^^►^i .-"**5 V' -#- f% iJ». V^^" ^^K^^ •■■■ *. ' k X' *i'< i-'*-'''J>s' . Vi^ President Whjte Library, CORNELi: UNIVERSITY. ^r^^9Y/ Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013663392 PQ1494.P3J52""""'"""-"'™^ L'espurgatoire Seint Patriz 3 1924 013 663 392 L' ESPUEGATOIRE SEINT PATRIZ MARIE DE FRANCE 3ln ffiHi-^Fcinclj i|l)o£in of tljj ffiroelftlj fflratncij PUBLISHED WITH AN INTEODUCTION AND A STUDY OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE AUTHOR DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY THOMAS ATKINSON JENKINS PEESS OF ALFRED J. FERRIS 1894 .-y, ^ 3 ^f--; Dire verit6 E semplicitfi ^■o'st bone fame — JHstichs of Cktto CONTENTS I. Intboduction : The Legend in Literature. Latin Original of Marie de France. Date of the Espurgatoire. Order of Marie's Works. II. The Manuscript. III. Dialect of Marie de France. IV. Language of the Espdboatoibb: A. Hiatus, Contraction, Elision. B. Vowels. C. Consonants. D. Substantives. E. Adjectives. F. Pronouns. G. Verbs. H. Additional Anglo-Norman Traits in the Manuscript. V. Text. VI. Notes and Additions. TO mv. ^, jaarsfjall lElUott WHOSE LABOES IN BEHALF OF THE ACADEMIC STUDY OF THE EOMANCE LANGUAGES IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE DONE SO MUCH TO MAKE SUCH A WORK A POSSIBILITY, C^is lEsgag is l^jspertfullg ISjtiicatcti PREFACE In the summer of 1892, when I began the work which has now reached completion, I had no larger aim than a critical publication of the text of the poem which is herewith ofiered to students of the origins of the French and English literatures. But the unfortunate death of Prof. Dr. Edouard Mall, of Wurzburg, having left the whole subject of the Purgatory legend as it were in suspenso, and the fundamental question of the dialect of Marie de France being unsettled, it seemed desirable to add studies upon these subjects, as well as to present the new material as to the language of the author gath- ered in an examination of the hitherto unstudied manuscript of the Espurgatoire. My aim has been to restore as nearly as possible (with the usual concessions to facilitate reading) the text of the poem as it came from the hands of its author. The means relied upon to reach this end have been the edition by Dr. K. Warnke of the Lays of Marie de France (an excellent work, though not entirely free from errors) ; the manuscripts of Marie's Fables which, for several years, have been before the Romance Languages Seminary of the Johns Hopkins University ; and, finally, the Latin Tradatus of Henry of Saltrey (of which the Espurga- toire is a translation) especially that version of it contained in the British Museum MS. Arundel 292. Even with these aids, the restoration of the text VI. PREFACE of Marie's poem from tte single Paris manuscript, which, from indications, is two or three removes from the original, and somewhat carelessly written, has been a task not without obstacles. However short I may have fallen of the full attainment of my aim, I am glad to have been able to promote a closer ac- quaintance with an interesting figure in literary his- tory, and with a legend which embodies so well the religious ideas of western Europe in the twelfth century. The latitude which I have permitted myself in the matter of orthography seeks its main justification in my belief that, Marie's poem being a translation of a Latin treatise upon a Church subject, a tendency to Latinization was inevitable. T. A. J. Philadelphia, Christmas, 1894. INTRODUCTION The history of the legends connected with the Purgatory of Saint Patrick in Ireland was first made known to a wide circle of modern readers by the eminent English scholar, Thomas Wright,' just fifty years ago. Briefly described, the so-called " Purga- tory" was a cavern which was situated upon an island in Lough Dearg (County Donegal), and which, according to the general belief, furnished to men a veritable entrance to the world beyond the grave. Various alleged descents into this cavern during the twelfth and following centuries gave rise to a considerable body of literature, in which nearly all the languages of modern Europe are represented. Some of these works, mainly through the instru- mentality of the Church, acquired an extraordinary popularity, especially in England and France. Spreading thence to Spain and Italy, the legend furnished the subject of a drama to Calderon, and almost certainly formed part of that common circle of contemporary ideas from which Dante drew the imperishable conceptions of the Divina Commedia. The first mention of the Purgatory legend in literature is made by the monk Jocelin of Furness, in his VitaSmieti Pairicn (about 1183).^ This writer '^St. Patrick's Purgatory. An Essay on the Legends of Purgatory, Sell and Paradise current during the Middle Ages. London, 1844. > Jocelin's Vita was translated by L. E. Swift, The Life and Acts of St. Patrick, etc. Dublin 1809. The passage on the Purgatory occurs Chap. 172, p. 229. 1 INTRODUCTION attaches the legend not to the island in Lough Dearg, but to a mountain in another locality. Certain people, he says, having passed the night on this sum- mit, and having been (as they reported) grievously tormented, have believed themselves purged of their sins and so saved from the gates of hell. Whence, he adds, comes the name " Purgatory." Substantially the same form of the legend, but now connected with Lough Dearg, is that given by Giraldus Cambrensis in his Topographia Hibernica (1185-1187). 1 Giraldus adds some particulars and explains that the torments are inflicted by malign spirits, and that people say that penance thus under- gone exempts the penitent from suffering for his sins after death. Neither Jocelin nor Giraldus had the idea that the Purgatory was an entrance to the other world. This noteworthy development of the legend appears first in the now famous Tractatua de Purgatorio Saneti Patricii, written in Latin by a monk, Henry (?)'* belonging to Saltrey, a Cistercian abbey in Hunting- donshire. This work was probably written about 1188 (see below). It narrates the experiences of an Irish " knight'' (miles) named " Owein," who de- scended into the cavern to do penance for his sins and was led in turn through hell and the terrestrial paradise, and was finally permitted to look upon the glowing portals of the celestial paradise. Henry's Tractatus laid the foundation of the fame ^ Opera Oiraldi Cambrensis, ed. Dimoek, Vol. V., p. 82. In Distinctio II., cap. v. The MSS. have only the letter " H." INTRODUCTION of the Purgatory throughout Western Europe, and formed the basis of nearly all the numerous notices and brief descriptions of the place and its wonders which are frequent in mediseval writers. Moreover, it attracted to Ireland other penitents, whose de- scents were in turn written about and no doubt believed in. Such was the descent of Raymond de Perilhos (1397), described in proven9al ; ' that of William Staunton (1409) written in English^ ; and that of Laurentius Ratold (1411) written in Latin.' Two other important reworkings of the legend — cer- tain chapters in the older versions of the Italian romance, Guerino il Meschino* and the drama of Calderon' — seem to derive from Henry's Tractatus only, and not to be based upon any fresh pilgrimages to the sacred place. At this point, it may be interesting to inquire what was the strong attraction which led the in- telligent minds of this period to follow with such eager interest the accounts of visits to the other world ? It was, no doubt, the conception of human life which the Church of Rome upheld and which went 1 Cp. Stimming, in Grober's Orundriss der Romanischen PUlologie II., p. 63. ^Cp. Ward's Catalogue of Romances in the Department of MSS. in the British Museum II., p. 484 ff. Wright, op. cit., p. 140 ff. 'Ward II., p. 489 ff. * Gaspary, Letteratura Italiana I., pp. 244 and 360. Cp. also Modem Language Notes VII., col. 397. 5 Printed in the Bihlioteca de Autores Espanoles VII., p. 149 ff. Madrid, 1849. INTRODUCTION far to determine the intellectual and moral atmos- phere of the time. Man's chief care in this world, it was taught, was to so act as to insure his safety in the next. To avoid sin, to atone for sin, to escape hell and attain paradise, these were the concerns which lay most constantly and heavily upon the gen- eral consciousness. Add to this the absence of faith in the fixedness of Nature's laws, resulting in a ready belief in miracles and wonders of all kinds, and one can in some degree feel the force of the ardent interest which seized with avidity upon works like the Tractatus, which were believed to be the narratives of those who had actually seen and tasted either the frightful sufferings which awaited the confirmed sinner, or the untold felicities which were prepared for the elect. It is the Tractatus of Henry, — one of the most striking works in the large mediaeval literature which deals with the state of the soul after death, — enlarged by several additions, that Marie de France rendered into Old French verse " that it might be intelligible to lay folk."' In doing this, she adopted the metre and many of the stereotyped conventions of the court poetry of her time, which in turn had taken its color from the troubadours.^ The manuscript, of which a copy is published herewith, is the only one of Marie's poem now known to exist, although un- doubtedly there have been others which are now lost. Marie, however, was not the only writer to translate ' EspurgcUoire, 1. 2299. 'Op. 11. 16, 189, 1919 ff., 2119 ff. INTRODUCTION Henry's Tractatus into old French verse. M. P. Meyeri has collected the scattered notices of six other versions in Old French, four of which are anonymous. M. Meyer has also printed extracts from two of these, — the translations of Geofroi de Paris and of Berol ; of three others, Mr. Ward has given liberal extracts^ ; of the sixth, the beginning and end have been printed, also by M. Meyer'. As might be expected, the Latin MSS. of the Traetatus which have been preserved do not present a uniform text. Dr. E. Mall gave^ the results of his examination of the MSS. of the Traetatus owned by the British Museum, and of two others on the continent, and published three of these texts, viz. : (a) that of Bamberg (denoted ^by "A"), (b) that printed by Colgan^ (denoted by " C "), (c) that of the British Museum, Arundel 292 (denoted by "K"). No one of the MSS. examined by him, according to Mall, presents a version which could ^Notices et Extraits des MSS. de la Bibliothique National e et autres Bibliothiques, T. XXXIV., p. 239 ff. ' Cat. of Romances II., pp. 468, 471, 474. ' In Romania VI., p. 154. * Zur Geschichte der Leggnde vom Purgatorium des heil. Patricius, Somanische Porschungen VI., p. 141 ff. *In his Trias Thaumaturga, Louvain, 1647. Appendix VI., p. 273. This text, according to the Catalogue of the MSS. of Cambridge II., 328 and V., 594, was taken from a Cambridge MS. numbered P. f. 1. 27, fo. 568 (or 570). But Hardy, Descriptive Catalogue of Materials re- lating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland I., p. 72 ff., says Colgan's text is that of a MS. at Lincoln College Oxford, No. 28, fo. 75-98. INTEODUOTION have been used by Marie in making her translation. It will be useful for us now to substantiate this con- clusion of Mall's. According to Ward,' the British Museum MSS. fall into two groups^ : a) eight MSS. represented by Royal 13 B. viii. (I shall denote this MS. by " R ") and that printed by Colgan ("C"); /3) three MSS. : Arundel 292, Harley 3846, and Cotton, Tiberius E. i. To class i? also belong : (a) the Bamberg MS. ("A") ; (b) the abridgment in the Chronica Majora of Mat- thew Paris' ; (c) the original of the version made by Jean Belet.'' We have thus made accessible to us good repre- sentatives of class /3 in MSS. A and K, and of class a in MS. C. (That Ward is correct (p. 451) in class- ing A with K, and C with R, appears from a com- parison of the passages which he quotes from R (pp. 446-449) with the corresponding passages in C. The two texts agree nearly word for word, while A and K show constant important variations in which they usually agree. Further: in Chap. XXI., KA employ (three times) the word abhada, while CR just as consistently read monasterimn). Of which class, now, was the Latin MS. which lay before Marie ? In the passage just referred to, Marie agrees with KA in all three cases ; she trans- lates (11. 1947, 1960, 1975) the word by abbeie. In ' Catalogue II., p. 445. ^Not including two texts much abridged, viz., Egerton 1117 and Additional 33957. "Ward, Catalogue II., p. 461. •Ibid., p. 477. INTRODUCTION general, barring cases where A has undergone re- working, we shall find that Marie has regularly fol- lowed the readings of KA as against those of C (=R). This will be sufficiently shown by the following pas- sages : First case : Marie=K, as against C ; A is re- worked. At 1. 717 Marie has : Qui a si bon pur- posement Mis en tun quer, . . corresponding to K's (Cap. v., 1. 33) : qui in corde tuo bonum propositum misit, while C has : qui in corde tuo con- firmavit propositum, and A shows reworking : qui cordi tuo tantum et tarn salubre inspiravit propositum. Again, Marie (1. 884) has : Ne volt un mot parler a els, corresponding to K's (Cap. VI., 1. 72) : nee vel unum verbum eis respondit, while C has : nihil peni- tus respondens, and A : labiis suis indicit silencium nee respondet. Again, Marie (1. 967) : II retint bien en sun pensi Cum Deus I'aveit ems delivre, which reproduces K's (Cap. VII., 1. 56 ff.) : lUe vero mente retinens qualiter alibi ab eis deus liber- avit, while C has omitted the passage ; A reads : Ac ille misericordie dei non immemor. Second case : Marie=KA, as against C. Marie (1. 708) has : Res e tundu novelement, and A (Cap. v., 1. 27 ff.) : barbis nuper rasis, and K : et nuper rasi. C has nothing corresponding. Again, Marie (1. 1671) says : Li ereevesque le menerent Un poi en sus . . corresponding to KA (Cap. XVI., 1. 146 ff.) : Pontifices . . ab aliis seorsum subtra- hentes, while C has nothing at all answering to this clause. Again, Marie (1. 2017) : Creiez mei qui de mes oeilz vi, for which K reads (Cap. XXII., 1. INTRODUCTION 15) : crede saltern quod ab oculis meis vidi, and A : credo [error for crede] saltern quod oculis meis vidi, while C is much fuller : et oculis meis harum rerum non valde dissimile multique mecum conspexere. Third case : Marie=K, as against AC. Marie (1. 970) has : Einz les despist e sis hdi, as in K (Cap. VII., 1. 66 ff.) : Hos omnino contempsit. The sentence is wanting in AC. Again : Marie (1. 1166) : quant il deceit avaler, for which K (Cap. XI., 1. 27 flf.) : in descenscione rote. . . Nothing cor- responding in AC. Again, Marie (1. 1649) : Ghas- cune aveit a grant plenty La eelestiene clarti, answer- ing to K's (Cap. XVI., 1. 126 ff.) : Erant singule magnitudine lucis replete. In AC the sentence is wanting. It follows from the foregoing that Marie translated a text which belonged to class /?, and one which, as Mall had already seen,' stood very near to MS. K. MS. A, owing to thorough reworking which appears chiefly in the descriptions of hell and the terrestrial paradise, offers comparatively little aid in the estab- lishment of Marie's text. That neither A, nor yet K, can be the original from which Marie drew is sufficiently shown by the fact that K does not contain the lengthy prologue (Marie U. 17-188) nor the Chaplain's tale of the Second Hermit (11. 2117-2184).-'' On the other hand, A omits the story of the Irish- 'op. cit., p. 142. ^ At 1. 2190, Marie has quAnze salmes while in K the number is SCTe« (p. 196). INTRODUCTION 9 man (Marie 11. 215-264). Neither will fl"ar% 3846, which, as we have seen, also belongs to class /3,' answer the requirements, since the account of Floren- tianus and all subsequent matters are not found in it (Marie 11. 2071-2296). We can conclude, therefore, that the MS. which Marie used (which, if it exists, has not yet been made accessible to us), stood very near to B. M. Arundel 292, but differed from it in that it contained the pro- logue, the first homily (Marie 11. 1401-1484) in a form somewhat longer than that in A but shorter than that in R, the episode of the two abbots, and the Chaplain's tale. It so happens that the Espurgatoire of Marie con- tains most of the reliable evidence which we possess as to the time in which its author lived and wrote. Before this evidence was examined, it was believed that Marie's floruit should be placed in the reign of Henry II., (1154-1189)^ but according to later in- vestigations it is more probable that her active period should be taken as just beginning about the time of the death of this king, and as continuing even into the next century. In order to place some fresh evi- dence in its proper connection, it will be useful to summarize here the reasons which have led to this conclusion. 1 Ward, Catalogue II., p. 464. 2 So G. Paris, IMt. Fr^e au Moym Age,^ p. 248, and Warnke, Zeits. f. Rom. Phil. IV., p. 226; Lays, Introd., p. XLIII. 10 INTRODUCTION These are best set forth in an essay by Dr. S. Eckleben, which appeared in 1885. ^ The appear- ance of this essay forestalled the publication of a study on virtually the same subject by Dr. E. Mall^ but the results of the independent investigations of both scholars are the same in all essential points.^ 1. Jocelin of Furness, writing about 1183 at the request of Thomas, Archbishop of Armagh, in men- tioning the Purgatory^ says nothing of Owein's des- cent, although this was said to have taken place long before, in Stephen's reign (1135-1164).^ 2. Giraldus Cambreusis, who in 1185 accom- panied Prince John Q ' Lackland " ) to Ireland, also says nothing of the descent of Owein. Giraldus being a churchman and a learned man for his day, as well as an indefatigable and somewhat credulous collector of miscellaneous information, it is very diffi- cult to account for his silence if the Tractatus of Henry was written at this date.' Mr. Ward on this point is ' ' inclined to surmise that Giraldus had heard an inaccurate report of the present [Henry's] work, but that its popularity was not yet strong enough to impel him to name Sir Owen." It has been noted above, however, that Girald's account contains no idea of a visit in bodily ' Die dlteste Schilderung vom Fegefeuer des hell. Patricms. Halle, 1885. ^ Cp. Romanische Forschungen VI. , p. 140. ^ See above p. 1. 'Eckleben, pp. 20-25, 45, and cp. Ward, II., p. 438. 5 Eckleben, pp. 26, 46, and Ward, II., p. 440. INTRODUCTION H person to the other world, and his ideas of the Pur- gatory have all the air of having been gathered from oral sources only, during his stay in Ireland, and of representing the current talk at some distance from the locality itseif It has not been noted in this con- nection that in treating the folk-tales current in Ire- land about St. Brandan, Giraldus, after repeating the tales about the marvellous voyage of the Saint which had reached him, refers the reader for further information to the book {"libellum") which had been written on the life of St. Brandan. ^ That he would at least have mentioned so remarkable a work as Henry's, had he then known of it, can hardly be doubted. 3. Bishop Florentinus O'Cherballan, who, accord- ing to all the evidence, is the person named as such in the Tractatus (and by Marie, 1. 2075) did not reach the dignity of a bishopric until 1185. ^ 4. Malachias (died 1148) who is twice mentioned in the Tractatus, (and by Marie, 11. 299, 2074), has always the title of " Saint," but he is not so named in the Life of him written by his friend, the great St. Bernard, nor was he formally canonized until 1189.' Mr. Ward^ considers it beyond doubt that " popular opinion had pronounced him a saint long before 1190." Dr. Eckleben claims, on the other hand, that a learned monk such as Henry certainly was, would be very careful in the application of such a title. ' Topog. Hibem., Distinctio II., cap. 43. = Eckleben, p. 56 ; Ward, II., p. 443. ' Eckleben, pp. 54, 56. * Catalogue II. , p. 443. 12 INTRODUCTION It is easy, indeed, to account for the addition of the title to Malachias' name, either as Mr. Ward has done, or by supposing that the movement towards his canonization had been begun long before and was a matter of common knowledge among the Cistercians, or finally, by ascribing the "Sanctus" to the writers of the later MSS. (the original MS. not having come down to us). It is not so easy to account for the state of affairs in Marie's Espurgatoire. The first time Malachias is named is in a passage which undoubt- edly reproduces a part of the original Tractatus ; the second time is in a passage which probably was added by another hand than Henry's, since it is preserved only in certain of the MSS., and these, according to Mall,' are not the oldest or best. The first passage in Marie reads (1. 299) : f nm mmtre Malachias En sa Vie, nel dutez pas. and the second (1. 2074) : Nevuzfu al tierz Seint Patriz Qui cumpainz ert Seini Malachiz. If, now, in the first passage, " Sanctus Malachias " stood in the Latin MS. which lay before Marie, it is extremely difficult to see why she should have omitted the title, especially as she is always careful to add those of Gregory (11. 32, 151, etc.), Augus- tine (1. 143), and Patrick (cp. 11. 7, 190, 302, etc. In all nine times ; in 481 its omission is therefore proba- bly an error). It would have been easy to have written Qo nus dit, etc. without material change in ^ Mom. Porsch. VI., p. 142. INTRODUCTION 13 the sense. It is therefore extremely probable that at the first passage, Marie's original bore the name Malachias without the title and that it consequently was written before 1189. The addition of the title in the second passage, on the other hand, gives us less basis for a conclusion for the reasons given at the beginning of the preceding paragraph. It is further probable that as Marie uses a different spell- ing in the two passages, the identity of the names escaped her. As far, then, as the evidence on this point can be trusted, it gives us a terminus ad quern for the com- position of the Tractatus eight years earlier than that furnished by the Chronicle of Johannes Brompton (1197)' which mentions Henry's work, and narrows the period during which it could have been composed to the years between 1185 (composition of Giraldus' Topographia) and 1189 (canonization of Malachias). Marie de France, as is well known, was the author of two other works, — a collection of Lay^ and a larger collection of Fables, of which as yet we possess no critical text.' What indications are there as to 1 Cp. Eckleben, pp. 28, 48. ^ Ed. Warnke, Die Lais der Marie de France, Bihliotheca Normannica III. Mit vergleichenden Anmerkungen von R. Kohler. Halle, 1885. 