 
 Right of charitable, educational, or religious 
 institution to exemption from taxation 
 as affected by the geographical field of 
 operation. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 
 Liability of property of religious society to 
 local assessment. 35 L.R.A. 3(i. 
 
 Exemption of parish house from taxation. 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 910. 
 
 Exemption of parsonage from taxation. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 437. 
 
 Exemption of property used for priyat(! 
 school. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 164. 
 Consult also L.R. I. nif/ests to date. 
 
 TAXES, II. 0, 1— cont'd 
 
 Is school which is also used for residential 
 purposes by proprietor and family, or 
 other persons connected with the school 
 "exclusively" used for school purposes, 
 within statutory exemption. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 171. 
 
 Exemption of property of patriotic societies. 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 707. 
 
 Fraternal benefit society as a benevolent or 
 charitable association within exemption 
 statutes. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 380. 
 
 Benefit association as insurance company 
 under statutes exempting benevolent 
 societies. 38 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 Exemption of library from taxation when 
 not expressly included in the exemption 
 statute. 24'L.R.A.(N.S.) 1205. 
 
 Requiring payment from inmates as affect- 
 ing right of charitable institution to 
 public aid or exemption from taxation. 
 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 190. 
 
 § 25. — property devoted to purposes 
 of particular society. 
 
 Effect of fact that property otherwise ex- 
 empt from taxation is devoted to 
 purposes of a particular society. 
 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 829; 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 696. 
 Charities. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830. 
 
 The charitable character of claim- 
 ants of exemption. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 830. 
 Exemptions of institutions of pure- 
 ly public charity. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 837. 
 Exemptions of property used for 
 charitable purposes. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 843. 
 Institutions of learning. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 843. 
 Schools. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 846. 
 Libraries. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 850. 
 
 § 26. — effect of using in secular busi- 
 ness. 
 Effect of using property of a religious, 
 charitable, or educational institu- 
 tion in secular business or for 
 revenue, upon its right to exemp- 
 tion from taxation. 19 L.R.A. 289. 
 
 Property of religious associations. 19 
 L.R.A. 290. 
 
 Property of charitable or educational 
 institutions. 19 L.R.A. 291. 
 
 School farms and gardens. 19 L.R.A. 
 292. 
 
 Property rented or kept with a view of 
 obtaining revenue. 19 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 Exemption not removed by doing some 
 \^ork for a money consideration. 
 19 L.R.A. 295. 
 
 Unused or alienated property. 19 
 L.R.A. 296. 
 
 8 27. Railroad property. 
 
 Upon passenger traffic, see Cakriees, § 100. 
 On freight, see C.\kkieus, § 146. 
 
 Exemption of railroad property. 1 L.R.A. 
 244.* 
 
1300 
 
 IXDEX TO L.R.A. XOTES. 
 
 TAXES, II. e, 1— cont'd 
 Nature of railroad property for j^urpose ii. 
 15 L.R.A. 298; 66 L.E.A. 51. 
 
 § 28. Patent rights. 
 
 Exemption of patent rights. 29 L.R.A. 792; 
 57 L.E.A. 57; 58 L.R.A. 564. 
 
 § 2 9. Municipal waterworlts. 
 
 Belonging to municipality, see infra, § 32. 
 
 Property of water company as real estate 
 
 for purposes of taxation. 15 L.R.x\. 
 
 299. 
 Property of private companies. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 850. 
 Property outside limits of municipality. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 852. 
 Exemptions. 60 L.R.A. 853. 
 Construction of statutes. 60 L.R.A. 854. 
 Where taxable. 60 L.R.A. 854. 
 Amount. 60 L.R.A. 854. 
 Character of property. 60 L.R.A. 855. 
 Enforcement. 60 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 3. Public property. 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 Tax on property of state, see States, § 3. 
 
 Exemption of public property. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 148;* 10 L.R.A. 376.* 
 Exemption of means and appliances of gov- 
 ernment. 1 L.R.A. 245.* 
 Property leased by public as subject of tax- 
 ation. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 167. 
 Property granted or sold vpith reservation 
 of title or lien in favor of public, 
 as subject of taxation. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 669. 
 Grant or sale by Federal government. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 Where equitable title to land has 
 passed from government. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 670. 
 Where equitable title to land re- 
 mains in government. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 672. 
 Sale by state. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 674. 
 Sale by municipality. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 676. 
 
 § 31. Property of municipality. 
 
 Property held by municipal corporation in 
 
 trust as subject of taxation. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 143. 
 Property leased by, as subject of taxation. 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 167. 
 Exemption of municipal light plant from 
 
 taxation. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 867. 
 
 § 32. — municipal waterworks. 
 
 Taxation of waterworks owned by munic- 
 ipality. 60 L.R.A. 851. 
 
 Taxation of water company belonging to 
 municipality. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 766. 
 
 3. Corporations and corporate prop- 
 erty. 
 
 § 33. Generally. 
 
 Double taxation of, see supra, § 11. 
 Where taxable, see infra, §§ 45, 46. 
 
 Begin ivitli tJhis hool.- on every law question. 
 
 lAXES, II. e, 3— cont'd 
 
 Tax on transfers of corporate stock, see 
 
 infra, § 107. 
 Corporate taxation and the commerce 
 
 clause, see Commebce, § 21. 
 Taxation of express companies, see Express 
 
 Companies, § 3. 
 Taxation of insurance companies and 
 
 policies, see Iksueance, § 4. 
 Tax on telegraph company, see Telbgbaphs, 
 
 § 8. 
 
 Corporations as persons under laws relat- 
 ing to taxation. 19 L.R.A. 224. 
 
 Taxation of easements of corporation in 
 streets as real estate. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 263. 
 
 § 34. Consolidated corporations. 
 
 Taxability of capital stock. 58 L.K.A. 523. 
 
 Exemption of consolidated corporation from 
 taxation. 60 L.R.A. 101. 
 
 Taxation of consolidated corporations. 60 
 L.R.A. 676. 
 
 On consolidated corporation. 6 L.R.A. 222.* 
 
 Taxation of consolidated interstate corpo- 
 ration. 15 L.R.A. 85. 
 
 § 35. Taxation of corporate franchise. 
 
 In general. 57 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Power and jurisdiction of a state to tax. 
 
 57 L.E.A. 34. 
 Some general principles. 57 L.R.A. 35. 
 What are franchises. 57 L.R.A. 35. 
 In general. 57 L.E.A. 35. 
 Within tax laws. 57 L.R.A. 36. 
 Nature of subjects of taxation. 57 
 L.E.A. 37. 
 Taxability of franchises. 57 L.R.A. 3? 
 When taxable. 57 L.R.A. 38. 
 When not taxable. 57 L.R.A. 39. 
 Generally. 57 L.E.A. 39. 
 By the state. 57 L.R.A. 40. 
 Locally. 57 L.E.A. 40. 
 Exemptions. 57 L.R.A. 42. 
 Property exempt as part of franchise 
 57 'L.R.A. 45. 
 Franchise taxes. 57 L.R.A. 48. 
 
 What taxes are such. 57 L.R.A. 48. 
 What taxes that seem to be such are 
 
 not. 57 L.R.A. 51. 
 Taxes on capital stock. 57 L.E.A. 53. 
 Interference with Federal agencies and" 
 burdens on Federal grants. 57 
 L.E.A. 55. 
 Franchises. 57 L.R.A. 55. 
 Railroads. 57 L.R.A. 55. 
 Telegraphs. 57 L.R.A. 56. 
 Bridges. 57 L.R.A. 56. 
 Banks. 57 L.R.A. 56. 
 United States bonds. 57 L.R.A.- 
 
 57. 
 Patents and copyrights. 57 L.R.A. 
 57. 
 Taxes on passenger traffic. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 59. 
 Taxes on receipts, income, etc. 57 
 L.E.A. 59. 
 Corporations engaged in interstate 
 or foreign commerce. 57 L.R.A. 
 59. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES; 
 
 1301 
 
 TAXES, II. e, 3— cont'd 
 
 Eailroad, steamsliip, navigation, 
 express, and telegrapli com- 
 panies, generally. 57 L.E.A. 
 64. 
 Miscellaneous corporations. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 68. 
 Local taxes on receipts of local 
 corporations. 57 L.E.A. 68. 
 Taxes on insurance premiums. 57 
 L.E.A. 69. 
 In general. 57 L.E.A. 69. 
 Domestic companies. 57 L.E.A. 70. 
 Foreign companies. 57 L.E.A. 71. 
 Taxes on bank deposits. 57 L.E.A. 72. 
 Organizations subject to franchise taxes. 57 
 L.E.A. 73. 
 Generally. 57 L.E.A. 73. 
 Domestic corporations. 57 L.R.A. 75. 
 In general. 57 L.E.A. 75. 
 Engaged in interstate commerce. 
 
 57 L.E.A. 79. 
 Possessed of other franchises. 57 
 L.R.A. 80. 
 I'oreign corporations. 57 L.E.A. 80. 
 In general. 57 L.E.A. 80. 
 Conditions upon the privilege of 
 exercising corporate fran- 
 chises. 57 L.R.A. 83. 
 What is doing business or employ- 
 ing capital vifithin the state 
 and the meaning of tax laws. 
 57 L.E.A. 88. 
 Engaged in interstate commerce. 
 57 L.E.A. 92. 
 Ximitations on franchise taxation. 57 L.E.A. 
 93. 
 Constitutional. 57 L.R.A. 93. 
 Double taxation. 57 L.R.A. 97. 
 Valuation of franchises for the purposes of 
 
 taxation. 57 L.R.A. 98. 
 Administration and relief. 57 L.R.A. 104. 
 What property is part of the franchise of 
 a corporation for purposes of taxation. 
 17 L.R.A. 92. 
 Tax on franchise of interstate telegraph 
 and telephone companies. 24 L.R.A. 162. 
 State taxation of property, franchises, or 
 processes of national bank. 45 L.R.A. 
 739. 
 Right to be a corporation as a franchise 
 within constitutional or statutory pro- 
 visions subjecting franchises to tax- 
 ation as property. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 § 3 6. Taxation of capital stock. 
 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 513. 
 What capital stock is, as a subject of tax- 
 ation. 58 L.R.A. 514. 
 Concerns taxable on capital stock. 58 L.R.A. 
 522. 
 Domestic corporations. 58 L.E.A. 522. 
 Consolidated corporations. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 523. 
 Foreign corporations. 58 L.E.A. 523. 
 Mutual companies. 58 L.E.A. 525. 
 Unincorporated associations. 58 L.E.A. 
 526. 
 Taxable elements and determining factors 
 in the taxation of capital stock. 
 58 L.E.A. 527. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TAXES, II. e, 3— cont'd 
 
 Capital, — authorized, subscribed, or 
 
 paid in. 58 L.E.A. 527. 
 Property and assets in gross. 58 L.E.A. 
 
 528. 
 Property out of bounds. 58 L.E.A. 529. 
 Property situated, capital employed, or 
 business done, within the tax- 
 ing jurisdiction. 58 L.E.A. 531. 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 531. 
 Domestic corporations. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 532. 
 Foreign corporations. 58 L.E.A. 
 534. 
 Intangible property. 58 L.R.A. 540. 
 Franchises. 58 L.R.A. 540. 
 Patents and copyrights. 58 L.E.A. 
 
 564. 
 Goodwill. 58 L.E.A. 566. 
 Stocks in other corporations. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 568. 
 United States bonds. 58 L.R.A. 568. 
 Miscellaneous. 58 L.R.A. 569. 
 Surplus, reserve funds, accumulations, 
 profits, income, earnings, etc. 58 
 L.E.A. 569. 
 Dividends. 58 L.E.A. 572. 
 Shares. 58 L.E.A. 573. 
 
 In general. 58 L.E.A. 573. 
 Issued and outstanding. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 574. 
 At par. 58 L.R.A. 574. 
 At market or actual value. 58 
 L.R.A. 574. 
 Debt. 58 L.R.A. 577. 
 Stockholders. 58 L.R.A. 577. 
 Residents. 58 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 In domestic companies. 58 L.E.A. 
 
 577. 
 In foreign companies. 58 L.E.A. 
 578. 
 Nonresidents. 58 L.E.A. 580. 
 
 In domestic companies. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 580. 
 In foreign companies. 58 L.E.A. 
 583. 
 Miscellaneous. 58 L.R.A. 583. 
 Dividends. 58 L.R.A. 585. 
 Duty of corporations to collect taxes upon 
 
 their share stock. 58 L.R.A. 588. 
 Double taxation. 58 L.R.A. 589. 
 
 Corporations and stockholders. 58 
 
 589. 
 Capital stock and corporate property. 
 58 L.R.A. 593; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 952 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 594. 
 Valuation. 58 L.E.A. 594. 
 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 594. 
 Deductions. 58 L.R.A. 599. 
 
 Indebtedness. 58 L.R.A. 599. 
 Real estate and other tangible 
 
 property. 58 L.R.A. 600. 
 Intangible assets. 58 L.R.A. 602. 
 Miscellaneous. 58 L.E.A. 603. 
 Exemption. 58 L.E.A. 603. 
 Limitations. 58 L.E.A. 605. 
 Statutory constructions. 58 L.E.A. 609. 
 Administration and relief. 58 L.R.A. 612. 
 When liability begins. 58 L.E.A. 612. 
 Practice and procedure of assessors. 58 
 L.R.A. 612. 
 
1302 
 
 IXDEX TO L.B.A. NOTES. 
 
 TAXES, II. e, 3— cont'd 
 
 Acts and omissions of taxpayers. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 614. 
 Suits, actions, and proceedings. 58 
 ■ L.R.A. 615. 
 Judicial supervision. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 615. 
 Parties. 58 L.R.A. 615. 
 Enforcing payment. 58 L.R.A. 616. 
 Recovery back. 58 L.R.A. 616. 
 iliscellaneous. 58. L.R.A. 617. 
 Tax on capital stock of interstate telegraph 
 and telephone companies. 24 L.R.A. 
 162. 
 State taxation of shares of stock of national 
 
 bank. 45 L.R.A. 743. 
 When is capital of corporation invested in 
 real estate deemed "employed" within 
 statute taxing amount of capital stock 
 employed within state. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 371. 
 Taxation of stock returned to treasury of 
 
 corporation. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 885. 
 Shares of stock in building and loan 
 association as "credits" within taxing 
 statute. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 137. 
 
 § 3 7. Corporate taxation as affected 
 by contract clause in retleral Con- 
 stitution. 
 
 In general. 60 L.R.A. 33. 
 Controlling principles. 60 L.R.A. 37. 
 In general. 60 L.R.A. 37. 
 In the United States Supreme Court. 
 60 L.R.A. 40. 
 Legislative and governmental powers. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 43. 
 Constitutional changes. 60 L.R.A. 49. 
 Incorporation and exemption acts. 60 L.R.A. 
 51. 
 Grants constituting contracts. 60 
 L.R.A. 51. 
 Generally. 60 L.R.A. 51. 
 Commutations. 60 L.R.A. 55. 
 The Ohio bank cases. 60 L.R.A. 
 60. 
 When contracts do not arise. 60 L.R.A. 
 64. 
 Reserved right to alter, amend, and repeal. 
 60 L.R.A. 69. 
 In charters. 60 L.R.A. 69. 
 In general statutes. 60 L.R.A. 70. 
 In Constitutions. 60 L.R.A. 74. 
 Interpretations. 60 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 Extent of exemptions. 60 L.R.A. 75. 
 In general. 60 L.R.A. 75. 
 The Tennessee bank cases. 60 
 L.R.A. 86. 
 Miscellaneous. 60 L.R.A. 9]. 
 Implied repeals. 60 L.R.A. 93. 
 Acts that impair. 60 L.R.A. 93. 
 Acts that do not impair. 60 L.R.A. 97. 
 Transfers and survivals. 60 L.R.A. 99. 
 In general. 60 L.R.A. 99. 
 Grants to one corporation of the rights, 
 privileges, etc., of another. 60 
 L.R.A. 99. 
 Consolidations. 60 L.R.A. :01. 
 Mortgage foreclosure. 60 L.R.A. 102. 
 Other successions. 60 L.R.A. 103. 
 Loss of exemption. 60 L.R.A. 105. 
 
 Begin with this booh; on every Jaw question. 
 
 TAXES, II. e, 3— cont'd 
 § 38. Taxation ot manufacturing cor- 
 porations. 
 
 Generally. 64 L.R.A. 33. 
 Definitions. 64 L.R.A. 34. 
 General. 64 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 Lexicographical. 64 L.R.A. 34, 
 Judicial. 64 L.R.A. 34. 
 Principles. 64 L.R.A. 36. 
 Examples. 64 L.R.A. 37. 
 Evolution of manufactured products. 64 
 L.R.A. 43. 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 41. 
 Nature's bounty. 64 L.R.A. 41. 
 Initial operations. 64 L.R.A. 43. 
 Development. 65 L.R.A. 43. 
 ^Manufacturing through contractors. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 46. 
 Assembling ready-made parts. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 48. 
 Finished works. 64 L.R.A. 50. 
 Organization. 64 L.R.A. 52. 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 52. 
 Domestic and foreign corporations. 64 
 L.R.A. 53. 
 Operation. 64 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 In general. 64 L.R.A. 54. 
 Manufacturing and its incidents. 64 
 
 L.R.A. O.5. 
 Incidental manufacturing. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 55. 
 Associated enterprises. 64 L.R.A. 55. 
 Production of raw materials. 64 
 
 L.E.A. 5.-). 
 Trade and commerce. 64 L.R.A. 
 
 56. 
 Miscellaneous. 64 L.R.A. 57. 
 Special industries. 64 L.R.A. 58 
 Light and power companies. 
 58. 
 Gas. 64 L.R.A. 58. 
 Electricity. 64 L.R.A. 
 Printing and publishing. 
 
 62. 
 
 Purveying. 64 L.R.A. 64. 
 Collecting and distributing ice. 64 
 L.R.A. 66. 
 Interpretation of laws. 64 L.R.A. 66. 
 E.xiemption of corporations engaged in manu- 
 facture. 58 L.R.A. 603. 
 Electric company as manufacturing com- 
 panv for purposes of tax laws. 38- 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 
 § 39. Constltvitional equality in rela- 
 tion to. 
 
 Generally. 60 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Natural justice. 60 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 Need of constitutional guards against in- 
 equality. 60 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 Absolute equality unattainable. 60 L.R.A. 
 324. 
 
 Constitutional provisions. 60 L.R.A. 325. 
 The Federal Constitution. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 325. 
 The state Constitution. 60 L.R.A. 325. 
 
 Inclusiveness of equal rights, privileges, im- 
 munities, and protection of the laws. 
 60 L.R.A. 329. 
 
 Status of corporations. 80 L.R.A. 330. 
 Citizenship. 60 L.R.A. 330. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 
 
 59. 
 
 64 L.R.A. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1303 
 
 TAXES, II. e, 3— cont'd 
 
 Personalty. 60 L.E.A. 330. 
 
 M^ithin the Uth Amendmout. CO 
 
 L.R.A. 330. 
 Within statutes. 00 L.R.A. 331. 
 Excises upon franchises, privileges, and oc- 
 cupations. 60 L.E.A. 333. 
 Classification. 60 L.E.A. 339. 
 In general. 60 L.E.A. 339. 
 
 The power to classify. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 339. 
 The limitations. 60 L.E.A. 342. 
 In the concrete. CO L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Eeasonable classifications. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 345. 
 Unreasonable classifications. GO 
 L.E.A. 347. 
 Constituents of the same class. 60 
 L.E.A. 348. 
 Justifiable discrimination. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 348. 
 Improper discrimination. 60 L.R.A. 
 349. 
 Exposition and interpretation. 60 L.E.A. 
 351. 
 Constitutions. 60 L.R.A. 351. 
 Statutes. 60 L.R.A. 352. 
 
 Consistent laws. 60 L.R.A. 352. 
 Inconsistent laws. 60 L.R.A. 359. 
 Retaliation laws. 60 L.R.A. 360. 
 The confiict in Wisconsin. 60 L.R.A. 361. 
 Commutations and exemptions. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 363. 
 Double taxation. 60 L.R.A. 366. 
 Assessments at full value when valuations 
 
 generally are less. 60 L.R.A. 368. 
 Diff'erent methods of assessment and pro- 
 cedure. 60 L.R.A. 372. 
 Miscellaneous. 60 L.R.A. 374. 
 Requiremont of equality and uniformity in 
 assessments for public improvements by 
 front-foot rule. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1135. 
 Requirement as to equality in state taxation 
 of shares of stock of national banks. 
 45 L.R.A. 744. 
 Discrimination against shareholders in na- 
 tional banks, in assessing their shares. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 947. 
 
 ///. Where taxable; situs of property. 
 
 § 40. Generally. 
 
 Situs of property for taxation. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 237;* 2 L.R.A. 188;* 8 L.E.A. 280.* 
 Place of taxation of partnership property. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 477. 
 Place of taxation of property of estate. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 153. 
 Taxation of water power on interstate 
 
 stream. 18 L.R.A. 755. 
 Location of street franchise for purposes of 
 
 taxation. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 174. 
 Personal property having a situs for tax- 
 ation elsewhere, as subject of tax- 
 ation in the state of the owner's 
 domicil. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 Tangible property. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 295. 
 Intangible property. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 298. 
 Poll taxes. 29 L.R.A. 410. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TAXES, III.— cont'd 
 
 § 41. Debts generally. 
 
 Debts evidenced by notes and mortgages, 
 see infra, § 47. 
 
 Wliere debt taxable. 2 L.R.A. 800.* 
 When debt may have situs for the purpose 
 of taxation apart from domicil of cred- 
 itor. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 637; 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 493. 
 
 § 42. Property of, or debts due, non- 
 residents. 
 
 Tax on property of nonresident, see supra, 
 
 § 17. 
 Succession tax on estate of nonresident, see 
 
 infra, § 100. 
 
 Taxation of debts to nonresidents. 2 L.R.A. 
 800.* 
 
 Local situs within the state of tangible per- 
 sonal property of nonresident for the 
 purposes of local taxation. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 704. 
 
 Bank deposit to credit of nonresident of tlie 
 state as subject of local property tax- 
 ation. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1120. 
 
 § 43. Property in transit. 
 
 When transit commencing in another state 
 deemed terminated or definitely inter- 
 rupted so as to render goods liable to 
 local taxation. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 662. 
 
 When do logs intended for exportation pass 
 beyond state's power of taxation. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 800. 
 
 § 44. Bridge over boundary river. 
 
 Jurisdiction as to taxation of bridge over 
 river forming boundary of a state 
 or its divisions. 29 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 General rule. 29 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Statutory rules. 29 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 Effect on commerce. 29 L.R.A. 71. 
 
 Taxation on capital stock. 29 L.R.A. 
 71. 
 Taxation of franchise of bridge company 
 
 whose structure spans a navigable 
 
 stream between two states. 57 L.R.x\. 
 
 56. 
 
 § 45. Corporate property. 
 
 Place of taxation of corporation. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 798.* 
 Where shares of stock taxable. 2 L.E.A. 
 
 799.* 
 Taxation of capital stock of corporation, 
 
 whose property is out of state bounds. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 529. 
 Taxation of shares of stock owned by non- 
 residents. 58 L.R.A. 580. 
 Where state tax on national bank is to be 
 
 assessed. 45 L.R.A. 759. 
 Situs of railroad rolling-stock for purpose of 
 
 taxation. 69 L.R.A. 445. 
 
 § 4 6. Situs, for taxation, of tangible 
 personal property of domestic cor- 
 poration. 
 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 431. 
 
 Essentials of jurisdiction. 69 L.R.A. 432. 
 
 Localization of corporations. 69 L.R.A. 433. 
 
1304 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOT-ES. 
 
 lAXES, III. — cont'd 
 
 Principal office as domicil. 69 L.E.A. 433. 
 
 In general. 69 L.E.A. 433. 
 
 Of railroads. 69 L.E.A. 436. 
 Effect of certificate of incorporation on the 
 
 question of domicil. 69 L.E.A. 437. 
 Legislative power to fix the situs of prop- 
 erty for taxation. 69 L.E.A. 441. 
 Personal property physically present m the 
 
 taxing jurisdiction. 69 L.E.A. 442. 
 Tangible property outside the state. 69 
 
 L.E.A. 443. 
 Particular classes of property. 69 L.E.A. 
 445. 
 
 Eailroad roUing-stocli. 69 L.E.A. 445. 
 
 Water craft. 69 L.E.A. 447. 
 
 S 47. Situs; for taxation of debts evi- 
 denced by notes and mortgages. 
 
 In general. 16 L.E.A. 729. 
 
 Mortgages. 16 L.E.A. 60, 730. 
 
 Kotes. 2 L.E.A. 801;* 16 L.E.A. 730. 
 
 When held by agent residing in different 
 state from principal. 16 L.E.A. 731. 
 
 § 48. Place of taxation of trust prop- 
 erty. 
 
 ■Generally. 20 L.E.A. 151. 
 
 \^'ho are trustees veithin the rule. 20 L.E.A. 
 
 152. 
 In case of several trustees. 20 L.E.A. 152. 
 Executors and administrators. 20 L.E.A. 
 
 153. 
 Taxes on infant's property. 20 L.E.A. 155. 
 Lunatics' property. 20 L.E.A. 155. 
 
 § 49. Where ships are taxable. 
 
 "Situs of water craft for tax purposes. 69 
 
 L.E.A. 447. 
 -Generally. 37 L.E.A. 518; 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 105." 
 Diffei'ent jurisdictions within the same 
 
 state. 37 L.E.A. 518. 
 Vessels away merely on a voyage. 37 L.E.A. 
 
 519. 
 Vessels away indefinitely. 37 L.E.A. 519. 
 What is home port. 37 L.E.A. 520. 
 What is home port of vessel for purpose of 
 
 taxation. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 197, 1196. 
 
 IV. Assessment and levy; enforcement; 
 collection. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 50. Generally. 
 
 Application of due process of law provision 
 to tax proceedings. 2 L.E.A. 656.* 
 
 Mandatory or directory effect of provisions 
 in tax laws. 12 L.E.A. 357.* 
 
 Levy by mistake. 12 L.E.A. 618.* 
 
 On railroads. 2 L.E.A. 188.* 
 
 Poll taxes. 29 L.E.A. 412. 
 
 Implied right to interest on taxes or assess- 
 ment. 6 L.E.A. (N.S.) 694. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 tax hill. 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 114. 
 
 § 51. Board of equalization. 
 
 Equalization, state board of. 2 L.E.A. 188.* 
 Delegation of power of taxation to board of 
 
 TAXES, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 equalization or revision. 
 (N.S.) 66. 
 
 15 L.E.A. 
 
 §52. Failure to file list. 
 
 Validity of statute subjecting to the doom 
 of the assessor a taxpayer wlio fails to 
 furnish a list of his property. 24 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 388. 
 
 Z>. Assessment. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 53. Generally. 
 
 Of succession tax, see infra, § 101. 
 
 Delegation of power of taxation to board of 
 equalization. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 66. 
 
 Method of assessing state tax on national- 
 bank. 45 L.E.A. 758. 
 
 Practice and procedure of assessors in tax- 
 ing capital stock of corporation. 58 
 L.E.A. 612. 
 
 Different methods of assessment and proce- 
 dure in taxation of corporations. 60 
 L.R.A. 372. 
 
 Power to compel production of corporate 
 books to aid in assessing holder of 
 stock or his estate. 8 'L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 788. 
 
 § 54. Assessment of property of de- 
 cedent's estate. 
 
 In general. 56 L.E.A. 634. 
 
 Assessment to decedent. 56 L.E.A. 634. 
 
 Assessment to "estate of" decedent. 56 
 
 L.E.A. 636. 
 Assessment to heirs or devisees, next of kin 
 or legatees. 56 L.E.A. 645. 
 
 Liability to assessment. 56 L.E.A. 645. 
 
 Sufficiency of description by general 
 words. 56 L.E.A. 645. 
 Assessment to executors or administrators. 
 
 56 L.E.A. 647. 
 
 § 54a. — omitted property. 
 
 Assessment after death of owner, of taxes 
 omitted during his lifetime. 40 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 927. 
 
 § 55. Time for. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 
 assessment. 49 L.E.A. 236. 
 First and last days in computing time for 
 
 assessments. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 691. 
 
 2. Valuation. 
 
 § 56. Generally. 
 
 Of succession tax, see infra, § 102. 
 
 Valuation of capital stock for purpose of 
 taxation. iS L.E.A. 594. 
 
 Method of fixing values of national bank 
 shares. 45 L.E.A. 756. 
 
 Valuation of corporate franchise for pur- 
 pose of taxation. 57 L.E.A. 98. 
 
 Principle that taxation shall be in propor- 
 tion to value of benefit. 2 L.E.A. 826.* 
 
 Assessments of corporations at full value 
 when valuations generally are less. 60 
 L.E.A. 368. 
 
 Begin xvith this iook on evert) law fjiiestion. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1305 
 
 TAXES, IV. b, 2— cont'd 
 § 57; — deductions. 
 
 In computing succession tax, see infra, 
 §103. 
 
 Set-off for debts in assessment of partner- 
 ship property. 22 L.E.A. 477. 
 Corporate indebtedness as element in fixing 
 value of capital stock for taxation. 58 
 L.R.A. oT7. 
 In vahiation of capital stock for purpose of 
 taxation. 58 L.R.A. 594. 
 Indebtedness. 58 L.R.A. 599. 
 Real estate and other tangible proper- 
 ty. 58 L.E.A. 600. 
 Intangible assets. 58 L.R.A. 602. 
 Miscellaneous. 58 L.R.A. 603. 
 Deduction of indebtedness in state taxation 
 of shares of national bank stock. 
 45 L.R.A. 751. 
 Other deductions. 45 L.R.A. 753. 
 Deduction for investment in real estate and 
 other property in state taxation of 
 shares of national bank stock. 45 
 L.R.A. 757. 
 For investment in bonds. 45 L.R.A. 
 757. 
 Constitutionality of provision for deduction 
 of debts from credits or other property. 
 23 L.R.A. 278. 
 Constitutionality of statute which allows a 
 deduction of only the assessed value of 
 the real estate in assessing the capital 
 stock of a corporation. 30 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 704. 
 
 § 58. — as of what time. 
 
 As of what time is the assessed valuation 
 to be taken for purposes of determining 
 the debt limit of a state or municipal- 
 ity. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 149. 
 
 c. Reassessment. 
 
 § 59. Generally. 
 
 Reassessment. 6 L.R.A. 802.* 
 
 d. Tax officers. 
 
 § 60. Generally. 
 
 Effect of officer's acts and negligence on 
 right of redemption, see infra, § 83. 
 
 .Turisdietion of assessors. 9 L.R.A. 493.* 
 
 Effect of negligence of tax officers. 12 
 L.R.A. 751.* 
 
 Liability of tax officers or their bond for 
 failure of tax purchaser's title on ac- 
 count of irregularities in procedure. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 967. 
 
 Liability of municipality for wrongful pro- 
 ceedings instituted by its officers to col- 
 lect taxes. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 37. 
 
 I 61. Tax collectors. 
 
 Tax collectors as public officers. 17 L.E.A. 
 
 247. 
 Prioritv of claim for taxes against assets of 
 
 collectors. 29 L.R.A. 279. 
 Consutt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TAXES, IV. d— cont'd 
 
 Right of sureties of tax collector who have 
 made good a loss occasioned by their 
 principal's misconduct or default to be 
 subrogated to rights of obligee or bene- 
 ficiary of the bond against a third per- 
 son. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 155. 
 
 e. Who UaMe for tax; to whom taxable. 
 
 § 62. Geueially. 
 
 Who subject to succession tax, see infra, 
 
 §§ 99, 100. 
 Liability of life tenant, see Dower, § 21; 
 
 Life Tenants, § 10. 
 As between mortgagor and mortgagee, see 
 
 Mortgage, § 32. 
 
 To whom taxes on land assessed. 2 L.R.A. 
 773.* 
 
 Name in which partnership property should 
 be assessed. 22 L.R.A. 478. 
 
 To whom are improvements removable by 
 tenant at expiration of term taxable. 
 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1166. 
 
 Eight to enforce tax against nonresident 
 stockholder of corporation. 33 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 907. 
 
 Is purchaser of real property under execu- 
 tory contract the owner thereof for pur- 
 poses of taxation. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1300. 
 
 Who is responsible for taxes on improve- 
 ments removable by tenant at end of 
 term. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 368. 
 
 Reservation of right of re-entry a.s affecting 
 liability on covenant to pay taxes. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1088. 
 
 § 63. Poll taxes. 
 
 Upon whom poll tax imposed. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 409. 
 Legislative power to compel employer to 
 
 pay employee's poll tax. 9 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 306. 
 
 f. Payment ; tender 
 
 § 64. Generally. 
 
 Right to recover back taxes, paid, see infra, 
 §§ 86, 87. 
 
 Payment of succession tax, see infra, § 104. 
 
 Foreclosure of mortgage on default in pay- 
 ment of, see Mortgage, § 65. 
 
 Personal obligation; duty of citizen to pay. 
 11 L.R.A. 817.* 
 
 Payment of stockholder's taxes out of cor- 
 porate fund. 2 L.R.A. 798.* 
 
 Mandatory injunction to compel reception 
 of coupons for taxes. 20 L.R.A. 167. 
 
 Necessity of immediate payment on a tax 
 sale. 33 L.R.A. 481. 
 
 Payment of, as a qualification of grand ju- 
 ror. 28 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Payment of poll taxes as qualification of 
 electors. 29 L.R.A. 414. 
 
 Payment of, by mortgagee, tacking to mort- 
 gage debt. 5 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 Tender of tax prevented by officer. 20 
 L.R.A. 489 
 
1306 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TAXES, IV. f— cont'd 
 
 Effect of tender of. 20 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 Payment of tax due as condition of injunc- 
 tion against collection of illegal taxes. 
 22 L.R.A. 703. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in tax 
 receipt. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 110. 
 
 § 65. By life tenant. 
 
 See Life TE^•ANT, § 10. 
 
 g. Relief from. 
 
 § 66. Generally. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 63. 
 
 Remedies with respect to state taxation of 
 national banks. 45 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 Relief against assessment. 10 L.R.A. 293.* 
 
 Power of legislature to permit appeal to 
 court for purpose of reviewing the 
 amount of a tax assessment. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 716. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of estate 
 for nonpayment of taxes. 69 L.R.A. 
 848. 
 
 § 67. In case of taxation of capital 
 
 stock. 
 Administration and relief in case of taxa- 
 tion of capital stock. 58 L.R.A. 
 612. 
 When liability begins. 58 L.R.A. 612. 
 Acts and omissions of taxpayers. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 614. 
 Suits, actions and proceedings. 58 
 L.R.A. 615. 
 Judicial supervision. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 615. 
 Parties. 58 L.R.A. 615. 
 Enforcing payment. 58 L.R.A. 616. 
 
 h. Enforcement and collection gener- 
 ally. 
 
 § 68. Generally. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 63. 
 
 Remedy for collection. 11 L.R.A., 818.* 
 
 Enforcement of tax on municipal water 
 works. 60 L.R.A. 855. 
 
 Duty of corporations to collect taxes upon 
 their share stock. 58 L.R.A. 588. 
 
 First and last days in computing time for. 
 49 L.R.A. 236. 
 
 Imprisonment for nonpayment. 34 L.R.A. 
 654. 
 
 Effect of property being in custodia legis on 
 right to enforce payment of delinquent 
 taxes. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 465. 
 
 Authoritv of county to emplov tax ferret. 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.)' 339; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 261. 
 
 Liability of municipality for wrongful pro- 
 ceedings instituted by its officers to col- 
 lect taxes. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 37. 
 
 Right of set-off or counterclaim in taxation 
 cases. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 382. 
 
 Unconstit\itionality of statute as defense 
 against mandamus to compel enforce- 
 ment of tax. 47 L.R.A. 514. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in tax 
 execution. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 114. 
 
 TAXES, IV. h— cont'd 
 
 § 6 9. Enforcement by action. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion for enforcement must be brought. 
 64 L.R.A. 619. 
 Suits to collect. 11 L.R.A. 817.* 
 Assumpsit to recover tax. 11 L.R.A. 818.* 
 Personal action to recover tax on property 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 730. 
 
 § 7 0. Effect of omission of statement 
 that owner Is unknown In proceed- 
 ing in rem to enforce. 
 
 Omission in assessment roll. 36 L.R.A. ( N. 
 S.) 1060. 
 Assessed to another. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1061. 
 Assessed to one only of several owners, 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1062. 
 Assessed to one dead. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1062. 
 Assessed to estate of deceased. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1062. 
 Miscellaneous. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1063. 
 Omission in petition for tax foreclosure 
 
 proceedings. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1064. 
 Omission of affidavit for service by publica- 
 
 >tion. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1064. 
 Omission in notice of sale. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1065. 
 Variance between deed and certificate of 
 sale as to statement that owners are 
 unknown. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1066. 
 
 § 71. Attorneys' fees. 
 
 Validity of statutory provision for attor- 
 neys' fees in proceedings involving col- 
 lections of taxes or special assessments. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1062. 
 
 t. Sale for nonpayment; tax certificate 
 or deed; tax titles. 
 
 § 72. Generally. 
 
 Effect of, on dower right, see Dowbe, § 13. 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 63. 
 Limitation of action as to tax sale, see Lim- 
 itation OF Actions, §§ 43, 57. 
 
 Where tax sales to be made. 33 L.R.A. 96. 
 
 Conditions precedent to right to relief from 
 invalid tax sale. 10 L.R.A. 296.* 
 
 Necessity of immediate payment on tax sale. 
 33 L.R.A. 481. 
 
 Remedy of remainderman when sale af- 
 fects his estate. 33 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Tax sale of land held adversely. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 743. _ 
 
 Effect of omission of statement that owner 
 is unknown in petition for tax fore- 
 closure proceedings. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 10G4. 
 
 § 7 3. Notice of sale. 
 
 Effect of omission of statement that owner 
 is unknown in notice of sale. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1065. 
 
 § 74. Who may pvirchase. 
 
 Effect of purchase of outstanding tax title 
 by cotenant. 2 L.R.A. 172;* 10 L.R.A. 
 101.* 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES, 
 
 1307 
 
 TAXES, IV. i— cont'd 
 
 Right of cotenant to purchase in his own 
 right at a sale for taxes assessed 
 against the person from whom the co- 
 tenants derived title. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 591. 
 
 Purchase by tenant at tax sale during ten- 
 ancy. 53 L.R.A. 939. 
 
 Right of wife to secure husband's property 
 at tax sale. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 674. 
 
 Effect of purchase at tax sale by or in the 
 interest of mortgagor, gviarantor of 
 mortgage indebtedness, or purchaser of 
 equitv of redemption. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 121. ■ 
 
 § 75. Validit)- of sale. 
 
 Validity of tax sales where nonpayment is 
 due to mistake or negligence of the 
 tax officers. 20 L.R.A. 487. 
 When tax oBScers furnish to purchasers 
 of the property a statement of the 
 amount against such property. 20 
 L.R.A. 487. 
 As affected bv application of payments. 
 
 20 L.R.A. 488. 
 Proving payment of taxes and the ef- 
 fect thereof. 20 L.R.A. 488. 
 When a tender of tax or redemption 
 monev is prevented by the officer. 
 20 L.R.A. 489. 
 Effect of tender of the taxes or redemp- 
 tion money. 20 L.R.A. 491. 
 Statute limiting time for attack on tax sale, 
 •or creating a conclusive presumption as 
 to its validity as applied to a sale un- 
 der proceedings, void for jurisdictional 
 defects, under which possession has not 
 been taken. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 157. 
 
 § 7 6. Effect of sale. 
 
 Effect of sale of lands for husband's taxes 
 upon wife's right of dower. 18 L.R.A. 
 79. 
 
 Effect of tax sale upon inchoate right of 
 dower. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1294. 
 
 Effect of tax sale to create relation of land- 
 lord and tenant between purchaser and 
 prior lessee. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260. 
 
 Etiect of void proceedings under which real 
 estate is sold to start limitations run- 
 ning in favor of purchaser in posses- 
 sion. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 
 § 77. —during existence of life es- 
 tate. 
 
 Effect of tax sale on land held by life ten- 
 ant. 32 L.R.A. 805. 
 
 General rule. 32 L.R.A. 805. 
 
 Tenant in dower. 32 L.R.A. 807. 
 
 Tenant by curtesy. 32 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Devisee for life. 32 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 Position of purchaser. 32 L.R.A. 808. 
 
 The statute of limitations. 32 L.R.A. 
 809. 
 
 Decisions under state statutes. 32 
 L.R.A. 809. 
 The effect on estates in reversion or re- 
 mainder of a tax sale during the 
 existence of a life estate. 33 
 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. 689. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TAXES, IV. i— cont'd 
 
 When sale binds the remainderman. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 When remainder not affected. 33 
 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 § 78. Rights and remedies of i)ur- 
 cliaser. 
 
 Remedy of purchaser at invalid sale. 4 
 L.il.A. 589.* 
 
 § 79. — right to reimbursement. 
 
 Right of purchaser at invalid tax sale, in 
 absence of statute, to he reim- 
 bursed by taxing authority for the 
 purchase price, or for taxes subse- 
 quently paid by him. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1141. 
 Majority view. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1141. 
 Subsequent taxes. 31 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 1143. 
 Where statute authorizes reim- 
 bursement in certain cases 
 only, and is silent as to oth- 
 ers. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 Minority view. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1144. 
 Right of one holding under invalid tax deed 
 to be reimbursed for improvements. 
 
 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 549. 
 
 General incidents of a good faith. 34 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 550. 
 Who entitled and who liable. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 551. 
 Nature of infirmity of title. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 554. 
 
 § 80. Tax certificate. 
 
 As color of title, see Adverse Possession, 
 § 16. 
 
 Change of law as to effect of tax certificates 
 as evidence of title. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1074. 
 
 Is possession under tax certificate during re- 
 demption period adverse. 13 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 627. 
 
 Liability of public body for tax certificates 
 stolen from it. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 444. 
 
 § 81. Tax deed. 
 
 As color of title, see Adverse Possession, 
 
 § 17. 
 Improvements by one holdmg under, see Im- 
 provements, § 14. 
 
 Tax deed as evidence of sale. 2 L.R.A. 
 774.* 
 
 Tax deed as conclusive evidence of title. 2 
 L.R.A. 774.* 
 
 Execution of tax deed in name of deputy. 
 19 L.R.A. 179. 
 
 Right of holder of tax deed to take posses- 
 sion. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 398. 
 
 Judgment dismissing bill to set aside tax 
 deed as a cloud on title as res judicata 
 in action under tax deed to recover pos- 
 session of property. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1011. 
 
 Does a void tax deed set in motion special 
 statutes of limitation governing ac- 
 tions to recover lands sold for taxes. 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 339. 
 
1308 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 TAXES, IV. i— cont'd 
 
 Effect upon special statute of limitations 
 whicli begins to run from time actual 
 possession is taken under tax deed of 
 fact that such deed was void or irregu- 
 lar. 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1102. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in tax 
 deed. 39 L.R.A.fN.S.) 100, 115. 
 
 g 81a. Tax titles. 
 
 Limitation of actions to overturn tax titles. 
 2 L.R.A. 514.* 
 Periods in several states. 2 L.K.A. 
 
 514.* 
 When statute begins to run. 2 L.E.A. 
 515.* 
 Contesting tax title. 2 L.R.A. 773.* 
 Marketability of tax title. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 26. 
 Eight of one in possession under invalid 
 foreclosure sale to acquire a tax title. 
 38 L.E.A.(N.S.) 333. 
 
 j. Redemption, 
 
 § 82. Generally. 
 
 Necessity of strict compliance with statute. 
 
 9 L.R.A. 767.* 
 Effect of tender of redemption money. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 § 83. Effect of officer's acts or negli- 
 gence. 
 
 Tender of redemption money prevented by 
 
 officer. 20 L.R.A. 489. 
 Eight of redemption as affected by error 
 
 or negligence of tax officials. 6 L.E.A. 
 
 50.* 
 
 § 84. Time for. 
 
 First and lagt days in computing time for. 
 49 L.R.A. 237. 
 
 8 85. Notice of. 
 
 Right of owner to rely on receipt of notice. 
 9 L.R.A. 768.* 
 
 To whom notice to be given. 9 L.R.A. 768. 
 
 What notice must contain. 9 L.R.A. 768.* 
 
 Service of notice. 9 L.R.A. 769.* 
 
 Copy of notice sent by mail. 9 L.E.A. 
 769.* 
 Constructive notice; service by 
 publication. 9 L.E.A. 769.* 
 
 Applicability to past sales of statute elim- 
 inating notice of expiration of redemp- 
 tion period required by previous stat- 
 ute, or requiring such notice when none 
 was before required. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 818. 
 
 y Tc. Recovering taxes paid. 
 
 % 86. Generally. 
 
 Right of purchaser at tax sale to reimburse- 
 ment for taxes paid, see supra, § 79. 
 
 issumpsit to recover back money paid for 
 illegal taxes. 2 L.R.A. 626;* 4 
 L.R.A. 300.* 
 Necessity that payment shall have been 
 in money. 4 L.R.A. 301.* 
 Begin with this book on every law question. 
 
 TAXES, IV. k— cont'd 
 
 Necessity that payment be involuntary.. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 626;* 4 L.R.A. 301.* 
 Necessity of protest against payments 
 
 4 L.R.A. 302.* 
 Sufficiency of protest. 2 L.R.A. 627;* 
 
 4 L.R.A. 303.* 
 Taxes voluntarily paid. 2 L.E.A. 627 ; * 
 4 L.E.A. 304.* 
 
 Assumpsit to recover tax. 11 L.E.A. 818.*" 
 
 Recovery back of taxes paid on capital 
 stock of corporation. 58 L.R.A. 616. 
 
 Claim against state for illegal taxes paid.^ 
 42 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Right of one who pays invalid tax for pur- 
 pose of obtaining discount to recover 
 amount paid. 28 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1045; 
 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 175. 
 
 Right to resort to court to recover taxes 
 paid on erroneous or excessive assess- 
 ments without previous resort to statu- 
 tory remedies. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 685. 
 
 Right of purchaser of property to recover 
 the amount he has paid to relieve land 
 from tax lien, from one who should' 
 have paid the same, but with whom he 
 had no contractual relationship. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 562. 
 
 Right to recover money paid for illegal 
 taxes after it has been disbursed, paid 
 over, or distributed. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1104. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of statement of 
 grounds in notice of protest required as 
 condition of recovering back payment 
 of an unlawful tax. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 476. 
 
 § 8 7. Prerequisites to. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of statement of 
 grounds in notice of protest re- 
 quired as condition of recovering 
 back payment of an unlawful tax. 
 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 476. 
 In the case of state or local taxes. 36 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 476. 
 In absence of statute. 36 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) _476. 
 Under particular statutes. 3ff 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 479. 
 In case of United States taxes. 36 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 Internal revenue. 36 L.E.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 482. 
 Customs duties. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 482. 
 In general. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.)- 
 
 482. 
 Specifying paragraphs of tar- 
 iff law. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 484. 
 Eaising question of regulari- 
 ty of appraisal. 3& 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 486. 
 Purchase before time of in- 
 voice. 36 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 486. 
 Value of money in which in- 
 voice is made out. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 487. 
 Miscellaneous. 36 L.R.A. (N 
 S.) 487. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1309 
 
 TAXES— cont'd 
 
 F. Lien ; priorities. 
 
 § 88. Generally. 
 
 Subrogation to tax lien, see Sdbrogatiox, 
 
 §S- 
 
 Lien of taxes on real property. 10 L.E.A. 
 478:* 11 L.E.A. 317.* 
 
 Wlien taxes become a lien on land. 15 
 L.R.A. 236. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute making a li- 
 cense, occupation, or privilege tax a 
 lien on real property owned by one 
 other than the person assessed. 20 
 L.R.A. (X.S.) 42. 
 
 Effect of lien on marketability of title. 38 
 L.E.A. (X.S.) 32. 
 
 § 89. Priority. 
 
 ■Superiority of lien for special assessments 
 over iien for taxes. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 768. 
 Effect of acquisition of title by eminent do- 
 main to cut off tax liens. 21 L.E.A. 
 (X.S.) 68. 
 Priority of claim for, against property in 
 hands of receiver. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1052, 1060, 1069. 
 Preference of, in distribution of assets of 
 insolvent insurance company. 38 
 L.E.A. 107. 
 Priority of claims for taxes against the 
 assets of a debtor. 29 L.E.A. 249, 
 278. 
 Upon what based. 29 L.E.A. 278. 
 Constitutionality and construction of 
 
 provisions for. 29 L.R.A. 278. 
 What is included in the right. 29 
 L.E.A. 279. 
 Taxes, generally. 29 L.E.A. 279. 
 Claims against collectors. 29 
 L.R.A. 279. 
 Nature and extent of priority. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 279. 
 Subrogation of persons paying the tax. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 282. 
 What amounts to a divestiture of the 
 
 right. 29 L.E.A. 282. 
 Enforcement of the right. 29 L.E.A. 
 284. 
 Priority as between taxes and costs and 
 fees in bankruptcy. 31 L.E.A. (N.S. ) 
 988. 
 
 VI. Succession tax, 
 
 a. In general, 
 
 § 90. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 103. 
 
 General and special legislation as to, see 
 Statutes, § 18. 
 
 When imposed. 2 L.E.A. 826.* 
 
 Under United States revenue laws. 2 L.E.A. 
 
 827.* 
 Eight of grantee in deed to recover tax paid. 
 
 10 L.R.A. 241.* 
 ConxtiU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TAXES, VI. a— cont'd 
 
 Repeal of statute imposing successioiB tax, 
 as affecting estate of one who died be- 
 fore the repealing act took effect. 8 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1210. 
 
 § 91. Nature of. 
 
 Nature of inheritance tax. 2 L.R.A. 825;" 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 600. 
 Not a tax on property. 4 L.R.A. 171.* 
 
 § 92. Power to impose. 
 
 Authority and power of surrogate.. 12 
 L.R.A. 406.* 
 
 Power to impose succession tax retrospec- 
 tively. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1180. 
 
 Is the right to take property by will or 
 inheritance a natural or statutory 
 right. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 121. 
 
 § 93. Uniformity; equality; discrim- 
 ination. 
 
 Uniformity and equality of suecessioji taxes. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 592. 
 Validity of discrimination against alliens by 
 
 inheritance tax law as affected by 
 
 treaty with foreign government. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 632. 
 Validity of discrimination against aliens 
 
 by inheritance tax law as affected by 
 
 treaty with foreign government. 33 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 632. 
 
 § 9 4. — double taxation. 
 
 Exacting succession tax in two or more 
 states as double taxation. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 150. 
 
 § 95. Exemptions, generally. 
 
 Exemption from liability to succession tax. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 595. 
 Applicability of general tax exemptions to 
 inheritance or succession taxes. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1208. 
 Must property out of state be included in 
 fixing exemptions under inheritance tax. 
 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1024. 
 Effect on transfer tax of apportioning prop- 
 erty of nonresident decedent within the 
 state to payment of debts or legacies 
 which are exempt or subject to a re- 
 duced rate. 18 L.E.A. (N.S.) 946. 
 Does a general exemption from taxation 
 comprehend death duties. 1 B. R. 
 C. 877. 
 Public securities. 1 B. R. C. 879. 
 Bequests for public purposes. 1 B. R. 
 
 C. 880. 
 Effect of adoption of general tax exemp- 
 tion bv statute imposing inherit- 
 ance tax. 1 B. R. C. 881. 
 
 b. Property and transfers subject to, 
 or exempt from. 
 
 S 9 6. Generally. 
 
 Succession tax on dower, see Dower, § 22. 
 Succession tax on mortgage, see Mortgage, 
 
 § 3. 
 Estate subject to tax. 2 L.R.A. 827.* 
 
1310 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 TAXES, VI. b— cont'd 
 
 Instates and interest exempt from tax. 12 
 L.R.A. 403.* 
 
 Legacies and interests liable for tax. 12 
 L.R.A. 403.* 
 
 Contingent estates. 12 L.R.A. 404.* 
 
 Estates in remainder. 10 L.R.A. 240.* 
 
 Realty converted into personalty. 10 E.R.A. 
 241.* 
 
 Doctrine of equitable conversion in relation 
 to succession tax. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 400; 
 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 290. 
 
 Succession tax on gift in contemplation of 
 death. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458. 
 
 Applicability of succession tax to property 
 conveyed, or agreed to be conveyed, in 
 consideration of support of grantor dur- 
 ing his life. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 226. 
 
 Succession tax on dower, curtesy, statutory 
 homestead, or allowances. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 428. 
 
 Succession tax upon provision in lieu of 
 dower. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 
 Liability of community property to. succes- 
 sion tax. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 208; 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1107. 
 Is money set aside under will, or otherwise, 
 for purposes of caring for grave, erec- 
 tion of tomb or monument, subject to 
 inheritance tax. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 474. 
 Inheritance or succession tax on money or 
 property of estate, which has been lost 
 or misappropriated since decedent's 
 death. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1167. 
 
 § 9 7. Applicability of general tax ex- 
 emptions to succession taxes. 
 
 United States bonds. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1208. 
 
 Obligations of taxing power. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1208. 
 
 Bequest to governinent. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1209. 
 
 Where inheritance tax law adopts general 
 tax exemptions. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1210. 
 
 § 98. On property covered by power 
 of appointment. 
 
 Taxability under donee's will. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 236. 
 
 Under statutes not expressly covering 
 
 powers. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 236. 
 
 Where power is not exercised. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S._) 236. 
 Where power is exercised. 33 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 237. 
 Generally. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 237. 
 Statute enacted after creation 
 of power. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 238. 
 In cases of nonresidents. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 239. 
 Under statutes expressly covering pow- 
 ers. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 Powers not exercised. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 240. 
 Powers exercised. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 240. 
 Generally. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 240. 
 
 Begin u-ith this book on every laif question 
 
 TAXES, VI. b— cont'd 
 
 Statute enacted after creation 
 
 of power. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 243. 
 
 In cases of nonresidents. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 248. 
 
 Present taxability under donor's will. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 248. 
 Power of appointment reserved by grantor. 
 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 250. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 250. 
 
 § 98 a. On conveyance to take effect 
 after grantor's death. 
 
 Relative dates of statute and transfer. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1141. 
 Manner of postponement of possession or 
 enjoyment. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1141. 
 Otherwise than by writing. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1141. 
 
 By provision in conveyance. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1141. 
 
 Reserving income or benefit to 
 
 grantor. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 
 Reserving power to revoke. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1143. 
 Giving ultimate beneficiary income 
 during grantor's life. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1146. 
 By separate instrument. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1146. 
 Recording and delivery. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1148. 
 Of deed or assignment. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1148. 
 Delivery of bank deposit. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1149. 
 
 c. Persons subject to, or exempt from. 
 
 § 99. Generally. 
 
 Persons subject to tax. 2 L.R.A. 826.* 
 
 Adopted children. 2 L.R.A. 827;* 12 
 L.R.A. 404.* 
 
 Adopted child as a "child" within inherit- 
 ance tax law. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 919. 
 
 On bequests to colleges. 3 L.R.A. 206;* 12 
 L.R.A. 401.* 
 
 Exemption of bequest to government from. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1209. 
 
 Corporations, associations, etc., when not 
 exempt. 12 L.R.A. 405.* 
 
 Exemption of beneficent and charitable as- 
 sociations. 12 L.R.A. 404.* 
 
 Devise of residue to widow. 10 L.R.A. 241.* 
 
 Legacy in trust for charitable uses. 10 
 L.R.A. 241.* 
 
 § 100. — nonresidents. 
 
 On property passing by intestate laws of 
 another state. 3 L.R.A. 372.* 
 
 Liability of debt due from resident to non- 
 resident to succession tax. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 953. 
 
 Debt due to nonresident secured by mort- 
 gage upon land within the state as sub- 
 ject of inheritance tax. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1104; 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 784. 
 
 Liability of insurance policy is.sued by a do- 
 mestic corporation upon the life of a 
 nonresident to a local transfer tax. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S. ) 1089. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1311 
 
 TAXES, VI. c— cont'd 
 
 Stock in a domestic corporation belonging 
 to the estate of a nonresident. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 887; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 384. 
 
 Inheritance or succession tax on property 
 covered by power of appointment in 
 cases of nonresidents. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 239, 248. 
 
 Effect on transfer tax of apportioning prop- 
 erty of nohresident decedent within the 
 state to payment of debts or legacies 
 which are exempt or subject to a re- 
 duced tax. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 946. 
 
 d. Assessment; valuation. 
 
 § 101. Assessment of. 
 
 Assessment of tax. 12 L.R.A. 406.* 
 
 § 102. Appraisement and Taluatlon. 
 
 Valuation. 12 L.R.A. 406.* 
 
 Application for appraisement. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 406.* 
 Appraiser, appointment and duty of. 12 
 
 L.R.A. 406.* 
 Report of appraiser. 12 L.R.A. 407.* 
 
 § 103. —deduction. 
 
 Deduction of mortgage in computing succes- 
 sion tax. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 329. 
 
 e. Payment; classification. 
 
 § 104. Payment of. 
 
 Payment of tax. 12 L.R.A. 407.* 
 
 § 105. Classification. 
 
 Classification of inheritances or gifts for 
 purposes of succession tax on basis of 
 amount. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 732. 
 
 VII. Income tax, 
 
 § 106. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 104. 
 
 Till. StocTe transfer tax. 
 
 § 10 7. Generally. 
 
 Validity of statute imposing special tax on 
 transfer of corporate stock. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 314. 
 
 Liability to pay transfer tax, in respect of 
 stock in domestic corporation belonging 
 to estate of nonresident. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 887; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 384. 
 
 TAX FERRET. 
 
 Authority of county to employ. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 339; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 261. 
 
 TAXING DISTRICT. 
 
 See Taxes, § 3. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TAX LIST. 
 
 Failure to file, see Taxes, § 52. 
 
 ♦-•-• ■ 
 
 TAX OFFICERS. 
 
 See Taxes, §§ 60, 61. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 TAXPAYER. 
 
 Right to enjoin unlawful expenditure by 
 
 municipality, see Injunction, § 61a. 
 As plaintiff in action, see Parties, § 20. 
 
 Necessity that grand juror be. 28 L.R.A. 
 198. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring ju- 
 rors to be taxpayers. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 414. 
 
 Right to inspect public records relating to 
 public contracts. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 280. 
 
 Decree in taxpayer's suit restraining dis- 
 trict from performing contract as bind- 
 ing on contractor. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 383. 
 
 Removal for separable controversy of action 
 by. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 
 Right of, over proceedings for procuring 
 water supply for municipality. 61 
 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 TAX TITLE. 
 
 See Taxes, § 81a. 
 
 * « » 
 
 TEA. 
 
 Misrepresentation as to, as affecting validi- 
 ty of trademark. 19 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Use of coloring matter in, as adulteration. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1234. 
 
 <«» 
 
 TEACHERS. 
 
 See Schools, §§ 12-22. 
 
 *—* 
 
 TEAM. 
 
 Purpose for which team is used as affecting 
 
 exemption. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 693. 
 Lien for use of. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89, 
 
 -■»« » 
 
 TEAMSTERS. 
 
 See Caktmen and Teamsters. 
 
1312 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 TECHXICAL WORDS. 
 
 Necessity for, in exception and reservation 
 of easements. 20 L.R.A. 633. 
 
 « « » 
 
 TELEGRAMS. 
 
 See Telegraphs, §§ 9-24. 
 
 TELEGRAPH OPERATOR. 
 
 As fellow servant of trainmen, see Mastbb 
 AND Servant, § 149. 
 
 TELEGRAPHS. 
 
 /. Rights; franchises; construction; 
 control, §§ 1-7. 
 II. Taxation, § 8. 
 HI. Messages, g§ 9-34:. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 9, 10. 
 6. Duty and liability with re- 
 spect to, §§ 11-24:. 
 1. In general, §§ 11-16. 
 
 5. To xvhom liable, §§ 17, 
 
 IS. 
 
 3. Sufficiency of notice of 
 contents, § 19. 
 
 4:. Stipulations and condi- 
 tions; limitation of lia- 
 bility, §§ 20, 21. 
 
 3. Penalties, § 23. 
 
 6. As libel, §§ 23, 24. 
 
 Liability for personal injuries, see Elec- 
 
 TKICITT, §§ 10-18. 
 
 I. Rights; franchises; construction; 
 control. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Measure of compensation for taking land for 
 right of way for, see Damages, § 86. 
 
 Matters as to electric wires and poles, gen- 
 erally, see Electricity. 
 
 As additional burden on highway, see Emi- 
 nent Domain, § 56. 
 
 Telegraph wires in streets, see Highways, 
 § 24. 
 
 Discrimination by carrier as to telegraph s g. Generallv 
 
 TELEGRAPHS, I.— cont'd 
 
 § 2. Along railroad right of way. 
 
 Telegraph line along railroad right of way; 
 nature of property in polefj and wires. 
 66 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 Telegraph along railroad right of way as 
 additional burden on easement. 7 L.R.A. 
 200.* 
 
 Condemnation of right of way for telegraph 
 along railroad. 42. L.R.A. (N.S.) 225. 
 
 Right to use railroad right of way for pur- 
 poses of, as against owner of fee. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 519. 
 
 Power to authorize construction of tele- 
 graph or telephone line along railroad 
 right of way without compensation to 
 railroad company. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 703. 
 
 § 3. Construction. 
 
 Injury to trees in construction of line, see 
 Highways, § 42. 
 
 Employer's liability for negligence of inds- 
 pendent contractor in construction of 
 line. 65 L.R.A. 847. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in construction of 
 line. 65 L.R.A. 648. 
 
 § 4. Foreign companies. 
 
 Right of foreign telegraph company to enter 
 
 state. 24 L.R.A. 311. 
 Right of foreign telegraph company to own 
 
 property in state. 24 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 § 5. Control; regulation. 
 
 State regulation as interference with com- 
 merce, see Commerce, § 11. 
 
 License of, see License, § 41. 
 
 Municipal control over, see Municipal Cob- 
 POBATIONS, § 49. 
 
 Subject to police power. 13 L.R.A. 454.* 
 
 § 6. Compulsory service by. 
 
 Compulsory service in case of. 15 L.R.A. 
 .322. 
 
 § 7. Rates. 
 
 Legislative regulation of rates of. 33 L.R.A. 
 181. 
 
 Business of, affected with a public interest 
 subjecting them to regulation and con- 
 trol as to rates and prices. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 835. 
 
 //. Taxation. 
 
 companies. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 507. 
 
 Taking of property for telegraph line as a 
 public purpose. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 136. 
 
 Measure of damages for right of way for 
 telegraph line. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 Delay in applying for injunction against 
 maintenance of, in higliway. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1091. 
 
 Liability of user of electricity for interfer- 
 ence with the business or injury to the 
 property of another resulting from in- 
 duction or from use of earth as a re- 
 turn electric circuit. 2 B. R. C. 129 
 
 Begin with this booli on every law question. 
 
 Telegraph line as real estate for purposes 
 of taxation. 15 L.R.A. 299. 
 
 Taxation of telegraph messages as affected 
 by commerce clause. 60 L.R.A. 669. 
 
 Excise taxes against telegraph companies as 
 affected by commerce clause. 60 L.R.A. 
 687. 
 
 Taxation of franchise of company. 57 
 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 Taxation of receipts of telegraph companies. 
 57 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 State statutes imposing license fees on tele- 
 graph companies. 31 L.R.A. 808. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1313 
 
 TELEGRAPHS— cont'd 
 
 7/J. Messages. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Transmission of messages, as interstate 
 commerce, see Comiieeoe, § 11. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 11. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, §§ 106, 140. 
 
 Admissibility in evidence, see Evidence, § 
 138. 
 
 Pleadings of plaintiff in action against com- 
 pany, see Pleading, § 17. 
 
 Validity of notice sent by telegraph. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 933. 
 Property rights in market quotations by. 
 
 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 889. 
 Liability for failure properly to transmit 
 
 or deliver a message pertaining to the 
 
 negotiation for, or offer of, a contract. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 419. 
 Mandamus to compel delivery of market 
 
 quotations to bucket shop by. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 153. 
 Telegrams given by telephone. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 745. 
 
 § 10. Contracts by means of. 
 
 Agreement by telegram to accept bill. 2 
 L.R.A. 709.* 
 
 Telegram as preliminary step in negotiation 
 of contract. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 177. 
 
 Telegrams as writings to make contract 
 within statute of frauds. 50 L.R.A. 
 240. 
 
 Time and place of consummation of con- 
 tract when offer by letter is accepted by 
 telegram, or vice versa. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1016. 
 
 ft. Duty and liability with respect to. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § II. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for default or mistake 
 in messages, see Damages, §§ 41, 102, 
 103, 117. 
 
 Law governing liability, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 11. 
 
 Degree of diligence required. 3 L.R.A, 225 ; * 
 
 9 L.R.A. 669.* 
 
 Jjiability for failure to transmit telegram. 
 
 10 L,R,A. 515.* 
 
 Liability for neglect to deliver telegram. 
 
 10 L.R.A. 515.* 
 Duty of company to ascertain identity or 
 
 authority of sender of message. 4 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 181. 
 Right to refuse telegraph message because 
 
 of its character. 17 L.R.A, (N.S.) 836. 
 Duty and liability for conduct of mesaengers 
 
 furnished. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1091. 
 LiabilitV of telegraph company for delay 
 
 in transmitting or delivering message, 
 
 due to strike of its employees. 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1214. 
 Consult also L.R.A- Digests to date. 
 
 TELEGRAPHS, III. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 Criminal liability for agent's failure to 
 transmit telegram. 41 L.R.A. 660. 
 
 Duty of telegraph company to deliver mes- 
 sage by telephone. 29 L.R.A. (N,S.) 
 836. 
 
 Sufficiency of general allegations of negli- 
 gence, 59 L,R.A. 247. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to, 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 414. 
 
 Connecting lines. 2 L.R.A. 601.* 
 
 Negligence of telegraph company causing 
 discontinuance of contract, terminable 
 at pleasure of other party thereto, as a 
 ground of liability. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 891. 
 
 Contingency of possible action of sendee, or 
 of some third person, as affecting lia- 
 bility for failure properly to transmit 
 and deliver a telegram, 12 L.R.A. 
 (N,S,J 748, 
 
 Limits for delivery of telegrams. 34 L.R.A. 
 431. 
 
 § 12. Telegrams not written on com- 
 pany's blanks. 
 
 Telegrams on blanks of another company. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 741. 
 Written on blank paper. 56 L.R.A. 742. 
 Telegrams given by telephone or orally, 56 
 
 L.R,A, 745. 
 
 § 13. Liability of company sending 
 message to office after closing 
 hour. 
 
 In general, 53 L,R.A, 732; 24 L,R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1286, 
 Nature of subject, 53 L,R.A. 732. 
 Rules as to office hours; reasonableness. 53 
 
 L.R,A. 732, 
 Notice to patrons. 53 L.R.A. 733. 
 Special contracts as to delivery. 53 L.R,A. 
 734. 
 Nature, applications, and effect, gen- 
 erally, 53 L.R.A. 734. 
 Excuses for noncompliance. 53 L.R.A, 
 
 736. 
 Contracts restricting liability. • 53 
 L.R.A. 736, 
 Damages. 53 L.R,A, 738. 
 The rule under statutes imposing penalty 
 for delay. 53 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 § 14. Duty to notify sender of non- 
 delivery. 
 
 Duty of telegraph company to notify sender 
 of message if it cannot be promptly 
 transmitted or delivered. 67 L.R.A. 
 153; 16 L.R.A,(N,S.) 870. 
 
 Line out of order. 67 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 Failure to find sendee. 67 L.R.A. 155. 
 
 Terminal office closed, 67 L,R,A, 157. 
 
 Statutes. 67 L.R.A, 158, 
 
 § 15. Duty to find addressee. 
 
 Duty of telegraph company to find person 
 
 addressed, 15 L.R,A. 129. 
 Telegraph company's duty as to discovering 
 unknown sendee. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 761. 
 83 
 
1314 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. XOTES. 
 
 TELEGRAPHS, III. b, 1— cont'd 
 
 Where sendee is a transient or one but 
 recently arrived in town. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 764. 
 Where sendee's name is in city or tele- 
 phone directory or list kept by 
 telegraph company. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 764. 
 Message addressed to married woman. 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 765. 
 Message in care of another. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 766. 
 Error in name of sendee. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 767. 
 Mistake in address. 22 L.R.A. 767. 
 Effect of attempt to obtain better ad- 
 dress. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 768. 
 Duty to inform sender of telegram that ter- 
 minal office is closed. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1283. 
 
 § 16. Ijiabllity for transmission or 
 delivery of Torged message; 
 
 Liability of company when its agent is de- 
 ceived. 65 L.R.A. 806. 
 Liability to addressee. 65 L.R.A. 806. 
 Liability to stranger. 65 -L.R.A. 806. 
 
 Liability of company when its agent perpe- 
 trates the fraud. 65 L.R.A. '807. 
 
 2. To whom liable. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Who may recover damages for delay in de- 
 livering telegram. 9 L.R.A. 669.* 
 
 Liability of telegraph company to undis- 
 closed principal of sender. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1045; 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 678. 
 
 Right of person not mentioned in the tele- 
 gram and whose interest is not com- 
 
 , municated to the company to recover 
 for mental anguish. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 249; 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 475. 
 
 Liability of telegraph company to undis- 
 closed principal of sendee. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 678; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1045. 
 
 § 1"8. Addressee. 
 
 The right of addressee of telegram to sue 
 
 for delay in delivery. SO L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) ill6. 
 Scope of note. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1116. 
 The English doctrine. 30 L.R.A, (N.S.) 
 
 1117. 
 The American doctrine. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1121. 
 The theory of liability for a breach of 
 
 a public dutv. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1124. 
 The theory of contract made for the 
 
 benefit of the person addressed. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1126. 
 Effect of printed conditions on the send- 
 ing form. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1129. 
 Special statutes authorizing action by 
 
 addressees of delayed telegrams. 30 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1131. 
 The damages recovei-able. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1133. 
 
 The rules for ascertaining damages. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1133. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every law gnestion. 
 
 TELEGRAPHS, III. b, 2— cont'd 
 
 The recovery of pecuniary losses. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1134. 
 The recovery for mental suffering. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1137. 
 
 Delay and damage, — cause and effect. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1145. 
 
 Conduct of recipient unaffected by de- 
 lay. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1145. 
 
 Failure to establish inexcusable delay. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1147. 
 
 The quantum of damages. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1150. 
 
 Errors in the conduct of trials. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1150. 
 
 3. Sufficiency of notice of contents. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Sufficiency of message to charge company 
 with notice of importance. 10 L.R.A. 
 515.* 
 When telegraph company charged with no- 
 tice of importance of commercial 
 message. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) IISS. 
 Notice from message itself. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1188. 
 Notice sufficient. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1188. 
 Notice insufficient. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1191. 
 Notice outside of message. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1193. 
 Notice from both message and extrinsic 
 
 matter. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1194. 
 Cipher messages. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1196. 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1198. 
 
 4. Stipulations and conditions; limita- 
 tion of liability. 
 
 § 2 0. Generally. 
 
 Contracts limiting liability; reasonableness. 
 
 2 L.R.A. 601;* 4 L.R.A. 611;* 13 L.R.A. 
 510.* 
 
 Contracts restricting liability of telegraph 
 company as to message sent after clos- 
 ing hours. 53 L.R.A. 736. 
 
 Validity of limitation of liability of tele- 
 graph company for unrepeated mes- 
 sages. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 561; 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 409. 
 
 Applicability of stipulation as to repeating 
 messages to failure or delay in trans- 
 mission or delivery. 28 L.R.A, (N.S.) 
 566. 
 
 § 21. Presentation of claim. 
 
 Provision in blank for presentation of claim. 
 
 3 L.R.A. 224.* 
 
 Stipulation as to time for claiming damages. 
 11 L.R.A. 102.* 
 
 Right to compute minimum statutory pe- 
 riod for presentation of claims "from 
 date of filing message. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 185. 
 
 5. Penalties, 
 
 % 22. Generally. 
 
 See Penalties, § 7. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1315 
 
 TELEGRAPHS, III. b— cont'd 
 6. As libel, 
 
 §, 23. IiiabUlty of company. 
 
 Liability of a telegraph company for han- 
 dling libelous message. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 140; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 861. 
 
 § 3 4. Liability of sender. 
 
 Privilege of communications ta telegraph 
 (-■ompanies. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 586. 
 
 Transmission of libelous matter by postcard 
 or telegraph as publication. 1 B. R. C. 
 464. 
 
 TELEPHONES. 
 
 7. In general, §§ 1, 3. 
 II. Coitstniction of line; right of xoay 
 tor, § 3. 
 III. Control and regulation of, §§ 4- 
 
 9. 
 IT. Messages, §10. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoN- 
 
 STITUTIOXAL LAW, §§ 106, 140. 
 
 Matters as to electric wires and poles gen- 
 erally, see Electbicitt. 
 
 Liability for personal injuries, see Eleo- 
 TKICITY, §§ 10-18. 
 
 Unlawful combination of tel.ephone compa- 
 nies, see Mo:yopoLY a>jd Combinations, 
 § 10. 
 
 As to matters in relation to public service 
 corporations generalh', see Public Sbhv- 
 
 ICE COBEOEATIONS. 
 
 Rights of telephone companies. 1 L.R.A. 
 799.* 
 
 Telephone company a common carrier; dis- 
 criminations. 5 L.R.A. 161.* 
 
 Discrimination by carrier as to telephone 
 companies. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 507. 
 
 Liability for personal injury to one using 
 a telephone. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 279. 
 
 Conveyance of real property as carrying 
 right to telephone service. 42 L.R.A. 
 (X.S.) 1021. 
 
 § 2. Contract for exclusive service. 
 
 Validity of contract for exclusive right to 
 
 furnish telephone service. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 494. 
 Validity of contracts between telephone 
 
 companies for exclusive connection. 36 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 124. 
 
 //. Construction of line; right of way 
 for. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Measure of compensation for taking land 
 for right of way for, see Damages, § 86. 
 
 As additional burden on highway, see Emi- 
 nent Domain, § 56. 
 
 Teleplione wires in streets, see Highways, 
 § 24. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TELEPHONES, II.— cont'd 
 Injury to trees in construction of line, see 
 Highways, § 42. 
 
 Condemnation of right of way for telephone 
 line along railroad right of way. 42 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 225. 
 
 Right to use railroad right of way for pur- 
 pose of, as against owner of fee. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 519. 
 
 Power to authorize construction of telephone 
 line along railroad right of way with- 
 out compensation to railroad company. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 703. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in construction of 
 line. 65 L.R.A. 648. 
 
 ///. Control and regulation of. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Regulations of, as interference with com- 
 merce, see COMMEBCE, § 11. 
 
 License of, see License, § 41. 
 
 As to public regulation of public service 
 corporations generally, see Public 
 Seevice Cobporations. 
 
 Legislative control over. 2 L.R.A. 278;* 
 
 5 L.R.A. 161.* 
 Power of state to control or impose burdens 
 
 upon interstate telephone company. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 § 5. Kates; charges. 
 
 Legislative regulation of rates of. 33 
 L.R.A. 181. 
 
 State statutes regulating rates. 31 L.R.A. 
 807. 
 
 Power of judiciary to fix rates to be charged 
 by telephone company. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 529. 
 
 Power of municipality apart from contract 
 to regulate rates to be charged by tele- 
 phone company. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 759. 
 
 Business of, affected with a public interest 
 subjecting them to regulation and con- 
 trol as to rates and prices. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 835. 
 
 Allowance for depreciation in plant in fix- 
 ing rates. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1209. 
 
 Right of telephone company to require pa- 
 tron to pay for installing or transfer- 
 ring instruments. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1088. 
 
 § 6. — discrimination as to. 
 
 By requiring payment of rental in ad- 
 \ance. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 
 Right of telephone company to discriminate 
 as to rates. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 561. 
 
 § 7. — prepayment or prompt pay- 
 ineiU of. 
 
 Riglit to refuse teleplione service to coerce 
 payment of bill. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1027. 
 
 Reasonableness of regulation requiring pay- 
 ment of rentals in advance. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 693; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 
 Discrimination by telephone company by 
 requiring payment of rental in advance. 
 31 L.E.A.(N.S.) 315. 
 
1316 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TELEPPIONES, III.— confd 
 
 Right of telephone company to exact se- 
 curity of consumer or require payment 
 of rentals in advance. 31 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 319. 
 
 § 8. Compulsory service by. 
 
 Withdrawal of service, see infra, § 9. 
 
 Compulsory service in ease of. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 321. 
 State statutes regulating telephone prices 
 
 and requiring service on equal terms 
 
 to all. 31 L.R.A. 807. 
 Liability of telephone company for failure 
 
 to make connections for subscriber. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 115; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 554; 39 L.R.A,(N.S.) 402. 
 
 § 9. AVlthdraAval or service. 
 
 Eight to vf ithdraw telephone service because 
 
 of abuse of privilege. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1010. 
 Kight to refuse telephone service to compel 
 
 payment of bill. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1027. 
 Measure of damages for removal of. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 651. 
 
 IV. Messages. 
 
 8 10. Generally. 
 
 Evidence of conversations by telephone, see 
 Evidence, § 240. 
 
 Telegrams given by telephone. 56 L.R.A. 
 745. 
 
 Validity of acknowledgment taken over tele- 
 phone. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 358. 
 
 Duty of telegraph company to deliver mes- 
 sage by telephone. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 836. 
 
 Right of addressee to recover damages for 
 failure to summon him to receive a 
 long-distance telephone message. IS 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 810. 
 
 Validity of presentment of bill or note by 
 telephone. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 417. 
 
 TEMPERANCE MEETING. 
 
 Temperance meeting as a meeting within 
 purview of offense of disturbing meet- 
 ings. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 831. 
 
 TEMPORARY ABSENCE. 
 
 Effect of temporary absence of insured prop- 
 erty from location stated in policy. 22 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 848. 
 
 TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATOR. 
 
 Effect of appointment of, on running of 
 limitations. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 824. 
 
 TEMPORARY CHANGE. 
 
 Of conditions of insured property, see IlT- 
 
 SUBANCE, §§ 84-89. 
 Of occupation by insured, effect, see Insub- 
 
 ANCE, § 95. 
 
