, I ifT; ■ liBMii r- ■r:::i-j. rTTti-iKir— "fc^l F CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Cornell University Library F 612G6 H67 History of Goodhue county, includlnjO a s olln 3 1924 028 912 967 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028912967 HISTORY GOODHUE COUNTY, INCLUDING A SKETCH OF THE TEMITOM AND STATE OF lOMSOTA; TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE EARLY FRENCH DISCO^TERIES, INDIAN MASSA- CRES, THE PART BORNE BY MINNESOTA'S PATRIOTS IN THE WAR OF THE GREAT REBELLION, AND A FULL AND COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE COUNTY FROM THE TIME OF ITS OCCUPANCY BY SWISS MISSION- ARIES IN 1838. PIONEER INCIDENTS, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF EARLY AND PROMINENT SETTLERS AND REPRE- SENTATIVE MEN, AND OF ITS CITIES, TOWNS, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, SECRET SOCIETIES, Etc. HjXjTJSTDFL-^'TEIZ). RED WING, MINN. WOOD, ALLEY & CO., ST. JAMES BUILDING, 1878. 4?^; Ji^U Q} PIONEER PRESS CO., ST. PAUL, Printers, Lithog^raphers and Bookbinders. PEEFACE. In the preparation of the following pages, we have aimed at conciseness and accuracy rather than elegance of diction and high- sounding phrases. We are in the midst of mighty progress and marvelous development, and men will not wait to study fine-spun theories and pore over the intricate details of the metaphysical world. They want facts plainly stated, and couched in language brief, pointed, and applicable to the practical affairs of life. It kas been our object to present, in a readable manner, as much information as could be given in the space allotted the several divisions of this book. Owing to the obscure and imperfect county war record which we had to unravel, and the preponderance of foreign population with which we had to contend — many of whom could not readily compre- hend our motive — we found some difficulty in the early stages of the work in collating our data and laying the foundation upon which to build a reliable superstructure. As we progressed with the enterprise, however, and the people learned more of us, encourage- ment and words of good cheer greeted us from all classes, thence- forth we found the way plain and the work more easy. It may be said of our township histories that we have dealt partially by some, but if it so appears it should be attributed to those possessing the facts and refusing to impart them. We made every reasonable effort to do justice by each and all the townships, villages, county, places, and people ; and we can truthfully say we IV have put into the hands of our subscribers in Goodhue County, a larger and better compilation of general and local historical informa- tion, than was ever before published in a single volume in the Northwest. Among such a vast catalogue of dates and names, if errors are discovered, the intelligent reader will appreciate the complexity of such matters and make due allowance. To as many of the people of the county as have rendered us valuable assistance — and they are not a few — we extend our heart>- felt thanks ; and for the more valuable information and personal favors we desire to acknowledge the names of Rev. J. W. Hancock, Dr. W. W. Sweney, John Day, S. J. WUIard, Hon. H. B. Wilson, Judge Chris. Graham, Charles Betcher, C. C. Webster, Col. Hans. Mattson, Minneapolis, L. A. Hancock, A. Seeback; B. B. Herbert, of the Advance; Charles L. Davis, of the Argus; Gen. S. P. Jennison and T. H. Perkins, of the Republican; Charles Ward, Zumbrota; Rev. E. Norelius, Vasa; Charles Parks, Cannon Palls; Dr. Chr. Gronvold, Wanamingo, and others. The newspaper publications throughout the county have encouraged us in the work, and we take this oppor- tunity to extend them our humble meed of gratitude. WOOD, ALLEY & CO. Red Wing, November, 1878. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. The .Northwestern Territory, as ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784, included that district of country bounded on the one side by the Ohio River, on the other by the Mississippi River, and on the north by Canada. It is now represented by the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. At that period, the United States only extended westward to the Mississippi River. Be- yond, to the Pacific Ocean, the country was an unknown, unexplored wild, claimed by the Spanish government. In 1803, however, by the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, the domain of the United States was extended westward to the Rocky Mountains, and the Northern Pacific Ocean. The territory thus obtained come to be called the " New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old "Northwestern Territory." As compared with the old Northwest, this is a territory of vast extent and magnitude, and covers an area of 1,887,850 square miles, — being much larger in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, including Texas, Out of this magnificent territory, eleven sovereign States and eight Territories have been erected, which, according to the U. S. Census Reports for 1870, returned an aggregate population of 13,000,000 inhabitants — nearly one-third of the entire population of the United States and Territories. Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the large rivers of the continent — the Mississippi, the Missouri and the Arkansas — flow for thousands of miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far-stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of a higher percentage of cereals than any other area of like extent on the globe. During the last twenty years the increase of population in this country of States and Territories has. been about as three to one in any other portion of the United States government. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New World, but he only prosecuted his explorations as far north as the 35th parallel 2 ^ THE NORTHWEST TERKITORY. of latitude. The exposures and privations incident to the expedition resulted in his death and the death of more than half his men. Those who survived the trials of the expedition found their way to Cuba and thence to Spain, in a famished and greatly demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no settlements, produced no results, and left no traces of civilization, unless it were to awaken the hostility of the red natives of the country against the white man, or dishearten such as might have a desire to follow up the era of discovery for better purposes. The French Government was eager and ready to seize upon any information from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by the disaster . 1616, four years before the Pilgrims landed the Mayflower at Plymouth Rock, LeCaron, a French Franciscan, had penetrated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which run into Lake Huron; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent result J and it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders attempted to spend a winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borderp by Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months later. In 1665, Claude Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary ; and two years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor General of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the present city of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the follow- ing spring, where they were taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession taken of the Northwest. This same year Mar- quette established a mission at Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. During M. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St. Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied — as all others did then — that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. d request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette, with Joliet as commander of the expe- dition, prepared for the undertaking. On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist- ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade them from their purpose by representing that the tribes on the Mississippi were exceedingly savage and cruel, and that the river itself was full of all sorts of frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, nothing daunted by these terrific descrip- tions, Marquette told them he was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together, they separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Marquette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town, ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the winter in giving them abundant game. This was the farthest outpost to which Dablon and AUouez had extended their missionary labors the year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed in the secret of a root which the Indians said would cure the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and pointing to Joliet, said : " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new countries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to witness their departure into a region whBre no white man had ever yet ventured. The guides having conducted them across the portage, returned to their village. Marquette and his companions launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin River and floated down towards the Mississippi, which they entered at the site now occupied by Prairie du Chien, on the 17th of June, and proceeded down its unknown waters. What emotions must have filled their souls, as their canoes glided out of the Wisconsin and entered upon the broad bosom of the great river 4 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. of which they had heard marvelous accounts from the. Indians! Their feelings of wonder and admiration as they realized that they had at last found the long-sought river, may be imagined but not described. Previous to this, there was no positive knowledge that such a mighty stream existed. But the Indian stories of its great length, and breadth, and depth, were about to be established beyond the cavil of a doubt. The mysteries that enshrouded it were to be solved, and the way to a new world — the great Northwest — to be opened to civilization and civ- ilized industry. The scenery along the banks of the Upper Mississippi is grand (even now) beyond conception. Before white men came to destroy the natu- ral grandeur by clearing away the forests that covered the towering and majestic bluffs, and reduce its flower-bearing valleys or meadows to grain-growing fields, there must have existed here a primitive beauty that no artist's imagination could touch. While the cloud-towering bluflfs still remain as monuments to the hand of the Great Architect who reared them and spread at their base the beautiful valleys and prairies, much of their primeval beauty has faded away before the march of the people who came after the intrepid explorer Marquette and his companions to occupy the land, and drive from their native haunts the wild men of the prairies and forests. Drifting rapidly before the current, "the bold bluffs on either hand," wrote Marquette, " reminded us of the castled shores of our own beau- tiful rivers in France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared on the banks. Approaching the heads of the valleys, they could see a country of the greatest beauty and fertility, which, although destitute of inhabitants, presented the appearance of extensive manors under the fastidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. On the 25th of June, the explorers went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon the sand, and a path that led out to the prairie. The men remained in the boat, and Marquette and Joliet fol- lowed the path until they discovered a village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill within half a league of the first, all inhabited by Indians. Marquette wrote: "We were received most hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white per- son." After remaining among these people a few days they returned to their boat, re-embarked and descended the river to about latitude 35°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, they turned their course and ascended the river to the mouth of the Illinois, which they entered and followed to its source. There they procured Indian guides and proceeded across the country to the lakes. THE NOKTHWEST TBRRITOKT. 5 "Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, "did we see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buflFaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River." The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and reported their discovery — one of the most important of the age, but of which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and minis- tered to them until 1675. On the 18th of May in that year, as he was passing the mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked to land at its mouth and celebrate mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, he retired a short distance and began his devo- tions. As much time passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefully passed away while at prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix", who visited the place fifty years later, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving the beloved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been called Marquette. While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were preparing to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him. These were Robert de LaSalle and Louis Hennepin. After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see the narrative elsewhere) he' established himself again among the French trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by following the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to Frontenac, Governor General of Canada, and laid before him the dim, but gigantic plan. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, seeing that LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf of Mexico would bind the country strongly together, and give unmeasured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose administration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. • LaSalle repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also received from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Chevalier b THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at once rebuilt Fort Frontenac, and constructed the first ship to sail on the fresh- water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Griffin up Lake Erie. He passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and into Lake Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storihs. They were some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded a fort, and passed thence to Green Bay, the " Bale des Puans" of the French, where he found a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin with these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and four- teen sailors, started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard of. LaSalle remained thereabouts until early in the winter, when, hearing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all his men— thirty working men and three monks — and started again uppn his great undertaking. By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, called by the Indians, "Theake," wolf^ because of the tribes of Indians known to them by that name, but commonly called Mahingons, dwelling there. The French pronounced it KeaJciki, which became corrupted to Kan- kakee. " Falling down the river by easy stages, the better to observe the country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illinois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that time no inhabitants. The Sieur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuffs, took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi- ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village of Utica, in LaSalle county, Illinois. The corn being securely stored, the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward eve- ning, on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have been the lake of Peoria, at Peoria City. This was called by the In- dians Pim-i-te-wi, that is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. He called this fort "CreweocBMr" (broken- heart,) a name expressive of the very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship. Griffin, and his consequent impoverishmentj the danger of hostility on the part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause hira. His fears were THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 7 riot entirely groundless. At one time poison was placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. While building this fort, the winter wore away, the prairies began to look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and set out on his journey. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and was successfully made, though over an almost unknown route, and in a bad season of the year. He reached Canada in safety, and soon set out again for the object of his search. Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecoeur the last of February, 1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he found the fort entirely deserted, and was obliged to return again to Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the icy stream as best he could, reached the Wisconsin Eiver about the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hennepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voyage they found several beautiful lakes, and " saw some charming prairies." Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the^Sioux nation, who took them up the river, and about the first of May they reached the falls (at Minneapolis) which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony, in honor of his patron saint. Here they left the river and travelled across the country in a northwesterly direction for a distance of about two hundred miles, when they came to the villages of the tribe with whiijh they were prisoners, and by whom they were treated with kindness. They were kept in captivity for a period of three months, at the end of which time they were met by a band of Frenchmen, headed by one Sieur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had penetrated that far by way of Lake Superior. Hennepin and his companions were released to their countrymen and allowed to return with them to the bordei's of civilized life, in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had returned on his second expedition to the wilder- ness. Hennepin soon after went to France, where he published a book giving an account of his adventures among the wild red men of the New World. The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto, in April, 1541, in his vain endeavor to find gold and precious gems. In the following spring, De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander- 8 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY. ings, fell a victim to disease, and died on the 21st of May. His follow- ers, reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue themselves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brigantines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it would lead them to the sea, and came to the Gulf of Mexico in July, and in September reached the island of Cuba. They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi ; but, being so wearied and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country, and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through. To LaSalle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess this entire country for his king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed the portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February, reached the banks of the Mississippi. On the 13th of February they commenced their downward course, which they pursued with but one interruption, until, on the 6th of March, they discovered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters into the gulf. LaSallfe thus narrates the event : '^ We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de LaSalle went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the 8th we reascended the river, a little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the reach of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to the column were affixed the arms of France, with this inscription : •Louis Le Grand, Roi de France et de Navarre, regne; Le neuvieme Avril, IS82.'" The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Deum, and then, after a salute and cries of '■'■Vive le Boi," the column was erected by M. de LaSalle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority of the King of France. LaSalle returned and laid the foundations of the Mississippi settlements in Illinois, thence he proceeded to France, where another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along the shore of the gulf. On his third voyage he was killed through the treachery of his followers, and the object of his expedition WPS not accomplished until 1699, when D'Iberville, under the authority THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 9 of the crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth of the "Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives '■'■ Malhouchia" and by the Spaniards, " La Paissade," from the number of trees growing about its mouth. After examining the several outlets, and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western outlet, and then returned to France. An avenue of trade was now opened out, which was fully improved. In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo- nists. In 1762 the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased by the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the ter- ritory of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came qnder the charge of the United States. Although LaSalle's labors ended in defeat and death, he had not worked and suffered in vain. He had thrown open to France and the world an immense and most valuable country ; had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one settlement in the New World. " Peoria, Kaskaskia andOahokia, are to this day monuments of LaSalle's labors ; for, though he had founded neither of them, (unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecoeur,) it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were peopled and civilized. He was, if not the dis- coverer, the first settler of the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored." The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois, and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil- lages, the other two being Oahokia and Peoria. What is known of these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel Marest, dated "Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de I'Immaculate Conception de la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecoeur. This must have been about the year 1700. The post at Vincennes, on the Oubache River, (pronounced Wa-ba, meaning summer cloud moving swiftly) was estab- lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether probable that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kas- kaskia and Oahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchar- * There is considerable dispute about this date, Bome asserting it was founded as late as 1742. When the new court house at Vincennes was erected, all authorities on the subject were carefully examined, and 1702 fixed upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraved on the corner-stone of the court house 10 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. i' train were laid by De la Motte Cadillac, on the Detroit Kiver. These stations, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settlement and founding of the city of New Orleans by a colony from England, in 1718. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the famous Mississippi Company, established by the notorious John Law, who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away. From the time of the founding of these stations, for fifty years the French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the Lower Missis- sippi, and the war with the Ghicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company did little for Louisiana, as the entire West was then called, yet it opened the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary among the Illinois, writing from '• Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: " We have here whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid (Kaskaskias.) In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred whites, three hundred blacks, and some siKty red slaves or savages. The three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls, all told. Most of the French till the soil; -they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can be consumed ; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated November 7, 1750, this same priest says : " For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only par- tially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point comes all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork and flour, from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, plantations are again met with; the most considerable is a colony of Ger- mans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 11 sixty habitations. ' Fifty leagues farther up is the Natchez post, where we have a garri- son, who are kept prisoners through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. • * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the post at Vincennes in 1812, makes the same observation. Vivier also says : " Some individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada. Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also in this country, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large pieces are found in the streams." At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at the Maumee, in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky, in what may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest they had stations at St. Joseph, on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan, at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackinac or Mas- sillimacanac, Fox Eiver of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were possessors of this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country, and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for securing the great profits arising therefrom. The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the discovery of the Ohio. This "Beautiful" river was discovered by Eobert Cavalier de LaSalle, in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette. While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident soon occurred which de«rded him to fit out an exploring expedition. While conversing with some Senecas, he learnedof a river called the Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state- ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream. LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period believed, 12 THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOEY. that the great rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to embark in the enterprise of discovering a rorJoe across the continent to the commerce of China and Japan. He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gover- nor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant, Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no provision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sulpice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expe- dition, and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money, the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the necessary supplies for the outfit. On the 6th of July, 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons, embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence; two additional canoes carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the pres- ent city of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned from a Shawnee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio in six weeks. Delighted with the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume their journey; but just as they were about to start they heard of the arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved to be Louis Joliet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West. He had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. He gave the missionaKes a map of the country he had explored in the lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and after worship on the lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 13 arriving at Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers, Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field. These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their pat- ron saint. Thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June, without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian. After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the persevering and successTul French explorer of the West, in 1669. The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony- mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count Frontenac, in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony of Virginia, in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty comman- dant at Quebec replied : " We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley." ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seriously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty conclusively, of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as 1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to secure the country west of the AUeghenies to the English crown. In Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov- ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the necessity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, by that power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain to this unexplored wilderness. England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 14 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants to the colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. This latter was also a strong argument. As early as 1684, Lord Howard, Governor of Virginia, held a treaty with the Six Nations. These were the great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations. They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 1701, they reaffirmed the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has often been disputed, but never successfully maintained. In 1744, a purchase was made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the "■ Colony of Virginia," for which the Indians received £200 in gold and a like sum in goods, with a promise that, as settle- ments increased, more should be paid. The commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel William Beverly. As settle- ments extended, the promise of more pay was called to n^nd, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with presents to appease the savages. Colonel Lee and some Virginians accompanied him, with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings regarding- the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In 1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant of land beyond the AUeghenies. This was granted, and the government of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hundred thousand of which were to be located at once. On the 12th of June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west, was made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 acres were given to the Green briar Company. All this time the French were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in the West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French settling upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts, and so gain possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaud- reuil, Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Celeron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, THE NORTHWEST TEKKITORY. 15 in the mounds and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which were inscribed the claims of France. These were heard of in 1752, and within the memory of residents now living along the " Oyo," as the beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found, with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and a copy of the inscription, with particular account of the discovery of the plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the Ameri- can Antiquarian Society, among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there be went down the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present city of Louisville, and in November he commenced a survey of the company's lands. During the winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were busy in preparing their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the English post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked it, and after a severe battle, in which fourteen of the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. (They were probably garrisoned in a block house.) The traders were carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This fort or post was called by the English Pickawillany. A memorial of the King's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the territory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some variation of Pickaway or Piqua in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones, Pickaweke." This was the first blood shed between the French and English, and occurred near the present city of Piqua, Miami county, Ohio, or at least at a point about forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation be- came now more interested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English determined to purchase from the Indians a title to the * The following is a translation of the inscription on the plate: " In the year 1749, reign of Lonis XV. King of France, we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Gallisoniere, commander-in-chief of New France, to establish tranquility in certain Indian villages of these cantons, have buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoln, this 29th of July, near the river Ohio, other- wise Beautiful Biver, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river, and all its tributaries ; inasmuch as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by their arms and treaties; especially by those of Byswick, Utrecht, and Aiz La Ohapelle." 16 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. lands they wished to occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterwards Commander- in-Chief over Washington at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomax and Fatten were sent, in the spring of 1752, to hold a conference with the natives at Logstown, to learn their obiections to the treaty of Lancaster, already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June, these Commissioners met the red men at Logs- town, a little village on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pittsburgh. Here there had been a trading point for many years, but it was abandoned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour, the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catherine Montour, and a chief among the Six Nations, induced him to use his influence in their favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing a deed, confirming the Lan- caster treaty in its full extent,.consenting to a settlement of the country southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley. Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-manoeuvre each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally outwitted the Indians, but failed in many instances to fulfil their con- tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammu- nition. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758 : " The Indians on the Ohio left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The Governor of Vir- ginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when we wanted help, he forsook us." At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered can- non and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The English made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until the summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain of forts already begun, and would not abandon the field. Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard- ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, determined to send to them another messenger and learn from them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the THE NORTHWEST TERMTOKT.' 17 rank of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This personage was no other than the illustrious *George Washington, who then held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied by four servitors, set out ,on their perilous march. They left Will's Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monongahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the following spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Greek. Here the French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the 11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here he delivered Governor Dinwiddle's letter, received his answer, took his observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians who still remained true to him, notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their homeward journey was one of great peril and sufifering from the cold, yet they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754. From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by Washington to Governor Dinwiddle, it was learned that the French would not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made in all the English colonies for the coniing conflict, while the French finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications, and gathered their forces to be in readiness. The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great activities; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which prom- . ised two hundred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who were working away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest. " The first birds of spring filled the air with their song ; the swift 3 18 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. river rolled by the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of spring and the April showers. The leaves were appearing ; a few Indian scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet, that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Treat in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Greek, ten miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilderness, keen eyes had seen the low intrenchment rising at the fork, and swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and upon the morning of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur, and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men and tools, marched up the Monon- gahela." The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the French were determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from Newfoundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pa- cific. The first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had resulted disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed the fortifications begun at the fork^ which they had so easily captured, and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washington was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he en- trenched himself at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and cap- tured a force of FrencTi and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia. The English Government immediately planned four campaigns : one against Fort DuQuesne; one against Nova Scotia; one against Fort Niagara; and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755-6, and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions. The. expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 19 This occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war contin- ued with various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commencement of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secretary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to carry on the war. Three expeditions were planned for this year: one, under General Amherst, against Louisburg; another, under Abercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under Gen- eral Forbes, against Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg, surrendered after a desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the Canadian possessions fell intq^ the hands of the British. Abercrombie captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedi- tion against Fort DuQuesne, of which Washington had the active com- mand, arrived there, it was. found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession, rebuilt the fort, and, in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of Can- ada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point without a blow; and Wolfe, after making the memorable ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement Montcalm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor, marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of Montreal. The Gov- ernor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was surren- dered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace betweeif France and England were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent from Montreal to take chage of Detroit, the only remaining French post in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum- moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, Beletre, refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the 20 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d, under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom, no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not desire their country. This answer conciliated the savages, and did much to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and while on their journey home. Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the common trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is, crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to "Mohickon John's Town" on Mohickon Creek, the northern branch of White Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork. The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule. New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large trade was speedily mailifested. Had the British carried out their prom- ises with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpetrated, and the country would have been spared their recital. The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named Alexander Henry, who, in the spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French, but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Cana- dian to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly re- proached him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He declared that no treaty had been made with them ; no pres- ents sent them ; and that he would resent any possession of the West by that nation. He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dig- nified, and was civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies. The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina, THE NORTHWEST TERKITORT. 21 were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, rati- fied February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the com- mander of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unite in this enterprise. The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 1763. Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hoi-- low of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit. Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclos- ing the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out, however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. He endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions ; but the guilt was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August, 1764, continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark, which, to his credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went further south, living many years among the Illinois. He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the Northern Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed.' Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly have been carried out. It was in the spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex- ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest 22 THE NORTHWEST TEERITOKY. feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies, said: "Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us! We are not your slaves! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation sup- poses that we, like the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them, no presents sent them, and that be and his people were yet for war. Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre- vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming mas- ters of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fontainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in ques- tion. Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to France, and by France sold to the United States. In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Orevecoeur by LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Ohartres, many French set- tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract of rich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. Louis. By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to Eng- land ; but they do not appear to have been taken possession of until 1765, when Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOBY. ' 23 established himself at Fort Chartres, bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage, dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Catholics who worshipped here, and a right to leave the country with their effects if they wished, or to remain with the privi- leges of Englishmen. It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that chieftain. By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settlement in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confederacy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pontiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois Indians, among whom he afterward lost his life. As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the year 1770, a number of persons from Yirginia and other British provinces explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Monon- gahela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. This was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washington was a party. The latter, accompanied by Doctor Craik, Captain Crawford and others, on the 20th of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pittsburgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort. Pittsburgh was at this 'time a trading post, about which was clustered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This same year Captain Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring vil- lages. He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settle- ment, and at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year or two settlers continued to locate near some of these p.osts, generally Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still maintained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the policy of the British government was strongly opposed to the extension of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent 24 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKT. the settlement without the limits prescribed, and to retain the com- merce within easy reach of Great Britain. The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother country ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow." In accordance with this policy. Governor Gage issued a proclamation in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their settlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its change, and to such a Course as to gain the attachment of the French population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extending the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern- ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies; but the early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side of the war for independence. In 1774, Governor Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emi- gration to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt, under the pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it Fort Dunmore. This and Other parties were formed to select sites for settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indi- ans, who yet claimed portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the famous battlfe of. Kanawha, in July, where the Indians were defeated and driven across the Ohio. During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies and the perseverance of individuals, several settlements were firmly established between the AUeghenies and the Ohio River, and Western land speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held in Kaskaskia, on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling themselves the "Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the Kaskaskia, Oahokia and Peoria tribes, two large tracts of THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 25 land lying on the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a merchant from the Illinois countr5', named Viviat, came to Post Vineennes as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested by a number of the inhabitants of Vineennes, and afterward recorded in the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This, and other land companies, had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West; but all were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of April, 17_80, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the " United Illinois and Wabash Land Companj'." They afterwards made strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all signally failed.- When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unorganized country, though there were several settlements within her borders. In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time " Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black inhabitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia contains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771" — when these observations were made — "300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230 negroes." From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a report made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. From it the following extract is made : " Near the mouth of the Eiver Kaskaskia, there is a village which appears to have coutained nearly eighty families from thebeginning of the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la Prairie du Eochers, and near fifty families at the Cahokia village. There are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five miles farther up the river." St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con- tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and re- mained so until ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it, and the country including New Orleans, to the United States, At Detroit there were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 1766 to 1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more than twenty miles, although poorly cuiti- 26 THE NORTHWEST TERKITORT. vated — the people being engaged in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here relate. It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width. As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a perma- nent resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space between Mr. Palmer's store (Oonant Block) and Capt. Perkin's house (near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first three of these gates were block houses provided with four six-pound guns each. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river, and in a parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten to fifteen feet in width. At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present northwest corner of JeflFerson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was inclosed by .pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two stories high, sufficient to contain ten officers, and also barracks suf- ficient to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some hewn and some round. There was one building of fine appear- ance, called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning between nine and ten o'clock. Each furnished four sentinels, who were relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who performed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset; even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock and all the keys were delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter town with any weapon, such as a toma- hawk or a knife. It was a standing order that the Indians should deliver THE NORTHWEST TERBITOBT. 27 their arms and instruments of every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house near the water side for the purpose of holding council with (he Indians. The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by fire, all except one dwel- ling, in 1805. After which the present " new" town was laid out. On the breaking out of the Eevolution, the British held every post of importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their inter- ests, and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in this part of the New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exer- 'cise their civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway burgesses to represent thera in the Assembly of the parent state. Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held in Harrods- burg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards Major, who had arrived in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move unequaled in its Jjoldness. He had been watching the movements of the British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. He saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes, Kas- kaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British intended to penetrate the country from the north and south, and anni- hilate the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, afterwards General George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois set- tlements might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the cer- tainty of the project, he repaired to the capital of Virginia, which place he reached on November 5th. While he was on his way, fortu- nately, on October 17th, Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Gov- 38 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKY. ernor of Virginia, and at once entered heartly into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one, until Clark came, who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the scene of action to be able to guide them. Clark, having satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret, the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order author- ized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of Gen. Hand at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburg, choosing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Ool. W. B. Smith to Hol- ston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave theii; own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present cities of Louis- ville, Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Kemains of this fortifica- tion may yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the 24th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to De- troit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Mississippi river and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of information: one that the alliance had been formed between France and the United States; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois country and the inhabitants at the various fron- tier posts, had been led to believe by the British that the " Long Knives " or Virginians, were the most fierce, blood-thirsty and cruel THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 29 savages that ever scalped a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from gratitude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency. The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun, and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the- fort near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and with- out the loss of a single man or by killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently working upon the fears of the natives, Olark told them they were at perfect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take which- ever side of the great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired eflfect, and the inhabitants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlooked for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and when Olark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accompanied him, and through their influence the inhab- itants of the place surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English into the possession of Virginia. In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Olark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Olark saw that, to retain possession of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boundaries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection with England. Olark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence that the post on the "Oubache" had taken the oath of allegiance to the Old Dominion. During this interval Olark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, suc- cessfully re-enlisted his men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, who had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war, to Richmond. In October the county of Illinois was established by the Legislature of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, and in November General Clark and his men re- ceived the thanks of the Old Dominion through their Legislature. In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore allegiance 30 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down the Wabash to Vincennes, intending to operate from that point in reducing the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the rebels from the West. General Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier county, Virginia, with an attendant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Captain Helm, who, standing at the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assailants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the force in the garrison. Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was contending, gave up his intended campaign for the winter, sent his four hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that un- less he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suflBlciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Missis- sippi a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray. On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring rains, on the 22d reached the fort, ana being joined by his " battoe," at once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American backwoodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kindness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confine- ment. During his command of the British frontier posts, he had ofi"ered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him, and had earned in consequence thereof the title, " Hair-buyer General," by which he was ever afterward known. Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 31 being apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark concluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts. Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in uniting the Western Indians for the next spring's cam- paign, the West would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from the commencement, by the British. " But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed." At this time some fears were entertained by the colonial governments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander- in-Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American independence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the Ohio frontier. Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders, marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These expeditions were in the main successful, and the Indians were com- p'elled to sue for peace. During this same year (1779) the famous "Land Laws" of Virginia were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consec[uence to the pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After pro- viding for the settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and continued until April 26, 1780, when they adjourned, having decided three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the 10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Mississippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below the mouth of the Ohio, on the Kentucky side of the river. The settlements in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emi- grants. It was during this year that the first seminary of learning 32 THE NORTHWEST TEKRITORT. was established in the West in this young and enterprising common- wealth. The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility ot the Indians. Spain had been friendly to the colonies during their struggle for independence, and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the satisfaction of both nations. The winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as the "Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few pioneers lost their lives. The following summer a party of Canadians, and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they were compelled to abandon the contest. They also made an attack on the settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unac- countable manner, they fled the country in great haste. About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress concern- ing the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut. The agitation concerning this subject finally led New York, on the 19th of February, 1780, to pass a law giving to the dele- gates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until September 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body. This basis formed the union, and was the first, after all, of those legislative measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might have easily been effected by Clark, had the necessary aid been furnished him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the government knew that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the territory. Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the counties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jeiferson, and the act establishing the town of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the United States. Vs~' /?£■/? ;»'//l'5 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 33 Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d. day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and the Act of Cession on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was anything further done until 1783. During all that time the colonies were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in consequence . thereof but little heed was given to the western settle- ments. Upon the 16th of April, 1781, the first birth north of the Ohio Kiver of the American parentage occurred, being that of Mary Hecke- welder, daughter of the widely known Moravian missionary, whose band of Christian Indians suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without re- gard to humanity, a deed which forever afterwards cast a shade of shame upon their lives. For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and 1772 in the history of the Northwest. During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyandots. In these horrible acts of cruelty were practiced on the captives, many of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio valleys. Cotemporary with them were several en- gagements in Kentucky, in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who often by his skill and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel destruction. By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had been arranged between the Commis- sioners of England and her unconquerable colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 3d of the next September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the West were as follows: On the north, the line was to extend along the center of the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake; thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi River ; down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude ; thence on that line east to the head of the Appalachicola River ; down its center to its junction with 4 34 THE NORTHWEST TBERITORY. the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements with the Indians throughout Ohio and Indiana occurred, upon whose lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by the proper treaty. To remedy this latter evil. Congress appointed commissioners to treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and prohibited the settlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, not pushed ; and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having on the 20th of De- cember preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded to the United States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hun- dred and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated anywhere north of the Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of Clarksville, about midway between the cities of New Albany and Jef- fersonville, Indiana. While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit refused to evacuate, alleging that he had no orders from his king to do so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the spring of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossess- ing in appearance. He says : •' Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being brought at the vast expense of forty -five shillings per pound from Phila- delphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops, flour, wheat, skins and money. There ate in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel." Kentucky at this time contained thirty thousand inhabitants, and was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instan- THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKY. 35 ces, incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no entries were recorded until 1787. The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the surveys of the lands gained thereby; as well as for those north of the Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made with the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these rnuch land was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel their adherence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786, the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving to excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Con- gress had promised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Eevolution, but owing to the unsettled condition of aflfairs along the Mississippi re- specting its navigation, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded between the two governments. Before the close of the year 1786, however, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September Connecticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a com- pany, who at once took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction of one-third for bad lands and other contingen- cies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the seventh range of townships, on the west by the six- teenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without the reservations. In addition to this, Congress after- ward granted 100,000 acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the resolutions of 1789 and 1790. While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordi- nance for the political and social organization of this territory. When the cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then dis- 36 THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. cussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. By this proposition, the territory was to have been divided into States by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten States, which were to have been nanied as follows — beginning at the northwest corner and going southwardly: Sylvania, Michigania, Ohersonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Polypotamia and Pelisipia. There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of names — the boundaries. The root of the diflGiculty was in the resolu- tion of Congress, passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lands to be fro^n one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles square. These resolutions being presented to the legislatures of Virginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five States, and not less than three. This was ap- proved by the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the government was again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year and until July, 1787, fFhen the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This compact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois, in this book, and to it the reader is referred. The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company was soon followed by an application to the government by John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miarais. This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, being greatly pleased with them, ofi'ered* similar terms to those given to the New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury Board, with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following year. During the autumn the directors of the New England Company were preparing to occupy their grant the following spring, and, upon the 23d of November, made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the surveyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hartford and proceed on their journey westward; the remainder to follow as soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the 3d of October, had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 37 AMEEIOAN SETTLEMENTS. The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now complete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England Com- pany sent their men during the winter of 1787-8, pressing on over the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into Brad- dock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany, where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor. General St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not hav- ing yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them. Washington, in writing of this, the first American settlement in the Northwest, said: " No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better cal- culated to promote the welfare of such a community." On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new-born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the " Mus- kingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block-houses stood was called " Campus Martins; " square number 19, " Capitolium; " square number 61, " C&oilia; " and the great road through the covert way, " i^acra Via." Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, who, with S. H, Parsons and John Armstrong, had been ap- pointed to the judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, Governor St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act of 1787 provided two district grades of govern- ment for the Northwest, under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon the governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony passed on the 25th of July. These provided for the organi- zation of the militia, and on the next day appeared the governor's 38 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto Eiver into the county of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing ceremonies. The emigration . westward at this time was very great. The com- mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between February and June, 1788 — many of whom would have purchased of the " Associates," as the New England company was called, had they been ready to receive them. On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sec- tions upon which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the town is thus narrated in the " Western Annals :" " Mr. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being interpreted, means : ville, the town ; anti, against or opposite to ; os, the mouth ; L. of Licking." Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays- ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1781) caused the "Point," a^ it was and is yet- called, to be fifteen feet under water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clear- ing had been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788, with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain through the winter. They named the settlement THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 39 Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789. On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaugurated President of the American people, and during the next summer an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The Presi- dent at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but was defeated in two battles, near the present city of Fort Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians ; but while he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with a loss of six hundred men. General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue tor peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States. Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected iii the early part of this war on the site of Cincin- nati. Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon- chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud cities of Chicago, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of strongly built, hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth streets of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called 40 THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOKT. the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommoda- tion of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Wash- ington was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments of the Northwestern Territory. Following the consummation of the treaty, various gigantic land speculations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Michigan and Northern Ir:diana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrage- ous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured. No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified, than settlements began to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the Northwest, including Michigan, which was this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were called to give them up, they at once complied, and Greneral Wayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his headquarters to' the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settle- ments were formed at the present city of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middletown to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators began to appear in great numbers. In September, the city of Cleveland was laid out, and during the summer and autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the "Redstone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Ameri- cans venturing yet'into that part of the Northwest. The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, an^ on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKY. 41 known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and con- sidered the capital of the Territory, — to nominate persons from whom the members of the Legislature were to be chosen, in accordance with a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected Presi- dent of the Council. The message of Governor St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress Gen. William Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair. The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by the governor, were thirty-seven. Eleven others were passed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of Decem- ber this protracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day. DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in liOO, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that : "In the three western countries there has been but one court having cognizance of Climes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned criminals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from malting settlements in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assistance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * To min- ister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient 42 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. that a division of said territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States and Canada." The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an act extinguishing the Northwest Terri- tory, which act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these : "That from and after July i next, all that part of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio Eiver, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky Eiver, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal powers of the territories, and other provisions, the act further provides : " That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the said Territories, respectively, ChUlicothe, on the Scioto River, shall be the seat of government of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River ; and that St. Vincennes, on the Wabash River, shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Territory." Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut also, about this time, released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, the first missionary on the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province of Louisiana. In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char- tered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western colonies, education was promptly provided for^ and as early as 1787, newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read through(j,ut the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the North- western Territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of the " compact of 1787" provided that whenever the num- ber of inhabitants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the act more than that number, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 43 the act defining its limits, and on the 29th of November the constitu- tion of the new State of Ohio, so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly within the Territory of Indiana. Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from France by the United States for f 15,000,000. Thus, by a peaceful mode, the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the juris- diction of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early part of this narrative, was called the " New Northwest." The limits of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the College Township in the district of Cincinnati. Before the close of the year, Gen. Harrison obtained additional grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in and about Detroit. C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri- tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post : " The Town of Detroit — the charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now, from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty- four acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belongiug to Wm. Macomb. * * * A stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The streets are narrow, straight and regular, aiJd intersect each other at right angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant." During this year, Congress granted a township of land for the support of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, divijiing it into two portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of government, and the District of Louisiana, which was apnexed to the domain of Gen. Harrison. 44 THE NORTHWEST TEREITORY. On the 11th of January, 1805, the Tierritory of Michigan was formed ; Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month a fire occurred at Detroit, which destroyed, almost every building in the place. When the officers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Ke- building, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built. While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian, Tecumthe, or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecdmseh at the battle of the Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life, and his connection with this conflict. TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812. This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from the site of the present city of Piqua, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa, was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his mother, Methontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last cen- tury to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecumseh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the present city of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In 1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, which had been given to them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chief comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, was five feet and ten inches in height, stoutly built, and possessed of enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleasing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed by most Indians. It is stated that THE NORTHWEST TBREITORT. 45 he could read and write, and that he had a confidential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first house built on the site of Chicago. At this time Tecumseh entered upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of land made by the Indians to the white people, and determined to unite all the Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land could be made save by the consent of this confederation. He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south to the north ; everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect. Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the movements of the Indians became convinced that a grand conspiracy was forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements, Tecumseh's plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity. During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre- paring for the work. In that year, Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians andWeas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon the Wabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter pro- test, averring as one principal reason, that he did not want the Indians to give up any lands north and west of the Ohio River. In August, 1810, Tecumseh visited General Harrison, at Vincennes, and held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly angry at this conference, he was dismissed from the village, and soon after departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict. Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went 'about sixty-five miles up the Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile intentions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He en- camped near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans. Soon after his return from the South, Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was ready to visit the President, according to previous agreement, when he was informed by Gen. Harrison that he would not 46 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. be permitted to go to Washington as a chief, as he desired. This deci- sion of Gen. Harrison so wounded the proud spirit of Tecumseh, that the visit was never made. In June of the following year, Tecumseh visited the Indian agent at Fort Wayne, to whom he disavowed any intention of making war against the United States, and severely reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his people. To the agent's reply Tecumseh listened with cold indifference, and after making a few general remarks, drew his blanket about him and departed from the council house with a haughty demeanor, and immediately departed for Fort Maiden, in Upper Canada, where he allied himself with the British standard. He remained under the British Government and proved an effective ally for the Crown during the War of 1812, which was now opened. It is said of him, however, that he was always humane in his treatment of prisoners of war, and that he never allowed his warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain in battle, nor to wantonly murder a captive. Soon after Perry's victory on Lake Erie, in the summer of 1813, active preparations were made to capture Fort Maiden. On the 27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, embarked for the shores of Canada, and in a few hours reached the point of destina- tion. But the fort had been deserted. The British forces, under command of Gen. Proctor, had retreated to Sandwich, intending to gain the heart of Canada by the valley of the Thames. Gen. Harrison fol- lowed in pursuit, and reached Sandwich on the 29th. On the same day Gen. Mc Arthur took possession of Detroit and the Territory of Michigan. On the 5th of October Proctor's army was overtaken, and the battle of the Thames followed, on the 6th. Early in the engagement, Tecum- seh, who was at the head of the Indian division or column of the "Ked Coats," was killed, when his command became demoralized and panic- stricken, and fled in every direction. The American victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in the Northwest. It has never been definitely known who killed Tecumseh, although the credit of that act has generally been conceded to Colonel Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, who fired at the Indian chieftan with an old- fashioned horse pistol. [Colonel Johnson was the candidate for Vice President on the ticket with Martin Van Buren, in 1840.J In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built THE NOKTHWEST TERBITOKY. 47 about Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts, however, all signally failed. In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory. This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the west- ern part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year, the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hos- tilities, and then began the events already narrated. While this war was in progress, emigration to the West continued with surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt, of New York, the first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonish- ment of the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the " monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on its downward trip. The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not fully restored until July 22d, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green- ville, (now in Dorke county, Ohio,) under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again restored in this part of the New World. Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, but few Indian hostilities were experienced. Roads were opened, canals were constructed, cities were built, common schools were established, and universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan University, have achieved a world-wide reputation. The people were becoming wealthy. The domain of the United States had been ex- tended, and had the children of the forest duly appreciated the good intentions of the government, the record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous prosperity. 48 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ABSTRACT OF TERRITORIAL TITLE. The States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and that part of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River, came from the Northwest Territory, which was ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784. In 1800 Congress deemed it advisable, because of the vast extent of the territory and the difficulty of executing the laws, to divide the territory, and the Ohio Territory, with the bounda- ries substantially the same as those of the present State of Ohio, was created. Two years later (in 1802) Ohio was admitted into the Union as a sovereign and independent State. The act of Congress creating the Territory of Ohio, extinguished the Northwest Territory, and declared that all the remaining part of the Northwest Territory should be called the Indiana Territory. On the 30th day of June,. 1805, the Indiana Territory was divided by the creation of Michigan Territory, with boundaries nearly the same as the present State of Michigan. In 1835 a controversy arose between Michigan and Ohio, in regard to their boundary-line and the right to a strip of land to which both laid claim. At first there was danger of an armed collision, but the excitement passed away without bloodshed. A constitution was adopted and a State government elected in 1835, which were accepted by Congress June 15, 1836, and the State admitted into the Union with the condition that Michigan should accept the boundary claimed by Ohio. This condition was very unsatisfactory to the people of Michi- gan, but it was finally accepted under protest, December 15. 1836, and the State was allowed to record its vote for President that year, although it was' not formally declared a State by act of Congress until January 26, 1837. In 1809 Indiana Territory was again divided, and the Territory of Illinois created. On the 11th day of December, 1816, Indiana was formally declared to be a State of the American Union ; and two years later, in April, 1818, Illinois was admitted to the sisterhood of States. In 1809 Wisconsin was included in the Territory of Illinois, as then formed. When Illinois was admitted into the Union in 1818, Wiscon- sin was still a wilderness, and was annexed to Michigan for such gov- ernment as was needed. In 1836 the population had so increased that a territorial government was organized, which at first included a part of the upper peninsula of Michigan, the whole of Minnesota and Iowa, J/^o-U^t^- <::U)cuy BED WING THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKT. 49 and that part of Dakota lying east of the Missouri and White Earth Rivers. When Michigan was admitted into the Union as a State, part of the Lake Superior region was set oiF to her ; and when the Territory of Iowa was formed in 1838, it included all the region west of the Mis- sissippi. [Two sessions of the Wisconsin Legislature were held at Burlington, Iowa, in 1837 and 1838.] The first effort to procure the admission of Wisconsin to the Union, as a State, was made in 1846, when Congress passed a conditional enabling act. A convention was held that year, and a constitution drafted, which was sent to Congress and submitted to the people for their acceptance. In 1847 Congress passed an act admitting the State under this constitution, but the people •rejected the constitution on account of some objectionable features. Another convention was called December 15, 1847, and another con- stitution drafted and submitted to the people and ratified by them in March, 1848, and the State was admitted to the Union by act of Congress, May 29, 1848. Under the jurisdiction of the Territorial gov- ernment of Wisconsin, county organization was extended to that part of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The county was called St. Croix, with Stillwater as the county seat. In order to complete our chain of territorial title, it is now necessary to go back and bring up the history of the Louisiana purchase, from which much the larger part of the territory included in the State of Minnesota was derived. What is known as the Louisiana Purchase, included nearly all the present States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Dakota Territory, Nebraska, the most of Kansas and the Indian Terri- tory ; part of Colorado, the most of Wyoming, and the whole of Mon- tana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington Territory. As the reader already knows, the Upper Mississippi River and its principal tributaries, was first discovered and explored by the French. DeSoto and his followers were the first to visit the vicinity of New Orleans and to explore the country on both sides of the Lower Missis- sippi. DeSoto died and was buried in the waters of the Great River in 15l3. Marquette and his Canadians descended to the mouth of the Mississippi in 1673, but did not establish any colony or settlement. LaSalle descended the river in 1682, and took possession of the country in the name of Louis XIV, King of France, and give it the name of Louisiana, but it is doubtful whether any colony was attempted pre- vious to 1699, when Iberville and a number of followers commenced a settlement at Biloxi. In 1723 the capital of the colony was removed from New Biloxi to New Orleans. In 1762 France ceded the whole 5 50 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. province, claimed by right of discovery and possession, to Spain, and for thirty-eight years the country remained under the control of the Spanish government. In 1800, at the treaty of Ildefonso, Spain restored the country to the possession of France, and in 1803 it was sold to the United States by Napoleon Bonaparte, then First Consul of France, for 60,000,000 francs, or $11,250,000, and the assumption of what was known as the "French Spoliation Claims," amounting to 13,750,000, and making the total cost to the United States of the vast extent of country described above, only $15,000,000. In 1804, the southern portion of this great domain was erected into a separate territory, and called the Territory of Orleans. In 1810, that portion of the State of Louisiana lying between the Mississippi and the Amite and the Pearl Kiver, which had been ceded by Spain, was annexed to the territory, and in April, 1812, the Territory of Orleans was admitted into the Union as the State of Louisiana. In 1812, when Louisiana was admitted into the Union, the remaining territory was reorganized as Missouri Territory. In 1819, Missouri having framed a State constitution, Arkansas and the Indian Territory were organized as Arkansas Territory, and remained in that condition until June 15, 1836, when the State of Arkansas, with its present boundaries, was admitted into the Union as the twenty-fifth State. [That portion of the Arkansas Territory not included- within the boundaries of the State of Arkansas was set up as the Indian Territory, and is bounded as follows: On the east by the States of Missouri and Arkansas ; on the south by Texas ; on the west by Texas and New Mexico ; and on the north by Kansas. The territory remains for the most part in the ownership and exclusive possession of the Indians, the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Kiowas and Comanches being the strongest in numbers. The last named are untamed and uncivilized) and still adhere to the customs of their tribal ancestors. The four for- mer tribes or nations, especially the Cherokees, are, for the most part, highly civilized and educated. The Cherokees maintain their courts and court buildings ; capital (Tahlequa) and capitol 'buildings ; legisla- tive assemblies, schools, churches, colleges, a newspaper, agricultural association, etc. Besides the tribes iiamed, there are remnants of the Wyandotts, Pottawottomies, Sacs and Foxes, Delawares, Quapaws, Ogages, and some others, who inhabit certain parts of the territory. A good many individuals of these several remnants of tribes — the Qua- paws and Osages, perhaps, excepted — have entirely abandoned their ancient habits of idleness, are cultivating large farms, and are in every way well-to-do.J THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 51. In 1834, all that district north of Missouri and west of the Mississippi Kiver was placed under the jurisdiction of Michigan Territory, When Wisconsin Territory was organized, in 1836, Iowa was made to form a part of it, and the seat of government was fixed at Burlington. June 12, 1838, Congress passed an act which became operative on the 3d day of July following, by which Iowa was separated from Wisconsin, and on the 3d day of March, 1845, Iowa [and Florida] was admitted into the Union as a sovereign and independent State. MINNESOTA. FOOTPRINTS OF FRENCH OCCUPANCY. During the latter part of the seventeenth century, says Mr. Neill, the name of Nicholas Perrot was familiar, not only to the men of business and officers of government at Montreal and Quebec, but around the council fires of the Hurons, Ottawas, Otchagus, Ojibways, Miamis and Dahkotahs. He was a native of Canada, and had been accustomed from childhood to the excitement and incidents of border life, which, to a certain extent, prepared him for the wild scenes of which he was a witness and a participant in his later years. " If the name of Joliet is worthy of preservation," continues the author from which we quote, " the citizens of the Northwest ought not to be willing to let the name of that man die who was the first of whom we have any account that erected a trading post on the Upper Mississippi." Before LaSalle launched the Griffin on Lake Erie and commenced his career of discovery, Perrot, at the request of the authorities in Canada, who looked upon him as a man of great shrewdness and tact, visited the various Indian tribes of the Northwest to prepare them for partici- pation in the grand council or convocation between white men and Indians at Sault Ste. Marie, in May, 1671. That visit made Perrot acquainted, not only with the Indians, their habits and customs, but with the country; and when the council was held, he' became the inter- preter between the French envoy, St. Sussin, and the aborigines, thus giving him character and influence among the people with whom he was afterwards associated as trader. •The accounts Perrot gave of the country he visited when inviting the Indians to the council of which we have just written, attracted the attention of LaSalle, and inspired him to undertake those enterprises that gave distinction to his name. These explorations also unfolded to 52 THE NORTHWEST TEREITORY. Monsieur Perrot the wonderful beauty of the Minnesota country, and influenced him to establish himself as a trader among the Dakotas a few years later. Keferring to the theatre of Perrot's operations, Neill's history of Minnesota appropriately and truthfully remarks : • " One of the most picturesque scenes in North America is the approach to Lake Pepin. For miles the steamboat ascending the Mississippi glides through an extended vista, crowned in the distance by an am- phitheatre of hills which define the basin of the lake. " In the summer the islands of the river, luxuriant with vegetation, and the banks flanked by abrupt blufi's of limestone, with cedar trees standing like sentinels wherever roothold can be found, make an im- pression which the traveler can not erase in a lifetime. " Occasionally these steep walls of stone recede with their fanciful outline of castles and battlements, and prairies sufficiently elevated to be secure from the inundations of spring, appear, which were enticing spots to the ancient voyageur after a long and wearisome day's paddle in his frail canoe. " Just below Lake Pepin, on the west shore, opposite the mouth of the Chippewa River, is one of those beautiful plateaux, which captivated Nicholas Perrot, who had been commissioned by the governor of Canada as commandant of the West" — all of which, at that time, was claimed by France. There are no records to show that Perrot visited this region previous to 1683. Sometime in that year, however, accompanied by twenty other bold and daring Frenchmen, he was voyaging along the Missis- sippi River, and impressed with the peculiar and attractive beauty of the country, they landed their fleet of canoes at the foot of Lake Pepin, determined to make that place the scene of their operations. If Perrot had previously visited Lake Pepin, or any part of the adjacent country, the fact is lost to history, as are the names of his daring companions. In that year, however, and immediately after their arrival, they pro- ceeded to the erection of a rude log fort, which was the first European- fashioned structure erected in any part of all that vast region of country included in the Louisiana purchase. A generation passed, before New Orleans, " two thousand miles lower down the Mississippi, was founded." Mr. Neill continues : " This primitive establishment, within the limits of the State of Minnesota, on some of the maps is appropriately named Fort Perrot." On a map of the year 1700 it was called Fort Bon Secours. Three years later, on a map published in Paris by Wil- liam de I'Isle, it was marked Fort LeSueur. In 1676 Frontenac, who was Governor of Canada, was removed from THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 53 authority because of his opposition to the " ecclesiastics, who deplored the ill effects of rum and licentious ' ooureurs des hois' upon the morals of the savages, and desired both excluded from the country." Frontenac « had no interest in Christianity, and still less confidence in the Jesuits. In a communication to the government he bluntly said to Oobert, the minister, ' to speak frankly to you, they think as much about the con- version of beavers as of souls. The majority of their missions are mockeries.'" In 1683 Frontenac was re-commissioned as Governor of Canada, and soon after assuming the duties of the office, he " issued orders that all Frenchmen in the Upper Mississippi country should return to Mackinaw." In consonance with this order, Perrot aban- doned his fort, and it remained unoccupied until 1688, when he returned with forty men to its re-occupation. In May of the next year Perrot formally claimed the country in the name of his king, and issued the following pronunciamento, which is the first official document relating to Minnesota, and consequently worthy of preservation: "Nicholas Perrot, commanding for the king, at the post of the Nadouessioux,* commis- sioned by Marquis Denonville, Governor and Lieutenant-Governor of all New France, to manage the interest of commerce among all the Indian tribes and people of the Bay des Pnants (Green Bay,) Nadouessioux (Dahkotahs,) Mascoutins and other Western nations of the Upper Mississippi, and to take possession in the king's name of all the places where he has heretofore been and whither he will go. " We, this day, the eighth of May, one thousand six hundred and eighty-nine, do, in the presence of the Reverend Father Marest of the Society of Jesus, missionary among the Nadouessioux; of Monsieur de BoriegulUot [Charlevoix writes Boisguillot,] command- ing the French in the neighborhood of the Ouiskonchef on the Mississippi; Augustine Legardeur, Esquire, Sienr de Caumont, and of Messieurs LeSueur, Herbert, Lemire and Blein, " Declare to all whom it may concern, that they being come from the Bay des Pnants, and the Lake of the Ouiskonches, and to the river Mississippi, we did transport our- selves to the country of the Nadouessioux on the border of the river St. Croix,t and at the mouth of the river St. Pierre,§ on the bank of which were the Mantantans, and farther up to the interior to the Northeast of the Mississippi, as far as the Menchoka- tonx (M'daywawkawtwawns,) with whom dwell the majority of the Songeskitons, and other Nadouessioux, who are to the northeast of the Mississippi, to take possession for, and in the name of the king, of countries and rivers inhabited by the said tribes, and of which they are proprietors. The present act done in our presence, signed with our hand and subscribed." The second French post was built by LeSueur, in 1695, by order of * On the first of September, 1678, Daniel Greysolon du Suth, a native of Lyons, left Quebec, to explore the conntry of the Assineboines and Dabkotahs. On the Sind of July, 1679, he cansed his king's arms to beplantedin the "great Tillage of Nadouessioux (Dahkotahs,) called Kathio, where no Frenchman had ever been; also, at Songaskicons and Honetbalons, 120 leagues distant from the former. Du Suth also built the first trading post oh Lake Superior, beyond Saalt St. Marie, The site of this post was at the mouth of Pigeon Eiver- The post was built of pine logs.