'A critical edition by Dr. A. M. Elliott, Baltimore, was announced as in progress in 1891. See Mod. Lang. Notes VI., 7, col. 442. 14 INTRODUCTION the relative order of these compositions ? Mall says' : "diese Schrift [the Espurgatoire] aus sprachlichen wie sachlichen Griinden als das alteste der erhaltenen Werke der Marie gelten muss," but unfortunately he postponed the promised publication of the basis for this conclusion. It is necessary, therefore, to see how far we may be able to supply the omission. 1. The Espurgatoire shows a grade of literary skill distinctly inferior to that displayed in both the Lays and the Fables. To be convinced of the truth of this assertion, we have but to glance at the frequent employment in the former of stereotyped phrases where the meaning gains nothing by their use. Such are: nel dutez pas (11. 300, 734) go li est vis (11. 1008, 1579, 1593, etc.) e'en est la sume (11. 54, 703, 2132) bien le sachiez (11. 245, 1739) sans dutanee (1. 128). The repetition of whole lines is not uncommon (line 1037 recurs at 1201 and 1599 ; also 983 at 1225), and a certain poverty of vocabulary is observable in the not infrequent use of the same word as the rime- word of both lines of the couplet.^ These character- istics are almost unknown in the Lays and Fables. 2. Marie, in the Prologue to the Lays, distinctly abandons the practice of translating tales from the Latin. She says (1. 28 if.) : Pur ceo comengai a penser d'alhiine bone estoire faire e de Latin en Romanz traire ; maw ne me fwt guaires de pris : itant s'en sunt oMre entremis. ' Zeitschrift f. Roman. Philologie IX., p. 163. ^ For examples, see Note to 1. 1369. INTRODUCTION 15 That is to say, as little distinction was to be won in the field of translating Latin stories, Marie turns to a more difficult task : Des lais pensai qa' diz aveie . . etc. If, as M. G. Paris thinks,' Marie wrote the Lays from hearing them related in her presence, to pass from the almost servile translation of the Espurgor toire, with its appendix of irrelevant tales, to such an enterprise as the composition of these Lays, is a dis- tinct rise in grade of literary work. 3. While Marie dedicates the Lays to the king himself (Richard Coeur-de-Lion, according to Dr. Mall), and the Fables to William Longsword, an influential noble (Marie styles him " leplus vaillant de oest reialme") in the Espurgatoire she has not yet attained to such a degree of confidence in her own powers as to venture upon making a dedication to such high personages. 4. It would be remarkable if any great difierences appeared in the language of succeeding works of the same author, yet indications do not wholly fail that the Espurgatoire represents a slightly older type of speech than the Lays or Fables : a) certain ferns, of Decl. II. show no s in the n. sg. write rl83^ gent rll28. In the Lays the s appears in all words of this class. ^ b) nvint (occurs 11 times) is always two syllables ; the Lays occasionally permit its contrac- ' Cp. Romania XIV., p. 605. ^An r before a number indicates that the word discussed is assured by the rime at the line named. Cp. Introd., p. XXXIV. 2. 16 INTRODUCTION tion to one syllable.^ c) rimes sucli as meroier : chier {Lays, Chaitivel, 27) are wanting in the Espurg? d) final 4 persists in the Espurg. in deit digitum r2047 and in s'eavanit r328, while to the Lays the consonant has been lost in both cases. The usage as to elision or retention of e from Lat. -at, furnishes no basis for a conclusion.^ Again, the frequent replacing of the nominative by the accusative is no indication of age, inasmuch as this replacing is observed in the earliest Anglo-Norman texts ; it can only be viewed as evidence of the Anglo-Norman coloring of the language. * What evidence there is, therefore, goes to confirm Dr. Mall's conclusions : 1) that the Espurgatoire is the earliest of the works of Marie which are known to us ; 2) that as the Latin original of the Espurga- toire is to be referred to a date not long previous to 1189, Marie's active period could not have begun before the closing decade of the twelfth century. »Cp. Introd., p. XXVI. 2. 2 See below, IV., B. s.v. ie. ' Contrary to Warnke's assertion, in Zeits.f. Rom. Phil. IV., p. 242 ; see below, IV., A. Hiatus. * See below, IV. D. II.— THE MANUSCEIPT A SINGLE manuscript containing the Espurgatoire of Marie de France is now known to exist : Fds. 6:9. No. 25407 of the Bibliotheque Rationale at Paris (form- erly marked Notre-Dame 277). It is written on vellum, with two columns to the page, and evidently dates from the end of the thirteenth or the early fourteenth century. As is well known, the text of this MS. was pub- lished nearly seventy-five years ago by B. de Roque- fort. * Roquefort aimed only at an intelligible text and even with this uncritical aim, failed to repro- duce the original in many important particulars, often through errors in transcription or in solution of abbreviations, often through mistaken emendations or failure to recognize unusual words. His scanty prefatory notice is not free from serious errors.^ The MS. contains the following pieces : 1. fo. la-lOld. The Jmagfe du Monde of Gautier de Metz. In a different hand from that of the rest of the MS. 2. fo. 102a-122d. The Espurgatoire. 3. fo. 122d-138d. The Moralitez, a translation of the Moralium Dogma of Gautier de Lille. Begins : Talent me esteit pris he jo recontasse. Ends : Bien ait qi co comanz fist qi le fi»t escrivre e qui lesorit. ' Poisies de Marie de France, etc., 2 vols. Paris, 1820 and 1832. 2Cp. Eckleben, p. 37. 18 THE MANUSCRIPT 4. fo. 139a-156d. The Romanz des Romanz. 5. fo. 167a-160d. A Credo, Paternoster and seven peticions in prose. 6. fo. 160d-172d. PrologusRegineSibille, printed from this MS. by P. Tarb6, in his Collection des Poltes de Champagne XII., pp. 106 ff. Keims, 1851. 7. fo. 173c-196a. The Secrez des Secrez, inverse. Begins : Primes saciez he icest trectez Est le secre de secrez numez. . . Ends : Ke le regne pussum merir Ke done a suens a sun. pleisir. 8. fo. 197a-212d. The Distichs of Cato, Latin text with French translation after each para- graph. Printed from this MS. by Leroux de Lincy, Ldvre des Pr over bes frangais (2nd. ed.) II., p. 439 ff. , whence it is copied in Stengel's Ausgaben und Abhandlungen XLVII., p. 111. ff. Leroux de Lincy' s text is not trust- worthy. 9. fo. 213a-244d. The Tomoiemenz Antecrlt of Huon de M^ry, published by P. Tarb^, in his work just cited, and republished from this and six other MSS. by G. Wimmer, in Ausg. und Abhand. LXXVI., Marburg, 1888. At the bottom of this last folio (244) are the words, in the hand of the MS., Alnun de deu qui od nm seit which is the first line of the Espurgatoire. The pages of the MS. have evidently been transposed and renumbered. There is a blank page at fo. 196cd, and the MS. may have formerly ended here ; THE MANUSCRIPT 19 the Dietichs of Cato and the Torn. Antecrit must then have immediately preceded the Egpurg. The MS. offers no means for the determination of its date within narrow limits. The Torn. Antecrit was written between 1234 and 1249 ; according to P. Meyer {Romania XV., p. 287) the Secrez de» Seorez dates from the middle of the thirteenth cen- tury. The Image du Monde dates from 1245, but, as already noted, this piece, being in a different hand, may have originally formed part of another MS. From these indications, the MS. belongs to the second half of the thirteenth century (so Wimmer, op. cit. , p. 2) or the beginning of the fourteenth. Fortunately, we are able to control the writing habits of the scribe of the MS. by comparing with its original his copy of the Tornoiemenz Antecrit. Of this composition, Wimmer, in the work cited, collates seven MSS., which, according to his investigations, fall into two groups deriving from a and /J respec- tively. MS. "A" (that is, Paris B. N., f. f. 1593-- one of the best MSS.) and MS. " D " (the one con- taining the Espurg. ) derive from a ; and five others from /?. It is evident that where the reading of A is the same as that of O (that is, the original text as established by collation of all the MSS.) we can assume with entire safety that this reading was the reading of a from which A was copied. But D was also copied from a, and readings of D which differ from those common to A and O, are therefore due to the scribe of D, and the character of these variants will furnish some hints as to his habits of writing, his dialect, the extent of his knowledge, etc. When, 20 THE MANUSCRIPT for instance, at 1. 1991 of the Torn. Ant, OA (and hence a) read : C'orent Cliges et Lancelot, wliile D has C'orent gigles et sauselot, it is not too much to say- that the scribe was ignorant of the familiar names of the Breton romances. In the same way, other char- acteristics of the scribe's work appear, among them the following : he was evidently a Churchman, as the theological character of the contents would first lead us to suspect. This is confirmed by the frequent church words or Latinisms which he has introduced into the text of the Torn. Ant. E. g. heresie for the erege of the other MSS. ; angles for angres ; puplican for popelican, etc. The scribe is also careless of the requirements of metre ; he frequently changes the tense, and substitutes senseless words or expressions, his attention wandering to neighboring words. Nice- ties of thought and expression are often lost through carelessness. Examples abound on every side and need not be quoted. They indicate with tolerable certainty that little confidence is to be placed in the readings of MS. 25407 in matters of detail, and we are therefore able to proceed to the correction of errors with a certain confidence. The abbreviations in the MS., though numerous, are none of them unusual, and with the aid of Prou's Manual,' present practically no difiiculty in their solution. ^Manuel de PaUographie, Paris, 1890, p. 59 ff. For a few special cases see the Notes on the text. III.— DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE The determination of the dialect in which Marie de France wrote has been made to turn upon the question whether her language shows the development of (=Lat. free 6, tt) into the diphthong pu. The presence of this diphthong in Marie's speech, — a diphthong which, as is well known, is a specifically French, as distinguished from Franco-Norman and Anglo-Norman characteristic' — has been affirmed by Prof. H. Suchier in his recently published Alt- franzosisohe 6rammatik.^ Upon the basis of this conclusion he has removed Marie from among the Franco-Norman writers with whom she had been classed previously,' and has placed her among the French writers. Judged by the other tests of French as difierent from Franco-Norman, namely (1) the mixture of -6)1- and -an- ;* (2) the absorption of the Imperfect -abat by the -ebat terminations' ; (3) the change of ei to oi,^ — Marie is distinctly a Franco-Norman ' Cp. Suchier, Altfr. Gram. I., l^ 12c. d., 19a ; Schwan, Altfr. Gram.,' I? 98,292. ' Halle, 1893. Theil I. Die Schrifisprache, pp. 2 and 29. 'Warnke concludes from an investigation of Marie's language in the Zeitschriftf. Ram. Phil. IV. , p. 248 : ' ' Marie hat Franco-Normannisch . . geschrieben," and his edition of the Lays of Marie is based on this conclusion. 'Cp. Warnke, Zeits. IV., p. 239 and Lays, Introd., p. xxviii. 3. *Cp. Warnke, Zedis. IV., p. 232 and Lays, Introd., p. xxix. 6. ' Cp. Warnke, Lays, Introd. , p. xxix. 6 . 22 DIALECT OF MABIE DE FRANCE writer, since all these phenomena are unknown to her language. It is thus apparent that Prof. Suchier's belief (so far as made public) rests solely upon the evidence in favor of the existence of the diphthong qu in her language. For the discussion which follows, new material has been collected and the attempt has been made to examine this evidence more closely than has been done heretofore. Marie in the Lays (Lanval 3.S9) rimes suls (solus) with -us (-osus) and in the Fables (No. 82, 11) the same suffix -osus occurs in rime with the word answer- ing to Latin lupus. It is Prof Suchier's view, if I have correctly understood it, that first in suls (pho- netic sous') and secondly in Iqus lupus (and also in dous duos) the diphthong qu is certain, and hence for the suffix -osus, -qus is assured, and the diphthong qu must be allowed for Marie. That -osus in four cases rimes with the atonic pronoun ims (vos), in which, for this period, the diphthongization would be un- heard of, necessitates the conclusion^ that Marie wrote now -us (=-os) now -qus; and, in other words, em- ployed a double orthography according as the exigen- cies of rime impelled her. It will be useful to have before us a complete list of the rimes in question. They are : a) in the Lays: -us (-osus) .-cms (ciicus) Ouig. 216 •.vus Ouig. 343, 501 ; Dous Ainanz 95 :suls Cfuig. 393 ; Lanval 339. b) in the Fables: -u^ :lus (lupus) 2,5 82,7^ 82, ' See the Altfr. Gram. I., p. 30. ' Roquefort's text is here to be transposed, as Warnke points out, Zeits. IV., p. 241. DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE 23 11 :dous 5,7. Lus :dous 4,11 79,9 :suk 42,3 56,1. Nus :dous 56,53. Bus :vus 94,29 and 59. c) in tie Espurgatoire : -us:vus 1895. Did the diphthong qu exist in Marie' s word answer- ing to Latin solus ? Fortunately, material does not wholly fail us for the answer to this question. I. o + L-f dental. Marie, in the ^spMrgr. (1. 1207) places genuz (*genuculos) and tuz (*tuttos) in rime. As the diphthong qu in tuz is, at this period, not to ' be thought of, we see from this rime that not only had the palatal quality of the I been lost at this time before the s (z) of flexion, but also that I, in Marie's time, was vocalized to u between u (=o) and a dental stop-sound, and then had united with the preceding u to form a single vowel. That such a union is to the highest extent reasonable, appears from the character of the articulations of the two sounds. Meyer-Lubke says' : ' ' Pour remission de I [velar or " barred " Z] la racine de la langue occupe la m^me position que pour remission de u: le premier pho- neme ne se distingue du second que par I'occlusion que forme la pointe de la langue . . " It will be readily seen that in the word genuz, and in any similar phonetic group, the point of the tongue, after the articulation of u, has still to make a closure in order to articulate z (=ts) ; so that all the essential features of velar I are here present in the preceding vowel and the following consonant. In such a posi- tion, it is obvious that the I could with difficulty per- sist, and in Marie's time it evidently had been ab- ' Grammaire des Langues Romanes I., ? 476. 24 DIALECT OF MAEIE DE FRANCE sorbed into the contiguous articulations and had en- tirely disappeared from pronunciation. Virtually the same phonetic group is found in suh (solus), so that for this word we are justified in believing the pronunciation to have been ai^s, and that in rimes of this word with -us (-osus) the rime was exact. That the word (to my knowledge) is never so written, may be explained by the desire to avoid confusion with sus. (susum). The comparative rarity of the occurrence of ql+ consonant in the Old French vocabulary, will ex- plain the scarcity of rimes of this sort in Marie and in other authors of the period ; but that the same contraction of oZ-)- dental into single q also holds good for Marie's contemporary, Benoit de Sainte-More, is placed beyond reasonable doubt by the following rimes from the Soman de Troie^ : sols (solus) :nos 417, 3961 :vos 1437, 12863 .•-os(-osus) 14101, 19171, 21023 dolz :toz 20719. And from the Chronique des Dues de Normandie :- temute (tumul- tum) :gute 19704. II. diios. How did Marie pronounce the French word answering to Latin duos ? It rimes with -osus {Fables 5,7), and with nus (^Fables 56,53). The latter rime points strongly toward a phonetic dus. Bohmer^ has arranged most of the material from the older monuments in regard to this word. His in- quiry culminates in the sentence : ' ' Die Verfasser der o-u Denkmaler sprachen gewiss dus.' ' It is my 'Ed. Joly, 1870. ' Romanische Studien III., p. 603. DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE 25 belief that we have in this word a literary orthogra- phy doMS by the side of a pronunciation dus — dqs be- longing to the folk-speech. If this view be correct, it would be strange if the orthography dus — dos failed to appear in texts which show folk-speech in- fluences. Dos, in effect, appears in rime with vos, in Chrestien de Troyes' Eree and Enide. ' This poem is distinguished from the other works of Chrestien by its free admission of popular and dialectic ele- ments.^ Elsewhere the orthography dus, dos is not rare. KnoseP has collected a considerable number of examples from which I quote the MS. of the Roman de Troie, edited by Joly. (11. 9764 and 26780).^ These facts support the conception of a Folk- Latin dos, which appears in the Passion as dos (71 b c) parallel with siios — sos (1 e, 11 d) and tflos — tos (14 b, 16 a), and which, in the West, exhibits the game development as the suffix -osus. This was evi- dently the view of Schwan," who wrote dos as the Folk-Latin etymon. A phonetic dqs is likewise to be ascribed to Benolt. Cp. Roman de Troie :- dos :vos 12729, 18247 .resplen- ' 1. 3438. Ed. Forster. Cp. Note p. 320. 'Op. Introd., p. xi. 3 Ueber Altfrz. Zahlivorter, Gott. Diss., 1883, pp. 10 and 30. * The other texts quoted by Knosel are : the Roman de Joufroi, Floire et Blanchefleur (ed. Du M6ril), Ogier le Danois (ed. Barrels), Parise la Duchesse, and Villehar- douin, Conquite de Constantinople. ^Altfr. (?ram.,»§386. 26 DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE dors 14581 :rescos 6395 :-os (-osus) 5529, 6089, etc. (13 times). AVhence, then, the orthography (dous) of most of the older monuments ? Bohmer suggests that doua was written to avoid confusion with dm (dux), doa (dorsum), and deus (Deus). As more motives than one may lie behind such a phenomenon, it is to be noted that this numeral seems peculiarly susceptible to Latinization. ' The Vie de St. Leger shows duos (20e and 2b) and duaes (106a). According to Gro- ber^, the Old Italian duo, dua, duoi are Latinisms. There is then some ground to believe that the Old French forms uns, dous, treis may have been mod- elled closely upon the Latin unus, duo(s), tres. III. lupus. This word rimes in Marie as follows : with -osus, Fables 2,5 82,7 82,11 :duos4,ll 79,9 :solus42,3 56,1. Here I must have recourse to the readings of the MSS. of Marie's works, inasmuch as the phonetic history of the word has not yet been made entirely clear. First, however, should be remarked the ap- pearance of Iqs in rime with nos in Chrestien's Eric and Enide, 1. 4412 :rqs Yvain 301, and in Benoit's Roman de Troie in rime with -osus 11. 9105, 21077.' ' This tendency reappears later in the forms of other numerals. Op. cinq, dx, sept, lingt, etc. ' Archiv fiXr Latein. Lexicog. II., p. 107. ' The very frequent appearance, in the Roman de Troie, of -osus in rime 1) with atonic o, and 2) with o in Latin checked position (where qu had certainly not yet ap- peared) make it permissible to use these rimes in evi- DIALECT OF MARIE DE FRANCE 27 For Ills we have the readings of the Hwley and York MSS. of the Fahles (the Cambridge MS. has louB) in all cases the word appears ; so also in Cotton Vespasian B. xiv. to Fables 2,5 and 56,1- Lus, again, is the reading of the London Brandan 1. 1282, of the Roland 1. 1751 (ed. Miiller). I look upon lus, therefore, as the regular western form, corre- sponding to the eastern lous — leus. IV. cucus, ^biicus, (jtigum). As stated above, clicus' occurs in rime with -osus (MS. cous) in the Lays, Guig. 216 ; *bucus (modern French boud') in rime with vua, Fables 94,29 and 59. The rarity of the appearance of these words presents an obstacle to the determination of their Norman forms ; but that the true Franco-Norman development demands (in the n.sg.) cus, bus is shown by the (in all respects dence. The Roman de Troie shows 12 cases of -osus in rime with nos ; 22 cases in rime with vos. Also -os :ros 6449. .-rescos 8511, 8767, 15641, 21481, 23463, 26190. .-tros 8833. The orthography of the MS. edited by Joly is remarka- bly rich in variations. For -osus occur : -os, -ous, -ox, -oh, -«MS, -eos. -eus (-osus) : -eus (illos) 12273, 28569, if genuine readings, are doubtless an importation from the East. ' I am aware that the derivation of 0. Fr. cous from cucus (=cugus Du Oange) has as yet not been demon- strated, though affirmed by Manage, Littr^, and others. It is doubted by G. Paris {Romania XIV., p. 602 ff.) and hy Tobler (Zeits.f. R. P. X., p. 164). I expect to publish before long a study of these Latin substantives in -cus (-gus) in French, which, I trust, will put this etymology beyond dispute. ' Cp. Mackel, Die Germanischen Elemente, etc., p. 21. 28 DIALECT OF MARIE DE FEANCE parallel) development of jugum, wMcli appears as jus, ju in the Four Books of the Kings {juh in the Mont6bourg Psalter.)^ To resume briefly, sufiicient evidence has been brought forward to show that the Franco-Norman (and Anglo-Norman) forms of the words treated are phonetic sus (written suk), phonetic dus (written dous) lus, cus, bus, jus, which correspond to the east- ern forms sous — seus, dous — deus, etc., and which, be- cause they have the same vowel quality as u (=:Latin free o, li) are freely placed by Marie in rime with the same. From this it follows that neither Marie nor Benoit (in the Roman de Troie) know the diphthong qu from free Latin o, ti, nor in their words answering to Latin diios, lupus, ciicus, *biicus, jflgum. The dialect in which Marie de France wrote, therefore, was not French, but Franco-Norman. 