 TEMPORARY DAMAGES. 
 
 Abutter's right to temporary damages for 
 railroad in street. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.); 
 
 782. 
 
 » » »- 
 
 TEMPORARY INJUNCTION, 
 
 See Injunction, § 80. 
 
 ♦ ■ » 
 
 TEMPORARY INSANITY. 
 
 Presumption of continuance of. 35 L.B.Ai 
 119. 
 
 TEMPORARY MARRIAGE. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to validity of. 57 L.R.A, 
 159. 
 
 TEMPORARY OCCUPATION. 
 
 Extent of recovery in condemnation proceed- 
 ings for. 26 L.R.A. 753. 
 
 TEMPORARY SUBMERGENCE. 
 
 Title to islands temporarily submerged. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 230. 
 
 TEMPORARY WEAKNESS. 
 
 As proof of testamentary incapacity. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 94. 
 
 27 
 
 TENANCY. 
 See Landlobd and Tenant. 
 
 < « » 
 
 Begin xvith this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 TENANCY BY ENTIRETY, 
 
 See Husband and Wibe, § 27. 
 
IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1317 
 
 TENANCY IN COMMON. 
 
 See Cotenancy. 
 
 TENANTS. 
 
 In general, see Landlobd and Texant. 
 Life tenant, see Life Tenants. 
 Tenant by the entirety, see Husband and 
 Wife, § 27. 
 
 TENANTS IN COMMON, 
 
 See Cotenancy. 
 
 TENDER. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of goods sold, see Sale, § 14. 
 Of tax, see Taxes, §§ 64, 65. 
 
 In case of specific performance. 1 L.R.A. 
 555.* 
 
 Of deed by vendor. 6 L.R.A. 591.* 
 
 Of purchase money by partner. 28 L.R.A. 
 105. 
 
 Of tax or redemption money prevented bv 
 officer. 20 L.R.A. 489. 
 
 Of fees to witnesses. 39 L.R.A. 121. 
 
 Of property to buyer vrho is in default in 
 fixing date for delivery and is not pres- 
 ent at the agreed place. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 529. 
 
 To pledgee before action for conversion 
 against him. 43 L.R.A. 759. 
 
 § 2. Necessity for. 
 
 As condition precedent to bringing of suit, 
 see Action or Suit, § 11. 
 
 As condition of specific performance, see 
 SpEcnrio PiairoEMANCE, § 3. 
 
 As condition of maintaining trover, see 
 Tboveb, § 8. 
 
 Of deed as prerequisite to action for pur- 
 chase money of land, see Vendob and 
 PUECHASEE, § 13. 
 
 Necessity for tender of performance by pur- 
 chaser to entitle real estate broker to 
 commissions. 43 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Of freight charges as condition of trover 
 against carriers. 21 L.R.A. 117. 
 
 When tender of freight money not condition 
 of conversion by carrier's refusal to sur- 
 render goods. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1058. 
 
 Eff'eet of unauthorized sale or disposal of 
 pledge by pledgee to dispense with ten- 
 der as a condition of trover against 
 him. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 208: 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 511. 
 
 Tender back of premium as condition ol 
 canceling policy of insurancp. 8 L.R.A. 
 710.* 
 
 Of consideration paid for release of claim 
 for personal injuries as a condition of 
 setting the same aside on a ground of 
 fraud. .35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 660. 
 Consult alf,o L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TENDER— cont'd 
 
 Of taxes due as a condition of relief from 
 invalid tax sale. 10 L.R.A. 296.* 
 
 As condition of right to redeem from mort- 
 gage foreclosure. 9 L.R.A. 676.* 
 
 Of share of expense as condition of right to 
 share in benefit of cotenant's purchase 
 of outstanding interest. 10 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 863. 
 
 Tender or payment of consideration as a 
 condition precedent to a suit for the 
 specific performance of a contract to 
 convey realty consummated by the 
 vendee's exercise of an option. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 
 Of amount due as condition of injunction 
 against sale under power in mortgage 
 on the ground of overstatement of 
 amount due. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 
 Of balance as a condition of injunction in 
 aid of equitable set-off of claim against 
 a judgment of a larger amount. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 144. 
 
 Of deed or abstract of title as condition of 
 enforcing forfeiture for failure of ven- 
 dee to pay last instalment of purchase 
 money. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 956. 
 
 § 3. Sufficiency of. 
 
 Sufiiciency of tender of fare to prevent ejec- 
 tion of passenger, see Caeeiees, § 33. 
 
 To divest lien of mortgage. 33 L.R.A. 231. 
 Necessity that tender, as a condition of re- 
 scission for breach of warranty, shall 
 cover all the property sold. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 727. 
 Sufficiency of tender of fare to prevent 
 
 ejection. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991. 
 Place and requisites of tender of interest 
 which will prevent acceleration of 
 maturity of mortgage under inter- 
 est clause. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 308. 
 Tender sufficient. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 308. 
 Tender insufiicient. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 309. 
 
 § 4. — defective money. 
 
 Condition of money tendered as fare, see 
 
 Caeeiees, § 19. 
 Sufficiency of coin tendered, see Coin, § 2. 
 
 Of old, worn, or mutilated coin. 33 L.R.A. 
 824. 
 
 Character and condition of coin and cur- 
 rency that may be tendered in payment 
 of fare. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1030. 
 
 § 5. — check. 
 
 Tender by check. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 323. 
 
 § 6. — excessive amount with demand 
 for change. 
 
 Of amount in excess of fare, see Caebiers, 
 
 § 20. 
 Tender of a sum in excess of that due with. 
 
 demand for change. 13 L.R.A. ( N.S. > 
 
 624. 
 
 § 7. Keeping tender good. 
 
 Right to withdraw money paid into court 
 after tender. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 561. 
 
1318 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TENDER— cont'd 
 § 8. Effect. 
 
 Effect of tender of taxes or redemption 
 money. 20 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 Effect of tender by vendee of purchase price 
 before due, to put other party in de- 
 fault. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 338. 
 
 Effect of tender on deposit of money on 
 right to interest on damages allowed in 
 eminent domain. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 63. 
 
 Effect of tender by defendant upon his 
 right to avail himself of defenses or 
 counterclaims. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 354. 
 
 § 9. Of amount due on mortgage or 
 pledge. 
 
 Effect of unaccepted tender on lien of chat- 
 tel mortgage, see Chattel Mortqaqb, 
 § 31. 
 
 Effect of an accepted tender of amount due 
 on mortgage, see Mortgage, § 57. 
 
 Effect of unaccepted tender on lien of 
 pledge. 33 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 TENEMENT HOUSES. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutory regulations 
 as to safety and sanitary conditions of. 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 486. 
 
 TENURE. 
 
 Of office, see Municipal Coepobations, § 
 116; Officbes, § 16. 
 
 TERM. 
 
 Of court, see CotrBTS, § 46. 
 
 Of tenant, see Landlord and Tenant, §§ 23, 
 
 24. 
 Of oflice, see Muhicipal Coepobations, § 
 
 116; Officees, § 16. 
 
 Of contract to supply city with water 
 
 L.R.A. 69. 
 Of court, judicial notice of. 4 L.R.A. 34 
 
 61 
 
 TERMINAL. 
 
 Railroad terminal as nuisance. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 374. 
 
 Presumption of statutory authority of rail- 
 road to commit nuisance by maintain- 
 ing. 70 L.R.A. 589. 
 
 Delegation by legislature to railroad com- 
 mission of power as to entrance into 
 terminals. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 654. 
 
 TERMINAL RAILWAY COMPANY. 
 
 Exercise of power of eminent domain by. 
 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 
 TERJJINAL RAILWAY COMPANY— 
 cont'd 
 
 Is terminal railway company, in moving 
 interstate traffic, within Federal safety 
 appliance act. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 582. 
 
 TERMINATION. 
 
 Of attachment, see Attachment, § 18. 
 
 Of relation of carrier and passenger, see 
 
 Cabbiees, § 9. 
 Of carrier's liability, see Cabbiees, § 118. 
 Of contract generally, see Contbacts, § 146. 
 Of contract of sale, see Sale, § 3. 
 Of appointment of personal representative, 
 
 see ExECUTOES and Administbatoes, 
 
 §§ 3-7. 
 Of franchise, see Franchises, § 5. 
 Of insurance, see Insueancb, §§ 104, 105. 
 Of lease, see Landlord and Tenant, §§ 
 
 27-35. 
 Of prosecution giving right to bring action 
 
 for malicious prosecution, see Mali- 
 
 ClOtrS PBOSBOnTION, § 9. 
 Of relation of master and servant, see 
 
 Masteb and Servant, §§ 34-46. 
 Of agency, see Pbincipal and Agent, §§ 6, 
 
 7, 9, 10. 
 Of trust, see Trusts, §§ 16, 17. 
 
 Of franchise for toll bridge. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 364. 
 
 Of liability of members of mutual fire in- 
 surance companies. 32 L.R.A. 492. 
 
 TERRITORIAL COURTS. 
 
 See Courts, §§ 35, 35a. 
 
 TERRITORIAL LIMITS. 
 
 Jurisdiction as affected by, see Courts, §§ 
 19-26. 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 Adoption of common law in. 22 L.R.A. 506. 
 Right of territories to tax shares of stock 
 
 in national bank, 45 L.R.A. 762. 
 Right of Congress to prohibit or delegate 
 
 flower to prohibit sales of intoxicating 
 iquors in. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 922. 
 
 Begin tcith this hook on every law question 
 
 TEST. 
 
 Particular test of milk prescribed by police 
 regulations. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 92"6. 
 
 Right to regulate time of payment as inci- 
 dent to authority to make rules and 
 regulations as to testing food. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 686. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1319 
 
 TESTAMENTARY CAPACITY. 
 
 See Wills, §§ 9-15. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 TESTAMENTARY CHARACTER. 
 Of will, see Wills, § 7. 
 
 < » » 
 
 TESTAMENTARY TRUSTEES. 
 See Tbusts, IV. 
 
 TESTIMONY. 
 
 See Evidence. 
 
 TEST OATH. 
 
 As qualification of right to vote. 25 L.K.A. 
 483. 
 
 TEXAS CATTLE. 
 
 Validity and construction of statutory regu- 
 lations as to diseased cattle. 26 L.E.A. 
 638. 
 
 Liability of carrier for loss of livestock by 
 Texas fever. 26 L.E.A. (N.S.) 712. 
 
 TEXT-BOOKS. 
 
 See Schools, § 36. 
 
 *-—¥ 
 
 TEXTILE FABRICS. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of on sale out of 
 larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 42. 
 
 # »» 
 
 THEATERS 
 
 See Amusements. 
 
 • « » 
 
 THERAPY. 
 
 Application of statute regulating practice 
 of medicine to persons giving special 
 kinds of treatment. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 762; 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1297. 
 
 THIEF. 
 
 See Laeceny. 
 
 THIRD degree:. 
 
 See Evidence, § 209. 
 
 ♦<-♦ . 
 
 THIRD PERSON. 
 
 Delivery of deed to, see Deeds, § 8; Es- 
 
 CEOW. 
 
 THIRD RAIL. 
 
 Liability of electric railway for injury to 
 trespasser or licensee from exposed 
 third rail. 28 L.R.A.(N.S,) 98. 
 
 THREATS. 
 
 THEFT. 
 
 See Lakcent. 
 
 THEORY. 
 
 Trial under erroneous theory as to crime 
 charged, as former jeopardy. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 48]. 
 Consult al-io L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Validity of contract procured by threat of 
 prosecution, see Gontbaots, § 91. 
 
 Evidence of, see Evidence, § 239. 
 
 Obtaining property or money by, see Ex- 
 TOETION, § 2. 
 
 Carrier's liability for threats by employees 
 
 to passengers. 14 L.R.A. 739. 
 Voluntariness of payment of license fee 
 
 under threats of judicial proceedings. 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 875. 
 To charge person with crime, as construct- 
 ive force for purposes of robbery. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 439. 
 Forcing one to do an act under threat to 
 
 kill, as assault with intent to kill. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 143. 
 Voluntariness of confession induced by. 18 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 833. 
 Contracts procured by threats of prosecution 
 
 of relative. 26 L.R.A. 48; 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 539. 
 Effect of duress by, to avoid marriage. 43 
 
 L.R.A. 815. 
 
 § 2. Effect ol, on liability for homi- 
 cide. 
 
 As provocation for homicide. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 154. 
 As affecting self-defense in homicide. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 702. 
 Effect of, on degree of homicide in heat of 
 
 passion. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 
1320 INDEX TO L 
 
 THREE-MILE LIMIT. 
 
 Jurisdiction beyond. 46 L.R.A. 264. 
 
 THRESHING ENGINES. 
 Liability for fires set by, see Fibes, § 7. 
 
 THRESHING MACHINE. 
 
 Validity of chattel mortgage of future 
 earnings of. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 505. 
 
 THROUGH SHIPMENT. 
 
 Duty of initial or first contracting carrier 
 to undertake. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3. 
 
 THROUGH TICKETS. 
 
 See Cabbiebs, § 22. 
 
 TICKER. 
 
 Property rights in market quotations by. 
 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S,) 889. 
 
 TICKET AGENTS. 
 
 Confining sale of tickets to, see Cabeiees, 
 §§ 21, 148. 
 
 TICKET BROKERS. 
 
 See Cabeiees, §§ 21, 148. 
 
 TICKET OFFICE. 
 
 Duty of carrier to keep ticket o£Sce open. 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 851. 
 
 TICItETS. 
 
 See also Amusements, § 4; Cabeiees, §§ 
 16-29; Constitutional Law, § 141. 
 
 When vacancy in party ticket occurs witliiu 
 statute authorizing filling of vacancies. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1088, 
 
 R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TIDAL WATERS. 
 
 Land under, see Tide Land. 
 
 Navigability of. 42 L.R.A. 303. 
 Boundary of municipality on. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 523. 
 Effect of bounding grant on. 42 L.R.A. 462. 
 
 TIDE LAND. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Rights in, see Watebs, §§ 14, 15. 
 
 Acquisition of, by eminent domain. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 897. 
 Location of mining claim on. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 790. 
 
 § 2. Title to. 
 
 Of municipality, see Mdnicipai, Coepoba- 
 
 TIONS, § 71. 
 
 Title" to. 42 L.R.A. 162. 
 Title to land at high and low water marks. 
 45 L.R.A. 227. 
 
 § 3. Grant of. 
 
 Right of state to grant. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 337. 
 Right of state to grant tide land so as to 
 
 destroy wharfage right of shore owner. 
 
 63 L.R.A. 264. 
 Grant of, to municipal corporation. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 822. 
 Federal grant of lands under navigable 
 
 water in territory. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 745. 
 How far within protection of covenants in 
 
 deed. 62 L.R.A. 763. 
 
 TIE VOTE. 
 
 Decision of, see Elections, § 16. 
 
 Begin with this hook on every law question 
 
 TIMBER. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for wrongful catting 
 or destruction of, see Damages, § 75. 
 
 Rights of life tenant as to, see Life Ten- 
 ants, § 5. 
 
 See also Logs and Logging; Ltjmbeb; 
 Trees. 
 
 Title to, when wrongfully severed. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 422. 
 Jurisdiction of action for conversion of, 
 
 from land in another state or country. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 994. 
 Interest of one oth^r than owner of soil in 
 
 timber as separate subject of taxation. 
 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 693. 
 Timber rights of life tenant. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 763. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1321 
 
 TIMBER— cont'd 
 
 Liability of one setting fire to timber caus- 
 ing spread to property of otliers. 21 
 L.R.a:262. 
 
 § 2. Conveyance of title to standing 
 timber without title to land. 
 
 Oral contract for sale of timber, see CoN- 
 TKACTS, § 43. 
 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Nature of purchaser's estate. 55 L.R.A. 
 514. 
 
 Incidental rights of purchaser. 55 L.R.A. 
 517. 
 
 Effect of contract with respect to standing 
 timber, to pass title to the same. 6 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 469. 
 
 Prerequisites to passing of title; selection of 
 trees. 55 L.R.A. 519. 
 
 Selection or designation of part sold out of 
 a larger lot. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 37. 
 
 Payment of purchase price. 55 L.R.A. 520. 
 
 For what purpose timber may be used. 55 
 L.R.A. 525. 
 
 Effect of purchaser's knowledge of third 
 person's timber rights in action for 
 breach of covenant against encum- 
 brances. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 319. 
 
 g 3 . — vrhat timber included In con- 
 veyance. 
 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 522. 
 Size of timber, generally. 55 L.R.A. 523. 
 Mode of determining size. 55 L.R.A. 523. 
 Time of determining size and suitability. 
 55 L.R.A. 524. 
 
 § 4. — time for removal generally; 
 forfeiture of rights. 
 
 Where particular time specified in contract. 
 
 55 L.R.A. 525. 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 525. 
 Effect of failure to remove in iime 
 
 specified. 55 L.R.A. 526. 
 Construction of contract as to time of 
 
 removal. 55 L.R.A. 529. 
 What constitutes a removal. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 529. 
 Necessity of removing as well as cut- 
 ting. 55 L.R.A. 530. 
 Extension of time to remove. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 530. 
 Where no time specified in contract. 55 
 
 L.R.A. 531. 
 In general. 55 L.R.A. 531. 
 What is a reasonable time for removal, 
 
 and how determined. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 534. 
 Notice to remove. 55 L.R.A. 535. 
 Reservation of right to remove, within 
 specified time; effect. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 649. 
 Is purchase of standing timber to be re- 
 moved withing a specified period of 
 years a purchase of realty or personal- 
 ty. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 278. 
 Rights and remedies of landowner and 
 
 owner of timber after expiration 
 
 of time stipulated for removal of 
 
 the same. 29 L.R.A. 547. 
 Rights and remedies in general. 29 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 549. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TIMBER— cont'd 
 
 Replevin. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 549. 
 Conversion. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 550. 
 Trespass. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 551. 
 Where timber has Ijeen manufactured 
 into lumber, etc. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 552. 
 
 § 5. — extension of time to remove. 
 
 Construction and effect of provision for ex- 
 tension of time for removal of standing 
 timber. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 615. 
 
 Interference by owner of soil with removal 
 of timber during term fixed by lease or 
 sale as extending time for removal. 34 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 120. 
 
 § 6. Right to cut. 
 
 Custom as to cutting, see Custom and 
 Usage, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 Injunction against trespass to cut, see In- 
 junction, § 23. 
 
 Tenant's right to out, see Landlord and 
 Tenant, § 54. 
 
 Cutting of trees, see Trees, § 2. 
 
 On public land, see Public Lands, § 3. 
 
 Right to cut on mortgaged land. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 607.* 
 Right of tenant to cut wood for fires or 
 
 fences. 68 L.R.A. 641. 
 Constitutionality of legislation restricting 
 
 or regulating the right to out timber 
 
 on private land. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 422. 
 Injunction against trespass to cut. 22 
 
 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 g 7. IJiablUty for acts of Independent 
 contractors as to. 
 
 Liability for torts of independent con- 
 tractor in cutting. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 255. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of inde- 
 pendent contractor in hauling of. 65 
 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 Persons undertaking operations connected 
 with handling of, as independent con- 
 tractors. 65 L.R.A. 469; 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 375. 
 
 TIMBEK CULTURE ACT,S. 
 
 Right to cut timber on public lands under. 
 70 L.R.A. 904. 
 
 TIME. 
 
 /. In general, §§ 1-13. 
 II. Standard or solar time,- § 13. 
 III. Fractions of day; month, §§ H, 
 
 IS. 
 IT. Computation of time, §§ 10-19. 
 
 I. In general, 
 
 g 1. Generally. 
 
 Of accrual of cause of action, see Action or 
 
 Suit, § 7 
 
1322 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TIME, I.— cont'd 
 
 Of filing or recording chattel mortgage, see 
 Chattel Mortgage, § 19. 
 
 For presenting check for payment, see 
 Checks, § 11. 
 
 To present claim generally, see Claims, § 2. 
 
 To present claim against decedent's estate, 
 see ExEcuTOBs and Administrators, 
 §§ 40, 41. 
 
 Condition for construction of railroad with- 
 in specified time, see Conditions, § 9. 
 
 Date, see Date. 
 
 For voting, see Elections, § 13. 
 
 For eminent domain proceedings, see Emi- 
 nent Domain, § 28. 
 
 Judicial notice as to, see Evidence, § 13. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration of in- 
 strument, see Evidence, § 91a. 
 
 Extension of, see Extension, § 2. 
 
 Allegations as to time, in indictment, see 
 Indictment, etc., § 5. 
 
 During which sale of liquor is prohibited, 
 see Intoxicating Liquors, §§ 24, 25. 
 
 Of judicial sale, see Judicial Sale, §§ 3, 4. 
 
 Time within which suit must be com- 
 menced, see Limitation or Actions. 
 
 Statutory regulation as to time of payment 
 of wages, see Master and Servant, 
 § 31. 
 
 To file mechanics' lien, see Mechanics' 
 Liens, §§ 28, 29. 
 
 Of redemption from foreclosure sale, see 
 Mortgage, § 90. 
 
 Of notice, see Notice, § 11. 
 
 Of payment, see Payment, § 17. 
 
 For recording instrument, see Eexjords and 
 Recording Laws, § 23. 
 
 Of suing for purchase money of goods sold, 
 see Sale, § 46. 
 
 As affecting right to specific performance, 
 see Specific Performance, § 2. 
 
 Oi passage of act, see Statutes, § 7. 
 
 For assessment of property, see Taxes, § 
 55. 
 
 As of what time property valued for taxa- 
 tion purposes, see Taxes, § 58. 
 
 For redemption from tax sale, see Taxes, 
 § 84. 
 
 At which testamentary capacity exists, see 
 Wills, § 13. 
 
 For determination of persons taking under 
 will, see Wills, § 97. 
 
 To which contingency is referable, see 
 Wills, § 100. 
 
 Of vesting of remainder, see Wills, § 102. 
 
 At what time equitable conversion occurs, 
 see Wills, § 118. 
 
 Directory or mandatory 'effect of provisions 
 in statutes fixing time for doing an 
 act. 12 L.R.A. 358.* 
 
 Of affixing revenue stamp to instrument. 
 48 L.E.A. 315. 
 
 Of making entries in books of account as 
 affecting their admissibility in evi- 
 dence. 52 L.R.A. 583. 
 
 Of inspection of corporate books. 45 L.R.A. 
 450. 
 
 Time allowed tenant for removal of crop. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 707. 
 
 Lapse of, as curing defect in title. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 36. 
 
 Begin with this boolt on fmery law question. 
 
 TIME, I.— cont'd 
 
 For repair of defects in street car track. 
 52 L.R.A. 456. 
 
 As of what time conversion takes place 
 under direction to sell real property 
 which postpones sale to definitely as- 
 certainable time subsequent to testa- 
 tor's death. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 65. 
 
 For determining eligibility of officer. 23 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1228; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1119. 
 
 Is competency of attesting witness to a 
 will to be determined as of time of at- 
 testation or of probate. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) G86. 
 
 For making arrest as affecting officer's lia- 
 bility. 51 L.E.A. 214. 
 
 As of what time assessed valuation is to be 
 taken for purpose of determining the 
 debt limit of a state or municipality, 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 149. 
 
 Time to which bad character or reputation 
 of plaintiff in libel or slander has ref- 
 erence for purpose of mitigating dam- 
 ages. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1184. 
 
 Of statements made some time after acci- 
 dent as affecting admissibility as res 
 gestw. 42 L.R.A. 921. 
 
 Of offer of marriage as affecting defense to 
 prosecution for seduction. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 422. 
 
 Time at which a, partial payment by check 
 or draft arrests running of limita- 
 tions. 1 B. R. C. 494. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in 
 written instrument. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 100. 
 
 Power of judge pro tern on rendition of 
 judgment to allow time for preparing 
 or filing bill of exceptions or case 
 made. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 623. 
 
 Proximate cause of damage from fire, as 
 affected by. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 759. 
 
 Variance between allegation and proof as 
 to time in action against railroad com- 
 panv for setting out fires. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.*S.) 635. 
 
 § 2. Juridical matters. 
 
 Matters as to judgments, see infra, § 8. 
 
 For taking appeal, see Appeal and Ebbob, 
 §§ 14, 15. 
 
 For objections and exceptions, see Appeal 
 AND Error, § 24a. 
 
 Of issuing execution, see Execution, §§ 5, 
 6. 
 
 Of rendition of judgment, see Judgiiekt, 
 §§ 17, 18. 
 
 Of serving pleading, see Pleading, §§ 8, 9. 
 
 Of amendment of pleading, see Pleading, § 
 11. 
 
 For application to remove action to Feder- 
 al court, see Removal of Causes, § 14. 
 
 Limiting time of counsel's argument, see 
 Trial, § 17. 
 
 Of receiving verdict, see Trial, § 77. 
 
 Of issuing writ, see Writ and Process, § 
 3. 
 
 Of service of process, see Wbit and Proc- 
 ess, § 10. 
 
IXDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1323 
 
 TIME, I.— cont'd 
 
 Does standard or solar time govern legal 
 
 proceedings. 6 L.R.A. 104B. 
 rime from which order appointing receiver 
 
 becomes operative. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 657. 
 Effect of failure to file referee's report 
 
 within proper time. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 581. 
 Of organization of grand jury. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 785. _ 
 For making admission or request to open 
 
 and close. 61 L.R.A. 534. 
 Right to limit time of argument of counsel 
 
 for accused. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1027. 
 For giving of security in Federal Supreme 
 
 Court. 66 L.R.A. 858. 
 For correction of record on appeal. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 Time of discovery of evidence as affecting 
 
 bill of review. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1038. 
 
 § 3. Contractual matters generally. 
 
 Certainty as to, as element of negotiability, 
 
 see Bills and Notes, § 21. 
 For presentment of commercial paper, see 
 
 Bnxs AND Notes, § 52. 
 Of maturity of negotiable paper, see Bills 
 
 AND Notes, §§ 54-57. 
 For performance of contract, see CoN- 
 
 TBACTS, §§ 63, 132. 
 Limitation as to, in contract in restraint 
 
 of trade, see Contracts, § 108. 
 Of passing of title to personalty, see Sale, 
 
 §§ 2, 9-13. 
 For removal of timber conveyed, see TiM- 
 
 BEB, §§ 4, 5. 
 
 Presumption as to time of delivery of deed. 
 12 L.R.A. 176.* 
 
 For assent to assignment or deed of trust 
 for creditors. 24 L.R.A. 379, 384. 
 
 For payment on part performance of con- 
 tract for services. 24 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Of resale of goods on purchaser's refusal to 
 accept. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 681, 683. 
 
 Of signing as surety for surety. 21 L.R.A. 
 249. 
 
 For notice of default to bind guarantor. 
 20 L.E.A. 264. 
 
 Limitation as to time in grant of water 
 power. 67 L.R.A. 397. 
 
 Of consummating contract when offer by 
 letter is accepted by telegram, or vice 
 versa. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1016. 
 
 Necessity of specifying time of payment of 
 purchase price in contract or memo- 
 randum for sale of real property with- 
 in statute of frauds. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 84. 
 
 § 4. Insurance matters. 
 
 Of payment of insurance premium or as- 
 sessment, see Insueance, §§ 113, 114. 
 
 Of giving proofs or notice of loss, death, 
 accident, or sickness, see Insurance, § 
 146. 
 
 Of demanding paid-up policy. 15 L.R.A. 
 449. 
 
 From what time d'-es notice of cancelation 
 of fire insurance become effective. 39 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 829. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TlilE, I. —cont'd 
 
 Of notice of assignment of policy to credit- 
 or. 50 L.R.A. 41. 
 
 Of examination of insured under provision 
 as to producing books and papers. 51 
 L.R.A. 706. 
 
 Scope of release under policy indemnify- 
 ing insured against loss of time by 
 sickness or accident. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 211. 
 
 § 5. Matters as to carriers. 
 
 For removal of goods by consignee, see Cab- 
 
 kiers, § 118. 
 Stipulation as to time of giving notice to, 
 
 or commencing suit against, carrier, 
 
 see Carriers, § 133. 
 
 Time allowed for passenger to alight. 4 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 140. 
 Right of carrier to receive in afternoon, 
 
 valuables to go on morning train. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) .558. 
 Right of street railway company to limit 
 
 time for using transfer. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 287. 
 Of notice to warrant special damages for 
 
 carrier's failure to deliver property. 3 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1111. 
 Extent of ticket agent's implied authority 
 
 as to time of arrival. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 232. 
 Delegation by legislature to railroad com- 
 mission of power as to time of trains. 
 
 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 653. 
 
 § 6. —reasonableness of time. 
 
 Of time allowed for passengers to alight. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 140. 
 
 Of time for termination, of passengers re- 
 lation after reaching destination. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 875. 
 
 Reasonableness of time fixed in a contract 
 of shipment of livestock for presenta- 
 tion of claim for damages. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1041. 
 
 What is a reasonable time for removal of 
 goods by consignee after which liability 
 of carrier as such terminates. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240; 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 935; 25 L.E.A. (N.S.) 938. 
 
 Reasonableness of time for keeping passen- 
 ger station open before arrival or after 
 departure of train. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 851. 
 
 § 7. Accounts stated. 
 
 Time necessary to constitute account stat- 
 ed. 27 L.R.A. 823. 
 
 Time within which objection to a state- 
 ment of account may be made. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 341. 
 
 Length of time necessary for retaining 
 statement of account to render it an 
 account stated. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 342. 
 
 § 8. Matters as to judgments. 
 
 Rule of, as to priority of judgment. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 243. 
 Of attaching of lien of Federal judgment. 
 
 47 L.R.A. 478. 
 
1324 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NO'l^S. 
 
 TIME, I.— cont'd 
 
 Allowing vendor reasonaiile time to perfect 
 
 title by decree for specific performance. 
 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 25. 
 
 S 9. Matters as to mines. 
 
 Of recording raining location. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 878. 
 
 Of performance of requirements for loca- 
 tion of mining claim. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 885. 
 
 Of marking location of mining claim on 
 the ground. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 857. 
 
 § 10. Loss of, as element of damages. 
 
 Time lost, as element of damages for per- 
 sonal injuries, see Damages, § 61. 
 
 Loss of time as element of damages for de- 
 struction or loss of use of implements 
 or tools of laborer or professional man. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 625. 
 
 § 11. Of death. 
 
 When homicide deemed to be committed. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 851. 
 Presumption as to time of death of one 
 
 presumed to be dead after seven years 
 
 absence, unheard of. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 294. 
 
 § 12. Reasonableness of. 
 
 In matters relating to carriers, see supra, 
 
 § 6. 
 <5uestion for jury as to, see Tbial, § 24. 
 
 Of period allowed by new statute of limi- 
 tations in respect of existing causes of 
 action. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 715; 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 157. 
 
 Of time of retaining statement of account 
 as question for court or jury. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 34]. 
 
 Of time for removal of standing timber 
 conveyed without conveying title to 
 the land. 55 L.R.A. 534. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence as to 
 reasonableness of time for delivery of 
 goods where none is specified in writ- 
 ten contract. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 620. 
 
 Of limitation on time of argument of coun- 
 sel for accused. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1030. 
 
 //. Standard or solar time. 
 
 § 13. Generally. 
 
 Standard or solar time as the criterion in 
 determining questions dependent upon 
 time. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 611. 
 
 Does standard or solar time govern legal 
 proceedings. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1046. 
 
 Intention of parties to contract to adopt 
 standard instead of sun time. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 364. 
 
 ///. Fractions of day; month. 
 
 § 14. Fractions of day. 
 
 Fraction of a day. 6 L.R.A. 542.* 
 Fractions of day as determining priorities 
 
 or precedence of rights. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 8.35. 
 
 TIME, III.— cont'd 
 § 15. Month. 
 
 Meaning of "month." 
 
 12 L.R.A. 770.' 
 
 Begin n-ith tliift hook on every law question. 
 
 IT. Computation of time. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Computation of time. 5 L.R.A. 844;* 6 
 L.R.A. 541;* 11 L.R.A. 701,* 724.* 
 
 Computation of legislative days. 17 L.RA. 
 66. 
 
 For instituting proceedings to transfer 
 cause to Federal Supreme Court. 66 
 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Computation of period of abandonment as 
 affected by insanity of defendant. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1071. 
 
 Right to compute minimum statutory peri- 
 od for presentation of claims against 
 telegraph company from date of filing 
 message. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 185. 
 
 § 17. Rul^ as to first and last days 
 In. 
 
 General rule as to inclusion or exclusion. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 193; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 686. 
 
 Early rule as to which day is counted. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 194. 
 The modern common-law doctrine. 49 
 L.R.A. 195. 
 General rules. 49 L.R.A. 195-. 
 Application and reasons for. 49 
 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 The statutory rule. 49 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Statement and effect of. 49 L.R.A. 198. 
 Application of. 49 L.R.A. 198. 
 Construction and particular provisions as 
 
 to time. 49 L.R.A. 199; 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 686. 
 Difference in language of provisions. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 199. 
 "From" or "after" a day or event. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 200; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 686. 
 "Before" a day or event. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 201. 
 "Within" a designated period. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 202; 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 687. 
 "Between" designated dates or events. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 202. 
 "Until" a designated time or event. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 202; 15 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 687. 
 Notice without reference to terminal. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 203. 
 "At least" prefacing period of time. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 203; 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 687. 
 The rule when Sunday or a holiday is the 
 
 first or last day. 49 L.R.A. 203; 
 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 687; 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1162. 
 At common law. 49 L.R.A. 203; 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 687. 
 The statutory rule. 49 L.R.A. 204; 15 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 687. 
 Application of rules with reference to sub- 
 ject-matter and surrounding cir- 
 
 ciunstances. 49 L.R.A. 205; 15 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 688. 
 General rule. 49 L.R.A. 205. 
 To contracts. 49 L.R.A. 205; 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 688. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 132& 
 
 TIME, IV.— cont'd 
 
 General and miscellaneous. 49 
 L.R.A. 205; 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 6SS. 
 Negotiable instruments. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 207. 
 Insurance policies. 49 L.R.A. 208; 
 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 688. 
 Leases and rental contracts. 49 
 L.R.A. 210. 
 To statutes of limitations. 49 L.R.A. 
 212; 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 688; 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1160. 
 In civil actions. 49 L.R.A. 212. 
 In criminal prosecutions. 49 L.R.A. 
 216. 
 To provisions for time in civil actions. 
 49 L.R.A. 216. 
 General statement as to. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 216. 
 Service and return of process. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 216. 
 Pleading. 49 L.R.A. 220. 
 Notices of trial. 49 L.R.A. 221. 
 Notices, motions, and proceedings 
 
 in general. 49 L.R.A. 222. 
 Attachment, replevin, and arrest. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 223. 
 Rendition and docketing of judg- 
 ments. 49 L.R.A. 224. 
 To provisions for time in criminal cases 
 and penal actions. 49 L.R.A. 224. 
 To provisions for time in proceedings 
 for review. 49 L.R.A. 225. 
 Motions for new trial. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 225. 
 Appeal, error, review. 49 L.R.A. 
 
 226; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 689. 
 Steps taken to perfect appeal. 49 
 L.R.A. 231; 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 689. 
 To executions. 49 L.R.A. 233; 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 690. 
 Notices and sale under, generally. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 233. 
 Redemption from sale under. 49 
 L.E.A. 234. 
 To sales under mortgages and trust 
 
 deeds. 49 L.R.A. 235. 
 To mechanics' liens. 49 L.R.A. 236. 
 To taxes. 49 L.R.A. 236; 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 691. 
 Assessment and collection. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 236. 
 Redemption from tax sales. 49 
 L.R.A. 237. 
 To eminent domain. 49 L.R.A. 238. 
 To matters of administration of estates. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 239. 
 To proceedings to dispossess tenant or 
 
 distrain for rent. 49 L.R.A. 239. 
 To bankruptcy and insolvency laws. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 240. 
 To poor-debtor acts. 49 L.R.A. 242. 
 To provisions for recording and filing 
 
 instruments. 49 L.R.A. 242. 
 To enactment and taking effect of stat- 
 utes and resolutions. 49 L.R.A. 
 243. 
 To elections and offices. 49 L.R.A. 
 244; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 691. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TiiME, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Miscellaneous provisions for time. 49 
 L.R.A. 246; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 691. 
 
 § 18. — counting or excluding holiday. 
 
 V\"here first or last day falls on holiday. 19' 
 L.R.A. 316; 49 L.R.A. 203; 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 687. 
 
 Computation of time for bringing action 
 when first or last day falls on. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1162. 
 
 Computation of days of grace allowed for 
 payment of insurance premium or as- 
 sessment where date of payment or ex- 
 piration of such period falls on Sunday 
 or holiday. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 759. 
 
 § 19. — counting or excluding Sunday. 
 
 Rule when Sunday is first or last day. 4S 
 L.R.A. 203; 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 687; 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1162. 
 
 Extension of when last day falls on Sunday. 
 14 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Computation of time for bringing action 
 when first or last day falls on. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1162. 
 
 Computation of days of grace allowed for 
 payment of insurance premium or as- 
 sessment where date of payment or ex- 
 piration of such period falls on Sunday. 
 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 759. 
 
 TIME TABLES. 
 
 Effect of carrier's limitation of liability in, 
 on liability for default or delay in run- 
 ning trains. 32 L.R.A. 544. 
 
 Train despatchers representing railroad 
 company as to special order suspending 
 regular time tables. 54 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 Right of one about to cross railroad track, 
 to rely on. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1253. 
 
 TIPS. 
 
 Servant's right as to tips received by him. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1217. 
 
 TIRES. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance regulating 
 width of tires of vehicles in city streets. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 385. 
 
 TITHES. 
 
 Of bees. 40 L.R.A. 689. 
 
1326 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 TITLE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 By adverse possession, see Adverse Posses- 
 sion. 
 
 Abstract of, see Abstracts. 
 
 Bond for, see Bond fob Title. 
 
 Cloud on, see Cloud on Title. 
 
 Covenant of warranty of, see Covenants, 
 §§ 13, 31-33. 
 
 Title acquired in eminent domain, see Emi- 
 nent Domain, §§ 24-26. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, §§ 104, 105. 
 
 Evidence as to, see Evidence, § 281. 
 
 Of purchaser at judicial sale, see Judicial 
 Sale, § 14. 
 
 Slander of, see Libel and Slandeb, § 31. 
 
 Record of, see Records and Recobding 
 Laws, IV. 
 
 Passing of, on sale of personal property, see 
 Sale, §§ 9-13. 
 
 Warranty of, on sale of personalty, see Sale, 
 § 28. 
 
 Of statute, see Statutes, §§ 13, 14. 
 
 To funds collected by bank, see Banks, § 32. 
 
 Effect of easement on title to land, see Base- 
 ments, §§ 4, 5. 
 
 Effect of fraudulent conveyance on legal 
 title, see Fraudulent Convbiyances, 
 § 4. 
 
 Transfer of, by guaranty, see Guaeanty, 
 § i. 
 
 Acquisition of, by tenant, see Landlord and 
 Tenant, § 44. 
 
 Notice of, from possession of land, see No- 
 tice, § 17. 
 
 Tax title, see Taxes, § 81a. 
 
 As between vendor and purchaser, see 
 Vendor and Purchaser, §§ 15-18. 
 
 Distinguished from estate. 15 L.R.A. 68. 
 When title passes in eminent domain pro- 
 ceedings. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 537. 
 Effect of defendant's mistake of fact as to, 
 
 on right to specifio performance of con- 
 !f tract induced by the mistake. 15 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 85. 
 
 Right to preliminary injunction which 
 
 II would have effect of transferring pos- 
 
 : session of property, title to which is in 
 
 ii dispute, from defendant to plaintiff. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 31. 
 Necessity and character of title of plaintiff 
 
 to sustain action of trespass quare 
 
 cloMSwm fregit. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 243. 
 Reservation of, in bailments for sale as 
 
 against creditors of bailor and bailee. 
 
 22 L.R.A. 850. 
 Transfer of title to note by indorsement in 
 
 form of guaranty. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1009. 
 Right to inspect account books of public 
 
 officers as to. 27 L.R.A. 82. 
 What entry or record of judgment is neces- 
 sary for purpose of vesting. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 634. 
 Want of legal title as affecting set-off 
 
 against assigned judgment. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 338. 
 Statements as to, as a fraud. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 420, 438. 
 
 TITLE— cont'd 
 
 Right to rely on representations as to. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 603. 
 Denial of, upon information and belief. 30 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 777. 
 
 § 2. To what property. 
 
 To crops, see Chops, § 2. 
 
 To real property generally, see Deeds, §§ 
 28-31; Real Peopeety, § 3; Vendor 
 .4.ND Purchases, §§ 15-18; Will, §§ 
 77-102. 
 
 To goods consigned, see Factors, § 2. 
 
 To highway, see Highways, IV. 
 
 To land on discontinuance of highway, see 
 Highways, § 112. 
 
 Of insured property, see Insurance, §§ 
 66-73. 
 
 To property of religious societies, see Re- 
 ligious Societies, § 3. 
 
 To tide land, see Tide Lands, § 2. 
 
 To land between high and low water marks, 
 see Waters, § 16. 
 
 To islands, see Waters, §§ 23, 44. 
 
 To islands. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 227. 
 
 To accretions to shore lands. 58 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 To land flowed by damming back water of 
 stream. 59 L.R.A. 852. 
 
 Title to letters patent for inventions of serv- 
 ant. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Effect on title to real property of appoint- 
 ment of foreign receiver. 23 L.R.A. 57. 
 
 Of mortgagee of future crops. 23 L.R.A. 
 464. 
 
 In whom legal title to partnership property 
 vests. 27 L.R.A. 460. 
 
 Of one taking money from thief or em- 
 bezzler. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 631. 
 
 < »» 
 
 TITLE BOND. 
 
 See Bond foe Title. 
 
 « » » 
 
 TITLE DEEDS. 
 
 Equitable mortgage by deposit of. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 206. 
 
 TOBACCO. 
 
 Sufficiency of identity of part of larger lot 
 sold. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 32. 
 
 TOKEN CURRENCY. 
 
 Validity of contract for, in violation of stat- 
 ute. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 610. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 TOLL BRIDGES. 
 
 iSee Bridges, §§ 8-10. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1327 
 
 TOLLGATES. 
 
 Character of occupancy by keepers of. 
 L.R.A.(X.S.) 717. 
 
 TOLLING. 
 
 Of limitations, see Limitation of Actions. 
 ♦-•-• 
 
 TOLLROADS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Toll bridges, see Bkidqes, §§ 8-10. 
 As to turnpikes, see Turnpikes. 
 
 Legislative regulation of toll roads. 33 
 L.R.A. 180. 
 
 Character of occupancy of toll keeper. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 717. 
 
 Extension of city limits to include toll road, 
 as taking of property for which compen- 
 sation must be made. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1071. 
 
 g 2. Tolls. 
 
 Right to take toll on road within a city. 
 
 L.R.A. 651. 
 Necessity of franchise for taking tolls. 
 
 L.R.A. 715. 
 
 TOLLS. 
 
 8 1. Generally. 
 
 As to rates charged by public service cor- 
 porations, see Rates, § 2. 
 
 Legislative regulation of. 33 L.R.A. 177. 
 Delegation of municipal power as to. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 726. 
 Inspection of public toll books. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 82. 
 Under market regulations. 24 L.R.A. 587. 
 
 § 2. Right to take without franchise. 
 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. 711. 
 Mills. 37 LJl.A. 712. 
 Ferries. 37 L.R.A. 712. 
 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. 712. 
 
 Privilege of landowner. 37 L.R.A. 714. 
 
 Termination of franchise. 37 L.R.A. 
 714. 
 Canals or other water ways. 37 L.R.A. 715. 
 Toll roads and bridges. 37 L.R.A. 715. 
 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. 715. 
 
 Termination of franchise. 37 L.R.A. 
 717. 
 Fairs, markets, and sales. 37 L.R.A. 718. 
 Port charges. 37 L.R.A. 718. 
 
 § 3. For what. 
 
 Without franchise, see supra, § 2. 
 For use of toll bridge, see Beidges, § 10. 
 For use of ferry, see Fereies, § 7. 
 For use of mills, see Mills, § 4. 
 For use of toll roads, see Toll Roads, § 2. 
 For appropriated water, see Waters, § 88. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TOLLS— cont'd 
 
 For improvement of water way. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 835. 
 For use of navigable stream. 70 L.R.A. 273. 
 On bicycles. 47 L.R.A. 303. 
 Right of county, municipality, or town to 
 rent, or collect tolls for use of, 
 highway. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 836. 
 General rule. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 837. 
 Application of the rule. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 838. 
 Under statute. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 839. 
 
 TOMBS AND TOMBSTONES. 
 
 As 
 
 part of funeral expenses. 33 L.R.A. 
 666. 
 
 Injunctive relief against removal of. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 485. 
 
 Is money set aside under will for purpose 
 of caring for tomb subject to inherit- 
 ance tax. 23L.R.A. (N.S.) 474. 
 
 Validity of testamentary provision for care 
 and maintenance of. 1 B. R. C. 931. 
 
 Allowance against deceased's estate for. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 572. 
 
 TONGS. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect in. 
 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 679. 
 
 TONTINE POLICY. 
 
 Right to subject, to claims of creditors. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 
 TOOLS. 
 
 Master's duty as to, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, III, a, 6. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by tools in 
 street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 613. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 Judicial notice of topographical facts. 4 
 L.R.A. 39.* 
 
 *-»-♦ ■ 
 
 TORPEDOES. 
 
 See Signal Torpedo. 
 
1328 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 TOKTS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to particular classes of torts, see spe- 
 cific title, e. g., Automobiles; Car- 
 
 EIEKS; CONSPIEACY; HIGHWAYS; MAL- 
 ICE; Malicious Pbosbcution; Masieb 
 AND Servant; Motive; Municipal 
 
 COEPOEATIONS ; NEGLIGENCE; RAIL- 
 ROADS; Street Railways, etc. 
 
 Assignability of cause of action for, see 
 Assignment, § 5. 
 
 Provability of claim for, see Bankruptcy, 
 § 25a. 
 
 Action for generally, see Case. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, §§ 20-22. 
 
 Contribution between tort feasors, see Con- 
 tribution, § 2. 
 
 Measure of damages for, generally, see 
 Damages. 
 
 Exemplary damages for, see Damages, II. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for, 
 see Damages, § 108. 
 
 Right of action for causing death, see 
 Death, II. 
 
 Waiver of, see Election of Remedies, § 3. 
 
 Exemption of homestead from liability for, 
 see Homestead, § 7. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §§ 16, 
 17. 
 
 Liability for tort of keeper or inmate of 
 jail or prison, see Jails and Prisons, 
 § 4. 
 
 Running of limitations against action based 
 on, see Limitation of Actions, §§ 35, 
 40, 41, 51. 
 
 As to personal injuries generally, see Per- 
 sonal Injuries. 
 
 Pleading as to, see Pleading, § 31. 
 
 Proximate cause in case of, see Proximate 
 Cause,. § 3., 
 
 Constitutionality of imprisonment for debt 
 
 in case of. 34 L.R.A. 640. 
 Does statutory liability of stockholders for 
 
 debts of corporation include liability 
 
 for torts. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 256. 
 Rule of proximate cause in case of malicious 
 
 torts. 45 L.R.A. 87. 
 Exemption of homestead from liability for. 
 
 24 L.R.A. 789; 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 947. 
 Equitable remedy to subject to judgment, 
 
 claim of damages for tort. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 703. 
 Garnishment of claims in tort. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 355. 
 Lien of attorney on cause of action for. 
 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 379-. 
 Effect of bankruptcy on liabilities for. 1 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 202. 
 Requisites of special verdict in action for. 
 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 20. 
 Curing separate verdicts rendered in action 
 
 for joint tort. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 191. 
 Jurisdiction of action at law based on tort 
 
 against real property in another state 
 
 or country. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 933. 
 Avoidance by infant of release of cause of 
 
 3.ctiaa ex delicto. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 690. 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 
 to. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 437. 
 
 TORTS— cont'd 
 
 g 2. Wbo liable for. 
 
 Liability of carrier for torts towards pas- 
 senger, see Carriers, §§ 10-15a. 
 
 Constable's liability for, see Constable, 
 § 2. 
 
 Liability of corporation for, see Cobpo- 
 EATIONS, § 36a. 
 
 Liability of corporate officers for, see Cor- 
 porations, §§ 56, 57a, 59. 
 
 Liability of county for, see Counties, § 8. 
 
 In what capacity personal representative 
 may be sued for, see Executors and 
 Administrators, § 21. 
 
 Liability of husband for torts of wife, see 
 Husband and Wife, § 11. 
 
 Married woman's liability for, see Husband 
 AND Wife. § 24. 
 
 Action between husband and wife for, see 
 Husband and Wife, § 69a. 
 
 Liability of incompetent person for, see 
 Incompetent Persons, § 12. 
 
 Liability for infants for, see Infants, § 24. 
 
 Joint liability for, see Joint Creditors and 
 Debtors. 
 
 Master's liability for, see Carriers, §§ 10, 
 14, 15a; Master and Servant, IV.; 
 Trusts, § 26. 
 
 Liability for torts of independent contractor 
 see Master and Servant, IV, b. 
 
 Liability of servant for, see Master and 
 Servant, V. 
 
 Municipal liability for, see Municipal Cor- 
 porations, §§ 72-101. 
 
 Officer's liability for, see Officers, § 40. 
 
 Parent's liability for, see Parent and 
 Child, § 10. 
 
 Partner's liability for, see Paetnisship, 
 § 14. 
 
 Principal's liability for, see Principal and 
 Agent § 20. 
 
 Agent's liability for, see Principal akd 
 Agent, § 42. 
 
 Sheriff's liability for, see Sheriffs, § 3. 
 
 Liability of state for, see State, § 11. 
 
 Liability of trustee for torts of his servant, 
 see Trusts, § 26. 
 
 Liability of marshal for his deputy's tort 
 in making arrest. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1019. 
 
 Arbitrary or mala fide termination of part- 
 nership as basis of action in tort. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 959. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 TOTAL DISABILITY. 
 
 Of insured, see Insubance, § 178. 
 
 < « » 
 
 TOTAL LOSS. 
 
 Of insured property, see Insurance, § 173. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every Iww question. 
 
 TOWAGE. 
 
 Owners of tugs as independent contractors. 
 65 L.R.A. 471. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1329 
 
 TOWAGE— cont'd 
 
 Jurisdiction of admiralty over contract as 
 
 to. 66 L.R.A. 232. 
 Maritime lien for towage services. 70 
 
 LJI.A. 388. 
 
 ♦-•-* 
 
 TOWN HALIi. 
 
 Power of town to construct for purposes 
 
 other than use by town officers. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 Eight of municipality to permit use of, or 
 
 to lease town hall for private purposes. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 580. 
 Liability of town for torts in connection 
 
 with. 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 
 TOWN MARSHALS. 
 
 As public officers. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 882. 
 #«» 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to municipal corporations generally, see 
 
 MtWICIPAI, COKPOBATIONS. 
 
 As trustees of charities. 14 L.R.A. 70. 
 Statutes regulating police department of, as 
 
 special and local legislation. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 579.* 
 
 § 2. Creation and incorporation of. 
 
 Creation of. 1 L.R.A. 758.* 
 
 Extrinsic evidence to show unconstitution- 
 ality of statutes incorporating towns. 
 14 L.R.A. 459. 
 
 g 3. Annexation or division of terri- 
 tory. 
 
 Power of legislature as to annexation of 
 
 town to municipality. 27 L.R.A. 738. 
 Exemption from taxation of lands annexed 
 
 to towns. 1 L.R.A. 758.* 
 Alteration of townships. 1 L.R.A. 758.* 
 Division of territory of, as affecting its 
 
 assets and liabilities. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 285. 
 
 § 4. Powers and rights. 
 
 Power of, to remove officer in absence of 
 
 statutory authority. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 572; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 519. 
 Right to collect tolls for use of bridge or 
 
 highway. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 836. 
 Reputed father's right to custody or control 
 
 of illegitimate child as against. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 694. 
 
 g 5. —property rights. 
 
 Appropriation of waters of pond for town 
 
 purposes. 1 L.R.A. 466.* 
 Division of territory as affecting its assets, 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 285. 
 Right to surrender valid clafm upon partial 
 
 p.avment thereof. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 320. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TOWNS— cont'd 
 
 § 6. Appropriations by. 
 
 Appropriations or use of moneys of. 14 
 
 L.R.A. 474. 
 Injunction to prevent town from making 
 
 illegal appropriation. 7 L.R.A. 180.* 
 
 § 7. Liabilities; indebtedness. 
 
 Liability for injury on defective highway, 
 see Highways, § 79. 
 
 Effect of contributory negligence on liabil- 
 ity of township for defects in highway, 
 see Highways, § 101. 
 
 Division of territory of, as affecting. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 285. 
 
 Liability for injury by interference of 
 bridge with flow of water. 59 L.R.A. 
 856. 
 
 Liability of townships for injury to em- 
 ployee engaged in repairing highway. 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1074. 
 
 Liability of township on negotiable paper 
 executed by officer of town. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1078. 
 
 When limitations begin to run against ac- 
 tion on township warrant. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 478. 
 
 Holders as necessary parties to proceed- 
 ings to invalidate moneyed obligations 
 of. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 256. 
 
 Right of town authorities to reconsider ac- 
 tion as to allowance of claim. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 
 Liability of territory annexed to township 
 to pay proportionate share of existing 
 debts. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1147. 
 
 § 8. Officers. 
 
 Power of board to appoint officers or make 
 contract for term of office extending be- 
 yond its own term. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 652. 
 
 Character and extent of relief by mandamus 
 against town board which has rendered 
 a decision on a ground not within' its 
 discretion. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 525. 
 
 § 9. —powers. 
 
 Power of town board to act as determined 
 
 by place of performance. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 86. 
 Liability of township on negotiable paper 
 
 executed by officer of town. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1078. 
 
 § 10. — removal of. 
 
 Power of town to remove officer in absence 
 of statutory authority. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 572; 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 519. 
 
 ■♦« » 
 
 TOWN-SITE GRANTS. 
 
 See Public Lands, § 18. 
 
 •> » » 
 
 TRACTION ENGINE. 
 
 Lawfulness of use of, on highways. 16 
 L.R.A. 148. 
 84 
 
1330 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRADE. 
 
 Restraint of, see Contracts, §§ 107-109, 
 117, 118; Monopoly and Combina- 
 tions. 
 
 Municipal control over nuisances, relating 
 to, see Municipal Coepokations, § 39. 
 
 Injunction by municipality against nuisance 
 
 relating to. 41 L.R.A. 326. 
 Solicitation of, as doing business within 
 
 state. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1214; 23 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 834. 
 
 TKADE FIXTURES. 
 
 See FixTUBBS. 
 
 TKADE INDUCEMENTS. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute requiring prizes 
 or other inducements to attract trade 
 to be paid in cash. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1041. 
 
 TRADEMARK. 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. What may be, §§ S, 3a. 
 III. Invalidity of deceptive tradetnarle, 
 
 § 3. 
 IT. Transfer of, §§ 4, 5. 
 
 F. Protection, §§ 6, 7. 
 TI. Extent of right; exclusive use, §§ 
 S, 9. 
 Til. Infringement, §§ 10, 11. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 107. 
 
 Effect of fraud in respect to, see Fraud and 
 Deceit, § 22. 
 
 Se» also Tradenames; Unfair Compe- 
 tition. 
 
 Defined; object of. 9 L.R.A. 145.* 
 
 When property right attaches. 9 L.R.A. 
 147.* 
 
 As a subject of taxation. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 30. 
 
 Conclusiveness of judgment as between 
 plp'ntiflT and one not a party nor privy 
 who voluntarily conducted the defense 
 in trademark case. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 966. 
 
 II. What may he. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 What may be protected as a trademark, see 
 
 infra, § 7. 
 TTse of one's name as, see Name, § 18. 
 What mav be tradename, see Tradename, 
 
 Begin with this book on every late question 
 
 TRADEMARK, II.— cont'd 
 
 What may be appropriated as, generally. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 45;» 3 L.R.A. 125;* 9 L.R.A. 
 
 145;* 17 L.R.A. 129.* 
 Words and names in common use. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 148.* 
 Geographical name as. 9 L.R.A. 145.* 
 Use of name of place. 5 L.R.A. 599;* 6 
 
 L.R.A. 823;* 9 L.R.A. 146;* 10 L.R.A. 
 
 833.* 
 Use of name as trademark; similarity of 
 
 names. 1 L.R.A. 45;* 9 L.R.A. 146.* 
 Words and names in common use. 9 L.R.A. 
 
 148.* 
 Labels as. 17 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 § 2a. Foreign word. 
 
 Descriptive word adopted from foreign 
 
 language as subject of trademark. 
 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 439. 
 Generally. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 439. 
 Effect of fact that the word used ia 
 
 not descriptive of the article to 
 
 which it is applied. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 441. 
 Effect of inaccurate translation. 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 442. 
 Unfair competition. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 443. 
 
 III. Invalidity of deceptive trademarh. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 Generally. 19 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 Claim of patent. 19 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Tea. 19 L.R.A. 54. 
 
 Cigars. 19 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 Cordials and medicines. 19 L.R.A. 55. 
 
 Cosmetics and perfumes. 19 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 19 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 IT. Transfer of. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Transfer of tradename, see Tradename, § 3. 
 
 Assignment of. 9 L.R.A. 148.* 
 Sale ot a trademark. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 705. 
 Ownership. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 705. 
 Transferability. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 707. 
 Generally. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 707. 
 Sales in gross 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 Of marks denoting place of pro- 
 duct of manufacture. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 710. 
 Of marks denoting personal skill. 
 
 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 Of names as trademarks. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 711. 
 Under special statutes. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 714. 
 Method of transfer. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 715. 
 By sale of business or article with 
 which mark is used. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 715. 
 Judicial sales. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 717. 
 Rights resulting from or affected by 
 transfer. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 718. 
 Of vendor. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 718. 
 Of vendee. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 719. 
 Exclusive. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 719. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1331 
 
 TRADEMARIC, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Injunction. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 720. 
 Purchase of stock containing 
 trademark. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 721. 
 Of partners. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 722. 
 
 As aflected by fraud. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 723. 
 Generally. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 723. 
 Notice of change of ownership. 
 
 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 725. 
 Immaterial inaccuracies. 1 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 726. 
 Fraudulent sales. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 727. 
 Proof of sale. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 727. 
 
 § 5. By bankruptcy or Insolyency 
 assignment. 
 
 The general rule as to transferability. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 541. ' 
 Mode of transfer ; what rights pass. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 543. 
 Distinction between trademarks attaching 
 
 to place or product and those attach- 
 
 ings to the person. 46 L.R.A. 543. 
 Trademark consisting of business name. 
 
 46 L.R.A. 545. 
 
 T. Protection. 
 
 § 6. Generally. 
 
 Injunction to protect rights in, see iNrONC- 
 TIONS, §§ 69, 70. 
 
 Protection of tradename, see Tradename, 
 §§ 4, 5. 
 
 Right to, protected as property. 1 L.R.A. 
 44;* 8 L.R.A. 640;* 9 L.R.A. 145.* 
 
 Protection of, as affected by deception or 
 fraud in use of. 8 L.R.A. 643;* 17 
 L.R.A. 130; 19 L.R.A. 53. 
 
 Validity of penal statute to protect trade- 
 marks. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 473. 
 
 When court will not interfere to prevent in- 
 fringement. 9 L.R.A. 151.* 
 
 Effect of false representations extrinsic to 
 the trademark, on the right to protec- 
 tion against infringement of same. 12 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1201; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1151. 
 
 § 7. What may be protected as. 
 
 What may be protected as tradename, see 
 Tradename, § 5. 
 
 Protection of labels. 8 L.R.A. 641;* 17 
 
 L.R.A. 129.* 
 Protection of trade union labels or trade- 
 marks. 29 L.R.A. 200. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. 200. 
 Contents of label. 29 L.R.A. 206. 
 Effect of statutes. 29 L.R.A. 206. 
 Law as to union labels. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1190. 
 Protection as trademark. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1191. 
 Protection on ground of unfair com- 
 petition. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1194. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TRADEMARK, V.— cont'd 
 
 Who entitled to sue. 89 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1197. 
 Right to relief against manufac- 
 turers of imitative label. 39 
 (N.S.) 1198. 
 Right to relief as affected by word- 
 ing of label. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1198. 
 Rights and remedy of person asserting 
 right to use label where denied by 
 union. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1199. 
 Constitutionality of statutes for pro- 
 tection of union labels. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1199. 
 Civil suit based upon statute. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1200. 
 Relief as affected by extent of use. 
 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201. 
 Miscellaneous. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1201. 
 Criminal prosecutions. 39 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 1202. 
 Form of indictment. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1202. 
 Matters of evidence. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1202. 
 Right to protection against use of a par- 
 ticular number by a competitor. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1153. 
 Right to protection against use by rival 
 of similar design, shell, or pattern not 
 protected by patent. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 269. 
 Right to protection in use of geographical 
 name as a trademark or tradename 
 or upon the ground of unfair com- 
 petition. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 73. 
 Definition. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 73. 
 
 Necessity of alleging and proving 
 fraud. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 75. 
 Unfair competition. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 77. 
 What amounts to unfair simula- 
 tion. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 78. 
 Where the name of a place is sim- 
 ulated by a nonresident. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 80. 
 Where neither party using a geo- 
 graphical name is located at 
 such place. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 81. 
 Trademarks — in general. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 81. 
 When used in descriptive sense. 
 
 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 83. 
 When used in secondary sense. 26 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 83. 
 When used arbitrarily or fanciful- 
 ly. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 86. 
 To designate natural product. 26 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 87. 
 Where a part of combination. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 Tradenames. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 
 Name of publication. 26 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 90. 
 Laches. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 91. 
 Questions of practice and relief peculiar 
 to geographical names. 26 L.R A. 
 (N.S.) 92. 
 
1332 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TKADEMAEK— cont'd 
 TI. Extent of right; exclusive use. 
 
 § 8. Extent of right. 
 
 Use of, on articles other than those to 
 which it is applied by the owner. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 167. 
 Territorial extent of right in trademark or 
 tradename used in limited locality 
 where used by another in a differ- 
 ent locality. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 251. 
 Distinction between trademark and 
 tradename. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 251. 
 Effect of name having been used by 
 another in different locality. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 252. 
 Eight to enjoin use of similar name in 
 different locality. 35 L.R.A. 
 ■(N.S.) 254. 
 Where business does not encroach. 
 
 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 254. 
 Where business encroaches. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 256. 
 Right to use of name capable of becoming 
 trademark on expiration of copyright 
 or patent. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 550. 
 
 § 9. Exclusive use of. 
 
 Right to exclusive use of. 17 L.R.A. 129. 
 How right to exclusive use of, acquired. 9 
 L.R.A. 145.* 
 
 Til. Infringement. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Protection against, see supra, §§ 6, 7. 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, 
 
 §§ 19, 95, 112. 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §§ 69, 
 
 70. 
 Infringement of tradename, see Tradename, 
 
 § 7. 
 
 Liability of officers of a corporation for its 
 infringement. 28 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Power of equity, upon enjoining unfair com- 
 petition or infringement of trademark, 
 to require defendant to pay damages 
 sustained by complainant as distin- 
 guished from profits realized by defend- 
 ant. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 526. 
 
 § 11. Wliat constitutes. 
 
 What constitutes an infringement. 9 
 L.R.A. 150.* 
 
 By similarity of names of articles. 14 
 L.R.A. 245. 
 
 Right to use a word substantially similar 
 to that used by another as trademark, 
 as affected by differences in appearance 
 in other respects. 12 L.R.A. (N.R.) 
 729. 
 
 TRADENAMES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Effect of fraud in respect to, see Fbaud akd 
 
 Deceit, § 22. 
 See also Trademark; Unfair Compe- 
 
 TlTIOJf. 
 
 Begin with, this hoolc on every law question. 
 
 TRADENAMES— cont'd 
 
 As part of good will of business. 15 L.R.A. 
 462. 
 
 Notice of copyright containing variant 
 tradename. 66 L.R.A. 445. 
 
 Acquisition in restricted locality notwith- 
 standing use in other places. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 964. 
 
 § 2. What may be. 
 
 What may be protected as, see infra, § 5. 
 Use of one's name as, see Name, § 18. 
 What may be trademark, see Trademark, 
 § 2. 
 
 Right to use geographical name as. 26 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 73. 
 Limitation of right to use one's own name 
 
 as tradename. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 660; 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 934. 
 
 § 3. Transfer of. 
 
 Transfer of trademark, see Trademark, 
 §§ 4, 5. 
 
 Assignment of. 9 L.R.A. 148.* 
 
 § 4. Protection of. 
 
 Protection of trademark, see Trademark, 
 §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Protection of. 1 L.R.A. 45;* 9 L.R.A. 149.* 
 Effect of false representations extrinsic to 
 the tradename, on the right to protec- 
 tion against infringement of same. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1151. 
 Right of owner of tradename to be protected 
 against its use by another to describe 
 the character of material to be used by 
 the latter in performing a contract. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 339. 
 
 § 5. — what protected. 
 
 What may be protected as trademark, see 
 Trademark, § 7. 
 
 Right of members of organization to pro- 
 tection in use of name which their 
 efforts have made valuable. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 458. 
 Right to protection in use of geographical 
 name as tradename. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 89. 
 Name of publication. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 90. 
 Relief against infringement of tradename 
 not used in connection with manufac- 
 tured article. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 625. 
 
 § 6. Extent of use. 
 
 Use of, on articles other than those to 
 
 which it is applied by owner. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 167. 
 Use of same tradename by wholesale and 
 
 retail concerns dealing in same goods. 
 
 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 447. 
 Right to use of name capable of becoming 
 
 tradename on expiration of copyright 
 
 or patent. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.'' 550; 1 
 
 B. R. C. 649. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES., 
 
 1333 
 
 TRADENAMES— cont'd 
 
 Territorial extent of right to tradename 
 used in limited locality where used by 
 another in a different locality. 2 
 L.R.A.(N^.) 964; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 251. 
 
 § 7. Infringement. 
 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, §§ 
 
 19, 95, 112. 
 Injunction against, see Injujs'ctiok, §§ 69, 
 
 70. 
 Infringement of trademark, see Trademark 
 
 §§ 10, 11. 
 
 Eight to use a work substantially similar to 
 that used by another, as tradename, 
 as affected by differences in appearance 
 in other respects. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 729. 
 
 Power of equity on enjoinipg infringement 
 of tradename to require defendant to 
 pay damages sustained by complainant 
 as distinguished from profits realized 
 by defendant. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 526. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 TRADE SECRETS. 
 
 See Secrets. 
 
 TRADESMEN. 
 
 As independent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 497. 
 Effect of notice to, on husband's liability for 
 
 personal necessaries furnished wife. 
 
 65 L.E.A. 532, 538, 544. 
 
 TRADE TALK. 
 
 As a fraud. 35 L.R.A. 418. 
 Right to rely on. 37 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 TRADE UNION. 
 
 See Conspiracy, §§ 4-8; Labor Organiza- 
 tions. 
 
 TRADING COMPANIES. 
 
 Right of foreign company to enter state. 
 24 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 TRADING STAMPS. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 Constitutional Laws, § 142. 
 
 License of business of dealing in, see Li- 
 cense, § 42. 
 
 Forbidding or regulating use of. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 588; 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1131; 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 957. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Dirje.^ts to date. 
 
 TRADING STAMPS— cont'd 
 
 Nature of the trading-stamp system, 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 588. 
 Constitutionality of legislation regu- 
 lating or forbidding their use. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 589. 
 In general. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 589. 
 Riglit to impose license tax. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 592. , 
 
 TRAFFIC AGREEMENT. 
 
 Association of persons under, as partner- 
 ship. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1095. 
 
 TRAILING. 
 
 Evidence of trailing by bloodhounds. 42 
 L.R.A. 432; 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 870. 
 
 TRAIN DESPATCHER. 
 
 As fellow servant of trainmen, see Master 
 AND Servant, § 149. 
 
 Record of, as evidence. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1190. 
 
 As fellow servant. 25 L.R.A. 386; 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 651. 
 
 Representing company as to special orders 
 suspending regular time tables. 54 
 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 State statute regulating hours of labor of, 
 as interference with interstate com- 
 merce. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 
 TRAIN HOUSE. 
 
 Regulations as to admission of passenger 
 to. 16 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 TRAINING SCHOOL. 
 
 Mandamus to compel issuance of diploma to 
 student in. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1115. 
 
 TRAINMEN. 
 
 As fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 429, 455. 
 Conductor as fellow servant of. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 337. 
 As fellow servants of telegraph operator 
 
 and train despatcher. 25 L.R.A. 386. 
 
 TRAINS. 
 
 Regulation as to stopping of, see Carriers, 
 § 162. 
 
1334 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRAINS— cont'd 
 
 Failure to stop as proximate cause of in- 
 jury to passenger by, see Pboximate 
 Cause, § 9. 
 
 Injury by, to persons on railroad track, see 
 Railboads, VII. 
 
 Evidence as to speed of. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 790. 
 
 Right of court to determine question as to 
 quickest means of stopping train, as a 
 matter of common knowledge. 14 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 262. 
 
 Duty to give regular train service on Sun- 
 day. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 401. 
 
 TRAIN SCHEDULES. 
 
 Right of one about to cross railroad track 
 to rely on. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1253. 
 
 < » » 
 
 TRAMPS. 
 
 As passengers of carrier. 2 L.R.A. 166. 
 
 TRANSFER. 
 
 In general, see Assignment. 
 
 Street car transfer, see Carriers, § 27. 
 
 Of property generally, see Property, § 4. 
 
 Of personal property, see Personal Prop- 
 erty, § 5. 
 
 Of railroad property, see Railroads, § 14. 
 
 Of real property generally, see Real Prop- 
 erty, § 4. 
 
 Of trust property, see Trusts, §§ 35, 36. 
 
 Conflict, of laws as to transfer of property, 
 see Conflict of Laws, §§ 28-33. 
 
 Effect of transfer of business on good will, 
 see Good Will, § 3. 
 
 TRANSFER AGENTS. 
 
 As Independent contractors. 65 L.R.A. 471. 
 
 TRANSFER COMPANY. 
 
 As carrier. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 188. 
 
 Right of carrier to grant exclusive train 
 privilege to baggage or passenger 
 transfer companies. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1181. 
 
 TRANSFER TAX. 
 
 See Taxes, §§ 90-105. 
 
 TR.\NSIENT. 
 
 Duty of telegraph company as to discover- 
 ing unknown sendee who is a transient. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 764. 
 
 TRANSIENT DEALERS. 
 
 Constitutionality of discriminations in 
 statutory regulations concerning tran- 
 sient dealers in food products. 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 653. 
 
 Discrimination against nonresidents by 
 
 statute or ordinance as to license. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 
 TRANSITORY DANGERS. 
 
 Duty to warn servant against, see Master 
 
 AND Servant, § 74. 
 
 Duty to warn contractor's servants of ap- 
 proach of. 46 L.R.A. 75. 
 
 TRANSLATION. 
 
 As an infringement of common-law rights 
 in literary productions. 51 L.R.A. 378. 
 
 Of will as part of probate. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 458. 
 
 TRANSMISSION. 
 
 Of mails, see Postoffice, §§ 4-8. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 By carriers, see Carriers; Shippino. 
 Regulation of, as interference with com- 
 merce, see Commerce, §§ 4-12. 
 Of pupils, see Schools, § 2. 
 
 TRAPDOORS. 
 
 Duty of storekeeper toward customer as 
 condition of. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 457. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury from trap 
 door maintained in sidewalk by abut- 
 ting owner. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 425. 
 
 Begin with this JjooTc on every law question. 
 
 TRAPS. 
 
 Liability for killing or injuring trespasser 
 by means of. 29 L.R.A. 154. 
 
TRAVAIL. 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 TREASURY STOCK. 
 
 1335 
 
 Dying declaration of woman in travail. 
 56 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 TRAVELER, 
 
 Injury to, on highway, see Highways, VI. 
 Duty of innkeeper towards, see Innkebpebs, 
 §§ 6-12. 
 
 TRAVELING. 
 
 Ag violation of Sunday laws. 30 L.K.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 468. 
 
 « »» 
 
 TRAVELING SALESMEN. 
 
 See CoMMiajciAL Teavelebs. 
 
 *-—* 
 
 TREASON. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of corporation for. 
 
 2 B. R. C. 253. 
 Criminal liability of children for. 36 
 
 L.R.A. 208. 
 Evidence of other crimes in prosecution for. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 325. 
 Proof of corpus delicti in prosecution for. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 TREASURER. 
 
 Bond of, see Bonds, §§ 12-15. 
 
 Eligibility of woman to ofBce of county 
 treasurer. 27 L.E.A.(N.S.) 532. 
 
 TREASURE-TROVE. 
 
 Rights of finder of. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 477; 
 8 L.R.A.{N.S.) 95; 35 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 979. 
 
 Rights inter se of joint finders of lost prop- 
 erty. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1201. 
 
 TREASURY. 
 
 Effect of money in, on creation of indebted- 
 ness in excess of debt limit. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1085. 
 
 TREASURY NOTES. 
 
 Liability of government for, when stolen 
 from it. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 445. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 Of corporation, taxation of. 
 (N.S.) 885. 
 
 9 L.R.A. 
 
 TREATIES. 
 
 Effect of, on jurisdiction over boundary 
 rivers. 65 L.R.A. 957. 
 
 Question relating to treaty rights as Fed- 
 eral question. 62 L.E.A. 532. 
 
 Guaranties by, to aliens. 16 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Effect of, on alien's right to inherit. 32 
 L.R.A. 177. 
 
 Validity of discrimination against aliens by 
 inheritance tax law as affected by 
 treaty with foreign government. 33 
 L.R.A.(K.S.) 632. 
 
 TREATING. 
 
 Social treating as an offense. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 134. 
 Treating jurors as ground for new trial or 
 
 reversal. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Medical treatment, see Physicians and 
 
 SUKGEONS. 
 
 Treatment while in custody as element of 
 damages in action for malicious prose- 
 cution or false imprisonment. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 
 * «» 
 
 TREBLE DAMAGES. 
 
 See Damages, § 120. 
 
 ♦<-• 
 
 TREES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 In highway, see Highways, § 42. 
 Master's liability for injury to servant by 
 
 trees near street car track, see Master 
 
 AND Sekvant, § 97. 
 See also Logs and Logging; Lumber; 
 
 Timber. 
 
 Interest of one other than owner of soil, in 
 growing trees or their products as sep- 
 arate subjects of taxation. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 693. 
 
 g 2. Cutting of, or injury to. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to, or de- 
 struction of, see Damages, § 75. 
 Right to cut timber, see Timbeb, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Effect of cutting trees upon the title. 
 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 19 
 
1336 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 TREES— cont'd 
 
 Criminal liability for act of agent in wil- 
 fully cutting. 41 L.E.A. 657. 
 
 Duty to instruct servant as to danger in 
 felling. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 
 Liability for injury to trees by gas escap- 
 ing from pipes or mains. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 890. 
 
 § 3. On boundary line. 
 
 Trees near boundary as a nuisance, see 
 
 Nuisances, § 3. 
 
 Property rights in trees on a boundary line. 
 21 L.E.A. 729. 
 
 Trees on the line. 21 L.R.A. 729. 
 
 Fruit and clippings from trees near the 
 line. 21 L.R.A. 730. 
 
 Bemoval of trees near boundary as nui- 
 sances. 21 L.R.A. 730. 
 
 TRENCHES. 
 
 Imputing to master coservant's negligence 
 • in respect to dangers in. 54 L.R.A. 
 
 138. 
 Servant's assumption of risk from changing 
 
 condition of, during progress of work. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 358. 
 
 TRESPASS. 
 
 I. Civil, §§ 
 II. Criminal, 
 
 l-ll. 
 ? 13. 
 
 I. Civil. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 By animals, see Animals, § 10. 
 
 Liability for injury by blasting, see Blast- 
 ing. 
 
 Trespass on the case, see Case. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, §§ 21- 
 23. 
 
 As to trespassers, see Trespassebs. 
 
 Upon personal rights. 7 L.R.A. 618.* 
 
 On banks to float logs. 41 L.RA. 495. 
 
 Remedies against timber trespassers on pub- 
 lic lands. 70 L.R.A. 875. 
 
 Effect of remedy by, on equitable jurisdic- 
 tion to remove cloud on title. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 59. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action for trespass upon 
 real property in another state or coun- 
 try. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 935. 
 
 Applicability of statute of limitations gov- 
 erning actions for trespass to actions 
 for damages to real property. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1047. 
 
 Judgment against plaintiff in trespass in- 
 volving boundary as establishing bound- 
 ary claimed by defendant. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1024. 
 
 Effect of admission to change burden of 
 proof and right to open and close. 6] 
 L.E.A. 539, 547. 
 
 Imprisonment for debt in case of. 34 
 L.R.A. 641. 
 
 Begin with this Ttoolc on every law question. 
 
 TRESPASS, I.— cont'd 
 § 2. What constitutes. 
 
 Levy on partner^ship property for debt of 
 
 partner as a trespass. 46 L.R.A. 489. 
 By entering upon land to remove timber 
 
 after the expiration of the time limit. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 551. 
 Protection of building or other structure 
 
 over boundry as a continuing trespass 
 
 or nuisance. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1010. 
 Right to employ force in retaking property 
 
 sold conditionally. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 607. 
 
 § 3. Resistance of. 
 
 Homicide in attempting to prevent. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 538. 
 Right to use deadly weapon in resisting 
 
 trespass. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 724. 
 
 § 4. When lies. 
 
 For taking or injuring dogs. 40 L.R.A. 507. 
 For interference with fishery rights. 60 
 L.R.A. 523. 
 
 g 5. Who may maintain. 
 
 For taking bees. 40 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 Person interfering with rights of owner of 
 
 burial lot. 67 L.R.A. 124. 
 Estoppel of landowner to maintain trespass 
 
 against railroad company. 5 L.R.A. 
 
 183.* 
 Trespass quare clausum fregit by tenant in 
 
 common of realty against cotenant. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 212. 
 Right of widow, prior to assignment of 
 
 dower, to maintain trespass quare 
 
 clausum. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 209. 
 As a proper remedy by abutting owner to 
 
 recover damages from maintenance of 
 
 railroad in street. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 829. 
 