— iV«iB. + Wisconsin (Fort St. Nicholas,) Ouisconcbe, Mesconsing, Onisconsing, Wisconsan, are some of the former spellings of this word. X Named after Mons. St . Croix, who was drowned at its mouth.— io Harpe't Louisiana. % Nicollet supposes that this river bore the name of Capt. St. Pierre. 54 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Frontenac. The site of this post is on an island on the west side of the channel of the Mississippi Eiver, about eight miles above Eed Wing, and is therefore in Goodhue county. The island was easily accessible by canoes, yet very retired. The fort was erected as a barrier and pro- tection against hostile Indians. Referring to its location, Charlevoix said : " The island has a beautiful prairie, and the French of Canada have made it a channel of commerce for the western posts, and many pass the winter here, because it is a good country for hunting." It is said that the foundation of this old fort is still pretty clearly outlined. Its location, at least, is well known to many of the residents of Good- hue county, whose farms are in the near vicinity of the island upon which it was built. The third fort was completed on the 14th of October, 1700, and was located at the mouth of St. Remi, a small tributary of Blue Earth River. It was founded by LeSueur, who visited that country to search for copper. This fort was " called L'Huiller, after the Farmer-General in Paris, who had aided the project " of searching for copper mines. The fourth and last French post or fort, of which there is any known record, was built by LaPerriere du Boucher, in the fall of 1727. This post was located on the Minnesota side of the Mississippi, opposite Maiden Rock. Boucher is known to American history as the leader of the Indian attack on Haverhill, Massachusetts, a few years before the building of this fort. Haverhill was completely sacked by the red fiends and their devilish white leader. The puritan minister of the vil- lage was killed, his wife was scalped, and the brains of their infant child dashed out against the ground. FORT SNELLING. ADVANCE GUARD OF AMERICAN OCCUPANCY. " On the 10th of February, 1819," says Mr. Neill, in his History of Minnesota, ;' an order was issued from the War Department, concen- trating the Fifth Regiment of Infantry at Detroit, with a view to trans- portation by way of Fox and Wisconsin rivers to Prairie du Ohien. After garrisoning that post and Rock Island, the remainder were to proceed to the mouth of the Minnesota, then designated as the Saint Peter's, to establish a post at which the headquarters of the regiment were to be located. About the time of this order, the portion of Illi- nois territory not included within the State of that name was attached to Michigan, of which Lewis Cass was governor. Crawford county, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 55 Wisconsin, was organized under an act of the territorial legislature of Michigan, approved October 16, 1818,* and when the Fifth Regiment above quoted, set out from Detroit for its new field of service on the banks of the Mississippi, Colonel Leavenworth, its commander, was entrusted with commissions in blank for the county officers. He was also empowered to set the machinery of the county in motion, and by form of election or otherwise, submit the choice of officers to the inhab- itants. After some difficulty, he succeeded in getting John W. Johnson, United States factor, to consent to serve as chief justice of the county court ; Michael Brisbois and Francis Bouthillier were chosen as asso- ciates ; Wilfred Owens was appointed judge of probate ; John S. Findlay was designated as clerk of the court ; and Thomas McNair was selected to serve as sheriff." After completing this trust. Colonel Leavenworth left Prairie du Chien on Sunday morning, the eighth of August, with a detachment of ninety-eight men, twenty men as laborers, boatmen, etc., and fourteen batteaux and two large keel boats, for the site of the first American fort to be erected within the limits of Minnesota. In consequence of the low stage of water which prevailed at that time, more than a month was consumed in making the trip, as the expedition did not arrive at its point of destination until the seventeenth of September. While rude huts and pickets were being erected, the officers, and such of their wives and children as accompanied them, lived in the large boats." " Before the quarters were completed," remarks Minnesota's historian (Neill,) the reign of winter was felt, and the removal from the open boats to the log cabins, plastered with clay, was considered a privilege." During the winter the scurvy appeared among the troops,f and raged so extensively, that fof a few days military duty was suspended. It is said that " so sudden was the attack, that soldiers apparently in good health when they retired at night, were found dead in the morning. One man who was relieved from his tour of sentinel duty, and stretched himself upon a bench, when he was called four hours after to resume his duties, was found lifeless." In the month of May, 1820, the command "entered into summer encampment at a spring not far from the old Baker trading house. The camp was named Coldwater." Colonel Leavenworth remained in command at the new cantonment until August, 1820, when he was relieved by Colonel Josiah. Snelling, and on the 10th of September following the corner stone of Fort St. * WilUams' History of Ramsey County and St. Paul. tSiWey. 56 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Anthony was lowered to its place. The first barracks were log struc- tures. When the winter of 1820-21 came in, no part of the fort was far enough advanced to afibrd protection from the cold and storms, and the troops were forced to retreat to the quarters occupied during the pre- vious winter. The pine lumber used in the construction of the fortifications was cut on Kum River by the soldiers, and was the first ever cut in the territory. In the fall of 1822, the fort was so far completed as to admit of its occupancy, and from that time to the present it has never been un- occupied. During the summer of 1820, Governor Cass, of Michigan ; Dr. Wolcott, Indian agent at Chicago and surgeon ; Oaptain Douglass, military engi- neer ; H. R. Schoolcraft, mineralogist ; Lieutenant Mackay ; James Doty, Esq., secretary ; Major Forsyth, private secretary to the governor ; C. C. Trowbridge, topographer, besides the voyageurs, soldiers and Indians accompanying the party, and amounting in all to about forty persons, after visiting the upper part of the country, came down to Fort St. Anthony. The object of the visit (which originated with Governor Cass and was approved by John C. Calhoun, then Secretary of War,) was for the purpose of becoming better acquainted with the Indian tribes and the mineral and . agricultural resources of this district of country, then included in Michigan Territory, of which Cass was gover- nor. The party arrived at the garrison at " Camp Cold Water" on the 30th of July, when all was busy, and were received with the customary national salute. In addition to the work that had been done on the fort, ninety acres of ground had been broken and were under cultivation. Green peas had been ready for the table on the fifteenth of June ; corn was ripe enough for roasting ears on the fifteenth of July, and wheat was ripe for the harvest. In 1824 General Winfield Scott visited Fort St. Anthony on a tour of inspection, and at his suggestion the name was changed to Fort Snel- ling, the reason for the change being fully explained in the following extract from his report to the War Department: " TMs work, of whlcli the War Department is in possession of a plan, reflects the highest credit on Col. Snelling, his officers and men. The defenses, and for the most part the public storehouses, shops and quarters being constructed of stone, the whole is likely to endure as long as the post shall remain a frontier one. The cost of erection to the government has only been the amount for tools and iron, and the per diem paid to soldiers employed as mechanics. " I wish to suggest to the General-in-Chief, and through him to the War Department, the propriety of calling this work Fort Snelling, as a jnst compliment to the meritorious officer under whom it has been erected. " The present name [Fort St. Anthony] is foreign to all our associations, and is THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 57 geographically Incorrect, as the work stands at the junction of the Mississippi and St. Peter rivers, eight miles below the great falls of the Mississippi, and called after St. Anthony." The suggestion of Gen. Scott was adopted and orders were issued accordingly, since when the name of Fort St. Anthony only exists in history. Col. Henry Leavenworth, under whose direction the beginning of Fort Snelling was commenced, was born in Connecticut, December 10, 1783, and was educated to the profession of the law. When the war of 1812 broke out he was commissioned Captain in the twenty-fifth Infantry in April, 1812; promoted to Major of ninth Infantry in August, 1813; brevetted Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel for distinguished services at Chippewa, July 5, 1814, and at Niagara Falls, where he was wounded. He was appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the fifth Infantry in February, 1818, and became Brevet Brigadier General in July, 1824, and Colonel of the third Infantry December 16, 1825. He established various mili- tary posts on the frontier, one of which, the flourishing city of Leaven- worth, Kansas, perpetuates his name. He died at Cross Timbers, Texas, July 21, 1834. It will not be inappropriate to remark here that the first white women to visit Minnesota were the wives of army officers. The first of these came in September, 1819, with Col. Leavenworth. On Saturday, " the 28th of September," as related in Major Forsyth's narrative, that gentleman, " accompanied by Col. Leavenworth, Major Vose, Dr. Pur- cell, Lieutenant Clark and Mrs. Gooding (the wife of Captain Gooding of the Fifth regiment,) set out to visit St. Anthony's Falls." Conse- quently there is no reason to doubt that Mrs. Gooding was the first white woman who ever saw that rushing, roaring cataract. Mrs. Clark, the wife of the commissary of the post, came in 1820, bringing an infant that was born at Fort Winnebago, Wisconsin. Besides these there were others, for Mrs. Ellet, in a sketch of Mrs. Clark, says : " Huts had also to be built, though in the rudest manner, to serve as a shelter during thp winter, from the rigors of a severe climate. After living with her family in the boat for a month, it was a highly appreciated luxury for Mrs. Clark to find herself at home in a log hut, plastered with clay and chinked for her reception. It was December before they got into winter quarters, and the fierce winds of that exposed region, with terrific storms now and then, were enough to make tbem keep within doors as much as possible. Once in a violent tempest the roof of their dwelling was raised by the wind, and partially slid off; there was no protection for the inmates, but the baby in the cradle was pushed under 58 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. the bed for safety. Notwithstanding these discomforts and perils, the inconveniences they had to encounter, and their isolated situation, the little party of emigrants were not without their social enjoyments ; they were nearly all young married persons, cheerful and fond of gayety, and had their dancing assemblages once a fortnight." Mrs. Snelling accompanied her husband when he came to relieve Ool. Leavenworth, and a few days after their arrival at Mendota, a daughter was born unto them. After a brief existence of thirteen months the little one passed beyond the shadows, and was buried in the graveyard of the fort. "It was the first interment," says Mr. Neill, '' and the stone which marks its remains can still be seen." THE SWISS COLONY AND FIRST FARMERS — FORCIBLE REMOVAL FROM THEIR FARMS — DESTRUCTION OF THEIR HOUSES AND HOMES. Closely associated with the early days of Fort Snelling is the history of a small Swiss colony of farmers that settled in the vicinity. " Before the eastern wave of emigration had ascended above Prairie du Chien," says Mr. Neill, " the Swiss had opened farms on or near St. Paul, and should be recognized as the first actual settlers in the country." These early first farmers were industrious and thrifty, and rapidly accumulated stock and other evidences of prosperity. Their settle- ments were made in 1836, before the Indian title to the land on the east side of the river, between Minneapolis and St. Paul, was extin- guished. " By the treaty of September, 1837, made by the Dakotahs with the United States, which was ratified by the Senate, on the fifteenth of June, 1838, the Indian title to the tract in question ceased. In March, 1838, the commander at Fort Snelling selected this land as a part of a military reservation ; consequently it was withheld from sale. Those who had made claims upon it were much dissatisfied, and evinced a disposition to resist, and orders were issued from the War Depart- ment to the United States Marshal of Wisconsin, to remove the intrud- ers. The greater portion of the settlers were Swiss, and after all their migrations from Switzerland, via Hudson Bay Company's possessions, to the present desirable location, they were loath to depart. The troops were summarily called out from the fort on the tenth of May, 1840, and the settlers, with undue haste, removed, and on the next day the troops destroyed their cabins to prevent reoccupation." Mr. Stevens, in an address on the early history of Hennepin county, says : " This colony consisted of Louis Massy, Mr. Perry, Pierrie Garvas and others. * * * Some had their houses torn down ; others were more unfortunate, and had their buildings THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 59 burnt. To the latter class Mr. Garvas belonged. Mr. Perry was the Abraham of Hennepin county. He resided in t'ront of the slaughter- house, near the landing. He pitched his tent, after being driven off his first home, on the bank of the brook between the Cave and St. Paul. Here he attended to his numerous flocks, and cultivated a field, and, I think, died below St. Paul near where the large hotel was burnt, a year or two since. He was a Swiss by birth. At one time he owned more cattle than all the rest of the inhabitants of what is now Minnesota, if we except Mr. Renville." After being removed from their homes, the Swiss colonists scattered to different parts of the country. Some of them remained in Minne- sota, some went to Wisconsin, and a few, we believe, found their way to Vevay, Indiana, a town that was founded by their countrymen. Such was the beginning and ending of the first attempt at farming in Minnesota. FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS — POPULATION IN 1849. The permanent occupancy of Minnesota by American civilization commenced when Col. Leavenworth arrived at Mendota with a detach- ment of the Fifth Regiment D. S. Infantry on the 17th of September, 1819. More than a quarter of a century passed after that date, how- ever, before the land began to be occupied for purposes of agriculture. In all these years the country remained an unbroken and undisturbed wild, inhabited only by native red men, the animals natural to the climate, herbs and grasses, and a few Indian traders scattered here and there through the territory. Steamboats and steamboating were unknown on the Upper Mississippi previous to 1823, and up to May 26, 1826, only fifteen steamboats had ascended the "Father of Waters" as far as Fort Snelling. Even as late as 1849, when the Territory of Min- nesota was organized, the settlements were " few and far between." West of the Mississippi River, and north from the Iowa State line to the British possessions, the country was still owned and occupied by the Indians. At Wabasha there was a trading poet in charge of Alexis Bailly, where was also the home of the old voyageur, A. Rogue. F. S. Richards kept a store house at the foot of Lake Pepin, probably at or near the site of the fort built by Perrot. An eccentric character, named Wells, whose wife was a hois brule, and the daughter of the old-time trader Duncan Graham, lived on the west side of the lake. Wells lived in a stone house, probably the first of the kind erected in any part of the territory. At Red Wing there was a cluster of bark wigwams and a 60 THE NORTHWEST TEKRITORY. Presbyterian Mission House. The next nucleus of settlement was at Kaposia, also an Indian village, and the residence of Rev. T. S.William- son, M. D., a Presbyterian missionary. On the east side of the Mississippi River, settlements commenced at Point Douglas, at the mouth of the St. Croix River, There were also a few settlers and farmers at Red Rock, the site of a former Methodist station. St. Paul was just emerging from a semi-barbarous condition — Indian whiskey shops and birch-roofed cabins of half-breed voyageurs. A few frame tenements had been erected ; and under the management of H. M. Rice, who had secured an interest in the townsite, some ware- houses were being constructed, and the foundations of the American House were laid. There was, perhaps, a population of two hundred and fifty or three hundred people, for the rumor had become current that the new town might be named in the act creating the territory as the capital thereof. There was also a settlement at and around Stillwater, as already men- tioned. Joseph R. Brown had secured the organization of St. Croix county when a member of the Wisconsin Territorial Assembly, and his town of Dakota had been named as the county seat. Then came the McKusicks and their associates, who laid the foundations of the present city of Stillwater. There was also a settlement at Mendota, and several beginnings of settlements in other parts of the territory — but they were scattering. When the census of the territory was taken in the summer of 1849, as required by the organic act, the total population was 4,940, including the soldiers and women and children in the forts. RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS. PIONEER MISSION WORK — THE CATHOLICS. The following account of early religious movements is based upon an article prepared by Rev. C. Hobart, for the Minnesota Historical Soci- ety, in 1851. The first effort to establish Christianity in this territory was probably niade by the Roman Catholic Church. And although names and dates cannot be furnished by me, yet it is inferable, from the known zeal of her priesthood, and the fact that almost the entire trade with the Indi- ans for more than fifty years, was in the hands of the French voyageurs, who were mostly French Catholics. Chapels were built at Lake Pepin, St. Paul and Mendota. They were rude, primitive structures, built THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 61 mostly of logs, and appear to have been erected many years ago. Rev. Mr. Kavoux officiated at St. Paul and Mendota, and a missionary was sent to Pembina in 1850. INDIAN MISSIONS — AMERICAN BOARD. The first in the territory, so far as I can learn, was established at Sandy Lake, in 1832 — Edmund F. Ely, teacher and catechist. The second, at Leech Lake, in 1833 — William T. Bontwell, missionary and teacher. In 1834 a mission was commenced at Fond du Lac, at the head of Lake Superior — E. F. Ely, teacher and catechist. Li 1835 another mission was established at Pokegoma (Snake River.) The above were intimately connected with missions at LaPointe and Yel- low Lake, now within the bounds of Wisconsin. All the missions within the territory alluded to above were continued with some varia-^ tions, until within a few years, when they were given up. In 1835 Dr. Williamson visited this country for the purpose of estab- lishing missions among the Sioux. Sometime after that, in connection with Messrs. G. H. and S. W. Pond, Stevens, Riggs and Huggins, and perhaps others, missions were established at Lac qui Parle, Traverse des Sioux, and at several other places along the St. Peters. Also at Kapo- sia and Red Wing on the Mississippi. These missions were still con- tinued when this article was prepared by Mr. Hobart, the missionaries having labored amid difficulties and privations with an amount of zeal worthy of all praise. METHODIST MISSIONS. Missions were established by the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1837, by Rev. Alfred Brunson and Rev. David King, at Kaposia and St. Peters among the Sioux. In 1838 these missions were continued ; and in 1839 Rev. S. Spates, Huddleston, George Copway and John Johnson, (the two last named converted Chippewas,) were sent to Grow Wing and Sandy Lake as missionaries to the Chippewas. The Crow Wing mission, after a few years, was given up, and a mission established at Fond du Lac. The mission at Kaposia was changed to Red Rock, and continued until 1842, when it was discontinued. In 1851 there were but two missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church to the Indians within the bounds of the territory, viz., at Sandy Lake and Mille Lac, — the last named was established in 1850. In addition to the missionaries already named, Rev. Messrs. B. F. Kavenaugh, H. Kavenaugh, J. W. Pope, G. 62 THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKT. Whitford, H. J. Brace and McReynolds labored more or less in the territory among the Indians. OBEKLIN MISSIONS. In 1843 Rev. F. Ayer and wife, assisted by Messrs. Spencer, Wright, Barnard and Dr. Lewis, were sent out by a Presbyterian Missionary Society, located at Oberlin, Ohio. After that time missions were estab- lished by them among the Chippewas, at Red Lake, Cass Lake, and Little Lake Winnepeg. These missions were still in operation in 1851. SWISS MISSION. This mission was established at Mount Trempeleau, by Rev. Messrs. Dentgn and Gavan, in 1837, and removed to Red Wing village at the head of Lake Pepin, in 1838, where it was continued until Mr. Denton's health failed in 1846, when it was given up to the American Board. From 1846 to 1848 it was unoccupied, but in the year last named Revs. John Alton and Joseph W. Hancock were appointed to the work. Mr. Alton commenced his labors soon after his appointment. Mr. Hancock arrived June 13, 1849. The two men did not co-operate many months until they separated — Mr. Alton going elsewhere. Mr. Hancock re- mained and continued the mission work until the Indians were removed in 1853. MISSIONS TO THE INHABITANTS OF MINNESOTA TERRITORY. METHODIST MISSIONS. The first missionary sent to this country to preach to the white settlers was the Rev. Mr. Hurlbrest, of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He came in the fall of 1844, and left in the spring of 1846. In Sep- tember, 1846, Rev. J. W. Putnam, of the same church, was appointed to the St. Croix mission, which included all the settlements on the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers, above Point Douglas. He was con- tinued two years, and was succeeded in 1848 by Rev. Benjamin Close. In 1849, three missionaries were sent to the territory, and stationed as follows: Stillwater, James Harrington; St. Anthony Falls, Enos Stevens ; St. Paul, C. Hobart. Mr. Hobart was the presiding elder of the Minnesota district at that time. In 1850, Rev. James Harrington was re-appointed to Stillwater ; Rev. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 63 L. Dickens, to St. Paul ; Rev. C. A. Newcombe, to St. Anthony Falls. Point Douglas was supplied with Rev. L. Nobles. J. Harrington died in August, which caused the removal of L. Nobles to Stillwater, and the appointment of Rev. J. W. Dow to Point Douglas. C. Hobart was appointed presiding elder of Minnesota district, including all of Min- nesota Territory and that part of Wisconsin north of the Wisconsin River. BAPTIST MISSIONS. In February, 1849, Rev. M. Parsons was appointed by the American Home Mission Society as missionary to St. Paul, and arrived May 17th. In the fall of the same year, Rev. Mr. Brown was sent out by the same society, and stationed at Stillwater. In 1850, Mr. Parsons was contin- ued at St. Paul ; Mr. Brown appointed to St. Anthony Falls ; and Rev. Mr. Webber sent to Stillwater. PRESBYTERIAN AND CONGREGATIONAL MISSIONS. In May, 1849, Rev. E. D. Neill visited St. Paul and preached once, when he returned to Illinois and then to Philadelphia ; was appointed missionary to this place by the Home Missionary Society, and returned with his family in July. Rev. Mr. Whitney came to Stillwater in the fall of the same year. In 1850, Mr. Neill was continued at St. Paul, and Mr. Whitney at Stillwater. During the fall. Rev. Mr. Secombe arrived at St. Anthony Falls, and the Rev. Mr. Hall was sent to Point Douglas and Cottage Grove. Messrs. Secombe and Hall were Congregationalists. EPISCOPAL MISSION. In the summer of 1850, Rev. Messrs. Breck, Wilcoxson and Merrick located themselves at St. Paul as missionaries of the above-named church to the territory. They visited every neighborhood on foot, once in three weeks, from Fort Ripley to Point Douglas, and thence to the falls of St. Croix, besides maintsiining regular service at St. Paul. ORGANIZATION OF OHURCHES. The first Protestant church organized in the territory was organized at Fort Snelling, in 1833 or 1834, according to the statements of Dr. Williamson, Hon. H. H. Sibley and Col. Loomis. This church was dissolved soon after. The first permanent organization was of the Methodist church, in 1844, by Rev. Mr. Hurbut. The following table will show when and by whom churches were organized in St. Paul : 64 THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. CHURCHES. Methodist E. Church.. Baptist Church . . . . Presbyterian Church.. Episcopalian Church . . WHEN OHGANIZBD. Dec. 31, 1848. Dec. 29, 1849. Jan. 6, 1850. Not organized MINISTERS. Rev. B. Close Rev. J. C. Parsons. Rev. E.D.Neill.... Rev. Mr. Breck.... NO. WHEN ORGANIZED. 8 12 9 NO. AT PRESENT. 52 14 15 CHURCH ORGANIZATION AT ST. ANTHONY FALLS. CHURCHES. ■WHEN ORGANIZED. BY WHOM. NO. WHEN ORGANIZED. NO. AT PRESENT. Methodist E. Church .... Sa^Dtist Ohuroh ■ . . October, 1849. July 13, 1850. Sept. 1, 1850. Not organized Rev. E. Stevens .... Rev. W. C. Brown. Rev. Mr. Wheeler.. 13 13 12 24 18 Presbyterian Church . . . Episcopalian Church 15 MORALITY OF THE EARLY SETTLERS. [JVom Hon. S. E. Sibley's Beminiscences of the Early Days of Minnesota.'] It has been made a subject of frequent remark, that the settlement of Minnesota has been singularly free from the disorders land deeds of violence which have almost invariably accompanied the same process in other Western Territories and States. Crimes of magnitude, espe- cially such as involved the destruction of human life, have been so rarely committed, that the whole record of Minnesota in that respect, may be advantageously compared with that of any State in the Union. I attribute this, mainly, to the fact that Minnesota, California and Ore- gon were settled simultaneously, and that the gold fields of the Pacific attracted thither a host of reckless adventurers, who would otherwise have found a home among us. Thus while that class emigrated to the other side of the stony mountains, in pursuit of the precious metals, the men who had it in view to gain a subsistence by honest labor, sought the fertile prairies of Minnesota with their families. It is hardly necessary to mention that while our population is many thousands less than it would have been, but for the attractions referred to in another quarter, the State has been vastly benefitted by remaining free from the presence of a large number of that description of persons who are popularly said to " live by their wits." The infusion of such an element into our population would have resulted in a rehearsal on an extensive scale of those scenes of sanguinary violence which have disgraced the early history of so many of the border States. * PIONEER CHARACTER — FALSE OPINIONS. If there is any one class more than another that deserves the grateful remembrance and homage of the American people, it is the p'ioneers William Howe REDiYING. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 65 — the men and women who go ahead to spy out the land and mark the way for the possession and occupancy of the savage wilds of our front- ier domain by the sons and daughters of civilization. As a rule, the Pioneers are bold, fearless, industrious, enterprising, self-reliant and , determined. They may not always be educated men and women, as the phrase goes, — they may not be learned in the lore of the books, — but they possess an intuitive knowledge, a native sense, that renders them the equals, sometimes the superiors, of those of their fellows who were educated within and graduated from seminaries and colleges. And yet it has happened that men of culture, from some cause or other, chose to abandon the busy haunts and thronged marts of civilization, to seek homes in the midst of frontier wilds. But, whether learned or not, there is a certain grandeur and nobleness of character about frontiers- men — the advance guards of a higher order of civilization — that com- mands respect, admiration and honor. Building their homes in the midst of Indians, where they are untrammeled and unfettered by the conventionalities of refined society, the maturitj"^ of their manhood and womanhood is reached under nature's teachings. Beyond the reach and the influence of the deceptions, the hypocrisies and the false assumptions incident to the corrupted condition of modern civilization, their characters remain untainted by tricks of dishonesty, and they develop into true nobleness of thought, of purpose and of action. " As a class," writes one of Minnesota's most respected and honored citizens, " the Pioneers of Minnesota were far superior in morality, education and intelligence to the pioneers of most of the other territo- ries, and they left a favorable impress upon the character of the State. They were by no means free from the vices and frailties of poor human- ity ; but, on the other hand, they were, for the most part, distinguished for charity to the poor and friendless, hospitable even to a fault, and enthusiastically devoted to the interests and the prosperity of our beau- tiful Minnesota. Although, generally speaking, men of limited educa- tion, there were exceptions to this rule, individuals being found among them of respectable literary attainments. And they were, for the most part, religiously inclined. Men who, like Cooper's " Leatherstocking," are brought face to face with Nature in her deepest solitudes, are led naturally to the worship of that Great Being whose hand alone could have created the vast expanse of wood and prairie, mountain, lake and river which spread themselves daily, in endless extent and variety, before their eyes. They were not particularly given to respect law, especially when it favored speculators at the expense of the settler. At the land sales at the Falls of St. Croix, in 1848, when the site of the 6 66 THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. present city of St. Paul, and the tracts adjacent thereto on the east side of the Mississippi, were exposed to public sale, Gen. H. H. Sibley was selected by the actual settlers to bid off portions of the land for them, and when the hour for business had arrived, his seat was invariably surrounded by men with huge bludgeons. What was meant by the proceeding Gen. Sibley could only surmise, but he says he would not have envied the fate of the individual who would have ventured to bid against him." An opinion prevails among some people in the old settled parts of the country, that pioneers are rude and boorish, and that because of their isolation and surroundings, they become ignorant " Know-nothings," and easy victims to the wiles and intrigues of those speculatively inclined. The belief is not founded in fact, nor will it stand the test of trial, unless to be defeated. It is true that isolation and long absences from the circles of society may render their movements a little awk- ward in fashionable drawing-rooms ; they may not be as polished in their manners as those who never left the shadows of colleges and tailor shops, but there is a genuine hospitality and courtliness about them that always commands respect. The charge of ignorance is equally ground- less, as is shown in the fact that some of the ablest, as well as the most honest representatives in the national legislature, graduatedivora pioneer huts. No better illustration of this position can be offered, and in fact no better argument is needed, than in the case of H. H. Sibley, the first delegate to Congress from the Minnesota Territory. Mr. Sibley came to the country in November, 1834, long before there was any other people than a few French traders, half-breed voyageurs and Indians to be seen. After a continued residence of fourteen years in the midst of such surroundings, he was sent to Washington to represent the interests of the embryo teraitory among the learned men of the nation. No Senator, no Representative, no matter from what constituency, ever made a prouder record or commanded more solid respect from the assembled Solons of the American Republic than Mr. Sibley. His speech before the Committee on Elections of the House of Representa- tives, December 22, 1848, which is published elsewhere, was one of the njost forcible and convincing arguments ever presented to that body. The subject of the speech — the cause of it, as the reader will see, was a singular one, almost if not entirely without precedent ; but it was so ably and carefully presented, that the right of his admission to a seat in the House as a delegate from the residum of Wisconsin Territory, {i. e., that part of the old Territory of Wisconsin which had been struck off and left without even a provisional government when the boundary THE NORTHWEST TERKITOBY, 67 lines of the State of Wisconsin were established,) was recognized. That victory was the beginning of Minnesota's glory — the first step towards her proud grandeur as a sovereign and independent State of the American Union. Mr. kSibley has related that when his credentials as delegate were presented by Hon. James Wilson, of New Hampshire, to the House of Representatives, some curiosity was manifested by the members to see what kind of a person had been selected to represent the distant and wild territory claiming representation in Congress. He was told by a New England member, with whom he subsequently became quite inti- mate, that there was some disappointment felt when he made his appearance, for it was expected that the delegate from this remote region would make his debut, if not in full Indian costume, at least with some peculiarities of dress and manners characteristic of the rude and semi-civilized people who had sent him to the capitol. They were disappointed, for instead of a rude, unlettered backwoodsman, they found Mr. Sibley would compare favorably with the members of that body in every particular. • , The imputation that a pioneer people fall easy victims to adventurers and speculators is an idle one. As a class, they are keen, shrewd men, of quick perceptions and ready ken, and those who imagine them to be fools or dolts in maintaining their rights and " holding their own" in making bargains — buying and selling — are sadly at fault. The following anecdote, for the first time in print, is given in illus- tration, the circumstances of which were well known to the writer. A good many years ago, Ewing, a fur merchant, who operated throughout all this region of country, and whose home was at Fort Wayne, Indiana, became interested in the son of one of the early settlers of Whitley county in that State, named Miner, and commis- sioned him to buy furs in his immediate neighborhood. Young Miner was very apt, and took readily to the business. Ewing was so well pleased with his protege that as he grew in years and experience he gave him enlarged territory. Prosperity attended all his transactions and at last he was taken into the full confidence of his employer, and entrusted with the entire management of certain branches of the busi- ness. While thus employed Miner grew to manhood. He had been careful of his earnings, and prudently invested his savings in property in the " City of Spires," and at last married, and came to be acknow- ledged as one of the most prosperous and promising business men of the community. When the St. Paul fever of speculation was at its height. Miner fell a victim to it, and expressed a determination to con- 68 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKT. vert his property into money, and remove to the capital of the new territory, assigning as a reason, that as the country was new and settled with a people who always kept in advance of civilization, they knew nothing about the " tricks of trade," and that they had no money upon which to speculate if they did. To use his own words, " They were ignorant, foolish pioneers, and easily hoodwinked. With what money I can carry with me, I can go up there and in a very short time double it by trading with them. A little money will do a great deal with that class of men, the most of whom never had a hundred dollars at one time in their lives." His friends sought to dissuade him from his pur- pose, but in vain. He converted his property into money, and started for St. Paul with about twenty thousands dollars. In a little more than a year from the time he left, his old friends were surprised to see Miner back in the streets of Fort Wayne, looking somewhat seedy in dress and careworn in features. "Hello, Miner; back again, eh? How's Saint Paul?" was the greetings that came from his old associates. "Sh," was the reply that came from his lips, with upraised arm and extended finger; "come and take a drink and saj"^ no more about St. Paul. You were right when you told me I would find as sharp traders up there as could be found anywhere in the country, but 1 didn't believe you. I expected to find them a lot of d — d fools who didn't know anything, but I hadn't been there six months until 1 discovered that I was the only d — d fool among them. In less than nine months they had me completely surrounded, and in a year they euchered me out of every cent I had in the world. I concluded the best thing I could do was to come back home and make a new start among the people I knew. They were pretty good fellows, though, after all, for they gave me money enough to pay my way back, and here I am ' dead broke.' No more trading among Minnesota pioneers for me." And such was the fact. The pioneers were too shrewed, and drove closer bargains than Miner expected, and within a year after his arrival at St. Paul, his savings of years had been gathered into other hands, and he returned home a much wiser man in regard to the character and shrewdness of pioneer settlers. PEKSONAL SKETCHES OF EEPRESENTATIVE PIONEERS. JOSEPH R. BROWN. The subject of this sketch was one of the most prominent and influen- tial pioneers of the Minnesota country. He was born in Hartford THK NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 69 county, Maryland, January 5, 1805. Soon after his birth, his father, who was a local preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church, removed to Pennsylvania, and settled on a farm near Lancaster. At the age of fourteen years Joseph was apprenticed to a printer in Lancaster, but his master proved to be a harsh and somewhat cruel man, and after a few months service young Brown ran away and joined the army, and came to what is now Minnesota, as a drummer boy with the detach- ment of troops that commenced the erection of Fort Snelling in 1819. Some authorities say he was discharged from military service in 1825 ; others in 1828. But whatever the date may have been, he made Minnesota his permanent home until his death, which occurred in New York, November 9th, 1870. After his discharge he made his home at Mendota, St. Croix and other points, as best suited his trade with the Indians and lumbering operations. " His energy, industry and ability," says a paper read before the Minnesota Editorial Association in 1871, " made him a prom- inent character on- the frontier, and no man in the Northwest was better known. He acquired a very perfect acquaintance with the Dakota tongue, and attained an influence among that nation (being allied to them by marriage,) which continued unabated to his death. He held, at different times during his life, a number of civil offices, which he filled with credit and ability. In 1838 he was appointed a justice of the peace by Governor Dodge, of Wisconsin, and for several years had his office at his trading post, at Grey Cloud, about twelve miles below Saint Paul. He was elected a- member of the Wisconsin Legislature from St. Croix county in 1840, 1841 and 1842, taking a prominent jpart in those sessions. He was also a leading member of the famous Still- water convention of citizens, held in August, 1848, to take steps to secure a territorial organization for what is now Minnesota. He was Secretary of the Territorial Council of 1848 and 1851, and Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives in 1853, a member of the Council in 1854 and '55, and of the House in 1857, and Territorial Printer in 1853 and 1854. He was also a member from Sibley county in the Con- stitutional Convention ("Democratic Wing") of 1857, and took a very prominent part in the formation of our present State constitution. He was likewise one of the Commissioners named in that instrument to canvass the vote on its adoption, and of the State officers elected under it. He shaped much of the legislation of the early territorial days, and chiefly dictated the policy of his party, of whose conventions he was always a prominent member. 70 THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKY. " But it is as a journalist and publisher I* desire principally to speak of him here. His first regular entrance into the printing business in Minnesota, was in the year 1852, though he had before written considerable for the press. Shortly after the death of James M. Goodhue, which occurred in August of that year. Major Brown purchased the ' Minnesota Pioneer,' and edited and published it under his own name for nearly two years. In the spring of 1864 he transferred the establishment to Col. E. S. Goodrich. During the period of his connection with the paper, he established a reputation as one of the most sagacious, successful and able political editors ia the Territory, and as a sharp, interesting and sensible writer. " In 1857 he established at Henderson, which town had been founded and laid out by him a short time before, a journal called the ' Henderson Democrat,' which soon became a prominent political organ, and was continued with much ability and success nntU 1860 or 1861." J. A. Wheelock, noticing the death of Major Brown, in the St. Paul Press, under date of November 12, 1870, paid the following tribute to his memory : " As early as 1831, Jo. Brown, as he was then called, and has ever since been fami- liarly called, had an Indian trading post at Land's End, on the Minnesota Elver, about a mile above Fort Snelling. In 1833-4 he had established his trading post at Oliver's Grove, at the mouth of the St. Croix. At that time the only inhabitants in the country, outside the fort, were Indians, except a few traders at Mendota and elsewhere. Brown was still engaged in the Indian trade when the speculative mania of 1837 set in, and dis- tant as this portion of what was then Wisconsin was ftom its scenes, some pulsation of it reached these remote solitudes. Brown was about the only man among the Indian traders of that time with sagacity enough to distinguish, in the wild hubbub of this movement of speculation and emigration, the march of that great westward develop- ment which was soon to take in the then remote wilderness of the Upper Mississippi. He at once set about, as soon as the Indian title was extinguished, to seize what seemed to him to be the salient points of the regions hereabout. He first settled in 1838 at Gray Cloud Island, fifteen miles below St. Paul, where he had a trading post and farm. Two years afterward he formed the first settlement, or laid out the first town site, at the head of Lake St. Croix, about a mile above the present site of Stillwater, and which he called Dahkotah, and about the same time he, with James R. Clewett, bought the first claim made in St. Paul, from a discharged soldier. This claim embraced what is now Kittson's addition, and was bought for $150. At this time Brown, whose operations were extensive, owned an interest in a trading house on the Fort Snelling Reservation, on this side of the Mississippi, which, on September 13, 1838, was destroyed by a party of Sioux. " Major Brown was not only the pioneer town builder of Minnesota, but the pioneer lumberman, being the first to raft lumber down the St. Croix. In 1841 he was elected as representative of Crawford county, Wisconsin, which had been extended over the delta of country between the St. Croix and Mississippi. Here he succeeded in getting an act passed organizing St. Croix county, with his town — Dahkotah — as its county- seat. A judge of the district arrived one day at this county-seat to hold court, but find- ing that it consisted of a single claim cabin, he seems to have resigned the judicial office for this locality to Jo. Brown, who already absorbed all the other functions of govern- ment in the county of St. Croix. " It may as well be said here that Brown, like many of the old Indian traders, had married a Sioux woman, by whom he had a numerous family, and it was perhaps this circumstance, as well as the associations of his early life, that attached him so strongly * J. F. Williams. THE NORTHWEST TEERITORY. 71 to the Indians. Fitted by his abilities and character for any position or any career in the new centers of civilization which had sprung up around him, we find him at short intervals always going back to the Indians, as agent or trader, or in some such capacity. He was, however, always planning new enterprises, — and this haunter of Indian camps, this half Bedouin, was the founder of more embryo cities, than any other half a dozen men in the State, and the planner of more schemes for its development than any other. He had a force, originality and genius of invention in him which was always propelling him in new paths. Among his inventions was his steam traction motor, or steam wagon. " Joseph R. Brown, though not free from guile, was, in the main, an honest man. He was possessed of a cheerful and happy temper, a bon-homme which nothing could ruffle. No taint of malice or spite or spleen, lurked in his robust, warm and healthy blood. If his mental powers had been disciplined to the routine of some profession or regular occupation ; if he had not been dragged down to the slip-shod, half-vagabond associations and habits of his frontier life, from the high career for which he was formed, he would have been one of the foremost men of his day. "A drummer-boy, soldier, Indian trader, lumberman, pioneer, speculator, founder of cities, legislator, politician, editor, inventor, his career, though it had hardly com- menced till half his life had been wasted In the obscure solitudes of this far northwestern wilderness — has been a very remarkable and characteristic one, not so much for what he has achieved, as for the extraordinary versatility and capacity which he has displayed in every new situation." , Another writer,* and intimate acquaintance of Major Brown, spoke of him as follows : • "Joseph R. Brown was a great man in many of the best senses of that term, and never a common man in any sense. Without education, according to its scholarly significance, he yet knew much of all that scholars know, and more of that of which they are Ignorant." Major Brown, it may be truthfully stated, was the ^first pioneer of the Minnesota country. He came here as a boy, and grew to manhood in the uncivilized wilds. When civilization claimed the country, Joseph R. Brown was here, and from the time the first white settlers came to found homes on the beautiful prairies until the day of his death, he took a prominent part in all public movements, and grew in influence with the expanding growth of the territory and State. So much interest did Major Brown take in public afi'airs, and so much importance was attached to his presence and advice upon public measures, that from the organization of the territory until the State was fairly in working order, he was rarely or never absent from a general convention of his party, or from a legislative session. And it is said that nearly all the import- ant legislation which forms the basis of the present code of Minnesota bears the impress of his mind. This is especially so in respect to those features which are novel to our system, and are stamped with liberality, progress, and reform. It would surprise any one not familiar with the subject, to contrast the code of Minnesota with that of any leading * Col. B. S. Goodrich. 72 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKY. Eastern State, and observe the superiority of our system in every liberal, humanitarian aspect. The centers of population, wealth, refinement and culture, which are shackled by precedent and tradition, are not the sources of ameliorating laws ; these spring from the freer, fresher, more generous life of new communities. The mass of this liberal legislation, if it did not owe its paternity to Major Brown, had always in him a hearty and efficient advocate ; and his labors therein entitle him to honorable memory. H. H. SIBLEY. This representative pioneer citizen was born in Detroit, Michigan, on the 20th day of February, 1811. His father was a native of Massachu- setts, but removed to Michigan at a very early period in the history of the lake region, and was a member of the first Legislative Assembly of the Northwestern Territory, which met at Cincinnati. Subsequently he was elected as delegate to Congress, and was afterwards a member of the Supreme Court of Michigan. Mr. Sibley came into the world in the midst of troublous times. The Northwest was in the throes of agitation and excitement consequent upon the savage warfare that desolated that region, the siege and sur- render of Detroit, and the hardships experienced by the white inhabit- ants of that region from 1810 to 1815, in all of which the Sibley family bore a full share. It would almost seem that the subject of this sketch was launched into a career destined from the start to be one of adven- ture and stirring incidents, repeating the eventful pioneer life of his ancestors. " Thus hereditarily predisposed (to quote from the Minnesota Historical Collections) as it might be said, to a life of close contact with the strange and romantic elements that have always given such a charm to frontier life in the eyes of the courageous and active, his innate disposition received a still further bent from the very condition of society in his boyhood. It was passed in a region favorable for field sports, and the hardy exploits of the hunter and sailor, where every inhabitant was a fireside bard, reciting those wonderful epics of ' hair- breadth 'scapes,' and accidents by 'flood and field,' perils and feats of the halt mythical heroes of the frontier, legends full of poetry and romance, that seem never to weary the listener. " Young Sibley received an academical education in his boyhood, and subsequently enjoyed two years' private tuition in the classics. His father had destined him for the profession of the law, and at about the age of sixteen he commenced its study in his father's office," but abandoned it for a more active life at the end of one year, and in 1829 THE NORTHWEST TERKITOET. 73 went to Macinac ana entered the service of the American Fur Com- pany. He remained there until 1834, when he came to Mendota as agent of the American Fur Company's establishment at that point. This company failed in 1842, and the inventory was purchased by P. Chouteau, Jr. & Co., of St. Louis, and Mr. Sibley was continued in charge of the business until 1848, when he was elected a delegate to Congress. Mr. Sibley has been successively a resident of Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota without changing his residence. He came to Men- dota in November, 1834. The country was then subject to the juris- diction of Michigan. In 1836 Wisconsin Territory was created, and the jurisdiction of Michigan terminated, and the Wisconsin territorial authorities exercised dominion over the country until the 30th day of July, 1838, when the act creating Iowa Territory went into effect, and all that part of Minnesota lying west of the Mississippi- River, became subject to the jurisdiction of Iowa. When Iowa was admitted as a State, without very materially diminished territory, the country lying outside of the State boundaries was left without any government until the establishment of the Minnesota territorial organization. Says Mr. Sibley in his reminiscences already quoted: " It was my fortune to be the first to introduce the machinery of the law into what our legal brethren would have termed a benighted region, having received a commission of justice of the peace from the Governor of Iowa, for the county of Clayton. This county was an empire of itself in extent, reaching from a line some twenty miles below Prairie du Chien on the west of the ' Father of Waters,' to Pembina, and across to the Mis- souri. As I was the only magistrate in this region, and the county seat was some three hundred miles distant, I had matters pretty much under my own control, there being little chance of an appeal from my deci- sions. In fact some of the simple-minded people around me believed that I had the power of life and death. On one occasion I issued a warrant for a Canadian, who had committed a gross outrage, and then fled from justice. I dispatched a trusty constable in pursuit, and he overtook the man below Lake Pepin, and brought him back in irons. The friends of the culprit begged hard that he should not be severely punished, and after keeping him in durance vile for several days, I agreed to release him if he would leave the country, threatening him with dire vengeance if he should ever return. He left in great haste, and I never saw him afterwards." On the 30th day of October, 1848, Mr. Sibley was elected as a dele- gate to Congress, and attended the session of 1848-9. He was sub- 'J'4 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. sequently re-elected, and served for several years in that capacity, dis- charging every trust faithfully and honestly. When the constitutional convention was ordered preparatory to becoming a "sovereign and independent State," Mr. Sibley was elected a member of that body, and was selected to preside over the deliberations of the Democratic wing. Upon the admission of the territory as a State in 1857, he was elected governor, but in consequence of some delay in canvassing the vote, he was not inaugurated until the 24:th day of May, 1858, although the State Legislature met on the 2d of December, 1857. Mr. Sibley served as governor until January 2, 1860. HENRY M. RICE. This distinguished pioneer was a native of Vermont, and came to Minnesota about 1839, and first stopped at Fort Snelling. After remain- ing there a few months he removed to Prairie du Chien, and engaged in trade with the Winnebago Indians, and where he remained until that people were removed to the Crow Wing River country in 1847, whither he accompanied them. The following sketch, published a few years ago, gives the views of one of Mr. Rice's friends : "He settled here when there were no white men in the territory, except Indian traders, missionaries and soldiers ; and daring his long residence, has been noted as the promoter of every enterprise tending to develop the hidden wealth of Minnesota, and attract hither immigration' from other portions of the country. Two years ago (in 1854) he was elected (delegate) to Congress by an overwhelming vote ; and then commenced a series of labors on his part which will make him long remembered in the territory as the most efficient of representatives. The pre-emption system he caused to be extended to unsurveyed lands ; the military reserves opened to actual settlers ; land offices to be established ; post routes opened out and offices established ; millions of acres of lands to be purchased from Indians, and thrown open to settlers ; and thousands of dollars to be appropriated to the construction of government roads. Nor was this all : legislation for the benefit of individuals entitled to it was secured, and no exertion ever spared, in Congress or out of it, at the executive department, or elsewhere, that would benefit the territory. The heavy immigration of the past two years is as strong proof as could be desired that Minnesota is regarded as the chosen spot of the West, either for immigrants seeking to establish themselves, or capitalists desiring investments ; and for much of this heavy immigration, we cannot help thinking our territory is indebted to the late delegate. The beneficial legislation he procured for us, rendered Minnesota indeed a land of promise. " Mr. Rice possesses in a great degree the qualities necessary to make a good delegate. His winning manners secure him hosts of ftiends, and enable him to acquire great influ- ence ; his business habits, industry, and perseverance, insure the accomplishment of whatever he undertakes, while his perfect knowledge of the wants of the territory pre- vents his efibrts from being misdirected. His political opinions are those of a National Democrat — coinciding with those of the President and heads of departments, a majority of the Senate, and a respectable and united majority in the House — which will success- fully combat a divided majority." THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORT. 75 The first legislature under State organization convened on the first Wednesday in December, 1857, when Mr. Kice and James Shields* were elected as senators from the new State. Mr. Rice served as sen- ator until 1863, when he was succeeded by Alexander Ramsey, the first governor of the territory. JEAN BAPTISTE FARIBAULT. This early French trader and subsequent citizen of Minnesota, after whom the village of Faribault was named, was born at Berthier, Canada, in 1774. At the age of twenty-four years, when he became an attache of the Northwest Fur Company, and was dispatched to his new field of labor at Macinac, in May, 1798. Soon after their arrival there, Faribault was assigned to duty at Kankakee, some fifty or sixty miles below the present site of the city of Chicago. After remaining there for about one year, during which time he displayed commend- able business tact, Faribault was placed in charge of a more important post on the Des Moines River, of Iowa, about two hundred miles above its mouth. The post was named Redwood, and the Indians with whom he was to trade were the Dakota or Sioux, whose language was entire- ly difi'erent from that of the Pottawotamies, to which Faribault had been accustomed and which he learned to speak. A man named Debon was sent along as interpreter. Debon was an old man and had lived among the Yankton Sioux for a number of years. Faribault remained in charge of the Redwood post four years, during which time he saw no white man but his own assistants, except when on his annual tour to the mouth of the river. Mr. Sibley says, in a memoir of this gentleman : " Having served the term for which he had been engaged, he returned to Macinac with the intention of going back to Canada, but having learned of the sudden death of both of his parents, within fifteen days of each other, Mr. Faribault agaiu entered the service of his former employers and was dispatched to the river St. Peters, now the Minnesota, and took charge of the post at Little Rapids, about forty miles above its mouth. * * * * During the third year of his residence at Little Rapids, Mr. Faribault married a widow, the daughter of a Mr. Hanse, who had previously been Superintendent of Indian Affairs. At the time of their marriage the groom was in his thirty-flrst and the bride in her twenty-second year. This event precluded any idea of Mr. F.'s return to Canada, and he was thenceforth permanently established as a denizen of the remote Northwest." * Mr Shields has had the distinguished honor of representing two different States in the XT. S. Senate. He (ras Srst elected from the State of Illinois. After the expiration of his term of service from that State, he removed to Minnesota, and was elected with Mr. Bice. When the late war came on, he entered the service and made a glorious record. After the close of the war, he removed to Oarrollton, Carroll county, Missouri, and in 1S6S was a candidate for Congress from that district; but under the manipulations of the registry law of that State and the unjust charge of " copperheadism," and " disloyalty," was defeated, or rather ' ' co unted out," for it was a notorious fact that he had a large majority of the votes. 76 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ;," After ten years' connection with the Northwest Company, in the capacity of agent and trader, Mr. F. resolved to commence business on his own account at Prairie du Chien, which was then a mere hamlet, containing a few families. He erected a suitable house, and began trading with the Winnebagoes, the Foxes and the Sioux of the Wak- pa-koota band, these several tribes being at peace with each other. He continued in this business for a number of years, and on one occasion received d Thatcher, who had settled there, and carried Mrs. Hoble and Mrs. Thateher pris- oners to their camp. On Monday, a man named Markham, went to Gardner's on some errand, and found the murdered bodi^ of the entice family. Markham hid himself untiOl darkness came on. and then went to S^ingfield, and reported the murder. The following Thursday. March 12, an Indian called at Marble's cabin, three miles above Thateher's, and told her that the white people down on the lake had been nipped (killed) a day or two before. This intel- ligence alarmed the Marbles, the more so, as the great depth of snow tiien on the ground had prevented communication witii the settlement below for some days : but, fearing Hie worst, it was impossible for the Marble family to inaugurate any measures for ffi^t, or other means of safety. The next morning, Friday, the 13th, four Indians, with friendly bearing, came to Marble's and bantered him to trade rifles. The trade was made, after which they prevailed on Marble to go out on the lake and shoot at a mark. After a few shots they tomed in ibe direction ol the house, and managing to get Marble in advance ci them, the Indians diot him, and he fell dead in his tracks. Mrs. Marble, who had been wattdiing the maneuvering of tbe fiends, saw h^r husband fall and ran ^X.'^^-^AW •''!* 'vyjINAMIItGO THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 145 to him, when the bloody wretches seized her, and told her they would not kill her, but that they would take her with them, and she was car- ried to the camp, where they had previously taken Mrs. Noble, Mrs. Thatcher, and Miss Gardner. Inkpadootah and his followers next went to Springfield, where, a week or two later, they butchered the entire settlement. The alarm was sent to Fort Ridgely, and a detachment of soldiers was sent out in pursuit. They found and buried two bodies, and the lowans, who had volun- teered and started out to avenge the murders and outrages, as soon as they heard of their perpetration, found and buried twenty nine others. Besides these thirty-one bodies that were found and buried, others were still missing. Learning that soldiers were in pursuit of them, the outlaws made haste to leave the vicinity of their depredations, carrying the four women along with them. They were forced to carry heavy burdens by day, and to cut wood, build fires and do other camp duty when night came on. In consequence of poor health and recent child-birth, Mrs. Thatcher became burdensome, and at Big Sioux River, when attempting to cross on the trunks of trees fallen from the opposite banks, she was pushed off into the deep, cold water by one of the Indians. She swam to the shore, when they pushed her back into the current, and then shot at her as if she were a target, until life was extinct. " In May, two men from Lac qui Parle, who had been taught to read and write, while on their spring hunt found themselves in the neighbor- hood of Inkpadootah and his party. Having heard that they held some American women in captivity, the two brothers visited the camp — though this was at some risk of their own lives, since Inkpadootah's hand was now against every man — and found the outlaws, and succeeded in bargaining for Mrs. Marble, whom they conveyed to their mother's tent," where she was visited by persons connected with the Hazelwood Mission, and re-clothed in civilized costume. From thence she was conveyed to St. Paul, where the citizens welcomed her, and made up a purse of one thousand dollars with which she was presented. The rescue of the other two women was now resolved upon, and Flandrau, the Dakota agent, commissioned a "good Indian" named Paul by the whites, to accomplish their redemption. He was fitted out with a wagon, two horses and some valuable presents, and started on his mission. He found Inkpadootah and his iniquitous cut-throats with a band of Yanktons, on the James River. Only Miss Gardner was living. Mrs. Noble had been murdered a few nights before. She had been ordered to go out and be subject to the wishes of the party, and 11 146 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. refusing to go, a son of Inkpadootah dragged her out by the hair of her head and killed her. The next morning a Dakota woman took Miss Gardner out to see the corpse, which had been horribly treated after death. By perseverance and large presents Paul succeeded in redeeming Miss Gardner, and she was taken to the mission house. From there she was taken to St. Paul, from whence she was sent to her sister in Iowa. The same year, about the last of June or first of July, Inkpadootah's son, said to have been the murderer of Mrs. Noble, was killed while seeking to escape arrest for that cruel butchery. Reports became current that he was in camp on Yellow Medicine River. Flandrau and a detachment of soldiers from Fort Ridgely, accompanied by some Indian guides, started for the camp to arrest him. As they approached the camp, the alarm was given and the murderer ran from his lodge, and concealed himself in the brush near the river, but was soon uncov- ered and shot by United States soldiers. The rest of the gang managed to escape, and are said to have taken refuge beyond the Missouri River. The Red Wing party who went down to Spirit Lake to bury the dead, etc., as already mentioned, found the remains of Granger by the side of the cabin he occupied in common with Snyder and Harriett. Granger had first been shot, and then his head cut oS from above the mouth and ears with a broad axe. The remains of Harriett and Snyder were found about forty rods distant, with several bullet holes through their bodies. The presumption was they had started out to defend one of the other cabins, and that they were shot and killed where their bodies were found. THE SIOUX OUTBREAK. What is known as the Sioux Outbreak commenced at 4-cton, in Meeker county, on the seventeenth day of August, 1862. On that day a few young warriors of the Sioux tribe, who had been on an unsuccess-. ful hunt along the outer edges of the Big Woods, came to the Acton settlement, and by some means secured whisky enough to make them drunk. They made a demand of a man named Jones for more whisky, which he promptly refused. This refusal infuriated the already excited Indians, and they commenced an indiscriminate slaughter of all within range of their guns, killing five persons — Jones, Webster and Baker, an elderly woman and a young girl. When they grew sober enough to THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 147 realize the enormity of their offence, they became frightened at their own violence, and fearful of the consequence of their hellish and unprovoked murders, they fled to the Sioux camp at the Lower Agency, and asked protection from the punishment due their crimes. The mur- derers belonged to the "first families" of the Sioux tribe, and the affair was discussed in the " Soldiers' Lodge," where it was determined that the several bands should make common cause with the criminals, and to urge a war of extermination against the white settlers within their reach. The next day was fixed for the beginning of the butchery. Purposely starting the rumor in advance that they were going on the " war path " against the Chippewas, a large number of Sioux warriors appeared at the Lower Agency, in what is now Redwood county, at six o'clock the next morning, the eighteenth, and took up the several posi- tions that had been assigned them in the plan of operations adopted in the " Soldiers' Lodge," the night previous. At a given signal, an attack was made upon the whites at the Agency. With the exception of two or three men, who concealed themselves, and a few of the women and children who were taken prisoners and kept captives, none of the whites escaped instant death but George H. Spencer, who, although twice wounded, was saved from death through the interven- tion of an Indian acquaintance, named Wak-ke-an-da-tah or Red Light- ning. The slaughter extended to the Upper Agency, but through the influence of a Christianized Indian, called Other Day, the missionaries and others, among whom were Messrs. Riggs and Williamson and their families — in all about sixty persons — were rescued from the impending calamity, and were taken in safety through the Indian lines and Indian country to the white settlements beyond. After the people at the agencies were butchered, the houses and stores pillaged and destroyed, the red fiends were divided into several parties and sent out to fall upon and destroy the settlers on farms and in villages along the entire frontier, covering an area of nearly two hundred miles. How well and faithfully the several savage bands kept their trusts and filled their missions, can never be accurately told. Mr. Neill says : " The fiends of hell could not invent more fearful atrocities than were perpetrated by the savages upon their victims. The bullet, the tomahawk and the scalping-knife spared neither age nor sex, the only prisoners taken being the young and comely ■women, to minister to the brutal lusts of their captors, and a few young children. For- tunate, comparatively speaking, was the lot of those who were doomed to instant death, and thus spared the agonies of lingering tortures, and the superadded anguish of wit- nessing outrages upon the persons of those nearest and dearest to them. " In the short space of thirty-six hours, as nearly as could be computed, eight hundred whites were cruelly slain. Almost every dwelling along the extr'eme frontier was a 148 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. charnel-house, containing the dying and the dead. In many cases the torch was applied, and maimed and crippled sufferers, unable to escape, were consumed with their habita- tions. The alarm was communicated by refugees to the adjacent settlements, and soon the roads leading to St. Paul were crowded by thousands of men, women and children in the wild confusion of sudden flight. Domestic animals, including hundreds and even thousands of cattle were abandoned, and only those taken which could expediate the movements of the terror-stricken settlers. "The savages, after accomplishing their mission of death, assembled in force, and attempted to take Fort Eidgely by a coup de main. In this they were foiled-by the vigil- ance and determination of the garrison, aided by volunteers who had escaped from the surrounding settlements. The attack was continued at intervals for several days, but without success. The town of New Ulm was also assailed by a strong force of the savages, but was gallantly defended by volunteers from the neighboring counties under the command of Colonel C. H. Flandrau. Captain Dodd, an old and respectable citizen of St. Peter, was among the killed at this point. Fort Abercrombie, on the Red River, also suffered a long and tedious siege by the bands of Sioux from Lac qui Parle, until relieved by a force despatched by Governor Ramsey from St. Paul." Intelligence of the outbreak and massacre reached St. Paul the next day after the butchery at the Lower Agency, and immediate prepara- tions were made by Governor Ramsey to arrest the progress of the devilish savages. H. H. Sibley, from his long residence among the Indians and his acquaintance with the character and habits of the Indians, was selected as best suited to take command of the expedi- tion, to which he consented, and was commissioned as colonel. At this time the State was greatly deficient of means and appliances for carrying on a war of the proportions this threatened to assume. Full five thousand of the fighting men of the commonwealth were absent from the State as soldiers in the army of the Union. The arsenal was stripped of all the arms that were effective. There was but little ammu- nition on hand and no rations or means of transportation. The allied Sioux could muster from eight hundred to one thousand warriors, and they might be indefinitely reinforced by the powerful divisions of the Prairie Sioux. Those already engaged in hostilities were good marks- men, splendidly armed, and abundantly supplied with ammunition. They had been victorious in several encounters with detachments of troops, and had overwhelming confidence in their own skill. The out- look was dark and threatening. But with all the disadvantages and discouragements. Governor Ramsey acted with promptness and vigor. He telegraphed to the War Department for arms and to the Governors of the adjoining States for all they could spare, and authorized the use of teams belonging to individual citizens for purposes of transporta- tion, and adopted such other measures as the emergency of the occa- sion demanded. On the morning of the 20th of August, Colonel Sibley left Fort Snelling with four hundred men of the Sixth Regiment Minnesota THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 149 Volunteers. An inspection of the arms and cartridges furnished, showed that the former were worthless Austrian rifles, and that the ammuni- tion was for guns of a different and larger calibre, and the command was detained several days at St. Peter, where the men were engaged in reducing the balls so as to fit the muskets, and in preparing .canister shot for the six-pounders. In the meantime a supply of arms of better quality were received, reinforcements arrived, and the march to Fort Ridgely commenced. At Fort Ridgely the troops went into camp, to await the reception of rations and to make final preparations for an advance on the hostiles, who had drawn in their detached parties, and were concentrating for a decisive battle. We quote in full from Neill's account of the further prosecution and termination of the expedition : " Scouts were dispatched to ascertain the location of the main Indian camp, and upon their return they reported no Indians below Yellow Medicine Eiver. A burial party of twenty men, under escort of one company of infantry and the available mounted force, in aU about two hundred men, under command of Major J. B. Brown, was detailed to proceed and inter the remaios of the murdered at the Lower Agency, and other points in the vicinity. The duty was performed; fifty-four bodies buried, and the detachment was en route to the settlements on Beaver Eiver, and had encamped for the night near Birch Coolie, a long and wooded ravine debouching into the Minnesota River, when, about dawn the following morning, the camp was attacked by a large force of Indians, twenty-five men killed or mortally wounded, and nearly all the horses, ninety in number, shot down. Providentially, the volleys of musketry were heard at the main camp, although eighteen miles distant, and Colonel Sibley marched to the relief of the beleag- uered detachment, drove off the Indians, buried the dead, and the weary column then retraced its steps to the camp. " The period spent in awaiting the necessary supplies of men and provisions was made useful in drilling the men and bringing them under discipline. So soon as ten days' rations had been accumulated. Colonel Sibley marched in search of the savages, and on the 23d day of September, 1862, was fought the decisive and severe battle of Wood Lake. The action was commenced by the Indians and was bravely contested by them for more than two hours, when they gave way at all points and sent in a flag of truce, asking permission to remove their dead and wounded, which was refused. A message was sent back to Little Crow, the leader of the hostile Indians, to the effect that if any of the white prisoners held by him received injury at the hands of the sav- ages, no mercy would be shown to the latter, but that they would be pursued and destroyed without regard to age or sex. " The success at Wood Lake was not achieved without serious loss. Major Welch, of the 3d Minnesota Volunteers, commanding, was severely wounded in the leg; Captain Wilson, of the 6th Regiment, was badly contused in the breast by a spent ball; and nearly forty commissioned officers and privates were killed or wounded. The loss of the enemy was much greater, a half-breed prisoner stating it at thirty killed and a large number wonnded. " One of the main objects of the campaign, the deliverance of the white captives, was yet to be accomplished, and required the exercise of much judgment and caution. There was good reason to fear that, in the exasperation of defeat, they might fall- victims to the savages. Colonel Sibley, therefore, delayed his march towards the great Indian camp until the second day after the battle, to allow time to the friendly element to strengthen itself, and to avoid driving the hostile Indians into desperate measures 150 THE NORTHWEST TEREITOKT. against the prisoners. On the 26th of September the column, with drums beating and colors flying, filed past the Indian encampment, and formed the camp within a few hun- dred yards of it. Colonel Sibley, with his staff and field officers, then proceeded to the lodges of the Indians and directed that all the captives should be delivered up to him, which was forthwith done. A sight was then presented which filled the eyes of strong men with tears. Young and beautiful women, who had for weeks endured the extremity of outrage from their brutal captors, followed by a crowd of children of all ages, came forth from the lodges, hardly realizing that the day of their deliv- erance had arrived. Convulsive sobbings were heard on every side, and the poor crea- tures clung to the men who had come to their relief, as if they feared some savage would drag them away. They were all escorted tenderly to the tents prepared for their recep- tion, and made as comfortable as circutas1;ances would admit. The number of pure whites thus released amounted to about one hundred and fifty, including one man only, Mr. Spencer. The latter expressed his gratitude to Colonel Sibley that he had not made a forced march upon the camp after the battle, stating emphatically that if such a course had been pursued, it was the determination of the hostile Indians to cut the throats of the captives, and then disperse in the prairies. There were delivered also nearly two hundred and fifty half-breeds, who had been held as prisoners. "Two of the principal objects of the campaign, the defeat of the savages and the release of the captives, having now been consummated, there remained but to punish the guilty. Many of these, with Little Crow, had made their escape and could not be overtaken, but some of the small camps of the refugees were surrounded and their inmates brought back. The locality where these events transpired was appropriately called Camp Release, and the name should be perpetuated. "At the proper time, the Indian camp was surrounded by a cordon of troops, and four hundred of the warriors were arrested, chained together in pairs, and placed in an inclosnre of logs made by the troops, under strong guard. Others, who were known to be innocent, were not interfered with. Colonel Sibley constituted a military commis- sion, with Colonel Crooks, commanding Sixth Regiment, as president, for the trial of the prisoners. A fair and impartial hearing was accorded to each, and the result was the finding of three hundred and three guilty of participation in the murder of the whites, and the sentence of death by hanging was passed upon them. Others were convicted of robbery and pillage, and condemned to various terms of imprisonment. The witnesses were composed of the released captives, including mixed bloods, and Christian Indians, who had refused to join Little Crow in the war. A full record was kept of each case tried. " The preparations for the execution of the guilty Indians were brought to a summary close by an order from President Lincoln prohibiting the hanging of any of the convicted men without his previous sanction. The people of the State were highly indignant at this suspension, and an energetic protest was made by their Senators and Representa- tives in Washington. Finally, after much delay. Colonel Sibley was directed to carry out the sentence of the commission in certain cases specified; and on December 26th, 1862, thirty-eight of the criminals were executed accordingly, at Mankato, on the same sca^ld, under the direction of Colonel Miller, commanding that post. The remainder of the condemned were sent to Davenport, Iowa, early in the spring, where they were kept in confinement more than a year, a large number dying of disease in the meantime. Those that remained were eventually dispatched to a reservation on the Upper Mis- souri, where the larger number of prisoners taken by Colonel Sibley, principally women and children, had already been placed. "The President testified his appreciation of the conduct of Colonel Sibley, by conferr- ing upon him, unasked, the commission of brigadier general of volunteers, and the appointment was subsequently confirmed by the Senate. " Thus happily terminated the Indian campaign of 1862, entered upon without due THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 151 preparation, against an enemy formidable in numbers, completely armed and equipped, and withal confident of their own powers and strength. It was a critical period in the history of the State, for it was then suspected, and has since been confirmed, that if the column of troops under Colonel Sibley, had met with a reverse, there would have been a rising of the Chippewas and Winnebagoes, against the whites, and many of the counties west of the Mississippi would have been entirely depopulated. Indeed, in a speeeh to his warriors the night previous to the battle of Wood Lake^ Little Crow stated the programme to be, first, the defeat and destruction of the old men and bqys composing, as he said, the command of Colonel Sibley; and second, the immediate descent there- after of himself and his people, to St. Paul, there to dispose summarily of the whites, and then establish themselves comfortably in winter quarters. That the people of Minnesota succeeded, without extraneous aid, in speedily ending an Indian war of such threatening and formidable proportions, while they continued to bear their share of the burdens imposed on the northern States in the suppression of the rebellion, constitutes an epoch In their history of which they may be justly proud." CONCLUSION. An extra session of the Legislature was convened on the 9th of Sep- tember, 1862, to consider certain exigencies occasioned by the Sioux outbreak. In his message to that session, Governor Ramsey took strong grounds in favor of prompt and severe measures to subdue the savages and render the country a safe abiding place for the hardy pioneers and tillers of the soil. He reasonablj' maintained that so long as there was danger of such scenes as the Sioux had inaugurated, the tide of emi- gration would grow less and less, and in time cease altogether, and that every interest of the State would suffer. Happily, however. Colonel Sibley's expedition against the Sioux, and his defeat of them at Wood Lake, ended all apprehensions of further Indian troubles. Since then and the close of the War of the Rebellion, in 1865, the State has steadily grown in population and wealth ; the material interests of the com- mon.wealth have been rapidly developed, and no State in the American Union enjoys a higher position in all that goes to make a people proud, prosperous, progressive and great, than the State of Minnesota. OFFICERS OF THE STATE OF MINNESOTA- GOVERNORS. Henry H. Sibley, May 24, 1858, to January 2, 1860. Alexander Ramsey, January 2, 1860, to July 10, 1863. Henry A. Swift,* July 10, 1863, to January 11, 1864. Stephen Miller, January 11, 1864, to January 8, 1866. William R. Marshall, January 8, 1866, to January 7, 1870. Horace Austin, January 7, 1870, to January 9, 1874. * Deceased. 152 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Cushman K. Davis, January 9, 1874, to January, 1876. John S. Pillsbury, the present incumbent was inaugurated in Janu- ary, 1876. LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS. William Holcombe,* May 24, 1858, to January 2, 1860. Ignatius Donnelly, January 2, 1860, to March 3, 1863. Henry A. Swift, March 4, 1863, to July 10, 1863. Charles D. Sherwood, January 11, 1864, to January 8, 1866. Thomas H. Armstrong, January 8, 1866, to January 7, 1870. William H. Yale, January 7, 1870, to January 9, 1874. Alphonso Barto, January 9, 1874, to January, 1876. James B. Wakefield, January, 1876. SECRETARIES OE STATE. Francis Baasen, May 24, 1858, to January 2, 1860. James H. Baker, January 2, 1860, to November 17, 1862. David Blakeley, November 17, 1862, to January 8, 1866. Henry C. Rogers,* January 8, 1866, to January 7, 1870. Hans Mattson, January 7, 1870, to January 2, 1872. S. P. Jennison, January 5, 1872, to January, 1876. John S. Irgens, January, 1876. TREASURERS. George W. Armstrong, May 24, 1858, to January 2, 1860. Charles Sheffer,* January 1, 1860, to January 10, 1868. Emil Munch, January 10, 1868, to January 5, 1872. William Seeger, January 5, 1872, to February 7, 1873. Edwin W. Dyke, February 7, 1873, to January, 1876. William Pfsender, January, 1876. AUDITORS. W. F. Dunbar, May 24, 1858, to January 1, 1861. Charles Mcllrath, January 1, 1861, to January 13, 1873. O, P. Whitcomb, January 13, 1873. ATTORNEYS GENERAL. Charles H. Berry, May 24, 1858, to January 2, 1860. Gordon E. Cole, January 4, 1860, to January 8, 1866. * Deceased. THE NORTHWEST TERKITOBT. 153 William Oolville, January 8, 1866, to January 10, 1868. F. K. E. Cornell, January 10, 1868, to January 9, 1874. George P. Wilson, January 9, 1874. * JUDGES OP SUPREME COURT. Lafayette Emmet, C. J., May 24, 1858, to January 10, 1865. Thomas Wilson, C. J., January 10, 1865, to July 14, 1869. James Gilfillan, 0. J., July 14, 1869, to January 7, 1870. Christopher G. Kipley, C. J., January 7, 1870, to April 7, 1874. S. J. R. McMillan, C. J., April 7, 1874, to March 10, 1875. James Gilfillan, C. J., March 10, 1875. Charles E. Flandrau, J., May 24, 1858, to July 5, 1864. Isaac Atwater, J., May 24, 1858, to July 6, 1864. S. J. R. McMillan, J., July 5, 1864, to April 7, 1874. Thomas Wilson, J., July 6, 1864, to January 10, 1865. John M. Berry, J., January 10, 1865. George B. Young, J., April 16, 1874, to January 11, 1875. F. R. E. Cornell, J., January 11, 1875. CLERKS OP SUPREME COURT. Jacob J. Noah, May 24, 1858, to January 15, 1861. A. J. Voorhees,* January 15, 1861, to January 13, 1864. George F. Potter, January 13, 1864, to January 14, 1867. Sherwood Hough, January 14, 1867, to January, 1876. S. H. Nichols, January, 1876. REPORTERS OF SUPREME COURT. Harvey Officer, May 24, 1858, to January 30, 1865. William A. Spencer, January 30, 1865, to June 15, 1875. George B. Young, June 15, 1876. VISIT OF PRESIDENT HAYES TO THE NORTH STAR STATE. MINNESOTA'S GALA DAT. In closing this brief history of the Territory and State of Minnesota, it is but proper that mention should be made of the visit of President Hayes and party to St. Paul, Minneapolis, and other parts of the North Star State, while this work was in course of preparation. The * Deceased, 154 THE NORTHWEST TEKRITORY. visit was made- during the week of the State Fair at St. Paul, which commenced on Monday, the second day of September, 1878. On the morning of the 5th, the St. Paul " Pioneer Press" contained the follow- ing well-expressed editorial reference to that interesting event: Not less than one hundred thousand citizens of Minnesota will be assembled at St. Paul to-day, to tender the enthusiastic welcome of the whole people of Minnesota, without distinction of party, to Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States, the first of the long line of the chief magistrates of the Union who has ever visited this young State. We do not, however, reproach the shades of Washington and his successors for thus slighting the greatest wheat State of the Union, for, in reality it has sprung into existence and taken its place among the States since the middle of the term of James Buchanan. Its whole political history is spanned by five presidential terms, and five presi- dents have approved the acts of Congress since Minnesota was repre- sented in its chambers. Of these, Buchanan was too old and feeble, Lincoln too busy, Johnson too distracted, and Grant too heavily bur- dened with the important events that were transpiring around him, to include Minnesota in the narrow circle of their summer journeyings. It was reserved for President Hayes to initiate a new line of presiden- tial policy in this regard, to mingle familiarly with people of all the great country of which he is the chief ruler, and to make the circle of his rare and brief excursions from the heats and toils of the White House as broad as his patriotism, embracing the whole country to the farthest South, and to this farthest State of the Northwest. The entire people of Minnesota will be his hosts in person or by proxy while he remains upon our soil, and in the cordial and enthusiastic greetings he will everywhere receive, he will not fail to recognize something more than the honors due his office, or even the respect to which he is entitled by virtue of his patriotism and exalted position. The presidential party consisted of the following named distinguished gentlemen and ladies: President and Mrs. Hayes, Webb, Rutherford B., Jr., and Burchard Hayes, accompanied by two servants. Gen. L. E. Loomax and wife, of Georgia. Gen. Tyler and wife, postmaster at Baltimore. Hon. James Galder, president of Pennsylvania State College. Hon. B. 0. Yancey, of Georgia. Hon. Josiah Dent, one of three Commissioners of the District of Columbia. THE NORTHWEST TEKKITORY. 155 Judge Jones and wife, of Ohio. Hon. Albert J. Myer (Old Probs.) and daughter, of Washington. United States Senator M. 0. Butler and son, of South Carolina. Pay Director Looker, of the United States Navy. Hon. L. F. Watson, M. C, Pennsylvania. Gen. W. G. LeDuc, United States Commissioner of Agriculture. 0. D. LaDaw, Esq., Gen. LeDuc's private secretary. A. V. Gardiner, Esq., New York, son-in-law of Gen. LeDuc. Attorney General Devens, of Washington. Miss F. G. LeDuc and sister, of Washington. Wm. Henry Smith, Esq., agent of the Western Associated Press. The party were met at the depot by a reception committee, consisting of ex-Governor and ex-Senator Ramsey, ex-Governor Davis, ex-Gover- nor Marshall, Gen. Gibbon, Gen. McLaren, and President Finch, of the State Agricultural Society. The presidential party, which had been met at the State line by ex-Governor Sibley, were by him introduced, when Governor Pillsbury welcomed the President in these well-chosen words : " Mr. President : Our State is to-day honored for the first time by the presence of the chief magistrate of the nation. I am proud in behalf of the people of Minnesota to extend to the President of the United States, and to the distinguished party accompanying him, a most cordial welcome to the commonwealth of Minnesota and to the hospitalities of her people. It is an inspiring thought and the pardonable boast of our rescued nation, that throughout her extended domain— stretching from ocean to ocean, and from zone to zone — are found a people speaking one language, now animated by the same sentiment of national fraternity and seeking the good of one common country . Be assured, Mr. President, that the citizens of the Nortb Star State, one of the youngest of the Union, warmly share in the patriotic feelings ; and I sincerely hope for myself, and for our whole people, that your stay here may be in every respect agreeable, and that you may carry with you pleasing recollections of this visit among us." The President responded in becoming terms, after which the several members of the party were conveyed by carriages in waiting to the places as'signed them. The President and Mrs. Hayes, with Gov. Pills- bury, were rapidly driven to ex-Gov. Ramsey's residence, and the others, with the exception of Attorney General Devens, were conducted to the Metropolitan Hotel. The Attorney General was driven to Gen. Mc- Laren's residence, where he breakfasted, with Senator and Mrs. Windom. A little after nine o'clock, a procession was formed and headed for the fair grounds, the procession being formed in the following order: Platoon of Police. Great Western Band. Minnesota Veterans. President of the United States and party in carriages. 156 THE NORTHWEST TBRRITOET. State Officers and Officers of the United States in carriages. County aad City Officers in carriages. Germania Band. Troops from Fort Snelling. Faribault Military Cadets. Odd Fellows, United Workmen, Druids, and Civic Organizations. Citizens in carriages. The procession was under the charge of Gen. H. P. Van Cleve, who had appointed as aids Col. C. S. Uline, Capt. Macy, Oapt. A. R. Kiefer, W. D. Rogers, R. O. Strong, W. E. McLean, Oapt. Otto Dreher, Oapt. M. J. O'Connor, Jacob Miller and Chief of Police Weber. The procession opened ranks, through which the President and guests in carriages rode, and as the President passed the companies fell into line and followed, until a point a short distance above the Metropolitan was reached, when the President's carriage and others stopped. The procession continued till the position designated for the illustrious guests was reached, which they took, and the column continued down Third street in the order above given. From the start till the arrival at the depot, it was a continued ovation. Ladies and little children clapped their hands anid waved their handkerchiefs, while the men kept up one continuous cheering. When the President's carriage stopped on upper Third street, the scene was one of wild enthusiasm. Here, as elsewhere, the President was cheered and cheered, and many rushed up to the carriage to take him by the hand. The first one to do this was a little fellow, perhaps fourteen years of age, ragged and dirty, but as much, if not more, consideration was shown by the President to this lad than to the best dressed gentleman who shook his hands. It showed that the President has a big heart, and he was heartily applauded. At this point many ladies rushed up with their little ones to be greeted by President Hayes, who took pains to notice all of them. This was con- tinued till he moved on. During the march down Third sfreet, the President remained standing in his carriage, lifting his hat and bowing right and left in answer to the repeated salutes and cheers. President Hayes and wife, and Governor Pillsbury and wife, occupied an open carriage, and as the President passed through the closely packed streets, he stood up with head uncovered and acknowledged the hearty cheers that went up from the crowds that surged around him. The reception of the President was hearty and general, and the spontaneous expressions of the good-will of his fellow citizens of St. Paul and the State of Minnesota, must have been gratifying to President Hayes, grand and great as have been the ovations tendered to him in larger cities. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. . 157 At eleven o'clock, the special train consisting of three cars drew out for the fair grounds. Two of the cars contained the presidential party, and in the third were the Faribault cadets, and their band, as an escort. This military company had the honor of being the only escort, which was due to their fine appearance and soldierly bearing. After a quick run the train reached the fair grounds. Immediately after the President was on board of the train, the vast crowd in St. Paul made a grand rush for teams, and by the time that he reached the fair grounds and was ready to alight, a large number were also ready to receive him. The train steamed into the enclosure, and a detachment of police formed, through the ranks of which the Faribault band and guards headed the line, followed by the presidential party. They marched at once to the President's pavilion, and the visitors took seats on the platform, while the Faribault Guards filed in front of this building. President Hayes' reception on the fair grounds was another grand ovation, the vast crowd swinging their hats and cheering, extending such a greeting as beggars description. When on the pavilion, the crowd again tremendously applauded President Hayes. President Finch, of the State Fair Association, stepped forward and introduced the President, who spoke to the assembled thousands that had gathered to see and hear him. The President's speech lasted about an hour. It was of a congratu- latory character, local, state and national, and abounded in many well put phrases. The body of the speech was devoted to the financial problems of the country which so vitally concern our people, and have been stirring the national heart with intense zeal for the last decade. At its conclusion, Genl. Myer was introduced and made a few remarks, then Atty. Genl. Devins delivered a pretty little speech, fol- lowed by Senator Butler of South Carolina. When the speeches were concluded, and the audience had seen and heard their authors, some one shouted, " Mrs. Hayes," and like wildfire ^the cry spread all over the crowd, which continued until the demand was so universal, that these people would not be satisfied or quieted till Mrs. Hayes appeared before them. Senator Ramsey appeared with Mrs. Hayes leaning on his arm, and introduced her to the vast assem- blage. Mrs. Hayes bowed pleasantly several times, and for some time after she sat down, the immense applause continued from the voices of fifty thousand people, with whom this sensible woman was a great favorite, as she is everywhere. Indeed, it seemed as if the welcome in many instances was even more enthusiastic, if it could be, than the President received. 158 . THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKT. At 10 o'clock on Thursday night (the 5th) the President and party- left St. Paul via the Northern Pacific Railroad for Fargo and the Red River Valley of the North, arriving at Fargo at 8:30 o'clock the next morning. A little after ten o'clock the presidential train started to visit the great Dalrymple farm. Upon their arrival there one hundred farm hands were found drawn up in line, who cheered the President as he stepped from the car and bowed to them. The party were immedi- ately hurried into vehicles of all sorts, which were in readiness for them. Oliver Dalrymple, the manager of the farms, took the President in a single-seated buggy, and took the lead. Next came Mrs. Hayes in a two-seated wagon, accompanied by Gen. Sibley. A party of ladies and gentlemen got aboard of a hay-rack drawn by six mules, and enjoyed rare sport while taking the rounds of the grain fields in the line of the procession. The President being human, could not restrain his admiration and wonder at these extensive fields, which but a week or two ago where covered with a rich growth of golden grain, and but five years ago were crossed by the fresh war path of the Sioux. Brigades of men and horses were exhibited to the party, plowing furrows miles in length. Others were threshing out the newly-harvested wheat at the rate of several thousand bushels per day. After riding rapidly over a portion of these grain fields, the President, Mrs. Hayes and others accompanying them around the fields, were regaled by Mr. and Mrs. Dalrymple at their cottage with refreshments. After these honors by the wheat-growing king of the Northwest, the party returned to their special train, re-entered their palace coaches, and steamed away towards Minneapolis, where they arrived at 7:30 o'clock on Saturday morning. They were met at the depot of the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad by a deputation of citizens, consisting of Mayor Rand, Hon. W. D. Washburn, R. B. Langdon, Dr. Keith, Col. McGrary and other distinguished citizens of that city, and conveyed to the Nicollet House, where they were sumptuously entertained. The Nicollet register shows the following names, from which it will be seen that the party was augmented after leaving St. Paul : President R. B. Hayes and wife. Burchard Hayes, Washington. Webb C. Hayes, Washington. Rutherford B. Hayes, Jr., Washington. Hon. H. B. Strait, M. C, Shakopee. Hon. Wm. Windom, U. S. Senator, Winona. Hon. Alexander Ramsey, St. Paul. M. C. Butler, U. S. Senator, and son, South Carolina. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 159 Gen. Albert J. Meyer and daughter, U. S. A. E. B. Tyler and wife, postmaster, Baltimore. Judge T. C. Jones and wife, Ohio. Wm. H. Mills and daughter, Ohio. Gen. T. R. Looker, pay director, U. S. N. Hon. Andrew Shuman, Journal, Chicago. Jos. Gaidar, Pennsylvania State College. 0. D. LaDaw, Washington. Gov. W. A. Howard, Dakota. C. B. Wright, Philadelphia. B. C. Yancey, Athens, Ga. Wm. Henry Smith, wife, daughter and son, Chicago. C. B. Farwell, wife and son, Chicago. John V. FarweU and wife, Chicago. John N. Jewett and wife, Chicago. Wm. H. Perry and wife, Chicago. 0. W. Nixon, Inter-Ocean, Chicago. A little after twelve o'clock conreyances were in readiness, and the party were taken out to visit the exposition of the Minneapolis Agri- cultural and Mechanical Association, where the party was welcomed, and the President introduced to the assembled multitude by Mayor Rand in the following aptly-chosen words : "Fellow Citizens, Ladies and Gentlemen :— Our city is especially honored to-day by the presence of one whose person is a stranger to us, but whose name has long been a household word ; one who has plowed deep furrows in the political soil of this country, the harvest of which will be garnered into the treasuries of the land when absolute genuine peace shall be firmly established all over the Union, and particularly in the great councils of the nation. The policy of peace on earth and good will to his fellow men, as exercised in the earliest days of his administration, was inaugurated nearly two thousand years ago by a poor and lowly Nazarene ; that outlived all dynasties, and will continue to live and expand until the purpling dawn of the millenium. If the soil in which it was planted was not ready for its reception, it ought not to depreciate one jot or title yonr estimate of the kindly Instincts of the courageous hearts that dared follow so Illustrious an example. I haye the honor to introduce His Excellency, Rutherford B. Hayes, the President of the United States." President Hayes responded in a speech of some length, covering nearly the same subjects as those already quoted from his speech at St. Paul. Some incidents transpired during the visit of the party to the Minne- apolis fair that are worthy of mention, for an account of which we are indebted to the " Pioneer Press." When President Hayes concluded his speech and had taken his seat, says the " Pioneer Press," the broad-brimmed hat of William Terrel, 160 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. an expressman, of Minneapolis, was seen to rise above the edge of the judge's stand. "Bill" touched the President gently on the shoulder, and the latter turning around, a most hearty greeting and handshaking followed — honest Bill closing the salutation by wiping tears from his eyes. He was presented to Mrs. Hayes, who greeted him with warm- hearted cordiality, creating one of the interesting incidents of the day. The explanation for the demonstration is, that William Terrel was a member of President Hayes' regiment during the war, and the affec- tionate greeting was simply that of an old soldier to his honored commander, and the noble " mother of the regiment," to which the two men belonged as ofBcer and private soldier. To-day William Terrel feels elevated above the average run of his fellow men. Following the speech of Attorney General Devens, President Hayes again advanced to the front, holding a Bible in his hand. He explained that book was the gift of a Union soldier of Minneapolis, who wished it sold at auction and the proceeds devoted to the family of some confed- erate soldier, suffering from the present terrible epidemic, yellow fever. Accepting the situation with characteristic vim. Mayor Rand converted himself into an auctioneer, and called for a first bid. The response came in the cry of " $5," then " $10." Then came a demand for names and the bidding was continued as follows, in the midst of repeated cheers : D. 0. Gilman, of Minneapolis, " $50 ;" Mrs. J. I. Case, of Racine, Wis., " $75 ;" R. F. Jones, Minneapolis, called out " $80," followed by tremendous cheering. The kind-hearted little lady from Wisconsin, not to be outdone in generosity, raised her bid to " $100," and took the book — the crowd shouting themselves hoarse, while handkerchiefs filled the air like a shower of big snow flakes. This spirited scene was followed by loud calls for Mrs. Hayes, who was escorted to the front by Gov. Pillsbury and greeted with rounds of respectful cheers, as the first lady and one of the noblest women in a land of noble women. Cheers were also proposed and given for Mrs. J. I. Case, for her generous contribution to the yellow fever fund, and everyone seemed thoroughly delighted with the day's experiences on the grounds. Subseqently, Mrs. Case very generously returned the valued book to the donor, D. Newton Severance, with her compliments. As President Hayes and wife were leaving the grounds, (hey under- went a series of friendly shakes, and the name of the soldier who pre- sented the Bible being called for, back came the response : «D. Newton Severance, of Minneapolis." The party returned to St. Paul on Saturday evening, where they 5^ IffZ^^ RED WfNG. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 161 remained over Sunday. Monday they left the capital of the generous- hearted North Star State, on their return to their homes, stopping for a few hours at Hastings, the home of the Commissioner of Agriculture, LeDuc, and at Red Wing, in both of which cities they were welcomed by thousands of people. After speaking to the multitude from the south balcony of the St. James Hotel at the latter city, and partaking of a sumptuous collation given by her citizens in the spacious dining hall of that house, at 9:50 p. M., the distinguished party bade adieu to the city of bluffs and church spires and started on their homeward journey. JOURNALISTIC ENTERPRISE. THE CONTRAST. Steadily with the growth and development of the State, journalism has held a place in the front rank of her industries. It has done more to mould her destinies and direct her prosperity than any other one interest. Perhaps no State in the Union of her years has enjoyed a journalistic career as bright and substantial as Minnesota. The follow- ing from the St. Paul « Pioneer Press," of January 2d, 1877, will be instructive in this connection : We have some difficulty in deciding whether the old " Pioneer," or the old " Press," is the main stem of the consolidated newspaper, the Minneapolis "Tribune" being a later and younger affluent. The " Press," though twelve years younger, had far outgrown in general business prosperity its older rival when the latter was taken to its 12 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 163 bosom, but the " Pioneer " had the precedence of seniority, and for historical purposes, at least, may be considered the original stem of the consolidated " Pioneer Press." The St. Paul " Pioneer " was founded by James M. Goodhue, who came to St. Paul in the spring of 1849, with ' a printing press and materials from Lancaster, Grant county, Wisconsin, soon after the territory was organized. He put his printing press in a little shanty on Third street, and there laid the corner stone of Minne- sota journalism. On a previous page is given a cut of the little Wash- ington hand press, with which the parent journal began its toils in 1849 ; and on the opposite page is seen a speaking likeness of the giant press which embodies the mechanical power and symbolizes the vigor, enterprize, and prosperity of the " Pioneer Press " of 1877. The contrast is a suggestive one, and there are volumes of stirring history, of unrewarded toil, of fruitless enterprise, of hardly won successes, in the long interval of thirty-one years, which separates these two pictorial terms of comparison. Near the site of the little shanty, where Goodhue planted his little Washington hand-press, the stately and magnificent four-story stone building of the " Pioneer Press," fifty feet front and a hundred and fifty deep, now rears its imposing front. The " Pioneer " was riot issued as a daily till 1854, when Earl S. Goodrich became its proprietor and editor. It was a prosperous paper during his administration, and in the fall of that year, the little hand-press was supplanted by a Hoe drum press, which was run by hand for a year, and afterwards by steam. This press was capable of working ofi' about 1,000 impressions an hour, and was considered a big thing in those days. For this, which Mr. Goodrich found too cumbrous for his business, he subsequently substituted a smaller one-cylinder Hoe press, run by steam-power of about the same capacity. In 1861 the "Press" started with a small hand-power press rented for the purpose, but was soon compelled to purchase a new Taylor power press run by st^am. It was not until 1870, however, that it was found necessary or deemed financially prudent to get a Hoe one-cylinder which was capable of turning oif 1,500 impressions an hour ; but though this was not equal to their necessities, and was the occasion of their missing a great many mails and many disappointments to city subscribers, a two-cylinder was felt to be more expensive than the "Press" Company could afi'ord. In 1872, however, its neighbor, the '■ Pioneer," went into a great lottery scheme for increasing its circula- tion. The scheme succeeded so far as circulation was concerned, but it broke the concern. To work off their immense edition they found it necessary to purchase a two-cylinder Potter press. This press, which 164 THE NORTHWEST TEREITOBT. was capable of 3,000 impressions per hour, became the property of the " Pioneer Press" on the consolidation of the two papers, and it proved a fortunate possession; for withoutit they would have been wholly unable to work off the large edition of the two papers, which was subsequently increased by the absorption of the " Minneapolis Tribune," and since then still further increased by the impulse given to the popularity of the newspaper by the great improvements its proprietors were enabled to make in it, and by its independent course. But the circulation of the " Pioneer Press" made such unexpectedly rapid strides beyond the combined circulations of the consolidated newspapers, that it was soon found that the two-cylinder press could not begin to do the work required of it. To work off their edition at all, it was necessary to send the first side to press at from 9:30 to 10:30 p. m., and the forms of their last side to press by 2:30 a. m., at farthest, and even then the press pushed to its utmost speed was unable to meet the demands upon it — and every day was making matters worse. It often happened that the most important telegraphic news came after 2 a. m., or even as late as 3 A. M. They either had to cut off the news or disappoint their subscri- bers, and the slightest derangement of the machinery, or any other cause of delay, would oblige them to miss important mails and to defraud the city subscribers of their papers before breakfast. A four- cylinder press was, therefore, an imperative necessity ; and though it cost a sum of money sufficient to build two or three average business blocks, they have no doubt it will prove as profitable as it was a necessary invest- ment. It will be interesting to recapitulate the indices above mentioned of the powers of the Hercules whose infancy was cradled by James M. Goodhue, and whose later steps were guided by as many masters as Rabelais' Gargantua, as measured by the various presses which marked and symbolized its various stages of development. From 1849 to 1854, a Washington hand press — capacity 240 impres- sions an hour. From 1854 to 1866, a Hoe drum or some similar press — capacity 1,000 to 1,200 impressions an hour. From 1866 to 1875, a Hoe cylinder press — capacity 1,500 impres- sions an hour. From 1875 to 1877, a double cylinder — capacity 3,000 impressions an hour. 1877, a Hoe four cylinder — capacity 10,000 impressions per hour. So that in 1877 the " Pioneer Press " prints in less than a minute and a half as many impressions as Goodhue could print in an hour. This expressive contrast is a fair measure of the immense growth of Minne- THE NOKTHWEST TERRITOKT. 165 sota journalism since its first feeble plant was made thirty-one years ago. We have not deemed it necessary to go at length into the other aspects of this progress beyond its mere mechanical expressions and symbols. But it will not fail to occur to every one that this growth is a part of the general progress of this State and region. When the first number of the " Pioneer " was issued, there were not more than 4,000 people in the present limits of Minnesota, nor more than 300, mostly half-breeds, in St. Paul. There were still fewer at St. Anthony, and none at all in Minneapolis west. Now these towns embrace an aggre- gate population of 75,000 souls, and the State at least 800,000. In 1849 the only agencies through which the " Pioneer " could receive news was through a weekly mail by steamboat, and in winter by stage from Dubuque. There was no telegraph in those days in this region, and no railroad nearer than Elgin, in Illinois. We Iiave bravely changed all that. It would astonish Goodhue if he could once arise from his grave to see the changes which have been accomplished since his day in the mere apparatus for the collection and transmission of news, to say nothing of the wonderful transformation which the progress of civiliza- tion and wealth and culture have effected in the external aspects of the country. Lines of telegraph, stretching their wires all over the State and the Union, and across the ocean through Europe, pour the daily news gatherings of the associated press from all parts of the country and the world in the news columns of the daily journal, while the steam cars on a dozen lines of railroads are waiting to carry the great sacks of newspapers to every part of the State and of the North- west. During the first week in September, 1878, while two of the greatest Fairs ever held in the Northwest were attracting the largest crowds of people ever assembled in that region, the Pioneer Press Co. issued for six consecutive dayg a twelve-page paper containing seventy-two columns. 90,000 copies were issued during the six days. The weight of paper used was six and three-fourths tons. The sheets used, if fastened one to the other lengthway, would extend over seventy-nine miles. Spreading the sheets out singly, the area covered would be thirty-one and eleven-sixteenth acres. Reducing the number of columns to single columns, and the aggre- gate issue would form a line one column wide of 2045 miles in length. In preparing and circulating this great paper there were employed : 166 THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. In editorial department, - 19 In composition and proof reading, 43 In press room, - - - 10 In mailing room, - - 15 In carriers' department, both cities, - 25 In business department, 12 - Total, - 124 (This force was employed for only one of the departments. lii the book room, job room, bindery, and lithographic departments, there are from sixty-five to seventy hands employed in addition to above.) The total expenses of the paper for the six days footed up $2,850. The press but shares in the general progress which has been going on all over the State and throughout the entire Northwest. STATE INSTITUTIONS. EDUCATIONAL. The State University is located at Minneapolis, East Division. It was chartered under territorial jurisdiction. * " Under an act of Congress approved February 19, 1851, there were located for the use of the University, 46,468.35 acres of land, of which amount 23,361.71 were pine lands, and 23,106.64 acres of agricultural lands. Of the latter, 1,193.26 acres were sold by the board of regents in 1862. "By act of the legislature approved March 5, 1863, the State Auditor, as Commissioner of the State Land Office, was required to take charge of the University lands. By the act of March 4, 1864, a new board of regents was appointed, and invested with special powers, for the purpose of liquidating the indebtedness of the institution, and authorized to dispose of 12,000 acres of the university lands ; which amount was subsequently increased to 14,000 acres. " Their reports show that a total of 14,734.76 acres were sold. " An additional grant of seventy-two sections, or 46,080 acres, was made to the State for University purposes, by act of Congress approved July 8, 1870. " Of the first grant, 36,703.75 acres only were certified before the organization of the State. By a ruling of the Interior Department the 9,764.60 acres of the first grant certified since the State organization, * Report of State Auditor, 1878. THE NORTHWEST TBKBITORT. 167 are chargeable to the second grant, leaving only 37,079.24 acres to be selected. "The selections for this amount have been practically completed by the governor, of which the following lists have been approved. District. Date of Approyal. Acres, Alexandria, May 13, 1872, - 6,042.87 New Ulm, September 24, 1872, 7,319.71 Duluth, August 29, 1873, 822.89 St. Cloud, - August 29, 1873, - 4,388.94 Oak Lake, - August 29, 1873, 4,786.05 Alexandria, - December 27, 1873, 2,880.00 T^tal, - - 26,239.96 The proceeds of the Agricultural College lands and of the University lands, go into the permanent University fund. The sales of Agricultu- ral College lands in 1877 amounted to 7,551 acres, at the average price of $5.81 per acre. The total sales of Agricultural College lands, at the close of the last year, amounted to 49,643.75 acres. The total amount realized was 1280,739.68. NORMAL SCHOOLS. There are three legally established Normal Schools in the State. The first State Normal School is located at Winona, the second at Man- kato, and the third at St. Cloud. The resources of these schools are State appropriations and funds arising from tuition in the model schools. The State Reform School is located near St. Paul, in Ramsey county, ASYLUMS. The Deaf and Dumb and the Blind Asylums are located at Faribault. The building was commenced in 1866. Additions have been made from time to time, as the needs of the State required. In 1874 a law was passed levying a tax of ten dollars against each saloon in the State, annually, for the purpose of erecting and maintaining an Inebriate Asylum. Rochester was selected as the site of the new institution, grounds secured, and the erection of the building commenced. The last session of the Legislature, however, changed the programme, and passed an act providing that it should be used for the purposes of a second insane asylum. It will be opened this fall (1878) for the recep- tion of patients. It will cost from $35,000 to $40,000. 168 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. STATE PRISON. The penitentiary is located at Stillwater. The pioneer settlers in Minnesota Territory located in the vicinity of St. Paul, St. Anthony Falls and Stillwater, and by a kind of mutual understanding the capitol was located at St. Paul, the penitentiary at Stillwater, and the State University at St. Anthony — now included in the city of Minneapolis. The following table, taken from the last report of the State Auditor, shows the cost of buildings for the several State institutions : Years. Prison. Reform School. Insane. Deaf, Dnmh and Blind. University. Normal Schools. Total. 1866 $ 7,100 14 14,157 93 $ 9,330 00 39.233 73 76,436 27 49,859 43 10,140 57 68,169,00 3,000 00 128,000 00 77,000 00 20,800 00 25,000 00 9,492 78 $ 9,600 82 43,339 18 7,033 09 10,000 00 466 91 25,000 00 $ 10,000 00 25,000 00 30,000 00 37,000 00 65.676 68 14,954 84 3,700 00 20,600 00 20,000 00 3,100 00 $ 36,080 96 134,790 84 127,069 86 124,009 13 101,434 16 152,720 31 37,087 79 254,600 00 178,849 35 73,586 18 60,136 76 29 206 08 1867 $ 5,000 00 6,600 00 10,000 00 18,100 00 $ 8,000 00 7,000 00 1868. 1869 17,160 00 12,160 00 39,596 47 31,387 79 40,000 00 5,849 85 34,836 18 3;i36 76 11,718 30 1870 1871 10,000 00 1872 '"26;6oo'66 5,600 00 1873 31,666 66 9,000 00 7,000 00 4,000 00 5,500 00 15,000 00 61,600 00 7,860 00 18,000 00 1874 ; 1875 1876 1877 2,500 00 Total $217,059 92 $ 75,200 00 $611,461 78 $152,000 00 $127,350 00 $231,431 52 $1,314,62122 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AND ITS AMENDMENTS. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every, second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representa- tive; and until such enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Mary- land six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five, and Georgia three. 170 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall, issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other oflBcers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President ^ro tempore^ in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside. And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sen- ators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 171 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Sec. 5. Each house shall be the .ludge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nayes of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered oflT the journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any othei- place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compen- sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- ments as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it ; but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origi- nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and 172 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be recon- sidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nayes, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sun- days excepted,) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take eflFect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lirnitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power — To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;- To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish post oflSces and post roads ; To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and ofi'enses against the law of nations; To declare war, grant of letters marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 173 To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, supress insurrections and repel invasions : To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; * To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles sq^uare) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- ment or officer thereof. Sec. 9. The migration or importation .of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress, prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless.when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or exposifaoto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev- enue to the ports of one state over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No' money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of 174. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no person holding any oflSce of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Sec, 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- ation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post faoto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely neces- sary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on ton- nage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agree- ment or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Article II. Section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Sen- ators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. [* The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the gov- ernment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and * This clause between brackets has been superseded and annulled by the Twelfth amendment. CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 175 House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the vote shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Repre- sentatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for Presi- dent; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this pur pose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President.] The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty -five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inabil- ity, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- pensation which shall neither be increased or diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, ' to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United States." 176 CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. Sec. 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses against the Uiiited States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present con- cur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the Presi- dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sec. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may on extra- ordinary occasions convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public officers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article HI. Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and CONSTITUTION Of THE UNITED Sl^ATES. 177 treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases afifecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of different states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state or the citi- zens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. 'In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sec. 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 13 178 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. _ Sec. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected \5rithin the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or part of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belong- ing to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular state. Sfic. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the legislature, or of the Execu- tive (when the Legislature can not be convened,) against domestic vio- lence. Article V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it neces- sary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the applica- tion of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when rati- fied by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by con- ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of rati- fication may be proposed by the Congress. Provided that no amend- ment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner aflfect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Article VI. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adop- tion of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary not- withstanding. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 1^9 The Senators and Eepresentatives before mentioned, and the mem- bers of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by an oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no reli- gious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or pub- lic trust under the United States. Article VII. / The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratify- ing the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEO. WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virginia. New Hampshire. John Lanqdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts. Nathaniel Gorham, Rupus King. Connecticut. Wm. Sam'l Johnson, Roger Sherman. New York. Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey. WiL. Livingston, Wm. Patterson, David Brearley, JoNA. Dayton. Delaware. Geo. Read, John Dickinson, Jaco. Broom, Gunning Bedford, Jr., Richard Bassbtt. Maryland. James M'Henry, Daniel. Carroll, Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer. Virginia. John Blair, James Madison, Jr. North Carolina. Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson, Rich'd Dobbs Spaiqht. 180 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Pennsylvania. South Carolina. B. Franklin, J. Rutledge, RoBT. MoREis, Charles Pincknbt, Thos. Fitzsimons, Chas. Cotesworth Pinokney. James Wilson, Pierce Butler. Thos. Mifflin, Geo. Oltmek, Georgia. Jared Inge^soll, William Few. Gouv. Morris. Abr. Baldwin. WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. Articles in Addition to and Amendatory of the Constitution of the United States of America. Proposed by Congress and ratified hy the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Article II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arras shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and e£Eects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, sup- ported by oath or aflSrmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 181 crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual serTice in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same oiFense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due pro- cess of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committted, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Article VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article IX. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively or to the people. Article XI. i The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 182 CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. Article XII. The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person to be voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole num- ber of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Rep- resentatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be the majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice- President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Article XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- diction. CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 183 Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- priate legislation. , Article XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legis- lature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. Sec 3. No person shall, be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such dis- ability. Sec 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States author- ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt or obligation incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this act. 184 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Article XV. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any state, on acconnt of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- priate legislation. HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION AND AREA— DEAINAGE— SUR- FACE AND TIMBER— GEOLOGY— SHAKOPEE LIME- STONE, DRIFT, MOUNDS, Etc., Etc. BY PROF. HOBACE B. WILSON, A.M. This county lies on the Mississippi River, and is bounded on the north by Dakota county and the Mississippi River ; on the east by the Mississippi, Lake Pepin and Wabasha county ; on the south by Olmsted and Dodge counties ; and on the west by Rice and Dakota counties. Its area is about 764 square miles, or 488,833.84 acres, according to the township plats of the U. S. Land Office. The townships are twenty-four in number, those bordering on the Mississippi being fractional. The following table, taken from the records of the Surveyor General's office, gives the number of acres in each township in the county: Name. Township N. Bange W. Acres and Fractions. Bnmside 113 15 18,666.69 Cannon Falls 112 17 13,606.31 Central Point 113 13 1,13143 Featherstone 113 15 22,909.89 Florence 113 13 20,901.67 HayCreek 113 14 33,055.40 Stanton 112 18 15,375.53 Waconta - 113 14 2,700.47 Welch -.- 113 16 37,133.28 CherryGrove 109 17 24,537.58 Roscoe 109 16 33,987.33 Pine Island -.- 109 15 32,996.39 Zumbrota -- 110 15 33,905.13 Kenyon 109 18 23,006.38 Minneola 110 16 22,827.18 Wanamingo HO 17 24,533.55 Holden 110 18 33,016.70 Belvidere Ill 14 22,879.96 Gk)odhue HI 15 33,853.45 Bange W. Acres and Fractions 16 22,707.41 17 24,498.57 18 22,951.36 U 4,480.00 16 26,193.41 186 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Name. Township N. Belle Creek Ill Leon Ill Warsaw HI Red Wing 113 Vasa 112 Total 488,833.84 EAILEOAD ELEVATIONS, 0. M. & ST. PAUL E. E. Above the Ocean. Low water mark at St. Paul 672.34 feet. Grade of railroad at St. Paul Depot. 692.84 " " " " Hastings Junction H. & D. R. R 696.31 " " " " Etter Station 677.84 " " " " Red Wing Depot 673.84 " " " " Frontenae 707.34 " " " " Lake City 691.84 " " " " Winona 649.44 " Top of Barn Bluff 1008.84 " Fort Snelling 820.00 " Itasca Lake source of Mississippi 1575.00 " ANNUAL MEAN TEMPEEATUEE OF GOODHUE CO. Temperature in degrees F'hr. Jan., +13.7, July, +73.4, Average for year, +44.6. Annual rainfall in inches, 25.84. The general surface of the county, except the land bordering on the Mississippi, a strip averaging two miles in width, and the valleys of the streams, which have been formed by the erosion of running water, is a plane, or a gently rolling prairie. DRAINAGE. Streams are numerous, and their falls suflSciently rapid to afford excel- lent mill-sites. The surface is drained by the Great and Little Cannon Rivers ; the north branch, and the north middle branch of the Zumbro ; the Vermillion River;* Belle, Prairie, Spring, Hay, Wells, Bullard, Rock * Sometimes called Vermillion Slough. It is formed, in the main, by an arm of the Mississippi River that puts out from the main channel a few miles below Hastings, and re-unites therevrith about six miles above Eed Wing. Foote and Warner in their recently published map of Goodhne connty designate this body of water as a river; and there is -no good reason why it should not be so called. It receives the water of the Vermillion Eiver that comes down from Dakota county, and is always moved by a current. In the spring of 1868, when stage travel was interrupted by the washing out of bridges on the roate of travel between Red Wing and Hastings, the mail and passengers were carried from Red Wing to Hastings by the steamboat Tiger, Captain David Hancock in charge. On one occasion, he tried the ezperi. ment of shortening the distance and saving time, by leaving the main channel of the river, and going up through the slough. He made the trip, up, bat followed the main channel on the return trip. That is believed to have been the first and only time a steamboat glided through its waters. THE HISTOKT OF GOODHUE COUNTT. 187 and Clear creeks. These streams belong to three main paths by which the water that falls upon the surface of the county is conveyed into the Mississippi. The southern portion is drained by the Zumbro and its tributaries ; the northern and western by the Great Cannon and its several.- branches ; and the interior and eastern by Spring, Hay and Wells creeks, and their numerous branches. Besides these, Vermillion Eiver, after draining a large portion of Dakota county, separates Prairie Island, which forms parts of the townships of Burnside and Welch, from the main land. There are no lakes in the county, and but few ponds. Living springs of cool, pure water, of the very best quality, abound in nearly every section. They are most common on the south or west sides of blaflfs, where the green shale of the Lower Trenton Limestone is the surface rock. Good water is also easily procured in all sectiona of the county, by sinking wells to a reasonable depth, except on the top of the Magnesian Limestone bluffs bordering the Mississippi. This formation contains so many seams and fissures between the different layers, that there seems to be an absence of living water in such locali- ties, within ordinary striking distance of the surface. SURFACE AND TIMBER. The following information in reference to the surface and timber of the several townships of Goodhue county, was obtained from Mr. Stephen A. Hart, who has for many years filled the office of county surveyor, and is, perhaps, more familiar with the general topography of the county than any other resident of it. Pine Island.— (Tl. 109 N., 13 W.) There is timber in the northeast corner of the township which covers about four sections, viz., section 8, ^ of 9, J of 17, and the south ^ of 18. Also section 31 and part of section 32. The growth consists of red and and burr oak, aspen, basswood, maple, and a few scattering pine. The north middle branch of the Zumbro, extends through the S. W. corner of the township. In the N. E. corner the surface is somewhat broken. The soil is excellent. Magnetic variation, 9° 28'. Cherry Grove.— {T. 109 N., 17 W.) Parts of sections 33, 3i and 36, and all of 35, are covered with burr and red oak, aspen and maple. Surface rolling, with soil of an extra good quality. Magnetic variation, 7° 35'. 188 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Bosooe.—(T. 109 N., 16 W.) Section 36, the south ^ of 25, parts of sections 32, 33, and all of sec- tions 34 and 35, are timbered with white, red and burr oak, sugar maple, and aspen. Surface rolling. Soil of excellent quality. Magnetic variation, 9° 5'. Ii:enyon.—{T. 109 N., 18 W, ) The north branch of the Zumbro River runs through the N. W. corner of the township. There is timber on the north i of section 3, north f of section 4, south ^ of 5, south f of 8, and the south ^ of 7 and 18. The timber consists of white, red and burr oak and aspen. This is a prairie township, the surface generally level, and possessing a most excellent soil. Magnetic variation, 7° 54'. Zumirota.—{T. 110 N., 15 W.) The north branch of the Zumbro runs through the S. W. corner of the township. There is a small grove of scattering burr oak on section 24. This township consists of gently rolling prairie, with soil of first-rate quality. Magnetic variation, 9° 20'. Minneola.—iT. 110 N., 16 W.) The north branch of the Zumbro also extends from west to east nearly through the center of the township. Soil, good. Surface, rolling prairie. Timber, scattering burr oak. Magnetic variation, 9° 30'. Wanamingo.—{T. 110 N., 17 W.) The north branch of the Zumbro River runs through the southern part of the township. Sections 5, 6, 7 and parts of 8, 9 and west i of 18, and also parts of 27 and 28 are Limbered with red and burr oak and aspen. The northwest corner of the township is broken along a branch of the Little Cannon. The central portion is smooth prairie. In the eastern part there are many scattering burr oak. The soil is of the very finest quality. Magnetic variation, 8° 5'. JIolden.—(T. 110 N., 18 W.) The Little Cannon River rises in the western part of the township. The surface in the N. W. corner is broken. The rest consists of rolling prairie. The soil is of an excellent quality. There is timber on sec- tions 1 and 2, part of 12, and the south ^ of 34 and 35. Magnetic variation, 7° 55' Belvidere.—{1. Ill N., 14 W.) The northern portion of the township, along the margin of Wells THE HISTOEY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 189 Creek, is broken. The surface of the south f is a gently rolling prairie. Soil excellent. Magnetic variation, 9° 25'. Goodhue.— {T. Ill N., 15 W.) The surface consists of rolling prairie. The soil is generally good, except the north \ of section 6, which is timbered with burr oak. Mag- netic variation, 9° 48'. Belle Creek.— {T. Ill N., 16 W.) The surface of the township, in many places, is covered with scatter- ing burr oak. The N. W. corner is broken. The south f consists of smooth rolling prairie ; soil excellent. Magnetic variation, 9° 35' Leon.—{T. Ill N., 17 W.) The south \ of sections 3, 4, 5, and the west ^ of 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, and also the north ^ of 29 ; all of 30, 31 and f of 32, and the south ^ of 33 are covered with timber, consisting of white, red, and burr oak, aspen, white ash, basswood, black cherry and red elm. The surface of the N. W. portion of the township is broken. The balance rolling prairie ; soil good. Magnetic variation, 8° 30'. Warsaw.— {T. Ill N., 18 W.) The surface of the eastern portion of the township, bordering on the Little Cannon, is broken. The rest is mostly rolling prairie of the very finest quality for farming purposes. There is timber of good quality on part of section 1 ; on the east parts of 12 and 13 ; on the west part of 24 ; on nearly the whole of 26 ; the west part of 36 ; the whole of 34. It is principally burr oak and aspen. The soil is first rate. Magnetic variation, 8° 12'. Central Point.— {T. 112 N., 12 W.) The bluff known as Sugar Loaf is situated on section 31. The surface of the rest of the township is generally level. The soil is only second rate; the timber scattering, and mostly burr and red oak. Magnetic variation, 9° 35'. ^? Florence.— {T. 112 N., 13 W.) The surface is much broken ; the soil generally good, except in the valley of Wells Creek, which is quite sandy, with a gravelly subsoil. The timber is scattering burr oak. Magnetic variation, 9° 45'. Hay Creek.— {T. 112 N., 14 W.) Both the eastern and western portions of this township are broken 190 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. The surface of the central part is rolling prairie. The soil of the N. W. corner is sandy ; the rest is of good quality. It has but little timber. Magnetic variation, 8° 35'. FeaiAersione.—(T. 112 N., 15 W.) The surface of the eastern section of this township, bordering on Hay Creek, is a good deal broken ; also the northwestern, along the margin of Spring Creek, where it is intersected by the secondary ravines drain- ing that portion of the town into the latter. The central and southern parts are rolling. The soil is of excellent quality ; and the farmer gets a rich return for his labor. There is scattering burr oak in the eastern and northern portions. Magnetic variation, 8° 56^. Vasa.—{T. 112 N., 16 W.) The surface is broken except in the middle and southern portions. Belle Creek runs through the township, and the Great Cannon River separates it from the town of Welch. Most of the timber of this town- ship is on sections 16 and 25, on the Cannon River bottom. The soil is good. Magnetic variation, 9° 35'. Cannon Falls.— {T. 112 N., 17 W.) The northern part is broken, with scattering burr and red oak. The southeastern part is covered with burr oak thickets, and groves of aspen. Cannon River bottom, from one-half to a mile in width, has gravelly soil. The middle and western has thin, sandy soil. In the southeastern the soil is good. Magnetic variation, 9° 5'. Stanton.— (1. 112 N., 18 W.) There is timber on sections 35 and 36, and a grove on 32. It consists of sugar maple, elm, red and burr oak. The soil is gjenerally of good quality. Magnetic variation, 8° 45'. Waoouta.—{T. 113 N., 13 and 14 W.) The surface is bluffy and uneven; the soil sandy; timber, scattering burr oak and cottonwood. Magnetic variation, 9° 5'. Bed Wing.—{T. 113 N., 14 W.) The surface is bluffy and uneven. The soil second rate, portions of it very sandy. Timber scattering burr and red oak. Magnetic variation 9° 21'. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 191 Burnside.—{T. 113 and 114 N., 15 W.) The southwestern portion is broken. The Cannon River bottom, from three-fourths to a mile wide, is covered with timber, consisting of elm, soft maple, cotton wood, white ash and hackberry. The soil on the high land is good. The low land is generally marshy and underlaid with blue clay. Magnetic variation, 9° 5'. Welch.— {T. 113 and 114 N., 16 W.) The surface in the southern part is broken. The mi(Jfile, rolling prai- rie, having excellent soil. The northern part of township 113 is broken, soil good ; section 36, parts of 25 and 26, timbered. Town 114, which is a part of Welch, consists mostly of Prairie Island, bordering on the Mississippi and Vermillion rivers. It is wooded along the river bot- toms. The soil is poor and sandy. Magnetic variation, 9° 35'. GEOLOGY. There has never been a full and systematic geological survey of Goodhue county. Dr. David Dale Owen, U. S. Geologist, in his report of a geological survey of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, and inciden- tally of Nebraska Territory, made under instructions from the Treasury Department, published in 1852, speaks somewhat generally of the geological formations of the country bordering on the Mississippi River. He gives profile sections of the rock formations from Prairie du Chien to the Falls of Saint Anthony. The following quotation is taken from Mr. Owen's report : "Lake Pepin is a mere expansion of the channel of the Mississippi, produced, in a great measure, by the eroding and undermining action of its waters, combined with atmospheric agencies, scooping out and carrying away the inferior soft sandstones. " A little below the Red Wing village, near the northern extremity of Lake Pepin, is a remarkable headland, which has the appearance of a hill split down the middle. Here the Lower Magnesian Limestone forms about one hundred and fifty feet of the upper portion of the hill. The base, for one hundred and eighty feet, is chiefly sandstone." Dr. B. F. Shumard, assistant to Dr. Owen, gives the following meas- urement of a section of La Grange Mountain (Barn Blufi",) made on the river-side from the water level. He says : " At La Grange Mountain, near the head of Lake Pepin, is an inter- esting exposure of Lower Sandstone and Lower Magnesian Limestone. The whole height of the bluff is about three hundred and fifty feet, (accurately three hundred and thirty-five feet,) of which the Lower 192 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COXTNTT. Magnesian Limestone constitutes one hundred and eighty-five feet." The following is his measurement from the base of Barn Bluff upward , his base line being the level of the river : 1. Soft green and yellow sandstone, containing Lingulas and Orbic- ulas 26 ft. 2. Alternations of green and yellow sandstone, and Schistose sand- stone, with green particles disseminated 5 ft. 3. Brown dolomitic layers, containing Orthis, Lingulas, and col- umns of CAnoideoe 4 ft. 4. Brown, white and green . sandstone, with Schistose dolomitic intercalations ." 26 ft. 5. Yellow and ash-colored Argillo-calcareous rock, containing Dikelo- cephalus, Minnesotensis, Lingulas, and Orbiculas 4 ft. 6. Alternations of brown, yellow sandstones, surmounted by thick- bedded white and brown sandstones 50 ft. 7. Slope covered with soil and vegetation 135 ft. 8. Lower Magnesian Limestone 150 ft. Total 400 ft. It is presumed these measurements were barometrical ; hence, they are but an approximation to accuracy. From Red Wing to Minneiska, the Lower Magnesian Limestone appears in perpendicular walls, forming the upper portions of most of the bluffs. The next good section, showing the members at the junction of these two formations is about two miles below the head of Lake Pepin. At this locality, yellow and green sandstone is se6n twenty-five feet above the level of the lake ; and extending up the slope are thicker beds, white and brown sandstone, supporting the Magnesian Limestone. The entire area of Goodhue county is undoubtedly underlain by rocks, belonging to the period of the formation of earth's crust, known to geologists as the Lower Silurian. So far as observations have hitherto been made, there is no rock in place, within the limits of the county, of a more recent date. The green sandstone forming the base of Barn Bluff, and which underlies the streets of the city of Red Wing, and probably the whole county, is believed to belong to the same age as the Potsdam Sandstone, in the State of New York. This conclusion is based upon the fact of its containing the same fossils. From Red Wing north, along the Mississippi, the rock strata dips quite rapidly to the north, so that by the time one reaches the mouth of the Vermillion River, back in the bluffs west of the Mississippi, the sandstone can no longer be seen, and the Lower Magnesian Limestone extends from the water level to the height of two hundred feet. Still '(^^^;2<^'2,A5^ RED WING. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 193 ascending the river above Prairie Island, the strata takes a local rise, SO that above Hastings the sandstone again emerges from beneath the water, and rises to the height of 12 or 15 feet above low water mark. It then sinks again, and at Red Eock, eight miles below Saint Paul, there are only ledges of Lower Magnesian Limestone, twelve feet thick. It soon dips under the river, and is overlaid by the White Saint Peter sandstone before arriving at Saint Paul. This white sandstone at the latter place attains a thickness of some fifty or sixty feet ; and at Fort Snelling, of eighty to one hundred feet. At St. Paul, this is capped by the Trenton Limestone, which is at this place about fifteen feet thick. This Trenton Limestone is mostly used there for building purposes, and is generally quarried as the cellars are excavated. Leaving Red Wing by the Zumbrota or Featherstone roads, the traveler soon ascends above the Potsdam Sandstone, and climbs over the Lower Magnesian Limestone. Having reached the level of the prairie, this last named formation lies below his horizon. As he again descends into the valley of Hay Greek, on section 18, township of Hay Creek, he sees an exposure of the Lower Magnesian Limestone. After winding through the valley of Hay Creek, as he ascends to the level of the prairie, towards Goodhue Center, he first sees an exposure of the Shakopee Limestone, the upper stratum of the Lower Magnesian forma- tion. Reaching the level of the prairie, by the Featherstone road, leading to Hader, the last named stone is seen no more in that direction in the county. Before leaving the township of Featherstone, on section 29, there may be seen an exposure of the Saint Peter Sandstone. The surface material of the soil of the Potato Mound prairie was formed principally by the disintegration of the Saint Peter Sandstone. White Rock, on section 33, township of Vasa, is an outlier of that formation, which once covered all that neighborhood. When this soft porous stone is not capped by the shell Trenton Limestone, it is easily dissolved by the action of frost and rain, and its materials spread over the adjacent country. The southern limit of the Lower Magnesian Limestone, in Goodhue county, is marked by a line extending in a northwest and southeast direction, at a distance of from five to eight miles from the Mississippi. It is the surface rock in the towns of Welch, Burnside, Red Wing, Wacoota, Florence and Central Point, and in the northern portions of Hay Creek, Featherstone, and Vasa. The Vasa prairie is above the Lower Magnesian. Belle Creek, however, as it winds its course along through the township has cut itself a channel through that hard compact formation of a hundred feet in depth. At the point where the Red 14 194 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Wing and Cannon Falls road crosses the stream, there is an exposure of a perpendicular escarpment along the western margin of the stream, for a half mile or more. The current of the stream has worn down and swept awaj'^ the barrier on the east side to a distance of several hundred yards. At this point a grist mill is located — the water power being ample. Ascending (he prairie towards Cannon Falls, evidence is soon exhib- ited of passing over a region where sandstone is the outlier. Before reaching the village of Cannon Falls, the white St. Peter Sandstone is seen in the slopes of the bluffs, on either side of the Cannon River, capped with its covering of Trenton Limestone. In this locality the Saint Peter Sandstone has been worn down by erosion, forming the valleys of the Little Cannon and the Great Cannon, above the village of Cannon Falls. The material once forming this stratum may be seen in the deep sandy road which the traveler encounters for four or five miles before reaching that place. The Saint Peter Sandstone furnishes the soil with little or no sustenance to support vegetation. The hills formed of this stone are round and mound shaped ; the stone is easily eroded, and the mounds bear a striking resemblance to the tumuli of an ancient burying place of the mound builders. Around the village of Cannon Falls the bluffs are capped with shell limestone, the depth of which is nowhere greater than sixteen feet. The rock underlying the town is a hard calcareo-arenaceous schist, the topmost stratum of the Lower Magnesian Limestone, wholly desti- tute of fossil remains. The topmost layers of the shell limestone cover- ing the bluffs surrounding the village are filled with fossils ; among which may be mentioned forms of corals, orthidiform brachiepods and tentaculites. Some two miles above the village of Cannon Falls, on the Great Can- non River, is the site of the falls which give name to both the village and the township. Some two years ago, the writer, in company with Frank Ives, Esq., and S. J. Hasler, of Red Wing, made an accurate measurement of the rock strata in the south bank of the river at this locality. The result showed the bluff to be one hundred and seventy feet high, and composed of the following strata, viz., thirty-eight feet of Lower Magnesian Limestone, counting from the level of the water of the river, one hundred and twenty feet of dark brown ferru- ginous Saint Peter Sandstone, and twelve feet of Shell Limestone, forming the cap of the last name(J rock. The Magnesian Limestone rises from the river in a perpendicular escarpment to the base of the Sandstone, at which point there is a talus THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 195 or slope of some twelve feet to the foot of the sandstone escarpment, which rises perpendicularly in a bold wall sixty feet, where there is another slope extending to the base of the Shell Limestone. The Magnesian Limestone, where the water breaks over it, the water having a descent of six feet, is a hard, compact rock, with no organic remains. The St. Peter Sandstone, at this point, owing to its exposure to the weather, and its containing a small per cent, of iron, is of a darker color than it is in the bluffs opposite the village, but is of the same structure and of the same materials — a mass of consolidated particles of globular quartz, like Castle Rock, in Dakota county, and White Kock, in Goodhue county, already referred to. On the very edge of this soft yielding escarpment of sandstone, nearly seventy feet from its base huge pine trees (Pinus Strobus) are growing, and the wall as square-cut as when the river receded to its present channel. On Prairie Creek, in the township of Stanton, some four miles south- west of the falls of the Great Cannon, on section 32, there is an expos- ure of the Saint Peter Sandstone. It rises some seventy to eighty feet above the bed of the creek. It is in a grove of timber, and its color and structure are the same as that found at the falls of the Cannon. Both the valleys of Prairie Creek and the Little Cannon have been formed by the removal of the St. Peter Sandstone by erosion. In the township of Belle Creek, on section 20, but a little above the bed of the creek, near the residence of the Eev. S. P. Chandler, a cellar was excavated in the St. Peter Sandstone. The Shell, or Trenton Lime- stone, caps it on both sides of the valley. Some remarkably large speci- mens of orthoceratites have been found in a quarry of Trenton Lime- stone at this locality. At Hader this is the surface rock in the beds of the small streams. In fact, it is believed that it forms the rock underlying the soil and drift of the whole western, interior and southern portions of the county as far east as Zurabrota. Four miles south of the village of Cannon Falls, at the old Freeborn farm, on section 6, in the township of Leon, the Shell Limestone, in place beside the road, exhibits the same organic remains as those found in the bluffs west of the village. The strata here dips to the south about two degrees, and conceals the sandstone long before reaching the head of the stream. The Trenton Limestone affords good building material, as well as supplying lime to the inhabitants in many localities in the county. At Kenyon there is an interesting exposure of the Shell Limestone in' the bed of the north branch of the Zumbro. The rocks in this 196 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. vicinity are very rich in fossil organic remains. The strata lie in nearly a horizonal position. Eighteen feet below the surface the highest stra- tum is found — a hard, ash-colored limestone. In this stratum is found several species of orthis, a species of terebratula, an undetermined cystideon, two species of bryozoon corals, two radiate corals, and two species of cephalopods of the genera cystoceras and cryptoceras. There is also found fucoidal impressions of two varieties, the only vegetables that were known to exist in that age. In the top of the bed is found an individual criniod of the family of Cystidids, Callocystites Jewetti, ■with a section of the stem attached. Immediately under the upper shell bed there is found a bed of bluish- green clay twenty inches thick, highly calcareous, and in many places calcareo-siliceous, closely resembling green sand. It is believed this would afford a profitable top-dressing for light soils. Under this clay bed is another layer of lime, and another of clay some six feet thick. The second bed of clay reposes upon the blue limestone, the thick- ness of which cannot be seen. It is the lowest number of the shell beds here exposed, and is the bed rock of the river Zumbro. It is a stratum full of the remains of brachiopods, cephalopods, corals and crustaceans that inhabited the sea at the close of the Lower Silurian Period. The color of this rock is dark grayish blue, and has undoubt- edly taken this appearance from the organic matter of the animals that found their last resting place on the bottom of the ocean while the stratum was in process of formation. At this period the sea must have literally swarmed with animal life, as most of the stratum is but a com- plete mass of the exuviae of crustaceans, molluscs, and radiates, cemented together by the calcareous mud that was deposited upon them. The cephalopods, the orthoceratite and lituite evidently had their feeding ground in this section of Goodhue county when its surface was covered by the waters of a shallow ocean, and when surfeited with food, rising to the surface to sport in the warm, genial rays of the sun. The cephalopods were believed to be floaters, and probably spent much of the time on the surface, as does the nautilus of the modern seas. In the township of Wanamingo, below the village, near the mills, two quarries have been opened on the north bank of the Zumbro. A sec- tion may be also seen just below the mill-dam. It shows twelve or fif- teen feet of ash-colored semi-crystalline shell limestone, resting con- formably upon the blue bed which extends below the bed of the river. This blue bed is of the same material as that at Kenyon. The upper bed contains the remains of countless numbers of orthoceratites of all sizes, from one foot to ten feet in length. The quarry above the dam THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 197 is the most prolific place'in these remains yet discovered in the county. This particular spot must have been a favorite resort for the huge monsters of the ancient sea. It seems as if this locality may have been a shallow bay, or arm of the ocean, where these lords of the ancient world became' hemmed in, at the time of the subsidence of the waters, and left to perish in the locality where their tombs are now brought to the light of day by the picks and drills of the quarry men. The quarry in Belle Creek, before alluded to, presents the same quality of rock, containing the same species of fossils. From this place eastward towards Zumbrota the strata rises, so that the same stratum found at Wanamingo mills in the bed of the river, may be seen at the quarry on section 15, in the township of Minneola, seventy-five feet above the bed of the river. Fine specimens of ortho- ceratites have been taken from this quarry. THE SHAEOPEB LIMESTONE. This is the upper stratum of the Lower Magnesian Limestone, audits first out-crop is seen as one descends the north branch of the Zumbro, at the village of Zumbrota. It forms the abutment and approach to the bridge, on the south bank of the river at that place. It takes its name from the village of Shakopee, on the Minnesota River, where its litho- logical character has been examined and described by Prof. N. H. Winchell, in his survey of that locality. In the valley of the Zumbro, below the village of Zumbrota, the Trenton Limestone and St. Peter Sandstone, seem to have been removed by erosion. The last vestige of the St. Peter Sandstone, in this direction, may be seen near the north bank of the river, just west of the village, in a conical-sh.aped mound, some hundred feet in height. The Shakopee Limestone, so far as examined in Goodhue county, contains very few fossils. Its bedding is much less regular than the lower strata of the Magnesian series of rocks. It is usually filled by cherty, concretionary masses, which; on the exposure of the bluffs to the rains and frosts, become detached and fall into the bottom of the valley, where they lie long after the non- siliceous portions of the rock have dissolved and disappeared. Such cherty lumps are often a foot, or even two or three feet, in diameter. They are roughened by cavities opening on the surface, by dissolution of the calcareous parts, and by natural openings and pores they acquired in the act of formation. These are the portions of the formation in which fossils are found. This same formation extends through Eoscoe and Pine Island, into Dodge and Olmsted counties. It is overlaid in those towns by the Saint Peter Sandstone and Trenton Limestone. 198 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COTJNTT. / The Shakopee Limestone shows itself along the bluffs skirting the Zumbro, all the way to Mazeppa, and also in the bluffs in the township of Belvidere, till nearing the bluffs of the Mississippi, the lower strata of the Lower Magnesian become the surface rock. In the township of Florence, on section 21, J. F. Tostevin has opened a quarry in the Magnesian Limestone. The stone is of superior quality, and is entirely free from the siliceous, cherty materials which charac- terize the stone in most of the other quarries in this formation, near the Mississippi. The stone is susceptible of being easily sawn into suitable shapes for water-tables, window sills and caps, mile-stones-, flag-stones, etc. A mill has been erected at Frontenac station, on the St. P., M. and 0. Railroad, where large quantities of this stone are sawed by steam, and shipped to various localities for building purposes. It is a very durable stone, and bears exposure to the frosts admirably. G. A. Carlson, Esq., of Red Wing, has worked quarries in both Barn and Sorin Bluffs in the Magnesian Limestone for several years. The stone is of a light buff color, of a close, compact texture, capable of sustaining great pressure without crushing, and will stand exposure to the weather almost equal to granite. The stone for building the Epis- copal Church in Red Wing, the stone for the piers of the iron railroad bridge at Hastings, and the stone for the arch bridge across the east channel of the Mississippi, at Minneapolis, were taken from Mr. Carlson's quarries. Messrs. Seeback and Danielson have a quarry near by of the same material and quality. The stone for the foundation and lower stories of the Red Wing, Diamond and La Grange grist mills was taken from these quarries. Robert Berglund owns a quarry further south, in Sorin Bluff, of the same quality of stone, from which the material for the new Catholic Church at Red Wing, was taken. The stone from the last named quarry is of a darker color than that from the quarries of Carlson, Seeback and Danielson. The supply of stone in these quarries is almost inexhaustible, and hundreds of tons are taken out annually for cellar and foundation walls, sewers, sidewalks, and for burning into quicklime. Particular layers of the Magnesian Limestone produce the best quality of mortar for masonry. Mr. Carlson has two perpetual kilns in which he burns 18,000 barrels of lime annually. Messrs. Seeback and Danielson manufacture nearly as much more. Goodhue county, in nearly every portion of it, is abundantly supplied with the most durable stone for building pur- poses. Lime is burnt in many localities in the county. Mr. William M. Philleo owns land in section 1, in the township of Featherstone, from which he obtains a superior article of clay, of which he manufac- THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 199 tures large quantities of the various articles of pottery ware, vases, statues, terra cotta window caps, cornices and other ornamental work. Many of the finest residences and business blocks of buildings in Red Wing, Minneapolis and Saint Paul, have been adorned by terra-cotta, furnished from the kiln of Mr. Philleo. The Red Wing Stone Ware Manufacturing Company have established a pottery in the city, where they carry on an extensive business in the manufacture of all kinds of stone ware and fire brick. The clay is procured from section 10, in the township of Goodhue. The fire brick made from this clay is said to be fully equal to the best fire brick from Ohio. In several localities in the city of Red Wing there are outcrops of a white, siliceous, qUartzose sandstone, belonging to the Lower Magneslan series. This formation so nearly resembles the Saint Peter Sandstone, as to be mistaken by many intelligent people as belonging to the same stratum. But at Red Wing it occupies a position at least two hundred feet below the geographical horizon of the Saint Peter Sandstone. It is believed to occupy the same position in the geological formation of Minnesota as the Jordan stratum of the Minnesota River valley. It is formed of globular grains of white quartz, so loosely cemented together that it easily crumbles in the fingers when rubbed. It is in some places locally stained with iron from surface water, when it presents a reddish, or rusty color, and is apt to be harder. In such cases it has a shell or thin coating of harder rock, about half an inch in thickness,- on the weathered surface. On penetrating into the quarry beyond the influence of the weather, the grains are loosely cemented, and even crumblihg; and is nearly as white as loaf sugar. One of the best exposures for examining this sandstone is at Twin Bluffs, in the city of Red Wing. Great quantities of it have been shipped from this locality to Rock Island, Illinois, to be used in the manufacture of glass. It is said to be superior to the sand used in the best Pittsburgh glass, or to that used in the manufacture of the celebrated American plate-glass, at New Albany, Indiana. The supply of this glass material is inexhaustible in Goodhue county. DRIFT. The northern drift covers the surface of nearly the entire county. Banks of clay regularly laminated, and in some localities interspersed with gravel and small boulders, occur in many places. Sand-banks, in the stratification of which the ripple-marks are to be plainly seen, are of frequent occurrence in the vicinity of the rivers and streams. Boul- 200 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. ders composed of a great variety of materials, but usually of granitic, syenitic, quartzose or porphyritic character, and from the size of an ordinary orange to that of a moderate-sized dwelling-house, may be seen strewn over the prairies of the southern and western townships of the county. The writer recollects attempting to ascertain the size of a boulder that may be seen beside the road between Belle Greek post ofBce and Hader, on section 29 of that township, by pacing round it. It was 42 steps in circumference, ten feet high above the ground, and twenty feet, or more, thick. This immense stone is of gray granite, and must have been transported to its present resting-place by the force of ice, either in the shape of a floating iceberg or moving glacier. The limited space in this work to which the writer is restricted, will preclude his going further into detail in the geology of Goodhue county. For the benefit of the scientific and technical reader, a list of the more common fossils found in the diflferent formations of the county, are here appended : In Barn Bluff. — Several species of Trilobite, Dikelocephalus Minne- sotensis, Lingulas, Orbiculas, Orthis, columns of Crinoideoe, Fucoid. Cephalopoda. — Cryptoceras tJndatum, Oyrtoceras Aonulatum, found at Kenyon ; Trocholites Ammonius, at Cannon Falls and Kenyon ; Maclurea Magnus, at Wanamingo and Kenyon ; Endoceras Proteiforme, at Wanamingo. Articulates. — Calymene Senaria, Tentaculites Ornatus, at Kenyon. Oasteropods. — Murchisonia Bicincta, Murchisonia Belicincta, Beller- ophon Bilobatus,. Pleurotomaria Lenticularis, Helicotoma Planul-ata, at Kenyon. Bryozoan. — Fenestella Prisca, Reptopora Incepta, Ptilodictya Fenes- trata, at Cannon Falls and Kenyon. BracMopods. — Orthis Costalis Otestudinaria, Strophmena Alternata, Orthis Biloba, Terebratula (undetermined;) Strophmena Plaunumbona, Orthis Striatula, Atrypa Reticularis, at Kenyon and Cannon Falls. ^ Radiate Corals. — Petraia Corniculum, Columnaria Oveolata, Palaeo- crinus Striatus, Crinoid (undetermined,) Oystidea Calocystiles Jewettii, at Kenyon. Radiates Acalephs. — Graptolithus Hallianus, Sertularia Abitiena, at Kenyon. INDIAN NAMES. Minneola: Min-ne, water; o^aA, much; meaning much water. Wau-cou-tah : The Shorter, an Indian chief of the Sioux tribe. He is THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 201 said to have been a fine specimen of the perfectly developed man. He was tall, well proportioned, straight as an arrow and as lithe and active as a cat. He was a good friend to the white people, and a promoter of civilization among his own people. Hhoo-pah-hoo-doo-tah : Wing of Scarlet, Red Wing. Wazee-wee-tah: Faaee, pine; wee tah, island ; Pine Island. Hham-necha : Hill, water and wood, the name given to Barn Bluff and vicinity, which was a favorite camping place with the Indians, because of the abundance of wood and water within easy reach, and the elevated situation afforded for camping places. THE MOUNDS OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI. THEIR ORIGIN THEORY OF REV. J. W. HANCOCK. These earth works have been the subject of much speculation. Many and different theories have been advanced concerning them. Some suppose them to have been the burial places of noted persons. Some that they are the altars upon which an ancient people once offered their sacrifices. Another theory is, that they were built for the pur- poses of defensive war. I presume that each of these suppositions may be true in respect to certain classes of ancient earth works found on this continent. I have seen some that were evidently built for fortifi- cations. Sepulchral mounds have been discovered in Ohio, and in some of the states bordering on the Mississippi. And there are those which bear evidence of having been once used for religious purposes. The last are most numerous in Mexico and South America. But in regard to the mounds so common to the Upper Mississippi and its vicinity, I believe that neither of the above theories are true. I refer to the conical hillocks found generally in clusters, and rows of ten, twenty, and even fifty or sixty in some places, within the compass of as many rods. These are generally about twenty feet in diameter at the base, and rise to six or eight feet in the center ; all of them having about the same size and shape. It perhaps seems very strange to some that the Indians who lately left this country, did not pretend to be able to give any account of the origin of these mounds. But when we consider that the different tribes were almost constantly at war with each other, and that whole tribes were frequently driven from their territory, or perished by pestilence and famine, that circumstance will not appear' so wonderful. There is seldom any depression in the earth near these mounds, which 202 THE HISTOKT OF GOODHUE COUNTY. proves that they were not thrown up hy human hands. My opinion is that they simply mark the places where human dwellings once stood. I have known of several being entirely removed and no appearance of any human remains found in any of them. They are largely made up of vegetable mould mixed with sand. In most of them ashes have been discovered on a level with the surrounding ground. In one case a bone, apparently from the leg of a deer, was found. Those who have observed the place where a house once stood in a civilized country, the ground not having been disturbed since its fall, will remember that there is a depression in the ground, showing where the cellar was. But around this cellar hole is a ridge a few feet higher than the land adjacent. The material of the building of wood is all decayed, perhaps, and the cellar is more than two-thirds filled with earth. Whence all this accumulation of earth ? It is evidently the result of time and natural causes. When an old dwelling falls it becomes a ruinous heap, from which springs up a thick growth of tall, rank weeds. Among this luxuriant growth the floating sands and dry leaves of autumn are lodged.from year to year by the driving winds. After a score of years or more the weeds will have run out, and their place become occupied by grass or shrubs, and the accumulated process is done. We have only to apply this work of decay to houses once occupied by a savage people, who never build cellars, and we have a solution of the problem, Whence came these mounds ? EARLY BEGINNINGS. THE SWISS MISSION — DENTON AND GAVAN — SUSPENSION OE THE MISSION — REOCCUPATION BY THE AMERICAN BOARD HANCOCK AND AITON CONDI- TION OE THE COUNTRY INDIAN TREATY — SPEECH OE WACOOTA PIONEERS OF 1852 — EXPERIENCE OP JOHN DAY IN CABIN BUILDING — BEAR HUNTING BY CANOE — SUCCESS OF THE CHASE — HEROISM OF MRS. DAY — THE FIRST MILLINER, ETC., ETC. The honor of planting the standard of civilization and the influence of the Gross in what is now Goodhue county, properly and of right belongs to Eev. Messrs. Denton and. Gavan, Swiss missionaries, who came out to the new world under the patronage of the Evangelical Society of Lausanne, Switzerland. The mission over which they pre- sided was flrst commenced at Mount Trempealeau, a few miles below Winona, on the Wisconsin side of the river. In 1838 the mission was THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 203 removed to Red Wing, where Messrs. Gavan and Denton continued to labor among the native people until Mr. Denton's health failed in 1846, when the work was given up to the American Board. Denton and Gavan were accompanied by their wives, and it is safe to assume that if other. white men had previously visited Red Wing's village, their wives were the first white women to disturb the shadows cast by the towering bluffs, in the midst of which the mission was established. In 1848, the American Board of Missions appointed Revs. Joseph W. Hancock and John Aiton, of Vermont, to the charge of the work com- menced by Revs. Denton and Gavan. Mr. Aiton came on during the same year, but finding it quite lonely, he and his wife spent a part of the winter of 1848-49 at Kaposia, fiftj' miles above the mission, where Dr. T. 8. Williamson, another missionary, was living with his wife. The two log mission bouses erected by Denton and Gavan remained undisturbed, and Mr. Aiton found them in a fair state of preservation, but it would be strange, indeed, if the Indians, in the two years the mission was suspended, had not partially fallen back into their old habits and wandered away from the beautiful precepts taught them by the pioneer missionaries from Lausanne, Switzerland. Mr. Hancock did not arrive until June 13, 1849. At that time, the only signs of human presence between the foot of Lake Pepin and Mendota, on the west bank of the Mississippi, were at Wells' trading place (twelve miles below Red Wing,) and at Red Wing. How long Wells had been lo'cated there we have not been able to learn ; long enough, however, to gain the confidence of the Indians, and to marry one of their women — a half-breed, the daughter of Duncan Graham, an old-time trader. James Wells was an uneducated man, comparatively speaking, and of peculiarly eccentric character and habits. He was a native of New Jersey, and finding his way out West, became a trader among the Indians, in which pursuit he was still engaged when the Territory of Minnesota was organized. Writing of that period in Minnesota's history, the condition of settlements, etc., in referring to the Lake Pepin district and Mr. Wells' trading place, Mr. Neill remarks: "The two unfinished buildings of stone, on the beautiful bank opposite the renowned Maiden Rock, and the surrounding skin lodges of his wife's relatives and friends, presented a rude but picturesque scene." Wells was elected a member of the first Territorial Legislature, at which time (the fall of 1849,) he gave his age at forty -nine years. He had lived so long among the Indians, and had so assimilated to their habits and 204 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. customs, that he grew restless and uneasy under the encroacbjnents of white settlements, and the consequent destruction of the Indian trade, and in 1854 he sold his buildings to Mr. Everet Westervelt, and removed to Faribault. He was killed by the Indians in 1863. At Red Wing there was an Indian village of about three hundred) and two white families— the family of Rev. John Alton, who came in 1848, and the family of John Bush, the Indian farmer, employed at government expense. Mr. Alton and family moved away in the summer of 1850, and Bush went away with the Indians in 1853. Indian wigwams and four log cabins made up the village. Two of the cabins were occupied by half-breed Indians. The other two were ocQjUpied for mission purposes. One of the mission houses stood in what is now Bush street, directly in front of the ground now occupied by the Hickman House. The other one stood near by, one corner of it extending out into what is now the street. The wigwams were built of poles and bark, and stood along on either side of the ravine (called 'Jordan" by the settlers of 1852-3,) between what is now Main street, and the river. Their occupants were divided into two bands, and were represented by two head men or chiefs. Those on the east side of " Jordan " were presided over by Wacoota, The Shooter, and those on the west side by Fmaza-washta. A field of about sixty acres was under Indian cultivation. The lower end of the field commenced near the spring, at the corner of Bush and Fourth streets, extended westward and included a part of the ground now enclosed in the court house square. The field was occupied by the Indians in common. Each family had a certain division or section, which was marked by sticks planted in the ground. The enclosure was made of stakes driven into the ground at certain distances, and poles tied along them with strips of bark. Only one tier of poles were used. There was no occasion for a "hog- tight" fence, for there were no hogs to guard against. There was nothing to disturb the " crops " but Indian ponies, and one pole was enough to turn them. Such was the condition of the "county seat" of Goodhue county twenty-nine years ago. The white population was represented by seven adults, James Wells, at Lake Pepin ; Rev. James Alton and wife. Rev. Joseph W. Hancock and wife, and John Bush (the Indian farmer) and wife. Mrs. Bush was, in fact, a half-breed, who had been educated at Marquette, and partially raised in a white family at that place, by whom she had been learned to household duties. Mr. Hancock says she was a fat, rather good-natured woman, extravagant and fond of dress. When her husband would receive his payment from the government, or money THE HISTORY OF flOODHUB COUNTY. 205 from any other source, she would go to St. Paul, when stores were opened there, and spend it in dress goods, regardless of cost or economy. In 1850 Mr. Geo. W. Bullard, under the protection of an Indian trader's license, settled at the head of Lake Pepin, in what is now Wacoota township, and made the first permanent improvement in that part of the country. A man named Abner W. Post came with Bullard and built his house. No other settlers came to Wacoota until 1852, when quite a wave of immigration set in. A little later, in 1850, a man named Snow came to Red Wing, and opened a trading-house under like authority, on the site subsequently occupied by the Metropolitan Hotel. In 1851 a man named Calvin Potter became associated with Snow as a business partner. Soon after the partnership commenced, Snow died of cholera in St. Paul, and Potter continued the business until the Indians were removed, in 1853. July 18, 1851, a treaty was partially concluded with the Indians for the purchase of all their lands east from the Sioux River and Lac Traverse to the Mississippi, except a reservation of one hundred miles long and twenty miles wide, on the head-waters of the Minnesota River, the purchase including about 21,000,000 acres. The treaty was acted upon by the authorities at Washington during the winter of 1851-2, but as some changes were made from the draft prepared and signed by the treaty commissioners and the Indians, it became necessary to call another convocation of the parties in interest in order to secure their consent to the change. This convocation was held at Fort Snelling in • the fall of 1852. The proposed changes created a good deal of dissatis- faction among the Indians, but means were devised to quiet the dissatisfaction, and secure their consent to the proposed amendments. These changes bring forcibly to mind and render very pertinent in this connection a speech made by Chief Wacoota, before the treaty council at Mendota, on Tuesday, the 29th day of August, 1859. When the draft of the treaty was prepared and ready for the signatures of the contracting parties, Wacoota said : "Fathers, your counsel and advice is very good to Indians, but there are a great many different minds and difierent opinions, and it appears almost impossible to get an agreement, though we have all been con- sulting so many days. " Fathers, you have come with the words of our Great Father, and have put them in. this paper; but the Indians are afraid it may be changed hereafter. I say this in good feeling. Perhaps you think many of these things will be altered at Washington yourselves ! You have been asked a great many questions, and have answered ' yes' to them. 206 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. If all prove as you say, it will be very good indeed. But when we were at Washington, we were told many things, which when we came back here, and attempted to carry out, we found it could not be done. At the end of three or four years, the Indians found out very different from what they had been told — and all were ashamed. "I hope, when the people sign this treaty, you will take and deliver it to the President as it is. I want you to write, first, that I wish the country for our home to be reserved north of where I now live. I was not brought up in a prairie country, but among woods ; and I would like to go to a tract of land called Pine Island, which is a good place for Indians. I want you to write this in the treaty. I mention to you my wishes in this respect, but if you do not think it can be complied with, and is not right and just, I will say no more about it." In April, 1852, before intelligence of the ratification of the treaty had been received in Minnesota, John Day came over from Diamond Bluff, Wisconsin, and selected a claim in the southeast quarter of what was subsequently established (under government survey) as section 25, town 113, range 15. About the time he selected this claim, he moved over from Wisconsin, and occupied one of the mission houses, and commenced to improve his claim by the erection of a cabin ; but the Indians were jealous of their rights, and no sooner was the cabin built than the Indians tore it down. It was rebuilt, and again razed to the ground. In addition to this trouble, the Indian children began to annoy Day's descendants, and fearing that the annoyance would lead to difficulty with the parents of the little Indians, Day soon moved back to Wisconsin, and stopped with E. C. Stevens, at Trenton, but continued to watch his claim. He would come down in his canoe, do a day's work, and paddle back at nightfall. As soon as he was fairly out of sight of his cabin the Indians would tear it down; and so it continued until the cabin had been built and torn down a half dozen times. Among the Indian occupants at Red Wing, there was a French half- breed, named Benjamin Young, who anticipated the treaty, and selected a large tract of land around Barn Bluff. Some time after Day selected his claim, a dispute arose between him and Young in regard to the line dividing their respective claims — the half-breed claiming a part of the land selected by Day. The controversy was finally settled by compro- mise, without detriment to either party ; but during the pendency of the dispute, the validity of the half-breed's title was raised, because of his neglect to enter upon such improvements as would give evidence of his intention to become a bona fide occupant of the land. The discussion of this question so discouraged Young, that he subsequently THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 207 relinquished his claim to Dr. Sweeney, a part of the consideration being a yoke of cattle. Young remained in the country for some length of time afterwards, but at last moved away. He was heard of two years ago in St. Paul, where he was seeking to organize an expedition to the Black Hills. While Day was living at Trenton a little incident occurred that gave Day great prestige with his Indian neighbors on the Minnesota side of the great river. While heated at breakfast one morning, Mrs. Day called the attention of her husband to a large black object, which at first they thought to be a black hog, but which, upon closer inspection, proved to be a bear. Day had loaned his rifle to Mr. Stevens, and was not in reach, but another gun, loaded with slugs, happened to be at hand, and seizing it, Day started on the chase. He fired at the bear, but the slugs fell short of the mark. The bear took to the water and made for the Minnesota shore, leaving Mr. Day standing disappointedly watching his movements. While thus engaged, a splashing of the water below him attracted his attention, and turning his eyes in that direction, he saw his wife coming up with a small skiff. As soon as she discovered that her husband had missed his aim, and that the bear had taken to the water, with a woman's forethought, she caught up a chopping axe, and hurrying to the skiff unmoored it, and started to the aid of her husband, determined that the prize should not escape. As soon as the skiff was close enough to the shore Mr. Day jumped in and followed in bruin's wake, and suc- ceeded in heading him off and turning him back towards the Wisconsin shore. When nearly opposite his home Mr. Day managed to get close enough to use the axe. A short but desperate struggle ensued, result- ing in a victory for Day. The bear was towed to the shore, and was found to weigh 40Q pounds. The Indians considered this an unparal- leled act of bravery, and averred that their boldest, best hunters would not have dared to attack a bear in that manner. They declared that Day was waukon — supernatural, and from that day till the last of them had quit the country, he had their most unbounded admiration for his daring and prowess. He gave the claws and tusks of the animal to some of the Indians, which they fashioned into ornaments, esteeming them very highly, and it is presumable they are still preserved in the families of those to whom they were originally presented. In their admiration and praise for Mr. Day, they forgot that most of the credit for the success of the adventure belonged to Mrs. Day. If it had not been for her forethought in taking the canoe and axe to her husband when he missed his mark, he would have stood there until the bear had escaped across the river and become lost in the country beyond. Of such stuff were Minnesota's pioneer women made. 208 THE HISTORY OF flOODHUE COUNTY. In May, 1852, soon after Day had moved back to the Wisconsin side, and while he was there " watching and waiting" for news of the ratifi. tion of the treaty, which would enable him to come back and occupy his claim. Dr. W. W. Sweeney, then living in St. Paul, became interested with other parties in the development of Red Wing's village aS a town site. Calvin Potter had succeeded Snow as Indian trader, and thought it would be a good site for a town. A third party was desirable, and William Freeborn, an old settler of St. Paul, who enjoyed a large and popular acquaintance, was selected as the most available and desirable associate. Freeborn could not remove to the new El Dorado at once, and Dr. Sweeney volunteered to come in his place. This objection removed, and the preliminary plans of the enterprise mapped out, Messrs. Freeborn and Sweeney came down to Red Wing, when Dr. Sweeney purchased the claim right of the French half-breed, Benjamin Young, already mentioned, and now included in what is known as "Sweeney's Addition to Red Wing." A purchase was also made of a two-story log building, weather-boarded with antediluvian lumber, that stood on the river bank in the rear of the First National bank block. The doctor then returned to St. Paul and arranged his business so as to come on and occupy his possessions. On his return to Red Wing he was accompanied by James McGinnis. They made their headquarters in the two-story building already designated, where they kept " bache- lor's hall." These arrangements were made in anticipation of the ratification of the treaty, and while the country was still in the absolute possession and control of the Indians. But as a physician or " medicine man," Dr. Sweeney's presence was really desirable to the red occupants, and he met with no objections to his settlement among them, although, strictly speaking, he had no rights on the west side of the Mississippi River that the Indians or any other people were legally bound to respect. His presence was only tolerated by Indian sufferance and their desire for a healing medium in their midst. His only guaranty of protection was such as the mission could give, or Indian respect for his profession command. In 1844 Dr. Sweeney and his brother Charles, now a popular lawyer of Fredonia, Wilson county, Kansas, went from Fulton county, Illinois to Galena, and commenced the publication of a newspaper called the Sentinel, which they continued until some time in 1846, when they sold the office to other parties, who change the name of the paper to the Jeffersouian. After the sale the doctor returned to Fulton county and remained there until 1850, when he removed to St. Paul, and engaged in the practice of medicine until his removal to Red Wing in 1852. JfED IVJNG THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 209 In June, 1852, news was brought that the treaty had been ratified. There was nothing now to interfere with or hinder white occupancy of the country. Day moved back and set to work to rebuild his cabin. His family came over with him. The first night or two after their arrival Mrs. Day and the children slept under an inverted batteau as a protection against the dew and damp of the night; and for a week afterwards, until the cabin was completed sufficiently for occu- pancy, they slept in a cave hollowed out of the bank for a root cellar. These points establish the fact that the household of John Day was the first white family that came to Goodhue with the purpose of making it a permanent home, a purpose they have resolutely maintained to the present. That Mrs. Day is a woman of remarkable nerve and forethought has already been shown in the part she took in her husband's capture of a bear. But there is still another incident in which her heroism stood out in bold relief. On one occasion, while they were living on the Wisconsin side of the Mississippi, her husband had been down to some of the lower towns, and came up on the steamboat "Nominee." The river was so rough the boat would not attempt to make landing on the Wisconsin side, but put Mr. Day ashore on the Minnesota side, opposite his Trenton home. In a lull of the elements he managed to call over to his wife and tell her if the wind and wave^ went down to send a canoe over for him. The children became alarmed lest their lather would be compelled to remain out in the storm over night. Added to their grief and agony was the feelings of the wife and mother, and quieting the little ones as best she could, she went to the river's bank, unmoored a canoe, and regardless of the waves that were dashing here and there almost as high as a man's head, she bravely pushed away from the shore and started to relieve her husband from the perils of a pitiless storm-night on the opposite shore, yet within sight of their home. She crossed in safety, although Mr. Day says there were times when she was lost to his sight behind the rolling waves. " Ah, such times," said Mr. Day, while relating the incident to the writer, " my heart was in my mouth, and I was the worst ' pale-faced ' man in the Indian bailiwick. I expected every time she went down in the trough of the waves that the canoe would swamp, and that she would be buried beneath them. I have been pretty badly scared sometimes — have been in some pretty scary places both before and since, but I tell you I never had such feelings creep all over me as I did that time, and I never want to experience such feelings again. In making the return trip, I made my wife lie down in the canoe, while 15 210 THE HISTORY OS GOODHUE COUHTT. I, trembling like a leaf, as its parent stem is shaken by the wind, man- aged to guide the canoe to the other shore, where the children were watching and waiting our coming with tearful eyes." E. C. Stevens came over from Wisconsin with Day, and during the summer selected a claim south of the original town plat that is now included in T. J. Smith's addition to Bed Wing. David Pucket, Jack Saunders and Benjamin Hill, came in during the summer. Charles Parks, now of Cannon Falls, came in November; Warren Hunt and his family, including his wife's sister. Miss Gary, came about the same time. Miss Cary was the reigning pale-faced belle of the country, " whose right there was none to dispute," as she was the only unmarried white woman of marriageable age in the district. She subsequently became Mrs. Calvin Potter, their marriage being the first ceremony of the kind solemnized among the white settlers. Potter and his wife were recently living at Kellogg, where Mr. Potter was engaged in merchandizing. In December, the two Middaugh's — H. B. and Joseph — came as car- penters to prepare the material for a hotel the town proprietors had planned to build. After their work was completed they remained as permanent settlers. The pioneers of the Norwegian and Swedish population, came at nearly the same time. Mathias Peterson was the first son of Norway to claim a home in the territory subsequently organized as Goodhue county. He afterwards settled in Zumbrota township, where he became a successful and prosperous farmer. To Nels Nelson belongs the honor of pioneering the way from Sweden for the hundreds of his countrymen and countrywomen that help make up the population, and whose enter- prise, industry and economy, have added so largely to the wealth of the county. These men were the last arrivals of 1852, commencing their residence here in December of that year. The names thus far mentioned, represented the entire white popula- tion at the close of the year 1852. All told, the number did not exceed forty persons. In 1853 the tide of immigration grew stronger. Among the additions to the Red Wing colony were William Freeborn and family, H. L. Bevans and family, William Lamber and family, James Akers and family, T. J. Smith and family, and W. D. Chilson, that are distinctly remembered. H. L. Bevans opened a small store, which was the first, Potter's Indian trading house excepted, and Akers was the first justice of the peace elected in the Red Wing community. When the government surveyors, engaged in establishing meridian THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 211 and parallel lines, reached what is now the southeast corner of Pine Island township in June, 1853, no wagon had ever penetrated to that part of the county. The teams accompanying the surveyors were the first to disturb the grass and herbage. Mr. S. D. Hart, a resident of Goodhue county since 1854, was a member of the government survey- ing party, and he relates that when they reached Cannon Falls, in the fall of 1853, they found a small, uncovered shanty — or rather the pole structure of what was intended for a shanty — that had been erected on the west side of the falls, to " mark a claim." That was the only evidence of civilization they found until they reached a point within five miles of Red Wing, where they found the body of a shanty on Spring Creek. This year, 1853, settlements began to extend back into the county, and the first settlers back of the immediate vicinity of Red Wing came in August that year. They were a party of Swedes, who came directly from their native country, except a young man by the name of Hans Mattson, who had been a couple of years in the United States, and was the only one amongst them who could speak the English language. He was sent out to Minnesota in behalf of a number of his countrymen in Moline, Illinois, to find a location for a settlement, and with him came two others, Charles Roos and A. G. Kempe. After prospecting for claims in the towns of Featherstone and Burnside, they selected the town of Vasa for their settlements, and removed there early in Septem- ber, 1853. The first claims were taken for H. Mattson and S. J. Wil- lard, his brother-in-law, where Yasa church now stands, and for Ch. Roos and Mr. Kempe in the valley where White Rock post-office is now located; but the first habitafion was in a tent camp in the timber oir Belle Creek, adjoining the place now called Jentland, where the three pioneers, Mattson, Roos and Kempe, remained some time, cutting hay and preparing for winter. In November the little colony, which had then built their first log house in the White Rock Valley, across the line in Belle Creek town, was increased by the arrival of S. J. Willard. He and Mattson, however, did not remain in the settlement the first winter, but went down to the Mississippi bottoms, near the mouth of Cannon River, and started a wood camp, in which they and some Norwegian young men, Albert Halvar and Christian, chopped steamboat wood all winter. In March Mattson and Willard, with Mrs. Willard and a little babe, Zelme, moved on to their claims in section 15, town of Vasa. That spring the families left in Illinois began to arrive. See further in history of Vasa. 212 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. There were some other additions to the population during the year, but at the close of 1853 the entire white population of the county did not exceed seventy persons. On Christmas Day of that year the entire Red Wing community partook of dinner at the residence of William Freeborn, the first and only time the entire white population of Red Wing dined together at any one house. THE FIRST MILLINER. Another woman who was a prominent representative of the female pioneers to Goodhue county, is worthy of especial mention, as showing what a woman can do. Miss Sarah McDonald came to Red Wing from the State of New York, in the year 1854. She had previously acquired some knowledge of millinery, and had faith enough in her own ability to commence business on her own account. She hired a room about 10x16 feet square in the upper part of a story-and-half dwelling house on Bash street, which had just been completed, in which she opened a small assortment of millinery goods — the first stock of the kind opened in Red Wing. She boarded herself, worked diligently, and for a while had the custom of all the fair part of the population, and no competition. Economical and industrious, she was soon enabled to secure a more eligible situation and an enlarged assortment of goods. Availing her- self of the advantages offered by the pre-emption laws, she obtained a title to 160 acres of government land in the township of Belle Creek. She purchased a lot on Main street, on which she erected a building in 1859, of sufficient dimensions for a workshop, salesroom and dwelling, where her establishment became the resort of all the fashionables^ and more than ever the means of increasing her income. But alas for human hopes. A fire broke out in June, 1865. The first hotel, called the Te-petonka, with several adjoining buildings, were destroyed, and Miss McDonald's establishment was pulled down to prevent the further progress of the fire-fiend. She was advised by some of her friends to bring suit against the city for damages, etc., which she did, and gained the suit in the lower court. The city authorities took an appeal to the Supreme Court, where the rulings of the court below were reversed. Beaten, but not conquered, her independence asserted itself in new determinations and undertakings. She soon opened another shop and recommenced business anew. Perseverance, industry, and rigid econ- omy, soon brought their reward and won for her the victory. She now owns the lot and brick building on Main street, occupied by Wilkinson «fe Hodgman ; another lot on Main street, west of Broadway, and thirty- THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 213 five acres of land near Zumbrota. She sold her pre-empted 160 acres of land a few years ago for $2,500. In 1870 she married L. W. Peck, Esq., a well-to-do farmer in Cherry Grove, with whom she is still living, a happy and contented matron. HUMOROUS INCIDENTS. GOING A DUCKING AND GETTING A " DUCKING " — CANOE RIDING BY LAND. Missionary and pioneer life is not always shaded and clouded, not- withstanding the representatives of these classes are frequently shut out for months at a time from all communication with the inside, civil- ized world. There are sunny places and humorous incidents with them, just as there are among the people of densely populated districts and more advanced communities. Generally speaking, the pioneers are genial, humorous fellows, and as frolicsome as a sunbeam. They sport with the winds, and laugh at storms and the freaks of the elements. And missionaries, to whatever people or wilds, are not much unlike other people, notwithstanding the sacredness of their calling. They are happy in the work they have chosen to do, and having thrown aside all other cares and responsibilities, they bend to the duties of 'their philanthropic undertakings with hearts ready for any fate. Deprivation, exposure to personal danger and want, may often encompass them round about, but with a faith that no opposition or persecution can weaken, -they accommodate themselves to conditions and circumstances, and are as ready to " Enjoy a little recreation now and then, As any other class of the sons of men." If the experiences, humorous and otherwise, of the thousands of men and women who have taken upon themselves the duties of missionary servants, and gone out among the uncivilized tribes of the earth to point to the better way, were collected into printed volumes, a record of interest would be preserved that would be universally read. Some of its pages would cause tears of pity, while others would excite uncontrollable merriment and risibility. One of the missionaries to the Dakota Indians, Rev. Joseph W. Han- cock-, is still a resident of Goodhue county and a citizen of Red Wing, where he has maintained a continuous home since -Tune 13, 1849. Although a teacher to benighted, darkened souls, he is not, and never was, of that class of teachers and preachers that thought it sinful to 214 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. smile or " crack a joke," to go a ducking or get a " ducking ;" but was as ready to join the members of his charge in innocent sports as the most sportive of their kind. And although his missionary labors ended a quarter of a century ago, and he is now far past the meridian of life, he is still young at heart, and well preserved intellectually and physically, and his memory well stored with a rich collection of inci- dents and happenings in the early days of his residence among the dusky sons and daughters he came to teach. Among these happenings of the long ago, he relates the following : When he came to Red Wing he was as ignorant of the management of a canoe or other small water craft, as the Indians were of the letters of the alphabet or their uses when his predecessors, Denton and Gavan, first came among them in 1838. On one occasion an old Indian and his son were going out duck hunting, and Mr. Hancock asked for permission to accompany them, as anxious, no doubt, to witness the Indian modus operandi of taking the feathered, web-footed game, as he was to secure a share of the trophy of the hunt for his own table ; for it is reasonable to suppose that Mr. Hancock, missionary though he was, was as fond of a nicely-prepared roast of duck as the Sandwich Islanders used to be of a roast from the arm or thigh of a fat missionary. Mr. Hancock's request to accompany the hunt was granted, but he says he " came near falling out of the canoe before he got in," from which hull it might be supposed he was an Irishman, but we do not venture the opinion that the supposition is correct. When all was ready, the canoe was shoved off, and headed up stream for the duck haunt. Mr. Hancock had a long stick in his hand, and coming to a place where he observed the water was not deep, he put the stick over the side of the boat, touched bottom, and gave a strong push. The bottom was muddy and the stick stuck. In attempting to recover the stick by pulling it out, it pulled him in about as quick as a flash of lightning. The next thing he knew the canoe tipped over, and tipped him into three feet of water, head foremost, and he went a ducking. When he regained his feet, the Indians were picking up their guns and powder horns from the bottom of the river. The elder Indian seemed to blame Mr. Hancock for the mishap and administered to him a pretty severe rebuke for his ignorance, using the following Dakota words : He-he ! Wa-si-cun-wakan kin, wahokonkiya hecen he-conpi na-ce-ca ; tuka can-wata cin, ka wa-to-papi cin, hena ta-ku-dan docapi-ini. To-hi-ni akei can-wata en da idotanka hukuga wo, nakun inina yankawo. Which, being translated, is substantially as follows : THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COXJNTY. 