'Cp. Suchier, Altfr. Oram. I., p. 14. IV. LANGUAGE OF THE E8PURGAT0IBE Marie's language has undergone some careful in- vestigation at the hands of Dr. Warnke in his article " Ueber die Zeit der Marie de France, "' as well as in the Introduction to his edition of the Lays. In the first mentioned work only has use been made of ma- terial from the Espurgatoire, and a number of ques- tions as to specific traits of the language which Marie employed, have remained unsettled. With a few exceptions, only material which is either omitted or incompletely treated by the editor of the Lays will be brought forward in the following pages. A. Hiatus, Contraction, Elision. Hiatus. In thirteen cases the MS. shows hiatus with final atonic e. In four of these (472, 1242, 1272, 1410) obvious corrections are to be made which relieve the hiatus. In 1. 434 the copyist has avoided hiatus by adding an s in costumes (n. sg.). For Marie, however, the word is a feminine of Decl. I. (cp. 472,566). The consonant groups preceding the e in hiatus are : 1) mute+liquid (reoeivre 226 oevre 518 vivre 1430 estre 1725 prestre 2296) ; 2) single conso- nants (Awme 238,2069 custume AM parfaoe 720). In only one case does the Espurg. permit hiatus of 6 from Latin -at in the Indie, and Sbj. pres. 3, viz., ' In Zeiis. f. Rom. Phil. IV., p. 223 ff. Dr. Warnke, un- fortunately, was compelled to use the Roquefort edition of the Espurg., which, as we have seen, is quite untrust- worthy. More than once it led him into basing conclu- sions upon false readings. E.g. 11. 1104 (p. 246), 1054 (p. 247), 1991 (p. 237) and 472. 30 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPUEGATOIEE 720 : Parface il par sa hunU. In all other cases the e is lost : 614, 1445, 1816, 1859, 1860, 1894, 2281. Warnke, in his discussion of this subject,' appar- ently overlooked this line, and with consequently de- fective material drew the conclusion that the (sup- posed) consistent elision of e (-at) in the Espurg. in- dicates a date of composition later than that of the Lays, where such hiatus is allowed 19 times. In view of the line just quoted, and of the scarcity of exam- ples of both kinds in the Espurg., it is manifestly not permissible to draw such a conclusion. Contraction. As in the Lays,^ the metre gives us a sure indication that Marie's language did not permit the contraction to a diphthong or single vowel of two vowels originally in Latin hiatus or separated by a consonant. Cp. : -iiln -ionem precius 1495 pecheur 762 armeure 804 dient 173 grail 1096 hruir 898 pour 547 rounde 305 heneeigun 785 aage 260 veu 73 peust 1602 bene'eiz 1679 etc. The MS., however, shows the contraction fre- quently : juner 578 espenir 531, 613, etc. rancun 728 purseir 298 beneit 1567 pust 528 dust 104 henesquirent 1652.' It is convenient to add here what is to be said of the use of or, ore and cum, cume, etc. The MS. shows ore before consonant initial five times. In two of these (1312, 1966) it represents two syllables. In the other three cases (655, 1667, 1841) it counts as one syllable, and following the more carefully writ- ten MSS. of the Lays,* I have substituted or. As uneor stands before consonant initial 2181, the same form has been written 61,291, where the metre ^Zdts.f. Rom. Phil. IV., p. 242. ^ See Introd. , p. xxvi. ' Burguy , Oram, de la. Langiie d' Oil I. , p. 322, reproduces Eoquefort's false reading of this line. * Cp. Introd. , p. xxvi. LANGUAGE OF THE ESPUEGATOIRE 31 demands only two syllables ( MS. uncore). On the contrary, the e is necessary to the metre in encore 1369. Cum and cume both occur frequently before conso- nant initial. In eight cases (638, 1047, 1233, 1577, 1620, 1630, 1706, 2224) e is necessary to the metre ; in twenty cases e has no worth (4, 126, 327, etc.). Two cases remain doubtful : 421, 566. — el for ele 2235. Elision. As to elision before vocalic initials in ne (nee) , que, si se (si) , the Espurg. stands upon the same ground as the Lays^, elision being optional : ne 1418 ; m' 22, 816, 1110, etc.— gtte 100, 282, 458, 912, etc. ; qu' 284, 289, 307, etc.— at 238, 240, 1835; s' 969, 1138, 1847, etc. Jo. As in the Lays, the elision of jo also is op- tional ; the Espurg., however, shows only one case (2287) where the word retains its syllabic value. For elision, cp. 15, 26, 185, etc. Interesting is 2063; E puis par lai fa dous abbez. G. Paris^ has quoted another case of this elision ; cp. also : apelent Vhume for li hums I'apelent in the Computus of Philippe de Thaiin', and two similar cases in the Lays, where eiision is not permitted.^ Qo. Elision of this pronoun is optional. Cp. po est 242, 1805, 2144 go iert 1788 go oi (pret. 3) 2001 ; but e'est 108, 807, 1690, etc. c'ert 248 e'en 53, 703, 2132 c'esteit 2082. More unusual are : en c'esteient 484 pur c'eslirai 535 de g'aveie 2171 and g'aveient 483. si (sic) shows elision before il 2040 (unless we have here the enclitic use of neuter le as in 13, ' Cp. Introd., p. xxvii. > De L' Accent Latin, p. 121. '1.251. Cp. Mall, Introd., p. 32. *Cp. Introd., p. xxvii. 3. 32 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPUEGATOIEE 782, 1912). Otherwise si appears before vocalic initial : 746, 1043, 1167, 1134, etc. en (inde) loses its vowel after qui : 296, 1114. quei before vocalic initial shows elision in 1180 : Purqu'il tarjout li demanderent. Likewise 790: Par qu'a Deu puisse I'alme rendre ; the transposition Par qiieipuisse a Deu, etc., is, however, easy. Cp.l. 614.i li n. sg. of the article, shows optional elision : li abes 1941 li altre 2124 li airs 1391 li evesques 541, 549, 2117, 2123 li us 354 li uns 713, 2067, 2204. But I'evesques 440, 515, 525, 559. li escriz 421 remains doubtful. li (n. pi. of the article) is never elided :- 845, 972, 1083, 1203, 1791, etc.— Zi (dat. sg. of the pers. pron.) may lose its vowel : I'en 2080. Apparently in I'dit 526:2 For supposed elision of qui, see Pronouns. For the enclitic use of le and les 1) as article with a, de, and en, and 2) as pronoun with ne, qui, si and jo, the Espurg. shows no important difference from the usage of the Lays? ne se remains uncontracted 90, 880, 1359, 1416, as is the custom in the Lays,* and in the Computus.^ B. Vowels. a. The nasals -an- and -en- are not rimed. Of words which, on account of mixing of sufiix, vary between -ant and -ent, the Espurg. offers : aparissanz r82 ardanz rl008 covenant r2282 mananz r2125 ' Warnke, Lays, Introd. , p. xxvii. , in discussing an ex- actly similar case, has evidently missed the two examples just given, and his expression "derartige Erscheinungen sich bei Marie sonst nicht flnden " is therefore to be modified. »Cp. Lays, Introd., p. xxvii. ; Zeits. IV. pp. 238, 239. 'Op. Introd., p. xxviii. *lMd. 5 e. g. 11. 83, 271. LANGUAGE OF THE ESPUEGATOIEE 33 mobediens rl695 orient rS'ii servant r845 talent r2136 penitence r362. — essample occurs witliaonly. g. -eria : the regular development appears inma- tire (-.dire 1492). miseire miseria 1710 is learned. Since -eals -fellus is assured by rime for Marie,' I have restored this reading consistently : 1673, 1891, 2124. .'^ short. Appears regularly in clerc 47 -esce -itiei 350, 1655, etc. messe 1443 nes nitidus 319 chevels rl078 eels r470 etc. The Espurg. shows no cases of mixing in rime of short e with long e or with i. In estencgles (movgles 1269) the suffix -glla has replaced the proper Latin ending (scintilla).^ Short ? and g before nasals, however, form for Marie, as for other authors of the period, an excep- tion to this rule, both being represented by nasal e : Cp. venz ventum :em mtus 1049 suvent :gent 1998, 2115 turmenz -.dedeuz 1071 purpens dens 2203. e long. The suffix -al -alis is frequent, by the side of the phonetically regular -el : bestial 203 enfernal r358 leial 1981 ; but corporel rl26 espiritel 165 celestiel i'1812 mortel t1358. remist remansit 329, 787, etc., and remistrent 604 appear for remest remeMrent.^ An Anglo-Norman trait is ie for e in piere patres 16,401 and in siet sapit 545. — I]or -'ier for ier, see under ie. g. appears for q as usual in the learned words gloire (:me7noire 772) victoire (:gloire 1568) Espurga- toire (.-gloire 1641). ' Cp. Lays, Introd., p. xxxi. ' Cp. Lays, Lnnml 118; Colin, Siiffi.rmmdlung p. 49 ; Sucliier, Altfr. Gram. I., p. 19. 'Cp. Suchier, Altfrz. Gram. I., p. 23. 3 34 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIRE 0. Before oral consonants, the MS. presents the greatest inconsistency in the representation of o (Lat. 6, u ', in tonic, as well as in atonic, position. Words frequently occur here with o, there with u, and again with ou (the last is comparatively rare). This mixture of forms especially characterizes the latter half of the text (from about 1. 1087 on). In the first half, is of quite rare occurrence for tonic o ; in the second half, the proportion of o to u is nearly one-half. If we seek the explanation of these facts, we are at once led to ascribe the writing o (and ou) to a French copyist who has substituted (inconsistently) his native forms for those of his copy. The verbal endings -ons, -ont, for instance, become the rule in the second half of the text, ,and here also occur the French Impf. endings -oit, -oient, as well as the writing ou. As further evidence of a general substitution of o for u, may be adduced a number of words in which has been made to replace a u which is not u (=o) but M (Lat. ii) :- coWose^e 1429 plosurs 1647 chascon 1198, 1743, 1813 ehaseone 1197, and, vice versa, u is written where only o can stand in puur pavorem 1273.' 1. u appears for q (Lat. 6, u) in tonic free and checked position, as well before oral and nasal con- 'It may be a question here whether the forms like chascon may have been introduced by Anglo-Norman copyiststo whom u (Lat. u) has the s^me value as « (=Lat. 0, u) Cp. Suchier, AUfrz. Gram. I., p. 12.c. Clm- con, for example, is a frequent reading of the Lincoln jMS. of the Computus: 1098, 1104, 2912, etc. Such a question does not admit of certain decision ; yet, in view of the fact that all these forms occur in that part of the MS. where o for u is most frequent, and that the opposite con- fusion occurs [puur for poilr), it seems more probable that we are deaHng with a simple oversight of the copyist. Inconsistent substitution is no doubt hkewise responsible for rimes hke aume : prodome 53, and cp. 1279, 1717. LANGUAGE OF THE EbPUEGATOIRE 35 sonants: -»s -osus -»n -onem -ur-6ren\ p lu?- rlOS6 hure 1831 aillurs 143 curt cttrtum r932 mu7it miindum r825 munde (adj.) 2302 etc. 2. u for pretonic o has survived the general sup- pression of u in the MS. with sufecient frequency for us to believe that it represents Marie's usage : aurer adorare 2200 buterent 891 nurice 2223 duter 20 reduta 649 diitanee 128 custus 129 custume 434, 472,566 returner 12%^ furmage 2158 mustrerl, 73, 123, 164, 210, etc. mustrance 173 mustier 668 plurer 1016, 1859 sermunant 32 parfiindesce 2048 purveil 2211 pwrpos 719 etc. On the contrary, o only in so^ei; 926, 931, 1522, 1577, 1821 and in sohmc 59, 68, etc. {selunc 1726, 1778). Following the ten- dency to write o before and after v, ?{ is of rare oc- currence : covint 924 covent 1603 nevoz 2073 voiz 408, etc. coveitent 93 estoveit 1392 movent 205, etc. descovrir 30 ; but grevvs 130 estiwra 726 avuiit^ vus, etc. On the basis of these latter readings, I have not hesitated in reading i( in all these cases (ex- cept voiz). 3. u further appears for Latin o before nasals, in both tonic amd pretonic position : 7nunt mCntem rl224 ?mmOTie 2049 ovre 112 po< 1596, 2209 poent 154, 1320 wft 1861 volent 118, 212 w/s 2253. To these words I add roe (MS. roue, rove) for ruee rota 1123, 1125, etc., oil for oei/ 701, 1085, etc., voil for iJoei^ 3, 47, etc., acoille for acueille 14. (See Notes to 11. 1123, 1822.) C. Consonants. 1. QU, GU. As to qui, hi and que, he, the MS. shows peculiarities which are not easy to explain : 1) qui is written 150 times (65 of which are initial to the line) and hi only ten times (4 initial). 2) he, on the contrary, far outnumbers que : 251 cases of ke (62 initial) to 87 of que (63 initial). This is in di- rect opposition to the usage in the Lincoln MS. of the Computus, and, so far as it goes, agrees but ill with the conclusion of Mall (followed by Warnke) that the ti, at this period, was already silent in qui but not in que, qua-. ' Inasmuch as it is the tendency for changes in orthography to lag behind phonetic ^ Computus, Introd., p. 93 ; Lays, In trod., p. xxxix. 3, and liii. 35. 40 LANGUAGE OP THE BSPUKGATOIRE changes, it seems to me that we are more likely to re- produce Marie's orthography by writing qui and que, while still leaving open the question of pronuncia- tion. The MS. shows a further peculiarity in that que belongs almost exclusively to the second half of the poem. The proportion of A;e'to que in 11. 1-1052 is as 50 to '1 ; in 11. 1070 to end, it is as 1 to 5. As noted above, it is the second half of the text which shows the continual substitution of o for u and que, therefore, may likewise be due to the last copyist. qu- stands also for Latin e in quer cor (8 times ; cor 1004) quisse coxa 1207 quidier (7 times ; but euidout 1601) qui cui (4 times). In qu/ir, gua- the u, is mostly kept : quant quart but always kar ; guarder (9 times) but garder 145, 291, etc. guarniz 798 but garniz 330, 1644. 2. L. Vocalization of I has taken place in genuz (:tuz 1207) and hence by inference in duz *dulcus 1508, 1559 suk 818, 1306 mult 31, 191, etc. The MS. often preserves I after ii when it stands at the end of a pretonic syllable : sulphre 1081 dulcur 767, 1300, 1592 culchie 985 tdtre 1699, and here it should not be repressed. So after a : salvez 1782 sahnes 2190 pahyies 1533, 1632 malvais 634, 748, 2278, and in inflected words like mals, metals, beak, etc., where the flexionless accus. sg. and n. pi. have apparently protected the I from vocalization. No warrant, however, exists in this MS. to suppose that ^was not vocalized in /aiw, saut, chaut, haut,faut, etc., which offer a phonetic parallel to genuz, duz, etc. Otherwise the MS. uniformly preserves the I : volt, tolt els, eels cunseilz, soleilz tels, quels, pels vuelt, oeilz, vielz, mielz, etc. I is crowded out between i (i) and the s (z) of flexion: cp. numbriz :piz 1206 and hence, by in- ference, in gentilz 1590 and perilz 1351, 1394. In view of the close similarity of the articulations, it is LANGUAGE OF THE ESPUEGATOIEE 41 more probable that nus (nullus) 1354, 1358 is the phonetically correct form, and not mils 349, 1043, etc. 3. N has disappeared injur (.seigmir 332 :hmr 1577J and hence, by inference, in other words of the same class : enfer 133 yver' 932 (yvern 686) and cJiar carnem 1709, 2013. Final n and final m have the same value : tiun nomen :prozdum 505, by the side oi nun :raisun 189 mentim :trovum 1087.' 4. s. That s before t was still pronounced is indi- cated (negatively) by the entire absence of rimes such a,sset:remed or clist :mt, etc., and (positively) by the rimes Christ :diit 247 :mid 382 :aprist 807 :fremist 879 :icist 420. The MS. shows traces of the tendency of s to be- come silent before 1) m, n :- blama 517, 2201 al- mones 1444 (but almosne 1464) meimes 1769, 2071 (but meisvies 2039) dememre 308, 1361 (des- 2046) ; 2) before f : defermeient 474 (des- 591) efreie 671, but esforcerunt 896. Whether s originally stood in hidus 837, 886, etc., is uncertain. s and s final are not mixed in rime, s for s in ces 1407, 1729, etc. nos 596, etc. siixpris 1893 jj/us- dom 9. 5. T. The orthographies /((t^, ad (fid 1695 and -at in the Future 3 and Pret. 3 of Conjg. I.) are com- mon in the MS. , yet the rime shows that the t(d) was no longer pronounced : fu :Jhesu. 1032, ll68 la :greva 2090. The final t of the perfects in -it for the most part is lost: cp. o'i :issi 2001 fini lohli 2055 .departi :demi 1984 senti :inerei 899 rendi :di 380, etc., but the older form appears in s'esvaiiit :dit 328. To those words in which for Marie final t persisted in pronunciation (escrit, dit, tid, respit, vit, freit, etc.) the Espurg. adds deit digitum. Qatendreit 2047). The ' Cp. Lays, Introd., p. xxxi. 42 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPUEGATOIEE Lays, on the contrary, liave dei only (jsei se Elidue 409 :mei Elidue 4:1%). 6. CoNSONANTS+s. While the A.-N. writings (chaitifs vifs, blancs, bees, etc.) are frequent in the MS., the rimes show that such stop-sounds had been lost before the s :- gas :pas 442 amis -.pais 464 ene- mis :pris 801 vis vivus :empris 1060 chaitis .-pais 1706. To these are to be added numbriz {:pis 1206) peris, etc., and probably nus nullus (see above under I). 7. In a few cases, the fe sound before u is denoted by the insertion of an e : recent 220, 256, but recut is more common : 568, 583, 1826 decut 814 reeur- ent 1558. 8. w appears in ewe aqua 79, 418, etc. waste 915 (translating vastam in Latin CK ; cp. gastez 303) wandiches (P) 690. 9. As to the palatal gf-sound before a, o, u, it is note- worthy that the MS. nowhere writes j(i) before a (except where it is etymological : ja jam) :- alegast 1474 charga 255 ehanga 1932 mangast 2180 ser- ganz 1981, 2202. The two letters were no doubt interchangeable in certain positions : cp. plungier 1219, but p^Mwjoitmi 1258 tarj out ll^Q jetez 2220 getez 1692 ; gesant %2Q hut jut, jurent 2025, 1039. Following Mall' and Warnke,^ I have written j be- fore a as well as o and u, although it is possible that some writers may not have made the distinction, any more than for Hour (o=k) by the side of duleur (c=fe) as in this text. D. Substantives. 1. The ferns, of Decl. II. mostly show s in the n. sg. Cp. ardurs .furs 1335 colurs duurs (ace. pi.) 1625 diversetez drovez 987 mansiuns :serruns Computus, Introd., p. 94. ■"y S; Introd., p. xlix, 24. LANGUAGE OF THE ESPUEGATOIEE 43 1279, but the older declension appears in verite (nnustre) 183 gent rll28. It cannot, therefore, be determined with certainty whether poiir 547 mort 109 chartre 135 had received the s of flexion ; the last word occurs already in the inflected form in the Reimpredigt 104/. 2. Masculines of the II. Decl. have no s in the n. or voc. sg. Cp. maistre r2255, 2154, etc. frere 411, 1868 nostre 1812 altre 2128. livre is therefore to be read for livres 4,806. Abeshns kept its s : 1935, 1941. The infinitive estre used substantively shows au s :- estres :terrestres 1689. Cp. also 1633, 1973, 2065. — Masculines of the III. Decl. show no s in the n. sg. : her nniistrer 191 :entrer 1524 prestre :estre (verb) 2210 sire :dire 615. The Espurg. offers only one certain case of the employ of a substantive in the accusative for the nominative, viz. 1412 Tels sunt . . les mals Qenfernals). Such cases are frequent in the Computus, e. g. 478 Furent truvet li nuns, the article retaining its nom. form.' E. Adjectives. Adjectives of two endings show no analogical feminines in e. grieve 536, on account of the metre is to be replaced hj grevuse ; for the same reason, ardante 1123 and cruelement 1083, 1215 cannot stand. Jole 201 dulce 24 and comunement 1607, as is well known, make no exception to this rule, since the Folk-Latin had already transferred them to the class of adjectives of three terminations.^ tels, quels appear for both genders. The MS. has tele 823,2155, but the metre shows the reading false, and hence tele should be replaced by itels 1539 where the metre gives no indication, quele 830 is likewise to be suppressed. Cp. 1422, 1799, 1926. ^Cp. Mall, Introfl., p. 98. 'Cp. Schwan,^^364. Anm. 2. 44 LANGUAGE OF THE ESPURGATOIEE veraiment^ 181, 944, 1720 is also corrected by the metre, vereiment 1608 stands for veirement. F. Pronouns. Jo, CO are the readings of the MS. in all cases ex- cept Joe 2297. The latter orthography appears to be common in A.-N. MSS. : e. g., in the Old French version of Henry's Traotatus in Brit. Mus. Cotton Domitian A. iv.,^ and coe in MS. C of the Computus 89, 104 (which has also co 415 and ceo 1650, 1681). Atonic li (dative sg. masc. and fern.) is mostly re- placed in the MS. by the tonic lui ; but the original form is preserved at times, e. g. 302, 1937. Vice versa, liior lui 218. The reflexive pronoun se, aei may stand before or after the verb : Cp. esmerveilla sei 702, 1880, by the side of s' esmerveilla 693, 698. For the other pronouns, cil, cist, etc. the forms in the JEspurg. are the same as those in the Lays.^ In four cases (1183, 1338, 1546, 2008) it seems necessary to admit either that the nom. qui is subject to elision before vowels, or that que has replaced qui in the nom. of the relative pronoun. The latter al- ternative is preferred by Tobler* and by Mall.' This peculiarity of usage is unknown to the Lays. ' The neuter que appears in the nom. 78, 610, 1660, 1865, 2236. G. Verbs. In the verbal forms, the Espurg. shows close agreement with the language of the Lays, and there ' For the loss of e, Cp. Suchier, on the accus. (chaitifs, blancs, etc.) 4. en (in) loses its syllablic value after e (et) - 461, 1160, 1342, 1624, 1909.i 'Op. Suchier, St. Auban, p. 31, 6. L' ESPURGATOIRE SEINT PATRIZ OF MARIE DE FRANCE The figures at the left of the text indicate the folio and column of the MS. An asterisk (*) in the text refers the reader to the vari- ants at the foot of the page. Brackets ( [ ] ) in the text indicate that the word or words enclosed do not occur in the MS., but are obviously to be supplied. For the Latin MSS. "A," "C" and "K," which are quoted in the variants, see above, p. 5 ff. 102a A 1 nun de Deu, qui od nus seit, AA e qui sa grace nus enveit, voeil en Eomanz mettre en escrit, Si cum li livre les nus dit, En remembrance e en memoire, 5 Les peines de 1' espurgatoire ; Qu'a Seint Patriz volt Deus mustrer Le liu u I'um i deit entrer. Uns prozdum m' a piepa requise ; Pur 90 m'en sui ore entremise 10 De mettre mei en eel labur, Pur reverence e pur s'onur. E s'il li plest e il le voeille Qu'en ses bienfaiz tuz jurs m'acoeille, Dirai 50 que j 'en ai o'i, — 15 Bel pere, ore entendez ici. Ja seit i§o que jo desir De faire a grant profit venir Plusurs genz e les amender, E servir Deu plus e duter, 20 Ja de 90 ne m'entremesisse, N'en estudie me mesisse, Si ne fust pur vostre pr'iere. Qui en mun quer est dulce e chiere. Poi en ai o'i e veii ; 25 Rejected readings of the MS. Heading : Ci parout des peines que sunt en purgatoire. Line 2 enuieit. — 3 Uoil. — 4 cume liures le. — 6 Des del purgatoire. — 7 Ka dels. — 8 ou lom. — ^9 prosdom mad peca. — 13 si lui uoille. — 14 Ken macoille. — 15 ke io en. — 16 Beau piere. — 17 ke. — 19 els. — 22 ne inserted wUh caret after estudie. — 24 Ken duce. 54 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz Pur 90 que j' en ai entendu Ai jo vers Deu greignur amur De Deu servir, mun creatur ; 102b Pur quel jo voldrai a ovrir Ceste escripture e descuvrir. 