 § 6. — character o( title. 
 
 Sufficiency of equitable title to sustain. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 637; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 231. 
 
 Action against owner of legal title. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 637. 
 Action against mere wrongdoer, gen- 
 erally.' 47 L.R.A. 638. 
 Action for permanent injury. 47 
 
 L.R.A. 639. 
 Statutory action. 47 L.R.A. 639. 
 Sufficiency of equitable title to sustain ac- 
 tion for injury to real property. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 231. 
 Necessity and character of title or posses- 
 sion of plaintiff to sustain action 
 of trespass quare clausum fregit. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 243. 
 Necessity of possession, actual or con- 
 structive. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 243. 
 Right of landlord. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 248. 
 When tenancy is at will. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 249. 
 Constructive possession. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 250. 
 Sufficiency of possession. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 254. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. KOTES. 
 
 1337 
 
 TRESPASS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Possession without title or under de- 
 fective title. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 260. 
 Eight of tenant. 30 L.E.A.{N.S.) 
 
 265. 
 One in adverse possession. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 266. 
 
 g 7. Who liable for. 
 
 Landlord's liability in for forcible expulsion 
 of tenant after termination of tenancy. 
 16 L.R.A. 798. 
 
 Civil liability of insane person. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 85. 
 
 § 8. — employer. 
 
 Liability of employer for acts of servant 
 sent to commit trespass, which employ- 
 er claimed were in excess of his au- 
 thority. 70 L.R.A. 731. 
 
 Msister's liability in for wrongful or negli- 
 gent act of servant. 27 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for trespass by in- 
 dependent contractor. 65 L.R.A. 655. 
 
 Liability for torts by servants sent to com- 
 mit. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 297. 
 
 g 9. — servant, agent, partner, or cor- 
 porate officer. 
 
 Liability of servant or agent for, when act- 
 ing under orders. 50 L.R.A. 645. 
 
 Liability of partnership for. 51 L.R.A. 472. 
 
 Liability of oflSeers of a corporation for its 
 trespasses. 28 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 Crinoinal liability for acts of servant, agent, 
 or partner. 41 L.R.A. 657. 
 
 § 10. Defenses. 
 
 Possession of licensee to defeat trespass af- 
 ter revocation of license. 28 L.R.A. 
 519. 
 
 Effect of continued occupation by trespasser 
 for less than the limitation period to 
 estop the owner to maintain trespass 
 q. e. f. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 270. 
 
 May entry upon land which would other- 
 wise constitute a trespass be justified 
 by private necessity. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 152. 
 
 § 11. Measure of damages for. 
 
 For trespass on real property, see Damages, 
 §§ 71-79. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 trespass against person. 52 L.R.A. 42. 
 
 //. Criminal. 
 
 g 12. Generally. 
 
 For act of servant, agent, or partner, see 
 Ceiminal Law, § 29; Intoxicating 
 Liquors, § 23. 
 
 Criminal liability of children for malicious 
 trespass. 36 L.E.A. 207. 
 
 Criminal liability for assault committed in 
 regaining possession of land by one en- 
 titled to possession. 22 L.R.A. (JS.S.) j 
 728. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TRESPASSERS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Trespassing animals, see Animals, § 10. 
 Extent of trespasser's liability for conse- 
 quential injuries, see Damages, § 73. 
 On railroad tracks, see Railboads. 
 
 Need of color of title to adverse posses- 
 sion by. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1233. 
 
 Right to compensation for railroad struc- 
 tures placed on land by trespasser be- 
 fore condemnation. 66 L.R.A. 46. 
 
 § 2. Who are. 
 
 Does subsequent wrongful act by one who 
 enters premises under license of owner 
 or occupier made him a trespasser ab 
 initio. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 442. 
 
 § 3. Duty and liability to. 
 
 Injury to, see also Cabriebs, III. h.; Elec- 
 tricity, III.; Elevators, § 4; Negli- 
 gence, I. b. 3; Railroads, VII. a, 4. 
 
 Liability for injury to trespasser or bare 
 licensee at station by train. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 162. 
 
 Care due to sick or otherwise helpless tres- 
 passer. 69 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 Liability for injury to by animals. 14 
 L.R.A. 197. 
 
 Duty toward trespassers of keeper of ani- 
 mal known to be dangerous. 2 B. R. C. 
 28. 
 
 Liability to servants of other person enter- 
 ing premises, as trespassers. 46 L.R.A. 
 63. 
 
 Causing trespasser to jump from moving 
 wagon aa actionable misconduct. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1064. 
 
 Liability for injury to trespasser by dis- 
 charge of firearms. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1038. 
 
 Liability for killing or injuring trespassers 
 
 by means of spring guns, traps, 
 
 and other dangerous instruments. 
 
 29 L.R.A. 154. 
 
 The general doctrine of liability. 29 
 
 L.E.A. 154. 
 Liability as for homicide. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 156. 
 When considered as a nuisance. 29 
 
 L.R.A. 158. 
 The property owner's or the trespasser's 
 
 act. 29 L.R.A. 158. 
 The question of notice. 29 L.R.A. 158. 
 Act held legal. 29 L.R.A. 160. 
 English cases. 29 L.R.A. 161. 
 
 Ijiability of municipality for acta of its of- 
 ficers in removing trespassers from 
 public grounds. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 435. 
 
 § 4. Contributory negligence of. 
 
 Intoxication of trespasser amounting to 
 contributory negligence. 40 L.R.A. 132. 
 
 » « » 
 
 TRESPASSING ANIMALS, 
 
 See Animals, § 10. 
 
1338 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRESTLE. 
 
 Nondelegability of duty to protect servants 
 against defects in. 54 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Duty to avoid injury to persons walking on 
 railway trestle. 69 L.R.A. 526. 
 
 ♦-»♦ 
 
 d. 
 
 g- 
 
 c. 
 d. 
 
 TRIAI;. 
 
 I. In general, g 1. 
 II. Conduct and disposal, §§ 3-lSa. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 2-5. 
 
 b. Notice of trial; stipulations; 
 
 admissions, §§ 6-9. 
 
 c. Election betujeen counts, § 
 
 10. 
 Matters as to witnesses; re- 
 ception of evidence, §§ 11- 
 
 14:. 
 
 Argument of Qounsel, §§ 
 
 15-17. 
 Objections and exceptions, 
 
 § IS. 
 Withdrawal of juror, § 18a. 
 III. Questions of law or fact, §§ 19- 
 
 55. 
 
 a. In general, § 19. 
 
 b. Weight of evidence, §§ 20, 
 
 21. 
 
 Cause and effect, § 22. 
 
 Reasonableness; necessity, 
 §§ 23-25. 
 
 Relation, character, or con- 
 dition of persons or things, 
 §§ 26-30. 
 
 Fraud; good faith; intent; 
 malice ; motive ; Icnowl- 
 edge; notice; authority, §§ 
 31-36. 
 
 Construction of contracts, § 
 37. 
 
 Libel or slander, § 3S. 
 
 Care; negligence, §§ 39-49. 
 
 1. Of person causing in- 
 jury, §§ 39-44:. 
 
 2. Contributory negligence, 
 §§ 45-49. 
 
 Miscellaneous, §§ 50-55. 
 Nonsuit; direction of verdict; 
 perem,ptory instructions, § § 
 56- 59. 
 T. Instructions, §§ 60-68. 
 
 a. In general, § 60. 
 
 b. As to witnesses and evi- 
 
 dence, §§ 61-63. 
 As to negligence, §§ 64-66. 
 Criminal cases, §§ 67, 68. 
 TI. Findings, § 59. 
 Til. Matters as to jury, 
 Verdict, §§ 75-87. 
 
 0- 
 
 h. 
 i. 
 
 ir. 
 
 c. 
 d. 
 
 Till. 
 
 §§ 70-74. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Record of, for purpose of appeal, see Ap- 
 peal AKD Ekrob, §§ 18-23. 
 
 Irregularities or misconduct on trial as 
 ground for reversal, see Appeal and 
 Ekkor, §§ 35-40, 
 
 Begin ivith this book on every law question. 
 
 TRIAL, I.— cont'd 
 
 Withdrawal of attorney from case, see At- 
 torneys, § 16. 
 
 Continuance Of, see Continuance, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Procedure in criminal cases generally, see 
 Criminal Law, §§ 31-68. 
 
 Protection and rights of accused on, see 
 Criminal Law, §§ 43-54. 
 
 Exclusion of public at criminal trial, see 
 Criminal Law, § 44. 
 
 As to new trial, see New Trial. 
 
 Grounds for new trial, see New Trial, §§ 
 3-11. 
 
 Venue, see Venue. 
 
 As affected by question whether suit for 
 statutory penalty is a civil or criminal 
 prosecution. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 745. 
 
 Rebuking or fining attorney during trial as 
 prejudicing rights of party. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 428. 
 
 II. Conduct and disposal. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 Reversible error in conduct of trial, see 
 
 Appeal and Error, § 37. 
 Nolle prosequi, see Nolle Prosequi. 
 
 § 2. Order of trial. 
 
 Order of trial in prosecution of habitual 
 criminal or prior offender. 34 L.R.A. 
 405; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 437. 
 
 § 3. Absence of judge. 
 
 Conduct of judge as reversible error, see 
 
 Appeal and Ebbob, § 38. 
 Matters as to judges on criminal trial, see 
 
 Criminal Law, § 39. 
 
 Temporary absence of judge, when fatal to 
 
 trial. 41 L.R.A. 569. 
 When court consists of single judge. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 569. 
 When court composed of more than one 
 
 judge. 41 L.R.A. 572. 
 
 § 4. Proceedings outside of court 
 room. 
 
 Validity of proceedings in course of a trial 
 outside of the court room. 41 L.R.A. 
 563. 
 
 § 5. — communication by judge with 
 jury. 
 
 Effect of judge communicating with jury in 
 not open court. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 609. 
 
 b. Notice of trial; stipulations; 
 admissions. 
 
 § 6. Notice of trial. 
 
 First and last days in computing notices for. 
 49 L.R.A. 221. 
 
 § 7. Stipulations. 
 
 Validity and effect of stipulation of inca- 
 pacity of testator. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 783. 
 
 § 8. Effect of admissions. 
 
 Conclusi "^ eness of judicial admission as to 
 strangers. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 327. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1339 
 
 TRIAL, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Conclusivenss of plea of guilty in sub- 
 sequent civil action. 2S LRA 
 (N.S.) 328. 
 
 § 9. — on burden of proof and right 
 to open and close. 
 
 General principle. 61 L.R.A. 513. 
 When regulated by rule of court or provi- 
 sion of statute. 61 L.R.A. 515. 
 In the United States. 61 L.R.A. 515. 
 By rule of court. 61 L.R.A. 515. 
 By provision of statute or Code. 
 61 L.R.A. 519. 
 In England. 61 L.R.A. 526. 
 How and when admission made. 61 L.R.A. 
 529. 
 Xecessitv of incorporating in pleadings. 
 61 L.R.A. 529. 
 General rule. 61 L.R.A. 529. 
 When not made in good faith. 61 
 L.R.A. 529. 
 Admission on record. 61 L.R.A. 530. 
 Withdrawal or waiver of general issue. 
 
 61 L.R.A. 531. 
 Other admissions. 61 L.R.A. 532. 
 Several defendants, and admission not 
 
 made by all. 61 L.R.A. 533. 
 When defendant introduces no evidence. 
 
 61 L.R.A. 533. 
 Time for making admission or request 
 to open and close. 61 L.R.A. 534. 
 Extent and character of admission. 61 
 L.R.A. 534. 
 When admission expressly made. 61 
 L.R.A. 534. 
 Assumpit, generally. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 534. 
 Assumpit on notes, bill's of ex- 
 change, etc. 61 L.R.A. 535. 
 Insurance. 61 L.R.A. 537. 
 Lease. 61 L.R.A. 538. 
 Libel. 61 L.R.A. 538. 
 Negligence. 61 L.R.A. 538. 
 Trespass and replevin. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 539. 
 Assault. 61 L.R.A. 539. 
 Other cases. 61 L.R.A. 539. 
 Affirmative defense without formal ad- 
 mission. 61 L.R.A. 540. 
 Assumpit, generally. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 540. 
 Assumpsit on notes. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 541. 
 Assumpit on bills of exchange. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 544. 
 Debt. 61 L.R.A. 545. 
 Insurance. 61 L.R.A. 545. 
 Replevin. 61 L.R.A. 546. 
 Trespass. 61 L.R.A. 547. 
 Slander and libel. 61 L.R.A. 547. 
 Assault. 61 L.R.A. 548. 
 Pleas in abatement. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 548. 
 Other cases. 61 L.R.A. 548. 
 Averment affirmative in form, but neg- 
 ative in substance. 61 L.R.A. 550. 
 Denial or failure to admit unnecessary 
 averment or conclusion. 61 L.R.A. 
 533. 
 Necessity of admitting quantum of dam- 
 ' ages. 61 L.R.A. 555. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TRIAL, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Liquidated damages and damages 
 ascertainable by comi'.utation. 
 61 L.R.A. 555. 
 Unliquidated damages. 61 L.R.A. 
 555. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 555. 
 Slander and libel. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 556. 
 Negligence. 61 L.R.A. 557. 
 Assault. 61 L.R.A. 558. 
 Other cases. 61 L.R.A. 558. 
 Effect of reply to restore right to plaintiff. 
 
 61 L.R.A. 559. 
 
 Conditional admission. 61 L.R.A. 561. 
 
 In equity actions. 61 L.R.A. 561. 
 
 On writ of error and appeal and issue of 
 
 law. 61 L.R.A. 561. 
 In criminal action. 61 L.R.A. 562. 
 
 c. Election hetween counts. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Election by prosecution of offense relied on 
 where evidence of different crimes given. 
 
 62 L.R.A. 344. 
 
 d. Matters as to ivitnesses; reception 
 of evidence. 
 
 § 11. Matters as to witnesses. 
 
 As to witnesses generally, see Witnesses. 
 
 Power of court to call and examine witness- 
 es. 57 L.R.A. 875. 
 
 Inquiries of witnesses by jurors. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 839. 
 
 Limiting number of witnesses. 10 L.R.A. 
 576.* 
 
 § 12. Reception of evidence. 
 
 Matters as to evidence generally, see Evi- 
 dence. 
 
 Offer of proof. 12 L.R.A. 556.* 
 
 Right of party producing documents upon 
 
 notice to use and control their use as 
 
 evidence. 15 L.R.A. 138. 
 Discretion of judge as to admission of di'c- 
 
 larations as part of the res gestce. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 § 13. —order of proof. 
 
 As to evidence of character and reputation 
 of deceased in prosecution for homi- 
 cide. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 358. 
 
 § 14. — striliing out evidence. 
 
 Right to have direct testimony stricken out 
 where cross-examination is interrupted 
 wholly or in part by sickness or death 
 of witness. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 
 e. Argument of counsel. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Effect of admissions on right to open and 
 close, see supra, § 9. 
 
 Reversible error as to, see Appeal and Er- 
 ror, § 37. 
 
 Comments of prosecuting attorney. 12 
 L.R.A. 449.* 
 
1340 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRIAL, II. e— cont'd 
 
 Comment by counsel in argument as to re- 
 semblance as evidence of relationship. 
 52 L.R.A. 505. 
 
 Use of books on inexact sciences in argu- 
 ment. 40 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Effect of provision that jury shall deter- 
 mine the law and the facts in libel cases 
 on right of counsel to argue law to 
 jury. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 212. 
 
 Right to direct verdict or enter nonsuit on 
 opening statement of counsel. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 218. 
 
 Argument of counsel as part of record on 
 writ of error to state court from United 
 States Supreme Court. 63 L.R.A. 333. 
 
 § 16. Reference to result In another 
 case. 
 
 Reference to result of former trial of the 
 same case. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1131. 
 
 Reference to prior conviction of defendant 
 for another offense. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1132. 
 
 Harmless reference. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1132. 
 
 Failure of defendant to request curative in- 
 struction. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1133. 
 
 Failure of defendant to object to reference. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1134. 
 
 Effect of action of court regarding im- 
 proper reference. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1334. 
 
 § 17. Liimiting time of. 
 
 Right to limit time of argument of counsel 
 for accused. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1027; 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 
 /. Objections and exceptions, 
 
 g 18. Generally. 
 
 Objections and exceptions for purpose of 
 appeal, see Appeal and Ebror, §§ 24, 
 24a. 
 
 To action of trial in calling and examining 
 witnesses. 57 L.R.A. 884. 
 
 Time for objection to service on nonresi- 
 dent. 50 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 g. Withdrawal of juror. 
 
 g 18a. Generally. 
 
 Power to withdraw juror. 48 L.R.A. 432. 
 In civil eases. 48 L.R.A. 432. 
 In criminal cases. 48 L.R.A. 434. 
 Effect of withdrawal of juror in civil cases. 
 48 L.R.A. 436. 
 English cases. 48 L.R.A. 436. 
 In general. 48 L.R.A. 436. 
 As to costs. 48 L.R.A. 437. 
 American cases. 48 L.R.A. 438. 
 Effect of withdrawal of juror in criminal 
 cases. 48 L.R.A. 440. 
 
 III. Questions of law or fact. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Generally. 14 L.R.A. 559. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 TRIAL, III. a— cont'd 
 
 The scintilla doctrine. 2 L.R.A. 340; 4 
 
 L.R.A. 778. 
 Right of jury to determine existence of 
 
 facts essential to the admissibility of 
 
 dying declarations. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 660. 
 
 ft. Weight of evidence. 
 
 § 20. Generally. 
 
 As to weight of testimony of experts. 42 
 L.R.A. 764. 
 
 Power of court to disregard testimony be- 
 cause contrary to scientific principles. 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 3S7; 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 701; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 648. 
 
 § 21. As to sanity or insanity. 
 
 Weight of expert opinion as to sanity or in- 
 sanity. 39 L.R.A. 333. 
 
 As to weight and effect of nonexpert opin- 
 ions as to sanity or insanity. 38 L.R.A. 
 733, 747. 
 
 c. Cause and effect, 
 
 § 22. Generally. 
 
 Proximity of cause of injury. 2 L.R.A. 
 696.* 
 
 As to proximate cause of injury resulting 
 from discharging passenger at im- 
 proper place or one not his destina- 
 tion. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1183. 
 
 Whether intoxication contributed to injury. 
 40 L.R.A. 141. 
 
 d. Reasonableness ; necessity. 
 
 § 23. Reasonableness. 
 
 Reasonableness or excessiveness of punish- 
 ment of pupil. 65 L.R.A. 897. 
 
 Reasonableness of use after breach of war- 
 ranty or noncompliance with contract 
 for sale as a question for court or jury. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 474. 
 
 g 24. —of time. 
 
 Reasonableness of time allowed passenger to 
 alight as question for jury. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 140. 
 
 Reasonable time to retain statement of ac- 
 count as questions for court or jury. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 341. 
 
 Reasonableness of period fixed in contract 
 for presentation of claim against car- 
 rier for damages to shipment of live- 
 stock as a question for jury. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1041. 
 
 § 25. Necessity. 
 
 As to necessity of obstructing street. 14 
 L.R.A. 559. 
 
 Necessity for homicide by officer. 67 L.R.A. 
 306. 
 
 Province of jury on question of danger and 
 necessity justifying killing in self-de- 
 fense. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 535. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1341 
 
 TRIAL, III.— cont'd 
 
 e. BeJation, character, or condition of 
 persons or things. 
 
 § 2 6. Generally. 
 
 As to relation of master and servant be- 
 tween parent and minor child commit- 
 ting tort. 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 942. 
 
 Question for jury as to termination of pas- 
 senger's relation as such on reaching 
 destination. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 876. 
 
 Right of court to hold as a matter of law 
 that a child of tender years is in- 
 capable of rendering valuable services. 
 41 L.E.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 § 2 7. As to who are fellow servants. 
 
 As to what servants are in common employ- 
 ment. 50 L.R.A. 421. 
 
 Whether negligent servant was. a vice prin- 
 cipal. 54 L.R.A. 63. 
 
 § 28. As to who are independent con- 
 tractors. 
 
 As to when persons are independent con- 
 tractors. 65 L.R.A. 508. 
 
 Province of court and jury on question 
 whether one is an independent contract- 
 or. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 382. 
 
 § 29. Sanity or insanity. 
 
 Weight of evidence as to, see supra, § 21. 
 
 As to waiver or want of demand and notice 
 of dishonor. 29 L.R.A. 315. 
 
 Whether acceptance of commercial paper 
 operates as payment of debt as ques- 
 tion for jury. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 107. 
 
 As to sanity or insanity. 39 L.R.A. 324. 
 
 As to insanity of defendant in criminal case. 
 39 L.R.A. 747. 
 
 Right of jury to abide by presumption of 
 defendant's sanity as against uncon- 
 tradicted evidence to the contrary. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 545. 
 
 § 30. Of things. 
 
 As to intoxicating character of liquor. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 649. 
 As to whether object calculated to frighten 
 
 horses. 15 L.R.A. 366. 
 As to nuisance or no nuisance. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 594. 
 Obscenitv or indecency of publications. 24 
 
 L.R.A. 111. 
 Extent of depot grounds as a question for 
 
 the jury. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 213. 
 
 f. Fraud; good faith; intent; tnalice; 
 motive; Jcnowledge; notice; ati- 
 thority. 
 
 § 31. Fraud; good faith. 
 
 Generally. 4 L.R.A. 833.» 
 
 Expressions of opinion as fraud. 35 L.R.A. 
 441. 
 
 Right to rely on fraudulent statements. 
 37 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 Effect of statutes making fraud a question 
 for jury where mortgagor of merchan- 
 dise Is left in possession with power of 
 sale. 18 L.R.A. 611. 
 Consult alio L.R.A. Tiiqestf to dntp. 
 
 TRIAL, III. f~cont'd 
 
 Bona fides of one accused of larceny who 
 claims to have acted in good faith under 
 color of right as question for jury. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 554. 
 
 § 32. Fraudulent intent. 
 
 Fraudulent intent as question of fact. 9 
 
 L.R.A. 417.* 
 Fraudulent intent in transfer of property in 
 
 satisfaction of debt. 36 L.R.A. 363. 
 Effect of statute making fraudulent intent 
 
 a question of fact. 18 L.R.A. 611. 
 
 § 33. Malice. 
 
 Implied malice in homicide as a question of 
 law or fact. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1095. 
 
 § 34. Motive. 
 
 Question for jury as to motive of person 
 charged with extortion. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 805. 
 
 § 35. Knowledge or notice. 
 
 As to actual knowledge or notice to city of 
 defect or obstruction in highway. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 730. 
 
 § 86. Authority. 
 
 As to authority of child to bind parent by 
 contracts other than those for neces- 
 saries. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 886. 
 
 Whether defendant authorized sale of liquor 
 by his servant. 41 L.R.A. 676. 
 
 g. Construction of contracts. 
 
 § 3 7. Generally. 
 
 Construction of contract; meaning of terms 
 employed in contract. 4 L.R.A. 202;* 
 12 L.R.A. 376.* 
 
 Construction of fire insurance policy con- 
 taining word "additions" as question 
 for court of jury. 33 L^:T.A.(N.S.) 161. 
 
 h. Libel or slSkder. 
 
 § 38. Generally. 
 
 In libel or slander. 5 L.R.A. 643;* 8 L.R.A. 
 
 214.* 
 Effect of provision that jury shall determine 
 the law and the facts in libel 
 cases. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 Reason for the provisions. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 207. 
 Power of court. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 208. 
 To grant a nonsuit. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 208. 
 Demurrer or motion to quash, etc. 
 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 208. 
 To set aside verdict. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 209. 
 Extent of jurv's power. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 209." 
 Instructions. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 209. 
 Right of court to instruct the jury. 
 
 ' 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 209. 
 Effect of instruction. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 210. 
 Propriety of instructing jury as to 
 their power to deiei'mine t'ln 
 law. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 212. 
 
1342 
 
 INDEX TO L.H.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRIAL, III. h— cont'd 
 
 Right of counsel to argue law to jury. 
 ^ 33 L.R.A.CN'S.) 232. 
 
 Sufficiency of retraction to reduce damages 
 in action for libel as a question for 
 court or jury. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 796. 
 
 t. Care; negligence. 
 
 1. Of person causing injury. 
 
 % 39. Generally. 
 
 Nonsuit or direction of verdict, see infra, 
 
 § 57. 
 
 General rule that question of negligence to 
 be submitted to jury. 13 L.R.A. 728.* 
 
 Exceptions to rule as to function of court 
 and jui-y in negligence cases. 15 L.R.A. 
 332. 
 
 Liability for escape and explosion of gas. 
 29 L.R.A. 354. 
 
 Negligence :n displaying fireworks. 3 
 L.R.A.rJSr.S.) 330. 
 
 Degree of care exercised by corporate direct- 
 ors. 55 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 § 40. Of employer. 
 
 Necessity for promulgation of rules by mas- 
 ter. 43 L.R.A. 314. 
 
 Masters liability for injury to servant by 
 defective ladder not forming part of 
 structure. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 689. 
 
 Right of jury to pass upon question of negli- 
 gence in use of a switch of a particular 
 type of construction. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 600. 
 
 § 41. — master's liability for negli- 
 gence of fellow servant. 
 
 As to master's nonliability for negligence of 
 coservants in respect to details of work. 
 54 L.R.A. 114. 
 
 As to what is a railroad hazard within stat- 
 ute changiW fellow servant rule. 18 
 L.R.A. {N.S.\ 483. 
 
 21 L.R.A. 
 
 to 
 
 person 
 L.R.A. 
 
 § 42. Injury on highway. 
 
 In respect of ice on sidewalk. 
 277. 
 
 Care required to avoid injury 
 driving frightened horse. 
 531. 
 
 Questions for jury in action against town- 
 ship for defects in highway. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 12.50. 
 
 Question for jury as to negligence in leav- 
 ing horse unhitched in highway. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 852. 
 
 Using, or permitting the use of, space under 
 street. 61 L.R.A. 589. 
 
 § 43. Railroad cases. 
 
 Precautions at railroad crossing. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 429. 
 Excessive speed resulting in injury to small 
 
 children on railroad track. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 789. 
 
 § 44. Street car cases. 
 
 Negligence toward child from rate of speed 
 of street car. 25 L.R.A. 665. 
 
 Bt'fiin with this hoolc nn everii law question. 
 
 TRIAL, III. i, 1— cont'd 
 
 Negligence of employees in charge of street, 
 car in failing to keep lookout for child- 
 ren. 25 L.R.A. 665. 
 
 As to negligence in permitting street cars 
 to become overcrowded. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 399. 
 
 2. Contributory negligence. 
 
 § 45. Generally. 
 
 Nonsuit or direction of verdict, see infra, 
 § 58. 
 
 Contributory negligence, generally. 6 L.R.A. 
 214.* 
 
 As to care of person found killed by al- 
 leged negligence of another. 16 L.R.A. 
 261. 
 
 § 46. Of passenger. 
 
 Passenger alighting from train. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 542.* 
 Getting on or ofiC street car in motion. 38' 
 
 L.R.A. 788; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 271. 
 Exposure of person at car window. 16 
 
 L.R.A. 92. 
 Exposing part of body beyond side of car. 
 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 274. 
 
 § 47. Of employee. 
 
 Contributory negligence of servant. 4 
 L.R.A. 53.* 
 
 Whether servant relying upon orders is guil- 
 ty of contributory negligence. 17 L.R.A. 
 604. 
 
 Direct command to employee as making as- 
 sumption of risk and contributory neg- 
 ligence questions of fact onlv. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 442. 
 
 Disobedience of master's rules as contribu- 
 tory negligence. 24 L.R.A. 662. 
 
 Negligence of servant entering or remaining 
 in employment with knowledge of de- 
 fects. 49 L.R.A. 35. 
 
 Contributory negligence of employee in con- 
 tinuing work after master's promise to 
 repair wliere danger is great and im- 
 minent. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603. 
 
 § 48. Of traveler on highway. 
 
 Question for jury as to contributory negli- 
 gence on defective highway. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1261. 
 
 Questions for jury as to contributory neg- 
 ligence in action against municipality 
 for defects and obstructions in streets. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 675. 
 
 § 49. Of Child. 
 
 Contributorv negligence of child. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 385;* 17 L.R.A. 79. 
 Contributory negligence of child for whose 
 
 death recovery is sought. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 79. 
 As to what acts of child in attempting to 
 
 cross street car tracks are negligence. 
 
 n L.R.A. (N.S.) 108. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1343 
 
 TRIAL, III.- 
 
 cont'd 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 § 5 0. Generally. 
 
 Legality of enactment of bill as question of 
 
 law. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 37. 
 As to account books. 52 L.R.A. 608. 
 As to value of property. 3 L.R.A. 83.* 
 As to affixing of internal revenue stamp on 
 
 instrument. 48 L.R.A. 318. 
 Question for jury as to time of alteration in 
 
 written instrument. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 100. 
 Condonation of servant's breach of duty as 
 
 a question for the jurv. 8 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 1007. 
 Master's liability for wrongful or negligent 
 
 act of servant towards one having no 
 
 contract relation with master. 27 
 
 L.R.A. 202. 
 As to what is surface water. 25 L.R.A. 529. 
 Boundary on river or tidewater. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 511. 
 
 § 51. Contractual matters generally. 
 
 As to stated account. 27 L.R.A. 825. 
 
 Question whether contract has been sub- 
 stantially performed as one for court 
 or jury. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 350. 
 
 Liability of corporations on contracts of 
 promoters. 26 L.R.A. 544. 
 
 As to implied contract for through carriage 
 by initial carrier. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 5. 
 
 As to passing of title on sale of personal 
 property. 22 L.R.A. 415. 
 
 g 52. Bills and notes. 
 
 Whether acceptance is payment of debt. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 107. 
 
 § 53. Insurance matters. 
 
 Construction of policy, see supra, § 37, 
 
 As to constructive total loss of insured 
 building. 56 L.R.A. 792. 
 
 Question for jury as to breach of provision 
 in insurance policy forbidding use of 
 intoxicating liquor. 15 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 212. 
 
 Questions for jury in case of attempt to re- 
 ject or rescind policy not conforming to 
 representatives of insurers. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1140. 
 
 § 54. Criminal cases. 
 
 Direction of verdict, see infra, § 59. 
 
 Questions affecting dying declarations. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 434. 
 Province of court and jury with respect to 
 
 proof of corpus delicti. 68 L.R.A. 79. 
 Possession of recently stolen property as 
 
 evidence of burglary, question for jury 
 
 as to. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 209. 
 
 § 55. —homicide and assault. 
 
 Necessity for homicide, see supra, § 25. 
 
 Malice, see supra, § 33. 
 
 Where self defense is set up by person who 
 began conflict. 45 L.R.A. 706. 
 
 As to withdrawal from controversy by de- 
 fendant in homicide relying on self-de- 
 fense. 45 L.R.A. 712. 
 
 As to what weapons are deadly under law 
 of homicide and assault. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 499. 
 Consult also L.K.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TRIAL, III. j— cont'd 
 
 Effect of statutory declaration that murder 
 committed by certain means or while 
 engaged in commission of felony shall 
 be murder in the first degree, upon 
 right of jury to pass upon the degree. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 935. 
 
 lY. Nonsuit; direction of verdict; 
 peremptory instructions. 
 
 § 56. Generally. 
 
 Dismissal or discontinuance of action, see 
 
 Dismissal and Discontinuance. 
 Conclusiveness of judgment of nonsuit, see 
 
 JXTDGMENT, § 31a. 
 
 Direction of verdict. 2 L.R.A. 340;* 4 
 L.R.A. 776.* 
 
 Right of attorney to enter retraxit. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1313. 
 
 Right to direct verdict or enter nonsuit on 
 opening statement of counsel. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 218. 
 
 Right of plaintiff to take a nonsuit where 
 the defendant has interposed a coun- 
 terclaim entitling him to affirmative re- 
 lief, where right to such dismissal is 
 not defined or denied by statute. 15 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 340. 
 
 Power of court to grant nonsuit in libel 
 cases. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 208. 
 
 Jurisdiction of court to enter final judgment 
 upon dismissal or nonsuit. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 914. 
 
 § 57. Negligence. 
 
 Does the presumption of negligence arising 
 from the fact that a fire was set by a 
 railroad company's locomotive necessa- 
 rily make the question of negligence 
 one for the jury. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 99. 
 
 § 58. Contributory negligence. 
 
 Right to rely on presumption of self-pres- 
 ervation, in an action for negligently 
 killing, in order to prevent nonsuit, 
 where no eyewitnesses to the killing. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 844. 
 
 Right to peremptory instructions in regard 
 to contributory negligence. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1214. 
 
 § 59. Criminal cases. 
 
 Right of court in criminal case to direct a 
 verdict of guilty. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 30^ 
 
 T. Instructions. 
 
 a. In general, 
 
 §60. Generally. 
 
 Reversible error as to, see Appeal and 
 Eebor, § 36. 
 
 Nature and scope of charge. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 272.* 
 When requested instructions may be refused. 
 
 9 L.R.A. 703.* 
 As to verdict. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62. 
 
1344 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRIAL, V. a— cont'd 
 
 Effect of provision that jury shall determine 
 the law and the facts in libel cases on 
 right of court to instruct the jury and 
 the effect of instructions. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 209. , 
 
 Right to reversal or new trial where jury 
 disregard erroneous instructions. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 852. 
 
 6. As to witnesses and evidence. 
 
 § 61. Generally. 
 
 Does an instruction that a witness is pre- 
 sumed to speak the truth invade the 
 province of the jiiry. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 947. 
 
 Necessity of qualifying by reference to con- 
 scious falsity an instruction under a 
 statute enacting the maxim, Falsus in 
 uno, falsus in omnibus, without that 
 qualification. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680. 
 
 § 62. Necessity of, as to law of cir- 
 cumstantial evidence. 
 
 When evidence is entirely circumstantial. 
 69 L.R.A. 193. 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 193. 
 Homicide. 69 L.R.A. 193. 
 Larceny. 69 L.R.A. 195. 
 Burglary. 69 L.R.A. 197. 
 Other crimes. 69 L.R.A. 198. 
 Possession of stolen property. 69 
 L.R.A. 198. 
 When the evidence of guilt of accused ia 
 direct. 69 L.R.A. 200. 
 By positive testimony. 69 L.R.A. 200. 
 Homicide. 69 L.R.A. 201. 
 Larceny. 69 L.R.A. 203. 
 Robbery. 69 L.R.A. 203. 
 Rape. 69 L.R.A. 204. 
 Other crimes. 69 L.R.A. 204. 
 By proof of the confession of accused. 
 69 L.R.A. 205. 
 Homicide. 69 L.R.A. 205. 
 Larceny. 69 L.R.A. 206. 
 Burglary. 69 L.R.A. 207. 
 Other crimes. 69 L.R.A. 208. 
 Plea of insanity. 69 L.R.A. 208. 
 Where evidence is both direct and circum- 
 stantial. 69 L.R.A. 209. 
 Where instruction, or request to charge, 
 simply states abstract proposition. 69 
 L.R.A. 210. 
 Testimony of accomplice. 69 L.R.A. 211. 
 Necessity of request for instruction or ex- 
 ception. 69 L.R.A. 211. 
 Refusal of request, the substance of which 
 
 is elsewhere charged. 69 L.R.A. 213. 
 Accused in juxtaposition to main or inculpa- 
 tory fact. 69 L.R.A. 213. 
 As to question of intent. 69 L.R.A. 215. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 69 L.R.A. 216. 
 
 § 63. Right to caution jury as to be- 
 lieving testimony of accused In his 
 own behalf. 
 
 Instructing generally as to credit to be 
 given to testimony of accused. 19 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 804, 
 
 Begin witli this book on every law question. 
 
 TRIAL, V. b— cont'd 
 
 Instruction singling out testimony of ac- 
 cused generally. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 809. 
 Instruction as to disregarding testimony of 
 
 accused. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 810. 
 Instruction as to contradiction of accused. 
 
 19 L.R.A. 811. 
 Instructing as to corroboration of testimony 
 
 of accused. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 812. 
 Instruction as to relation of accused to 
 ease. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 Fact that he is party. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 814. 
 Interest in result. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816. 
 Interest as color testimony. 19 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 Discrediting or disregarding testi- 
 mony. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 820. 
 Treating testimony of accused like 
 that of other witnesses. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 822. 
 Instructions singling out defendant. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 823. 
 Instructing as to former conviction or other 
 charges against accused. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 825. 
 Instructing as to demeanor of accused. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 825. 
 Instructing as to statutory statement by 
 accused. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 827. 
 Weight of statement for jury. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 827. 
 Pointing out that statement is not 
 
 sworn to. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 828. 
 Believing statement in preference to 
 sworn testimony. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 829. 
 Believing whole or part of statement. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 830. 
 Excluding statement from considera- 
 tion. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 830. 
 Charging in language of Code. 19 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 831. 
 Disparaging charge. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 831. 
 Considering statement in connection 
 with evidence. 19 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 832. 
 
 o. Aa to negligence. 
 
 §64. Generally. 
 
 On trial of an action for negligence. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 741.* 
 In action for negligence respecting escape 
 
 and explosion of gas. 29 L.R.A. 354. 
 Instructions in actions against township for 
 
 defects in highway. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1275. 
 
 § 65. Of employer. 
 
 In respect of knowledge as an element of em- 
 ployer's liability. 41 L.R.A. 153. 
 
 Failure to qualify master's duty as to places 
 and appliances by reference to ordinary 
 care or reasonable safety. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 602. 
 
 Propriety of instructions as to delegation of 
 master's duty. 54 L.R.A. 62. 
 
 As to master's nonliability for negligence of 
 coservants in respect to details of 
 work. 54 L.R.A. 114. 
 
INDteX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1345 
 
 TRIAL, V. c — cont'd 
 
 § 66. Contributory negligence. 
 
 Misleading instructions as to contributory 
 negliijence where burden is on defend- 
 ant. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 117S. 
 
 Instructions to jury as to servant's contrib- 
 utory negligence in failing to remem- 
 ber dangerous conditions. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 86. ■ 
 
 d. Criminal cases. 
 
 § 6 7. Generally. 
 
 Instructions as to evidence or witnesses, 
 see supra, §§ 61-63. 
 
 Instructions as to character of accused. 
 
 20 L.R.A. 609. 
 As to alibi. 41 L.R.A. 539. 
 Necessity of instruction as to other crimes 
 
 in criminal prosecution. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 350. 
 Correctness of instruction as to evidence of 
 
 other crime. 62 L.R.A. 353. 
 Effect of instruction to disregard evidence 
 
 of other crimes. 62 L.R.A. 355. 
 As to character of accused where evidence 
 
 is circumstantial. 20 L.R.A. 614. 
 Necessity for instructing as to "flight" rule. 
 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 53. 
 Propriety of instruction to the effect that a 
 
 reasonable doubt is one for which a 
 
 reason can be assigned. 16 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 260. 
 
 § 68. Homicide. 
 
 In prosecution for homicide in commission 
 of an unlawful act. 63 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 Necessity of instructing as to homicide in 
 defense of dwelling. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 73. 
 
 Necessity of instructing, on trial for homi- 
 cide, on rule as to standing ground 
 when in the right. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 58. 
 
 What term "malice aforethought" in de- 
 fense of murder now means and how 
 the courts should deal with it in char- 
 ging the jury. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1054. 
 
 Necessity of defining malice aforethought in 
 prosecution for murder. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1104. 
 
 Submission of question of lower degree to 
 jury in prosecution for homicide. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 18. 
 
 TI. Findings. 
 
 § 69. Generally. 
 
 Reversible error as to, see Appeal and Ee- 
 P.OE, § 40. 
 
 Admissibility of, in evidence, see Evidence, 
 § 133. 
 
 Necessity of finding facts before adjudg- 
 ing one guilty of contempt. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 564. 
 
 Til. Matters as to Jury. 
 
 g 7 0. Generally. 
 
 Communication by judge with jury, see 
 
 supra, § 5. ss i= 17 
 
 Argument to jury, see supra, §§ lo-y- 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TRIAL, VII.— cont'd 
 
 Questions for jury, see supra, §§ 19-55. 
 Instructions to, see supra, §§ C0-6S. 
 Withdrawal of juror, generally, see supra, 
 
 § 18a. 
 Withdrawal of juror in criminal case, see 
 
 Criminal Law, § 38. 
 Reversible error as to, see Appeal and Es- 
 
 KOE, § 39. 
 Matters as to jury on criminal trial, see 
 
 Criminal Law, §§ 36-38. 
 Experiments in presence of, and by, jurors, 
 
 see Evidence, §§ 158, 158a. 
 View by jury, see Evidence, § 159. 
 Right to trial by jury, see Jury, §§ 3-7. 
 Impaneling, selection, and competency oi 
 
 jurors, see Jury, §§ 8-14. 
 Number and agreement of jurors, see Jury, 
 
 § 15. 
 New trial for matters as to jury, see New 
 
 Trlal, §§ 7-9. 
 
 Inquiries of witnesses by juror. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 839. 
 
 Comparison of handwriting by. 62 L.R.A. 
 867. 
 
 Effect of judge communicating with, not in 
 open court. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 609. 
 
 Interference with as a crime. 25 L.R.A. 
 439. 
 
 Power of court to set aside award in con- 
 demnation proceedings for misconduct 
 of jurors. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 567. 
 
 Right of jury on retirement to talte family 
 Bible or other religious book intro- 
 duced as evidence. 41 L.R.A. 456. 
 
 Right of jury to have reporter's shorthand 
 notes read to them. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 931. 
 
 § 71. Right of jurors to act on their 
 own knowledge. 
 
 Right of jurors to act on their own knowl- 
 edge of the facts in, or relevant to, 
 the issue. 31 L.R.A. 489. 
 Scope. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 790. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 791. 
 
 General principles. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 791. 
 Common knowledge. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 793. 
 Private or personal knowledge. 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 794. 
 Influence upon verdict. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 794. 
 Knowledge relating to matters not in evi- 
 dence. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 796. 
 Generally. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 796. 
 In criminal cases. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 796. 
 Generally. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 79fi 
 Character or previous conduct of 
 accused. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 797. 
 Results in former trial for pres- 
 ent offense. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 799. 
 In civil cases. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 800. 
 Weighing evidence by knowledge as to mat- 
 ters adduced. 37 L.R.A. ( N.S. )> 
 801. 
 Generally. 37 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 801. 
 85 
 
1846 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRIAL, VII.— cont'd 
 
 In criminal eases. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 801. 
 In civil cases. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 802. 
 By concrete knowledge of physical 
 facts. 37 L.E.A.{N.S.) 802. 
 By application of general knowl- 
 edge and experience. 37 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 803. 
 Testing credibility of particular witness. 
 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 805. 
 Generally. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 805. 
 By knowledge of the facts. 37 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 805. 
 By knowledge as to reliability of wit- 
 ness. 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 806. 
 
 § 72. Coercion of jury. 
 
 Coercion of disagreeing jury. 16 L.E.A. 
 643. 
 By court. 16 L.E.A. 643. 
 By bailiff in charge. 16 L.E.A. 644. 
 
 § 73. Separation of jury. 
 
 Separation of jury in criminal trial, see 
 
 Ceiminal Law, § 37. 
 In ejectment, see Ejectment, § 8. 
 
 Separation of jury. 3 L.E.A. 211.* 
 
 g 74. Discharge of jury. 
 
 Discharge of jury as former jeopardy, see 
 Ceiminal Law, § 63. 
 
 Effect of discharge on right to correct ver- 
 dict in criminal case. 23 L.E.A. 732. 
 
 How long jury will be permitted to deliber- 
 ate before a mistrial may be ordered in 
 a criminal case. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 178. 
 
 Till. Verdict. 
 
 § 75. Generally. 
 
 As to suifieiency of evidence to support ver- 
 dict on appeal, see Appeal and EeBob, 
 §§ 31-34. 
 
 Excessive or inadequate damages as ground 
 for reversal, see Appeal and Eeeoe, 
 § 32. 
 
 Direction of verdict, see supra, §§ 56-59. 
 
 Eeversible error as to, see Appeal and Eb- 
 BOB, § 40. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 Constitution al Law, § 153. 
 
 Judgment notwithstanding, see Judgment. 
 § 13. 
 
 Number and agreement of jurors necessary 
 to verdict, sec JUET, § 15. 
 
 Setting aside verdict, see New Teial. 
 
 Errors in verdict as ground for new trial, 
 see New Teial, §§ 4-6. 
 
 In replevin suit, ^ee Eeplevin, § 15. 
 
 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 Instructions as to verdict. 
 62. 
 
 Set-off against verdict in hands of assignee. 
 23 L.R.A. 335. 
 
 In prosecution under statute enhancing pen- 
 alty for crime by prior offenders. 34 
 L.E.A. 407. 
 
 Garnishment of verdict before judgment. 
 4 L.E.A.(N.S.) 624. 
 Begin with this hook on every law question 
 
 TRIAL, VIII.— cont'd 
 
 Treating of jury after rendition of verdict 
 
 as ground for new trial or reversal. 19- 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 737. 
 
 § 76. Reception of verdict. 
 
 Waiver of presence of one charged with mis- 
 demeanor at time of receiving verdict. 
 21 L.E.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 
 g 7 7. — time of receiving. 
 Receiving verdict on Sunday. 7 L.R.A. 
 327;* 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 844. 
 
 § 78. Sufficiency of verdict. 
 Of special verdict, see infra, § 81. 
 
 Of guilty; sufficiency of. 8 L.E.a'. 837.» 
 Omission of dollar sign or word "dollaw" 
 from verdict. 35 L.E.A. (N.S.) 653. 
 
 g 79. Chance verdict. 
 
 Chance verdict. 11 L.E.A. 706.» 
 
 g 80. Special verdict. 
 
 Amendment or correction of, see infra, § 84, 
 
 In prosecution for sale of intoxicating li- 
 quors without a license. 36 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 100. 
 
 g 81. — sufficiency of. 
 
 Sufficienev of special verdict. 
 
 303.* 
 Must find 
 
 L.R.A 
 What special 
 
 1 L.R.A. 
 
 facts, and not evidence. 1 
 303.* 
 
 verdict must contain. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 Character and purpose of special ver- 
 dicts. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 2. 
 Definitions. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 2. 
 Office of. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 5. 
 The statement of facts and issues. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6. 
 General rules. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 6. 
 Limitation to material and liti- 
 gated issues. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 9. 
 Application in particular classes of 
 cases. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 12. 
 Criminal cases. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 12. 
 Homicide. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 13. 
 Civil actions. 24 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 15. 
 Damages. 24 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 15. 
 Facts as distinguished from evi- 
 dence. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 24. 
 General rules. 24 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 24. 
 Application in particular 
 cases. 24 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 26. 
 Facts as distinguished from con- 
 clusions of law. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 28. 
 General rules. 24 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 28. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1347 
 
 1R1AL, VIII.— cont'd 
 
 Conclusions of fact or ulti- 
 mate facts. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 29. 
 Application to findings of neg- 
 ligence. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 30. 
 Application generally to mis- 
 cellaneous cases. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 Facts implied by law. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 34. 
 Facts admitted or not controTert- 
 
 ed. 24 L.R.A.{N.S.) 35. 
 Immaterial facts. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 36. 
 Facts not sustained by proof. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 38. 
 Findings outside of issue. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 39. 
 Responsiveness to pleadings or 
 charge. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 41. 
 Generally. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 41. 
 In criminal cases. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 43. 
 Reference to extrinsic facts. 24 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 44. 
 Definiteness and certainty re- 
 quired. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 46. 
 G«nerally. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 46. 
 Singleness and independence. 
 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 48. 
 Inconsistency. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 50. 
 Subdivision of issues. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 53. 
 Clearness and directness. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 54. 
 Formal conclusion. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 57. 
 
 Effect of omission to find. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 58. 
 
 Preparation, construction, and effect of 
 
 verdict. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 59. 
 
 The formal preparation. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 59. 
 Instruction of jury as to. 24 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62. 
 Union of special with general, ver- 
 dict. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 64. 
 Right to render special with 
 general verdict. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 64. 
 Effect of union generally. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 65. 
 Necessity of disposition of all 
 the issues. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 66. 
 Sufficiency of inconsistency. 
 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 Effect when special findings 
 are inconsistent with each 
 other. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 69. 
 Consideration of ponsequences of 
 decision. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 70. 
 Construction. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 70. 
 . Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TRIAL, VIII.— cont'd 
 
 Correction of verdict. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 By rejection of surplusage. 24 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 72. 
 By amendment. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 72. 
 By new trial. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 76. 
 By venire de novo. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 74. 
 
 § 82. General and special verdicts. 
 
 General and special verdicts. 6 L.R.A. 573.* 
 When special verdict will control general 
 verdict. 6 L.R.A. 574.» 
 
 § 83. Amendment or correction of 
 verdict. 
 
 When amendment proper, generally. 5 
 L.R.A. 756.* 
 
 Power of court to amend verdict by adding 
 interest. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 311. 
 When jury awards interest without 
 computing it. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 311. 
 When jury does not mention interest. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 314. 
 
 Curing separate verdicts rendered in action 
 for joint tort. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 191. 
 
 Amendment of verdict or judgment to cure 
 defect for which motion in arrest of 
 judgment has been made. 67 L.R.A. 
 183. 
 
 Power of trial court to cure excessive ver- 
 dict by requiring or permitting a re- 
 duction where true measure of damages 
 not ascertainable by mere computation. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1064. 
 
 Effect of discharge of jury on right to cor- 
 rect verdict. 23 L.R.A. 732. 
 
 § 84. — special verdict. 
 
 Correction of special verdict. 24 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 72. 
 In criminal cases. 23 L.R.A. 735. 
 
 § 85. — sealed verdict. 
 
 Correction of special verdict. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 72. 
 
 Right to amend sealed verdict after sepa- 
 ration of jurors. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1086. 
 
 § 8 6. — In criminal cases. 
 
 General rules. 23 L.R.A. 723. 
 By the court. 23 L.R.A. 723. 
 
 General doctrine. 23 L.R.A. 723. 
 
 To assess punishment. 23 L.R.A. 726. 
 
 To find the degree of offense. 23 L.R.A. 
 726. 
 By the jury under the court's directions. 
 23 L.R.A..727. 
 
 Effect of discharge. 23 L.R.A. 732. 
 
 Effect of recording. 23 L.R.A. 734. 
 
 Special verdicts. 23 L.R.A. 735. 
 
 English decisions. 23 L.R.A. 735. 
 
 Sealed verdicts. 23 L.R.A. 732. 
 
 After separation of jurors. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1086. 
 
 § 8 7. Effect of verdict. 
 
 Effect of verdict of jurors acting on their 
 own knowledge. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 794. 
 
1348 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRIAL, VIII.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of verdict on assignability of cause 
 
 of action for personal tort. 14 L.K.A. 
 
 514. 
 Effect of verdict for servant in action 
 
 against master and servant for latter's 
 
 negligence or misfeasance. 9 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 880; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 404. 
 
 TRIAL BY JURY. 
 
 See Jtjkt, §§ 3-7. 
 
 »«» 
 
 TRIAL DE NOVO. 
 
 See Apieal and Eerob, § 26. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 TRICK. 
 
 Forgery by obtaining signature through. 1 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1075. 
 
 TRICYCLE. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to person 
 using tricycle by defect or obstruction 
 in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 756. 
 
 TRIMMING TREES. 
 
 Right of municipality to trim trees within 
 limits of highway. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 809. 
 
 Authority of municipal officers to trim trees 
 on private property to facilitate use of 
 street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 
 TROUBLE. 
 
 As element of damages for carrying passen- 
 ger beyond destination. 17 L.R.A.(N. 
 S.) 1230. 
 
 TROVER AND CONVERSION. 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. Right of action, §§ 2-8. 
 III. LiaJjility; defenses, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Liability of bailee for conversion, see Bail- 
 ment, § 10. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to conversion, see Con- 
 flict OF Laws, § 21. 
 
 Measure of damages for conversion, see 
 Damages, § 70. 
 
 Begin with this hooTc. on every law guestion, 
 
 TROVER AND CONVERSION, I.— cont'd 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 conversion, see Damages, § 109. 
 
 Landlord's liability for conversion of prop- 
 erty, see Landlobd and Tenant, §§ 70, 
 71. 
 
 Pledgee's conversion of pledged property by 
 invalid sale, see Pledge and Collateb- 
 AL Secueity, § 13. 
 
 Following converted property. 8 L.R.A. 
 218.* 
 
 Conversion of coin, obligation to pay in 
 coin. 29 L.R.A. 522. 
 
 Right of administrator de bonis non to as- 
 sets converted by predecessor. 40 
 L.RA. 72, 73. 
 
 Effect of subsequent conversion of property 
 taken in good faith. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 555. 
 
 Conversion as ground of attachment. 30 
 L.R.A. 490. 
 
 Wrongful attachment and levy of property; 
 sale of converted property. 9 L.R.A. 
 817.* 
 
 Right of one garnished in respect of prop- 
 erty wrongfully taken from debtor to 
 set off his own claim against latter. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1185. 
 
 Voidability as preference by bankrupt, of 
 transfer made in satisfaction of claim 
 for misappropriation of property. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1053. 
 
 Departure in reply, in actions for conver- 
 sion. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 
 II. Right of action. 
 
 % 2. Generally. 
 
 Election between trover and assumpsit. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 216.* 
 Against person unlawfully cutting trees 
 
 from land. 19 L.R.A. 654. 
 
 § 3. For what. 
 
 Conversion of commercial paper. 2 L.R.A, 
 449.* 
 
 For dogs. 40 L.R.A. 507. 
 
 For bees. 40 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 For crops. 23 L.R.A. 471. 
 
 Against bank for special deposit. 32 L.R.A. 
 776. 
 
 Right to maintain trover to recover posses- 
 sion of paid bill or note. 16 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1043. 
 
 Remedy of payee of check against one who 
 has taken it on indorsement of unau- 
 thorized agent. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 211.' 
 
 For timber which has been cut but not re- 
 moved before expiration of time limit. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 550. 
 
 Right to maintain action for conversion of 
 timber, crops, buildings, etc., from land 
 in another state or country. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 994. 
 
 § 4. Who may maintain action. 
 
 Who is real party in interest by whom ac- 
 tion must be brought. 64 L.R.A. 621. 
 
 When action will lie by one tenant in com- 
 mon against another. 12 L.R.A. 261.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1349 
 
 TROVER AND CONVERSION, II.— cont'd 
 
 Right of ward to maintain trover against 
 guardian after termination of guardi- 
 anship, but before settlement of ac- 
 count. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 793. 
 
 Eight of agent who was in possession of 
 personal property to maintain action 
 for conversion. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 840. 
 
 Right of principal to maintain trover or 
 case for money collected by agent or 
 attorney. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 
 Right of consignee to maintain action 
 against carrier. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 70. 
 
 Shipper's right to maintain trover for goods 
 shipped at rate that is not that fixed 
 by interstate commerce act. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 354. 
 
 Eight of action by creditor of fraudulent 
 vendor against fraudulent vendee who 
 has converted the property to his own 
 use or disposed of the same. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 545. 
 
 § 5. Jurisdiction of action. 
 
 Jurisdiction of action for conversion of tim- 
 ber, crops, or building on lands in an- 
 other state. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940. 
 
 § 6. What constltntes conversion. 
 
 Conversion by carrier, see Careiebs, § 117. 
 
 Conversion by wrongful detention. 1 L.R.A. 
 318.* 
 
 Pledgee's conversion of pledged property by 
 invalid sale. 43 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Sale of property at a loss or on unauthor- 
 ized terms by one rightfully in posses- 
 sion, as a conversion. 23 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 573. 
 
 Conversion by driving team to place other 
 than that for which it was hired. 26 
 L.R.A. 366. 
 
 Surrender of property by bailee to one 
 neither the bailor nor the true owner. 
 33 L.E.A.(N.S.) 687. 
 
 g 7. Demand. 
 
 Demand and refusal. 1 L.R.A. 305,» 318;* 
 
 9 L.R.A. 817.* 
 Necessity and effect of demand and refusal 
 
 as a condition of trover. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 305.* 
 
 § 8. Tender as condition. 
 
 Payment or tender of freight as a condition 
 precedent to an action against carrier. 
 21 L.R.A. 117. 
 
 When tender of freight money not condition 
 of conversion by the carrier's refusal 
 to surrender goods. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1058. 
 
 Effect of unauthorized sale or disposal of 
 pledge by pledgee to dispense with tend- 
 er as a condition of trover against him. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 298; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 511. 
 
 III. Liability; defenses. 
 
 % 9. Ijlabillty. 
 
 Liability of servant or agent for conversion 
 under orders of employer. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 649. . ., » 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TROVER AND CONVERSION, III.— cont'd 
 
 Civil liability of insane person for conver- 
 sion. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 85. 
 
 Employer's liability for conversion of prop- 
 erty severed by servant sent to commit 
 trespass. 70 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Liability of partnership for. 51 L.R.A. 473. 
 
 Liability of officers of a corporation for con- 
 version by it. 28 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 Liability of officer who turns over articles 
 taken from prisoner to a third person 
 in recognition of the latter's adverse 
 claim. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 833. 
 
 Liability of landlord, or his agent, for con- 
 version of tenant's goods by one put in 
 possession of the premises before the 
 expiration of the tenancy. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 226. 
 
 In what capacity executor or administrator 
 to be sued. 51 L.R.A. 263. 
 
 Valuation of property for purposes of trans- 
 portation as affecting carrier's liability 
 where it is converted or embezzled 
 while in its possession. 31 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 309. 
 
 Liability of connecting carrier for detaining 
 freight on account of mistake as to 
 amount due. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 189. 
 
 Liability of county for conversion of prop- 
 erty. 39 L.R.A. 7S. 
 
 § 10. Defenses. 
 
 Right of defendant in action for conversion 
 to impeach plaintiff's title as being 
 based upon a contract void under the 
 statute of frauds. 2 B. R. C. 733. 
 
 TRUCKMAN. 
 
 As carrier. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 188. 
 
 As independent contractor. 65 L.R.A. 468. 
 
 TRUE BILilJ. 
 
 Effect of indorsement of, on indictment. 28 
 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 -♦-•-♦- 
 
 TRUST COMPANIES. 
 
 See Surety Companies. 
 
 » « » - 
 
 TRUST DEED. 
 
 See MOETQAQB. 
 
 ♦•» ' ■ — 
 
 TRUSTEE. 
 
 Tn bankruptcy, see Bankruptcy, § 23. 
 
 Of charitable bequest, see Charities, §§ 5, 
 
 9. „ 
 
 Of religious society, see Religious Socib- 
 
 ties, § 10. ' 
 
 Generally, see Trusts, §§ 18-31. 
 
1350 
 
 INDEX TO L.H.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRUST EX MALEFICIO. 
 
 See Trusts, § 15. 
 
 TRUSTS. 
 
 /. In general, § 1. 
 II. Creation; validity, §§ 2-15. 
 a. In general, §§ S, 3. 
 h. Express or declared trusts; 
 
 precatory trusts, §§ 4=- 10. 
 o. Parol ti-usts; statute of 
 
 frauds, §11. 
 A. Implied, constructive, and 
 resulting trusts, §§ 12-14:. 
 e. Ex maleficio, § IS. 
 III. Termination; revocation, § 16, 
 
 17. 
 IT. Trustees, §§ 18-31. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 18-21. 
 
 b. Rights and powers; compen- 
 
 sation, §§ 22-24. 
 o. Duties and liabilities, §§ 
 
 25-39. 
 A. Dealing with, trust or cestui 
 
 que trust, § 30. 
 e. Account of, § 31. 
 v. Interest of cestui que trust; 
 rights of creditors; spend- 
 thrift trusts, §§ 32-34. 
 VI. Transfer of trust property, §§ 
 35, 36. 
 VII. Following trust property, § 37. 
 VIII. Enforcing trust; actions, §§ 38, 
 39. 
 IX. Lien on trust estate, # 40. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § I. Generally. 
 
 Existence of fiduciary relation between at- 
 torney and client, see Attobnets, § 10. 
 
 Existence of fiduciary relation between cor- 
 poration and its officers, see Cohpoba- 
 TIONS, §§ 50, 51. 
 
 Fiduciary relation of executor or adminis- 
 trator, see ExECUTOBS and Adminis- 
 
 TEATOES. 
 
 Existence of fiduciary relation between 
 guardian and ward, see Guardian and 
 Waed. 
 
 Existence of fiduciary relation between part- 
 ners, see Partnership, §§ 25-28. 
 
 Existence of fiduciary relation between prin- 
 cipal and agent, see Peinoipal and 
 Agent, §§ 33-35. 
 
 Between relatives, see Relatives, § 4. 
 
 In bank deposit, see Banks, §§ 12, 12a. 
 
 In funds of insolvent bank, see Banks, § 41. 
 
 In property of religious society, see Re- 
 ligious Societies, § 3. 
 
 Application to debt due bank, of deposit in 
 fiduciary character, see Banks, § 18. 
 'Charitable trusts, see Charities. 
 
 Duty of corporation as to transfer of cor- 
 porate stock held in trust, see Cobpora- 
 TIONS, § 90. 
 
 Jurisdiction in cases of, see Courts, § 7; 
 Ecjurrr, § 9. 
 
 Begin with this hooli on every law question 
 
 TRUSTS, I.— cont'd 
 
 As to character of estate in real property, 
 
 see Deeds, §§ 28-31; Wills, §§ 77-102; 
 
 LiFB Tenants. 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, § 181. 
 As to executors and administrators, see Ex- 
 
 ecutoes and Administrators. 
 As between husband and wife, see Husband 
 
 and Wipe, § 53. 
 Improvements on trust property, see Im- 
 
 PEOVEMENTS, § 5. 
 
 Matters as to life tenant and remaindermen, 
 see Life Tenants. 
 
 Limitation of action in case of, see Limita- 
 tion OP Actions, §§ 11, 37, 52. 
 
 As to trusts in restraint of trade or com- 
 merce, see Monopoly and Combina- 
 tions. 
 
 Deed of trust to secure debt, see Moetqage. 
 
 As affected by rule against perpetuities, see 
 Pebpetuities. 
 
 Place of taxation of trust property, see 
 Taxes, § 48. 
 
 Uses and trusts; statute regulation. 4 
 L.R.A. 140.* 
 
 The statute of uses in the United States. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1148. 
 
 Voting trusts of corporate stock. 15 L.R.A. 
 683. 
 
 In vessel; admiralty jurisdiction of. 66 
 L.R.A. 235. 
 
 Applicability of rule in Shelley's Case to ex- 
 ecutory trusts. 2 L.R.A. 458.* 
 
 Priority of notice of assignment to trustee 
 as giving priority of right. 66 L.R.A. 
 761. 
 
 Place of taxation of trust property. 20 
 L.R.A. 151. 
 
 Presumption as to time of alteration in dec- 
 laration of trust. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 109. 
 
 Effect on, of failure of gift as violating rule 
 against perpetuities. 20 L.R.A. 512. 
 
 Necessity of consistency in complaint as to 
 representative or individual capacity of 
 party. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 3 61. 
 
 Association under trust agreement as part- 
 nership. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1095. 
 
 Validity of agreement with surety as to cus- 
 tody or control of trust funds. 18 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 994. 
 
 Enforcement of contracts of service by court 
 of equity where applicant for relief is 
 in employment of a body of trustees. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1128. 
 
 Property held by municipal corporation in 
 trust as subject of taxation. 34 L.R.A. 
 ,(N.S.) 143. 
 
 //. Creation; validity. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Of spendthrift trusts, see infra, § 34. 
 Cliaritable trust, see Chabities. 
 Impressing share of heir with trust, see 
 Descent and Distribution, § 11. 
 
 Creation or declaration of. 1 L.R.A. .327*; 
 11 L.R.A. 456;* 12 L.R.A. 667.* 
 Necessity of consideration. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 457.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1351 
 
 TRUSTS, II. a-cont'd 
 
 Between family relatives; presumptions. 2 
 L.E.A. 816.* 
 
 Upholding instrument otherwise ineffective 
 as a conveyance of real property as a 
 covenant to stand seized to uses. 38 
 L.R:A.(N.S.) 937. 
 
 Necessity of beneficiary's knowledge of 
 trust. 10 L.E.A.(N.S.) 616. 
 
 Sufficiency of execution of power of appoint- 
 ment by will creating a trust. 64 
 L.R.A. 903. 
 
 § 3. Necessity of word "heirs" to^pass 
 fee to trustee. 
 
 Necessity of word "heirs" in deed or devise 
 in trust, to pass fee to trustee. 2 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 172. 
 Necessity of word "heirs" in deed in 
 trust. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 172. 
 In general. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 172. 
 Estate measured by purposes of 
 trust. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 173. 
 In general. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 173. 
 Power to sell and convey. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 176. 
 Intent of grantor. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 177. 
 Statutory provisions. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 179. 
 In England. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 180. 
 Necessity of word "heirs" in devise in 
 trust. 2 L.R.A.{N.S.) 180. 
 In general. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 180. 
 Estate measured by purposes of 
 trust. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 180. 
 In general. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 180. 
 Power of sale. 2 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 182. 
 Other trusts requiring fee. 2- 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 182. 
 Intent of devisor. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 183. 
 Statutory provisions. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 183. 
 
 *. Express or declared trusts; preca- 
 tory trusts. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Effect of executor's promise as to payment 
 of legacy upon trust relations with leg- 
 atee. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 214. 
 
 Effect of specifying use of real estate in de- 
 vise to religious society as creating a 
 trust. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 512, 520. 
 
 Creation of trust by use of wo :ds "upon con- 
 dition," in will or conveyance of real 
 property. 9 L.E.A: (N.S.) 758. 
 
 Character of estate created by grant, lease, 
 or devise of property to person so long 
 as he shall desire to live upon it, or 
 devote it to a particular use. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 575. 
 
 9 5. Active trusts. 
 
 What constitutes a directory or an active 
 trust. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 331. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TRUSTS, II. b— cont'd 
 § G. Voluntary trusts. 
 
 Power to revoke, see infra. 
 
 § 17. 
 
 Sufficiency of declaration to establish volun- 
 tary trust where legal title is retained 
 by settlor. 12 L.E.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
 § 7. Bequest to one to divide as he 
 thinlcs best. 
 
 Gifts "in trust" or "upon trust." 37 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 401. 
 Where other provision is made for legatee. 
 
 37 L.E.A.(N.S.) 402. 
 Gifts to executors or trustees eo nomine. 
 
 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 403. 
 Gifts to persons also appointed executors. 
 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 405. 
 Gifts to individuals designated by name. 37 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 407. 
 
 § 8. Secret trusts. 
 
 General doctrine and distinction. 20 L.E.A. 
 465. 
 
 Promises to the testator. 20 L.R.A. 465. 
 By heir. 20 L.R.A. 466. 
 By wife. 20 L.E.A. 467. 
 By legatee and devisee. 20 L.E.A. 467. 
 By executor. 20 L.E.A. 469. 
 
 Secret trusts. 20 L.R.A. 469. 
 
 In general. 20 L.R.A. 469. 
 For charity. 20 L.R.A. 473. 
 For masses. 25 L.E.A. 361. 
 
 Secret trusts to use for masses. 25 L.E.A. 
 361. 
 
 Knowledge or notice of, sufficient to put pur- 
 chaser from fraudulent vendor on in- 
 quiry. 32 L.E.A. 56. 
 
 § 9. Precatory trusts. 
 
 Effect of precatory words in will, to create 
 a trust. 6 L.E.A. 353;* 7 L.E.A. 
 393,* 519;* 13 L.E.A. 563.* 
 
 Absolute devise or bequest coupled with 
 precatory words. 6 L.R.A. 354.* 
 
 Authority to dispose of property at dis- 
 cretion. 6 L.R.A. 355.* 
 
 Effect of mere recommendation. 6 
 L.R.A. 356.* 
 
 Expressions of trust and confidence. 6 
 L.R.A. 356.* 
 Creation of trust by precatory words in a 
 win. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 646. 
 
 American cases. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 646. 
 
 English cases. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 673. 
 
 Recommending the employment of an 
 agent or attorney. 37 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 685. 
 For charity or religion. 14 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 77; 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 999. 
 
 § 10. i'oT payment of debts. 
 
 Effect of creation of testamentary trust for 
 payment of debts. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 355 
 Generally. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 355. 
 Assets. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 358. 
 Statute of limitations. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 361. 
 Claims barred at testator's death. 
 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 361. 
 
1352 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRUSTS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Claims not barred at testator's 
 
 death. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 
 Trust on personal property. 5 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 369. 
 
 Application of purchase money. 5 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 370. 
 
 c. Parol timsts; statute of frauds. 
 
 § 11. Generally. 
 
 Constructive trust from grantee's oral 
 promise to grantor to hold in trust, see 
 infra, § 13. 
 
 Parol ; how far within statute of frauds. 10 
 L.R.A. 401.* 
 
 Parol evidence to establish trust in a third 
 person. 20 L.R.A. 109. 
 
 May statute of frauds be satisfied by a dec- 
 laration of trust signed bv the trustee 
 alone. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 646. 
 
 Parol agreement to take title to real prop- 
 erty, sell tlie same and account for the 
 proceeds, as affected by statute of 
 frauds. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 298. 
 
 Statute of frauds as affecting legal remedy 
 for breach of contract to . purchase 
 land for and in the name of another. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 123. 
 
 d. Implied, constructive, and resulting 
 trusts. 
 
 § 12. Impllecl or constructive trusts. 
 
 When constructive trust arises. 5 L.R.A. 
 189.* 
 
 Impressing devise or bequest with trust to 
 prevent fraud on testator. 2 L.R.A. 
 662.* 
 
 Trust implied to effectuate purpose of con- 
 tract when its terms cannot be given 
 effect. .58 L.R.A. 115. 
 
 Directors of corporation as trustees of stock- 
 holders. 2 L.R.A. 534.* 
 
 Does donor's expectation that the donee will 
 allow him to share in the benefit of the 
 property raise an implied trust to that 
 effect. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1043. 
 
 Impressing share of heir, devisee, or legatee 
 with constructive trust because of his 
 fraud in frustrating decedent's inten- 
 tion to give the property to a third 
 person. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 698; 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 176. 
 
 Constructive trust in deed of homestead by 
 husband to wife, with proviso attempt- 
 ing to derogate from her right of sur- 
 vivorship. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 312. 
 
 May a constructive trust be based upon an 
 undertaking to hold for the benefit of 
 another property received through de- 
 vise or inheritance where no actual tes- 
 tamentary intention has been frustrat- 
 ed. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 
 When a purchaser of property for less than 
 value without fraudulent intent will be 
 regarded as a trustee for creditors. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 395. 
 
 TRUSTS, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Does assignee of mortgage as collateral se- 
 curity, who forecloses the same and 
 purchases the property, hold the title 
 subject to a trust in favor of the as- 
 signor. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1094. 
 
 Right of employer in products of labor of 
 fiduciary agents. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1172, 
 1179, 1193. 
 
 Implied trust in property of religious socie- 
 ty in case of schism or division. 24 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 703. 
 
 § 18. — constructive trust from gran- 
 tee's oral promise to grantor to hold 
 In trust. 
 
 Grantee's oral promise to grantor to hold 
 in trust as giving rise to construc- 
 tive trust. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 906. 
 Scope. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 906. 
 Enforceability as an express trust. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 Where local statute of frauds does 
 not require writing. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 909. 
 Grounds upon which equity will en- 
 force promise. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 910. 
 Actual fraud. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 911. 
 When fraudulent intent infer- 
 able. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 911. 
 Failure or refusal to per- 
 form. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 911. 
 Prom activity in procur- 
 ing conveyance. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 914. 
 Where creation of written in- 
 strument contemplated. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 923. 
 Constructive fraud. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 923. 
 Where relation of parties is 
 that of principal and 
 agent, or partners. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 924. 
 Where one party sustains re- 
 lation of confidential ad- 
 viser. 39 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 924. 
 Where parties are husband 
 and wife. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 925. 
 Where parties are parent and 
 child, grandparent and 
 grandchild, father-in-law, 
 son-in-law, etc. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 926. 
 Where parties are brother and 
 sister. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 928. 
 Accident or mistake. 39 L.R,A. 
 
 (N.S.) 928. 
 Part performance of oral agree- 
 ment taking case out of stat- 
 ute. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 928. 
 
 § 14. Resulting trusts. 
 
 Establishment of resulting trust by parol 
 
 Begin with this hoole on every law question. 
 
 evidence. 10 L.R.A. 401.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1353 
 
 TRUSTS, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Resulting; how created; what sufficient to 
 constitute. 2 L.R.A. 146,* 
 
 In partnership lands. 27 L.R.A. 468; 37 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 899. 
 
 Resulting trust in favor of one who pur- 
 chases stock-exchange seat in name of 
 another. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 435. 
 
 Effect of investment by husband in his own 
 name of wife's separate property in 
 real estate, to create trust in her favor. 
 6 L.RA.(N.S.) 381; 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 161. 
 
 Effect of statute of limitations on the trust 
 relationship arising from the taking of 
 title in the husband's name, to lands 
 inherited by or purchased with the 
 money of the wife. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 493. 
 
 e. Ex maleficio. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Law of, as affecting right to revoke license. 
 49 L.R.A. 497. 
 
 VVien trust arises. 11 L.R.A. 381.* 
 
 As affected by statute of frauds. 11 L.R.A. 
 381.* 
 
 Doctrine of trust ex maleficio to uphold 
 rights of licensee for incurring of ex- 
 pense. 49 L.R.A. 524. 
 
 III. Termination; revocation. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Power of court to dissolve. 18 L.R.A. 745. 
 Effect of lapse of time to extinguish ex- 
 press trust. 1 L.R.A. 328.* 
 
 § 17. Power to revoke or set aside 
 voluntary trust or settlement. 
 
 Generally. 15 L.R.A. 75. 
 Illustrations. 15 L.R.A. 76. 
 Attempts at revocation. 15 L.R.A. 76. 
 Renunciation of beneficiaries. 15 L.R.A. 77. 
 Reserved power. 15 L.R.A. 77. 
 Testamentary trusts. 15 L.R.A. 77. 
 Assistance of the court. 15 L.R.A. 78. 
 Necessity of power of revocation. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 78. 
 Voluntary trust binding in equity. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 79. 
 Where trustor sole beneficiary. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 80. 
 Mistake, fraud, undue influence, etc., as a 
 
 ground for relief from a voluntary 
 
 trust. 19 L.R.A. 767. 
 
 IV. Trustees, 
 a. In general, 
 
 % 18. Generally. 
 
 Following trust funds in hands of trustee, 
 see infra, § 37. 
 
 In bankruptcy, see Bankbuptct, § 23. 
 
 Tnistees of charities, see Chaeities, §§ 5, 9. 
 
 Trustees as necessary parties to foreclosure 
 suit, see Mobtqage, § 71. 
 
 Of religious society, see Remqious Socie- 
 ties, § 10. ^ , J, t 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TRUSTS, IV. a— cont'd 
 
 Negotiability of note payable to. 35 L.R.A. 
 678. 
 
 Effect of notice to trustees in trust deed of 
 fraudulent intent of grantor, isl L.R.A. 
 642. 
 
 Transfer of funds or securities from one es- 
 tate to another by a common trustee. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 205. 
 
 Appointment of trustee to protect alimony. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 270. 
 
 Necessity of trustee on conveyance by hus- 
 band to wife. 69 L.R.A. 362. 
 
 Circumstances sufficient to put one taking 
 paper from trustee on inquiry. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 365. 
 
 When statute of limitations begins to run 
 in favor of trustees. 1 L.R.A. 319.* 
 
 § 19. Who are or may be. 
 
 Power of municipality to administer, see 
 Municipal Coepobations, § 15. 
 
 Executors and administrators as trustees. 
 1 L.R.A. 79,* 80;* 8 L.R.A. 648.* 
 
 Municipal corporations as trustee of a, char- 
 ity. 14 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 Corporation as trustee. 11 L.R.A. 715.* 
 
 Foreign corporation as trustee. 24 L.R.A. 
 291. 
 
 Power of foreign surety company to act aa 
 trustee. 48 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 g 20. Removal. 
 
 Authority of legislature to remove munic- 
 ipality from trusteeship of charity. 
 16 L.R.A. 695. 
 
 § 21. Number of. 
 
 Power of court to change number of trus- 
 tees designated in trust instrument. 1 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 802. 
 
 b. Rights and powers; compensation. 
 
 § 2 2. Generally. 
 
 Right to deal with trust estate, see infra, 
 
 § 30. 
 Rights of trustee in bankruptcy, see Bank- 
 
 KUPTCY, § 23. 
 
 Discretion of. 13 L.R.A. 212.* 
 
 Equitable control of discretion vested in 
 
 trustee. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 398. 
 Investment by. 9 L.R.A. 279.* 
 Right to set-oflf, in bankruptcy cases, claims 
 
 held in trust. 55 L.R.A. 46. 
 Validity of acknowledgment of deed of 
 
 trust taken by trustee. 16 L.R.A. 719. 
 Implied power of trustee to sell real prop- 
 erty. 32 L.B.A.(N.S.) 676. 
 Right to enjoin an unlawful sale of church 
 
 property by trustees. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 828. 
 Power of trustee to mortgage trust estate 
 
 for purpose of making improvements so 
 
 as to render it productive. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 263. 
 Right of trustee to execute lease to extend 
 
 beyond termination of trust. 13 L.K.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 496. 
 
1354 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRUSTS, IV. b— cont'd , TRUSTS, IV. c— cont'd 
 
 Power of testamentary trustee to carry on I For loss by bank failure. 14 L.R.A. 103. 
 business in behalf of estate. 40 L.R.A. i Liability of, for compound interest. 29 
 
 (N.S.) 204. 
 Right of person standing in fiduciary re- 
 lation to relocate mining claim for his 
 own benefit. 50 L.R.A. 184. 
 