215 The white missionary may be a very good man and know all about the road to the land of the Great Spirit, and how to point the Indians there, but he cannot point a canoe to a duck pond. His words may stick like the stick he stuck in the mud that pulled the canoe over ; but if he don't know more about what he preaches than he does about paddling a canoe, he'd better quit and go back to the home of white men. May be white men make good preachers, but bad canoe men. Get in the canoe now and keep still. Indians know how to keep them right, and never turn them over like the white missionary. Mr. Hancock obeyed the injunctions of the old Indian, got into the canoe again, but was mindful to " keep still " the balance of the trip, and returned home a wetter^ as well as wiser man as regarded canoe management. He afterwards learned to " paddle his own canoe," as he was determined the Indians should not always have occasion to taunt him with his ignorance of skill in that kind of water-craft. An account of another canoe ride, in which Mr. Hancock partici- pated, is worthy of place in this connection. This time the ride was taken on land. In the summer of 1852, John Bush, the Indian farmer, accompanied by his wife and Mr. and Mrs. Hancock, concluded to make a visit to the head of Lake Pepin, to " call " on Mr. George W. Bullard and family. The distance was six miles by land. There was no available wheeled vehicle — no carriage, or wagon, or horses that could be used, so a large canoe was brought into requisition. A yoke of cattle were hitched to the canoe by a log-chain, and the visitors started. The wild grass was tall and thick, and the canoe glided along where the ground was level like a sleigh over a good snow-path. But the ground was not always level. It was level only occasionally, and the oxen, not used to that kind of a vehicle, stepped rather quickly over the rough places, occa- sioning frequent turn overs and tip-outs. It is the opinion of Mr. Hancock that they turned over as much as fifty times in going and returning. They landed in all sorts of positions — on their sides, backs, faces, singly, in heaps, and on top of each other — presenting the most ludicrous appearances as they sought to right themselves. "No bodily harm was experienced, however," says Mr. Hancock, " but the amount of fun and hearty laughter we enjoyed that day exceeded anything of the kind I ever knew, before or since. It was enough to make a stoic laugh or cure a dyspeptic. I have never failed to laugh when the circumstance is called to mind, and I don't know but what it will be one of the last things I think of as my bark of life is shoved away from the shore of time." 216 THE HISTORY OF (JOODHUE COUNTY. EETEOSPECTIVE. REMINISCENCES OF THE FIRST SETTLEMENT AT RED WING. At a meeting of the Old Settlers Association* of Goodhue county, held at Red Wing, on Tuesday, the 15th day of June, A. D.1869, W. W. Sweeney, M. D., delivered an address on the early scenes and incidents attending the first settlement at Red Wing, that was so full of interest as to be worthy of preservation in these pages. A gentleman of educa- tion, large observation and diversified experience, and one of ihe first settlers, no one was better prepared to speak accurately of the trials and hardships, realities and romance of pioneer life. When this address was delivered, only seventeen years had been added to the record of time since he " pitched his tent " in the shadows of Barn Blufi". These seventeen years encompassed the fullness of his physical and mental vigor, and hence the subject of his address was still fresh in his memory. He said : "In the spring of 1852, Calvin Potter, with whom I had previously been acquainted, called at my oflSce in St. Paul, and in the course of our conversation informed me that he had bought out Mr. Snow, the licensed Indian trader at Red Wing ; and in view of a treaty then in process of consummation, he thought that point a good location for a town-site ; also, that he would like to interest some one with him in a claim he had there. Mr. William Freeborn being one of the old residents of St. Paul, and having a large acquaintance, Mr. Potter thought he would be a desirable man. From my opinion of the country, acquired in various conversations with an old French voyager, and also from an Englishman by birth, but in language and habits a compound of English, French and Indian, who had been in the country for thirty years, I was more than anxious to take part in the enterprise, and brought about a speedy meeting between Mr. Potter and Mr. Freeborn. " In our council Mr. Freeborn demurred at first, urging his inability to remove to the new El Dorado immediately. I proposed to remove that objection by coming myself, to which he acceded. The result was that we three took the return boat, and landed in Red Wing in the early part of May. While there I purchased a claim-right from a half-breed, named Benjamin Young, of that part of the city known as " Sweeney's Addition," as also that old weather-beaten, two-story log-house, well known to old settlers — sided up with antediluvian lumber, that stood in the rear of where Mr. Sheldon's warehouse now is. This done, I * This organization, it is to be regretted, was not maintained, and now exists only in memory. THE HISTORY OF aOODHUE COUNTY. 217 returned to St. Paul, put my business in a proper shape, and came back to Red Wing with James McGinnis, who concluded to try his fortune in this then unexplored country. We made our headquarters in the venerable tenement before mentioned, kept our own house — or, as some graphically describe it, ' kept bach.' This was in the latter part of May or beginning June. " As it was not deemed advisable to go into any farming or building operations until the treaty was ratified, we had plenty of idle time on our hands, and the grand difficulty was to know how to dispose of it. The families then here were the Rev. James N. Hancock, of the Pres- byterian mission and John Bush, Indian farmer. John Day was not far oflf, however. The old 'Excelsior' never made a trip up from below that John did not board her, to hear ' about the treaty.' There were several transient persons here, but their whereabouts is not now known. The only actual residents of the county previous to my coming, besides those above mentioned, were George Bullard (now deceased) and family at Wacoota ; James Wells, since killed by the Indians in the southwestern portion of the State, who then had a trading post at what is now the village of Frontenac; and a Mr. Gould and family, who resided near the mouth of Wells Creek. This comprised the white population of the county. HUNTING THE SOURCE OP HAY CREEK. " Of the country back of us, even for four miles, I could learn nothing. Mr. Knaiier, the engineer of the old military road up the river, said he had rode out to the source of Hay Creek, and that it orginated in a fine tamarack marsh. It occurred to McGinnis and myself that a, good tamarack swamp, in a prairie country, would be a fine thing to possess, and being like the caged starling, anxious to 'get out,' we 'just went' for Hay Creek, and to our intense disgust, didn't find any tamarack. In an after conversation with Mr. Knauer, I am persuaded that not following the creek valley all the way, he mistook the poplar grove, known in early times as ' Albert's grove,' for the swamp aforesaid. "After our little disappointment about the source of Hay Creek, our trips were mainly confined to the river side of the county, between the divide of the waters of the Zumbro and Mississippi — even Belle Creek was not known — its locality and course, however, was traced for us by Hapah, the old chief's son-in-law. It was not deemed advisable to go far from the river, as many of the Indians were decidedly hostile to ceding their lands, and the Zumbro country was the common hunting ground for several bands of the M'dewakantonwan Dakotahs, besides 218 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. being in the route of traveling Indians from the upper Minnesota to Wabasha, the residence of the acknowledged head chief of the seven bands, REMOVAL OF HIS FAMILY TO RED WING — INDIAN NEIGHBORS. "Having become acquainted with the principal men among the Indians, I thought it safe to bring my family from St. Paul, which I did in July, 1852, as did also Mr. McGinnis. I have a very lively recollec- tion of getting our household stock from the landing to our residence. A winding, rugged path up the bank was the course by which we con- veyed it, and 'Mc' and I transformed ourselves into pack-mules, until stoves, bureaus, provisions and various etceteras of two households were placed under shelter, and we were at home. Within the next twenty-four hours ninety-nine hundredths of the Indian population had called in through curiosity, and their various comments would, doubt- less, have been edifying, had we been able to understand them. Friendly relations were established, however, and we never could complain of lack of company as long as they remained in the village. I must also say in justice to the memory of these original settlers and occupants of the soil, that I was never more kindly treated by any people, nor did I ever enjoy myself better. To be sure they were importunate beggars, as a community, and the women as a rule were chronic thieves. In fact, they were kleptomaniacs, i. e., they would not help their steal- ing proclivities. But making all allowances for these little peculiari- ties of their manners and morals, which were a part of their natures, and they were not a bad people to live among. By a little liberality when their begging seemed justifiable, and by firmly refusing when necessary, the beggars were disposed of and kept in good humor. And by watchfulness and the aid of bolts and bars their thieving propensi- ties were held in check and rendered measurably harmless. THE TREATY SECOND CONVENTION HUNGER AND DESTITUTION. "The treaty being ratified by the Senate of the U. S., with some alter- ations from the original as framed by the Dakotahs and the commis- sioners, it became necessary to convene the different bands interested therein to get their consent. Notice was accordingly given to them to meet at Fort Snelling early in the fall, in consequence of which a perfect exodus of the aborigines took place, and nothing more was seen of them here until late in November, after the close of navigation. When they did return, a more squalid, wretched looking set I never saw. Bitter were the complaints against the government officials. THE HISTOKT OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 219 Their annuities were spent in waiting at the fort, the best of the hunting season had passed, their canoes were frozen in the ice away from home, and would be mainly lost. I remember well when the ^st installment that came home, three families, pitched their tents in the evening near the mission house. They were worn out, cold and hungry. The children were emaciated and sick, from want ajud exposure. They were supplied by the whites with food until the men could obtain game for their sustenance. In the morning two of the men went out hunting, and as I came home in the evening, unsuccessful from a similar expe- dition on Hay Creek, I struck their trail, and in a short time overtook them, a little below where Cogel's flouring mill now is, each of them slowly toiling through the deep snow, under the burthen of a deer. The men seemed exhausted, and requested me to stop at their teepees and tell the women where they were — that they had got tado — and wanted them to come to their assistance. I hurried home to commu- nicate this joyful intelliger ce to the inmates of those three lodges. Upon reaching them I told one of the women the good news. She immediately shouted forth a peculiar cry, which was echoed by all in the tent, down to a three year old boy dressed in purus naturalibis. This brought out the inhabitants of the other lodges. Upon being told the cause of the commotion, the same shout went up from all present. Women and children acted as if demented. The women rushed about for straps, knives and blankets, and the children jumped up and down for joy. After giving them the proper directions where to go, three women started on a dog trot, and were soon lost to view ; but sometime after dark I called at the lodges and found them busily engaged in masticating huge TOouthfulIs of venison. In three days those little half-starved, copper colored specimens of the genua homo had acquired a very perceptible rotundity, and were as sleek and as frisky as a litter of young pups. The cry or shout mentioned, I have heard frequently, and is made on the occasion of the intelligence of a successful hunt: not always the same, different intonations indicating the kind of game killed, as for deer, bear, elk, &c. ADDITIONS TO THE POPULATION. " The additions to our population besides those mentioned, were John Day and family, E. C. Stevens, David Pucket, Jack Sanders and Ben. Hill, in the summer, and Charles Parks, in November, 1852. « The proprietors of the town, site had procured lumber late in the fall for the erection of a hotel early in the spring, and it was necessary to engage carpenters to prepare such of the material in the winter as 220 THE HISTORY OF SOODHUE COUNTY. could be done within the shop. H. B. and Joseph Middaugh were obtained, and became residents of the town, in December, 1852. About this time, also^ the. first of our Scandinavian population arrived here: Mathias Peterson, a farmer, now in Zumbrota township, a Norwegian by birth ; and in a short time he brought Nels Nelson, a Swede, who for a long time lived with me. These two men were the pioneers of that nationality in Groodhue county, which now exceeds eight thousand souls. Both these men formerly resided in St. Paul. In the spring fol- lowing, Albert, a Norwegian, an acquaintance of Mr. Peterson, settled here and made a claim in what is now Featherstone township, at Poplar Grove, or Albert's Grove, now embraced in the limits of the farm owned by Mr. Friend. SHUT IN BY WINTER. "The winter of 1852-3 was passed very pleasantly by our little iso- lated community. The natives soon left on their winter's hunt after their return from the treaty ratification at the fort, and we saw but little of them until some time in January ; in fact, we saw nobody but our own residents. Communication between us and the civilized world was only resumed when the post had rendered traveling safe on the Mississippi River. The mail was carried from Prairie du Ohien through Wisconsin, crossing the Chippewa near the Menominee River, thence through a wooded wilderness to the very source of Rush River, at Baker's station, thence to Stillwater and, St. Paul. A trip from Prairie du Ohien in the winter, required nerve, endurance, and a willingness to perform any amount of manual labor that the emergency of the case might require. We here got our mail from St. Paul — wheji we had a chance to send for it. When the ice was safe, trains arrived frequently from below, principally laden with pork and flour. Our isolation was from about the middle of November to some time in January. Such supplies as ran short were obtained of Mr. Potter, whose establishment contained those articles more especially demanded by the Indian trade ; from Geo. W. Bullard, at Wacoota, whose situation at the head of the lake ren- dered it necessary for him to keep a more extensive assortment of goods to supply the wants of the lumbering interests ; or if these stores were deficient in the articles, then St. Paul was the last resort for the winter. COUNTY HISTORY. "As it is impossible to relate all that I wish to say in chron(?logical order, I may as well give a few of the incidents connected with our county history, even though out of their proper era. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 221 "On the Wisconsin side of the river, previous to the settlement here in 1852, the land was ceded, surveyed and opened to settlement. At Diamond Bluff lived John Day, Allen Wilson, Jack Payne, and George Day. At the mouth of the Trimbelle, " old Hawley" and Jake Meade. At Thing's Landing (now Trenton) lived Wilson Thing, E. 0. Stevens and Dexter, all more or less engaged in getting out wood for the use of steamboats. Mr. John Day and E. 0. Stevens are residents of our county ; Mr. Thing and Wilson are deceased. The whereabouts of Payne, George Day, Dexter "and Hawley is unknown. Meade still resides near his old location. " ' Old Hawley ' was rather a hard case. By his sale of whisky our community was frequently disturbed by the whooping and yelling of drunken Indians, upon which occasions about all the population of natives not engaged in the spree would flee to the houses of the whites for protection, and there remain until the ^Minnie Wakan'' gave out, and the legitimate results of a 'high old time' had overtaken the carousers. Nothing is known of Hawley's fate, but from a knowledge of his character, I would infer that he is at some ' side station ' or ' switch off ' in that ' undiscovered country from whence no traveler returns.' JUSTICE TO TRUTH AND HISTORY — A PIONEER JUSTICE AND A PIONEER WEDDING. "In justice to truth and history, I must say something of Wilson Thing, a very eccentric man, a strict vegetarian, a man of strong preju- dices, but moral and upright — a good neighbor and an honest man. He was the only justice of the peace for many miles around, and conse- quently had a little legal business to perform. Previous to my coming here, (as related by an old settler,) a fair widow of this place had entered into a marriage contract with a gentleman of St. Paul, and the time was fixed for a consummation of the happy event. When the time arrived, and the parties to the contract were present, a grand difficulty occurred! Kev. Mr. Hancock, the only one authorized to solemnize marriages, was absent. The bridegroom was impatient and the bride annoyed. Friends suggested a canoe ride to Trenton and the services of ' Squire Thing ' as the only solution of the evils complained of. Of course, under the circumstances, both bride and bridegroom eagerly acceded to the proposition, and in a short time the bridal party was under way for the residence of the justice. They found this worthy representative of the law, as enacted and promulgated by the great state of Wisconsin, busily engaged in the rather feminine occupation of washing a two months' accumulation of dirty shirts (he being at that 222 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. time a bachelor,) and he was somewhat embarrassed at the sudden irruption into his sanctum. The bride, however, was plucky, and to relieve the justice, and give him time to make himself presentable and con over the marriage ceremony, she proposed that herself and mother would finish the laundry operations, while he got ready for his part of the proceedings, which was accepted, and in due time both the shirt washing and the marriage ceremony were completed to the satisfaction of all concerned. DIGGING POTATOES IN WISCONSIN. " As winter approached, it became necessary for us to look about for a supply of vegetables for winter use, as there were none to be had on this side of the river. Upon inquiry I found that Mr. Thing had planted four or five acres of potatoes, besides some beets and cabbages, which latter we were able to purchase. The potatoes, however, were not to be obtained by a regular business transaction of cash down. In the first place, they were ' planted on the sod ;' that is, two rounds were plowed the potatoes dropped in the last furrow, and covered by the sod of the next round, and so on. The 'Squire's field was in the prairie between Trenton and the bluff's. The season was not favorable for rotting the sod, and the tubers were hard to excavate. He wanted help, which was hard to get. TFe wanted potatoes, and money wouldn't iuy them. Consequently, it was ' root, hog, or die,' with us, and we went to rooting. A hard day's work unearthed ten bushels to the man, for which one bushel was given as wages. I have to this day a very acute apprecia- tion of the pleasant occupation I was then engaged in. Just fancy my getting up at 4 o'clock in the morning, breaking my fast as soon as pos- sible, getting into a canoe, with hoe, basket and sack, and paddling up to Trenton, thence to the field. Now commences the dissection of those gutta percha sods with a plantation hoe. A little experience in another line of business enabled me to get the hang of the thing. In getting honey out of a hollow tree, the best way is to cut two carfs into the cavity, then split off the block of timber between. The same rule held good in the present instance, but I must say I never saw sod so tough, potatoes so hard to get at, and so small when I got them. But as an offset, I have never eaten potatoes of equal excellence, and I was prouder of the ten bushels I thus acquired, than of the biggest buck I ever arrested in his wild career through the woods, or the largest trout' I ever landed from the clear rushing waters of his native brook. Just think of it ! Ten bushels all my own. No gift ; not begged, but earned. One hundred bushels torn from the rugged earth, ninety given as a THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 223 peace oflFering, but ten my own, fof use and dissipation. I think I didn't dissipate. On my back I nightly bore my wages down to my gondola, apd sailed away for home. But I have dwelt too long on this subject. Time has mellowed down all of pain that was associated with the circum- stance, and the recollection is now pleasurable and full of interest to me in my musings and speculations of then, now of the future. TEOUT FISHING — INDIAN SUPERSTITION. '' Leaving this portion of my subject, I must now refer to one full of interest to me, but probably not as acceptable to a majority of my audience. Among the first items of information I obtained from the Indians was, that the small spring brooks contained an abundance of trout, and the equally gratifying intelligence 'that they never used them as an article of food; in fact, their religious notions 'tabooed' their use. From the name they gave the speckled beauties, I would infer they considered them too bad to eat. Hogal-wichasta-sni (literally, wicked-man-fish) is not suggestive of high appreciation among the Indian community. They really believed some malign influence resided in the fish, and that to eat them would be to invite disease and the anger of the gods. This feeling was very prevalent among them, and Wacoota (the chief) being invited to take dinner with me, at which meal I informed him there would be a dish of trout, he consented to be present provided we would lock the doors, eat dinner up stairs, hang a curtain before the window and say nothing about what he had eaten. This was done, and the old ' Shooter' made a very hearty meal, as Indians are apt to do, but I thought during the trout course, that he acted as though the morsels were hard to bolt, like a boy swallowing his first oyster, and that qualms of conscience interfered with degluti- tion. He ate frequently with me afterwards, but I cannot say that trout ever appeared to be a favorite dish with him. " All the streams within the limits of our county abounded with trout, with the exception of Prairie Creek, the Pine Island branch of the Zumbro, and the Little Cannon. The latter stream has since been stocked, and now afi'ords very fair sport, the run of trout being large. " I only fished in four of these streams the first two years of my resi- dence here, to-wit. Trout brook, the little stream emptying into Hay Creek near Hawley's Mill, Spring Creek and Bullard's Creek. The first of these, however, being adjacent to town, was where I got my supply for home use. An hour or two in the evening would net me eight or ten pounds of the fish. " In my various tramps through the country, when I struck a stream 224 THE HISTORY OF SOODHUE COUNTY. at a ford or ripple, it was no uncommoa tiling to see dozens of trout rushing and tumbling over each other in their haste to reach their hiding places in deep water. On Hay Creek I have thus frightened off a shallow ripple more than fifty pounds of the fish at one time, and though I always carry an ample supply of fishing tackle with me, I never wet a line in that stream until 1854. This I consider the greatest instance of self-denial and resistance of temptation on record. I could cite many cases where better men, probably, have signally failed, and where the restraining influence should have been much stronger. The Teason why I did not gratify my natural instincts was the opposing one, and true sportsman maxim, never to kill what you cannot make use of; and, also, I am too great a lover of the gentle art to hasten the extinc- tion, through a mere wantonness, of a creature that has so largely contributed to my pleasure and happiness. A SPORT-LOVINa MINISTER — POWER OP TEMPTATION — PISHING AND PREACHING. " With your permission I will relate one of these instances, although properly not occurring in the early settling of the county, premising my recital with the explanation that the cause of temptation was a large, beautifully colored specimen of our gamest of all game fish — the trout. '• A party from below, accredited to our fishing club as being ' all right,' arrived here and requested information as to where they could enjoy a couple of weeks' good sporting during the hot month of July. The very paradise of fishing grounds was selected for them, and the next day their camp was pitched on a beautiful spot in Eush River, in the State of Wisconsin. A few rods of open prairie stretched down to the river from the camp, and the small, orchard-like trees surrounding, afforded an inviting shade. In front loomed up steep bluffs, covered with tall timber; back of the camp the ground rose in a succession of plateaus until the general level of the country was attained. Taking it all in all, it was one of the loveliest situations for the purposes of a sportsman's camp, that I ever beheld. An invitation to call and ' break bread ' with them was accepted, and in a few days John Webster, Billy B., Sam Stevens, and myself; were on the ' old battle ground,' with rod, reel, line, and various other appliances deemed necessary on such occa- sions. We found our friends enjoying themselves admirably. They had established friendly relations with the neighboring settlers, and could not be better situated. One of the party was a minister of the gospel of the Methodist denomination, a Pennsylvanian by birth, brought up among the mountains of Sinnemahoning, as pure and unsophisticated, ^^1 /^ /u .^o-C<^>i^- MINNE Ol_A. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 225 as regards evil, as the clear mountain brooks of his old native home. From his surroundings in childhood he could not have been less than a keen sportsman and he a man ! " The country in the locality of this camp had been sparsely inhab- ited for a number of years. Young men with young families had settled there, and for a time had not felt the necessity of education or religious instruction. As their families grew up, however, several had expressed a determination to leave on account of their families growing up ignorant in these particulars, and devoid of a knowledge of the amenities and conventionalities of social life. A slight impetus of immigration had raised their drooping spirits, and, by an effort, they had just completed a school house, which, on the Sabbath, they used as a church when a wandering minister traveled that way. This being the situation, word was given out that our reverend sportsman, brother Shaffer, would, with divine permission, give them a discourse on the ensuing Sabbath at such hour as might suit their convenience. Nature had been lavish of gifts to our friend of herculean proportions. He was deep chested, strong limbed, and with a voice as clear as the clarion's notes, combined with the resonance of distant artillery, yet he could modulate it to the murmur of a mountain rill under the controllings of genial influences. His invariable practice, after the evening meal, as the shades of night drew on, was to retire a short distance from the camp, and, I presume, offer up his devotions ; and then broke forth an evening hymn which caused all camp avocations to be suspended. The very birds ceased their songs ; the gambolings of the little denizens of the forest and the busy huni of insect life seemed hushed. Naught of earth was heard but the voice of praise and the gentle murmur of the passing stream, in fitting. unison. We were not the only auditors. The powerful voice of the singer had penetrated far into the surrounding woods. Hearers had learned when to enjoy the pleasure, and would silently approach the camp without their presence being known, that they might more clearly appreciate the beauty of the song. A religious feeling was aroused, and the hearts of the community were in sympathy with brother Shaffer. On Sunday morning all the inmates of the camp were on the way to the place of meeting, and it appeared that the entire population was in motion. By the roads, footpaths, and through the woods they came, until the house was full, and groups standing on the outside. The speaker gave them a discourse suited to their wants. The grand old woods and the crystal waters came in as blessings which should be thankfully acknowledged in their devotions to God, together with the sustenance and pleasure derived thierefrom. The remarks 16 226 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. were appreciated, and I will Yenture that seed was sown there that time will not smother, nor the germinal .principal decay, without bring- ing forth much fruit. " After the sermon all the fishing party returned to camp, with the exception of our clerical friend, who was requested to stay and conduct the exercises of class and Sunday school. In course of the afternoon Webster and myself took a stroll on the hillside back of our camp. The river running a few yards from the path, at the base of the hill, was plainly visible in the interval between the trees. The pools of water were as calm as the sleep of the infant. The quieting influence of the day appeared to have affected the inmates of the waters, and their usually lively demonstrations were sobered down* to a gentle motion of their fins to keep them in suspension in their liquid element. ' A cosy shelf on the hillside invited a rest, and we sat down to enjoy the scene. Anon a ripple in the stream attracted attention. 'Twas not larger than that caused by the fall of a drop of rain. Nothing was said, but my eyes were riveted to the spot. 'Twas repeated, and in the same place. I saw that I should fall into temptation, to avoid which I rose and ingloriously fled. What Webster saw, I know not, but when he returned to camp his eyes had a prominence and convexity that indicated hav- ing ' seen sights,' and his manner, that of a high state of nervous excitement. I said he returned. He did, but he disappeared again, in a state of mind that caused serious apprehensions in his friends. In a short time Shafi'er arrived, and selecting a turfy, shady spot, threw himself prone on the ground, discoursing pleasantly of the happiness he felt in having been allowed to minister^ to the wants of a people so much in need of gospel teaching and so willing to receive it. I heard him, and cordially was with him in spirit, but my eyes were on the path, over the shingle, and up the river, where our absent friend evi- dently had gone. After a time my apprehensions were almost quieted in regard to Webster, and I was watching the countenance of the speaker as it swayed under the varied emotions called up by the incidents of the day, when a noise startled me. Turning round, I saw Webster approach- ing a few yards away, evidently in a more easy state of mind. On he came, and I was hopeful that none of the proprieties of the day or occa- sion had been violated, but "when within ten feet of me he suddenly extended his right arm, softly exclaiming, " Look there " I sprang to my feet and beheld the very incarnation of earthly beauty, his colors unfaded, and the light of life still in his eye. My exclamation brought brother Shafl"er to a sitting po'sture. His eyes had an imperfect vision, and he sternly exclaimed, ' Oh, you wicked, wicked man.' Webster THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 227 skillfully displayed the full-length broadside to view. Brother Shaflfer was on his feet in a twinkling, fondling the fish, and the words, "Oh! isn't he a beauty!" burst involuntarily from his lips, his admiration obliterating all thought of the crime. A rebuke was now powerless, as he himself, by his involuntary exclamation and action, was not above temptation, but in fact had participated in the fault. " The human countenance, as the reflex mirror of impressions on 'the mental organization, is a pleasing and instructive study, from the very inception of stimuli on the infant brain up to its maximum in mature manhood, thence following on the waning scale of life to those changes which shadow forth the coming of second childhood. Friend S.'s phys- iognomy for a brief season, well repaid study and analyzation. First were traces of sorrow and rebuke, then surprise and wonder, followed quickly by signs of extravagant admiration, thence down the grade to shame and humiliation. The thought waves were electrical in velocity — each ripple expressing a sentiment or emotion, which the most rapid symbolism could not trace on paper. A single character would have to represent the emotional name; to elucidate it would require pages, yet it was plainly written, and in as legible characters as though carved in ' monumental marble.' With a sigh he subsided into his former position, realizing, doubtless, the weakness and imperfectio(n of human nature, and that even the best^of men are as ' prone to do evil as the sparks are to fly upward.' " I think all those who saw that little episode will never forget it. It was one of those incidents that language cannot communicate or the artist's pencil portray — the finer features of the picture would be inev- itably lost. My thoughts called up Uncle Toby's violation of the third commandment, in his anxiety to relieve the poor lieutenant, and I would adopt the author's views as to criminality in the case, with a very slight alteration : ' The accusing spirit which flew up to Heaven's chan- cery with the fault, blushed as he gave it in ; and the recording angel, as he wrote it down, dropped a tear upon the word, and blotted it out forever.' "In the fall of 1852, having a fishing-seine in our possession, we organized a fishing party, and built the necessary craft for running a fishery. We began this enterprise for* the purpose of supplying our own wants. Meeting with great success, and having nothing else to do, salt and barrels were procured, and in a short time we supplied ISt. Paul with forty barrels of good fish, at the remarkably low price of $6 per barrel. Our fishing ground was tlfe ' Bay,' in front of Oogel's mill, and a lake on the Wisconsin shore, about a mile above Bay Oity. Large 228 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. quantities were caught, of all the kinds inhabiting the river, but we only preserved the best fish, rejecting pike, pickerel, bass, sturgeon, dog-fish, sheep-head and gars, while the rich, fat and luscious cat, buflFalo, and carp, were carefully cleaned and salted, well repaying us for our labor. At one haul of our seine, In the lake above referred to, we took out over eight barrels of fish, when cleaned and packed, besides aninnuraerable quantity of the 'baser sort,' as before indicated. "These remarks may provoke satirical comments from the members of a certain 'fishing ring,' who think that the mantle of old Izaak Walton has fallen on them individually, and that their palates and peculiar notions should form the standard of true sport and gustatory excellence. But to these I would say, we only wanted such fish as would repay us in nutriment and feed for the animal economy, when the mercury ranged from zero to forty below. This was supplied by our selection, some of the fish yielding over a pint of good oil. Pike, pickerel, bass and trout, as salt-fish, are about as nutrient as floating island, puffs, pastry and gimcracks, and all are measurably worthless as food to strong, hearty, working men. LOCAL INDIAN CELEBRITIES. " A short description of three or four of the Indian celebrities of the village may not be out of place. I will commence with ' Wacoota ' — literally the " Shooter" — chief of the band. This man stood about six feet in his moccasins, was well proportioned, and I judge about sixty- five years of age, when I knew him. He was the most intelligent man in the band, with the exception of Wa-kon-toppy. He was friendly to the whites, and much disposed to adopt the habits and customs of civilized life, and consequently without much authority among the. restless young men of the village. His schemes for promoting the well-being of his people were thwarted by Mahpiya-maza, or Iron Cloud, second in rank, but first in real power. This latter personage was a crafty, intriguing politician, favoring all the raiding propensities of the young men, stimulating opposition to any advancement in civilization ; begging when it would accomplish his object ; threatening when he thought he had the power to do injury — a base, bad man, and a thorough savage, whom no kindness could bind in the bonds of friendship, nor reason influence to adopt views salutary to the welfare of his band. His only redeeming trait of character was his advocacy of the cause of temperance. His death, in the latter part of the summer of 1852, freed the whites of the annoyance of his presence and counsels. " Being indisposed with symptoms indicating cholera, which was then THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 229 prevalent along the river, he called at Mr. Potter's trading house, and espying a demijohn, he asked if it contained Minnie-wakon, whisky. Mr. P. told him it did not, that it was cha-han-pi-tik-ti-cha, molasses or tree sap. The old fellow immediately asked for a donation, but was informed that it belonged to Paska, as Mr. E. 0. Stevens was called by the Sioux. Iron Cloud then left on the hunt of Mr. Stevens, first stop- ping at his own tepee and getting a good-sized coffee pot, as though sure of his object. After finding Mr. Stevens he succeeded in getting the molasses. In a day or two this medicine was disposed of, but the patient was not much benefitted by its use, and importunate for more. Mr. Stevens came to me and inquired what would be the result in my opinion if old Mahpiya repeated the dose. My reply was that it would ' kill him as dead as Julius Caesar.' But importunity finally obtained the coveted sweets, and in a few hours a messenger arrived from a lodge in the Indian cornfield, about where Mr. Towne's house now is, who told me that Iron Cloud was very sick and wanted to see me. I accompanied him, and on entering the tent found it occupied by the sick man, stretched on a robe. His wife, had, ranged in a semi-circle, six of the most popular medicine men, dressed in very unprofessional costume, or rather in undress, for the united apparel of the whole conclave would not have afforded material enough for a pair of leggins. The doctors looked very sullen at my intrusion, but the patient told me they had done him no good, and wanted me to do what I could for him. Upon examination I found him past all remedies, and left. In an hour a wail told of the departure of Maphiya-Maza to the happy hunting ground in the Indian spirit world. " T'maza-washta, or Good Iron, was the next man of importance in the village. Taller than Wacoota, always smiling, a rebuff never ruffled his equanimity. A friend to both the Wacoeta and Iron Cloud factions, he \ successfully performed the difficult feat of carrying water on both shoulders. On the death of the second chief, Good Iron was excessively amiable, making feasts, and otherwise doing those things which we in civilized life see so frequently performed by aspiring men thirsting for political distinction. The old fellow being so good-natured, I frequently gave- more heed to his requests than was proper or necessary, and he reached the conclusion that he had only to ask and he would receive the favor. He wanted to be second chief. A delegation of Indians from Wabasha stopped at our village, and Good Iron concluded a big feast would bring him the desired elevation. I had a fat cow and a good one, and an equally fat dog, but in no other particular did the dog resemble the cow. Now these two animals, in old T'maza's estimation 230 THE HISTORY OP 'GOODHUE COUNTY. would just about furnish the necessary amount of influence to place him in possession of the object of his aspirations. Accordingly, all smiles, he prefered his request, and, of course, was refused. He was a little crestfallen at first, but he soon laughed, and said: 'My friend, you always gave me what I asked for. Now, when I have friends come to see me, and I want to feast them, you refuse me your cow and your dog. It is not good.' I couldn't see the logic. The old beggar got to be second chief, however. " Maca-tiniza, (Standing Earth,) more generally known among the whites as the 'Old Scolder,' was a regular old masculine termagant. Nothing suited him. His only luxury was grumbling, and he enjoyed that to an unlimited extent. He- was, however, a strict Good Templar, and not a bad Indian ; but his unfortunate peculiarity rendered him anything but a favorite among his own people. He attended church frequently and behaved very well, except on one occasion. I had made Waooota a one-horse train or sled the first winter of my residence here. The ' Scolder' knew this, and one Sabbath, when we were all at church and Mr. Hancock in the midst of his discourse, the old man and his wife entered. Giving a succession of grunts, he said: 'I have come to church to learn to be good, and may be the Good Spirit will smile on me, so that Pezuta-wichasta (my Indian name) will make me a sled.' The old fellow grinned at his interruption of the service, and I concluded that his religion was not of a serious nature nor likely to become chronic. I never saw him sleigh-riding, but I am informed that he was one of those unfortunates who perished on the scafibld at Mankato at the close of the Indian war in our State. "My friend Wakon-toppy (Esteemed Sacred) will conclude the list. Honest, honorable, and intelligent; a true man, whether judged by the savage or civilized standard. This man was the only Indian I ever knew whose word and character were above reproach. The traders gave him credit whenever he desired, sure that they would receive prompt pay- ment. Whatever he stated to be a fact, could be relied on. He frequently camped with me, and it was my especial delight to fill our camp-kettle with eatables enough for a dozen of men, and in addition thereto make a corresponding amount of pezuta-sapa (black medicine or coflfee,) and then drawl over the meal, eating slowly, constantly replenishing Wakon-toppy's plate and cup, which he made a point of honor to empty as soon as possible, until the old fellow would heave a deep sigh and cry out, 'Ozhuta!' (full.) Whenever this was accom- plished, look out for yarns. I have lain in the tent and listened for five long hours at a stretch to the tales, traditions, history of the feats in THE HISTORY OP GOODHUB COUNTY. 231 war, and hunting. He had never gone on a raid against the Ohippe- was, but he had followed the war-path south and west against the Saukies and Omahas. His (Wakon-toppy's) father was adopted into a Dakota family, having been taken prisoner when he was very young in one of the Dakota foi:ays against the Sauks and Foxes, and finally married a sister of Ti-tan-ka Monia, or Walking Buflfalo, a very influen- tial chief, and father of Wacoota. " Wakon-toppy was very anxious to adopt civilized habits, and I wrote several letters, at his dictation, to the Indian Agent, in which he desired the government to give him eighty acres of land, and he would release all claim to annuities. He even went so far as to stake out his claim, which was where the village of Mazeppa now is, and was where he made his winter hunting ground for a long period of years, and where he wished his bones to rest when the Master of Life should summon him hence to a residence in the spirit world. His letters were unan- swered, and he was not allowed to hold his claim when the whites came, but was driven off with threats of violence. He stayed around here until after the Spirit Lake Massacre. Finally, concluding to go up to Red Wood, the then place of residence of our old band, he gave me a history of Ink-pa-duta and his followers, and told me if he could get permission he would lead a party against them. In the fall an Indian messenger on his way to Wabasha, stopped at my house, at the old man's request, and gave me an account of the expedition. Wakon-toppy had kept his word. Nearly all the inmates of three lodges perished by the hands of their own kindred. This man, so prompt to avenge the wrongs of the whites, perished miserably in confinement at Davenport, for no other crime than that of not being able to control the young men of his family in the Indian difficulties on the frontier. From his imprison- ment at Mankato, he sent me word, by Lieutenant Comstock, that his fault was in letting his son have a horse, not knowing the purpose for which it was to be used. If previous good character, in any man, is to be relied on, then was Wakon-toppy an innocent victim. PIONEER FARMINS, AND WRESTLING WITH INDIAN MAIDENS. "In the spring of 1853 I farmed the old Indian cornfield, which occu- pied that portion of the city now lying between Third and Bush streets and College Bluff, and as far west as Mr. Densmore's residence, besides breaking up that portion lying west of the latter point and extending. to John Day's farm. The crop was oats, corn, seven acres of potatoes, six of rutabagas, turnips, pumpkins, cabbages, beans, etc., all of which yielded largely. In the fall I needed help to secure the corn and 232 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. potatoes, and there was no other resource than to hire native laborers, the white population of the county not exceeding one hundred souls. The Indian camp was situated on the Mississippi bottom, near the mouth of Cannon Kiver. I had dug a few rows across the potato patch in order to ascertain what a day's work might be, and found that six rows were a moderate day's labor, but knowing the Indians pretty well, I concluded to make four the standard. This done, I sent word to the camp that twentj'^ women were wanted to help me, who should receive a barrel of potatoes for every four times they dug across the field. The next morning found me at the patch, but nine o'clock arrived before they came. At last thirteen women hove in sight, accompanied by about two dozen dogs, a like number of children, several camp kettles, sack straps and hoes. In a short time the business preliminaries were adjusted by the high contracting parties. Among the operatives, was the Princess Royal, Lucy, and her niece, Weenona. " About eleven o'clock the laborers stopped work and held a short council, and I was soon informed of the result of their deliberations, which was nothing less than that I should get dinner for them. I refhsed to cook for such a crowd, but we finally compromised by my furnishing pork and bread. Vegetables were close at hand. A note was written to my wife, on a white basswood chip, desiring her to let the bearer have eight pounds of pork and all the bread she could spare. The messenger sped off on the errand like a deer, while an old squaw rigged three tripods for camp kettles, washed potatoes and turnips, and cut up cabbages and pumpkins by the time the pork arrived, when it was all dumped into the kettles together. When cooked, it was suffi- cient for a company of infantry, who had been on a short allowance of hard tack, but it all disappeared under the united efforts of women, children and dogs. At the close of the day all received their wages — two women having accomplished eight rows each, each of them received two barrels, which they all took home with them, promising to return the next day. "The next morning thirty-two squaws appeared, with the usual accompaniment, and the same number continued until the field was finished. When the last round was dug we were all grouped together on a slope between Main and Third streets, in front of Mr. Densmore's — the women talking and joking. Lucy stepped up to me and said, ' Pezuta-wichasta, do you know the reason why you have not worked any in the field ?' I thought I saw mischief in her eye, and looking around observed the same sign among the dusky crowd; but not to be beat by squaws I replied, ' Yes, it is because there are so many women THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 233 to work for me, there is no need of my working.' She said, ' No, no, that is not it ; you are little, and not strong and cannot work,' tossing ' her blanket off as she made the remark. I saw the point at once, and felt relieved, as that was one of my best holds. I told her I was strong enough for any in that crowd. No sooner were the words out of my mouth than Lucy pitched in, and was thrown a double-somersault the first time. Another essay was made with like result. The natives were chagrined. A little whispered parley took place, and a challenge for a third trial was given. We squared ourselves, shoulder to elbow, Lucy gripping like a vice. Just as the struggle commenced, I felt myself grasped from behind, and knew I had got into difficulty. The outside pressure was heavy against me — tripping, yelling and laughter. The best I could do was to make of it, what in my youth was called a ' dog- fall,' that is, a tumble into a promiscuous heap, without anyone being uppermost enough to speak of, and this was accomplished. I extricated myself from the confused mass and concluded not to engage any further in this undignified pastime, knowing very well that fair play couldn't be had in that crowd. They then dispersed, having gathered for me over 1,000 bushels of potatoes, exclusive of their own wages. From this crop I never realized a dollar, as there was no market, but it answered very well for gratuitous distribution in the spring of 1854. '* Having such success in operating with native labor, I concluded to cut up eight acres of corn, so as to secure the fodder for my stock, it being as yet but little injured by the frost. The services of a married woman and her sister were secured, besides two boys of ten or twelve years of age. The girl was sixteen or seventeen years old, and the most mischievous imp I ever saw. She appeared to have grown too fast for the apparel she had on, for I noticed that her upper garments refused to form a junction at the waist with that portion designed as protection for the lower portion of the body. Myself and the woman cut up the corn; the duty of the boys was to place it in the shock. After working pretty hard, the day being warm, I called a rest and we all sat down, 1 fanning myself with a large straw hat. When it was time to resume labor, the women were told to go to work. The girl laughingly refused, telling me to work myself. After a little parley, she finally got up and advanced close to where I was sitting. Making a remark to attract my attention away from her, she dexterously seized my hat by the rim and sent it sailing over the cornfield and then bounded like a deer to get out of my reach, but she was too late. Without rising, I threw myself forward in the direction she was going; grasping desperately at the same time, I caught the hem of her gar- 234 THE HISTOKT OP GOODHUE COUNTY. ment and something gave way. When I recovered an' upright position and my equanimity, I saw a dark piece of feminine apparel lying on the ground, and, what to my astonished gaze appeared to be a pair of per- ambulating tongs scudding through the corn. The girl hid herself behind a shock and commenced begging for her clothes. After tor- menting her enough, I exacted a promise that she would behave herself and go to work, and then sent one of the boys with the desited garment. When she rejoined the company her countenance had a very decided Vermillion tinge, and I thus discovered that a squaw could blush! EVIDENCES OF PRE- OCCUPATION. " I find that the ' old times' subject has made me garrulous, and my address has far outgrown the proportions first designed, with many matters of interest yet unrecorded. I will close with a notice of some artificial remains which were observable when I first visited the locality. "Evidences of the occupation of the country by a race of people, whose habits in some respects differed from those of the Dakotahs of the more recent period, were numerous. On the sharp hill points in the vicinity of Cannon River and Spring Creek, were a number of cairns or stone mounds. These were on the highest points, where shelly rock outcropped, and always overlooked the lower plateaus or valleys, on which were situated large groups of earthern tumuli. The cairns were of various sizes, ranging from sis feet in diameter to twelve at the base. Their shape was conical, and some of those in the best state of preser- vation had an elevation of from eight to ten feet. The base was on the bare rock, and all the lower stone in the vicinity had evidently been gathered to aid in the completion of the structure. The first layer was in the form of a circle, and by inlapping toward the centre in every succeeding layer an apex was finally reached. A majority of these structures had fallen in, leaving a circle of rude masonry from three to four feet high, while the remains of the upper portion laid in a mass inside the wall, not filling the cavity; showing very conclusively that they had been built hollow. " Being very desirous of ascertaining the purposes for which they had been erected, I selected two of the most perfect, which were situated on an isolated hill in the valley leading to the little brook near Hawley's mill, to Spring Creek. This hill is very sharp and narrow, barely afford- ing level base enough for the foundation of the larger mound, which was at least twelve feet in diameter and nine feet high, and had settled considerably, pressing upon the cavity. After an hour's hard work we were in a situation to observe the condition at its foundation. A few THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 235 handfuls of black mould was scattered over the bare roc^k base, a frag- ment of bone three inches long, a muscle shell nearly in powder, and two remnants of wood, distant from each other about six feet, in the east and west direction of the cairn, was all it contained. Of the bone there was hardly enough to determine conclusively as to the species of animal to which it belonged; but I think it was a portion of the hu- merus, or upper arm bone of an adult human being. When we found the wooden fragments they were standing upright, as stakes, supported in that position by rock, and were dry-rotted to points. With a knife I cut off all the decayed wood, the centre being a mere splinter, but enough to clearlj' distinguish it as that kind of oak known as swamp or blue oak. I searched very thoroughly for teeth, (as my opinion was and is, that these cairns were burial places,) thinking that the enameled portions would resist the process of decay, but none were to be found. The other mound did not yield the same amount of discoveries ; a little mould, and traces of what we supposed to be decayed bones or shells, was all that repaid our labor. " As I observed, I think these cairns were designed as burial places, and for distinguished personages. The material of which they were composed secured them against the depredations of wild animals. Their number, however, would lead to the conclusion that it was not the common mode of sepulture. The groups of earthen mounds in the valleys overlooked by these cairns, were counted by hundreds, and I think were once human habitations ; and if my conjectures be in the right direction, these isolated cemeteries would not alone contain the mortuary remains of as numerous a people as the evidences then to be observed indicated. " These rock structures appear to be peculiar to that portion of our county lying between Hay Creek and Cannon Kiver, and distant but two or three miles from the Mississippi River. In no other portion of our county or State have I seen remains of a similar character. The earthern structures are always found where the soil is alluvial and loose, doubtless for the purpose of quickly absorbing the moisture from rains and melting snow,, and consequently are mostly seen, when in numbers, in the valleys or on benches, considerably below the general level of the country, and in the vicinity of water. Occasionally one is found in situations almost corresponding with those of the cairns ; and looking at these wii.h reference to those in the valley beneath, the conclusion arrived at is that they were designed as shelters for outposts or sentinels' whose duty it was to spy out danger and give warning to the inhabitants below. 236 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. " On breaking up land on which were many of these mounds, I ex- posed large quantities of broken pottery and muscle shells. The frag- ments of pottery appeared to be a combination of tenacious clay and pulverized shells. It had a thickness of about one-fourth of an inch and on the outside were rudely delineated, with some pointed instru- ment, the figures of men, animals, foliage, etc. I noticed but one peculiarity in the specimens. The representation of a weapon of war or the chase was not to be found which would have been different had the habits of the makers in any way assimilated those of the modern Dakotas. The earthenware appeared to have been sun-dried, as there was no trace of the action of fire to redden the clay, was quite firm, and from the difi'erent shapes observable in the fragments, was manu- factured in various forms. " In numbers of places where farms have been made in the vicinity of mounds, similar exhumations have taken place, and some very per- fect specimens of the manufacture before spoken of have been obtained, but unfortunately it was not properly appreciated, and has become lost to the researches and speculations of the antiquarian. "In digging into several of these hillocks, where, in numbers, I have invariably found in the center of the base, charcoal and earth reddened by the action of heat; but the rule does not hold always in the isolated ones on the hilltops. On the Wisconsin shore, opposite this place, there are vast quantities of mounds dotted over the sandy plain between the river and the bluffs. Some of these deviate from the regular circular form, being composed of a main body of an oblong shape, with wings, resembling the prostrate position of a bird with wings outstretched. " On the farm of Mr. Charles Spates, near Cannon River, was the largest collection of tumuli in a given space that I ever saw, rendering it difficult to bring the ground into a proper shape for cultivation, and which the plough has not wholly obliterated in the twelve or fourteen years in which the soil has been tilled. I could fancy when I first saw this locality, on which were some three hundred mounds, that a little ravine running down to the water had been worn to that condition by the constant tread of a busy multitude, and the appearances really indi- cated the fact, without calling on the imagination to assist in forming conclusions. "I will close, hoping that all who feel interested in the antiquities of this country, will carefully observe and preserve all such avidences as may fall into their hands, noting localities and surroundings. Small things sometimes give insight into the history of the past. I have, as yet, to find the first trace of a warlike people in the remains above THE HISTORY OF aOODHUE COUNTY. 237 spoken of — not even an arrow head of flint, which would be imperish- able. The Dakotahs once used them, but I have never seen one taken from a mouud or from close proximity thereto." COUNTY ORGANIZATION. THE FIRST ELECTION — " JUDGE" YOUNG — A " RED- WINGED" BALLOT-BOX — POLIT- ICAL ECONOMY, ETC. The first Territorial Legislature met on Monday, the 3d day of Sep- tember, A. D. 1849, and ac^ourned on the first of November following. During this session the following counties were created: Itasca, Wabasha, Dakota, Wanota, Mankato, Pembina, Washington, Ramsey and Benton. The three last named comprised the country that up to that time had been ceded by the Indians on the eastside of the Mississippi. Still- water was named as the county seat of Washington. The Legislature declared " that all that portion of said territory lying east of a line run- ning due south from a point on the Mississippi River known as Medi- cine Bottle's village, at Pine Bend, to the Iowa line, be, and the same is hereby erected into a separate county, which shall be known by the name of Wabasha." Wabasha county, as thus defined, included a part of Dakota, Goodhue, Dodge and Mower, and all of Wabasha, Winona, Olmsted, Fillmore and Houston counties. Section 13 of the act relating to the " division of the territory into counties and their boundaries," provided as follows : " That the coun- ties of Itasca, Wabasha, Dakota, Cass and Pembina be and the same are hereby declared to be organized only for the purpose of the appoint- ment of justices of the peace, constables, and such other judicial and ministerial oflQcers as may be specially provided for." When the present counties of Dakota and Goodhue were organized, under an act of the legislature approved March 5, 1853, the boundary lines were rather vaguely and indefinitely defined, in consequence of the absence of United States surveys. Section one, chapter fifteen, of the general laws, approved March 5, 1853, provided " that so much territory as is contained in the following boundaries, be and the same is hereby created into the county of Dakota, to-wit: Beginning at a point in the Minnesota River at the mouth of Credit River; thence on a direct line to the upper branch of Cannon River, thence down said river to its lower fork, as laid down in Nicollet's map ; thence on a direct line to a point on the Mississippi River opposite the mouth of St. Croix 238 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. Lake ; thence up the Mississippi River to the mouth of the Minnesota River; thence up the Minnesota River to the place of beginning." The " direct line to the upper branch of Cannon River," would strike near where the city of Faribault now stands, and the boundary down the Cannon to the "lower fork as laid down in Nicollet's map;" would terminate at the junction of the Main and Little Cannon, at the present site of the town of Cannon Falls. In a map by Colton, published in 1853, the east fork of Little Cannon is laid down as a stream of magnifi- cent proportions, one much larger than the west branch or the Big Cannon. Section two of the same act, declared " that so much territory as is contained within the following boundaries be, and the same is herebv created into the county of Goodhue, to-wit : " Beginning at the south- west corner* of Dakota county, thence due southeast on a line twenty- five miles ; f thence on a due line to Lake Pepin, at a point on said lake seven miles below Sand Point ; thence up to the middle of said lake and the Mississippi River, to the boundary line of Dakota county; thence along the line of said county, to the place of beginning." [These boundaries were modified by subsequent legislation (Feb. 23, 1854,) and made to conform, as nearly as possible, to the lines estab- lished by the U. S. survey.] Dakota and Wabasha counties were declared to be " organized coun- ties, and invested with all and singular, the rights and privileges and immunities to which all organized counties in this territory are entitled by law." The county of Rice was attached to Dakota county for judi- cial purposes, and the county of Goodhue was attached to the county of Wabasha for the same purpose. Section fifteen of the same act provided that " the counties which are unorganized for judicial purposes, which are annexed to an organized county for judicial purposes, shall, for the purpose of assessment and the collection of taxes, be deemed to be within the limits of the county to which they are so annexed, and as forming a part thereof, unless and until otherwise provided by law. " Section 16. That at any general election hereafter, the counties of Sibley, Pierce, Rice and Goodhue, or either of them, may elect their county commissioners, and all other county and precinct officers, and thereafter the said county or counties shall be deemed to be organized for all county and judicial purposes: Provided, that at said election for county officers, as aforesaid, there shall not be less than fifty legal *Near the present site of Faribanlt. + About Concord, Dodge county. THE HISTOKY OF aOODHUB COUNTY. 239 votes cast for said county and precinct officers within the said county so holding said election." Section eighteen provided that it should be the duty of the first board of county commissioners which should thereafter be elected in any county laid off in pursuance of the provisions of this act, as soon after said board shall have been elected and qualified as provided by law, as the said board or a majority of them might determine, to locate the county seat of the county; and that the lacation so made as aforesaid, shall be the county seat of the county to all intents and purposes, until otherwise provided by law. , The law under which these counties were organized, authorized the governor to appoint all county officers until the next general election (the second Tuesday of October) after their organization, when the people were authorized to elect, as provided in the last clause of section sixteen, above quoted. This proviso (says Dr. Sweeney) was altogether unnecessary in a country where the people were so frequently called upon to " devise ways and means." The law required six months' resi- dence, which cut oif most of the immigration ; but ten days in the precinct gave to the citizen of the territory the right of suflFrage, and" plenty of latitude for the exercise of a little enterprise. Red Wing\, and Wacoota were rivals for temporary county-seat honors. Wacoota was the headquarters of the lumbermen of that period, and the enter- prising proprietors of that town-site were not slow to take advantage of that fact, and to concentrate as many of those hardy sons of toil against the day of election as possible. The proprietors and friends of Red Wing were no less earnest in their efforts to secure a majority of votes in favor of their future city. In a sudden fit of enterprise and industry, they hired twenty unmarried young men from St. Paul and set them to work in various capacities. Great care was taken to have these men here in time to give them the required residence to entitle them to the right of suffrage. - At last the second Tuesday of October arrived upon the embryo city. Great preparations had been made for the election. There was no one in Red Wing at that time authorized to administer the oath of office to the election officers. But the juflges and clerks of election were selected, and one of the number, Benjamin Young, a French half-breed, heretofore mentioned. Was sent out to find some one clothed with power to administer to him the necessary oath. Young had been educated so as to read and write in the English language with tolerable accuracy. He visited Point Douglas, where be found a justice of the peace, who administered the legally required oath, and he 240 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. returned home fully prepared to act himself, aad to qualify others to act according to law. No ballot box had been provided, but " Judge " Young was equal to the emergency and rife with expedients, and to him was also delegated the duty of providing a ballot box. Mechanics were scarce, even if the sovereigns had not waited until too late, so that there was neither time nor opportunity to have one made, and "Judge " Young secured an empty tea box, which he- fashioned into a ballot box. Among the other devices on the box was the figure of a dove with red wings, which were singularly appropriate to the name of the village in which the election was being conducted. The statutes of Wisconsin in relation to the manner of conducting elections was used as a guide. "Judge" Young was exceeding jeal- ous of the purity of the ballot box, and guarded its sanctity with the utmost caution — a caution approaching solemnity. When a " sove- reign " approached the august presence of the election officers, if he was not well known to them, or at least to some of them, he was required to " swear in" his vote, i. e., to swear that he was an actual resident of the precinct, etc. The form of oath was that defined in the Wisconsin statutes, and, when the oath was administered, the entire form was read over by Judge Young, including the clause in parenthesis, '•'■or affirm, as the case may heP Those who were clothed in citizens' dress were sel- dom " challenged ;" but when a wood-chopper, clad in a garb suited to his avocation, approached the voting place, "Judge" Young was at once on the alert, and the "chopper" was challenged, and required to '■'•solemnly swear \or affirm, as the case may be.]" It is proper to explain here, that at the time this first election was held (the second Tuesday in October, 1853,) a number of men were employed in cutting wood for steamboats at different points up and down the river from Red Wing. They lived in log cabins at their respective wood yards ; and as the line between the State of Wisconsin and the Territory of Minnesota was not clearly understood by the judges, it seemed necessary to them to be very rigid in guarding against fraud and illegal voters. No candidates for county officers were voted for at this election. James Wells was a candidate for the legislature. Previous to the day of election he had visited Red Wing and " made a speech," which is said to have been " rich, rare, and racy." He was an illiterate man, comparatively speaking, but full of eccentricity. The vote of the county was given to Mr. Wells for representative. A majority of the votes were cast in favor of Red Wing for the county seat. Wacoota retired from the contest, since when Red Wing has had no rival. Imme- U&^9' COUNTY AUDITOR RED WING THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 241 diately after that election there was a sudden falling off in the population. There was also a sudden lull in the enterprises undertaken a few weeks before by the town proprietors, and the usual quiet settled down on the Red Wing community. The fifty votes required by the act under which the county was organized had been obtained, and the people were happy in anticipation of a large immigration and a complete county, organization the next year. Their hopes were verified. FIRST BOARD OF COUNTY OFFICERS. The first county officers were appointed by Governor Ramsey, under the provisions of section fourteen, and were : County Commissioners. — William Lauver, H. L, Bevans and Rezin Spates. Register of Deeds. — J. W. Hancock. Sheriff.— P. S. Fish. Treasurer. — Oalvin Potter. District Attorney. — Charles Gardner. Clerk of the District Court. — P. Sandford. Justice of the Peace. — James Akers. * The first session of the board of county commissioners was held at three o'clock p. m., June 16th, 1854, on a pile of lumber at what is now the intersection of Main and Bush streets, in the city of Red Wing. H. L. Bevans was chosen as chairman of the board. Joseph W. Hancock, register of deeds, was ex-officio clerk of the board. But little business was transacted. The old journal of the board shows the following entries : "It being announced that there were two vacancies in the board of assessors for the county of Goodhue," when, " on motion, C. Bates and M. Sorin were appointed to the vacancies. "The northern district, including that portion of the county between the northern boundary and Hay Creek, was assigned as Bates' district. " The middle district, including that portion of the county lying between Hay Creek and Bullard's Creek, was assigned as Day's district. "The southern district, including that portion of the county not included in the other two districts, and the whole of Wabasha county, was assigned as Sorin's district." The next meeting of the board occurred on the 20th of June, but was adjourned until the 28th, when the following bills against the county were presented, the first evidences of county indebtedness found on record. 17 242 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY, M. 8. Combs, - - - - $23.85 L. Bates, as assessor, - - - 6.00 J. Day, as assessor, - - 16.00 Total, ... .... $45.85 The returns made by the assessors showed the assessed valuation of taxable personal property in the first and second districts to be $65,305. First district, - - - $ 4115 Second district, - - . - - 61,190 Total, - - $65,305 The expenses of the county for the year 1854 were estimated at $554.09, and it was " Ordered,Tha.t a tax of one per cent.be raised on the present assess- ment to meet the expenses of the county for the current year." [ The total assessment now is about $12,000,000, and the current yearly expenses about $45,000 — a very perceptible increase in both items.] Charles Spates was appointed to be supervisor of road district No. 1, which extended east to the west side of Hay Creek bottom, and embraced all the northwestern portion of the county from that line. T. J. Smith was appointed to be supervisor of road district No. 2, which extended from the west side of Hay Creek bottom to Bullard's Creek, and embraced the middle portion of the county between those lines. Charles Read was appointed to be supervisor of road district No. 3, extending from Bullard's Creek to the line of Wabasha county, and embraced the southern portion of the county. William Freeborn, P. Sandford and S. Bates were appointed to be judges of elections in the Red Wing precinct ; and Alexis Bailly, Charles Read and F. S. Richardson were appointed to the same position in Wabasha precinct, which included all of Wabasha county. The board next " resolved to raise six hundred dollars toward the erection of county buildings next year, provided, that the legal voters of the county, by a majority of votes, consent to the same." The location of a site for a court house was discussed at some length, and finally laid over for future consideration, after which the board adjourned until the 22d of July. At that meeting of the board, it was " resolved, that the court house for Goodhue county be located on the .block marked and known as Court house block on the town plat of Red Wing, according to the sur- vey of the same made by J. Knauer, June 23, 1853." Adjourned. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 243 The next meeting was held on the 18th of November, The consider- ation of bills presented against the county was taken up. James Akers was allowed the sum of $8.10 justice's fees. P. S. Fish was allowed $50.40 for services as sheriff. P. Sandford presented and was allowed a bill of $65.85 " for services as attorney and other items." James L. Allen was allowed $21.10 for detaining prisoner. This is the first refer- ence found in regard to anyone having been held in durance. The crime or misdemeanor or name of the prisoner does not appear of record. In closing up the business of the year the commissioners passed upon their own accounts, and upon the accounts of other officials. K. Spates, for services as commissioner and traveling expenses, $18.60 H. L. Bevans, ditto, - - - - 15.60 W. Lauver, ditto, - - - 10.40 J. W. Hancock, clerk of the board, - - 25.00 H. B. Middaugh, services as deputy sheriff, 15.00 $84.60 At a session held in December, the following additional accounts were allowed : 0. Grardner, district attorney, $50.00 T.J.Smith, - - .... 8.00 Dr, Sweeney, - - - ... 3.OO $61.00 Add amount allowed in November, - 84.60 " total amount previously allowed, - 191.30 Total amount allowed against the county in 1854, $336.90 On the second Tuesday in October, 1854, the people elected a full board of county officers : Commissioners. — R. Spates, A. W. Post, P. S. Fish. Register of Deeds. — Joseph W. Hancock, Treasurer — M. Sorin. District Attorney. — P. Sandford. Judge of Probate.— K. D. Shaw. County Surveyor. — S. A. Hart. Assessors. — L. Bates, John Day, D. Kelley, Clerh of Court.— P. Sandford. The first meeting of the first regularly elected board of county commissioners was held on the 1st of January, 1855. No business was transacted at this meeting. The members simply subscribed to the oath of office, elected P. S. Fish as chairman, and then adjourned until the 244 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 8th. At this meeting the board examined and allowed the following accounts : Charles Spates, for services as supervisor, $5.00 ; H. S. Simmons, burial expense of a German pauper, $6.00 ; total $11.00. At this session of the board, the first grand and petit juries were selected; the former consisted of fifty members, and the latter of seventy-two members. The jurors were divided between Goodhue and Wabasha counties according to population, and because the two counties were attached for judicial purposes. Assessment Districts. — The first district included that portion of the county between Hay Creek and the northwestern line of the county ; the second district included that portion between Hay Creek and Potter's Creek ; and the third district was composed of the remaining portion of the county. A vacancy was declared to exist in the second district, which was filled by the appointment of P. Vandenberg. Wacoota precinct was established, and embraced the southeastern portion of the county, and was separated from Red Wing precinct by a line commencing at the mouth of Potter's Creek, thence along that creek to its head, and thence on a line due south to the county line. J. 0. Wetherby was appointed justice of the peace for Red Wing, and W. R. Culbertson and Joseph Middaugh were appointed constables in the Red Wing precinct. The clerk of the court and the register of deeds were directed to pro- cure a case for each of their offices suitable for filing papers. The register was also directed to procure blank books for the use of the county — one for the register of deeds' office, and one for the clerk of the court. Provisions were made to secure permanent offices for the use of the coufity officials. In the months of May and June, of this year, I. P. Sandford erected a small frame building next west of his residence on Main street, in the present city of Red Wing, for a law office, which was the first law office erected in the city. This building was used by the register of deeds, clerk of the court (Sandford,) treasurer's office, when he had office business to transact, and for the meetings of the board of county commissioners. The sherifi" and treasurer, for the most part, " carried their offices in their hats." This pioneer lawyer's office was also used as a court house for the first term of court held in the county in 1854. It was also occupied by the United States land office in the spring 1855, and until more commodious quarters could be secured ; and the first government sale of lands was also made in this building. The next meeting of the board was held on the second day of April, THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 245 when Florence precinct was established, bounded as follows : " Com- mencing at the mouth of Wells Creek, on Lake Pepin, and runing up that creek to the main bluff; thence south to the county line; thence along the county line to Lake Pepin ; thence up the lake to the place of beginning." John Kelly was appointed justice of the peace, and Samuel Corey, R. S. Phillips and Hamilton Gudley were appointed to be judges of election. Vermillion precinct was also established : " Commencing where the line between sections 12 and 13 strikes the Mississippi River, and run- ning thence west until it strikes the Dakota county line ; thence along said line to the river; thence down the river to the place of beginning." Eli Preble, Silas Harper, and J. R. Niles were appointed to be judges of elections. The clerk of the district court was allowed twelve dollars per quarter for furnishing his own office. The rule of economy prevailed in those days. The establishment of school districts was next considered. " District No. one includes that portion of the county between the valley of Hay Creek and Potter's Creek, bordering on the Mississippi River, and extending back from the same six miles. " District No. two includes that portion of the county within the fol- lowing bounds : Commencing at the mouth of Potter's Creek on the Mississippi River ; thence down that river and Lake Pepin to Point No- Point ; thence due south to Wells' Creek ; thence up the valley of the same to the mouth of Rock Creek ; thence west to the precinct line ; thence along said line to the place of beginning. " District No. three includes that portion of the county within the fol- lowing bounds : Commencing at Cannon River bridge ; thence due south three miles ; thence east to Hay Creek valley ; thence down said valley to the Mississippi ; thence up the Mississippi to the mouth of Cannon River ; thence up the Cannon River to the place of beginning." Resolved, That the clerk of the board be instructed to obtain the opinion of Rice, Hollingshead and Becker, of St. Paul, in relation to the legality of the jurisdiction of this county over Wabasha cdunty, partic- ularly in regard to taxes. The board then adjourned to the 12th of May. A special or called session of the board was held on the 14th of April. Present, R. Spates and P. S. Fish. School district No. four was estab- lished at this session. " Commencing on the west between Stilman Harrison's and John Kelly's-; thence southwest to the Sugar Loaf, includ- ing the valley south and west of the Sugar Loaf; thence east to Lake 246 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE OOUNTT. Pepin ; thence up the lake to the place of beginning." " K. L. Phillips, was then appointed a justice of the peace, and Abner Dwelly a judge of election in Florence precinct." May 12. — The board met pursuant to adjournment. Present, K. Spates and A. W. Post. The first road petition of which any record is found, was considered at this session, and L. Bates and Charles Spates were appointed examiners or viewers. The petition was presented by H. Matson and others. School district No. five was established with the following bound- aries : " Beginning at the Poplar Grove on the Cannon Ealls road, about ten miles from Ked Wing, arid running southwest to the south fork of the Cannon, so as to include the claim of Ross and Champe; thence down the south fork to its mouth ; thence down the Cannon River two miles ; thence in a southeasterly direction to the place of beginning." Adjourned. A special or called session of the board, was held on the 9th of June. A full board present. A petition signed by E. Westervelt and others, was presented, asking for the erection of a new election precinct, which after some considera- tion was dismissed. The inhabitants of Westervelt also presented a petition praying for a new school district. The prayer of the petitioners was granted, and district No. 6 was established with the following boundaries: "Commencing at a point on the Lake (Pepin) above Westervelt's, running in a southwesterly direction to the divide of the creek near Mahammon Drum's claim ; thence south to Wells Creek and down Wells Creek to the mill site ; thence in a southeasterly direction \ along the range of bluffs to the district below ; thence east to the lake ; and thence up the lake to the place of beginning." Two other unimportant entries closed the business of that session, and the board adjourned to the 25th, when two additional school dis- tricts were established. No. 7 was made to include the territory included within the following boundaries : " Commencing at the south- west corner of Ingram's claim on Wells Creek; thence north to the top and center of the bluff dividing the valley of Wells Creek from the military road valley ; thence up the center of said blufi" to a point oppo- site George Steele's claim ; thence to the head of Rock Creek ; thence embracing the Rock Creek settlement to Wells Creek, and the Wells Creek settlement to the place of beginning." This district was taken in part from district No. 2. District No. 8 was declared to be bounded as follows : " Commencing in the middle of section ten, T. 113, range 15 west, and running south THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 247 to -the district line of district No. 5 ; thence along said line west three miles ; thence north to the northwest side of Brownson's claim ; thence east to the place of beginning." This district was taken in part from district No. 3. At a session of the board held on the 25th of June, Cannon Falls precinct was established, which " comprised the whole of township No. 112, -range 17 west, and so much of township No. 112, range 18 west, as lies within the county of Goodhue, being formed out of a portion of Red Wing precinct." A. Durand, Charles Parks and William Thomas were appointed to be judges of elections in this precinct. The voting place was established at Durand's hotel. " The board then agreed to raise a tax of one per cent, on the total valuation for territorial, school and county purposes for the year 1855. Total valuation of taxable property, $144,521.00 ; whole amount to be raised, $1,455.21." Adjourned. The increase of taxable property in one year was $79,216. Increased expenses, including territorial and school tax, $901.12. Recapitulation. — Valuation, 1855, - $144,521 Valuation, 1854, - 65,305 $79,216.00 Expenses, etc., 1855, - $ 1,455.21 Expenses, etc., 1854, 554.09 f 901.12 August 4. — Special session, full board present. A petition from the citizens of Florence precinct was presented, praying for a change in the boundaries of said precinct, which after pome discussion was laid over till the next meeting. The petition was subsequently dismissed. In answer to the prayer of the petitioners, a new precinct called Sackton was established in the south part of the county, which included three townships. No. 109 in ranges 16, 16 and 17 west. Abram Pierce was appointed justice of the peace; Simon Sackett, constable ; and Joseph P. Rutherford, James Haggard and Robert T. Freeman were named as judges of elections. The resignations of J. Middaugh, constable, and F. D. Clark, justice of the peace. Red Wing, were received and accepted. The clerk of the board was directed to obtain, if possible, printed blanks for county orders and poll books, « as required by law." Previ- ous to this time printed or "labor saving" blanks were unused and unknown among the Goodhue county officials, or at Goodhue elections. The officers were made to " earn their money." The county surveyor was directed to procure a suitable book for the 248 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. purpose, and " to copy into the same the field notes of the U. S. survey of this county," which survey was completed in 18 — . The remainder of the session was devoted to the examination of accounts. Adjourned to September 10. A Gentle Hint. — At the September meeting the following resolution was adopted : "Besolved, That it is the pleasure of this board that persons havingbills against the county will present them to the clerk, and leave the board to act without the presence of the applicant." The precinct of Dunkirk was established, embracing townships No. 110 in ranges 17 and 18 west, and township No. 109, range 18 west. Also the precinct of Belle Creek, embracing townships No. Ill in ranges 16 and 16 west, and township No. 112, range 16 west. Anders Knutson, Ole Oleson and Gunder Oleson were appointed to be judges of election in Dunkirk precinct, and the election to be held at the house of Anders Knutson. Walter Doyle, Hans Mattson and S. P. Chandler were appointed judges of election in Belle Creek, the election to be held at the house of Walter Doyle. Townships No. Ill in ranges 17 and 18 were added to Cannon Falls precinct, and townships 110 in ranges 15 and 16 were added to Sackton precinct. The consideration of road petitions, appointment of viewers and the perfecting of arrangements for the October election, together with the examination of sundry accounts, occupied the remainder of the session. A session of one day was held on the first of October, which was principally devoted to the examination and allowance of accounts. The Spring Creek Valley and White Rock road was declared to be estab- lished, and the clerk was directed to notify the supervisors of the same. The Wacoota and the Wells Creek, and the Wells Creek and Florence roads were also declared to be established, and a like order directed to be issued to the supervisors of the several districts through which the roads were located. The last session of the year was held on the 5th of December, when school district No. 9 was established. The boundaries were thus defined : "Commencing at the southwest corner of section thirty one, town 109, range fifteen east ; thence east three miles ; thence north two and a half miles ; thence west three miles ; thence south two and one-half miles to the place of beginning." At the close of this year (1855) there were nine school districts in Goodhue county. At the close of the year 1877, there were one hundred and fifty-seven. The nine old districts, as defined in the boundaries THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 249 already quoted, were long since absorbed in other districts. Their old log school houses and primitive furniture are supplanted by handsome white frame structures, that are supplied with modern furniture and conveniences. In no department of the public affairs of Goodhue have there been more gratifying changes than in the educational. The educa- tional interests have been carefully, jealously fostered, and as will be seen by reference to a synopsis of the last official report of Superin- tendent Hancock, all the schools of the cofinty are in a healthy and prosperous condition. No interest is dearer to the hearts of the people of the American Kepublic than the free school system. To make war on that system would be to make war on the life of the nation. The school houses that dot the hill sides and prairies of the country are so many sentinel posts to guard, protect and foster the germinal principles of universal intelligence, freedom and equality. 1856. — The first session of the board this year was held on the 7th of January. The time of that and the immediately subsequent session was devoted to roads, auditing accounts, revising and re-establishing assessor's districts, and kindred business. At a session commencing on the 8th of April, the following named sovereign and independent citizens were appointed to be judges of elections in the several precincts during the year: Red Wing.—^eth. Washburne, R. 0. Todd, T. J. Smith. Waooota. — H. F. Simmons, George Post, Abner Post. Belle Greek. — Hans Mattson, Walter Doyle, S. P. Chandler. Florence. — Samuel Corey, Henry Phillips, J. L. Dixon. Sachton. — Simeon Sackett, D. F. Stephens, P. G. Wilson. Cannon Falls. — Andrew Durand, E. N. Sumner, Alonzo Dibble. Dunhirh. — Dr. Ole Oleson, Samuel Knutson, Gunder Oleson. School districts numbered 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 were established in the beginning of this year. The rapid increase of immigration rendered the establishment of new and additional districts necessary. The old ones and their boundary lines were subject to changes as often as new districts were demanded. New road districts increased in like ratio. To note all these changes and additions, or to name all the pioneer supervisors, etc., etc., would be to name nearly all the pioneers of 1854-5-6. The minute details so far entered into have been for the purpose of showing the nature, manner and general order of starting county machinery, and to place upon record the names of the pioneers who had the honor of perfecting the county organization and starting the county on the road to that proud positioh to which it has attained in 1878 — after a quarter of a 250 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. century had passed from the time that Governor Ramsey appointed the iirst board of county officials in 1853. His selection was a wise one, and their official record will bear the closest scrutiny, and defy the most careful search after malfeasance or dishonesty. They were an honor to the people they served, and their names are still honored in the county their prudent economy and earnest industry helped to transform from a "howling wilderness" to a garden of beauty, prosperity, intelligence, refinement and contentment, now among the wealthiest and most popu- lous in the State. Hereafter only the more important matters of general interest will be taken up and considered. July 21, the board being in session, the assessment returns were taken up and considered, and it was " Ordered^ That the value of lands as assessed in the third district be raised, so as to make them equal to those assessed in the other two districts." The total valuation, as returned by the assessors, footed up $630,227, an increase in one year of $485,706. This year lands became taxable, which accounts for the heavy increase in valuation. The cost of assess- ment, as allowed by the board, was as follows : James Dayton, assessor third district, $57.00 John Lee, deputy assessor third district, - 15.00 H. B. Middaugh, assessor second district, - - 65.00 " " team one half day, 3.00 L. M. Doyle, assessor first district, - - 42.00 Total, - - $182.00 It was voted to raise a tax of one per cent, on all the taxable prop- erty in the county for the year 1856, for territorial, county and school purposes. " Yoted, That the legal voters be called upon at the next general election in the county to decide whether they will raise money to build county buildings in the year 1857. " Voted, That the clerk be, and is hereby authorized to obtain a suit- able fire-proof safe for the use of the office of register of deeds on the credit of the county. October 7, the first steps were taken towards securing the erection of a stone or brick jail, and it was " Voted, That the clerk advertise for sealed proposals of a plan and specifications for a stone or brick jail, to cost from two to three thousand dollars." THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 251 The last meeting of the board this year was held on the 20th of November. The board then adjourned. 1857. — The first meeting of the board in this year was held on the 5th of January. Present, S. P. Chandler, A, W. Post and S. J. Hasler. J. W. Hancock, clerk. Mr. Hasler was elected chairman of the board. " Voted, To -approve the treasurer's bond in the penal sum of ten thousand dollars. " Voted, To allow Allen P. Sanford the sum of one hundred and fif- teen dollars for services as district attorney for the year 1856." On petition of J. A. Thacher and others of Zumbrota, " Voted, To set off from Sackton and Poplar Grove precincts, township 110 in ranges 15 and 16 west, as an election precinct, to be called Zum- brota precinct; and that Joseph A. Thacher be appointed justice of the peace ; Charles W. Smith, constable; and Ezra Wilde'r, Jr., road super- visor." The remainder of the session, which adjourned on the 7th, was devoted to the examination and allowance of accounts, road matters and kindred affairs. . February 2d, the board was again in session, and the time generally given to the examination of accounts. On application it was " Voted, To allow the sheriff till April 1st in which to make collec- tions and make his return to commissioners." On the 3d, W. D. Chilson, deputy county treasurer, presented his report in the words and figures following, which is the first report on county finances on record : County of 'Goodhue in Account with W. D. Chilson, Deputy Treasurer. Dr. Or. 1855-6. To cancelled orders $2, 194.89 " territorial tax 1855-6 767.04 " cash paid sundry bills 541.78 " Chilson's due bill in orders . . 82.87 " cashonhand 39.00 $8,626.58 By cash of sheriff $1,146.82 " fines collected 93.00 " school land rents 108 .00 " orders of sheriff 2,277.76 $8,625.58 After which the board adjourned to the first Monday in April — the 6th. This session was mostly taken up in the examination of accounts, the re-apportionment of assessor's districts, appointment of judges of elections, the re -arrangement of school district boundaries, etc. It was also ^^ Voted, To apportion the school money in the hands of the treasurer to the amount of fifty cents per scholar, and that the clerk be ordered to report the same to the treasurer." 252 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. On the 10th (April,) the board had the erection of a court houst, etc., under consideration, when it was voted that the following resolution be adopted : " Whereas, It is the duty of the Board of County Commissioners to ' provide for the erecting and repairing' of court house, jails and other necessary public buildings for the use of the county ; and, whereas, this county has no public buildings, courthouse or jail, " Resolved, That this board provide for the erection of suitable buildings forjjthe use of the county. " Resolved, That this board for and in behalf of said Goodhue county, will issue coupon bonds in a sum not exceeding thirty thousand dollars, or such sum or sums as may be necessary for that purpose, and hereby pledge the credit of the county in the payment of the same. " Resolved, That the bonds be issued in sums of not less than five hundred dollars each, payable in not less than ten years, and bearing interest at no greater rate than twelve per cent, per annum, interest payable annually. " Resolved, That the chairman of this board be authorized, and is hereby empowered, to sign said bonds, and that they be countersigned by the clerk of said board, and that for the payment of the same this board hereby pledges the credit of said county of Goodhue. " Resolved, That the chairman of this board be requestedjto consult with the district attorney of said county, and prepare suitable bonds in such form and style as fully to carry into eflfect the aforesaid object. " Resolved, That Samuel J. Hasler, be and is hereby authorized to take the bonds and negotiate the same with responsible parties, at his discretion, to raise the said sum, not to exceed thirty thousand dollars. " Resolved, That said Samuel J. Hasler, be required before proceed- ing to perform said trust, to make and execute a bond with sufficient sureties, in the penal sum of sixty thousand dollars, to be approved by the county treasurer and county register, for the fai^hfnl performance of his said trust, and for the paying over of the money so raised to the county treasurer, on or before the Ist day of June, 1857. '■'■Resolved, That said Samuel J. Hasler is hereby ordered and directed not to negotiate said bonds at a less sum than their par value. '■'•Resolved, That the necessary expenses of said Samuel J. Hasler be defrayed out of any money in the county treasury not otherwise appropriated. '■'•Resolved, That the clerk of this board be hereby ordered to furnish said Samuel J. Hasler a copy of these resolutions, certified to by him under the seal of the county of Goodhue. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 253 "Eesolvedi That the board of county commissioners will receive plans and specifications for a court house for the county of Goodhue, and will pay a reasonable sum for the plan adopted, such plan and spe- cification to be furnished on or before the second Monday in May to the board of county commissioners, at the register of deeds ofBce, in Red Wing. ^'■Resolved, That the clerk be, and is hereby ordered to have the above resolutions printed in the Red Wing " Gazette " three successive weeks prior to said second Monday in May, 1857." On the 11th, the clerk made the following report of expenses for the last fiscal year, which was accepted and ordered to be published : Paid out for the support of poor, - - 1536.93 " to assessors, 182.00 Cost of elections, - 119.90 " county roads, - 235.50 " territorial roads, • - 587.86 " printing, - - 67.00 « rents, - - 136.00 Paid as salaries to county officers, 424.80 Cost of stationery, - - - 206.75 Expense of office, - - - 133.30 Sheriff's fees, - - - 211.30 Coroner's fees, - 13.50 Cost of surveying roads, - - - 136.80 Safe for register's office, 251.89 Total, - - $3,24^.53 After which it was voted to accept the following resolution : " Resolved, That the court house be located on the block between blocks 29 and 30, and between Third and Fourth streets. Red Wing, provided a good title can be obtained for the same ; and in case the court house is so .located, Mr. S. J. Hasler is hereby authorized to with- draw the application for court house block." [The block above mentioned is the block now occupied by the Episcopal Church.] 1858. — The next reference to building a court house is found under date of February 2, of this year, when, on petition of T. J. Smith and others, it was " Voted, To erect county buildings according to plans and specifications to be presented by Messrs. Chaffee ; provided, sufficient county bonds can be negotiated at a sum not less than ninety cents on the dollar to pay for the same, the cost of said building not to exceed thirty thousand 254 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. dollars. The vote stood: yeas, Messrs. Chandler, Hasler, — 2; nays, M. S. Chandler,—!." On motion of M. S. Chandler it was " Voted, That the county bonds to be issued be made to run twelve years, interest to be paid annually, and after the lapse of two years such part of the principal yearly as shall be sufficient to pay the whole amount in twelve years." At a special meeting of the board, held on the 22d of February, the following resolution was adopted: '■^Resolved, That plans and proposals for building a court house and jail in Goodhue county be invited as follows — said plans to be for a court house and jail separately; also for court house and jail under same roof. " The plans to be filed in the office of the clerk of the board of county commissioners of said county, before the 15th day of March, 1858 ; said plans to be open to inspection of contract bidders, and subject to pro- posals from any person or persons, any person to have the right of offering proposals on one or more of the plans thus submitted, stating specifically in his proposal to which of said plans it is intended to refer. All proposals to be made on a cash basis, and sealed and deliv- ered to said clerk before the 5th day of April, 1858, at which time said proposals will be opened and said plans examined by said commission- ers, and the contract for the erection of said buildings let to the person or persons making the lowest responsible bid on the plan selected by said commissioners. " The person submitting the plan adopted by the commissioners to be paid a reasonable compensation therefor. Plans for buildings not to exceed in cost the sum of $20,000, will be more acceptable than those to cost above that amount." April 8th was occupied in considering the plans and specifications presented. On Friday morning, the 9th, the question was again taken up, when it was "voted to reject all plans for court house except those ofiered by Knight and Thompson, of St. Paul, and Mr. D. C. Hill, of Red Wing, and to invite bids on such plans, the bids to be opened on the first Monday of May, 1858, when the contract will be let to the lowest responsible bidder." On the 3d Monday in May the bids were opened, and the contract awarded to Messrs. Simmons and Stevens, at $24,000, that being the lowest and best offer, and included the entire completion of the build- ing. Monday 17th, the boards "voted to notify the contractors for building the court house and jail, that the same be erected on the bFock known and designated as ' court house block,' in the city of Red Wing." THE HISTOKY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 265 Tuesday, June 8th, the board " voted to accept the sureties given by- Daniel C. Hill and others, for the completion of the contract for build- ing the court house and jail, and ordered that the bonds be placed on file in this (the county clerk's) office. " FoiecZ," also, " that the contract entered into by the county commis- sioners of said county of Goodhue, Minn., parties of the first part, and Daniel C. Hill and others, parties of the second part, to build the county buildings, and to receive in pay therefore, the bonds of the said county of Goodhue, Minn., to the amount of twenty-six thousand six hundred and sixty-six ($26,666) be placed on file." The reader will observe that there is a difference of $2,666, as speci- fied in the reference of the last order quoted, and the price named ($24,000) in the proposal or bid accepted. There is nothing on record to show the occasion of this difference — whether for extras or changes made from the plans adopted. TOWNSHIP SYSTEM OF ECONOMY. ORIGIN OF THE COUNTY StSTBM — ORIGIN OF THE TOWNSHIP SYSTEM — SPECIAL ACT RELATING TO GOODHUE COUNTY — FIRST BOARD OF SUPERVISORS. Up to this time, the management of the county affairs was vested in a board of county commissioners, consisting of three members. The commissioners were now succeeded by a board of county supervisors, consisting of one member from each organized township. Elijah M. Haines, in his "Township Organization Laws of Illinois," says, " the county system originated with Virginia, whose early settlers soon became large landed proprietors, aristocratic in feeling, living apart in almost baronial magnificence on their own estates, and owning the laboring part of the population. Thus the materials for a town were not at hand, the voters being thinly distributed over a great area. The county organization, where a few influential men managed the whole business of the county, retaining their places almost at their pleasure, scarcely responsible at all, except in name, and permitted to conduct the county concerns as their ideas or wishes might direct, was, moreover, consonant with their recollections or traditions of the judicial and social dignities of the landed aristocracy of England, in descent from whom the Virginia gentlemen felt so much pride. In 1634, eight counties were organized in Virginia, and the system extending'through- out the State, spread into all the Southern States, and some of the Northern States, unless we except the nearly similar division into ' dis- 256 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. tricts ' in South Carolina, and that into ' parishes ' in Louisiana from the French laws." Township System.— On the 20th of March, the State Legislature passed an act entitled "An act to provide for township organization," providing for the election of a board of supervisors and defining their duties. This law went into efi'ect on the 12th of July, 1858. When assembled together for the transaction of county business, these town representatives were known as the board of county supervisors. Section one of this act, approved March 20th, 1858, required the governor to appoint three persons to act as commissioners in each of the organized counties in this State to divide the counties into towns, providing, how- ever, that where the county commissioners had divided their respective counties into towns by making a record of the fact and filing the same in^ the office of the register of deeds, giving the bounds and names of the town, the governor should not make such appointment. Section two provided that in all cases where the county commis- sioners had failed to divide their counties into towns, that it should be the duty of the commissioners appointed by the governor to make a record of the bounds, and to name each town in each township where the legal voters had organized by the election of town officers. Section three required the commissioners to discharge the duties to which they were appointed within twenty days after their appointment, and to divide the several counties into as many towns as there were town- ships according to government survey. A special act, approved June 21, 1858, made especially applicable to Goodhue county, provided, " that the action of the legE|.l voters of those townships in the county of Good- hue, that were organized into towns on the 11th of May," according to the requirements of the general law above quoted, (approved March 12th,) except without due election notice by the county commissioners, is hereby declared legal, and all of the officers then elected in said town shall be deemed the regular and legitimate officers of the same. Section two appointed Martin S. Chandler, William P. Tanner and Jesse Mclntire, commissioners, to perform in all respects the duties that devolved upon the commissioners by the above named act, and that they should divide the county into towns within twenty days after the passage of the act ; providing., however, that no division should be made of the townships or fractional townships in which an election of town officers had been held, pursuant to previous notice on the 11th day of May, (1858.) Section three required the chairman of the board of supervisors of the several townships in which an election of town officers had been ^. y'..i::A^t.x,^vyo ;& ;^. RED Wr N G- THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 257 held, to give notice of the same in writing to at least one of the above named commissioners within fourteen days after the passage of the act ; and that if any of them failed to give such notice, the said town should be deemed unorganized, and that the election of its ofiScers should be void. Section four authorized the boards of supervisors to meet at the office • of the register of deeds, on the second Monday in July, for the transac- tion of business as a board of county supervisors. In New England, towns existed before counties, and counties were formed before States. Originally, the towns or townships exercised all the powers of government now possessed by a State. The powers sub- sequently assumed by the State governments were from surrender or delegation on the part of towns. Counties were created to define the jurisdiction of courts of justice. The formation of States was by a union of towns, wherein arose the representative system ; each town being represented in the State legislature or general court by delegates chosen by the freemen of the town at their stated town meetings. The first town meeting of which we can find any direct evidence was held by the congregation of the Plymouth colony, on the 23d of March, 1621, for the purpose of perfecting military arrangements. At that meeting a governor was elected for the ensuing year ; and it is noticed as a coincidence, whether from that source or otherwise, that the annual town meetings in New England, and nearly all the other States, have ever since been held in the spring of the year. It was not, however, until 1635 that the township system was adopted as a quasi corporation in Massachusetts. The first legal enactment concerning this system, provided that whereas, " particular towns have many things which concern only themselves, and the ordering of their own affairs, and disposing of busi- ness in their own town, therefore, the freemen of every town or the major part of them, shall only have power to dispose of their own lands and woods, with all the appurtenances of said towns, to grant lots, and to make such orders- as may concern the well-ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the laws and orders established by the general court. They might also impose fines of not more than twenty shillings, and choose their own particular officers, as constables, surveyors for the highways, and the like. Evidently this enactment relieved the general court of a mass of municipal details, without any danger to the powers of that body in controlling general measures of public policy. Proba- bly, also, a demand from the freemen of the towns was felt, for the control of their own home concerns." 18 258 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTT. The New England colonies were first governed by a " general court," or legislature, composed of a governor and small council, which court consisted of the most influential inhabitants, and possessed and exer- cised both legislative and judicial powers, which were limited only by the wisdom of the holders. They made laws, ordered their execution, elected their own officers, tried and decided civil and criminal causes, enacted all manner of municipal regulations, and, in fact, did all the public business of the colony. Similar provisions for the incorporation ot towns were made in the first constitution of Connecticut, adopted in 1639 ; and the plan of town- ship organization became universal throughourt New England, and came west with the emigrants from New England to New York, Ohio and other Western States, including the northern part of Illinois ; and there being a large New England element among the population of Minne- sota, it is fair to presume that their influence secured the adoption of this system in Minnesota, as created in the act already quoted. One objection urged against the county system, was that the heavily popu- lated districts would always control the election of the commissioners, to the disadvantage of the more thinly populated sections — in short, that under that system, equal and exact justice to all parts of the coun- try could not be secured. TOWNSHIPS BEPINBD AND NAMED. Pursuant to the provisions of the act under which they were appointed, Messrs. Martin S. Chandler, William P. Tanner and Jesse Mclntire, pro- ceeded to the discharge of the duty assigned them, and defined and named the several townships in Goodhue county, as follows : Belle Oreeh, all of township No. Ill, range No. 16. Oherry Orove-, all of township No. 109, range No. 17. Central Pointy all of township No. 112, range No. 12 in Goodhue county. Cannon Falls, all of township No. 112, range No. 17. Feather stone, all of township No. 112, range No- 15. Florence, all of township No. 112, range No. 13 in Goodhue county. Holden, all of township No. 110, range No. 18. Hay CreeJc, all of township No. 112, range No. 14. Kenyan, all of township No. 112, range No. 18. Leon, all of township No. Ill, range No. 17. Pine Island, all of township No. 109, range No. 15. Eoscoe, all of township No. 109, range No. 16. Bed Wing, the west half of township No. 113, range No. 14, frac- THE HISTOEY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 259 tional, and sections 13, 24, 25 and 36, township No. 113, range No. 15. Stanton, all of township No. 112, range No. 18 in Goodhue county. Union, all of township No. 113, range No. 16, north of Cannon River. All of township No. 113, range No. 15, except sections No. 13, 25, 24 and 36, and all of township No. 114, ranges No. 15 and 16, fractional. Vasai all of township No. 112, range No. 16, and all of township No. 113, range No. 16, south of Cannon River. Wanamingo, all of township No. 110, range No. 17. Warsaw, all of township No. Ill, range No. 18. Wacoota, all of township No. 113, range No. 13, in Goodhue county, and the east half of township No. 113, range No. 14, fractional. Yor]e,2i.\\ of township No. ill, ranges No. 14 and 15. Zumhrota, all of township No. 110, ranges No. 15 and 16. Pursuant to instructions from the .Auditor of State, the names of three of the townships, as reported above, were changed. "State Auditor's Office, St. Paul, Aug. 23d, 1858. "7b tlie Register of Deeds, Ooodhue county — Sir: You are hereby notified that the board of county supervisors, at their next session, are required to change the names of the following towns, viz., Stanton, Union and York, as provided for in the "Act to Provide for Township Organization." You will inform me of the names to which they are changed as soon thereafter as possible. " Respectfully yours, f D. N. Gates, Chief Clerk." At a meeting of the board, September 15, 1858, the name of Union was changed to Milton ; Stanton was changed to Lillian; and York was changed to Elmira, and the Auditor of State so notified. December 28, another communication was read from the Auditor of State of similar import, directing the name of Elmira to be changed. The communication was referred to a committee of three — Messrs. Stearns, White and Stone — who reported in favor of substituting Belvi- dere for Elmira. The report was adopted. Minneola, including all of township No. 110, range No. 16, was set off from Zumbrota in June, 1860. , Ooodhue. — September 13, 1859, in answer to the prayer of peti- tioners interested, township No. Ill, range No. 15, was erected into a separate township and called Lime. In January, 1860, on petition of the citizens interested, the name was changed from Lime to Goodhue. It was formerly a part of Belvidere. Burnside. — At the instance of the Auditor of State, Milton was 260 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. changed to Burnside, March 25, 1862. The change of name was desired because of their being another township of that name in the State previously organized. In March, 1864, under authority of legislative enactment amending the city charter of Red Wing, sections thirteen and fourteen, township No. 113, range No. 15, was set oflf from Red Wing and attached to Burnside. Welch. — March 23, 1864, on petition, the board of commissioners divided Burnside by setting off the east fractional half of township No. 114 north, range No. 16 west, and all of town No. 113 north, range No. 16 west, lying north of Cannon River, as a separate township, and called it Grant. Another township in the State already bore that name, and the State Auditor, under date of the 13th of December, 1871, directed a change of name. January 3, 1872, the commissioners had the com- munication under consideratioa, and changed the name to Welch, in honor of the late Major Abram Edwards Welch, of Red Wing. FIRST BOARD OF SUPERVISORS. Belle Creek, S. P. Chandler ; York, Cyrus Crouch ; Zumbrota, Isaac C. Stearns ; Dnion, W. S. Grow ; Featherstone, William Freyber^er ; Red Wing, A. B. Miller, P. Vandenberg, Oren Densmore ; Wanamingo, J. G. Brown ; Pine Island, C. R. White ; Holden, Knut Knutson ; Roscoe, Oliver Webb; Central Point, Robert L. Phillips; Warsaw, N. L. Townsend ; Stanton, John Thomas ; Hay Creek, S. A. Wise ; Wacoota, Leonard Gould ; Cannon Falls, C. W. Gillett ; Kenyon, Addison Hilton ; Cherry Grove, D. M. Haggard * ; Florence, Dr. J. Kelly ; Vasa, Charles Himmelman ; Leon, Ellery Stone. The first meeting of this board was held on the second Monday in July, 1858. In those days the Democratic party held the balance of power in Goodhue county. The Republican party was just beginning so assume strength and power. In the selection of a presiding officer for the board, both parties sofight to gain advantage and secure the chairman. S. P. Chandler was the Democratic candidate for chairman, and I. C. Stearns was the Republican candidate. There was a tie vote, and both men claimed the right to the chair, and both assumed to pre- side. One of them sat upon one side of the table, and the other one sat upon the other side. When a motion was submitted — and any number of motions were made — both men would " put the question." Party feeling ran high, and extended outside of the hall in which the *Mr. Haggard came in under appointment July 26, In place of Woodward, who had resigned. The appointing power was vested in the justice of the peace. His appointment was signed by Justices J. Haggard and F. A. Crahb, of Cherry Qroye. Mr. Woodward only appeared at the first meeting of the hoard. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 261 board held its sessions. A fight was expected, and " Deacon " DeKay, who was deputy sheriff at the time, was directed by his superior officer to " take up a position " in the supervisors' room, and preserve order at all hazards, even if it " took the last man and the last dollar " in the bailiwick. He obeyed orders, and for two or three days maintained a position between the two chairmen ; but the fight didn't " come off." The troubled waters were finally quieted, by the giving way of J. G. Brown, of Wanamingo, who came over to the support of Mr. Chandler, making a rousing speech in explanation of his action. There was about as much feeling manifested in this contest as there was in the U. S. House of Representatives in 1856, when there was so much trouble over the election of speaker. The reader of political history will remember that Nathaniel P. Banks was the Republican can- didate for speaker, and that several weeks were spent in voting, making motions and personal explanations, before a result was reached in the election of Mr. Banks. So it was in the election of a chairman of the board of supervisors of Goodhue county in July, 1858. A record of the motions, explanations, etc., covers several pages of the journal, and is rather humorous reading, especially to those who under- stood the "situation." The board first met in the office of the register of deeds, but almost equal in numbers to the Territorial Legislature ; the room was found to be too small, and a committee consisting of Messrs. Crouch, Stearns and Brown, was appointed to secure a suitable room, and a room was found and obtained in Todd & Hasler's block, Main street. When the board was fully organized, credentials examined and passed upon, etc., the following committees wei:e appointed : FquaUsation.—CR. White, 0. Densmore, I. 0. Stearns, R. S. Phillips, C. W. Gillett. , Claims. — W. S. Grow, J. G. Brown, S. A. Wise. Ways and Means.— A. B. Miller, C. R. White, L. N. Gould. Roads and Bridges. — O. Webb, J. Kelly, C. Crouch. Appropriations. — P. Vandenbergh, I. C. Stearns, C. W., Gillett. Justices and Constables. — R. L. Phillips, C. R. White, W. S. Grow. Sheriff and Jailer. — I. C. Stearns, C. W. Gillett, John Thomas. To settle with Treasurer. — Ellery Stone, P. Vandenbergh, R. L. Phillips. Printing. — A. B. Miller, P. Vandenbergh, 0. Densmore. Poor. — Robert L. Phillips, Knut Knutson, D. M. Haggard. Per Diem and Mileage. — J. Thomas, A. Hilton, N. D. Townsend. Public Buildings. — O. Densmore, I. C. Stearns, W. S. Grow, 0. W, 262 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTT. Gillet, R. L. Phillips. " This committee," says a note on the margin of the old journal, " was elected by the board by acclamation." On motion of Mr. Grow, of Union township, James T. Chamberlain, deputy register of deeds, was elected clerk of the board. Tuesday, the report of the committee on rules and regulations sub- mitted their report, which was adopted. These rules fill about eight pages of the journal, and are about as voluminous as the rules govern- ing the Congress of the United States. The proceedings of the board were marked by motions and counter- motions, speeches and counter-speeches — a few men doing the speaking and a few others the work. In fact, it was a kind of young congress, in which some men made speeches to be heard of men, and of course were noted for their much speaking. They were of the " buncombe " kind. COURT HOUSE REDIVIVUS. Wednesday morning, July 14, the " resolution offered by A. B. Miller, of Red Wing," was read by the clerk, and on motion of Mr. Stearns, it was voted to strike out all after the word " whereas," and adopt the following : ' " Whereas, There exists a diversity of opinion in reference to the binding force upon Goodhue county of a certain contract entered into by the county commissioners of Goodhue county with other parties for the erection of court house and jail; and " Whereas, Any action pending the uncertainty which now exists would be very imprudent and hazardous, therefore, '■'Resolved, That this board, by a committee of three of its members to be elected by the board, proceed at once to ascertain our liability under said contract by presenting the case, without delay, to the Judge of the Fifth Judicial District of this State for his decision upon the validity of the said contract, or to obtain the best possible legal advice on the matter." The resolution was specially considered at two o'clock that afternoon. A communication having been received from the Senator and Repre- sentatives in the State Legislature in regard to the passage of a bill authorizing the board of supervisors to issue bonds for the erection of county buildings, Mr. Grow offered the following resolution : •■^Resolved, By the board of supervisors of Goodhue county, that our Senator and Representatives be requested to secure the passage of a bill introduced by Senator Hudson, on the 9th day of July, A. D. 1858, entitled "An act to authorize the board of supervisors of Goodhue county to issue county bonds for the erection of county buildings," THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 263 To which Mr. Stearns, of Zumbrota, offered the following amendment : " But this board does not intend by this resolution to express any opinion in relation to the erection of county buildings or the issuing of said bonds." The resolution, as amended, was adopted. Two o'clock p. M. — On motion of Mr. Grow, it was " Voted, That the resolution presented by Mr. Miller, and amended on motion of Mr. Stearns, be further amended by striking out of said resolution the word ' three,' and substituting therefor the word ' two.' " Messrs. Densmore and Stearns were elected to serve as such com- mittee by acclamation. On motion of Mr. Densmore, it was " Voted,'That the committee selected by the board to seek legal advice regarding the contract for county buildings, be granted leave of absence to procure such advice." The ayes and nays being demanded, the vote stood : ayes, 13 ; nays, 8. July 16, the committee submitted "the following report : " The undersigned committee of the board of supervisors of Goodhue county to inquire after the validity of ^he contract made by the com- missioners of Goodhue county with certain parties, for the erection of a court house and jail, respectfully report the accompanying written opinion of D. Cooper, Esq., of St. Paul, which is fully and unqualifiedly corroborated by the verbal opinion expressed to your committee by J. B. Brisbin, Esq., of the same place, and the judgment of your com- mittee establishes the validity and binding force of said contract beyond reasonable doubt. " Your committee would therefore recommend that all future action by this board in reference to said contract be based upon the admission of its validity and binding force. " Your committee would further report the payment by them of counsel fees as per receipted bill, $10 ; traveling expenses, $11 — 121.* "To which the attention of this honorable board is invited. Okrin Densmore, J. 0. Stearns, Committee. "Red Wing, Goodhue county, July 16, 1858. The following is the opinion of Judge Cooper, referred to in the above report: * Under this total of $21 are these words and figures in pencil—" added $9.00 "—making the total $30.00 264 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. " St. Paul, July 15, 1858. " Gentlemen — The question propounded by you, and upon which you desire me briefly to give my opinion in writing, is as follows: "The board of county commissioners of Goodhue county having selected plans for county buildings, and by resolutions of the 9th of April, 1858, having invited bids for their erection in accordance with the plans selected, until the first Monday of May, 1858 ; and on the last named day (May 3d,) having by resolution accepted the bid of Messrs. Simmons and Stephens for their erection, according to the specifications accompanying the bids, but no contract having been signed until May 14th, and in the meantime, between the 3d and 14th of May, the board of county supervisors, under the township organization law, having claimed the right of enjoying and performing the powers and duties theretofore exercised by the county commissioners — is such contraat binding upon the county f " I have no doubt that it is. The contract was complete by the pass- age of the resolution accepting the bid and specifications of Messrs. Simmons and Stephens ; and the subsequent act of reducing the same to writing and attaching the signitures of the parties, was a mere means of perpetuating the evidence of the contract in detail. " After the acceptance of the bid by the resolution of the board, and as I understand the dates, there was no question of the right of the commissioners to act at that time, upon a refusal of that board, or its successoirs, by whatever name called, to carry out its terms, the con- tractors might have enforced the contract in and through the courts of justice. Of this there can be no doubt. " Apart from this, and from my present knowledge of the provisions of the township law, understanding that the only time designated in the act for the meeting of the board of county supervisors is the second Monday in September, I am very clearly of the opinion that the board of county commissioners are not superseded until that date. I under- stand there is no provision for a meeting of the board except the general one, sec. 1, of Article VII, and if this be the case, until that time shall arrive, there can be no meeting of the board of supervisors. " It can not be presumed that the legislature intended there should be no'oflBcers to perform the duties of the board of county commission- ers, from the time of the election in May until the second Monday in September, and consequently it must be presumed that there being no means of meeting provided for the supervisors, the county commission- ers were to hold over until actually superseded by the organization of the board of supervisors at the time designated. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 265 "Having thus hastily given you such views as the time allotted me allows, I have the honor to be " Your obedient servant, « D. Cooper," On motion of Mr. Grow, of Union, it was voted to adopt the report. On motion of Mr. White, it was " voted that the committee on public buildings be instructed to confer with the contractors, to see on what terms they will settle with the county and "relinquish the contract, and that said committee report as soon as possible." The board then adjourned until 2 o'clock p. m. At 2 o'clock the board was again in session. The committee on public buildings had conferred with the contractors, and submitted the following reply from them : ' To 0. Densmore, Esq.^ ohairman committee. "Dear Sir: — In reply to the request made by your committee, through you, that we would submit to the board of supervisors a prop- osition to compromise and release our contract with the county for the erection of public buildings, we desire respectfully to say, that the con- tract was, on our part, entered into with perfect good faith. We have made several sub-contracts for materials and labor, to the amount of many thousand dollars, for the performance of all of which we are liable. A large share of these materials have been delivered, or are ready for delivery, and no trifling amount of work has been performed. In addition to this, we are all mechanics, and an abandonment of the contract at this time will leave us without employment, or at least with but small chance of securing other jobs. For these reasons, and many ' others that will at once suggest themselves to your committee, and especially to mechanics, we wish to complete, rather than surrender, the contract. While, therefore, we will consider and respectfully answer any proposition that the board may make to us in writing (so that the terms may not be misconceived), for the cancellation of the contract and a compromise of its subject matter, we decline making any proposition ourselves looking to that end. " Hill, Simmons & Co. " Red Wing, July 16, 1858." The report of the committee was placed on file, and the board soon after adjourned until the 26th of July. July 15, the board found that a still more commodious room was necessary, and on motion of Mr. Grow, it was voted that a committee of 266 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. three be appointed to procure a room for the use of the board at its future meetings. Harmony Hall was secured, which they occupied on the 16th, and until the court house was completed and ready for occu- pancy. [ Harmony Hall was situated on the corner of Main and Fulton streets, and was destroyed by fire. J July 27, Messrs. Stearns, of Zumbrota, Gillett, of Cannon Falls, and Thomas, of Stanton, were appointed a special committee to make propo- sitions to the contractors for the erection of the court house and jail, and ascertain what compromise could be effected, and the contract surrendered. In the afternoon of the same day the committee reported the following proposition for the consideration of the board. " That the said contractors go on and erect and enclose said building, and finish the extension according to thg terms of the contra'ct, and also the jail complete, but that the interior of the building, with the excep- tion of the partition walls and the flooring joists throughout, and the floors in the offices of the register and clerk be left unfinished. And for the performance of the portion of the work above described, this board agree to pay the sum of twenty thousand dollars in the negotiable bonds of said county, as per original contract. " Signed, " I. C. Steaens, "C, W. Gillett, " Com." On the adoption of the report the yeas and nays were called. Those who voted yea were, Messrs. Chandler, Crouch, Grow, Gould, Gillet, Hilton, Himmelman, Kelly, Knuts'on, Miller, Phillips, Stearns, Stone, Townsend, Thomas, Vaudenbergh and Webb — 17. Those who voted nay were, Messrs. Densmore, Brown, Freyberger, Haggard, Wise and White — 6. So the report was referred back to the committee to be submitted to the contractors, and their answer obtained thereto. Leave of absence was granted the committee for that purpose. After visiting the con- tractors, the committee returned and made the following report: contractors' answer. '■'•To Messrs. Stearns, Gillet and Thomas: " Gentlemen : We, the undersigned contractors, have examined your proposition, and would respectfully say that we cannot accept it, as it now stands, but we would further say that, in addition to the leaving out of our contract all the inside finish, with the exception of the floor in the recorder's and clerk's office, if you will also omit in said contract the outside front steps and all stone steps, not in the walls of said build- THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 267 ing, and the outside doors to the basement, and the galvanized iron chimney-tops, we will accept the proposition which you have submitted. " Signed, Hill, Simmons & Co." On motion of Mr. Grow, the paper was laid on the table. Yeas 16. On motion of Mr. Stearns it was resolved that — "Whereas, it appears by the records of the board of county commis- sioners of the county of Goodhue, that the majority of the board of county commissioners of said county did, on the 14th day of May, A. D. 1858, enter into a written contract with D. C. Hill, Simmons and Ste- phens, for the erection of a court house and jail ; for the erection of which said commissioners bound the county to pay said contractors the sum of twenty-four thousand dollars, to be paid in the negotiable bonds of said county at ninety cents on the dollar, which bonds were to bear interest at the rate of twelve per cent, per annum ; and "Whereas, the board of supervisors of said county having taken legal advice on the legality of the contract, and having been advised that said contract is binding on the said county ; and " Whereas, a large portion of the work on said building has been sub-let, and a considerable portion of said work has been already done by the said contractors, so that to abandon the said contract would subject the county to heavy damages, which would be a total loss to said county ; therefore " Resolved-, By the board of supervisors of said county, that we will carry out the said contract so entered into as aforesaid, for the erection of said buildings ; and that while we determine to carry out said con- tract, we would consider that we were recreant to our duty as a board, were we not to express our decided disapprobation of the course pursued by the majority of the board of county commissioners, in entering into said contract, thereby involving the county in a heavy debt ; and that directly (as we believe) against the express wish of two-thirds of the tax payers of said county ; and we hereby express our conviction that a more high-handed act of usurpation of power and disregard of the will of the people (on a small scale,) has never been perpetrated by the agents of the people, than that of the majority of said board of county commissioners, in the letting of the said contract." On the adoption of this resolution the yeas and nays were called. Those who voted yea were Messrs. Brown, Crouch, Densmore, Grow, Gould, Hilton, Himmelman, Haggard, Kelly, Knutson, Miller, Phillips, Stearns, Stone, Vandenbergh, Webb and Wise — 17. Those who voted nay were Messrs. Freyberger, Gillet, Thomas, Town- send and White — 5. 268 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. The chairman was excused by the board from voting. On motion of Mr. Grow — ^'■Resolved, That the chairman and the clerk of the board of super- visors of Goodhue county be and they are hereby authorized to issue county bonds in accordance with an act entitled, ' An act to authorize the board of supervisors of Goodhue county to issue county bonds for the erection of county buildings,' approved July twenty-third, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, and also in accordance with the provisions of a certain contract entered into on the fourteenth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, between the commis- sioners of Goodhue of the fiirst part, and Hill, Simmons and Stephens of the second part, said bonds to be for the same amount, viz., twenty-six thousand six hundred and sixty-six 66-100 dollars, bearing the same rate of interest, and payable at the several times as provided for in said con- tract, and to the order of Hill, Simmons & Oo." The yeas and nays were called on the . adoption of this resolution. Those who voted yea were Messrs. Brown, Crouch, Densmore, Freyberger, Grow, Gould, Hilton, Himmelman, Haggard, Kelly, Knutson, Miller, Stearns, Stone, Vandenbergh, Webb, Wise and Chandler — 19. Those who voted nay were Messrs. Gillet, Thomas, Townsend and White— 4. This action of the board of supervisors settled all difiierences between them and the contractors, and the work on the court house was pushed vigorously forward. Between the adjournment of the July session and the 14th of Sep- tember, Mr. Grow, of Union (afterwards Burnside) resigned, and Mr. Hobart was appointed to the vacancy. He presented his credentials and was admitted September 14, 1858. September 24, 1858, the second installment of bonds was ordered to be issued to the contractors. The same date it was " Resolved, By the board of supervisors of said county, that the com- mittee on public buildings are hereby authorized to cause to^ be issued county bonds to said contractors sooner than called for by said contract, if in the judgment of said committee it shall be just and right, and will tend to the more speedy completion of said buildings. And on the completion of said work on said buildings to settle with said contrac- tors, and to accept said job, and discharge said contract, and to take receipt or receipts from said contractors for the payment of said work. And the said committee are further authorized to alter the plan of doing said work on said buildings, when it may be thought advantage- ous to the county (with the consent of the contractors and their THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 269 bondsmen,) not, however, so as to increase the expense of said building beyond the contract price." SECOND BOARD OF SUPERVISORS. The second board of supervisors was elected in April, 1859, and pur- suant to a call signed by a majority of the board, a meeting was held at the office of the county auditor, on the 18th day of the same month. J. A. Thacher, of Zumbrota, was elected chairman of the board. There were two claimants — H. W. Twitchell and Peter Easterly — to the seat from Belvidere. After investigation the seat was awarded to Mr. Thacher. April 21, it was voted that " the committee on public buildings accept on behalf of the county, the court house when completely finished according to contract, and that when so finlsl^ed the county officers who are to occupy it, are instructed to move into it. The court house was completed and turned over by the contractors in August, 1859. The excavation, the stone work, and the carpenter work, was done by Hill,, Simmons & Co., the contractors. The brick were made by John Carter, and laid up in the wall by Messrs. Brink, Todd & Co. The plastering work was also done by Brink, Todd & Co. Some of the bonds issued to pay for the erection of the court house were sold to individuals in Washington, D. C, some to individuals in the city of New York, some to individuals in Ohio ; but the most of them were taken by Red Wing parties. They were sold at various prices ranging from fifty to ninety cents on the dollar. They have all been taken up, and the expense of the court house, improvement and , enclosure of the square, long since paid up in full. Pending the disposition of the board of supervisors to secure a cancel- lation of the contract for the erection of the court house, and before the bonds were issued, the contractors had been advised that the bonds could be sold in the New York market at nearly their face value. An agent was sent on there to investigate the matter, but before negotiations were perfected a circumstance occurred that completely destroyed the value of Minnesota county bonds in that market. Hennepin county had issued bonds and built a court house. When the bonds became due they were not paid, a fact that threw discredit upon all county bonds and rendered them worthless among commercial men and capitalists. The tax payers outside of Eed Wing and its immediate vicinity were fighting the court house enterprise, and using every possible means to induce the contractors to throw up the contract, even 270 THK HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. offering them as. much as $10,000 cash to do so. The business men and friends of Red Wing were as anxious the other way, and when they found the bonds could not be sold for ready money, they promised to ren- der all necessary material assistance to the contractors — to take the bonds and advance the money, etc. When the money was needed, however, it was not forthcoming. When any of them did advance money to aid the contractors, they required a deposit of two dollars in bonds for one dollar in money advanced, and three per cent, interest per month besides. At least so says Mr. Hill. Sometimes bonds could be traded for lumber and other material, but only at a heavy discount. Through the influence of Mr. Phelps, then representative in Congress from Minnesota, and Mr. Geb- hort, member of Congress from Ohio, some of the bonds were sold for seventy cents cash, both of these men taking small amounts. Red Wing men, when the pinch came, were, for the most part, very reluctant to invest their money in these bonds ; and when they did so, exacted very large discounts. The building of the court house was undertaken at the instance of Red Wing interests. The tax payers in the interior were opposed to the enterprise, hoping, in time, to either secure a division of the county, or the location of the public buildings at a more central point. When the board of supervisors succeeded the county commissioners, the country townships had a larger representation, and bowing to the will of their constituents, sought to avoid the responsibility of the contract made by their predecessors in office. Legal advice was secured, how- ever, which satisfied the board that the contract was legal and binding, and rather than risk involving the county in heavy damages, the con- tract was allowed to proceed, and the court house was completed within the time specified in the agreement. During the time the court house was building, a feeling of dissatisfac- tion with the township system became general throughout the State — probably because of the heavy expense attending; and in 1860 an act was passed by the Legislature providing that each and every county in the State should be deemed an organized county, and that in each and every county there should be a board of county commissioners ; and that in those counties in which at the last general election there were cast eight hundred votes or over, the said board should consist of five members, and in all other counties of three members, who should hold their offices for one year, or until their successors were elected and qualified. [Gen. Laws of Minn., 1860, p. 134.J THE HISTORY OP aOODHUE COUNTY. 271 This law went into effect April 1, 1860. The last session of the board of supervisors adjourned sine die on the 10th day of January, 1860, and the first session of the board of commissioners commenced on the 4th day of June following. This board was composed of J. A. Thacher, H. L. Bevans, J. A. Jackson, A. Hilton and E. A. Sergeant. Mr. Thacher was chosen chairman of the board. Since then there has been no change in the management of county affairs. It has been maintained in some of the States where the township system prevails, that it is more economical than the county system. If the figures to be found on the old journal in the auditor's office are cor- rect, this opinion is sadly at fault. As a matter of history we quote the cost to the county of Goodhue of each of the three sessions of the board of supervisors held in 1858, the first session being held in July, the second in September, and the third in December. Names. Miles. Bays. Chandler 16 3 Crouch.". 10 3 Stearns 20 3 Grow 3 3 Freyberger 8 2i Brown 23 3 White 26 3 Knutson 32 3 Webb 28 3 Phillips IT 3 Townsend 33 3 Thomas 30 3 Wise 6 2i JULY SESSION. Amoant. $9 20 8 00 10 00 4 60 4 60 10 00 11 20 12 24 11 60 9 40 12 60 12 00 6 20 Names. Miles. Gould 6 Gillett 25 Hilton 32 Haggard 32 Kelly 14 Stone 21 Miller Vandenberg Densmore Himmelman 14 Totals 396 63 |205 20 ays. Amonnt. 2 $6 20 3 11 00 3 12 40 3 12 40 2i 7 80 3 10 20 2 4 00 2 4 00 2 4 00 3 8 80 SEPTEMBER SESSION. Amoant of Days. Mileage. 6 Miles. Names. Chandler 16 6 $3 20 Steams ...20 4 4 00 " extra 20 6 4 00 Hobart 3i 2 70 Freyberger 8 5 160 " extra 8 1 1 60 Brown - 23 4 4 60 White 26 4 5 20 " extra 26 6 5 20 Knutson 32 4 6 40 Phillips.-..- 17 3 3 40 Thomas 30 4 6 00 Wise 6 4 120 Amonnt of Per Diem. $12 00 8 00 12 00 4 00 10 00 2 00 8 00 8 00 12 00 8 00 6 00 8 00 8 00 Total. Amonnt. $15 20 12 00 16 00 4 70 11 60 3 60 12 60 13 20 17 20 14 40 9 40 14 40 9 20 272 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Names. Miles. Gould 6 Gillet 25 " extra 25 Hilton 32 Haggard 32 " extra Kelly, " 14 " 14 Stone 21 Miller " extra Vandenbergh Densmore " extra Himmelman 14 Days. 2 4 3 4 4 1 4 6 4 2 2 2 2 6 4 Amount of Mileage. 1 20 5 00 5 00 6 40 6 40 2 80 2 80 4 20 2 80 Ajnount of Per Diem. 4 00 8 00 6 00 8 00 8 00 2 00 8 00 12 00 8 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 12 00 8 00 DECEMBER SESSIOlfr. Karnes. Miles. Brown 46 Brundage Freyberger.. 14 Hobart '. 6 Hilton 64 Himmelman 28 Haggard 64 Knutson 64 Miller Stearns 40 Stone -■ 42 Vandenbergh Webb 58 Wise 12 Chandler 36 Thomas 60 Townsend 64 White 52 Mileage. $4 60 1 40 60 6 40 2 80 6 40 6 40 00 20 5 80 1 20 3 60 6 00 6 40 5 20 Days. 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 4 Per Diem. $8 00 6 00 8 00 6 00 8 00 8 00 8 00 8 00 6 00 8 00 8 00 6 00 8 00 8 00 10 00 8 00 8 00 8 00 Totals 650 EBCAPITULATION. Miles. July session 396 September session 418^ December session 650 Days. 63 103 69 Mileage. $79 20 83 70 130 00 Per Diem. $126 00 206 op 138 00 Total Amonnt. 5 20 13 00 11 00 14 40 14 40 2 00 10 80 14 80 12 20 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 12 00 10 80 418i 103 |83 70 $206 00 $289 70 Total. $12 60 6 00 9 40 6 00 14 40 10 80 14 40 14 40 6 00 12 00 12 00 6 00 13 80 9 20 13 60 14 00 14 40 13 20 $65 00 69 $138 00 $203 00 Total. $205 20 289 70 203 00 Grand total 1,464^ 235 $292 90 $470 00 $697 90 (2y/6-tMiA^ LEON THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 273 The supervisors were allowed ten cents per mile each way — going and coming — equal to 20 cents per mile one way. MISCELLANEOUS COUNTY NOTES. December 29, 1858, the board of county supervisors "voted that the county attorney be requested to give his opinion as to whether the towns or the county were required by law to provide for the care of the poor." In accordance with this request he rendered the opinion that it was the duty of the county board to make provisions for their maintain- ence. It was then voted that thereafter the county board should exercise jurisdiction in the matter and provide for the care of the unfortunate, the sick and the destitute. On motion of Mr. Stearns it was further " voted that all bills for poor charges be audited by the town auditors before being allowed by the board." On motion by Mr. Hobert, it was also " voted that in addition to such bills being audited by the town auditors, they should be approved by the chairman of the board of supervisors of the respective towns, and when presented to the clerk of the county board so audited and approved, he (the clerk) should issue orders for the amount." COUNTY AUDITOR. In 1858, an act was passed creating the office of county auditor. Previous to that time the business now transacted by the county auditor was entrusted to an officer designated as county clerk, which office had been filled from the date of the organization of the county by Kev. J. W. Hancock. In October of that year Eric Norelius, of Vasa township, was elected to the office of county auditor, but he declined to qualify, the office was declared to be vacant, and J. Going was appointed to fill the vacancy. He continued to discharge the duties of that office until October, 1859, when H. Mattson was elected. In 1861, Mr. Mattson entered the service in defense of the cause of the Union, and Fred. Joss was appointed deputy county auditor, and entrusted with the entire management of the business of the office. On the 30th of July, 1862, Mr. Mattson tendered his resignation, which was dated July 10.- The resignation was accepted, and Fred. Joss was appointed to fill the vacancy until the next election in November, 1861, when he was elected to fill out the unexpired term of Mr. Mattson, and in 1862 was re-elected for the term of two years. In 1864, the present incumbent, Mr. S. J. Willard, was elected. He was re-elected in 1866, 1868, 1870, 1872, 1874 19 274 THE BISTORT OF 600DHUE COUNTY. and 1876, and is a candidate for re-election in 1878. His chief clerk is Henry A. Willard, who commenced to work in the office in 1872. GRANTING LIQUOR LICENSE. December 29, 1858, the board of supervisors voted to elect two per- sons who, with the clerk or auditor, should serve as a committee to grant license for the sale of spirituous liquors. K. C. White and 0. W. Gillet, were appointed such committee. The license for the sale of spirituous liquors was fixed at $100.00 ; for malt liquors, $50.00. April 21, the board " voted that no license for retailing liquors be granted by this board unless in towns that have voted for license." COUNTY BONDS. In 1870, a special act was passed by the legislature, to enable Good- hue county to issue bonds to fund the floating indebtedness. Under this act, bonds to the amount of $13,000, payable in 1873, 1874 and 1875, were issued. These bonds were taken up as they became due. In January, 1876, a similar act was passed, under which bonds were issued to the amount of $10,500, due in 1878, 1879 and 1880, for the purpose of building an iron bridge over Cannon River, on the Red Wing and Hastings road. Eight thousand dollars of these bonds are still outstanding, but the county is in condition to take them up as they mature. COUNTY INFIRMARY. PURCHASE OP A POOR FARM — ERECTION OF BUILDINGS, ETC. At a called session of the board of commissiones, held on the 16th day of April, 1864, it was resolved to purchase a farm for poor purposes. On the 23d of April, a contract was concluded for the purchase of the Williams farm, about three miles from Red Wing, in Burnside township, for $3,000. On the 11th of July, 1867, a contract was made with Ole K. Simmons for the erection of the necesary buildings. The original con- tract price was $5,500 ; but extra work was found necessary, which involved an additional cost of $237.18, increasing the total cost of the building to $5,737.18. It was completed and ready for occupancy December 28, 1867. At a session of the board of county commissioners, held on the 19th of March, 1874, a resolution was adopted, by which it was agreed to sell the poor farm to William A. Merriam, of Minneapolis, for educa- THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 275 tional and mill purposes, for the sum of $10,000, payable as follows : One thousand dollars cash in hand, $4,000 payable July 1, 1874, and $5,000 payable April 1, 1875. The contract was drawn and properly acknowledged, the first payment of one thousand dollars was made, and for a time it seemed as if Merriam's scheme would be realized ; but he failed to make the second payment of $4,000, on the first of July, 1874, as per contract agreement, and at a session of the board held on the 8th of January, 1875, a resolution was adopted instructing the county attorney to commence a suit to foreclose the mortgage given by Merriam to secure payment. Proceedings were commenced in the district court for Goodhue county, and the 29th day of March,*1875, and the 28th day of March, 1876, were fixed as the times when the amount due on the contract must be paid by Merriam. He failed to meet the payments as required by the ruling of the court, and the property reverted to the county on the 28th day of March, 1876. DISTRICT COURT. CRIMINAL MENTION — A CLEAN KECOED, ETC. The district court has jurisdiction in important civil and all criminal cases. The first term of this court for Goodhue county was held in Red Wing, in 1854. Judge William H. Welch presided; P. Sandford was clerk, and P..S. Fish was sheriff. The session was held in Sandford's law office, a small frame structure heretofore described. Not a single case was tried, and no indictments were found by the grand jury. The petit jury was held two days and then discharged, after which the court sat in chambers four days. There has never been a capital execution in the county, and, be it said to the credit of the population of the county, but few murder cases have ever been tried, and but very few murders committed, as compared with other counties. SULLIVAN-TKUDELL CASE. On the morning of the 20th of June, 1859, the dead body of a French half-breed, named Frank Trudell, was found in the yard in the rear of a house in the lower end of town occupied by a woman of bad reputation named Ann Sullivan. The killing had been done with a knife or some other sharp instrument, and the woman Sullivan was arrested for the murder. A first indictment was found against her at the October term 276 THE HISTORY OF GOODHTTE OOUNTT. (1859) of the district court; but in consequence of some legal techni- cality, the indictment did not hold good, and a second indictment was found at the June term, 1860. The case was called for trial June 28, 1861, and was concluded on the 30th. THE SHINNEMAN-JENNEN CASE. On Monday, the 20th day of November, 1860, Henry Shinneman, a German, living on Wells Creek, gave himself into the hands of Sheriff Chandler, confessing at the time that he had shot and killed a neighbor named Jennen. As .stated by Shinneman, a quarrel had occurred between himself and Jennen about some injuries the latter had inflicted on Shinneman's cattle by dogging them ; that during the quarrel Jennen made an assault on him with an ax, and that in self-defense he had shot and killed him. Shinneman was taken before Justice Smithers for a preliminary hearing, who admitted him to bail in the sum of five hun- dred dollars. The neighbors of the tVro men were not satisfied with the action of justice Smithers, and his bondsmen fearing he might leave them in the lurch, Shinneman was re-arrested by the sheriff on the fol- lowing Monday, and taken before Justice Post, of Wacoota, for a rehear- ing. Messrs. Wilder and Williston represented the State, and Messrs. McClure and Colville conducted the defense. The examination closed on Wednesday, the 29th of November, and resulted in committing Shinneman. to jail to await the action of the grand jury. On the 5th of January, 1861, the district court being in session, an indictment was found against Shinneman, and early in the night of Friday, the 18th of January, he broke jail and escaped to the country. On Monday night, the 21st, he was rearrested at the house of a man named Busche, in Florence township, where he had sought conceal- ment, and returned to jail. His case came on for trial on the 23d of June, when he was found guilty of murder in. the second degree, and sentenced to the penitentiary tor seven years, twenty days of the time to be spent in solitary confinement. After he entered the penitentiary, he managed to elude the vigilance of the officers, escaped from the prison and fled to Canada, and has never been brought back. CONDON-OHURCHILL MURDER. About nine o'clock, on the night of the sixth of April, 1875, William V. Churchill, of Cherry Grove township, was shot and killed while sit- ting in his own house. The neighbors were immediately alarmed, and arriving at the scene of the tragedj', sundry circumstances were devel- oped which directed suspicion against Thomas Condon, a neighbor, with THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. ' 277 whom Churchill had had a quarrel during the day. Condon was arrested and taken before Justice Fletcher Hagler for a preliminary hearing. His wife testified that Condon was at home and in bed when the mur- der was committed, and her testimony was corroborated by their daughter. Nevertheless, the circumstances were so strong against Condon that he was held to the higher court and committed to jail. An adjourned term of the district court, Judge F. M. Crosby pre- siding, was held in July of that year. An indictment had been found against Condon, and on the 13th of that month the case was called for trial. In preparing Mr. Churchill's' body for burial, a gun wad or two were found. One of the wads was found against his person by one of the attendants. On opening it out, it proved to be made from a piece of paper torn from an Indianapolis surgical institute circular. This fact was established on the trial, as also the fact that Congdon had, a short time. before the murder, got some powder from one man, and some shot from another one in the neighborhood, and that he had wrapped each parcel in a circular, or piece of a circular, of that kind. This fact, taken together with threats that Congdon had made against the life of Church- hill and other corroborative circumstances, formed so strong a chain of evidence against Congdon, that he was found guilty and sentenced for life. The following named citizens comprised the jury before whom he was tried: A, Seeback, J. B. Dorman, H. B. Powers, G. G. McCoy, John Heath, W. S. Grow, Justin Chamberlin, August Peterson, Dudley C. Dow, Eric Ericson, Tilton Howard, John Bronson. John C. McClure prosecuted, and Pierce and Larry defended. WILSON, THE WIFE MURDERER. On the night of the 11th of July, 1876, Milton Wilson, of Cherry Grove township, killed his wife by cutting her throat. The family were old residents of the township, and had a kind of cat-anddog life for a long time previous to the murder. Wilson was about fifty years of age at the time of the murder, and it was shown that a few days previous to the terrible affair, he had whipped and abused his wife in a shockilig manner, the trouble arising because of a disagreement between Mrs. Wilson and her step-daughter, and the tragedy seems to have originated from that quarrel. After he had killed his wife, he attempted to cut his own throat, but failed. At the December term of the district court, 1876, an indictment was found against Wilson, to which he plead guilty, and was sentenced to imprisonment for life. 278 THE HI8T0KT OF GOODHUE COUNTY. MINOR CONVICTIONS. The State of Minnesota vs. Frank Bnrdett. Indicted for rape May 7, 1873. Tried May 15, 1873, found guilty, and sentenced to the peniten- tiary for twenty years. Pardoned by Governor C. K. Davis, February 25, 1875. The State of Minnesota vs. Peter Nugent. Indicted for rape Dec. 12, 1877, Tried Dec. 21, 1877, found guilty, and sentenced in March, 1878, to the penitentiary for twelve years. The above paragraphs embrace all the important convictions from Goodhue county. There have be^n a few other convictions and short sentences, but as compared with other counties, the criminal docket shows fewer cases than any other county of equal population in the State, a fact that speaks volumes for the morality and honesty of the people by whom it is settled. EDUCATIONAL. In no one interest of the county have twenty-six years worked such wonderful and gratifying changes as in the educational. Fifty years ago a knowledge of the higher branches of education could only be obtained at the colleges of the older States — Tale, Harvard, Amherst, Dartmouth, and their cotemporaries. Now there is not a graded or union school in Goodhue county that does not furnish advantages almost equal to a majority of the colleges of that period. On all the prairies and along the hill sides neat and comfortable school houses are to be found, while the teachers are proficient and competent to impart instruction in any of the branches necessary to the ordinary, or even the higher pursuits of life. In reality they are the people's colleges, and no system is dearer to the people than the system that supports and maintains them. To make war upon that system would only be making war upon the nation's life. The first school houses in Goodhue county were rude, primitive, make-shift concerns, that would hardly be used for stables now ; but as the population increased in towns and county, schools increased in like proportion. As the years increased, and the people increased in wealth, the old school houses, with their mud and stick chimneys, puncheon floors, greased paper windows, and other primitive accommodations, went down before those more in keeping with the progressive march of time. But the old school houses and the old teachers are kindly THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 279 remembered. In them the foundations of usefulness were laid that will be as lasting as life. The following historical sketch of the early schools and school teachers of Goodhue county was contributed to these pages by Rev. Joseph W. Hancock, who has been a resident of Red Wing since June 13, 1849, and superintendent of the schools of the county from April 1, 1864 to January 1, 1867, and from April 1, 1872, to the present. HISTOKICAL SKETCH. The first school among the whites in this county was a private school taught by Mrs. H. L. Bevans, in the summer of 1853. Mr. Bevans opened a store on Main street that year. His family occupied one of the old mission houses, and Mrs. Bevans taught school in the house where they lived. She had but few scholars, as there were not ten white children of school age in the place. A few Indian children attended this school, occasionally. There was no school the following winter. In the summer of 1854, Miss Morris, afterwards Mrs. William Bevans, taught a private school in the same building. In that year the first school district was organized in Red Wing under the provisions of the territorial school law. A board of trustees was elected under the name of "The trustees of school district No. 1, Goodhue couuty." Rev. Jabez Brooks came to Red Wing in November, 1854, and opened a school as the preparatory department of the Hamline Univer- sity, in a hall in a building that had been erected at the foot of Broadway, near the grounds now occupied by the R. R. depot. This school was supported by tuition fees, and was the only school in the place during the winter of 1854-5. The next summer a public school was opened and taught by Miss Emma 8orin, in a temporary building which had been erected by the Presbyterian society, and used as a house of worship. During the summer and fall of 1855, the first public school house was erected. This building is still standing at the corner of Fourth street and East avenue, and is now occupied as a laundry. It was built and furnished entirely by individual subscriptions. During the winter of 1855-6 a school was taught in this building by Miss Elizabeth Sorin. The following summer the school was taught by Miss Libbie J. Adams, now Mrs. 0. J. F. Smith. The winter school of 1856-7 was taught by Mr. S. T. Sandford. The school was large, and his wife was engaged to assist him. In the summer of 1857, the school was divided and two teachers employed. Miss Adams taught in the school house, and Miss Elizabeth 280 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE OOTJNTT. Sorin taught in a small dwelling house in the east part of the town. This continued to be the only public school house in Red Wing until 1865, when the central school house was finished and occupied in December of that year. As the population increased from 1855 to 1865, other rooms were rented for the accommodation of schools, and for some time before the central building was erected there were five teachers employed in as many different rooms, at convenient distances for the pupils attending. Since the year 1865, three other school buildings have been erected to accommodate the schools of Red Wing. At present twenty teachers are employed besides the superintendent. The current expenses of the Red Wing schools are now from f 18,000 to $20,000 per annum. The number of scholars enrolled the last year 1,224. District No. 2 of the county was organized at the head of the lake, in Wacoota township, in 1855; and Nos. Sand 4, in Burnside, soon after. A schoolhouse of considerable size was built at Cannon Falls as early as 1860. In all the settled parts of the county, public schools were established as soon as practicable. But good schoolhouses were rare in the country districts until within a few years last past. Th€f following is a description of a few of these which were occupied by schools in 1864: At that time just one hundred districts had been organized, and schools were taught in eighty of them. One school was found in a large barn, the great doors being left open to afford light. Chickens, ducks and pigs were running in the yard, and a large portion of the teacher's time was spent in keeping out these intruders. The only seats for the scholars were two long benches, with no support for the back. In the basement, directly under the schoolroom, were stalls for horses and cattle. Another school was taught in a deserted log shanty, without windows except openings between the logs, and one large opening in the roof. There was one door, but being without hinges or fastenings, was rather inconvenient. A third school occupied a room of a dwelling, where a family was residing. The room was less than ten feet square, and in it were nine- teen scholars and their teacher. Another school was kept in the attic of a log house. The wing or " lean up" to a log house, with seats extemporized by laying rough boards across large sticks of wood, and a sort of shelf fixed against the wall for the writing desk, constituted the more common kind of school houses in those days. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 281 But the time for such school houses has gone by, and there are a large number of fine school buildings, both in village and country dis- tricts, that will compare favorably with any in the older states. The following statistics from the report of the county superintendent for the school year ending August 31, 1878, show the present state of the public schools of Goodhue county: SCHOOL STATISTICS. The whole number of scholars enrolled in the schools of the county is 7,692. The entire number entitled to apportionment, 7,404. Number enrolled in winter, 6,423 ; summer enrollment, 3,679. Total number of schools in all the districts, 173. Total number of days of school in winter, 9,057 ; summer, 5,399. Total daily attendance in winter, 4,207 4-10 ; summer, 2,906 6-10. Average winter wages per month to teachers, $38.72 ; summer, $31.92. Number of school-houses in the county, 149 : brick, eight ; stone, four; frame, 136, and one composed of logs. The value of the school-houses and the ground upon which they stand, is computed at $161,274. Cash on hand in the various districts at the beginning of the year, $20,577.44. Keceived from school fund, $15,039.24 ; one mill tax collected, |9,- 461.38; received from special taxes collected, $43,795.30. Received from bonds, $2,008.50 ; from all other sources, $1,730.89. Paid for teachers' wages, $46,390.42 ; for repairs and improving grounds, $2,386.56; Paid for wood and supplies, 14,137.48. Paid for new school-houses and sites, $2,383.27. Paid for rents, $108.95 ; bonds and interest, $5.470.98 ; for allother purposes, $3,717.97. Cash on hand at this writing— Oct. 1, 1878— $22,997.08. Whole amount paid out, $64,691. Number of grade certificates granted, two to males and one to females. Number of second grade certificates, sixty-three to females and thirty-eight to males. Number of third grade certificates, females forty-eight, males eight. Number of applicants rejected, twenty-six. 282 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. WAE HISTORY. PATRIOTISM AND LIBERALITY OF THE PEOPLE. If there is any one thing more than another of which the people of the Northern States have reason to be proud, it is the record they made during the dark and bloody days of the war of the rebellion. When the war was forced upon the country the people were quietly pursuing the even tenor of their ways, doing whatever their hands found to do — making farms or cultivating those already made, erecting homes, founding cities and towns, building shops and manufactories — in short, the country was alive with industry and hopes for the future. The country was just recovering from the depression and losses incident to the financial panic of 1857. The future looked bright and promising, and the industrious and patriotic sons and daughters of the Free States were buoyant with hope? apd looking forward to the perfecting of new plans for the ensurement of comfort and competence in their declining years, they little heeded the mutterings and threatenings of treason's children in the Slave States of the South. True sons and descendants of the heroes of the " times that tried men's souls " — the struggle for American independence — they never dreamed that there was even one so base as to attempt the destruction of the Union of their fathers — a government baptized with the best blood the world ever knew. While immediately surrounded with peace and tranquility, they paid but little attention to rumored plots and plans of those who lived and grew rich from the sweat, and toil, and blood, and flesh, of others — aye, even by trafficking in the offspring of their own loins. Nevertheless the war came with all its attendant horrors. April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter, at Charleston, South Carolina, Major Anderson, U. S. A. commandant, was fired upon by rebels in arms. Although basest treason, this first act in the bloody reality that followed was looked upon as mere bravado of a few hotheads — the act of a few fire-eaters, whose sectional bias and freedom hatred was crazed by excessive indulgence in intoxicating potations. When, a day later, the news was borne along the telegraph wires, that Major Anderson had been forced to surrender to what at first had been regarded as a drunken mob, the patriotic people of the North were startled from their dreams of the future — from undertakings half completed — and made to realize that behind that mob there was a dark, deep and well organ- ized purpose to destroy the government, rend the Union in twain, and THE HISTOKT OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 283 out of its ruins erect a slave oligarchy, wherein no one would dare question their right to hold in bondage the sons and daughters of men whose skins were black, or who, perchance, through practices of lustful natures, were half or three-quarters removed from the color that God, for His own purpose, had given them. But they reckoned without their host. Their dreams of the future — their plans for the establishment of an independent confederacy, were doomed from inception to sad and bitter disappointment. Immediately upon the surrender of Fort Sumter, Abraham Lincoln, America's martyr president, who, but a few short weeks before had taken the oath of office as the nation's chief executive, issued a proc- lamation calling for 75,000 volunteers for three months. The last word of that proclamation had scarcely been taken from the electric wires before the call was filled. Men and money were counted out by hundreds of thousands. The people who loved their whole government could not give enough. Patriotism thrilled and vibrated and pulsated through every heart. The farm, the workshop, the office, the pulpit, the bar, the bench, the college, the school house — every calling offered its best men, their lives and fortunes in defense of the government's honor and unity. Party lines were, for the time, ignored. Bitter words spoken in moments of political heat, were forgotten and forgiven, and joining in a common cause, the masses of the people repeated the oath of America's soldier statesman, " By the great Eternal, the Union must and shall he pre- sei'ved." The gauntlet thrown down by the traitors of the South in their attack on Fort Sumter was accepted, not, however, in the spirit with 'which insolence meets insolence, but with a firm, determined spirit of patriotism and love of country. The duty of the president was plain under the constitution and laws, and above and beyond all, the masses of the people from whom all political power is derived, demanded the suppression of the rebellion, and stood ready to sustain the authority of their representatives and executive officers. April 14, A. D. 1861, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, issued the following PROCLAMATION : Wheeeas, The laws of the United States have been, and now are, violently opposed in several States by combinations too powerful to be suppressed in the ordinary way, I therefore call for the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of 75,000 men. 284 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. to suppress said combinatioii and execute the laws. I appeal to all loyal citizens to facilitate and aid in this effort to maintain the laws, the integrity and perpetuity of the popular government, and redress the wrongs long enough endured. The first service assigned to the forces, probably, will be to repossess the forts, places and property which have been seized from the Union. Let the utmost care be taken, consistent with the object, to avoid devastation, destruction, or interference with the property of peaceful citizens in any part of the country ; and I hereby command the persons composing the aforesaid combination to disperse within twenty days from date., I hereby convene both Houses of Congress for the 4:th day of July next, to determine upon measures for the public safety which the inter- est of the subjects demands. Wm. H. Seward, Abraham Lincoln, Seoretary of State. President of the United States. Seventy-five thousand men were not enough to subdue the rebellion. Nor were ten times that number. The war went on, and call followed call, until it began to look as if there would not be men enough in all the free States to crush out and subdue the monstrous war traitors had inaugurated. But to every call for either men or money, there was a willing and a ready response. And it is a boast of the people that, had the supply of men fallen short, there were women brave enough, daring enough, patriotic enough, to have offered themselves as sacrifices on their country's altar. Such were the impulses, motives and actions of the patriotic men of the North, among whom the sons of Goodhue made a conspicuous and praiseworthy record, one-sixth of the entire population enlisting in- defense of their country's cause. The readiness with which the first call was filled, together with the embarrassments that surrounded President Lincoln in the absence of sufficient laws to authorize him to meet the unholy, unlooked-for and unexpected emergency — an emergency that had never been anticipated by the wisest and best of America's statesmen — together with an under- estimate of the magnitude of the rebellion and the general belief that the war could not and would not last more than three months, checked, rather than encouraged, the patriotic ardor of the people. But very few of the men, comparatively speaking, who volunteered in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers for three months, were accepted. But the time soon came when there was a place and a musket for every man. Call followed call in quick succes- THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 285 sion, until the number reached the grand total of 3,339,748, as follows : April 16, 1861, for three months, 75,000 May 4, 1861, for five years, - 64,748 July, 1861, for three years, - - - 500,000 July 18, 1862, for three years, - 300,000 August 4, 1862, for nine months, - 300,000 June, 1863, for three years, - 300,000 October 17, 1863, for three years, 300,000 February 18, 1864, for three years, - 500,000 July 10, 1864, for three years, - 200,000 July 16, 1864, for one, two and three years, 500,000 December 24, 1864, for three years, - 300,000 3,339,748 April 19, 1861, the Goodhue County " Republican," L. F. Hubbard, editor, had the following war article : "The crisis so long impending, has come at last. The blow has been struck. The war has commenced. From the mass of dispatches given in to-day's 'Republican,' the reader will learn full particulars of the capture of Fort Sumter, by the southern rebels. The details of the affair as given, though received through channels controlled by the rebels, are doubtless substantially as they transpired. " The last hope for a peaceful adjustment of our national dissensions, by whomsoever entertained, must now be abandoned, and the dread issue of war accepted as the only arbiter of our difficulties. However much it may be. deplored, though all patriots have devoutly prayed that the calamity might.be averted, the terrible reality must be met face to face. Whatever of sympathy they may have had among the people of the North, this last act of the Southern, rebels has lost it to them, and the universal sentiment of the civilized world will condemn their cause as an unholy warfare upon human rights and constitutional liberty. The news from every portion of the North indicates a genefal uprising of the people in support of the government. All past differences are blotted out. All considerations of party or of faction are laid aside, and everywhere throughout the loyal States the popular voice is unanimous in sustaining the government. Offers of men much in excess of present demands have already been tendered the President, and prefers of loans to large amounts have been made in several of the States. • ' " Minnesota is called upon for one regiment of men. The response. 286 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. we doubt not, will be such as befits the occasion. Indeed, we already have assurances that the number will be promptly made up. May the God of battle protect and defend the right." The same issue of the " Kepublican " contained the following call for a war meeting: " TO ARMS ! TO ARMS ! ! " A public meeting of the citizens of Goodhue county will be held at the court house in this city, this (Friday) evening, the 19th inst., at seven o'clock. In view of the public exigencies, every patriot that can attend should do so. A full company of infantry must and shall be organized for the service of the government. Signed, Many Citizens." The tocsin of war was sounded. Meetings were held in all the town- ships, at which stirring and spirited addresses were made, and resolutions adopted that admitted of but one interpretation. THE FIRST WAR MEETING SPIRITED RESOLUTIONS. The first war meeting in Goodhue was held in accordance with the notice above published, and was thus noticed in the " Republican," of the 26 th of April : " The meeting held in this city on last Friday night was an import- ant event in the history of Red Wing. It greatly exceeded, both in njimbers and enthusiam, any gathering that has ever taken place in this locality. The people turned out en masse, and signified by word and action their patriotic devotion to their country in its hour of peril. It was indeed a glorious sight to see men forgetting the differences of the past, laying aside the issues that had divided them until now, and rallying side by side in a single cause. It was an occasion never to be blotted from the memory of an individual present. " Early in the evening crowds paraded the streets with musio and banners, and the ' Young Republican,' that had before rallied the crowd in a partizan cause, did more noble service in sounding the call of the country. Even the inanimate iron seemed to be inspired by the occa- sion, as it belched forth, its thunder in loudest tones. " The meeting at the court house was organized by the election of Hon. W. H. Welch, president; W. S. Grow and 0. H. Baker, vice-presi- dents ; and M. Maginnis and L. F. Hubbard, secretaries. " On motion, a committee of five, consisting of Messrs. L. F. Hubbard, William Colvill, H. B. Wilson, W. 0. Williston and George Wilkinson, THE HISTORY OF flOODHUE COUNTY. 287 was appointed to report resolutions expressive of the sense of the meeting upon the existing crisis. The committee submitted the follow- ing, which were adopted amidst the most enthusiastic demonstrations : '" Whekeas, The people in certain States of this republic have arisen in armed rebellion against the general government, have robbed it of millions of its property, have insulted its flag, have taken one of its fortresses by force of arms under circumstances of peculiar indignity, and now threaten the entire destruction of the government itself by an attack upon the national capital, and by a general war ; and " ' Whereas, Every consideration of honor, patriotism, and safety, demands that the legitimate authorities be sustained in their efforts to put down the traitors and to sustain the government; therefore " '■Resolved, That whoever is not for the government is against it ; that all who sympathize with treason are traitors at heart, and only lack the opportunity to carry their treason into practice. '"That in the existing state of public affairs, it is the duty of all citizens loyal to their country to forget all past differences of opinion, and laying aside all inquiries as to the cause of the present difficulties, bury forever the political hatchet, and henceforward know and sustain our country, right or wrong ; and that we, the citizens of Goodhue county, remembering only our country in its hour of peril, do hereby express our readiness and determination to make any sacrifices which may be required of us to maintain the honor of the Stars and Stripes, to sustain the government and enforce the laws. " '■Resolved, That Goodhue county ought to and will furnish one com- pany as her part of the quota required of the State.' "The following resolution offered by W. S. Grow, was unanimously adopted : " ^Resolved, That those individuals in our midst who turn their backs upon their country in the hour of peril and danger, and forsake the glorious old stars and stripes, that has protected them in their lives and liberties, that has so long been a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night, deserve the contempt of all good and loyal citizens.' " The audience were entertained until a late hour with stirring speeches by the president, Messrs. McOlure, Sorin, Williston, Crary, Colvill, Hoyt, E. A. Welch and others. * * * A call was made for volunteers, which was responded to by upwards of fifty, who placed their names to a paper, pledging their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor in upholding the stars and stripes against the rebellious assaults now made upon them." The company thus commenced, was the first company outside of the 288 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. organized State militia, to be offered to the governor under his call for one regiment. As soon as the governor's proclamation was issued, enlistments were commenced, and within five days the ranks of the Goodhue volunteers were full, with men to spare. On Monday, the 22nd of April, 1861, the county.commissioners being in session, a petition signed by numerous citizens, asking for an appre- priation by the county of the sum of five hundred dollars for the support of the Goodhue volunteers during the time they are preparing and filling up their ranks, and for the support of their families during their absence, was received, " whereupon, on motion, the sum of three hundred dollars was appropriated for that purpose." " It was further ordered that a committee of three be appointed to see to the wants of said volunteers and families, and to expend said money, or so much thereof as should be deemed by them necessary, and that the county auditor be authorized to issue orders on the treasury on the certificate of said committee for the amounts ;" which motion prevailed. The following citizens were elected to act as such committee : W. H. Welch, W. Featherstone, Pascal Smith. On Tuesday, the 23d of April, one hundred and fourteen men had enlisted — fourteen more than wanted. Friday, the 26th, the company was fully organized and ready for service. The following was the organization and list of members : Captain, William -Colvill, Jr. ; First Lieutenant, A. E. Welch ; Second Lieutenant, M. A. Hoy t ; first sergeant, Martin Maginnis ; second ser- geant, C. P. Clark; third sergeant, Hezekiah Bauce ; fourth sergeant, H. T. Bevans ; first corporal, John Barrow ; second corporal, A. E. Sco- field ; third corporal, George Knight ; fourth corporal, Charles Harris ; bugler, R. N. Bevans. Jonas P. Davis, E. L. Davis, Elijah M. Thomas, Fred E. Miller, J. C. McClure, J. C. McClenthen, Theodore S. Wood, Robert W. Seeson, Williamson Crary, Paul Nelson, PRIVATES. Lewis Cannon, William D. Hubbs, R. C. Barnes, W.W.Wilson, W. B. Kitchell, Frank Snyder, L. McManus, Edward Ash, J. Ahneman, Asa Howe, W. S. Workmian, Fred. Grossman, George Harrison, S. B. Dilley, Lewis Quinnell, James A. Wright, Christopher Eastman, C. E. Hudson, William Duling, T.Thompson, ' MINN EAPOUIS. THE HISTORY OP GtOODHUE COUNTY. 289 E. A. Jackson, J. 0. F. Hobart, A. Baniber, J. R. Brown, W. W. Clark, William Gordon, Henry Bennett, D. 0. Smith, O. Burgh, C. W. Scott, A. Glazier, A. P. Baker, R. E. Jacobs, S. E. Baldwin, E. F. Grow, J. F. Bachelor, J. M. Underwood, 0. W. Sudden, C. W. Mills, Drik Metseder, P. R. Hamlin, J. P. Kirkham, Richard McGee, George Mozer, Jefferson Banner, 0. W. Merritt, German Anderson, John Lindquist, John Williams, Ferris Johnson, Hiram J. Rush, M. B. Milliken, John H. Smith, P. T. Galloway. James W. Day, T. G. Leeson, W. D. Bennett, Charles Adams, George W. Wright, S. B. Nilson, William Esdon, Marion Abbott, George L. Lewis, C. S. Bonderont, E. F. Pitcher, David Schwieger, Edward Berdan, George Noormer, Fred. Rembrondt, Hans Hoelstadt, W. C. Riddle, M. S. Standish, William Bryant, P. T. Davidson, E. O. Williams. George Atkinson, "Saturday afternoon, April 27th (said the 'Republican' of May 3,) the Goodhue Volunteers left Red Wing, by the steamer Ocean Wave, for St. Paul and Fort Snelling, where the regiment (the 1st) to which they were assigned was mustered in. Their departure was witnessed by a large number of citizens, who gathered on the levee to bid God speed to the gallant fellows in the glorious mission that called them away. Among the throng were a large number of the relatives and near friends of members of the company, who had come to give them a part- ing word of counsel and cheer, and perhaps take the last look upon those they loved. Many an eye dimmed and many a lip quivered, as they filed aboard the boat, and not unfrequently might have been noticed a tear stealing down the cheeks of those who had just bidden farewell to friends. As the boat moved from the levee, the crowd ashore cheered lustily, which was heartily responded to by the volunteers, and amid the waving of flags and handkerchiefs, and the hurrahs of the multitude, the Ocean W|ive passed out of sight." Of the reception at St. Paul of this firsi company raised in Minnesota and offered as a sacrifice in defense of the integrity and perpetuity of the American Union, the " Press " of May 2d, said : "They were received at the landing by the Pioneer Guards, who escorted them to their temporary quarters in the city. An immense crowd of citizens were a|, the levee to welcome their arrival ; and as 20 290 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. the companies filed through the streets to their quarters, the sidewalks were lined with ladies and gentlemen, who kept up a continuous cheer as the brave volunteers passed along. The ranks returned the saluta- tions with hearty goodwill. " The Ked Wing Brass Band came up with the company from that place, and added materially to the enthusiasm of the occasion. " The company is more than full, and composed of the very bone and sinew of the stalwart farmers of Goodhue county." No sooner was the above company full — in fact even before its organ- ization was nearlj"^ perfected — a movement was started for the organization of a second company in JRed Wing, and up to Friday, the 3d of May, fifty names were reported. Patriotic enthusiasm was at fever heat. Saturday evening, the 4th, this second company met and perfected its organization by the election of the following pfficers: Captain, A. D. Whitney ; first lieutenant, E, L. Baker ; second lieuten- ant, H. Mattson ; third lieutenant, J. ¥. Pingrey; first sergeant, Andrew A. Teele; second sergeant, W. E. Hawkins; third sergeant, J. H. Mues; fourth sergeant, C. R. Brink; first corporal, C. Berg; second corporal, M. J. Chamberlain ; third corporal, J. S. AUyn ; fourth corporal, C. C. Johnson ; ensign, W. W. Phelps ; bugler, J. 0. Hawes. F. A. Meredith, T. B. McCord, William Phileo, Charles Betcher, W. P. Brown, L. F. Hubbard, Harvey Miller, A. Johnson, W. C. Williston, Benjamin Densmore, Daniel Densmore, PRIVATES. H. B. Wilson, W. W. Rich, T. R. Sterling, J. M. Hodgman, S. B. Morrow, L H. Girard, C. H. Baker, A. Thomas, Allen Swain, W. W. DeKay, R. N. McLaren, G.W.Baldwin, John Foot, D. Mellen, Watts Sherman, H. C. Hoffman, J. Ashton, H. Hickman, D. Heald, F. P. Downing, Herman Betcher. C. 0. Webster, The country districts were not idle. All over the county the people were full of patriotic furore. Meetings were held in almost every school house, at which spirited addresses were made by the representative men of the county. But few speeches, however, were needed. The flag of the country had been grossly insulted ; the people were indignant and resolved that the insult should be resented even if it took the last man and the last dollar in the Northern States to punish the traitors and subdue the rebellion they had inaugurated. And among all the people THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 291 of the patriotic North, none were braver or more devoted to the cause of the Union than the sons of Norway and Sweden who bad found homes in Groodhue county. Not even native-born Americans made a better record. They were true to their oaths of allegiance, and gallantly joined the ranks of the " boys in blue," and marched away to help defend the country of their adoption. Besides furnishing nearly one-fifth of the rank and file of the first company that went from Goodhue county, Pine Island township came to the front with the " Pine Island Rifles," of which the following is the muster roll : OFFICERS. Captain, N. D. Marble; first lieutenant, William Haskins ; second lieutenant, H. M. Stanton ; first sergeant, M. Tarbox ; second sergeant, O. Morehouse ; third sergeant, J. Dickey ; fourth sergeant, H. Ahneman ; first corporal, S. Kirkham ; second corporal, S. Corning ; third corporal, John Eschabold ; fourth corporal, P. A. Shoemaker. T. Parker, W.S.Hubbs, W. S. Heaton, O. E. Smith, James Pratt, Isaac Cate, William P. Hall, E. W. Maynard, O. M. Frink, H. Washburn, E. V. Dickey, E. C. Parker, PRIVATES. H. M. Prime, Allen Hills, I. B. Perkins, 0. Reinhardt, G. Marble, Peter Morn any, M. H. Palmer, H. C. Wheeler, C. C. Cenatt, H. F. Emery, L. Van Nomee, N. Andrews, M. P. Parker, F. McMannus, M. Glazier, C. L. Hubbs, W. B. Dickey, John Ahneman, William Mead, John Hanks, Leisler Hamlin, S. W. Miller, S. 0. Jewell. J. H. Gilleland, Then came a company from Roscoe township — the Roscoe Union Guards — with the following officers : , Captain, C. C. Sent; first lieutenant, J. M. Gates; second lieutenant. D. C. Harkness ; first sergeant, P. Slagle ; second sergeant, F. Hagler ; third sergeant, J. R. Cox ; fourth sergeant, J. T. Comstock ; corporals, Jacob Sherwood, Charles Simpson, B. F. Dayton, H. Collins ; ensign, L. Ward. And thus the good work continued as long as there was a hand upraised against the government. While the fathers and sons and brothers and husbands were busy organizing companies and helping 292 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. them oflf " to the front," the wives and mothers and sisters and daughters were no less active. Their deft fingers, guided by noble, patriotic hearts, were busy in fashioning and sending forward such articles as the volunteers needed. During the last week in July the ladies of Red Wing were engaged at Masonic Hall in this good work, and on Satur- day, the 2d day of August, forwarded to Rev. E. D. Neill, chaplain of the First Minnesota Regiment, for the use and comfort of Captain Col- vill's company, the following invoice of goods : 17 dressing gowns, valued at . . $ 25.50 6 pair slippers, @ 50 cents, 3.00 75 towels, @ 10 cents, - - 7.50 41 pair socks, @ 20 cents, - . 8.20 75 pillow cases, @ 12^ cents, - 9.38 36 shirts, @ $1.00, - - - 36.00 54 sheets, @ 75 cents, - - - - 40.50 18 pair drawers, @ 75 cents, 13.50 2 paper pins, @ 10 cents, 20 Total $143.78 At Cannon Falls the ladies undertook an entertainment that netted them forty dollars in ready money, which was forwarded to Mr. Neill. And so it was. Whenever money was needed money was given. Some- times it was given directly from the pocket, whenever there^was occa- sion or demand. It would be mteresting to record the money contri- butions, voluntarily as well as by means of taxation, made by the peo- ple during the years of the rebellion, but that would be impossible. Of the former no accounts were kept. People never stopped to reckon the cost, or keep accounts of what they gave. Whenever money was needed for any purpose, and purposes and needs were plenty, it was given and paid on demand. There were no delays, no excuses, no "days of grace," no time for consideration demanded. People were ready and willing. Husbands and fathers abandoned homes and their com- forts, wives and little ones, for the dangers of tented fields of battle, assured that, in their absence, plenty would be provided for their loved ones. Because of this knowledge their dreams were none the less sweet nor their slumbers less refreshing, even if their beds were made upon mother earth, and their covering only that of the starry dome above. It was estimated in May, 1861, that within eighteen days after the war commenced, thirty-two millions of dollars were contributed by the States, societies and individuals in the North, to aid the government in THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 293 quelling the rebellion. That immense sum was spontaneously given. No questions were asked ; no explanations demanded. The life of the nation was at issue, and the people were ready and willing to give all for its preservation. The world never witnessed such an uprising of the masses; such a unanimity of sentiment; such a willingness to sac- rifice men and money, as was shown by the people of the States north of Mason and Dixon's Line, from the time the rebels fired upon Fort Sumter, in April, 1861, until the surrender of Treason's army in 1865. When the last census previous to the beginning of the war was taken, in 1860, the population of Goodhue was 8,977, including men, women and children. According to the best sources of information now acces- sible, this population was represented in the army of the Union by 1,508 volunteers! or very nearly one sixth of the entire population! The population considered, the facts here quoted certainly entitle Goodhue to be recognized as the Banner County of the young and vigorous State of Minnesota in the great and final conflict between Freedom and Slavery ! These 1,508 brave and true men were distributed among the several townships, as then organized, as follows : Leon 63 Minneola 57 Pinelsland 96 Roscoe 62 Red Wing 285 Vasa 62 Wanamingo - 103 Warsaw 49 Waucoota 16 Zumbrota 48 1508 Burnside 33 Belle Creek 34 Belvidere 30 Cannon Falls 51 Central Point '. 21 Cherry Grove 73 Featherstone 79 Florence 85 Goodhue 31 Holden 102 Hav7 Creek 50 Kenyon 39 Lillian (now Stanton) 39 The reader will detect a difierence of five hundred and eight between the number given here and the report elsewhere transcribed from the Adjutant General's Report. The difierence in numbers is due to two reasons : First, the generally conceded inaccuracy of that report, and second, a great many men enlisted in companies and regiments raised outside of the county and State, that were not credited to Goodhue county. The number, as quoted above, was taken from township sources, and obtained from authorities that knew the name of every man that enlisted from their midst, and hence may be regarded as accurate and reliable. 294 'THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Frequent applications were made to the board of county commision- ers for appropriations for volunteer purposes, and in no case did the board refuse to consider the applications or grant the relief asked. On the fifth of September, P. Smith, on behalf of a large number of citi- zens, presented a petition asking for an appropriation of $300 for the aid of volunteers and their families ; and it was ordered that the sum of $300 be so appropriated, and that it be expended as follows : One hundred to help defray the expenses of recruiting each and every vol- unteer company, and the balance, ($200) to be used for the benefit of needy families Under date of the 15th of October, 1861, the following entry appears of record: " Whereas, this country is in danger, and many men are needed by our government for its defense ; and whereas H. Mattson, the auditor of Goodhue county, Minn., is willing and anxious to raise a company of his countrymen and volunteer his and its services to the defense of our coun- try; and whereas he is desirous of retaining his office as county auditor, and is willing to place his business as such auditor, during his absence, in the hands of competent men, to be approved by the commis- sioners of this county, be it therefore '•^Resolved, that we, the commissioners of said county, do hereby approve of his volunteering and still retaining his office as aforesaid, and as far as we can legally do so, we pledge him that as long as said office is properly managed by his said deputies, we will consent cheer- fully to have him retain the same, though absent in the defense of our government and common country ; and we hereby strongly recommend to our successors in office, that they will also consent to such absence, and not consider said office vacant as long as it is properly managed by his said deputies. " We also approve of Fred. Joss as principal clerk or deputy of said auditor during his said absence." Mr. Mattson succeeded in raising a company, which was assigned to the Third Regiment, Mr. Mattson's company being designated as com- pany D. It was officered as follows : Captain, H. Mattson ; first lieutenant, L. K. Aakers ; second lieutenant, H. Eustram ; orderlies, John Vaust.rum, J. G. Gustafson, H. Johnson, 0. Folin, O. Leitzgren. Captain Gurnee raised a company at the same time, which was also assigned to the Third Regiment, and was designated as company E. The " St. Paul Press " thus complimented these companies after they appeared at the capital city: THB HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 295 " We congratulate Captain Mattson and his fellow countrymen upon his success, and upon the fine representative company of Swedes and Norwegians which he commands. A better company of soldiers has not been mustered into the service. " Captain Gurnee's Red Wing company was also filled to the minimum yesterday, and takes rank as Company E. Good for old Goodhue ! This makes the fourth company she has turned out for the war, besides help- ing outside companies. She has at least four hundred men now in the field. In Captain, Gurnee's company we find the very flower of the young men of Red Wing and other portions of the county. They have a gallant gentleman to lead them, and they will never be known to falter." And they never did falter, although severely tried in many a hotly contested engagement. October 18, 1861, the "Republican" wrote: "We claim the banner for Goodhue county. She has furnished more volunteers in proportion to her population than any other county in the State. She has one full company in the first regiment, one in the second, two in the third, and one in the fourth, besides being largely represented in the company of sharpshooters and of cavalry that are furnished by the State, and there is now organizing a company of artillery. Is there another county in the west, of a population of about eight thousand, that has done as well?" Besignation of Mr. Mattson.