30 Mulz essamples nus met avant seinz Gregoires en sermunant des espiriz qui sunt es cors, E des altres qui sunt defers, E des choses qui sunt nuisables 35 Horribles e espoentables, Pur espoenter les corages Des pecheurs e des nun sages Des tristesces que il avrunt E [que] les almes sufferrunt ; 40 E pur mettre en compuncciun, E en greignur devociun, Cels qui voelent a Deu plaisir E le suen regne deservir. Pur 90 plus ententivement, 45 Pur amender la simple gent, Voeil desclore ceste escripture E mettre i, pur Deu, peine e cure. Seignurs, a I'eissue del cors, quant les almes s'en issent fors, 50 li bon angele i sunt en present ; 26 Par ke.— 29 Par uodrai. — 30 descourir. — ^32 seint gre- goire. — 33 espirez. — 34 autres. — 35 musablea. — 36 espunta- bles. — 37 espunter. — 38 pecheur. — 39 kil auerunt. — 40 suf- fernnt. — 43 Cest uolent pleisir. — 47 Uoil.— 48 mettri. — 60 se. — 51 angle. OF MARIE DE FEANCE 55 Li mal [i] vienent ensement. Li bon angele, e'en est la sume, Eeceivent I'alme del produme, En joie e en repos la mettent ; 55 E li diable s'entremettent 102c De males almes turmenter E en peril od els mener. Solunc 90 qu'eles unt ovr6 Lur iert iluec gueredunS. 60 Uncor nus dit apertement Que plusurs almes veirement, Einz que des cors puissent partir Veient que lur est a venir : Plusurs par revelaciun, 65 E d'altres par avisiun, U par *lur dreite conscience, Solunc 90 que il unt licence. Plusurs des almes veirement Veient, devant lur finement, 70 Avisiuns e sunt ravies ; Puis repairent as cors en vies, E mustrent 90 que unt veil U de turment u de salu: ^o que li bon deivent aveir 75 E que li mal deivent cremeir. II veient espiritelment 90 que semble corporelment ; 53 angle — 54 prodome. — 59 Solum keles. — 60 ert ilueke. guerdone.— 61 Unkore.— 62 Ke.— 63 Enz ke.— 64 ke.— 66 Dautres e. — -67 Ou iure. Latin A : ex responsione consclencie interioris. — 68 Solum ke. — 70 deuan. — 72 re- peirent. — 73 kunt. — 74 Ou ou. — 75 ke auer.— 76 ke cre- mer. — 77 ueien. — 78 ke. 56 l' espurgatoiee seint patriz II veient ewe e punz levez, Feu e maisuns e bois e prez 80 E humes de divers semblanz, U neirs u blans aparissanz. Altres cboses veient plusur : Semblanz a joie u a dolur. 102d Puis lur est avis que trait sunt 85 Par mains, par piez la u peine unt ; Puis sunt pendu e flael^ E en ord liu apres jett6. Altres mals suefrent veirement Qui ne se descordent nient 90 Al cunte que cunter voluns E que nus cumenc6 avuns. Plusur cuveitent a saveir des almes, ci nus dit pur veir, cument eles issent des cors 95- E u vunt quant eles sunt hors. Pur 90 que nus certeinement Ne savuns nul aveiement, Devum plus cremeir e duter Que enquerre ne demander. 100 Qui serreit si fols ne desvez, Hors de sun sen e afolez, Qu'il alast la u ne seiist 81 homes. — 82 Ou ou. — 83 Autres plusurs. — 84 dolurs. Latin AC : vel ad gaudium amari, vel ad tormentum ti- meri. — 85 ke treiz. — 87penduz flaelez. — 88 iettez. — 89' Autres suffrent. — 90 descorde. — ^91 ke. — 92 ke comencee. — ^93 Plusurs coueitent sauer. — 95 Coment eissent. — 9& ou uont. — 97 ke. — 98 sauons. — 99 Deuom cremer doter. —100 Ke.— 103 Qui ou fust. OF MAEIE DE FRANCE 57 Quels mals avenir li deiist ? De Palme est il tut altresi : lO^ Nus ne savuns nient ici. Puis que ele est hors del cors traite C'est solunc I'oevre qu'ele a faite ; Mais male mort, ne dutum mie, Ne vient pas apres bone vie. IIO Nepuroec nus sumes certeins Que solunc I'oevre unt plus u meins 103a Des peines de I'espurgatoire ; Mes icil qui atendent gloire Poeent a cez turmenz venir, 115 E travail e peines suifrir. Icil qui sunt ci dreiturier, E qui meins i voelent pecliier Pur aveir parmanable vie, La passerunt, ne dutuns mie, 120 Pur estre espurgiez de lur mals ; Puis s'en istrunt, si serrunt sals. Ici vus musterruns des peines qui de tute dolur sunt pleines ; apareilli^es sunt e tels 125 Cum fussent en lius corporels. Tels est de Deu la purveance, Li greignur turment, sanz dutance, 104 dust. — 105 autresi.— 106 sauons.— 107 kele.— 108 loure kele ad. — 109 Meis mal. — 111 Nepuroeke. — 112 Ke loure. — 113 espurgatorie. — 114 cil attendant glorie'. — 115 pouent ces. — 117 ici dretturer. — 118 uolent pecher. — 119 auer parmenable. — 120 dotuns. — 121 espurgez. — 123 mus- truns. — 124 Ke. — 125 aparillees. — 126Cume fuissent. — 12& Les greignurs turmenz. 58 l' espuegatoiee sbint pateiz Sunt plus parfunt e plus custus ; E li altre sunt meins grevus, 130 Pur 90 [qu'il] atendent merci E n'ierent pas del tut peri. Altresi est d'enfer li lius : Desuz terre, parfunz e cius ; Si cum chartres est tenebruse, 136 A eels qui n'issent perilluse. En terre a il un parewis, Vers orient u Deus I'a mis, U les almes sunt amenSes Quant de peine sunt delivrSes. 140 103b Ici trovum en nostre escrit Qu'iluec demuerent a delit. Aillurs nus dit Seinz Austins, Qui prozdum fu e bons devins. Que plusurs almes sunt guardees 145 Par divers lius e escuns6es U en repos u en dolur, Solunc lur oevre e lur labur ; Issi serrunt desqu'a I'asise, *Quant Deus vendra al grant ju'ise. 150 Seinz Gregoires dit altresi. En *sun livre qu'avuns o"i, 129 parfunz. — 130 autres meins is corrected from 'plus. — 132 nerent. — 133 Autresi. — 135 cume chartre. — 136 neis- sent.— 137 ad.— 138 ou deu lad.— 142 Ke iluek.— 143 seint. — 144 prodome fud bon. — 145 Ke gardees. — 147 Ou ou. — 149 deska. — 150 Ke uendrat a. — 151 Greg' autresi. — 152 ses liures kauons. OF MAEIE DE FRANCE 59 Des nun corporels espiriz, Que poeent estre ars e bruiz El siecle, del feu corporel. 155 Aillurs trovuns nus altre tel : Que les almes qui sunt eslites A Deu e par lur bien parfites, Vunt el turment de purgatoire ; Apres eel mal irrunt en gloire. 160 Les unes sunt en grief turment, Plus que les altres veirement. Icist turment sunt escunse, A la gent ne sunt pas mustr^, Pur 90 qu'il sunt espiritel, 165 E que li tume sunt mortel. Purquant par revelaciuns Veient, e par avisiuns, 103c Plusurs des almes meinz granz signes, Solunc 190 qu'eles sunt dignes. 170 Quant eles sunt des cors ravies, Par Deu revienent a lur vies, E dient bien — pur la mustrance De cele espiritel substance Qui semblable est a corporel — 175 50 qu'il veient espiritel. E si nus dit qu' hume mortel Unt 90 veil e corporel : Si cume en forme e en semblance 154 Qui poent. — 156 trouons autre. — 157 Ke que. — 159 Uont purgatorie.— 160 glorie.— 161 gref.— 162 ke autres. 163 esconse.— 165 kil.— 166 ki home.— 167 Nepurquant.— 170 keles.— 172 reuenent.— 173 par.— 174 E de.— 175 Ke. 176 kil.— 177 ke home. 60 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz D'hume [la] corporel substance. 180 Qui crerreit §o veraiement Si n'en eiist demustrement — Ceste chose estre verity Que nus avum ici mustre ? Si j'ai bien eii en memoire 18& Qo que j'ai 01 en I'estoire, Jo vus dirrai veraiement En ordre le cumencement. S' ( eignurs, entendez la raisun : uns seinz hum fu, Patriz out nun ; 190 mult fu religius e ber ; Pur la parole Deu mustrer, Ala en predicaciun En Yrlande od devociun. II fu li secunz qui la mist 19& La lei Deu e tenir la fist. 103d Deus fist pur lui vertuz e signes, E miracles, kar il ert dignes. Mult s'entremist devotement De mettre en eels entendement 200 Qui erent de fole creance ; Que jett6 fussent hors raance. Lur bestials cors nun estables Voleit faire a Deu cuvenables ; Mult les espoenta suvent 205 180 De home sustance.— ISluereiment.— 184Ke auoms. — 186 ke io.^187 uerraiment. — 188 commencement. — 190 Tin seint hom.— 191 flid.— 193 Alad.— 195 fud.— 200 ceus.— 202 Ke fuissent de ranee.— 204 couenables.— 2O5, lespoentat sovent. Q' OF MAEIE DE FRANCE 61 Par I'eiifernal encumbrement, E des peines que cil avrunt Qui en Jhesu Crist ne crerrunt ; E mult suvent [il] les retta Des granz joies qu'il lur mustra 210 U tuit cil deivent parvenir Quil voelent amer e servir. De 90 les fist il entendanz Pur 90 que il fussent creanz. ^ uant el pais aveit est6 215 Seinz Patriz, e de Deu mustr^ encuntre la Pasche est venuz Uns hum a lui, vielz e chanuz ; En cunfessiun li conut Qu'unques le cors Deu ne re9ut. 220 Pur 90 que moignes ert e prestre Li volt regehir tut sun estre ; Cunfes se fist, ne cela mie, Einz li cunta tute sa vie, 104a Pur 90 qu'il volt procheinement 225 Eeceivre e plus dignement, Le cors nostre seignur Jhesu Qu'il n'aveit unques receii. Pur 90 qu'il ne saveit cumprendre Sun language, ne rien entendre, 230 II fist un latimier venir, 207 ke ci auerunt. — 209 soueiit reitat. — 210 kil mustrat. —211 Ou tuz.— 212 Kil uolent.— 214 Par kil fuissent.— 217 encontre. — 218 home U ueuz. — 220 Ke unkes receut. — 221 ke moines.— 222 Lui tut regehir. — 223 0oiifes celat. —224 lui cuntat.— 225 kil.— 228 Kil unkes.— 229 kil comp. 231 latimer. 62 l' espuegatoibe seint pateiz Pur lui mustrer e a ovrir ^0 que li vielz hum li diseit, E dunt il se regeiseit. Tute dist sa cunfessiun, 235 N'i parla rien d'occisiun ; N'ert pas pecHez, 90 li ert vis, Se il aveit hume occis. S' I einz Patriz U a mult enquis se il en aveit nul occis ; 240 il respundi : " Cink en. ai morz. Quel que 90 est u dreiz u torz, E mulz navrez, mes ne sai mie Se il turneient puis a vie. Ne quidai pas, bien le sachiez, 246 Que 90 fust dampnables pechiez." Li Seinz Deu li mustra e dist Que c'ert encuntre Jhesu Crist, E que mult en aveit perdu Sun creatur e offendu. 250 Li vielz hum li cria merci : "Sire," dist il, " pur Deu vus pri, 104b Ma penitence me chargiez. Ore avez o'iz mes pechiez." II li charja mult bonement ; 255 *I1 la re9ut devotement. En eel pais est il en us 233 ke uelz home. — 236 parlad de oc. — 237 pechie lui. —238 Si home.— 239 lui ad.— 242 ke ou ou.— 244 Sil tur- nereient. — 245 sachez. — ^246 Ke pechez. — 247 lui. — 248 Ke CO ert encontre. — 249 ke. — 251 ueuz home lui criad. — 263 chargez.— 254 oi. — 255 lui charga. — 256 E il receut. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 63 Que cil qui mesfunt tut le plus, *E sunt plus fier en lur corage, Quant il vienent en grant aage, 260 De grief penitence suifrir Pur la Deu grace deservir. Cest essample lur volt mustrer Li Seinz Deu pur els afermer. Q ^ uant Seinz Patriz aveit parM 265 a cele gent, e demustrl de Deu la grant puissance veire, N'i aveit nul qui volsist creire S'il ne mustra certeinement Qu'il veissent apertement : 270 Les joies dunt il a mustre E les peines dunt a parle ; S'il les veissent, mielz crerreient I90 que dire li orreient. Seinz Patriz li bons eiirez 275 Fu bien de Deu e mult privez ; Nuit e jur fu en oraisuns. En veilles, en afflicciuns, En jeiines e en tristur, Pur requerre nostre seignur 280 104c Del pueple, qu'en eiist merci, E que il ne fussent peri. En cele entente qu'il esteit, 258 Ke.— 259 Qui fiers.— 260 {precedes I. 259) uenent.— 267 Qe. — 269 lur after ne correctly stricken out by Roquefort. mustrat.— 270 KiL— 271 ad.— 272 ad.— 273 le.— 274 Ke co lui oreient. — 276 Fud.— 277 fud oreisuns.- 278 e en.— 281 ken.— 282 kil nen fusent.— 283 kil. 64 l' espuegatoiee seint patriz [E] des oraisuns qu'il faiseit, Jhesu Crist li vint en present, 285 Si cum il aveit fait suvent. Un tixte d'evangeilles plein Li duna e mist en sa mein ; E un bastun qu'il dut porter Quant al pueple dut sermuner. 290 Uncor sunt el pais guarde Pur reliques, en grant chiert6. Pur 90 que le bastun duna Deus a sun serf e cumanda, Apele I'um icel bastun 295 " Le bastun Deu " qui'n fist le dun. Itels cboses deit cil aveir Qui eveschig deit purseeir. Qo nus mustre Malachias, En sa Vie, nel dutez pas. 300 Apres cest fait, Deus amena Seint Patriz e si li mustra, en un desert, — ^uns lius guastez Qui de gent n'ert pas habitez, — Une fosse tute rounde, 305 Si ert dedenz grant e parfunde ; E sachiez qu'ele esteit obscure, Espoentable a desmesure. 284 oreisuns kil feseit.— 285 lui.— 286 souent.— 287 de «u.— 288 Lui donat.— 289 kil dust.— 290 Quant 11 aer- moner. — 291 Uncore garde. — 292 cherte. — 293 ke dona. — 294 comanda. — 296 kin. — 298 Ki eueaked purseir. — 302 Seinz.— 303 gastez.— 305 runde.— 307 sachez kele.— 308 Espun table demesure. OF MARIE DE FEANCE 65 104d Puis li dist qu'iluec ert 1' entree De I'espurgatoire e trov^e ; 310 E qui fust de ferme creance E eiist en Deu esperance, E fust cunfes de ses pechiez E apres acomuniez, Purreit ici dedenz entrer ; 315 E s'il i purreit demurer Un jur e une nuit entiere E par ici venir ariere, Tut serreit nez de ses pechiez E de ses mesfaiz espurgiez, 320 De quant qu'il out fait en sa vie ; E si verreit, n'i faldreit mie, E les peines e les dolurs, E les turmenz des pecheiirs. E les granz joies des esliz 325 Verreit, s'il fust en Deu parfiz. Si tost cum Deus li out 50 dit, Devant sa face s'esvanit. Li Seinz remest tut repleniz, E de la grace Deu guarniz. 330 Mult fu haitiez de sun seignur, Que il aveit veil le jur ; E de la fosse veirement Qu'il poeit mustrer a [la] gent. Pur 90 quida que li plusur 335 Serreient [mis] hors de I'errur. 309 lui ke iluek lentre.— 310 purgatoire.— 313 confes.— 315 E pur.— 318 reuenir arere.— 319 netz.— 321 kil.— 322 uerreiz faudreit.— 324 de.— 327 cume.— 329 remist.— 330 garniz.— 331 fud.— 332 Kil.— 333 fose.— 334 Kil.— 335 ke. 5 66 l' espurgatoiee seint patriz 105a En eel liu fist une abbe'ie, U il mist gent de bone vie ; Chanoignes riulez i a mis, Si lur a bien lur ordre apris. 340 El cimetire veirement Est la fosse, vers orient ; De mur I'enclost, portes i fist E bone fermeiire i mist ; Pur 90 qu'um n'i poeit entrer, 345 Si par lui nun, ne la aler, La clef cumanda al priur, Si defendi que nuit ne jur N'i entrast nuls, si par lui nun, E par tuz eels de la maisun. 350 El tens Seint Patriz par lieence pristrent li plusur penitence : quant il esteient absolu, Si vindrent la u li us fu ; Enz entrerent seiirement, 355 Mult suffirent peine e turment, E mult virent I'horrible mal De la dure peine enfernal. Apres icele grant tristesee Virent grant joie e grant leesce. 360 Qo qu'il volstrent cunter e dire, Fist Seinz Patriz iluec escrire. De 90 furent la genz creanz 338 Ou.— 339 ad.— 340 ad.— 341 cimiterie.— 342 fose.— 345 kum puet. — 347 comanda. — 348 defendit ke. — 349 Nentrast.— 354 ou.— 357 horible.- 361 kil uoleient.— 362 iluek escriure. — 363 gent. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 67 Que Seinz Patriz esteit disanz, 105b Par eels qui esteient venu 366- De eel liu u orent veii E les joies e les dolurs, Solunc les oevres des plusurs. Pur 50 qu'iluec sunt espurgiez, Cil qui entrent, de lur pechiez, 370 A nun cil lius Espurgatoire, Qui tuz jurs *serra en memoire ; E pur 50 que Deus demustra A Seint Patriz e enseigna Primes eel liu, est issi diz : 375 L' Espurgatoire Seint Patriz. Rigles a nun, la u fu mise, Li lius, e fundee I'iglise. Apres cest fait que jo vus di, Cist Seinz Patriz s' alme rendi 38(J Mult seintement a Jhesu Crist, Qui en sa gloire od lui la mist. Apres lui *ert en la maisun Uns hum de grant religiun, De bon estre e de seinte vie ; 385- Si fu priurs de I'abbeiie. De grant aage esteit ferment : Si vielz fu qu'il n'out qu'une dent. 364 Ke.— 366 ou.— 368 cures.— 369 ke iluek.— 371 Ad purgatoire..— 372 ert.— 373 ke.— 374 patric— 377 ad ou fud.— 378 le ig.— 379 ke.— 383 out. Lat. K: erat prior in eadem ecclesia, homo quidam, etc. — 384 home. — 386 fud. — 388 uelz fud kil kune. 68 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz ^Nule aieat li vieil maladie, Tant cum il sunt en ceste vie ; 390 Si dit Seinz Gregoires que fieble Sunt par lur vieillesce e endieble. 105c Ici nus dit de cest priur, Qu'il fist faire pres del durtur Un habitacle u il mansist, 395 Qu'il a ses freres ne nuisist, Ne ne grevast pur sa fieblesce, Ses aages, ne sa vieillesce. Li chanoigne de la maisun Le mistrent suvent a raisun : 400 ■" Beals pere, pur Deu, dites nus Cum bien volez vivre entre nus ? ' ' Li seinz priurs lur respundi : ■"Mielz amereie aillurs qu'ici ; Ici ai jo peine e dolurs, 405 Joie e deliz avrai aillurs." Icist frere qui a lui vindrent La voiz o'irent e retindrent Des angel es Deu a lui parlanz, Lui e sa dent bene'issanz : 410 ' ' Frere, tu es beneiirez, E cele denz que vus avez, Qu'unques viande ne mascha, Ne ne senti ne n'atucha 389 Tut naient. Lat. KG : licet senex sanus sit, ipsa senectute sua semper tamen inflrmus est. ueil. — 391 seint kifeble.— 392 veillesce endeble.— 394 Kil dortur.— 395 E^hab. ou.— 396 Kil.— 398 veillescesce.— 399 chanoine. —400 souent.— 401 Beau piere.— 402 bie.— 404 kici.— 409 angles. — 412 dent uus auus. — 413 Ke unkes. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 69' Que al quer venist a delit, 41& U tu eiisses nul profit." En sa viande n'out il el Fors ewe freide, pain e sel. Tost apres 90 morut icist : S'alme rendi a Jhesu Crist. 420 105d ^^eignurs, si cum dit li escriz, ^N plusurs genz el tens Seint Patriz, [e] en altres tens altresi, Issi cum nus avuns oi, Dedenz I'espurgatoire entrerent, 425 E puis apres s'en returnerent. E meinz *ren vit [de] retenuz, Qui furent periz e perduz. Icil qui revindrent cunterent ; Li chanoigne tut embreverent, 430 Pur edifier altre gent, E qu'il ne dutassent nient. E si nus dit il alques plus : Que 90 fu custume e us : Oil qui enz voleient eutrer 435 E I'espurgatoire espruver, A I'evesque durent aler E lur cunfessiun mustrer. E apres la cunfessiun, 415 Qui. — 416 Ou. — 417 ta. Lat. KG : Eius enim cibus erat, etc. — 419 morust. — 421 cume. 423 autres autresi. — 424 cume auums. — 427enuit. — 429 Gels ke. — 430 chano- ine. — 431 autre. — 432 kil neent. — 433 dist aukes. — 434 Ke fud custumes. — iSo einz uoleint.— 437 eueske. — 438 conf. — 1-39 conf. 70 l' espurgatoire seint patriz Lur fereit I'evesques sermun : 440 " Seignurs, pur Deu, n'i entrez pas ; De la aler n'est mie gas. Mulz en i a de retenuz, Qui jamais nen erent veiiz." Mais quant verreit certeinement 445 Cels tenir lur purposement, Par lettres [il] les enverreit 106a Al priur, si li mandereit Qu'il preist d'els e guarde e cure, E me'ist en la fosse obscure. 450 Quant esteient a lui venuz, E il les avreit receiiz, De lessier eel purpensement Les enortereit bonement, E qu'il penitence pre'issent, 455 E en cest siecle la fe'issent. Quant il ues purreit tresturner Que il n'i volsissent entrer, Dedenz I'iglise les mettreit, E quinze jurs les i tendreit 460 En jeiines, en oralsuns, En veilles, en afflicciuns. Puis mandereit clers del pais, E partie de ses amis ; Matin fereit messe chanter 465 440 leueske. — 443 ad. — 444 Ke iameis. — 446 Ces. — Line 454 was inserted here by mistake and then stricken out. — 448 lur mandreit. — 449 Kil de els garde. — 450 fose. —452 auereit.— 453 lesser.— 455 kil.— 458 Kil.— 461 e en oreisuns.— 462 e en.— 463 mandreit du.— 465 freit lum. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 71 E eels desqu'a I'altel mener, Pur estre i acommumez E beneescuz e segniez. L'ewe beneeite sur els Jeterent li clerc e [sur] eels ; 470 Od processiun e od ehant, Si [cum] eustume esteit devant, A la porte tut dreit menouent, Si Fovreient e desfermouent. La sermunereit li priurs ; 475 106b Si lur musterreit les dolurs Que dedenz eel liu trovereient, E que jamais ne revendreient, S'il n'eiissent ferme creance En Deu, everaie esperance. 480 E si dist qu' al tens [Seint] Patriz En i aveit il de periz. Cil qui 9'aveient purpose, E en e'esteient afferme, E ne volstrent pur lui partir, 485 II lur ireit la porte ovrir ; Cil fereient la eroiz sur els, E enterreient devant eels. Puis clorreient pres els I'entree ; En I'iglise de Deu am6e 490 Ireient tuit li elerc ariere E fereient pur els pre'iere. 466 desque al autel. — 468 benescuz segnez. — 469 beneite hels.— 473 menereient.— 474 defermeient.— 476 lui mus- treit. — 477 Ke. — 478 keiameis. — 480 uerreie. — 481 dit kal. 482^68. — 486 irreit. — 488 entereient. — 491 Irreient tut li dree arrere. — 492 ferreient. 72 l' espurgatoiee seint patkiz El demain vendreient o'ir Li quels en purreit revenir. Se alcuns en fust revenuz 495 A joie serreit receiiz ; Puis demurreit, el Deu servise, Pleinement quinzeine en iglise ; Puis cuntereit de s'aventure, E serreit mise en escripture. 500 E oil qui n'en fust revenuz — Bien saveient qu'il fu perduz. 106c 1 ^ 1 tens le rei Estefne dit, t^ si cum nus trovum en escrit, en Yrlande esteit uns prozdum : 505 Chevaliers fu, Oweins out nun ; De qui nus voluns ci parler, E la dreite estoire mustrer. A I'evesque de eel pais, U li purgatoires ert mis, 510 Vint Oweins a cunfessiun, De ses pechiez querre pardun ; Kar mult aveit suvent ovre Cuntre Deu en grant cruelte. L'evesques pit §o qu'il dist, 515 E cument il se regehist. Mult le blasma qu'il out est^ En tel oevre e demur6 : 494 empurreit. — 495 Si aucuns. — 499 cent, sa av. — 502 kil fust. — 504 cume. — 505 Ken un produm. — -506 fud Owens. — 507 uolums. — 509 eueske. — 510 Ou. — 511 Owens conf. — 513 souent. — 514 Centre. — 515 eueskes kil. — 516 cement. 517 blama kil. — 518 eure demere. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 73 Par ses pechiez out irascu Sun creatur e offendu. 520 Li chevaliers pur ses pechiez Fu mult tristes e esmaiez ; Pense que digne penitence Fera solunc la Deu consence. L'evesques li voleit duner, 525 Solunc 90 qu'il I'oit parler, Penitence de ses pechiez, Dunt il peiist estre alegiez. Li chevaliers li dist briefment : " Sire evesques, nen voeil nient 530 106d Legierement espene'ir, Ne tel penitence suifrir. Trop ai forfait a mun seignur, E offendu mun creatur ; Pur c'eslirai, par Deu licence, 535 La plus *grevuse penitence : A I'espurgatoire en irai Seint Patriz, e la enterrai Que jo seie de mes pechiez E delivres e espurgiez." 540 Li evesques I'amonesta De CO lessier que il pensa : ' ' N'est pas a aler cuvenable La u cunversent li diable ; Hum set bien que mult i entrerent 545 522 Fud. — 523 ke. — 524 solum. — 525 leueskes doner. — 526 Solum kil.— 528 pust.— 5291ui brefment.— 530 eueske uoil neent. — 531 espenir. — 535 co esl. — 536 grieue. — 537 irrai. — 538 enteral. — 539 Ke. — 541 eueskes. — 542 lesser kil. — 543 couen. — 544 ou conv. — 545 Horn siet ke mulz. 74 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz Qui unques puis ne returnerent." Nule poiir de peine aveir Ne puet sun corage moveir. Li evesques vit sun corage : Si I'enorta qu'a moniage 550 Se mesist entre bone gent, U od chanoignes en cuvent ; Puis purreit plus seiirement Faire le suen purposement. II li respunt que nun fera : 555 Ja altre habit nen recevra, Fors tel cume il aveit eu Des i qu'il ait eel liu veii. Quani vit al 107a /^"^uant 1' evesques si fermement vit qu'il tint sun purpensement, 560 priur de eel liu manda, Par escrit qu'il li enveia, Que eel cbevalier recuillist, Al purgatoire le mesist, Issi eum il faire deveit, 565 E cume la custume esteit. Li chevaliers vint al priur, II le re9ut par grant amur E mult li dist e sermuna 546 ke unke. — 547 aue r (i erased). — 548 mouer. — 549 ■eueskes. — 550 len orat ka. — 551 Si. — 552 Ou couent. — 553 purreit il. — 555 lui ke fera, {e partly erased) .