 § 23. Admissions and waivers by 
 
 fiduciaries in actions. 
 By representatives of infants. 32 L.R.A. 
 671. 
 By pleadings. 32 L.R.A. 671. 
 By consent decrees. 32 L.R.A. 675. 
 By agreements. 32 L.R.A. 677. 
 By omissions. 32 L.R.A. 680. 
 By appearance. 32 L.R.A. 681. 
 By attorney. 32 L.R.A. 681. 
 By guardian ad litem. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 683. 
 By guardian. 32 L.R.A. 684. 
 By curator ad hoc. 32 L.R.A. 686. 
 By trustees. 32 L.R.A. 686. 
 By executors and administrators. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 687. 
 By curator ad hoc. 32 L.R.A. 688. 
 By representatives of idiots and lunatics. 
 
 32 L.R.A. 688. 
 By confession of judgment. 32 L.R.A. 690. 
 
 § 24. Compensation. 
 
 Right of partner appointed trustee on liq- 
 uidation to compensation. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 399. 
 
 Right of trustee to retain bonus or gratuity 
 received from third person. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 923. 
 
 Right as between trustee and cestui que 
 trust to compensation due for former's 
 services as director. 1 B. R. C. 313. 
 
 c. Duties and liabilitiea. 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 Liability of trustee in bankruptcy, gee 
 Bankbuptcy, § 23. 
 
 Liability of infant as. 57 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 Liability of arbitrators as trustees. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 281. 
 
 Care demanded of trustee to sell real estate. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 415. 
 
 Liability of partnership for fraud with re- 
 spect to trust fund. 51 L.R.A. 486. 
 
 Right to have trust property wrongfully 
 pledged by a trustee for his individual 
 benefit redeemed by money belonging to 
 his insolvent estate. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 487. 
 
 Personal liability of trustee on corporate 
 stock belonging to trust but standing 
 in his name. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1092. 
 
 Personal liability of trustee who signs con- 
 tract by adding words indicating rep- 
 resentative capacitv to his signature. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61". 
 
 Individual liability of testamentary trustee 
 for carrying on business in behalf of 
 estate. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 210. 
 
 Estoppel of beneficiaries to charge testa- 
 mentary trustees with' losses sustained 
 in carrying on business in behalf of es- 
 tate. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 234. 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question 
 
 L.R.A. 622. 
 Extrinsic evidence to show who is liable as 
 maker of note. 20 L.R.A. 705. 
 
 § 2 6. For torts or negligence ol serv- 
 ants. 
 In general. 63 L.R.A. 227. 
 Receivers. 63 L.R.A. 228. 
 
 In general. 63 L.R.A. 228. 
 Personal liability. 63 L.R.A. 229. 
 Ofiicial liability. 63 L.R.A. 230. 
 Liability as common carriers when op- 
 erating railroads. 63 L.R.A. 231. 
 Liability as public officers. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 234. 
 The exception to the rule made by 
 statute in Indiana. 63 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 §2 7. Joint liability. 
 
 Joint liability of trustees. 4 L.R.A. 529.* 
 Joint receipt by trustees, effect of. 4 L.R.A. 
 529.* 
 
 § 28. For acts of cotrustee. 
 
 Liability for default of co-executor, see 
 Executors and Administeatoks, § 25. 
 
 Liability of inactive trustee for defalcation 
 of cotrustee. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1029. 
 
 § 29. On bond. 
 
 Contingency of claim against sureties on 
 trustee's bond. 58 LJl.A. 86. 
 
 d. Dealing with trust or cestui que 
 trust. 
 
 §30. Generally. 
 
 Right of trustee to purchase at his own sale. 
 5 L.R.A. 166;* 6 L.R.A. 369;* 9 L.R.A. 
 792;* 13 L.R.A. 491.* 
 
 Right of trustee to profit by trust estate. 
 9 L.R.A. 794.* 
 
 Purchase of trust property by trustee enur- 
 ing to benefit of cestui que trust. 9 
 L.R.A. 793.* 
 
 Effect of purchase of objects of trust by 
 trustee. 13 L.R.A. 492.* 
 Relief from such purchase. 9 L.R.A. 
 792;* 13 L.R.A. 493.* 
 
 Fiduciary relations as affecting reliance on 
 fraudulent statement. 37 L.R.A. 613. 
 
 Independent advice as condition of valid 
 gift inter vivos between trustee and 
 cestui que trust. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1087. 
 
 e. Account of. 
 
 §31. Generally. 
 
 Account of. 7 L.R.A. 570.* 
 Stated account of. 27 L.R.A. 821. 
 Accounting for trust in gold or silver. 2§ 
 L.R.A. 523. 
 
 V. Interest of cestui que trust; rightg 
 of creditors; spendthrift trusts. 
 
 § 32. Generally. 
 
 Trustee dealing with cestui que trust, see 
 supra, § 30. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1355 
 
 TRUSTS, v.— cont'd 
 
 Garnishment of bank deposit in a form im- 
 porting that depositor is acting as fi- 
 duciary. 34 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 1207. 
 
 Judgment against trustee in mortgage or 
 deed of trust to secure debt as affect- 
 ing beneficiary who was not a party. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 196. 
 
 Infant en ventre sa mere as grantee in deed 
 of trust. 44 L.R.A. 490. 
 
 Right to subrogation to vendor's lien where 
 trust funds are used to pay for land. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1208. 
 
 Notice of title from possession by cestui que 
 trust. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 121. 
 
 Effect of expression of intention to make 
 provision for family, upon estates tak- 
 en by beneficiaries of trust, in the ab- 
 sence of express definition thereof. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1215. 
 
 § S3. Rights of creditors, generally. 
 
 Effect of option of cestui que trust to re- 
 quire a conveyance, or otherwise ter- 
 minate the trust, to subject the same to 
 the claims of his creditors. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 236. 
 
 May provision in will for support of a per- 
 son which is made a lien or charge up- 
 on property be reached by his creditors. 
 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 526. 
 
 Application of child's property to his sui>- 
 port where trustees have discretion. 57 
 L.R.A. 734. 
 
 Effect of trust conferred on personal rep- 
 resentative on right of garnishment. 
 47 L.R.A. 361. 
 
 Garnishment of claim of cestui que trust 
 against trustee. 59 L.R.A. 385. 
 
 Injunction against execution sale of trust 
 property. 30 L.R.A. 119. 
 
 § 34. Spendthrift trusts. 
 
 Trust for spendthrifts; validity of. 2 
 L.R.A. 113;» 11 L.R.A. 565;* 13 L.R.A. 
 212.* 
 
 Law governing validity of. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 443. 
 
 Right, as against subsequent creditors, to 
 create trust to pay the income to set- 
 tlor for life, and, after his death, to his 
 heirs or devisees. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 369. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute subjecting 
 spendthrift trust to debts. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1215. 
 
 TI. Transfer of trust property. 
 
 § 35. Generally. 
 
 Following trust property, see infra, § 37. 
 Sale under power in deed of trust, see 
 MOETGAQE, § 77. 
 
 Provision against alienation of Interest of 
 
 cestui que trust. 2 L.R.A. 113.* 
 To whom property passes on trustee's death. 
 
 1 L.R.A. 334.* 
 Duty of corporation as to transfer of stock 
 
 "held in trust. 15 L.R.A. 643. 
 Where trustees' sales to be made. 33 
 L.R.A. 96. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 TRUSTS, VI.— cont'd 
 
 Injunction against negotiation of note held 
 in trust. 28 L.E.A. 578. 
 
 Power of court or guardian of incompetent 
 or habitual drunkard to consent to con- 
 veyance by trustee under a trust re- 
 quiring consent by cestui que trust. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 31). 
 
 Possession of cestui que trust as adverse 
 within the rule against conve^'ance of 
 land held adversely. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 754. 
 
 § 3 6. To beneficiary. 
 
 Right to compel trustee of dry trust to con- 
 vey to beneficiary. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 198. 
 
 YII. Following trust property, 
 
 § 3 7. Generally. 
 
 Rights in funds of insolvent bank, see 
 Banks, § 41. 
 
 General rule as to following trust funds. 7 
 L.R.A. 570.* 
 
 Mingling trust funds. 2 L.E.A. 480;* 8 
 L.R.A. 788.* 
 
 Property converted by trustee continues sub- 
 ject to trust. 2 L.R.A. 480.* 
 
 Lands purchased by trustee, subject to 
 trust. 2 L.R.A. 481.* 
 
 Party obtaining trust property with notice 
 of trust holds as a trustee for benefici- 
 aries. 2 L.R.A. 481.* 
 
 Right to follow trust moneys paid without 
 notice of trust. 2 L.R.A. 482.* 
 
 Effect of legal remedy to defeat equitable 
 jurisdiction to follow trust funds. 6 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 793. 
 
 VIII. Enforcing trust; actions. 
 
 § 38. Generally. 
 
 Enforcement of charitable trust, see Char- 
 ities, §§ 10, 11. 
 
 Limitation of action, see Limitation of 
 AcTiOJSis, §§ 37, 62. 
 
 When trust funds in hands of third persons 
 subject to obligations of trust. 4 L.R.A. 
 746.* 
 
 Enforceability of promise by beneficiary to 
 pay proceeds of life insurance policy 
 to third person. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 692. 
 
 Right of one whose interest is merely con- 
 tingent, to maintain suit to establish 
 or enforce a trust. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 999. 
 
 Scope of statute permitting trustee of ex- 
 press trust to sue without joining bene- 
 ficiaries when rights as between bene- 
 ficiaries, or between them and the trus- 
 tee are involved. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 275. 
 
 Applicability of common law rule preclud- 
 ing executory contract for action at 
 law between husband and wife, where 
 husband acts as trustee. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 273. 
 
 Removal, because of separable controversy, 
 of actions relating to trusts. 6 L.R^i'.. 
 (N.S.) 87. 
 
1356 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 TRUSTS, VIII.— cont'd 
 § 39, In equity. 
 
 Equitable enforcement of, in case of land, 
 as affected by statute of frauds. 5 
 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 112. 
 
 Jurisdiction of equity over suit to enforce 
 trust as to real property in another 
 state or country. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 924. 
 
 Jurisdiction of a court of equity to award 
 compensatory damages for breacli of 
 trust. 14 L.E.A.(N.S.) 900. 
 
 Necessity of exhausting remedy at law as 
 condition of creditor's bill to enforce 
 trust. 23 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 105. 
 
 IX. Lien on trust estate. 
 
 S 40, Generally. 
 Creation of lien on trust estate. 
 656.» 
 
 7 L.R.A. 
 
 TRUTH. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, § 54. 
 As defense to libel or slander, see Libel and 
 
 Slander, § 38. 
 
 As defense to proceeding for contempt for 
 publishing pending trial of article 
 tending to influence result. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 572. 
 
 Fact that witness's testimony is contradict- 
 ed by opposing testimony as warrant- 
 ing introduction of evidence of his 
 reputation for. 12 L.E.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 evidence of truth of alleged statement 
 admissible in criminal case to corrobor- 
 ate or disprove fact tliat statement was 
 made. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 335. 
 
 Is 
 
 4 »» 
 
 TUBERCULIN TEST. 
 
 Constitutionality of discriminations in 
 statutory regulations concerning. 34 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 654, 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS. 
 
 Bight of property owner to complain of lo- 
 cation of hospital for, in neighborhood. 
 25 L.E.A.(N.S.) 228, 
 
 TUGS. 
 
 Owners of, as independent contractors. 
 L.E.A. 471. 
 
 65 
 
 TUNNELS, 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Municipal liability for defects or obstruc- 
 tions in. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 573. 
 
 g 2. In mine. 
 
 Eights under tunnel-site location of mine, 
 see Mines, § 5. 
 
 Taking property for, under power of emi- 
 nent domain. 1 L.E.A.(N.S.) 978. 
 
 Exercise of eminent domain to secure right 
 of way for mining tunnel. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 106. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of condition of 
 tunnels before and after accident al- 
 leged to have caused injury. 32 L.E.A. 
 {N.S.) 1095. 
 
 Servant's assumption of risk from changing 
 condition of excavations in, during 
 progress of work. 19 L.R.A. ( N.S. ; 
 352. 
 
 *•* 
 
 TURNING STATE'S EVIDENOB. 
 
 See State's Evidenct!. 
 
 < « » 
 
 TURNPIKES, 
 
 As to toll roads, see Toll Roads. 
 Railroad on, as additional servitude. 
 
 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 731. 
 
 Prohibiting use of automobiles on. 1 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 221. 
 
 Taking of property for, as a public use. 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 101. 
 
 Business of, affected with a public interest 
 subjecting them to regulation and con- 
 trol as to rates and prices. 6 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 835. 
 
 TURNTABLES. 
 
 See Negligence, § 23. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 TURPENTINE. 
 
 Cutting of timber on public lands for, 
 L.E.A. 892. 
 
 70 
 
 Begin with this book on every laiv qtiestion. 
 
 TYPEWRITTEN INSTRUMENT. 
 
 Presumption as to alteration of typewritten 
 instrument made in duplicate. 18 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 131)7 
 
 u 
 
 TJLTKA VIRES. 
 
 Of corporation, see Corporations, §§ 28-34. 
 
 Liability of municipality or other public 
 corporation on ultra vires contract. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1124. 
 
 Municipal liability for labor performed or 
 services accepted under ultra vires con- 
 tract, 27 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1128. 
 
 UMPIRE. 
 
 In general, see Arbitration, § 4. 
 
 Effect of decision of, see Contracts, § 142. 
 
 UNACCEPTED OFFER. 
 
 Of compromise as tolling statute of limi- 
 tations. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 885. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 UNACCEPTED TENDER. 
 
 See Tenser. 
 
 » • » 
 
 UNAUTHORIZED APPEARANCE. 
 
 Effect of, see Appearance, § 3. 
 
 4 ■ » 
 
 UNAUTHORIZED PAYMENT. 
 
 Depositor's right to recover against one to 
 whom bank has made unauthorized 
 payment. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1135. 
 
 UNBLOCKED SWITCHES. 
 
 Master's liability for injury to employee 
 by, see Master and Servant, § 95. 
 
 Leaving switch unlocked as proximate cause 
 of derailment of train resulting from 
 throwing of switch by stranger. 11 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 738. 
 
 ITNBORN CHILDREN. 
 
 See Afteeborn Children. 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 UNBROKEN CONTINUITY. 
 
 As essential to title by adverse possession, 
 see Adverse Possession, § 20. 
 
 UNCERTAIN PROFITS. 
 
 Loss of, as element of damages, see Dam- 
 ages, §§ 107-118. 
 
 UNCERTAINTY. 
 
 In contract for permanent employment. 35 
 L.R.A. 513. 
 
 UNCHASTITY. 
 
 Charge of, as ground for divorce, see Di- 
 vorcje and Separation, § 23. 
 
 Actionability of words charging, see Libel 
 AND Slander, § 12. 
 
 Fraudulent concealment of, as ground for 
 avoiding promise of marriage. 26 
 L.R.A. 431. 
 
 Antenuptial, as ground for divorce or annul- 
 ment of marriage. 18 L.R.A. 375. 
 
 Misrepresentations or concealment as to, as 
 ground for annulment of marriage. 13 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 
 Effect of complainant's knowledge of 
 spouse's antenuptial unchastity as bar 
 to divorce for subsequent adultery. 23 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 240. 
 
 UNCtE. 
 
 Implied agreement to pay for services ren- 
 dered to. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 884. 
 
 UNCONSCIOUSNESS. 
 
 Effect of unconsciousness of person injured 
 on admissibility as res gestw of sub- 
 sequent statements. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 967. 
 
 UNDATED ENTRIES. 
 
 In books of acccount, admissibility in evi» 
 dence. 52 L.R.A. 586. 
 
135S 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 UNDECLARED DIVIDENDS. 
 
 Passing of, with stock. 45 L.R.A. 393. 
 •> « » 
 
 tjndeijIvered check. 
 
 Check indorsed in blank as subject of lar- 
 ceny or embezzlement. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 4S9. 
 
 UNDELIVERED NOTE. 
 
 Liability for permitting undelivered note to 
 get into circulation. 3 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 212. 
 
 UNDENIED STATEMENTS. 
 
 Rule admitting, as affected by mental or 
 physical condition at the time. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 349. 
 
 UNDER-ESTIMATE. 
 
 Architect's underestimate of cost of struc- 
 ture as basis of claim or defense 
 against him. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 125. 
 
 UNDERGROUND CROSSING. 
 
 Power of municipality to require railroad 
 company to keep highway in repair at. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 915. 
 
 UNDERTAKERS. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 143. 
 
 Undertaker's establishment as a nuisance, 
 see Nuisances, § 8. 
 
 UNDERWRITERS. 
 
 In general, see Instjranoe. 
 Unlawful combination of, see Monopoly and 
 Combinations, § 11. 
 
 UNDISCLOSED PRINCIPAIj. 
 
 UNDISCOVERED DISEASE. 
 
 Innocent misrepresentations as to health of 
 insured having. 53 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 UNDISCOVERED PERSONS. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury to, 
 see Railroads, §§ 53, 63. 
 
 UNDIVIDED INTEREST. 
 
 Replevin for, see Replevin, § 7. 
 
 UNDUE INFLUENCE. 
 
 Presumption as to, see Evidence, §§ 52, 53. 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 
 § 260. 
 Sufficiency of evidence of, see Evidence, 
 
 § 300. 
 On testator, see Wills, §§ 16, 17. 
 
 What is; effect of. 2 L.R.A. 668;* 4 I..R.A. 
 640,* 738;* 8 L.R.A. 261.* 
 
 When conveyance will be set aside for. 4 
 L.R.A. 639.* 
 
 As a ground for relief from a voluntary 
 trust. 19 L.R.A. 767. 
 
 Effect of undue influence by physician to 
 avoid release. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 663. 
 
 In contract requiring servant to elect be- 
 tween acceptance of benefits out of re- 
 lief fund and a prosecution of his 
 claims in an action for damages. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 192. 
 
 UNEQUAL SERVICES. 
 
 Compensation of partner in case of. 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 17 
 
 See Principal and Agent, §§ 24-27, 43. 
 
 Begin iinth this Ttook on every Iwiv question. 
 
 UNFAIR COMPETITION. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 See also Trademarks; Tradenames. 
 
 Imitation of union label. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1191. 
 
 Interference by competitor or others with 
 agents of dealer or manufacturer. 9 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 904. 
 
 Unfair competition in sale or manufacture 
 of article, not protected by patent, iden- 
 tical witti that originated by com- 
 petitor. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 448. 
 
 Liability of individual in absence of any 
 element of conspiracy for driving away 
 another's customers. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1224. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 1359 
 
 UNFAIR COMPETITION— cont'd 
 Power of equity, upon enjoining unfair com- 
 petition to require defendant to pay 
 damages sustained by complainant as 
 distinguished from profits realized by 
 defendant. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 526. 
 § 2. What constitutes. 
 
 By adoption of descriptive term from for- 
 eign language. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 
 In use of combination of geographical name 
 with numeral. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1040. 
 
 Unfair competition by placing means there- 
 of in hands of retailer without any in- 
 tention to deceive him. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1096; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 
 § 3. Protection against. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, g§ 69, 
 70. 
 
 Protection of union labels on ground of. 39 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1194. 
 Right to protection against use of a par- 
 ticular number by a competitor. 8 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1153'. 
 Right to protection against use by rival of 
 similar design, shell or pattern not pro- 
 tected by patent. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 269. 
 Right to protection against use of rival de- 
 sign, shell or pattern not protected by 
 patent. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 259. 
 Right to protection in use of geographical 
 name on ground of unfair compe- 
 tition. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 73. 
 What amounts to unfair simulation. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 78. 
 Where name of place is simulated by a 
 nonresident. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 80. 
 Where neither party using a geograph- 
 ical name is located at such place. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 81. 
 
 ♦ «» 
 
 TJNFINISHED BTJILDING. 
 
 Insurable interest in. 43 L.R.A. 664. 
 
 ■♦«» 
 
 UNFIT CONDITION. 
 
 Of prison, liability for injury due to, see 
 Jails and Prisons, § 3. 
 
 »« » 
 
 UNFITNESS. 
 
 Of fellow-servant, master's duty as to, see 
 Masteb and Sebvant, §§ 104, 105. 
 
 Liability for serving unfit food. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 480. 
 
 UNFOUNDED BELIEF. 
 
 As proof of testamentary incapacity. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66. . , , ^ , 
 
 Consult also L.R.A. Dtgests to date. 
 
 UNFOUNDED CLAIM. 
 
 As subject of valid compromise. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 275. 
 
 UNGUARDED MACHINERY. 
 
 Master's duty to guard machinery, see Mas- 
 teb AND Servant, § 90. 
 
 UNIFORM. 
 
 Right to require or prohibit wearing of uni- 
 forms in public school or college, 42 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 337. 
 
 UNIFORMITY. 
 
 In license fee, see License, §§ 46, 46a. 
 
 In taxation, see Taxes, §§ 8-12, 39, 93, 94. 
 
 < « » 
 
 UNILATERAL CONTRACTS. 
 
 See CoNTBACTS, § 18. 
 
 UNINCORPORATED SOCIETY. 
 
 Charitable gift to, sea Charities, § 4. 
 
 « ■ » 
 
 UNINDORSED CHECK. 
 
 As subject of larceny or embezzlement. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 499. 
 
 UNION. 
 
 Labor union, see Conspibact, §§ 4-8; Labob 
 
 Organizations. 
 Of Cumberland and Presbyterian churches, 
 
 see Religious Societies. 
 
 UNION DEPOT. 
 
 Formation of. 13 L.R.A. 415.» 
 
 Person at, as a passenger. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 778. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injuries 
 to its servants by negligence of union 
 depot employees. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1196. 
 
 Liability of union depot company for negli- 
 gence of its own or carrier's employees. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 433. 
 
1360 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 UNION LABELS. 
 
 See Labels, § 2. 
 
 UNION MORTGAGE CLAUSE. 
 
 Effect on rights of mortgagee of breach of 
 policy by mortgagor under. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 204. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Tax on property or instrumentalities of, 
 see Taxes, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 As trustee in charitable bequest. 14 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 113. 
 Jurisdiction of state courts over lands of. 
 
 17 L.E.A. 720. 
 
 § 2. Rights and powers. 
 
 Right to erect wharves. 40 L.R.A. 647. 
 Control of right of fishery. 39 L.R.A. 581. 
 
 § S. — property rights. 
 
 Ownership of waters by, see Waters, § 8. 
 
 Eights in literary work done in connection 
 with official duties. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1193. 
 
 § 4. Claims against. 
 Running of limitations , on, see Limitation 
 OF Actions, § 16. 
 
 Assignment of. 2 L.E.A. 571.* 
 
 Situs of claims against, for purposes of ad- 
 ministration. 24 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 Circumstances under which employee of 
 United States may recover remunera- 
 tion for extra worlj. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 660. 
 
 Acceptance of partial allowance of claim 
 as an accord and satisfaction. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 112. 
 
 § 5. Claims in favor of. 
 
 Imprisonment for debts owing to. 34 L.E.A. 
 671. 
 
 § 6. — priority of. 
 
 Of claims against insolvent, see Insolvency, 
 
 § 7. 
 Priority of judgment in favor of. 47 L.E.A. 
 
 479. 
 
 UNITED STATES BONDS. 
 
 Taxation, as part of capital stock of corpo- 
 ration. 57 L.E.A. 57 ; 58 L.E.A. 568. 
 
 Applicability of general tax exemptions to 
 inheritance or succession tax on. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1208. 
 
 UNITED STATES MARSHAL. 
 
 See Mabshal. 
 
 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 
 
 Provision in primary election laws for popu- 
 lar election of. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1147. 
 
 Constitutionality of popular elections of. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 140. 
 
 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. 
 
 See Supeeme Couet of the United States. 
 
 « « » 
 
 UNKNOWN CHANNEL. 
 
 Character of water flowing underground in 
 defined but unknown channel. 2 B. 
 E. C. 991. 
 
 UNKNOWN NAME. 
 
 Liability of officer for making arrest of per- 
 son having. 51 L.R.A. 219. 
 
 UNKNOWN PERSONS. 
 
 Effect of omission of statement that owner 
 is unknown in proceedings in rem to 
 enforce tax. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1060. 
 
 Telegraph company's duty as to discovery 
 of unknown sendee. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 761. 
 
 UNLAWFUL ACT. 
 
 Homicide in commission of, see Homicide, 
 
 §§ 10, 11, 16-18. 
 Homicide to prevent, see Homicide, § 23. 
 
 UNLAWFUL ARREST. 
 
 Liability for, see False Imprisonment. 
 
 Homicide in resisting. 66 L.E.A. 375; 33 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 147. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law question 
 
 UNLAWFUL ASSEMBLAGES. 
 
 Municipal liability for permitting in street 
 23 L.E.A.(N.'S.) 638. 
 
INDEX TO L 
 
 UNLAWFUL BUSINESS. 
 
 Liability of partnership for engaging in. 
 51 L.R.A. 495. 
 
 4 ■ » 
 
 UNLAWFUL DETAINER. 
 
 See Forcible Entkt and Detaineb. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 UNLAWFUL WORK. 
 
 Employer's liability for acts of independent 
 contractor in. 14 L.R.A. 831. 
 
 UNLICENSED PERSONS. 
 
 EflFeet of failure to procure license, see Li- 
 cense, §§ 15, 16. 
 
 UNLIQUIDATED CLAIMS. 
 
 Garnishment of, see Gabnishment, § 11. 
 Set-off of or against, see Set-Off and 
 
 COUNTEECLAIM, § 5. 
 
 UNLIQUIDATED DAMAGES. 
 
 Set-off of, in bankruptcy cases. 55 L.R.A. 
 
 37. 
 Set-off of damages existing before rendition 
 
 of judgment as ground for injunction. 
 
 31 L.R.A. 765. 
 
 UNLIQUIDATED DEMANDS. 
 
 Accord and satisfaction by part payment of, 
 see AccoBD and Satisfaction, § 3. 
 
 UNLOADED WEAPON. 
 
 Pointing unloaded firearm as assault. 15 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1272. 
 
 UNLOADING CARS. 
 
 As railroad hazard within statute changing 
 fellow servant rule. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 480. 
 
 •-•-♦ 
 
 UNLOADING V^ESSEL. 
 
 See Shipping, § 39. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 R.A. NOTES. 1361 
 
 UNMARRIED. 
 
 Meaning of word. 15 L.R.A. 292. 
 
 *-»-^ 
 
 UNMATURED CLAIM. 
 
 Set-off of, see Set-Opf and Cotjniebolaim;, 
 § 19. 
 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 UNNATURAL BEQUEST. 
 
 Effect of unnatural testamentary disposition 
 on question of undue influence. 6 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 202; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1024. 
 
 UNNECESSARY DANGER. 
 
 Voluntary exposure to, see Insueancb, 
 §§ 158, 164. 
 
 UNPRECEDENTED FLOOD. 
 
 As act of God. 11 L.R.A. 615. 
 
 Destruction of boom or dam by, as affect- 
 ing liability of one under contract to 
 build and maintain it. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Contractor's liability to replace bridge de- 
 stroyed by unprecedented flood against 
 which he does not contract. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 833. 
 
 UNPUBLISHED PICTURES. 
 
 Common-law right in. 1 B. R. 0. 19S. 
 
 UNQUALIFIED LIMITATIONS. 
 
 Under rule in Shelley's Case. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1069, 1123, 1148. 
 
 UNREASONABLE DETENTION. 
 
 Effect of, on liability of officer making ar- 
 rest. 51 L.R.A. 216. 
 
 UNREASONABLE SEARCH. 
 
 See Seaecit and Seizure. 
 86 
 
1362 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 CNREPEATED MESSAGES. 
 
 Validity of limitation of liability of tele- 
 graph company for. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 561; 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 409. 
 
 Applicability of stipulation as to repeating 
 telegraph messages to failure or delay 
 in transmission or delivery. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 666. 
 
 UNRESTRICTED INDORSEMENT. 
 
 Parol evidence as to purpose of, see Evi- 
 dence, § 171. 
 
 UNSANITARY PREMISES. 
 
 Vendor's liability to purchaser on account 
 of unsanitary condition of premises. 
 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1035. 
 
 UNSEALED INSTRUMENT. 
 
 Unsealed transfer or assignment as a 
 21 L.R.A. 693. 
 
 gift. 
 
 <«» 
 
 UNSHAKABLE DELUSIONS. 
 
 As proof of testamentary Incapacity. 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 72. 
 
 27 
 
 * « » 
 
 UNSOUND MIND. 
 
 See Incompetent Persons. 
 
 UNSTAMPED INSTRUMENT. 
 
 See Intebnai, Revenue, § 2. 
 
 * I » 
 
 UNUSED MATERIALS. 
 
 As basis of mechanics' lien, see Mechanics' 
 Liens, § 11. 
 
 UNUSUAL STORMS. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by surface 
 water during. 65 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 UNWHOLESOMENESS. 
 
 UNWILLING WITNESS. 
 
 Right of party calling to impeach. 21 L,R.A 
 423. 
 
 UPLAND. 
 
 Rights of owner of, in water generally, see 
 Waters, II. 
 
 Right of owner of, to access to water, see 
 Waters, § 11. 
 
 Separation of riparian rights from, see Wa- 
 ters, § 36. 
 
 URINAL. 
 
 Injunction against public urinals constitut- 
 ing nuisance. 23 L.R.A. 303. 
 
 USAGE. 
 
 See Custom and Usage. 
 
 « « » 
 
 USE. 
 
 Use and occupation, see Use and Occupa- 
 tion. 
 
 Restrictions on use of dedicated property, 
 see Dedication, § 3. 
 
 Of insured premises, see Insurance, §§ 74- 
 78, 85-87. 
 
 See also Uses. 
 
 As acceptance of dedicated highway. 18 
 L.R.A. 510. 
 
 EflFect of mere use of highway, over public 
 domain as acceptance of grant of right 
 of way. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1223. 
 
 Acquisition of easement of way or passage 
 by use and severance. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 346. 
 
 Notice of title to land from. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 94. 
 
 Parol evidence to establish. 20 L.R.A. 109. 
 
 As waiver of right to rescind for breach of 
 warranty or noncompliance with con- 
 tract. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 467. 
 
 Of food, liability for injury by, see Food, 
 S 6- 
 Begin with this hook on every law question 
 
 USE AND OCCUPATION. 
 
 Accounting for by cotenant, see Cotenan- 
 cy, § 8. 
 
 When action for use and occupation of 
 premises will lie. 14 L.R.A. 156; 26 
 L.R.A. 802. 
 
 Liability of cotenants to account for. 28 
 L.R.A. 829; 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 224. 
 
 Of intestate's property, liability of adminis- 
 trator. 40 L.R.A. 344. 
 
 Action for, when lease invalid under stat- 
 ute of frauds. 26 L.R.A. 802. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove. 
 52 L.R.A. 714. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1363 
 
 USISR. 
 
 See UsK. 
 
 USURY— cont'd 
 
 II. What constitutes. 
 
 USES. 
 
 In general, see Trusts. 
 Charitable uses, see Charities. 
 See also Use. 
 
 USURPATION. 
 
 Of governmental powers, see Constitution- 
 al Law, §§ 18-20. 
 
 Of office, see Municipai, Cokpobations, § 
 118; Officers, § 27. 
 
 Scope and effect of provision exempting in- 
 surer from loss caused by usurped pow- 
 er. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 
 Mandamus to compel one usurping office to 
 turn over papers. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 528. 
 
 USURY. 
 
 I. In general, § 1, 
 II. What constitutes, §§ 2-S, 
 III. Effect; defenses; remedies; penal- 
 ties, §§ 9-15. 
 a. Effect, §§ 9-11. 
 h. Defenses, §§ 13, 13. 
 
 c. Remedies, §14. 
 
 d. Penalties, §15. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 9 1. Generally. 
 
 Effect of preferring usurious debt in as- 
 signment for creditors, see Assign- 
 ment FOB Creditors, § 16. 
 
 Law of place as to, see Conflict of Laws, 
 §§ 7, 7a. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see CoN- 
 
 BTITUTIONAI. LAW, § 122. 
 
 In mortgage, see Mortgage, §§ 23, 24. 
 
 In store orders. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1058. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutory discrimina- 
 tion as to interest rates. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 813; 27 L.R.A.(N.S._) 898. 
 
 Right of one to testify as to his intent. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 391. 
 
 Creation of partnership by sharing in prof- 
 its from usurious loan. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1061. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 428. 
 
 Usurious loan office as a disorderly house. 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 507. 
 
 Implied warranties against usury by one 
 passing negotiable paper. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 546. 
 
 What constitutes payment of usurious in- 
 terest to national bank. 56 L.R.A. 702. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 What constitutes, generally. 9 L.R.A. 292.* 
 
 In sale of expectancy by prospective heir. 
 33 L.R.A. 281. 
 
 Usury in exacting payment of interest for 
 full term upon payment of debt before 
 maturity. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 113. 
 
 As affected by question whether transac- 
 tion is purchase or discount of note or 
 bill. 16 L.R.A. 224. 
 
 By contract for life insurance. 53 L.R.A. 
 462. 
 
 Issuance of corporate bonds at less than par 
 as usury. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1106. 
 
 Applicability of usury law to loans other 
 than of money. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 620. 
 
 Inclusion of days of grace in computing in- 
 terest as usury. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 839. 
 
 Computation of interest on the basis of thir- 
 ty days for a month, or three hundred 
 and sixty days for a year, as usury. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 592. 
 
 Validity of contract to resell at an advance, 
 property purchased. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 213. 
 
 § 3. In loans by agent. 
 
 Commissions charged borrower by lender's 
 agent as usury. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 391. 
 
 Power of legislature to restrict fees in con- 
 nection v'ith loans. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 175. 
 
 § 4. In loans by building associations. 
 
 Law governing. 62 L.R.A. 64. 
 
 By fixed premium of association. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 244. 
 Fines in building and loan associations. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 215. 
 Constitutionality of statute exempting 
 
 building and loan associations from 
 
 general usury laws. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1135. 
 
 § 5. Ijawfulness of talcing interest in 
 advance. 
 
 In discounts. 29 L.R.A. 761. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. 761. 
 By persons other than banks. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 765. 
 On instruments other than bills and 
 notes. 29 L.R.A. 766. 
 In periodical payments. 29 L.R.A. 766. 
 For what length of time allowed. 29 L.R.A. 
 767. 
 
 § 6. Agreement for interest after ma- 
 turity. 
 
 Generally. 49 L.R.A. 550. 
 
 Lump sum, a penalty. 49 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 Not usury if debtor can relieve himself. 49 
 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 Agreement for reduction for prompt pay- 
 ment. 49 L.R.A. 551. 
 
 Provision for interest only in case of de- 
 fault. 49 L.R.A. 552. 
 
 Higher rate legal. 49 L.R.A. 552. 
 
 Statutory limitation. 49 L.R.A. 552. 
 
 In case of sales, etc. 49 L.R.A. 553. 
 
1364 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 USURY, II.— cont'd 
 Various constructions. 49 L.R.A. 553. 
 Express penalty. 49 L.R.A. 554. 
 Understanding that loan shall continue. 49 
 
 L.R.A. 554. 
 Notes held valid. 49 L.R.A. 555. 
 Equitable relief. 49 L.R.A. 555. 
 Other decisions. 49 L.R.A. 556. 
 
 § 7. In deferred payments of purchase 
 money. 
 
 Generally. 27 L.R.A. 565. 
 
 Making interest a part of the purchase 
 price. 27 L.R.A. 566. 
 
 Cash and credit prices. 27 L.R.A. 568. 
 
 Agreement as to interest made after orig- 
 inal contract completed. 27 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Other contracts. 27 L.R.A. 570. 
 
 Increasing price upon sale on credit as usu- 
 ry. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 102. 
 
 § 8. Interest on interest. 
 
 Right, in case of renewal of loan, to com- 
 pute interest on basis of including ac- 
 cumulated interest as part of principal 
 of renewal. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 612, 
 
 Validity of agreement to pay interest on 
 interest, made after interest has be- 
 come due. 18L.R.A.(N.S.) 633.- 
 
 Validity of agreement, made before interest 
 becomes due, to pay interest on interest. 
 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 296. 
 
 Ill, Effect; defenses; remedies; penal- 
 ties. 
 
 a. Effect. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Effect on surety's liability of usury in con- 
 sideration for extension of time to prin- 
 cipal, see Principal and Surety, § 16. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute validating usu- 
 rious contract. 22 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 As affecting validity of life insurance to Se- 
 cure debt to insurer. 53 L.R.A. 463. 
 
 Effect on surety's liability of usury in con- 
 sideration for extension of time for 
 principaL 53 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 Effect of preferring usurious debt in an 
 assignment for creditors. 41 L.R.A. 
 707. 
 
 In renewal contract as affecting original 
 agreement. 33 L.R.A. 633. 
 
 Right of bank acquiring paper void for usu- 
 ry as between prior parties, under stat- 
 ute prescribing special and exclusive 
 penalties against a bank which takes 
 usury. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 626. 
 
 Injunction against sale under power in 
 mortgage because of usury. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 911. 
 
 Conclusiveness of stated or settled account 
 containing usurious interest. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 790. 
 
 Effect of usury on right of accommodation 
 party who has been obliged to pay bill 
 or note to recover from accommodated 
 party. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 784. 
 
 Effect of payment of usury. 53 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 Begin with this ioolt on every law questioiU 
 
 USURY, III. a— cont'd 
 
 As affecting receipt of commercial paper aa 
 
 payment. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Effect as between the parties of transfer 
 of property in satisfaction of usu- 
 rious debt. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 134. 
 Effect upon conveyance. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 135. 
 Recovery of excessive interest or penal- 
 ty. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 
 §10. On judgment. 
 
 Suit to set aside judgment for; who may 
 maintain. 54 L.R.A. 765. 
 
 As ground for injunction against judgment. 
 31 L.R.A. 761. 
 By confession. 30 L.R.A. 239. 
 
 Enforceability of judgment containing usu- 
 ry. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 715. 
 
 Right of alleged fraudulent grantee to show 
 that judgment against grantor was 
 based on usurious transaction. 67 
 L.R.A. 601. 
 
 Right to open judgment to let in defense of. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 659. 
 
 § 11. By national bank.' 
 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Statutory provisions. 56 L.R.A. 673. 
 Strict or liberal construction of stat- 
 ute. 56 L.R.A. 674. 
 Exclusiveness of Federal penalty. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 674. 
 State courts following Federal deci- 
 sions. 56 L.R.A. 677. 
 To what states provision for penalty 
 
 applicable. 56 L.R.A. 677. 
 Extent of invalidity generally from 
 
 charging or taking usury. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 678. 
 Necessity of knowledge. 56 L.R.A. 680. 
 Jurisdiction of the United States Su- 
 preme Court. 56 L.R.A. 680. 
 Waiver of, or estoppel to claim, penalty 
 
 for charging or taking usury. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 680. 
 Purging transaction from usury. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 681. 
 Effect of bank assigning note. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 681. 
 Interest on judgment. 56 L.R.A. 682. 
 Miscellaneous matters. 56 L.R.A. 682. 
 Where usury charged, but not paid. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 682. 
 Extent of forfeiture of interest. 56 
 L.R.A. 682. 
 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 682. 
 
 In case of renewals. 56 L.R.A. 683. 
 
 After maturity of the debt. 56 
 L.R.A. 685. 
 Limit of time for interposing defense 
 
 of usury. 56 L.R.A. 686. 
 Availability of defense of usury in suit 
 
 by baiik. 56 L.R.A. 686. 
 To whom defense that usury charged, 
 
 available. 56 L.R.A. 687. 
 Right to relinquish illegal excess. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 688. 
 Jurisdiction to declare forfeiture in 
 
 action by bank. 56 L.R.A. 688. 
 Remedy where interest actually paid. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 689. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1365 
 
 DSURY, III. a— cont'd 
 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 689. 
 
 Eight of action for twice amount of 
 
 interest paid. 56 L.R.A. 690. 
 Jurisdiction of action by state courts. 
 56 L.R.A. 690. 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 690. 
 Venue of action. 56 L.R.A. 692. 
 Who may maintain action. 56 L.R.A. 
 
 693. 
 Assignability of claim for penalty. 56 
 
 L.R.A. 695. 
 Who may set up defense of illegal in- 
 terest paid. 56 L.RJ^. 695. 
 Against whom defense of usury paid, 
 
 available. 56 L.R.A. 696. 
 Set-off or counterclaim. 56 L.R.A. 696. 
 Of illegal interest paid. 56 L.R.A. 
 696. 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 696. 
 Where right to recover penalty 
 barred by limitation. 56 
 L.R.A. 699. 
 Of claim for twice the amount of 
 interest paid. 56 L.R.A. 700. 
 Of judgment for penalty. 56 L.R.A. 
 700. 
 Application of payments. 56 L.R.A. 
 701. 
 In general. 56 L.R.A. 701. 
 Right to change application. 56 
 L.R.A. 702. 
 What constitutes a payment of inter- 
 
 pst. 56 L.R.A. 702. 
 Prerequisites to suit for twice amount 
 
 of interest paid. 56 L.R.A. 704. 
 Limitation of action to recover penalty. 
 
 56 L.R.A. 705. 
 Extent of allowance or recovery. 56 
 L.R.A. 706. 
 Amount allowed as set-off in suit 
 
 by bank. 56 L.R.A. 706. 
 Double amount of entire interest, 
 or of excess over legal inter- 
 est,— which. 56 L.R.A. 707. 
 Interest on claim for penalty. 56 
 L.R.A. 707. 
 
 J>. Defenses. 
 
 g 12. Generally. 
 
 As defense by or against corporation, see 
 Corporations, § 31. 
 
 As a defense against mortgage. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 459.* 
 Usury as a defense; must be distinctly set 
 
 up; must be proved as laid. 5 L.K.A. 
 
 465.' , .. , , 
 
 Defense of, as against holder of negotiable 
 paper transferred after maturity. 46 
 L.R.A. 767. 
 
 USURY, III. b— cont'd 
 
 § 13. Who may set up defense. 
 
 Usury in mortgage, see Mortgage, § 24. 
 
 Who may urge usurious character of debt 
 preferred in assignment for creditors. 
 41 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 To whom usury available as defense against 
 mortgage. 10 L.R.A. 459.* 
 
 Right of transferee of mortgaged property 
 to set up usury in the mortgage. 10 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 857. 
 
 The right of a vendee of real estate which 
 is subject to a, lien, to raise the ques- 
 tion of usury. 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 814. 
 
 Applicability of statute forbidding corpora- 
 tion to interpose defense of usury, as 
 affected by the foreign or domestic 
 character of the corporation, the situs 
 of the contract, or the place of suit. 1 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 616. 
 
 o. Remedies. 
 
 % 14. Generally. 
 
 Limitation of action to recover back usury, 
 see Limitation of Actions, §§ 38a, 54. 
 
 Extent of recovery where usurious interest 
 paid. 9 L.R.A. 293.* 
 
 When equitable relief will be granted 
 against usurious contracts. 9 L.R.A. 
 293.* 
 
 Set-off as to, on foreclosure. 21 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 Power to make the taking of, a criminal of- 
 fense. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 530. 
 
 A. Penalties. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Against national bank for taking illegal 
 interest. 56 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Recovery of penalty for usury on transfer 
 of property in satisfaction of usurious 
 debt. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 
 Right of bank acquiring paper void for usu- 
 ry as between prior parties, under stat- 
 ute prescribing special and exclusive 
 penalties against bank which takes usu- 
 ry. 16 L.E.A.(N.S.) 626. 
 
 UTILITY. 
 
 As element of patentability of invention, see 
 Patent, § 7. 
 
 UTTERING. 
 
 Of forged instruments, see Foeqebt. 
 
 V 
 
 VACANCY. 
 
 Of insured property, see Insurance, §§ 75, 
 
 In office, see Officers, § 17. 
 
 Con^n also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 VACANCY— cont'd 
 
 Appointment of officer to fill, see Officers, 
 § 14. 
 
 When does vacancy in party ticket occur 
 within statute authorizing filling of va- 
 cancies. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1088. 
 
1366 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 VACANT LAND. 
 
 Effect of statutes permitting action by 
 claimant to vacant lands on equitable 
 jurisdiction to remove cloud on title. 
 1-2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 71. 
 
 VACANT PROPERTY. 
 
 Liability of owner for using it or permit- 
 ting it to be used in such way as to 
 collect crowds to injury of neighbor- 
 hood. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 464. 
 
 « » » 
 
 VACATION. 
 
 Of courts, see Cotjbts, § 47. 
 
 VACCINATION. 
 
 See Health, § 10. 
 
 VAGRANCY. 
 
 Criminal liability of children for. 36 
 
 L.E.A. 207. 
 Power of municipality to punish vagrancy, 
 
 which is also an offense under state 
 
 law. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 52. 
 Cruel and unusual punishment for. 35 
 
 L.R.A. 578. 
 
 VALIDATION. 
 
 Curative act, see Constitutional Law, 
 §§ 9, 10. 
 
 Of undelivered deed by ratification or es- 
 toppel of the grantor. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 945. 
 
 VALUATION. 
 
 For purposes of transportation, see Cab- 
 
 EIEES, §§ 131, 132. 
 Of property for purpose of taxation, see 
 
 Taxes, §§ 56-58, 102, 103. 
 
 Of claims against insolvent insurance com- 
 pany. 38 L.R.A. 100. 
 
 Valuation of commercial paper for purpos- 
 es of graduating offense of larceny. 23 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1063. 
 
 VALUE. 
 
 VALUE— cont'd 
 
 Opinion evidence as to, see Evidence, § 194. 
 Evidence of, generally see Evidence, § 262. 
 Cash surrender value of policy, see Ihsub- 
 
 ANCE, § 57. 
 
 Conclusiveness of expert opinion as to. 42 
 L.R.A. 767. 
 
 Change in, as defense to action for specific 
 performance of contract for sale of cor- 
 porate stock. 50 L.E.A. 510. 
 
 Of services of attorneys in dissolving in- 
 junction. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 
 Of child's services as question for jury, see 
 Trial. 
 
 Burglary as affected by value of goods 
 taken or sought to be taken. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 243. 
 
 § 2. Misrepresentations as to. 
 
 Fraud or mistake as to value of land sold, 
 see Vendoe and Pukchasee, § 28. 
 
 Rigbt to rely on representations as to. 37 
 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Statements as to, as a fraud. 35 L.R.A. 
 418, 436. 
 
 Effect of misrepresentation as to value of 
 goods by shipper on his right to re- 
 cover for loss. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 745. 
 
 VALUED POLICY. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 63 L.R.A. 866. 
 
 VAPORS. 
 
 Liability for damage by, see Nbgugencb, 
 § 14. 
 
 Presumption as to statutory authority of 
 railroad to emit noxious vapors. 70 
 L.R.A. 594. 
 
 VARIANCE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 Evidence, § 107. 
 Begin icith this hooTc on every I*"" question 
 
 Between pleading and proof, see Evidenoe, 
 §§ 330-332. 
 
 Right to rescind subscription contract for 
 variance between prospectus and ar- 
 ticles of incorporation. 33 L.R.A. 733. 
 Between deed and certificate of sale for 
 taxes as to statement that owners are 
 unknown. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1066. 
 Between execution and judgment as affect- 
 ing amercement of officer for failure 
 to return execution. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 895. 
 Variance between assignment or transfer 
 of insured property or insurance 
 policy, and the insurer's consent 
 thereto. 42 L.E.A. (N.S.) 173. 
 Assignment or transfer of property. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 173. 
 Assignment or transfer of policy. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 173. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1367 
 
 VARIANCE— cont'd 
 
 Absolute in form, but intended aa 
 collateral security. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 174. 
 Between indictment and bail bond or recog- 
 nizance in description of offense. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 325. 
 
 VASECTOMY. 
 
 Asexualization or sterilization of criminals 
 or defectives. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 419. 
 
 VAULTS. 
 
 Under highway, see Highways, § 14. 
 
 « ■ > 
 
 VEGETATION. 
 
 Right to vegetation growing in highway, see 
 Highways, § 43. 
 
 VEHICLES. 
 
 Liability of bailee of wagon, see Bailment, 
 § 6. 
 
 Liabilitr of bailor of wagon, see Bailment, 
 § 12. 
 
 Rights and regulations as to vehicles in 
 highway, see Highways, §§ 45, 46. 
 
 License tax on, see Licenses, § 43. 
 
 Liability of street railway company for in- 
 jury by collision with, see Stbbet Rail- 
 ways, §§ 18, 19. 
 
 See also Automobiles; Bicycles; Motob 
 Cycle; Stagecoaches. 
 
 Warranty of vehicle kept for hire. 19 
 L.R.A. 283. 
 
 May one in charge of a vehicle under a con- 
 tract importing a bailment or lease be 
 regarded as a servant of the owner as 
 to a third person injured by the vehicle. 
 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 544. 
 
 Duty and liability of one who maintains 
 temporary obstruction in street for pur- 
 pose of loading and unloading vehicle. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 97. 
 
 Causing trespasser to jump from moving 
 wagon as actionable conduct. 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1064. 
 
 Validity of statutes or ordinances regulat- 
 ing horse-drawn vehicles in city streets. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 682. 
 
 Who responsible for acts of driver of hired 
 vehicle. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1123; 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816; 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33; 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 973. 
 
 Presumption of carrier's negligence from 
 collision with vehicle. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 813. 
 
 What vehicles are subject to tolls for using 
 toll bridge. 30L.R_^.(N.S.) 363. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 VEHICLES— Cont'd 
 
 Liability of county for injury to. 39 L.R.A. 
 
 33. 
 Municipal liability for injury by storage of, 
 
 in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 612. 
 Evidence as to speed of. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.i 
 
 778. 
 
 VEINS. 
 
 In mines, see Mines, II. a. 
 
 a. 
 J>. 
 
 c. 
 d. 
 
 e. 
 t- 
 
 VENDEE'S LIEN. 
 See Vendob and Pubchasee, § 7. 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER. 
 
 /. In general, §§ l-ia. 
 II, Bights, remedies, and liahilities 
 
 of parties, §§ 5-39. 
 In general, §§ 5-9. 
 Bights as to purchase 
 
 money, §§ 10-14. 
 Title, §§ 15-lS. 
 Quantity, §§ 19-21. 
 Besoission, §§ 22-25. 
 Fraud or mistake, §§ 26-29. 
 
 III. Vendor's lien, §§ 30-35. 
 
 IV. Bights and liabilities of parties as 
 
 to third persons; bona fide pur- 
 chasers, §§ 36-39. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Adverse possession by, see Adverse Posses- 
 sion, § 4. 
 
 Bond for title, see Bond fob Title. 
 
 Boundaries of land generally, see Boxjnd- 
 aeies, §§ 4-9. 
 
 Effect of conveyance of land held adversely, 
 see Champerty and Maintenance, § 3. 
 
 As to statute of frauds in relation to con- 
 tracts of vendor and purchaser, see 
 CoNTBAOTS, §§ 40-49, 58, 59. 
 
 Provision in land contract as to penalty or 
 liquidated damages, see Damages, § 40. 
 
 As to deeds, see Deeds. 
 
 Sale of land by guardian, see Guabdian 
 AND Waed, §§ 7, 14. 
 
 Conveyances to married woman by third per- 
 sons, see Husband and Wife, § 38. 
 
 Conveyances by husband and wife, see Hus- 
 band AND Wife, §§ 39-42. 
 
 Improvement by vendor, see Impeovembnts, 
 §11. 
 
 Improvement by purchaser, see Impeove- 
 mbnts, § 12. 
 
 Vendor's intent, see Intent, §§ 7, 8. 
 
 Judicial sale, see Judicial Sale. 
 
 Covenant against sale in lease, see Land- 
 lord and Tenant, § 19. 
 
 Purchase of mortgaged piemises, see Mokt- 
 QAOE, §§ 40-46. 
 
1368 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, I.— cont'd 
 
 Sale on foreclosure, see Moetgaqe, § 77- 
 84. 
 
 Record of conveyances, see Recoeds and Re- 
 cording Law, IV. 
 
 Sale of personal property, see Sale. 
 
 As to specific performance, see Specific 
 Pebfoemance, §§ 12, 13. 
 
 Contract for support of grantor, see Sup- 
 poet, § 4. 
 
 Sale of standing timber, see Timbeb, §§ 2-5. 
 
 Lease of land as conveyance. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 99. 
 
 Validity of sale of real estate by railroad 
 corporation. 25 L.R.A. 139. 
 
 Right to sell real estate while in custody 
 of law. 1 L.R.A.( N.S.) 1062. 
 
 Implied power of cashier of bank to sell 
 or lease property. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 737. 
 
 Power of real estate broker to make con- 
 tract of sale, n L.R.A.(N.S.) 210; 23 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 982. 
 
 Effect upon escrow of the imposition of con- 
 ditions in violation of vendor's con- 
 tract. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1183. 
 
 Sale of real property as an abandonment. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 633. 
 
 Deed of land held adversely, in completion 
 of executory contract. 35 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 743. 
 
 Devolution of vendee's interest under con- 
 tract for purchase of real property. 42 
 L,R.A.(N.S.) 446. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations by vendor 
 made out of court as to his purpose in 
 mal-cing a, conveyance or transfer at- 
 tacked as fraudulent as against credit- 
 ors. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1. 
 
 § 2. Transfer of interest under land 
 
 contract. 
 Oral transfer, see Contracts, § 49. 
 
 Applicability of statute of frauds to assign- 
 ment or surrender of purchaser's inter- 
 est under land contract. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 879. 
 
 I 3. Nature of Interest in land con- 
 tract. 
 
 Nature of interest of vendor or vendee in 
 a land contract as real or personal 
 property. 57 L.R.A. 643. 
 Application of the doctrine of equita- 
 ble conversion. 57 L.R.A. 643. 
 In general. 57 L.R.A. 643. 
 Where judgment has been entered 
 against one of the parties 
 to the contract. 57 L.R.A. 
 644. 
 Against the vendee. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 644. 
 Against the vendor. 57 L.R.A. 
 645. 
 Where one of the parties to the 
 contract subsequently dies. 
 57 L.R.A. 646. 
 Begin with this book on every larw question, 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, I.— cont'd 
 
 For purpose of determining who 
 
 must bear losses and receive 
 
 accessions. 67 L.R.A. 647. 
 
 Effect of provisions of contract. 57 
 
 L.R.A. 647. 
 The contract must be one which equity 
 will specifically enforce. 57 L.R.A. 
 643. 
 Time at which conversion takes place. 
 57 L.R.A. 649. 
 In general. 57 L.R.A. 649. 
 Effect of vendee's failure to take 
 
 possession. 57 L.R.A. 650. 
 Optional contracts. 57 L.R.A. 65J. 
 Reconversion. 57 L.R.A. 652. 
 Application of doctrine in actions at 
 law. 57 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 § 4. Option for purchase of land. 
 
 Is power to give option included in power 
 to sell real estate. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 867. 
 
 Nature of interest of vendor or vendee in 
 optional contract for sale of land. 57 
 L.RA. 651. 
 
 Liability of promoter on sale to corporation 
 of real estate on which he holds option. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1114. 
 
 Effect on liability of tenant's surety of sur- 
 render of lease containing option to pur- 
 chase. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 657. 
 
 Purchase by agent for principal of property 
 which agent has personally an option 
 or contract to purchase. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 122. 
 
 To purchase real property as a taxable 
 credit. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1061; 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1221. 
 
 Rights of third person intervening between 
 the taking and exercising of an option 
 for the purchase of real property. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 522. 
 
 § 4a. Merger of stipulations as to title 
 In executory contract in subse> 
 quently executed conveyance. 
 
 Merger of stipulations as to title in execu- 
 tory contract for sale of real estate, 
 in subsequently executed convey- 
 ance. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 457. 
 General rule. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 457. 
 Where conveyance contains warranties 
 similar to those of the executory 
 agreement. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458. 
 Collateral warranty. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 459. 
 Where warranties are dissimilar. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 459. 
 Effect of acceptance by vendee. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 459. 
 In general. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 459. 
 Acceptance under protest. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 
 Doctrine that acceptance is a 
 
 question of inteat. 31 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 4'61. 
 
 Hule that covenants merge only 
 
 to the extent incorporated in 
 
 the deed. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 46^. 
 
INDEX ID E.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1369 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER— cont'd 
 II. Rights, remedies, and liahilities of 
 parties. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Conditions in deed, see Conditions, §§ 8- 
 
 13. 
 Covenants by vendor, see Covenants. 
 Measure of damages for breach of contract 
 
 to sell, see Damages, § 31. 
 What are fixtures as between, see Fixtuees, 
 
 § 4- 
 
 Rights of purchaser from fraudulent grant- 
 or, see FRAUDmLENT Conveyances, § 16. 
 
 Rights of purchaser from fraudulent 
 grantee, see Featjdttlent Conveyances, 
 § 17. 
 
 Purchaser at judicial sale, see Judiciai 
 Sale, §§ 11-16. 
 
 In case of purchase pending suit, see Lis 
 Pendens, § 4. 
 
 Rights and liabilities of purchaser of land 
 subject to a mortgage, see Mortgage, 
 §§ 40-46. 
 
 Purchaser's right to redeem from foreclosure 
 sale, see Mortgage, § 89. 
 
 Notice of title from possession of vendee or 
 vendor, see Notice, § 17. 
 
 Vendor's liability for nuisance, see Nui- 
 sances, § 15. 
 
 Purchaser's liability for nuisance, see Nui- 
 sances, §§ 16, 17. 
 
 Rights of purchaser in partnership real 
 estate, see Partnership, § 24. 
 
 Right of purchaser by quitclaim deed, see 
 QriTCLAiM Deed, § 2. 
 
 Specific performance of contract, see Specif- 
 ic Peefoemance, §§ 12, 13, 15-19. 
 
 Grantee's oral promise to grantor to hold in 
 trust as giving rise to constructive 
 trust, see Trusts, § 13. 
 
 Rights and remedies of vendor. 12 L.R.A. 
 245.» 
 
 Rights and remedies of vendee. 12 L.R.A. 
 245.* 
 
 Relations of parties. 12 L.R.A. 243.* 
 
 Adverse possession as between. 4 L.R.A. 
 64.5.* 
 
 Stipulation that vendee shall become a ten- 
 ant. 49 L.R.A. 435. 
 
 Rights as to insurance money. 37 L.R.A. 
 150. 
 
 Eight of vendor to proceeds of insurance in 
 name of vendee. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 909. 
 
 Rights in respect to compensation for im- 
 provements on land, made in good faith 
 under oral contract. 53 L.R.A. 337. 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence as to im- 
 provements to be made on tract from 
 which a lot is sold. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 896. 
 
 Privity of estate between, in party wall. 
 66 L.R.A. 683. 
 
 Stipulation against assignment by vendee 
 without vendor's consent. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1064. 
 
 Validity of contraxit by vendor to repur- 
 chase vendee's interest after latter's 
 default. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 544. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, II. a— 
 
 cont'd 
 Liability of vendor to purchaser on account 
 
 of unsanitary condition of premises. 34 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1035. 
 Implied easement by exhibiting unfiled plat 
 
 to intending purchaser. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 938. 
 Remedy of one who fails to record a deed 
 
 against his grantor who subsequently 
 
 conveys to an innocent third person. 26 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 Dedication of land by vendor. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1026. 
 Conveyance of lots laid down on plat as 
 
 preventing a change in use or form of 
 
 property. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1067. 
 Applicability of rule of caveat emptor to 
 
 sales for partition. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 409. 
 Damages for breach of contract to convey 
 
 real estate. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 768. 
 Right of one holding bond for title to main- 
 tain bill against third person to remove 
 
 cloud. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 413. 
 
 § 6. Who mvist bear loss from fire. 
 
 Respective rights to proceeds of insurance 
 policy, see Instteance, § 183. 
 
 Who must bear loss from destruction or 
 deterioration of property before con- 
 tract has been completely performed 
 by transfer of legal title. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 233. 
 
 Right of vendee to specific performance with 
 allowance for buildings destroyed after 
 making executory contract. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 125. 
 
 § 7. Vendee's lien. 
 
 Right of vendee under executory contract 
 to a lien on the land for the amount 
 paid thereon where the contract fails 
 or is rescinded. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 175. 
 
 § 8. Right to crops or rental. 
 
 Respective rights as to crops. 23 L.R.A. 
 
 451. 
 Right to crops growing on, or rental of, 
 real estate sold upon contract. 35 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1066; 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 420. 
 
 As affected by question whether con- 
 tract is executed or executory. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1066. 
 
 As afi^ected by question of possession. 
 35 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 1069. 
 
 As afl'eeted by other matters. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1071. 
 
 Necessity and eff'ect of consummation 
 of contract. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1071. 
 
 When vendor fails to convey according 
 to agreement. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1072. 
 
 § 9. Performance; tender. 
 
 Necessity of perfecting title before time for 
 performance in order to hold vendee. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103. 
 
 ,4bility of vendor to perform as condition 
 precedent to his enforcement of right to 
 rescind or declare a, forfeiture. 3 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 103. 
 
1370 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, 11. »r- 
 
 cont'd 
 Effect of tender by vendee of purchase price 
 
 before due to put other party in default. 
 
 20 L.R.A.{N.S.) 338. 
 Who may enforce contract for sale of real 
 
 property where only one party signed 
 
 contract. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 694. 
 
 b. RigMs as to purchase money. 
 
 § 10. Generally. 
 
 Mortgage for purchase money, see PuB- 
 CHABB Monet, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Effect of statutory bar of action for pur- 
 chase money upon right to enforce ven- 
 dor's lien. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1171. 
 
 Right of vendee to specific performance with 
 abatement from purchase price where 
 vendor is unable to convey a good and 
 unencumbered title. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 117; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1195. 
 
 EflTect of defendant's mistake of fact as to 
 purchase price on right to specific per- 
 formance of contract induced thereby. 
 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 87. 
 
 Amount due under contract for purchase of 
 land not evidenced by note or purchase- 
 money mortgage as a credit subject to 
 taxation. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1220. 
 
 Agreement of vendee to divide proceeds of 
 each sale with vendor as affected by 
 statute of frauds. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1137. 
 
 § 11. Collection of. 
 
 Injunction against judgment for purchase 
 money. 31 L.R.A. 748. 
 
 Failure of consideration as ground for in- 
 junction against judgment for purchase 
 money. 31 L.R.A. 753. 
 
 Injunction against the collection of purchase 
 money where the title to land is defec- 
 tive. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 445. 
 
 Rescission as condition of injunction against 
 collection of purchase money where title 
 to land is defective. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 463. 
 
 Failure of consideration 'as a defense to 
 action on a purchase price note. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 938. 
 
 9 12. — right of grantee in possession 
 to question grantor's right to col- 
 lect. 
 
 Failure of consideration. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 363. 
 Remedy on covenants in the deed. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 376. 
 Purchaser under the title bond. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 380. 
 Where the conditions of the title bond 
 are dependent. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 380. 
 Where the conditions of the title bond 
 are independent. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 382. 
 Quitclaim deed. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 385. 
 Notice of defective title. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 385. 
 Where the title is cured. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 387. 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question. 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, II. b— 
 
 cont'd 
 Liens against the property. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 388. 
 Covenant of seisin. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 391. 
 Ejectment. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 393. 
 Fraud, mistake, insolvency, and rescission. 
 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 395. 
 EstoppeL 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 399. 
 
 § 13. Tender of deed as prerequisite. 
 
 Tender of deed as condition of action by 
 vendor for purchase money. 6 L.R.A. 
 591.* 
 
 Tender of deed or abstract of title as con- 
 dition of enforcing forfeiture for fail- 
 ure of vendee to pay last instalment of 
 purchase money. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 956. 
 
 § 14. Recovery back of purchase 
 money. 
 
 Because of misrepresentation as to location 
 
 of property. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 306. 
 Right of purchaser to compel return of ad- 
 vance payment upon resale by 
 vendor after purchaser's default. 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 532. 
 Where default due to act of vendor. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 534. 
 Where contract rescinded. 35 L.RA. 
 (N.S.) 534. 
 
 c. Title. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 Fraud or mistake as to title, see infra, § 27. 
 Title acquired by purchaser at judicial sale, 
 
 see Judicial Sale, § 14. 
 Effect on marketablie title of failure to make 
 
 one party to suit, see Pabtibs, § 35. 
 Effect of doubtful title on right to specific 
 
 formance, see Specific Pebfokm- 
 
 ANCE, § 17. 
 
 Defective title; right of purchaser. 3 L.R.A. 
 739;* 5 L.R.A. 654.* 
 
 Remedy by action on covenants in deed 
 where title fails. 5 L.R.A. 47.* 
 
 What constitutes "satisfactory title,'' with- 
 in requirement of land contract or other 
 agreement relating to land. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 741. 
 
 Right of grantee in possession with notice 
 of defective title to question grantor's 
 right to collect purchase money. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 363. 
 
 Acceptance of deed with knowledge of de- 
 fect in title as waiver of purchaser's 
 right to rescind contract. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 879. 
 
 Effect of assumption of obligation before 
 notice of defective title to sustain bona 
 fide character of purchaser of real es- 
 tate. 7 L.R.A.(N,S.) 1020. 
 
 § 16. What is a marketable title. 
 
 Distinction between courts of law and equi- 
 ty. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 3. 
 
 Distinction between "good title" and "mar- 
 ketable title." 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 4. 
 
 Marketable title defined. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 4. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A NOTES. 
 
 1371 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, II. c— 
 cont'd 
 Rule that marketable title means a 
 
 record title. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 7. 
 Where abstract title is expressly con- 
 tracted for. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 7. 
 Right to rely on abstract. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 8. 
 Meaning of term "reasonable doubt" as ap- 
 plied to marketable titles. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 8. 
 Where doubt relates both to question of 
 law and fact, 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 10. 
 Where doubt relates to facts. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 10. 
 Specific cases. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 11. 
 Curative power of court. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 12. 
 Where doubt relates to question of law. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 12. 
 Decision of court whether raising 
 or removing doubt. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 13. 
 Opinions of lawyers and others. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) U. 
 Marketability as afTected by hazard of liti- 
 gation. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 14. 
 Danger of appeal or setting aside de- 
 cision upon which title depends. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 15. 
 Danger of litigation to enforce or re- 
 strain violation of covenants run- 
 ning with the land. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 16. 
 Danger of litigation to correct misde- 
 scription. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 16. 
 Danger of litigation as raised by dis- 
 puted or doubtful facts. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 16. 
 Where construction of statute or written 
 instrument is involved. 38 L.R,A. 
 (N.S.) 16. 
 Statutes. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 16. 
 Wills. 38 L.R.A.(N.S) 17. 
 Deeds, etc. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 18. 
 Where based on exercise of power of sale. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 18. 
 Power of sale in will. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 18. 
 Bad faith in exercise of power. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 19. 
 As affected by defect in conveyance. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 Defective execution or acknowledgment. 
 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 20. 
 Where deed is not executed or improp- 
 erly executed by husband or wife. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 Identity of grantor with record owner. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 20. 
 Mistake as to surname. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 20. 
 Mistake as to Christian name or 
 use of initials, etc. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 21. . 
 
 Conveyance by trustee as indi- 
 vidual, or failure to convey. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 21. 
 Congult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, II. c— 
 cont'd 
 
 Correction of mistake. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 21. 
 Erroneous description of property. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 22. 
 Where title is dependent upon defective 
 court proceeding. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 22. 
 Want of necessary parties. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 22. 
 Heirs of deceased owner. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 22. 
 Defective constructive service of 
 
 process. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 23. 
 Miscellaneous. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 23. 
 Gap in record title. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 24. 
 Title dependent on extrinsic facts. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 24. 
 As remedied by presumption or evidence 
 of death, or death without issue. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 24. 
 As remedied by recitals in written in- 
 struments. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 25. 
 Insanity or mental incompetency, of grantor. 
 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 Character of title. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 26. 
 Tax title. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 Equitable title. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 26. 
 Title by estoppel. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 26. 
 Title by adverse possession. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 26. 
 Nature of proof. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 28. 
 Nature of possession. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 29. 
 Burden of proof. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 29. 
 Adverse claim. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 29. 
 
 Where asserted in pending proceeding. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 29. 
 Lis pendens. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 29. 
 Outstanding liens, charges, or claims. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 30. 
 Liens or encumbrances. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 30. 
 Mortgages. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 30. 
 Judgment or attachment liens. 38 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 32. 
 Taxes. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 32. 
 Effect of offer to pay or deduct amount 
 of encumbrance or lien. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 32. 
 Leases and mineral rights. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 32. 
 Unrecorded prior conveyances. 38 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 32. 
 Dower or curtesy rights. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 33. 
 Easements. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 Encroachments. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 Where building on adjoining prem- 
 ises encroaches. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 33. 
 Where building on land sold en- 
 croaches on adjoining prem- 
 ises. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 Encroachment on street. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 34. 
 
1372 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, II. ■ e— 
 cont'd 
 Restrictions on use of property. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 34. 
 Contingent estates. 38 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 35. 
 Where subject to be defeated by 
 birth of person not in 
 being. 38 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 35. 
 As affected by presumption 
 that possibility of issue is 
 extinct. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 35. 
 Curative proceedings to which con- 
 tingent owner is not a party. 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 35. 
 Remedial effect of lapse of time. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 36. 
 As curing defective court proceeding. 
 
 38 L.R.A.{N.S.) 36. 
 As curing defective instrument of con- 
 veyance. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 37. 
 As curing defective or erroneous de- 
 scription of property. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 38. 
 Gap in chain of title. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 38. 
 Undischarged mortgage. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 38. 
 Easements. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 39. 
 Miscellaneous. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 39. 
 Burden of proof. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 39. 
 
 § 17. Misstatement as to. 
 
 May fraud be predicated of misstatement 
 as to title to real property. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.E.) 202; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1140. 
 
 § 18. Effect of unmarketable title; 
 duty to take. 
 
 Purchaser not compelled to take doubtful 
 
 title. 3 L.R.A. 164.* 
 Right of purchaser to relief in equity for 
 failure of title. 5 L.R.A. 45.* 
 
 In case of fraud. 5 L.R.A. 45.* 
 
 Right to relief against collection of 
 bond and mortgage. 5 L.K.A. 46.* 
 
 When entitled to remedy by injunction. 
 5 L.R.A. 46.* 
 
 Eviction by paramount title as a con- 
 dition of relief. 5 L.R.A. 46.* 
 Vendee's right to specific performance with 
 
 abatement from purchase price where 
 
 vendor is unable to convey a good and 
 
 unencumbered title. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 117; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1195. 
 Injunction against collection of purchase 
 
 money where title to land is defective. 
 
 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 445. 
 Defective title as ground for injunction 
 
 against judgment for purchase money. 
 
 31 L.R.A. 751. 
 Rescission as condition of injunction against 
 
 collection of purchase money where title 
 
 to land is defective. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 463. 
 Defective title as affecting real estate brok- 
 er's commissions. 43 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 d. Quantity. 
 
 § 19. Generally. 
 
 Use of words "more or less." 4 L.R.A. 525.* 
 
 Begin u'ith this booTc on every law question 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, II. d— 
 cont'd 
 
 Mistake in quantity of land; relief from. 
 4 L.R.A. 525;* 11 L.R.A. 376.* 
 
 May vendor be required to make good, de-, 
 ficiency in tract sold, out of other 
 lands. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 785. 
 
 Deficiency in quantity of property de- 
 scribed as a section or a fraction of a, 
 section as breach of a covenant. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 558. 
 
 § 2 0. False representations as to. 
 
 Right of purchaser of land to rely upon 
 representation of seller as to bound- 
 aries. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Is fraudulent representation by vendor as to 
 area within boundaries correctly point- 
 ed out actionable. 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 487. 
 
 Is fraudulent' representation by vendor of 
 extent or proportion of land of partic- 
 ular kind included within the tract sold, 
 actionable where purchaser inspects the 
 land. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 
 § 21. Abatement in purchase price for 
 deficiency. 
 
 Right of purchaser of land at judicial sale 
 to abatement of purchase price for de- 
 ficiency in quantity. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 393. 
 
 e. Rescission. 
 
 § 22. Generally. 
 
 Effect of rescission on exemption of mort- 
 gage debt, see Moetgage, § 45. 
 
 Ability of vendor to perform as a condition 
 precedent to his enforcement of right 
 to rescind or declare a forfeiture. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103. 
 
 Eight of purchaser in possession to rescind 
 in action for defective title. 21 L.R.A. 
 .(N.S.) 395. 
 
 Rescission of purchase of real estate as 
 affecting assumption of mortgage or 
 lien thereon. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 672. 
 
 Implied power of agent to assent to rescis- 
 sion of land contract. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 92. 
 
 Action to rescind sale of land for misrepre- 
 sentations as to its location. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 303. 
 
 Rescission as condition of injunction against 
 collection of purchase money where title 
 to land is defective. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 463. 
 
 § 23. Grounds for. 
 
 Right to rescind or abandon contract, be- 
 cause of other party's default. 30 L.R.A. 
 64. 
 
 Right of vendee to rescind executory con- 
 tract for sale of land because of vend- 
 or's breach of contract to make im- 
 provements. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 823. 
 
 § 24. — fraud or mistake. 
 
 False statements as to use to which prop- 
 erty is to be put as ground for rescia- 
 sion of deed. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 127. 
 
IxVDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1373 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, II. e— 
 Rescission because of mistake as to extent 
 
 of grantor's title to laud. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1039. 
 
 § 2 5. Waiver of purchaser's right to. 
 
 General rule. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 Mere delay. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 874. 
 
 In general. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 874. 
 When delay excused. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 875. 
 Dismissal of prior suit. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 875. 
 Pending litigation. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 876. 
 Acts of vendor, negotiations, etc. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 876. 
 Delay coupled with other acts. 30 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 877. 
 Selling or oflFerlng property for sale. 30 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 878. 
 Leasing, etc. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.") 878. 
 Expressly recognizing contract. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 878. 
 Acceptance of deed with knowledge of de- 
 fect in title. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 879. 
 Miscellaneous. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 879. 
 
 What is sufficient knowledge. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 880. 
 
 /. Fraud or mistake. 
 
 § 2 6. Generally. 
 
 False representations as to quantity, see 
 
 supra, § 20. 
 As ground for rescission, see supra, § 24. 
 
 Eight to rely on representations. 37 LJI.A. 
 610. 
 
 Relief from mistake of law as to effect of 
 contract with reference to lands. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 827. 
 
 Effect on liability of tenant's surety of sur- 
 render of lease containing an option to 
 purchase. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 557. 
 
 Measure of damages for fraudulent" repre- 
 sentations in the sale or exchange of 
 real estate. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 804; 16 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 818. 
 
 8 27. As to title. 
 
 May fraud be predicated of misstatement as 
 to title to real property. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 202; 39 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1140. 
 
 § 28. As to value. 
 
 Effect of purchaser's concealment or mis- 
 representation of fact affecting the 
 value of real estate. 30 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 748. 
 Where vendor seeks aflBrmative relief. 
 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 748. 
 Distinction between mere failure 
 to disclose and fraudulent con- 
 cealment, misrepresentation, 
 etc. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 748. 
 What amounts to a fraudulent 
 concealment or misrepre- 
 sentation. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 750. 
 Value, location. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 750. 
 Consult also Tj.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, II. f— 
 cont'd 
 
 Valuable minerals. 30 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 751. 
 Interest of vendor. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 753. 
 Miscellaneous. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 753. 
 Failure to disclose. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 754. 
 Where purchaser seeks specifie perform- 
 ance. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 755. 
 False statement as to cost, selling, or mar- 
 ket price of property or its offers there- 
 for as fraud. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 175. 
 
 § 29. As to location. 
 
 Misrepresentation as to location of proper- 
 ty. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 30,1. 
 Actions for fraud and deceit. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 301. 
 Necessity of proving scienter. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 302. 
 Liability of third persons. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 303. 
 Actions to rescind. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 303. 
 Character of representation. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 304. 
 Effect of good faith of vendor. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 305. 
 Specific performance. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 306. 
 In behalf of vendor. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 306. 
 In behalf of purchaser. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 306. 
 Recovery of purchase price or defense 
 to action for purchase price. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 306. 
 Eight of purchaser to rely on state- 
 ments. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 306. 
 Duty to examine records, etc., or 
 seek independent knowledge. 
 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 307. 
 Where purchaser has independent 
 knowledge. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 308. 
 Questions of practice. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 308. 
 
 III. Vendor's lien. 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 Interpleader between. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 753. 
 
 Right to vendor's lien. 13 L.R.A. 187.* 
 
 In case of transitory or instantaneous sei- 
 sin. 4 L.R.A. 607.* 
 
 On superstructure on railroad right of way. 
 66 L.R.A. 44. 
 
 Questioning validity of attachment by. 35 
 L.R.A. 774. 
 
 Effect of payment by volunteer or stranger. 
 23 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 Effect of discharge of lien upon dower' right. 
 4 L.R.A. 608.* 
 
 Agreement for support in consideration of 
 conveyance as basis for equitable lien. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 725; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 607. 
 
 Vendor's lien as affecting sole and uncondi- 
 tional ownership. 7 L.E.A. (N.S.) 627. 
 
1374 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, III.— cont'd 
 
 § 31. Subrogation to. 
 
 Right of one advancing money for purchase 
 
 price of property to be subrogated 
 
 to vendor's lien. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1203. 
 
 General rule. 37 I,.R.A.(N.S.) 1203. 
 
 Where payment is by volunteer. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1204. 
 
 Payment by surety. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1204. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1204. 
 Parties against whom right exists. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1205. 
 
 Payment by subsequent purchaser. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1206. 
 
 Lender of money which was applied on 
 purchase price. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1206. 
 
 Payment of note given for purchase 
 price. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1207. 
 
 Loan of money expressly to pay pur- 
 chase price. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1207. 
 
 Where trust funds are used to pay for 
 land. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1208. 
 
 Payment under express or implied con- 
 tract of substitution. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1208. 
 
 Where the legal title or a mortgage is 
 taken as security. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1209. 
 
 Where purchase money paid relying 
 upon promise of security which is 
 not given. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1209. 
 
 Where purchase price is paid in re- 
 liance on defective security. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Where the vendor has waived his lien. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1212. 
 
 § 32. Priority of. 
 
 Superiority of legal title retained by vend- 
 or as security over dower. 4 L.R.A. 
 608.* 
 
 As against purchaser at judicial sale. 21 
 L.R.A. 39. 
 
 Is money loaned to improve land part of the 
 purchase price within the rule that a 
 purchase money lien takes priority over 
 homestead rights. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 
 Rights of seller of fixtures, retaining title 
 thereto or a lien thereon, as against 
 lien of vendor of realty. 1 B. R. C. 
 670. 
 