— July 30, 1862, the board of commis- sioners met pursuant to call. The resignation of Mr. Mattson, in the following words, was received and accepted : " County Auditor's Office, Red Wing, July, 10, 1862. To the Ron. Board of County Commissioners of Ooodhue county, Minnesota. — Gentlemen : When nearly a year ago I asked of your predecessors in office leave to absent myself from this office for the pur- pose of enlisting in the army of the country, and still retain the office of county auditor of your county, my reasons for desiring to retain the office was the hope that the present war, for which I enlisted, would soon be brought to a close, and that I might return to this place long before the expiration of my term of office, and thus find employment as auditor during the remainder of the term. " Events have since transpired, and are daily transpiring, which now lead me to believe that the war will be of longer duration, and that there is no reasonable prospect of my return home before the expira- tion of said term of office. ^^^ THE HISTOKY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. " In view of these facts, I do therefore now most respectfully tender my resignation as such county auditor, to take effect on or about the last day of this month, that being necessary to bring the business of the office to a final settlement on my part. "Very respectfully, your obedient servant, "H. Mattson, County Auditor Goodhue County.''^ The same day (July 30, 1862) the commissioners passed the following resolution : " Besolved, That there be paid from the treasury of Goodhue county to each and every person who may enlist in any company that may be raised in this county for the sixth regiment of Minnesota volunteers, or in any other regiment that may hereafter be called for from this State, the sum of $20 : said sum" to be paid upon the mustering in of the person enlisting, upon the certificate of the mustering officer or commander of the company in which such recruit may enlist that such person has enlisted." September 2, the following additional resolution was passed : " Resolved, That all persons who have enlisted and been mustered into the service of the United States since the passage of the resolution granting bounties to volunteers, whether such persons have enlisted in companies raised in this county or not, provided they are accredited to this, county, be entitled to receive the $20 bounty." The pen could be employed for months in sketching the uprising of the people, the formation of companies, and telling of the deeds of valor and heroism of the " boys in blue " from Goodhue. There is material here for volumes upon volumes, and it would be a pleasing task to collect and arrange it, but no words our pen could employ would add a single laurel to their brave and heroic deeds. Acts speak louder than words, and their acts have spoken — are recorded on pages written in blood. The people of no county in any of the States of the freedom and Union-loving North made a better record during the dark and trying times of the sanguinary and final struggle between freedom and slavery, patriotism and treason, than the people of Goodhue. Monuments may crumble, cities fall into decay, the tooth of time leave its impress on all the works, of man, but the memory of the gallant deeds of the army of the Union in the war of the great rebellion, in which the sons of this county bore so conspicuous a part, will live in the minds of men so long as time and civilized governments endure. March 23, 1864, the board of commissioners '■'■Resolved, That there be paid from the treasury of Goodhue county, THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 297 to each and every person who enlisted or re-enlisted in the service of the United States since July 30, 1862, the sum of twenty dollars ($30) bounty: said sum to be paid upon the presentation of the cer- tificate of the mustering officer or commander of the company in which such recruit or veteran has enlisted, that such person has enlisted or re-enlisted." It was the purpose and the desire of the publishers of this work, to make a complefe record of the amounts of money contributed by the several townships, as well as by the county, in aid of the war. They made every reasonable exertion to obtain the necessary data to do this, but the carelessness or indifference of parties who ought to be in pos- session of the facts and figures relating to this department of the undertaking, and their neglect to respond to letters of inquiry, forces the publishers to reluctantly abandon this part of their undertaking, except in part. Lewis Johnson, town cl^rk of Goodhue township, kindly furnishes the publishers the following : " April 5, 1864, voted to raise a tax of 11,200 " Aug. 26, 1864, » " " - 1,500—12,700 " Several private contributions were made, but of such I can furnish no record or statistics." Geo. Featherstone, of the township of Featherstone, furnishes the following : An examination of the records of our town discloses the fact that between 1863 and the end of the war, our people expended for war purposes over $13,000. This was by authority and direction of the town. There were contributions of a private nature for " sanitary commission" and other purposes besides, of which no record was pre- served. The town furnished from first to last about 85 men — about 25 of whom were citizens. This was done out of a voting population vary- ing from 100 to 125, as appears from the poll lists of that period. Mr. Swan Turner, treasurer of Vasa township, furnished the following : "The financial record of this township, in connection with the war, is about as follows : During the years 1862 and 1863, the people raised, by voluntary subscription, the sum of $4,000, which was paid out to volunteers and for the benefit of their families. In 1863, 1864, 1865 and 1866, there was levied, collected and paid out to volunteers and their families, as appears from the treasurer's books, the sum of $12,120 ; making a total raised in this township, by taxation and otherwise, of $12,520. "This town had quite a large per cent, of its men in the army, but did not get credit for all of them. Other places picked up many of our 298 THE HISTORY OF &OODHtJE COUNTY. young men and secured credit for them. They understood the ' game.' "Under the first call for volunteers, twenty young men enlisted from this township without bounty or aid from any one. They were our first offering, and comprise " vasa's roll op honor. " They sought no reward but the reward of soldiers. They loved their adopted country, and offered their lives in defense of i^s honor, integ- rity and unity." Olof Anderson, Olof Fahlin, Nils Kingdahl, John A. Anderson, Peter Johnson, Charles Roos, Nils Abrahamson, John Johnson, Gustav Swenson, Frank Carlson, John Monson, Charles J. Sundell, Victor Freiman, John P. Ofelt, Jonas Swan, Charles K. Charleson, John F. Olson, John Larson. Halvor Ekeland, Paul Paulson, Mr. Joseph S. Thompson, the first settler in Belvidere township, a gentleman of integrity and intelligence, 'and one who has occupied several places of trust conferred by his fellow-citizens, took some trouble to gather up the war history of his township. He reports that about $3,500 were raised and paid oat for bounties, etc., and that the township furnished nearly sixty men for the army of the Union. He exercised a good deal of care in gathering these items, showing an enterprise that is a credit not only to himself, but to the township he has seen grow out of a wilderness into a garden of beauty and produc- tiveness. The publishers would gladly make a similar record for each of the other townships in the county, but the data has been denied them, and hence through no fault of theirs, they are compelled to submit to the inevitable. The responsibility, however, rests with others. Facts and figures were requested, but they were not furnished. The record is acknowledged to be incomplete, but no one regrets its incompleteness more than the publishers. The friends and patrons of this undertaking in the several townships that are omitted from this report, are referred to their clerks and treasurers for the causes of the omission. With them rests the responsibility. Having thus noticed the spirit of patriotism that firfed the hearts of the sons and daughters of Goodhue, the sacrifices and readiness of the wealthier classes, and of the tax-payers to sustain the Union, we come now more directly to the volunteer soldiery. And of these what can we write? What words can the pen employ that would do justice to THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 299 their heroic valor — their unequalled and unparalleled valor? Home and home comforts, wives and little ones, fathers, mothers, sisters, brothers, were given up for life and danger on tented fields of battle, for exposure, disease and death at the cannon's mouth. They reckoned none of these, but went out with their lives in their hands to meet and conquer the foes of the Union, maintain its supremacy and vindicate its unity and integrity. We can oflFer no more fitting tribute to their patriotic valor, than a full and complete record, so far as it is possible to make it, that will embrace the names, the terms of enlistments, the battles in which they engaged, their promotions, etc. It will be a wreath of glory encircling every brow, and a memento which each and every one of them earned in defense of the most righteous cause that ever incited a people to arms. WAE RECORD OF GOODHUE COUNTY, TAKEN FROM THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S REPORT. ABBREVIATIONS. Adjt. Adjutant. Art ■ Artillery. Bat Battle or Battalion. Col Colonel. Capt Captain. corpl corporal. Comsy Commissary. cav Cavalry. captd • • • captured. desrtd deserted. disab disability. discfad discharged. e enlisted. excd exchanged. inf. Infantry. inv invalid. M. v. I... Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. Lieut Lieutenant. Maj Major. m. o mustered out. mns musician. pro promoted. Begt Begiment. re-en re-enlisted. res '. . . . resigned. sergt sergeant. trans transferred. vet veteran. V. R. C Veteran Reserve Corps. wd wounded. SKETCH OP FIRST INFANTRY. Organized April, 1861; went into camp at Fort Snelling; mustered by Captain Anderson D. Nelson, U. S. A., on the 29th; ordered to Washington, D. C, June 14, 1861. The following is a sketch of the marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes in which this regiment participated: First Bull Run, July 21, 1861; Edwards 300 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Perry, Oct. 22, 1861; Torktown, May 7, 1862; Fair Oaks, June 1, 1862; Peacli Orchard, June 29, 1862; Savage Station, June 29, 1862; Glendale, June 30, 1862; Nelson's Farm, June 30, 1862; Malvern Hill, July 1, 1862; Vienna, Sept. 2, 1862; Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862; First Fredericksburg, Dec. 11, 12 and 13, 1862; Second Fredericksburg, May 3, 1863; Gettysburg, July 2 and and 3, 1863, and Bristow Station, Oct. 14, 1863. Discharged at Fort Snel- ling, May 6, 1864. Company F. Col. William Colvill, enlisted and commissioned Capt. April 29, 1861; pro- moted Major Aug. 28, 1862; Lieut. Col. Sept. 26, 1862, and Col. May 6, 1863. Discharged with regiment May 5, 1864. Maj. A. Edward Welch, commissioned 1st Lieut. April 29, 1861; promoted Maj. Nov. 5, 1861, and died at Nashville, Tenn., Feby. 1, 1864. Lieut. Mark A. Hoyt, commissioned 2d Lieut. April 29, 1861; promoted 1st Lieut. Jany. 8, 1862; resigned July 18, 1862. Capt. Martin Maginnis, enlisted April 29, 1861 ; promoted 2d Lieut. Sept. 17, 1862; 1st Lieut. Sept 17, 1862, and Capt. July 28, 1863. Discharged with regiment May 5, 1864. Lieut. Hezekiah Bruce, enlisted April 29, 1861; promoted 2d Lieut. July 28, 1863; 1st Lieut. July 28, 1863. Discharged with regiment May 4, 1864. NOK-COMMISSIONED OITIOEES. Calvin V. Clark, 1st sergt. e. April 29, '61; no record. Henry T. Bevans, sergt., e. April 29, '61; dischd. for promotion Sept. 9, 1863. Charles N. Harris, e. April 29, '61; dischd. for disab. Dec. '62. John Barrow, Corp., e. April 29, '61; dischd. for disab. Feb. 14, '63. Amos G. Schofield, corp., e. April 29, '61; died Aug. 18, '61, of wounds received at Bull Run, July 21, '61. William D. Bennett, corp., e. April 29, '61; dischd. for disab. Feb. 14, '63. Theodore A. Worfd, corp., e. April 29, '61; no record. John Williams, corp., e. April 29, '61; no record. Phillip Hamblin, corp., e. April 29, '61; pro. sergt., killed July 3, '63, at Gettysburgh. James A. Wright, e. April 29, '61; pro. 1st sergt., dischd. with regt. Frederick C. Miller, corp., e. April 29, 61; pro. sergt. and capt. colored regt. Charles W. Merritt, mus., e. April 29, '61; pro. corp., dischd. with regt. Olis W. Ludden, mus., e. April 29, '61; dischd. for disab. Aug. 1, '61. John H. Brown, wagoner, e. April 29, '61; dischd. with regt. May 5, '64. PKIVATES. Abbott, Marion, e. April 29, '61; dischd. for disab. Nov. 1, '63. Abbott, David P., e. May 18, '61; killed at Antietam. Adams, Charles, e. April 29, '61; died May 27, '63, Washington, D. C. Baker, Abraham P., e. April 29, '61; dischd. with regt. May 5, '64. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 301 Bamber, Archibald, e. April 29, '61; discbd. with regt. May 6, '64. Barber, Horati'o, e. May 24, '61; discbd. with regt. May 5, '64. Bacbelor, James F., e. April 29, '61; discbd. witb regt. May 5, '64. Barnes, Eandolpb, e. April 29, '61; discbd with regt. May 5, '64. Banner, Jefierson, e. April 29, '61; pro. mus. and m. o. May 6, '64. Bevans, Milton S., e. May 22, '61; no record. Brooks, Cyrus A., e. May 22, '61; trans. U. S. cav. Oct. 24, '62. Burnett, Henry, e. April 29, '61; discbd. with regt. BurtrufP, Henry, e. May 15, '61; discbd. for disab. Dec. 18, '61. Cannon, Lewis, e. April 29, '61; pro. corp. and sergt., discbd. witb regt. Cbilds, Henry B., e. May 31, '61; pro. corp. and sergt. and discbd. withregt. Clausen, John, e. May 15, '61 ; discbd. for disab. Feb. 10, 1863. Cox, Edwin, e. May 22, '61 ; pro. corp. ; killed Sept. 17, '62, at Antietam. , Davis, Edward E., e. May 29, '61; died Aug. 31, '62, of disease. Davis, Edward L., e. April 29, '61 ; discbd. for disab. July 6, '62. Davis, Jonas P., e. April 29, '61; discbd. with reg. Davis, Almeron, e. May 22, '61; absent wounded on discbarge of reg. Duling, William, e. April 29, '61; no record. Ducher, Geo. F., e. May 15, '61; trans, to invalid corps Dec. 1, '63. Eastman, Christopher, e. April 29, '61; trans, to U. S. Cav. Oct. 24, '62. Eastman, Alva H., e. May 29, '61; discbd. for disab. June 26, '62. Garrison, William H. e. May 16, '61; no record. Glazier, Aaron, e. April 29, '61; re-en. March 24, '62. Gordon, William, e. April 29, '61; discbd. for disab. Aug. 20, '62. Grinnell, Geo. W., e. May 24, '61; trans, to U. S. cav. Oct. 24, '62. Grow, Enas F. e. April 29; discbd. with regt. Hubbs, Charles L., e. May 29, '61, dischd. with regt. Howe, Asa, e. April 29, '61; no record. Halstedt, Hans, e. April 29, '61; dischd. for disab. Aug. 31, '62. Herbert, William M., e. May 22, '61; trans, to inv. corps Dec. 19, '63. Hammer, Nicbolaus, e. May 15, '61; killed May 31, '62, at Fair Oaks, Va. Hudson, Charles E., e. April 29, '61; desrtd. Sept. 17, '63. Hoffstetter, John W., e. May 23, '61; no record. Jackson, Elisha A., e. April 29, '61; dischd. for disab. Aug. 1, '61. Jacobs, Romulus E., e. April 29, '61; absent wd. on discharge of regt. Johnson, Ferris, e. April 29, '61; pro. corp., killed June 29, '62, at Savage Station. Johnson, Ole, e. April 29, '61; discbd. with regt. King, Levi, e. April 29, '61; no record. Leeson, Robert W., e. April 29, '61; killed June 30, '62; in battle of Glen- dale, Va. Leigbton, Gardner D., e. April 29, '61; dischd. for disab. March 10, '63. Lindquist, John, e. April 29, '61; no record. Lee, John M., e. May 24, '61; no record. Lewis, George L., e. April 29, '61; trans, to signal corps Aug. 18, '63 302 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. McLanathan, Ira, e. April 29, '61; trans, to gunboat service Nov. 16, '63. McGree, Richard, e. April 29, '61; re-en. and trans, to 1st. Minn. Batl'n. Milliken, Marcellus B., e. April 29, '61; killed at Antietam. Miles, Charles W., e. April 29, '61; dischd. for disab. Feb. 20, '63. Marshall, David, e. April 29, '61; dischd for disab. July 6, '62. McKinley, George, e. May 23, '61; mortally vird. July 21, '61, at Bull Run. Matt, Ransom, e. May 27, '61; dischd. for disab. Feb. IT, '63; arm amputated. Olson, Butler, e. April 29, '61; trans. toU. S. cav. Oct. 24, '62. Oscar, Ole, e. May 27, '61; dischd. for disab. March 12, '63. Pitcher, Eli F., e. April 29, '61; trans, to U. S. cav. Oct. 24, '62. Peterson, Thomas, e. May 29, '61; dischd. with regt. May 5, '64. Richardson, Josiah, e. May 24, '61; dischd. with regt. May 5, '64. Rush, Hiram I., e. April 29, '61; killed July 21, '61, at Bull Run. Riddle, William C, e. April 29, '61; dischd. with regt. Sallie, James F.,"e. May 23, '61; killed July 21, '61, at Bull Run. Schweiger, David, e. April 29, '61 ; dischd: with regt. Smith, John H., e. April 29, '61; dischd. for disab. Oct. 2, '61. Season, Edwin, e. May 23, '61; no record. Skinner, Hiram A., e. May 29, '61; no record. Shay, Michael, e. May 24, '61; trans, to U. S. cav. Oct. 24, '62. Squires, Leonard I., e. April 29, '61; killed July 3, '63, at Gettysburg. Scurry, James, e. May 24, '61; trans, to U. S. cav. Oct. 24, '62. Syverson, Amos, e. May 17, '61; trans, to U. S. cav. Oct. 24, '62. Thomas, Elijah F., e. April 29, '61; died Sept. 6, '61, while a prisoner at Richmond, Va. Underwood, James M., e. April 29, '61; killed at Bull Run, July 21, '61. Webb, Lester, e. May 15, '61; trans, to U. S. cav. Oct. 24, '62. Willmar, Martin, e. May 15, '61; pro. corp., killed June 29, '62, at Savage Station. Williams, Oscar E., e. April 29, '61; trans, to U. S. cav. Oct. 24, '62. Wood, Theodore A., e. April 29, '61; pro. Q. M. Sergt., dischd. with regt. RECRUITS. Berg, Peter, e. Feb. 11, '62; re-en. Bond, Daniel, e. Aug. 22, '61; no record. Flynn, Jonathan, e. Sept. 12, '61 ; trans, to inv. corps June, '64. Garrison, JosephP., no record; died of wounds at Richmond, Va., Aug. 10, '61. Hoyt, William H., e. Sept. 9, '61; dischd. with regt. Leamans, David H., no record; dischd. for disab. Feb. 13, '62. • Peterson, Hans, e. Feb. 14, '62; killed Oct. 15, '63, at Bristol Station, Va. Shadinger, William, no record; dischd. for disab, March 25, '63. Skinner, William J., died Aug. 10, '61, at Richmond, Va., of wounds. Company G. Bondorant, Cyrus, e. April 29, '61; trans. Sept. 10, '61. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 303 SKETCH OF SECOND INFANTRY. Organized July, 1861. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., Oct. 1861, and assigned to the Army of the Ohio. The following embraces a sketch of the marches, battles and skirmishes in which this regiment participated: — Mill Spring, Jan. 19, 1862; Siege of Corinth, April, 1862; transferred to the Army of the Tennessee. Bragg's Eaid; Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862; skirmishes of the Tul- lahoma campaign; Chickamauga, Sept. 19 and 20, 1863; Mission Eidge, Nov. 25, 1863. Veteranized January, 1864. Battles and skirmishes of the Atlanta campaign, viz.: Resaca, June 14, 15 ahd 16, 1864; Kenesaw Mountain, June 27, 1864; Jonesboro; Sherman's march through Georgia and the Caro- linas; Bentonville, March 19, 1865. Discharged at Fort SneUing, July 11, 1865. William Brown, assistant Surgeon; commissioned Sept. 5, 1862; pro. surgeon, Sept. 5, 1862; no record. Company B. Lieut. William W. Wilson, e. June 26, 1861; pro. 2nd Lieut. April 1, 1862, and 1st Lieut. July 19, 1862; res. Sept. 12, 1864. Corning, Smith P., e. June 26, 1861; disehd. June 25, 1864. Summers, Christopher A., e. April 26, 1861; died at Lebanon, Ky., Feb. 20, 1862. Company C. Burkhardt, John F., e. June 20, 1861; pro. corpl., disehd. June 28, '64. Kirkpatrick, Chauncy, e. June 20, '61; died near Corinth, Miss., June 9, '62. Wiehl, Mathew, e. June 29, 1861; disehd. June 28, '64. EECEUITS. Oleson, Marse, drafted Sept. 28, 1864; disehd. by order June '65. Oliver, Aaron P., drafted May 27, 1864; pro. corpl. and disehd. with regt. Turner, Jacob, drafted Sept. 8, 1864; disehd. by order June 16, '65. Company F. Fremith, David, drafted Sept. 28, '64; disehd. June 11, '65. Company G. ^ Witle, Gustav, e. July 8, '61; disehd. for disab. Nov. 20, '61. Company I. Capt. John Foot, mustered July 30, 1861; res. March 9, 1862. 1st Lieut. William S. Grow, mustered July 30, 1861; appointed Q. M. Corpl. Alfred Bachelor, e. July 30, 1861; disehd. for disab. Sept. 23, '62. Corpl. Samuel Buckman, e. July 30, 61; re-en. Dec. 19, '63; disehd. with regt. 304 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Mus. Prank E. Patterson, e. July 30, '61; died at Louisville, Ky., March 35, '62. Solomon 0. Davis, wagoner, e. July 30, '61; discM. for dis. Oct. 1, '62. Adams, Francis, e. Aug. 22, '61; died at Lebanon Junction, Ky., Nov. 13, '61. Bachelor, Byron, e. July 80, '61; re-en. Dec. 19, '63; pro. corpl.; dischd. vrith regt. Bushard, John B., e. July 30, '61; dischd. for dis. Aug. 10, '62. Carrier, John D., e. Aug. 31, '61; died at Louisville; Ky., Dec. 9, '61. Eggleston, Harlan P., e. Aug. 28, '61; dischgd. Aug. 28, '64. Hardy, Charles C, e. July 31, '61; dischgd. July 29, '64. Hardy, John T., e. July 31, '61; trans. Co. I, 4th U. S. Art. Dec. 23, '62. Leison, James A., e. Sept. 8, '61; dischd. July 29, '64. Mungerson, John F., e. Sept. 8, '61; desrtd. June 8, '63. Miller, Stephen W., e. Sept. 11, '61; dischd. Sept. 12, '64. Sutton, Ellsworth, e. July 30, '61; dischd. by order, '63. Tillotson, Ira, e. July 30, '61; re-en. March 31, '64; pro. corpl.; dischd. with regt. Wright, William H., e. July 31, '61; re-en. Dec. 9, '63; dischd. with regt. Whipple, Harrison F., e. July 30, '61; wd. at Chicamauga; dischd. July 29, '64. EEOEUITS. Thompson, Martin, e. March 25, '65; dischd. with regt. Wells, William, e. Oct. 6, '61; dischd. with regt. Company E. Bombach, Henry, e. March 8, '65; dischd. with regt. Houghton, Augustus, e. Mar. 29, '64; dischd. with regt. James, Conroy, e. May 27, '64; dischd. with regt. Martin, Henry, e. May 27, '64; dischd. from hosp., '65. Strateman, Henry, drafted May 27, '64; dischd. with regt. Westendorf, Fred., drafted March 9, '65; dischd. with regt. Zimmerman, Casser, drafted May 30, '64; dischd. with regt. SKETCH OF THIRD INFANTRY. Organized October, 1861. Ordered to Nashville, Tenn., March, 1862. Cap- tured and paroled at Murfreesboro, July, 1862. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., thence to Minnesota. Engaged in the Indian expedition of 1862. Partici- pated in the battle of Wood Lake, September, 1862. Ordered to Little Rock, Ark., November, 1863. Veteranized January, 1864. Engaged in battle of Fitzhugh's Woods, March 30, 1864. Ordered to Pine Bluff, Ark., April, 1864, and from there to Du Vall's Bluff in October, 1864. Mustered out at Du Vall's Bluff, September 2, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling. Col. Hans Mattson, commissioned Capt. Co. D., Oct. 22, 1861: pro. Major RED WING. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 305 May' 29, 1862; pro. Lieut. Col. July 15, 1863, and Col. April 15, 1864; dischd. with regt. Sept. 2, 1865. Bonde Olsen, Q. M., enlisted Co. D. Oct. 3, '61; pro. corp. sergt.; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; pro. 1st. Lieut. Co. K. Oct. 1, '64, and Q. M. May 3, '65. Chauncy Hobert, Chaplain; commissioned March, 1862; res. April 13, '62. . Company B. Getman, Jerry E., e. Sept. 26' 61; deserted Jan. 10, '63. Ives, E. S., e. Oct. 11, '61; dischd. for disab. March 28, '62. Woodbury, John P., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. Nov. 15, '64. EECEUITS. Hendrickson, Ole, e. Aug. 29, '64; disch'd July 23, '65. Company D. Capt. Hans Mattson, promoted as above. 1st Lieut. Lars K. Aakers, commissioned Oct. 3, '61; res. March 30, '62. 2d Lieut. Hans Enstrom, commissioned Oct. 16, '61; pro. 1st Lieut. March 30, '62, and Capt. May 30, '62; res. Aug. 2, '62. KON-COMMISSIOITBD OFBICEES. John Vanstrom, 1st Sergt., e. Oct. 19, '61; pro. 2d Lieut. March 30, '62; 1st Lieut. May 30, '62, and Capt. Aug. 2, '62. John Gr. Gustofson, sergt., e. Oct. 3, '61; pro. 2nd Lieut. May 30, '62, 1st Lieut. Aug. 2, '62, and Lieut. Col. 112th U. S. col'd. inf. Nov. 16, '64. Hans Johnson, sergt., e. Oct. 8, '61; died at Murfreesboro, Tenn"., July 5, '62. Olof Falin, sergt., e. Oct. 3, '61; dischd. for disab. March 29, '62. F. T. Sandborg, corpl., e. Oct. 11, '61; pro. sergt.; dischd. for disab. July 5, '62. Niles B. Johnson, corpl., e. Oct. 3, '61; pro. sergt.; re-en. Feb. 2, '64, and pro. 1st Lieut. Co. I, July 28, '65; dischd. with regt. John P. Ofitt, Corp., e. Oct. 3, '61; re-en. Feb. 3, '64; died at Duvall's Bluffs, Ark., Dec. 31, '64. Peter A. Holm, corp., e. Oct. 13, '61; died at his home in Minn., March 17, '63. Ole 0. Huss, mus., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. March 29, '62. Christopher Patterson, mus., e. Oct. 3, '61; dischd. Nov. 14, '64. Human A. Hoisted, wagoner, e. Oct, 3, '61; died at his home in Minn., 1862. PKITATBS. Anderson, Charles J., e. Oct. 3, '61; re-en.^eb. 3, '64; pro. corpl., dischd. with regt. Abrahamson, Nels, e. Oct. 3, '61; re-en. Feb. 3, '64; pro. corpl., dischd. with regt. Anderson, Olof, e. Oct. 3, '61; re-en. Feb. 3, '64; dischd. with regt, 21 306 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Anderson, John A., e. Oct. 16, '61; discM. Nov. 14, '64. Anderson, Gustavus, e. Oct. 3, '61; died at Ft. Snelling, Feb. 1, 63. Anderson, German, e. Oct. 23, '61; re-en. Feb. 3, '64; died at Pine Bluff, Ark., Sept. 14, '64. Berg, Jonas, e. Oct. 22, '61; died at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., Oct. 15, '63. Carlson, Carl R., e. Oct. 3, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '65; discbd. witb regt. Eckland, Halfoor, e. Oct. 3, '61; died at Red Wing, Jan. 2, '62. Erickson, Jobn, e. Oct. 11, '61; re-en. Feb. 11,' '62; discbd. witb regt. Erickson, Jacob, e. Oct. 22, '61; dischd. for disab. Marcb 29, '62. Erickson, Jobn, e. Oct. 22, '61; died at Belmont, Ky., Feb. 26, '62. Erickson, Cbarles, e. Nov. 1, 61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; discbd. witb regt. Froja, Peter, e. Oct. 9, '61; discbd. for disab. Marcb 15, '62. Goranson, Peter, e. Oct. 9, '61; trans, to V. R. C. April 28, '65. Green, August L., e. Oct. 3, '61; pro. corp., re-en. Jan. 1, '64; dis. Decem- ' ber 26, '64. Halfverson, Ole, e. Oct. 3, '61; discbd. Nov. 14, '64. Harrison, William, e. Oct. 6, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; died at Piue Bluff, Ar- kansas, '64. Hokanson, Jobn, e. Oct. 9, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; dis. witb regt. Hamilton, M. S. S., e. Oct. 9, '61; died at Nasbville, Tenn., Marcb 31, '63. Hanson, Andrew, e. Oct. 11, '61; re-en. Jan. '64; discbd. Sept. '65. Jobnson, Olans, e. Oct. 3, '61; discbd. for disab. Marcb 18, '63. Johnson, Andrew, e. Oct. 9, '61; dischd. for disab. July 12, '62; re-en. Feb. 5, '64; dischd. witb regt. Jobnson Carl, e. Oct. 9, '61; re-eii. Jan. 1, '64; dischd. with regt. Johnson, Andrew, e. Nov. 2, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; discbd. with regt. Jobnson, Lorentz, e. Nov. 4, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; dischd. for disab. May 4, '65. Kroon, Peter, e. Oct. 9, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; died at Little Rock, Ark., Oct. 30, '64. Knudson, Thomas, e. Nov. 4, '61; died at Little Rock, Ark.-, Jan. 11, '64. Lindall, Jonas, e. Oct. 9, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; pro. 2d Lieut. Sept. 27, '64, and 1st Lieut. Co. H, April 1, '64; discbd. witb regt. Lindberg, Peter, e. Oet.3, '61; re-en. Jan. 1,'64; pro. sergt., dischd. with regt. Larson, Oliver, e. Oct. 11, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; discbd. witb regt. Linderroat, Nels L., e. Oct. 16, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; pro. corp. sergt., dis- charged with regt. Linglof, Erick, e. Oct. 16, '61; died at Fort Snelling Nov. 23, '62. Lind, Olans, e. Oct. 13, '61; died at Red Wing Oct. 15, '62. Miller, Frederick, e. Oct. 22, '61; discbd. Nov. 14, '64. Nelson, JohnE., e. Oct. 6, '61;yre-en. Jan. 1,"'64; pro. corp., died at Cairo, 111., Jan. 1, '65. Nelson, Niels, e. Oct. 16, '61; dischd. for disab. Marcb 14, '63. Nelson, Nicholas, e. Oct. 16, '61; died at Columbus, Ky., June 29, '63. Nelson, Peter, e. Oct. 22, '61; trans, to inv. corps Oct. 3, '63. , THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 307 Nelson, Gustavus, e. Oct. 22, '61; discM. for disab. July 5, '62. Olson, Aslak, e. Oct. 3, '61; discM. for disab. June 29, '62. Oleson, Bond. e. Oct. 3, '61; pro. corp. sergt. ; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; pro. 1st Lieut. Co. K, Aug. 27, '64; pro. Q. M. May 3, '65; dischd. with regt. Sept. 2, '65. Ockerberg, Halver, e. Oct. 10, '61; died at Nashville, Tenn., April 22, '62. Oleson, Evin, e. Nov. 4, '61; dischd. for disab. Aug. 24, '63. Oleson, Gabriel, e. Oct. 4, '61; dischd. for disab. Feb. 7, '62. Paulson, Paul, e. Oct. 3, '61; pro. corpl. ; re-en. Jany. 1, '64; dischd. with regt. Pfiefifer, John, e. Oct. 3, '61; pro. corp.; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; dischd. with regt. Porter, John G., e. Oct. 9, '61; pro. corp.; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; dischd. with regt. Peterson, Swan, e. Oct. 9, '61; dischd. for disab. March 27, '62. Peterson, Hans P. A., e. Oct. 12, '61; re-en. Jany. 1, '64; dischd. with regt. Qwain, Peter, e. Oct. 3, '61; re-en. Jany. 1, '64; died at Duval's Bluff, Nov. 13, '64. , Quist, Charles P., e. Oct: 9, '61; re-en. Jany. 1, '64;disehd. with regt. Ross, Carl., e. Oct. 6, '61; dischd. for disab. Dec. 2, '63. Easmson, Sofus, e. Oct. 3, '61; dischd. for disab. Nov. 30, 63. Ringdahl, Nils, e. Oct. 25, 61; re-en. Jany. 1, '64; dischd, with regt. Sanberg, Peter M., e. Oct. 3, '61; dischd. Nov. 14, '64. '■ Swenson, Gustaf, e. Oct. 3, 61; dischd. Nov. 14, '64. Strand, Charles J., e. Oct. 9, '61; re-en. Jany. 1, '61; pro. corpl., sergt.; dischd. with regt. Sjoberg, Charles P., e. Oct. 16, '61; re-en. Jany. 1, '61; dischd. from hospital Sept. 4, '65. Sunbald, John, e. Oct. 16, '61; trans, to inv. corps Oct. 1, '63. Thorenson, Lorents, e. Oct. 3, '61; re-en. Jany. 1, '64; dischd. with regt. Thellander, John P., e. Oct. 9, '61; re-en. Jany. 1, '64; dischd. with regt. Viden, John P., e, Oct. 9, '61; died at Memphis, Tenn., Oct. 31, 63. Wing, Halsten, e. Oct. 3, '61; dischd. for disab. May 26, '63. Wilberg, Charles, e. Oct. 22, '61 ; dischd. Nov. 14, '64. EBCKUITS. Bolander, Charles E., e. Feb. 11, '64; pro. hospital steward, June 13, '64. Bong, Elias, e. May 11, '64; dischd. July 28, '65. Bergland, Erick, e. Sept. 5, '64; dischd. July 28, '65. Carlson, Frank A., e. Jan. 22, 64; dischd. July 28, '65. Dahlberg, Swan, e. Sept. 5, '64; dischd. July 28, '65. Eisburg, Nels, e. Nov. 15, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; pro. corpl., sergt.; dischd. Sept. 2, '65. Praman, Victor, e. Jan. 22, '64; died at Little Rock, Ark., Oct. 20, '64. Gustafson, Charles, e. Jan.-22, '64; died at Duvall's Bluff, Ark., Dec. 9, '65. Hakinson, John, e. Jan. 22, '64; dischd. with reg,. 308 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Johnson, Ake, e. Aug. 29, '64; died at Pine Bluff, Ark., Sept. 17, '64. Johnson, John A., e. Jan. 22, '64; dischd. with regt. Norelius, Lewis, e. March 11, '64; dischd. with regt. Company B. Capt. Clinton Gurnee, enrolled Oct. 23, '61; dismissed Dec. 1, '62. 1st Lieut. Edward L. Baker, enrolled Oct. 10, '61; pro. Capt. Dec. 1, '62; res. Feb. 10, '64. 2iid Lieut. Willit W. DeKay, enrolled Oct. 23, '61; pro. 1st Lieut. Dec. 1, '62, and Capt. Feb. 11, '64; res. Jan. 9, '65. JSrON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. George W. Knight, 1st sergt., e. Oct. 10, '61; pro. 2nd Lieut. Oct. 18, '62, 1st Lieut. Feb. 11, "64, and Capt. Nov. 13, '64; dischd. with regt. Crydon D. Bevans, sergt., e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; killed at battle of Fitzhugh's Woods, Ark., April 1, '64. William D. Hale, sergt., e. Oct. 11, '61; pro. sergt. maj. Jan. 9; '62. Harvey Miller, sergt., e. Oct. 16, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; pro. 2nd Lieut. June 8, '64, 1st Lieut. Nov. 13, '64; res. June 19, '65. Edward G. Bailey, sergt., e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. withregt. John A. Graham, corpL, e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '65; pro. sergt., dischd. for pro. Sept. 17, '64. Thomas A. Baker, corpl., e. Oct. 10, '61; pro. sergt.; dischd. for pro. July 2, '63. Lyman J. Barris, corpl., e. Oct. 10, '61; desrtd. Jan. '62. Martin L. Knox, corpl., e. Oct. 11, '61; died at Murfreesboro, Tenn., June 10, '62. Rudolph Kruger, corpl., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. Nov. 14, '64. Lucius A. Hancock, mus.,e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; pro. to non- com, staff. Fed. 9, '65; dischd. with regt. Sept. 2' 65. Charles Clock, wagoner, e. Oct. 11, '61; dischd. for disab. April 26, '62. PRIVATES. Abel, Joseph, e. Oct. 10, '61; died at Belmont, Ky., Dec. '61. Akers, Wm. G. J., e. Oct. 11, '61; pro. corpl., sergt., and sergt. maj.; trans. to non-com. staff Oct. 5, '63; pro. R. Q. M. April 15, '64. Adams, William H., e. Nov. 7, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. with regt. Bruce, William H., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. March 18, '63. Battey, James L., e. Oct. 10, '61; died at Pine Bluff, Ark., Sept. 3, '64. Barr, Andrew, e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab., Dec. '62. Banker, James F., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd Nov. 14, '64. Britton, Joseph M., e. Oct. 17, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. with regt. Bryant, William D., e. Oct. 11, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. for pro. Nov. 7, 64. Bevans, Solon A., e. Oct. 19, '61; desrtd. Nov. '61; supposed himself dischd; TUB HISTOEY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 309 Chandler, John W., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. April 29, '62. Cjirry, Henry, e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Dee. 20, '63; dischd. with regt. Cook, Geo., e. Oct 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. with regt. Chase, Edgar B., Oct. 30, 61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. with regt. Drudy, Patrick, e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; pro. corpl. ; dischd. with regt. Day, James, e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; pro. corpl.; dischd. with regt. Dewey, William F., e. Oct. 10, '61; died at Helena, Ark., Aug. 27, '63. Doyle, Walter W., e. Oct. 17, '61; dischd. for wounds received at Murfrees- boro, Jany. 15, '63. Densmore, Benj., e. Oct. 22, '61; pro. Q. M; sergt. Sept. 25, '63. Ecker, Tilden, e. Oct. 24, '61; died at Louisville, Ky., June '62. Eldridge, Samuel A., e. Not. 1, '61; re-en. Dec, 20, '63; died at Pine Bluff, Aug. 7, '64. Flint, Geo. W., e. Oct. 10, 61; dischd. for disab. June, '62. Fogleson, Joseph, e. Oct. 17, '61; dischd. for disab. Feby. 5, '63. Fearnside, James, e. Nov. 2, '61; dischd. Nov. 14, '64. Gilbert Henry L., e. Oct. 17, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. with regt. Hartman, John, e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. Nov. 14, '64. Hoffstatter, Hiram, e. Oct. 11, '61; dischd. for disab. April 9, '62. Jordon, John, e. Nov. 2, '61; pro. corp. Dec. 1, '63; dischd. Nov. 1, '64. Knox, James H., e. Oct. 11, '61; dischd. Nov. 14, '64. Littlefield, L. B., e. Oct. 10, 61; dischd. Nov. 14, '64. Lauver, Isaac, e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; pro. corp. sergt., dischd. with regt. Lowater, Harry P., e. Oct. 29, '61; trans, to company C June 1, '62. Leach, Albert G., e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '64; wd. at Fitzhugh's Woods; dischd. Sept. 2, '65. Mallory, Patrick, e. Oct, 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; pro. corp. sergt., dis- charged with regt. Mitchell, James, e. Oct. 10, '61; deserted Jan. 10, '63. Morrell, Abraham, e. Oct. 10, '61; died at his home Jan. 8, '63. McGrath, James, e. Oct. 17, '61; deserted Aug. 8, '62. Miller, Cecil, e. Oct. 17, '61; died at Nashville, Tenn. May 16, '62. McGoughy, Horatio K., e. Oct. 28, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. for pro. April 12, '64. Morrell, James, e. Oct. 16, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd'. for pro. Nov. 7, '64. Neff, Geo., e. Oct. 11, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. for disab. April 24,'65. Philleo, Edward B., e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Feb. 29, 64; pro. corp. sergt. ; dischd. with regt. Pitts, Geo. J., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. March 14, '64. Petty, David, e. Oct. 17, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. with regt. Rees, Morris, e. Oct. 6, '61; dischd. for disab. July 30, '63. 310 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. Scofield, Charles M., e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 23, '63; died at his home Sept. 29, '64. Schwiger, James, e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; pro. corp. ; dischd. with regt. Smith, Stephen J., e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. Nov. 12, '65. Sniter, John, e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disah. Jany. 19, '63. Stahler, Michael, e. Oct. 15, '61; dischd. Nov. 14, '64. Sandford, Otis, e. Oct. 17, '61 ; dischd. for disab. June 28, '62. Taylor, Elias B., e. Oct. 17, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. May 29, '65. Toms, Jonithan, e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Feb. 18, '64; dischd. with regt. Toms, William, e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. with regt. Winchell, John, e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. Dec. '62; re-en. Feb. 18, '64; dischd. with regt. Washburn, Jesse, e. Nov. 1, '61; died on hospital steamboat Miss. Riv., Oct. 4, '63. KECEUITS. Bartron, Geo., e. Sept. 20, '64; dischd. June 23, '65. Britton, Thomas H., e. Mar. 2, '64; dischd. with regt. Brownson, Sidney, e. Feb. 26, '64; dischd. with regt. Brown, Isaac, e. March 31, '64; trans, to Co. C, Oct. 18, '64. Barton, James, e. Sept. 3, 64; dischd. July 28, '65. Cassady, James, e. Jany. 5, '64; died at Pine Bluff, Ark., July 31, '64. Chase, Justus, e. Feb. 19, '64; dischd. with regt. Carmyer, William, e. Mar. 31, '64; died at Memphis, Tenn., Aug. 18, '64. Crary, Williamson, e. Nov. 15, '61; dischd. for disab. May 6, "62. Doudy, James M. ; e. March 17, '64; dischd. with regt. Eldridge, Joseph C; e. Feb. 18, '64; died at Pine Bluff, Ark., Aug. 27, '64. Erickson, John, e. Sept. 5, '64; died at Helena, Ark., Oct. '64. Hartman, Michael, e. Sept. 5, '64; dischd. July 28, '65. Henigs, Christ., e. Nov. 15, '61; dischd. Mar. 14, '65. Harkness, Daniel C, e. Dec. 2, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. for pro. Oct. 14, '64. Mallory, James, e. Dec. 11, '64; dischd. Nov. 18, '65. Phinney, Geo., e. Dec. 11, '64; dischd. with regt. Newberg, Peter, e. Aug. 26, '64; dischd. July 28, '65. Pierce, Geo. N., e. Feb. 25, 64; dischd. for disab. Sept. 17, '64. Perry, Corydon W., e. Feb. 26, '64; trans, to company C Oct. 8, '64. Pendergass, John W., e. March 15, '64; trans, to company C Oct. 8, '64. Dewey, John J., drafted June 24, '64; dischd. with regt. Company F. Charles, Joseph E., e. Sept. 27, '67; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; died at Pine Bluff, Ark., Oct. 16, '63. Harrington, Loyal M., e. Sept. 27, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '62; dischd. for disab. March 27, '65. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 311 Hill, Corbin C; e. Oct. 23, '61; discM. for disab. April 12, '62. Mills, Silas, e. Oct. 17, '61; dischd. for disab. June 29, '62. Martin, Joseph N., e. Nov. 14, '61; re-en? Dec. 25, '63; pro. corpl. sergt.; dischd. with regt. Williamson, David W., e. Sept. 27, '61; re-en. Dec. 20, '63; dischd. with regt. Company G. Marsh, Israel M., e. Oct. 12, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; dischd. with regt. Hunt, Warren, e. Jan. 5, '64; dischd. with regt. Company H. Millie, R6bt., e. Sept. 6, '64; dischd. with regt. Company K. Hancock, David, e. Nov. 1, '61; dischd. for disab. June, '62. SKETCH OF FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized Dec. 23, 1861. Ordered to Benton Barracks, Mo., April 19, 1862. Assigned to Army of the Mississippi, May 4, 1862. Participated in the fol- lowing marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes : Siege of Corinth, April, 1862; luka, September 19, 1862; Corinth, Oct. 3d and 4th, 1862; siege of Vicksburg, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hills, assault of Vicksburg, cap- ture of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863. Transferred from 17th corps to 15th corps. Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, 1863. Veteranized January, 1864. Alatoona, July, 1864; Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas; Bentons- ville, March 20, 1865. Mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1865. Discharged Bit Fort Snelling. Major A. Edward Welch, commissioned Nov. 5, 1861. Died Feb. 1, 1862, at Nashville, Tenn. Company D. 2d Lieut. Harrison M. Stanton; enrolled Oct. 10, '61; died at Benton Bar- racks, St. Louis, Mo., June 8, '62. Geo. W. Vansyckle, 1st sergt., e. Oct. 10, '61; died at Hamburg, Tenn., May 17, '62. Solomon F. Brown, e. Oct. 8, 61; promoted 2d Lieut. June 9, '62; 1st Lieut, .j Nov. 4, '62; resigned by reason of wounds, March 16, '64. NOK-OOMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Samuel A. Kirkham, sergt., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. March 16, '64. Salem W. Miller, corpl., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. before returns were made to Washington. • Joel E. Sampson, corpl., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for wounds received at luka, Sept. 19, '62. 312 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Edward Bowling, corpl., e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Jany. 1, '64; pro. sergt., and discM. with regt. Aaron Schribner, corpl., e. Oct. 8, '61; disced, for disab., '62. Joseph G. Miller, corp., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. Aug. 4, '63. Geo. W. Smith, e. Oct. 10, 61; dischd. Oct. 11, '64. Hezekiah G. Perkins, musician, e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. Oct. 3, '62. PEIVATES. Ash, Edward, Sen., e. Oct. 8, '61; dischd. for disab. Sept. 14, '62. Amos, Emanuel, e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. Oct. 11, '64. Bunker, Enos A., e. Oct. 10, '61; trans, to company E Feb. 28, '63. Douders, Andrew, e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. July 24, '63, for wds. in battle at Vicksburg. Fallett, Frederick, e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; dischd. with regt. Haskins, William S., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. Oct. 15, '62. Hockstettler, Conrad, e. Oct. 8, '61; died June 28, '62, at Farmington, Miss. Henry, John, e. Oct. 8, '61; died June 10, '62, at St. Louis, Mo. Kenney, Geo. W., e. Oct. 10, '61; died June 29, '62, at Clear Creek, Miss. Kellogg, Augustus H., e. Oct. 8, '61; dischd. Oct. 11, '64. Kenny, Joseph E., e. Oct. 8, '61; killed May 22, '63, in battle at Vicksburg. Lent, Charles C, e. Oct. 10, '61, died Aug. 12, '62, at St. Louis. Miller, Robert B., e. Oct. 8, '61; dischd. Oct. 3, '63, for wds. at Vicksburg. Mameny, Samuel L., e. Oct. 10, '61; died Sept. 22, '62, from wds. received in battle of luka. Marble, Nelson, e. Oct. 8, '61; dischd. before returns were made to Wash- ington. Perkins, Jeremiah, e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. Oct. 11, '64. Perkins, William, e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. Sept. 19, '62. Perkins, Harmon A., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. Sept. 19, '62. Perkins, Andrew N., e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Jan. 1, '64; dischd. with reg. Eeith, Eugene, e. Oct. 8, '61; dischd. for disab. Dec. 6, '62. Rice, Silas W., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. Oct. 15, '62. Rions, Geo. W., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. Oct. 11, '64. Snider, John, e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Jany. 1, '64; pro. corpl. sergt.; dischd. with regt. Severns, De La Fletcher, e. Oct. 10, '61; died Aug. 20, '63, at Vicksburg. Scofield, Geo. S., e. Oct. 10, '61; died Dec. 8, '63, at Murfreesboro, Tenn. Shelton, Oliver P., e. Oct. 10, '61; re-en. Jany. 1, '61; pro. sergt.; dischd. with regt. Willoughby, McD. W., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. Oct. 11, '64. Ward, Lyman T., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. Aug. 11, '62. Ward, William F., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. Sept. 19, '62. Waterman, Richard, e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. Oct. 11, '64. Webb, Martin L., e. Oct. 10, '61; dischd. for disab. July 31, '62. Williams, James L., e. Oct. 10, '61; died Oct. 4, '62, of wds. received in battle at Corinth. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 313 Wilson, Frank, e. Oct. 10, '61; died Oct. 4, '62, of wds. received in battle at Corinth. Warrell, John A., e. Oct. 10, '61; died at Memphis, Tenn., March 15, '63. Company F. Clock, Edward, e. March 9, '65; dischd. with regt. SKETCH OP THE FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized in May, 1862. Ordered to Pittsburg Landing May 9th, 1862. A detachment of three companies remained in Minnesota, garrisoning fron- tier posts. Participated in the following marches, battles, sieges and skirm- ishes : Siege, of Corinth, April and May, 1862. The detachment in Min- nesota engaged in battle with Indians at Redwood, Minn., August 18, 1862. Siege of Fort Ridgely, August 20, 21 and 22, 1862: Fort Abercrombie, D. T., August, 1862. Regiment assigned to 16th army corps. Engaged in the battles of luka, September 18, 1862, Corinth, October 3 and 4, 1862, Jack- son, Tenn., May 14, 1863. Siege of Yicksburg; assault of Vicksburg, May 22, 1863. Mechanicsburg, June 3, 1863. Richmond, June 15, 1863. Fort De Russey, La., March 14, 1864. Red River expedition, March, April and May, 1864. Lake Chicat, June 6, 1864. Tupelo, June, 1864. Veteranized July, 1864. Abbeyville, August 23, 1864. Marched in September, 1864, from Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau, Mo., thence by boat to Jefferson City; thence to Kansas State line; thence to St. Louis, Mo. Ordered to Nashville, Tenn., November, 1864. Engaged in battles at Nashville, De- eember 15 and 16, 18Q4. Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, 1865. Mus- tered out at Demopolis, Ala., Sept. 6, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling. Company A. Gen. L. F. Hubbard, enlisted as a private Dec. 19, 1861; pro. Capt. Feb. 20, 1862; Lieut. Col. March 25, 1862; Col. Oct. 1862, and Brigadier General Dec. 16, 1864. 1st Lieut. Andrew A. Teele, enrolled Dec. 19, '61; pro. Capt. company I, Nov. 18, '62; resigned April 3, '63. 2d Lieut. William Arkins, enrolled March 24, '62; pro. 1st Lieut., Nov. 10, '62; Capt. April 12, '63; resigned Aug. 22, '64.. Norris H. Dorsey, 1st sergt., e. Dec. 19, '61; pro. 2d Lieut. Nov. 18, '62; 1st Lieut. April 12, '63, and Capt. Aug. 22, '64; dischd. with regt. NOK-COMMISSIONED OFBIOEKS. Abner N. Lee, sergt., e. Dec. 19, '61; pro. Sergt. Maj.; dischd. to accept. pro. in U. S. C. Inf. April 7, '64. Rosco Hilton, e. Dec. 19, '61; pro. 2d Lieut. Beverly M. Wright, corpL, e. Dec. 19, '61; died on steamer on Miss. Riv. Sept. or Oct. '62. 314 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. George W. Davis, corpl., e. Dec. 19, '61; pro. sergt. ; dischd. Dec. 28, '64. William 0. Stranahan, corpl., Dec. 28, ''61; destd. March 7, '63. Charles L. Littlefield, corpl.; e. Jany. 4, '62; pro. sergt. and comsy. sergt.; died July 18, '65, at Demopolis, Ala. Noah Webster, corpl., e. Dee. 19, '61; dischd. for disab. Sept. 27, '62. Pulaski Miller, corpl., e. Feb. 4, '62; pro. sergt.; killed in battle, Dec. 15, '64. Americas V. Hoyt, corpl., e. Jany. 25, '62; dischd. June 25, '65. Salmon N. Dartt, corpl., e. Jany. 4, '62; dischd. for disab. Jany. 13, '63. Ephraim A. Bard, musician, e. Dec. 19, '61; dischd. for wds. received in battle at Corinth, Aug. 22, '62. PRIVATES. Akins, John, e. Dec. 19, '61; pro. corpl. and sergt.; dischd. Dec. 28, '64. Arden, John, e. Dec. 19, '61; re-en. Feb. 13, '64; taken prisoner at Eastport, Miss., Jany. 15, '65; dischd. Aug. 9, '65. Bondurant, C. G., e. Dec. 19, '61; re-en. Feb. 13, '64; taken prisoner April 10, '64; paroled May 27, '65; pro. corpl.; dischd. with regt. Bury, David B., e. Dec. 19, '61; re-en. Feb. 13, '64; dischd. with regt. Bury, John, e. Dec. 19, '61; dischd for disab. Oct. 17, '62. CoUamore, F. F., e. Jan. 14, '61; dischd. for disab. Sept. 2, '63. Druse, Edward H., e. Dec. 19, '61; re-en. March 13, '64; pro. corp. sergt.; dischd. for disab. June 30, '65. Edwards, Patrick A , e. Dec. 19, '61; re-en. Feb. 13, '64; wd. at Spanish Fort, Ala.; pro. sergt.; dis. with regt. Engebretson, Ole, e. Jan. 25, '62; died July 12, '63, at Young's Point, La. Engebretson, Filing, e. Jan. 25, '62; re en. Feb. 13, '64; pro. corp.; disch. with regt. Esterly, Harmon, e. Feb. 4, '62; died June 30, '62, at Young's Point, La. Felt, Austin. P., e. Jan. 25, '62; died July 18, '63 on hospital boat at Vicks- burg. Gregg, Henry H., e. Oct. 19, '61; deserted May 11, '63. Holland, Stanford C, e. Dec. 19, '61; dischd. Dec. 28, '64. Hamlin, Jesse S., e. Dec. 19, '61; died March 11, '63, at Germantown, Tenn. Hanson, Carl, e. Jan. 1, '62; re-en. March 11, '64; pro. corp. sergt.; dischd. with regt. Hudson George, e. Jan. 14, '62; dischd. April 29, '65. Jordt, Hans, e. Dec. 19, '61; reen. Feb. 13, '64; pro. corp,; killed Dec. 16, '64. Johnson, Frank, e. Dec. 24, '61; dischd. for disab. March 4, '63. Jordon, Nathaniel, e. Jan. 27, '62; killed in battle of Corinth, Oct. 4, '62. Kuhns, J., e. Dec. 19, '61; killed in battle of Corinth, Oct. 4, '62. Kuhns, Henry, e. Dec. 19, '61; re-en. Feb. 13, '64; dischd. with regt. / Kulker, Henry, e. Dec. 19, '61; re-en. Feb. 13, '64; captured at Corinth; dischd. with regt. Killmortin, Patrick, e. Feb. 10, '62; re-en. Feb. 27, '64; dischd. Sept. 5, '65. Otterson, Knut, e. Jany. 7, '62; destd. Nov. 24, '64. THE HISTORY OF QOODHUE COUNTY. 315 Otterson, Albert E.; Jany. 25, '62; dischd. for disab., Jany. 17, '63. Patterson, Hiram B., e. Jany. 1, '61; re-en. Feb. 18, '64; dischd. with regt. Quinnell, Thos., e. Jany. 7, '61; died June 3, '64, at Memphis, Tenn. Eeade, H. S., e. Dec. 19, '61; dischd. June 12, '65. Reade, H. M., e. Dec. 24, '61; dischd. for disab. Sept. 23, '62. Root, Leander, e. Jany. 4, '62; killed Oct. 4, at Corinth, Miss. Shaw, James, e. Dec. 9, '61; dischd. July 30, '64. Stranahan, Oscar L., e. Feb. 12, '62; trans, to Sig. Corps, Oct. 1, '63. Stranahan, Henry M., e. March 15, '62; dischd. for disab. Oct. 6, '62. Truesdell, Gilbert, e. Feb. 27, '62; died July 20, '63, at Fort Snelling. Company D. Hendrickson, Louis F., e. Dec. 31, '61; trans, to Co. F. Company G. Oleson, Ole, e. Feb. 5, '62; dischd. for disab. Nov. 14, '62. Peterson, Peter, e. Feb. 2, '62; died Jany. 1, '63, at Memphis, Tenn. Peterson, John J., e. Feb. 2, '62; died July 16, '63, at Vicksburg. Company H. Capt. Otis S. Clark, enrolled March 31, '62; res. July 7, '63. 1st Lieut. Alonzo Morehouse, enrolled Jany. 23, '62; pro. Capt. Sept. 2, '63; dischd. with regt. 1st Sergt. Jeremiah Howell, e. Jany. 15, '62; pro. 2d Lieut. Dec. 11, '62; died June 14, '63, at Young's Point, La. Sergt. George F. Hatch, e. Jany. 5, '62; pro. 1st Lieut. July 11, '63; dischd. with regt. Sergt. Ira Bateman, e. Jany. 8, '62; dischd. for disab. Nov. 27, '62. Corp. Benj. H. Briggs, e. Feb. 15, '62; re-en. Feb. 28; dis. with regt. Corp. George Tilden, e. Jan. 8, '62; pro. sergt.; re-en. March 20, '64; dischd. with regt. Corp. William Aberdien, e. Dec. 24, '61; pro. sergt.; re-en. March 20, '64; dischd. with regt. Corp. Benj. Struthers, e. Feb. 19, '62; dischd. for disab. Feb. 3, '63. Musician Norval Bishop, e. Jan. 15, '62; died Aug., '62, at Camp Clear Creek. Wagoner Abram Hubbs, e. March 31, '62; re-en. March 31, '64; dischd. with regt. Auloff, Julius, e. Dec. 24, '61; re-en. Feb. 28, '64; dischd. for disab. July 11, '65. Ackerman, William C, e. March 31, '62; dischd. for disab. April 27, '63. Albertson, Eleck, e. March 27, '62; re-en.- March 28, '64; dischd. with regt. Bartholomew, Geo. S., e. Jan. 28, '62; re-en. Feb. 28, '64; dischd. Aug. 19, '65, while a prisoner. Bateman, James F., e. Feb. 14, '62; re-en. Feb. 28, '64; dischd. Aug. 19, '65, while a prisoner. 316 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Bailey, James E., e. March 12, '62; died Not. 5, '62, at Jackson, Tenn. Chase, Cyrus B., e. March 7, '62; re-en. March T, '63; dischd. with regt. Prankauser, John, e. Jan. 22, '62; died Dec. 28, '62, at St. Louis, Mo. Farnsworth, A. W., e. Jan. '28, '62; re-en. Feh. 28, '64, wd. at Spanish Fort. Absent on discharge of regiment; was dischd. Sept. 27, '65. Gove, Horace H., e. Dec. 24, '61; re-en. Feb. 28, '64; dischd. with regt. Galloway, Wm. D., e. Dec. 24, '61; dischd. April 3, '65. . Hickock, Marshall, e. Jan. 28, '62; pro. corp., re-en. Feb 28, '64; dischd. with regt. Halstead, Wm. H., e. March 7, '62; pro. corp., re-en. March 8, '64; dischd. with regt. Kirkam, James, e. Dec. 24, '61; dischd. for disab. Nov. 18, '62. Kirkam, Allen H., e. Jan. 15, '62; died March 19, '68; at La Grange, Tenn. McGee, Wm. H., e. Dec. 24, '61; re-en. March 28, '64; dischd. with regt. Maynard, Edwin W., e. Jan. 15, '62; dischd. for disab. Dec. 5, '62. Moreland, Wilson, e. Jan. 15, '62; re-en. Feb. 28, '64; dischd. with regt.. McDonough, Patrick, e. Feb. 19, '62; re-en. Feb. 28, '64; dischd. with regt. Eessiegne, David C, e. Feb. 19, '62; re-en. Feb. 28, '64; dischd. for disab. May 10, '65, Eowe, Simeon W., e. Feb. 19, '62; trans, to 3d Mich. Battery, Dec. 31, '63. Rollo, Thomas, e. March 30, '62; dischd. April 3, '65. Stramberg, Andrew, e. Jan. 10, '62; re-en. Feb. 28, '64; wd. Dec. 16, '64, of which he died at Nashville, Jan. 4, '65. Severn, Jesse, D., e. Jan. 15, '62; deserted Oct. 4, '62; captured at Corinth. Struthers, Tacitus, e. March 7, '62; re-en. Feb. 28, '64; dischd. for disab. July 19, '65. Seag, William, e. Feb. 20, '62; deserted May 13, '63. Treue, John A., e. Dec. 24, '61; re-en. Feb. 28, '64; dischd. with regt. Thompson, Jerome C, e. Jan. 15, '62; trans, to N. C. S. March 1, '63. Warring, Cornehus V., e. Feb. 27, '62; dischd. for disab. March 4, '63. SKETCH OF SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized August, 1862, and ordered on the expedition against the Indians. Detachment of 200 engaged in battle at Birch Cooley, September 2, 1862. The regiment participated in the battle at Wood Lake, September 22, 1862, and garrisoned frontier posts from November, 1862, until May, 1863, when ordered upon Indian expedition; engaged with Indians July 24, 26 and 28, 1863. Stationed at frontier posts.from September 18, 1863, to June 5, 1864, when ordered to Helena, Ark. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., November, 1864, to New Orleans, January, 1865. Assigned to the 16th Army Corps. Parti- cipated in engagements of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, 1865. Dis- charged at Fort Snelling, August 19, 1865. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 317 Col. Robert N. McLaren, commissioned Major August 22, 1862. Promoted Colonel 2d Cavalry, January 12, 1864; dischd. Nov. IT, '65. Compaiiy G. Corp. Earnest Sempf, e. July 16, '62; pro. sergt., 2d Lieut. ; dischd. with regt. Grann, Charles T. C, e. July 24, '62; disch. with regt. Main, Samuel, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. Aug. 19, '65. Company F. Capt. Horace B. Wilson, mustered Oct. 1, '62; dischd. with regt. 1st Lieut. George W, Parker, mustered Oct. 1, '62; dischd. with regt. 2d Lieut. Joseph P. Pingrey, mustered Oct. 1, '62; dischd. with regt. Sergt. John Rennund, e. Aug. 13, '62; dischd. with regt. Sergt. Ole Nelson, e. Aug. 11, '62; dischd. June 27, '65. Sergt. William H. Peatherstone, e. Aug. 10, '62; dischd. for disab. June 27, '65. Sergt. Joseph Lockey, e. Aug. 10, '62; dischd. Oct. 20, '68. Corpl. Charles R. Brink, e. Aug. 13, '62; pro. sergt.; dischd. with regt. Corpl. Joseph A. Woodbury, e. Aug. 13, '62; pro. sergt. and 1st. sergt.; dischd. with regt. Corpl. Andrew J. Johnson, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. with regt. Corpl. Oliver M. Sprake, e. Aug. 13, '62; dischd. for disab. Nov. 8, '64. Corpl. William H. Wellington, e. Aug. 13, '62; trans, to V. R. C. Jany. 13, '65. Corpl. Hubert H. Eggleston, e. Aug. 11, '62; dischd. May 2, '65. Corpl. William S. Kinney, e. Aug. 10, '62; pro. sergt.; dischd. with regt. Corpl. Chas. W. Newell, e. Aug. 10, '62; died Sept. 14, '63. Mus. Bennet Benson, e. July 18, '61; trans, to Co. A; dischd. for disab. April 17, '63. Mus. Edward A. Hodge, e. Aug. 12, '62; trans, to V. R. C. April 1, '65. Wagoner Samuel Jones, e. Aug. 9, '62; dischd. for disab. Aug. 23, '63. PRIVATES. Akers, Robert N., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. Dec. 15, '64. Arnold, Samuel, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. with regt. Boyd, Robert K., e. Aug. 18, '62; dischd. for disab. Mar. 20, '63. Buchholz, August, e. Aug. 11, '62; dischd. with regt. ' Bartron, Reynolds, e. Aug. 11, '62; dischd. with regt. Brannan, Eugene A., e. Aug. 11, '62; dischd. with regt. Bennett, King B., e. Aug. 13, '62; dischd. for disab. April 23, '63. Bunch, Baker A., e. Aug. 13, '62; trans, to 3d Battery, April 27, '63. Bruber, Prank, e. Aug. 13, '62; dischd. for disab. Peb. 9, '63. Bullock, Pranklin, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. July 19, '65. Boothroyd, George, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Baker, Grant B., e. Aug. 13, '62; dischd. for disab. May 7, '63. Chase, Benjamin, e. Aug. 9, '62; dischd. for disab. Oct. 27, '63. 318 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Cady, Henry W., e. Aug. 10, '62; died Oct. 23, '64, in hospital at Helena, Ark. Cook, George, e. Aug. 11, '62; discM. May 27, '65. Catlin, Reiel, e. Aug. 12, '62; discM. with regt. Cobb, Alonzo W., e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. for disab. Not. 2,' '64. Cattin, Wm. Jr., e. Aug. 12, '62; destd. Sept. 5, '62; captured Nov. 26, '63. Devare, Richard W., e. Aug. 11, '62; dischd. with regt. ^ Eastman, Alfred, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. with regt. Eagan, Thomas, e. Aug. 11, '62; dischd. with regt. GustaTcson, Peter M., e. Aug. 13, '62; trans, to iny. corps Oct. 11, '63. Geil, David B., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. for disab. Sept. 15, '64. Hallman, Frederick, e. Aug. 9, '62; trans, to inv. corps, Oct. 1, '63. Hill, James D., e. Aug. 11, '62; died June 23, '63, at Ft. Ridgely. Hilton, Latt C, e. Aug. 12, '62; trans, to inv. corps, Oct. 1, '63. Hobart, John S., e. Aug. 15, '62; trans, to 3d Battery, April 27, '62. Hallman, Arnold, e. Aug. 9, '62; dischd. with regt. Jewell, Whitney, e. Aug. 9, '62; dischd. for disab. March 23, '63. Johnson, Lewis, e. Aug. 13, '62; dischd. for disab. Jan. 26, '64. Johnson, Charles, e. Aug. 10, '62; dischd. by Judge. Atwater on writ of habeas corpus, April 20, '63. Johnson, Gustave, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. with regt. Jensen, Peter, e. Aug. 12, '62; trans, to inv. corps, Oct. 1, '63. Kimball, Elias F., e. Aug. 11, '62; dischd. with regt. Lewis, Eli N., e. Aug. 10, '62; pro. corpl. ; dischd. with regt. Luchan, William, e. Aug. 11, '62; dischd. with regt. Leeson, James, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. on writ of habeas corpus, March 9, '63. Leeson, John, e. Aug. 12, '62; pro. corp. Oct. 3, '63; sergt. June 27, '65. Halmborg, Niles P., Aug. 10, '62; dischd. with regt. Miner, Joseph H., e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. with regt. Nasland, Gudman, e. Aug. 15, '62; died Sept. 22, '64, at Memphis, Tenn. Nesson, John, e. Aug. 11, '62; pro. corpl.; dischd. with regt. Nesson, Henry, e. Aug. 12, '62; pro. corpl.; dischd. with regt. Osky, Ole 0., e. Aug. 10, '62; dischd. with regt. O'Kane, Henry, e. Aug. 12, '62; died Sept. 26, '64, at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. Prince, Benj. R., e. Aug. 13, '62; pro. corpl.; dischd. with regt. Peterson, Christian, e. Aug. 10; '62; trans, to inv. corps, Oct. 1, '63. Peterson, Hans, e. Aug. 10, '62; dischd. May 18, '65. Peterson, August, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. with regt. Perley, William, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. with regt. Pettibone, John H., e. Aug. 15, '62; died Aug. 2, '64, at Helena, Pickering, Joseph, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. with regt. Rice, Wm. E., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. for disab. Nov. 3, '63. Shoemaker, Ferdinand, e. Aug. 7, '62; dischd. with regt. Swartout, N. B., e. Aug. 9, '62; dischd. April 22, '65. THE HISTORY OF SOODHUE COUNTY. 319 Simmons, George, e. Aug. 11, '62; pro. corpl., dischd. with regt. Swan, Allen, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. with regt. Sherwood, Climer, e. Aug. 12, '62; deserted April 1, '63. Smith, Daniel C, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. with regt. Schwetscher, Peter, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Tubesing, Peter, e, Aug. 11, '62; dischd. with regt. Tillotson, D wight, e. Aug. 11, '62; dischd. with regt. Turgart, Ludwing, e. Aug. 11, '62; trans, to inv. corps, Nov. 18, '63. Todd, David E., e. Aug. 11, '62; died Dec. 17, '64, at Helena, Ark. Taylor, Benj. T., e. Aug. 10, '62; dischd. for disab. July 21, '64. Thompson, Terrence, e. Aug, 12, '62; trans, to 3d Battery April 27, '63 Van Ankers, Harvey, e. Aug. 10, '62; dischd. for disab. July 6, '65. Wakefield, Josiah, e. Aug. 11, '62; dischd. with regt. Wakefield, Alonzo, e. Aug. 10, '62; pro. corpl.; dischd. with regt. Wood, John R., e. Aug. 10, '62; dischd. with regt. Watson, Charles H., e. Aug. 13, '62; dischd. with reg. Gould, Silas H., e. Aug. 13, '62; deserted Sept. 10, '62. Farrow, William D., e. March 11, '63; deserted Sept. 10, '63. Godfrey, Rinaldo, e. May 25, '63, dischd. for disab. June 12, '65. KBCKUITS. Bevers, Geo. E., e. Feb. 20, '64; dischd. with reg. Simpson, Charles, e. Aug. 12, '62; deserted Sept. 3, '62. Olin, Bert. E., e. Feb. 27, '64; died Sept. 28, '64. Ohlstrom, Nickolas S., e. March. 23, '64; dischd. May 25, '65. Company I. Nelson, John, e. Aug. 18, '62; dischd. with regt. SKETCH OF THE SEVENTH INFANTRY. Organized in August, 1862, and ordered on expedition against the Indians. Engaged in battle of Wood Lake, September 22, 1862. Stationed at frontier posts until May, 1863, when again ordered on an Indian expedition. Engaged with Indians July 24, 26 and 28, 1863. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., October 7, 1863 — thence to Paducha, Ky., April, 1864 — thence to Memphis, Tenn., and assigned to 16th Army Corps, June, 1864. Participated in the following marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes: Tupelo, July, 1864; Tallahatchie, August 7, and 8, 1864. Marched in pursuit of Price from Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau — thence, by boat, to Jefferson City — thence to Kansas line — thence to St. Louis, Mo. Battles of Nashville, Tenn., December 15 and 16, 1864; Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling, August 16, 1865. 320 THE HISTOKT OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Company F. Boles, Jolm S., e. Feb. 7, '65; dischd. with regt. Steele, Robert, e. Feb. 28, '64; dischd. with regt. Company G. Capt. William C. Williston, enrolled Aug. 13, '62; res. Jan. 20, '64. 1st Lieut. Herman Betcher, enrolled Aug. 14, '62; pro. capt. Feb. 6, '64; dischd. with regt. 2d Lieut. Daniel Densmore, enrolled Aug. 14, '62; pro. Isfc Lieut. Feb. 6, '64; commissioned Maj. in 68th U. S. C. Inft. 1st Sergt. James A. Owens, e. Aug. 15, '62; pro. 2d Lieut. April 18, '64; res. Oct. 5, '64. Sergt. Manville Comstock, e. Aug. 13, '62; pro. 2d Lieut. Oct. 6, '64; 1st Lieut. Nov. 17, '64; dischd. with regt. Sergt. William M. Philleo, e. Aug. 13, '62; pro. 2d Lieut. Feb. 16, '65; dis- charged with regt. Sergt. Abraham L. Jackson, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with reg. Sergt. Jacob Christ, e. Aug. 14, '62; pro. 1st sergt. ; dischd. with regt. Corpl. John W. Jefferson, e. Aug. 14, '62; pro. sergt.; dischd. with regt. Corpl. Frederick Rimshardt, e. Aug. 14, '62; pro. sergt.; dischd. with regt. Corpl. Daniel W. Mallory, e. Aug. 15, '62; deserted May 30, '63; arrested, sentenced to be dishonorably dischd., imprisoned for three years at hard labor. Corpl Orrin C. Leonard, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Corpl. William G. Allen, e. Aug. 14, '62; trans, to 3d battery, returned to company; dischd. July 12, '65. Corpl. Ole E. Strand, e. Aug. 15, '62; died Nov. 26, '64. Corpl. Henry P. Mclntyre, e. Aug. 13, '62; pro. sergt.; dischd. with regt. Corpl. Ole T. Berg, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. for disab. June 7, '65. Musician William R. Wray, e, Aug. 14, '62; dischd. with regt. PErVATBS. Ackerman, Michael, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. May 22, '65. Anderson, Arm., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Anderson, Andrew, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. May 31, '64. Brown, Arthur, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Brettell, Harry, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. July 10, '65. Benson, Ben., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Bergman, Frank, e. Aug. 14, '62; dischd. as pr. habeas corpus, Nov. '62. Budd, Samuel, e. Aug. 14, '62; dischd. with regt. Bergh, Nelson, e. Aug. 14, '62; dischd. with regt. Barnes, James, e. Aug. 14, '62; dischd. July 10, '65. Beers, Truman E., e. Aug. 13, '62; dischd. with regt. Beers, Truman T., e. Aug. 13, '62; dischd. with regt. Cadwell, Hiram, e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. with regt. ^0^/ RED WING THE HISTORY 01" GtOODHCE COUNTY. 321 Carson, Henry R., e. Aug. 13, '62; discM. for disab., March 20, '65. Cook, Jacob, Jr., e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Cady, Stephen G., e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Cavanaugh, Timothy, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Danielson, Henry, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. in hospital, 1865. Danielson, John, e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. May 12, '65. Engberg, Peter, e. Aug. 12, '62; dischd. for disab., June 5, '65. Ehlert, Ferdinand, e. Aug. 16, '62; died July 9, '65. Edwards, Martin, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Falls, James, e. Aug. 13, '62; dischd. for disab. Jan. 16, '63. Ferry, Patrick, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Foley, Timothy, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Fadland, Peter E., e. Aug. 15, '62; died Aug. 6, '64, at Pine Island. Goodman, Francis M., e. Aug. 14, '62; dischd. for disab. March 14, '63. Green, Isaac, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. tor disab. March 25, '63. Hempling, Herman, e. Aug. 14, '62; dischd. for disab. Jan. 27, '63. Hempling, Ferdinand, e. Aug. 14, '62; dischd. with regt. Hilling, August G., e. Aug. 14, 62; dischd. with regt. Hilton, Isaac P., e. Aug. 14, '62; pro. corpl., dischd. with regt. Herder, Chas. F., e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. for disab. April 11, '63. Hamlin, Jacob L., e. Aug. 14, '62; died Dec. 23, '64, of wds. Havelson, Hans, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Hubbard, Clark V., e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. with regt. Hutchinson, John F., e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. for disab. March 28, '65. Haller, Englebert, e. Aug. 16, '62; pro. corpl.; dischd. with regt. Johnson, John, e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. with regt. Johnson, Peter, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Johnson, John A., e. Aug. 15, '62; died Oct. 5, '64. Johnson, Toller, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. King, William, e. Aug. 14, '62; dischd. with regt. Koch, Casper, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Larson, John, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. in '65. Magear, Nickolas, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Monson, John, e. Aug. 15, '62; pro. corpl.; dischd. with regt. McMahan, Francis, e. Aug. 18, '62; dischd. with regt. Manion, John, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Olson, John R., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Olson, John A., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Olson, Ole., e. Aug. 15, '62; died Oct. 29, '64. Peterson, John F., e. Aug. 21, '62; died Oct. 16, '64. Percival, Robert, e. Aug. 15, '62 ; dischd. with regt. Pallas, Thomas, e. Aug. 18, '62; trans, to V. R. C. April 1, '65. Park, Sidney W., e. Aug. 14, '62; dischd. with regt. Peck, Elisha J., e. Aug. 16, '62; died Dec. 22, '62. Swan, Jonas, e. Aug. 12, '62; died July 6, '65. 22 322 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Sundell, Chas. J., e. Aug. 12, '62; died Aug. 17, '64. Snell, Russell E., e. Aug. 14, '62; discM. for disab. Jan. 11, '64. Sidmore, Matthew, e. Aug. 16, '62; desrtd. May 30, '63. Scherer, Jolm, e. Aug. 14, '62; trans, inv. corps Nov. 20, '63. Strand Ole A., e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Schneider, Jacob, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Thurgen, Frederick, e. Aug. 14, '62; dischd. May 19, '65. Weever, Patrick, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. for disab. March 25, '63. Wagner, Peter, Jr., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. RECRUITS. Boatman, Charles, e. Feb. 25, '64; dischd. with regt. Banling, Sebastian, e. Feb. 26, '64; killed Dec. 16, '65, in battle at Nash- ville. Betcher, John, e. Feb. 26, '64; dischd. with regt. Crane, Andrew M., e. Feb. 25, '64; dischd. for disab. May 29, '65. Dobereng, Charles G., e. Feb. 26, '64; desrtd. Aug. 30, '64. Downey, Richard, e. March 16, '64; died Jan. 15, '65. Holehouse, Geo., e. Oct. 16, 63; dischd. with regt. Hailling, Ameal, e. Feb. 25, '64; died April 25, 65. Robinson, Frank N., e. Jan. 26, '64; dischd. with regt. SKETCH OF EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized August 1, 1862. Stationed at frontier posts until May, 1864, when ordered upon Indian expedition. Engaged in the following battles, sieges, skirmishes and marches: Tat-cha-o-ku-tu, July 28, 1864; battle of the Cedars and Overall's Creek. Ordered to Clifton, Tenn. ; thence to Cin- cinnati, Ohio; thence to Washington; thence to Wilmington; thence to Newborn, N. C. Battles of Kingston, March 8, 9 and 10, 1865. Mustered out at Charlotte, N. C, July 11, 1865. Discharged at Ft. Snelling. Company F. George L. Baker, 1st sergt., e. Aug. 14, '62; dischd. for com. in 2d Tenn. Heavy Art., Feb. 9, '64. Elijah L. Clark, e. Aug. 16, '62; pro. sergt., and dischd. for pro. in 123d U. S. C. Inf., Jan. 14, '65. Ridgeway, Benjamin, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Trusdell, Sylvester, e. Aug. 20, '62; dischd. with regt. Wilson, Matthew, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Company G. Harrison, Baker, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 323 Company H. Capt. George G. McCoy, enrolled Aug. 29, '62; res. March 16, '65. 1st Sergt. Henry L. Holmes, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. Sergt. William L. Snell, e. Aug. 14, '62; dischd. with regt. Sergt. Loran G. Thompson, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Sergt. Jessie E. Smith, e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. May 30, '65, for pro. in U. S. C. inf. Corpl. Milo Parker, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. for disab. Nov. 9, '64. Corpl. Tallman Decker, e. Aug. 13, '62; dischd. Aug. 5, '64. Corpl. Marcellus Glazier, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Corpl. Robert R. Evans, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. with regt. Corpl. Elias P. Kinkaid, e. Aug. 18, '62; dischd. for disab. April 22, '63. PKIVATBS. Condin, Emory S., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. March 21, '63. Dickey, Jasper W., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Dickey, William B., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. Oct. 25, '64, for pro. in U. S. C. inf. Dickson, N. L., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Dickinson, Perry L., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Dettmering, Henry, e. Aug. 15, '62; died March 11, '65. Fales, Granville, e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. with regt. Fox, Sylvester, e. Aug. 15, '62; died February 5, '65. Goodman, John, e. Aug. 27, '62; dischd. with regt. Hart, William, e. Aug. 13, '62; dischd. for disab. July 2, '64. Hardy, Newel N., e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Hastetter, Manassus, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Krapp, William, e. Aug. 15, '62; dischd. with regt. Lake, David N., e. Aug. 19, '62; dischd. for disab. Aug. 4, '63. Lathrop, Josiah, e. Aug. 15, '62; pro. corp.; dischd. with regt. McManus, Lafayette, e. Aug. 16, '62; dischd. June 5, '65. Merrifield, 0. P., e. Aug. i7, '62; dischd. May 20, '65. McHenry, Robt. I., e. Aug. 18, '62; no record. Parker, Elton C, e. Aug. 15, '62; pro. corp.; dischd. with regt. Schofield, David B., e. Aug. 15, '62; pro. sergt.; dischd. with regt. Sheldon, Joel D.^ e. July 14, '62; dischd. for disab. January 16, '65. Smith, Samuel E., e. July 17, '62; pro. corp.; dischd. with regt. Summers, Langford, e. July 30, '62; dischd. with regt. Townsend, Joseph, e. July 13, '62; dischd. with regt. Trett, George, e. July 16, '62; dischd. with regt. SKETCH OF ELEVENTH INFANTRY. Organized August, 1864, Ordered to Nashville, Tenn. Engaged in guard- 324 THE HISTORY OF GOODHDE COUNTY. ing railroad between Nashville and Louisville, until muster out of regiment, June 26, 1865. Maj. Martin Maginnis, enrolled Aug. 13, 1864, as Qr. -Master; pro. Maj. Sept. 13, '64. Dischd. with regt. SKETCH OF TENTH INFANTRY. Organized in August, 1862. Stationed at frontier posts until June, 1863, when ordered upon Indian Expedition. Engaged with Indians July 24, 26 and 28, 1863. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., October, 1863; thence to Columbus, Ky., April, 1864; thence to Memphis, Tenn., June, 1864, and assigned to the 16th Army Corps. Participated in the following battles, marches, sieges and skirmishes: Battle of Tupello, July 13, 1865; Oxford Expedition, August, 1864. Marched in pursuit of Price from Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau; thence by boat to Jefferson City; thence to Kansas State line; thence to St. Louis, Mo. Battles of Nashville, Tenn., December 15 and 16, 1864; Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling, August 19, 1865. Principal Musician Geo. A. Todd, e. Oct. 9, '62; dischd. with regt. Company A. Hammon, Charles, e. March 30, '64; dischd. with regt. Company D. Capt. William W. Phelps, e. Sept. 8, '62; res. Nov. 8, '62, 1st Lieut. Charles L. Davis, enrolled Aug. 27, '62; pro. capt. Feb. 16, '64; dischd. with regt. 2d Lieut. William B. Williams, enrolled Sept. 8, '62. pro. 1st lieut. Feb 16, '64; dischd. with regt. 1st Sergt. Henry A. McConnell, e. Sept. 10, '62; dischd. March 31, '64, for pro. Sergt. Theron B. McCord, e. Sept. 10, '62; dischd. with regt. Sergt. William R. Thompson, e. Sept. 10, '62; dischd. May 24, '65. Sergt. John Winter, e. Sept. 10, '62; dischd. Aug. 1, '65. Corpl. Peter J. Johnson, e. Sept, 10, '62; pro. sergt.; dischd. with regt. Corpl. Henry H. Brown, e. Sept. 10, '62; trans, to V. R. C. Sept. 14, '64. Corpl. Charles W. Beers, e. Sept. 10, '62; dischd. absent in '65. Corpl. William E. Barns, e. Sept. 10, '62; no record. Corpl. Joy E. Wright, e. Sept. 10, '62; dischd. April 6, '65. Musician Charles P. Miller, e. Sept. 10, '62; dischd. with regt. Musician John H. Miller, e. Sept. 10, '62; pro. corpl. ; dischd. July 16, '65. Wagoner Ira E. Eggleston, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. PKITATES. Abel, Morgan, e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. for disab., Feb. 17, '64. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 325 Aman, Edward, e. Aug. 19, '62; dischd. with regt. Anfinson, Bour, e. Aug. 22, '62; discM. with regt. Aspen, Henry, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. July 14, '65. Axsel, Charles, e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. for disab.. May 18, '62. Banks, John, e. Aug. 21, '62; pro. corpl. ; dischd. with regt. Barnes, Walter S., e. Aug. 21; '62; dischd. May 16, '65. Berg, Ulrick E., e. Aug. 22, '62; died Oct. 1, '64. Bonney, Joseph, e. Aug. 21, '62; died Dec. 23, '62. Christopherson, Seven, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. Dayton, Asa H., e. Aug. 20, '62; dischd. with regt.; pro. corpl. Dalaker, Anfind, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. for disab., Sept. 14, '63. Eggleston, Henry K., e. Aug. 19, '62; dischd. July 14, '65. Erickson, Henry, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. Everson, Ole, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. Fells, Charles, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt: Fessenden, Edward A., e. Aug. 22, '62; died Dec. 23, '62. Freeman, Oscar H., e. Aug. 18, '62; pro. corpl., sergt. ; no record. Frederick, Emory, e. Aug. 18, '62; dischd. for disab., Aug. 7, '63. Gallager, Owen, e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. Aug. 1865. Hart, James R., e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. Herbert, Lemuel, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. May 20, '65. Hus, Ole 0., e. Aug. 22, '62; died Oct. 18, '64. Johnson, George, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. Kellor, Gunder, e. Aug. 22, '62; deserted Oct. 8, '63. Larsen, Battal, e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. with regt. Larsen, Ole, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. Larsen, Yars, e. Aug, 21, '62; died Jan. 22, '65. Lewiston, Lewis, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. July 28, '65. Little, Thos. J., e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. for disab.. May 13, '63. Lysing, John R., e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. Merrill, John R., e. Aug. 22, '62; pro. corpl., sergt.; dischd. with regt. Mooers, Leonard B, e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. March 21, '65. Nelson, Charles, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. May 22, '65. Nelson, Lars, e. Aug. 18, '62; dischd. for disab. May 13, '63. Nelson, Ole, e. Aug. 22, '62; died at Nashville of wounds, Dec. 17, '64. Nickels, John, e. Aug. 19, '62; pro. Corp.; dischd. with regt. Noble, Charles B., e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd. July 14, '65. Olsen, Edwin, e. Aug. 22, '62; pro. corp. ; dischd. with regt. Olesen, Mons, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. Olsen, Olans, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. Olesen, Peter, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. for disab. April 11, '63. Opdahl, Thurston, e. Aug. 22, '62; pro. corp., sergt.; dischd. with regt. Peterson, John, e. Aug. 22, '62; deserted Oct. 8, '63. Reeves, John, e. Aug. 22, '62; died at Nashville Dec. 18, '64, of wounds. Richards, John, e. Aug. 20, '62; dischd. for disab. April 11, '63. 326 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Ryalan, Cornelius R., e. Aug. 20, '62; dischd. witt regt. Shakespeare, Geo., e. Aug. 18, '62; pro. corp. ; discM. with regt. Smith, Cyrus K., e. Aug. 18, '62; dischd. July 19, '65. Sanderson, Halver, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. Swendsend, Torkel, e. Aug. 21, '62; dischd with regt. Thoreson, Ingval, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. with regt. Topper, Joseph, e. Aug. 20, '62; pro. corp., sergt.; dischd. with regt. Vasburg, Barnet, e. Aug. 18, '62; dischd. at Fort Snelling. Wallower, David, e. Aug. 19, '62; dischd. June 5, '65. Wallower, Peter, e. Aug. 22, '62; dischd. June 1, '65. Watson, Leander H., e. Aug. 21, 62; dischd. May 29, '65. Yates, Charles M., e. Aug. 20, '62; died Feb. 1, '65. , SKETCH OF FIRST MOUNTED RANGERS CAVALRY. Organized March, 1863. Stationed among frontier posts until May, 1863, when ordered upon Indian expedition. Engaged with Indians on July 24:5 26 and 28, 1863. Stationed at frontier posts upon return of expedition until mustered out, between Oct. 1, 1863, and Dec. 30, 1863. Maj. John H. Parker, com. Nov. 20, 1862; dischd. with regt. SKETCH OF BRACKETT'S BATTALION CAVALRY. Originally 1st, 2d and 3d companies of this cavalry organized October and November, 1861. Ordered to Benton Barracks, Mo., Dec, 1864. Assigned to a regiment called Curtis' Horse. Ordered to Fort Henry, Tenn., February, 1862. Name of regiment changed to Fifth Iowa Cavalry, April, 1862, as Companiel G, D and K. Engaged in siege of Corinth, April, 1862. Ordered to Fort Herman, Tenn., August, 1862. Veteranized February, 1864. Ordered to Department of Northwest, 1864. Ordered upon Indian expedition. Engaged with Indians July 28, and August, 1864. Mustered out by com- panies between May and June, 1866. Company A. Olson Torry, e. Feb. 20, '65; dischd. for disab. July 20, '65. Day, Frederick T., e. Nov. B, '61; dischd. for disab. Nov. 1, '62. Company C. Hobart, Joseph C. F., e. Nov. 21, '61; re-en. Dec. 31, '62; dischd. with com- pany. Company D. Capt. Ira Barton, com. Dec. 4, '63; dischd. with company. McAlonan, Daniel, e. Nov. 13, '63; dischd. with company. Rulgeway, Francis J., e. Dec. 21, '63; dischd. for disab. THK HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 327 SKETCH OF SECOND CAVALRY. Organized January, 1864. Ordered upon Indian Expedition May, 1864. Engaged with Indians July 28, 1864 — August, 1864. Stationed at frontier posts until muster out of regiment by companies between November, 1865, and June, 1866. Col. Robert N. McLaren, commissioned Jan. 13, 1864; dischd. with regt. Company A. Kopler, Edward, e. Feb. 16, '63; dischd. Feb. 13, '65. Zimeo, William, e. Feb. 16, '63; dischd with company. Heath, Lionel, e. Feb. 18, '64; dischd. for disab. Oct. '64. Company F. Christopherson, Ole, e. Dec. 12, '63; dischd. with company. Conipauy C. Coburn, James, e. Feb. 22, '64; dischd. with company. Ellsworth, Sewel, e. Feb. 24, '64; dischd. with company. Jones, Henry, e. Feb. 24, '64; dischd. with company. Lowe, Ole, e. Feb. 10, '65; dischd. with company. Melchior, Joseph, e. Feb. 16, '65; dischd. with company. Murray, John A., e. Feb. 24, '64; dischd. with company. McDonough, James, e. Feb. 15, '65; dischd. with company. Nourse, William C, e. Feb. 24, '64; dischd. with company. Record, Leonard S., e. Feb. 22, '64; pro. corpl. ; dischd. with company. Company I. Oliver, Joshua, e. May 9, '64; dischd. with company. Company E. Gilmore, Perry, e. Feb. 24, '64; dischd. with company. Mayhew, Geo. W., e. Feb. 25, 64; dischd. with company. Company M. Sergt. Franklin Kelley, e. Dec. 22, '63; dischd. with company. Corp. Theodore E. Freeman, e. Dec. .19, '63; dischd. with company. Gates, Jefferson, e. Jan. 1, '64; dischd. with company. Connelly, Peter, e. Dec. 16, '63; dischd. with company. Doyle, Michael, e. Dec. 7, '63; dischd. with company. Ingham, Jonathan A., e. Dec. 22, '63; dischd. with company. Morehouse, James B., e. Dec. 24, '63; dischd. with company. EECRTJITS. Ferrin, John, e. Feb. 22, '64; pro. corp.; dischd. with company. 328 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Ferrin, TJriali, e. Feb. 22, '64; pro. wagoner; discM. with company. Morehouse, Albert, e. Dec. 31, '64; dischd. with company. Perly, Geo. R., e. Jan. 2, '65; deserted Oct. 18, '65. Shebonde, Joseph M., e. Jan. 2, '65; dischd. with company. SKETCH OF INDEPENDENT CAVALRY. Organized July 20, 1863. Ordered to Pembina, D. T., Oct., 1863. Ordered to Port Abercrombie, D. T., May, 1864. Stationed at above Fort until piustered out in April and June, 1866. Company A. 2d Lieut. William P. Crass, com. July 10, 1863; pro. 1st Lieut. June 6, '64; dischd. with company. Sergt. Thomas J. Leeson, e. July 20, '63; dischd. June 10, '64. Corpl. William Tupp, e. July 20, '63; dischd. May 3, '65, Corpl. Harmon A. Perkins, e. July 20, '63; dischd. with company. Corpl. Melville A. Tucker, e. July 20, '63; dischd. with company. Corpl. Allen Adams, e. July 20, '63; dischd. with company. Wagoner Lyman T. Ward, e. July 20, ^3; desrtd. Sept. 26, '63. PKIVATES. Ecker, Byron A., e. July 20, '63; dischd. with company. Ecker, Ruben, e. July 20, '63; dischd. with company. Greene, Francis, e. July 20, '63; dischd. with cpmpany. Gates, William, e. July 20, '63; dischd. with company. Johnson, John P., e. July 20, '63; dischd. with company. Little, Thos. J., e. July 20, '63; dischd. with company. Meacham, John B., e. July 20, '63; dischd. with company. Peterson, John, e. July 20, '63; dischd. with company. Perkins, William, e. July 20, '63; desrtd. Sept. 26, '63. Richards, John, e. July 20, '63; desrtd. Sept. 30, '63. Turner, John, e. July 20, '63; died Sept. 2, '63. Ward, William P., e. July 20, '63; desrtd. Sept. 26, '63. William, John, e. July 20, '63; dischd. per order. EECEUITS. Philleo, Eugene, e. Sept. 7, '63; pro. corpl.; dischd. with company. Shiels, William, e. March 26, '64; dischd. with company. Company C. Beers, Emerson P., e. Aug. 10, '63; dischd. with company. Gary, Marvin, e. Aug. 19, '63; died Oct. 8, '63. Giles, James H., e. Aug. 19, '63; dischd. with company. Kirby, James T., e. Aug. 17, '63; frozen Dec. 10, '63. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 329 MuUinger, Antoine, e. Aug. 26, '63; dischd. with company. Noble, Frederick, e. Aug. 10, '63; dischd. with company. Pugh, Evan E., e. July 25, '63; desrtd. Feb. 11, '64. Rosenfield, Joseph, e. July 28, '63; dischd. with company. Strange, James, e. Aug. 31, 63; dischd. for disab. March 14, '65. Struthers, Tacitus, e. Sept. 11, '63; desrtd. April 25, '64. Van Vleet, Harlo, e. Sept. 11, '63; dischd. with company. Drum, Theodore, e. Feb. 25, '64; dischd. with company. Company D. Cartland, Bernett, e. July 21, '63; dischd. with company. Beck, John, e. Sept. 7, '63; dischd. with company. Bernett, Lewis J., e. July 21, '63; dischd. March 26, '65. Flinn, James C, e. Sept. 7, '63; dischd. with company. Hoffetler, John W., e. Aug. 5, '63; desrtd. Nov. 23, '65. EECKUITS. Brooks, William, e. Feb. 27, '64; dischd. with company. Card, Sherman, e. Feb. 28, '64; dischd. with company. Eogers, Jarvis A., e. Feb. 29, '64; dischd. with company. Struthers, James B., e. Feb. 28, '64; desrtd. Aug. 1, '65. SKETCH OF FIRST REGIMENT HEAVY ARTILLERY INFANTRY. Organized April, 1865. Ordered to Chattanooga, Tenn., and stationed at that post until muster out of regiment, September, 1865. Col. William Colvill. Commissioned Feb. 25, 1865. Discharged by order May 6, 1865. Company C. Wilson, Ole, e. Sept. 29, '64; dischd. June 26, '65. Company G. Allen, Chauncey L., e. Feb. 9, '65; dischd. with regt. Boyce, David, e. Feb. 9, '65; dischd. Aug. 9, '65. Robertson, Henry C, e. Feb. 9, '65; dischd. with regt. Ritter, John, e. Feb. 9, '65; dischd., 1865— absent. Stowell, Francis A., e. Feb. 9, '65; sergt.; reduced Aug. 26, '65. Summers, Sylvester, e. Feb. 9, '65; dischd. with regt. Taft, Andrew J., e. Feb. 9, '65; dischd. with regt. Washburne, Henry B., e. Feb. 9, '65; dischd. Aug. 3, '65. Company H. Buckholz, William, e. Feb. 3, '65; dischd. with regt. Dibble, Jonathan, e. Feb. 1, '65; dischd. with company. 330 THE mSTOKY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Van Gilder, Stephen, e. Feb. 1, '65; discM. with company. Williamson, William, e. Feb. 9, '65; dischd. with company. Company I. Capt. Thomas Carney, commissioned Feb. 10, '65; dischd. with company. Sr. 2d Lieut., James H. Carney, commissioned Feb. 10, '65; dischd. with company. SKETCH OF SECOND BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. Organized December, 1861. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., April, 1862; thence to Corinth, May, 1862. Participated in the following marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes: Siege of Corinth, April, 1862. Bragg's raid. Assigned to Army of the Tennessee. Battle of Perryville, October 8 and 9, 1862; Lancaster, October 12, 1862; Knob Gap, December 20, 1862; Stone River, December 30, 1862;Tullahoma. Marched to Rome, Ga., via Stephen- son, Ala., Caperton's Ferry and Lookout Mountain; Chickamauga, Septem- ber 19 and 20, 1863; Mission Ridge; Ringgold, Ga. Marched to relief of Knoxville, Tenn.; Buzzard's Roost Gap. Veteranized, March, 1864. Nash- ville, December 15 and 16, 1864. Mustered out July 13, 1865; discharged at Fort Sneiling. Artificer, Harrison Harris, e. March 13, '62; re-en. March 22, '64; dischd. with battery. Bergman, Andrew, e. Feb. 22, '62; dischd. for disab., Oct. 3, '62. Lewis, Frank, e. Feb. 21, '62; re-en. March 22, '64; dischd. with battery. HISTORY OF RED WING. THE CITY OF BLUFFS AND CHURCH SPIKES. The honor of planting the standard of civilization on the site of the present city of Red Wing belongs to Rev. S. F. Denton and Gavan, who came here in 1838 as missionaries from the Evangelical Society of Lausanne, Switzerland, to the Dakota Indians. Previous to that time, the entire country west of the Mississippi River was a savage wild, which had never been disturbed by the presence of civilized mortality. In all that region of country, now so full of intelligence and industry, of cities, towns, churches, schools and colleges, railroads and telegraphs and all their attendant accomplishments, far away westward to the Pacific Ocean, the voice of prayer and praise had never been heard, unless the songs the birds sang were offered as tributes of praise to the THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 331 glory of the divine architect, who reared the grove-covered hillsides and rock-covered mountain crests, unfolded at their base the beautiful prairie lands, and fashioned the courses and resting places of the sky- tinted waters. Now, when forty years have been added to the pages of time, millions of people " Sing of God, the mighty source Of all things, the stupendous force On which all things depend ; From whose right arm, beneath whose eyes, All period, power and enterprise Commence, and reign, and end." In 1846, in consequence of the failure of Denton's health, the mis- sion work was given up, and remained unoccupied until 1848, when it was re-occupied by the American Board of Christian Missions, who commissioned Rev. John Alton and Rev. J. W. Hancock to take up the work of educating and Christianizing the Indians where Denton and Gavan had left them. Denton came on in 1848, and Hancock in June, 1849. Mr. Hancock and his wife arrived at Red Wing village on the 13th day of June, 1849. At that time there were about three hundred native inhabitants in the village. A school for the Indian children was com- menced soon after Mr. Hancock's arrival, which was at first well attended, but the novelty of "going to school" soon wore off and the attendance grew less and less. Towards the end of the summer the school became unpopular with a part of the Indians, and the mission- aries became somewhat discouraged. About this time a difference of opinion in regard to the management of the school sprang up between Mr. Hancock and Mr. Alton, which, together with the small number of children disposed to attend the school, resulted in a dissolution of the missionary partnership. After the separation Mr. Alton engaged in the Winnebago school at Long Prairie, one hundred and fifty miles north- west from 8t. Paul, and Mr. Hancock was left in sole charge until the Indians were removed, since when he has maintained a continuous residence at Red Wing, where he has seen the two log mission buildings erected under the direction of Denton and Gavan give way to a city of thousands. While Mr. Hancock was teaching the young Indian idea how to shoot, he was also taking lessons himself — studying the Dakota language, which had, in part at least, been reduced to writing. Some books hJd also been printed in that tongue. Mr. Hancock was a close student and an apt scholar, and with the aid of these books and the presence of Indians to assist him in the proper pronunciation of the words, his under- 332 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. takihg was comparatively easy, and it was not long until he was so far master of the language as to be able to speak it with a reasonable degree of accuracy. He commenced the compilation of a dictionary of Dakota words soon after his arrival, which contains 409 closely written pages of MSS. It was completed July 29, 1851, two years after it was commenced. Martha Maria Hancock, the wife of Rev. J. W. Hancock, did not live to share the missionary labors of her husband quite two years, departing this life on the 21st day of March, 1851, at the age of thirty-one years. At "the beginning of life's young dream, this estimable woman left her eastern home, parents, friends, all that was dear to her girlhood's memory, to join her husband in his mission of the cross among the untutored red men of the Minnesota wilds, to share his labors, his exposures, his dangers and his triumphs, if triumphs came — to live and to die among a heathen people. If an artist had desired a model of models to picture a true heroine, or if poet or novelist had desired a character to represent a brave and fearless, yet modest and unassuming chief of heroines, they might have secured that model and that char- acter when, with her husband, the subject of this sketch landed at Red Wing's village, where she was at once surrounded by several hun- dred savages, who were henceforth to be her principal society associates. She was not to be molded to their habits and customs, but they were to be educated and emancipated from the errors and superstitions, habits and customs of many generations, and brought to see the better way. What a courage she displayed ! weak, yet strong ; bold, yet modest and shrinking. Bravely she met the work of a missionary; faithfully she discharged every duty, carrying the presence of the Master wherever she went, and subduing the wildest savage by her presence, until the Father saw, and called, " Enough ! come up higher. Enter into my joy, and sit down on my throne." At her own request she was buried on Indian ground — beneath the shadows of the towering bluff at whose base her life had gone out, and where the wild flowers grew and bloomed in pristine beauty, when the spring times and summers came. Before her death, and when all knew she must die, and her husband asked her if she desired her remains to be taken back to the home of her childhood and parents for sepulture, she answered, " No. I came twlive among the Indians, to help teach them there was life after death ; that the body was mortal, but that the spirit was immortal ; that it mattered not what became of the body, the spirit would ascend to God the Father, who gave it. Bury me here, that our people may see and realize our belief in the truths we have soughji to teach them." THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 333 When her spirit had winged its flight where angels dwell, a grave was prepared on the mission grounds into which her mortality was low- ered by kindly hands. As the dusky sons and daughters of the mission stood around the open receptacle of the dead, more than one tall savage was seen to weep over the earthly departure of one they had learned to love, and whom they had come to call Washte-Ween — the Good Woman. When more advanced civilization came to found a city on the site of Red Wing's Indian village, and the ground was asked for stately business blocks ; when the bark wigwams were made to give way to houses for white men, — a city for the dead was platted on the summit of one of the southern bluflfs that overlook the city, and Mrs. Hancock's remains were carefully raised and as carefully removed to a new resting place in Oakwood Cemetery. Many years before Denton and Gavan came to found the mission already frequently mentioned, Hhoo-pa-hoo-doo-ta, or Scarlet Wing, the head chief of a party of Indians that had split off from the Wabasha band, selected this place and called it Hham-necha, meaning a place of hill, wood and water. Non-resident Indians called the place Hhoo-pa- hoo-doo-ta, after the chief of that name, " who was probably. so named from the color of his robe, and the celerity with which he swept over hill and prairie, through forest and fen, to surprise and conquer his enemies." When the whites began to come in and occupy the country the place came to be universally called Red Wing. In number two of a series of letters published in the "Argus" by Mr. Hancock, relating to the condition of affairs at Red Wing, when he arrived here in June, 1849, and for three or four years afterwards, Mr. Hancock related that the Dakota had no word in their language corresponding to our English word home. Such was their mode of life, they had, in fact, no use for such a word. Their teepes, or dwelling places, were frequently changed. Each band had its own planting ground, however, and to that place it was confined a portion of every year. This town of Red Wing was the planting ground of the Red Wing band. The places now covered with dwellings, streets and gardens were then chiefly occupied with Indian cultivators of the soil. From about the first of May till the middle of September, the labor- ing classes were busy in their fields. Corn was their chief article of production. Their cornfields were fenced neatly with rows of stakes driven into the ground and interwoven with willows tied to the stakes with withes and bark. The labor of the field was performed by the women, assisted by the children and very old men. They planted, cul- tivated, harvested and prepared the corn crop, with much toil, and 334 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE OOUNTT. without the aid of modern implements of husbandry. A woman once came to the mission house, looking weary and toil-worn, and, addressing the missionary's wife, said she, " I feel glad to tell you that I have my field all planted at last. It was very hard, for I had no one to help me this year." On being asked why her husband did not help her in the field, she replied, " O, I should be very much ashamed to have my hus- band seen in the field at work. They would call him a woman." While the women were thus employed, they also did all the cooking — furnishing themselves with fuel for the purpose from the neighboring woods. The men were engaged, sometimes hunting and fishing, and occasionally on a war party against the Chippewas, but chiefly in the summer in dancing, feasting and drunkenness, or lounging in idleness. Their domestic animals consisted of a few ponies, and many dogs. Their wigwams were constructed of poles for a frame work, and the bark of large trees for a covering. There were between twenty and thirty such structures arranged along the bank of the river, between Plumb and Franklin streets, east and west, and none standing further back than where Main street is from the river. The whole population of the village was set down at 300. I think the real number some less at the time I first visited them. It is very hard to count Indians correctly. From the above description of their dwellings one will see that they must have been cool in winter. They were so, indeed, but the Indians made no use of these houses in the winter. After the corn was bar- vested and dried, they dwelt in tents till spring returned. Their tents were made of skins of buffalo and other animals dried and sewed together. These could be easily rolled up and carried on their journeys from place to place. A few poles were set up six or eight feet apart and fastened together at the top, and the tent cloth or skins drawn over them was the family residence for the time being. Such a dwelling was often constructed after a day's journey on foot, by the matron who had carried the tent, with perhaps a number of other houshold utensils, all day, on her back. These houses were always cone-shaped. The fire was built on the ground in the center, with an opening at the apex for the smoke to escape. The advantage of these dwellings in the coldest weather was, that they could be set up in the woods where they were sheltered fi*om the winds. But in these, the poor Indians often sufi"ered much in cold weather. I was told that it was necessary for one to sit up and keep the fire in order while the rest of the family slept around it, every cold night, to prevent freezing. Whenever any of the band were camped near the village in the winter, the mission house was thronged with visitors, who came chiefly THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 335 to visit the stove. They used to call January the " Hard Moon," and I presume the reader who now lives in Minnesota will consider the name quite appropriate. Their divisions of the year into months, or moons literally, was quite significant, and nearly corresponding with our months, as follows : January^ Hard Moon. July^ Choke cherry Moon. February, Racoon- Moon. August^ Harvest Moon. March, Sore eye Moon. September, Drying corn Moon. April, Goose laying Moon. October, Drying rice Moon. May, Planting Moon. November, Deer Moon. June, Strawberry Moon. December, Moon when the deer shed their horns. Wacoota, or the Shooter, was the last reigning chief of the Indians who inhabited Eed Wing. " Physically," says Mr. Hancock, " he was a noble specimen of his race." His height, I should suppose, was six feet and a few inches. Straight and well proportioned, he used to walk about among his people, with all the grace and dignity of a becoming monarch. He obtained the position of head chief partly by personal prowess, and partly through hereditary right. Iron Cloud and Good V Metal were subordinate chiefs. Iron Cloud was quite an orator, and very fond of telling what great deeds he had done in former days. He died at Red Wing in August, 1852, before the removal of the Indians, and Good Metal died soon after. "Wacoota was never accustomed to boasting. He was a man of good sense and sound judgment, considering his circumstances. Doubtless in his younger days he distinguished himself as a warrior and hunter, as his name indicates ; but he was a keen observer of men and things, and understood human nature better than many who are born under the light of civilization. The only advantage he ever had over a common heathen was a visit to Washington in company with a delegation of the chiefs of his tribe ; and from this visit he obtained a very correct understanding of the strength and superiority of the people of the United States. Being convinced that it was education and industry that made the whites superior, he labored to promote these interests among his people. It was through his personal solicitation that a second mission was established in his village in 1848. He used to say that the old Indians could never be made white, but he had hope for the children, and was anxious that they should be taught to read and write. His own family were always required to attend the mission school. During his larter years he would often labor in the field in spite of opposition from his braves and time-honored customs. Sometimes 336 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. he appeared to lack firmness, but in every other essential quality he was a chief worthy the name. " Wacoota died a few years after the removal to the reservation on the Minnesota River, a good providence sparing him from the scenes of 1862." In the fall of 1850, a man named Snow, secured an Indian trader's license, and built a trading house near the present steamboat landing, where he kept a stock of Indian goods. In 1851, Calvin potter became a partner with Snow. Soon after the partership was commenced, Mr. Snow died of cholera in St. Paul, and Mr. Potter succeeded to the entire management of the business, which he continued until the Indians were removed. The building used by Mr. Potter as a trading house, was afterwards converted into a hotel and called the Eastern House. It was subsequently (in 1857 or 1858) included in the Metropolitan hotel building, and was used as the kitchen of that hostelry. The Metropoli- tan was built by A. A. and E. L. Teele. It was destroyed by fire. Early in the spring of 1852, John Day came over from Diamond Blufi", Wisconsin, and made a claim in the upper part of town, and not far 'from his present residence. Mr. Day has the honor of being the first white man to come to Red Wing's village, with a determined purpose to make it a permanent home. John Bush, U. 8. farmer for the Indians, and Calvin Potter, made a claim to. the land included in and occupied by the Indian village and their cornfields. Early in the spring of 1852 — about the middle of May — William Freeborn and Dr. Sweeney became interested in building a town on the site of the Indian village, and Freeborn purchased the claim right of Bush and Potter. Dr. Sweeney purchased a claim held by a French half-breed named Young, adjoining the Bush and Potter claim, on the west or upper side. » Says Mr. Hancock in his reminiscences : " Troops of claim hunters came in this season (1852) and many and amusing were the strifes about who should hold this or that favored claim in the surrounding county. At that timp there had been no United States survey, and each man was permitted to mark ofi' his own one hundred and sixty acres. It was astonishing to see how long Some men could pace. Then, every one had a host of friends coming after, for each of whom he must have a claim selected, and in duty bound must see that their rights were pro- tected. All this made business quite lively in our embryo city. Arbi- trations and appeals to the court of Justice Lynch were every day occurrences. A slight skirmish was not unfrequSnt ; but to the honor of the first settlers of Red Wing, no lives were lost and none to our knowledge was seriously injured. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 337 Yery few of the first claim hunters remained as permanent residents. They had come too soon. It was dull business to wait until the land could be surveyed and brought into market, boarding one's self in a log cabin eight or ten feet square, without any floor or window. Nobody thought of raising wheat at that time. Our flour, pork and butter all came from down the river. One circumstance that occurred in the spring of 1852, is thus related by Mr. Hancock: Two men found their claims were overlapping each other to such an extent that both could not have enough for a farm. An angry dispute began which seemed likely to end in a regular battle. Each party had some friends, so that the strength of each was nearly equal. A large party of the Indians were still here, and in no very mild mood in regard to the new comers. The Indians were, in fact, still in possession, as they had not received notice of the ratification of the treaty. Mr. Hancock, who had learned to speak the dialect of the Indians, and being a peace man, told the belligerents that if a fight ensued he would tell the Indians to take a hand — to "pitch in" and "pitch the disputants across the river into Wisconsin." The threat was not without force and effect. The difficulty was settled. The angry elements were quieted, and peace reigned once more in the village. In 1850, Mr. Sibley, the territorial delegate to Congress, secured the establishment of a postoffice at Red Wing, but the gentleman appointed to be postmaster had removed from the village, and as candidates for public places were not as numerous then as they are now, the office was not opened until 1851. The first incumbent. Rev. J. W. Hancock, had to go to St. Paul at his own expense to be " sworn in." The salary the first year was less than five dollars. In the winter the mail was carried between Prairie du Ohien and St. Paul with a one-horse cutter. The route was the icy bed of the Mississippi River. Towards spring this method of traveling was attended with some danger. Sometimes a horse was drowned, and the mail was frequently wet. On one occa- sion Mr. Hancock spent a whole day in drying the mail which had lain five or six hours in the river. Sometimes the office was three weeks without a mail, and for that length of time Red Wing's village was without communication with the rest of the world. Such failures to receive the mail were occasioned by the perils and dangers of traveling before roads and bridges were constructed. After the first election in the fall of 1852, other signs of approach- ing civilization began to appear. A large raft of lumber had been landed, which was taken out of the water and hauled up the bank. 23 338 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Several carpenters came to reside here. Heretofore bark-lodges or log-cabins had been the only dwellings for both rich and poor. Ceiled houses were now aspired after. The sounds of saw, hammer and plane, began to be heard in the land. Social enjoyments pertaining to civilization were also introduced. A lyceum and a singing school were organized and well attended in the winter of 1852-3. Hiram B. Middaugh was leader of the choir, and first teacher of vocal music. The first building commenced, was the hotel called the Red Wing House. This was completed early in the spring of 1853; and imme- diately opened for boarders and the accommodation of travelers. The first landlord was Andrew Durand, who also opened the first hotel at Cannon Falls. The Red Wing House. was afterwards purchased and kept by Jacob Bennett, Esq , and was destroyed by fire in 1865. Several frame dwelling houses were built in the summer of 1853 ; among which were those erected by Wm. Freeborn, Dr. Sweeney, Wm. Lauver, James Akers and Warren Hunt. A building was al^o erected for a store on Main street, which was filled with goods and kept by Henry L. Bevans. The town was surveyed and platted as now recorded, by J. Knauer, during the same summer. A partial survey had been made the year before, a few stakes had been driven ; but the whole plan was changed by Mr. Knauer. Some farming was done this season. Wheat, oats, corn, potatoes and ruta-bagas, were grown within the limits of the present city. Probably the first wheat raised in Minnesota south of the Minnesota river was raised here at that time. In the last of April, 1853, just before the Dakotas were accustomed to return from their winter wanderings to re-occupy their bark lodges, an event occurred which, more than anything else, served to emanci- pate the place from a savage to a civilized village. The day was serene and cloudless. The sun had reached the meridi- an. The noise of the busy carpenters had ceased. That death-like stillness which forebodes the coming earthquake seemed everywhere to prevail. All at once the cry of fire was heard. It was no false alarm. Flame and smoke were seen to roll up at that instant from the roof of every Indian wigwam. No engine, no water, no — nobody to put out the fire. In less than an hour, every bark house had disappeared. This was the most extensive fire that ever occurred in Red Wing. Supposed to have been the work of incendiaries ; but the perpetrators of the deed were never discovered and brought to justice. We can imagine THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 339 the feelings of the poor Indians, who came on in a few days, to witness the changes that had taken place at their old home. They doubtless began to realize that they had sold their country. Another event worthy of record this year was the first social Christmas dinner. It was a good time. Everybody was invited, and everybody was there. This gathering took place at the house now occupied by T. B. Sheldon, Esij., then the residence of William Freeborn. The house was well filled. The company all that could be desired. This was the first and last time, when the whole people of Red Wing met together and took dinner under the same roof — when they were all with one accord in one place. In the fall of 1853, Dr. W. W. Sweeney was appointed postmaster. His appointment being dated November 23d of that year. Among the incidents of 1853 was the following: A number of Indian families were encamped in the vicinity of Eed Wing, a few miles up the river, on the Minnesota sides A man named Hawley had a whisky shanty on the Wisconsin side, just above the site of the present village of Trenton. Some trouble occurred between Hawley. and Tasha-ka (Deer Hoof,) in which Ta-sha ka received a fatal stab with a knife. Word was brought to the few settlers at Red Wing that Hawley had killed an Indian, and the settlers were seriously alarmed, for it had been the boast of Red Wing's people that none of that band had ever killed a white person, consequently,- if Hawley had killed one of their number, it was naturally expected the " true inwardness" of the Indian character would assert itself and seek retaliation in vengeance on the whites. Some of the settlers went up to the Indian encampment and assured them that Hawley should be punished- as he deserved, and they were satisfied, and manifested no desire to wreak vengeance on the innocent settlers. Hawley fled from his shanty and was never after- wards seen in the country. A report subsequently came back that he had been shot and killed by an Iowa sheriff. The spring of 1854, continues Mr. Hancock, brought a large number of immigrants. Many came to take up land and become permanent residents at Red Wing and vicinity. The county of Goodhue had been organized the winter previous by the Territorial Legislature, and Red Wing designated as the county seat. Among the business houses opened this year was Mrs. Allen's board- ing house, afterward called the American House, J. C. Weatherby's dry goods and grocery store, E. P. Lowater's shoe store, and Hoyt & Smith's warehouse, on the corner of Levee and Broad streets. Rev. Jabez Brooks arrived this year, and opened a school in the hall 340 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. over Hoyt & Smith's store. This was the beginning of Hamline Uni- versity. The prevalence of the cholera on the river during the summer months retarded the growth of the town very materially this season. Persons were frequently landed here from boats, who were infected and died soon after. Five deaths occurred in one week from this disease. The Indians had been formally removed by the government in the ■fall of 1853 to their reservation, but many stragglers came back again and encamped near the place during the following season. So much attached to their old home, and so dear to them were the graves of their dead, this was not at all surprising. No danger was apprehended by those who were well acquainted with them, but some of the new comers were not without their fears. It would have been very easy for the Indians to have taken the place by surprise, and murdered all the inhabitants in a single night, at that time, had they been so disposed. The distance between Red Win^ and their new home was not great. Very few white settlements then intervened. The Indians were fully acquainted with the country, and greatly dissatisfied with the change theyhad been compelled to make. But their patience was not quite exhausted, and the settlers were not molested. One man was badly scared, however. Awakened suddenly in the night by a hideous noise, he thought the Indians had certainly come, and that the work of death was going on at his neighbors' houses, and that all was lost, he deter- mined to sell his life as dearly as possible. Snatching his revolver, which was ready loaded, he bounded into the street in his night dress, and rushing to a clump of bushes which stood between his house and the others he awaited the attack, hoping to kill at least three or four Indians before they should kill him. An interval occurred in the noise, revealing the sound of familiar voices among those who were imitating the savage war whoop, and he was convinced of his mistake. It was only a party of the boys paying their respects to a newly married couple. The winter of 1854-5 was mild for this latitude, and the usual intel- lectual and social enjoyments of the season were passed with all the pleasures incident to such scenes. As spring approached there began to be a sense of want. The first boat of the season was never more anxiously waited for than at this time. With a large majority of the inhabitants of Red Wing this was their first year in Minnesota. Not knowing how much better appetites were enjoyed here than anywhere else in the United States, the supply of meat and bread fell short. Money was plenty enough, but pork and flour could not be bought for love or money. No one was in danger of starvation, for fish were plenty THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 341 and easily taken, and as soon as the ice began to melt, ducks came to the rescue ; but still the settlers craved a change of meat, and wanted more bread. The old settlers remember how the proprietor of the Red Wing House was put to his trumps to provide lor his voracious guests. ' He took his pail and went to this and that private family to borrow a little flour, promising to return it as soon as the boats came. At last the long wished and waited for boat arrived. Messrs. Jackson & Enz brought up a stock of groceries and provisions. A hogshead of hams and shoulders and eleven barrels of flour ! ! All these came on Friday evening, April 25th, and by the next Monday morning were all sold out. As soon as it was noised abroad that there was flour and smoked meat at Jackson & Enz's, people could be seen in rows following each other to and from their store, carrying hams, and pails or sacks for flour. Settlers on claims far out of town came in so late on Saturday that they were obliged to buy food on Sunday to take home to their families. No one family could have a whole barrel of flour or more than a single piece of meat. It must be divided. Thus the firm of Jackson & Enz started with great promise of success. They then occu- pied the building next door north of the Argus printing office. The United States Land Office for the Red Wing Land District was opened here about the beginning of the year 1855; W. W. Phelps, register, and 0. Graham, receiver. They first occupied the office of P. Sandford, Esq., and were kept very busy in filing the declaration of intention for pre-emptors, and "proving up," until the time of the first public sale. The same year, some time in the summer, the Red Wing " Sentinel," the first .weekly newspaper, made its appearance. It was a very cred- itable appearing sheet, published by Merritt & Hutchins. The printing was in a building on Main street which had been used as a carpenter's shop, and a house of religious worship, and afterwards "reconstructed" and used as a private residence. The most remarkable event of this year was the advent of whisky. The town proprietors and nearly all the early settlers were professedly temperance men. Liquor selling was to- be forever prohibited. But as in Job's time, so then. When a number of good people are gathered together, Satan makes his appearance. He came in the form of evil spirits to Red Wing, on the sly. Nobody suspected any danger. The building where the "Argus" is now published, had been erected by Jared Boughton, Esq., and was rented by a dry goods merchant named Parish. This store began to be a place of frequent resort by those who loved to talk. After a while it was told one of the unsuspecting citizens 342 THE HISTORY OF GOODHTJE COUNTY. that this dry goods merchant Tcept hardware in Ms cellar. Means were instituted to find out what this hardware meant, which resulted in the finding of a barrel of the orathur already tapped. A pail of water and a glass stood in close proximity. No whisky was actually sold, but a "thirsty" individual could enter the "hardware depaftraent," leave his dime on the barrel-head, take a drink, wipe his mouth, and return with a " brick in his hat." How that barrel of whisky got into the cellar was a great mystery. The people became somewhat excited and an indignation meeting was called, which resulted in a fixed deter- mination to drive the evil from the village at whatever cost. Mr. Hancock relates : The advent of whisky as an article of trade caused great commotion. More than two years had passed since the town was laid out, and no spirituous liquors had been kept for sale. But this ubiquitous evil found its way here also. It crept like a snake — first in the cellar. As it first lifted its hydra head into the light of an upper story, it was dashed out of the window by an indignant hotel keeper. It appeared as if no one could tolerate its presence in open day. At last it succeeded in charming a few into the cellar where they were evidently bitten, as they returned with visages marred by the efi'ects of poison in the blood. This was soon noised abroad. A public meeting was called. Men of all trades, professions and creeds met together to express their indigna- tion at the outrage. Long and powerful speeches were uttered ; some advised that summary measures be taken with the offenders. Others counseled more moderate proceedings, but all were unanimous in having the evil removed as soon as practicable. The result of the meeting was that a committee of five were appointed to wait on the merchant who kept whisky under the name of hardware in his cellar, and inform him that the traffic in intoxicating drinks could not be allowed. This committee was instructed to do all in its power to dissuade the dealer from his unpopular and pernicious trade. The com- mittee performed their duty by going in a body to his store, stating the purposes of their visit, and the authority under which they acted. The man winced somewhat under the influence of popular feeling thus boldly expressed, and denied the charge, of selling liquor to be drank on his premises, but would not promise to abandon the traffie at once. His great object of life was to make money as fast as possible, and like many others, he was ready to sacrifice almost everything else to attain his desire. The committee therefore failed to accomplish the object of the meeting. Another public meeting was held, and after much debate as to what THE HISTORY OP QOODHUE COUNTY. 343 measures should be adopted, it was proposed that a committee be appointed to raise money by voluntary subscription to purchase all the whisky on hand and destroy it, providing that no more should ever be landed or brought to the place for sale. This proposition received a hearty and almost unanimous support. The paper was immediately circulated and $200 soon raised, that being the amount understood to be necessary. For some reason the measure was not fully carried out. The money which had been paid to the com- mittee was refunded, and the excitement for a time subsided. There was a lull in the storm. But like the war of the elements which sometimes intermits its warmth only to increase its strength, the war against the whisky traffic was again renewed with augmented energy. Red Wing had acquired a good reputation abroad for morals and sobriety. No town on the upper Mississippi had commenced with fairer prospects. It seemed a pity that this enviable position should be lost through inaction. The friends of order and sobriety were called to meet in the hall over Smith, Hoyt & Go's, store. This was the common hall for all public meetings at that time. A strong temperance organization was effected. The total abstinence pledge was taken, regular meetings appointed, and lecturers engaged for the time to come. All this was done with a special object in view, namely, to nip the growing evil in the bud. Besides the regular addresses on the subject of temperance in general, there were grave questions of policy discussed. Such as whether it was not the duty of the friends of order to " beard the lion in his den :" to go in a body and destroy all the whisky to be found in places where it had been stored for sale. It was suggested that the ladies might turn out and accomplish the work, if men could not. Some of these meas- ures would doubtless have been adopted, had those who advised them been as ready to act as they. were to speak. There was a weighty lawyer here in those days, who threw his influ- ence into the temperance scale. Mob law was not the best way in his opinion. There was already a strict prohibitory law. Whisky was contraband as an article of trade. All that was needed to conquer a last- ing peace, and gain a complete victory for the temperance cause, was to put this law in force. At that time the county was under the jurisdiction of the United States law as a territory. The prohibitory law extended over all that portion of the territory lately occupied by the Indians. It was therein provided that ^ny officer of the United States Government could destroy all the intoxicating liquors that he could find, brought for sale or otherwise to this forbidden ground. 344 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. This advice was taken, and two barrels of whisky, at least, and several marked vinegar (so reported,) were forced open by the ax, and their contents poured out to mingle with the waters of the Mississippi. This was a triumph, but, alas for human laws and lawyers ! our pro- hibitory law had been repealed by the trickery of a St. Paul lawyer, who had been sent to the territorial legislature. In those days laws were made for special purposes, under other titles than belonged to them. The victory was, after all, on the side of the liquor dealers. They not only received damages from the friends of temperance, for losses sustained, but thenceforth began to sell openly the intoxicating draught. It would be interesting to some at this day, to know why that first dry goods merchant who kept whisky on the sly, did not remain in Ked Wing after the close of the struggle. All (he reason that can be given is the following : At the close of an eloquent speech by a noted divine, this important, though somewhat mysterious advice, was given : That a hot stone he put in his nest. Perhaps that stone was too warm. At the time of the events herein narrated, the foundations of Red Wing were well established. The village of a few hundred inhabitants grew in population year by year, until a city of thousands marks the favorite camping place of Hhoo-pa-hoo-doo-ta and his band of people. The old Indian cornfield and village plat is occupied with stately mansions, beautiful grounds, large business houses, and busy manufac- tories. The zigzagging Indian paths are blotted forever, and remain only in the memory of a few — J. W. Hancock, Dr. W. W. Sweeney, John Day, E. 0. Stephens and a few of their surviving contemporaries of 1852-3 — of the times that tried the pluck and nerve of the pioneer settlers of the city of blufi"s and church spires. Soon they will follow their fathers to the shores of the everlasting beyond. The situation of the city is a charmingly romantic one. For beauty of location, pleasant surroundings and charming prospects from the various points of observation. Red Wing is remarkble. This accounts for its having long been the chosen dwelling place of the Indians, the sites of their villages always displaying a taste for the beautiful in nature. The many mounds that were seen within and around the town- site by the settlers of 1852-3-4, but obliterated many years since by the plow, gave evidence of the country having been inhabited by some tribe of the human race, long, long before Hhoo-pa-hoo-doo-ta and his band erected their lodges along the banks of " Jordan," and cultivated their " patches" of corn on the ground now overlooked by the local temple of human justice and various houses dedicated to the worship THE HISTORY OF SOODHUE COUNTY. 345 of the ever-living Jehovah. Here a band of the Dakotas had had their homes for full fifty years before the avarice of white men sought and claimed the land as the possession of civilization. Nestled down in a beautiful little valley, or rather in a series of connecting valleys, and encircled by a jnighty river and mountainous bluffs, that rise liundreds of feet towards the clouds, the location is one to enlist the admiration of the most indifferent to beauty of scenery. The grandest of these bluffs is La Grange, or Barn Bluff. It was named La Grange (The Barn) by the early French voyageurs, because of its fancied resemblance to a large barn. From the summit of this bluff a grand prospect opens out before the visitor. Across the majestic river is the State of Wisconsin, with farms, herds, golden fields of grain, neat tasty residences, abodes of wealth, comfort, contentment and happiness. Between the Mississippi and the Wisconsin bluffs a handsome lake spreads its waters over an expanse of several acres. Turning to the right and looking eastward and south- ward, the Father of Waters is lost in the silvery-shining Lake Pepin, whose beauty and grandeur can never be truthfully touched by poet pen or artist pencil. In the distance, where the pure waters of the lake dance " forward and back " to Wisconsin's shore, Maiden Rock, rendered immortal in song and story, lifts its summit as if to meet the clouds and catch the first drippings of heaven's dew or kiss Aurora's cheek as she unbars the gate of light. Turning still farther to the right, the eye reaches far out and takes in a range of hills, and valleys, and timber, and streams, that, reflected in summer's sun or winter's snow, presents a scene that would have coquetted with the fancies of the old masters whose paintings have enlisted the enthusiastic admiration of art oon- noisseurs everywhere. Beneath, the valleys teem with life, with homes of happiness, culture and refinement; handsome houses and well-kept grounds, blooming with flowers that fill the air with perfume and richest incense; golden fields of ripening grain^ the wealth and support of nations ; busy husbandmen, smiling, contented matrons, gleeful, hope- ful maidens, and laughing, joyous children as they trip along to or from the white school houses (America's sentinel posts) that dot the valleys or hillsides. Rivulets, creeks and rivers shimmer in the sunlight like ribbons of silver, and ohassey along between the bluffs, one ripple chasing another over smoothly-worn gravel beds, or leaping over time- worn rocks, hurry on to kiss the hem of their great father and on to the gulf in the land of orange groves. Anon a church steeple points to the skies the home of God and the city of golden-paved streets. Here and there nestles a village with its stores, and shops, and mills 346 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. and manufactories, and their busy sons and daughters of toil, whose strong arms and deft fingers fashion the useful and the beautiful, and add to the wealth of the country in which they dwell. Tracing the distant horizon, the eye catches the rising, curling smoke as it is discharged from the throat of the ponderous steam-driven loco- motive, that laughs at space and shortens time. By-and-by the ear receives the distant rumble of long trains of cars laden with merchan- dise, the product of the farm, the "fruit of the loom," the mill, the mine, the spices of Arabia, the tea-plant of China, the offerings of Brazil, or the cotton of the sunny South, or, may be, freighted with human souls, intent upon business or pleasure, but all infused with new life as thej'^ inhale the exhilarating atmosphere that rises only along the sources of the upper Mississippi. Nearer and nearer, louder and louder, come the rashing, roaring, rumbling trains, away down, down, down, so far below us that they seem as but a long strip of dark cloud driven before a huricane of wind, from the apex upon which the visitor stands. On, on they go, and are soon lost behind the curves of the great river whose course they follow towards Itasca — far up in the direction of the dominions of England's queen — or down towards the gulf where the Father of Waters is lost in the mighty ocean. Scarcely beyond the river curve's, and the eye is relieved by the appearance of a steam floating-palace, gliding smoothly along on the peaceful bosom of the majestic river that unites the States of the American Union from the lakes to the sea, and divides them almost equally between the Atlantic on the east, where " the waves of ages" roll, and the golden- sloped Pacific on the west. What a grand picture, and yet the subject is scarcely touched. The pen is powerless and words are vain. It was the hand of a divine archi- tect that unfolded this garden of beauty, that spread out these pictu- resque valleys, that fashioned the courses of the brooklets and stream- lets and rivers; that hollowed out the basin of Lake Pepin, and supplied the never-failing fountains from which its depth of water is economized, and the unique range of mountain-like bluff's that hem them in lilce a cordon of forts are monuments to His superlative greatness and incom- prehensible wisdom. In the center of this prospect is the city of Red Wing with a popula- tion of seven thousand busy people, whose intelligence and wealth will bear favorable comparison with any city of equal population on the continent, and far surpass many others of greater pretensions. The several school buildings, with their accomplished and experienced teachers, and the numerous elegant church edifices, large congregations THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 347 and learned and devout ministers, bespeak a refined and desirable con- dition of society. GOODHUE COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. This organization took place December 4, 1863, with a membership of fifty-seven. The first officers were W. S. Grow, president ; E. A. Sargeant, vice president ; J. A. Marvin, secretary, and William Feath- erstone, treasurer, and one director from each township. The first fair was held at Red Wing, in the fall of 1864. Fairs were held at that place each fall until 1870, when it was moved to Hader, where the receipts were $445.20. The following year they were |351.95. In 1874, it was removed to Zumbrota, when the receipts amounted to $694.45. In 1875-6-7, the receipts were $724.12, $731.20, $825.54. The fair is now being held in Zumbrota, with A. J. Grover, president ; H. E. Perkins, vice president ; D. B. Schofield, secretary, and B. C. Grover, treasurer. The present executive committee are S. C. Hall, H. B. Car- penter, G. G. McCoy, Ole A. Strand and Henry Ahneman. The societj- it will be observed, is in a prosperous condition, and a valuable enter- prise to the county. RED WING CITY GOVERNMENT. Red Wing became an incorporated city under a special act of the legislature, approved March 4, 1857. Since then there have been numerous amendatory enactments, the last one being passed by the legislature of 1878, under which the city was divided into four wards. From the time of the first act of incorporation to the passage of the last amendatory act, there was but one ward. The first election for city officers was held in April, 1857. The first meeting of the city board was held on the evening of the 25th of May, following. Present : Mayor Weatherby, and Councilmen Hoyt and Beers. S. A. Bevans was elected city clerk, and William Colvill was elected city attorney. At the next meeting, June 8th, Councilman Lauver, who did not appear at the first meeting, was present and tendered his resignation, which was accepted. James Lawther was appointed to the vacancy. The following names embrace a full list of the first board of city officers as constituted June 8, 1857 : Mayor, J. C. Weatherby ; council- 348 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. men, F. F. Hoyt, Charles W. Beers, James Lawther ; city clerk, S. A. Bevans ; city attorney, William Oolvill ; surveyor, William Keck ; assessors, I. W. Brant and Volney Brundage ; printer, Dan. S. Merritt ; treasurer, James T. Chamberlain ; marshal, F. F. Philleo. MAYORS IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION. 1857, J. C. Weatherby ; 1858, William i'reeborn, (resigned September 30, and F. F. Philleo appointed to the vacancy;) 1859, 0. H. Conley; 1860, P. Vandenberg ; 1861, E. L. Baker, (resigned November 5, to enter the army as a soldier in defense of the Union, and James Lawther was appointed to serve out the unexpired term;) 1862, C. 0. Graham; 1863, W.T.Hastings; 1864 and 1865, W. W. Phelps; 1866, William Howe; 1867, E. L. Baker; 1868, J. M. Hodgman ; 1869 and 1870, William P. Brown ; 1871, E. H. Alley ; 1872, Charles McClure ; 1873, 1874 and 1875, William P. Brown ; 1876 and 1877, F. R. Sterrett ; 1878, J. M. Hodgman. RELIGIOUS INTERESTS. THE PIONEER MISSIONARIES. In no county of any of the States of the great Northwest, have relig- ious interests been more carefully nurtured than in the county whose history we are writing. And it is very questionable whether there is any county in the entire country, away from the large cities, of equal, or even greater population, that can boast the same number of neat, tasty, church edifices, or more attentive, devoted, prosperous and well- organized and well-to-do religious congregations. The foundations of this desirable condition of affairs were laid under the direction of the Christian people of Lausanne, Switzerland. In 1837, that community sent Revs. Denton and Gavin, to found a mission among the Indians at Trempeleau, Wisconsin. In 1838, the mission was removed to Red Wing's village, where the founders continued to labor until Mr. Denton's health failed in 1846, when it was given up to the American Board of Missions. After Denton and Gavin jgave up the work, the mission remained unoccupied until the fall of 1848, when the American Board cbmmissioned Rev. Joseph W. Hancock and Rev. John Alton, to take up the work where Denton and Gavin had left it. Hence, it may be said that the soil of Goodhue was consecrated to the teachings of the meek and lowly Jesus, long before white people ever thought of claiming the country as an abiding place, and converting the Indian wild into a very paradise of beauty and remunerative productiveness. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 349 The seeds scattered by Revs. Denton and Gavan, and industriously cul- tivated by Rev. Joseph W. Hancock, were not without reward. A bountiful harvest has ripened into fullness, and blessed their labors as missionaries of the Cross. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. ZEAL AND EARNESTNESS OE METHODIST WORKERS — ORGANIZATION OP THE SOCIETY AT RED WING. Where has Methodism not been carried ? From a little class organized by John Wesley, in London, England, in 1739J persecuted and hunted from place to place, their numbers increasing from month to month, from year to year, they now rank first in point of numbers among the civilized people of the world. There is no limit to the industry and earnestness of this people. Wherever it has been possible to reach mankind, at home and abroad, there the truths taught by the followers of John Wesley have been carried. It has made the dark places light, and opened the pathway of peace to millions of benighted souls. No sluggard can be a Methodist. That organization tolerates no drones, and its system is so perfect that each part of its working machinery is in full harmony with the other. These people follow their plan of evan- gelization as regularly as the sun follows its orbit. No plummet was ever truer to the line than are the Methodists to their work. Not only is industry a prerequisite to a good Methodist, but courage as well, particularly to the ministry. When once one's mind is made up to enter that sacred calling, friends, kindred, home, and if needs be, country, must be sacrified to the duty embraced, and wherever work is to be done, there must he go. It may be to missionary service in the remotest islands of the sea — a backwoods or prairie mission or circuit, with perhaps the appointments a day's journey or a week's journey apart — the settlements sparse, the labor great, and the prospect of earthly reward exceedingly small. Hunger, exposure, persecution, are in the way, but Methodism smiles at these and sings its hosannas of praise and shouts its paeans of defiance at the bulwarks of the tempter. In the character of the pioneer Methodist minister — circuit riders, like Peter Cartwright or Kentucky's Findley — there is something grand and touchingly sublime. But these are only two of tens of thousands, the memories of whose character, courage, self denial, and devotion to the cause of the Master and the salvation of souls, lives as a monument in the minds of true followers of the author and finisher of men's faith. 350 THE HISTOKT OF GOODHUE COTXNTY. Early in the field everywhere, they followed close on the heels of the early immigrants to the land of the Dakotas, chanting their songs of praise, and shouting defiance at all obstacles between them and the accomplishment of the work they were commissioned to do. As a general rule, their missionaries go ahead to spy out the land and look after the spiritual needs of the early pioneers. Later comes the circuit rider, with his saddle-bags, Bible, and hymn-book ; and thus, step by step, their good work is prosecuted. The history of Methodism in Minnesota shows that nai^isions were established by that branch of the Christian church as early as 1837, by the Rev. Alfred Brunson and Rev. David Kiiig, at Kaposia and St. Peter's, among the Sioux. On the 31st day of December, 1848, a Meth- odist church was organized at St. Paul, and in October of the following year, a similar organization was accomplished at St. Anthony's Falls. Services were also held at Stillwater and Point Douglas in 1850. White settlements commenced at Red Wing's village in June, 1852. At that time this district of country was included in what was then known as the St. Peter's Mission, and the year just mentioned Rev. 8. L. Leonard was appointed to be pastor at Red Wing. In 1853 a class was organized, out of which has grown the present prosperous congregation. In 1854 the society formally organized by the election of a board of trustees. The first pastor sent to Red Wing as a separate and independent appointment, was Rev. Jabez Brooks, in 1854. He was also principal of the preparatory department of Hamline University. At that time the congregation only numbered twenty-two members. During that conference year the membership increased to ninety-five. Regular services were first held, and for a little more than a year, in the schoolroom of the University, in 0. 1. F. Smith's store-building, near the river. When the University building was completed, services commenced and were continued in the college chapel until the present church edifice, costing $11,000 was completed and dedicated in the summer of 1858. On the 2d of June, 1859, the tower, nearly one hundred feet in hight, blew down, falling lengthwise, and carrying to the ground nearly the whole building with it. It was immediately rebuilt, at a cost of $1,400, making the entire cost of the building $12,400. The two-story brick parsonage belonging to the church, was erected under the superintendency of Rev. J. H. Macomber, pastor, in 1877, at a cost of $2,200. It is partially furnished by the congregation, which obviates the necessity of the preachers sent to the work from time to time, removing heavy articles of furniture with them. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 351 In 1875, the citizens had the honor of entertaining the annual Con- ference. Every house was thrown open to the members and visitors of the Conference, and for once sectarian differences were ignored. On the Sunday that intervened during the session of the Conference, most of the other church pulpits were occupied by members of the Conference. The pastors in succession since the first appointment in 1852, have been as follows : 1852, S. L. Leonard ; 1853, M. Sorin ; 1854, Jabez Brooks ; 1855 and 1856, 0. Hobert; 1857, Peter Akers; 1858, J. W. Stogdell ; 1859, Jabez Brooks; 1860, Silas Bolles; 1861 and 1862, E. Tucker; 1863, G. W. Kichardson ; 1864, P. 'Akers, from May to September, (in September Mr. Akers was succeeded by Thomas M. Gossard ;) 1865, A. J. Nelson, from June to September, (September 25, Mr. Nelson was succeeded by C, Brooks;) 1866 and 1867, C. Brooks; 1868, John Kerns; 1869 and 1870, Thomas McOlary ; 1871, E. Lathrop; 1872 and 1873, 0. Griswold ; 1874 and 1875, S. A. Windsor; 1876 and 1877, J. H. Macomber; 1878, W. C. Rice. In 1868, the Conference commenced in September; in 1869, '70, '71, '72, '73, '74, '75, it commenced in October ; in 1876, '77, '78, it commenced in September. SABBATH SCHOOL, The Sabbath School was organized in the fall of 1854, and has been steadily maintained ever since. The principal school now numbers two hundred scholars. Besides this school there is a mission school in the upper part of the city, with a recorded scholarship of one hundred. The church here also has supervision of a school at Lewis' school house, in Wacoota township, and one on Wells Creek, representing an aggre- gate enrolled membership of 420, the average attendance of which is 350. Forty-eight oflScers and teachers were employed at the date of Mr. Macomber's last report to Conference. A. J. Meacham is superintendent of the parent school ; William Robinson of the mission school, and James Sutherland of the Wells Creek school. FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The next church in the order of organization is the First Presbyterian. For a period of time involving nearly three years from the date of the first settlement by white people at Red Wing, the only regularly organized religious services were conducted under the auspices of the 352 THE HISTOET OF GOODHUE C0r5TT. Methodist Episcopal people, bat the services, as is alw^ays the rule with that branch of the Christian church, were open to all, and no member of any other church organization declined to attend because the services were of the Methodist order. As immigration increased, so increased the adherents to the different forms of worship. Presbyterianism, as indastrions, earnest and zealous as the Baptist or the Methodist — always jealoas of the tenets of its faith, and true to the spirit of its founder — had representatives among the immigrants, and as time grew apace, and their numbers increased, they, too, determined upon establishing a church. Their first services were held at the old mission house. At first, like their Methodist co-laborers, their congregations were small, but their earnestness and religious ardor were none the less sincere. The same zeal and devotion that had been the governing principles of the fathers of that branch of the church — that had carried its tenets and truths wherever man had an abiding place ; that, through evil report as well as goonS^ had enabled it to build churches, found schools and seminaries and colleges — was present in these pioneer meetings, and sustained and encouraged its believers. Years of trial and persecution, as all Christian people were persecuted in the earlier days of the Christian era, had only tended to purify and strengthen their faith. While acknowledging all religious organizations as co-laborers in one common field, and ready to bow with them in the presence of the Most High, there is yet an independ- ence in a true Presbyterian that will accept no compromise of his church articles of faith, or to depart therefrom and give up its individ- uality by becoming a part of any other church organization, unless for reasons beyond possible control, such as inaccessibility to their own churches and houses of worship. Love of order and home enter largely into the hearts of Presbyterians everywhere, as much in the Minnesota wilds as in the densely populated cities. Xo matter where Presbyteri- ans may go, they carry these attributes with them, and never feel that they are at home until worshiping beneath their own vine and fig-tree — their own roof, and that free from debt. First assembled as a little band of true and steadfast worshipers, at a rude log cabin, erected in 1838 as a Swiss mission house, without organization, we trace the history of this society, its success and pros- perity, down to the present In the compilation of this summary, we are much indebted to the Rev, Joseph W. Hancock, the first pastor of this congregation. This church society was organized at the old log mission, heretofore freq^uently quoted, in January, 1855, with seven members, and was \ ^^(N\j - ^ tr^K^cxNcv^OL/N/vJ BED wr NG. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 353 subject to the Presbytery of Minnesota, on the records of which it was designated as the First Presbyterian Church of Red Wing. Since that time the territory then included in the Minnesota Presbytery has been several times divided, and Red Wing is now included in what is known as the St. Paul Presbytery. The first seven members of the church were Rev. Joseph W. Hancock, Mrs. Sarah R. Hancock, G. J. F. Smith, Otis F. Smith, W. H. Wellington, Rachel Van Denbergh, and Maj-garet Oulbertson. At the organization, Rev. Joseph W. Hancock oflBciated, and 0. J. F. Smith was elected elder and clerk. On the 11th of February,. 1855, the sacrament of the Lord's supper, was administered to this church for the first time. Rev. Joseph W. Hancock, who had been laboring for several years as a missionary in connection with the Am. B. 0. Foreign Missions, among the Dakota Indians of Minnesota, was engaged as minister of the church from its organization until about Sept. 1st, 1861. For sometime the congregation worshipped in a log cabin about 16 feet square, with a sort of rude table made of rough boards, and supported by legs cut with the axe from the neighboring forest, for a pulpit. The village of Red Wing was just being commenced. Only two or three hous,es had been erected.. The Indians were still here, and the unearthly noise of their war dance was mingled with the songs of praise that went up from the little cabin. Their next place of worship was a carpenter shop. The shavings were carried out every Saturday evening, the tools packed away in the chests, a few benches carried in, and there they assembled to hold their Sabbath meetings ; but as they could not use it for week day meetings, they proceeded to rear a tabernacle for the express purpose. This was accomplished at an expense of about one hundred dollars. It consisted of a shanty of rough boards and joists, 18x35 feet, and was the first house built for public worship in Red Wing. They occupied this for one summer only ; it being too open for the winter, they removed to the village school house, which had been erected during that summer, and there continued to worship until the following spring, when they rented and occupied Philleo Hall. This was the last place occupied by them until the completion of their present place of worship, which was dedicated August 19, 1857, the Rev. Mr. Mattox, of St. Paul, oflici- ating, selecting his text from Eccl., 19th chapter and 13th verse. The contrast between the organization of the church, and the dedi- cation of their spacious and elegant building, was most striking, and was alluded to in the most touching tones by Mr. Hancock. He truly 24 354 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. had reason to rejoice, for, from such small beginnings, in one year this society had become one of the most flourishing in the territory, and with the edifice was the fruit of his own pious zeal and toil. He then in a solemn and eloquent prayer, dedicated the church. The services were deeply interesting, and were attended by a large and intellectual audience. The church is a very handsome edifice, 38x66 feet, with tower and bell attached. It contains sixty slips, and will seat three hundred persons. It occupies a very eligible situation at the corner of East avenue and Sixth street. The lot of ground on which the church edifice is situated was given to the congregation by the town proprietors ; the adjoining quarter of the block of lots on which the church is situated was purchased for a parsonage, on which a very neat and commodious building has been erected. During Mr. Hancock's ministry, one hundred persons were added to the church by profession of faith, and by letter from other churches. Kev. P. H. Snow, of Wisconsin, succeeded him^ and supplied the pulpit for one year. Rev. S. H. Smith, of Morristown, New Jersey, was the next minister, and the first installed pastor of the church. He com- menced his labors August 1st, 1863, and resigned the pastorate in February, 1866. Rev. James Thomson, of Mankato, and President Jabez Brooks, D. D., of Hamline University, have supplied the pulpit at different times when the church has been without a pastor. July 1st, 1866, Rev. J. A. Annin, of Oedarville, New Jersey, became the regular minister of the church, and continued the labors until November 24th, 1867. On the 1st of January, 1868, Rev. D. E. Wells, of Monroe- ville, Ohio, took charge of the congregation, and was unanimously elected pastor of the church on the 27th of February, 1868. PASTOKS IN SUCCESSION. From date of organization in 1855 to July 1, 1861, Rev. J. W. Han- cock. From July 1, 1861, to November 1, 1862, Rev. P. H. Snow. From November 1, 1862, to April 20, 1866, Rev. Sanford Smith. From April 20, 1866, to November 24, 1867, Rev. J. A. Annin. From November 24, 1867, to September 22, 1873, Rev. E. H. Wells. The present pastor. Rev. R. F. MacLaren, succeeded Mr. Wells. The following list contains the names of those who have served as elders in the order of their election : Messrs. J. C. F. Smith, Moses Bryant, William Libby, S. S. Grannis, Philander VanDenbergh, E. W. Brooks, Peter Daniels, P. Sprague. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 355 SABBATH SCHOOL. In the spring of 1854, says Mr. Hancock, we organized a Union Sab- bath School at the old mission house, and I think W. H. Wellington was selected as sup€rintendent. We took up a collection for a library, amounting to about $6.00. I was delegated to take the money to St. Paul to buy a library. I found Rev. E. D. Neill, who had a few ten dollar libraries which had been sent out from the American Sabbath School Union for the purpose of supplying new schools. He received the six dollars and gave me one of the libraries, carrying it on his shoulders, case and all, from his own house to the steamboat landing. That was our Sabbath School beginning. As the village grew in population, and the church society increased in numbers, the Sabbath School increased in corresponding proportion, until in 1878 it numbers 300 enrolled scholars, with an average attend- ance of 250, and twenty-eight teachers. Ed. B. Philleo was selected superintendent of the school in 1874. At the date of the compilation of this history the Presbyterian Sabbath School library contained 500 volumes. GERMAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. This church society was organized in October, 1855, with Rev. Gustav Zellman as pastor, and Gottleib Sulrasse as local preacher, and the following named persons as members of the congregation : A. Koch, Frederick and Mary Koch, William and Katherina Koch, Margaretta Koch, Lena Hoffman, Otto Kaschube and Katherine his wife, Henry Banze, Frederick William Siebrasse, Margaretta Siebrasse, Anna M. Siebrasse, Anna W. Siebrasse, Herman Kalterjohn, Gotthilf Post, Ann^ Post, Conrad Singuistria, Charles Ahlers, Sen., Louisa Ahlers, and Charles Ahlers, Jr. After the organization of the society, and until the erection of a house of worship, their meetings were held at the residence of A. Koch, In the summer of 1856, the Red Wing town proprietors donated the society a lot for a church building at the corner of West avenue and Seventh street. The erection of a small frame church building, which is still standing, was commenced and completed at a cost of $400 in that year. The church was dedicated in November, 1856, and was the first church to be built and dedicated in the city of Red Wing. The dedicatory services were conducted by the presiding elder of the district, Rev. H. Roth. The building is s.mall (24x36 feet) and old, and must soon give way to a larger and better one — one more in keeping with 356 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. the progress of the times and increase of the congregation, and arrange- ments are now on foot looking to that end. The following named pastors have served this congregation : 1855 to 1856, Rev. Gustav Zollmann ; 1856 to 1858, Rev. Phillip Funk; 1858 to 1859, Rev. Henry Kolbe; 1859 to 1861, Rev. Charles Hollman; 1861 to 1863, Rev. John G. Speckmann; 1863 to 1865, Rev. August Lamprecht; 1865 to 1867, Rev. Henry Boettcher ; 1867 to 1870, Rev. Henry Schnittker; 1870 to 1873, Rev. Charles Hollman; 1873 to 1875, Rev. G. Haeger; 1875 to 1876, Rev. Adam MuUer; 1876 to 1878, Rev. George Hartunt, who is still serving. Church Officers. — Local preacher and class leader, W. H. Meyer; trustees, William Tubersing, William Siebrasse, George Cook, Peter Tubersing, Henry Gross; stewards, William Tubersing, William Siebrasse. SABBATH SCHOOL. This school was organized March 18th, 1856, by Rev. Phillip Funk, with John Pfoffehberger as superintendent. There is now an enrolled membership of forty scholars, with nearly an equal average attend- ance; eight teachers, and a library of 150 volumes. W. H. Meyer, superintendent; Henry Gross, vice-superintendent. SWEDISH METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. This church society organized as a class in 1870, under the direction of Rev. C. F. Lindquist, presiding elder of the Swedish district of the Minnesota M. E. Conference. The class consisted of eight members, as follows : Ole Larson and wife, Sorin Everson, Aton Olin and wife, Andrew Lus, and N. Peterson and wife. Ole Larson and Soren Everson, were elected trustees. The class was embraced in the Vasa charge. Soon after the class was formed, preparations were commenced for building a church. A lot was secured, and the collection of money to build a house of worship was undertaken by Rev. Mr. Lindquist. His undertaking was blessed with success, and the erection of a house was undertaken, and so far completed that if was occupied the same year. The society was not able to finish it entirely, and for seats some old boards were brought into use, which were placed on blocks. When night meetings were held, some one or more of the members carried lamps from their residences. The members always kept their lamps trimmed and ready to burn if not burning. Rev. Mr. Lindquist supplied the services until 1872, when Rev. P.M. THK HISTORY OF QOODHUB COUNTY. 357 Johnson was appointed by Conference to take charge of the work. On the 11th day of April, 1874, the first quarterly conference was held in this church building, Rev. 0. Gunderson, presiding. In 1874, at the beginning of the conference year, Rev. Mr. Johnson was succeeded by Rev. A. G. Wickland, who remained until 1876, when Conference appointed Rev. L. Dahlgren to the charge. Mr. Dahlgren remained until the close of that conference year, when Rev. C. G. Nelson suc- ceeded to the pastorate. The society prospered, and having bought a lot at the corner of Seventh street and East avenue, the erection of a new church building was undertaken and completed in 1877. The lot for the new church edifice cost them $1,250. A part of the lot was sold, and the proceeds applied to the erection of their new building. The most of the money necessary for the payment of the lot and cost of building, was raised within the society. It was dedicated July 1, 1877, by Rev. O. Gander- son, of Chicago. Mr. Nelson, who was appointed to the charge in 1877, remained during that conference year, and was succeeded by Rev. O. J. Stead, in September, 1878. Officers of the Ohuroh. — Trustees, C. Youngquist, Germand Johnson, G. P. Peterson, Nels Dahlburg, Ole Johnson ; class leader, Germand Johnson ; steward, Nels Dahlberg ; recording steward, C. Youngquist ; district steward, Fuman. SABBATH SCHOOL. The Sabbath School was organized in 1874, by Rev. A. J. Wickland. Mr. Wickland was chosen as superintendent. The school has an enrolled membership of forty scholars, an average attendance of thirty-six, six teachers, and a library of one hundred volumes. Nels Dahlburg superintendent in 1878. SWEDISH EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN MISSIONARY CHURCH. This society held its first meeting in September, 1868, at the house of Nels Nelson, who then lived near the present location of the depot. The services were conducted by Mr. Nels Selvander, who had arrived in this country from Sweden only two weeks previous. After this they continued to convene for worship every Wednesday night, at the house of some of the brethren in different parts of the town. The services were generally conducted by the brother above named ; but in case of his absence, they were conducted by P. Johnson and others, as the case 358 THE HISTORY OF &OODHUE COUNTY. might require. This mode of worship was continued, with an occasional sermon by Rev. P. Undeen, of Illinois, who, at the invitation of Mr. Selvander, would come and preach for them when his duties would permit, being two or three times a year. They were also frequently favored, in those times, with an occasional sermon by Rev. J. M. San- gren, their present pastor, who was then stationed at Chicago. The society was incorporated some time in the early part of 1874, and they immediately began the erection of a suitable building for missionary services. It is a frame building, 30 x 40 feet, situated on Sixth street, near West Avenue, and cost $1,200. As soon as the building was inclosed, the society commenced holding meetings in it. It was finished and dedicated in the spring of 1875. Previous to June, 1877, services were supplied once a month by the missionary synod. In that month the Rev. G. M. Sangren became the regular pastor, since when there have been regular services every Sabbath. The seats are all free, and the services are conducted with a true spirit of Christianity. The society is governed by a board of eleven persons, consisting of one superintendent, one secretary, one cashier, four trustees and four deacons, who are chosen annually at an election held for that purpose. These officers are chosen for their known Christian zeal and earnestness, liberality and devotion to the society's professions of faith. This is one of the very few church buildings in Minnesota that is free from debt, a fact that speaks volumes for the economy of the society. SABBATH SCHOOL. The Sabbath School was organized immediately after the completion of their church building, with F. G. Kelstrom as superintendent. The school now has an enrolled membership of fifty scolars, with an average attendance of thirty, and eight teachers. In addition to the regular Sabbath School they maintain a Bible class that meets at three o'clock every Sabbath afternoon. GERMAN LUTHERAN CHURCH. This church society was organized in the spring of 1861, with F. Heyer, of St. Paul, pastor. At the time of organization the society, consisted of sixteen members. The first services were held in the old Swedish Lutheran Church. Their present church edifice was built in the same year after their organization, and cost $1,500. It was dedi- cated by Rev. Mr. Heyer, December 6th, 1861. Mr. Heyer remained as THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 359 pastor of the society until July, 1865, when he was succeeded by Rev. 0. H. Becker,-who filled the pulpiti until the spring of 1867, when he in turn was succeeded by Rev. August Smith, until December of the same year, when the present pastor, Rev. Christian Bender, assumed pastoral charge of the congregation. The society now numbers fifty-five members. Trustees. — Fred. Seebach, John Hesler and Ernst Rider. The society are now (October, 1878,) completing a very graceful brick church edifice, 36x56 feet, at the corner of East avenue and Fifth street, the cost of which will be $9,000. A Lutheran school has been maintained in connection with the church for ten years, of which Mr. Christian Bender has been the con- stant and regular teacher. SABBATH SCHOOL. The Sabbath School was organized in 1866, with Rev.'Charles Bender as superintendent. The school now has an enrolled membership of 106 scholars and twelve teachers — seven males and five females, and a library of 150 volumes. F. Haempfling is the present superintendent. ST. JOSEPH'S CATHOLIC CHURCH. In 1853 the Catholic people were represented at Red Wing by fifteen families. They were visited occasionally and spiritual consolation administered to them by the Rev. F. Tissot, then local missionary at Wabasha, Wabasha county, and now the pastor of St, Anthony's Church, at St. Anthony, Minn. ' For some seven years services were held at Mr. Thomas Taylor's private residence by Rev. Father Tissot, but in 1859-60, at a meeting called to order by Father Tissot, the few families unanimously agreed to build a frame church edifice at the corner of Park and Fifth streets. The building was completed as soon thereafter as practicable, in which services were continued until June, 1878. The first resident pastor was C. J. Knauf, who was appointed by Right Rev. Thomas L. Grace, Bishop of St. Paul. Rev. Mr. Knauf remained in charge of the parish for several years, during which time he also conducted services at the several missions of the county — at Belle Creek, Belvidere, Cherry Grove and Mazeppa — and wherever there were Catholic people in Pierce county, Wisconsin. In 1872 a change was made by Right Rev. Bishop Thomas L. Grace, 360 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. and Kev. J. N. Stariha, the present pastor, succeeded to the charge. During his pastorate the number of families increased to 150, and thus the congregation was enabled to make many improvements. The first work of the present pastor was the building of a Catholic school in 1873, which is conducted by the School Sisters of Notre Dame, Milwaukee. The mission places required more attention than the resident pastor here could render, and Revs. 0. Walter, A. Holzer and J. Meyer were assigned as assistants to Eev. Father Stariha. In the meantime three new church edifices were erected in different parts of the county as follows : At Belvidere, a stone building, 50x90 feet, in 1878 ; at Mazeppa, a frame building, 30x60 feet; at Cherry Grove, a stone structure, 28x46 feet. The Bell Creek Catholic church edifice was erected in 1860. In 1877, an elegant stone church, with all modern improvements, was built at Eed Wfng, at the corner of Sixth and Park streets, the site on which the edifice was built being purchased from the M. E. Church society. In the early fall of 1878, the missions of Bell Creek and Belvidere were assigned regular pastors. Rev. W. T. Roy is in charge at Bell Creek, and Rev. J. Meyer at Belvidere. Rev. Mr. Roy was directed to officiate at Cherry Grove and Cannon Falls also, and Rev. Mr. Meyer's charge included Mazeppa. The Red Wing parish is in charge of Rev. N. J. Stariha, who says : " Judging the young church by the past, we may expect a glorious future," BAPTIST CHURCH. The first meeting to organize a Baptist society in Red Wing, was held at the residence of Mr. Cressey, on Fourth street, between East avenue and Bush street, on the 21st day of January, A. D. 1855. Rev.T. R. Cressey presided, and W. S. Grow acted as secretary, At that meet- ing the organization was fully completed, under the name of the First Baptist Church of Red Wing. The following named persons having church letters were the constituent members : W. S. Grow, Martha M. Grow, Mary A. Whelan, and Cecelia A. Brown. Jeremiah Fuller and Hannah Fuller were received on their Christian experience. W. S. Grow, was elected clerk at the close of the meeting. Rev. Mr. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 361 Oressey extended the right hand of fellowship, after which the meeting adjourned. Mr. Cressey became the first pastor of the church, and continued to oflBciate in that capacity until the 30th of April, 1857, when the Rev. Enos Munger was called to the pastorate, and continued with the society until March 9, 1858. Up to the date last quoted, the society held its services in the district school house, at the corner of East avenue and Fourth streets — the build- ing now used as a laundry by Mrs. Fogg. From this time until 1867, the society was without a pastor. On the 10th of June, 1866, however, a meeting was held at the court house, to consider the necessity of re-establishing the church, and a resolution was passed looking to that end, but it was not carried into immediate effect. On the 3rd of Feb- ruary, 1867, a series of meetings were commenced and continued until the first of April. These meetings re-kindled the Baptist zeal, and on the 19th of August of that year, Rev. W. W. Whitcomb, of Qshkosh, Wisconsin, was called and accepted the charge, and remained as pastor to the society until April, 1869. Under his pastorate, the present church edifice, 40x60 feet, at the corner of East avenue and Fourth street, was commenced and completed at a cost of $5,000. The building was dedi- cated on the 3rd of February, 1869, the dedicatory services being conducted by Rev. Dr. Abbott, of Rochester, who preached the dedica- tory sermon. November 26th, 1870, Rev. Gideon Cole was called and accepted the pastorate, which he continued to fill until the spring of 1876, preaching his farewell sermon on Sunday, the 23d of April. Mr. Cole was suc- ceeded by the present pastor. Rev. William E. Stanley, who preached his first sermon to the society on the 4th of May, 1876. Mr. Stanley came to Minnesota on the 4th day of July, 1873, at the call of the Bap- tist society of St. Cloud, who had just completed a very handsome church edifice. He is yet a young man, but a very able speaker, close student, full of Christian zeal and energy, and untiring in good works. The society numbers fifty-three members. Deacons. — George Post and John Thomas. Mr. Post served as deacon from the time the society was organized until his death. Clerks. — W. S. Grow, from date of organization in 1855 to 1867 ; E. F. Grow, from 1867 to 1868 ; W. A. Orser, from 1868 to 1872 ;»E. F. Grow, from 1872 to 1874; G. S. Elwell, from 1874 to 1875; L. D. Camp- bell, from 1875 to 1878. The present clerk, G. E. Gates, was elected in January, 1878. SABBATH SCHOOL. The Sabbath School was organized in the spring of 1867. The first 362 THE HISTOKT OF GOODHUE COUNTY. superintendent was W. P. Hood ; the present superintendent is D. J. M. Higgins. Number of scholars, 100 ; average attendance, 80 ; teachers, 7 ; No. of volumes in library, 150. FIRST NORWEGIAN EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH. FAITHFUL WORKERS AND PATRONS OP MARTIN LUTHER. For several years this society consisted of only eight members, with- out regular church organization. They consistently maintained their faith, however, and met for worship every Sunday. Sometimes their meetings were held in Indian Hall, sometimes in the court house, sometimes in the Swedish Lutheran Church, but most frequently at the house of some of the brethren. At these meetings and until they formally organized as a church society, their principal speaker and religious instructor until the arrival of Rev. B. Muns, was Prof. L. Larson. A permanent church organization was effected at the German Lutheran Church, on Sunday, the 18th day of February, 1864, with Rev. Mr. Muns as pastor. Mr. Muns had been pastor of a church at Holden, and rendered missionary services in several of the adjoining counties. The organization represented nine families. Ole K. Simmons, C Bergh and O. A. Indsith were chosen as trustees. In 1866 the society undertook and completed the erection of their present house of worship, at the corner of Sixth and Bush streets. The building is 30x42 feet on the ground, with chancel 14x16 feet, and surmounted with a tower, 12 feet square at the base, and rising to a heighth of 96 feet. The building cost $4000. Having no place of worship, they took possession of the basement of their church building some two years before the building was entirely completed, holding their first meeting in the basement on Sunday, the 16th day of October, 1866. The building was fully completed in the fall of 1868, and was dedicated on the 18th day of October in that year. The dedication sermon was preached by Rev. J. A. Ottesen, of Dane county, Wisconsin. On the evening of their dedication day. Rev. H. A„ Preus, president of the Jforwegian Synod, ordained Nels Th. Ylvisaker as a minister of the gospel, and commissioned him to preach the glad tidings of great joy according to the faith of the Norwegian Lutheran church. The sermon delivered on the following Sunday by Rev. Mr. Ylvisaker was the first sermon delivered by him after his ordination, and the first he ever preached in America, he having just arrived from Norway to take charge of this congregation in place of THE HISTOKT OP SOODHUB COUNTY. 363 Rev. Mr. Muns, whose duties called him elsewhere. Mr. T. continued as preacher to this congregation until 1874, when he was succeeded by Rev. R. Larson, and November 12, 1876, Mr. Lai'son was succeeded by Rev. K. Berven, the present pastor. The membership now numbers about 140. The trustees are C. 0. Claussen (who is also treasurer,) Peter Nelson, Christian Peterson and John Nelson. TJ. C. S. Hjermstad is secretary. SABBATH SCHOOL. The Sabbath School was organized in the fall of 1869, with 0. A. Indsith as superintendent. The school now has an enrolled member- ship of 65 scholars, with an average attendance of 35, and twelve teachers. The S. 8. library contains about 250 volumes. TJ. 0. S. Hjermstad is the present superintendent. SWEDISH EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH OF RED WING. This church was organized by Rev. Erick Norelius on the 4th day of September, 1855. Number of members at the time of its organization was fifty-four. The first services were held in a small frame building, used as a store, situate at the corner of 4th and Plumb streets, where now John Lyon's boarding house stands, and services were held there until the first church was built in 1856. In the winter of 1856-1857 its first church edifice (a frame building 26x30J- feet) was built at the corner of 5th and,Franklin streets, at a cost of f 1,000, which building was afterwards, when the brick church was built, changed into a, parsonage at an additional cost of about $700. The new church edifice (brick, 36x60) on the corner of 5th and West avenue was begun in 1866, and completed in 1875, at a cost as it stands with the lots of $12,000. The parish school building was built in 1874, near the new church, at a cost of 1600. The pastors of said church were as follows : 1855-1860, Rev. Erick Norelius; 1860-1861, Rev. J. P. C. Borsen ; 1861-1869, Erick Norelius ; 1869 to the present time. Rev. P. Sjoblom. Present number of communicants, 554 ; the whole population belong- ing to the church, 1018. The Sabbath School was organized in 1857 ; first superintendent, Hawkin Olson ; number in attendance at that time, 30 ; present super- intendent, Nels Peterson ; teachers now number 20 ; children in attend- ance, 200. 364 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUHTT. ST. PETER'S NOKWEGIAN EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURGH, HAUGES SYNOD. This church society first began to hold meetings in 1863, their meet- ings being conducted by 0. O. Hagna. The society was formally organized on the 15th of March, 1864, with 0.0. Hagna, N. Jakobson and L. Sivertson as trustees. The society was incorporated April 16, 1866. A house of worship, 24x40 feet, was erected on Bluff street, near Sixth, in the spring and summer of 1866, at a cost of $1,200. It was dedicated by Rev. A. Hanson, who was the pastor of the congregation up to 1875, when he was succeeded by Rev. C. O. Brohaugh, the present pastor. Church Officers., 1878. — Trustees, G. Isackson, H. Larson, 0. Bugge ; deacons, 0. Jystad, H. Rohne, 0. 0. Peterson. Total membership, 120 ; communicants, 165. SABBATH SCHOOL. The Norwegian branch or division of the Sabbath School was organ- ized by O. O. Hagna, at his residence, in 1865, and was held there until the church building was completed and ready for occupancy. An English branch or division of the school was commenced in 1867, and continued until 1877, when it was suspended, the society preferring that the exercises should be conducted in the Norwegian language. Very often during the time the English school was conducted there was an attendance of one.hundred scholars, with an average attendance of forty. Since the suspension of the English school the number has decreased to about seventy-five scholars and eight teachers. The library contains 150 volumes. A. Ellenger, superintendent. SWEDISH EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH. This church was organized on the fourth day of September, 1855, by Rev. Eric Norelius, with fifty-four members. The first services were held in a small frarne building, used as a store room, at the corner of Fourth and Plumb streets, on the ground now occupied by John Lyons' boarding house. Services were continued there until the first church was built. The building was afterwards used as a saloon. Their first house of worship, a frame building 26x30 feet, was erected at the corner of Fifth and Franklin streets, in the winter of 1856 or 1857, at a cost of $1,000. When the new brick church THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COXJNTT. 365 was built in 1866, the old frame structure was " reconstructed " for a parsonage at an expense of $700. The new church, 36x40 feet, is situated at the corner of Fifth street and West avenue, and cost $12,000. The parish school house near the new church was built in 1874, at a cost of $600. The pastors of the church have been as follows : 1855 to 1860, Rev. Eric Norelius; 1860 to 1861, Rev. J. P. C. Borsen ; 1861 to 1869, Rev. Eric Norelius , from 1869 to the present time, Rev. P. Sjoblom. Number of communicants, (Oct., 1878,) 554 ; total population repre- sented by the church, 1,018. SABBATH SCHOOL. The Sabbath school was organized in 1857 with thirty scholars, and Hawkin Olson as superintendent. There is now (Oct., 1878) an enrolled membership of two hundred scholars and twenty teachers ; Nels Peterson, superintendent. CHRIST CHURCH— EPISCOPAL. STRUGGLES AND TRIUMPHS — A RECORD OF GOOD WORKS. This people were among the first to obtain a footing in Minnesota, and with that zeal, earnestness, dignity and industry that characterizes them everywhere, have kept pace with the growth and prosperity of the country. In the summer of 1850, Rev. Messrs. Breck, Wilcoxson and Merrick were located at St. Paul as missionaries of this branch of the Christian church to the Territory. They visited every neighborhood, from Fort Ripley to Point Douglas, and thence to the Falls of St. Croix, on foot, once in three weeks, besides maintaining regular services in St. Paul. From that time to the present a faithful watch has been exercised over the growth and development of the truths and religious principles dis- seminated by these faithful missionaries in the primitive days of Minnesota. On the 19th day of December, 1871, Right Rev. H. B. Whipple, D. D., Bishop of Minnesota, consecrated the present elegant and commodious church-building, situated on the block of ground between Third and Fourth streets and East and West avenues. On the next day (the 20th) Rev. Dr. Wells, now Bishop of Wisconsin, preached his thirteenth anniversary sermon. His text was taken from 1 Samuel, vii, 12: " Hitherto the Lord helped us." In that discourse Dr. Wells took occasion to review the history of the 366 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. society — its struggles and triumphs, from the date of its organization to that time, from which the following facts are collated : The history and growth of the parish is mainly connected with a sin- gle pastorate ; but the first services of the church in Red Wing were given by the faithful missionary, the Rev. Timothy Wilcoxson, on the 17th day of November, 1855. The building occupied was the law office of Col. William Colvill, at the foot of Broad street, near the present site of the Chicago and St. Paul Railway station. Occasional services by Mr. Wilcoxson extended over a period of one year from this time, mostly given in the schoolhouse on the northeast corner of Fourth street and East avenue, now occupied as a laundry by Mrs. Fogg, and at the residence of Mr. Warren Bristol, on the southwest corner of Main and Broad streets. The first administration of holy baptism in Red Wing, according to the office of the Prayer Book, was by Mr. Wilcoxson, when a child of Mr. and Mrs. Newell, now living in Pine Island, was baptized. In the course of his visitations of the immense district which formed his missionary jurisdiction, the apostolic Kemper preached in Red Wing on the 28th day of April, 1858. Mr. Wilcoxson accompanied the bishop at this time, and baptized two children, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of P. M. and Clara Wright, and Mary Hereford, daughter of Nehemiah V. and Sairah A. Bennett. In June, 1858, Dr. Wells made his first visit to the parish and held his first service. This service was in the Presbyterian house of worship, the use of which was kindly granted for the occasion by its pastor, the Rev. J. W. Hancock. The record which Bishop Kemper made of his visit to Red Wing was, that he " found here a few zealous members of the church preparing to organize a parish and to build a church." The preparatory work to which the bishop referred in that record was a meeting of those friendly to the church, held in Judge Wilder's office on Christmas Day, 1857. The notice for this meeting was circulated by Judge Wilder and Dr. Hawley, and beside them there were present W. C. Williston, Dr. Sweeney, Warren Bristol, Geo. Wilkinson, H. 0. Hofi"man, W. W. Dekay, Judge Welch, Col. Colvill, Jas. Hamilton, Ira McClenthen, Wm. Free- born, P. M. Wright, N. V. Bennett and Isaac Green. On the occasion of Dr. Wells' visit in June, arrangements were made for perfecting the organization of the parish, and for his return in the early autumn to be its pastor. In the course of the sermon from which we are quoting. Dr. Wells remarked : " Of those who had taken part in the Christmas meeting, there was but one communicant of the THE HISTORY OF QOODHUE COUNTY. 367 church ; his words and influence had turned my attention to Red Wing, and the thought that he was to be a fellow-helper in the work of this mission for the church was to me an assurance, based upon the experi- ences of an acquaintance running back to college days, that so long as our motto was ' Pro Ecolesia Dei ' he would be a faithful and unflinch- ing worker. The 3d day of October, 1858, the Sunday of our first service in Philleo Hall, was one of those kingly days which always call to mind the oft quoted lines of holy George Herbert. " We thought and spoke of its brightness as propitious, and in God's good providence our hopes have been to a certain extent blessedly realized." " The arrangements of the hall for our services were extremely simple — a melodeon was provided for our use, which we retained until the present cabinet organ was purchased by the parish, and a desk, which served as a prayer desk, lectern and pulpit, was, upon our removal to the church building, transferred to the parish school room, and is still in use as the teacher's desk. " The salary of the rector was fixed at $700 for the first year. No missionary aid of any kind was ever given to the parish. During the winter, the matter of church building was thoroughly canvassed ; plans were examined, a church lot secured at the head of Broad street, one- half of which was the generous gift of Dr. Sweeney ; a;nd on Wednesday, the 1st day of June, 1859, the Vestry entered into a contract with Messrs. Whitney and McClenthen, to build a church edifice for the parish. " The first episcopal visitation of the parish, was on the 26th day of June. "At the service that morning, the venerable Bishop Kemper preached, and confirmed ten persons ; one kept by sickness from attending the public service was confirmed in private. At six o'clock, p. m., evening prayer was read, and directly after, the bishop, rector, warden, and vestrymen, and a large congregation, proceeded from the hall to the church lot. " We have always spoken of this service as the ' laying of the corner stone.' There was no corner stone, as such, prepared for deposits ; but it was rather a service of prayer — commending our labors to God's good favor, and asking his blessing on them. " The bishop's address was full of words of sympathy and encourage- ment ; and there is no memory of this noble missionary prelate which I retain with more pleasure than the truly apostolic presence and kindly Christian greetings of the venerated pastor ; as gathered there in the golden sunlight, we listened to his words of wisdom, and felt that a 368 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. blessing would be theirs upon whom he invoked that ' Peace of God which passeth all understanding.' "At this time there were no services of the church in "Wabasha county, and, with the exception of the Rev. Mr. Wilcoxson's services at Cannon Falls, none in Goodhue county outside of Red Wing. " On Tuesday, the 29fh of November, 1859, Bishop Whipple (who was consecrated bishop in St. James Church, Richmond, Virginia, October 13th, A. D. 1859, and the first bishop of Minnesota) made his first visitation of the parish. In his convention address in the following June, he said of this visitation : ' On November 29th, I consecrated to the worship of Almighty God the new and beautiful edifice of Christ Church, Red Wing, on which occasion I preached, confirmed twelve persons, delivered an address, and administered the holy communion. St. Andrews. November 30th : Preached both morning and afternoon, and catechized the children at the second service. In the evening I met the members of the parish at the residence of Mr. Wilkinson. On Thursday, December 31st, I confirmed one sick person in private. I gladly place on record the fact, that this free church, which now has its daily service, its parish school, its candidate for holy orders, its well ordered and beautiful parish church, was planted by its rector and his faithful parishioners without missionary aid.' " In addition to the bishop there were present at these services, the Rev. Dr. Paterson, of St. Paul ; the Revs. Fitch and Knickerbocker, of Minneapolis ; Wilcoxson, of Hastings ; Williamson, of Point Douglas ; and Gray, of Shakopee. The entire cost of the church, church lot, furnishing, etc., was $2,967. Of this amount $401 were contributed by friends at the East, for the purchase of the windows, a bell, and com munion linen. It was a very happy day for us, which witnessed the consecration of our church. The sittings in it were to he free to all." The services in the old church, now used as a parish schoolhouse, were of more than ordinary interest on the ordination of the Rev. C. P. Dorset, in 1860 ; the convention services in 1861 ; the ordination, in 1865, of the Rev. H. G. Batterson to the priesthood, and of the Pev. S. P. Chandler to the deaconate ; and the service for the first company of volunteers that enlisted in Red Wing for the war. In the summer of 1868, it was felt that the growth of the parish, and claims of a spreading and deepening influence, made some action on the part of the congregation, in the way of enlargement or by building anew, an absolute necessity. In the autumn of that year work was commenced on the new building in accordance with plans furnished by Henry Dudley, of New York. Mr. D. C. Hill contracted to do the car- THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. penter work, except the seats, the contract for which was let to Mr. E. Simmons; and Mr. George Carlson to do the stone work. The wood- work, (seats, columns, tracery, wainscotting, &c.,) is of butternut, fin- ished in oil, by Mr. George H. Davis. The windows were furnished by Mr. Sharpe, of New York. The corner stone was laid on the 24th day of June, 1869,'on which occasion, in addition to Bishop Bishop and a number of the clergy of the diocese, the Right Rev. Dr. Armitage, of Wisconsin, was present and made an address, of which the "Argus" report of the ceremony said that " many of those who heard it were so won by its fitness and heauty, that they would be glad to have a full report of it." There are many tokens of love and kindly interest in the fitting and complete appointments of the church. The beautiful altar cloth, with the cross and book rack for the altar, were the generous gifts of a kind friend in Philadelphia ; personal friends, mostly in St. Paul's Parish, Waterloo, Central New York, contributed largely for the altar fittings. The windows in the chancel, although not memorial windows in their character, were placed in the church in memory of the departed. The only proper memorial window is the one in the nave, which through the efforts of Mr. John Wilkinson was placed there by the friends of the late Major Welch, of the " Fourth Minnesota," although originally of the First Regiment ; and among all" the gifts and sacrifices of the commonwealth in the hour of the^ nation's sorest needs, Minnesota did not send to the field of battle a youth of more peerless honor, unques- tioned courage, and long enduring fortitude, than the brave soldier whom this window commemorates. The entire cost of the church, every indebtedness thereof being paid, or provided for by pledged notes, at the time of the consecration, was about $23,000. SABBATH SCHOOL. The Sabbath School was organized in Philleo Hall, on Sunday, the 3d day of October, 1858, with Dr. E. Wells, the rector, as superintendent. Present Statistics. — Scholars, 210 to 215; teachers, 23 ; No. of vol- umes in library, 350. In addition to the Sabbath school library, there is a parish library consisting of over 500 volumes. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. The Young Men's Christian Association was organized on the 23d day 25 370 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. of April, 1868, with seventy members. The rooms of the Association are located on Bush street, in the second story of the postoffice block, and are kept in excellent order. The annual election of officers is held in October. Daily prayer meetings are held during the winter seasons, and are liberally attended. The present membership is about one hun- dred. The rooms were first opened on the first Wednesday in October, 1868. EDUCATIONAL. Mention of the first schools, names of the first teachers, location of school rooms, and description of the first school houses, with other school statistics, etc., is made in a general educational chapter, to be found elsewhere within these pages. HAMLINE UNIVEKSITY. This institution of learning, originally located at Ked Wing, was chartered by the Territorial Legislature of 1853-4. It originated under the patronage of the M. E. Church, and was named in honor of Rev. L. L. Hamline, D. D., one of the bishops of that church, and who, through the influence of Rev. David Brooks,- made a donation of $25,000 to the institution. The preparatory department of the university was opened by Rev. Jabez Brooks, A. M., as principal, on the 16th of November, 1854, with thirty-three students. The room occupied was in the second story of the store-building of Smith, Hoyt & Co., at the foot of Broadway. In August, 1854, the erection of a University building was com- menced. The site selected, was on the block of ground between Fourth and Fifth streets and East and West avenues, which had been donated by the town proprietors. The building was never fully completed, but was formally opened on the 10th of January, 1855. In 1857 Jabez Brooks resigned the management, and was succeeded by Rev. B. F. Crary. In 1861 Mr. Crary resigned, and Mr. Brooks was re-elected to the presi- dency, which position he maintained until 1869. About that time it was found that the University could not be successfully maintained here, and it was determined to remove it to a point nearer the capital of the State, and thus secure the patronage and influence of St. Paul and Minneapolis. The property was sold to the city for $5,000, the transfer papers bearing date February 24, 1872. The building was torn down, and the material sold wherever purchasers could be found. The ground is still owned by the city, and dedicated to the uses of a public park. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 371 RED WING COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE. This institute was organized and, incorporated Aug. 28,1870, with the following board of officers : president, "Lucius F. Hubbard ; secretary, Charges 0. Webster ; treasurer, F. A. Cole. Directors : James Lawther, Peter Daniels, Lucius F. Hubbard, Charles C. Webster, F. A. Cole, and W. P. Hood. The grounds were donated by Edward Murphy, of Minneapolis, and funds raised for building purposes by issuing stock certificates to the amount of $12,500. Daniels & Simmons took the contract for a consid- eration of $14,800, and to complete it a mortgage was given to Joseph Averill, of Danvers, Massachusetts, who advanced $5,000. The institute was successful for about three years, when, for want of funds it was sold to Joseph Averill, to satisfy the above noted mortgage. January 8, 1878, it was purchased by Hans Marcuson, in trust for the Hauges Norwegian Evangelical Synod, and afterwards deeded to a board of directors, viz, : Hans Marcuson, Gunelf ToUefson, Gnut John- son, 0. H. Fames, O. E. Boyum, Ingebret Anderson, C. Krogh, N. • Stangeland, and Andrew EUingson, with the design of making it a Lutheran Theological Seminary. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENTS. The first temperance movement in Red Wing was made by Rev. J. W. Hancock while the place was known as " Red Wing's Indian village," and dates back to the 10th of February, 1851. The pledge was drawn up for the benefit of the Indians, and bfears the names and the X's of a number of the Indian notables. The first name on the pledge is that of "Wacoota," who signed the pledge for "seven months." One of them signed it for two years, one of them for one year, and the remainder of the nineteen signed it for various periods, ranging from two to seven months. In referring to the habits and disposition of the Indians, and the difficulties he had to battle against in trying to conquer their appetite for strong drink, Mr. Hancock relates the following : " The Red Wing Indians were generally peaceable, but occasionally we had a row which set the whole village in commotion. Whisky could be obtained over on the Wisconsin side for money, blankets, or any- thing valuable which the Indians could spare. Moderate drinking was not their custom. They must have enough to make ' drunk come,' or 372 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. none at all. Several of them would put their ' mites ' together, and go over and buy two or three gallons at a time, which, being brought home, was drunk up in a short time. This was followed by all the noise and quarreling imaginable, and usually resulted in somebody being either killed or badly wounded. " Shortly after a row of this kind had taken place, and while there were a number of very sick children in the village, whom I was visiting at the time, I heard a woman cry out, ' Now they are com- ing with it.' 'With what?' said I. She immediately pointed to the river, and answered, '■ Minni-wahun'' (spirit- water, or whisky.) I saw a canoe approaching from the other shore, in which were five or six young braves, who soon landed. I placed myself where the path led up the bank, ready to meet them. The leader carried a tin pail with a cover, holding, I should think, about two gallons. I asked what he had in the pail, and he replied, ' Minne-wakan.' Snatching it from him, it was the work of a moment, and the contents of the pail were soak- ing into the ground. " Loud talk followed on both sides. I tried hard to convince them that whisky was contraband on the Minnesota side of the river, and • advised them not to bring over any more. After leaving" them I under- stood that one of the braves boasted that he would bring whisky here and drink it, and defying me to spill it. " But a few days had elapsed before he made the trial. The first intimation I had of it was when an Indian called at my house and wished me to come to the door. I looked out and saw the young braves coming single file, singing as they marched along. The first one carried a two gallon stone jug, which he was anxious that I should notice — aflBrming at the san»e time that it was whisky. I went for him ; got hold of his jug, but could not wrest it from his grasp, for the reason that he had it tied to a strong cord which passed around his neck and over one shoulder, but I managed to pull out the cork and to overturn the jug, when the liquor commenced to run out. He let go the jug and clenched me by the hair with both hands, and used me rather roughly until the whisky had all run out, as it took both my hands to keep the jug inverted while he was dragging me about. Well, I had but partially conquered. ' There were many witnesses and he did not like to give up as entirely beaten, so he stretched himself out at full length on the ground near the door of the mission house. I entreated him to leave and go to his wigwam. He declared that he would not. After waiting for some time for him to go voluntarily, and fearing that he might stay there all night, I took a piece of rope, and slipping it around his ankles, THE HISTOKT OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 373 tied his feet together, took the other end over my shoulder and dragged him towards his home. After being drawn five or six rods he begged me to let him get up, promising that he would not trouble me any more. He threatened some after he got out of my reach, but never did me any harm. The prohibitory law was triumphant at that time." Reference is made elsewhere to another "whisky war," that occurred after the whites came to occupy the favorite camping places of Red Wing and his band, so that, whatever the opinions and practices of the people in later years, the first settlers were a strictly temperate people, and determinedly opposed to the traflBc in ardent spirits. A number of temperance organizations were started from time to time, such as I. O. G. T., Temples of Honor, 8. of T., etc., etc., that flourished for a while and then went down. The last movement,, resulting in the organization of a Reform Club, was inaugurated in September, 1877. On the 17th of that month a club numbering one hundred members, many of whom had been pretty hard drinkers, was organized, with the following oflScers : president, A. J. Clark ; vi^ president, J. Ashton ; secretary, T. Bixby ; treasurer, A. . J. Meacham. The club occupies rooms in common with the Young Men's Christian Association, where meetings are held every Monday evening. The exercises are varied and diversified, consisting of vocal and instrumen- tal music, reading short addresses, etc. OAK WOOD CEMETERY. This beautiful repose for the dead is located on the summit of one of the numerous blufis that encircle and overlook the city, about one and a half miles south of Main street. The plot of ground includes forty acres, belongs to the city, and was selected by Stephen A. Hart and David Hancock, a committee appointed for that purpose by the early settlers, in September, 1854. The first burial in Oakwood was a child named Charles, son of William Freeborn and wife. The death and burial occurred before the selection of the site was made ; but, by com- mon consent, the situation was recognized from the beginning of white settlements in 1852, as the most appropriate location for a cemetery. The remains of Mrs. Hancock, whose death and burial is mentioned elsewhere, were exhumed and re-buried in Oakwood Cemetery soon after the ground was selected and platted for burial purposes. 374 THE HISTOBT OF flOODHUE COUMTT. SECKET SOCIETIES, LODGES, UNIONS, ETC. RED WING LODGE NO. 8, A.-. ¥.'. AND A.-. M/., Was organized Sept. 14th, 1855, and chartered Jan. 9th, 1856, with seven charter members. Its first officers were: Wm. Ladd, W.-. M.-. ; Wra. W. Phelps, S.-. W.-. ; Wm. Lauver, J.-. W.-. ; Wm. Freeborn, Treas. ; H. O. Hoffman, Sec; A. F. Parker, 8.-. D.-. ; N. Hobart, J.-. D.-. The lodge now numbers 122 members, and the following are its present officers : L. A. Hancock, W.-. M.-. ; S. J. Willard, S.-. W.-. ; W. H. Putnam, J.-. W.-. ; John Hack, Treas. ; Geo. P. Sjoblom, Sec. ; Ohas. E. Hinds, 8.'. D.-. ; C. Bruner, J.-. D.-. ; Kev. E. R. Lathrop, Chaplain ; E. A. Levi, S.-. 8.-. ; John McLean, J.-. S.-. ; J. L. Hastings, Tyler. LA GRANGE CHAPTER NO. 4, R.-. A.'. M.'., Was organized Aug. 28th, 1860, and charted October 24th, 1860, with nine charter members. The following were the first officers : H. B. Wilson, M.-. E.-. H.-. P.*. ; Wm. Bickford, E.-. K.-. ; J. J. Richter, E.-. 8.-. ; P. Sandford, C.-, H.-. ; W. W. Phelps, P.-. S.-.; W. W. Sweney, P.-. A.-. C.-. ; W. W. Sweney, Treas. ; Pascal Smith, Secy. ; 8. B. Foot, G.-. M.-. 3d V.-. ; P. Messerole, G.-. M.-. 2nd V.-. ; N. Brundage, G.-. M.-. 1st V.-. ; J. M. Oulbertson, Sen- tinel. The chapter now numbers 85 members. The following are its present officers: S. B. Foot, M.-. E.-. H.-. P.-. ; L 8. Kellogg, E.-. K •.; 8. J. Willard, E.-. 8.-.; D. M. Baldwin, C.-. H.-.; F. Joss, P.-. 8.-.; C. L. Kellogg, R.-. A.-. C.-.; John Hack, Treas.; Geo. P. Sjoblom, Secy.; A. H. Allen, G.-. M.-. 3d V.-.; E. J. Corner, G.-. M.-. 2nd V.-. ; L. A. Hancock, G.-. M.-. 1st V.-. ; J. L. Hastings, Sentinel. TYRIAN COUNCIL, NO. 4, R.-. & S.'. M.-. Was chartered and organized Feb. 20th, 1872, with 9 charter members. Its first officers were : F. Joss, T.-. L-. M.-. ; S. B. Foot, R.-. I.-. M.-. ; D. M. Baldwin, P.-. C.-. W.-. ; W. E. Hawkins, 0.-. G.-. ; R. B. Kellogg, C.-. C.-. ; Pascal Smith, Treasurer ; W. W. Phelps, Recorder ; W. W. Sweney Steward ; D. B. Clark, Sentinel. The Council now numbers 50 members. The following are its present officers: F. Joss, T.-. I.: M.-.; 8. B. Foot, R.-. I.-. M.-. ; E.J. Corner, P.-. C.-. W.-.; W. 0. Dodge, C.-. G.-.; 8. J. Willard, C.-. C.-.; W. E. Hawkins, Treasurer; George P. Sjoblom, Recorder; J. M. Richter, Steward; J. L. Hastings, Sentinel. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COTINTY. 375 RED WING OOMMANDERY, NO. 10, K.'. T.'., Was organized February 33d, 1874, and chartered June 24th, 1874, with twenty-five charter members. Officers named in dispensation : Dwight M. Baldwin, John M. Richter and William E. Hawkins. , Charter members: William B. Williams, William Eisenbrand, Andrew Allen, Robert Kreiger, Charles R. Brink, A. H. Allen, Louis 0. Smith, John Frederick, Lyman M. Keels, Abram Howe, Jr., S. J. Willard, A. R. Young, Morris Herschler, E. Kirkwood Sparrell, Silas B. Foot, Edward L. Baker, R. B. Kellogg, Fred. Joss, Charles Griswold, William H. Brink, O. Whitman and D. B. Clark. The first officers elected after date of charter were : D. M. Baldwin, E.-. C.-.; Andrew Allen, Rec.-.; J. M. Richter, G.-.; Wm. Eisenbrand, St.-.B.-.; L S. Kellogg, C.-.G.-.; John Friedrich, Sw.-. B.-. ; F. Joss, P.-. ; A. H. Allen, 1st G.-. ; W. B. Williams, S.-. W.-. ; A. F. Graves, 2d G.-. ; H. A. Park, J.-. W.-. ; S. J. Willard, 3d G.-. ; L. C. Smith, Treas.-. ; P. F. Glaren, Sent.-. The Commandery now numbers 40 Sir Knights. The following are its present officers : W. C. Williston, E.-. C.-.; D. M. Baldwin, G.-.; S. B. Foot, C. G.-. ; E. J. Comer, P.-. ; "A. H. Allen, S.-. W.-.; O. Whitman, J.-. W.. ; John Hack, Treas.'.; Geo. P. Sjoblom, Rec.*.; F. Joss, Warden.*.; J. A. Lawrence, St.-.B.-.; W. P. Brown, Sw.-.B.-.; J. M. Richter, 1st G.-.; S. J. Willard, 2d G.-. ; L. W. Neudeck, 3d.-. ; W. H. Brink, Sent.-. ARCTURUS LODGE, NO. 130, U. D. This lodge was chartered February 1, 1878, and the first meeting was held in the hall of Red Wing Lodge, No 8, A. F. and A. M., February 27, 1877, A. L. 5,877 ; charter members as follows : F. A. Williamson, T. H. Perkins, P. F. Geardon, A. F. Graves, C. C. Webster, William Daniels, P. Y. Moser, A. H. Allen, I. H. Stevens, G. L. Marble, O. Dens- more, Sr., J. H. Macomber, H. Brown and H. 0. Hodgman. Officers: 0. Whitman, W. M.; L. R. Wellman, S. W.; D. Densmore, J. W. ; E. W. Brooks, Treasurer; W. O. Dodge, Secretary; W. E. Stan- ley, Chaplain; E. B. Philleo, S. D.; G. H. Benton,' J. D.; J. L. Hastings, Tyler. Present officers : O. Whitman, W. M. ; L. R. Wellman, S. W. ; P. F. Glardon, J. W. ; H. C. Hodgman, Treasurer; J. W. Swanstrom, Secretary; A. H. Allen, S. D. ; George H. Benton, J. D. ; G. L. Marble, S. S. ; G. A. Carlson, J. S. ; J. S. Hastings, Tyler ; Rev. W. E. Stanley, Chaplain. 376 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. The order meets the second and third Tuesdays in each month, in their lodge rooms, Bush street, corner of Third, entrance on Third street. RED WING LODGE NO. 57, I. 0. 0. F. This lodge was organized November 27, 1876, with the following charter members : W. C. Williston, 0. M. Lawrence, 0. L. Kellogg, D. C. Hill, T. J. Clark, E. P. Howell, A. A. Mathews, A. J. Robertson, E. F. Grow, George Hudson, John Stearns, W. A. Potter, W. S. Grow, W. H. White, P. N. McPostie and J. 0. Cook. . First officers of the lodge: W. C. Williston, N. G.,; C. L. Keljogg, V. G. ; E. F. Grow, E. & P. Secretary ; C. M. Lawrence, Treasurer ; George Hudson, C. ; W. H. White, W. ; A. J. Robertson, L G. ; T. J. Clark, O. G. ; D. C. Hill, R. S. to N. G. ; E. P. Howell, L. S. to N. G. ; W. S. Grow, L. S. S. ; J. C. Cook, R. S. to V. G.; A. A. Mathews, L. S. to Y.G. The regular meeting of this lodge is held on Friday evening of each week, at 7 o'clock, from November to February, inclusive ; March to October, inclusive, 7:30 ; May to August, inclusive, 8 o'clock. l'etoile du nord lodge no. 23, I. 0. 