—556 autre. — 557 laueit. — 558 De ci kil. — 559 leueske ferment. — 560 kil tut. — 562 kil lui. — 563 Ke.— 564 espurgatoire e le. — 569 lui sermona. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 75 Qu'il laissast 90 que il pensa. 570 " Trop ai [jo] grant oppressiun D'aler en tel perdiciun." Tant ert fervenz en sun desir, Ne Ten puet li priurs partir. Od lui I'amena en I'iglise, 576 Si cume custume est assise. Quinze jurs I'i fist demurer, Urer, veillier e jeiiner. Quant i out est6 quinze dis, Si manda les clers del pais ; 580 Matin li firent messe oir, E esculter tut a leisir. Puis regut od devociun Le cors Deu od beneei9un ; L'ewe beneeite jetterent 585 Desur lui, apres I'amenerent 107b Od letanie, od oraisun, E od bele processiun, El liu u il deveit entrer ; Forment se hasta d'i aler. 590 Li priurs a 1' us desferme ; devant tuz a dit e parle al ctevalier, si li mustra L'entr^e e puis li sermuna : " Amis, certes si tu creeies 595 570 Kil leissast kil. — 575 lamenad. — 576 costume. — 578 Orer ueiller iuner.— 579 il.— 581 lui.— 582 escuter.— 584 beneicun. — 585 beneite. — 587 oreisun. — 589 ou. — 590 le - Li chevaliers li respundi : ' ' J'i enterrai, en Deu m'afi, Pur mes pechiez espene'ir, E que jo puisse a Deu plaisir." 107c Li priurs dist : " Entendez, sire, 615- 50 que vus vueil mustrer e dire : i i T~^ 1 nun de Deu, que vus cr^ez, \j en ceste fosse vus mettrez ; par le crois de la terre irez Tant qu'en un grant champ enterrez ; 620» Une grant sale i troverez. 596 Nos conseilz entreies.— 597 poz.— 599 entree.— 60*" horn kil.— 604 remistrent.— 605 kil.— 608 Ke.— 611 cheu- alers lui.— 612 J o ienterai.— 613 espenir.— 614 ke pleisir_ 616 uoil.— 617 creiez.— 620 ken entrez. OF MARIE DE FEANCE 77 Bien ovr^e, si enterrez. Mult sout d'ovraigne qui la fist E qui si faitement F asist. Dedenz la maisun vus serrez, 625 Tant de bons messages avrez ; De part Deu a vus parlerunt, E si vus recunforterunt. Si vus enseignerunt assez I90 que vus faire devez. 630 Apres 90 s'en departirunt, E a Deu vus cumanderunt. Hastivement avrez apres Cruels messages e malves. ^0 nus unt dit e cuneii 635 Icil qui de la sunt venu : Nus le veimes en escrit, Issi eume jo I'ai vus dit." Li ber mustra mult bel semblant, E devant tuz dist en oant : 640 Qu'il n'out dute de eel peril, Qui les altres mist en eissil ; 107d Kar la force de la dolur Des pechiez, dunt il a poiir, Despit, qu'il nes voleit o'ir, 645 Ne sun purpensement guerpir. Li grant mesfait de ses pechiez, Dunt sis cors ert pleins e cliargiez. 622 ouere enterez. — 623 de oueraigne. — 624 feitement. — 628 reconf. — 632 comand. — 635 coneu. — 638 lai a uus. — 641 Kil.— 642autres.— 644 ad.— 645 kil.— 648ses chargez. 78 l' espukgatoire seint pateiz Ne reduta mie a sufFrir Peine e turment pur Deu plaisir. 650 Oil qui devant fu bien armez D'armes de fer e aturnez, E qui aveit grant hardement En estur pur veintre la gent, Or s'ert armez en tel mesure 655 Dunt li diables n'eiist cure : De fei e de bone esperance, E de justise e de creance. Par icestes vertuz, sanz faille, Veintra le diable en bataille. 660 II dist a tuz : ' ' Pre'iez pur mei,' ' Puis fist la croiz par devant sei. Hardiement, od bon semblant, En la fosse se mist avant. La porte a li priurs ferm^e, 665 Si s'en departent de 1' entree ; Vunt s'en od la processiun El mustier, e funt oraisun Que Deus ait piti6 e merei Del chevalier dunt jo vus di. 670 108a T i chevaliers pas ne s'esfreie, I parmi la fosse tient sa veie ; ore hantera, ne dutez mie, Novele e fort chevalerie. Merveille est qu'il est asseiirs ; 675 650 pleisir.— 651 fud.— 652 De armes.— 655 Ore.— 661 preez. — 665 ad. — 666 se dep. — 667 Uont. — 668 muster orei- sun. — 669 Keeitpite. — 671cheualers sefreie. — 673 hante- rat. — 674 forte. — 675 kil asseur. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 7^ Cum il plus va, plus est obscurs ! Tute pert humaine veiie ; Altre clartez li est venue ; Petite fu, mais nepurquant Par cele tint la veie avant. 680 Tant a erre par desuz terre, Qu'il vint al champ qu'il alout querre. Une maisun vit bele e grant, Dunt il o'it parler devant. Tel lumiere a iluec trovee 685- Cum est d'yvern en la vespree. Icist palais aveit en sei Entur, une entiere parei, Faite a piliers e a *arclii6es, A vulsurs e a wandiches (?) : 690 Cloistre resemblout envirun, Cum a gent de religiun. Li chevaliers s'esmerveilla De I'ovraigne qu'il esguarda. Quant le palais out esguarde 695 Dehors, e tut entur al6, Hastivement dedenz entra ; Assez plus [i] s'esmerveilla 676 obscur.— 678 autre clarte lui.— 679 fud.— 681 ad. —682 Kil kil.— 685 lumere ad iluek.— 686 de yv.— 687" Icest paleis. — CK : Aula vero parietem non (K : in se- non) habebat, sed (K : quoniam) columnis et archiolis erat undique constructa (K : -tum). A . Aula enim cir- cumvallata erat parietibus, sed in modum claustri mona- chorum super columpnas erat fabricata. — 689 Fait ar- ches. — 690 uousurs.— 694 oueraigne kil.— 695 paleis. — 698 A sez. 80 l' espurgatoiee seint pateiz 108b De 90 qu'il a dedenz veii. A tant s'assist loant Jhesu ; 700 Ses oeilz turna e sus e jus, Esmerveilla sei, ne pout plus ; Ne quida pas, e'en est la sume. Que oil oevre fust de main hume. II n'i aveit guaires este, 705 quant en la sale sunt entre quinze persones, simplement Kes e tundu novelement ; Blans vestemenz orent vestuz. De part Deu li distrent saluz ; 710 Lez lui s'assistrent envirun En semblant de religiun ; Tuit se turent, li uns parla, Mestre e priurs d'els resembla. Al chevalier dist dulcement : 715 ' ' *Beneis Deu omnipotent. Qui a si bon purposement Mis en tun quer e hardement ; Tun purpos e ta volente Parface il par sun bunte ; 720 E si te guart par sun plaisir, 699 kil ad.— 701 oilz turnat.— 702 Merueillat.— 703 summe. — 704 Ke cure. — 705 gueres. — 706 K : ecce quin- decim viri tanquam religiosi et nuper raai. A : ecce viri duodecim in veste Candida et barbis nuper rasis. . . 708 tunduz.— 709 Blancs.— 710 par lur.— 712 semblance. 715 cheualer ducement.— 716 Beneit seit deus.— CK : Benedictus sit omnipotens deus. A : Benedictus deus pater omnipotens. — 717 ad. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 81 Qu'ariere puisses revenir. Ci venez pur vus espurgier De voz pechiez e alegier ; Barnilment t'estuet cuntenir, 725 U ici t'estuvra perir : 108c Cors e alme en perdiciun Larras sanz fin de rean9un. Ferme creance aies en tei ; Retien 50 que tu oz de mei : 730 Ja endreit quant nus en iruns, En cest pais sul te lerruns ; Grant multitudine verras Des diables, nel dute pas, Qui granz turmenz te musterrunt, 735 De greignurs te manacerunt. Si en lur cunseil vus metez E si creire les en volez, II promettrunt veraiement Que hors vus merrunt salvement 740 A r entree dunt vus venistes, Quant dedenz cest clos vus mesistes. Si vus quiderunt engignier ; De 90 vus vueil bien acointier. Si vus creez lur faus sermun, 745 Si irez en perdiciun : Si par manace u par turment, U par malvais blandissement 722 Karere.— 725 testot.— 726 Ou testuurat.— 728 rancun. — 729 Femme. — 731 I andreit. irruns. — 735 grant mus- terunt.— 737 conseil.— 739 ueirement.— 740 Ke.— 743 en- gigner. — 744 uoil acointer. — 746 irrez. — 747 ou. — 748 Ou malueis. 6 82 l' espurgatoiee seint pateiz Estes esma'iez ne vencuz, Finablement estes perduz. 750 S'en Deu avez ferme creance, En ses nuas e en sa puissance, E ne seiez espoentez Des manaces que [vus] orrez, 108d E les pramesses nun verables 755 Ne creez (qu'il sunt decevables !) Mes despisiez els e lur diz, — Si serrez tensez e guariz ; Puis serrez de tuz voz pechiez E delivres e espurgiez. 760 Les granz turmenz e la dolur U sunt livr6 li pecheiir Pur les oevres d' iniquity U il se furent aturne, Verrez apertement ici ; 765 E les granz joies altresi, E les repos e la dulgur U oil cunversent sanz dolur Qui Deu servirent e amerent E en bones oevres finerent. 770 E aiez tuz jurs en memoirs Deu qui est sire e reis de gloire. Quant il vus mettrunt en turment, Jhesu Crist reclamez suvent : Par I'apel de eel nun puissant 775 Serrez delivres maintenant. 751 Si en.— 753 serez (?) espuntez.— 756 klL— 757 des- pisez.— 762 Ou.— 763 cures de iniq.— 764 Ou.— 766 autre. —768 Ou conv.— 774 souent. OF MAEIE DE FRANCE 83 En quel liu que seiez menez, E quel turment que vus sentez, Le nun Jhesu Crist apelez ; Guardez que vus ne I'obliez. 780 Delivres serrez par eel nun : Par la Deu grace le savum. 109a Ne poiins plus od vus ci estre : Cumandum vus al rei celeatre." Apres cele beneeipun 785 s'en departirent li barun. li chevaliers remest sultis, Appareilliez e ententis De novele bataille emprendre, Par qu'a Deu puisse I'alme rendre. 790 Cil [qui] se cumbati suvent Par pruesce cuntre la gent, Aprestez s'est e cuvenables De cumbatre cuntre diables. Bonement en Deu esperant, 795 Atent li quel vendrunt avant. Des armes s'esteit bien armez, E bien guarniz e aturnez : Halberc de justise out vestu, Par quei le cors out defendu 800 De I'engin de ses enemis ; E I'escu de fiance out pris. 778 ke.— 780 Gardez ke.— 781 deliure.— 783 poums.— 784 Comandum. — 786 partirent. — 787 cheualers remis sutis. — 788 Apparillez. — 790 quei a.— 791 combati souent.— 792 prouesce centre. — ^793 couenables. — 794 combatre centre. —797 sest.— 799 Hauberc. 805 84 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz Healme out fait de ferme creance ; L'altre armeiire d'esperance — Esp^e a del seint espirit ; Si cum [li] livre le nus dit, C'est la parole Jhesu Crist, Qui de sun nun numer I'aprist. Mult li fu cil seinz nuns aidables Quil rescust suvent des diables 810 109b Qu'il ne fust periz ne tenuz, Ne par lur grant turment vencuz. La pitiez de sun [bon] seignur Nel de9ut pas en sa tristur ; Nun *faut ele nului qui I'eimt, 815 N'en sa grant bosoig la recleimt. Issi armez cum jo vus di, Li chevaliers suls attendi Les batailles espoentables, Qu'il fera encuntre diables. 820 II n'i aveit guaires est6 quant a o'i e escult6 une tel noise e uns tels criz, Cum si li munz fust esturmiz ; Que si tuit li bume del munt, 825 803 Haume.— 804 li autre.— 805 Espeie ad.— 806 cume liures.^ — 808 Ki nomer. — 8091uifud seint nun eidables. — 810 Kil souent.— 811 Kil. — 813 pitie. K : Nee eum pietas boni ihesu fefellit. — 814 dulcur after sa, and then stricken Old. ) — 815 feit null kil. K : quae confidentes in se fallere non consueuit. — 816 Ne. — 817 cume. — 818 cheualers. — 819 espuntables. — 820 Kil ferad encontre. — 821 gueres. — 822 ad escute.— 823 tele.— 824 Cume.— 825 Ke tut home. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 85 Oisel e bestes qui i sunt, A une voiz criassent tuit, N'i eiist mie greignur bruit. Si ne fust de Deu la vertuz, De laquel il *s'esteit vestuz, 830 E li cunfort qu'il out euz Des seinz baruns qu'aveit veiiz, Hors del [sun] sen fust afolez, Chaiiz aval e estunez. Apres la grant noise e le sun, 835 Entrerent tuit en la maisun. Od hidus embru'issemenz ; Sur lui rechinnerent lur denz. 109c Desur tute altre creature Esteit horrible lur figure ; 840 Trestuit issi desfigure L'unt par grant eschar salu6 ; Quant il 1' aveient salue, Par reproche unt a lui parl6 : i iJ i hume qui nus sunt servant, 845 I ^ e en nostre oevre demurant, vienent a nus apres lur fin, E sunt a nus de tut enclin. E vus estes tut vis venuz : Bien devez estre receiiz ; 850 Greignur lo'ier, greignur merite Devez aveir, qu'avez eslite 826 Oisels ke. — 830 laquele se ert. — 831 les conforz kil. — 832 kaueit.— 839 autre.— 841 Trestut desfigurez.— 842 saluez. — 845 home. — 846 demorant. — 847 Uenent. — 849 uifs. — 851 louer. — 852 kauez. 86 l' espurgatoire seint patriz Nostre estre e nostre cumpaignie, E venistes a nus en vie. Grant grace devum rendre a vus, 855 Que vis estes venuz a nus ; Altrement avriuns nus tort, Quant vus n' atendistes la mort. ^a venistes espene'ir Voz pechiez par turment sufiB-ir ; 860 Ci avrez vus assez dolur, Miseire, turmenz e tristur, Pur 90 que servi nus avez. Si noz cunseilz creire volez, A la porte sein vus merruns 865 U entrastes, hors vus mettruns. 109d Lung tens purrez el siecle vivre, E voz deliz faire a delivre. Si mielz amez a remaneir Qu'ariere aler e joie aveir, 870 Cruels peines e grief turment Avrez od nus finablement." Issi faitierement parlouent li diable e amonestouent le chevalier qu'a els turnast, 875 E sun purposement laissast : Qu'ilvolsist a els cunsentir, 853 comp.— S56 Keuifs.— 857 Autrement auruns.— 859 espenir.— 861 asez.— 862 Meserie e (olur after e, utricken out).—S63 ke.— 864 conseilz crere.— 865meruns.— 866 0u. —868 uos.— 869 melz remaner.— 870 Ke auer.— 871 grefe turmenz. — 872 finablemenz. — 873 faiterement. — 875 L cheualer ka. — 877 Kil consentir. OF MAEIE DE FRANCE 87 U par manace u par blandir. Mais li chevaliers Jhesu Crist N'out pour, ne ne se fremist ; 880 Ne blandissemenz ne manace Nel deceit que lur plaisir face. En pais se sist, n'out poiir d'els ; Ne volt un mot parler a els. II virent bien qu'il les despist : 885 Hidus semblant chascuns li fist. U' ' n feu firent de main ten ant en la maisun, merveilles grant, piez e meins li lient forment ; El feu le jettent erralment ; 890 Od cros de fer enz le buterent, Hidusement sur lui crierent. Li chevaliers en sa dolur Apella le nun *del seignur. 110a Si enemi qui od lui sunt 895 S'esforcierent qu'el feu parfunt Le peiissent entr'els tenir, E sun cors ardeir e bru'ir. Quant [il] eel grant turment senti A Jhesu Crist cria merci ; 900 Icil nuns I'a bien defendu Del premier turment u il fii. 878 Ou ou. — 879 cheualer. — 881 blandissement. — 882 ke pleisir.— 883 de els.— 885 kil.— 886 chescun.— 889 lui.— 891 crocs. — 893 cheualers. — 894 Apellat nostra seignur OK : pit lesu nomen invocavit. — 896 Sesforcerunt kel. — 897 entre els.— 898arder.— 900criat.— 901 lad.— 902 ou. 88 l' espuegatoibe seint patriz Apres cele invocaciun qu'il fist de eel seintisme nun, fu delivres, li feus s'esteint, 905 E icist granz turmenz remeint. Quant li chevaliers a veil De Deu la force a la vertu, En lui s' afie fermement, E atent plus seiirement 910 Les turmenz u il deit entrer, E 90 que il deit trespasser. Les diables despit sanz faille, E lur turmenz e lur bataille. En une -waste regiun . 915 Le meinent, liors de la maisun, Dunt la terre ert neire e obscure. N'i vit nule altre creature Fors les diables quil menerent, E qui tut entur lui crierent. 920 La out un freid vent e serri Qui li parcurt le cors parmi ; 110b II nel poeit nient oir ; Cest turment li cuvint sufFrir. Desque la I'unt trait e mene 925 U li soleilz naist en est6 : A la fin del siecle le meinent, 904 Kil.— 905 fud feu esteint.— 906 grant.— 907 cheua- lers ad. — 911 ou. — 912 kil. — 917 {after terre an f ; appar- ently the scribe began to write 'fud'). — 918 autre. — 919 kil. — 920 ki entutr {second t stricken out). — 922 Ke lui par- cout. — ^924 couint. — 926 Ou soleil neist. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 89 90 li fu vis, par tut le peinent. Par une veie, grant e 16e, Le trestrent en une valee, 930 Cele part dunt li soleilz surt En yver, quant li jur sunt curt. D 'altre part, vers le su, a destre, li mustrerent perillus estre : u il le meinent a o'iz 935 Gries pleintes e dolurs e criz ; E cum plus ala aprismant. Plus o'i pleinte e dolur grant. En un grant champ I'unt puis men^, Plein de miseire e d'amert^. 940 Li chevaliers ne pout veeir La grandur del champ, ne saveir. De tute maniere de gent Vit plein cest champ veraiement ; A la terre tuz estenduz 945 Envers, e si esteient nuz. Od clous de fer e meins e pi6 A la terre sunt enfichie. Pur I'anguisse de lur dolur, Mangierent la terre a tristur ; 950 110c Suvent diseient od haut cri : ' ' Espargniez nus ! merci ! merci ! ' ' N'i aveit nul quis alejast, 928 lui fad.— 933 Dautre.— 934 Lui.— 935 Ou ad oi.— 936 Grefs cri. — 937 cume alat aprimant. — 940 miserie de am. — 941 cheualers ueer.— 942 saueer.— 944 plains cist ueraiment.— 947 piez.— 948 enflchiez.— 950 mangerent.— 951 Souent ou.— 952 Esparniez.— 953 aleggast. 90 l' espurgatoire seint patriz Ne qui de rien les espargniast. Li diable entr'els alouent, 955 Sis bateient e turmentouent. Al chevalier dient suvent : ' ' Vus sufferrez icest turment, S' a nus ne vus voilliez tenir, E a noz cunseilz obe'ir. 960 Se vus voilliez certeinement Laissier vostre purposement, Hors vus remerruns seinement ; N'i avez nul blemissement. S'od nus manez *finablement, 965 Tuz jurs avrez peine e turment." II retint bien en sun pens6 Cum Deus I'aveit einz delivr6 ; Nule rien ne lur respundi, Einz les despist e sis bai. 970 Envers a terre le metteient, Tut nu, si cum li altre esteient ; E sil voleient cloufichier ; Mes il membra al chevalier Del nun Deu qui Tout delivre ; 975 Si a Jhesu Crist reclame. Cil turmenz ne li pout nuisir ; Li nuns Deu les fist departir. 954 riens esparniast. — 955 diables. — 957 souent. — 958 sufferez. — 959 uoillez.— 960 nos conseils. — 961 uoillez. — ^962 Laisser. — 965 Si od remanez finement. — 968 Cume. —971 E uers.— 972 cume autre.— 973 sis.— 975 ki.— 976 ad.— 977 lui. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 91 llOd T~^ 'iluec le traistrent e menerent, J J dedenz un altre champ entrerent, 980 u greignurs turmenz a veiiz Qu'en eel dunt il esteit eissuz. De chascun eage de gent Out en eel champ diversement ; A la terre furent culeliig, 985 Cume li altre e cloufichi6. Tels esteit la diversetez De eels qu'en eel champ a trovez, E des altres qu'il vit devant : Sur les ventres erant gesant ; 990 Li altre geseient envers, Cloufiehig a la terre od fers. Dedenz eest champ u est venuz, Plusurs de eels i a *veuz Qui adenz esteient gesanz ; 995 Sur els veeit draguns ardanz, Qui poigneient e turmentouent ; Od denz ardenz les devorouent. Plusurs i vit qui erent eeint E de serpenz ardanz estreint 1000 E par les cols e par les braz ; Mult i aveit dolurus laz. Od lur langues, qui sunt fuines. Percent lur eors e lur peitrines ; Od I'aguesce traient fors, 1005 979 iluek.— 980 autre.— 981 Ou ad ueu.— 982 Ken eisseu. -983 age.— 985 culche.— 986 autre clouflche.— 988 ad.— 89 autres kil.— 991 Les autres.— 992 Clouflchiez.— 993 ou. -994 ces ad uenuz. — 995 gisanz. — 1002 dolereus 92 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz ^0 li ert vis, les quers des cors. Ilia Crapuz i vit, merveilles granz, ^0 li ert vis, trestuz ardanz ; Sur les piz des asquanz seeient, Od lur fees qu'horribles aveient, lOlO- A grant force erent ententis De traire les quers des chaitis. Cil qui erent ici tenuz Es granz turmenz qu'il a veiiz, Ne finerent de doluser, 1015- De griefment pleindre e de plurer. Li diable sur els cureient, E flaeloent e bateient. Chaitis est cil qui en tel peine, Par ses pechiez, se trait e meine ! 102O II ne poeit nient veeir La grandur del champ, ne saveir, Fors de tant qu'il i fu entrez, E le de travers fu menez. Le chevalier unt apele 1025- Li diable, e a lui parle : ' ' Tuz cez turmenz que vus veez Avrez, si vus ne nus creez. ' ' II les despit, cil s' entremettent : Cum il en cez turmenz le mettent, 1030- II apela le nun Jhesu. Par eel apel delivres fu. 1006 lui.— 1007 Crapouz.— 1008 lui.— 1009 seient.— 1010- bees que. — 1014 kil ail. — 1015 finerent corrected jrom fu- rent.— 1016 grefment.— 1021 ueer.— 1022 saueer.— 1023 kil fud. — 1024 lee fud. Lat. K : intransversum campos per- transivit.— 1025 apelee.— 1026 parlee.— 1027 ces.— 1030 ces.- 1031 apelad. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 93 111b D'iluec I'unt trait, si sunt ale al tierz champ, u il I'unt mene, plein de miseires e dolur, 1035 E de criement e de plur. De tute maniere d'ee I aveit gent trop grant plente ; E jurent adenz e en vers, Fichiez en terre od clous de fers 1040 Ardanz, des chies des i qu'as piez, Par tuz les membres sunt fichiez Si espes que nuls n'i mettreit Sun dei qu'a clou n'i tuchereit. En si tres grant anguisse esteient 1045 Qu'avis unques crier poeient, Fors cume genz qui fussent mort ; Tant esteient lur turment fort. Nuz esteient e li freiz venz Les turmentout e hers e enz ; 1050 E li diable les bateient, Que nule pitie n'en aveient. Alias, que nuls deit deservir Que itel peine deit suffrir ! Apres unt li diable dit 1055 Al chevalier, sanz nul respit : Itels peines sufferrez vus, Se vus ne cunsentez a nus ; 1033 Liluek treit. — 1034 terz ou. — 1035 miserie. Lat. OK : miseriis plenum.— 1037 de h66.— 1038 plentee.— 1041 chiefs de ci kas.— 1043 ke.— 1044 ka tichereit.— 1046 Ka- Tiisunkes. — 1047 gent fuissent morz. — 1048 turmenz forz. —1052 Ke.— 1053 ke.— 1054 Ke tel.— 1056 cheualer.— 1057 suflFrez. — 1058 cons. 94 l' espurgatoire seint patriz E lessiez 90 qu'avez empris, U turmentez serrez tut vis. " 1060 II desdeigna e si despist Lur cunseilz [e] nient ne fist. 111c II le voleient ferm lier E a la terre cloufichier, Si cum esteient li pene 1065 Qui la furent : il a num^ Le nun Jhesu Crist dulcement ; Si fu delivres erralment. Tant I'unt trait e sachi6 entr'els qu'el quart champ le meinent od els. tute maniere de turmenz La vit li chevaliers dedenz : Par les piez esteient pendanz Plusur, od chaeines ardanz ; E par les mains e par les braz 1075 Li plusur, en dolurus laz. E si aveit [il] mulz de eels Qui pendirent par les chevels ; Li plusur, les testes aval, Pendirent en flame enfernal 1080 Faite de sulphre qui ne funt. Par lesjambes Vi€ amunt, Li un pendeient cruelment 1059 lessez kauez.— 1060 Ou.— 1062 cons.— 1065 peine. —1066 ad nome.— 1067 ducement (c or r?).— 1068 ftid erraiiment. — 1069 sache entreus. — 1070 menerent o eus. — 1071 tormenz. — 1074 Plusurs chaenes. — 1076 dolereus. — 1077 mult ceus.— 1078 cheueus.— 1081 sunt (7). —1082 gambes liez. — 1083 cruelement. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 95 Od cros ardanz diversement : Par oeilz, par nes, e par oreilles — 1085 De eels i aveit il raerveilles — Par col, par buohe e par mentun, E par mameles, 90 trovum, Par genitailles, par aillurs, E par les joes les plusurs. 