 § 33. Assignment of. 
 
 Assignment of vendor's 
 187.* 
 
 lien. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 § 34. Enforcement of. 
 
 Enforcement of lien. 7 L.R.A. 35.* 
 
 The right of a vendor of real estate, upon 
 purchaser's refusal to perform, to re- 
 sell at latter's risk, and hold him liable 
 for deficiency. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 137. 
 
 Effect of statutory bar of action for pur- 
 chase money on right to enforce. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1171. 
 
 Deficiency decree in action to foreclose 
 vendors' lien. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 874. 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, III.— cont'd 
 § 35. Waiver or loss of. 
 Waiver of. 13 L.R.A. 187.* 
 
 By attachment or execution. 50 L.R.A. 
 717. 
 Acceptance of commercial paper as. 35 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 Joining in mortgage as. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 348. 
 Effect of discharge in bankruptcy on. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 295. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Eights of parties as to third per- 
 sons; Itona fide purchasers. 
 
 Begin with this ioolc on every law question. 
 
 S 36. Generally. 
 
 Conveyances in fraud of creditors, see 
 
 FBAUnULBNT CONVETANeES. 
 
 Mechanics' liens on building erected by 
 vendees, see Mechanics' Liens, § 7. 
 
 Assumption of mortgage debt by grantee, 
 see Mortgage, §§ 40-46. 
 
 Constructive notice to purchaser, s«e 
 NoracE, §§ 12, 17. 
 
 Title as against creditors. 9 L.R.A. 413.* 
 
 Rights of purchasers subsequent to parti- 
 tion. 57 L.R.A. 338. 
 
 Power of vendee to subject vendor's interest 
 to mechanics' lien. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 601. 
 
 Right of vendee of land subject to a lien to 
 raise the question of usury. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 814. 
 
 Right of vendee In actual possession to sus- 
 tain action for injury to real property. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 231. 
 
 Right of purchaser of land to recover 
 amount paid by him to relieve land 
 from tax lien from one who should 
 have paid the same but with whom he 
 had no contractual relationship. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 562. 
 
 Is purchaser of real property under an exec- 
 utory contract, the owner thereof for 
 purposes of taxation. 24 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 1300. 
 
 Vendee under executory contract as owner 
 for purposes of insurance where vendor 
 holds legal title. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 775. 
 
 Personal liability of purchaser of land on 
 contract under which it is supplied 
 with water. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 798. 
 
 Is agreement by vendee to pay encum- 
 brances within statute of frauds as 
 promise to answer for the debt of an- 
 other. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1087. 
 
 Right of purchaser of real estate to rely on 
 the statute of frauds against contract 
 by his vendor with a third person. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 
 Rights of third persona intervening between 
 the taking and the exercise of the op- 
 tion for purchase of real property. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 522. 
 
 Enforcement by or against purchaser of 
 obligation to contribute to cost of party 
 wall. 66 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 Remedies against subsequent purchaser 
 from devisee for enforcement of legacy 
 when charged on devise. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 818. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 ^?NDOR AND PURCHASER, Ill.-oont'd 
 
 Right of one who has placed a purchastr in 
 possession to maintain a bill to quiet 
 title against outstanding claim. 12 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 652. 
 
 Liability of purchaser for damming back 
 water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 858. 
 
 Right of grantee to sue for injuries by dam- 
 ming back water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 
 901. 
 
 May purchaser of property be required to 
 accept deed of third person. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1123. 
 
 Does continuation by grantee of life tenant 
 of adverse possession, Initiated by the 
 creator of the life estate, inure to bene- 
 fit of remaindermen. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1055. 
 
 Eight of husband's grantee to exoneration 
 of land conveyed, by allotment of dower 
 from other land. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 917. 
 
 § 3 7. Rights of bona fide purchasers. 
 
 Protection of bona fide purchaser for value 
 as against claims of vendor's creditors. 
 3 L.R.A. 822.* 
 Rights of bona fide purchasers from grantee 
 
 of insane persons. 19 L.R.A. 492. 
 Title of bona fide purchaser from fraudu- 
 lent grantee. 67 L.E.A. 891, 898. 
 Effect of delivery in escrow as to bona 
 fide purchaser from grantee who has 
 wrongfully obtained and recorded the 
 deed. 17 L.R.A. 511. 
 Protection of purchaser from apparent ven- 
 dee under instrument apparently a 
 conveyance but intended as a mortgage. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1046; 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 982. 
 Rights of assignee as against subsequent 
 bona fide purchasers or encumbrancers 
 relying on apparent discharge of the 
 mortgage by the mortgagee. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1025. 
 Right of wife to relief against executed con- 
 veyance by husband in fraud of her 
 support where grantee is a bona fide 
 purchaser. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1152. 
 Right, as against subsequent bona fide pur- 
 chaser, to avoid deed because of 
 false impression, induced by fraud, 
 as to the contents or character of 
 paper signed. 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 537. 
 iJoctrine that the deed may be avoid- 
 ed. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 538. 
 In general. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 538. 
 As a forgery. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 540. 
 Doctrine protecting bona fide pur- 
 chaser. 36 L.E.A. (N.S.) 541. 
 
 § 38. Rights of grantee under quit- 
 claim deed. 
 
 See QiHTCLAiM Deed, § 2. 
 
 § 39. Nature of consideration. 
 
 Eelinquishing security as a valuable con- 
 sideration. 2 L.R.A. 529.* 
 
 Sufficiency of pre-existing debt to give one 
 character of bona fide purchaser or 
 mortgagee. 19 L.R.A. 590. 
 Consult also Tj.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 1375 
 
 VENDOR AND PURCHASER, III.— cont'd 
 
 Effect of assumption of obligation before 
 
 notice of defective title to sustain the 
 
 bona fide character of purchaser of real 
 
 estate. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1020. 
 
 4 ■ » 
 
 VENDOR'S LIEN. 
 
 See Vendob and Ptochaseb, §§ 30-35. 
 
 •-•-• 
 
 VENEREAL DISEASE. 
 
 Misrepresentations or concealment as to, as 
 ground for annulment of marriage. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 
 Condonation of, as defense to action for di- 
 vorce or annulment of marriage. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 729. 
 
 » ■ » 
 
 VENIRE. 
 
 For grand jury. 27 L.R.A. 778. 
 ♦<-♦ 
 
 VENIRE DB NOVO. 
 
 Correction of special verdict by. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 74. 
 
 ■> » » 
 
 VENTILATION. 
 
 Master's liability for vice principal's negli- 
 gence in failing to keep place of work 
 properly ventilated. 54 L.E.A. 133. 
 
 < ■ » 
 
 VENTILATORS. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury by failure to 
 adjust. 15 L.E.A.(N.S.) 801. 
 
 4 ■ » 
 
 VENTRE SA MERE. 
 
 Capacity of child en ventre sa mere to take 
 under devise or bequest to children. 1 
 B. E. 0. 582. 
 
 VENUE. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Eights of courts of one state to enforce 
 causes of action arising in another 
 state, see Co?{fi,ict of Laws. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to, s»e Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 158. 
 
 Territorial limitations of jurisdiction, see 
 CouETS, §§ 19-26. 
 
1376 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 VENUE— cont'd 
 
 Of railroad case. 4 L.E.A. 262.* 
 
 Venue of action against municipal corpora- 
 tion. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 711. 
 
 Of action for death caused bv negligence. 4 
 L.R.A. 263. 
 
 Of action by state court against national 
 bank for taking or charging usury. 56 
 L.R.A. 692. 
 
 Of action in state court against foreign cor- 
 poration. 70 L.R.A. 696. 
 
 Of action for injury by damming back 
 water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 890. 
 
 Effect of rule abrogating local venue upon 
 rule precluding jurisdiction of action 
 for tort concerning real property in 
 another state or country. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 928. 
 
 Power of legislature to provide for indict- 
 ment in county or district other than 
 where crime alleged to have been com- 
 mitted. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 669. 
 
 Injunction against judgment for matters 
 relating to. 31 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 § 2. Change. 
 
 Petition for change of, as a contempt. 9 
 L.R.A. 566. 
 
 Proceedings for incorporation of drainage 
 district or for other public improve- 
 ment as a civil suit within statute al- 
 lowing change of venue. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 900. 
 
 Prohibition against court proceeding with 
 case in which it erroneously denied a 
 change of. 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 395. 
 
 Mandamus to prevent change of, from court 
 having exclusive jurisdiction. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 568. 
 
 Use of superintending control over inferior 
 tribunal to compel change of venue. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 951. 
 
 § S. — In criminal cases. 
 
 In criminal case. 11 L.R.A. 76.* 
 
 Delay caused by change, as ground for dis- 
 charge of accused. 56 L.R.A. 525. 
 
 Effect on conviction of failure to give ac- 
 cused an opportunity to plead where 
 there has been a change from one court 
 to another. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 815. 
 
 Will habeas corpus lie to release one con- 
 victed after wrongful refusal to change 
 venue. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 483. 
 
 VERACITY. 
 
 Fact that witness's testimony is contradic- 
 ted by opposing testimony as warrant- 
 ing introduction of evidence of his rep- 
 utation for. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 
 VERDICT. 
 
 Reversible error as to, see Appeai, and 
 
 Ebbob, § 40. 
 In general, see Tbial, §§ 75-87 
 
 VERIFICATION. 
 
 By corporate officer, see Cobporations, S 
 42. 
 
 Of indictment or information, see Indict- 
 ment, ETC., § 12. 
 
 Of pleading in civil action, see Pleading, 
 § 2. 
 
 Of record of mining claim. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 875. 
 
 What constitutes a verification of accounts 
 as required by fidelity bond or con- 
 tract. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 323. 
 
 By officer of corporation as verification by 
 agent of corporation. 16 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 703. 
 
 VESSELS. 
 
 Abandonment of, see Abandonment, § 7. 
 Insurance on, see Marine Insueance. 
 In general, see Shipping. 
 Where taxable, see Taxes, § 49. 
 
 Local license tax on vessels licensed by 
 United States. 27 L.R.A. 414. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of contract for con- 
 struction of. 66 L.R.A. 198. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of contract for build- 
 ing and outfitting. 66 LJl.A. 216. 
 
 Acceptance of partial allowance by United 
 States of claim for rent of, as an ac- 
 cord and satisfaction. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 115. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract for the construction 
 or repair of. 53 L.R.A. 50. 
 
 Upon whom duty of furnishing vessel lies 
 under contract to ship goods f. o. b. 62 
 L.R.A. 797.. 
 
 4 « » 
 
 VESTED INTEREST. 
 
 Under will, see Wills, §§ 99-102. 
 
 VESTED REMAINDERS. 
 
 See Wills, §§ 101, 102. 
 
 ♦« » 
 
 VESTED RIGHTS. 
 
 En general, see Constitutional Law, § 29. 
 In statute of limitations, see Limitation ob 
 Actions, § 3. 
 
 Questioning validity of attachment for in- 
 jury to. 35 L.R.A. 782. 
 
 Begin %vith this book on every law question. 
 
 VESTIBUIiED OARS. 
 
 Liability of carrier for accident through 
 leaving vestibule doors open. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 645. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 1377 
 
 VESTIBULED CARS— cont'd 
 
 Injury to passenger on plat/orm of vesti- 
 buled train. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 313: 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 253. 
 
 Negligence of passenger in passing from 
 one ear to another. 34 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Liability of street railway company to em- 
 ployees for failure to perform statu- 
 tory duty to provide vestibules on cars. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 428. 
 
 A^ESTRYMAN. 
 
 Injunctive relief affecting. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 868. 
 
 VETERANS. 
 See Civil, Sebvice, § 2. 
 * • » 
 
 VETO. 
 
 Power of governor to veto part of statute 
 only. 55 L.R.A. 882. 
 
 VIADUCTS. 
 
 Liability of railroad company to abutting 
 owner from damages from change of 
 grade necessary to carry highway 
 across tracks. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 226. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury to abutting 
 owner from, under constitutional pro- 
 vision against "damaging" p^'ivate 
 property for public use without com- 
 pensation. 86 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1198. 
 
 VIBRATION. 
 
 Liability for injury to person or property 
 from concussion caused by blasting. 12 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 389; 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 425. 
 
 Noise with or without vibration incident to 
 lawful industrial business as a nui- 
 sance. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 287. 
 
 Riffht to compensation for consequential 
 ° damages to property from. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1054. 
 
 Eight to recover for, in condemnation pro- 
 ceedings. 40 L.E.A.(N.S.) 48. 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT. 
 
 Of corporation, powers of, see Coepora- 
 TioNS, §§ 47, 48. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 VICE PRINCIPAL. 
 
 As fellow servant, see Masteb and Sebv- 
 
 ANT, III. d, 3. 
 
 Liability of vessel or owner for acts of, see 
 Shipping, § 14. 
 
 VICIOUSNESS. 
 
 Expert testimony as to vicious character 
 of animals. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1]89. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence of subsequent vi- 
 cious conduct of animal inflicting in- 
 jury. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1233. 
 
 VIDELICET. 
 
 Effect of videlicet following word "heirs" in 
 a grant or devise of real property to 
 restrict estate given to the first taker. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 191. 
 
 VI ET ARMIS. 
 
 Taking of property by, from possession of 
 bailee as defense to him against bail- 
 or. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 688. 
 
 VIEW. 
 
 View of jury, see Evidence, § 159. 
 
 Injunction against interference with view 
 from street. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 486. 
 
 #« » 
 
 VIEWERS. 
 
 Necessity of viewers as a condition of dis- 
 continuance of highway. 26 L.R.A. 829, 
 
 VILLAGES. 
 
 For municipalities, generally, see Munici- 
 pal Corporations. 
 
 What constitutes a village. 35 L.R.A. 396. 
 
 Duty of, to lieep highways in safe condi- 
 tion. 6 L.R.A. 695.« 
 
 Injunction to prevent village from making 
 illegal appropriation. 7 L.R.A. 180.* 
 
 Powers granted to. 3 L.R.A. 472.* 
 
 Who may maintain quo warranto to test 
 validity of organization of. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 685. 
 
 Creation of indebtedness within meaning of 
 debt limit provision. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1058. 
 
 87 
 
1378 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 VINEGAR. 
 
 Use of coloring matter in, as adulteration. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1234. 
 
 Right to require that vinegar offered for 
 sale shall answer a designated stand- 
 ard of purity. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 150. 
 
 ♦ «♦ 
 
 VINOUS lilQTTORS. 
 
 As intoxicating liquors. 20 L.R.A. 645. 
 
 * I > 
 
 VIOIiATION OF LAW. 
 
 Effect of, on right to recover on policy. Bee 
 Insurance, § 168. 
 
 VIOLENCE. 
 
 Effect of violence during strike on carrier's 
 
 liability. 35 L.R.A. 627. 
 Voluntariness of confession induced by fear 
 
 excited by violence. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 832, 837. 
 Competency of witness to testify as to rep- 
 utation for. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 553; 22 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 Demonstration of violence outside of range 
 
 of actual injury as assault. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 982. 
 
 VIOLENT MEANS. 
 Death of insured by, see Insubancb, § 165. 
 <«» 
 
 VISIBLE EASEMENT. 
 See Easements, §§ 13, 19-21. 
 « ■ » 
 
 VISITATORIAL POWER. 
 
 Of donor of charitable trust or his heirs. 
 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 
 VISITOR. 
 
 Dutjr and liability of owner to one on prem- 
 ises for purpose of seeing his employees. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 497. 
 
 VISITS. 
 
 Physician's right to determine frequency of, 
 to patient. 51 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 VIS MAJOR. 
 
 See also Act op God; Inevitablb Acci- 
 dent. 
 
 Applying doctrine of, to liability for fall- 
 ing walls or buildings. 34 L.R.A. 563. 
 
 Liability for injury caused by escape 
 ■through vis major of water stored on 
 one's premises. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 547. 
 
 Burden of proof when defense in action to 
 recover for loss or injury to goods dur- 
 ing carriage is iris major. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 663. 
 
 Law governing effect of, on carrier's con- 
 tracts. 63 L.R.A. 531. 
 
 VITALIZER. 
 
 Application of statute regulating practice 
 of medicine to persons giving special 
 kinds of treatment. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 762; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1297. 
 
 VITAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Application of statute regulating practice 
 of medicine to persons giving special 
 kinds of treatment. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 762; 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 103; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1297. , 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes in relation to. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1015. 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 Identification by, see Evtdence, § 155. 
 
 ■» « » 
 
 VOID INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Forgery of. 24 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 ♦-»-• 
 
 VOID INSURANCE. 
 
 Effect of, on other insurance, see Insttb- 
 ANCE, § 100. 
 
 Begin ivith this boolz on every law question 
 
 VOID JUDGMENTS. 
 
 Effect of levy under, see Levy and Seizubk, 
 § 14. 
 
 Right to appeal from. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 733. 
 In garnishment proceedings, injunction »- 
 gainst. 30 L.R.A. 362. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1379 
 
 VOID LEGACY. 
 
 Who takes, see Wnxs, § 129. 
 
 ♦ »♦ 
 
 / 
 
 VOID PAPER. 
 
 Payment of debt by. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 71. 
 
 < « » 
 
 VOIiENTI NON FIT INJURIA. 
 
 As defense to actions by injured servants, 
 see Masteb and Servant, § 112. 
 
 # • » 
 
 VOLUNTARY ASSESSMENTS. 
 On paid-up stock. 45 L.R.A. 652. 
 
 *-•-• 
 
 VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS. 
 See AssociATioifs. 
 
 • « > 
 VOLUNTARY CONVEYANCE. 
 See Fbaxtdxjient Cowvetawces, § 7. 
 
 VOLUNTARY SURRENDER— cont'd 
 Admissibility of evidence of defendant's 
 
 voluntary surrender. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 409. 
 
 ^»» 
 
 VOLUNTARY CREDITS. 
 
 To bring debt within jurisdiction of court, 
 see CoTJETS, § 29. 
 
 VOLUNTARY EXPOSURE TO 
 DANGER. 
 
 By insured, see Iitsubance, §§ 158, 164. 
 
 VOLUNTARY PAYMENTS. 
 
 Recovery back of, see Assumpsit, II. 
 
 VOLUNTARY SALE. 
 
 See Fbawduxent CJonveyances, § 7. 
 
 ■*« » 
 
 VOLUNTARY SURRENDER. 
 
 Right to habeas corpus in case of. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 885. 
 Consult also L,.n.A . Digests to date. 
 
 35 
 
 VOLUNTARY TRUSTS. 
 
 Bee Teusts, § 6. 
 
 « ■ » 
 VOLUNTEER. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Enlistment of minor in volunteer army 
 without parent's consent. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 454. 
 
 § a. Liability for acts of. 
 
 Liability of master for injury to property 
 or person of one to whom he owes no 
 contractual duty by acts of a volunteer 
 whom servant permits to assist in the 
 performance of the master's service. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 572. 
 
 Leaving elevator in position to be operated 
 by stranger as proximate cause of in- 
 jury to passenger occasioned by act of 
 third person in connection therewith. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 297. 
 
 § 3. Personal injury to. 
 
 Master's liability to, see Mastbm and Serv- 
 ant, §§ 107, 108. 
 
 Assumption of risks by, see Master and 
 Servant, § 121. 
 
 Performing duties outside scope of employ- 
 ment as contributory negligence, see 
 Master and Servant, § 131. 
 
 Voluntarily incurring danger to save life 
 of another as contributory negligence, 
 see Negligence, § 33. 
 
 Contributory negligence of volunteers hand- 
 ling or testing electric wire or appa- 
 ratus. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 290. 
 
 § 4. Payment by. 
 
 Payment by. 23 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 Moral obligation as consideration for prom- 
 ise, to repay volunteer. 53 L.R.A. 372 ; 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 526. 
 
 Right of volunteer advancing money for pur- 
 chase price of property to be subroga- 
 gated to vendor's lien. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1204. 
 
 VOTE. 
 
 In general, see Eiections; Parliamentary 
 
 Law. 
 Voting by stockholders, see Cobpobations, 
 
 §§ 122-126. 
 
 Impeachment by voters of sufficiency of vote 
 by which "bill was passed. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 17. 
 
 Showing by journal's failure to record vote 
 on bill. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 19. 
 
1380 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES 
 
 VOTERS AND ELECTIONS. 
 
 See Elections. 
 
 ««» 
 
 VOTING MACHINE. 
 
 See CoNSTiTuiTONAL Law, § 58 ; Elections, 
 § 23. 
 
 VOTING TRUST. 
 
 Of corporate stock, see Cobpokations, § 124. 
 
 VOUCHERS. 
 
 Negligence in examination of, see Banes, 
 §§ 24, 29. 
 
 Condition in iire policy as to keeping, pro- 
 ducing, and preserving. 51 L.B.A. 698. 
 
 VULGARITY. 
 
 As disturbance of public peace. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 505. 
 
 Vulgar statements made by person causing 
 accident some time thereafter as res 
 gestcE. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 926. 
 
 w 
 
 WAGER. 
 
 See Contracts, §§ 105, 106, 115, 116; In- 
 surance, §§ 24-35, 122. 
 
 WAGERING CONTRACTS. 
 
 See Contracts, §§ 105, 106, 116, 116; In- 
 surance, § 24-35, 122. 
 
 WAGES. 
 
 Wages, generally, see Masteb and Servant, 
 
 §§ 24-31, 43a. 
 Exemption of, see Exemption, § 5. 
 Garnishment of, see Garnishment, § 10a. 
 Of seamen, see Seamen, § 2. 
 Of school teacher, see Schools, §§ 17, 18. 
 
 Maritime lien for. 70 L.R.A. 364, 437. 
 
 Right of married woman to recover for loss 
 of. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 215. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance requiring 
 persons engaged in business of loaning 
 money on security of wages to file a 
 record of loans made. 25 L.R'. A. ( N.S. ) 
 686. 
 
 Who are laborers, employees, or servants 
 within meaning of statutes giving pref- 
 erence to. 18 L.R.A. 305. 
 
 ■♦«» 
 
 WAGONER. 
 
 See Cabtmen and Teamsters. 
 
 * ■ » • 
 
 WAGONS. 
 
 See Vehicles. 
 
 WAIVER. 
 
 Begin ivifh this iooTc on every Into gueation. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of fraud, see Fraud and Deceit, % 42. 
 By trustee, see Trusts, § 23. 
 
 Of right of surface owner to support sur- 
 face as against owner of minerals. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 238. 
 
 Of right to set-off against judgment in 
 hands of assignee. 23 L.R.A. 339. 
 
 By flduciariea in action. 32 L.R.A. 671. 
 
 Of right to attack marriage for lunacy of 
 one of parties. 40 L.R.A. 745. 
 
 Of penalty against national bank for charg- 
 ing or taking usury. 56 L.R.A. 680. 
 
 Of personal liability of executor or admin- 
 istrator to distributees for interest 
 during delay in settlement of estate. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 360. 
 
 Waiver by bailee of right to make defense 
 against bailor of hostile, adverse, para- 
 mount title of third person. 33 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 696. 
 
 Of right to contest assessment for drains 
 and sewers. 60 L.R.A. 246. 
 
 Of objection that assessment for public im- 
 provement exceeds the percentage lim- 
 ited by charter or statute. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 582. 
 
 Of tort in actions for enticing or harbor- 
 ing apprentice. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1161. 
 
 Of exemption against claim for rent. 24 
 L.R.A. 812. 
 
 § 2. Contractual matters generally. 
 
 Of objections to performance of contract, 
 
 see Contracts, § 139. 
 By insured, see Insubance, §§ 130, 131. 
 By insurance company, see Insubance, §§ 
 
 132-144. 
 Of right in pledged property, see Pledge 
 
 AND Collateral Secubitt, §§ 8, 9. 
 
 Of notice of acceptance of guaranty. 16 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 379. 
 Of notice of default to bind guarantor. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 264. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1381 
 
 WAIVER— cont'd 
 
 Of condition against bond taking effect un- 
 til signed by others. 45 L.R.A. 329, 
 346. 
 
 Extent to which bondholders are represent- 
 ed by trustee's waiver of rights. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1012. 
 
 Of release of homestead. 56 L.R.A. 76. 
 
 Of requirement of signature to railway 
 ticket or coupon. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 432. 
 
 Of right to relief from mistake of law as 
 to effect of instrument accompanied by 
 negligence. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 891. 
 
 Right of city to waive provisions in contract 
 for public work for retention of fund 
 to insure payment of claims of laborers 
 and materialmen. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 576. 
 
 By surety of right to complain with respect 
 to creditor's management and collec- 
 tion of collateral. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 715. 
 
 Conductor's right to waive conditions in 
 stock-drover's pass. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 646. 
 
 Of condition in deed to railroad for con- 
 struction of road within specified time. 
 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 120. 
 
 By copartner of right to compensation for 
 services. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 416. 
 
 Of right to enforce rent of premises occu- 
 pied by receiver or assignee for cred- 
 itors. 59 L.R.A. 686. 
 
 Of provision for consent to assignment of 
 lease. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 488. 
 
 § 3. — matters as to commercial paper. 
 
 Of presentment, see Bills and Notes, §§ 
 45^7. 
 
 Waiver by indorser of delay in enforcing 
 liability of maker of note. 18 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.)' 553. 
 
 Necessity for new consideration to support 
 waiver of failure to give notice of dis- 
 honor. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1079. 
 
 § 4. — contracts of sale. 
 
 Of breach of warranty, see Sale, §§ 58, 59. 
 
 Of right to rescind contract of sale, see 
 
 Sale, §§ 69, 70. 
 Of purchaser's right to rescind contract for 
 
 sale of land, see Vendoe and Pctbchas- 
 
 EE, § 25. 
 By vendor in conditional sale. 32 L.R.A. 
 
 471. 
 Of notice of defects in article sold. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 142. 
 Of purchaser's right to rescind contract for 
 
 purchase of real property. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 872. 
 
 § 5. —contract with servant. 
 
 Of wrongful discharge of servant. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 74. 
 Of breach of contract of employment. 6 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 77. 
 Of servant's breach of duty. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1009. 
 
 § 6. Matters of practice generally. 
 
 Of objections during trial, see Appeal and 
 
 Erboe, § 30. 
 Of right to jury trial, see Jury, § 7. 
 CoLuU also r.n.A Vigest^ to aate. 
 
 WAIVER— cont'd 
 
 Of service of process, see Weii and Pboc- 
 Bss, § 38. 
 
 Of use of firm name in suit by, or against 
 partnership. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 
 Of full number of jurors. 43 L.R.A. 59. 
 
 Of defects in decision of tribunal of associa 
 tion or corporation. 49 L.R.A. 371. 
 
 Of objection to admissibility in evidence of 
 copies of records of other states. 5 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 983. 
 
 Of objections to admission of testimony giv- 
 en on preliminary examination by wit- 
 nesses not available at time of trial. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 871. 
 
 Of service of process by statutory agent of 
 foreign corporation appointed to re- 
 ceive service. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 389. 
 
 Of right to object to physical examination 
 or exhibition of person. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 386. 
 
 Of objection to judge's communication with 
 jury not in open court. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 614. 
 
 Of property qualification of juror. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 967. 
 
 § 7. — In criminal cases. 
 
 Validity of waiver of jury trial in criminal 
 
 action. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1136. 
 Right to waive absence of jurymen in 
 
 criminal case. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 862. 
 By defendant of separation jury in capital 
 
 cise. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 782. 
 Of presence of accused at time of receiving 
 
 verdict in misdeameanor case. 21 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 Right of accused to waive his presence at 
 
 time of receiving verdict on trial for 
 
 felony. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 603; 32 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 306. 
 Of irregularities in finding of indictment. 
 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 688. 
 Of verification of information. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 805. 
 
 § 8. Of forfeiture. 
 
 Of insurance policy, see Insueancb, §§ 
 
 132-144. 
 Of lease, see Landloed and Tenant, § 35. 
 
 Of forfeiture under provision in will for 
 forfeiture by contesting beneficiary. 68 
 L.R.A. 447. 
 
 Of right to forfeit deed for breach of con- 
 dition by suit for damages. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 603. 
 
 § 9. Of lien. 
 
 What constitutes waiver, see infra, § 12. 
 
 Of lien generally, see Liens, §§ 18-20. 
 
 Of chattel mortgage lien, see Chattel 
 
 Mobtoage, §§ 30, 31. 
 Of landlord's lien, see Landloed and 
 
 Tenant, § 90. 
 Of mechanics' lien, see Mechanics' Lien, 
 
 §22. 
 Of junior lien by failure to assert same on 
 
 ' foreclosure, see Moetqage, § 64. 
 Of vendor's lien, see Vendor and Puechab- 
 
 EE, § 35. 
 
1382 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 WAIVER— cont'd 
 
 Of innkeeper's lien. 21 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 Eight of one advancing money for pur- 
 chase price of property to be subrogat- 
 ed to vendor's lien where vendor has 
 waived same. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1212. 
 
 § 10. Of privilege. 
 
 Of privilege against admissibility of com- 
 munication, see Evidence, §§ 224, 226. 
 
 Of privilege from arrest or service of proc- 
 ess, see Weit and Peocess, § 37. 
 
 Of privilege as to communications as to 
 sanity or insanity. 39 L.R.A. 307. 
 
 Taking possession of building with knowl- 
 edge of defects as waiver thereof as 
 against contractor. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 872. 
 
 Delay in attempting to regain property ob- 
 tained under agreement to pay therefor 
 on delivery, as waiver of such condi- 
 tion. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 948; 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 824. 
 
 Acceptance of goods as waiver of damages 
 for delay in delivery. 54 L.R.A. 719; 
 7 L.R.A".(N.S.) 1114. 
 
 Acceptance of goods with knowledge of 
 breach of warranty as waiver of 
 breach. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 501. 
 
 Failure of vendee to inspect or test goods 
 as waiver of express warranty. 24 
 L.R,A.(N.S.) 235. 
 
 Use as waiver of right to rescind for breach 
 of warranty or noncompliance with con- 
 tract. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 467. 
 
 Effect of statement by indorser to holder 
 that party primarily liable cannot pay 
 as waiver of presentment to latter. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 
 Pleading particular cause of injury as 
 waiver of right to rely on res ipsa 
 loquitur. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 788. 
 
 Of interest by acceptance of principal sum. 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 597. 
 
 Surrender of pledged property as waiver of 
 pledge. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 886. 
 
 Recognition of return or of decree rendered 
 thereon as affecting liability for mak- 
 ing false return. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 292. 
 
 Selling or mortgaging chattel as waiver of 
 purchaser's right to return. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1035. 
 
 Of conversion of pledged property by in- 
 valid sale. 43 L.R.A. 760. 
 
 Acceptance of premises by lessee after con- 
 tract time, as waiver of damages for 
 lessor's failure to put him in posses- 
 sion. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1131. 
 
 Acceptance of rent accruing after cause for 
 •forfeiture, with knowledge of such 
 cause, as waiver of forfeiture. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 831. 
 
 Denial of tenancy as waiver of notice to 
 quit or of demand of possession. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 104. 
 
 Delay of landlord in enforcing forfeiture as 
 waiver of breach. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1063. 
 
 WAIVER— cont'd 
 
 Waiver of condition in lease against aii- 
 signment as waiver of condition as to 
 business to be carried on. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1067. 
 
 Of statutory provisions as to confidential 
 disclosures to physicians. 1 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1068. 
 
 Of privilege as to confidential communica- 
 tions on first trial as affecting its exer- 
 cise on a second trial. 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 1082. 
 
 Of privilege as to communication between 
 husband and wife by callingone spouse 
 as a witness for the other. 40 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 43. 
 
 § 11. What constitutes. 
 
 By appearance, see Appeaeance. 
 
 Inconsistent defenses as. 48 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 § 12. —of lieu. 
 
 By attachment or execution. 50 L.R.A. 714. 
 Of chattel mortgage. 50 L.R.A. 714; 
 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 490. 
 
 Of junior lien by failure to assert it in 
 foreclosure proceedings. 68 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 Lienor joining in mortgage on property as 
 waiver of his lien. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 348. 
 
 Waiver of attorney's lien by taking secur- 
 ity. 2 B. R. 0. 58. 
 
 Recovering personal judgment against own- 
 er as waiver of mechanics' lien. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 
 § 13. Effect of. 
 
 Effect of waiver of general issue on right 
 to open and close. 61 L.R.A. 531. 
 
 Effect of waiver on locality of jurisdiction 
 of state court over foreign corporations. 
 70 L.R.A. 701. 
 
 Effect of waiver of past breach of condition 
 subsequent with respect to real proper- 
 ty to extinguish the condition. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 398. 
 
 WAMiS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Party walls, see Paett Walls. 
 
 Right of owner of upper floor to compel 
 maintenance of. 3 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 510. 
 
 Employee's right of action for employer's 
 violation of building laws relating to. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 378. 
 
 Liability for delay in rebuilding party wall, 
 due to negligence of independent con- 
 tractor. 66 L.R.A. 154. 
 
 § 2. Use of, for advertising. 
 
 Right of tenant to lease wall of building for 
 
 advertising purposes. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 587. 
 Tenant's right to use walls of building for 
 
 advertising purposes. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 350. 
 
 Berjin iritli this hoolc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1383 
 
 WALLS— cont'd 
 
 Right to use party wall for advertising 
 purposes. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 434. 
 
 § 8. Injury by fall of. 
 
 Individual liability for fall of. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 557. 
 Liability for injuries by fall of. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 361.* 
 Landlord's liability as to condition of. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 157. 
 Landlord's duty as to side walls. 14 L.R.A. 
 
 241. 
 Liability of city for damage from falling 
 
 wall. 2 L.RA.. 712.* 
 Proximate cause of injury by dangerous 
 
 walls left unprotected after fire. 20 
 
 L.RA..(N.S.) 96. 
 
 WANTONNESS. 
 
 Frightening, horse driven along highway 
 parallel to railroad or street railway 
 track. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 132. 
 
 May wantonness or wilfulness, precluding 
 defense of contriButory negligence, be 
 predicated of the omission of a duty 
 before the discovery of a person in peril 
 on a railroad or street railway track. 
 21 L.R.A.{N.S.) 427. 
 
 WAR. 
 
 As to militia, see Militia. 
 
 Recovery for goods sold to rebels. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 834. 
 Liability of executor or trustee for loss of 
 
 funds through failure of bank due to 
 
 war. 14 LJR.A. 106. 
 Absence on account of, as nonresidence for 
 
 the purpose of attachment. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 665. 
 Power of military during, to arrest and 
 
 punish citizens in places where civil 
 
 courts are open. 65 L.R.A. 200. 
 Validity of contract made for purpose of 
 
 aiding and abetting public enemies. 12 
 
 L.RA..(N.S.) 606. 
 
 WARD. 
 
 See GuABDiAN and Wabd. 
 *-•-♦ 
 
 WARDENS. 
 
 Injunctive relief affecting. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 861. 
 
 •-•-* 
 
 WAREHOUSE. 
 
 SuflBciency of delivery of freight to carrier 
 at. 32 L.R.A.{N.S.) 316. 
 Consult also L.B./i. Digests to date. 
 
 WAREHOUSE— cont'd 
 
 Use of railroad right of way for purposes 
 
 of, as against owner of fee. 36 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 519. 
 Warehouse used exclusively for owner's 
 
 goods as subject to license tax. 39 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 803. 
 
 WAREHOUSEMAN. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Carrier as warehouseman, see Cabeiebs, 
 
 §§ 90, 118. 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 
 Constitutional Law, § 145. 
 
 As bailees. 6 L.R.A. 857;* 7 L.R.A. 529.» 
 
 As carrier. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 188.' 
 
 Insurance upon property held by. 52 
 L.R.A. 341. 
 
 Tenancy in common in mass or bulk. 7 
 L.R.A. 531.* 
 
 Assignment and sale of property stored. 
 7 L.R.A. 531.* 
 
 Speculation in commodities as within os- 
 tensible or implied authority of a part- 
 nership operating a warehouse. 27 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1015. 
 
 Rights of purchasers from warehouseman 
 to assert title as against owner. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 781. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages in 
 ease of contracts of. 53 L.R.A. 65. 
 
 Liability of goods in hands of warehouse- 
 man to distress. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 795. 
 
 § 2. Regulation and control. 
 
 License of, see License, § 44a. 
 
 Legislative control over business of ware- 
 housing. 7 L.R.A. 529.* 
 
 § 3. — rates and charges. 
 
 Legislative regulation of rates. 33 L.R.A. 
 178. 
 
 Business of storing grain as affected with a 
 public interest authorizing regulation 
 of rates and prices. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 836. 
 
 Power of equity to regulate charges of pub- 
 lic warehouseman. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 399. 
 
 § 4. Liability of. 
 
 Liability for fires, see Fibes, § 5. 
 
 Liability of warehousemen for negligence. 
 7 L.RA. 531.* 
 
 Obligation to return the thing bailed. 7 
 L.R.A. 530.* 
 
 Liability of warehouseman for injury to 
 agricultural products by weevil. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1114. 
 
 Liability of warehouseman for goods dam- 
 aged or destroyed while stored in build- 
 ing other than that called for by con- 
 tract. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1117. 
 
 Burden of proof as to negligence where 
 property is destroyed while in the pos- 
 session of a carrier holding as ware- 
 houseman. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 975. 
 
1384 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 WAREHOUSEMAX— cont'd 
 
 Effect of stipulation exempting warehouse- 
 man from loss by fire. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1205. 
 
 Criminal liability of warehousemen. 7 
 L.R.A. 532.* 
 
 § 5. Warehouse receipts. 
 
 Warehouse receipts. 7 L.R.A. 529.* 
 
 Effect as to warehousemen of recitals in 
 their receipts. 19 L.R.A. 302. 
 Estoppel by wording of receipt. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 302. 
 Modifying warehouse receipts by parol 
 evidence. 19 L.R.A. 304. 
 
 Issuance and delivery by warehouseman of 
 receipt for his own property as a con- 
 structive transfer of possession essen- 
 tial to a valid pledge. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 227; 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 552. 
 
 Intent as ingredient of offense by ware- 
 houseman selling goods for which he 
 has issued receipt. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 160. 
 
 Effect of putting warehouse receipts pay- 
 able to bearer into another's posses- 
 sion to estop owner as against pur- 
 chaser in good faith. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 257. 
 
 Burden of proof as to bona fides of trans- 
 feree of warehouse receipts for property 
 secured by fraud. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 801. 
 
 WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS. 
 
 See Waeehotjsemen, § 5. 
 
 I WARRANT— cont'd 
 
 I Of attorney to confess judgment, see Judg- 
 ment, § 6. 
 Distress warrant, see Landlord and Ten- 
 ant, §§ 91, 92. 
 Search warrant, see Search and Seizure. 
 
 § 2. For payment of money. 
 
 County warrants, see County Warrants, 
 §§ 9-11. 
 
 Are holders necessary parties to proceedings 
 to invalidate warrants of state, or mu- 
 nicipal corporations. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 256. 
 
 Effect of putting dock warrant indorsed in 
 blank into another's possession to estop 
 owner as against purchaser in good 
 faith. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 255. 
 
 Liability of government or other public 
 body for its own obligation stolen from 
 it. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 444. 
 
 § 3. For arrest. 
 
 Arrest without, see Arrest, § 3. 
 In extradition proceedings, see Arrest, 
 § 10. 
 
 Liability of judicial officer for issuing. 14 
 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 Exhibition of, at time of arrest. 42 L.R.A. 
 677. 
 
 Complaint or information based on infor- 
 mation and belief as basis for issuance 
 of warrant. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 159; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.B.) 60. 
 
 WARNING. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Master's duty as to, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, §§ 72-78, 165. 
 
 Of approach of train, see Railroads, §§57, 
 66-69. 
 
 Of obstructions in highway. 20 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 671. 
 
 Duty to warn those coming from private 
 property of dangerous condition of 
 street. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 360. 
 
 Caution against incrimination as induce- 
 ment to confess. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 824. 
 
 § 2. To passenger. 
 
 Liability for injury in alighting from mov- 
 ing train after warning. 21 L.R.A. 
 358; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 755. 
 
 Negligence of passenger in getting on or 
 off moving street car against warning. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 
 WARRANT. 
 
 WARRANTS OF ATTORNEY. 
 
 To confess judgment, see Juboment, § 6. 
 Power of attorney, see Principal awd 
 Agent, §§ 8-10. 
 
 WARRANTY. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Of commitment, see Criminal Law, § 33. 
 
 Begin -with this boolc on every law question 
 
 Of signature to commercial paper, see Bills 
 
 AND Notes, § 9. 
 On transfer of negotiable paper, see Bills 
 
 AND Notes, §§ 31, 32. 
 Covenant of, see Covenant, §§ 13, 31-33. 
 By insured, see Insurance, §§ 63-102. 
 On sale of chattel, see Sale,"§§ 26-38, 53- 
 
 59, 68. 
 
 On sale of expectancy by prospective heir. 
 33 L.R.A. 274. 
 
 Of horse or vehicle kept for hire. 19 L.R.A. 
 283. 
 
 Warranty as inducement to copartner to 
 enter into a contract as a promise to 
 indemnify. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1151. 
 
 Implied warranty of authority as basis of 
 action against one who, without au- 
 thority, assumed to contract as an- 
 other's agent. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 535. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1385 
 
 WASTE. 
 
 i 1. Generally. 
 
 By tenant, see Landlobd and Tenant, 
 § 56. 
 
 By husband on Ijind held by entireties. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 309. 
 Set-off for, on mortgage foreclosure. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 324. 
 Injunction to stay. 11 L.R.A. 207.* 
 Injunction against trespass to out timber. 
 
 22 L.Rji.. 233. 
 Enjoining interference with fences or gates 
 
 as. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 86. 
 Infecting premises with contagious disease 
 
 as waste. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 474. 
 Right to interest on damages recoverable 
 
 for. 28 L.Rji..(N.S.) 82. 
 
 § 2. By life tenant. 
 
 Duty of life tenant to keep property in 
 
 repair. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 669. 
 Impeachment of life tenant for waste in 
 
 cutting timber. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 772. 
 
 S S. Of water. 
 
 Care necessary to avoid waste in diverting 
 water from stream under right of ap- 
 propriation. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 238. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes to prevent 
 waste of subterranean water, natural 
 gas, or oiL 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 436. 
 
 WATER COMPANY. 
 
 WASTE WATER. 
 
 Appropriation of. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1104. 
 
 WATCHBIAN. 
 
 8 1. Generally. 
 
 As public officer. 36 L.R.A. (N.S) 882. 
 Private action for violation of ordinance 
 
 requiring watchmen on cars in motion. 
 
 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 242. 
 For vessel; jurisdiction of admiralty over 
 
 contracts of. 66 L.R.A. 231. 
 Maritime lien for services of. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 386. 
 
 § 2. For insured property. 
 
 See Insxteance, 8 77. 
 
 § 3. Employer's liability for acts of. 
 
 As fellow servants. 50 L.R.A. 457. 
 
 Liability of master for arrest or false im- 
 prisonment by servant employed as 
 watchman. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 282; 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 
 WATER-CLOSETS. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third persons as 
 to condition of. 26 L.R.A. 201. 
 
 Municipal regulations of, as nuisance. 38 
 L.R.A. 316. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Viaests to dote. 
 
 See Waters, III. 
 
 WATER COURSE. 
 
 See Watebs, II. 
 
 WATER CRAFT. 
 
 Where taxable, see Taxes, § 49. 
 
 WATER FRONT. 
 
 Wharves at, see Whaeves. 
 Use of, see Watebs, § 17. 
 
 * » » 
 
 WATER MAINS. 
 
 Set Wateb Pipes. 
 
 »■* 
 
 WATER METERS. 
 
 See Waters, § 124. 
 
 • » » 
 
 WATER PIPES. 
 
 In street, see Highways, § 23. 
 In general, see Waters, g 112. 
 
 As an appurtenance. 15 L.R.A. 653. 
 Landlord's duty as to. 14 L.R.A. 240. 
 Landlord's liability to third persons aa to 
 condition of. 26 L.R.A. 202. 
 
 WATER POWER. 
 
 Condemnation of land for, see Eminent 
 
 Domain, § 15. 
 Taking and use of water for, see Waters, 
 
 §§ 28, 29. 
 Grant of, see Waters, § 99. 
 
 WATER PURVEYING. 
 
 Taking of property for, as a public purpose. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 156. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 WATERS. 
 
 Puhlic rights; navigable waters, 
 §§ 1-33. 
 a. In general, §§ 1, 3. 
 6. What waters are navigable, 
 § 3. 
 
1386 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WATERS, I. — cont'd 
 
 c. Jurisdiction over, §§ 4-7. 
 
 d. State and Federal oivner- 
 
 shlp of waters, § S. 
 
 e. Relative rights of puMio 
 
 and individuals, §§ 9- 
 23. 
 
 1. In general, § 9. 
 
 2, Right of access to water, 
 
 §§ 10. 11. 
 8. In bed and shores, §§ 
 
 12-17. 
 i. Rights of navigation, 
 
 §§ 18-21. 
 5. Accretions; islands, §§ 
 22, 23. 
 II, Water rights and easements as 
 between individuals, § § 
 24,-105. 
 a. In general, §§ 24-29. 
 1>. Riparian rights generally, 
 §§ 30-37. 
 
 c. Private streams generally; 
 
 what are water courses, §§ 
 38, 3Sa. 
 
 d. Use of water generally, § 
 
 39. 
 
 e. Change of course of 
 
 stream ; accretions ; allu- 
 vion ; erosion ; submer- 
 gence; islands; flats, §§ 
 40-45. 
 
 f. Embankment; obstruction; 
 
 overflow, §§ 46-50. 
 
 g. Diversion; deflection; pre- 
 
 cipitation from, building, 
 
 §§ 51-54. 
 h. Pollution, §§ 55-58. 
 i. Surface water, §§ 59-67. 
 i. Flood water, §§ 67a-70. 
 fc. Seepage, § 71. 
 I. Percolating; subterranean; 
 
 springs; wells, S§ 72-80. 
 m. Lakes and ponds, §§ 81- 
 
 85. 
 n. Appropriation, §§ 86-91. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 86-88. 
 
 2. Prior appropriation, §§ 
 
 89-91. 
 o. Irrigation, §§ 92-97. 
 p. Contract or grant, §§ 98- 
 
 100. 
 q. Prescriptive rights, §§ 101- 
 
 105. 
 III. Public water supply, §§ 106-124. 
 a. In general, §§ 106-108. 
 6. Operation and regulation of 
 
 waterworks, §§ 109-124. 
 
 As state boundary, see Boundabibs, §§ 2, 
 2a. 
 
 Bridge over, see Bridges. 
 
 Custom and usage as to, see Custom and 
 Usage, §§ 9, 10. 
 
 Boundary of municipality on, see Munici- 
 pal COEPORATIONS, § 10. 
 
 Liability for injury by, see Negligence, 
 § 14. 
 
 As dangerous attraction to children, see 
 Negligence, §§ 23, 23r. 
 
 Begin with this book on every law quegtion 
 
 WATERS— cont'd 
 
 Parties plaintiff in actions affecting, see 
 
 Parties, § 5. 
 Reasonableness of matters relating to, see 
 
 Reasonableness, § 3. 
 
 /. Public rights; navigable waters, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As to canals, see Canals. 
 
 Control of navigable waters under provi- 
 sions as to commerce, see Commerce, § 
 3. 
 
 Rights of fishing in, see Fisheries. 
 
 Supervision of tide waters on flats by har- 
 bor commissioners. 5 L.R.A. 179.* 
 
 Powers of new states with respect to shores 
 and soil under navigable waters. & 
 L.R.A. 685.* 
 
 Right to extend highway into navigable 
 water. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1170. 
 
 Does public easement in street terminating 
 at shore line follow recession of shore 
 line. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 593. 
 
 Injunction against hunting on navigable 
 waters or against interference there- 
 with. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1236; 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 286. 
 
 Necessity of franchise for taking tolls on 
 waterway. 37 L.R.A. 715. 
 
 Claim against state for injuries arising on 
 water courses. 42 L.R.A. 65. 
 
 Question relating to navigation as Federal 
 question. 62 L.RA. 538. 
 
 § 2. Use of generally. 
 
 Driving, floating, or rafting logs, see Loo» 
 
 AND Logging, §§ 4-10. 
 Right to use stream for floating logs, see 
 
 Logs and Logging, § 5. 
 
 Navigable stream as a highway. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 272. 
 Tolls. 70 L.R.A. 273. 
 Private stream. 70 L.R.A. 274. 
 Priority of rights. 70 L.R.A. 276. 
 Kind of craft. 70 L.R.A. 277. 
 Exclusive use. 70 L.R.A. 277. 
 Public regulation. 70 L.R.A. 277. 
 Negligence. 70 L.R.A. 279. 
 
 b. What waters are navigable. 
 
 § 3. Generally. 
 
 General statement. 42 L.R.A. 305. 
 The rule in England. 42 L.R.A. 305. 
 Chancellor Kent's doctrine. 42 L.R.A. 310. 
 Unsoundness of Chancellor Kent's doctrine. 
 
 42 L.R.A. 315. 
 The true rule. 42 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 Generally. 42 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 Limitations. 42 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 The question of riparian ownership. 
 42 L.R.A. 322. 
 
 Artificial channels. 42 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 Statutory navigability. 42 L.R.A. 323. 
 
 Tidal water. 42 L.R.A. 324. 
 
 Fishery cases. 42 L.R.A. 324. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. KOTES. 
 
 WATERS, I. b-confd 
 
 Navigable waters of the United States. 42 
 L.R.A. 325. 
 
 Waters held navigable or not navigable on 
 the facts. 42 L.R.A. 325. 
 
 Legislative meaning. 42 L.R.A. 327. 
 
 Practice questions. 42 L.r!a! 327. 
 
 Canal as navigable water. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 435. 
 
 What streams are navigable within mean- 
 ing of milldam acts. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 420. 
 
 c. Jurisdiction over. 
 
 § 4. Over sea. 
 
 Over oceans in general. 46 L.R.A. 264. 
 
 Over straits, channels, and narrow seas. 
 46 L.R.A. 266. 
 
 rjver coast water. 46 L.R.A. 267. 
 
 General discussion. 46 L.R.A. 267. 
 Jurisdictional question primarily one 
 for the law-making power. 46 
 L.R.A. 268. 
 Courts have recognized 3-mile limit. 
 
 46 L.R.A. 269. 
 Claims to more extended jurisdiction. 
 46 L.R.A. 271. 
 
 Enforcement of law within 3-mile limit. 46 
 L.RA. 272. 
 
 Conflict of law. 46 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 Inland water. 46 L.R.A. 275. 
 Bays. 46 L.R.A. 275. 
 Inland seas and rivers. 46 L.R.A. 276. 
 Great Lakes. 46 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Jurisdiction as between nation and subdi- 
 vision thereof. 46 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Jurisdiction as between subdivisions of na- 
 tion. 46 L.R.A. 280. 
 
 § 5. Over lakes. 
 
 Jurisdiction over Great Lakes. 46 L.R.A. 
 277. 
 
 ire lakes connected with interstate river 
 included within term "boundary" over 
 which states are given concurrent ju- 
 risdiction. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 649. 
 
 § 6. Over boundary rivers. 
 
 In general. 65 L.R.A. 693; 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 366. 
 
 Right to exercise. 65 L.R.A. 953. 
 
 In general; location of boundary line. 
 
 65 L.R.A. 953. 
 Grant of opposite shore. 65 L.R.A. 956. 
 Effect of treaties and compacts. 65 
 L.R.A. 957. 
 
 Equal rights on. 65 L.R.A. 959. 
 
 What rights are exclusive. 65 L.R.A. 961. 
 
 What concurrent jurisdiction includes. 65 
 L.R.A. 963; 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 368. 
 
 Effect of change of channel. 65 L.R.A. 967. 
 
 Jurisdiction to determine the rights of pri- 
 vate parties in interstate streams. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 535. 
 
 Are sloughs, bays, or lakes connected with 
 a river forming a boundary between 
 states included within the term "bound- 
 ary," over which the states are given 
 concurrent jurisdiction. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 649. 
 ConauU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 1387 
 
 WATERS, I. c— cont'd 
 
 Jurisdiction as to taxation of bridge over 
 
 river forming boundary of state &r its 
 
 divisions. 29 L.R.A. 69. 
 
 § 7. Over inland rivers. 
 
 Jurisdiction over inland rivers. 46 L.R.A. 
 276. 
 
 d. State and Federal ownership of 
 waters. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Generally. 50 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Public rights limited. 50 L.R.A. 738. 
 
 Right to divert water in aid of navigation. 
 50 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Illustrations of the limitations on the pow- 
 ers of the trustee. 50 L.R.A. 742. 
 
 EiTect of constitutional or statutory asser- 
 tion of title to water. 50 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Title as between state and United States. 
 50 L.R.A. 747. 
 
 Jurisdiction over sea as between nation and 
 subdivision thereof. 46 L.R.A. 277. 
 
 Right as between state and Federal govern- 
 ment to improve navigability of stream. 
 67 L.R.A. 824. 
 
 Title to islands as between governments. 
 58 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 e. Relative rights of puhlic and in- 
 dividuals. 
 
 1. In general, 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Rights as to fishing, see Fisheeies. 
 
 Right to remove lateral support by dredg- 
 ing water bed. 64 L.R.A. 275. 
 
 Right as against public to dam back waters 
 of stream. 59 L.R.A. 847. 
 
 Public rights in artificial condition of body 
 of water. 50 L.R.A. 845. 
 
 Effect of constitutional provision asserting 
 title to navigable water upon vested 
 riparian rights. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 257. 
 
 Right of public to bathe on the seashore. 
 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1047. 
 
 Right of public to use or divert water in 
 highway. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1066. 
 
 Taxation of water power on interstate 
 stream. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) , 755. 
 
 2. Right of access to water. 
 
 § 10. Public right. 
 
 Generally. 41 L.R.A. 268. 
 No right for fishing. 41 L.R.A. 268. 
 No right for general purposes. 41 L.R.A. 
 268. 
 
 § 11. Right of owner of upland. 
 
 Generally. 40 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 The English rule. 40 L.R.A. 593. 
 
 The rule in Ireland. 40 L.R.A. 595. 
 
 The rule in Canada. 40 L.R.A. 595. 
 
 General expressions favoring the right of 
 
 the shore owner in this country. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 596. 
 The rule in Massachusetts. 40 L.R.A. 598. 
 
1388 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WATERS, I. e, 2— cont'd 
 
 The cases holding the opposite rule. 40 
 L.R.A. 599. 
 
 The rule of the Federal courts. 40 L.R.A. 
 602. 
 
 Other decisions which have denied the ri- 
 parian owner's right. 40 L.R.A. 603. 
 
 The effect of statutes. 40 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Access cut off by railroad. 40 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Right as against private individual. 40 
 L.R.A. 604. 
 
 Estoppel by grant. 40 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Special reasons for refusing relief. 40 
 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Right as against improvement of naviga- 
 tion. 40 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Right of action by owner of upland for in- 
 terference with access to navigable 
 water. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 345. 
 
 Interference with, in improving navigability 
 of stream. 67 L.R.A. 842. 
 
 Measure of damages for cutting off access 
 of riparian owner to navigable waters. 
 15 L.R.A. 618. 
 
 3. In bed and shores. 
 
 § 12. Right of Tpay on shore. 
 
 Civil-law rule. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 872. 
 
 In general. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 872. 
 
 Rule in Louisiana. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 872. 
 Common-law rule. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 875. 
 As appurtenant to fishing right. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 879. 
 Custom or prescription. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 880. 
 Grant. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 Legislative power. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 Street on shore. 4 L.R.A (N.S.) 881. 
 
 g 13. Title to land under water. 
 
 Ownership of beds of lakes and ponds, see 
 infra, § 84. 
 
 Batture in bed of river. 5 L.R.A. 687.* 
 Tide water. 42 L.R.A. 161. 
 The sea. 42 L.R.A. 161. 
 Tidal rivers. 42 L.R.A. 162. 
 Grants. 42 L.R.A. 163. 
 Nontidal rivers. 42 L.R.A. 165. 
 
 The Roman law. 42 L.R.A. 165. 
 The common law. 42 L.R.A. 160. 
 The rule in the United States. 42 
 L.R.A. 167. 
 The attitude of the Federal courts. 
 
 42 L.R.A. 167. 
 The courts which follow the com- 
 mon law. 42 L.R.A. 168. 
 Non-navigable streams. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 171. 
 Cases which have repudiated the 
 common law. 42 L.R.A. 171. 
 Governmental repudiation of com- 
 mon-law rule. 42 L.R.A. 172. 
 Low-water mark. 42 L.R.A. 174. 
 Lakes. 42 L.R.A. 175. 
 Title to bed of navigable river. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 762. 
 Federal grant of land under navigable water 
 in territories. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 745. 
 
 Begin icif7( ffiix hoolc on e^tert/ law question. 
 
 WATERS, I. e, 3— cont'd 
 
 Government grant bounded by nontidal 
 
 navigable river as carrying title to 
 
 land thereunder. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1240. 
 Right to lateral and subjacent support of 
 
 land under water. 68 L.R.A. 682. 
 
 § 14. Tide lands. 
 
 Of municipality, see Munimpal Cokpo- 
 
 BATIONS, § 71. 
 
 Title to land under tide water. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 161. 
 Municipal ownership of tide lands. 64 
 
 L.R.A. 333. 
 How far tide lands within protection of 
 
 covenants in deed. 62 L.R.A. 763. 
 Location of mining claim on tide lands. 7 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 790. 
 
 § 15. — acquisition of ; grant of. 
 
 Acquisition of tide land by right of eminent 
 domain. 66 L.R.A. 897. 
 
 Grant of land under tide water. 42 L.R.A. 
 163. 
 
 Right of state to grant tide land so as to 
 destroy wharfage right of shore owner. 
 63 L.R.A. 264. 
 
 Right of state to grant tide lands. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 337. 
 
 Grant of tide land to municipal corpo- 
 ration. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 822. 
 
 § 16. Title to land between high and 
 low water marl^s. 
 
 The rule in England. 45 L.R ^. 227. 
 The rule in the United States. 45 L.R.A. 
 
 238. 
 Conflicting rights of owner and public. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 241. 
 What is shore. 45 L.R.A. 242. 
 Boundary of municipal corporations. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 243. 
 
 § 17. Use of water front. 
 
 Rights with respect to wharves and decks, 
 
 see Whaeves. 
 Division of, between riparian owners. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 776; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 257. 
 
 4:. Righ-ts of navigation. 
 
 §18. Liability for injuries due to at- 
 tempted' exercise of. 
 
 General rights of navigator. 64 L.E.A. 
 977. 
 
 Must not exceed capacity of stream. 64 
 L.R.A. 978. 
 
 Excessive speed. 64 L.R.A. 979. 
 
 Collision. 64 L.R.A. 979. 
 
 Mooring. 64 L.R.A. 981. 
 
 Injury to fishing rights. 64 L.R.A. 082. 
 
 Floating logs. 64 L.R.A. 983. 
 
 Injury to banks. 64 L.R.A. 986. 
 
 Contributory negligence. 64 L.R.A. 987. 
 
 § 19. Improvement of navigation. 
 
 Right of owner of upland to access to navi- 
 gable water as against improvement of. 
 40 L.R.A. 605. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1389 
 
 5VATEES, I. e, 4— cont'd 
 
 Duty of municipality to improve stream 
 adopted as part of sewer system. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1053. 
 
 Taking of property for, as a public pur- 
 pose. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 153. 
 
 Right to compensation for damages to oys- 
 ter bed by improvement of. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1084. 
 
 § 20. —right to improve navigability. 
 
 Extent and limits of the right. 67 L.R.A. 
 820. 
 
 Eight as between state and Federal govern- 
 ments. 67 L.R.A. 824. 
 
 Character of improvement. 67 L.R.A. 827. 
 
 Improvement companies. 67 L.R.A. 828. 
 
 Booming and sorting logs. 67 L.R.A. 839. 
 
 Interference with private rights. 67 L.R.A. 
 841. 
 
 Exercise of power of eminent domain. 67 
 L.R.A. 847. 
 
 Public rights in improvement. 67 L.R.A. 
 848. 
 
 Use of surplus water. 67 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Other matters. 67 L.R.A. 849. 
 
 Eight to divert water in aid of navigation. 
 50 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Right of government to divert water from 
 nontidal stream for navigation purposes 
 without compensation to riparian own- 
 er. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 308. 
 
 Legislative authority to dam water of 
 stream for improvement of navigation. 
 59 L.E.A. 826. 
 
 Right to obstruct or destroy wharf rights 
 without compensation for im- 
 provement of navigation. 34 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 425. 
 Rivers. 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 425. 
 Tide water. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 427. 
 
 § 21. Obstruction of navigation. 
 
 By bridge, see Bbidges, § 11. 
 
 Obstruction of navigation by running logs, 
 
 see Logs and Logging, § 7. 
 Wharves as, see Whaeves, § 6. 
 
 Extent of sovereign's right. 59 L.R.A. 33. 
 As against other sovereigns. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 33. 
 As against subjects, generally. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 43. 
 As against riparian owners. 59 L.R.A. 
 48. 
 Injury by individual. 59 L.R.A. 51. 
 As riparian owner. 59 L.R.A. 51. 
 By attempted navigation. 59 L.R.A. 
 54. 
 In general. 59 L.R.A. 54. 
 Anchorage. 59 L.R.A. 56. 
 Wrecks. 59 L.R.A. 58. 
 Under statutory authority. 59 L.R.A. 
 61. 
 In general. 59 L.R.A. 61. 
 Exceeding authority. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 62. 
 Bridges. 59 L.R.A. 64. 
 Statutory prohibition. 59 L.R.A. 72. 
 Refu.se and dihris. 59 L.R.A. 73. 
 Pipes and cables. 59 L.R.A. 75. 
 Liabilitv. 59 L.R.A. 76. 
 Consult also Z.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WATERS, I. e, 4— cont'd 
 
 Powers and liabilities of municipalitv. 59 
 
 Authority.' 59 L.R.A. 77. 
 Liability. 59 L.R.A. 78. 
 Prescriptive rights. 59 L.R.A. 79. 
 Right to object to obstruction. 59 L.R.A. 
 79. 
 Where injury merely theoretical. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 79. 
 Where navigation merely impaired. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 81. 
 Special injury. 59 L.R.A. 81. 
 General rule. 59 L.R.A. 81. 
 Injury to navigation right. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 83. 
 Injury to riparian or wharf right. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 84. 
 Interruption of vovage. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 86. 
 Physical injury. 59 L.R.A. 87. 
 Consent to obstruction and contribu- 
 tory negligence. 59 L.R.A. 88. 
 Partial or immaterial obstruction. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 89. 
 Obstruction a nuisance. 59 L.R.A. 90. 
 Remedies. 59 L.R.A. 91. 
 
 Abatement. 59 L.R.A. 91. 
 Injunction. 59 L.R.A. 91. 
 Other remedies. 59 L.R.A. 93. 
 Obstruction of navigable streams by logs. 
 
 3 L.R.A. 407.* 
 Private right of action for obstruction ol 
 navigable stream. 3 L.R.A. (N.S,) 
 1126; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 763. 
 Liability of owner for cost of removing ves- 
 sel sunk in harbor. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1120. 
 Injunction against city as to nuisance af- 
 fecting docks and navigation. 23 
 L.R.A. 302. 
 Police regulation, so as to prevent obstruc- 
 tion of navigation by electric compa- 
 nies.- 31 L.R.A. 799. 
 
 5. Accretions; islands. 
 
 § 22. Accretions. 
 
 Tenant's rights as to, see Landlord and 
 Tenant, § 53. 
 
 Change of channel as change of state bound- 
 ary. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 200. 
 
 Does public easement in street terminating 
 at shore line follow recession of shore 
 line. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 593. 
 
 § 23. Title to islands. 
 
 As between state and subject. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 673. 
 How far island included in government 
 
 grants. 58 L.R.A. 675. 
 
 II. Water rights and easements as 
 hetween individuals. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 24. Generally. 
 
 Abandonment of water rights, see Abandon- 
 ment, § 4. 
 
 Defenses to action relating to water rights, 
 see Action or Suit, § 14. 
 
1390 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 WATERS, 11. a— cont'd 
 
 As boundary between individuals, see 
 
 Boundaries, §§ 6, 7. 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 
 COKSTITDTIONAL LAW, § 109. 
 
 Custom and usage as to, see Custom and 
 Usage, § 9. 
 
 Extent of recovery for injury to real prop- 
 erty by water, see Damages, §§ 10a, 77. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury to water 
 rights, see Damages, §§ 76-79. 
 
 As to drains and sewers, see Dbains and 
 Sewees. 
 
 Water rights in highway, see Highway, 
 § 12. 
 
 Right as to ice, see Ice, § 2. 
 
 Injunction as to water rights, see Injunc- 
 tion, §§ 30-33. 
 
 License as to waters and water rights, see 
 License, § 4. 
 
 Negligence of municipality as to, see 
 Municipal Coepobations, §§ 86-94. 
 
 Municipal liability for injuries in connec- 
 tion with water, see Municipal Coe- 
 pobations, §§ 87-94. 
 
 Liability for injury by water constituting 
 attractive nuisance, see Negligence, 
 § 23a. 
 
 Negligence as to waters generally, see Negli- 
 gence, § 29. 
 
 Liability for damage by escaping water, see 
 Negligence, § 29a. 
 
 Presumption of right or easement in waters. 
 10 L.R.A. 486.* 
 
 Injunction to protect water right. 3 L.R.A. 
 609;* 4 L.R.A. 572;* 12 L.R.A. 486.* 
 
 Right to waterway as way of necessity 
 where other possible modes of access 
 exist. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1022. 
 
 Reciprocal easement as to water rights. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 945. 
 
 Creation of easement by severance of tract 
 on which natural water course exists. 
 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 356. 
 
 Existence of water right on land at time 
 of conveyance as breach of covenants. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 313. 
 
 Right to discharge water from mines or 
 wells upon lower land. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 714. 
 
 Jurisdiction to determine the rights of pri- 
 vate parties in interstate streams. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 535. 
 
 Is one a littoral owner whose property 
 abuts on highway, one line of which is 
 coterminous with the shore line of 
 navigable water. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 674. 
 
 Right of one who pumps oil, gas, or water 
 on his premises to enjoin similar acts 
 by his neighbor. 30 L.'R.A.(N.S.) 1057. 
 
 Discharging oil into stream or bay as prox- 
 imate cause of fire resulting there- 
 from. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1210. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to water rights. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 417. 
 
 Question as to vested water rights as Fed- 
 eral question. 62 L.R.A. 537. 
 
 Does a water right used in connection with 
 land mortgaged prior to its acquire- 
 ment pass on foreclosure. 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 359. 
 
 WATERS, II. a— cont'd 
 §25. Liability for acts of independent 
 contractors. 
 
 Employer's liability for negligence of inde- 
 pendent contractor in removal of 
 wrecks from navigable rivers. 65 
 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Employer's liability for injury from inde- 
 pendent contractor's allowing materials 
 dredged from water to escape onto ad- 
 joining land. 65 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Employer's liability for injury from flood- 
 ing of lands through negligent drain 
 age operations of independent contrac- 
 tor. 65 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 g 2 6. Facilitating evaporation. 
 
 Liability for facilitating evaporation from 
 stream. 59 L.R.A. 333. 
 
 § 27. Rights acquired in artificial con- 
 dition of body of water. 
 
 As to canals, see Canals. 
 
 Generally. 50 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 Contract rights. 50 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 Artificial condition established by grant. 
 50 L.Rji.. 837. 
 
 Application of doctrine of riparian rights. 
 50 L.R.A. 838. 
 
 Prescriptive rights. 50 L.R.A. 839. 
 
 Reciprocal rights. 50 L.R.A. 841. 
 
 Changing channels. 50 L.R.A. 844. 
 
 Public rights. 50 L.R.A. 845. 
 
 Creation of easements by severance of tract 
 on which artificial condition exists. 26 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 
 Effect of division of tract with visible servi- 
 tude in favor of one parcel upon an- 
 other. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 410. 
 
 § 28. Taking and nse tor water power. 
 
 Taking under power of eminent domain, see 
 Eminent Domain, § 15. 
 
 Right to use stream for power during night 
 as well as day. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 289. 
 
 May water company be required to furnish 
 water for power or manufacturing pur- 
 poses. 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 805. 
 
 Taxation of water power on interstate 
 stream. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 755. 
 
 § 29. — use of canals for. 
 
 Use of canals for water power. 
 853. 
 
 61 L.R.A. 
 
 Begin with this hoole on, every law question. 
 
 I). Riparian rights generally. 
 
 § SO. Generally. 
 
 Rights as to dams, see Dams. 
 Rights as to ice, see Ice, § 2. 
 
 Riparian rights, generally. 4 L.R.A. 572;' 
 7 L.R.A. 613,* 457;* 9 L.R.A. 810.* 
 
 Right of riparian owner to use stream for 
 sewer purposes. 41 L.R.A. 751. 
 
 Right of riparian owner on tidal or navi- 
 gable waters to exclusive fishery. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 396. 
 
 On navigable streams. 5 L.R.A. 61,* 689.* 
 
 Riparian rights on canal. 61 L.R.A. 877. 
 
 Protection by equity of rights of riparian 
 proprietors. 13 L.R.A. 828.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1391 
 
 WATERS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Power to condemn riparian rights apart 
 from land to which they are appurte- 
 nant. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1005. 
 
 Maintenance of ejectment by riparian own- 
 er. 18 L.R.A. 786. 
 
 Effect of constitutional provision asserting 
 title to navigable water on vested ripa- 
 rian rights. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 257. 
 
 Right of action by owner of upland for 
 interference with access to navigable 
 water. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 345. 
 
 Interference by riparian owner with bridge. 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1213. 
 
 § 31. What Is riparian land. 
 
 What is riparian land. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1062. 
 
 Is one a riparian owner, whose property 
 abuts on a highway, one line of which 
 is coterminous with the shore line of 
 navigable water. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 674. 
 
 § 32. As to running of logs. 
 
 See Logs and Logging, §§ 4-10. 
 
 § 33. IilabiHty for injuries to riparian 
 owner by running logs. 
 
 See Logs and Logging, § 8. 
 
 § 34. Correlative rights of upper and 
 iovrer proprietors generally. 
 
 Of upper and lower mill owners. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 614.* 
 General statement of the right. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 737. 
 Reasonableness. 41 L.R.A. 738. 
 Right to use. 41 L.R.A. 739. 
 
 Stream may be consumed for domestic 
 
 use. 41 L.R.A. 739. 
 On nonriparian lands. 41 L.R.A. 740. 
 Municipal water supply. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 740. 
 Use for engines. 41 L.R.A. 741. 
 Use for irrigation. 41 L.R.A. 741. 
 Ancient use. 41 L.R.A. 742. 
 Appropriation. 41 L.R.A. 743. 
 Negligence. 41 L.R.A. 743. 
 Right to flow. 41 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Change of course. 41 L.R.A. 743. 
 Diversion of water. 41 L.R.A. 744. 
 Acceleration of flow. 41 L.R.A. 746. 
 Diminution of flow. 41 L.R.A. 746. 
 Right to increase quantity. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 746. 
 Right to water turned into stream. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 747. 
 Right to hold back. 41 L.R.A. 747. 
 Right to throw back. 41 L.R.A. 749. 
 Restoration to ancient channel. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 750. 
 Use for sewer. 41 L.R.A. 751. 
 
 Right to throw refuse into stream. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 751. 
 Pollution, generally. 41 L.R.A. 751. 
 Sewage pollution. 41 L.R.A. 753. 
 Right to relief. 41 L.R.A. 754. 
 
 What will give right of action. 41 
 
 L.R.A. 755. 
 Mere nonuse does not forfeit right. 
 
 41 L.R.A. 758. 
 Other wrongdoers. 41 L.R.A. 758. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WATERS, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Who may maintain action. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 758. 
 Refusal of relief. 41 L.R.A. 758. 
 Extent of recovery. 41 L.R.A. 759. 
 Right against continuer of wronf 41 
 
 L.R.A. 759. 
 
 § 35. Division of rights. 
 
 Division of water between opposite riparian 
 
 owners. 26 L.R.A. 284. 
 Manner of use. 26 L.R.A. 285. 
 Effect of island. 26 L.R.A. 285. 
 The division of a water front, alluvion, and 
 
 flats between adjoining riparian 
 
 owners. 21 L.R.A. 776; 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 257. 
 General rules. 21 L.R.A. 776. 
 The division to be proportional. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 776. 
 The division lines to run as nearly as 
 
 possible at right angles with the 
 
 water line. 21 L.R.A. 777. 
 Where the outer boundary is not 
 
 straight. 21 L.R.A. 778. 
 Where the cove is shut in. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 779. 
 The rule of the straight base line. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 779. 
 The effect of the course of the side lines 
 
 of the upland. 21 L.R.A. 780. 
 Effect of contract or course of action 
 
 of parties. 21 L.R.A. 780. 
 Meander line, or water line, as basis for di- 
 viding accretions. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 687. 
 Effect of division of tract with visible 
 servitude in favor of one parcel upon 
 another. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 410. 
 
 § 36. Separation of riparian rights 
 from upland. 
 
 Generally. 40 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 Right of fishing. 40 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 Right of wharfage. 40 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 Mere riparian rights. 40 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 Cases merely recognizing the doctrine. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 394. 
 Adverse possession. 40 L.R.A. 394. 
 Partition. 40 L.R.A. 394. 
 Method of separation. 40 L.R.A. 394. 
 Separation of upland and accretion. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 208. 
 Separation of accretions from shore. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 210. 
 
 § 37. Loss of rights by nonuser. 
 
 Effect of nonuser on rights of prior appro- 
 priators of water. 30 L.R.A. 265. 
 
 Forfeiture of rights in stream by nonuser. 
 41 L.R.A. 758. 
 
 In water power. 67 L.R.A. 400. 
 
 c. Private streams generally; what are 
 water courses. 
 
 § 38. Private streams generally. 
 
 What are private streams. 3 L.R.A. 610.* 
 Private stream not public highway. 3 
 L.R.A. 406.* 
 
1392 
 
 INBEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WATERS, II. c— cont'd 
 
 § 38a. What are watercourses. 
 
 Water course defined. 3 L.R.A. 609;* 5 
 
 L.R.A. 392.* 
 Surface water as distinguished from. 25 
 
 L.R.A. 527. 
 Surface water as source of. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 157. 
 Swales and ravines as water courses. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 630. 
 Distinguishing character of water course. 
 
 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 756. 
 Conversion of artificial into natural water 
 
 course. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 280. 
 
 d. Use of water generally, 
 
 § 39. Generally. 
 
 Use of navigable water, see supra, § 2. 
 Use of water front, see supra, § 17. 
 Use for water power, see supra, § 28. 
 
 Easement and servitude as to flowing water. 
 3 L.R.A. 406;* 8 L.R.A. 277,* 575.* 
 
 Right to make use on nonripariau lands of 
 water rights incident to riparian lands. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 383. 
 
 Priority of rights in use of navigable 
 stream. 70 L.R.A. 275. 
 
 Right of railroad company as riparian own- 
 er to take water from stream for its 
 engines. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 543. 
 
 e. Change of course of stream; accre- 
 tions; alluvion; erosion; suhtner- 
 gence; islands; flats. 
 
 § 40. Change of course of stream gen- 
 erally. 
 
 Correlative rights of upper and lower pro- 
 prietors as to. 41 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Rights in water of stream as afi'ected by 
 act of God or natural change of course. 
 30 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 Right of riparian owner to restore stream 
 which has changed its course by nat- 
 ural causes, to old channel. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 804. 
 
 § 41. Accretions. 
 
 Effect on public rights, see supra, § 22. 
 Tenant's rights as to, see Landlobd and 
 Tenant, § 53. 
 
 What constitutes. 58 L.R.A. 193. 
 Title to. 58 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 199. 
 
 Effect of form of conveyance. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 200. 
 Effect of grant on existing accretion. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 202. 
 Rights of municipalities. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 203. 
 Conflicting rights. 58 L.R.A. 204. 
 Basis of rule. 58 L.R.A. 206. 
 Effect of character of water. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 207. 
 Separation of upland and accretion. 58 
 L.R.A. 208. 
 In general. 58 L.R.A. 208. 
 Effect of street on shore. 58 L.R.A. 
 208. 
 
 Begin 'with this booTe on every Iww question. 
 
 WATERS, II. .--cont'd 
 
 Interference with right. 58 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 Adverse possession. 58 L.R.A. 209. 
 
 Preventing formation. 58 L.R.A. 210. 
 
 Separation from shore. 58 L.R.A. 210. 
 Dower and leasehold. 58 L.R.A. 210. 
 Right to follow accretions across division 
 
 line previously submerged by the action 
 
 of the water. 51 L.R.A. 425. 
 Meander line or water line as basis for 
 
 division of. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 687. 
 Right to island attached to shore by. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 
 § 42. Alluvion. 
 
 Division of, between adjoining riparian 
 owners. 21 L.R.A. 776; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 257. 
 
 § 43. Erosion or suhmergence. 
 
 Transfer of title by erosion or submergence. 
 
 5 L.R.A. 688.* 
 Effect of sudden submergence upon title to 
 land. 38 L.R.A. 849. 
 
 Change of boundary. 38 L.R.A. 850. 
 
 Reclamation of submerged land. 5 
 L.R.A. 689.* 
 Title to islands temporarily submerged. 35 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 230. 
 Right to follow accretions across division 
 
 line previously submerged by action of 
 
 water. 51 L.R.A. 425. 
 Division, in absence of special agreement, of 
 
 water front, alluvion, and flats between 
 
 adjoining riparian owners. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 257. 
 
 § 44. Islands. 
 
 Generally. 12 L.R.A. 367;* 58 L.R.A. 673; 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 Title as between governments. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 673. 
 As between state and subject. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 673. 
 As between opposite owners. 58 L.R.A. 674. 
 How far included in government grants. 
 
 58 L.R.A. 675. 
 Private grants. 58 L.R.A. 677. 
 Reformed islands. 58 L.R.A. 677. 
 Adverse possession. 58 L.R.A. 677. 
 Estoppel. 58 L.R.A. 678. 
 Where title to bed of river is in riparian 
 proprietor. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 227. 
 
 Unsurveyed islands. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 227. 
 
 Island forming subsequent to grant 
 from United States. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 229. 
 