1090 llld Cels vit li chevaliers pendanz El feu qui est tuz jurs ardanz. En vit asquanz qui erent mis En furnaises de sulphre espris ; Asquanz en vit ars e bruiz, 1095 Qui sur grailz erent rostiz ; Asquanz en vit mis en espeiz, E rostiz od sulphre e od peiz. Li diable les rostisseient, Divers metals sur els fundeient. 1100 Li altre diable teneient Maces de fer, sis debateient. Tute maniere de turment [I] vit cist Oweins en present. De ses cumpaignuns a veiiz 1105 Plusurs qu'il a recuneiiz, Qui el siecle aveient est!, Mes malement orent ovre. 1084 crocs.— 1085 oilz.— 1086 ceus.— 1087 bouche men- ton.— 1088 les mam. trouon.— 1090 ioues.— 1091 Ceus.— 1093 ascans. FoUows I. 1094.-1094 forneises souphre.— 1095 Asquans.— 1096 grails.— 1097 Asquans.— 1098 rostis souphre.— 1100 metaus eus.— 1101 autre.— 1103 torment. — 1104 cest.— 1105 compaignons ad.— 1106 kil ad reconeuz. 96 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz Nuls ne purreit mustrer ne dire Les plurs, les criz, n'en livre escrire ! 1110 Cist chans n'ert mie sulement Pleins de la turment^e gent ; Einz ert des diables plusur Qui'n esteient turmenteiir. Entr'els le pristrent, sil voleient 1115 Turmenter, mes il ne poeient. Le nun Jhesu Crist reclama, [E] par eel nun se delivra. 112a Mult est cist nuns bons a numer, Par qui ^I'um se puet delivrer. 1120 Iluec le menerent avant ; Un turment vit merveilles grant : Une ruee ardant e fuine. Desuz ert la flame sulphrine ; A la ruee u si rai sunt mis 1125 Ot cros de fer ardant assis ; FicHez furent espessement. Sur cez cros pendeient la gent. L'une meitiez en terre esteit, E I'altre en Fair, qui tute ardeit. 1130 Li chaitif qui desus pendeient En la flame sulphrine ardeient, Qui de la terre veneit sus, 1109 ni porreit mostrer. — 1111 champs solement. — 1112 torm. — 1113 plusurs. — 1114 Qi en tormenteurs. — 1115 En- treus.— 1116 Torm.— 1117 non.— 1118 non.— 1119 nons nomer. — 1120 on. — 1122 torm. — 1123 roue ardante. — 1124 souphrine. — 1125 rove ou. — 1126 Od crocs asis. — 1128 ces crocs. — 1130 lautre eir que tote. — 1132 souphrine. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 97 Si oscure ne poeit plus. E li diable apertement 1135 Li mustrerent icel turment, E li dient tut en apert Que s'il a els ne se cunvert, Cest turment li estoet sufFrir, E desur la ruee venir : 1140 " Einz que desus vus encroiins, Apertement vus musterruns Cumfait turment oil chaitif unt Qui a la ruee pendu sunt.' ' Li diable alerent avant, 1145 Icele ruee avirunant. 112b Li un de I'une part esteient, Li altre encuntre, qui teneient Granz pels de fer trestut ardant ; De la terra furent levant 11 SO Icele ruee encuntre munt ; Icels li mustrent qui i sunt. Plusurs [i] out d'altre maniere Qui la butouent [en] ariere. Tant la turnouent cruelment, 1155 E tant alout isnelement. Que nuls ne poeit eels, pur veir, Qui pendu i erent, veeir, 1136 Lui mostr. term. — 1137 lui. — 1138 eus conuert. — 1139 term, lui estot.— 1140 roue.— 1141 Enz ke.— 1142 mos- teruns.— 1143 Cum feit torm. sunt.— 1144 rove.— 1146. roue auironant. — 1148 autre encontre. — 1149 Grant ardanz. — 1150 leuanz. — 1151 roue encontre. — 1152 Iceus- que. — 1153 unt dautre.— 1154 hot.- 1155 torn.— 1157 por. — 1158 penduz ueir. 98 l' espurgatoiee seint patriz Pur la flame, e pur I'ignelesee. En grant miseire, en grant tristesce 1160 Furent icil qui la esteient, E qui eel turment susteneient. Le chevalier unt entr'els pris, Si I'unt desur la ruee mis ; Cuntre munt le firent lever, 1165 Mais quant il deveit avaler Si a nume le nun Jhesu : Tut erralment delivres fu. D 'iluec le traistrent maintenant, sil menerent entr'els avant, 1170 tant qu'il vit loinz une maisun Fumuse e de trop grant fa9un. Tant fu lee e de tel lungur, Nuls ne pot choisir la grandur. 112c La le traistrent Wdusement. 1175 Loinz ert de eel herbergement, Quant la chalur senti si grant Qu'il ne posit aler avant. II s'arestut, eil le hasterent, Purqu'il tarjout li demanderent : 1180 " 5o est uns bainz que vus veez ; Voilliez u nun, la enz irez. Baigniez serrez od eels qu'i sunt, 1159 ne. — 1160 miserie e en.^1162 term.— 1163 ont entre eua. — 1164 lent roue. — 1165 Contre.— 1167 ad nome non. — 1168 Tout errant. — 1170 entre eus. — 1171 kil maisoD . — 1172 Fumose tro facon. — 1173 fud longor. — 1174 gran- dor.— 1175 treistrent.— 1180 Purqil lui.— 1181 bains.— 1182 uoillez ou non irrez. — 1183 Baignez ceus. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 99 E qui cez bainz deserviz unt. ' ' Mult a de eels dedenz oiz 1185 [E] granz dolurs e granz pluriz. Quant en la maisun fu venuz, Mulz i a durs turmenz veiiz. Li pavemenz de la maisun Fu plains de fosses envirun, 1190 Durement lees e parfundes, Si esteient desuz roiindes. Si pres d'altre chascune esteit, Qu'avis unques veie i pareit. Icez *fosses dunt nus parlum 1195 Esteient pleines, 50 trovum, De chascune licur boillant, E de chascun metal ardant. Grant multitudine de gent I a veil diversement ; 1200 De tute maniere d'ee Iluec esteient turmente. 112d Tut furent plungie li alquaut En eel metal chaut e ardant ; E tels i out des i qu'as piz, 1205 E tels i a desqu'as numbriz ; 1184 ces. — 1185 ad ceus. — 1186 ploriz. — 1187 maison fud.- — 1188 ad torm. — 1189 pauement maison.— 1190 Fui plain foses enuiron. — 1192rundes. — 1193dautre chascun. — 1194 onques. — 1195 Ices choses dont parlom. Lat. K : Erant autem fossae singulae metallis diversis ac liquori- bus bullientibus plene. — 1J96 trouom. — 1197 chascon li cor.— 1198 chascon.— 1200 ad.— 1201 toute de hee.— 1202 lluek estoient tormentee. — 1203 Tuz plunge auquant. — 1205 teus de ci cas. — 1206 tens ad deskas. 100 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz Tels as quisses, tels as genuz ; Grevuse peine i out a tuz. Tels as jambes e tels as piez El metal esteient fichiez ; 1210 Tels i *reteneit Tune mains, Tels ambedui, de dolur plains. A une voiz tuit s'escrioent, E pleigneient e dolusoent. Li diable mult cruelment 1215 Li dient qu'en icel turment Serra ja mis e turmentez, Se il ne fait lur volentez. En un des bainz le vunt plungier ; Dune remembra al chevalier 1220 Del nun Jbesu qu'il apela : De eel turment se delivra. D'iluec le mainent u il sunt, tant qu'il vindrent a un grant munt : de chascun eage de gent 1225 Trova iluec asemblement. Sur les orteilz des piez esteient, 1207 Teus teus.— 1208 Greuouse.— 1209 Teus gambes teus. — 1211 Teus teneient main. Lat. A: immersi erant. . . . hii uno tantum pede,illi utroque, nonnuUi manu sola. C : alii uno pede tenebantur, alii utraque manu, vel una tantummodo. K : alii unam manum vel utramque in eis tenebant.— 1212 Teus ambdui plain.— 1213 tuz ses- crioient. — 1214 pleigneient dolusoient. — 1215 diables cru- element.— 1216 Lui ken torm.— 1217 torm.— 1218 Sil.— 1219 E baigns uont plunger.— 1220 au cheualer. — 1221 non kil.— 1222 torm.— 1223 ou.— 1224 kil.— 1225 age.— 1227 ortilz. OF MAEIE DE FRANCE 101 Curb6 e nu, grant peine aveient. Si grant pueple out desur eel munt, Que s'il n'eiist plus gent el munt, 1230 113a 9° li ert vis, bien sufBreit Icist pueples que il veeit. Si cume genz mort attendanz. Vers aquilun erent turnanz. Li chevaliers s'esmerveilla 1235 De cele gent qu'il esguarda : Kar il esteient altresi Cum s'il demandassent merci. Uns diables 11 demanda Pur quei de eels s' esmerveilla, 1240 Qu'il vit atendre od tel poiir. En [tel] peine e en tel labur ? "Altretel vus estuet suffrir, S'a nus ne vus volez tenir. ' ' Li chevaliers mot ne respunt. 1245 Lever le quident sur le munt. Quant devers aquilun [i] vint Uns venz qui grant tempeste tint, Qui tut ensemble les leva Horriblement, puis sis jeta 1250 En un flueve freit e puant, D'altre part le munt guaimentant. En eel turment e en eel cri Ert li chevaliers altresi. 1228 Curbes nuz.— 1232 quil.— 1233 gent.— 1234 aquilon tornanz.— 1237 autresi.— 1239 lui.— 1240 ceus.— 1243 Au- tretel estot.— 1247 aquilon.— 1249 tuz.— 1251 floue.— 1252 Dautre. — 1253 torm. — 1254 cheualers autresi. 102 l' ESPURGATOIEE SEINT PATRIZ La lur cuvint grant freit suffrir ; 1255 Cum il voleient sus venir, Li diable les rebutouent, Od cros de fer enz les plunjouent. 113b Li chevaliers se remembra ; Le nun Jhesu Crist reclama. 1260 De I'altre part fu en estant Desur la rive maintenant. Puis sunt li diable venu a lui, sil traistrent vers le su tant qu'il vit une flame oscure, x 265 Sulphrine e puant sanz mesure. De cbascun eage de gent Vit lever od I'embrasement : Homes ardanz cum estenceles Qui hors del feu issent noveles. 1270 En Fair muntoent, puis chairent Ariere el feu dunt [il] eissirent, El liu ardant e en poiir, E en tristesce e en dolur. Cum cest liu durent aprismier, 1275 Si parlerent al chevalier : ' ' Veez vus cest puiz flambeiant ? Cest 1' entree d'enfer ardant. Ici est nostre mansiuns ; Finablement ga enz serruns. 1280 1255 couint freif.— 1257 rebot.— 1258 crocs.— 1260 non. —1261 lautre fuit.— 1265 kil.— 1266 sans.— 1267 chascune age.— 1269 homes.— 1270 eissent.— 1271 montoient.— 1273 puur. — 1275 aprimier. — 1277 pui flambant. — 12781entre. — 1279 mansions. i)l- MARIE DE PRANCE 103 Pur 90 que servi nus avez, Ensembl'od nus ca enz serrez. E tuit cil qui nus servirunt, Tuz jurs sanz fin ci remeindrunt. Si dedenz cest puiz vus metez, 1285 E cors e alme perirez. llSc Qa enz vus estuvra venir, S'a nus ne volez obeir. Se mielz amez a returner, Ariere vus feruns inener, 1290 Sein e salf sanz blemissement ; Si purrez vivre lungement." Tant s'afia en Jhesu Crist Que lur cunseil e els despist. Dedenz saillent li adversier, 1295 Od els traient le chevalier. Tant fu de eel turment hastez Pur poi qu'il ne s'ert obliez De numer le nun sun seignur ; Puis le numa par grant dul9ur. 1300 Quant Jhesu Crist out reclame La force del feu 1' a leve Od les altres en Fair en haut ; Mult ot iluec perillus saut ! De juste eel puiz avalout ; 1305 Une piece suls i estout. 1281 ke. — 1282 Ensemblement ens. — 1284 tous sans. —1285 pui.— 1287 ens estoura.— 1289 mieuz.— 1290 Arere ferons.^1291 sauf sans. — 1292 porrez longement. — 1294 conseil eus. — 1295 aduerser. — 1296 eus cheualer. — 1297 fud torm.— 1298 klL— 1299 nomei- non.— 1300 noma.— 1302 lad.— 1.303 autres.— 1305 pui. 104 l' espurgatoire seint pateiz Mult s'esmerveilla u il fu. Diable sunt a lui venu Qui li erent descuneiiz, Altre que cil qu'il out veiiz. 1310 Al chevalier parlerent si : ' ' Estes vus ore suls ici ? Nostre cumpaignun vus raentirent Qui pur veir entendre vus firent 113d Que r entree d'enfer fu ei : 1315 Sachiez que il vus unt menti. De 90 sunt il bien custumier, Pur 90 qu'il voelent engignier La gent par mencunge e atraire, Quant il par veir nel poeent faire. 1 320 Ci n' est mie la dreite entree D'enfer qu'il vus orent inustree. Mes sachiez bien la vus merruns : Le dreit enfer vus musterruns.' ' Tant le traistrent qu'il *ariverent 1326 a une ewe qu'il li mustrerent, horrible e parfunde e puant : La oit criz e noise grant. Cele ewe esteit tute embrasee De flame sulphrine od fumee ; 1330 1307 ou.— 1309 Qe lui desconeuz.— 1310 Autres kil.— 1311 Au.— 1313 compaignon. — 1314 Qi.— 1315 lentre fud ici.— 1316 Sachez kil ont.— 1317 costumer.— 1318 kil uolent engigner. — 1319 menconge atrere. — 1320 poent fere.— 1322 kil.— 1323 sachez.— 1324 mosteriins.— 1325 kil leuerent. Lat. CK : pervenerunt ad flumen unum.— 1326 kil lui most.— 1327 horible parfund.— 1329 estoit toute. OK MARIE DE FRANCE 105 Cele ewe ert de diables pleine, Od lur turment e od lur peine. Cil quil menerent distrent tant : ' ' Veez vus la eel flueve ardant ? Des puiz d'enfer ist cele ardurs, 1335 U nils dampn^ serrum tuz jurs. Par desur cele ewe a un punt Mult perillus a eels qu'i vunt. Sur eel punt te cuvient aler ; Nus i feruns le vent sufler 1840 Qui del grant munt jus portera, En cest flueve vus abattra, 1 14a Tut issi cum il vus ravi En I'altre flueve e abati. Noz cumpaignun vus recevrunt, 1345 El puiz d'enfer vus *plungerunt. Le punt vus estuet espruver Cum vus purrez ultrepasser. " II [le] leverent cuntre munt, Les piez [li] metent sur le punt. 1350 Treis periz i aveit trop granz, Desur le punt as trespassanz : Li premiers ert escolurjables : Nuls n'i tenist ses piez estables, 1331 Cel.— 1332 torment.— 1333 kil.— 1334 flue.— 1335 eel. — 1336 Ou dampnez serron. — 1337 eel ad pont. — 1338 ceus qi uont. — 1339 pont couient. — 1340 frons soufler. — 1.341 Qi mo lit porta.— 1342 E en floue abatta. — 13441autre floue. — 1345 Nos compaignons receuront. — 1346 receuront ( Cf. Note to 1. 1346). —1347 pont esprouer.^1348 porrez ou- trep.— 1349 contra mont.— 1350 pont.— 1351 perilz grant. — 1352 pont trespassant. — 1353 escolurgables. — 1354 Nus. 106 l' E8PUEGATOIRE SEINT PATEIZ Tut i eiist il grant laiir ; 1355 Ne fust la force al Creatur ! D'altre part li punz esteit tels : Si estreiz que nuls hum mortels Pur nule rien ne se tenist, ^0 li fii vis, qu'il ue chaist. 1360 Li tierz esteit desmesurez : Que li punz ert si liaut levez Del floeve, qui esteit ardauz, Mult ert hidus as trespassanz Qu'il ne chaissent cuntre val 1365 El dolurus puiz enfernal. Iluec li dieut li diable Qui sunt felun e decevable : " E encore te larruus nus, Que tut te tenisses a nus. 1370 114b A la porte te remerruns U ta entras, hors te mettruns." Al chevalier a remembre De quel peril Deus 1' out jetfi : Le nun Jhesu Crist reclama ; 1375 Pas avant altre avant ala. Tant cum il plus ala avant, Le plus s'ala asseiirant, Kar li punz li ellargisseit Des dous parz si qu'il le veeit. 1380 1356 au. — 1357 Dautre ponz teus. — 1358 estreit ke nus hom morteus. — 1360 kil. — 1361 terz demesurez. — 1362 lun puz.— 1363 floue.— 1365 Qil centre.— 1366 dolrus.— 1367 lui. — 1368 felon. — 1369 encor loruns. — 1371 remenrons. — 1372 Ou mettrons.— 1373 ad.— 1375 non.— 1376 autre.— 1377 alad.— 1378 E plus salad.— 1379 ponz lui.— 1380 E de pars kil. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 107 Tost fu li punz si eslaissiez, Qu'uns chars i pout aler chargiez ; Un poi apres fu si creiiz, Si dous chars i eiist venuz Bien se po'issent encuntrer, 1385 E largement ultrepasser. Li diable quil la menerent Furent el flueve e esguarderent Cum il passa seiirement. Dune orient tant hidusement 1390 Que li airs remut e la terre ; Greignur peril n'estuveit querre ! Greignur poiir out de cez criz Que des periz qu'il out sentiz. Altres diables vit parfunt, 1395 Qui jetouent lur cros amunt De fer, que crochier le voleient ; Mes a lui tuchier ne poeient. 114c Ultre le punt delivrement Passa puis, senz encumbrement. 1400 Li autors nus fet ci entendre que nus devum essample prendre del grant turment qu'avez oi, Dunt li livre nus cunte ci ; 1381 pont eslaissiez. — 1383 fud. Lat. K: via erat ita larga, ut sibi in ea obviarent duo carra. — 1385 encontrer. — 1386 outrep.— 1387 qui.— 1388 e floue esgarderent— 1391 Qe eirs. — 1392 Greignor nestoueit. — 1393 Greignor ces. —1394 perilz kil.— 1395 Autres parfont.— 1396 Qi crocs amont. — 1397 k (crossed) crok (k crossed) . — 1398 toucher. —1399 Outre pont.— 1400 encomb.— 1402 deuom.— 1403 des tormenz. — 1404 Dont liures. 108 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz E des miseires qui ci sunt, 1405 E des granz peines de cest munt. Si cez peines esteient mises Cuntre les altres e assises, N'i avreit il cumparisun. Plus de [li] aigle e del pin9un. 1410 Tels sunt les peines enfernals, E les mesa,ises e *li mals. Que nuls nes purreit anumbrer Plus que gravele de la mer. Qui de 90 pensereit suvent 1415 Ne se delitereit nient En la vanit6 de cest munt, Ne es delices qui i sunt. Mes li cloistrier ne sevent mie, Qui quident aveir dure vie 1420 Pur 90 qu'il sunt enclos dedenz, Quels est la peine e li turmenz, Qui sunt es lius dunt nus parlum, E dunt devant mustrfi avum. Se cele vie remembrassent, 1425 Sur tute rien la lur preisassent ; 114d Plus est legiere, 90 me semble, U cors e alme sunt ensemble, Vie senz curiosete U dras e vivre a plenty, 1430 1405 miseries que. — 1407 cea. — 1408 Contre autres. — 1409 auereit comparison. — 1410 egle pincon. — 1411 Teus enfernaus. — 1412 meseises les maus. — 1413 porreit. — 1414 ke.— 1415 Qi souent.— 1418 qwe.— 1419 cloistrer.— 1420 Qi. —1421 kil.— 1422 tormenz.— 1423 Qi parlom.— 1424 mos- tre auom. — 1426 preissasent. — 1428 Ou. — 1429 coriosete. — 1430OU ad. OF MAEIE DE FRANCE 109 Que n'est cele u tant a mesaise, II n'i a rien qui ne desplaise. Pur 90 vus voeil amonester Que des turmenz *devez penser, E si aidiez a voz amis 1435 Qui laienz sunt en peine mis, Si cum fu dit al chevalier. Oil qui la sunt pur espurgier Serrunt de peines delivre, Fors eels qui sunt del tut dampn6. 1440 Cil que par lius vit en turment lerent delivres veirement Par messes e par oraisuns, E par almosnes e par duns, Qu'um dune a povre gent pur els. 1445 Tuit ierent delivr^ fors eels Qui en la buche d'enfer sunt ; James de Deu merci n'avrunt. Es altres turmenz sunt noz pere. Meres, sorurs, parent e frere ; 1450 Attendanz sunt a noz bien faiz, Tant que d'iluec les ait Deus traiz. Ses vissiuns corporelment Ci entre nus suffrir turment, 1431 ou ad meseise. — 1432 ad que despleise.^ — 1433 noil. — 1434 tormens deles. — 1435 aidez uos. — 1436 Qi lainz. — 1437 come fud au cheualer. — 1438 espurger. — 1439Serront deliurez. — 1440 ceus dampnez. — 1441 Ceus qi torm. — 1442 Erent. — 1443 oreisons. — 1444 almones dons. — 1445 Quom done eus. — 1446 erent for ceus. — 1447 bouche. — 1449 au- tres tormenz nos peres. — 1450 sorus parenz freres. — 1451 nosfeiz. — 1452 ke treiz. — 1453 ueissons. — 1454 torm. 110 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz 115a Trop grant laidesce feriuns, 1455 Se nus ne lur aidissiuns. Greignur mestier en unt il la Que s'il fussent entre nus 9a. Seinz Gregoires testimonie, qui parole de cele vie, 1460 qu'icil qui de cest siecle vunt E en I'espurgatoire sunt, Qu'il sunt alegiez par icels Qui almosne e bien funt pur els. Mult est granz mals quant en I'iglise- 1465 Devum esculter lur servise. Que plus volum a el entendre Qu'a Deu pur els pre'iere rendre. ^0 diuns pur eels chastier Qui s'en issent hors del mustier 1470 Quant hum dit des morz le servise ; Ester devreient en I'iglise E prier mult devotement Que Deus alejast lur turment. Tels i a qui deli vres sunt : 1475 Qo sunt oil qui plus tost s'en vunt ; E s'il s'esteient remembre De 90 dunt nus avum parlS, Icil en eiissent poiir 1455 leidesce ferions.— 1456 aidissons. — 1457 ont. — 1468 fiiissent.— 1459 Seint.— 1461 Qicil uont.— 1462 sent.— 1463 alegez iceus. — 1464 font eus. — 1465 grant. — 1466 Deuom escouter. — 1468 Qa eus priere. — 1469 dions. — 1470 Qi isent. — 1471 horn mors. — 1474 alegast torment. — 1475 ad. —1477 estient.— 1478 auon.— 1479 Cil. OF MAEIE DE FRANCE 111 De la peine e de la dolur 1480 Que oil chaitif sanz fin avrunt ; E des joies u cil irunt 115b Qui servirent lur creatur En dreite fei e par amur. Cist chevaliers dunt ai parl6, 1485 puis qu'il aveit le punt pass6, tut delivres ala avant. Devant lui vit un mur si grant Haut de la terre en 1' air amunt. Lea merveilles qui del mur sunt 1490 Ne purreit nuls cunter ne dire, Ne I'ovraigne ne la matire ! Une porte a el mur veiie, Bien I'a de loinz aparceiie. [De] precius metals fu faite, 1495 E gloriusement purtraite : Pursise esteit de bones pieres, Mult preciuses e mult chieres. Li chevaliers s'esmerveilla De la porte qu'il esguarda, 1500 Pur la clarte qu'ele rendeit Qui des chieres pieres eisseit. Mult se hasta de la venir ; Cuntre lui vit la porte ovrir. Demie liue ert loinz e plus ; 1505 1481 auront.— 1482 ices ou irront.— 1483 Que.— 1485 •cheualers dont. — 1486 kil pont. — 1489 leir. — 1490 que. — 1491 porreit. — 1493 ad. — 1496 gloriosement portr. — 1497 Porsise estoit peres. — 1498 precioses cheres. — 1500 E de kil. — 1501 kele.— 1502 — cheres pierres. — 1504 Centre. 112 l' espuegatoike seint patriz Quant vers la porte aprisma sua, Si senti une tel odur, Taut dulce e si bone flairur, Si tutes les riens de cest munt Qui unques furent ne qui sunt 1510 115c Fussent aromatizement N'ateindreit il a 90 nient ! A la dulgiir que il senti, Qui tut le cors li repleni, Tut en recuvra sa vertu, 1515 Del turment qu'il aveit eii. Avis li fu par cele odur Que tute perdit sa dolur. Quant la porte vint aprismant, un pais vit resplendissant. 1520 la enz aveit greignur clart6 Que li soleilz n'a en est6. Mult i cuveita a entrer ; Beneiirez esteit oil ber Qui tant out fait e deservi 1525 Qu' *encuntre [lui] tel porte ovri. Oil nel volt mie deceveir Qui eel estre li fist veeir : Bien a empli sun grant desir, Qui en tel liu le fist venir. 1530 1506 aprima. — 1508 douz flerur. — 1510 onques. — 1511 fuissent. — 1512 natendreit. — 1513 doucur quil. — 1514 Qe lui. — 1515 recoura. — 1516 torment. — 1517 fud eel. — 1518 Qe. — 1520 pas {See Note to this line). — 1522 soleils nad. — 1523 coueita. — 1526 Que entre. Lat. K : Beatus vero miles cui talis venienti patuit porta. — 1528 Qi lui. — 1529 ad. — 1530 Qi lui. OF MAKIK DE FRANCE 113 E- ^ ncofe esteit loinz de la porte quant il veit croiz que Turn aporte, palmes orines, 50 trovuns, Chandelabres e gumfanuns. Genz erent de religiun 1535 Qui firent la processiun. Qo li ert vis qu'en tut le munt, De eels qui furent ne qui sunt, 11 5d Ne fu unques itels veiie, Ne si honestement tenue. 1540 De chascun eage de gent, E de chascun ordre ensement Vit formes d'humes e semblanz ; Mult ert la cumpaignie granz. Vestu furent diversement 1545 Solunc r ordre qu'a els apent : JLi un erent cum ercevesque, E li altre erent cum evesque ; Li un abbe, li altre moigne E prestre e diacne e cbanoigne, 1550 E subdiacne e acolite E laie genz a Deu eslite. En tel forme e en tel semblant Furent vestu aparissant Cum il furent, n'en dutez mie, 1555 1532 uit creiz Ion. Lat. K : egressa est contra eum cum crucibus et vexillis . . processio, etc. — 1533 trouons. — 1534 gomfanons. — 1535 Gent religion. — 1536 procession. —1537 lui ken.— 1538 ces qi.— 1539 fud tele.— 1541 aage. — 1543 domes. — 1544 comp. — 1545 uestuz. — 1546 Solum qa eua. — 1547 arceuesque. — 1548 autre. — 1549 autre.^1552 gent. — 1555 dotez. 114 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz El Deu servise en ceste vie. Cuntre le chevalier alerent, Sil re9urent, enz le menerent Od dulz chant e od melodie E od le sun de I'armonie. 1560 Quant il orent fini lur chant, Dui ercevesque vunt avant, Si 11 mustrerent le pais, Tuz les estres e le purpris. Apres parlerent dulcement 1565 E distrent al cumencement : 116a "Beneeiz seit li reis de gloire Que il t'a dunfe la victoire, Que surmuntfi as les diables E lur turmenz nun cuvenables, 1570 E que si estes ci venuz E en tel joie receuz." II le menerent sus e jus ; Tant i vit bien ne poeit plus. En eel pais vit tel clarte 1575 Qu'a grant peine Fa esguarde : Si cume li soleilz le jur Tolt as esteiles lur luur, Issi toldreit, 90 li ert vis. La granz clartez de eel pais 1580 Al soleil tute sa luur. 1557 Centre cheualer. — 1559 duz od duz melodie. — 1560 son la romonie. — 1562 arceuesque uont. — 1563 Se lui mostr. — 1564 porpris. — 1565 Pres doucement. — 1566 au comen. — 1567 Beneit rois. — 1568 Qui done. — 1569 Qe Bor- monte. — 1570 torm. couenables. — 1571 ke. — 1572 E au. — 1576 Qa lad.— 1577 le soleil.— 1579 lui.— 1580 grant clarte. —1581 tote. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 115 Quant a greignur resplendissur ! II ne pot veeir la grandur Del pais u tant a dul5ur, Fors de la porte u il entra 1585 En tant, cum hum li enseigna. Si cum uns prez fu cist pais, De flvirs e d' arbres plenteis : Herbes i out de bone odur E gentiz fruiz de grant valur. 1590 Tant aveit le quer repleni De la dulgur que il senti. Que 90 li esteit bien avis Qu'il en poeit vivre tuz dis. 116b En eel champ a si grant elart6, 1595 N'i puet aveir nule obscurte. La clartez del ciel i resplent Nient escolurjablement. De tute maniere d'e6 I vit genz a si grant plente 1600' Qu'il cuidout bien que nuls vivanz El munt n'en peiist veeir tanz 1 Par cuven z esteient partiz Par lius en joie e en deliz ; E nepuroec quant il voleient, 1605i' De r un liu a I'altre veneient. 1582 Quant il ad. — 1583 puet ueer. Lat. CK : ultra vi- dere quae vides . . non potuit. — 1584 ou ad. — 1585 ou.— 1586 hom.— 1587 fust.— 1588 flors de arbres.— 1590 gentilz.— 1592 quil.— 1593 lui.— 1594 tut.— 1595 ad.— 1596 pot nul.— 1597 clarte.— 1598 escolurgablement.— 1599 de hee. — 1600 gens. — 1601 ke. — 1602 mund ueir. — 1603 couenz.— 1605 nepuroc— 1606 autre. 116 l' espurgatoire seint patriz Grant joie orent comunement, Li un des altres veirement, E de la visitaciun Qu'entr'els feseient envirun. 1610 U qu'il fussent, par grant dul9ur, Firent loenge al Creatur. Si diverseit lur vesteiire Cum les esteiles par figure Se diversent en lur luur : 1615 L' une mendre, I'altre greignur. Li un F orent tute d'or fin, E li altre, vert u purprin ; Li un de jacintes colurs, Bloies u blanches cume flurs. 1620 Cist Oweins sout de eele gent, par la forme del vestement, '^^""" de quel mestier orent este, En quel mestier orent fin6. Si cum variout la colurs, 1625 Aveient diverses luurs. Colurs de gloire apparisseit Sur tuz les dras qu'il i aveit. Li un alouent corun6 Cume rei e si aturn6 ; 1630 1607 communement. — 1608 autres uereiment. — 1609 uisi- tacion. — 1610 fesient enuiron. — 1611 Ou kil fuissent dou- cur.— 1613 uesture.— 1614 esteilles.— 1615 Si.— 1616 lautre. — 1617 uns. — 1618 autre ou porprin. — 1619 uns iacinte €olur. — 1620Bloie ou flur. — 1621 sent genz. Lat. K: For- ma enim vestis novit miles. — 1622 des uestemenz. — 1624 E en.— 1625 come les.— 1626 diuers.— 1627 Oolur.— 1628 kil. — 1629 uns corone. — 1630 atorne. OF MAEIE DE FEANCE 117 Li un portouent en lur mains Palmes orines, flurs e rains. Tant fu oil estres delitables Al chevalier e si mirables, De la dulgur e del repos 1635 Qu'il vit la enz, dedenz cest clos, E des dulz chanz qu'il entendi A la Deu loenge e oi. Chascuns en sei s'esjo'isseit De la joie que il aveit : 1640 Pur 90 que de I'espurgatoire Esteient amen^ en gloire. c ust pais ert si repleniz de la grace Deu e guarniz, que bien porent estre peiiz 1645 E de *tel grace sustenuz. Plusurs maisuns [i] out la enz, E mulz cumpaignies dedenz ; Chascune aveit a grant plenty La celestiene clartS. 1660 11 6d Tuit oil qui le chevalier virent Lur Creatur beneesquirent Pur lui qui ert entr'els venuz. Cum lur frere de mort eissuz. La grant leesce a bien veiie 1666 1631 uns.— 1632 flors.— 1633 fud.— 1637 duz kil enten- dit.— 1638 Al oit.— 1639 Chascun.— 1640 kil.— 1641 ke.— 16-t2 amenez. — 1644 garniz. — 1645 porrent. — 1646 cele. — 1647 Plosurs maisons. — 1648 compaignies. — 1650 De la. — 1651 cheualer. — 1652 benesquirent. — 1653 entreus. — 1654 Cume. — 1655 ad. 118 l' espurgatoiee seint pateiz Que tuit firent de sa venue. Li dulz chanz e la melodie Des seinz Deu est dedenz o'ie. Xia enz n'out trop chaut ne trop freit, INe rien qu' amenuiaance seit : 1660 Quant qu'il i out esteit plaisable E paisable e tut acceptable. En eel repos beneurfi Vit dejoie si grant plenty, Que nuls qui ea cest siecle seit 1665 Saveir ne cunter nel purreit. Or nus doint Deus 90 deservir Qu'a cez joies puissuns venir ! Q' , uant li chevaliers out veil cele grant joie e eel salu, 1670 li ercevesque le menerent XJn poi en sus, a lui parlerent : " Beals frere, ore as ici veii Le desirier qu'avez eii : Les granz turmenz e les dolurs 1675 Avez veil des peclieiirs, E les deliz e les repos Des bons qui sunt dedenz cest clos. 117a Beneeiz seit qui te duna Cest purpos e si aferma ; 1680 E que tu po'is endurer 1657 duz chant. — 1660 que amenusance. — 1661 kil pleisable. — 1662 peisable. — 1665 ken. — 1666 center por- reit. — 1667 Ore. — 1668 Ka cea puissons. — 1671 erceueske li.— 1673 Biau. — 1674 desirer.— 1675 torinenz. — 1679 Beneiz dona.— 1680 affirma.— 1681 ke. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 119 Les granz turmenz a trespasser De I'espurgatoire u tu fus, E par sa grace venis sus. Par Deu estes ci amenez : 1685 Des choses que veii avez Nus diruns la segnefiance ; Aiez en Deu bone esperance. Icist pais e icist estres, Sachiez c'est Parais Terrestres, 1690 Dunt Adams fu pur ses pechiez Jetez e si fu eissilliez En miseire e en amertS El munt u li hume sunt n€, Puis qu'il fu inobediens 1695 E ne tint mie le desfens Sun creatur, qui Tout forme, E manja le fruit deveh6 ; Ultre 50 ne pout il veeir Cez granz *joies, ne ci maneir. 1700 Einz veeit il sun creatur E a lui parla par dulpur ; Les angeles poeit il veeir, Ensemble od els grant joie aveir. Hors fu jetez de cest pais 1705 Par sun pechie, cume chaitis ; 1682 tormenz. — 1683 ou. — 1687 dirrons senefiance. — 1689 cist estres. — 1690 Sachez ke 50 paradis. — 1691 Dent fud. —1692 Getez fud eissillez. —1693 miserie. —1694 mund ou home. — 1695 kil fut. — 1696 nen defens. — 1698 manga. — 1700 Ces riues oil maneeir. Lat. K : celica gaudia , . ultra videre non potuit. — 1703 angles ueir. — 170-t ensemblement. — 1705 fud iete. — 1706 come. 120 l' espurgatoiee seint pathiz 117b Aneire perdit la clart6 Del ciel par sa maleiirt^. i i I N e sa char sumes nus tuit n^^ I I en miseire, en chaitivet^ ; 1710 mes par la fei nostre seignur Jhesu Crist, nostre creatur, Que par baptesme receiimes De dreite creance e eiimes, Sumes en cest pais venu 1715 Par la Deu grace e receii. Par seint espirit entenduns D'altre vie, mes ne poiins Saveir le tut certeinement ; Adams le sout veraiement. 1720 Mes pur 190 que nus pecbames, E de pecbi^ nus encumbrames, Le nus estuet espeneir Eiuz que ici puissuns venir : Estre en I'espurgaciun 1725 Solunc igo que fait avum. La penitence que preimes, Que devant la mort ne fe'imes, En cez lius la nus estut faire Par unt [vus] eustes repaire. 1730 Vus ve'istes [tuz] les turmenz 1710 cheitiuete. — 1715 ueiiuz. — 1716 receuz. — 1717 es- perit entendons. — 1718 Dautre. — 1719 certeinment. — 1720 ueraiment. — 1721 co ke. — 1722 encomb. — 1723 estut es- penir. — 1724 ke ci puissons. — 1725 espurgacion. — 1726 Selunc CO ke auon.— 1727 ke.— 1728 Qe.— 1729 ces feire. — 1730 repeire. — 1731 tormenz. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 121 As chaitis qui furent dedenz : Tels as greignurs, tels as menurs, Solunc les oevres des plusurs. 117c Cil qui plus pechierent el munt 1735 Greignurs turmenz iluec avrunt. Tuit cil qui sunt es granz turmenz Que vus veistes la dedenz, A nus vendrunt, bien le sachiez, Quant il ierent tut espurgiez ; 1740 Fors eels qui el puiz d'enfer sunt — James de eel turment n'istrunt ! Ctascun jur vienent ci a nus Cil qui des peines sunt rescus ; A grant joie les recevum 1745 Od mult bele processiun. Puis sunt od nus dedenz cest clos, En grant joie e en grant repos. Cil qui el munt sunt espurgie De lur pechiez e alegi^ 1750 Trespasserunt legierement L'espurgatoire e le turment : Hastivement a nus vendrunt, Al plaisir Deu i remaindrunt. Nuls de eels qui en peine sunt 1755 Sevent cum bien il i serrunt, Ne cum bien il i unt est6 ; Cest tut en la Deu volenti. 1733 menors. — 1734 Solum cures plusors. — 1735 pecche- rent. — 1736 tormenz.^1737 en tormenz. — 1739 uendront. —1740 erent tuz.— 1741 for cil puz.— 1742 torment.— 1743 Chascon. — 1745 receuon. — 1746 procession. — 1749 mund espurgiez.— 1750 alegiez. — 1752 torment. — 1755 ceus. 122 l' espurgatoiee seint pateiz Quant hum fait pur els oraisuns, Messes e almosnes e duns, 1760 Lur turment sunt amenuisie, U del tut en sunt alegie : 117d U Turn alege lur dolurs, U Turn les *remet en menurs. Quant il sunt tut hors de turment 1765 A nus vienent jo'issantment. II ne sevent quant il i sunt Cum bien il i demurerunt ; Ne nus meismes ne savuns Cum bien demurer i devuns. 1770 i i ^^ i cum li chaitif en turment ^^ sunt travaillie plus lungement pur les granz pechiez que il firent, Tant cum il el siecle vesquirent, Si sunt li altre meins pene 1775 Qui meins firent d'iniquite ; — Si est de nus qui sumes ci : Solunc 90 qu'avum deservi, Devuns ici plus demurer, Einz [a] greignur joie munter ; 1780 Que tut serruns nus delivre De tutes peines e salve. 1759 hom eus oreisons. — 1760almones dons. — 1761 tor- menz amenusez. — 1762 Ou aleggez.— 1763 Ou lorn. — 1764 Ou lom met. Lat. K : aut de ipsis tormentis in minoribus transferuntur. — 1765 torment. — 1768 demorrunt. — 1769 meimes gauons. — 1770 demorer deuons. — 1771 cume tor- ment.— 1772 trauaille longement.^1773 kil. — 1775 autre. — 1776 de iniq.— 1778 Selunc kauom.— 1779 Deuors demorer. — 1781 seuns deliurez. — 1782 totes saluez. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 123 Ne poiias nus mie uncore estre A la grant leesce celestre. Vus veez bien que sanz dolur 1785 Sumes ici en grant dulpur ; En mult greignur joie vendruns, Mes quant 90 iert, nus nel savuns. Nostre cumpaignie descreist Chascun jur, si cumeele creist ; 1790 118a Li espurgie vienent ici E li altre, si cum jo di, Vunt de cast para'is terestre Des i qu'en para'is celestre." Li ercevesque qu'iluec sunt 1795 le menerent en un haut munt, e li dient que il turnast Ses oeilz amunt, si esguardast, Si lur *desist de quel colur Li ciels esteit en sa luur ? 1 800 II lur respundi maintenant Qu'il resemblout or flambeiant. De si grant clarte fu espris Que tuz ardeit, 90 li ert vis. " Qo est I'entree, beals amis, 1805 Del celestien para'is ! Quant alcuns deit de nus turner 1785 ke. — 1787 uendrons. — 1788 ert sauons. — 1789 com- paignie. — 1790 lor. — 1791 espurgiez. — 1792 autre cume ioidi. — 1793 Uont. — 1794 De ci ken. — 1795 arceueske qui iluec— 1796 Li.— 1797 lui kil tornast.— 1798 oilz.— 1799 Se diseit.— 1800 ciel.— 1802 flambeant.— 1803 fud.— 1804 Qe lui. — 1805 lentre biaus. — 1806 De. — 1807 aucuns torner. 124 l' espurgatoiee seint pateiz Par cele porte deit entrer. Sactiez que par iluec s'en vunt Oil qui el ciel muntent amuut. 1810 De viande celestiel Nus peist nostre sire del ciel ; Une f iee chascun jur, Par sa grace e par sa duljuT. Ja gusterez ensemble od nus 181&^ La viande qu'il dune a nus." Avis unques aveit 90 dit quant li fus del seint espirit ^*"" descendi del ciel, li fu vis, E raempli tut le pais, 1820 E si cum li rai del soleil (Bien le puet hum veeir de *l'oeil !) Les chies de eels enviruna, Dedenz els se mist e entra. Li chevaliers, ne dute mie, 1825- En re9ut od els sa partie. Si grant joie e si grant delit Out en sun quer e si parfit De eel dul9ur, qu'il ne saveit U morz u vis quels il esteit ! 1830 Mes cele hure est tost trespassee, Que tel grace lur est dun6e. De tel viande sunt peii 1809 Sachez ke iluek uont. — 1810 montent amont. — 1813 fie chascon. — 1815 ensemblement. — 1816 kil done. — 1817unkes. — 1819 deacendit co lui fud. — 1820 raampli^ — 1821 cume. — 1822 hom ueer defoil. {See Note to this line. ) —1823 chiefs entiirona.— 1824 enls.— 1826 eus.— 1829 E. kil.— 1830 Ou ou uifs.— 1832 donee.— 1833 peuz. OF MAKIE L)E FRANCE 125 Oil qui el ciel sunt receii. Li chevaliers, se il po'ist, 1835 Tuz jurs senz fin i remansist. Apres cele tres grant leesce Qu'il a eiie, avra tristesce. Li ercevesque maintenant Al chevalier diseient tant : 1840 " Des or poez bien repairier. Veii avez tun desirier : Les granz joies de parais E les granz peines des chaitis. Par la veie vus en irez 1845 Dunt vus estes 9a enz entrez ; 118c S'el siecle vivez leialment, Se'iez seiirs certeinement, Apres vostre mort [vus] vendrez En la joie que vus veez. 1850 Si vus vivez de male vie — Deus doint que vus nel faciez mie — A cez turmenz que vus savez Pur espurgier repairerez. Hastez vus tost aler d'ici ; 1855 Bien sachiez qu'i li enemi Ne vus purrunt mie aprismier, Ne par turment nient blescier. " 1834receuz.— 1835 si.— 1836 sen.— 1838 ad.— 1839 arceu- «ske.— 1840 diseint.— 1841 ore repairer.— 1842 Ueu en desirer.- 1845 irrez.— 1847 Si el leaument.— 1848 Siez ;seur. — 1850 ueiez.— 1852 ke ne facez.— 1853 cestormenz. — 1854 reperirez.— 1856 sachez ki.— 1857 pornmt apre- smer. — 1858 torment blescer. 126 l' espurgatoire seint patriz L' i chevaliers plure e suspire ; as evesques cumence a dire 1860 qu'il ne s'en volt nient partir, Kar ne quids james venir Pur les grevus pechiez del munt, Qui encumbrent eels qui [i] sunt : "Ne sai que me remaint ici, 1865- Si cum jo sui, par Deu merci.' ' Li dui ercevesque unt parl6 : " N'iert pas, frere, a ta volenti." Hors a la porte I'unt men6 ; A Jhesu Crist I'unt cumande ; 1870 La porte cloent, il s'en va Parmi les lius u il passa. Quant li diable le veeient Huntus erent, si s'en fueient. 118d N'aveit dute de nul turment, 1875 Ne n'en senti blemissement. Al palfis vint qui est mirables, U il vit primes les diables. Dedenz entra, puis s'asist jus ; Merveilla sei, ne poeit plus, 1880 De I'ovraigne de la maisun. Apres 90 vindrent li barun. Qui einz orent a lui parl6. Si I'unt de part Deu salu6 ; 1860 eueskes comence. — 1861 uont. — 1863 greuous. — 1864 encombre ces. — 1865 ke. — 1866 cume. — 1867 arceueske.— 1868 Nert. — 1870 lun comande.— 1872 ou. — 1875 doute torment. — 1877 paufis uont. Lat. AK : cum intraret in aulam. — 1878 ou. — 1879 sentra. — 1881 ouer- aigne maison. — 1882 baron. — 1883 enz. — 1884 par. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 127 Deu loerent e sa puissance, 1885 Qui en si ferme parmanance L'out fait ester e meintenu, Par quei le diable out vencu ; E qu'il ert de tuz ses pechiez E delivres e espurgiez. 1890 " Beals frere chiers, or vus hastez, Delivrement vus en alez, Que vus ne se'iez ci suzpris. II adjurne en vostre pais ; Li priurs iert encuntre vus, 1895 Qui de vus iert liez e joius : A grant joie vus recevra, E en I'iglise vus merra. La porte iert apres referm^e Par unt vus eiistes I'eutree." 1900 II re§ut lur beneei9un, Si s'en eissi de la maisun. 119a A la porte vint de cler jur ; AA encuntre lui *vit le priur qui volentiers I'a receii : 1905 Mult fu liez quant il Tout veii. En I'iglise le fist entrer, E quinze jurs la demurer En jeiines, en oraisuns, 1887 Lent.— 1888 11.-1889 kil touz.— 1891 Biau chier. — 1883 Qe suspris. — 1894 adiorne. — 1895 priors ert encon- tre.— 1896 Qi ert leez.— 1898 menra.— 1899 ert.— 1901 beneicon. — 1902 issi maison. — 190-1 Encontre uint. — 1905 lad.— 1906 fud lez.— 1908 demorer.— 1909 e en orelsons. E' 128 l' espukgatoiee seint pateiz En veilles, en afflicciuns. 1910 Puis recunta 90 que il vit E il le mistrent en escrit. En honur Deu, sun creatur, Croisier se fist par grant amur : Requerre le voleit el liu 1915 U le dampnerent li Juiu. In Jerusalem en ala 6 [dune] ariere repaira ; a sun seignur le rei revint E il volentiers le retint. 1920 Tut en ordre li a cunt6 De sa vie la verite ; Cunseil li quist e demanda De sa vie qu'il en loa : S'il delist moignedevenir, 1925 U quel religiun tenir. E li reis li a respundu Chevaliers seit, si cum il fu ; ^0 li loa il a tenir, En 90 pot il Deu bien servir. 1930 119b Si fist il bien tute sa vie ; Pur altre ne chanja il mie. ' n icel tens issi avint qu'uns des moignes de Cisteusvint que lur abes i enveia : 1935 Par qui a icel rei manda 1910 e en affliccions. — 1911 reconta kil. — 1913 de deu. — 1914 Croiser.— 1916 Ou ieu.— 1917 ierlm.— 1919 son— 1921 lui ad.— 1923 Conseil lui.— 1924 kil.— 1026 Ou reUgion.— 1927 lui ad respondu.— 1929 lui —1930 poeit.— 1932 autre changa. — 1934 Ke. — 1935 Qe enuea. E- OF MARIE DE FRANCE 129 D'un liu qu'einceis li out pramis. Pur 90 I'aveit a lui tramis Pur saveir u li lius serreit U I'abbeie fundereit. 1940 Gervaises out li abes nun : Mult fu de grant religiun Oil de Cisteus qui enveia A eel rei d'Irlande e manda Par Gilebert (un suen profes 1945 Qui fu abes puis sun deces) De I'abbeie qu'out pramise, U ele devreit estre assise. Li reis li fist le liu mustrer U rabbeie volt f under. 1950 Li moignes dist qu'il ne saveit Cument il i arestereit : II ne saveit ne n'out apris Le language de eel pais. Li reis li dist : "N'en dutez mie, 1955 Jo vus metrai en cumpaignie Un produme e bon latimier.' ' Dune apela le chevalier 119c Owein, si li preia e dist Qu'od lui alast, sil'apresist. 1960 1937 kenceis.— 1939 ou.— 1940 Ou.— 1941 Gerueises — 1942 fud.— 1943 qi enuea.— 1944 de Irlande.— 1945 sun.— 1946 fiid p".— 1947 kout.— 1948 Ou asise.— 1949 lui.— 1950 Ou.— 1951 moines kil.— 1952 Coment.— 1955 lui dou- tez. — 1956 compaignie. — 1957 prodom latimer. — 1958 Don cheualer.— 1959 lui peia.— 1960 Kod. 130 l' espurgatoiee seint patriz Bien I'otreia li chevaliers e dist al rei que volentiers le servireit a sun plaisir, Que de 90 faire out grant desir. " Veirs est, nel celer ore mie, 1965 Tant cum jo fu en 1' altre vie Vi jo, si I'ai bien en memoire. Que cil furent en greignur gloire De lur ordre e de lur cuvent. Que tut le plus de 1' altre gent." 1970 Issi remest od Gilebert Li chevaliers e bien le sert ; Mais ne voleit changier sun estre : Moignes ne cunvers ne volt estre. En nun de chevalier morra, 1975 Ja altre abit ne recevra. Cil dui funderent 1' abbe'ie E mistrent genz de bone vie ; Gileberz en fu celeriers, E Oweins fu sis latimiers. 1980 Mult par [li] fu leials serjanz, E en tuz ses bosoinz aidanz. Ensemble dous anz e demi Furent e puis s'en departi. Gileberz dit que seintement 1985 1961 lotrea.— 1962 ke.— 1963 pleisir.— 1966 come fud lautre.— 1968 Ke.— 1969 couent.— 1970 tuit autre.— 1971 remist.— 1973 Meis changer.— 1974 Moigne conuers.— 1975 non.— 1976 autre nen.— 1979 celerers.— 1980 ses latimers. — 1981 leaus serganz. Lat. K : minister fidelis et interpres fuit ei devotus.— 1982 bosoigns.— 1983 dimi .—1985 Gil- berz ke. OF MAEIE DE FRANCE 131 Viveit e mult honestement 119d Tant cum li chevaliers i fu ; Mult en out grant cunfort perdu. Apres 90, par cunfessiun, Laissierent tute la maisun : 1990 Li moigne, altre mansiun querre, Vindrent alue en Engleterre. Li chevaliers honestement Remest e vesqui seintement. Quant il morut, a Den rendi 1995 S'alme, que bien Tout deservi. Cist Gileberz cunta suvent cez choses devant meinte gent, pur edifier les oianz E qu'a bien fussent entendanz. 200O Un en i out qui §o oi, Duta qu'il ne fust mie issi. Gileberz en respundi tant : " Qu'il n'erent mie bien creant Qui dient qu'espiritelment 2O05 Veient e nun corporelment, (Quant il entrent en la maisun Qu'est de Deu espurgaciun) Les granz peines e les turmenz Qui sunt establiz la dedenz. 2010' 1987 come. — 1989 confession. — 1990 Laisserent toute maison.— 1991 moine autre mansion. — 1992 engletterre. —1994 remist.-1996ke.— 1997 conta souent.— 1998 Ces. —2000 ka fuissent.— 2002 kil.— 2003 respondi.— 2004 Kil. —2005 kespiritelment.— 2006 non.— 2007 maison.— 2008: Qe espurgacion.— 2009 toimenz. 132 l' espurgatoiee seint patriz Li chevaliers tut 90 desdit, Qui tut corporelment le vit ; En char e en os las turmenz *Su£Frit quant il fu la dedenz. 120a Se 90 ne volez ottrier, 2015 Ne ne creez le chevalier, Creez mei qui de mes oeilz vi 90 que jo vus dirai ici : i i To fu ja en une maisun I u out, de grant religiun, 2020 un moigne qui mult se pena De Deu servir e mult 1' ama. Une nuit, entre le cuvent El durtur vit apertement. Si cum il jut e dut durmir, 2025 Les diables a lui venir, Qui corporelment le ravirent E del durtur le departirent, Si que li cuvenz nel scut mie. Tant orent de *sun [bien] envie, 2030 Treis jurs e treis nuiz I'uut tenu ; Li cuvenz ne sout u il fu. Puis le porterent a sun lit, Enz le jeterent par despit 2013 tormenz.— 2014 Suffrir fud. Lat. K : hec se vidisse et in corpore corporaliter pertulisse dioit. — 2016 creiez.— 2017Creiez ke oilz.— 2019 maison.— 2020 Ou religion.— 2023 couent.— 2024 dortur (the order of II. 2023-2024 is re- versed in the MS.).— 2025 dormir.— 2028 dortur.— 2029 ke couenz.— 2030 aes. Lat. C : cuius sanctitati Daemones in- videbant. (AK griw uo aid).— 20311ont.— 2032 couenz ou. OF MARIE DE FIIANCE 133 Tut flael6 e debatu 2035 Desqu'a la mort e navrez fu. Plaies out parfundes e granz, Par tut le cors aparissanz. II meismes les me mustra Apertement sil me cunta 2040 (9o sachiez bien) qu'um ne pot mie Saner ses plaies, e sa vie 120b Mult erent horribles e granz, Tuz jurs noveles parissanz. Tel plaie i out qui fu roiinde 2045 E desmesuree e parfunde ; E me dit qu'a sun plus lung deit La parfundesce *en ateindreit. E quant il vit la juevne gent Gabber desordeneement, 2050 Tut apertement lur diseit, S'il seiissent qu'els atendeit, E quels turmenz e quel ennui, II ne gabbereient nului. Quinze anz apres sis tens fini ; 2065 Jo ne I'ai pas mis en obli.' ' Gileberz cunta icel fait A I'autor quil nus a retrait, 2036 Deska naure.— 2040 conta. —2041 kon.— 2044 iors e parissanz. — 2045 que. — 2046 desmesures. — 2047 ka. — 2048 natendreit. Lat. AK : Fuit autem vulnerum illorum ali- quod ita profundum ut (A : quod) longior digitus tuus in eo posset intrare usque ad manum. — 2049 ioune. — 2051 Tuit.— 2052 kels.— 2053 tormenz.— 2054 nullui.— 2055 sun. —2057 conta.— 2058 kil ad. 134 l' espuegatoire seint patriz Si cum Oweins li out cunte, E li moignes dunt j'ai parle : 2060 ^o que jo vus ai ici dit E tut mustre par mun escrit. Epuis parlai j'a dous abbez : d'Irlande erent bons ordenez. si lur demandai de eel estre, 2065 Si 90 poeit veritez estre. Li uns affirma que veirs fu De r espurgatoire e seii Que plusur hume i entrerent Qui unques puis ne returnerent. 