 As between opposite riparian owners. 
 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229. 
 Where title to bed of river is not in ripar- 
 ian owner. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229. 
 Islands in great ponds. 35 L.R.A. (N.S) 230. 
 Island temporarily submerged. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 230. 
 As affecting riparian water rights. 26 
 
 L.R.A. 285. 
 Effect of, on division of rights between 
 
 opposite riparian owners. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 285. 
 Right to island attached to shore by accre- 
 tion. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1393 
 
 WATERS, II. e— cont'd 
 § 4 5. Flats. 
 
 Ownership of flats or land below high water 
 mark. 16 L.R.A. 353. 
 
 Division of, between adjoining riparian 
 owners. 21 L.R.A. 776; 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 257. 
 
 Supervision of tide waters on fiats by har- 
 bor commissioners. 5 L.R.A. 179.* 
 
 •(. Etnbarikment ; ohstritction ; overflow. 
 
 § 4 6. Generally. 
 
 Of surface water, see infra, § 63. 
 
 Of subterranean water, see infra, § 75. 
 
 Prescriptive right as to, see infra, § 102. 
 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, 
 §§ 10a, 77. 
 
 As to dams, generally, see Dams. 
 
 License or easement to maintain dam, see 
 Dams, § 2. 
 
 Municipal liability for damage by obstruc- 
 tion or overflow of sewer, see MuNic- 
 
 rPAX CORPOBATIONS, § 88. 
 
 By railroad, see Railroads, § 42. 
 
 Presumption as to authority of railroad to 
 commit nuisance by maintaining em- 
 bankments. 70 L.R.A. 586. 
 
 Flooding of land as a taking for public use. 
 1 L.R.A. 298,* 467.* 
 
 For what purpose flowage of land may be 
 authorized by statute. 14 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 Right to prevent, obstruction against pas- 
 sage of fish. 39 L.R.A. 587. 
 
 Injury to, in improving navigability of 
 stream. 67 L.R.A. 844. 
 
 Duty of municipality to keep stream free 
 from obstruction. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1053. 
 
 Duty of riparian proprietor whose rights 
 are interfered with, or one whose prop- 
 erty is flooded because of the obstruc- 
 tion of a natural water course, to min- 
 imize the damages. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 684. 
 
 When does statute of limitations commence 
 to run against action for damages for 
 flooding of land caused by the digging 
 of a ditch or drain. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 894; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 645. 
 
 g 47. Liability for. 
 
 Surface water, see infra, § 63. 
 
 Liability for injury by flood water due to, 
 see infra, § 69. 
 
 Liability for casting water on land. 10 
 L.R.A. 254.* 
 
 Interfering with flow of stream; efl'ect of 
 bad motive. 62 L.R.A. 687. 
 
 Injury from flooding by improving naviga- 
 bility of stream. 67 L.R.A. 845. 
 
 Liability to riparian owner for flooding 
 lands for purpose of running logs in 
 stream. 41 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 Municipal liability for injury by em- 
 bankment in street. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 626. , 
 
 Municipal liability for obstruction ot 
 Bwales. 65 L.R.A. 269. 
 
 Municipal liability for overflow of stream 
 used by it as a sewer. 3 L.R.A. (N.b.) 
 
 1053. . , , , , 
 
 Consult also L.n.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WATERS, II. f— cont'd 
 
 Liability of drainage district for flooding 
 land. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 991. 
 
 Employer's nonliability for torts of in- 
 dependent contractor in constructioTi 
 of. 65 L.R.A. 647. 
 
 Employer's liability for injury from flood- 
 ing of lands through negligent drain- 
 age operation of independent con- 
 tractors. 65 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Cliaraeter of liability of several persons 
 whose independent wrongs contribute 
 to enhance injury by. 40 L.R.A.'(N.S.) 
 106. 
 
 § 48. — for damnning back water of 
 stream. 
 
 Liability for injury by flood water, due to, 
 
 see infra, § 69. 
 Liability as to dams, see Dams, § 3. 
 
 Right to dam back. 59 L.R.A. 817. 
 No natural right. 59 L.R.A. 817. 
 Legislative authority. 59 L.R.A. 823. 
 In general. 59 L.R.A. 823. 
 For improvement of navigation. 
 59 L.R.A. 826. 
 Grant of right. 59 L.R.A. 829. 
 
 Form and manner. 59 L.R.A. 829. 
 Object. 59 L.R.A. 831. 
 Effect. 59 L.R.A. 833. 
 Extent. 59 L.R.A. 835. 
 License. 59 L.R.A. 836. 
 Prescriptive rights. 59 L.R.A. 838. 
 Right may be acquired by pre- 
 scription. 59 L.R.A. 838. 
 What necessary to give right. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 839. 
 Extent of right. 59 L.R.A. 843. 
 Prevention and loss of right. 59 
 L.R.A. 844. 
 Abandonment of rights. 59 L.R.A. 845. 
 Right as against public. 59 L.R.A. 847. 
 In general. 59 L.R.A. 847. 
 Nuisance. 59 L.R.A. 848. 
 Title to land flowed. 59 L.R.A. 852. 
 Who are liable. 59 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Public, generally. 59 L.R.A. 853. 
 
 Corporations. 59 L.R.A. 858. 
 
 One who has parted with property. 
 
 59 L.R.A. 858. 
 Purchaser of property. 59 L.R.A. 858. 
 Other persons. 59 L.R.A. 861. 
 What is obstruction. 59 L.R.A. 862. 
 Bridges. 59 L.R.A. 862. 
 
 Generally. 59 L.R.A. 862. 
 Railroad bridge. 59 L.R.A. 863. 
 Duty as to construction. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 863. 
 Measure of care required. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 864. 
 Liability for injury. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 865. 
 Other matters. 59 L.R.A. 868. 
 Drift and d^brU. 59 L.R.A. 871. 
 Other obstructions. 59 L.R.A. 872. 
 Illegal, though beneficial. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 872. 
 Change in obstruction. 59 L.R.A. 873. 
 Repairing dam. 59 L.R.A. 873. 
 Increasing height of dam. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 874. 
 Change of location. 59 L.R.A. 875. 
 88 
 
1394 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WATERS, II. f— cont'd 
 
 Effect of character of stream. 59 L.K.A. 
 
 875. 
 Effect of flood. 59 L.R.A. 876. 
 
 Ordinary freshets. 59 L.R.A. 876. 
 Extraordinary floods. 59 L.R.A. 877. 
 Character of injury. 59 L.R.A. 878. 
 Remedy. 59 L.R.A. 879. 
 
 Abatement. 59 L.R.A. 879. 
 Suits, generally. 59 L.R.A. 880. 
 
 Statutory action. 59 L.R.A. 880. 
 Common-law action. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 881. 
 Equitable remedies. 59 L.R.A. 881. 
 Indictment. 59 L.R.A. 886. 
 Joinder. 59 L.R.A. 886. 
 Pleading; evidence. 59 L.R.A. 886. 
 Limitation. 59 L.R.A. 888. 
 Venue; judgment. 59 L.R.A. 890. 
 Damages. 59 L.R.A. 892. 
 Who may sue. 59 L.R.A. 898. 
 In general. 59 L.R.A. 898. 
 Owner. 59 L.R.A. 898. 
 One in possession. 59 L.R.A. 899. 
 Joinder of parties. 59 L.R.A. 901. 
 Grantee. 59 L.R.A. 901. 
 Survivorship. 59 L.R.A. 903. 
 Defenses. 59 L.R.A. 904. 
 
 Contributory negligence. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 904. 
 Estoppel. 59 L.R.A. 904. 
 Contributing cause. 59 L.R.A. 905. 
 Right to repair injury. 59 L.R.A. 906. 
 Liability for damming hack water of stream 
 by bridge. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 156. 
 
 § 49. Protection against. 
 
 Disposal of waters brought in unnatural 
 
 quantities upon property. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 294. 
 Right to embank against water turned out 
 
 of stream. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 136. 
 Right of riparian owner to protect the shore 
 
 from encroachment of water. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 162. 
 
 § 50. Remedy for. 
 
 Remedy by injunction, see Injunction, 
 § 32. 
 
 Remedy for obstruction of private streams. 
 
 3 L.R.A. 111.* 
 For damming back water of stream. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 879. 
 Injunction to restrain obstruction of 
 
 stream. 59 L.R.A. 881. 
 Mandatory injunction as to obstruction of 
 
 water courses. 20 L.R.A. 164. 
 
 g. Diversion; deflection; 'pred'pitation 
 from building. 
 
 § 51. Diversion. 
 
 Of surface water, see infra, § 64. 
 
 Of flood water, see infra, § 70. 
 
 Of subterranean water, see infra, § 76. 
 
 For irrigation purposes, see infra, § 95. 
 
 Injunction against, see Injtjnction, § 32. 
 
 By railroad, see Railkoads, § 42. 
 
 Diversion of water; remedies. 4 L.R.A. 
 572;* 8 L.R.A. 202;* 9 L.R.A. 811, 
 812.'" 
 
 Begin xiHth this IfOoTc on every law question. 
 
 WATERS, II. g— cont'd 
 
 Mandatory injunction as to diversion of 
 water courses. 20 L.R.A. 164. 
 
 Liability for overflow from artificial chan- 
 nel by which a stream is diverted from 
 its natural channel. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1158. 
 
 Correlative rights of upper and lower pro- 
 prietors as to. 41 L.R.A. 744. 
 
 § 52. — by government. 
 
 Right of state or United States to divert 
 water in aid of navigation. 50 L.R.A. 
 740. 
 Right of government to direct water from 
 
 nontidal stream without compen- 
 sation to riparian owner. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 307. 
 Diversion for navigation purposes. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 308. 
 Diversion for power purposes. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 310. 
 Diversion for highway purposes. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 Diversion by railway. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 311. 
 Diversion for drainage purposes. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 Diversion for irrigation purposes. 37 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 Diversion for water-supply purposes. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 312. 
 
 In general. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 312. 
 
 Right as affected by constitutional 
 and statutory provisions. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 315. 
 
 § 53. Deflection. 
 
 Right of upper proprietor to deflect water 
 in stream to the injury of lower pro- 
 prietors. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 344. 
 
 Injury to riparian property by deflection 
 of water by structure erected under 
 statutory authority as a taking. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1040. 
 
 § 54. Precipitation from bnllding. 
 
 Liability for injury from water precipitated 
 upon adjoining property. 36 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1172. 
 
 h. Pollution. 
 
 § 55. Generally. 
 
 Of surface water, see infra, § 66. 
 Of subterranean water, see infra, § 77. 
 Of well, see infra, § 80. 
 Prescriptive rights as to, see infra, § 103. 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, § 79. 
 Estoppel as to, see Estoppel, § 23. 
 Injunction against, see Injunction, § 33. 
 Municipal liability for, see Municipai, Cor- 
 porations, § 89. 
 
 Liability for polluting, generally. 1 L.R.A. 
 296;* 7 L.R.A. 457;* 12 L.R.A. 577;' 
 13 L.R.A. 117.* 
 
 Right of pollution as against lower pro- 
 prietor. 41 L.R.A. 751. 
 
 Pollution of water course by stock. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 222. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1395 
 
 WATERS, II. h— cont'd 
 
 Statutory prohibition of pollution of water 
 
 to protect fishery. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 752; 
 
 34 L.K.A.(N.S.) 286. 
 Injury to fishing right as damages from 
 
 pollution. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 Efl'ect of plaintift''s contributory act on right 
 
 to recover damages for pollution of 
 
 stream. 6 L.Rji.. (N.S.) 1111. 
 
 § 56. By several persons. 
 
 Liability in damages of one of several pol- 
 luters of a stream. 24 LJR.A.(N.S.) 
 1185. 
 
 Character of liability of several persons 
 whose independent wrongs contribute 
 to enhance injury by. 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 167; 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 106. 
 
 Joinder of parties in suit to restrain pol- 
 lution of water course. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1149. 
 
 § 37. As nuisance. 
 
 Municipal control over, see Municipal 
 
 COEPOBATIONS, §§ 28, 36. 
 
 Nuisance as to waters generally, see Nui- 
 sances, § 2. 
 
 By sewer. 5 L.R.A. 128.* 
 
 Pollution of stream as a nuisance. 12 
 
 L.R.A. 577.* 
 As a nuisance to fishery. 39 L.R.A. 589. 
 Injury to fishing rights as damages from 
 
 pollution. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 74. 
 Fouling of streams by gas plant as a 
 
 nuisance. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 468. 
 Railroad causing pollution as a, nuisance. 
 
 32 L.R-A..(N.S.) 376. 
 
 § 58. For mining purposes or by min- 
 ing operations. 
 
 In general. 24 L.R.A. 64; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 276; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 272. 
 Caring for tailings. 24 L.R.A. 64. 
 Mine and mine mill refuse. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 278. 
 Water from mines. 24 L.R.A. 65 ; 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 280. 
 Oil well refuse. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 280. 
 Effect of prior appropriation. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 281. 
 Contractual or prescriptive right to pollute 
 
 streams. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 281. 
 Refusal of injunction. 24 L.R.A. 66. 
 Estoppel to question pollution. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 66; 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 Who liable; joint tort feasors. 24 L.R.A. 
 
 66; 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 282. 
 Injunctive relief dependent on compara- 
 tive injury. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 283. 
 Prior appropriation. 24 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 i. Surface water. 
 
 § 59. Generally. 
 
 Measure of damages for injury by, see 
 
 Damages, §§ 10a, 77. 
 Power of municipality over, see Municipal 
 
 COBPOBATIONS, §§ 30-32. 
 
 Municipal liability as to surface waters, 
 see Municipal Cobpobations, §§ 91, 
 
 92. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WATERS, II, i— cont'd 
 As source of water course. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 157. 
 
 § 6 0. What is surface water. 
 
 Distinguished from water course. 25 L.RA. 
 527. 
 What is a water course. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 527. 
 How far channel necessary or sufficient. 
 
 25 L.R.A. 527. 
 The source of supply. 25 L.R.A. 528. 
 Source and channel. 25 L.R.A. 528. 
 Permanence of flow. 25 L.R.A. 528. 
 Water which has joined a water course. 
 25 L.R.A. 528. 
 Distinguished from basins or marshes, 25 
 
 L.R.A. 529. 
 Definition of surface water. 25 L.R.A. 529. 
 A question for the jury. 25 L.R.A. 529. 
 Water overflowing river banks. 25 L.R.A. 
 529. 
 The right to build levees. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 530. 
 Cases holding flood water to be surface 
 water. 25 L.R.A. 531. 
 
 § 61. Right to flow ot surface water. 
 
 The two rules. 21 L.R.A. 593. 
 The upper proprietor not bound to permit 
 the water to flow to the lower estate. 
 21 L.R.A. 594.. 
 Right to collect or divert water in masses. 
 21 L.R.A. 595. 
 Right to divert water. 21 L.R.A. 595. 
 Right to accelerate flow. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 595. 
 The rule applicable to railroad com- 
 panies. 21 L.R.A. 596. 
 The rule applicable to municipal cor- 
 porations. 21 L.R.A. 597; 65 
 L.R.A. 250. 
 The correlative rights as to the obstruction 
 of the natural flow. 21 L.R.A. 
 598. 
 Cases recognizing a servitude. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 598. 
 Cases denying a servitude. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 599. 
 Illustrations and limitations. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 600. 
 Right to improve property. 21 L.R.A. 
 600. 
 Obstructing water by improve- 
 ments. 21 L.R.A. 600. 
 Casting down surface water. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 602. 
 The effect of negligent or illegal 
 
 action. 21 L.R.A. 603. 
 The rule as to city lots. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 603. 
 The effect of the civil law. 21 
 L.R.A. 603. 
 Duty to care for water where it falls. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 604. 
 Draining ponds. 21 L.R.A. 605. 
 Casting water into natural streams. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 606. 
 Obstructing water flowing in a body. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 607. 
 Prescriptive rights. 21 L.R.A. 607. 
 
1396 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WATERS, II. i— cont'd 
 
 Fixing servitudes before subdivision of 
 
 tracts. 21 L.R.A. 607. 
 The maxim, Sio utere tuo, etc. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 607. 
 
 g 62. Right to drain. 
 
 As to drains and sewers generally, see 
 Dkains and Sbwees. 
 
 Right to drain surface water into water 
 course. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 903. 
 
 Liability for injury to higher property by 
 hastening drainage from lower land. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 146. 
 
 Effect of incurring expense upon parol li- 
 cense to drain water onto one's prop- 
 erty. 6L.R.A.(N.S.) 154. 
 
 Liability for reopening or cleaning out 
 drain or natural water way after body 
 of surface water has accumulated. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 160. 
 
 § 63. Obstruction of. 
 
 Measure of damages for, see Damages, § 77. 
 
 Correlative rights as to obstruction of na- 
 tural flow. 21 L.R.A. 598. 
 
 Obstruction of surface water in city. 20 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 155. 
 
 Obstructing surface water flowing In a 
 body. 21 L.R.A. 607. 
 
 Presumption as to statutory authority to 
 commit nuisance by obstruction of sur- 
 face water. 70 L.R.A. 586. 
 
 Right of owner of lower tenement as against 
 the rights of the upper landowner to 
 obstruct surface water in a natural 
 drainage channel. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 789. 
 
 Liability of railroad for conducting surface 
 water through its embanjkment and on- 
 to the property of an adjoining owner. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 680. 
 
 Obstruction of surface water as element of 
 damages in eminent domain proceedings 
 for a railroad right of way. 13 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 237. 
 
 When does statute of limitations begin to 
 run against action for damages for 
 flooding of land caused by obstructing 
 surface water. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 886; 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 645. 
 
 § 64. Diversion. 
 
 Right to divert in masses. 21 L.R.A. 595. 
 
 § 65. Acceleration of flow. 
 
 Right to accelerate flow. 21 L.R.A. 595. 
 
 Right to hasten flow of surface water along 
 natural drain ways. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 167. 
 
 Of flow of surface water, municipal lia- 
 bility for. 65 L.R.A. 265. 
 
 § 66. Pollution of. 
 
 Municipal liability for pollution of surface 
 water. 65 L.R.A. 273. 
 
 Begin with this book on every Iww question. 
 
 WATERS, II. i— cont'd 
 
 § 67. FalWre to protect against. 
 
 Failure to protect property against surface 
 water wrongfuHy or negligently 
 collected or diverted by another as 
 contributory negligence. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 369. 
 General rule. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 369. 
 Negligence of property owner operat- 
 ing to cause injury. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 371. 
 Duty to mitigate damages. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 372. 
 
 j. Flood water. 
 
 § 67 a. Generally. 
 
 As surface water. 25 L.R.A. 531. 
 
 I 68. Right to confine. 
 
 Liability of municipality for confining flood 
 water within banks of stream to injury 
 of riparian owner. 26 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 199. 
 
 Right of riparian owner, as against other 
 riparian owners to confine fiood water 
 within banks of stream. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 214. 
 
 § 69. Liability for Injury by. 
 
 Liability of one damming back water of 
 
 stream for injury by flood. 59 L.R.A. 
 
 876. 
 Extraordinary floods which one obstructing 
 
 water course need not anticipate. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 252. 
 Character of liability of several persons 
 
 whose independent wrongs contribute 
 
 to enhance injury by floods. 40 LJEI.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 106. 
 
 § 70. Diversion. 
 
 Right of riparian owner to prevent diver- 
 sion of flood water. 22 L.RA.(N.S.) 
 391. 
 
 fc. Seepage. 
 
 § 71. Generally. 
 
 When limitations begin to run against ac- 
 tion for damages by seepage from 
 ditch or canaL 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for dam- 
 age to abutting property by water per- 
 colating through soil of highway by 
 reason of defect therein. 22 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 333. 
 
 I, Percolating; subterranean; springs; 
 wells. 
 
 § 72. Generally. 
 
 Seepage, see supra, § 71. 
 
 Appropriation of percolating waters on pub- 
 lie lands. 30 L.R.A. 186; 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 76. 
 
 Reasonableness of use of percolating water. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 266. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes to prevent 
 waste of subterranean water. 23 L.R. \ 
 (N.S.) 436. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1397 
 
 WATERS, II. 1— cont'd 
 
 Bad motive as affecting liability for in- 
 terference with. 62 L.R.A. 688. 
 
 Character of water flowing underground in 
 a defined but unknown channel. 2 
 B. R. 0. 991. 
 
 g 73. Rlgbts in subterranean waters. 
 
 Generally. 19 L.R.A. 92. 
 
 Rights in otanding or percolating water. 
 19 L.K.A. 92. 
 
 Where the percolating water forms a sur- 
 face stream. 19 L.R.A. 93. 
 
 Intercepting water by mining operations. 
 19 L.R.A. 93. 
 
 The effect of malice. 19 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 Prescriptive rights. 19 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 Intercepting water by public improvements. 
 19 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 Fouling subterranean water. 19 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 Subterranean stream. 19 L.R.A. 97. 
 
 Presumption as to character of water. 19 
 L.R.A. 98. 
 
 Drawing water by percolation from a sur- 
 face stream. 19 L.R.A. 98. 
 
 Correlative rights in percolating water. 64 
 L.R.A. 236; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 650; 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 331; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 465; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 193. 
 
 § 7 4. — effect of grant on. 
 
 In general. 19 L.R.A. 99; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 648. 
 
 Construction of grants to railroad com- 
 panies. 19 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 Charters and decrees. 19 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 § 75. Obstractlon. 
 
 Mandatory injunction as to. 20 L.R.A. 164. 
 
 § 7 6. Diversion of. 
 
 Mandatory injunction as to. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 164. 
 Remedy for diverting percolating water. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1099. 
 
 § 7 7. Pollution of. 
 
 Underground pollution of water. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 48. 
 Fouling subterranean water. 19 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 § 78. Springs. 
 
 Right to water of new spring. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1158. 
 
 § 79. Wells. 
 
 Right to discharge from on lower lamj. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 714. 
 
 Mechanics' lien for sinking.' 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 550. 
 
 Injuries to, as nuisance. 6 L.R.A. 280.* 
 
 Landlord's liability for injuries from de- 
 fective condition of. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1142. 
 
 § 80. — pollution of. 
 
 Injury to well as a nuisance. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 280.* 
 Fouling of, by gas plant as a nuisance. 20 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 468. 
 ConfiuU also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WATERS, II.— cont'd 
 
 tn. Lalces and ponds. 
 
 § 81. Generally. 
 
 Jurisdiction over, see supra, § 5. 
 
 Public right of access to ponds. 41 L.R.A. 
 269. 
 
 Raising lakes and ponds by damming back 
 water of stream. 59 L.R.A. 820. 
 
 Draining ponds. 21 L.R.A. 605. 
 
 Right to hasten flow of water from ponds. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 169. 
 
 Division of, in absence of special agreement 
 between adjoining owners. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 261. 
 
 Right to consider value of property as part 
 of natural water power in fixing com- 
 pensation for taking land for. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S,) 912. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance" as ap- 
 plied to ponds. 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1143. 
 
 § 82. Rigbts in generally. 
 
 Property in non-navigable lakes. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 578.* 
 Great ponds; right in. 12 L.R.A. 633.* 
 Pond as an appurtenance to mill. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 489. 
 
 § 83. Boundary on. 
 
 Lakes as boundaries between states, see 
 BOUNDAKIES, § 2a. 
 
 Boundary on. 51 L.R.A. 179. 
 
 § 84. Ownersblp of beds of. 
 
 In general. 18 L.R.A. 695; 42 L.R.A. 175. 
 Small lakes and ponds. 18 L.R.A. 695. 
 Derelict and accretions. 18 L.R.A. 698. 
 Artificial ponds. 18 L.R.A. 698. 
 Title to land under lakes. 42 L.R.A. 175. 
 Title to islands in great ponds. 35 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 230. 
 
 § 85. Fisbing in. 
 
 Right to fish in. 60 L.R.A. 512. 
 Right to free fishing in great ponds. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 434. 
 
 n. Appropriation. 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 86. Generally. 
 
 Periodical appropriation. 46 L.R.A. 175. 
 
 Appropriation- by town. 1 L.R.A. 466.* 
 
 Appropriation of percolating waters on pub- 
 lic lands. 30 L.R.A. 186; 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 76. 
 
 Appropriation of waste water not in chan- 
 nel. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1104. 
 
 Correlative rights of upper and lower pro- 
 prietors as to. 41 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Right to store appropriated water. 46 
 L.R.A. 322; 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 329. 
 
 Use of natural stream to convey appro- 
 priated water. 51 L.R.A. 930. 
 
 Right of appropriator of water to use of 
 current of stream. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 101. 
 
1398 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WATERS, 11. n, 1— cont'd 
 
 Right of appropriator to enter upon the 
 land of an upper proprietor to clean 
 out ditch. 43 L.R.A. 130. 
 
 Right of appropriator of water for distribu- 
 tion to public to grant exclusive or 
 preferential rights to individual. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 213. 
 
 Care necessary to avoid waste in diverting 
 water from stream under right of ap- 
 propriation. 15 L.R.A.(N.S.) 238. 
 
 Rights, as against other appropriators, of 
 one who adds water to natural flow of 
 stream. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1065. 
 
 Liability for withdrawing water from reser- 
 voir. 62 L.R.A. 579. 
 
 § 87. Change of use or channel of 
 water appropriated. 
 
 Generally. 30 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 Rights subsequently vested cannot be in- 
 fringed. 30 L.R.A. 386. 
 
 Priority not lost by change. 30 L.R.A. 389. 
 
 Right may be sold. 30 L.R.A. 390. 
 
 Right to change mill location. 30 L.R.A. 
 390. 
 
 § 88. Tolls for appropriated water. 
 
 State regulation of tolls for use of appro- 
 priated water. 33 L.R.A. 180-182. 
 
 j S. Prior appropriation. 
 
 § 89. Generally. 
 
 Rule of prior appropriation. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 487.* 
 As affecting right to pollute stream for 
 
 mining purposes. 24 L.R.A. 66. 
 
 § 90. Right of prior appropriator of 
 water. 
 
 Right at common law. 30 L.R.A. 665. 
 Right under special statutes or customs. 
 30 L.R.A. 668. 
 Mill acts. 30 L.R.A. 668. 
 Customs. 30 L.R.A. 669. 
 
 General doctrine in mining states. 
 
 30 L.R.A. 669. 
 Source of right of appropriation. 
 
 30 L.R.A. 669. 
 Against whom available. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 670. 
 Extent and limitation of right. 
 
 30 L.R.A. 672. 
 For what purpose appropriation 
 
 permissible. 30 L.R.A. 674. 
 Who may be an appropriator. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 675. 
 What is an appropriation and 
 
 when complete. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 675. 
 Determination of priority. 30 
 
 L.R.A. 677. 
 Interference with, and protection 
 
 of, right. 30 L.R.A. 677. 
 Second appropriation. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 677. 
 Riparian rights. 30 L.R.A. 677. 
 Statutes affecting. 30 L.R.A. 678. 
 Transmission of right. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 678. 
 
 Begin ivith this hooTc on evert/ laiv question. 
 
 WATERS, II. n, 2— cont'd 
 
 Act of Congress of 1866. 30 L.R.A. 
 678. 
 
 Statutes abolishing riparian rights. 31 
 L.R.A. 679. 
 Effect of prior appropriation on right to 
 
 pollute stream by mining operations. 
 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 281. 
 Right as between appropriator above, and 
 
 junior appropriator below, mill, during 
 
 periods when water not used by mill. 
 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 615. 
 
 § 91. Abandonment or loss of rights of 
 prior appropriators. 
 
 Generally. 30 L.R.A. 265. 
 Effect of nonuser. 30 L.K.A. 265. 
 Attempt to change use. 30 L.R.A. 266. 
 Abandonment prevented by use. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 267. 
 Decisions under statutes. 30 L.R.A. 267. 
 
 o. Irrigation. 
 
 § 92. Generally. 
 
 Condemnation of land for, see Eminent 
 Domain, § 18. 
 
 Right of way for irrigation ditch; right of 
 fee owner to cross. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1148. 
 
 Specific performance of agreement for li- 
 cense to maintain irrigation ditch. 49 
 L.R.A. 520. 
 
 Mandamus to enforce the right of a stoclc- 
 holder of a water company to water. 
 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372. 
 
 Municipal liability for negligence in main- 
 tenance of irrigation ditches in con- 
 nection with water works. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 243. 
 
 § 93. Taking property for. 
 
 See Eminent Domain, § 18. 
 
 § 94. Contract to furnish water for. 
 
 Measure of damages for breach of contract 
 to furnish water for irrigation. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 938; 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 743. 
 
 § 95. Right to use or divert water for. 
 
 Correlative rights of upper and lower pro- 
 prietors to use water for irrigation. 
 41 L.R.A. 741. 
 
 Right to divert water from stream for ir- 
 rigation purposes. 41 L.R.A. 741. 
 
 Right to divert water from nontidal stream 
 for irrigation purposes without com- 
 pensation to riparian owner. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 311. 
 
 § 96. Transfer of right to use water 
 for irrigation. 
 
 Of right acquired by appropriation. 65 
 
 L.R.A. 407. 
 Of right in ditch. 65 L.R.A. 409. 
 May pass by conveyance of land. 65 L.R.A. 
 
 409. 
 Method of transfer. 65 L.R.A. 412. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1399 
 
 WATERS, II. o— cont'd 
 § 97. Rates. 
 
 State regulation of rates of irrigation com- 
 pany. 12 L.E.A.{N.S.) 711. 
 Judicial regulation. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 711. 
 Elements considered in fixing maximum 
 
 rates. 12 L.R.A.(X.S.) 712. 
 Change of rates. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 712. 
 Terms and conditions aft"ecting rates. 
 
 12 L.RA.(N.S.) 713. 
 Contracts with consumer. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 713. 
 Business of supplying water for irrigation 
 as affected with a public interest au- 
 thorizing regulation and control as to 
 rates and prices. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 834. 
 Power of judiciary to fix rates to be charged 
 for water for irrigation purposes. 8 
 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 529. 
 
 p. Contract or grant. 
 
 § 98. Generally. 
 
 Effect of grant on percolating waters, see 
 supra, § 74. 
 
 Contract to furnish water for irrigation, 
 see supra, § 94. 
 
 Transfer of right to use water for irriga- 
 tion, see supra, § 96. 
 
 Contract for public supply, see infra, § 111. 
 
 Reservation and exceptions in deed as to 
 water rights, see Deeds, § 25. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see 
 Constitutional Law, § 110. 
 
 Mandamus against water company, see 
 Mandamus, § 14. 
 
 Conveyance of water right. 8 L.E.A. 446;* 
 9 L.R.A. 810.* 
 
 Personal liability of purchaser of land on 
 contract under which it is supplied 
 with water. 39 L.E.A.(N.S.) 798. 
 
 Effect of division of tract with visible servi- 
 tude in favor of one parcel upon an- 
 other. 6 L.R.A.{N.S.) 410. 
 
 Of right to dam back water of stream. 59 
 L.R.A. 829. 
 
 Establishing artificial condition of body of 
 water by. 50 L.R.A. 837. 
 
 Of right of way on share. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 881. 
 
 § 99. Grant ot vpater power. 
 
 Form; estate created. 67 L.R.A. 369. 
 Successive and conflicting grants. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 372. 
 What rights conveyed. 67 L.R.A. 375. 
 By general grants. 67 L.R.A. 375. 
 In general. 67 L.R.A. 375. 
 Construction of grant. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 378. 
 Exceptions and reservations. 67 
 
 L.R.A. 382. 
 SuflSciency of conveyance. 67 
 L.R.A. 383. 
 Grant of flow of stream. 67 L.R.A. 
 
 384. 
 Grant of dam. 67 L.R.A. 384. 
 Head and flow. 67 L.R.A. 386. 
 Races, channels, and flumes. 67 L.K.A. 
 386. ^ , 
 
 Con^lt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WATERS, II. p— cont'd 
 
 Right to convey, rescission. 67 L.R.A 
 388. 
 
 Other matters. 67 L.R.A. 389. 
 Limitation of rights. 67 L.R.A. 390. 
 
 As to use. 67 L.R.A. 390. 
 
 General rules. 67 L.R.A. 390, 
 Illustrations. 67 L.R.A. 391. 
 
 As to premises. 67 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 As to quantity. 67 L.R.A. 395. 
 
 Improved machinery. 67 L.R.A. 396. 
 
 As to time. 67 L.R.A. 397. 
 Protecting rights. 67 L.R.A. 397. 
 
 By repairing works. 67 L.R.A. 397. 
 
 By action. 67 L.R.A. 398. 
 Measurement. 67 L.R.A. 399. 
 Loss of rights. 67 L.R.A. 400. 
 Compensation. 67 L.R.A. 401. 
 Covenants. 67 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 In general. 67 L.R.A. 401. 
 
 Run with the land. 67 L.R.A. 402. 
 
 Breach. 67 L.R.A. 404. 
 
 Damages. 67 L.R.A. 405. 
 
 § 100. How far grant of mill includes 
 water rights. 
 
 Generally. 58 L.R.A. 487. 
 
 Effect of mentioning appurtenances. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 487. 
 Pond an appurtenance. 58 L.R.A. 489. 
 Storage reservoir. 58 L.R.A. 490. 
 What is appurtenant. 58 L.R.A. 490. 
 Limitation upon grant. 58 L.R.A. 491. 
 Estate granted. 58 L.R.A. 493. 
 Grant for particular purpose. 58 L.R.A. 
 
 493. 
 Liability for detracting from grant. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 493. 
 
 q. Prescriptive rights. 
 
 § 101. Generally. 
 
 Prescriptive right of way on shore. 4 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 880. 
 Prescriptive right to take oysters. 60 
 
 L.R.A. 521. 
 Prescriptive rights as to fishing. 60 L.R.A. 
 
 496. 
 Prescriptive right to establish ferry. 59 
 
 L.R.A. 515. 
 Prescriptive right to erect wharves. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 641. 
 Prescriptive rights in artificial condition of 
 
 body of water. 50 L.R.A. 839. 
 By use of underground water pipes. 2 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 976. 
 Of municipality to drain sewage into 
 
 waters. 48 L.R.A. 705. 
 Prescriptive right to maintain nuisance re- 
 lating to waterways. 53 L.R.A. 903. 
 Equalization by prescription of title to land 
 
 for purposes of canal. 61 L.R.A. 877. 
 
 § 102. Obstructions; overflow. 
 
 Prescriptive right to obstruct. 53 L.R.A. 
 
 895, 903. 
 Prescriptive right to dam back water of 
 
 stream. 59 L.R.A. 838. 
 Prescriptive right to obstruct navigable 
 
 stream. 59 L.R.A. 79. 
 
1400 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 V\ATERS, II. q— cont'd 
 § 103. Pollution. 
 
 Prescriptive right to pollute. 53 L.E.A. 
 895, 903; 22 L.E.A. (N.S.) 281. 
 
 Prescriptive right to pollute stream by 
 mining operations. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 281. 
 
 Prescriptive right of municipality or indi- 
 vidual to pollute stream with sewage or 
 other harmful substance. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 589, 
 
 Prescriptive right to protection from pollu- 
 tion of source of municipal water sup- 
 ply. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1165. 
 
 § 104. In subterranean water. 
 
 Prescriptive rights in subterranean water. 
 19 L.R.A. 94. 
 
 § 105. As to surface waters. 
 
 Prescriptive right to flow of surface water. 
 21 L.R.A. 607. 
 
 III. Public water supply. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 g 106. Generally. 
 
 For irrigation, see supra, §§ 92-97. 
 
 Ownership of plant by city, see Munici- 
 pal COBPOBATIONS, § 70. 
 
 Taxation of waterworks plant, see Taxes, 
 §§ 29, 32. 
 
 Waterworks as appurtenance. 15 L.K.A. 
 653. 
 
 Correlative rights of upper and lower pro- 
 prietors as to use of water for. 41 
 L.R.A. 740. 
 
 Right of taxpayer, in absence of statute, 
 to enjoin issuance or payment of 
 water bonds. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 6. 
 
 g 107. Acquisition of. 
 
 Condemnation of land for water supply, see 
 Eminent Domain, § 16. 
 
 Right to divert water from nontidal stream 
 for water supply purposes without 
 compensation to owner. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 312. 
 
 § 108. Exclusive privilege. 
 
 Exclusiveness of right of water company. 9 
 L.R.A. 195.* 
 
 Exclusiveness of franchise of water com- 
 pany. 61 L.R.A. 80. 
 
 Right of appropriator of water for distri- 
 bution to the public, to grant exclusive 
 or preferential rights to individual. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 213. 
 
 fe, Operation and regulation of water- 
 worTes. 
 
 § 109. Generally. 
 
 Municipal waterworks plant, see Munici- 
 pal COEPOBATIONS, § 70. 
 
 Municipal liability in connection with 
 waterworks plant, see Municipal Cob- 
 POBATIONS, §§ 93, 94. 
 
 Right of consumer to sue water company, 
 see Pabties, § 13. 
 
 Begin ivith this VooTz on every laiv question. 
 
 WATERS, III. b— cont'd 
 
 Municipal liability for hydrants and other 
 appliances pertaining to municipal 
 waterworks. 20 L.Rji..(N.S.) 620. 
 
 Right of water company to require custo- 
 mer to keep service pipe in repair. 32 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 229. 
 
 Right of water company to refuse to deal 
 with tenant. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1015. 
 
 Liability of landlord as to water pipes and 
 water supply on leased premises. 23 
 L.R.A. 160. 
 
 Mechanic's lien for water connections in 
 street. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 356. 
 
 g 110. Establishment and regulation 
 of municipal water supply. 
 
 As to regulation of public service corpora- 
 tions generally, see PuBUCO Seevicb 
 Cobpobations. 
 
 Liability of municipal corporation for fail- 
 ure to organize and regulate water- 
 works. 11 L.R.A. 729.* 
 Power to procure or furnish. 61 L.R.A. 34. 
 Of municipality. 61 L.R.A. 34. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 34. 
 Charter authority. 61 L.R.A. 36. 
 Of private corporation. 61 L.RA. 39. 
 Extraterritorial rights. 61 L.R.A. 41. 
 Right of way. 61 L.E.A. 43. 
 Purchase or construction of plant. 61 
 L.R.A. 44. 
 Power of municipality. 61 L.R.A. 44. 
 Contract to purchase. 61 L.E.A. 46. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 46. 
 Compensation. 61 L.E.A. 48. 
 Provision of fund. 61 L.R.A. 49. 
 Bonding. 61 L.E.A. 49. 
 Taxation. 61 L.E_4. 51. 
 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 51. 
 Local assessments. 61 L.E.A. 
 52. 
 Payment for work. 61 L.R.A. 58. 
 Liability for injuries. 61 L.E.A. 
 58; 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 204. 
 Contract for water. 61 L.E.A. 61. 
 
 Power of municipality. 61 L.E.A. 61. 
 Who to act for municipality. 61 L.E.A. 
 
 62. 
 Form of contract. 61 L.R.A. 63. 
 Construction. 61 L.R.A. 65. 
 Subject-matter. 61 L.R.A. 66. 
 Consideration, fil L.E.A. 66. 
 Validity. 61 L.E.A. 67. 
 
 In general. 61 L.E.A. 67. 
 Term. 61 L.E.A. 69. 
 Breach. 61 L.R.A. 70. 
 Estoppel; liability for work or water 
 
 accepted. 61 L.R.A. 71. 
 Change or enforcement. 61 L.R.A. 73. 
 Collateral contracts. 61 L.E.A. 74. 
 Eights of taxpayer. 61 L.R.A. 76. 
 Use of highways. 61 L.E.A. 76. 
 
 Right of public to use. 61 L.E.A. 76. 
 Right of water company. 61 L.E.A. 77, 
 Rights and duties of water company. 61 
 L.R.A. 80. 
 Exclusiveness of franchises. 61 L.R.A. 
 80. 
 Eight to confer. 61 L.E.A. 80. 
 When conferred. 61 L.E.A. 82. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1401 
 
 WATERS, III. b— cont'd 
 
 Protection of rights. 61 L.E.A. 
 
 84. 
 What is infringement. 61 L.R.A. 
 86. 
 Duty as to furnishing water. 61 L.E.A. 
 87. 
 As to quantity and quality. 61 
 L.R.A. 87. 
 In general. 61 L.E.A. 87. 
 Quality. 61 L.E.A. 88. 
 Quantity. 61 L.R.A. 89. 
 As to consumer. 61 L.E.A. flO. 
 
 General duty. 61 L.E.A. 90. 
 Free supply. 61 L.E.A. 90. 
 Remedy for breach of duty. 61 L.E.A. 
 92. 
 Specific performance. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 92. 
 Forfeiture of franchise. 61 L.E.A. 
 
 93. 
 Other remedies of municipality. 
 
 61 L.EjV. 94. 
 Suit by consumer. 61 L.E.A. 94. 
 Assignability of franchise. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 98. 
 Control of rates. 61 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 Governmental power. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 99. 
 Method of fixing. 61 L.E.A. 100. 
 Amount. 61 L.E.A. 101. 
 Efi'ect of contract. 61 L.E.A. 102. 
 Judicial supervision. 61 L.E>A. 
 104. 
 Regulations. 61 L.E.A. 105. 
 Rights after expiration of franchise. 61 
 L.E.A. 107. 
 Rights and duties of consumer. 61 L.E.A. 
 107. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 107. 
 Fixing and collection of rates. 61 
 L.R.A. 109. 
 Duty to pay. 61 L.R.A. 109. 
 Amount. 61 L.R.A. 111. 
 Meters. 61 L.R.A. 112. 
 Discrimination. 61 L.R.A. 113. 
 Enforcement. 61 L.R.A. 114. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 114. 
 By stopping supply. 61 L.E.A. 
 115. 
 Other matters. 61 L.R.A. 116. 
 Rights and duties of municipality. 61 
 
 L.Rj^ 116. 
 In general. 61 L.R.A. 116. 
 Regulations. 61 L.R.A. 117. 
 Rates. 61 L.R.A. 118. 
 Lease or sale of plant. 61 L.R.A. 119. 
 
 § 111. Contracts. 
 
 Contracts for public water supply. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 61. 
 Effect of contract on rates charged for 
 
 water. 61 L.R.A. 102. 
 Period that may be covered by contract for 
 
 water supply. 16 L.R.A. 258. 
 Power of board to make contract for water 
 
 supply extending beyond its own 
 
 term. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 653. 
 Right to enforce by mandamus duty of 
 
 water company arising wholly from 
 
 contract. 13 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1084. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WATERS, III. b— cont'd 
 
 Duty under contract with consumer to sup- 
 ply water for extinguishment of fire. 
 36 L.R.A.{N.S,) 1045. 
 
 § 112. Water mains. 
 
 Water pipes in street, see Highways, § 23. 
 
 Laying water mains at expense of abutting 
 property. 3 L.E.A. (N.S.) 817. 
 
 Eight to compel consumer to pay for the 
 connection with water mains. 24 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 485. 
 
 Permitting abutting owners to make water 
 connection in street. 19 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 512. 
 
 Prescriptive right by use of underground 
 water pipes. 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 976. 
 
 Duty and right of municipality to reim- 
 burse water company for expenses en- 
 tailed in respect to water pipes. 6 
 L.B.A.(N.S.) 1027. 
 
 Defects in work as defense to assessment 
 for. 66 L:E.A. 922. 
 
 g 113. Pollution of; filtration; quan- 
 tity and quality. 
 
 Statutory protection of water used for sup- 
 plying municipality. 41 L.R.A. 177. 
 Protection from polUition of source of 
 municipal water supply. 11 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1163. 
 Protection by exercise of police power. 
 
 11 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1104. 
 Prescriptive right. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1165. 
 Violation of statute. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1165. 
 Eemedv; nuisance. 11 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1166. 
 Power of state or health authorities to for- 
 bid the use of a polluted water supply. 
 23 L.E.A.(N.S.) 766. 
 Power of legislature to forbid pollution of 
 stream from which municipal water 
 supply is taken. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 321. 
 Duty of water supply company to filter wa- 
 ter. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 304. 
 Dutv of water company as to quantity and 
 ■quality of water. 61 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 § 114. Duty to furnish. 
 
 Right to discontinue service to compel pay- 
 ment of bill, see infra, § 117. 
 
 Duty to furnish at proper rates, see infra, 
 § 122. 
 
 Compulsory service in case of. 15 L.R.A. 
 322. 
 
 Duty of water company as to furnishing 
 water. 61 L.R.A. 87. 
 
 Eight to compel water company to furnish 
 general supply while municipal corpo- 
 ration is in default in paying hydrant 
 rentals. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 196. 
 
 May water company be required to furnish 
 water for power or manufacturing pur- 
 poses. 32 L.E.A.(N.S.) -805. 
 
 Eight or duty of municipal corporation to 
 supply nonresident with water. 34 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 542. 
 
1402 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 WATERS, III. b— cont'd 
 § 115. —liability for shutting off 
 water. 
 
 Shutting off to enforce payment, see infra, 
 § 117. 
 
 Liability for damages caused by shutting off 
 water from premises. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 468. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 cutting off supply of water from prem- 
 ises. 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 588. 
 
 § 116. Enforcing payment for. 
 
 Enforcement of payment for water. 61 
 
 L.R.A. 114. 
 Compelling property owner to pay for water 
 
 furnished to former occupant of prem- 
 ises. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 771. 
 Validity of statute holding property owner 
 
 liable for water furnished tenant. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 198., 
 Reasonableness of regulations requiring 
 
 payment of water rentals in advance. 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 693; 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 319. 
 Right of water company to exact additional 
 
 charge for delay in payment. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 329. 
 
 § 117. — by discontinuing service. 
 
 Right to stop supply of water for default of 
 
 payment. 14 L.R.A. 669. 
 Discontinuing service to compel payment of 
 water bills. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 263. 
 Independent transactions. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 264. 
 Disputed claims. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 264. 
 Unpaid claims against former occupant. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 264. 
 Miscellaneous. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 265. 
 Right to shut off water from whole build- 
 ing because of one tenant's delinquency. 
 61 L.R.A. 33; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 814. 
 Discontinuing service to compel payment of 
 water bills. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 301. 
 Independent transactions. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 302. 
 Disputed claims. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 302. 
 Unreasonable charges. 31 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 303. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 304. 
 
 § 118. Liability of water company. 
 
 For shutting off supply, see supra, § 115. 
 
 Municipal liability for damages in connec- 
 tion with plant, see Municipal Coe- 
 POEATIONS, §§ 93, 94. 
 
 Injunction by municipality against water 
 company for maintaining nuisance. 42 
 L.R.A. 821. 
 
 Liability of water company in tort for loss 
 to one su^aining no contract relation 
 with it, by its failure to comply with 
 its contract with the municipality. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1171; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1021. 
 
 § 119. —for loss by fire. 
 Municipal liability, see Municipai, Cob- 
 poSations, § 94. 
 
 Begin with this "booTc on every law cpiestion. 
 
 WATERS, III. b— cont'd 
 
 Liability for loss by fire due to lack of ade- 
 quate water supply. 23 L.R.A. 146. 
 
 Liability of water company for destruction 
 of property of municipality by fire in 
 consequence of failure to maintain 
 sufficient pressure. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 S26. 
 
 Duty of municipality or water company 
 under its contract with consumer to 
 supply water for extinguishment of 
 fires. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1045. 
 
 Liability of water company in tort for loss 
 to one sustaining no contract relation 
 with it by its failure to comply with 
 contract with municipality. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1171; 21 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1021. 
 
 § 120. Rates. 
 
 For irrigation, see supra, § 97. 
 
 Rights and duties of municipality a* to 
 
 rates for water. 61 L.R.A. 118. 
 Water rates as taxes. 21 L.R.A. 519. 
 
 § 121. — regulation and fixing of. 
 
 Legislative regulation of rates. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 181. 
 Power of municipality apart from contract 
 
 to regulate rates to be charged by 
 
 water company. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 759. 
 Power of judiciary to fix rates. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 529. 
 Control of rates of water company. 61 
 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 Governmental power. 61 L.R.A. 99. 
 
 Method of fixing. 61 L.R.A. 100. 
 
 Amount. 61 L.R.A. 101. 
 
 Effect of contract. 61 L.R.A. 102. 
 
 Judicial supervision. 61 L.R.A. 104. 
 Fixing and collection of rates for water. 61 
 L.R.A. 109. 
 
 Duty to pay. 61 L.R.A. 109. 
 
 Amount. 61 L.R.A. 111. 
 
 Meters. 61 L.R.A. 112. 
 
 Discrimination. 61 L.R.A. 113. 
 
 Enforcement. 61 L.R.A. 114. 
 
 Other matters. 61 L.R.A. 160. 
 Allowance for depreciation in plant in fix- 
 ing rates. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1209. 
 
 § 122. — duty to furnish water at 
 proper rates. 
 
 Discrimination in rates. 61 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 113. 
 
 Right of water or light company to dis- 
 criminate between consumers as to rate. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 674. 
 
 Right of light or water company whose 
 rates are fixed by public authorities to 
 establish a minimum charge. 26 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Mandamus to compel water company to sup- 
 ply individual applicant with water at 
 reasonable rates. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 963. 
 
 Consumer's right to maintain suit to compel 
 water company to furnish water at 
 rates stipulated in contract with mu- 
 nicipality. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 958. 
 
 What are dwellings within the meaning of 
 tt water company's obligation to supply 
 water at prescribed rates for dwellings. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 613. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1403 
 
 WATERS, III. b— cont'd 
 
 § 123. — recovery back or overcharge. 
 
 Recovery back of overcharges for water. IS 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 124. 
 
 61 
 
 § 124. Meters. 
 
 Metering water furnished municipality. 
 L.R.A. 112. 
 
 Eight of municipal corporation to require 
 use of water meters and impose ex- 
 pense of same on consumers. 23 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 410. 
 
 Duty toward one entering premises to read 
 water meter. 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 381. 
 
 WATER WAYS. 
 
 In general, see Watebs. 
 
 Doctrine of "attractive nuisance'' as ap- 
 plied to water ways. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1143. 
 
 Right to, as way of necessity, where other 
 possible modes of access exist. 17 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1023. 
 
 WATERWOKKS. 
 
 Taxation of, see Taxes, §§ 29, 32. 
 As to public water supply, see Watebs, 
 III. 
 
 WAX CYLINDERS. 
 
 As infringement of copyright of sheet mu- 
 sic. 2 B. R. C. 91. 
 
 WAY. 
 
 Way of necessity, see Easements, § 14. 
 Private ways, see Easements; Peivatb 
 
 Roads. 
 Railway, see Railboads. 
 Railroad right of way, see Railboads, § 15. 
 Street railway, see Stbeet Railways. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract for construction and 
 repair of. 53 L.R.A. 49. 
 
 WAY STATION. 
 
 What is, within meaning of fence laws. 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 207. 
 
 WAYBILLS. 
 
 Lobs or damage from default as to way- 
 billing due to initial carrier's own neg- 
 ligence or breach of contract. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 88. 
 
 _ 4 «♦ 
 
 WAY OF NECESSITY. 
 
 See Easements, § 14. , . ^ ♦„ 
 
 Consult also £.B.4. Digests to date. 
 
 WEAPONS. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Carrying of, see Cabrtinq Weapons. 
 Firearms, see Fibeabms. 
 
 Necessity and sufficiency of description of 
 offense of carrying arms in bail bond 
 or recognizance. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 322. 
 
 § 2. Homicide or assault while using. 
 
 What weapons may be considered deadly un- 
 der law of homicide and assault. 21 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 497. 
 
 Right to use deadly weapon in resisting 
 trespass. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 724. 
 
 Homicide while using dangerous weapons. 
 63 L.R.A. 387. 
 
 Use of deadly weapons, as affecting degree 
 of homicide in heat of passion. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 823. 
 
 Use of deadly weapon as affecting degree 
 of homicide in heat of passion. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 823. 
 
 Criminal responsibility of one who aids an- 
 other in assault in which the latter 
 without his knowledge or consent uses 
 a deadly weapon. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 273. 
 
 Presumption as to malice aforethought in 
 homicide arising from use of deadly 
 weapon. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1081. 
 
 WEARING APPAREL, 
 
 Location of, as affecting insurance on. 
 L.R.A. 239. 
 
 26 
 
 WEATHER. 
 
 Weather conditions as an independent in- 
 tervening efficient cause. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 92. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury to live stock 
 by weather conditions. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1013. 
 
 State of, as affecting amount of damages 
 for carrying passenger beyond desti- 
 nation. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1228. _ 
 
 Effect of weather conditions on question of 
 negligence in running train at speed 
 preventing stoppage within distance 
 disclosed by headlight. 39 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 980. 
 
 WEDDING. 
 
 Husband's right of action for mental suffer- 
 ing from loss of baggage of intended 
 bride, causing postponement of. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 225. 
 
1404 
 
 INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 WEEDS. 
 
 Liability for permitting spread of, to ad- 
 joining property. 52 L.K.A. 293. 
 
 Warranty of freedom from noxious weed 
 seeds on sale of seeds. 37 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 82. 
 
 Measure of damages for allowing land to be- 
 come infested with. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 88. 
 
 Measure of damages where seed sold con- 
 tains noxious seed. 37 L.K.A.(N.S.) 
 88. 
 
 *-»-♦ 
 
 WEEVIL. 
 
 Liability of warehouseman for injury to 
 agricultural products by weevil. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1114. 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASUKES. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to weight, 
 see CONSTITTJTIONAI, LAW, § 146. 
 
 Regalation of, by city ordinance. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 286.* 
 Validity of statute or ordinance regulating 
 
 weight of loads drawn in city streets. 
 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 685. 
 Validity of sale by false weights and meas- 
 ures. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 599. 
 Power of municipality to regulate use of 
 
 scales by merchants. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 266. 
 Necessity of weighing or measuring goods 
 
 sold out of a larger lot. 26 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 17. 
 Admissibility of memoranda on check stubs 
 
 as memoranda of weight. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 729. 
 
 WELL. 
 
 Oil and gas wells, see Mihbs, §§ 33-3 
 In general, see Waters, §§ 79, 80. 
 
 WET. 
 
 Carrier's liability for injury by goods be- 
 coming wet. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 645. 
 
 < »♦ 
 
 WHALES. 
 
 Mode of exercising right to catch. 
 L.R.A. 511. 
 
 60 
 
 WHARFAGE. 
 
 WHARFINGER. 
 
 Claim against state for services by. 42 
 
 L.R.A. 55. 
 Rights of vendee of, to support title as 
 
 against owner. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 781. 
 Liability for safety of wharf or dock where 
 
 wharfinger assigns berth. 61 L.R.A. 
 
 948. 
 
 WHARVES. 
 
 See Whabvbs, §§ 10, 11. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Right to compensation for obstruction or 
 destruction of wharf rights, see Emi- 
 nent Domain, § 53. 
 
 License to use, see, License, § 45. 
 
 Delegation of municipal power as to. 20 
 L.R.A. 726. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of wharfage con- 
 tract. 66 L.R.A. 233. 
 
 Establishment of dock line. 14 L.R.A. 498. 
 
 Effect of construction by abutting owner of 
 wharf on the street. 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 506. 
 
 Obstruction to navigation as a special in- 
 jury to wharf right. 59 L.B.A. 84. 
 
 Eight of wharfage separated from upland. 
 40 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 Right of state to grant tide land so as to 
 destroy wharfage right of shore owner. 
 63 L.R.A. 264. 
 
 Rights of vendee of wharfinger to assert 
 title as against owner. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 781. 
 
 Division of water front in absence of special 
 agreement between adjoining owners. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 259. 
 
 Duty of municipality as to municipal 
 wharves before they are thrown open 
 to the public. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 595. 
 
 As real property for purposes of taxation. 
 15 L.R.A. 298. 
 
 § 2. Grant, talcing or use of land for. 
 
 Grant of tide lands to municipality for. 3 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 822. 
 
 Right to erect wharves under grant. 40 
 L.R.A. 640. 
 
 Taking of land for, as a public purpose. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 135. 
 
 Use of property for, as violation of restrict- 
 ive covenants against use for purpose 
 offensive or detrimental to neighbor- 
 hood. 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1039. 
 
 Use of railroad right of way for purposes 
 of, as against owner of fee. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 520. 
 
 § 3. Right to erect and maintain. 
 
 Right to riparian owners to dock to low- 
 water mark. 8 L.R.A. S9;» 12 L.R.A. 
 617,* 632.* 
 
 The rule in England. 40 L.R.A. 635. 
 
 The rule in this country. 40 L.R.A. 637. 
 
 Cases recognizing the right of the ripariaa 
 owner. 40 L.R.A. 637. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1405 
 
 WHARVES— cont'd 
 
 Rule where title extends to thread of 
 
 stream. 40 L.RA. 638. 
 Effect of custom. 40 L.R.A. 638. 
 Statutory right. 40 L.R.A. 638. 
 Rights as against individuals. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 639. 
 Right under grant or license. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 640. 
 To low-water mark. 40 L.R.A. 641. 
 Prescriptive right. 40 L.R.A. 641. 
 The Federal cases. 40 L.R.A. 641. 
 Cases denying the right to build wharves. 
 
 40 L.R.A. 642. 
 Cases absolutely denying right. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 643. 
 Statutory restrictions. 40 L.R.A. 643. 
 Wharf beneficial. 40 L.RA. 643. 
 Regulation of right. 40 L.R.A. 644. 
 Harbor lines. 40 L.R.A. 644. 
 Right of municipal corporation to build 
 
 wharf. 40 L.R.A. 645. 
 Right of city to regulate wharf. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 646. 
 Right of New York city. 40 L.R.A. 646. 
 Abatement of wharf. 40 L.R.A. 646. 
 Effect of street along shore. 40 L.R.A. 646. 
 Private contracts. 40 L.R.A. 647. 
 Direction of wharf. 40 L.R.A. 647. 
 Rights of state and general government. 40 
 
 L.R_A. 647. 
 Effect of constructing wharf in front of 
 
 private property. 40 L;R.A. 647. 
 Right in wharf which has been erected. 40 
 
 L.R.A. 647. 
 Log pier. 40 L.R.A. 648. 
 Ejectment for pier. 40 L.R.A. 648. 
 
 § 4. Costs of improvement lor. 
 
 Power to assess cost of improvements for 
 wharf purposes on fee owners. 5 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 289. 
 
 g 5. Obstruction of wharf rights. 
 
 Eight to obstruct or destroy wharf rights 
 in navigable waters for public purposes 
 without compensation. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 423. 
 
 g 6. As obstruction to navigation. 
 
 Piers as obstruction to navigation. 59 
 L.R.A. 68. 
 
 e 7. Liability for safety of wharf or 
 doclt. 
 
 General rule of liability. 61 L.R.A. 946. 
 
 Where wharfinger assigns berth. 61 L.R.A. 
 948. 
 
 What are defects. 61 L.R.A. 948. 
 
 Defects outside of dock. 61 L.R.A. 949. 
 
 Defect in surface of wharf. 61 L.R.A. 950. 
 
 Liability as between owner and lessee. 61 
 L.R.A. 952. 
 
 Liability of public corporation. 61 L.R.A. 
 953. 
 
 Defenses. 61 L.R.A. 954. 
 
 Other matters. 61 L.R.A. 956. 
 
 Liability of landlord to third persons as to 
 condition of. 26 L.R.A. 203. 
 
 Violating ordinance as to, as ground of pri- 
 vate action. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 260. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WHARVES— cont'd 
 
 Ijiability of one maintaining amusement pier 
 
 for safety of patrons. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1071. 
 
 § 8. Liability for injury to. 
 
 Liability for injury to wharf by vessel at- 
 tached thereto during storm. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 312. 
 
 § 0. Discrimination as to privileges 
 at. 
 
 Right to equal wharfage facilities from car- 
 rier. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 509. 
 
 Right to discriminate between hackmen and 
 other solicitors of patronage at wharf. 
 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 777. 
 
 § 10. Wliarfage charges. 
 
 Right to wharfage. 70 L.R.A. 193. 
 Basis of right. 70 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 193. 
 
 Improvements must exist. 70 L.R.A. 
 194. 
 
 How far a franchise. 70 L.R.A. 195. 
 Public regulation of. 70 L.R.A. 197. 
 Effect of Federal Constitution. 70 L.R.A. 
 
 199. 
 Who and what liable for. 70 L.R.A. 202. 
 When liability attaches. 70 L.R.A. 202. 
 Rights of municipality. 70 L.R.A. 205. 
 Who entitled to. 70 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 As between owners of different wharves. 
 70 L.R.A. 205. 
 
 As between claimants under title. 70 
 L.R.A., 206. 
 
 Under grant or lease. 70 L.R.A. 206. 
 Amount. 70 L.R.A. 207. 
 Defenses. 70 L.R.A. 208. 
 Collection; lien. 70 L.R.A. 209. 
 Contract for; jurisdiction of admiralty. 66 
 
 L.R.A. 233. 
 Legislative regulation of rates. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 181. 
 Claim against state for services as wharfin- 
 ger. 42 L.R.A. 55. 
 Maritime lien for wharfage. 70 L.R.A. 388. 
 
 § 11. —regulation and fixing of rates. 
 
 Legislative power to fix rates for use of. 
 
 33 L.R.A. 181. 
 Business of wharfage as affected with a 
 
 public interest authorizing regulation 
 
 as to rates and prices. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 836. 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 Carrier's right to make discriminating rate 
 for wheat to be converted into flour to 
 be shipped over its road. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 225. 
 
 WHIP. 
 
 As -itadly weapon. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 506. 
 
1406 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WHIPPING. 
 
 Homicide by. 60 L.R.A. 801. 
 
 WHISKY. 
 
 Aa Intoxicating liquor. 20 L.R.A. 649. 
 
 WHISKY COCKTAIL. 
 
 Judicial notice of intoxicating character of. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 848. 
 
 WHISTLE. 
 
 At railroad crossing, see Ralboads, §§ 
 
 66-69. 
 Frightening of horse by street car whisfle. 
 
 34 L.R.A. 485. 
 
 WHISTLE POSTS. 
 
 Compensation for making, as element ot 
 damages for laying out street tuiross 
 railway property. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1235. 
 
 WHITEOAPS. 
 
 Necessity of instruction as to law on cir- 
 cumstantial evidence oa prosecution 
 under Whiteeapping statute. 69 
 LJIA. 205. 
 
 WHITE LEAD. 
 
 Liability of master to servant for injuries 
 from lead poising. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 679. 
 
 WHITEWASHING. 
 
 Tenant's duty as to. 64 L.RA. 755. 
 
 WHOLESALE. 
 
 Control by wholesalers over price on retail, 
 gee Monopoly and Combinations, §§ 5, 
 6. 
 
 What amounts to retail sale of intoxicating 
 liquors as distinguished from whole- 
 sale. 32L.R.A.(N.S.) 622. 
 
 Legality of combination by dealers not to 
 patronize wholesalers who sell to un- 
 desirable persons. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1054. 
 
 WHOOPING. 
 
 As disturbance of public peace. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 505. 
 
 WHORE. 
 
 Charging woman with being, as libel or 
 slander, see Libel and Slander, § 12. 
 
 WIDE TIRES. 
 
 Validity of statute or ordinance regulating 
 width of tires, of vehicles in city 
 streets. 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 685. 
 
 WIDOW. 
 
 Inheritance by, see Descent and Distbibd- 
 
 TION, § 7. 
 Dower of, see Doweb. 
 Allowance of, see Executobs and Admin- 
 
 isteatobs, §§ 55, 55a. 
 Right of, as to homestead, see Homestead, 
 
 § 18. 
 Rights of, in insurance on husband's life, 
 
 see Insubance, §§ 190, 191. 
 Right to redeem from foreclosure sale, see 
 
 MOETGAGE, § 88. 
 
 Election by, between will and other dis- 
 tributive rights, see Wills, §§ 112-115. 
 
 Legal status of adopted child as to adopt- 
 ing father's widow. 17 L.R.A. 435. 
 
 Who takes under gift to "widow." 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816. 
 
 Widow's right to proceeds of insurance on 
 husband's life payable to himself or his 
 executors or administrators. 35 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 964. 
 
 Right of, prior to assignment of dower, to 
 maintain trespass quare clausum. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 209. 
 
 Right to restrain or compel removal of re- 
 mains of deceased husband. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 489. 
 
 Seduction of divorced woman or widow. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 265. 
 
 Duty of widow as devisee to pay taxes. 32 
 L.R.A. 757. 
 
 WIDOWER. 
 
 Right of curtesy, see Cuetest. 
 Inheritance by, see Descent and Disteibu- 
 tion, § 7. 
 
 Right to compel or restrain removal of re- 
 mains of deceased wife. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 482. 
 
 Rights of, under homestead and exemption 
 laws. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 390. 
 
 Partition of homestead where homestead 
 right is in widower. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 790. 
 
 Begin with this ftcofc on every law qvicstion. 
 
IXDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1407 
 
 WIDOWS ALLOWANCE. 
 
 =iee Executors and Administeatobs, S5 
 55, 55a. 
 
 WIDTH. 
 
 Of highway, see Highways, §§ 8, 8a. 
 Of tire, see Wide Tikes. 
 
 Of lode claim within placer claim. 50 
 L.R.A. 294. 
 
 ^ « » 
 
 WIPE. 
 
 See Husband and Wife. 
 
 WILD ANIMALS. 
 
 See AioMALS. 
 
 WILFULNESS. 
 
 May wilfulness precluding the defense of 
 contributory negligence be predicated 
 of omission of duty before discovery 
 of person in position of peril on rail- 
 road or street railway track. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 427. 
 
 WILFUL TORTS. 
 
 Liability of partnership for. SI L.It.A. 
 469. 
 
 WILLS. 
 
 I. In general, § 1. 
 II. Agreement for; prevention of, §§ 
 3, 3. 
 III. The instrument; form; execution; 
 requisites; validity, §§ 4- 
 68. 
 a. In general, § 4. 
 6. Various forms of wills, §§ 
 S, 6. 
 
 c. Testam,entary character, § 7. 
 
 d. Incorporation of extrinsic 
 
 document, § 8. 
 
 e. Testamentary capacity, §§ 
 
 9- IS. 
 
 f. Undue influence, §§ 16, 17. 
 
 g. Execution; publication; at- 
 
 testation, §§ lS-32. 
 
 h. Reformation; modification, 
 § 33. 
 
 i. Revocation, §§ 34:-4:2. 
 
 j. Revival, §§ 43, 44. 
 
 fc. What may be deviled or be- 
 queathed, §§ 45, 46. 
 Consult also L.R./i. Vi(;est>< to dale. 
 
 WILLS, III.— cont'd 
 
 I. Probate, §§ 47-56. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 47-55. 
 
 2. Foreign wills, § 56. 
 m. Contests, § 57. 
 
 n. Codicils, § 58. 
 IV. Holographic; nuncupative, § 59. 
 V. Devise and legacy, §§ 60-129. 
 
 a. Construction, validity, and 
 
 effect generally, §§ 60, 61. 
 
 b. Implication; repugnancy, §§ 
 
 62, 63. 
 
 c. Intention of testator, §§ 64, 
 
 65. 
 
 d. Description of property de- 
 
 vised or bequeathed, §§ 60. 
 67. 
 
 e. After-born children not men- 
 
 tioned; disinheriting, § 68. 
 
 f. Description of beneficiaries; 
 
 who may take, §§ 69, 70. 
 
 g. Capacity of legatee or dev- 
 
 isee; restrictions on chari- 
 table gifts, §§ 71-73. 
 
 ft. What property passes, §§ 
 74, 75. 
 
 i. Partial intestacy, § 76. 
 
 j. Nature of estate or interest 
 created, §§ 77-102. 
 
 1. In general, § 77. 
 
 2. Repugnancy, § 78. 
 
 8. Life or fee, §§ 79-81. 
 
 4. Rule in Shelley's Case, 
 § 82. 
 
 6. Restrictions and condi- 
 tions, §§ 83-90. 
 
 6. Remainders, § 91. 
 
 7. Limitations; limitations 
 
 over; executory devises, 
 §§ 92-94. 
 
 8. Income or support, § 
 
 95. 
 
 9. Interest of several, §§ 
 
 96-98. 
 10. Vested or contingent in- 
 terest, §§ 99-102. 
 le. Rights and preferences of 
 legatees; enforcement; pay- 
 ment ; garnishment, § § 
 103-109. 
 I, Acceptance; election; re- 
 nunciation, §§ no, 115. 
 m. Equitable conversion, §§ 
 
 116-118. 
 n. Charge on donee or land 
 
 devised, § 119. 
 o. Lapsing; ademption; ad- 
 vancements; abatement; 
 revocation, §§ 120-126. 
 p. General or specific, §§ 127, 
 
 128. 
 q. Who will take void legacy, 
 § 129. 
 TI. Suit to construe will, § 130. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 
 Laws, § 35. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 EVIDEKCE, §§ 102, 103. 
 
1408 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WILLS, I.— cont'd 
 
 Admissibility of acts and declarations of 
 
 testator, see Evidence, § 230. 
 Identity of property given by, see Identity 
 
 AND Identification, § 10. 
 Lost wills, see Lost Instruments, § 3. 
 Parties plaintiff in actions affecting, see 
 
 Paeties, § 6. 
 Sufficiency of execution by will of power of 
 
 appointment, see Powebs, § 4. 
 
 Is the right to take property by will or in- 
 heritance a natural or statutory right. 
 9 L.R.A.(N.S.) 121. 
 
 Validity of assignment of insurance policies 
 to persons to be named in will. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 184. 
 
 Liability oit estate for comissions of bro- 
 ker whose employment is permitted by 
 will. 64 L.E.A. 554. 
 
 Payment to administrator as discharge of 
 debt when will is subsequently dis- 
 covered and probated. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 878. 
 
 Devise as violation of covenant in lease 
 against assignment or sale. 14 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1205. 
 
 Privilege of communications to attorney 
 during preparation of. 17 L.R.A. 188; 
 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 108. 
 
 II. Agreement for; prevention of. 
 
 § 2. Generally. 
 
 Oral agreement to give property by, see 
 
 CONTEACTS, § 33. 
 Validity of agreement as to, see Contbaots, 
 
 § 86. 
 Specific performance of agreement for, see 
 
 Specefio Pebfoemanoe, § 9. 
 
 Measure of damages for failure to perform 
 contract to compensate for services by 
 will. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 246. 
 
 Gift as a fraud on contract to will property. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1154. 
 
 § 3. Frustration of decedent's inten- 
 tion. 
 
 Prevention of making of, by fraud. 25 
 L.R.A. 571. 
 
 Impressing share of heir, devisee, or legatee, 
 with constructive trust because of his 
 fraud in frustrating decedent's inten- 
 tion to give the property to a third 
 person. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 698; 31 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 176. 
 
 May a constructive trust be based upon an 
 undertaking to hold for the benefit of 
 another property received through de- 
 vise or inheritance where no actual 
 testamentary intention has been frus- 
 trated. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 
 III. The instrument; form; execution; 
 requisites; validity. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 4. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to formal validity of 
 will disposing of real property. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 424 
 
 WILLS, III.— cont'd 
 
 ft. Various forms of wills. 
 
 § 5. Generally. 
 
 Nuncupative or holographic, see infra, § 59. 
 Inofficious will. 11 L.R.A. 768.* 
 
 § 6. Joint or mutual wills. 
 
 Revocation of, see infra, § 35. 
 Probate of, see infra, § 49. 
 
 Joint or mutual wills. 10 L.R.A. 93.* 
 c. Testamentary character. 
 
 § 7. Generally. 
 
 Defined. 8 L.R.A. 39;* 10 L.R.A. 93.* 
 
 Form of paper as affecting its character as 
 
 a will. 10 L.R.A. 95.* 
 Instrument creating a present estate as. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 95.* 
 Sufficiency of letter as. 15 L.R.A. 635. 
 Sufficiency of letter as will. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1126. 
 When deed to be deemed testamentary in 
 
 character. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 When may instrument executed with 'the 
 formalities of a will, but not 
 couched in the formal testamen- 
 tary phraseology, be admitted to 
 probate or otherwise given effect as 
 a will. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 39. 
 Instruments in form of contract, gen- 
 erally. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 41, 
 Acknowledgment of indebtedness. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 42. 
 Assignments ; indorsements. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 42. 
 Bank deposits. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 42. 
 Commercial paper. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 43. 
 Leases. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 43. 
 Powers of attorney. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 44. 
 Informal wills. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 44. 
 Orders on administrators, executors, or 
 
 estates. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 47. 
 Miscellaneous. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 47. 
 May an instrument not on its face of a tes- 
 tamentary character be shown by ex- 
 trinsic evidence to be such so aa to take 
 effect as a will. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1203. 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence to show 
 that instrument, on its face a will, was 
 not intended as such. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 417. 
 Collateral attack on probate where decree 
 or will affirmatively shows will to be 
 invalid for lack of testamentary char- 
 acter of instrument. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 458. 
 
 d. Incorporation of extrinsic document. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Generally. 68 L.R.A. 353. 
 Reference to extrinsic document. 68 L.R.A. 
 354. 
 In general. 68 L.R.A. 354. 
 Validating will or codicil by subsequent 
 codicil. 68 L.R.A. 366. 
 
 Begin with this hooTc on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1409 
 
 WILLS, III. d— cont'd 
 
 Identification of extrinsic document by ref- 
 erence. 68 L.R.A. 371. 
 
 Necessity that extrinsic document be actu- 
 ally in existence. 68 L.R.A. 376. 
 In general. 68 L.R.A. 376. 
 Effect of republication by codicil after 
 existence of document. 68 L.R.A. 
 SSL 
 
 Parol evidence as to reference, to identity, 
 or to existence of extrinsic document. 
 68 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 Separate wills in relation to property in 
 different countries. 68 L.R.A. 384. 
 
 Recital in will of conveyance of land as de- 
 vise, where conveyance was not in fact 
 made, or proves ineffectual. 3 L.R.A. 
 (K.S.) 645. 
 
 c. Testamentary capacity, 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to, see Evidence, §§ 
 191, 192. 
 
 As to incompetency, generally, see In- 
 competent Persons. 
 
 Competency to make. 1 L.R.A. 161;" 6 
 L.R.A. 167.* 
 
 Conflict of laws as to testator's capacity. 
 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 414. 
 
 Validity and effect of stipulation, of in- 
 capacity of testator. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 783. 
 
 Power of one lacking testamentary capacity 
 to revoke will. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 99. 
 
 Collateral attack on probate where decree or 
 will affirmatively shows lack of testa- 
 mentary capacity. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 457. 
 
 § 10. What constitutes capacity or 
 incapacity. 
 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 2. 
 General rules for determining capacity. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 5. 
 Ability of testator to understand the 
 business in which he is en- 
 gaged. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 5. 
 General statements of the rule. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 5. 
 Effect of complexity of the will. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 9. 
 Ability to comprehend property, know 
 objects of bounty and nature of 
 testamentary act. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 172 I 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 11. 
 Ability to act with discretion and judg- 
 ment. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 14. 
 Ability to understand ordinary affairs. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 18. 
 How far necessary facts must be re- 
 tained in testator's mind. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 18. 
 Ability to understand legal form and 
 effect of provisions. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 20. 
 Ability to answer questions, distinguish 
 persons, etc. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 21. 
 Distinction between knowledge and ca- 
 pacity to know. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 24. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WILLS, III. e— cont'd 
 Specific tests of capacity. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 25. 
 Old age. 6 L.R.A. 167;- 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 25. 
 Physical infirmities. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 167;* 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 27. 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 27. 
 Pain. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 28. 
 Paralysis. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 29. 
 Epilepsy. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 30. 
 Miscellaneous diseases. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 30. 
 Stupor. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 31. 
 Wills executed in etctremis. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 32. 
 Weakness or failure of mind. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 33. 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 33. 
 Strength of mind required. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 38. 
 Weakness of memory. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 42. 
 In general. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 42. 
 Prompting. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 46. 
 Recollection of kindred. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 47. 
 Ability to transact business generally. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 Ability to contract. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 53. 
 Guardianship. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 54. 
 Eccentricities, singularities, hobbies. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 56. 
 Passions and prejudices; excitement. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 61. 
 Insane delusions. 2 L.R.A. 670;* 4 
 L.R.A. 738;* 12 L.R.A. 161; 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62. 
 What constitutes, in general. 27 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62. 
 Speculative beliefs. 27 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 74. 
 Beliefs finally upsetting the mind. 
 
 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 76. 
 Delusions affecting testamentary 
 capacity. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 77. 
 Delusions not affecting testamen- 
 tary capacity. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 81. 
 Delusions affecting will, but not 
 testamentary capacity. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 89. 
 Senile dementia. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 Religious mania. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 Moral insanity. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 89. 
 Delirium. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 90. 
 Discrimination as to objects of bounty. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 90. 
 Miscellaneous tests. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 94. 
 Suicide. 24 L.R.A. 577; 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 94. 
 Temporary weakness or aberration. 27 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 94. 
 Wills planned in strength, executed wi ea;- 
 
 trerms. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 98. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 99. 
 As to incompetency. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 99. 
 89 
 
1410 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. N0T3SS. 
 
 WILLS, III. e— cont'd 
 
 Failure of evidence as to incompetency 
 or evidence of competency. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 102. 
 
 VVliat not evidence of mental incapacity. 2 
 L.R.A. 669.* 
 
 What derangement of mind incapacitates. 
 2 L.R.A. 670.* 
 
 Concurrence of mental weakness and undue 
 
 influence. 1 L.R.A. 161.* 
 TEffeet of morphinism on. 39 L.R.A. 263. 
 
 Belief in spiritualism, witchcraft, etc., as 
 affecting. 16 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 Effect of belief in spiritualism upon testa- 
 mentary capacity. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 673. 
 
 Unequal distribution of property as evi- 
 dence of. 2 L.R.A. 671.* 
 
 Extreme partiality as affecting capacity. 1 
 L.R.A. 161.* 
 
 § 11. — drunkenness. 
 
 Present intoxication. 39 L.R.A. 220. 
 Habits of intoxication. 39 L.R.A. 220. 
 Drunkenness as evidence of incapacity. 39 
 L.R.A. 221. 
 Generally. 39 L.R.A. 221. 
 In connection with conduct and condi- 
 tion. 39 L.R.A. 222. 
 In connection with nature of the act. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 223. 
 In connection with undue influence. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 224. 
 Point of time under investigation. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 225. 
 Presumption and burden of proof. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 226. 
 Inquisition of drunkenness as evidence. 39 
 L.R.A. 227. 
 