2070 120c "T"' n eel an meismes trovai rr un evesque a qui jo parlai. nevuz fu al tierz Seint Patriz Qui cumpainz ert Seint Malachiz. Florenciens aveit a nun ; 2075 II me cunta en veir sermun Que r espurgatoire ert assise En e'eveschi^ e la fu quise. Ententivement li enquis Si 90 fust veirs, que Fen ert vis : 2080 E il me dist : " Certeinement, Que c'esteit veirs," e dist cument : " Que plusur [i] entrerent j a 2059 conte.— 2061 ci.— 2063 io a.— 2064 De Irlande.— 2067 ke.— 2069 Qe plusurs homes.— 2070 Qi unkes retorne- rent.— 2071 meimes.— 2072 eueske.— 2073 Neuoz fiid seinz. —2074 compaigns seinz.— 2076 conta.— 2077 Ke.— 2078 E sa euesche fud.— 2079 lui.— 2080 ke.— 2082 Qe coment— 83 Qe plusurs. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 135 Dunt unques nuls n'en repaira. Tels i out qui ariere vindrent 2085 E qui les [granz] turmenz suatindrent : Tuz jurs furent plus en langur E perdirent dreite colur, Pur les turmenz qu'il orent la, E [pur] I'anguisse quis greva. 2090 Si puia fussent de bone vie, Sals serreient, ne dutez mie, E delivres de lur pechiez, Kar il en furent espurgiez. i i "p^res de eel liu a un seint hume 2095 I que nus tenuns a mult produme ; termites est de bone vie. Chascune nuit, 90 ne faut mie, 120d Ot les diables assembler Entur sun purpris e parler ; '2100 Aneire apres soleil culchant, A veiie vienent avant E si tienent lur parlement ; Einz le jur partent veirement. En dementiers qu'il iluec sunt, 2105 Al maistre dient 90 qu'il funt. Li seinz les veit apertement, E ot lur cuntes mult suvent. 2084 unkes nul.— 2085 arere.— 2086 tormenz.— 2089 tor- menz qil. — 2090 les anguissea kil. — 2091 fuissent. — 2092 ■dotez. — 2093 pechez. — 2094 espurgez. — 2095 ad home. — 2096 Qe tenons prodome.— 2101 couch ant. —2102 uenent. — 2103 tenent.— 2104 ior.— 2105 kil.— 2106 meistre kil.— 2108 contes souent. 136 l' espuegatoiee seint patbiz A sa celle le vunt tempter, Mes ne pueent dedenz entrer. 2110 En semblance de femmes nues Se mustrent qui la sunt venues Pur lui deceivre e engignier, E faire sun propos lessier. Par els entendi de la gent 2115 La vie des plusurs suvent." Quant li evesques ne dist plus, uns suens chapeleins leva sus e dist : " Sire, jo cuntereie. Si vostre cungie en avreie, 2120 Del seint hume 50 que jo vi, E 90 que jo de lui o'i." Li evesques li dist : " Cuntez." Li altre dist : ' ' Beals sire, oez : " La celle u cist seinz est mananz — 2125 Cent lines loinz, lunges e grauz 121a I aveit del munt Seint Brandan, U uns altre out este meint an. Qui aveit cele vie eslite, E que Turn teneit pur hermite. 2130 Jo ving parler a cest seint hume, E il me dist, e'en est la sume, 2109 uont.— 2110 poent.— 2112 mustrerent ke.— 2113 en- gigner.— 2114 feire lesser. — 2115 eus. — 2116 de souent. — 2117 eueskes. — 2119 contereie. — 2120 conge auereie. — 2121 home. — 2123 eueskes lui contez. — 2124 autre bel oiez.— 2125 ou.— 2126 longes.— 2128 Ou autre.— 2130 ke lorn.— 2131 home.— 2132 some. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 137 Qu'il n'out unques si grant desir De rien qui peiist avenir, Cum il aveit eii suvent 2135 D'a lui parler a sun talent. Jo demandai purquei 90 fu, Que tel desir en out eii ? ' Pur 90 que j'ai suvent 01 Les diables cunter ici 2140 En gabbant. ' (Trestute sa vie, Cum hermite ne vit il mie.) ' Quant il vienent ici les nuiz, 50 est lur joie e lur deduiz De lui e des altres reprendre 2145 Qu'il funt a lur oevres entendre. J'o'i I'altre nuit veirement po que jo vus dirai briefment : 'L'altre nuit furent ajuste Li diable e ci assemble, 2150 E cunterent a lur seignur Qo qu'il aveient fait *le jur. Avant veneient un e un ; Li maistre d'els apela I'un 121b E li fist une tel demande : 2155 S' aport6 out point de viande ? "Oil," dist il, "pain e ferine, 2133 Kil.— 2134 qttc— 2135 souent.— 2139 ke souent.— 2140 center.— 2142 heremites.— 2143 uenent.— 2144 lor (deduiz).— 2145 autres.— 2146 Kil.— 2147 lautre.— 2148 dirra.— 2149 Lautre.— 2150 ici.— 2151 conterent— 2152 kil louur.— 2155 lui tele.— 2156 Si aporte. 138 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz Furmage e bure en ma saisine." " E u les purclia9astes vus ? ' ' " Jol dirai," fait [il], " bien a vus : 2160 " ' " 1 — \^'' clerc vindrent a un vilein, I I sil demanderent de sun pein par cbarit^ e altre bien ; II ne lur voleit duner rien ; E si out assez guarnisun, 2165 Pain e viande en sa maisun. *Par charity prist a jurer Qu'il ne lur out rien que duner ; E pur 90 qu'il se parjura, Pris 50 qu'il out e perdu I'a ; 2170 De9'aveiejo poest6. Ci devant vus I'ai aport6." Apres i9o s'en repairierent Li diable e iluec laissierent La viande qu'il out embl^e 2175 Al vilain e la aportee. Matin i ving, si la trovai, En une fosse la jettai ; En dute fui qu'um la trovast, S'alcuns venist, si la manjast.' 2180 " Uncor vus vueil jo plus cunter Dunt chascuns se deit amender 2158 seisine.— 2159 ou le puchac— 2160 dirrai.— 2161 Dous clers. — 2163 autre.— 2164 doner. — 2165 guarisun. — 2167 La.— 2168 Kil ke doner.— 2169 kil.— 2170 kil.— 2171 CO aueie. — 2173 repairerent. — 2174 iluek laisserent. — 2175 kil.— 2179 kom. — 2180 Si aukuns mangast.— 2181 uoil conter. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 139 121c E guarder d'engin des diables Qui est subtils e decevables." Uns prestre esteit de seinte vie, 2185 de Deu servir ne cessa mie. matin levout al Deu servise ; Mais einz qu'il entrast en I'iglise, El cimetire demurout E ses quinze salmes chantout 2190 Pur les almes dunt li cors sunt En eel liu e par tut le munt. Chastement se tint e guarda E bien e bel endoctrina Icels qui en sa guarde esteient, 2195 E suu cunseil creire voleient. Suvent se pleinstrent 11 diable De sa vie nun reparnable, E que nuls nel poeit turner De Deu servir ne d'aiirer. 2200 Li maistre diables blasma Ses serjanz que nuls nel tempta E nel osta de sun purpens. Li uns li dit : " Mult a lung tens Que j'ai entur lui demure ; 2205 Ore a primes ai tant ovre Qu'entre ci e quinze anz I'avrai 2183 del diable.— 2184 subtil deceuable.— 2188 enz kil. — 2189 demorout.— 2193 garda.— 2195 Iceus garde.— 2196 conseil. — 2197 Souent.— 2199 ke ne.~2201 diable blama. —2202 serganz ke.— 2204 ad long.— 2205 demore.— 2206 primis. — 2207 Que entre. 140 l' espuegatoiee seint pateiz Enfantosm^, sil decevrai Par un engin, mes ne puet estre Qu'einceis seit deoeiiz li prestre. 2210 121d Par une femme ai purveii Que dune I'avrai *tut deceii." Li mestre dist : " Mult avez fait S'en eel terme I'avez atrait De peehier par temptaciun ; 2215 De mei avrez bon gueredun." Al demain, si eum il soleit, leva li presire e ala dreit el cimetire e a veil Un enfant qui jetez i fu. 2220 Delez la croiz jetez esteit ; Femele fu, il la perneit ; Nurice quist si la bailla ; Cume sa fille la guarda. II la feseit lettres aprendre, 2225> Al Deu servise la volt rendre. Quant ert en I'ee de quinze anz, Mult ert bele e ereiie e granz. Li prestre I'esguarda suvent Par le diable enortement. 2230 De sa bealt6 s'esmerveilla E en sun quer la cuveita ; Cum plus suvent la vit le jur 2209 pot.— 2210 Ke deceu.— 2212 Qe done tost— 221S dit.— 2215 temptacion.— 2216 auerez guerdon.— 2217 {ini- tial forgotten).— 2219 ad.— 2226 iiout— 2228 belee.— 222ft' souent.— 2231 beaute.— 22.82 coueita.— 2233 souent. OF MARIE DE FRANCE 141 Tant fu plus espris de s'amur. II la requist, el I'otria 2235 De faire 90 que li plerra. La nuit apres, eiDz qu'il feist L'ovraigne dunt il la requist, 122a Furent li diable assemble ; Chascuns a sun fait recunte. 2240 Cil qui entur le prestre fu A devant tuz recuneii Qo qu'il pramist dedenz quinze anz : ' ' Or iert li faiz aparissanz ; Demain iert li prestre traiz 2245 E par la femme malbailliz Qu'il a pur sa fille tenue, Quant a sun lit 1' avra eiie Einz [le] midi que chascuns I'oie." Mult en firent entr'els grant joie : 2250 " E lui e li amdous avruns, Kar ensemble les decevruns." Li mestre dist : ' ' Voels tu aie ? ' ' " N'ai en," dist il, "jo n'en quier mie." Mult li saveit bon gre sis mestre. 2255 Or o'iez cum ovra li prestre : ' 1 demain la meschine apele [e] si *diseit tant a li : " Bele, la enz culchiez desur muu lit. E' 2234 fud.— 2236 lui.— 2237 kil,— 2238 loueraigne dont requeist. — 2240 ad reconte. — 2242 Ad reconu. — 2244 art fait.— 2245 ert.— 2246 maubailliz.— 2247 ad.— 2248 lauera. —2249 ke.— 2250 entreus.- 2251 ambdui aurons.— 2252 deceurons. — 2253 dit uols. — 2255 ses.— 2258 lui dist ore & le. — 2259 cucher. 142 l' ESPURGAl'OIEE SEINT PATEIZ Si acumplirai mun delit." 2260 La meschine delivrement Aveit fait sun cumandement. Li prestre vint, si I'esguarda, Mult durement se purpensa De I'ovraigne qu'il deveit faire, 226& 122b U li diables le volt traire, Par quei avreit le bien perdu Qu'il aveit fait e meintenu. La grace de Deu i ovra : Hors s'en eissi, cele i laissa ; 2270 Un cultel prist que il porta E ses genitailles trencha. Hors les jeta de maintenant, E puis dist as diables tant : ' ' Oez, espirit malfaisant ! 2275' James ne serrez jo'issant De la nostre perdiciun Par ceste malvaise achaisun." La nuit apres que cist faiz fii, Sunt li diable revenu ; 2280 Li maistre d'els apele avant Celui qui li out cuvenant Que einz midi avreit le j ur 2260 acomplirai. — 2262 commandement. — 2264 por- pensa.— 2265 oueraigne kil.— 2266 Ou uoleit.— 2267 tut le bien.— 2268 Kil.— 2270 issi leissa.— 2271 coutel kil.— 2273 geta.— 2275 espiriz maufeisanz.— 2276 ioissanz.- 2277 perdicion. — 2278 malueise achaison. — 2279 ke cast fait. —2281 meistre de eus.— 2282 lui couenant.— 2283 Ke miedi. OF MAEIE DE FRANCE 143 Tra'i le prestre en sa folur. Demande lui qu'il en a fait ; 2285 II respundi : " Malement vait ; Tut mun travail jo ai perdu." Devant tuz lur a cuneii Cument li prestre aveit [ovr6.] Assez aveit de tuz mal gre ; 2290 Lur mestre dit a ses privez : " A lui ! " fait il, " sil me batez E flaelez mult durement ! " Dune s'en partent od eel turment. 122c La meschine dedenz I'iglise 2295 Mist li prestre, al Deu servise. Jo, Marie, ai mis en memoire le livre de 1' Espurgatoire : iZ'^a en Romanz qu'il seit entendables A laie gent e cuvenables. 2300 Or preium Deu que par sa grace De noz pechiez mundes nus face. 2285 kil ad feit.— 228fi lui respondit ueit— 2287 iai. — 2288 ad conu.— 2289 Coment le {the rime word omitted). —2292 AL— 2297 Joe.— 2299 kil.— 2300 genz couenables. 2301 Ore preiom ke pur.— 2302 nos Amen. NOTES AND ADDITIONS The heading : Ci parout des peines que sunt en purgatoire is to be ascribed to the Anglo-Norman copyist(s). Marie uses parole for parabolat (-Es- purg. 1460 ; Lays, Milun, 190) while the shorter form is common in Anglo-Norman texts (Dew le omnipiotent 106b ; other examples in Burguy, I., p. 309). Line 9. Eckleben (pp. dt, p. 47) supposes that the translation begins here, representing the " Jus- sistis, pater venerande, ut scriptum vobis mitterem," etc., of the Traetatus. Diraigo que j' en ai oi (1. 15) is indeed a fair equivalent to " quod de purgatorio in vestra retuli presencia." The feminine partici- ples (11. 9, 10), however, are decisive evidence that Marie is still speaking of herself, and that Roque- fort was correct in saying (II., p. 407) : "Marie pr^vient qu'elle a traduit ce poeme a la priere d'un homme prudent et sage, dont elle a repu des bien- faits," etc. The translation begins with line 17, which closely reproduces the Traetatus : MSS. AC : Licet enim utilitatem multorum per me venire desiderem, etc., and the "jo " in 11. 17, 26, 29 is therefore Henry of Saltrey. 41. eumpuneeiun. Perhaps in this and like words -otiun should be written, an orthography frequent in the Computus (cp. 11. 199, 202, 207, and also Intro- duction, p. 93). So Lays, Chaitivel 20, destrudiun. But as -ckm, in Marie as in- the Computus, tran- scribes Latin -tionem (exposieiun, Computus 2679, etc. ; devociun 42, 194, 583), the first e is probably etymological (learned) and hence the change seemed not warranted. 160. irunt is preferable. So dirai 187. NOTES AND ADDITIONS 145 202. reance (MS. ranee) is preferable. This substan- tive does not appear in Korting nor in Godefroy, but IS no doubt to be attached to redimere — reemhre as creance to credere (Cp. Cohn, Suffixwandlung, p. 74) . The Espurg. shows recunter (not racunter) and hence it is preferable to read re-, reangim 728 (MS. ranoun) redemptionem, appears to owe its a to reance. 234. regehisseit is preferable. 260. eage is preferable ; so at 387, 398. Cp. e6 aetatem 2227, etc. 300. This is St. Bernard's Vita Malachiai (Migne, Cursus Patrol., clxxi., 1074). Cp. above, p. 11. 376. From this passage we must conclude that for Marie espurgatoire is feminine, since the participle miee obviously refers to that word. 2077 has : Que r espurgatoire ert assise En s' eveschie e la fu quise. In 610, however, we have : U li purgatoirea ert mis Qpais) where the masculine participle likewise stands fast, and where we have the gender we should expect from the neuter purgatorium and the mod. Fr. pur- gatoire (m.). It is a distinct tendency of the Anglo- Norman to make fems. of masc. nouns in final atonic e (cp. Suchier, St. Auhan,-^. 49) ; in i\ie Alexis lOld adjutorium appears as fem. in MS. A, but as masc. in MSS. PL. G. Paris prefers the fem. There seems, therefore, no reason to deny that Marie has used espurgatoire as fem. and purgatoire as masc. 540. delivres. This adj. shows an -s in the n. sg. throughout the Espurg. See p. 43, 2. 558. des i que. The MS. has always de ci que. With Warnke, in the Lays, I have thought best to follow Suchier (Reimpredigt, p. 75), who regards des i que as the etymologically correct orthography. 564. The- metre, as it stands in the MS., de- mands el {=e le). This may be paralleled from Anglo-Norman texts but not from French. (Cp. Suchier, St. Auhan, p. 31, 7.) The single example 146 NOTES AND ADDITIONS of el (i=e le) cited by Gengnagel (Der Kurzung der Pronomina, etc. Halle, 1882, p. 8) is from the Passion. bll. I'i {le i) for the sake of the sense, though li in such cases is not unknown. (Cp. Tobler, Ver- misehte Beitrage, p. 168.) The usual construction in the Espurg., as in mod. Fr., is the accus. with in- trans. verbs : les fist departir 978. (Cp. 1165, 1907); the dative with transitive verbs : cp. 581, 1528, 1949. 619. crois. This word translates cavitatem in Lat. K. (concavitatem AC) and means no doubt 'hollow.' Godefroy has not this meaning, unless it lies in Si I'enferi le crois del chief (Ogier 3123) which G. translates ' sommet de la t^te.' The word belongs probably with the adj. erues (cruese, Lays, Bis. 93. MS. cr-uose). A word of the same form has the meaning ' gnashing ' (Godefroy s. v. and Beimpredigt, p. 79). 690. wandiches (?) The text is here corrupt, and I have been unable to identify this word. 716. Since the contracted form beneiz for heneeiz (benedictus) nearly coincided with heneis (benedicis) the scribe apparently has failed to recognize the im- perative, and, to the detriment of the metre, has written seit Deus as in 1567, 1679. 725. barnilment ^ ' en baron,' according to Godefroy, who quotes the Oxford Psalter, xxvi. and XXX. (ed. Michel.) There, as here, the word trans- lates Latin viriliter. It is evidently baron (with shifted accent) +ilis+mente. 731. Ja endreit quant translates mox in Lat. ACK. Cp. Lays, Lanval 436. 816. bosoing is preferable. 955. Add this case of hiatus to those given, p. 29. 1046. avis unques= ' hardly' (cp. 1190, 1817). In all three instances this phrase translates Latin vix. This French form is wanting in Korting 8798, NOTES AND ADDITIONS 147 and in Diez/ p. 428. Godefroy quotes examples from the Dialogues of St. Gregory and Turpin's Chronicle ; of avis alone «. v. the substantive avis (*advisum) where, of course, it does not belong. At 1817, Roquefort printed Puis unhes for which, it should be noted, Orelli (Altfr. Gram., p. 371) cor- rectly conjectured avis uniques. 1123. ruee, roee, rota. The MS. has roue (5 times) and rove (twice). V is equivalent to u in the MS. Cp. ■!; = it aut 84, 112 ; =if ubi 86.) There are in- dications that the copyist replaces o in hiatus by ou (Cp. Torn. Ant, I. 888, louier for loier OA, ' and Espurg. 851, louer for loier locarium : 115 pouent for Anglo-Norman poent; 1090 joues gabatas.) This points to roe as the reading of the Anglo-Norman copy which lay before the scribe. The latter is in- deed a common reading in other Anglo-Norman MSS. (E. g. Four Books of the Kings 255, Cam- bridge MS. of the Reimpredigt 123f). That it re- sults from the usual Anglo-Norman reduction of Franco-Norman ue (oe) to o, can hardly be doubted in view of Anglo-Norman poeni for pueent in Espurg. 154, 1320 ; Earley MS. of the Lays, Laustic 47 ; Vie de St. Auban6&4, 1289 ; Deu le omnipotent 35c, etc. If this view be correct, roee or ruee is the proper form for Marie, and should be read Lays, Guigetnar, 639, in place of roe. (Cp. also Reimpredigt, p. 80.) 1346. ^plungerunt ^demergeris Lat. K ; demer- gent Lat. C. The corresponding passage in Jean Belet's version (in the British Museum MS., Addi- tional 6534) has: te prendront moult tost e te plun- geront el plus parfond d' enfer. 1369. The same use of mis as the rime-word of both lines of the couplet occurs 401, 1815 ; and of vus 2159 ; of els 1069. Warnke, Lays, Fraisne 341, has suppressed a similar case without good ground. ' See above, p. 19 ff. 148 NOTES AND ADDITIONS Other rimes of the kind in the Espurg. are : 1229 munt (montem) : munt (mundum) 2153 un : I'un. 1397. Croehier. MS. croker (same abbreviation as for ke). Whether we have here to do with an Anglo- Norman form (as saeker for sachier, cp. Reimpredigt p. 108), or with a substitution of the copyist, is un- certain. 1520. Mall's remark (Romanische Forschungen VI., p. 180, Note) that Marie has here misunder- stood the Latin text is incorrect. Marie is not trans- lating Latin A, as Mall supposed, but Latin K which has : vidit patriam =Marie' s un pais vit, a reading supported by the metre also, pais recurs at 1563, 1575, 1580, 1584, 1643. Mall was misled by the false reading of Roquefort. 1707. aneire. Lat. K has : et lumen mentis . . ab eo recessit (A has eciam /or et). A second pas- sage will throw more light upon the meaning of this word, which is of uncommon occurrence. 2101 Aneire apres soldi culohant corresponds to Lat. K : statem post solis occasum. Here the meaning is cer- tainly 'straightway,' 'immediately,' which fits the sense of the first passage equally well, and also that in the Lays, Chaitivel 22 where Warnke has unne- cessarily suppressed the MS. reading, and where G. Paris (cp. Romania XIV., p. 601) translates the word ' aussitot.' Godefroy s. v. 2. erre (p. 329, col. 3) quotes the Josaphat of Chardri 233 : Aji eires, sanz pltis de demurer Fist un paleis. . . and translates ' en h^te,' 'sur le champ.' 1822. *de I'oeil. Unfortunately, the Latin M8S. contain nothing at all answering to this line. The MS. has desoil, and it is possible that we have here Latin ^solium — O. Fr. sueil with the meaning ' from the ground.' Cp. Benoit. Chronique II., 23761 (ed. Michel) : II chairent par lur orguil Del beau del en I'oscur soil, s and I, however, are easily confounded in the writing of this MS. (cp. sis for sil 973 : des NOTES AND ADDITIONS 149 for delUOS, 1622 and leforse 590 ; Ml for Ms 2090) and this fact, together with the sense and point of the passage (Marie wishes to say that the flame of the Holy Spirit was actually visible to the eye) con- vince me that de I'oeil is the correct reading. That the diphthong oe in Marie has the accent on e, which in turn has the quality ^, is indicated with sufficient certainty by the rime cek : doels {Lays, Chaitivel 7.) Whether the conjectured reading be correct or not, the rime at least shows that we are to see in the oil (or soil) of this MS. and those of the Lays, the Anglo-Norman reduction of oe, ue, to o, and that consequently we must class Marie among those writers (e. g., the scribe of the Oxford Roland) who show diphthongization before I mouillee. Cp. Such- ier, Reimpredigt, Introd., p. xvi. ff., and Anger, Vie de St. Gregoire (in Romania XII., p. 145 ff.) who has the same forms : 1. 31 veil *volio :soleil. Anger's work dates from 1212-1214. 2030. Cp. the Prologue to Ghiigemar, 11. 9-10 : Oil M de sun bien unt envie Sovent en dient vileinie. 2057 . The ' author ' is, of course, Henry of Sal- trey, and the li (I. 2059) is Gilbert. The ' monk ' (1. 2060) is the one introduced at 1. 2021. At 1. 2063 begins the work of an anonymous continuator of the Tractatus, who speaks in the first person (11. 2063, 2071, etc.) The work of this continuator ends at 1. 2184, at the close of the chaplain's speech. The subsequent matter is probably from yet another hand. 2213. The punctuation reproduces Lat. K : Si inquid magister infra, xv. annos deiceres magnam rem faceres. 2222. pemeit. This, and not preneit, is to be read, since in the MS. the crossed ^ stands only for joar and per, never for pra- and pre-. For the form, cp. Reimpredigt, p. 80, and the Computus, Introd. p. 97. ERRATA Page 40, 1. 19 : read *dulcius. ' ' 40, 1. 22, for ' a pretonic syllable,' read : syllable in mid- word.' ' ' 45, 1. 12, read : deceivre. " 62. 1. 244 : read turnouent. " 88, 1. 908 : for a read e. " 109, 1. 1453 : for vissiuns read v&issuns. BIOGRAPHY I, Thomas Atkinson Jenkins, was born in Wilmington , Delaware, May 24, 1868. I received the Bachelor's degree in Arts from Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania, in 1887, and the same degree in Philosophy from the Wharton School of Finance and Economy of the University of Pennsylvania, in 1888. My studies at the Johns Hopkins University began in October, 1891, with French and Italian as my principal and first subordinate subjects. I entered the Romance Languages Seminary at New Year's 1892, and the following summer spent four months in Paris, for purposes of study. I continued my studies the following year with History as second subordinate subject, and held a University Scholarship for that year. In June, 1893, I received the appointment of Joshua W. Lippincott (Joint) Fellow of Swarthmore College for 1893-4, and by virtue of the same have been appointed a Fellow by Courtesy at this University. I have derived the greatest benefit in attending the Romance Seminary of Dr. A. M. Elliott, and from having heard the lectures of Dr. Matzke on Old French, of Dr. Adams on the Germanic Peoples, and of Dr. Bloomfield on Comparative Philology, to all of whom I take this opportunity to ex- press my thanks. Baltimore, May 24, 1894- ^•^;r ■'■*...¥■ -\- , mH' *■"<•! -"^ t "'^^M ^ *•,♦«*