 § 12. Married woman. 
 
 Right of wife under statute removing dis- 
 abilities of married woman to devise 
 property held by her husband and her- 
 self as joint tenants. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 701. 
 
 Sufficiency of husband's consent to wife's 
 will. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1133. 
 
 § 13. Time at which incapacity exists. 
 
 Time at which incapacity exists. 2 L.R.A. 
 270.* 
 
 Testamentary capacity at the time of giving 
 instructions for will as affecting meas- 
 ure of capacity which must exist at 
 time of execution. 2 B. E. C. 41. 
 
 § 14. Evidence as to. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 EviDEisrcE, § 39. 
 
 Opinion evidence as to, see Evidence, S5 
 189-193. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of beneficiary 
 or executor to show lack of testamen- 
 tary capacity, see Evideptoe, § 231. 
 
 Relevancy of evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 § 254. 
 
 Sufficiency of evidence as to, see Evidence, 
 §§ 291, 292, 298. 
 
 Competency of attending physician to testi- 
 fy as to capacity of testator in will 
 contest. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 72. 
 Begin with this hook on every law question. 
 
 WILLS, III. e— cont'd 
 
 § 15. Evidence of attesting witnesses 
 as to. 
 
 Competency of attesting witnesses as to. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 668.* 
 Opinions of subscribing witnesses as to 
 
 sanity or insanity. 39 L.R.A. 715. 
 Admissibility of declarations of deceased 
 
 subscribing witness unfavorable to 
 
 testator's competency. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 294. 
 Weight of testimony of subscribing witness 
 
 against competency of testator. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 575. 
 
 /. Undue influence. 
 
 § 16. Generally. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, § 53. 
 Admissibility of declarations of beneficiary 
 
 or executor to show, see Evidence, f 
 
 231. 
 Relevancv of evidence as to, see Evdence, 
 
 § 260. 
 Sufficiency of evidence of, see Evidence, j 
 
 300. 
 
 What constitutes. 2 L.R.A. 671;* 4 L.R.A. 
 640,* 738;* 8 L.R.A. 261.* 
 
 Concurrence of mental weakness and undue 
 influence. 1 L.R.A. 161.* 
 
 Drunkenness in connection with undue in- 
 fluence as affecting testamentary ca- 
 pacity. 39 L.R.A. 224. 
 
 Effect of unnatural testamentary disposi- 
 tion on question of undue influence. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 202; 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1024. 
 
 Character of presumption as to undue in- 
 fluence in bequest to mistress. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 554. 
 
 Effect of meretricious relations between tes- 
 tator and beneficiary on validity of de- 
 vise or bequest. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 477. 
 
 Burden of proof as to. 17 L.R.A. 494; 36 
 L.R.A. 724, 733. 
 
 Ante-testamentary declarations as evidenc« 
 of undue influence. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 749. 
 
 Omitting part of will from probate because 
 of undue influence. 34 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 973. 
 
 § 17. Of draftsman or person active in 
 proenring execution. 
 
 Evidentiary force of circumstance that one 
 benefited by a will was the drafts- 
 man thereof, or was active in pro- 
 curing its execution. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 270. 
 As bearing on question of fraud and 
 
 deceit. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 272. 
 Application of rule where bene- 
 ficiary not actual draftsman. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 273. 
 Application where draftsman, not 
 
 directly benefited. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 274. 
 Probative force. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 274. 
 Effect upon burden of proof. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 275. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1411 
 
 WILLS, III. f— cont'd 
 
 Circumstances under which pro- 
 ponent required to present ad- 
 ditional proof. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 276. 
 Character and sufficiency of proof 
 to repel suspicion of 
 fraud. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 279. 
 Degree. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 Amount. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 Kind. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 279. 
 , Specific instances. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 280. 
 As bearing on question of undue in- 
 fluence. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 281. 
 Preliminary statement. 28 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 281. 
 In general. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 282. 
 Application of rule where drafts- 
 man not directly benefited. 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 282. 
 Probative force of the so-called 
 "presumption" of undue influ- 
 ence. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 283.. 
 EfTect upon burden of proof. 28 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 284. 
 Circumstances under which propo- 
 nent must, or should, present 
 additional proof. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 286. 
 Sufficiency of proof to repel infer- 
 ence or presumption. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 288. 
 
 g, Execution; publication; attestation. 
 
 § 18. Generally. 
 
 Due execution under New York statute, req- 
 uisites as to. 1 L.R.A. 491.* 
 
 Proof of execution of lost or destroyed wills. 
 38 L.R.A. 441. 
 
 § 19. On Sunday. 
 
 Execution of, on Sunday. 14 L.E.A. 194. 
 
 § 2 0. Signature of testator. 
 
 Signature, sufficiency of. 6 L.R.A. 353;* 
 8 L.R.A. 823.* 
 
 Necessity of acknowledging signature. 8 
 L.R.A. 824.* 
 
 Necessity that witnesses see signature of 
 testator. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 161. 
 
 Signature of witnesses to will before tes- 
 tator signs it. 14 L.R.A. 160; 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1126. 
 
 § 21. — by other person. 
 
 Signature by other person. 6 L.R.A. 357;* 
 22 L.R.A. 299. 
 
 § 22. — by mark. 
 
 Signature by mark; signing will. 22 L.R.A. 
 
 370. 
 Does ability to write invalidate signature 
 
 to, made by mark or by aid of other 
 
 person guiding the pen. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1193. 
 Proof of signature by mark when attesting 
 
 witnesses are dead or cannot remember. 
 
 44 L.R.A. 142. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WILLS, III. g— cont'd 
 §2 3. —place of. 
 
 When will deemed to have been signed or 
 subscribed at the end. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 353; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 515; 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1173. 
 
 Writing name in body of will as a signa- 
 ture thereto. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 63. 
 
 Writing name in body of holographic will 
 as signature thereto. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 64. 
 
 Signing of will at end of instrument where 
 name follows attestation clause. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 354. 
 
 Collateral attack on probate where decree 
 or will affirmatively shows matter be- 
 low testator's signature. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 458. 
 
 § 24. — proof of. 
 
 Necessity of proving by subscribing witness. 
 
 35 L.R.A. 321. 
 Proof of, when attesting witnesses are dead 
 
 or cannot remember. 44 L.R.A. 142. 
 
 §25. Publication. 
 
 Requisites of publication of will. 8 L.R.A. 
 825.* 
 
 § 2 6. Attestation; attesting witnesses. 
 
 Evidence of attesting witness as to testat- 
 or's mental capacity, see supra, § 15. 
 
 Opinion of attesting witness as to testator's 
 sanity, see Evidence, § 192. 
 
 Admissibility of acts and declarations of at- 
 testing witness, see Evidence, § 232. 
 
 Evidence of attesting witnesses as to testa- 
 mentary capacity, see supra, § 15. 
 
 Proof of testator's signature by attesting 
 witnesses, see supra, § 24. 
 
 Effect of fact that person who executed will 
 was not previously known to witness. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 531. 
 
 Collateral attack on probate where decree 
 or will affirmatively shows the will to 
 he invalid because of defects as to at- 
 testing witnesses. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 456. 
 
 § 2 7. — necessity of witness. 
 Necessity of witness to holographic will. 
 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 968. 
 
 § 28. — competency of witnesses gen- 
 erally. 
 
 Qualifications of witnesses. 3 L.R.A. 599;* 
 
 8 L.R.A. 39.* 
 Trustee or member of charitable beneficiary 
 as witness to will. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 504. 
 Truatees of charitable coi-porations. 
 
 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 504. 
 Members of charitable beneficiary. 36 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 504. 
 
 § 29. — time of competency. 
 
 Is the competency of an attesting witness 
 to a will to be determined as of 
 the time of attestation or of pro- 
 bate. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 686. 
 
1412 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WILLS, III. g— cont'd 
 
 "Credible" witnesses. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 687. 
 Time of competency. 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 687. 
 Explanation of "credible" and 
 "competent." 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 688. 
 Subsequent incompetency. 35 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 689. 
 Subsequent competency otherwise than 
 by statute. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 690. 
 Competency by statute and necessary 
 
 witnesses. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 692. 
 Necessary witnesses. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 693. 
 Miscellaneous. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 695. 
 
 § 30. — signature of wltnesess. 
 
 In general. 8 L.R.A. 825.* 
 
 Necessity that witnesses sign in pres- 
 ence of testator. 8 L.R.A. 826.* 
 Necessity that witnesses sign at re- 
 quest of testator. 8 L.R.A. 827.* 
 Necessity that witnesses see testator 
 sign, or that they see his signa- 
 ture. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 161. , 
 Under old statute of frauds. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 161. 
 Under statute of Victoria. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 162. 
 Under American statutes. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 164. 
 Where witnesses see testator sign. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 Witnesses need not see testator 
 sign; his acknowledgment suf- 
 ficient. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 Where witnesses do not see tes- 
 tator sign, nor see his signa- 
 ture. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 165. 
 Signature plainly visible. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 168. 
 Minority rule. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 169. 
 Where witnesses have forgotten 
 I whether or not they saw tes- 
 
 tator sign or saw his signa- 
 ture. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 170. 
 Acknowledgment by testator where 
 his will is signed for him by 
 another. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 171. 
 When witness is deemed to subscribe in tes- 
 tator's presence. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 393. 
 Signature of witnesses to will before tes- 
 tator signs it. 14 L.R.A. 160; 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1126. 
 
 § 31. — attestation by mark. 
 
 By mark. 22 L.R.A. 372. 
 
 § 32. — attestation clause. 
 
 Necessity of attestation clause of will. 14 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 255. 
 Signing of will at end of instrument where 
 
 name follows attestation clause. 17 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 354. 
 
 Begin with this boolc on every law question. 
 
 WILLS, III.— cont'd 
 
 ft. Reformation; modiflcation. 
 
 § 33. Generally. 
 
 Effect of mistake of law as to effect of will, 
 as ground of reformation. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 870. 
 
 How far will modified by codicil. 1 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 397. 
 
 i. Revocation. 
 
 § 34. Generally. 
 
 Revival of prior will by revocation of later 
 
 one, see infra, § 34. 
 Of particular legacies or devises, see infra, 
 
 § 126. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, § 103. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 464. 
 By change in testator's circumstances. 10 
 
 L.R.A. 57.* 
 Partition deed as. 57 L.R.A. 339. 
 Presumption as to revocation of missing 
 
 will. 38 L.R.A. 433. 
 
 § 35. Of joint or mutual wills. 
 
 Right to revoke joint or mutual will. 38 
 
 L.R.A. 291. 
 Revocability of mutual will. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 508; 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1196. 
 Revocability of instrument as a will. 
 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 509. 
 Repudiation of instrument as n con- 
 tract, 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 511. 
 
 § 3 6. Of husband or wife. 
 
 Settlement of property rights between hus- 
 band and wife on account of divorce as 
 implied revocation of will. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1073. 
 
 § 37. —by marriage and having chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Effect of marriage to revoke antecedent will. 
 7 L.R.A. 487.* 
 
 Effect of marriage to revoke an antenuptial 
 will. 5 L.R.A. 346 ; 7 L.R.A. 488.* 
 
 Effect of subsequent marriage or birth of 
 child. 5 L.R.A. 346;* 10 L.R.A. 57.* 
 
 Effect of marriage, followed by birth of 
 child, to revoke woman's will. 5 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1084. 
 
 Effect of statute making wife an heir of 
 husband upon rule that marriage alone 
 without birth of issue does not revoke 
 a man's will. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 182. 
 
 Effect of statute making husband an heir 
 of wife upon rule that marriage alone, 
 without birth of issue, will not revoke 
 a woman's will. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1021. 
 
 Adopted child as a "child" within statute 
 relating to revocation of will. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 916. 
 
 Collateral attack on probate where decree 
 or will affirmatively shows its revoca- 
 tion by testator's marriage. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 457. 
 
 § 38. By subsequent will. 
 
 General rules as to wills proper. 37 L.R.A. 
 561. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1413 
 
 WILLS, IIL i—cont'd 
 
 Revocation by oral will. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 502. 
 Express revocation by written will. 37 
 L.R.A. 562. 
 In general. 37 L.R.A. 562. 
 Conditions which will not defeat 
 the clause. 37 L.R.A. 563. 
 Implied revocation by other will. 37 
 L.R.A. 564. 
 Mere execution of later will. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 564. 
 Use of words "last will" not alone 
 
 sufficient. 37 L.R.A. 565. 
 Inconsistent disposition. 37 L.R.A. 
 565. 
 As to the entire estate. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 565. 
 As to a part pro twmio. 37 
 L.R.A. 566. 
 Revocation not prevented by mat- 
 ter outside the will. 37 L.R.A. 
 566. 
 Revocation not prevented by death 
 before execution. 37 L.R.A. 
 566. 
 Rule as to holographic wills. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 566. 
 Effect of the "wills act." 37 
 L.R.A. 567. 
 Modification of the general rules. 37 L.R.A. 
 567. 
 When later will complements the for- 
 mer. 37 L.R.A. 567. 
 Rule as to property. 37 L.R.A. 567. 
 Rule as to executors. 37 L.R.A. 568. 
 When two wills bear the same date. 
 
 37 L.R.A. 568. 
 When two wills have no dates. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 568. 
 When later will disposes of a different 
 estate. 37 L.R.A. 568. 
 Estate in foreign country.' 37 
 
 L.R.A. 568. 
 Estate held under power. 37 L.R.A. 
 569. 
 When later will valid as to chattels 
 only. 37 L.R.A. 569. 
 English rule. 37 L.R.A. 569. 
 American rule. 37 L.R.A. 569. 
 When later will invalid. 37 L.R.A. 570. 
 When later will lost or stolen. 37 
 L.R.A. 571. 
 Rule applied to codicils. 37 L.R.A. 571. 
 As to express revocation. 37 L.R.A. 572. 
 As to implied revocation. 37 L.R.A. 572. 
 Limitation of the rule. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 573. 
 Rule applied to prior codicil. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 574. 
 Rule fnplied to entire estate. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 574. 
 Rule applied to executors. 37 
 
 L.R.A. 574. 
 Revocation not prevented by mat- 
 ter outside the codicil. 37 
 L.R.A. 574. 
 Codicil to earlier will revokes later will. 
 37 L.R.A. 575. 
 Effect of unfulfilled intention to execute 
 new will upon presumptive revocation 
 of old. 2 B. R. C. 538. 
 Consult also L.B.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WILLS, III. i -cont'd 
 
 § 3 9. By mutilation, destruction, can- 
 celation, etc. 
 
 Revival of earlier will by, see infra, § 44. 
 By interlineation in. 8 L.R.A. 383.* 
 Subsequent ratification of unauthorized de- 
 struction as revocation of will. 2 B. R. 
 
 C. 550. 
 Burden of explaining erasures or alterations 
 
 appearing on face of will. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 184. 
 Admissibility of declarations of testator on 
 
 issue of his intention in destroying his 
 
 will. 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 180. 
 Cancelation or mutilation of will as affected 
 
 by invalidity of a second will. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1107. 
 
 § 40. — revocation of part of will by. 
 
 Attempt to revoke portions of a will by 
 burning, tearing, canceling, ob- 
 literating, or destroying. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 797. 
 Right to revoke pro tanto. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 798. 
 Under statutes containing no pro- 
 vision for partial revocation 
 by burning, tearing, etc. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 798. 
 Under statutes containing a pro- 
 vision for partial revoca- 
 tion by burning, tearing, 
 etc. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 799. 
 Dependent relative revocation 
 as applied to revocation 
 pro tanto. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 802. 
 Where the revocation is part 
 of an alteration. 38 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 803. 
 Effect upon balance of will. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 805. 
 
 § 41. Effect of Interference with. 
 
 Effect upon will itself in the absence of a 
 statute requiring certain formali- 
 ties as to revocation. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 105. 
 Under statutes prescribing a certain 
 method of revocation. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 106. 
 Effect upon right of legatees or devisees to 
 take. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 109. 
 
 § 42. Who may revoke. 
 
 Power of one lacking testamentary capacity, 
 to revoke will. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 99. 
 
 j. Revival. 
 
 § 43. Generally. 
 
 Revival and republication. 7 L.R.A. 485.* 
 Of revoked will. 37 L.R.A. 575. 
 
 § 44. By revocation or destruction of 
 later will. 
 
 Revival of former will. 37 L.R.A. 575. 
 
 By mere destruction of the later. 37 
 L.R.A. 575. 
 After implied revocation. 37 L.R.A. 
 .176. 
 
1414 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WILLS, III. j— cont'd 
 
 After express revocation. 37 L.R.A. 
 576. 
 Presumption and proof of intention. 
 
 37 L.B.A. 577. 
 Effect of statutes. 37 L.R.A. 579. 
 By destruction of revoking codicil. 37 
 L.R.A. 579. 
 Revival of former codicil. 37 L.R.A. 579. 
 Effect of revocation of later will to revive 
 an earlier one. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 937; 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 291. 
 
 fc. What may be devised or bequeathed. 
 
 § 45. Generally. 
 
 Custody of child, see I:;fants, § 7. 
 
 Right of entry for condition broken as 
 subject of a devise. 60 L.R.A. 762. 
 
 Burial lot as subject of devise. 67 L.R.A. 
 121. 
 
 Right of entryman to devise claim or inter- 
 est in public lands. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 397. 
 
 Contingent remainder as subject of devise 
 by remainderman. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 121. 
 
 Applicability to devise, of rule against con- 
 veyance of land held adversely. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 734. 
 
 § 46. Interest in insurance policy. 
 
 Power of insured to destroy rights of bene- 
 ficiary by bequeathing policy. 49 L.R.A. 
 748, 752. 
 Right to change beneficiary in policy by 
 
 will. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 939. 
 Bequest of policy of insurance or proceeds 
 thereof as a specific legacy. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 592. 
 Right to designate by will the beneficiary of 
 
 benefit insurance. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1161. 
 Where designation by will is expressly 
 
 granted by statute or reserved by 
 
 contract. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1162. 
 Where benefit payable to insured or 
 
 insured's estate. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1163. 
 Where other mode is expressly provided 
 
 for. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1164. 
 Where no other mode provided. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1166. 
 Where designation by will prohibited. 
 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1166. 
 Sufficiency of particular designation. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1166. 
 
 I. Probate. 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 47. Generally. 
 
 Contest of, see infra, § 57. 
 
 Courts of probate jurisdiction, see CoxiHTS, 
 
 § 34. 
 Evidence on, generally, see Evidence, §§ 39, 
 
 189-193, 230, 254, 291, 292, 298. 
 Effect and conclusiveness of probate, see 
 
 Judgment, §§ 25, 69. 
 
 In general. 2 L.R.A. 795;* 10 L.R.A. 93.' 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question. 
 
 WILLS, III. 1, 1— cont'd 
 Pendency of probate proceedings in both 
 state and Federal courts. 42 L.R.A. 
 460. 
 Limitation of estate upon probate of will 
 as a violation of the rule against per- 
 petuities. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 564. 
 Validity and effect of stipulation of inca- 
 pacity of testator. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 783. 
 Is competency of attesting witness to a will 
 to be determined as of time of attesta- 
 tion or of probate. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 686. 
 Constitutionality of succcession taxes with 
 respect to jurisdiction of probate 
 courts. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 600. 
 Collateral attack on probate where the de- 
 cree or the will affirmatively shows 
 that the will is invalid. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 454. 
 Defects as to witnesses. 42 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 455. 
 Attesting witnesses. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 455. 
 Holographic will. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 456. 
 Insufficient number of witnesses ex- 
 amined. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 Statute of limitations. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 456. 
 Posthumous instrument. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 457. 
 Capacity of maker of will. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (NiS.) 457. 
 Revocation by marriage, etc. 42 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 457. 
 Matter below testator's signature. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 458. 
 Testamentary character of instrument. 
 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458. 
 Translation of will as part of probate. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 458. 
 Miscellaneous. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458. 
 
 § 48. Contents of will as affecting 
 right to probate. 
 
 Probate limited to factum. 34 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 965. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 965. 
 Defects and circumstances immaterial 
 on probate. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 966. 
 Will at least valid in part. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 968. 
 Where invalidity may be total. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 969. 
 More than one instrument. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 970. 
 Limited or partial probate. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 971. 
 As to real and personal estate. 34 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 971. 
 Omitting part of will from probate. 
 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 972. 
 In general. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 972. 
 Undue infiuence affecting part of 
 
 will. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 973. 
 Scandalous matter. 34 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 974. 
 Changes, erasures, etc. 34 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.; 975. 
 Charitable gifts as affected by date of will, 
 etc. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 975. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1416 
 
 WILLS, III. 1, 1— cont'd 
 
 Joint or mutual wills. 34 L.R.A. (X.S.) 
 
 976. 
 Miscellaneous. 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 976. 
 
 § 49. Of joint or mutual wills. 
 
 Two wills in one instrument. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 289. 
 Right to revoke. 38 L.R.A. 291. 
 Joint wills to operate on survivor's death. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 292. 
 Contents of, as affecting right to probate. 
 
 34 L.E.A.(N.S.) 976. 
 
 § 50. Probate of part of will. 
 
 Limited or partial probate. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 971. 
 
 May the part of a lost or destroyed will 
 which can be established, be admitted 
 to probate where there are other por- 
 tions that cannot be established. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 654. 
 
 May part of a will be set aside for lack of 
 testamentary capacity or undue in- 
 fluence and the remainder upheld. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1126. 
 
 § 51. Effect of delay in probating. 
 
 Generally. 57 L.R.A. 253. 
 
 Where the estate is sold or mortgaged by 
 the heirs. 57 L.R.A. 255. 
 
 Where the devisees are under disabilities. 
 57 L.E.A. 257. 
 
 Where the will is concealed Id»%, or de- 
 stroyed. 57 L.R.A. 258 
 
 Estoppel. 57 L.R.A. 260. 
 
 Second_ wills and codicils. 57 I/.R.A. 261. 
 
 Suspension of probate proceedings. 57 
 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Probate in solemn form and second probate. 
 57 L.R.A. 262. 
 
 Wills from other states. 57 L.R.A. 263. 
 
 Statutory limitations. 57 L.R.A. 264. 
 
 Right to probate will after distribution ol 
 property as intestate. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 § 52. Practice; procedure. 
 
 Evidence of attesting witnesses as to testa- 
 mentary capacity, see supra, § 15. 
 
 Proof of testator's signature, see supra, 
 § 24. 
 
 Jurisdiction; rules of practice. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 815.* 
 Trial of issue of devisatnt vel non. 2 L.R.A. 
 
 668.* 
 Evidence to establish lost or destroyed will. 
 
 38 L.R.A. 433. 
 Admissibility in probate courts of copies of 
 
 records of other states. 5 L.R.A. ( N.S. ) 
 
 948. 
 
 § 53. — notice. 
 
 Notice of distribution in probate proceed- 
 ings as jurisdictional. 37 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 368. 
 Rio-ht to probate will on service of notice 
 " by publication. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1058. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 VVJLL«, III. 1, 1— cont'd 
 
 S 54. — withdrawal of proceedings. 
 
 Right to dismiss or withdraw proceedings 
 to probate a will or issues thereunder. 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) ]21. 
 
 § 5 5. Revocation of; setting aside. 
 
 Who may sue or take other proceedings to 
 set aside decree of probate. 54 L.R.A. 
 761. 
 
 Remedy of pretermitted heirs to have pro- 
 bate set aside. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1144. 
 
 Revocation of probate as termination of ap- 
 pointment of administrator c. t. a. 21 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 975. 
 
 3. Foreign wills. 
 
 § 56. Generally. 
 
 EflFect and conclusiveness of, see Judgment, 
 § 69. 
 
 Presumption as to probate of will in other 
 
 state. 48 L.R.A. 136. 
 Jurisdiction to admit to probate will not 
 
 probated at testator's domicil. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 658. 
 Ancillary probate at testator's domicil after 
 
 probate in other jurisdiction. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 996. 
 
 m. Contests. 
 
 § 5 7. Generally. 
 
 Provision for forfeiture by contesting will, 
 
 see infra, § 86. 
 Evidence on, see Evidence, §§ 39, 189-193, 
 
 254, 291, 292, 298. 
 
 Right or duty of pretermitted heirs to con- 
 test probate. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1144. 
 
 Right of state to contest, so as to escheat 
 the property. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 643. 
 
 Validity of agreement to defeat probate. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 236. 
 
 Validity of contract not to contest probate 
 of. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 484. 
 
 Right to dismiss or withdraw proceedings- 
 to contest a will or issues thereunder. 
 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 121. 
 
 Validity of agreement that costs of con- 
 testing a will shall be paid out of the 
 estate. 2 B. R. C. 633. 
 
 Right of executor to allowance for attor- 
 neys' fees for services rendered in at- 
 tempt to establish or resist attack up- 
 on will. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 757. 
 
 Comparrison of marks and spelling of dis- 
 puted will. 65 L.R.A. 95. 
 
 n. Codicils. 
 
 § 58. Generally. 
 
 How far will modified by. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 397. 
 Revocation of prior will by. 37 L.R.A. 571. 
 Effect of republication of will by codicil to 
 
 incorporate extrinsic document into 
 
 will. 68 L.R.A. 381. 
 Effect of signature to codicil of will not 
 
 signed at the end. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 .357. 
 Effect of delay in probating. 57 L.R.A. 261. 
 
1416 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 \\'ILLS— cont'd 
 
 IV. Holographic; nuncupative. 
 
 § 59. Generally. 
 
 Nuncupative will. 8 L.R.A. 39;' 9 L.E.A. 
 
 829.* 
 Holographic; when valid. 6 L.R.A. 775.* 
 Revocation of previous will by. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 566. 
 Writing name in body of holographic will 
 
 as a signature thereto. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 64. 
 Violation of requirement that holographic 
 
 will shall be written by testator. 26 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1145. 
 Necessity of witnesses to an holographic 
 
 will. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 968. 
 What is "last sickness," permitting a nun- 
 cupative will. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1092. 
 Sufficiency of showing that paper offered as 
 
 a holographic will was intended as such. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1018. 
 Custody of holographic will. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 842. 
 Collateral attack on probate where decree or 
 
 will affirmatively shows the will to be 
 
 invalid for defects as to witnesses. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 
 V. Devise and legacy. 
 
 «. Construction, validity, and effect, 
 generally. 
 
 % 60. Generally. 
 
 Charitable bequests, see Chakities. 
 
 Bequest for masses, see Masses. 
 
 Bequest for support of minister, see Re- 
 LiQious Societies, § 8. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to, see Conflict of 
 Laws, § 35. 
 
 Transfer of cotenant's interest by, see Co- 
 tenancy, § 12. 
 
 As to perpetuities, see Peepetuities. 
 
 As to inheritance tax, see Taxes, §§ 90- 
 105. 
 
 Creation of trust by, generally, see Teijsts, 
 
 Creation of secret trust by will, see Teusts, 
 
 § 8. 
 Creation of precatory trusts by, see Teusts, 
 
 g 9. 
 
 Law governing construction of will. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443. 
 
 Jurisdiction of suit to determine validity 
 of devise. 2 L.R.A. 175.* 
 
 Whole will to be taken together. 8 L.R.A. 
 742.* 
 
 Interpretation of language of will. 8 L.R.A. 
 745.* 
 
 Language susceptible of two constructions. 
 8 L.R.A. 745.* 
 
 Right to reject, transpose, or supply words 
 and limitations. 10 L.R.A. 817.* 
 
 Right of child in homestead of parent as af- 
 fected by will. 56 L.R.A. 38. 
 
 Devise or legacy reciting consideration as 
 acknowledgment affecting bar of limita- 
 tions. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1117. 
 
 Marketability of title where construction of 
 will is involved. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 17. 
 
 liegin with this boolc on every laiv question. 
 
 WILLS, V. a — cont'd 
 
 Marketability of title based on exercise ot 
 
 power of sale in will. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 18. 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 
 to construction and effect of. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 430. 
 
 § 61. Ambiguities; omissions; extrin- 
 sic evidence. 
 
 As to testator's intention, see infra, § 65. 
 Ambiguities in discription of land conveyed, 
 
 see infra, § 67. 
 Parol evidence as to testator's intention, 
 
 see Evidence, § 167. 
 Admissibility of acts and declarations of 
 
 testator, see Evidence, § 230. 
 
 Ambiguities. 8 L.R.A. 748.* 
 
 Patent and latent ambiguities. 3 L.R.A. 
 847.* 
 
 Supplying omissions. 10 L.R.A. 818.* 
 
 Parol evidence as to meaning of wiU. 8 
 L.R.A. 749.* 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to control 
 or enlarge terms of will. 3 L.R.A. 848.* 
 
 Admissibility of parol evidence to . supply 
 omission. 6 L.R.A. 324.* 
 
 Parol proof of meaning of ambiguous terms. 
 1 L.R.A. 838.* 
 
 Parol evidence to remove latent ambigui- 
 ties. 6 L.E.A. 322.* 
 
 Inadmissibility of parol evidence where no 
 ambiguity exists. 8 L.R.A. 749.* 
 
 Parol evidence to identify beneficiary. 6 
 L.R.A. 323.* 
 
 Parol evidence of mistake in description of 
 land devised. 16 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 May beneficiary be put to his election by 
 extrinsic evidence of testator's inten- 
 tion. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 657. 
 
 b. Implication; revugnancy. 
 
 § 62. Implication. 
 
 Bequests or devise by implication. 10 
 L.R.A. 816;* 11 L.R.A. 185;* 15 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 73. 
 
 § 63. Repugnancy. 
 
 As to nature of estate or interest created, 
 see infra, § 78. 
 
 In case of repugnancy. 8 L.R.A. 744.* 
 c. Intention of testator, 
 
 § 64. Generally. 
 
 Frustration of, see supra, § 3. 
 
 Effect of frustrating decedent's intention, 
 
 see supra, § 6. 
 Presumption and burden of proof as to, see 
 
 Evidence, § 42. 
 Parol evidence as to, see Evidence, § 167. 
 
 Intention of testator as criterion. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 847;* 8 L.R.A. 740;* 10 L.R.A. 
 
 818.* 
 General and particular intent. 8 
 
 L.R.A. 741.* 
 Clearness of intent. 8 L.R.A. 741.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1417 
 
 WILLS, V. c— cont'd 
 
 Sufficiency of showing that paper offered as 
 holographic will was intended as such. 
 33 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1018. 
 
 Of testator misdescribing the land. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 963. 
 
 Effect of unfulfilled intention to execute 
 new will on presumptive revocation of 
 old one. 2 B. R. 0. 538. 
 
 Of testator that fee simple shall pass 
 though words of limitation not used. 
 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 183. 
 
 Expression of intention to malce provision 
 for family as affecting estate taken by 
 benefioiaries of trust, in the absence of 
 anv express definition thereof. 17 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1215. 
 
 Bequest of stocks, bonds, or notes as gen- 
 eral or specific as depending upon tes- 
 tator's intent. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 
 Effect of testator's intention in devise to 
 religious society for specific uses. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 515. 
 
 Of testator as to adeeming general legacy to 
 donee by gift. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 588. 
 
 Effect of rule in Shelley's Case on intent. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1039. 
 
 As to time to which contingency of death 
 of legatee or devisee without child or 
 issue on which a gift is conditioned is 
 referable. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1045. 
 
 § 65. E>vidence as to. 
 
 Declarations of testator as admissible on 
 issue of his intent in destroying will. 
 24L.R.A.(N.S.) 180. 
 
 Competency of scrivener or draftsman to 
 testify to his own or the testator's in- 
 tention. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 91. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic circumstances in 
 ascertaining testator's intention as to 
 disinheriting after born child. 13 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 781. 
 
 May beneficiary be put to election by extrin- 
 sic evidence of testator's intention. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 657. 
 
 d. Description of property devised or 
 Tiequeathed. 
 
 % 66. Genei-ally. 
 
 Parol evidence of mistake in description of 
 
 land devised. 16 L.R.A. 321. 
 Devises or bequests in severalty of un- 
 designated parcels of property to dif- 
 ferent persons. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1049. 
 Failure to mention or identify the subject- 
 matter of a devise or bequest. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 618. 
 Members of a charitable beneficiary. 
 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 504. 
 Under Pennsylvania statute. 36 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 507. 
 
 § 6 7. Mistake In aescription. 
 
 Parol evidence of mistake in description of 
 
 land devised. 16 L.R.A. 321. 
 Correction of misdescription of land in will. 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 943. 
 Consult also L.R.A.. Digests to date. 
 
 WILLS, y. d— cont'd 
 
 The judicial correction of testamentary 
 
 errors. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 944. 
 Patent and latent ambiguities. 6 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 946. 
 Absence of ambiguity excludes extrinsic 
 
 evidence. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 947. 
 Wills must be in writing. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 951. 
 Wills cannot be changed by parol proof. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 953. 
 Patent ambiguities and parol proof. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 953. 
 Latent ambigiiities and parol proof. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 954. 
 Testator's relations, environment, and 
 
 estate. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 955. 
 Parol identification. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 956. 
 Boundaries and area of land devised. 
 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 958. 
 Inclusion and exclusion. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 960. 
 Testator's intention. 6 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 963. 
 Finality of the will., 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 963. 
 Instructions to draughtsman. 6 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 965. 
 Declarations. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 965. 
 In general. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 965. 
 Anterior to the will. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 966. 
 Coeval with the will. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 966. 
 Posterior to the will. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 966. 
 Sense testator attached to his 
 words. 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 966. 
 False demonstration. 6 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 967. 
 Devises without ownership. 6 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 969. 
 Devises void for uncertainty. 6 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 976. 
 
 e. After horn children not mentioned; 
 disinheriting. 
 
 % 68. Generally. 
 
 Capacity of after born child to take, see 
 
 infra, § 70. 
 Choice of remedy of pretermitted heirs, see 
 
 Election of Remedibs, § 6. 
 
 Decrees invalidating wills affecting rights 
 of persons not in being. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 65. 
 
 Omission of children from will as affecting 
 right to probate. 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 966. 
 
 General rule avoiding construction of will 
 that will disinherit heir. 2 L.R.A. 
 848;' 11 L.R.A. 767.* 
 
 Conflict of laws as to disinheriting. 2 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 459. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic circumstances in 
 ascertaining intention of testator in re- 
 spect to disinheriting an after bom 
 child. 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 781. 
 
1418 
 
 INDEX TO L.B.A. NOTES. 
 
 WILLS, v.— cont'd 
 f. Description of 'beneficiaries; who 
 maytdlce, 
 
 § 69. Generally. 
 
 Devise to one and his heirs, issue, children, 
 
 etc., see infra, § 82. 
 Estate taken under gift to several, see 
 
 infra, §§ 96-98. 
 
 Interpretation of specific terms. 8 L.R.A. 
 
 745.* 
 Meaning of "heirs." 2 L.E.A. 457;* 8 
 L.R.A. 740,* 747;* 12 L.R.A. 721;* 13 
 L.R.A. 46.* 
 Meaning of "children." 2 L.E.A. 457;' 8 
 
 L.R.A. 746.* 
 Meaning of "issue." 4 L.R.A. 117;* 11 
 
 L.R.A. 305.* 
 Meaning of "next of kin." 15 L.R.A. 300. 
 Right of persons claiming through de- 
 ceased relative to participate with 
 those standing in equal degree of 
 relationship with such relative, in 
 provision for "next of kin," etc. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 479. 
 Where instrument contains no other 
 " indication of intention. 28 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 479. 
 "Next of kin." -28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 
 480. 
 "Nearest of kin." 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 482. 
 "Near" or "nearest relations." 28 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 482. 
 Where other language used. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 482. 
 Do terms "child," "children," "issue," etc., 
 in a will, include adopted children. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1158. 
 Right of adopted children under will. 17 
 
 L.R.A. 437. 
 Who takes under gift to "hushand," "wife" 
 
 or "widow." 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 816. 
 Legacy to nephews and nieces. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 367;* 9 L.R.A. 200.* 
 Who are relatives or relations. 13 L.R.A. 
 
 37; 14 L.R.A. 342. 
 Inheritance by illegitimate under will. 23 
 
 L.R.A. 754. 
 Parol evidence to identify beneficiary. 6 
 
 L.R.A. 323.* 
 Bequest to survivors preceded by life inter- 
 est. 10 L.R.A. 816.* 
 
 § 70. Unborn children. 
 
 Capacity of child en ventre sa mere to take 
 under devise or bequest to "chil- 
 dren," etc. 1 B. R. C. 582. 
 
 Devise or beqaiest toi "children" or 
 grandchildren. 1 B. R. C. 583. 
 
 Devise or bequest to child "born." 1 
 B. R. C. 584. 
 
 Child "living," in esse, etc. 1 B. E. C. 
 585. 
 
 9' 
 
 Capacity of legatee or devisee; re- 
 strictions on charitable gifts. 
 
 § 71. Generally. 
 
 Conflict of laws as 
 456. 
 
 to. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 Begin unth this booTc on every law qticstion. 
 
 WILLS, V. g— cont'd 
 
 Applicability of statutes limiting time or 
 amount of bequests or devises for chari- 
 table, educational, or other specific pur- 
 poses, to devise or bequest to an in- 
 dividual absolutely, in the hope that he 
 will devote it to such purpose. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1262. 
 
 § 72. Restriction on power of corpora- 
 tion or association to take. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 456. 
 Distinction between power to hold property, 
 
 and to take by devise. 2 L.R.A. 388.* 
 Devise and legacy to corporations; statu- 
 
 toi-y restriction. 2 L.R.A. 387.* 
 Requests to incorporated associations. 3 
 
 L.R.A. 147.* 
 Unincorporated associations as beneficiaries. 
 
 3 L.R.A. 147.* 
 Effect of subsequent incorporation to make 
 
 valid a gift to an unincorporated as- 
 sociation. 14 L.R.A. 410. 
 Validity of bequest to corporation of its 
 
 own stock. 18 L.R.A. 255. 
 
 § 7 3. — who may question power. 
 
 Right of private person to contest power of 
 corporation to take or hold property 
 under a will. 32 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 Right to question power of corporation to 
 take by will property in excess of its 
 charter authority. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 689. 
 
 Who may take advantage of statute ren- 
 dering foreign corporation incapable 
 of taking title to real estate. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 355. 
 
 h. What property passes. 
 
 § 74. Generally. 
 
 What property passes under deed, see 
 Deeds, §§ 21-27. 
 
 Residuary estates; what passes. 5 L.R.A. 
 104;* 9 L.R.A. 200.* 
 
 What is appurtenant to land for the pur- 
 poses of wills. 15 L.E.A. 654. 
 
 Devise or bequest of property as passing 
 good will of business conducted in con- 
 nection with such property. 16 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 240. 
 
 Devise as carrying visible easement. 38 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 882. 
 Circumstances peculiar to devises. 38 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 885. 
 Devise to one in possession. 38 L.R.A 
 
 (N.S.) 887. 
 Miscellaneous. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 888. 
 
 Will real estate pass under the word "ef- 
 fects" in a will. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 
 § 75. Right to proceeds of land under 
 a devise. 
 
 Generally. 58 L.R.A. 719. 
 
 Land voluntarily conveyed by testator. 58 
 
 L.R.A. 720. 
 Land taken from testator by compulsory 
 
 proceedings. 58 L.R.A. 720. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WILLS, v.— cont'd 
 
 i. Partial intestacy. 
 
 § 7 6. Generally. 
 
 Avoiding partial intestacy, 8 L.R.A. 744.» 
 
 j. Xature of estate or interest created. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 7 7. Generally. 
 
 Under deed, see Deeds, §§ 2S-31. 
 
 As to trusts generally, see Trusts. 
 
 Creation of trust by will, see Trusts, II. 
 
 Necessity of word "heirs" in devise in trust 
 to pass fee to trustee. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 172. 
 
 Right of husband under a devise and be- 
 quest to others subject to the "legal 
 rights" of the husband. 2 L.R.A.{N.S.) 
 1193. 
 
 Expression of intent to make provision for 
 family as affecting estate taken by 
 beneficiaries of trust in absence of any 
 express definition thereof. 17 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1215. 
 
 Effect of reference to extrinsic document to 
 control or modify the character of the 
 estate that would otherwise pass under 
 instrument. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1038. 
 
 2. Repugnancy. 
 
 § 78. Generally. 
 
 Bequest absolute in first taker; subsequent 
 repugnant clause. 11 L.R.A. 610.* 
 
 Estate in fee, when given; effect of sub- 
 sequent words to cut down. 7 L.R.A. 
 419,* 517;* 8 L.R.A. 696.* 
 
 Devisee absolutely; effect of subsequent gift 
 over. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 323. 
 
 Effect of videUcit following devise to re- 
 strict estate given to first taker. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 191. 
 
 3. Life or fee. 
 
 § 7 9. Generally. 
 
 Effect of repugnant clause, see supra, § 78. 
 Under deed, see Deeds, § 20, 
 
 Gift of use of estate. 7 L.R.A. 419.* 
 When wife takes a life estate only under a 
 devise in husband's will. 9 L.R.A. 168.* 
 
 § 80. Power to consume or dispose of 
 chattels consumable by use. 
 
 When authority to sell is conting'ent. 9 
 L.R.A. 575.* 
 
 Effect of power of disposal to enlarge life 
 estate. 7 L.R.A. 83C,* 838.* 
 
 Devise to wife for life with power to sell 
 or dispose of estate. 10 L.R.A. 756.* 
 
 Right of one to whom estate is devised for 
 life, with power to consume, to convey 
 a good title. 13 L.R.A. (N.S.) 458. 
 
 Power of disposition bestowed on devisee as 
 indifative of quantum of estate intend- 
 ed to be devised. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.I 463. 
 
 Effect of bequest for life of chattels con- 
 sumable in the use, 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 483. 
 f'rin.fnlt also L.R.A. Digests to dale. 
 
 1419 
 
 WILLS, V. j, 3— cont'd 
 §81.— effect of, on remainder over 
 after life estate. 
 
 Power to create remainder after life estate 
 with absolute power of disposal 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1186; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 805. 
 
 Rule where power of disposal is not 
 considered to be propertv. 6 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1187; 39 L.R.A 
 (N.S.) 805. 
 
 Rule where power of disposal and life 
 estate are considered incompatible 
 6 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1197; 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 807. 
 
 Rule as modified by statute. 6 L.R A 
 (N.S.) 1199; 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 807. 
 
 Extent of life tenant's power. 6 L.R A 
 
 (N.S.) 1203; 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 808. 
 
 Remainder after devise or bequest for life 
 
 with power of disposition. 1 L.R.A 
 
 (N.S.) 782. ' 
 
 *. Rule in Shelley's Case. 
 
 § 82. Generally. 
 
 Rule in Shelley's Case as applied to deeds, 
 see Deeds, § 30. 
 
 Statement of. 2 L.R.A. 455.* 
 Prevalence of. 2 L.R.A, 456.* 
 As a rule of property or rule of construc- 
 tion. 2 L.R.A. 456.* 
 Application of, generally. 11 L.R.A. 670 ;• 
 
 12 L.R.A. 723.* 
 Applicability of, to equitable interests. 2 
 
 L.R.A. 455;* 11 L.R.A. 671.* 
 Terms "heir," "heirs," "children," "issue," 
 
 etc., construed. 2 L.R.A. 457.* 
 Devise to granddaughter; remainder in fee 
 to her children, construed. 2 L.R.A. 
 459.* 
 As affecting estate by entireties. 30 L.R.A. 
 
 312. 
 The facts and the law of Shelley's Case. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 968. 
 Definitions of term used. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 970. 
 Varying statements of the rule. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 973. 
 Antiquity of the rule; Perrin v. Blake con- 
 troversy. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 977. 
 Supposed objects of the rule. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 979. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 979. 
 Preservation of feudal reliefs. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 980. 
 Prevention of abeyance of fee. 29 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 981. 
 Facilitation of alienation. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 983. 
 Preservation of creditor's rights. 29 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 984. 
 Maintenance of distinction between de- 
 scent and purchase. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 985. 
 The true reason for the rule in Shel- 
 ley's Case. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 987. 
 Reasonableness of rule. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 988. 
 Operation and effect of rule. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 993. 
 
1420 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WILLS, V. j. 4— cont'd 
 
 Entire estates. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 993. 
 Joint and successive estates. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 995. 
 Life estate in feme remainder to heirs 
 of body of baron and feme. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 996. 
 Intermediate estates. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 997 
 Requisites of rule. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1000. 
 General statement of elements neces- 
 sary. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1000, 
 Must be freehold in ancestor. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1001. 
 Reason for requirement; illustra- 
 tive cases. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1001. 
 Sufficiency of freehold. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1003. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1003. 
 Freehold by implication. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1003. 
 Termination of freehold in 
 life of ancestor. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1005. 
 Freehold and remainder must be creat- 
 ed by the same instrument. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1006. 
 The general rule. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 1006. 
 Power of appointment. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1007. 
 Limitation to heirs must be by way 
 of remainder. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1008. 
 Absence of life estate. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1008. 
 Executory devise. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1011. 
 Remaindermen must take as heirs. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1012. 
 Necessity as to use of word "heirs." 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1014. 
 Necessity as to conveyance of inherit- 
 ance to heirs. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1016. 
 Necessity that remainder be given to 
 heirs of person taking particular 
 estate. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1016. 
 Effect of limitation to heirs of life ten- 
 ant and heirs of others. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1017. 
 Effect of limitation to heirs or issue 
 in the singular number. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1017. 
 Possibility of issue extinct. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1021. 
 Estates to which rule applies. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1021. 
 Rule as to legal and equitable estates. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1021. 
 Estates of same quality in general. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1022. 
 Equitable life estate; legal remainder. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1025. 
 Legal life estate; equitable remainder. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1031. 
 Unexecuted freehold estates; executed 
 remainders. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1031. 
 
 IVILLS, V. j, 4— cont'd 
 
 Executed freehold estates; legal re- 
 mainder. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1031. 
 Executed freehold estates; unexecuted 
 remainders. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1034. 
 Executed trusts in freehold and re- 
 mainder. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1035. 
 Active trusts in freehold and re- 
 mainder. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1036. 
 Freehold in realty; remainder in per- 
 sonalty. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1036. 
 Joint freehold; tenancy in common in- 
 
 remainder. 29 L.RA.. 1036. 
 Copyhold estates. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1036. 
 Application of rule to wills and deeds^ 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1038. 
 Effect of rule on intention. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1039. 
 Different intents which courts may 
 have to consider. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1039. 
 The general and particular intent. 2^ 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1044-. 
 Quantity of estate given first taker. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1051. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1051. 
 Illustrative cases. 29 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 1055. 
 Intention as to use of technical terms. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1059. 
 Discussion of principle involved. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 10.59. 
 Illustrative cases. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1065. 
 Unqualified limitations. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1069. 
 Limitations to heirs. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1069. 
 Effect in general. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1069. 
 Illustrative cases. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1070. 
 Limitations to heirs of body. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1073. 
 Effect in general. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1073. 
 Illustrative cases. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1973. 
 Limitations to issue. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1074. 
 Qualified limitations. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1077. 
 Effect of words of distribution. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1077. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1077. 
 As qualifying the word "heirs." 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1078. 
 As qualifying the words "heirs 
 of the body." 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1080. 
 As qualifying the word "is- 
 sue." 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1081. 
 Effect of superadded words of limi- 
 tation. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1081. 
 In general. 29 I^.A.(N.S.) 
 1081. 
 
 Begin rvifh this hook on every law question. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1421 
 
 WILLS, V. j, 4^-cont'd 
 
 As qualifying the word 
 "heirs." 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1083. 
 As qualifying the words "heirs 
 of the body." 29 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1085. 
 As qualifying the word "is- 
 sue." 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1087. 
 Effect of words of distribution and 
 superadded words of lim- 
 itation. 29 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 1089. 
 In general. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1089. 
 As qualifying the word 
 "heirs." 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1090. 
 As qualifying the words 
 "heirs of the body." 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1091. 
 As qualifying the word 
 "issue." 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1092. 
 Effect of other modifying or ex- 
 planatory words or 
 phrases. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1094. 
 In general; relation to rule 
 in Shelley's Case. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 As qualifying the word 
 "heirs." 29 LjR.A. 
 (N.S.) 1094. 
 Deeds. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1094. 
 Wills. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1096. 
 As qualifying the words "heirs 
 of the body." 29 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1101. 
 Deeds. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1101. 
 Wills. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1102. 
 As qualifying the word 
 "issue." 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1105. 
 Deeds. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1105. 
 Wills. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1105. 
 Qualifying words in haben- 
 dum. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1110. 
 Direct conveyance to heirs. 
 29 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1110. 
 Limitations over. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1110. 
 Effect in general. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1110. 
 As enlarging estates by implica- 
 tion. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1112. 
 As explaining or modifying pre- 
 ceding limitations. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1115. 
 The word "heirs." 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1115. 
 The words "heirs of the body." 
 29 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1116. 
 Consult also L.Tl.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WILLS, V. j, 4— cont'd 
 
 The word "issue." 29 L.R.A. 
 ^ (N.S.) 1117. 
 Limitations over after words of 
 purchase. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1118. 
 Qualified limitations over. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1121. 
 Limitations to children. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1123. 
 Effect of unqualified limitations. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1123. 
 Effect of qualified limitations. 29 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1126. 
 Modifying words in general. 
 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1126. 
 Words of distribution. 29 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 1129. 
 Superadded words of limita- 
 tion. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1131. 
 Words of distribution and su- 
 peradded limitations. 29 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1133. 
 Limitations over. 29 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 1134. 
 Miscellaneous limitations. 29 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1134. 
 Executory trusts. 29 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 1136. 
 In general; what constitutes. 29 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1136. 
 Rules for determining. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1136. 
 Illustrative cases. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1139. 
 Marriage settlements. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1143. 
 Application of rule to limitations of 
 personal property. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1146. 
 In general. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1146. 
 Unqualified limitations. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1148. 
 Heirs. 29 L.R.A. (N.S). 1148. 
 Heirs of the body. 29 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1149. 
 Issue. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1152. 
 Qualified limitations. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1152. 
 Modifying or explanatory 
 words in general. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1152. 
 Words of distribution. 29 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1155. 
 Superadded words of limita- 
 tion. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 1157. 
 Limitations over. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1157. 
 Miscellaneous limitations. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1157. 
 Abolition of rule by statute. 29 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1158. 
 Conveyance of fee by devise to one and his 
 or her child or children. 4 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 948. 
 "Children" as word of purchase or limita- 
 tion. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 283. 
 
1422 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WILLS, V. j, 4— cont'd 
 
 Effect upon rule in Shelley's Case, of ex- 
 press prohibition against conveyance or 
 encumbrance of property by life tenant. 
 7 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1109. 
 
 Effect of provision in bequest of personalty 
 that, upon the death of the first taker, 
 the property shall go to his "heirs," to 
 create an absolute title in him. 4 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 470. 
 
 Abolition of. 11 L.E..A. 671.* 
 
 5. Restrictions and conditions. 
 
 § 83. Generally. 
 
 Contingent interests, see infra, §§ 99-102. 
 
 Distinction between words of limitation 
 and condition. 9 L.R.A. 165.* 
 
 Condition precedent, condition subsequent; 
 conditional devises; operation and ef- 
 fect; enforcement of 'condition. 9 
 L.R.A. 165.* 
 
 Character of estate created by grant, lease, 
 or devise of property to person so long 
 as he shall desire to live upon it, or 
 devote it to a particular use. 21 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 575. 
 
 Validity of bequest to individual on condi- 
 tion of adhering to, or renouncing, par- 
 ticular religious belief. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 804. 
 
 Validity of provision that money shall be 
 payable to obligee only and not to his 
 estate. 17 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1239. 
 
 Effect upon remainder of forfeiture of life 
 estate for breach of condition subse- 
 quent. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 605. 
 
 § 84. Specifying use of devise to re- 
 ligious society. 
 
 Efltect of specifying use of real estate in de- 
 vise to religious society. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 509. 
 Qualifying effect upon the estate 
 passed. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 510. 
 Conditional estates. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 510. 
 Conditions precedent. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 510. 
 Conditions subsequent. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 510. 
 Conditional limitations. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 511. 
 Trusts. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 512. 
 Rules for construction. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 513. 
 General rules. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 513. 
 Intention of the parties. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 515. 
 Language creative of estates upon con- 
 dition. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 516. 
 Examples of construction. 11. L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 518. 
 Conditions subsequent. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 518. 
 Conditional limitations. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 519. 
 Trusts. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 520. 
 Distinctions based on consideration. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 522. 
 
 Begin with this Jjoolc on every law qitestion. 
 
 TWILLS, V. j, 5 — cont'd 
 
 Distinctions dependent on party bene- 
 fited. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 523. 
 Restrictions upon alienation. 11 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 523. 
 Necessity of re-entrv for condition 
 
 broken. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 524. 
 What constitutes a re-entry. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 524. 
 When condition is broken. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 525. 
 Who can take advantage of the breach. 
 
 11 L.R.A. (N.S.J 526. 
 Some special cases" 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 526. 
 Effect of provision directing the particular 
 purposes to which property granted or 
 devised to or for the benefit of a re- 
 ligious or charitable organization shall 
 be devoted. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1119. 
 
 § 85. In restraint of marriage. 
 
 Conditions in restraint of marriage. 1 
 
 L.R.A. 837.* 
 Meaning of words "unmarried," and "with- 
 out having been married," in will. 15 
 L.R.A. 292. 
 Devise during widowhood. 1 L.R.A. 432;* 
 
 9 L.R.A. 573.* 
 Validity of provision for person while un- 
 married. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 545. 
 Effect of testamentary provision restricting 
 widow to enjoyment during widow- 
 hood, upon quantum of estate tak- 
 en by her. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1093. 
 Qualified or determinable fee. 28 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1094. 
 Estate during widowhood. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1099. 
 
 § 86. Provision tor forfeiture by con- 
 testing. 
 
 Validity of the condition. 68 L.R.A. 447. 
 From the standpoint of public policy. 
 
 68 L.R.A. 447. 
 In particular eases. 68 L.R.A. 448. 
 Operation. 68 L.R.A. 449. 
 
 When annexed to devise. 68 L.R.A. 
 
 449. 
 When annexed to legacy. 68 L.R.A. 
 450. 
 Accompanied with gift over on 
 
 breach. 68 L.R.A. 450. 
 Sufficiency of gift over. 68 L.R.A 
 450. 
 Exceptions to operation. 68 L.R.A. 451. 
 Where condition annexed to legacy 
 without gift over on breach. 68 
 L.R.A. 451. 
 Where prolabilis causa litigamdi exists. 
 68 L.R.A. 452. 
 The exception. 68 L.R.A. 452. 
 What amounts to prohabilig causa 
 
 litigandi. 68 L.R.A. 453. 
 Rebuttal by findings in, or defeat 
 of, contest proceeding. 68 
 L.R.A. 453. 
 Where contestant an infant. 68 L.R.A. 
 453. 
 What amounts to breach of condition. 68 
 L.R.A. 454; 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 953- 
 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1160. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NqtES. 
 
 1423 
 
 WILLS, V. j, 5— cont'd 
 
 In general. 68 L.R.A. 454. 
 
 Where beneficiary not record party to 
 
 contest. 68 L.R.A. 454. 
 Suit to construe will. 68 L.R.A. 455. 
 Enforcement of benefits under will. 68 
 
 L.R.A. 455. 
 Investigation of executor's fraud. 68 
 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 What amounts to a contest within forfei- 
 ture clause in will. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 953. 
 
 Parties entitled to assert forfeiture. 68 
 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 Waiver of forfeiture. 68 L.R.A. 455. 
 
 Condition against contest in connection 
 with the doctrine of election. 68 L.R.A. 
 456. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 68 L.R.A. 457. 
 
 Wliat amounts to a contest within forfei- 
 ture clause in will. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1160. 
 
 § 8 7. Restraint on alienation. 
 
 Repugnancy between gift of fee and re- 
 straint on alienation, see supra, § 78. 
 
 Restriction of alienation as affected by rule 
 against perpetuities or suspension of 
 alienation, see Peepetuities. 
 
 Validity of limitation upon power of aliena- 
 tion imposed upon devise of equit- 
 able estate to married woman. 28 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 426. 
 As applicable to subsequent coverture. 
 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 428. 
 Effect of enabling acts. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 428. 
 Effect on prior takers of failure to gift be- 
 cause it violates the rule against per- 
 petuities. 20 L.R.A. 509. 
 
 § 88. Satisfaction of condition. 
 
 Will court determine whether condition in 
 devise or bequest as to good conduct or 
 character of beneficiary has been satis- 
 fied, where that duty has been imposed 
 on no one else. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 424. 
 
 Right of court to control discretion vested 
 by will in one person to determine 
 whether or when another is fit to re- 
 ceive legacy or devise. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 421. 
 
 § 89. Involuntary breach of condition. 
 
 Effect of fact that breach of condition in 
 devise or legacy relating to con- 
 duct of legatee or devisee is in- 
 voluntary on latter's part. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 684. 
 
 Conditions precedent. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 685. 
 
 Conditions subsequent. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) '688. 
 
 § 90. Relief against forfeiture. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of de- 
 vise on condition of support. 69 L.R.A. 
 841. 
 
 Equitable relief against forfeiture of devise 
 on condition of payment of money. 69 
 L.R.A. 842. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WILLS, V. j— cont'd 
 
 6. Remainders. 
 
 § 91. Generally. 
 
 Effect of power of disposal on remainder 
 over after life estate, see supra, § 81. 
 
 Under rule in Shellev's Case, see supra, 
 § 82. 
 
 Contingent remainders, see infra, § 101. 
 
 Character of remainder created by grant 
 or devise to one for life, with re- 
 mainder to his children who may 
 survive him. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 888. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 888. 
 By grant. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 892. 
 
 Under the New York rule. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 894. 
 By devise. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 895. 
 
 Under the New York rule. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 904. 
 Effect on remainder of forfeiture of life 
 estate for breach of condition subse- 
 quent. 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 605. 
 
 7. Limitations; lim,itations over; execu- 
 tory devises. 
 
 § 92. Generally. 
 
 Under rule in Shelley's case, see supra, § 82. 
 Ijimitations in devise or bequest to class, 
 see infra, § 97. 
 
 Difl'erencc between words of limitation and 
 
 condition. 9 L.R.A. 165.* 
 Limitations of estate on probate of will as 
 
 violation of rule against perpetuities. 
 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 564. 
 
 § 93. Limitations over. 
 
 Under rule in Shelley's case. 29 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1110. 
 
 Validity of devise over upon indefinite ces- 
 sation of lineal descendants of first tak- 
 er. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1143. 
 
 Effect on absolute gift of fee of failure for 
 remoteness of limitation over. 20 
 L.R.A. 509. 
 
 Necessity that share be actually paid or 
 conveyed to first taker before his death 
 in order to defeat a gift over, or sub- 
 stitutional gift dependent upon the 
 death of the first taker before receipt 
 or payment of share. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 180. 
 
 § 94. Executory devise. 
 
 Limitation to heirs under rule in Shelley's 
 case by executory devise. 29 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1011. 
 
 *. Incom,e or support. 
 
 § 95. Generally. 
 
 As to life tenants generally, see Lite Ten- 
 ants. 
 
 Bequest of income of property. 7 L.R.A. 
 
 393.* 
 Effect of annexing to valid devise invalid 
 
 direction as to accumulation of income 
 
 to defeat gift. 20 L.R.A. 514. 
 Duty of devisee of income to pay taxes. 32 
 
 L.R.A. 755. 
 
1424 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WILLS, V. j, 8— cont'd 
 
 May provision in a will for support of a 
 person which is made a lien or charge 
 upon property devised or bequeathed to 
 others he reached by his creditors. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 526. 
 
 Remedy for enforcement of legacy for sup- 
 port when charged on devise. 30 
 L.K.A.(N.S.) 824. 
 
 Right of estate of one entitled by will or 
 statute to an allowance for support 
 and maintenance to accumulations un- 
 drawn and unexpended at time of her 
 death. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 997. 
 
 9. Interest of several. 
 
 § 96. Generally. 
 
 By what law members of class to whom tes- 
 tamentary gift is made are to be as- 
 ! certained. 2 B. R. C. 557. 
 
 § 97. Time for determination of per- 
 sons taking. 
 
 Time for ascertaining members of class de- 
 scribed as testator's "heirs," "next 
 of kin," "relations," etc., to whom 
 an estate in real or personal prop- 
 erty is limited by way of remain- 
 der or executory gift. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1. 
 General principles. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 2. 
 The rule of construction. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 2. 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 2. 
 Reasons supporting rule. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 4. 
 
 Yields to contrary intention. 
 
 33 L.R.A.{N.S.) 5. 
 
 Matters relating to applicability of 
 
 rule. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 6. 
 
 In general. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 6. 
 Membership of first taker in 
 class. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 7. 
 Imbecility of person for whose 
 benefit particular estate 
 created, who is member 
 of class at testator's 
 death. 33 L.Rji..(N.S.) 
 12. 
 Nonexistence of subject-mat- 
 ter of gift at testator's 
 death. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 12. 
 Provision for accumulation. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 12. 
 Contingency of gift. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 13. 
 Gift to class by direction to 
 distribute. 33 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 13. 
 Words of futurity. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 13. 
 Use of word "then." 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 13. 
 Reference to statute of distri- 
 butions. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 15. 
 
 Begin with, this book on every law question. 
 
 WILLS, V. j, 9— cont'd 
 
 Terms importing plurality in 
 membership of class. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 17. 
 Limitation to those of class 
 making claim or proving 
 relationship. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 17. 
 Limitation to heirs, etc., both 
 of testator and of another. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 17. 
 Exclusion of certain persons. 
 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.)' 18. 
 Other phraseology. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 18. 
 Provision against alienation 
 of particular estate. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 19. 
 Power of appointment. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 Other similar limitations. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 20. 
 Miscellaneous. 33 L.K.A. (N. 
 S.) 20. 
 Instances of application of rule. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 21. 
 Preliminary statement. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 21. 
 Where gift is immediate. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 21. 
 Where gift is contingent on future 
 event. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 29. 
 Remainders. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 29. 
 Executory limitations. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 37. 
 Instances where application precluded 
 by context of will or accom- 
 panying circumstances. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 39. 
 Preliminary statement. 33 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 39. 
 Where gift is immediate. 33 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 39. 
 Where gift is contingent on future 
 event. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 42. 
 Remainders. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 42. 
 Executory limitations. 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 49. 
 Exclusion of first taker from partici- 
 pation. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 50. 
 Instances in which members of class 
 are ascertained at testator's death, 
 but take only in event of sur- 
 viving distribution. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 53. 
 
 § 98. Distribution per stirpes or per 
 capita. 
 
 Distribution per stirpes. 11 L.R.A. 305.* 
 Gift to persons not designated by name 
 but by general description, and as be- 
 ing living at a certain time prior to 
 testator's decease, as a gift to indi- 
 viduals or to a class. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 945. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1425 
 
 WILLS, V. j— cont'd 
 
 10. Vested Of contingent interests. 
 
 § 99. Generally. 
 
 Contingency in gift to class, see supra, § 97. 
 
 General rule as to whether estate vested or 
 
 contingent. 3 L.R.A. 816.* 
 Occurrence of contingencies. 10 L.R.A. 
 
 816.* 
 Intervention of trustees. 9 L.R.A. 215.* 
 
 § 100. Time to whicli contingency is 
 referable. 
 
 Time of vesting of remainder, see infra, 
 § 102. 
 
 Does contingency of death without issue, 
 children, etc., import their survival of 
 iirst taker. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 164. 
 To what time is the contingency of death of 
 a legatee or devisee without child 
 or issue, upon which a gift is con- 
 ditioned, referable. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1045. 
 Scope and introduction. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1047. 
 General asi>eets of the question. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1048. 
 English doctrine. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1048. 
 Canadian decisions. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1054. 
 American views. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1054. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1054. 
 Kecognition of presumption 
 that words have unre- 
 stricted meaning. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1056.^ 
 Rule of construction which pre- 
 sumes dying without is- 
 sue in testator's lifetime 
 to be referred to. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1059. 
 Rule of construction which 
 presumes dying without 
 issue before termination 
 of antecedent estate to be 
 meant. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1067. 
 Rule of construction which 
 presumes dying without 
 issue to have reference to 
 other intermediate periods 
 mentioned in will. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1069. 
 Rules of decision peculiar to 
 various jurisdictions. 25 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1070. 
 Effect of statutorv provisions. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1075. 
 Instances of application of the rule 
 which presumes an unrestrict- 
 ed meaning. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1076. 
 Not precluded by context. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1076. 
 Strengthened bv context. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1082. 
 Cotisult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WILLS, V. j, 10— cont'd 
 
 Evidences of intention precluding con- 
 struction which considers the 
 contingency as a dying with- 
 out issue at any time. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1083. 
 Preliminary statement. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1083. 
 Fixing a period for distribution. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1084. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1084. 
 Where intention is clear to 
 give indefeasible interest 
 at a certain time. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1089. 
 Where other contingencies re- 
 late to same period. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1095. 
 Where the gift over is of what 
 first taker would have 
 taken. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1096. 
 Contingent character of primary 
 
 gift. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1097. 
 Provision indicating that first tak- 
 ers shall take equally. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1098. 
 Restrictions of another gift over. 
 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1098. 
 Gift over in every event. 25 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1100. 
 Gift over to survivors or survivor. 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1106. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1106. 
 Of immediate gift. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1106. 
 Of gift after a life interest. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1108.N 
 Application of rule which presumes 
 death in testator's lifetime to 
 be referred to. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1108. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1108. 
 Precluded by indication of con- 
 trary intention. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1118. 
 Effect of relative ages of testator 
 and first taker. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1125. 
 Application of rule which presumes con- 
 tingency to have reference to 
 termination of preceding es- 
 tate. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1127. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1127. 
 Precluded by context. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1130. 
 Application of rule which presumes dy- 
 ing without issue to have ref- 
 erence to other intermediate 
 periods mentioned in will. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1130. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1130. 
 Precluded by statutory provision. 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1131. 
 Inference of intention to restrict con- 
 tingency to testator's lifetime. 
 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1131. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1131. 
 Arising from context. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1131. 
 90 
 
1426 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WlluLS, V. j, 10— cont'd 
 
 From the primary gift. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1132. 
 From the gift over. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1132. 
 From the phraseology and gen- 
 eral scheme. 25 L.S.A. 
 (N.S.) 1133. 
 Precluded by context. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1136. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1136. 
 Manifest intention to provide 
 alternative remainder. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1138. 
 As aflfected by extrinsic facts. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1139. 
 Inference of intention to restrict con- 
 tingency 'f.o termination pre- 
 ceding estate. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1139. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1139. 
 Preceding life estate. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1139. 
 Preceding trust estate. 25 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1141. 
 Not warranted by context. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1142. 
 Inference of intention to restrict con- 
 tingency to period of distribu- 
 tion or full enjoyment. 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1143. 
 In general. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1143. 
 From clear intention to give inde- 
 feasible interest at that time. 
 25 L.R.A.(N:S.) 1145. 
 From gift over being to survivors. 
 
 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1150. 
 From alternative limitations. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1151. 
 
 Not warranted by context. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1152. 
 
 Association of contingency with another 
 
 event. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1153. 
 
 General rule. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1153. 
 Attaining certain age. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1153. 
 Conjunctively. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1153. 
 " Disjunctively. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1156. 
 Marriage. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1163. 
 Both the preceding events. 25 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1165. 
 Expiration of term, or happening 
 of event. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1166. 
 Surviving a person named. 25 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1167. 
 Expressly. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1167. 
 By implication. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1168. 
 Abridgment of contingency by event 
 rendering its occurrence im- 
 possible. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1168. 
 By death of codevisees, where gift 
 over is to survivors. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1168. 
 By death of beneficiary of gift over, 
 where personal benefit is in- 
 tended. 25 L.R..^.(N.S.) 1170, 
 
 Begin with this Tioolc on every law question. 
 
 WILLS, V. j, 10— cont'd 
 
 By death of one leaving issue, 
 where the gift over is upon 
 death of two or more without 
 issue. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1171. 
 Miscellaneous. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1171. 
 Effect of civil death. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1172. 
 Summary. 25 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1172. 
 
 § 101. Remainders. 
 
 Distinction between vested and contingent 
 
 remainders in gifts. 1 L.R.A. 551.* 
 Expectant and contingent interest in real 
 property as subject of attachment or 
 levy on execution. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 115. 
 Contingent remainder as subject of devise 
 by remainderman. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 121. 
 Effect of union of life estate and remote 
 remainder or reversion in the same per- 
 son, upon intermediate contingent re- 
 mainder. 7 L.R.A.(N.S.) 433. 
 Will remainder contingent upon child sur- 
 viving parent vest, upon death of par- 
 ent during lifetime of child, but before 
 the determination of a precedent estate 
 outstanding in a third person. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 908. 
 Creation of vested remainder notwithstand- 
 ing life tenant's power to dispose of 
 property. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1005. 
 Character of remainder given by will as af- 
 fected by a direction that children, 
 etc., of a deceased remainderman, 
 shall take their parent's share. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 728. 
 Instances in which remainder is held 
 contingent. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 731. 
 Instances in which remainder is held 
 
 vested. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 739. 
 Instances in which remainder is held 
 vested subject to be divested. 37 
 L.R.A._(N.S.) 744. 
 Instances in which remainder is held 
 vested not subject to be divested. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 749. 
 
 § 102. —time of vesting. 
 
 Suspending time of vesting estate; when 
 estates vest; rule which governs. 9 
 L.R.A. 215.* 
 
 Construction of will as to time of vesting 
 of estate. 1 L.R.A. 433.* 
 
 Jc. Rights and preferences of legatees; 
 enforcement; payment; garnish- 
 ment. 
 
 §103. Rights of legatees generally. 
 
 Right of legatee to dividends on stock. 45 
 L.R.A. 393. 
 
 Right of legatee for whose benefit the pur- 
 chase of annuity is directed to receive 
 principal in lieu thereof. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 979. 
 
 Heating apparatus as part of realty where 
 rights of devisee are involved. 1 B. R. 
 C. 982. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 1427 
 
 WILLS, V. k— cont'd 
 
 Eight of devisee or legatee to attack con- 
 veyance or transfer by testator. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 194. 
 
 Eight of one claiming through devisee to 
 protection against unrecorded convey- 
 ance by ancestor or liis personal repre- 
 sentative. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 328. 
 
 § . 104..Interest on legacy. 
 
 Right to interest on legacies. 9 L.E.A. 
 24S.* 
 Legacy to widow. 9 L.E»4.. 2.51.* 
 
 Personal liability of executor or adminis- 
 trator to distributees for interest dur- 
 ing litigation involving construction 
 and interpretation of will. 31 L.E.A, 
 (N.S.) 357. 
 
 On legacy, conflict of laws as to. 2 L.E.A. 
 IX.S.) 468. 
 
 § 10 5. Preference between legacies. 
 
 Is a legacy given to a creditor in satisfac- 
 tion of his debt entitled to priority over 
 other legacies of same class. 2 B. E. C. 
 509. 
 
 Eight of devisee to completion of improve- 
 ments at the expense of the estate. 36 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 303. 
 
 Eight of devisee of incumbered property to 
 exoneration at expense of legatee. 3 
 L.E.A.(N,S.) 898. 
 
 § 106. Enforcement. 
 
 Remedies for enforcement of legacy when 
 charged upon devise. 30 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 815. 
 Personal liability of devisee. 30 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 815. 
 Extent of liability. 30 L.E.A. 
 (N.S.) 816. 
 Eight as against several devisees. 30 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 817. 
 Heirs or personal representatives of 
 
 devisee. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 
 Subsequent purchaser from devisee. 30 
 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 818. 
 
 Different purchasers of distinct 
 
 parcels. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 820. 
 
 Third person in possession. 30 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 820. 
 Purchaser at mortgage foreclosure sale. 
 
 30 L.E.A..(N.S.) 820. 
 Purchaser at execution sale. 30 L.E.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 82]. 
 Purchaser from administrator or ex- 
 ecutor of devisee. 30 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 821. . . 
 
 Purchaser from executor or adminis- 
 trator of testator's estate. 30 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 821. 
 Assignee for creditors of devisee. 30 
 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 822. 
 Right of subrogation to remedies of 
 
 legatee. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 822. 
 Whether remedy is at law or m equity. 
 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 823. 
 As affected by nature of the legacy. 
 
 .30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 824. 
 Charge for support, education, etc, 
 
 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 824. 
 Annuity. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 825 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WILLS, V. k— cont'd 
 
 When action may be brought. 30 
 
 L.E.A. 825. 
 Enforcement of legacy in orphans; ,gur- 
 
 roaate,/or probate court. 30 L.E.A, 
 
 (N.S.) 825. 
 Election of remedies. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 
 
 826. 
 Right of legatee to possession of real 
 
 estate charged with the legacy. 30 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S,) 827.' 
 
 § 107. —action to recover legacy. 
 
 Action or suit to recover legacy, 9 L.E.A. 
 
 203.* 
 Legatee or devisee as real party in interest 
 
 bv whom action must be brought. 64 
 
 L.R,A. 611. 
 Application of statute of limitations to suit 
 
 to recover legacy. 8 L.E.A. 652.* 
 
 § 108. Payment of legacy. 
 
 Payment of legacies. 9 L.E.A. 247.* 
 Effect of executor's promise as to payment 
 of legacy upon trust relations with 
 legatee. 9 L.E.A.(N.S.) 214. 
 
 § 109. Garnishment of legapy. 
 
 Garnishment of residuary legacies before 
 
 settlement. 59 L.E.A. 387. 
 Garnishment of husband's interest in wife's 
 
 legacy or distributive share. 47 L.E.A. 
 
 360. 
 
 I. Acceptance; election; renunciation. 
 
 § 110. Generally. 
 
 Election by legatee, conflict of laws as to. 
 2 L.E.A.(N.S.) 459. 
 
 General principle that one accepting benefit 
 under will ratifies other provisions of 
 will. 13 L.E.A. 567. 
 
 Eule of election between inconsistent rights. 
 12 L.R.A. 227.* 
 
 Must accept its provisions as a whole. 7 
 L.R.A. 454;* 9 L.R.A. 165;* 12 L.R.A. 
 227.* 
 
 How election made or manifested. 12 
 L.R.A. 27.* 
 
 Mode and effect of renouncing benefit under 
 will. 19 L.E.A.(N.S.) 595. 
 
 Effect of acceptance of devise, 9 L.E.A., 
 585.* 
 
 Allowing specified time for election to take 
 under devise or bequest as violation of 
 rule against perpetuities or suspension 
 of power of alienation. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 825. 
 
 Condition in will for forfeiture of interest 
 by any contesting beneficiary in con- 
 nection with doctrine of election. 68 
 L.E.A. 456. 
 
 Devise or bequest of property in which tes- 
 tator had but a part interest as put- 
 ting co-owner, who is a beneficiary, to 
 his election. 30 L.E.A. (N.S.) 644. 
 
 May beneficiary be put to his election by 
 extrinsic evidence of testator's inten- 
 tion. 28 L.E.A.(N.S.) 657. 
 
1428 
 
 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 (WILLS, V. 1— cont'd 
 
 Necessity of electing between claiming own 
 property which the will attempts to 
 dispose of, and a legacy or devise in 
 lieu of dower or other fixed right. 42 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 1127. 
 
 When beneficiary deemed to have elected to 
 take under a will assuming to dispose 
 of his property. 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1065. 
 
 § 111. Who may elect. 
 
 For widow, see infra, § 113. 
 
 Power of personal representative to elect, 
 
 see Executors and Abministratoes, 
 
 § 18. 
 
 Right of one's creditors or 
 
 sentatives to make or 
 
 for or against a will, 
 
 ferent provisions of a 
 
 11 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 379. 
 Right of devisees to make 
 
 tion for or against a 
 
 different provisions of 
 
 ute. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 personal repre- 
 control election 
 or between dif- 
 will or statute. 
 
 or control elec- 
 will or between 
 
 a will or stat- 
 382. 
 
 § 113. Between dower and provision 
 In will. 
 
 Effect of, see infra, §§ 114, 115. 
 
 Provision in will in lieu of dower. 3 L.R.A. 
 497;* 9 L.R.A. 250.* 
 
 When widow put to her election between 
 dower and provision in will. 3 L.R.A. 
 498;* 12 L.R.A. 229.* 
 
 By widow between provisions of will and 
 other rights. 18 L.R.A. (N.S.) 272. 
 
 Election between will and dower, conflict of 
 laws as to. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 459. 
 
 Notice of election by widow. 12 L.R.A. 
 229.* 
 
 Preference of legacy to widow, in lieu of 
 dower, over other legacies. 9 L.R.A. 
 261.* 
 
 Effect on legacy in lieu of dower, of widow's 
 death during period for flection. 2 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 959. 
 
 Apportionment of annuity created and ac- 
 cepted in lieu of dower. 63 L.E.A. 625. 
 
 Necessity of electing between claiming own 
 property which the will attempts to dis- 
 pose of, and a legacy or devise in lieu 
 of dower. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 127. 
 
 § 113. —who may elect for widow. 
 
 Who may elect against a will on behalf of 
 
 an insane widow. 17 L.R.A. 296; 
 
 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1210. 
 Power of the court to elect. 17 L.R.A. 
 
 297. 
 Power sometimes conferred on the 
 
 guardian. 17 L.R.A. 297. 
 
 g 114. Effect of election. 
 
 . Effect of election by widow. 3 L.R.A. 500;* 
 
 12 L.R.A. 231.* 
 Effect on third person of widow's election 
 to take against will. 14 L.R.A. 
 293. 
 Acceleration in case of renunciation of 
 life estate. 14 L.R.A. 293. 
 
 WILLS, V. 1— cont'd 
 
 Effect of spouse's election to take against 
 will upon rest of will. 27 L.K.A. 
 (N.S.) 602. 
 Who must bear loss occasioned bv elec- 
 tion. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 603. 
 As between beneficiaries of differ- 
 ent classes. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 606. 
 Operation of statutory provisions. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 608. 
 Effect of provision in will for equitable con- 
 version on wife's dower or distributive 
 share where the will makes no provision 
 for her or she renounces such provision. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 285. 
 Statute of limitations applicable to actions 
 to enforce implied promise arising from 
 acceptance of devise chargeable with 
 payment of legacy. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 393. 
 
 § 115. — acceleration by. 
 
 In case of widow's renunciation of life es- 
 tate. 14 L.R.A. 293. 
 Acceleration of gift over, by widow's elec- 
 tion against will giving life estate. 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 272. 
 Sequestration of renounced provision. 
 
 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 275. 
 Other disposition of renounced provi- 
 sion. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 277. 
 
 tn. Equitable conversion. 
 
 § 116. Generally. 
 
 Equitable conversion generally, see Equit- 
 able Conversion. 
 
 Equitable conversion. 1 L.R.A. 837;* 3 
 
 L.R.A. 145;* 5 L.R.A. 104.* 
 Conflict of laws as to. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 457. 
 Doctrine of equitable conversion in relation 
 
 to succession tax. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 400; 
 
 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 290. 
 When is there such a failure of testator's 
 
 purpose or object as to preclude the 
 
 application of the doctrine of equitable 
 
 conversion. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 Conversion by directing sale after devising 
 
 land. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 817. 
 
 §117. Effect of. 
 
 Law governing effect of. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 432. 
 
 Effect of provision in will for equitable con- 
 version upon wife's dower or distribu- 
 tive share, where the will makes no pro- 
 vision for her, or she renounces such 
 provision. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 285. 
 
 § lis. As of what time. 
 
 As of what time conversion takes place un- 
 der direction to sell real property 
 which postpones sale to definitely 
 ascertainable time subsequent to 
 testator's death. 20 L.R. A. ( N S ) 
 65. 
 In determining right to testator's 
 realty as such. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 66. 
 
 Begin with this hoolc on every laio question. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1429 
 
 WILLS, V. m— cont'd 
 
 In determining capacity of beneficiaries. 
 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 67. 6 
 
 In determining validity of testamentary 
 disposition. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 67. 
 
 In determining quantum of interest tak- 
 en. 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 68. 
 
 In determining mode of transfer of lega- 
 tee's interest. 20 L.R.A. (N.S ) 
 68. ' 
 
 In determining rights of legatee's credi- 
 tors. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 69. 
 
 In determining devolution of legatee's 
 interest. 20 L.R.A. (N.S.) 70. 
 
 n. Charge on donee or land devised. 
 
 § 119. Generally. 
 
 How testamentary charge on land created. 
 9 L.RA. 584.* 
 
 Charging realty with debts. 1 L.R.A. 545.* 
 
 Legacy chargeable on residuary estate; ex- 
 oneration of personalty. 9 L.R.A. 586.* 
 
 Remedies for enforcement of legacy when 
 charged on devise. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 815. 
 
 May provision in will for support of a per- 
 son, which is made a lien or charge up- 
 on property devised or bequeathed to 
 others be reached by his creditors. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 526. 
 
 Statute of limitations applicable to action 
 to enforce an implied promise arising 
 from acceptance of devise chargeable 
 with payment of legacy. 8 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 393. 
 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence for pur- 
 pose of charging property with pay- 
 ment of legacies or debts where the will 
 is silent on that point. 19 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 457. 
 
 o. Lapsing; ademption; advancements; 
 abatement; revocation. 
 
 § 120. Lapsing. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 467. 
 
 Bequest to a class one of whom died before 
 the execution of the will. 2 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 580. 
 
 Effect of death of beneficiary of testamen- 
 tary gift of an annuity, before its pur- 
 chase. 2 B. R. C. 909. 
 
 § 121. Ademption. 
 
 When legacy adeemed, generally. 12 L.R.A. 
 
 569.* 
 Ademption by advancement to, or provision 
 
 for, legatee. 1 L.R.A. 203;* 12 L.R.A. 
 
 569.* 
 Ademption as to residue. 1 L.R.A. 203.* 
 Ademption sale of the property; change or 
 
 annihilation of fund. 1 L.R.A. 204;* 7 
 
 L.R.A. 487;* 12 L.R.A. 509.* 
 Liability of bequest of stocks, bonds, or 
 
 notes to ademption. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 63-82. 
 Admissibility of evidence of testator's in- 
 tention as to ademption. 1 L.R.A. 203.* 
 Gift to one spouse by parent of the other 
 
 as ademption. 26 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1050. 
 Conmilt also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WILLS, V. 0— cont'd 
 
 Power of guardian or conservator to adeem 
 legacy. 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 401. 
 
 § 122. — of specific legacy. 
 
 Disposal, loss, or destruction of subject-njat- 
 ter, or payment of debt, as ademp- 
 tion of specific legacy or devise. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 542. 
 In general, 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 542. 
 
 Contract of disposal. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 545. 
 Hypothecating as security. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 546. 
 Wrongful sale. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 546. 
 Effect of subsequent acquisition or 
 reversion. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 546. 
 Gift to legatee. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 547. 
 Sale under process of law. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 547. 
 Removal of subject of legacy. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 547. 
 Ademption by acquisition of differ- 
 ent estate. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 548. 
 Alienation while testator is insane. 
 
 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 548. 
 Ademption pro tanto. 40 L.RA. 
 (N.S.) 549. 
 Intention as affecting question. 40 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 549. 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence of 
 testator's intent. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 551. 
 Change in subject-matter or substitution of 
 other property as an ademption of 
 a specific legacy or devise. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 553. 
 Early rule. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 554. 
 Modern rule. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 554. 
 Intent as affecting question. 40 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 558. 
 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence of 
 testator's intent. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.I 
 558. 
 Collection of insurance policy during life- 
 time of testator as ademption of spe- 
 cific legacy thereof. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 561. 
 
 § 123. — of general legacy. 
 Gift by testator as ademption of general 
 legacy to donee. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 588. " 
 Explanatory statement. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 588. 
 Rule of intent. 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 588. 
 Determination of intent. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 589. 
 Rule of double portion. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 589. 
 Presumptions. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 589. 
 Parol evidence rules. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 592. 
 Under statute. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 593. 
 Miscellaneous cases. 38 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 594. 
 
1430 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WILLS, V. o— cont'd 
 
 Ademption in toto or pro tanto. 38 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 594.. 
 Rules as applied to subsequent wills. 
 
 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 595. I 
 
 § 124. Advancements. 
 
 Advancements by testator, see Advance- 
 ments. 
 
 «e. 3 L.R.A. 
 
 Advancement on note of 
 850.* 
 
 g 125. Abatement. 
 
 Conflict of laws as to. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 467. 
 
 Liability of bequest of stocks, bonds, or 
 notes to abatement. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 65. 
 
 Order of abatement to pay debts as between 
 demonstrative legacies and specific lega- 
 cies or devises. 4 L.RA..(N.S.) 922. 
 
 § 12 6. Effect of divorce to revoke gift 
 by vein. 
 
 Generally. 69 L.R.A. 940. 
 
 When status mentioned in will controls. 69 
 L.R.A. 940. 
 In general. 69 L.R.A. 940. 
 When legatee is mentioned by name. 69 
 L.R.A. 941. 
 
 Effect of lapse of time between divorce and 
 testator's death. 69 L.R.A. 942. 
 
 Effect of property settlement. 69 L.R.A. 
 943. 
 
 As affecting right to take under gift to 
 "husband," "wife" or "widow." 33 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 826. 
 
 Settlement of property rights between hus- 
 band and wife on account of divorce as 
 implied revocation of will. 20 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1073. 
 
 p. General or specific. 
 
 g 12 7. Generally. 
 
 Ademption of specific 
 
 § 122. 
 Ademption 
 § 123. 
 
 legacy, see supra, 
 of general legacy, see supra, 
 
 Distinction between specific and general 
 legacies. 3 L.R.A. 490.* 
 
 Bequest of policy of insurance, or proceeds 
 thereof, as specific legacy. 7 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 592. 
 
 Contribution as between specific legatees 
 and specific devisees to pay testator's 
 debts. 1 L.R.A.(N.S.) 461. 
 
 Effect of bequest for life of chattels con- 
 sumable in the use in general or specific 
 bequest. 16 L.R.A. (N.S.) 484. 
 
 Order of abatement to pay debts as between 
 demonstrative legacies and specific leg- 
 acies. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 922. 
 
 § 12 8. Of stocks, bonds, or notes. 
 
 Bequest 'of corporate stock. 7 L.R.A. 391.* 
 Is bequest of stocks, bonds, or notes gen- 
 eral or specific. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 49. 
 Classification of legacies. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 50. 
 In general. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 50. 
 
 _n L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 11 L.R.A. 
 11 L.R.A. 
 
 11 L.R.A. 
 
 Begin with this ItooJc on every law question. 
 
 WILLS, V. p— cont'd 
 
 General legacies. 
 51. 
 Definitions. 
 
 51. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 53. 
 
 Specific legacies. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 
 Definitions. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 55. 
 
 Illustrations. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 57. 
 
 Demonstration legacies. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 61. 
 
 Definitions. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 61. 
 Examples. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 62. 
 Characteristic of the classes. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 63. 
 Liability to ademption. 
 (N.S.) 63. 
 The general topic. 
 
 (N.S.) 63. 
 Specific legacies. 
 
 (N.S.) 63. 
 General and demonstrative leg- 
 acies. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 65. 
 Liability to abatement. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 65. ' 
 Judicial bias. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 66. 
 The intention of the testator. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 67. 
 Scrutiny of the whole will. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 70. 
 Bequests under powers of appointment. 
 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 73. 
 Division of legacy among several leg- 
 atees. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 73. 
 The state of the assets. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 74. 
 At the date of the will. 11 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 74. 
 At the death of the testator. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 78. 
 Constructions of particular language. 
 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 Use of the possessive pronoun. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 79. 
 Use of phrase "standing in my 
 name." 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 81. 
 Guards against ademption. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 82. 
 Directions to executors. 11 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 83. 
 To purchase. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 83. 
 To continue investment. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 83. 
 To transfer to legatee. 11 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 84. 
 To convert. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 84. 
 Miscellaneous words and expres- 
 sions. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 84. 
 
 q. Who ivill tahe void legacy. 
 
 § 129. Generally. 
 
 Right of heir or residuary legatee to gift 
 failing for remoteness. 20 L.R.A. 517. 
 
WILLS— cont'd 
 
 VI. Suit to construe icill 
 
 § 13 0. Generally. 
 
 Jurisdiction of auit, see ^Equity, § 13. 
 
 Suit for construction and directions to trus 
 teea. 5 L.R.A. 104.* 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WIRE TAPPING, 
 
 See Tapping Wires. 
 
 1431 
 
 < « > 
 
 WIND. 
 
 Proximate cause of loss or injury by, see 
 Peoximate Cause, § 5. 
 
 WINDING UP. 
 
 Of corporation, see Corporations, IX. 
 
 Of partnership, see Partnership, §§ 29-51. 
 
 Allowance of expenses of winding up busi- 
 ness of estate as costs of administra- 
 tion. 40 L.E.A.(N.S.) 203. 
 
 Liability of personal representative, testa- 
 mentary trustee, or guardian in wind- 
 ing up business in behalf of estate. 40 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 222. 
 
 < « » 
 
 WINDOW FKONTS. 
 
 As fixtures. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1022. 
 
 WINDOWS. 
 
 As fixtures. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1189. 
 
 Right to open windows in party wall. 10 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1191. 
 Burglary by forcing. 17 L.K.A.(N.S.) 1100. 
 Burglary by raising window already partly 
 
 open. 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1102. 
 Burglary by taking screen from window. 17 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1100; 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 
 770. 
 
 WINE. 
 
 As intoxicating liquor. 20 L.R.A. 647. 
 
 WING FENCES. 
 
 Compensation for making, as element of 
 damages for laying out street across 
 railway property. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1234. 
 
 « » » 
 
 WITCHCRAFT. 
 
 Belief in, as insane delusion. 37 L.R.A. 272. 
 Belief in, as affecting capacity to make 
 will or deed. 16 L.R.A. 677. 
 
 WITHDRAWAL. 
 
 Of appearance, see Appearance, § 5. 
 
 Right of attorney to withdraw action, see 
 Attorneys, § 16. 
 
 From loan association, see Building and 
 Loan Associations, § 8. 
 
 Of subscription for corporate stock, see Cor- 
 porations, § 80. 
 
 From conflict by one setting up self defense 
 as excuse for homicide, see Homicide, 
 § 29. 
 
 Of pleading, see Pleading, § 13. 
 
 Of telephone service, see Telephones, § 9. 
 
 Of juror, see Criminal Law, § 38; Trial, 
 § 18a. 
 
 Of probate proceedings, see Wills, § 54. 
 
 Of property from auction sale. 57 L.R.A. 
 784; 20 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1133. 
 
 Eight to withdraw order given agent before 
 acceptance by principal. 10 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1138. 
 
 Right to withdraw names from petition or 
 remonstrance. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 372; 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1113. 
 
 Liability for causing withdrawal of surety 
 from bond. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 388. 
 
 Validity of agreement made in considera- 
 tion of withdrawal of candidacy for of- 
 fice. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 289. 
 
 Right to withdraw proceedings to probate or 
 contest will or issues thereunder. 19 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 121. 
 
 Right of officer to withdraw resignation. 16 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1058. 
 
 Abutting owner's right to withdraw before 
 action thereon of consent to construc- 
 tion of railroad or street railway in 
 street or highway. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 994. 
 
 Right to withdraw money paid into court 
 after tender. 5 L.R.A. (N.S.) 561. 
 
 WITHOUT RECOURSE. 
 
 -Assignor without recourse as an endorser, 
 
 36 L.R.A. 119. 
 Indorsement without, as putting purchaser 
 
 on inquiry. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 378. 
 
 WIRES. 
 
 Electric wires, see Eleot'ri city ; Highways, 1 
 § 24. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date 
 
 \^ ITHODT HAVING BEEN MARRIED. 
 
 Meaning of term. 15 L.R.A. 293. 
 
1422 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WITNESSES. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 1-8. 
 II. Competency, §§ 0-25. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 9-16. 
 
 b. Husband and wife, §§ n- 
 
 21. 
 
 c. Effect of death, §§ 22-24. 
 
 d. As to character or reputa- 
 
 tion, § 25. 
 III. Examination, §§ 26-40. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 26-30. 
 6. Cross-examination, §§ 31- 
 ,38. 
 
 c. Be-direct examination, § 39. 
 
 d. Protection; privileges, § 40. 
 IT. Impeachment; discrediting; cor- 
 roboration, §§ 41-4:6. 
 
 V. Credibility, § 47. 
 VI. Compensation, §§ 48-51. 
 
 a. In general, §§ 49, 50. 
 
 b. Of expert witness, §51. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 1 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Attesting witness, see Attesting Witness; 
 Wills, §§ 15, 24, 26-31. 
 
 Constitutionality of statutes as to, see Con- 
 stitutional Law, § 159. 
 
 Contempt by, see Contempt. 
 
 Right to continuance for absent witness, see 
 Continuance, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Validity of contract to procure testimony, 
 see Contracts, § 103. 
 
 Right of accused to be confronted with wit- 
 nesses against him, see Cbiminal Law, 
 § 47. 
 
 Effect of death of, see Death, § 23. 
 
 Jurisdiction of courts of equity to entertain 
 bill to perpetuate testimony, see Depo- 
 sition, § 2. 
 
 District attorney as, see Disteict and Pbos- 
 ecuting Attorney, § 4. 
 
 As to evidence, see Evidencje. 
 
 Opinions and conclusions of, see Evidence, 
 VIII. 
 
 Privileged communications to, see Evidence, 
 §§ 20-26. 
 
 Oath to, see Oath, § 3. 
 
 Sickness of, see Sickness, § 5. 
 
 Matters as to, generally during trial, see 
 Tbial, § 11. 
 
 To will, see Wills, §§ 15, 24, 26-31. 
 
 Validity of agreements with. 19 L.E,.A. 373. 
 Comparison of handwriting by. 62 L.R.A. 
 
 869. 
 To prove lost or destroyed wills. 38 L.R.A. 
 
 443. 
 Treating sf jury by, as ground for new 
 
 trial or reversal. 19 L.R.A. (N.S.) 737. 
 Sickness of, as ground for injunction against 
 
 judgment. 30 L.R.A. 795. 
 r Right to set aside verdict or grant new 
 
 trial because of demeanor of. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 855. 
 Constitutionality of statute permitting 
 
 court to appoint expert vritnesses. 33 
 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 917. 
 Exception of consuls from serving as. 45 
 
 L.R.A. 586. 
 
 Begin with this booTc on every law question. 
 
 WITNESSES, I.— cont'd 
 
 Right of un-named witness to maintain 
 action for libel or slander based on 
 charge that some of witnesses had com- 
 mitted perjury. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 728. 
 
 Collateral attacls on probate where decree 
 or will afBrmatively shows that the will 
 is invalid for defects as to witnesses- 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 455. 
 
 § 2. Before grand jury. 
 
 Witnesses before grand jury, generally. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 321. 
 Competency of criminals as witnesses before 
 
 grand jury. 28 L.R.A. 319. 
 Swearing of witnesses before grand jury. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 320. 
 Wife as witness before grand jurv. 28 
 
 L.R.A. 322. 
 
 § S. Interference with or detention of. 
 
 Interference with as a crime. 25 L.R.A. 439. 
 
 Procuring one having knowledge of offense 
 to leave the jurisdiction. 33 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 976. 
 
 Detention of one as witness as false impris- 
 onment. 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 503. 
 
 § 4. Securing attendance of. 
 
 Right to process to procure witnesses. 5 
 L.R.A. 833.* 
 
 Power to regulate or restrict constitutional 
 right of defendant in criminal cases to 
 compulsory process to procure attend- 
 ance of witnesses in his behalf. 8^ 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 509. 
 
 § 5. Subpoena duces tecum. 
 
 Refusal to produce books or papers in re- 
 sponse to subpoena, upon ground 
 that they contain private matter. 
 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 716. 
 Necessity of relevancy. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 718. 
 Sealing irrelevant portions. 29 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 719. 
 Other protection of irrelevant por- 
 tions. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 719. 
 Danger of civil suit. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 719. 
 Particularity required in description of 
 documents in subpoena cUtoes tecum. 
 31 L.R.A.(N.S.) 835. 
 
 § 6. Necessary witnesses. 
 
 Subscribing witliess, necessity of calling. 35 
 L.R.A. 321. 
 
 § 7. Limiting number of. 
 
 Limiting number of. 10 L.R.A. 576.* 
 
 § 8. Reference to, by prosecuting at- 
 torney. 
 
 Attack on defendant's witnesses by prose- 
 cuting attorney in argument as ground 
 for reversal. 46 L.R.A. 653. 
 
 Comments by prosecuting attorney on ab- 
 sence of witnesses as ground of rever- 
 sal of conviction. 46 L.R.A. 665 ; 34 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 811. 
 
INDEX TO L.K.A. NOTES. 
 
 1433 
 
 WITNESSES, I.— cont'd 
 
 fieference by prosecuting attorney in argu- 
 ment to jury to attempts to tamper 
 ■with witnesses or jurymen as ground 
 for reversal. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 795. 
 
 //. Competency. 
 
 u,. Iti general. 
 
 § 9. Generally. 
 
 Competency of witness to give opinion or 
 conclusion, see Evidencb, VIII. 
 
 Competency of expert witness, see Evi- 
 dence, VIII. 
 
 As to competeucv of evidence, see Emdekcb. 
 XII. 
 
 Of witness to handwriting, see Evidence, 
 §§ 199, 200. 
 
 Competency of witness to will, see Wills, 
 §§ 28, 29. 
 
 Deaf and dumb persons as witnesses; com- 
 petency. 24 L.E,.A. 126. 
 
 Constitutional right of colored persons to 
 be witnesses. 14 L.E.A. 581, 584. 
 
 Competency of witnesses as affected by ques- 
 tion whether suit for statutory penalty 
 is a civil or criminal prosecution. 27 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 746. 
 
 Competencv to testify as to one's national- 
 ity. 37 L.R.A.{N.S.) 760. 
 
 Right of owner of baggage to testify as to 
 its value in an action for its loss. 37 
 Ii.R.A.(X.S.) 588. 
 
 Waiver of objection to competency of wit- 
 nesses by cross-examination of same. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 106. 
 
 Incompetency as witness of person making 
 uncontradicted statement in presence of 
 accused as affecting its character as a 
 confession or admission. 25 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 551; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 891. 
 
 Whose dving declarations are admissible, 
 56 L'R.A. 358. 
 
 Federal courts following state decisions as 
 to competency of. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 449. 
 
 § 10. Criminals. 
 
 Competency of criminals as witnesses be- 
 fore grand jury. 28 L.R.A. 319. 
 
 § 11. — accomplice. 
 
 Competency of accomplice as affected by 
 agreement for immunity. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 445. 
 
 Dismissal of prosecution towards one de- 
 fendant to qualify him as a witness 
 against others. 35 L.R.A. 710. 
 
 § 12. Religious belief as qnaliflcation. 
 
 In general. 42 L.R.A. 553; 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1023. 
 Classification by states. 42 L.R.A. 555. 
 Federal cases. 42 L.R.A. 566. 
 English and Scotch cases. 42 L.R.A. 566. 
 
 § 13. Competency of children. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of infant, see 
 Evidence, § 218. 
 
 As dependent upon age. 19 L.R.A. 605. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WITNESSES, II. a— cont'd 
 
 As affected by magnitude of case. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 606. 
 Necessity of oath. 19 L.R.A. 606. 
 The tests of competency now applied. 19 
 
 L.R.A. 607. 
 Illustrations of testing witnesses for com- 
 petency. 19 L.R.A. 608. 
 Question of competency to be determined 
 
 in open court. 19 L.R.A. 609. 
 Duty as to instruction of child. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 609. 
 How examined. 19 L.R.A. 610. 
 How far decision reviewable. 19 L.R.A. 
 
 610. 
 Admissibility of declarations of infant too 
 
 voung to be sworn as a, witness at the 
 
 trial. 65 L.R.A. 316. 
 
 § 14. Insanity. 
 
 Effect of insanity on competency of witness. 
 37 L.R.A. 423. 
 
 § 15. Morphinism. 
 
 Morphinism as affecting competency. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 265. 
 Effect of insanity on competency of wit- 
 nesses. 37 L.R.A. 423. 
 
 The general rule. 37 L.R.A. 423. 
 
 By whom and how determined. 37 
 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Presumption and burden of proof. 37 
 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Evidence to establish. 37 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Effect of inquisition, confinement, etc. 
 37 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 Proof in case of ■ subsequent insanity. 
 37 L.R.A. 427. 
 
 Effect of insanity of adverse party. '37 
 L.R.A. 428. 
 
 § 16. Judge; prosecuting attorney. 
 
 Competency of judge as witness in a cause 
 on trial before him. 31 L.R.A. 465. 
 
 Justices of the peace. 31 L.R.A. 466. 
 
 Prosecution attorney as witness. 55 
 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 b. Husband and wife. 
 
 § 17. Generally. 
 
 Privileged communications between, see Ev- 
 idence, § 223. 
 
 Husband and wife as witnesses in action for 
 wife's libel or slander. 30 L.R.A. 529. 
 
 Competency of husband or wife as witness 
 for or against the other as to trans- 
 actions prior to marriage. 67 L.R.A. 
 499. 
 
 Waiver of privilege as to communication be- 
 tween husband and wife by calling one 
 spouse as a witness for the other. 40 
 L.R.A.(]S[.S.) 43. 
 
 Effect of statute making husband and wife 
 competent witnesses for or against each 
 other, upon the privilege as to con- 
 fidential communications between them. 
 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 273. 
 
 §18. Criminal cases. 
 Wife as witness before grand jury. 28 
 L.R.A. 322. 
 
1434 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. XOirES. 
 
 WITNESSES, II. b— cont'd 
 
 Husband or wife as witness against the 
 other in criminal prosecutions. 2 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 862; 22 L.E.A.(N.S.) 
 240; 41 L.R.A.{N.S.) 1213. 
 
 § 19. As to misconduct of other 
 spouse. 
 
 Competency of one spouse to testify as to 
 misconduct of other spouse in ac- 
 tion against a third person. 39 
 L.R.A.{N.S.) 315. 
 
 Action for criminal conversation. 39 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 
 Action for alienating affections. 39 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 317. 
 
 On indictment of paramour. 39 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 318. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 39 L.R.A. (N.S.) 319. 
 
 § 20. Nonaccess. 
 
 Competency of husband or wife to prove 
 nonaceess. 8 L.R.A. 103.* 
 
 Competency of woman to testify as to non- 
 access of husband. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 619. 
 
 Admissibility of testimony of husband or 
 wife, as to prenuptial nonaceess of hus- 
 band. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 546. 
 
 § 21. Dying declarations. 
 
 Admissibility of dying declarations of hus- 
 band against wife. 56 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 Admissibility of dying declarations as af- 
 fected by competency or incompetency 
 of declarant as witness. 56 L.R.A. 432. 
 
 Admissibility of dying declarations of wife 
 against husband. 56 L.R.A. 360. 
 
 c. Effect of death. 
 
 g 22. Generally. 
 
 Of surviving party to contract. 1 L.R.A. 
 
 463,* 507.* 
 Competency of a party to deny a trans- 
 action with a person since deceased. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 755; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 298. 
 Admissibility after death of adversary of 
 testimony or deposition of party given 
 or taken before the former's death and 
 relating to a personal transaction with 
 him. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 488. 
 Admissibility of testimony as to transac- 
 tions with the attorney or agent of 
 deceased person. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 684. 
 Competency of assignor of claim in suit 
 to testify as to transactions with 
 or statements by deceased, where 
 not expressly excluded by terms of 
 statute. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 316. 
 Rule sustaining right to testify. 42 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 316. 
 Denial of right of assignor to testify. 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 318. 
 Where assignment is not made in good 
 faith. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 320. 
 May statutory rule excluding testimony of 
 transaction with deceased person 
 by party or person in interest be 
 invoked against estate of decedent 
 or person claiming under the es- 
 tate. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 305. 
 
 Begin with this book on every laiv question. 
 
 WITNESSES, II. c— cont'd 
 
 When statute excludes either party to 
 suit. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 306. 
 
 Statute excluding adverse party or par- 
 ty with adverse interest. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 307. 
 
 Statute excluding witness when ad- 
 verse party is personal representa- 
 tive, etc. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 308. 
 
 Statute excluding opposite party. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 310. 
 
 Statute excluding witness from testify- 
 ing against personal representa- 
 tive, etc. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 311. 
 
 Where disqualification is against per- 
 son testifying for himself. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 312. 
 
 Where statute disqualifies the other 
 party to the suit or transaction. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 313. 
 
 Effect of testimony in favor of estate as 
 removing disqualification. 42 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 313. 
 
 § 23. Interested witnesses. 
 
 Exclusion of testimony of witness against 
 decedent on ground of interest. 12 
 L.R.A. 836.* 
 
 Competency of interested witness to testi- 
 fy as to transactions with deceased in 
 wliich he ■ did not participate. 29 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1179; 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 320. 
 
 Competency of original debtor to testify to 
 payment made to decedent, in action 
 by third person against the estate to 
 recover amount so paid. 28 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 388. 
 
 § 24. — stockholders. 
 
 Competency of stockholder as witness where 
 corporation is a party to a suit 
 prosecuted by or against a per- 
 sonal representative. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 816. 
 
 Where statute merely excludes party to 
 suit. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 816. 
 
 Where statute disqualifies on the 
 ground of interest. 27 L.R,A.<N. 
 S.) 819. 
 
 Effect of insolvency of corporation. 27 
 L.E.A.(N.S.) 820. 
 
 Effect of disposal of stock. 27 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 821. 
 
 Officers of and residents in municipal 
 corporations. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 821. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 27 L.R.A.(N.S.) 821. 
 
 d. As to character or reputation. 
 
 § 25. Generally. 
 
 Admissibility of evidence as to character or 
 reputation, see Evidence, §§ 249-253. 
 
 Competency of witness as to character and 
 reputation of deceased in trial for hom- 
 icide. 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 375. 
 Right of witness to -testify to character 
 from personal knowledge. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 650. 
 Impeaching or sustaining witness. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 650. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1435 
 
 WITNESSES, II. d— cont'd 
 
 American cases. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 650. 
 English cases. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 659. 
 Character of the accused, deceased, or 
 parties. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 552; 22 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 661. 
 Provins: character by negative evidence. 
 22 L.R.A.(N.S.) 666. 
 
 III. Examination, 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 2 6. Generally. 
 
 Contempt by veitness, see Contempt. 
 Evidence generally, see Evidence. 
 
 Examination of, as to sanity or insanity. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 305. 
 In proceeding in tribunal of association or 
 
 corporation. 49 L.R.A. 369. 
 Inquiries of, bv jurymen. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 839. 
 
 § 27. Leading questions. 
 Power of court to put. 57 L.R.A. 881. 
 Admissibility as dying declarations of mat- 
 ters elicited by. 2 B. R. C. 923. 
 
 § 28. Refreshing memory. 
 
 Of witness to handwriting. 63 L.R.A. 164. 
 
 Right for purpose of cross-examination to 
 inspect paper used by witness to re- 
 fresh memory. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 706. 
 
 § 2 9. Power of court to call and ex- 
 amine witnesses. 
 
 To elicit facts or supply evidence. 57 L.RA. 
 
 878. 
 In order that the questions or answers may 
 
 be understood. 57 L.R.A. 880. 
 To keep witnesses within bounds. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 880. 
 Where they are reluctant. 57 L.R.A. 881. 
 Leading and improper questions. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 881. 
 Suggesting a change in the form of ques- 
 tions. 57 L.R.A. 882. 
 Cross-examination of witnesses. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 882. 
 Showing partiality or prejudice. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 882. 
 Objection and exception to action of trial 
 
 court. 57 L.R.A. 884. 
 
 8 3 0. Examination of witnesses to 
 handwriting. 
 
 Generally. 63 L.R.A. 163. 
 
 Direct examination. 63 L.R.A. 163. 
 
 Of ordinary, or nonexpert, witnesses. 
 63 L.R.A. 163. 
 Generally. 63 L.R.A. 163. 
 Refreshing the recollection of the 
 witness. 63 L.RA. 164. 
 Of expert witnesses. 63 L.R.A. 166. 
 Generally. 63 L.R.A. 166. 
 As to grounds and reasons. 63 
 L.R.A. 166. 
 Cross-examination. 63 L.R.A. 168. 
 Generally. 63 L.R.A. 168. 
 Consult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WITNESSES, III. a— cont'd 
 
 Of nonexpert witnesses. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 168. 
 Of expert witnesses. 63 L.R.A. 
 170. 
 Submission of unproved and spurious 
 writings. 63 L.R.A. 171. 
 To nonexpert witnesses. 63 L.R.A. 
 
 171. 
 To expert witiiiesses. 63 L.R.A. 
 176. 
 In proof of handwriting. 65 L.R.A. 154. 
 
 6. Cross-examination. 
 
 § SI. Generally. 
 
 Extent and restrictions. 12 L.R.A. 693.* 
 
 Use of books on inexact sciences on. 40 
 L.R.A. 569. 
 
 Refusal to allow cross-examination on rele- 
 vant matters covered by the examina- 
 tion in chief as ground for reversal on 
 new trial. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 683. 
 
 Right to have direct testimony stricken out 
 where cross-examination is interrupted 
 wholly or in part bv sickness or death 
 of witness. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 493. 
 
 Cross-examination of husband or wife when 
 vfitness against the other in criminal 
 prosecutions. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1213. 
 
 Right, for purpose of cross-examination, to 
 inspect paper used bv witness to re- 
 fresh memory. 22 L.RA. (N.S.) 706. 
 
 § 32. By court. 
 
 Power of court to cross-examine. 57 L.R.A. 
 
 882. 
 Interrogation of accused by court. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 674. 
 
 § 33. As to sanity. 
 
 Of nonexpert witness as to sanity or in- 
 sanity. 38 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Of expert witness as to sanity. 39 L.R.A. 
 326. 
 
 14 
 
 §34. Witness as to character. 
 
 Of witness testifying to character 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 739. 
 Of witness as to character of accused. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 615. 
 
 § 35. As to handwriting. 
 
 In general. 63 L.R.A. 163. 
 
 Of nonexpert witness. 63 L.R.A. 168, 
 
 171. 
 Of expert witness. 63 L.R.A. 170, 176. 
 
 § 3 6. To show conviction of crime. 
 
 Cross-examination as proper mode of prov- 
 ing conviction of crime for pur- 
 poses of impeachment. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 846. 
 
 View that cross-examination is a prop- 
 er mode. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 848. 
 
 View that cross-examination is not a 
 proper method. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 850. 
 
 Defendant in criminal case as a wit- 
 ness. 30 L.R.A.(N.5.) 851. 
 
1436 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WITNESSES, III. b— cont'd 
 
 § 37. Of accused. 
 
 Under statutory limitations. 15 L.R.A. 
 669. 
 
 In absence of statutory limitation. 15 
 L.R.A. 670. 
 Generally. 15 L.R.A. 670. 
 As to relevant matters. 15 L.R.A. 672. 
 As to irrelevant matters. 15 L.R.A. 
 
 673. 
 As to communications vpith counsel. 15 
 
 L.R.A. 674. 
 Recross-examination. 15 L.R.A. 674. 
 Interrogation by the court. 15 L.R.A. 
 674. 
 
 Right to question defendant concerning 
 other crimes on cross-examination. 62 
 L.R.A. 345. 
 
 Right to cross-examine accused who has 
 taken witness stand, as to confession 
 which would not be admissible in evi- 
 dence. 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 604. 
 
 § 38. Effect of. 
 
 Waiver of objection to testimony by cross- 
 examination. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 103. 
 Majority rule. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 103. 
 Minority rule. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 105. 
 Where cross-examination supplies omis- 
 sions. 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 106. 
 Objection to competency of witnesses. 
 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 106. 
 Where witness is testifying at the 
 
 trial. 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 107. 
 Where testimony is taken by dep- 
 osition. 33 L.RA.(N.S.) 107. 
 Tyhere testimony in equity is taken 
 before a master. 33 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 108. 
 
 c. Redirect examination. 
 
 § 39. Generally. 
 
 Redirect examination of witness as to char- 
 acter. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 745. 
 
 Of witness as to sanity or insanity. 39 
 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 d. Protection; privileges. 
 
 § 40. Generally. 
 
 Protection against self-crimination, see 
 Ceiminal Law, §§ 49-53. 
 
 As to privileged communications, see Evi- 
 dence, §§ 220-226. 
 
 Privileged nature of words used by, see 
 Libel and Slandee, § 30. 
 
 Privilege as to service of process, see Wbit 
 AND Peocess, §§ 35, 36. 
 
 Protection of, on examination. 11 L.R.A. 
 591.* 
 
 Privilege of witness as to defamatory testi- 
 mony. 22 L.R.A. 836. 
 
 IV. Impeachment; discrediting; cor- 
 roboration. 
 
 § 41. Generally. 
 
 Of nonexpert witness as to sanity or in- 
 sanity. 38 L.R.A. 743. 
 
 Begin ivith this hooTt on every law question. 
 
 WITNESSES, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Impeachment of accused by testimony at 
 coroner's inquest. 70 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 Admissibility for purpose of impeachment 
 in actions for sexual offenses, of evi- 
 dence that prosecuting witness has 
 made similar charges against other 
 persons. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 216. 
 
 Impeachment on trial of testimony given 
 on preliminary examination by witness 
 absent from the trial. 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 884. 
 
 Right to use plea of nolo contendere to 
 impeach defendant as a witness in an- 
 other proceeding. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 74. 
 
 Newly discovered evidence impeaching wit- 
 nesses as ground for bill of review. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1037. 
 
 § 42, Discrediting. 
 
 Impeaching character of accused for credi- 
 bility. 20 L.R.A. 616. 
 
 Use of books of inexact sciences to sustain 
 or discredit expert. 40 L.R.A. 567. 
 
 Impeachment of, by specific instaijces as to 
 character. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 697. 
 
 Admissibility of declarations of beneficiary 
 or executor to show lack of testamen- 
 tary capacity or undue influence for 
 purpose of impeaching or discrediting 
 declarant as a witness. 38 L.R.A. 
 ■ (N.S.) 743. 
 
 Cross-examination as proper mode of prov- 
 ing conviction of crime for purposes 
 of impeachment. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 846. 
 
 § 43. Contradiction. 
 
 Impeachment of ovim witness by proof of 
 contradictory or inconsistent state- 
 ments. 21 L.R.A. 426. 
 
 Contradiction of expert witness as to sanity 
 or insanity. 39 L.R.A. 326. 
 
 Contradiction of subscribing witnesses as 
 to testator's sanity or insanity. 39 
 L.R.A. 719. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to contra- 
 dict witness. 52 L.R.A. 717. 
 
 Right to impeach or contradict dying dec- 
 larations. 56 L.R.A. 441. 
 
 Admissibility of contradictory statements 
 by declarant to impeach dying ■declara- 
 tions. 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 252. 
 
 § 44. Right to impeach one's own wit- 
 ness. 
 
 General rule. 21 L.R.A. 418. 
 Limits of the rule. 21 L.R.A. 420. 
 Exceptions, to the rule. 21 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 Compulsory witness. 21 L.R.A. 422. 
 
 Hostile or unwilling witness. 21 L.R.A. 
 423. 
 
 Surprise or mistake. 21 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 Opponent as witness. 21 L.R.A. 425. 
 
 Contradictory or inconsistent state- 
 ments. 21 L.R.A. 426. 
 Conflicting testimony. 21 L.R.A. 428. 
 Prior interrogation necessary. 21 L.R.A. 
 
 428. 
 Effect of recalling. 21 L.R.A. 429. 
 Effect of calling opponent's witness. 21 
 
 L.R.A. 430. 
 State statutes. 21 L.R.A. 430. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1437 
 
 WITNESSES, IV.— cont'd 
 
 English doctrine. 21 L.R.A. 432. 
 
 Does the rule preventing impeachment of 
 one's own witness by proof of contra- 
 dictoi-y statements out of court apply 
 where such statements would have been 
 admissible in chief as admissions 
 against interest. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 556. 
 
 Right to impeach one's own witness because 
 he has not testified as expected, where 
 bis testimony is not affirmatively in- 
 jurious. 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 747. 
 
 § 45. Corroboration. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to corrob- 
 orate witness. 52 L.R.A. 718. 
 
 Right to sustain dying declarations and wit- 
 ness testifying thereto. 56 L.R.A. 441. 
 
 Right of court to caution jury as to corrob- 
 oration of testimony of accused. 19 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 812. 
 
 Does the fact that a witness's testimony is 
 contradicted bp opposing testimony 
 warrant the introduction of evidence of 
 his reputation for truth and veracity. 
 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 364. 
 
 § 46. — by pr«of of previous consistent 
 statements out of court. 
 
 Foreword. 41 ii.R.A.(N.S.) 858. 
 The early doctrine. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 858. 
 The purpose in proving consistent state- 
 ments. 41L.R.A.(N.S.) 870. 
 Consistent statements offered as evidence in 
 
 chief. 41 L.R.A.{N.S.) 872. 
 Necessity of impeaching the witness. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 873. 
 How witnesses are impeached. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S,) 877. 
 The modern general rule of inadmissibility. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 878. 
 The reasons for excluding the evidence. 41 
 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 883. 
 The rule in cases of rape. 41 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 886. 
 The exceptions to the modern rule of in- 
 admissibility. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 889. 
 Imputations against veracity. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 890. 
 Charges of recent fabrication of 
 testimony. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 890. 
 Motives to falsify. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 893. 
 Relation to litigants and causes. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 898. 
 Consistent statements contrary to con- 
 temporaneous interest. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 901. 
 Impeachment by proof of bad character. 
 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 901. 
 Opening the door for consistent statements. 
 
 41 L.R.A..(N.S.) 903. 
 Re-establishing credit after evidence of con- 
 tradictory statements. 41 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 905. 
 Replies to confessed contradictions. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 905. 
 Previous inconsistent oaths. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 905. 
 Consult' also L.R.A. Digests to Oate. 
 
 WITNESSES, IV.— cont'd 
 
 Unsworn inconsistent declarations. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 907. 
 Denied contradictions. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 908. 
 Contradicted contradictions. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 911. 
 The right to explain. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 912. 
 The right to prove the real remarks. 
 
 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 913. 
 The right to the statement in its en- 
 tirety. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 914. 
 Correcting previous mistakes. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 915. 
 Refuting inferences from equivocal conduct. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 917. 
 Explaining delays in action. 41 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 917. 
 Supplying omissions in previous state- 
 ments. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 918. 
 Need of preliminary proof of inconsistent 
 
 statements. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 920. 
 Sequence of consistent and inconsistent 
 
 statements. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 922. 
 Coincidence of consistent statements and 
 events. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 923. 
 Res gestce. 4l L.R.A.(N.S.) 923. 
 General propinquity. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 925. 
 Aids to memory. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 928. 
 Private writings. 41 L.E.A. (N.S.) 928. 
 Previous consistent statements under oath. 
 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 933. 
 At coroners' inquests. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 934. 
 In preliminary examinations before 
 magistrates. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 935. 
 Before grand juries. 41 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 
 935. 
 In former trials. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 936. 
 Ex parte affidavits. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 937. 
 Testimony by witnesses to their own con- 
 sistent statements. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 938. 
 Self-serving declarations of litigant witness- 
 es. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 940. 
 Consistent statements as answers to admis- 
 sions against interest. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 946. 
 Necessity of identity in substance of con- 
 sistent" statements and testimony. 41 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 948. 
 Statements relating to age. 41 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 949. 
 Extra-judicial identifications of persons ac- 
 cused of crime. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 949. 
 Corroborating the deed. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 952. 
 Corroborating accomplices in trials for 
 
 crime. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 954. 
 Conclusion. 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 958. 
 
 F. Credibility. 
 
 §4 7. Generally. 
 
 Instructions as to, see Trial, §§ 61-63. 
 
 Credibility of witnesses as to character in 
 criminal cases. 14 L.R.A.(N,S. ) 
 739. 
 
1438 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WITNESSES, v.— cont'd 
 
 Cross-examination. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 739. 
 Replies by redirect examination. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 745. 
 
 Impeacliing character of accused for credi- 
 bility. 20 L.R.A. 616. 
 
 Right of jurors to act on their own knowl- 
 edge as to credibility of witnesses. 31 
 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 Right of jurors to test credibility of par- 
 ticular witness by their own knowledge. 
 37 L.R.A.{N.S.) 805. 
 
 yi. Compensation. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 S 48. Generally. 
 
 Witness fees to persons under detention or 
 
 recognizance. 20 L.R.A. 57. 
 Duty of state to advance fees of witnesses 
 
 summoned on its behalf. 31 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 781. 
 
 § 49. Right of state to require serTices 
 of witness without. 
 
 Inherent right to command service. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 116. 
 Application of constitutional provisions. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 118. 
 The rule as applied to expert testimony. 
 
 39 L.R.A. 120. 
 General rules with relation to civil cases. 
 39 L.R.A. 121. 
 Necessity of payment or tender. 39 
 
 L.R.A. 121. 
 SufiBciency of payment or tender. 39 
 L.R.A. 124. 
 
 § 50. Agreement for extra compensa- 
 tion. 
 
 Validity of agreements to pay witnesses 
 extra compensation. 30 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 280. 
 Agreements with expert witnesses. 30 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 281. 
 
 b. Of expert witness. 
 
 § 51. Generally. 
 
 As to matters of fact. 27 L.R.A. 669; 25 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1040; 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 336. 
 
 As to requiring examination or preparation. 
 27 L.R.A. 669. 
 
 Cases denying the right to additional com- 
 pensation. 27 L.R.A. 670. 
 
 Cases affirming the right to additional com- 
 pensation. 27 L.R.A. 671. 
 
 Reasons given for the different rulings. 27 
 L.R.A. 671. 
 
 Statutory provisions. 27 L.R.A. 672. 
 
 By whom paid. 27 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 The English rule. 27 L.R.A. 673. 
 
 In common-law courts. 27 L.R.A. 673. 
 In courts of chancery. 27 L.R.A. 675. 
 The modern rule. 27 L.R.A. 675. 
 
 Duty of state to advance fees of witnesses 
 summoned on its behalf. 31 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 781. 
 
 WITNESSES, VI. b— cont'd 
 
 Validity of agreement to pay expert wit- 
 nesses. 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 281. 
 
 Attorney's implied power to bind client for 
 fees of. 23 L.R.A. (N.S.) 704. 
 
 Right of state to require services of expert 
 witnesses without compensation. 39 
 L.R.A. 120. 
 
 WOLF. 
 
 Liability for injury by. 11 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 748. 
 
 WOMEN. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 As clerks, see Cleeks, § 4. 
 As deputies, see Deputy, § 4. 
 Constitutionality of statutes, as to, see 
 
 Constitutional Law, § 111. 
 Exclusion from saloons, see Intoxicatino 
 
 LicjuoKS, § 6. 
 Libel or slander by charging unchastity of, 
 
 see LiBEi, AND Slandeb, § 12. 
 Eligibility to oflBce, see Officers, § 7. 
 
 Included in term "persons." 19 L.R.A. 226. 
 Citizenship of women. 1 L.R.A. 113.* 
 Evidence of specific instances to character 
 
 of. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 689. 
 Negligence of, in getting on or off moving 
 
 street car. 38 L.R.A. 789. 
 
 § 2. Bights of. 
 
 Right to vote, see Elections, § 3. 
 Right to hold ofiSce, see Officers, § 7. 
 
 Right to practise law. 21 L.R.A. 701. 
 
 WOOD. 
 
 Tenant's right to cut, see Landlord and 
 Tenant, § 54. 
 
 See also Loos and Logging; Lumber; Tim- 
 bee; Trees. 
 
 Regulation of storage of, for purpose of 
 fire protection. 41 L.R.A. ( N.S. ), 457. 
 
 Sufficiency of delivery of cord wood on sale 
 out of larger lot. 26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 38. 
 
 WOODEN BUILDINGS. 
 
 Within fire limits, see Buildings, § 4. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 WOBDS. 
 
 As provocation' for homicide, see Homicide, 
 § 24. 
 
 Begin ■with this booTc on every law question, 
 
 I Meaning of, see Definitions. 
 Judicial notice of meaning of. 4 L.R.A. 42.* 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1439 
 
 WORDS— cont'd 
 
 Words as affecting false imprisonment 
 where plaintiff did not accompany the 
 person using them. 7 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 576. 
 
 WORDS OF INHERITANCE. 
 
 Necessity for, in reservation of easements 
 
 20 L.R.A. 632. 
 Effect of statute disposing of necessity of 
 
 using, on estate passing by deed. 12 
 
 LJIA.(N.S.) 963. 
 
 WORK AND LABOR. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 .Right to compel prisoners to labor, see 
 
 CBiMirrAL Law, § 77. 
 Liability of husband for legal services for 
 
 wife in divorce suit, see DivoscE and 
 
 Sepaeation, §§ 39-40a. 
 Wife's liability for legal services in di- 
 vorce suit, see Husband and Wife, 
 
 § 23. 
 Lien for, see Mechanics' Liens. 
 Work on mining claim, see Mines, §§ 16, 25. 
 Creditor's right as to personal services of 
 
 debtor, see Debtoe and Ckeditoe, § 2. 
 Loss of service as element in action by 
 
 father for seduction of child, see Seddc- 
 
 TIOX, § 5. 
 On Sunday, see Sunday, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 Combination to control price of labor per 
 se a violation of the statute against 
 trusts and monopolies. 23 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 1260. 
 
 Effect of express provision by statute or 
 charter for payment of subscription in 
 cash or money to exclude payment in 
 services. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 315. 
 
 Conscription of labor for working highway 
 as a tax. 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1139. 
 
 What services for jurors are proper sub- 
 jects of county charge. 21 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 200. 
 
 Loss of service as element in action by 
 father for seduction of child. 14 L.R.A. 
 700. 
 
 Libel in charging one with exacting exces- 
 sive compensation for. 40 L.R.A. (N. 
 S.) 79. 
 
 § 2. Contracts for. 
 
 Liability for, on contractor's bond, see 
 Bonds, § 10. 
 
 Contracts for services in building or con- 
 struction, see Building and Constbuc- 
 
 TION CONTEACTS. 
 
 Implied contract to pay for, see Contracts, 
 
 §§ 4-6; Municipal Cobpokations, § 60, 
 Oral contract as to generally, see CoN- 
 
 teacts, §§ 35a, 36. 
 Oral contract to will property in payment 
 
 for, see Contracts, § 33. 
 Distinction between sales and contracts for, 
 
 under statute of frauds, see Contracts, 
 
 § 36. 
 Consult also L.R.A. ■Digests to date. 
 
 WORK AND LABOR— cont'd 
 
 Oral contract for services not intended to 
 
 be performed within a year, see Con- 
 
 TEAOTS, § 39. 
 Effect of part performance of contract for, 
 
 see Contracts, §§ 137, 138. 
 Servant's duty as to, see Master and Serv- 
 ant, II. 
 As to specific enforcement of contract to 
 
 compensate for, see Specific Peefoem- 
 
 ance, §§ 6, 9. 
 Compensation to partner for, see Paetnee- 
 
 SHIP, §§ 27, 35, 43. 
 Agreement to compensate for by will, see 
 
 Wills, § 2. 
 
 Claim against state for. 42 L.R.A. 47. 
 
 Right of husband or wife to compensation 
 for services rendered to the other. 15 
 L.R.A. 215. 
 
 Infant's right to repudiate contract for and 
 sue on quantum meruit. 15 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 Validity of contract for, in violation of 
 law. 12 L.R.A.(N.S.) 60S. 
 
 Moral obligation as consideration for prom- 
 ise to pay for past services. 53 L.R.A. 
 372; 26 L.R.A. 526. 
 
 Priority of claims for labor against prop- 
 erty in hands of receiver over recorded 
 liens. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 708. 
 
 Denial upon information and belief as to. 
 30 L.R.A.(N.S.) 776. 
 
 Promise of additional compensation for com- 
 pleting an executory contract other 
 than for the payment of money. 11 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 789; 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 450. 
 
 Breach by promisor during lifetime of con- 
 tract to compensate for services on 
 death as starting statute of limitations. 
 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 922. 
 
 Admissibility of books of account to prove 
 work done and service rendered. 52 
 L.R.A. 695. 
 
 Assignee of accounts for, as real party in 
 interest by whom action may be 
 brought. 64 L.R.A. 597. 
 
 Municipal contracts for work embodying a 
 patented invention. 18 L.R.A. 45. 
 
 Measure of damages for failure to perform 
 contract to compensate for services by 
 will. 41 L.R.A. (N.S.) 246. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for 
 breach of contract for. 53 L.R.A. 33. 
 
 Right to interest on demand for. 28 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute providing for 
 imprisonment for breach of contract of 
 labor or rental. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 242. 
 
 WORKHOUSE. 
 
 Right of woman to be director of. 38 
 L.R.A. 211. 
 
 WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACT. 
 
 See Master and Servant, § 57a 
 
1440 INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES 
 
 WORK OF NECESSITY. 
 See Sunday, § 6. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 WORK TRAIN. 
 
 Liability of railroad company for injury to 
 person wrongfully riding on work train 
 by collusion with train eniployee. 37 
 L.E,.A.(N.S.) 427. 
 
 WORN COIN. 
 
 As medium of payment, see Payment, § 8. 
 Tender of. 33 L.E.A. 824. 
 
 WORSHIP. 
 
 Disturbajice of, see Distubbing Meeting. 
 
 Protection of right to. 2 L.R.A. 110.* 
 Injunctive relief as to mode of. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 879. 
 
 49, 
 
 WORTHLESS PAPER. 
 
 Forgery of, see Fobgeby, § 8. 
 
 Payment of debt by. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 71. 
 
 Effect of transfer of third person's worth- 
 less check or note without indorsement. 
 10 L.R.A.(N.S.) 510. 
 
 Forgery of. 24 L.R.A. 34. 
 
 < »» 
 
 WOUNDING. 
 
 Internal hemorrhage as evidence of statu- 
 tory wounding. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 965. 
 
 WRECKING GANG. 
 
 Foreman of, as vice principal. 
 527. 
 
 51 L.R.A. 
 
 WRECKS. 
 
 Obstruction of navigation by; liability for. 
 59 L.R.A. 58. 
 
 Employer's liability for negligence of inde- 
 pendent contractor in removal of, from 
 navigable river. 65 L.R.A. 848. 
 
 Liability of owner for cost of removing, 
 from water. 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1120. 
 
 Presumption of survivorship among those 
 perishing in shipwreck. 51 L.R.A. 863. 
 
 WRENCHES. 
 
 Master's liability for injury by defect m. 
 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 681. 
 
 Begin -witli this hook on every law question 
 
 WRIT AND PROCESS. 
 
 I. In general, § 1-7. 
 II. Service, §§ 8-4,0. 
 
 a. In general, §§ S-14. 
 6. Constructive or substituted 
 service, §§ 15-21. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 13-19. 
 
 2. By publication, S§ 20, 
 
 21. 
 e. Service on corporation, §§ 
 22-29. 
 
 1. In general, §§ 22, 23. 
 
 2. Foreign corporations, 
 
 §§ 2i-29. 
 
 d. Privilege; exemption, §g 
 
 30-37. 
 
 e. Waiver of service, g 3S. 
 
 f. Liability of officer making, § 
 
 39. 
 
 g. lAdbiltty for failure to make, 
 
 § 4:0. 
 
 III. Return, § 41. 
 
 I. In general. 
 
 § 1. Generally. 
 
 Various particular writs, see Cebtiokabi; 
 Execution; Habeas Cobpus; Injunc- 
 tion; Mandamus; Peohibition; Quo 
 Wabbanto; Weit of Entry. 
 
 Abuse of process, see Abuse of Process. 
 
 Writ of error, see Appeal and Eerob; 
 CoEAM Nobis. 
 
 Burden of proof in action for failure to 
 execute process, see Evidence, § 86. 
 
 For summoning grand jury. 27 L.R.A. 778. 
 
 Effect of lack of jurisdiction due to void, 
 irregular, or defective process, on right 
 to maintain action for malicious prose- 
 cution. 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1106. 
 
 Seizure of property in transit under legal 
 process as defense to carrier.- 9 L.R.A. 
 264.* 
 
 Defectiveness of process against junior en- 
 cumbrancer made a, party to a suit for 
 foreclosure of senior mortgage. 36 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 431. 
 
 Injunction against judgment for matters 
 affecting process. 31 L.R.A. 204. 
 
 Injunction against sales or other proceed- 
 ings under final process. 30 L.R.A. 98. 
 
 Title of purchaser at judicial sale as af- 
 , fected by irregularities in process. 21 
 L.R.A. 43. 
 
 Solicitation to avoid as a crime. 25 L.R.A. 
 439. 
 
 Effect of omission of internal revenue stamp 
 from. 48 L.R.A. 313. 
 
 Execution of process and writs in name of 
 deputy. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 881. 
 
 § 2. Signing by proxy. 
 
 Signing writ by proxy. 22 L.RA. 298. 
 
INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 1441 
 
 ■WRIT AND PROCESS, I.— cont'd 
 
 § 3. Time of issuing. 
 
 Issuance of, on holidays. 19 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 § 4. Effect of writ or process issued 
 witliout seal of court. 
 
 In criminal cases. 20 L.R.A. 424. 
 
 As to statutory requirements. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 424. 
 As to summons. 20 L.R.A. 425. 
 As to the mode and form of the seal. 20 
 
 L.R.A. 426. 
 As to use of seals on original writs in civil 
 
 eases. 20 L.R.A. 427. 
 As to judicial writs under seal. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 428. 
 As to amending process and writs where 
 
 the seal has been omitted. 20 L.R.A. 
 
 428. 
 
 § 5. Mistake in name or description. 
 
 Omission of Christian name in publication 
 
 of process. 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 676; 28 
 
 L.Il.A.(N.S.) 436. 
 Use of initials instead of Christian name in 
 
 publication of process. 28 L.R.A. (N. 
 
 S.) 436. 
 Effect of summons or notice to person by 
 
 wrong initial. 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 129; 
 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 151. 
 
 § 6. —effect of erroneously describing 
 defendant as a corporation instead 
 of as individual or partnership, or 
 vice versa. 
 
 Describing defendant as corporation instead 
 
 of partnership. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 567. 
 Describing defendant as corporation instead 
 
 of individual. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 568. 
 Describing defendant as partnership instead 
 
 of corporation. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 569. 
 Describing defendant as individual instead 
 
 of corporation. 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 569. 
 
 § 7. Amendment. 
 
 Amendment of process where seal has been 
 
 omitted. 20 L.R.A. 428. 
 Of writ of error from Federal Supreme 
 
 Court. 66 L.R.A. 839. 
 
 //. Service, 
 a. In general. 
 
 § 8. Generally. 
 
 Acceptance of service, see Acceptance, § 2. 
 Consent to mode of service, see Consent, 
 
 § 16. ^, 
 
 Constitutionality of statute as to, see Lo.n- 
 
 STiTUTioNAi Law, § 157. 
 In action by or against partnership, see 
 
 Partneeship, § 54. 
 
 What constitutes "personal service" of pa- 
 pers. 16 L.R.A. 200. 
 
 In whose name deputy should act m execu- 
 tion of process and writs. 19 L.K.A. 
 
 180. ^ ,, f 
 
 Injunction against judgment for ma.tter.s af- 
 fecting service of process. 31 L.K.A. 
 20r4 
 Constat also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WRIT AND PROCESS, II. a— cont'd 
 
 Right of intervener in attachment to at- 
 tack validity of service of process. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1084. 
 
 Resisting service of civil process fair on its 
 face but invalid in fact as an offense. 
 21 L.R.A.(N.S.) 66. 
 
 Necessity for service upon wife in action 
 for wife's libel and slander. 30 L.R.A. 
 529. 
 
 Right of ofiScer in executing criminal proc- 
 ess to take possession of evidentiary 
 articles. IS L.R.A. (N.S.) 253. 
 
 What service of process is sufficient to au- 
 thorize judgment m rem. 50 L.R.A. 
 597. 
 
 Of writ or error from Federal Supreme 
 Court. 66 L.R.A. 840. 
 
 Of citation from Federal Supreme Court. 
 66 L.R.A. «45. 
 
 Federal courts following states' decisions as 
 to form of service of. 40 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 453. 
 
 § 9. Who may serve. 
 
 Power of consul to serve process. 45 L.R.A. 
 500. 
 
 § 10. Time of. 
 
 First and last days in computing time on. 
 
 49 L.R.A. 217. 
 
 Service of, on holiday. 19 L.R.A. 318. 
 
 § 11. Place of. 
 
 Place of constructive or substituted service, 
 see infra, § 17. 
 
 Necessity that service of process be within 
 jurisdiction. 4 L.R.A. 132.* 
 
 § 12. — personal service out of state. 
 
 Personal service out of state on nonresident. 
 
 50 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 § 13. On nonresident. 
 
 Constructive service, see infra, § 18. 
 
 Due process in service on. 50 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 What service sufficient as basis of judgment 
 in personam against nonresident. 50 
 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 Right to serve process in action against cor- 
 poration upon nonresident officer who is 
 within state as a party. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 276. 
 
 § 13a. On prisoner. 
 
 Process may generally be served. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 706. 
 Prisoner serving sentence. 46 L.R.A. 707. 
 Assistance of court. 46 L.R.A. 708. 
 Service on jailer. 46 L.R.A. 708. 
 Service immediately after discharge from 
 
 criminal arrest. 46 L.R.A. 709. 
 Effect of privilege from first arrest. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 709. 
 Illegality of first arrest. 46 L.R.A. 709. 
 Custody under extradition proceedings. 46 
 
 L.R.A. 711. 
 
 § 14. What service sufficient to consti- 
 tute due process. 
 
 As basis of judgment in personam. 50 
 L.R.A. 577. 
 
1442 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WRIT AND PROCESS, II. a,— cont'd 
 
 Against nonresidents. 50 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 Against residents. 50 L.R.A. 585. 
 
 Against corporations. 50 L.R.A. 588. 
 Domestic. 50 L.R.A. 588. 
 Foreign. 50 L.R.A. 589. < 
 
 Joint debtors. 50 L.R.A. 595. 
 As basis of judgment in rem. 50 L.R.A. 
 
 597. 
 Constructive or substituted service on resi- 
 dent in action in personam as due 
 process of law. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 292. 
 
 Service by leaving copy at residence. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 293. 
 
 Service by publication. 35 L.R.A. (N.S. ) 
 294. 
 
 Other forms of constructive or substi- 
 tuted service. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 295. 
 
 6. Constructive or substituted service. 
 
 1. In general. 
 
 § 15. Generally. 
 
 In divorce suit, see Divorce and Sepaba- 
 TION, § 10. 
 
 As to decrees of divorce rendered upon con- 
 structive service, see Divoecb and 
 Separation, § 10. 
 
 Avpard of alimony upon constructive service, 
 see Divorce and Sapabation, § 38. 
 
 Constructive service of notice of tax sales. 
 9 L.R.A. 769.* 
 
 Constructive or substituted service on resi- 
 dent in action in personam as due 
 process of law. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 292. 
 
 Applicability of doctrine of idem sona/iis 
 to substituted or constructive service of 
 process. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 122. 
 
 Validity of constructive service upon part- 
 nership in firm name. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 287. 
 
 Validity of constructive service upon part- 
 nership in Arm name. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 287. 
 
 Validity of statute authorizing constructive 
 or substituted service on domestic cor- 
 poration. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 
 Is remedy of party to open a default judg- 
 ment based on constructive service of 
 process available to his privies. 26 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1063. 
 
 Effect on marketability of title of defective 
 constructive service of process. 38 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 23. 
 
 Lack of actual notice in case of construc- 
 tive service as ground for relief, under 
 a statute permitting opening of a 
 judgment for mistake, inadvertence, 
 surprise, or excusable neglect. 31 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1068. 
 
 § 16. Inquiries as to defendant's 
 vi'hereabouts. 
 
 Character of inquiry as to whereabouts of 
 party necessary to sustain con- 
 structive service of process. 37 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 206. 
 
 Begin with this boojc on every laiv question. 
 
 WRIT AND PROCESS, II. b. 1— cont'd 
 General principles. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 206. 
 Extraordinary or unusual steps. 37 
 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 207. 
 Statement of conclusion that party 
 
 cannot be found. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 210. 
 Inquiry of people presumed to know of 
 
 whereabouts. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 219. 
 Miscellaneous. 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 221. 
 
 § 17. Place of service. 
 
 Where may process be served under statutes 
 providing for constructive service by 
 leaving it at one's usual place of abode, 
 residence, and the like. 21 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 344. 
 
 § 18. On nonresident. 
 
 In divorce suit, see Divorce and Separa- 
 tion, § 10. 
 
 In proceedings in rem, against nonresident. 
 50 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Validity of personal judgments rendered up- 
 on constructive process against non- 
 residents. 16 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 May jurisdiction of suit for specific per- 
 formance of a contract for the convey- 
 ance of land within the territorial ju- 
 risdiction rest upon constructive service 
 of process against a nonresident. 23 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1135. 
 
 May jurisdiction of suit to quiet title or re- 
 move cloud on title of land within the 
 territorial jurisdiction rest upon con- 
 structive service of process against a 
 nonresident. 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 625. 
 
 § 19. Validity of personal judgments 
 rendered on constructive service. 
 
 Against nonresidents. 16 L.R.A. 231. 
 
 In other states than where rendered. Ifr 
 
 L.R.A. 231. 
 In state where rendered. 16 L.R.A. 232. 
 
 Against residents. 1 6 L.R.A. 232. 
 
 What property subject to. 16 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 For alimony or costs. 16 L.R.A. 234. 
 
 What service sufficient as basis of judgment 
 in personam. 50 L.R.A. 577. 
 
 In proceedings in rem against nonresident 
 50 L.R.A. 582. 
 
 Constitutionality of statute authorizing per- 
 sonal judgment against partners on 
 personal service on one or more. 50 
 L.R.A. 595. 
 
 Validity and effect, as against defendant 
 not personally served within the state, 
 of a judgment in personam, against 
 joint debtors. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 312. 
 
 Invalidity of personal judgment for alimony 
 against nonresident not personally 
 served within the state and not appear- 
 ing. 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 593. 
 
 Service of process upon foreign corporation 
 not doing business within the state, as 
 basis of a judgment in personam. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 538. 
 
INDEX TO L.E.A. NOTES. 
 
 1443 
 
 WRIT AND PROCESS, II. b— cont'd 
 2. By publication. 
 
 § 20. In general. 
 
 Service by publication on resident in action 
 in personam as due process of law. 35 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 294. 
 
 Right to probate will on service of notice 
 by publication. 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1058. 
 
 Publication of process against married 
 woman in her maiden name. 19 L.E.A 
 (N.S.) 984. 
 
 Effect of acceptance of service of process by 
 publication or personally outside of 
 state. 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1279. 
 
 When action based on service by publication 
 deemed commenced for purpose of stat- 
 ute of limitations. 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 702. 
 
 Relief from judgments rendered on publica- 
 tion of process. 16 L.R.A. 361. 
 
 Opening, setting aside, and vacating decrees 
 obtained by publication. 19 L.E.A. 
 817. 
 
 g 21. Affidavit for. 
 
 Effect of omission of statement that owner 
 is unknown in affidavit for service by 
 publication in proceedings in rem, to 
 enforce tax. 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1064. 
 
 c. Service on corporation. 
 X. In general. 
 
 § 22. Generally. 
 
 What service sufficient as basis of judgment 
 Ml personam against corporation. 50 
 L.R.A. 588. 
 
 Validity of statutes authorizing construc- 
 tive or substituted service on domestic 
 corporation. 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 117. 
 
 Injunction against judgment for matters 
 relating to service on corporation. 31 
 L.R.A. 206. 
 
 g 23. On servant, agent, or officer. 
 
 Of foreign corporation, see infra, §§ 2S-27. 
 
 Service of process on servant or agent of 
 lessee of railroad corporation. 4 L.R.A. 
 _(N.S.) 272. 
 
 Admission or waiver of service by statutory 
 agent of corporation appointed to re- 
 ceive service. 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 389. 
 
 2. Foreign corporations. 
 
 § 24. Generally. ■ 
 
 Acquiring jurisdiction over foreign corpo- 
 ration by service of process. 70 
 L.R.A. 532. 
 In general. 70 L.R.A. 532. 
 Upon officers casually present. 70 
 
 L.R.A. 532. 
 Upon persons specially designated. 70 
 L.R.A. 535. 
 Soliciting trade as doing business within the 
 state so as to authorize service against. 
 ft L.R.A.(N.S.) 1214; 23 L.R.A.(N.S.) 
 8,'54. 
 Cnnsult also L.R.A. Digests to date. 
 
 WRIT AND PROCESS, II. c, 2— cont'd 
 
 What service of process upon Is sufficient 
 to constitute due process of law. 50 
 L.E.A. 589. 
 
 Exclusiveness of mode of service provided 
 by statute requiring foreign corpora- 
 tions to designate person upon whom 
 service of process may be made. 5 
 L.E.A. (N.S.) 298. 
 
 Compelling designation by foreign corpora- 
 tion of person upon whom process maj' 
 be served as condition of right to do 
 business. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558. 
 
 Service of process upon foreign corporation 
 not doing business within the state, as 
 basis of a judgment in personam. 8 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 538. 
 
 Return of service in suit against. 23 L.R.A. 
 500. 
 
 § 2 5. Who may be served. 
 
 Early doctrine. 23 L.R.A. 490. 
 
 Later doctrine. 23 L.R.A. 490. 
 
 Statutes authorizing service. 23 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 Where corporation is not engaged in busi- 
 ness within the state. 23 L.R.A. 491. 
 
 Service on director. 23 L.R.A. 494. 
 
 Service on stockholder. 23 L.R.A. 494. 
 
 Effect of designating agent. 23 L.R.A. 494. 
 
 Failure to make designation. 23 L.R.A. 495. 
 
 Termination of agency. 23 L.R.A. 495. 
 
 Cashier. 23 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 Managing agent. 23 L.R.A. 496. 
 
 Other agents. 23 L.R.A. 497. 
 
 Service on state officer. 23 L.R.A. 499. 
 
 Admission of service. 23 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Return of service. 23 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 In garnishment cases. 23 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Serving process of Federal court. 23 L.R.A. 
 COl. 
 
 English cases. 23 L.R.A. 501. 
 
 Service on insurance commissioner for for- 
 eign company. 23 L.R.A. 499. 
 
 §26. —officer. 
 
 On officer casually present. 70 L.R.A. 532. 
 
 Right to serve process in an action against 
 corporation upon nonresident officer 
 who is within state as a party or wit- 
 ness. 24 L.R.A:(N.S.) 276. 
 
 § 2 7. — managing agent. 
 
 Right to serve managing agent. 23 L.R.A. 
 496. 
 
 Who is managing agent of foreign corpora- 
 tion for purposes of service of process. 
 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 460. 
 
 § 28. —state officer. 
 
 Service on state officer. 23 L.R.A. 499. 
 Service on insurance commissioner for for- 
 eign company. 23 L.R.A. 499. 
 
 § 2 9. Revocation of appointment of 
 agent. 
 
 Revocation by foreign corporation of ap- 
 pointment of attorney or agent to 
 receive service of process. 30 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 678. 
 Express statutory provision against 
 revocation. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 678. 
 
1444 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 WRIT AND PROCESS, II. c, 2— cont'd 
 
 Business or transaction arising 
 within the state. 30 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 678. 
 Business or transactions not with- 
 in the state. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 680. 
 Where no express provision against 
 revocation. 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680. 
 
 d. Privilege; exemption. 
 
 § 30. Generally. 
 
 Privilege from service of process as affected 
 by route taken or time consumed. 14 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 663. 
 
 § 31. Who exempt. 
 
 Privilege of prisoner from arrest. 46 L.R.A. 
 
 706. 
 Privileges of members of Congress and state 
 legislature. 23 L.R.A. 632. 
 
 Civil suits. 23 L.R.A. 632. 
 
 Arrest. 23 L.R.A. 633. 
 I'rivilege of consul from suit. 45 L.RA. 579. 
 
 § 32. — nonresident. 
 
 Right of nonresident to exemption from 
 service of process while within a ju- 
 risdiction pursuant to condition of bail 
 bond. 27 L.R.A. (N.S.) 333. 
 
 § 33. Suitor. 
 
 Privilege of suitor in Federal court from 
 arrest or service of summons out of 
 state court. 22 L.R.A. (N.S.) 992. 
 
 Effect on suit of discharge from arrest of 
 one arrested while attending court. 19 
 L.R.A. 560. 
 
 § 34. — nonresident. 
 
 Privilege from suit of nonresident party at- 
 tending as a witness. 25 L.R.A. 727. 
 Prvilege of witness from service of process 
 as 'affected by route taken or time con- 
 sumed. 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 663. 
 Right to serve process in action against cor- 
 poration upon nonresident officer who 
 is within state as a party. 24 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 276. 
 Exemption of nonresident party from serv- 
 ice of civil process while in state in 
 connection with case. 42 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 1101. 
 Distinction between parties plaintiff 
 and defendant. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1101. 
 Exemption from service of summons. 
 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1102. 
 Majority rule. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1102. 
 Minoritv rule. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1104. 
 Privilege from arrest. 42 L.R.A. 1105. 
 Final process. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1105. 
 To what courts or proceedings ex- 
 emption extends. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1105. 
 Effect of state decisions in Federal 
 
 courts. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1107. 
 Where party transacts other business. 
 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1107. 
 
 Begin with this boo}! on every law question. 
 
 WRIT AND PROCESS, II. d— cont'd 
 
 Waiver. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1107. 
 Statutory provisions. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 
 1108. 
 Remedy. 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1109. 
 
 § 35. Witnesses. 
 
 Privilege of witness as to exemption from. 
 3 L.R.A. 266.* 
 
 Privilege of witness from service of process 
 as affected by route taken or time con- 
 sumed. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 663. 
 
 Privilege of suitor or witness in Federal 
 court from arrest or service of sum- 
 mons issued out of state court. 22 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 992. 
 
 § 36. — nonresident witness. 
 
 Reason of the privilege. 25 L.R.A. 721. 
 
 Nature of the privilege. 25 L.R.A. 722. 
 
 The extent and limit of the privilege. 2S 
 L.R.A. 724. 
 
 Parties as witnesses. 25 L.R.A. 727. 
 
 Witnesses in general. 25 L.R.A. 731. 
 
 The effect of fraud and deceit. 25 L.R.A. 
 733. 
 
 Enforcement of the privilege. 25 L.R.A. 
 734. 
 
 The question of waiver. 27 L.R.A. 735. 
 
 The question of deviation. 25 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 English doctrine. 25 L.R.A. 737. 
 
 Privilege of witness from service of process 
 as affected by route taken or time con- 
 sumed. 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 663. 
 
 Privilege from suit of nonresident party 
 attending as witness. 25 L.R.A. 727. 
 
 Right of, to exemption from service of 
 process while within jurisdiction pur- 
 suant to condition of bail bond. 27 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 333. 
 
 Eight to serve process in action against 
 corporation upon nonresident officer 
 who is within state as a witness. 24 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 276. 
 
 § 3 7. Waiver of. 
 
 Waiver of privilege; service obtained by 
 fraud; setting aside service. 3 L.R.A. 
 266.* 
 
 Of privilege of nonresident witness from 
 suit. 25 L.R.A. 735. 
 
 Waiver of exemption of nonresident party 
 from service of civil process while in 
 state in connection with case. 42 L.R.A, 
 (N.S.) 1107. 
 
 e. Waiver of service. 
 
 § 38. Generally. 
 
 Right of fiduciary to waive service of process 
 by appearing in action. 32 L.R.A. 681. 
 
 Waiver of failure to serve, or defects in 
 service of process, by appeal from jus- 
 tice's court to courts where trial must 
 be de novo. 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661. 
 
 f. Liability of officer making. 
 
 § 39. Generally. 
 
 Liability of sureties on constable's bond for 
 assault made in serving or executing 
 civil writ or process. 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 1223. 
 
WRIT AND PROCESS, II. f— cont'd 
 Right to maintain action for property in 
 specie against an officer executing 
 writ. 18 L.R.A. (N.s.) 1272. 
 Mere display of invalid process witliout 
 actual force or tlireats as ground of 
 action for forceable entry and detainer. 
 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 600. 
 
 g. Ltahility for faihire to mdl^e. 
 
 § 4 0. Generally. 
 
 Burden of proof in action to recover for 
 failure to execute process. 3 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 420. 
 
 III. Return. 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 1445 
 
 WRONGFUL ATTACHMENT., 
 
 Damages for, see Attachment, § 17, 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 23 
 
 § -11. Generally. 
 
 In suit against foreign corporation 
 L.R.A. 500. 
 
 Burden of proving return of process. 3 
 L.R.A. (N.S.) 427. 
 
 Burden of excusing nonreturn of process. 
 3 L.R.A. (N.S.) 429. 
 
 Recognition of return, or of decree ren- 
 dered thereon, as aflfecting liability for 
 making false return. 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 292. 
 
 WRITINGS. 
 
 Criticism of, as libel. 28 L.R.A. 670. 
 
 ■*-—*■ — 
 
 WRIT or ENTRY. 
 
 Effect of remedy by, on equitable jurisdic- 
 tion to remove cloud on title. 12 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 62. 
 
 Remedy of pretermitted heirs by. 37 L.R.A. 
 
 (N.S.) 1146. 
 
 »« » 
 
 WRIT OF ERROR CORAM NOBIS. 
 
 See Coram Nobis. 
 
 •-<-♦ 
 
 WRIT OF POSSESSION. 
 Writ of possession. 12 L.R.A. 81.* 
 
 WRONGDOERS. 
 
 Joint wrongdoers, see Joint Cebditobs and 
 Deetoes. 
 
 Right of, to take advantage of general statu 
 tory imposition of damages for negli 
 gent injuries. 28 L.R.A. 749. 
 
 WRONGFUL DELIVERY. 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 By carrier, see Cakbiebs, § 119. 
 
 ♦-•-♦ 
 
 WRONGFUL DISTRESS. 
 
 Liability for, see Landlord and Tenant, 
 § 93. 
 
 WRONGFUL EXECUTION. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for. 
 52 L.R.A. 57. 
 
 WRONGFUL ARREST. 
 
 Liability for making, see Arrest, § G; False 
 
 IlIPRrSOXME.\T. 
 CnnsiiU also L.R.A. Digests to date 
 
 WRONGFUL INJUNCTION. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for. 
 52 L.R.A. 58. 
 
 Eight of tenant maintaining liis possession 
 by means of, to crops grown on the 
 leasehold. 12 L.R.A. (N.S.) 194. 
 
 WRONGFUL REPLEVIN. 
 
 Loss of profits as element of damages for. 
 52 L.R.A. 56. 
 
 WRONG INITIAL. 
 
 Effect of summons or notice to person by. 
 15 L.R.A. (N.S.) 129. 
 
 WRONG MEDICAL TREATMENT. 
 
 As defense to prosecution for homicide, see 
 
 Homicide, § 25. 
 Effect of, on liability on policy, see IjN' 
 
 SUBANCE, § 162. 
 
 WRONG NAaiE. 
 
 Liability of officer for making arrest of per- 
 son under. 51 L.R.A. 219. 
 
 WRONG PERSON. 
 
 Payment of deposit to wronp; person, see 
 Baxks, § 25. 
 
1446 
 
 INDEX TO L.R.A. NOTES. 
 
 X 
 
 X-RAY. 
 
 Photographs by. 35 L.R.A. 815. 
 
 Liability of physician for injuries result- 
 ing from electrical or X-ray treatment. 
 28 L.R.A.(N.S.) 262. 
 
 X-RAY— cont'd 
 
 Does authority, for physical examination of 
 a plaintiif in an action for persona! in- 
 juries include X-ray examination. 41 
 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1071. 
 
 TARDS. 
 
 Railroad yards as nuisance. 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 
 374. 
 
 YEAR'S SUPPORT. 
 
 Of widow, see Executors and Administka- 
 TOBS, § 55a. 
 
 YEAS AND NAYS. 
 
 YELIjING. 
 
 As disturbance of public peace. 32 L.R.A. 
 (N.S.) 505. 
 
 YOUTH. 
 
 As defense to homicide, see Homicide, § 20- 
 
 Conclusiveness of enrolled bill as to com- 
 pliance with provision for voting by. 23 
 L.R.A. 342. 
 Begin with this hooTc on evei-y law qvestion.