0. F. This society was organized October 7, 1868, with a membership of eight charter members : H. J. McGivereu, Charles Brown, M. Kappel, John Bryan, W. Eisenbrand, W. C. Williston, and Henry Pamperin. The officers were H. J. McGiveren, N. G.; M. Kappel, V. G.; William Hayman, Secretary, and Henry Pamperin, Treasurer. Present incumbents : C. Whitney, N. G.; J. Kappel, V. G.; William P. Lyon, R. S.; R. Landauer, P. S.; Henry Kappel, Treasurer. Membership at the present time 109. Lodge in a flourishing condition. LAUREL lodge, NO. 17, KNIGHTS OF PITHIAS. Organized February 13, 1878. Charter members : F. S. Field, E. W. Shenton, J. W. Swanstrom, W. H. Crary, J. W. Delano, R. Kreiger, J. D. Kellogg, J. F. Taake, A. Messer, A. J. Robertson, E. J. Garrison, R. A. Bigham, H. A. Charles, J. Mc- Clean, A. A. Mathews, H. Martins, M, L. Ecker, Galen Allen, H. Reinertson, A. F. Graves, G. H. Benton, L. R. Wellman, J. Webb, O. Whitman, and.T. Bixby. First officers : A. J. Robertson, P. 0. ; R. Kreiger, P. C. ; O. Whitman, C. C. ; L. R. Wellman, V. C. ; J. F. Taake, K. R. and S. ; J. W. Delano, M. F. ; T. Bixby, M. E. ; W. H. Crary, P. ; F. S. Field, I. G. ; A. Messer, O. G. ; Galen Allen, A. ; A. A. Mathews, A. ; H. Reinertson, A. ; R. A Bigham, A. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 377 Regular meetings, second and fourth Tuesday evenings of each month at 7i o'clock, from' October 1st to March 15th ; and at 8 o'clock from March 15th to October 1st. A. 0. u. w. Red Wing Lodge No. 18, Ancient Order of United Workmen, was organized in the city of Red Wing, Minn., July 14, 1877. The charter members are : J. F. Taake, A. DeKay, P. N. McRostie, 0. M. Sprake, 0. L. Kellogg, W. E. Hawkins, G. E. Gates, H. B. Woodley, J. D. Kellog, F. E. Hills, M. Herschler, L. D. Campbell, W. A. Potter, O. G. Day, T. J. Olark, E. F. Grow, D. 0. Hill, E. P. Howell, B. 0. Stephens, W. M. Sweney, John McLean, W. R. McDonald, Jacob Christ, E. B. Phileo, Frank A. Cole, John Kappel. First officers : D. C. Hill, P. M. W. ; M. Herschler, M. W. ; C. L. Kellogg, F. ; 0. G; Day, O. ; A. DeKay, Recorder ; E. F. Grow, Financier ; T. J. Clark, Receiver ; J. D. Kellogg, G. ; W. A. Potter, I. W. ; L. D. Campbell, O. W. ; D. C. Hill, first Representative to Grand Lodge of Minnesota. SOANDANAVIAN BENEVOLENT SOCIETY. This society was organized February 19, 1869, and incorporated by State authority August 1, 1874. Officers at time of organization were : Charles Kempe, president; Nicholas Lovgreuj vice-president; J. G. Gustafson, secretary ; Olof Peterson, treasurer. The relief committee, who also acted as stewards for the first four years were : T. G. Pierson, John Melander, John Swanstrom, B. Dunnell and H. Skoog. Amount paid out for benevolent purposes, $2,286.88. Present relief committee : John Hawkanson, C. Warnson, C. Lender, A. Danielson, Andrew Anderson, J. W. Peterson, and Solomon Nelson. Stewards: Gustaf Johnson, N. O. Werner and Andrew Johnson. Finance committee : N. O. Werner, Andrew Nelson and B. Skilberg. Officers are elected every six months. SVBA SOCIETY. Organized February 6, 1869, with a membership ot thirty-one. Presi- dent, S. J. Willard ; vice president, Charles Kempe ; secretary, Gustav Berg; treasurer, Andrew Johnson ; librarian, William Zingerman; jani- tor, Andrew Bengston. The present membership is small, there being only sixteen persons in the society, with the following officers : president, Charles Himmel- man; vice president, Charles Swanson ; secretary, John Hawkanson; 378 THE HISrOBT OF 600DHCE COXTSTY. treasurer, H. L. Olson; libiariaii, Swante Anderson; janitor, John Peterson. The library of this society numbers about 300 Tolnmes in the Svedish, and 600 Tolomes in the English lang;nage. itAXUFACTUEIXG IXDUSTEIES. BED WI56 FLOUBiye MILLS. At the head of the indnstries of Minnesota stands the growinor of wheat ; second in the catalogue is the mann&ctnre of flour. The latter branch is steadily increasing to keep pace with the demand, and the rapid progress being made in the cnltiTation of wheat. First among the industries of this rising y oang city is the turning of wheat into flour. The flouring mills of Bed Wing are not only an honor to the city bat a credit to the State. Gioodhue county being the banner wheat county of Minnesota, and Eed Wing the chief city of the county, with her natural and acquired advantages, a milling interest has obtained here that deserves more than a passing notice in this Tolume. In 1S73 the Eed Wing Mill Company erected what is known a= the - Bluff MilL" TLis enterprise contains eleren run of burrs, three sets of iron and six of porcelain rollers, with all the improved machinery ani appliances of a first-class - new proces mill/" Connected with this structure by a warehouse hairing a capacity oi 15^)/Jiy) bushels, is that very excellent building known as the •• Diamond MilL" A notable feature of this mill is the Hungarian system, the fii=t introduced inio this country. By that process there are four or more grindings of the wheat, elaborate purification, and the reduction of middlings to flour by means of rolls, or rolls and stones combined. The plans for this mill were furnished by Oscar Oexle, the celebrated civil engineer and millwriglit of Augsburg. Bavaria, who has constructed some of the best mills in Europe, visiting America last year for the purpose of introducing the Wegmann porcelain roller mills. Messrs. Gunn 7^;>tc to Washington county, Vt., in 1840; thence to iSi'undon, Vt., in IS.'ia, v/\wiv he married Miiry Adelade Meacham, June, 1856. Slio was born in Urandou, Vt., Oct., 1837. Mr. ("iross returned to Washington t^Dunty in lS,^)(i, and tlie same fall emigrated to Prescott, I'ierce county. Wis., and ciinio to this county, settling in Red Wing Oct., 1859. Enlisted in Conii)any E, 8d Minnesota Vol. fnf. in 1861; discharged Aug. I8t!i3, and in Jniic, 18(i;>, conuuissioncd 2d liieut.. Company A, Hatch's Battalion Cavalry; serving thi'co years. CARLSON, FRANK A. Groceries. Horn in Sweden, Aug. 12, 1843; emi- grated to this county in 1854, settling in Vasa township, where he married Signild Turner, May !», 1866. Slie was born in Sweden, ,lun. 19, 1848. Mr. ('. came to tliis city in the fall of ISTO, coinineucinghis business in Decem- ber of that yiMir. Mr. (^nrlson enlisted in od Minn. Vol. Inf., Company T>; serving to tlie (doso of llio war. Rosa A., Algodt U., i\linuie M., AnnaM. and Harry are their cliildren. CLAUSON, C, deiiler in dry goods. Horn in Koraas, Norway, December 6, 1832. Kniigrated to America in 18,'');?, settling in Memphis, Teun. Came to this city Ai^-il 17, 18();>. Has been identiKed with the business inter- ests of this city for many years, ami is now the vice president of the Goodhue County Hank. COLYILL, WILLIAM, attorney at law, was born April .*■>, 1830, at Forest- ville, Cluiutau(ina county, N. Y. Educated in the common school of his native place, and at Fredonia Academy. Studied law at Forestville, and afterwards at UiitValo, N. ^'., and admitted to practice in April, 18.M. Emigrated to this county, settling in Ived ^Ving, in April, 18r)4. In 1861, ho I'aised the Goodhue l^iunty Vohiutecrs, and was mustered in with it as its (/aptnin in tlie " h'irst Infantry," April t38, 1861, serving with it until mustered out, in May, ISdl, having been raised through the intermediate grades to be its Colonel iu May, 1 8t!.'i. \\' as mustered in Colonel of the First Heavy Artillery, in Miiy, 1865, and breveted Brigadier General. Mustered out in .fuly, I8()ri. lie was nnirried in 1867 to Elizabeth Morgmi, of Tren- ton, New York. Clai-k, A. .1., commercial man, Red Wing. Clark, T. J., tinner. Chillsen, F. E. , dry goods, Red Wing. 502 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. CRARY, G. H., dentist. Born in St. Lawrence county, N. T., September 24, 1840. Moved to Malone, Franklin county, N. Y., in the spring" of 1860. Graduated at Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, Philadelpliia. Married Kate Cooper, April 8, 1861. She was born in Coopersville, Clin- ton county, N. Y., February 24, 1840, and died August 16, 18T4. Mr. Crary emigrated to Minneapolis in 1866. Georgia K. and Lillian are his e children. CRARTt W. H., dentist. Born in Potsdam, St. Lawrence county, N. Y., April 19, 1846. Moved to Franklin county in 1860, where he received his primary dental education, and March 1, 1866, graduated at the Pennsylva- nia College of Dental Surgery, Philadelphia. Practiced his profession in Malone, Franklin county, N. Y., eight years. In the fall of 1874, came to this city, going into business with his brother. Married Mary S. Sabin, June 17, 1869. Florence M. is his only child. CHRIST, JACOB) proprietor Red Wing brewery. Born in Wyoming county, N. Y. , Nov. , 1, 1838. Married Catharine Koerner, March 4, 1866. She was born in Germany, and died February 11, 1871. Emigrated to Red Wing May, 1859, and enlisted in Co. G, 7th Minn. V. I., August 15, 1862. Honorably discharged August 16, 1865. Married Mrs. Christiana Hoffman August 23, 1871. She was born in Germany. CHARLES, EARNEST A., bom in Ireland in 1820; emigrated to Canada with parents in 1824, where he married, and after residing in Huntingdon, Can- ada, emigrated to Sibley county, Minn., in 1858; came to this county in 1867. Mrs. S. E. Charles was born in Gilmantown, N. H., in 1833, and after coming to this city with her husband, engaged in the millinery trade, and now owns a large stock of goods in a store on Third street. Herbert A. and Eliza are their children. COGEL, C.J retired farmer. Born in Lancaster county. Pa., August 26, 1822; moved, with parents, to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1830, and on June 20, 1856, came to this city, and in company with Mr. Blakely built the first sash factory in the county. Married Julia A. Miller, who was born in New Jersey, January 23, 1849. Elizabeth A., George F. and Clara A. are his children. CHAFFEE, S. W., contractor and builder. Born in Endfield, Conn., March 21, 1830. Married Almira Phelps, Sept. 2, 1852; she was born at Ware- house Point, Hartford county. Conn., Sept. 18, 1831. They emigrated to this county in the fall of 1857, settling in Red Wing. Hattie A. is their only living child. Charles Gilbert and Alice Elizabeth, deceased. CULBERT80N, JOSEPH, (deceased.) Born in Pennsylvania, May 24, 1824, and died in this county June 8, 1876. Married Sarah Jones Oct. 15, 1854; she was born in England Aug. 30, 1833. Mr. Culbertson moved from his native county to Whiteside county. 111. ; thence to Red Wing in 1855. John S., Margaret S., Fred M., Mariah J., Mary A. and Henry M. are the names of their children. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 503 CARPENTER, P. P., manufacturer of brooms. Born in Westminster, Windsor county, Vt., Nov. 26, 1817. Moved to Watertown, N. Y., in 1838, where he married Esther Wheeler, March 29, 1842; she was born in Watertown, Jefferson county, N. Y. Mrs. C. died Aug. 15, 1863. In the fall of 1838, Mr. Carpenter participated in the expedition against Canada, where he was taken prisoner, but subsequently released. Emigrated to this city in October, 1865, establishing his present business in April, 1878. Carlson, G. A., stone quarry. Red Wing. Clark, D. B., retired. Red Wing. CHANDLER, MARTIN S., Sheriff of Goodhue county, was born in Chatauqua county, N. Y., Feb. li, 182i. In 1856 he came to this county and pre- empted a farm in Pine Island township, on which he labored successfully for two years. Soon after settling in Pine Island he was elected county commissioner, which office he held until Jan. 1. 1858. In the fall of 1857 he was elected sheriff, and upon assuming the duties of his office removed to Red Wing, where he has since resided. Mr. C. 's popularity and ability as a public officer can be expressed in no better way than by stating the fact that he has been re-elected sheriff at each succeeding election to the present time, and is now a nominee for the same office without an opposing candi- date. He was also presidential elector in 1872. Married Fannie F. CaldweU, who is the second daughter of William and Electa Caldwell, Feb. 11, 1849; she was born in Steuben county, X. T., Oct. 2, 1830. They have one daughter, Florence C, now Mrs. KeUogg, who was born Sept. 23, 1850. DE KAY, W. W., was born in Orange county, N. Y., August 23, 1831. He emigrated from his native county to this city in April, 1854, where he married Ellen I. O'ReUey in November, 1862; she was born in Canada. Mr. DeKay has continuously resided in this city since his first coming here in 1854, and the publishers of this work are largely indebted to him for facts relative to the settling of the county. He went out in defence of his country in the war of the rebellion as 2d Lieutenant of Company E, 3d Regiment Vol. Inf. Oct. 23, 1861; was promoted 1st Lieutenant Dec. 1, 1862, Captain Feb. 11, 1864, but resigned Jan. 9, 1865. Maggie, William, Edwin, Cornelia and Mary are his children. DANA, C. S., post office clerk. Born in Belvidere, Boone county, lU., Sep. 25, 1851; came to this city Nov. 10, 1856; engaged in his present business Sept. 1, 1877. DAY, JAMES W., proprietor of Red Wing ferry. Bom in Martinsburg, Berkeley county, Ya., June 24, 1839. Emigrated to this city May, 1855. Enlisted iu the 1st ilinn. V. I., in 1861; re-enlisted in the 3d Infantry the same year, and veteraned in the fall of 1864. Honorably discharged Sep- tember 1865. Married Angeline Caniff, March, 1866. She was born in Schoharrie county, N. Y. MiUicent B., James W., Sarah and Harry D., are their children. 504 TBS HISTOKY OP SOODHITE COUBTY. DAI, JOHN, bom in Carlisle, Pa., July 11, 1819. Wten Tcry yomig, Ms parents mored to JMartinsbnrg, Berkeley coimtT. Va., from which place in 1827, he went to Todd countjr, Ky. In 1828, he emigrated to Warren conaty, Bis., bat returned to his home in Virginia, in 1810. Soon after, he again came west, settling in Lee comity, Iowa. Married Sarah Shores, May 24, ISH. She was horn in Christian county, Ky., April 1, 1815. They moTed to TVarren county. Els., thence to Jo Daviess county, His., and to Grant and Iowa counties. Wis. Moved to Diamond Bluff, Wis , and in June 14, 1852, settled in this ■ city. James L., Elizabeth B., Mar- garet S., John A., ilary, Sarah E., William H. and Charles B., are their children, four of whom are liring. Mrs. Day being a widow when mar- married to John Day, has a daughter named Belle, who is now wife of a Mr. Coulter, liTing at Trenton, Wis. DAVIS, CHARLES L- Bom iu Chester, Windsor county, Vermont, August 23, 1833. Was ^ucated in the public schools and at Chester Academy. The 1st of May, 1851, went to Keene, X. H., and was apprenticed to J. W. Prentiss & Co.. of the Xew Hampshire Sentinel, staying there until the spring of 16.53. when he went to Boston, Mass.. and was employed on the Boston Journal, Boston Traveler, and in the book office of Demrell & Moore. In 1857 he came west, stopping the first year in Chicago, and came to Bed Wing Xot. 26, 1858, and went into partnership with Gren. L. F. Hubbard, in the publication of the Red Wing Republican, after- wards the Goodhue County Republican. Sold to Gen. Hubbard in 1861, and bought the whole office again in the spring of 1862. August 16th, 1862, was commissioned by Gov. Ramsey Second Lieutenant, mustered into the United States service, eame to Red Wing, and assisted in raising what was afterwarcis Co. D, 10th Raiment Minnesota Volunteers. On the formation of the company, was elected First Lieutenant. Was pro- moted to Captain in 1864, at St. Louis, Mo. Was honorably discharged from the service August 19th, 1865. Came to Red Wing and resumed the publication of the Republican in connection with Gren. Hubbard, Mr. Peake, and Maj. Wm. R. Snider. In 1868, sold his interest to Maj. Snider, and in 1869, bought the Red Wing Argus from the Argus Printing Com- pany, which paper he has continued to publish ever since. Mr. Davis was married Xov. 1, 1861, to ilary Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. Chris. Graham. She died July 20tli, 1876. Sept. 24th, 1878, Mr. Davis was again married to Miss Agnes C. Norton, daughter of Wm. H. Xorton, of Red Wing. DENSMOBE, OBIN, superintendent of lumber department of Red Wing Mills. Bom at Emerald Grove, Rock county. Wis., August 6, 1848. Emigrated to Red Wing, April, 1857, and was employed by C<^1 & Betcher from "December, 1867, to 187.3. Engaged in his present business April 1, 1874. Married Emma T. Phillips. She was bom in Constantine, Michigan, Au- gust 28, 1848. THE HISTORY OF GOODHXJE COUNTY. 505 DIEPENBBOCE, JOHN fi. Dry goods, clothing, boots and shoes. Bom in Holland, Oct. 14, 1817. Emigrated to this country in 1842, settling in Virginia; thence to St. Louis, Mo., where he resided 28 years. Married Adelite Hildebrand in 1844. She was bom in the kingdom of Hanover, 1826. They came to this county May 10, 1860, at which time he com- menced his business. George, Henry and William are their children. Davis, Geo. W., grain dealer. Red Wing. DOWNINfi, R. H. Agricultural implements. Born in Plainfield, Yt., in 1822. Moved to Boston, and from thence came to this county in 1856. Married in Albion, N. T., Julia Jones, in 1866. She was bom in Rutland county, Vt. Mr. D. sells the Elward Harvester, Wood's reapers and mowers, Morgan & Co. reapers and mowers, Minnesota Chief threshers and F. K. Orvis' plows. Dennell, B., shoemaker. Red Wing. DANFORTH, WILLIAM, county surveyor. Bom in Merrimack county, N. H., May 2, 1823. In 1843 moved to Massachasetts, and the following year was employed by the Northern N. H. R. R. ; thence in 1850 to the Champlain and St. Lawrence R. R. in Canada; in 1852 to the Great Wes- tern R. R. ; thence in 1854 to the Marietta and Cincinnati R. R. ; thence to the Grank Trunk R. R. in 1855; thence in the fall of 1856 to the Co- burg and Petersboro R. R., Canada, and connected with the Grand Trunk R. R. from 1854 to 1859, when he returned to Vermont, where he was engaged in the preliminary survey of railroads until 1862, when he was commissioned Captain of Company K, 16th Vermont Vol. Inf. in 1862. In 1864 went to Colorado, returning in 1868; came to Minnesota, where he was engaged by the Milwaukee and St. Paul R. R on the river division from 1870 to 1874. Came to this city in 1870. Married Lucia A. Nichols, April 30, 1857. She was born in Wethersfield, Windsor county, Vt., May 5, 1828. WiUiam, jr. and Lucia E. are their children. Dorman, J. B., merchant. Red Wing. Densmore, Benj., foundry. Red Wing. Dnnum, Richard, meat market. Red Wing. DANIELS, PETER, dealer in lumber, lath and shingles. Born in Nelson, Madison county, N. T., Nov. 5, 1807. Married Mary A. Cummings, Feb. 12, 1847. She was bom in Warren, Herkimer county, N. Y. Emigrated from native county to Red Wing, Jan. 1, 1857, and built the Red Wing Mills. His family came here and made a permanent settlement in April, 1868. Mary and Louisa are his children. Dodge, W. 0., steamboat agent. Red Wing. Delano, John W., hardware. Red Wing. Dow, J. 0., meat market. Daniels, William, carpenter. Red Wing. 506 THE mSTOET OP GOODHUE COXTNTY. DANIEISON, A., dealer in lime. Bom in Sweden, Atigust 18, 1833. Emi- grated to this country in 1855, settling ia Grand Rapids, Wood county, Wis. Came to this county July, 1856; settling in this city. Married Enget Swanson, February 7, 1860. She was born in Sweden, July 6, 1833. Xannie A., Arthur D., Carrie E. and Mary are his children. Henry Swan- son is an adopted child. DRUSE, E. H., P. 0. clerk. Born in Belvidere, Boone county. 111., Dec. 6, 1839. Came to this county Xov. 10, 1856. EnUsted in Co. A, 5th Min- nesota Vol. Inf. Dec. 19, 1861; was wounded at Xashville, Tenn., Dec. 16, 1864, from which cause his leg was amputated the following day. Married Mary E. Gilbert, Oct. 19, 1875. She was born in Xew York, May 26, 1849. Bessie May is their only child. EAMES, OBEDIAS, farmer and manufacturer of staves, heading, &c. P. 0. Red Wing. Bom iu Oneida county, X. T., in 1823, and emigrated with parents to Clark county, Ohio, in 1830, where they lived until 1836, when they moved to Warren, now Henderson county, where his father is still living at the age of SS years. In 1851 the subject of this sketch married Mary A. Bigelow. She was bom in Oswego county, X. Y., iu 1827. He came to this county in the spring of 1854, and built or purchased a steamer and for twelve years followed life on the Mississippi, engaging principally in towing. In 1866 he purchased his present estate of 640 acres, upon which he settled, where he has since made his home. Ha.s a cooperage manufactory at Red Wing, and is one of the directors and vice president of the Mill Company, at that city, and one of the early pioneers of this county. Thadeus, Clara, Olevia, Jessie, Harry, Paul, and Blanch, are their Hving children. Ellingson, A. , clothing, Red Wing. ERICKSON, 0. At, manufacturer of wagons. Bom in Sweden, Dec. 25, 1841. Emigrated to this city in 1857, where he enlisted in Company H, 5th Min- nesota Vol. Inf., March 25, 1862. He was wounded in the right breast at the battle of Xashville, Tenn., Dec. 15, 1864; re-enlisted March 25, 1864; honorably discharged Sept. 6, 1865. Married Augusta Forse, .July 6, 1673. She was bom in Sweden, Oct. 14, 1852. HeUen S., born May 5, 1874: Wilhemma C, Feb. 14, 1876; Charles Eamest, Sept. 30, 1877, are the names and births of his children. E5Z, J. ¥., dealer in groceries. South Park street. Bom in Switzerland, Oct. 15, 1830. Emigrated to this country in 1836; settling in Galena, IU., and in 1841, moved to Potosi, Wis., thence in 1844, to Dubuque, Iowa; attended school in Platteville, Wis. , two years. Returned to Galena in 1850, and came to this county April 22, 1855; settling in Red Wing. Married Mary F. Wright, Oct. 30, 1855. She wa.s bom in Harden county, Kj., Dec. 12, 1834. Eliza S., X'eUie M., George T., and James Edward, are their living children. Bertha, deceased. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 507 EAMES, H. T., meat market. Born in Ulinois, October 27, 1852. Came to this county, settling in Wacoota, in 1855; in 1865, moved to Hay Creek Township, and came to this city, organizing his present business March 1, 1876. Married Hattie Cox, October 17, 1877. She was born in Bur- lington, Iowa, April 11, 1853. Freeman, Peter, merchant tailor, Red Wing. Featherstone, W. H., retired farmer. Red Wing. Fox, R. M., wholesale liquor dealer. Red Wing. Ersenbrand, Wm., clothing, Red Wing. FBEDEBICE, JOHN M., of the firm of Frederick & Hack; was born in Wur- temburg, Germany, Februai-y 24, 1840. On his arrival in America, he went to Milwaukee and remained about three months, but in the fall of that year came to Red Wing, where he remained but a short time; and went to Wacoota, and was in the employ of Mr. Bullard two years; he then returned to this city, and has since resided here. Married Charlotte Kempe, June 5, 1861. She was born in Sweden, Nov. 27, 1841. FOOTj S. B., manufacturer and wholesale dealer in boots and shoes; born in New MiUford, Susquehanna county, Pa., in 1834. In 1844,' moved to Wayne county. Pa., where he resided nine years, and where he received his primary education. Moved to San Antonio, Texas, in 1853, and in following June, returned to Wayne county, Pa. Emigrated to this city, September, 1855, where he married L. Lorana Park, July 6, 1858. She was born in Montrose, Pa., August 19, 1836. Ezra P. is their only child. FIFIELD, M. C, restaurant and confectioner. Born in Chautauqua county, N. T., July 18, 1836. Moved with parents to Washington county, Mich., in 1839. Emigrated to Minnesota in the spring of 1853, coming to this county in October of the same year. Married Ervetta Drumm, October 13, 1850. She was born in Dutchess county, N. T. Hattie, Grace E., Althea M., James E., are their children. FIELD, F. S^ proprietor of National Hotel. Born in Addison county, Vt., Oct. 16, 1840. Moved to Burlington, Vt., in 1854; thence to St. Albans, Vt., in 1855, and emigrated to this State, settling in St. Charles, in 1865. Came to this city in 1873. Married Rachel A. Chandler, in BurUngton, Vt., Dec. 2, 1863. She was born in Fairfield, Franklin county, Vt., Feb. 10, 1844. FEATHEBSTONE, WILLIAM, retired farmer. Born in Yorkshire, England, Feb. 12, 1815. Married Catura Coverdale, Sept. 1834. She was born in Yorkshire, England. The subject of this sketch moved to Lower Canada in 1830, removing to what is now Lake county, Ohio; thence to Paynes- ville, Erie county. Pa., and after four years' residence there, moved to PainesviUe, Ohio. Two years thereafter he returned to Canada, coming from there to this county in April, 1856, settling in Featherstone town- ship, which now bears his name. 508 THE HISTOBY OF GOODHUE COUVTY. Fossum, Peter, meat market. Red Wing. Foot, Edwin, clerk, First National. GLABDOX, P. F., superintendent of 0. Eames' cooper shops. Bom in France, Sept. 6, 1820. Came to this countir with parents in ISol; settling in Butler county, Ohio: thence to Wisconsin, opposite this city, Nov., 1S65, and to Red Wing in 1867; commencing the cooper business, but sold out to 0. Eames in IS 72, and has since been the manager of the business. Married Sarah E. Cox, Dee. 30, 1852. GRAMIS, SIDNEY S., was bom in Orleans county, Yt., October 21, 1S20. When about ten years old moved with parents to Madison county, X. Y. At about 11 years of age he entered a woolen mill at Eaton, where he remained until the age of 22 years, during which time he and Abraham Howe invented a wire heddle, which has since proved a valuable acquisi- tion to the weaver's loom, and also another invention for the manufacture of the heddle. He soon after purchased his partner's interest in the patent and engaged in its manufacture a short time, he then sold his patent to John C. Mathews i Co., and was employed by them in its manufacture at Troy, X. Y., about two years; he then returned to Eaton and worked in a machine shop two years, then as superintendent in the erection and operation of a woolen mill for A. T. Smith in West Eaton, where he remained five years. He then removed to MorrisviUe, and in company with his brother, started a machine shop : remained about two years and returned to West Eaton, and was superintendent of the woolen mill of Alpheus Morse five years; he then returned to the machine shop, where he was still a partner, and remained until 1856, when he came to this State in search of a location for lumbering operations ; returned and assisted in the formation of a company who sent him back to locate a site for a mill, and he accordingly returned and selected Red Wing, and the following spring (1857) commenced the erection of the Bluff Mill, under the firm name of ''Grannis, Daniels & Co." This mill was burned in 1S65. In 1863 he and his brother withdrew from the company, and bought a saw mill at Central Point, which the subject of this sketch now owns, and where he also had a lumber yard until about two years ago, when he removed his lumber yard to Lake City, where it now is. During the first years of his residence in this place he was a member of the city council; he was also elected in the faU of 1863 to the 7th treueral Assembly of Min- nesota, and the next summer was elected county commissioner, and served three years. Married Sarah S. Howe in MorrisviUe, X. Y.. in 1812. Their children are EUen M., now Mrs. McCord, residing in Royalton, Wis. ; Edward H., a physician, in Menomonee, Wis., and Mary Etta, residing at home. They have lost three children by death, named Sidney H., Hiram and Sidney; all dying when quite yotm.g. Gaylord, E. F., clerk, S. B. Sheldon. Crates, Wm. P., drayman. Red Wing. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 509 OBAHAM, CHRIS., was born in Augusta county, Va., 1806. When three months old his parents moved to Lincoln county, Ky., removing in 1816 to Boonville, Warrick county, Ind. After attending subscription schools — there being no district schools in those days — ^he was sent to Montgom- ery Academy, at Montgomery, Hamilton county, Ohio, where he finished his education. He married Louisa H. Hargrave, of Boonville, Ind., July 7, 1837. She was born February 14, 1814. Mr. Graham was elected to the lower house of the Indiana Legislature in 1835, remaining until 1841. The following year he was elected to the State Senate, which position he continued to occupy until 1846. Was appointed by President Polk as commissary of subsistence in the 2d Ind. Infantry at the breaking out of the war with Mexico, but resigned after one year's service. He was also a member of the State Coi^titutional Convention which framed and adopted the constitution of Indiana. In 1854, he came to Red Wing under an appointment by President Pierce as Receiver in the land office, then at this city, maintaining that position until 1861. His family fol- lowed in May, 1855, and they have continuously resided in Red Wing ever since. He was mayor of the city one term, and elected justice of the peace in the spring of 1869, which office he stiU holds. GRAHAM, JOHN A., dealer in dry goods. Born in Boonville, Ind., October 22, 1840. Came to this city with parents in May, 1855, where he enlisted in company E 3d Minn. V. I., in 1861, and honorably discharged in 1864. Com- menced his present business March 10, 1871, in connection with his brother, but in 1872 bought him out, continuing the business in his own name. Married Amelia L. Dunning, December 19, 1872. She was born in Prussia, January 1, 1845. OB088, HENRT, merchant. Born in Germany, May 2, 1831. Emigrated to this country when nineteen years old, settling in Ohio; thence to Iowa, and to this county in 1857, settling on section 11, Kenyon township. Moved to this city in 1869, and worked for C. Betcher & Co., and in 1873, returned to Kenyon, engaging in mercantile business ; in 1876, returned to this city, where he has been engaged in his present business. Married Lovisa Hackenbracht, in Ohio, who was born in Germany. Graves, A. S., groceries, Red Wing. Gerken, Peter, saloon, Red Wing. Greenwood, S. D., real estate dealer. Red Wing. Guptill, 0. M., meat market, Red Wing. GRAVES, A. F., post master. Born in Clinton county, N. Y., December 25, 1832. Moved with parents to Vermont, when quite young. In 1852, enlisted in McLellan's Dragoons, which was afterwards called the 12th Ills. Cav. Served in the army of the Potomac until honorably discharged, April, 1865. Came to this county, April 21, 1865. Married Matilda Moshier, Oct. 3, 1865. 510 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. GROW, E. F., was born in Granville, Licking county, 0., March 16, 1843; when three months old, his mother died, and he was assigned to the care of his grandparents, who moved with him to Ottawa, Illinois, in 1847. On July 1, 1854, he, with his father, arrived in Red Wing, which has since been his place of residence. He enlisted April 20, 1861, in Co. F, 1st Minn. V. I.; participated in the. battles of first Bull Run, siege of Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Antietam, Gettysburg, and many others, and was honorably discharged May 5, 1864. Returning to Goodhue county, he engaged in farming until 1868, when he was appointed deputy sheriff, which position he filled for nine successive years. In the fall of 1878 he was appointed policeman in this city, and is on the force at the date of this writing. HANSONj J. 0., dealer in groceries. Born ^n Sweden, May 5, 1855. Came to this country settling in this city in 1864. John P. Peterson, his partner in business, was born in Sweden, September- 10, 1850. Emigrated to this city with parents. May 4, 1868. This firm is located on Main street, where they commenced business November 16, 1877. Harlow, G. M., brick maker. Red Wing. Hartman, Frank, blacksmith. Red Wing. HOARD, JOSEPH SETH, was born in Augusta, Oneida, now Stockbridge, Madison county, IST. Y., April 17, 1818. He attended the Stockbridge Academy of his native place for a number of years, and on the 21st of Jan- uary, 1841, was married at Augusta, to Miss Laura M. Robins. Of this union three children live to bless their declining years — E. Harry Hoard, Mrs. Ada Louisa Tenney, and Miss Nellie Josephine. ■ Mrs. Hoard was born in Augusta, June 3, 1819. The subject of this sketch followed mer- cantile pursuits in that county until 1844; a portion of the time at Mor- risonville, the county seat of Madison county. That year he removed to Mansfield, Pa., where he resided until 1861. In the intervening time Mr. Hoard orignated and successfully founded the Mansfield Classical Seminary, now the State Normal School, an institution that to-day stands high on the roll of honor among the educational institutions of the country. For three years Mr. Hoard devoted himself to this good work with all the enthu- siasm of his nature, until he saw his efforts crowned with success, and his brightest anticipations fully realized. In June, 1861, Mr. Hoard raised a company of nearly one hundred men, was commissioned Captain of Co. B, and assigned to duty in the 11th Reg. Pa. Vols., Col. Coulter commanding. . Soon after he was transferred to the 101st Pa. Reg. Early in 1862 he was promoted to the position of Major, and with his regiment entered on the Peninsular Campaign. Maj. Hoard suffered much from the miasmatic climate of the Chickahominy, but he still clung to his post of duty, and in the battle of Fair Oaks distinguished himself, receiving the thanks of Gen. Casey on the field. His regiment THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 511 was posted in the extreme front, and to him belongs the credit of advancing the picket line to a point on the Williamsburg road, in close proximity to Richmond. On the 1st of July, 1862, he was promoted to the rank of Lieut. Colonel. Finding at the conclusion of this campaign that his health was greatly impaired, in September, 1862, he resigned. May 30th, at the battle pf Fair Oaks, Maj. Hoard was counted among the killed, and the New York papers so reported him. The Colonel of the regiment was sick in hospital, and Lieut. Colonel Morris being wounded early in the fight was carried from the field, so the command devolved upon Major Hoard, the next in rank. In this hard fought battle few of the 101st were left to tell the tale. The news reached his family that the Major was among the fallen on the fatal day, and in their deep grief they gave instructions to have his body embalmed and brought home for sepulture. But imagine their joy and amazement when shortly after he appeared before them, not in the spirit but in the fiesh, a devoted husband and a loving father, as one risen from the dead. For some months after leaving the army Col. Hoard was an invalid, but he finally recovered and engaged in merchandising at Tarry town, New York; remained there about one year, then removed to Vineland, N. J., in 1863; did business there until 1868, then came to Chicago, where he engaged in the real estate business and money loaning. January, 1871, Mr. Hoard removed to Minnesota, settling in Bed Wing; and in 1873 he built a residence in Winona, but never made that place his per- manent home. His first business at Red Wing in 1871, was to establish the Minnesota Loan Agency. That year, with others, he started the Good- hue County Savings Bank, and in January, 1878, the Goodhue Qounty Bank. In addition to his banking enterprises Mr. Hoard has aided largely in building up the city, and many of her fine buildings and business blocks are due to his public spirit and business ability. Centennial Block, Union Block, and the large stone block on Bush street now in course of construc- tion, the Greenwood Block and other buildings and blocks, — are some pf the many enterprises with which he is identified and that he has established. Near the city he is improving a beautiful farm, poetically called "Idle- wild, ' ' where he designs to retire when he puts aside the cares and burdens of a busy life. HANCOCK, JOSEPH W>} county superintendent of schools. Born in Orford, N. H., April 4, 1816. Married Martha Mariah Houghton, in Wooster county, Mass. She died in this county, March, 1851. Married for second wife, Julia Thompson, who was born in Indiana. Mr. Hancock went with parents to Vermont, when fifteen years old. Came to this county as a missionary in June 13, 1849, and has ever since maintained a residence at Red Wing. Hickman, John W., farmer, Red Wing. 512 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. HACK, JOHN, grocer. Born in Austria, December, 1824. Came to this city from his native country, October 8, 1854. Commenced his present business in 1868. Married Katie Cocter, in 1853. HANCOCK, LUCIUS A., county treasurer; born in Washington county^ Vt., June 14, 1844; emigrated to this county with parents, June 3, 1854, set- tling in this city, where he married Caroline D. Bruce, May 17, 1868. She was born in Washington county, Vt., December 16, 1846. David L., their only child, died when nearly four months old. Hasler, S. J., insurance agent. Red Wing. HOBART, CHAUNCET, son -of Calvin and Sarah Hobart, was born in St. Albans, Vt., June 9, 1811; his parents were of the New England stock who came to the Plymouth colony in 1632. In August, 1821, his father, with family, left Vermont and wintered in Ohio, and in November, 1822, pushed west to the very last house on our western frontier. In February, 1823, he crossed the Illinois River, and built the first cabin in Schuyler countyj 111., here Mr. Hobart grew up and was educated by his parents, who fortunately had both been teachers before their marriage. In 1831, he enlisted as a private in Capt. Fellows' Co , in Grenl. Duncan's Brigade of Volunteers, in the first campaign of the Black Hawk war, drove Black Hawk across the Wisconsin river, where he agreed to stay. On the return of Black Hawk in 1832, he was enrolled as a non-commissioned officer in Capt. HoUings worth's Co., 4th Regt. of Gen. Whiteside's Brigade, served the time for which he was called out, and returned home. Mr. H. was from earliest youth, a great lover of>books and seeker after knowledge, and spent every spare moment in the perusal of good books. In February, 1834, he was converted and became a member of the M. B. Church, was licensed to preach in September, 1836, and has been in the active work ever since. Married Miss Betsey C. Ticknor, April 13, 1834, who died of apoplexy in January, 1867. His first appointment was on the frontier in Iowa, west of Davenport, and has served as pastor in Knoxville, Mon- mouth, Macomb, Quincy, Rushville, Peoria, Jacksonville, Springfield and Chicago, in Illinois, and in many places in Wisconsin and Minnesota, having served eighteen yeS,rs as presiding elder in the two latter States. In 1849, he came to Minnesota as stationed preacher at St. Paul, and presid- ing elder of the Minnesota district of the Wisconsin Conference; in 1850, took charge of the district which included all of Minnesota and Wiscon- sin, west of the Wisconsin River, on which he continued nearly four years; he was then stationed one year in Milwaukee, and one year in the Milwaukee district. In 1855, he returned to Red Wing; in 1857, he organized Lake City circuit;; in 1858, was presiding elder of Prescott dis- trict; in 1861, was Chaplain of the 3rd Minn. V. I.; resigned that position in April, 1862, and was appointed to Prescott station, where he served two years; in 1864, was stationed at St. Paul; in 1865, came to Red Wing cir- cuit; in 1866, was appointed presiding elder of Winona district, where he ' «! ^i 7/^ cn'Vd.ayir''^ VASA THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 513 served three years. In 1870, was stationed at Winona one year; in 1871, was appointed presiding elder of St. Paul district, and served four years; in 1875, was sent to Red Wing and served two years; since which time he has been Agent of the Tract and Sabbath School Society, which position he now fills. In April, 1868, was married to Miss Harriet A. Duncan, of New York city, and they now reside in Red Wing. HABTUNG, GEORGE, pastor of the German Methodist Church, Red Wing; was born in Thuringen, Germany, Nov. 18, 1843. He accompanied his parents to the United States 'in 1857, who settled in Washington county, Minnesota, where he worked with his father until 1864, when he procured a scholarship in the Wallace (German) College, at Berea, Ohio. He attended that institution two years, and returned to Washington county, where he prosecuted his studies while working on his father's farm. He was married Sept. 18, 1869, to Charlotte Spangenberg. She was born in Thuringen, Germany, Nov. 9, 1843. His first labors in the ministry were those of a local preacher; his first charge was at St. Croix mission, Pres- cott. Wis., where he remained until regularly ordained a minister of the Gospel, Sept. 28, 1873. At this time he was sent to Crow River mission, Wright county, Minnesota. At the expiration of two years he was sent to Salem, West St. Paul, having been created an elder, Sept. 26, 1875. In October, 1876, he came to Red Wing, and accepted his present charge. They have four children living — Amelia, Lydia, William and Alfred. Geo. P., born in Washington county, Sept. 6, 1870, died the 24th of the same month. Mrs. H. is also a member of the German Methodist Church. HODGMANj HENRY C, merchant. Born in Hartland, Windsor county, Yt., July 12, 1833. Emigrated to this city, April, 1856, and engaged in clerking until the close of navigation, when he returned to his native county. In the fall of 1864, he returned to Red Wing, and in August, 1869, commenced business under the firm name of Wilkinson & Hodgman. Married in this city, Feb. 6, 1872, Martha E. Densmore, who was born in Albany, Genesee county, N. Y., Oct. 5, 1838, and came to this county March 17, 1857. HAWLEY} Ai Btj (deceased,) was born in Caroline, Tompkins county, N. Y., Nov. 6, 1833. In 1852 he graduated a1; Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y. Having chosen the medical profession for his life work, he at once com- menced his studies and graduated at the medical department of the above college in 1855. In order to still further perfect himself in his studies, he visited Europe and attended two courses of medical lectures in Edinburg, Scotland; one course in London, England, and one in Paris, Prance. He then returned to Geneva, and July 16, 1857, came to this city, where he was a successful practitioner for ten years. In 1867 he engaged in the drug business, in which he continued until his death, Sept. 20, 1878. He was married to Miss H. B. Blackstock, who was a native of Alleghany City, Pennsylvania. 34 514 THE HISTORY OF fiOODHUE OOUNTY. H0D6MAN, Ji M., whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Wind- sor county, Vt., Feb. 17, 1822. Received his primary education in his native county, and from thence was a student in Meriden Seminary, N. H., and afterwards in a military school, under the control of the State, at Nor- wich, Vermont. In Oct., 1854, he came to this city, which was then in its infancy, and being pleased with the prospect and surroundings, he deter- mined to make it his home, and for that purpose returned Bast, closed up his business there and returned to Red Wing in the spring of 1856, where he has since resided. He first engaged in the mercantile business, which he continued until 1860, when he became a partner with T. B. Sheldon, in the forwarding and commission business, in which he continued until 1867, since which time, on account of ill health, he has not been actively engaged in any business. In 1868 he was elected mayor of this city, and , re-elected in 1878, which honorable position he now fills. Was married in this city. May 13, 1862, to Harriet Kellogg, who is a daughter of Joseph Kellogg, of New York State. Leonard W. is their only child. Henderson, A. G., clothing. Red Wing. Harpstreet, M., retired farmer. Red Wing. Hall, 0. M., lawyer, Red Wing. Hisler, John, boots and shoes. Red Wing. Hoyt, F. F., physician, Red Wing. Hayes, James, pumps, Red Wing. HEBB£BT« B. Bt> was born on a farm near Cuba, Fulton county. 111., May 3, 1843. He remained there until ten years of age. About that date his parents removed to Henry county, Iowa, some twenty miles back of Bur- lington, where he worked on a farm summers and attended district school winters. On the 17th of April, 1856, the family arrived in Red Wing, but immediately settled on a farm in Belle Creek township, where he engi- neered a breaking team and assisted in turning over thirty-five acres of Minnesota sod. That fall the family changed again and took up their abode in Hay Creek Valley, Featherstone township, two and a half miles from Red Wing. Here the young man tilled the soil in summer, and in the winter trudged two and a half miles morning and evening to Red Wing and return, attending Hamline University. Some days the mercury would sink out of sight, but the boy's ambition was up and he was determined not to miss a day if it did cost him a few frozen ears, fingers and toes — which it did. His first attendance at the university was the winter of 1856-7. The next summer and winter he put in the same way, but the following year — 1858-9 — he devoted his entire time to the farm. The winter of 1859-60 he taught a district school in a room of his father's house. The fall of 1861 he began a regular course at Hamline University, continued his studies systematically until June, 1865, at which time he graduated in the classical course, and took the degree of A. B. Immedi- IS? mSIOKT OF GOODHITE COBBTr. 515 atelf after his gradaaiioiL he was elected by flie board of trustees pincipal of the Bodieeter Seminaij; ian^t in that institation during tiie school teim of lS65-€. That spring he canTassed Olmsted eonntj-., lecturing and introducing onthne-maps, school charts and school apparatus. In Sep- tember of tiiat year he deliTered a lecture before the State Teachers' Asso- eiafcion, at Faribault, thatxras spoken of as an able and inteiesting produc- tion. Lnmediatelj after he proceeded to Ann Arbor. Michigan, to attend the latr school of that unirersitir. On the waj he feU in with Major Durkee, and &om that peculiar and accidental nieeting an acquaintance was fiirmed that ripened into a warm personal friendship. Thej becaone rooau-mates at the uniTersity. and wrestled over the same Toltune of Black- stone toge^ier. They were determined to master Blackstone or die, and they are both in good health up to date. Thewinterof 1866-7 he attended law lectures at the uniTersity deUrered by Judges Cooley and Campbdl, of &e Supreme Coart of liifJiigaiij and Pro&. Walker and Pond, promi- nent members of the Detroit bar. In tiie spring of 1S67 Mr. Herbert returned home to the &rm in Hay Greek Valley, again deToting himself to agricultural pursuit proseeating his law studies in &e meantime wi& a tenacity of purpose eharaeteristic of tiie man. That fall he entered &e law office of Wilder & WiDiston, Bed Wing, where, under fiieir direetitm, he pursued his studies, assisted greatly by Judge Horace Wilder, to whom he recited, and from wh(Hn he reeeiTcd hearty encouragement. May. 1868, he was admitted to flie bar, opened an office in Bed Wing, and began tiie jptaetice of his profession. In June, of that year, he deliTered a masters' address and reeeiTed the d^ree of Master of Arts rt " Old Hamline. " In flie&ll of ISTOhe was elected a member of the board of education, and was also clerk of flie district, which position he filled for seTcral years. Deeonber SS, 1S71. he was married to Miss Mary E. Sweney, dan^ter of Dr. W. W. Sweney, of Bed Wing. She was bom in Fulton county, IlL, Jvibf 16, 1SJ:7. A sdwg nlar coincidence connected witii fh^e fenulies is the &ct that tiie giren names of the parents on both sides are alike, and the &ree marriages were solemnized on tiie 2>di of December. In the spring of 1S7S, Mr. Herbert aided in starting the Bed Wing Mills, and was elected tiie first secretacy of that corporation. The £dl of 1S73 himself and £. J. Hodgson started the Grange Adrance, now the Bed Wing Adranee. In Feb., 1S77, he was elected secretary of the Bed Wing Stoneware Company, which eaiteriH^ he was largely instrumental in deTeloping. March 6, 1817. Mr. Herbert, J. M. Hodgman and ofliers, started the Bed Wing Building Assooation, which has since become an important institution, and of which he is flie secretary. He is also secretary of the Mississippi YaDey Industrial Association; a stockholder in the Bed Wing AdTuree, one of the editors, and tiie business manager; also half owner witii Mr. J. A.. Leonard, who owns the o&erhalf, of the Bed Wing Printing Granpany. estabfished by them and otiiers in Jidy, 1S77. In a word, he has taken an impoituit part in ereiy enterprise for building up the financial interests 516 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. of the city and county since he became identified with their industries. Himself and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics he has always been a Republican, but is not a rigid party man. There is one child, William E., born Oct. 17, 18T2. HUBBABD, Lt F., grain dealer. Born in Troy, New York, January 26, 1836. His parents moved to Chester, Windsor county, Vt., in 1840, and afterwards went to Greenville, N. Y. The subject of this sketch emi- grated to Chicago, Ills., in 1853, thence to this city, in July, 1857. Feb. 20, 1862, he was commissioned Captain, company A, ith Infantry, and Lieut. Colonel March 25, 1862 ; Colonel, Oct., 1862; Brigadier General,- Dec. 16, 1864. Married Amelia Thomas, May 10, 1868. S|ie was born in Canada, in 1845. \ HOWE, F. B., Red Wing Mills. Born in Racine county, Wisv, Jany. 18, 1846. Emigrated to this county June 6, 1865, at which tiitne he com- menced his present business. Married Emma Yeeder, in 1869/ She was born in Milwaukee county. Wis., Aug. 23, 1847. \ HIMMGLMAN; CHARLES; sewing machines and organs. Born in Sweden, April 26, 1827. Married Pauline Brawall, Oct. 30, 1850. She was born in Sweden. They emigrated to this county June 19, 1855, settling in the town of Vasa. Has been engaged in the grain trade in this city, and commenced his present business in 1876. Charles F. is his only living child. HOYT, F. W., banker. Born in Orleans county, N. Y., Jany. 1, 1841. When about seven years old, his parents moved to LaFayette, Stark county. Ills., where Mr. Hoyt attended district school. From LaFayette he emigrated to this county, in 1856, settling in the township of Roscoe. A short time after his residence in this place, he returned to Illinois, attending school in Rock Island, and after his return .to this county, attended school at Hamlin University, in this city, for three years. He commenced the study of law in 1865, with J. H. Parker, then district attorney, and the following year was admitted to the bar, entering into partnership with that gentleman, which continued about three years. He was married to Ella L. Fay, in Oct., 1856. She was born in Illinois, and was a graduate of the Hamlin University at Red Wing. She died in June, 1858. He again married Josie E. Bassett, in August, 1870. She was born in Lorane county, Ohio, in 1844. Mr. Hoyt was elected court com- missioner in 1877. Was appointed United States commissioner in 1874, and has since retained that position. He was one of the founders of the Goodhue County Savings Bank, a sketch of which in given in this work. Winnefred B. and Fanny are his children. HAWKlNSj Wi Etj dealer in paints, oils, &c., was born in England, August 16, 1830. Came to this country with parents, settling in New York City, and afterwards moved to Albany, N. Y., where he married Sarah Middaugh, May 24, 1853. She was born in Tioga county. Pa., June 29, 1830. They THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 517 emigrated to Red Wing, May 20, 1855. Mr. Hawkins' business has grad- ually increased, until lie now does the largest wholesale and retail trade of any house in the county. Benjamin S., Effie Alene, and William C, are his children. HEBSCHLER; M.j storage, forwarding and commission merchant. Born in Germany, Sept. 20, 1831 ; emigrated to this country, settling in Phila- delphia, Pa., in 1850; August, 1856, he left Philadelphia, and after visiting Illinois and Iowa, came to this city, April 11, 1858, engaging in his present business in the fall of that year. Married Martha Albright, July 22, 1862. She was born in Lancaster, Pa. HOWE, WILLIAM, retired. Born in Dorchester, Mass., January 4, 1812. When quite young his parents moved to Westmoreland, N. H. ; thence to Sharon, Vt. ; thence to Great Falls, N. H. ; emigrated to Racine county. Wis., in 1840; and in 1850 went to California, returning in 1852; May 1, 1857, came to this city. Married Elizabeth Henderson, May 13, 1838, She was born in Rochester, N. H., June 12, 1811. HILL, Df Ct, plaining mill, sash, door and pump manufacturer. Born in HUlsboro county, N. H., May 7, 1830; moved to Massachusetts in 1850, and from that State emigrated to this city May 15, 1855. Married Anna S. Hall, Nov. 22, 1858. She was born in Hanover, N. H. P. Elmer, Mary E., Elizabeth G., and Arthur, are their children. HOWE, ABRAHAM, JRt, engineer at La Grange mill. Born in Madison county, N. Y., Oct, 16, 1836. In 1850, he moved to Kane county. Ills., and in 1852 returned to N. Y. Came to Red Wing, April 29, 1857. Mar- ried Mary H. Sexton, Nov. 2, 1859. She was born in Michigan, Oct. 4, 1836. Enlisted in Co. A, U. S. Sharpshooters in 1861, and discharged in the spring of 1862. Abraham is his only child. HICKMAN, HENRY, proprietor of Hickman House. Born in Paris, Prance, Dec. 29, 1829. Emigrated to this country with parents, settling in N. Y. ; thence to the States of Ohio and Pennsylvania. Came to this city May 4, 1856. Married Eva Waliver, who was born in Prussia. Henry, Martin and Oliver, are their children. HELMEEE, Ht Ji, manufacturer of wagons. Born in Germany, May 13, 1850. Emigrated to this country settling in Evansville, Ind., in 1853. Came to this county, settling on sec. 4, Hay Creek township, April 15, 1857; removed to this city Nov., 1869. Married Dora Matz, from Evans- ville, Ind., Dec. 4, 1875. HOWE, ALLEN, dealer in groceries. Born in Westmoreland, Chester county, N. H., Nov. 14, 1824. At the age of seventeen he followed a seafaring life for five years, after which he went to California, remaining eight years ; thence to Cleveland, Ohio, where he married Ann A. Bick- ford, April 12, 1858. She was born in Dresden, Maine, December 2, 1829. Emigrated to this city in June, 1869. Hiram, Lizzie H., Allen William, and Walter, are his children. 518 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. HAWKINSON, JOHN, dealer in groceries. Born in Sweden, April 9, 1827. Emigrated to this country, settling in Chisago county, Minn., in 1853; thence to this county, settling in the township of Vasa, in 1863. Came to this city in the fall of 1857, engaging in the furniture business, and m 1871 commenced his present business. Married Mary Peterson, November 4, 1858. She was born in Sweden. Beckey, Carl, William and Oscar Ludwick are his children. HASTINGS, J. L., mechanic. Born in Chemung county, N. Y., February 24, 1835. Moved to Bradford county. Pa.; thence to Oil Creek, Pa., and to this county in 1865, but returned to Seneca Falls, N". Y. ; thence to Auburn, N. Y.; thence to Portsmouth, Ohio; thence to Sedalia, Mo.; and in September, 1874, again returned to this county, where he has main- tained a continued residence in Red Wing. Married Mary Breese, of Chemung county, N. Y., February 24, 1859. Harry is his only child. HOWARD, E. T., superintendent Eed Wing Stone Works. Born in Canada West, July 28, 1837. Emigrated to this country, settling in Rockford, Ills., in the spring of 1857. In 1860, moved to Ripon, Wis., where he married N. H. Hazen, June 18, 1861. She was born in Fond du Lac, Wis. Came to this city in the fall of 1864 Belle T. is his only child. HASTINGS, W. T., retired. Born in Elmira, Chemung county, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1810. He was engaged in farming in early life, but at the age of twenty-four commenced mercantile trade, and after twelve years was engaged in milling. He afterwards owned the Chemung County Bank. Was proprietor of the "Chemung County Republican," and a member of the Philadelphia Republican Convention thatinominated General Fremont for president, in 1856. In the fall of that year he was elected to the lower house of the legislature. Moved to Oshkosh, Wis., in 1858, and to this city Sept., 1859. Married W. N. Lybalt, in 1838. She was born in Bloom- ingburg, Sullivan county, N. Y. HICKMAN, M., billiard hall. Born in Germany, Sept. 5, 1828. Emigrated to this country with parents when quite young, settling in Buffalo, N. Y. ; thence to Erie and Chautauqua counties, N. Y. Moved to Cleveland, Ohio; thence to Newcastle and Erie, Pa. ; thence to Painesville, Ohio. Came to Red Wing, April, 1856. Married Sophia Wallauber, Aug. 9, 1857. She was born in Pa. HOFFMAN, LOBENZ, proprietor of steam brewery. Born in Germany, Jan. 26, 1835. Emigrated to this country in 1855, settling in Utica, N. Y. In 1857 he came to this city, where he married Elizabeth Ruder, June 2, 1864. She was born in Germany, July 8, 1840. HARN, E. I., was born in Sidney, Shelby county, 0., Aug. 24, 1836. Moved with parents to Elkhart county, Ind., in 1845. In 1851 he went to Chi- cago, and was engaged in milling until 1866, when he came to Minneapo- lis and engaged as head miller in the Island Mill a number of years, then in the Cataract Mill at the same place. In 1871 he went to Winona, where THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 519 he was engaged in Otto Frost's mill two years, and in Sept., 1873, to this city, , and has since been engaged as head miller in the mills of the Red Wing Mill Company. Married Miss Z. St. John, in Cass county, Mich., in April, 1866. She is a native of New York State. Their children are, Hattie B., Lottie M., Arthur, and an infant not named. HANCOCK, DATID, born in Royalston, Worcester county, Mass., April 22, 1812. Moved to Grafton county, N. H., when quite young ; thence to Montpellier, Vt., in 1832. Married in Bradford, Vt., Adeline Steams, May 22, 1841. She was born in Alstead, N. H. , June 14, 1816, and died in Montpellier, Vt., June 13, 1853. June 3, 1854, the subject of this sketch came to this city, where he married 0. M. Fields, May 22, 1854. She was born in Jeffries, N. H., June 20, 1828. HODGMANj At Eij was born in Hartland, Windsor county, Vermont, May 2, 1825. His life in that State was spent in farming and railroading, until the spring of 1856, when he moved to Pierce county. Wis., and worked at the trade of carpenter and joiner two years, and then engaged in farming until the fall of 1873, when he came to this city, where he has since been in the employ of the Red Wing Mill Company. Married Sarah A. Fuller, in Plainfield, Sullivan county, N. H., in the fall of 1853. They have four children, Benjamin F., Henry A., Jesse F. and Harland W. The family are members of the Presbyterian church. HART, S. A., surveyor. Born in Lewis county, N. Y., July 29, 1818. Emigrated to Dubuque county, Iowa, in the fall of 1846, where he was engaged in the government survey through that State into Minnesota and this county, in 1853; He came to this city and permanently settled in 1854. Married Marietta Farnsworth, December 24, 1855. She was born in Chatauqua county, N. Y. HEWITT, CHARLES NATHANIEL, physician and surgeon. Was born in Vergennes, Vt., June 3, 1836. His literary education was acquired at Cheshire Academy, Conn., and at Hobart College, N. Y. He received his professional education in the Albany Medical College, N. Y. ; dates of grad- uation, M. A., 1857, and M. D. the same year. He was valedictorian in his class in the Medical College, and was also, for some time, a student in the Albany Hospital. Subsequently, he practiced his profession in Geneva, N. Y., until 1861, when he entered the Union Army with the rank of assistant surgeon, in the 50th New York Vol. Engineers, and for three years acted as surgeon for that regiment. He was also surgeon in chief of the Engineer Brigade, Army of the Potomac. Has been a member of the. New York State Medical Society, and is now a member of the Minnesota Medical Society, American Medical Association, and of the Executive Com- mittee of the American Public Health Association. He is secretary of the Minnesota State Board of Health and professor of Public Health in the university of this State. He married Helen Hawley, April 22, 1869; she is a daughter of Dr. J. E. Hawley, of Ithaca, N. Y., who was professor 520 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. of surgery in Geneva Medical College. Dr. H. came to this city iii *"® spring of 1866, where he has since maintained a continued residence, and is actively engaged in the practice of his profession. Ives, Robert R., grain. Red Wing. JENNISON, GEN. SAMUEL P., was born in Southbridge, Worcester county, Mass., May 9, 1830. Received a preparatory collegiate course at Monson Academy, and in 1848 entered Harvard College, but only remained until the beginning of the junior year. He then studied law with Judge Asa Fowler, of Concord, N". H., and was admitted to practice in 1857, and in March of that year came to St. Paul, Minn., where he practiced law in partnership with Judge David Cooper, until Jan. 1, 1860, when he was appointed State Librarian, and also became private secretary of Governor Ramsey. On the 17th of June, 1861, he enlisted in the military service of the United States, and on the 5th of July was mustered in as 2d Lieut, of Co. D, 2d Minn. V. I. Was promoted 1st Lieut, and Adjut. Jan. 18, 1862, the day before the battle of Mill Springs. Accompanied the regiment until its arrival at Louisville, with the rest of Gen. Buell's army, in Sep., 1862; there he received an order from the War Department issued some vreeks before, mustering him out and ordering him to report at St. Paul for promo- tion. On his arrival in St. Paul he was waited upon by Gov. Ramsey, who handed him a commission bearing date of Sep. 10, 1862, which made him' Lieut. Col. of the 10th Regt. Minn. V. I. In this rank he served until the close of the war, coiamanding the regiment in all its Southern cam- paigns and battles. On the second day of the battle at Nashville, he was severely wounded in the head, at the very moment of the crowning success of the day. He was breveted Colonel soon after that battle, and Brigadier General at the close of military operations. He was Honorably discharged, with his regiment, at Fort Snelling, August 18, 1865. In a few weeks after being relieved from his military duties, he became an associate editor of the "St. Paul Daily Press; " but his wound becoming troublesome, by the advice of surgeons, the occupation was abandoned. He was for six months in 1866, manager of the celebrated Holmden Oil Farm, at Pithole, Pa.; but the title came into litigation, as the wells ceased to flow, and he returned to St. Paul. Soon after his return. Gov. Marshall tendered him the appointment of private secretary, which he accepted and held through 1867 and 1868, except during the sessions of the legislatures of those years, when he was chief clerk of the House of Rep- resentatives. In September, 1869, he purchased a half interest in the "Goodhue County Republican" of this city, and the following spring removed his family to Red Wing, where they have since resided. In 1871, he was elected Secretary of State, and re-elected in 1873. Married A.ugust 2, 1858, at Concord, N. H., to Lucia A. K. Wood, who was born at Concord, June 4, 1838. Their children are : James, born January 26, 1860; Paul, February 24, 1868; Wellington, May 19, 1869; and Theodore, May 29, 1870. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 521 JOHNSON, KEY. A., pastor of the Norwegian Methodist Church, Red Wing, was born in Norway, April 15, 1834, came to America in 1857, first settling in St. Paul, where he remained a short time and moyed to Ohisago county. In 1859 he joined the Minnesota Conference, and was appointed to Washington Prairie, Iowa, which was his first charge; thence in succession to St. Peter, Nicollet county; St. Paul; Newberg, Fillmore county; Washington Prairie, Newberg, Minn.; Forest City, andDecorah, Iowa; Plain view, Wabasha county, Minn., and to this place in 1877. Married Johanna Peterson, January 16, 1865, who died January 15, 1870. Married again, Matilda Lewis, in 1873. She is a native of Dane county, Wis- consin. Their children are Ada T. , Sophronius G. , and an infant not named. JENSENj P. M.J dealer in agricultural implements. Born in Norway, June 25, 1846. Emigrated from his native country to Red Wing in 1871, when he engaged as clerk for Betcher & Alley, and in 1876 went into business with E. H. Alley. Married Mary Johnson in 18J6. She was born in Norway, May 4, 1858. Andrius Martin Herman is his only child. JOHNSON HANS) clerk of district court. Born in Lands, Prestegjeld, Nor- way, March 3, 1844. Emigrated to this country in June, 1853, settling in Allamakee county, Iowa, where he enlisted iri Company I, 27th loa. V. I., Aug. 15, 1862, and honorably discharged June 16, 1865. Came to this county in 1867, settling in Zumbrota, where he married Julia A. Strand, June 26, 1868. She was born in Norway, Sept. 18, 1859. Julius M., Alfred 0., Edwin C. and Wilford A. are their children. JOSSi r«j insurance, collections and abstract of titles. Firm of Williston & Joss, 91 Main street, born in Antwerp, Belgium, Jan. 4, 1833. Emigrated to this country in 1841, settling in St. Joseph county, Mich., and in 1856 •came to this city, where he married Lovinia J. Hayes, March 20, 1863. She was born in New York city, July 25, 1838. Mary H. and Horace W. are their children. JOHNSON BROS.J druggists. Peter 0. Johnson, the senior member of this firm, was born in Norway, in 1845. Moved to Canada in 1861, and to this city July 4, 1862. Married Mary Reikart in 1875. She was born in this county. M. 0. Johnson, the junior partner, was born in Norway, Jan. 14, 1848. Commenced their business in 1872. JOHNSON, EDWARD, proprietor St. James livery stable. Born in Norway, Nov. 14, 1848. Came to this country, settling in Wisconsin, in 1858, and the following spring moved to Wanamingo township, this county; and came to this city in 1864. Married Kate H. Festado, Dec. 12, 1870. She was born in Norway. Henry Burnett is his only child. Jaehnig, Bruno, physician, Red Wing. Josephson, A., clothing, Red Wing. Johnson, Peter I., plasterer. Red Wing. Jacobson, Jacob, groceries. Red Wing. 522 THE HISTORY OF SOODHUE COUNTY. JELLINECK, FRANK, manufacturer and dealer in cigars. Born in Knut- tenburg, Bohemia, Nov. i, 1848. Came to this country April 21, 1863, settling in New York city; thence to McGregor, Iowa, April, 1868; and in Sept., 1875, came to this city. Married Carolina Walter, March 10, 1874. She was born in Dubuque, Iowa, April 30, 1856. Mary M., born Oct. 4, 1875, and Emma, June 4, 1878, are the names and births of their children. Johnson, Fred., groceries. Red Wing. Jamieson, A., contractor. Red Wing. Jacobson, A. M., merchant tailor, Red Wing. KAPPEL, JOHNj manufacturing of wagons. Born in Germany June 25, 1839. Emigrated to this country in 1847, settling in Milwaukee, Wis. ; thence to Waupun, Wis., and to this city, July 7, 1855. Married Maggie George, May 10, 1868. She was born in the State of N. Y. John 6., Fred. G. and Mary Lillie, are their children. KAPPELj MICHAELj manufacturer of wagons and carriages. Born in Germany, December 7, 1836; emigrated to this country, settling in Mil- waukee, Wis., in 1847; thence to Washington county. Wis., and returned to Milwaukee in 1854; thence to Waupun, Wis., and came to this city in 1865. Married, in 1863, Mary H. Brow, who was born in Germany. KEMPj DATID, city marshal. Born in Washington county, Maryland, March 28, 1832. Moved to Martinsburg, Berkley county, Va. ; returned to Washington county, and on August 6, 1871, settled in this city. Married Margaret Day, December, 1857. She was born in Martinsburg, Berkley county, Va., January 1, 1833. Mr. Kemp was elected to his present office in April, 1875. George W., Laura, Anna, David and OUa, are his living children; lost two, Catharine and James. KRUGER} THEODORE) harness manufacturer. Born in Germany, June 5, 1847. Emigrated to this country in 1851, settling in East Saginaw, Mich. ; thence to this city in 1862. Married Elizabeth Knoth, Oct. 15, 1871. She was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, November, 1850. Rickey, Krist and Theodore, are his children. KELLOGGj J' Di, photographer. Born in Danby, Tompkins county, N. Y., July 20, 1839. Emigrated to Whitewater, Wis., in 1844; thence to Watertown, Wis. Came to this city June, 1868. Married Carrie A. Fields, Oct. 28, 1876. She was born in St. Albans, Vt., October, 1849. Fred W. and Madge S. are his children. KATSERj Mij dealer in furniture. Born in Luxemburg, Germany, Jan. 14 1835. Emigrated to this country settling in Green Bay, Wis. ; thence to this city in January, 1865. Commenced his present business in 1867. Married Katrina Bocrshenger, in 1862. She was born in Prussia. They have eight children. Kellogg, I. S., druggist, Red Wing. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 623 Kirn, W. F., saloon, Red Wing. Knight, Christ, hotel, Red Wing. Koch, E., grocer. Red Wing. Kessenger, George, boots and shoes, Red Wing. Kempe, J. A., dry goods, Red Wing. Kingman, F. T., merchant, Red Wing. LENT, CHARLES H.? was born in Sing Sing, Westchester county, N. Y., September 15, 1851. When thirteen years of age he went to learn the trade of file cutter, and remained two and a half years. He was then engaged three years in a brick yard, then a number of years on a boat on the Hudson River, and in April, 1875, he came to this city, where he has since resided. He is now in the employ of the " Red Wing Mill Com- pany." LINDBOEj 0. Ki; physician and surgeon. Born in Norway, November 14, 1$51, and came to this country in 1867, settling in Chicago, where he Gommenced the study of medicine in 1870; graduating at Rush Medical College, February 21, 1877. Went to California in 1867, returning in 1870. Came to this county in 1874, returning to Chicago to graduate. LOTEGRENj Nij srij manufacturer of wagons. Born Sweden, Sept. 16, 1815. Emigrated to this country, settling in Boston, Mass., in 1841. Came to this city in 1860, where he has been identified with the manufac- turing . interests of Red Wing, having commenced that business fifteen years ago. LEWISj MARTIN B., was born in Yates county. New York, November 20, 1820. After receiving an academical education he engaged in the mer- cantile business in his native county until 1856, when he came to this city, and was for a few years engaged in the dry goods and real estate busi- ness. Having had the advantage of a theological education as well as a thorough religious training at home — his father being at one time a pro- fessor in Yale College — he, in 1860, gave up a successful business to engage in the work of harmonizing the Sabbath School interests of the different religious denominations of this State. To successfully carry out his noble undertaking, he has traversed every portion of this State, organized over 600 Sabbath Schools, and brought within the pale of this time-honored institution from twenty to twenty-five thousand scholars. He still resides in Red Wing, and with unabated zeal perseveres in the work which his Master has given him to do, annually visiting, encouraging, and assisting hundreds of Sabbath School organizations in different portions of the State. He married Emma H. Williams in Washington county. New York, in 1848. She is a native of Orange county. Their children are Charles W., who died while a student of Hamline University, in this city, in 1865, aged 16 years; Wm. M., who was born in 1852, graduated at Ripon College, Wis-' 524 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. consin, in 1877, and is now a student in Union Theological Seminary, New York; Emma H., who died June 4, 1855; George W., who was born m 1857, now a student in the State University, Minnesota; Mary M., who died in 1865, aged one yeaf; Anna D., born in 1868, now attending school in this city, and Theodore L., who died in 1871, aged eight months. LUCE, W. L., wholesale and retail dealer in groceries. Born in Lawrence, Mass., in 1856. Came from his native country to Red Wing with his parents in 1856. Commenced his present business Sept. 15, 1877. Ladd, H. J., dry goods, Red Wing. LYON, W. P., saloon. Born in Monroe county, N. Y., Aug. 18, 1829. Married Ethelda C. Barager, Jan. 15, 1854. She was born in Wayne county, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1829. Mr. Lyon emigrated to Kendall county, Ills. ; thence to Pierce county, Wis., in 1856. Enlisted in the 30th Wis. V. I., from which he was honorably discharged. Came to this city in 1865. LTONSj JOHN, retired. Born in Ireland, in 1826. Came to this country settling in the State of N. Y., and emigrated to Belle Creek township, this county, in May, 1856. , Removed to this city in 1858. Married Katherine Blee. Lowater, E. P., groceries. Red Wing. Lawrence, i A., books and stationary, Red Wing. Landauer, R., wholesale liquor dealer, Red Wing. LAUTER, ISAAC, contractor and builder. Born in Union county, Pa., June 20, 1832. Moved to Mifflin county. Pa., m 1850. Came to this city Aug. 10, 1855. Enlisted in Co. E, 3d Minn. V. I., Oct. 10, 1861; re- enlisted January, 1863; honorably discharged Dec. 10, 1865. Commenced his present business in 1875. Married Helen Olhstrom, Aug. 16, 1866. She was born in Norway, April 17, 1842. Ida, Augusta^ Minnie. May and Lillie Belle, are their children. Linne, F. J., groceries, Red Wing. Lindquist, M. Q., jeweler. Red Wing. Lawrence C. M., book and stationery. Red Wing. Lindgren, Grustaf, boots and shoes. Red Wing. Lillyblad, Gustaf, groceries, Red Wing. LINDBERG, HOKAN, C, dealer in imported ale and porter. Born in Sweden, Oct. 16, 1844. Emigrated to St. Paul, Minn., in 1869, where he resided until 1872, when he moved to Minneapolis. In 1874 he came to this city. Married Sophia Bjornquist, Oct. 25, 1874. She was born in Sweden, Oct. 27, 1848. Carl Victor,- born Aug. 10, 1875, and Minnie, Oct. 8, 1877, are the names and births of their children. Moser, Bennville, retired farmer. Red Wing. Maginnis, John, farmer. Red Wing. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 525 MEIER, RET. JOHN, was born in Westphalia, Germany, in 1864. Com- pleted his classical education in Paderbprn, Prussia. Came to America in 1875 ; finished his theological studies in St. Johns College, Minn., and was ordained priest, July 1877 ; was placed as curate to Father J. N. Stairiha, Red Wing, where he officiated until Sept. 1, 1878, when he was placed in charge of the parish of St. Marys, in Belvidere township. McRostie, P. N., marble works. Red Wing. MARTINSON, CHARLES 0., dealer in hardware. Born in Norway, December 16, 1843. Emigrated from native country, settling in Chicago, • May, 1866, and in August of that year came to Red Wing, where he married Luckris Olson in 1871. She was born in Norway. Olena Matilda and Karn, are his children. McLaren, rev. Robert F., pastor of the Presbyterian Church, Red Wing, was born in New York City, February 1, 1842. Moved to Fall River, Massachusetts, with parents, in 1854, and prepared for college in the high school of that city. Entered Brown University, at Provi- dence, Rhode Island, in the fall of 1859, where he completed the junior year. He then spent a year in teaching, and graduated at Union College, Schenectady, New York, in 1864. He then attended the Theological Seminary at Alleghany City, but finished his theological course and was ordained at Toledo, 0., in the fall of 1868. He then labored for a few months in Maumee City, in the surburbs of Toledo; then pastor of the Presbyterian Church in the city of Delaware, 0., four years; thence in the fall of 1873 to this city, where he has since resided in his present capacity. Married November 27, 1873, Miss Sara L. Glover, of Delaware, Ohio. They have one daughter, Miriam, born January 16, 1876. MERRITT, Dan S., printer, was born in Newburgh, Orange county, N. Y., May 11, 1816; commenced his trade in the Newburgh Gazette office in 1830; served four years; went to New York city, worked two years under instructions. Emigrated to Kalamazoo, Mich., in 1837, then a place of about 300 inhabitants. That fall he commenced the publication of the Kalamazoo Whig; continued its publication until the fall of 1838; sold out and purchased an interest in the Kalamazoo Gazette; remained in the Ga- zette office until the fall of 1840, when he disposed of his interest and went to Flint, Genesee county, Mich., and in 1844 commenced the publication of the Genesee County Democrat; sold out in 1848 and went to Clarkston, Oakland county, Mich., where he married Mary A. Millard, and, with his wife, emigrated to Chicago. Mrs. M. was born in Painesville, Ohio. Took the foremanship of the Prairie Farmer; remained there until 1851; returned again to Kalamazoo, thence to Pontiac, Mich., where he,- in company with James C. Hutchins, purchased the Pontiac Jacksonian, and removed the press and material to Red Wing, Goodhue county, Minn., and in July, 1855, issued the first number of the Red Wing Sentinel; continued its publication until the spring of 1856; sold the office to Alexis Bailey, and 526 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. the first of January following, in company with his old partner in the printing business, opened the Kelly House in Red Wing. Sold out in the spring following and purchased the Red Wing Gazette, then owned by Ben- nett Bros., and immediately changed ite title to the old familar name, Sen- tinel, and continued its publication until 1860, when he again sold out, and went to farming in Hay Creek Valley. Not being much of a farmer? did not make much of a success at farming; disposed of his farm and returned to Red Wing, thence to Marquette, Mich., and assisted in estab- lishing the Lake Superior News; remained there two summers and returned to Red Wing and took an interest in the Volunteer, to which the Sentinel . had been changed. Disposed of his interest in the Volunteer, and, with his family, in April, 1864, removed to St. Paul. In 1866, with Alex. John- ston, Esq., went to Hastings and assisted in establishing the Hastings Union. Returned to St. Paul, and in 1873, went to Delano, Wright Co., Minn., and commenced the publication of the Big Woods Citizen ; remained there about one year, and again returned to St. Paul where he, with his family, now reside. Their children are Ida, now Mrs. Stadelman; Eva, now Mrs. Green; Zoa, now Mrs. Remiek; Dan, Merit M., Clarence, Clara and Mary A. McCLUKE CHARLES, county recorder. Born in Green county, Va., Feb. 20, 1804. Emigrated to La Port, Ind., in' 1833; thence to McHenry county, 111., and in 1856 came to this county, settling in this city. He was married to Sarah Gibson. She was born in Augusta county, Va. McCormick, James, saloon. Red Wing. Mclntire, Henry, banker. Red Wing. McCormick, John, saloon, Red Wing. Meyers, Clement, milkman, Red Wing. Mclntire, Fred. J., groceries. Red Wing. Messer, A., photographer. Red Wing. MUNSON E.J dealer in hats, caps and gents' furnishing goods. Born in Sweden, April 24, 1850. Emigrated to this country in 1857, settling in this State, and came to this county in 1862, settling in Vasa; thence to St. Paul, where he married Caroline Freeman, October 20, 1875. She was born in Sweden. Removed to this city in October, 1877, commencing his business February 14, 1878. Grace Lucynea is their only child. Matthews, A. A., blacksmith, Red Wing. McSorley, Thomas, crockery. Red Wing. MALCOLMSON, G. H., secretary La Grange Mill Company. Born in St. Johns, New Brunswick, Oct. 4, 1847. Emigrated to this country, settling in Prairie du Chien, Wis., August, 1868. Came from Milwaukee, Wis., to this city October 1, 1878. Married Louise Brooks, October 11, 1877. She was born in Cleveland, Ohio, June 24, 1857. THE HISTOKT OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 527 MEACHAMj A., J.j cashier Goodhue County Bank. Born Blleson, Warren county, Ills., September 15, 1840. Married Elizabeth Barrett, October 28, 1867. She was born in La Port, Ohio, January 30, 1842, and died October 8, 1878. Emigrated to this city September 18, 1855. Moved to Minne- apolis, May, 1870; returning to this city October, 1876. Was elected city treasurer in the spring of 1870. Walter A., Charles R. and Lizzie, are his children. NEWSTKOM, ANDREWj manufacturer of wagons. Born in Sweden, October 7, 1832. Emigrated to this city in 1865, commencing his present business in December, 1877. Married E. Johnson, September, 1862. She was born in Sweden. They have six children. NELSONj Pij dealer in hardware. Born in Sweden, April 14, 1842. Came to this country, settling in Rockford, Winnebago county. Ills., in 1865; thence to Oxford, Miss. ; thence to this county in October, 1873, settling in this city. Commenced his present business Oct. 26, 1873. Married Olevia Olson, Oct. 19, 1871. She was born in Sweden, March, 1838. Peter Olston, born June 15, 1875, is their only child. Noesen, G. W., druggist. Red Wing. NOBDQUIST, JOHN, merchant tailor. Red Wing; was born in Sweden, December 6, 1828; came to America in 1853, -and remained in Brooklyn until 1857, when he came to this city, and in 1862 established his present business. Married Mary Ann Tubbsing, July 14, 1864. She was born in Prussia, Germany, Feb. 7, 1840. Their children are, Charles W., born May 7, 1868; Ida A., Feb. 20, 1868; and George A., Sept. 13, 1875. The family are members of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran church. Nelson, John, dry goods. Red Wing. OLSON, HANS Ai, salesman with C. Clauson. Born in Stordalen, Thrond- hjem, Norway, Jan. 11, 1854. Emigrated to this county with parents, sister and brother, August, 1865, settling in Minneola township, where he was engaged as a farm laborer for seven years. Attended district schools, and afterwards the parish school in Red Wing, completing his studies at the Red Wing Institute. Was confirmed in the Evangelical Lutheran church, in Wanamingo township. May, 1-869. Commenced his present business in 1872, and with Mr. C. Clauson, in 1877. His parents now reside in Fergus Falls, Otter Tail county, Minn. Oswald, Herman, restaurajit, Red Wing. Oleson, Martin, boots and shoes. Red Wing. Oland, Emile, clothing, Red Wing. PAULSON, MBS> E., drugs. Born in Norway ; came to this country in 1867, settling in Chicago, and to this city in 1874, commencing business at that time. Pratt, A. W., banker. Red Wing. 528 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. PERKINS, T. H., was born in Cuyahoga county, Jan. 23, 1837. Was a student at Twinsburg Institute and also at Oberlin College. In 185T ne moved to Pepin, Wis., and in 1865 to Lake City, Minn., where he was one of the publishers of the " Lake -City Leader. " In 1869 he moved to this city, and has since been engaged, in company with Gen. Jennison, in the pubh- cation of the " Goodhue County Republican. " Was married in Red Wing in 1866 to Miss Emily A. Purinton, formerly of Old Town, Me., who died in this city. May 10, 1874. Married again in Oct., 1876, to Miss Florence A. Williams, formerly of Morrisville, N. Y. PARE; H, A,, wholesale and retail dealer in groceries. Born in Montrose, Susquehanna county, Pa., March 28, 1838. Emigrated to Belle Plaine, Scott county, Minn., April 13, 1858; thence to this city, July, 1858. Enlisted in the 1st Iowa cav., in 1861, and promoted 1st lieutenant of com- pany L, 5th Iowa cav. ; resigned in 1863. Married Theodocia Warner, June 1, 1863. She was born in Huntington, Luzern county. Pa. Robert E., Asa Eugene and Hubert Arthur are his children. POTTER, W. A., was born in Wyoming county, N. Y., July 13, 1832. When five years old he moved with parents to Lyonsville, Pa., and at the age of eight years commenced to learn practical engineering; when twelve years old, his parents moved to Milwaukee, Wis., where he was engaged in a machine shop "a number of years ; he then went to Waukesha county, Wis., and followed the mercantile business about six years, then was engaged in the manufacture of carriages about three years; and in 1860, came to this city and was in the employ of D. C. Hill, manufacturer of doors, sash and blinds, until 1877, when he engaged in his present business, that of engineer in the "Diamond Mill" of the "Red Wing Mill Company. ' ' His wife died about three years ago, leaving two daugh- ters, Ida S., now Mrs. Hoyt, of this city, and Mary A., residing at Merton, Waukesha county. Wis. Philleo,-E._ B., secretary mill company. Red Wing. Peterson, Gustaf, Swante, Anderson. Peterson, N. P., jeweler. Red Wing. PETERSON, CHRISTIAN, manufacturer. Born in Denmark, in July 29, 1838. Came to this city Oct. 13, 1856, where he enlisted in the 6th Minn. V. I., Co. "F," Aug. 10, 1862. Honorably discharged July 24, 1865. Married Mary Peterson, Nov. 18, 1866. She was born in Sweden. PHILLIPS, CHRISTIE, justice of the peace. Born in Canada, Sept. 12, 1836. Emigrated to Berlin, Wis., February, 1857, and came to this county settling in Cherry Grove township, Dec. 7, 1857. In 1859, he went to Wisconsin, working in the lumber woods; in 1862, enlisted in the army, participating in the war against the Indians. In July, 1864, he enlisted in the 11th Minn. V. I., serving until the close of the war. Married Mary A. Hayes, Aug. 9, 1865. She was born in Canada, Aug. 9, 1838. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 529 PETERSON, OIOF, blacksmith. Born in Sweden, Nov. 24, 1824. Emi- grated to this country settling in Boston. Came to this county, settling in Red Wing, in the fall of 1862. Married Injry Lovjien, Nov. 9, 1864. She was born in Sweden, Oct. 23, 1841. Nicholas, Mamie, Albert and Oscar are his children. PETERSON, JONAS, dealer in hardware. Born in Sweden, March 8, 1846. Emigrated to this country, settling in Tippecanoe county, Indiana, in 1852. Came to this city, October, 1856. Commenced his present busi- ness in 1873. Married Susan Olson, October 5, 1872. She was born in Norway, December 4, 1850. Anna Josephine is their only child. Park, E. S., physician. Red Wing. Peterson, Charles, grain dealer, Red Wing. Peterson, 0. P., boots and shoes, Red Wing. Poole, P. A., druggist, Red Wing. PIERCE, J. C, banker, Red Wing. Was born in Hudson, New Hamp- shire, December 8, 1831. Came to this city in October, 1855, and was engaged in real estate operations until October, 1868, when he engaged in banking, under the firm name of "Pierce, Simmons & Co." Married in Nashua, New Hampshire, Miss Katie H. Chase, October 29, 1861. She is also a native of Hudson, New Hampshire. QTJATLE, JOHN J. Born in England, October 4, 1833. Emigrated to Utica, N. Y., in 1856, and to Westfield, Chautauqua county, N. Y. Came to this city in 1864, where he married Eliza H. Carpenter, March, 1867. She was born in Jefferson county, N. Y., December 3, 1853. Mr. Quayle enlisted in the 194th N. Y. V. I., in 1862, and was honorably discharged. Bertha, Esther and Roseltha, are his living children.. Lula, deceased. REMMIER, ADOLPH, city brewery. Born in Germany, May 28, 1838. Emigrated to St. Louis, Mo., in 1854. Came to this county January, 1877, where he married Mrs. Christiana Heising, January 15, 1877. REINHART, CHARLES, manufacturer of wagons, 3rd street. Born in Newark, N. J., Oct. 19, 1853. Emigrated to this city from his native State, with his parents, in 1860. Established his manufacturing business in 1876, and has continued it until the present time. Remshart, Fr^d., butcher. Red Wing. Richter, A. C, groceries, Red Wing. Rothj S. v., groceries. Red Wing. Rich, H. S,, hardware. Red Wing. REICHERT, GEORGE, proprietor of cooper shops. Born in Germany, Feb. 1, 1835. Emigrated to Red Wing from his native country in 1861, where he married Christinia Gerlinger, in 1867. She was born in Buffalo, N. Y,, May 29, 1846. They ha,ve five living children; John, Christinia, Leonhort, Frederick and Gertrude; George deceased. 35 530 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. RICE, GEOEGE JOSEPH, (deceased.). Bom in Germany, Dec. 11, 1824. ■Married Christiana Barigold, June, 1851. She was born Dec. 6, 1823. Mr. Rice moved to Canada, where he was married, and in the spring oi 1852 came to this city, where he died, Sept. 1, 1867. Gabriel, Katie and George J., are their children. Robbertson, A.. J., blacksmith, Red Wing. Robson, William, foreman in Beteh's Mill. Rodman, Martin, retired farmer, Red Wing. Roseboom, A. H., bookstore. Red Wing. SEASTEAND, JOHN, was born in Sweden, July 14, 1842. Came to America in 1869^ and in September of that year to Goodhue county, where he has since resided. The first year after coming here he worked in Vasa town- ship, and then came to this city and worked at the trade of stone mason five years in the employ of A. G. Carlson. In June, 18T6, he received an appointment on the police force of this city, where he remained until April 1, 1878, when he was elected a member of the city council, but resigned Sept. 1 of the same year, and was re-appointed on the police force, which position he fills at this date. Married Elizabeth Johnson, Feb. 24, 1872. Their children are, Herman A., Agda E. and Hilma M. SIMMONS, OLE K., manufacturer of brick. Born in Norway, May 20, 1836; came to this county December 15, 1856, settling in Goodhue Center. Came to this city in the spring of 1857. Married Nesine Amatic Reinert- sen. She was born in Sweden. Knut Alfred, born June 9, 1875; Anna Caroline, born August 3, 1876; Odia Nesine, born October 12, 1877, are the names and births of their children. Sherman, Watts, groceries, Red Wing. •Sheldon, B. P., dry goods, Red Wing. Skoglund, Andrew, harness manufactory. Red Wing. SPRINGER, E. B. Was born in Prussia, July 2, 1835. Came to America in 1853, and engaged with Pitts & Co., Chicago, until 1857, when he went to Iowa City, Iowa, and was employed as book-keeper in a lumber office. In the spring of 1858 he went to St. Louis and engaged in milling a short time; thence to Belleville, Illinois; thence in 1860 to Louisville, Kentucky; thence to Cincinnati, where he enlisted in the Twelfth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, Company "B, " August, 1861. Participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and many others. Was with Sherman in his memorable march to the sea, and was honorably discharged in 1864. He then returned to St. Louis and again engaged in milling; thence to St. Jo; thence to Wisconsin; thence to Winona, in this State; and August 9, 1877, engaged with the " Red Wing Mill Company," where he is now employed. Married Mrs. Jennie Dodge, in Winona, in 1874. They have one daughter, named Louisa. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 531 SHAVER, JAMES) manufacturer of fanning mills. Born in Luzern county, Pennsylvania, July 18, 18^7. Emigrated to Minnesota in the fall of 1851, and in June, 1852, moved to Lake Minnetonka, Hennepin county. Came to this city in 1873. Married Sarah C. Chowen in 1848. She was born July 4, 1822. SJOBLOM, P., pastor Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. Born in Sweden in 1834. Married Charlotte Ohmstedt in 1855. She was born in Sweden in 1824. Emigrated to America in 1866, and settled in Porter Station, Ind., where he entered the university as student, graduating after six years' study. He then engaged as teacher in the same institution until called to the. pastorate of the Swede church in that place, which position he filled until his coming to this city in 1869, when he was appointed pastor over the people of this church, where he has since made it his home. In 1872 was elected secretary of the Scandinavian Evangelical Lutheran Orgustana Synod, and still fills that position. George P., Alex. W., Ida C, and Per Glattfrid, are their children. STABIHA, RET. J. N., was born in Carniola, Austria, in 1845; completed his classical studies at Rudolfswoerth, in his native province. During the war between Austria and Italy in 1866, he was drafted into the regular army and served six months ; participated in the battle of Costozza, June 24, 1866, and was promoted and decorated to the rank of second lieutenant. In 1867 he came to America, finished his theological studies in Milwaukee, and was ordained priest September 19, 1869. He was then curate to Father H. Bourian, Negaunee, Lake Superior, Mich., until 1871, when he came to Minnesota and took charge of the parish at Marystown, Scott county, and on June 19, 1872, came to this city, where he has since resided, in performance of the pastoral duties connected with his church. STERLING, €r. R., manufacturer. Born in Luzern county. Pa., July 14, 1831. Married Eliza McGarvey in 1862. She was born in Canada in 1839. Mr. Sterling moved to the State of New York, with parents, when quite young; thence to Burghampton; thence to Vernon county, Wis. ; thence to Pierce county, and to St. Paul, Minn., in 1856. Came to this city June, 1858, where his wife died. Mertie, fifteen; Jennie, twelve; Florence B., seven; Mary L., three; Edward, eighteen months, are the names and ages of his children. April 16, 1878, Mr. Sterling married Belle McGarvey, who was born in Canada. Spear, George A., clerk. Red Wing. Smith, J. E., farmer, Red Wing. Swanstrom, W., P. 0. clerk. Red Wing. Sandburg, F. P., grain. Red Wing. Simmons, George, dry goods store, Main street. Seavers, Fred, blacksmith, Red Wing. 532 THE HISTORY OP SOODHUE COUNTY. SPRAKE, 0. M., dealer in Singer's sewing machines. Born in Hudson, N. H., August 16, 1832. Married Roena Thomas, January 9, 1853. She was born in Vermont, November 12, 1882. Mr. Sprake moved to Potts- dam in the fall of 1853, and from there to Plainfield, Mass., in the spring of 1854. The following year he went to Nashua, N. H., and from there to Wooster. Came to this city May 1, 1857. Bertha R., Charles 0., Betsey A. and Willie T., are his children. Sheldon, T. B., grain dealer. Red Wing. Stearns, N. H., groceries, Red Wing. Stephens, B. C, florist. Red Wing. SKILLMAN, PHIL., city recorder. Born in East German, Chenango county, N. Y., October 27, 1845. Emigrated to Wabasha county, Minn., May 2, 1856, and in March, 1864, enlisted in Company G, 3d Minn. V. I. ; detailed as commissary sergeant in the 112th U. S. C. I. Commissioned 2d lieut. Company A, 113th U. S. C. I., and promoted 1st lieut., but was mustered out before receiving commission. Engaged in the last fight of the war; came to this county in April, 1867, commencing the study of law with Phelps & Taber, and admitted to the bar February 3, 1869. Moved to Rockwall, Texas, in May, 1873, where he practiced his profession and edited a paper. Returned to this city June, 1875. Married Fannie A. Rawson, June 25, 1878. . She was born in New York, June 10, 1850. SWENEY, WILLIAM W., M. D., born at Milton, Pa., Dec. 18, 1818. Hav- ing received an academical education, he entered the Rush Medical College of Chicago, 111., and graduated in February, 1851. Previous to graduating he moved to Fulton county. 111., where he read medicine and practiced with Dr. A, B. Hull. In 1844 he moved to Galena, 111., where he was engaged in the publication of the " Sentinel. " In 1846 returned to Fulton county, but emigrated to St. Paul in 1850. Came to this city in May, 1852, where he has since resided. He married, Dec. 29, 1841, Mariah, daughter of Richard Freeborn, of Fulton county. 111. SIMMONS, THOR K., banker. Born in Norway, Aug. 12, 1832. Emigrated to this country in August, 1853, settling in Wisconsin. Came to this county in April, 1856, settling in Goodhue township, on sec. 10, and to to this city, Nov. 14, the same year. . Married Hannah S. Hawkinson, June 24, 1858. She was born in Sweden, June 25, 1838. Bmeline J. and Knut N. are his children. SEXTON, WILLIAM L., engineer at Red Wing Mills. Born in Belvidere, Sussex county, N. J., March 11, 1827. Emigrated to Oakland county, Michigan, when four years old, with parents; thence to Wisconsin, in 1837; thence to this city in August, 1854. Married Harriett Ives, in 1852, who was born in Vermont. Mr. Sexton enlisted in the first and second regiments sharpshooters, in 1851-2. Frances, John, Robert and Mary, are his children. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 533 SIMMONS, J., dry goods. Born in Norway, Nov. 28, 1845. Emigrated to this country in 1845, settling in Dane county, Wis. ; thence to this county June, 1856, settling in Goodhue Centre. Came to this city in the fall of 1857. Married Pauline A. Berg, Jan. 10, 1869. She was born in Norway, April 6, 1848. Jorgen Arthur, born July 15, 1873; Thorvald Kristian, born June 30, 1875, are the names and births of their children. SW ANSON, ANDREW, (Erickson & Swanson,) furniture. Born in Sweden, Dec. 9, 1833. Emigrated to this country in 1852, settling in Andover, Ills.; thence to Galesburg, Ills., and came to this county July, 1857, where he married Oleva Olson, Dec. 3, 1859. She was born in Sweden. STERRETT, F. R., Red Wing Mills. Born in Mifflin county. Pa., May 9, 1834. Emigrated to Lake* City, Wabasha county, Minn., in the spring of 1856. Came to this city in the fall of 1864. Married Sarah M. Hahn, Aug. 6, 1861. She was born in Mifflin county. Pa., February 18, 1839. Lovinnia B., Nettie W., Frank W., Lillian and Josephine are their children. SEXTON, JARED, dealer in groceries. Born in Belvidere, N. J., May 12, 1829. July 1, 1837, he emigrated to Waukesha, Wis., thence in the'fall of 1855 to this city, commencing his business May 1, 1868. Married Persis Parker, Nov., 1853. She was born in New Hampshire, Aug., 1828. Ida, Emma, AUetta, Charles and William, are their children. STEYENS, SAM. B., dealer in grain. Born in Henderson county, Ky., Aug. 3, 1837. Emigrated to Sioux City, Iowa, in 1857, and came to this city July 2, 1860, where he married Mary Scott, Oct. 21, 1866, who was born in Lewiston, Pa., in 1847. Mr. Stevens commenced his present business the same fall of his arrival in Red Wing. Alice and Naomi are his children. SEEBACK, FRED., groceries. Born in Germany, May, 1841. Emigrated to this country, settling in Wisconsin, in 1843, where he married Lydia Hernlem, July 9, 1868. She was born in Racine county, Wisconsin. Mr. Seeback enlisted in the Twenty -fourth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, August, 1862. Taken prisoner at the battle of Chicamauga, and incar- cerated in both Andersonville and Libby prisons. Discharged in 1865. Came to this city in 1873; commencing his business in 1875. Emma, Fred, Tilda, Jacob, and Henry, are his children. SMITH,' H. A., livery, sale, and boarding stable. Born in St. Lawrence county. New York, January 26, 1839. Moved with parents when young to McHeury county, Illinois; thence to California in the spring of 1864, returning in the fall of 1868. Came to this city November 22, 1871; com- mencing his present business March 19, 1877. Married Laura S. Ryder, from Illinois, now deceased. Married Mariah Kinkade, from Wisconsin. Burdett, Cora, Frank, and Harry, are their children. SANDFORD, P.j attorney at law. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Ontario county, N. Y., Sept. 25, ISil. 534 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. Emigrated to Detroit, Mich,, with his parents when quite young, where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar of the supreme court of that State in 1853. Came to this county in August, 1853. Married Sarah J. Lee, March, 1854. She was born in Penn Yan, N . Y., June 7, 1835. Mrs. Sarah M. Kingman, Frank, Charles, Edward and George are their children. 8EEBAC£, ANABAND, superintendent of La Grange Mills. Born in Prussia, Sept. 17, 1838. Emigrated to this country in 1844, settling in Milwaukee county, Wis., and March 17, 1867, came to this city. Married Mary S. Luhring, July 3, 1861. She was born in Germany, Dec. 16, 1842. Anarand, Mina and George, are their children. Searstrand, John, policeman. Red Wing. STEVENS, E. C, retired farmer. Born in Connecticut, Dec. 3, 1804, After traveling through the western country, he settled for a short time at Chip pewa Palls, and from that place came to this county in September, 1852 but in 1854, removed to Olmstead county, returning to this city in 1868 Married Priscilla M. Williams, June 19, 1854. She was born in Va., Nov 7, 1830. TABER, D. M., attorney. Born in Washington, Sullivan county, N. H. June 26, 1840. Moved with parents to Newberypoint, Mass., and in 1854. went to East Boston, Mass. Emigrated to Winona, Minn., in 1856, coming up the Mississippi in the steamer War Eagle, Capt. Harris, com manding. In October following, moved to Lake City, Wabasha county, Minn,, and came to this city October, 1862. Admitted to the bar May 17 1865. Married Florence Graham, Jan. 8, 1871. Tubessing, Fred, retired farmer, Red Wing. Tubessing, Wm., retired farmer, Red Wing. Thompson, Ole, retired. Red Wing. Tubessing, Peter, on Fifth street, retired farmer, Red Wing. Towle, D. H., retired farmer, Red Wing.- Thompson, Ole, saloon, Red Wing. Taake, J. F., dry goods. Red Wing. YEDEB; JOHN !•) dealer in groceries. Red Wing; was born in Schenectady, N. Y., January 4, 1822. In 1837 he came to Walworth county. Wis., where he married Catharine Sexton in November, 1846; who was born in Belvidere, N. J., in 1825. In 1857 he came to this city, which has since been his place of residence. Enlisted in 1861, in Berdan's sharpshooters, and fired the first shot in the second Bull Run fight, participated with his command in its several campaigns, and was honorably discharged' in 1864. He is also an honorary member of the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. WHEELER, 0. C, was born in Jefferson county, N. J., March 2, 1831. When about six years old, he came with parents to Chautauqua county, N. Y., where he resided until 1860, when he went to the oil regions of THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 535 Pennsylvania, and remained until July 20, 1862, when he enlisted in the 12th Pa. Cavalry, Co. E. Was promoted to lieutenant, and honorably discharged July 20, 1865. He then returned to Danville, Pa., remained a few months and moved to Pittston, where he was foreman in a door, sash and blind manufactory for eight years. In 1873 he came to Minneapolis, and was foreman in Johnson & Copeland's door, sash and blind manufac- tory until the spring of 1878, when he came to this city, and is now fore- man in D. C. Hill's door, sash and blind manufactory. Married Ella Wallace, in Danville, Pa., April 12, 1864. Their children are Herbert E., Prank, Nellie, Ida, Orville and Harry. WHEEIOCK, H. M., born at Predonia, Chautauqua county, N. Y. Lived at different times in North Carolina, Massachusetts, Iowa and Illinois. Attended the academic department of the State Normal School at Predonia, N. Y. Left the school one term before graduation, conducted a news- paper, and learned the trade of a printer in the "Censor" ofB.ce, same place. Came to Red Wing in 1875. Worked on the " Grange Advance" a short time and subsequently on the "Argus," which latter position he now retains. WHEULOCE, T. B. Was born in HoUiston, Massachusetts, in 1836. When sixteen years old went to Predonia, N. Y. ; and in 1863 to Plymouth, N. C, where he was engaged as cotton broker; thence to Galveston, Texas, and engaged in the mercantile business; he then came North and became inter- ested in an oil well at Tidoute, Pennsylvania; he was then engaged as commercial traveler for D. Ransen & Co., and in 1874 came to Red Wing, and has since filled the position of chief clerk in the manufacturing estab- lishment of Sterlin & Co., of this city. WILSON, F. M., attorney. Born in New Albany, Indiana, March 30, 1845. Came to this county with parents in April, 1858, settling in this city. Was admitted to the practice of law, April, 1868. Married Clotilde A. Marconnier, July 22, 1875, at Evansville, Indiana. She was born in Evansville, Indiana, June 4, 1855. Horace A. is their only child. WABD, ANNI8 E. Residence Red Wing. Widow of Reuben S, Ward, who was born in Madison county, New York, January 12, 1838. Married Annis B. Wilcox, November 4, 1860. She was born in Madison county. New York, April 17, 1838. Came to this county in 1863, first settling in Belvidere township, and in 1865 settled on their estate in Zumbrota town- ship, consisting of 160 acres, which she now values at |50 per acre. In 1873, on account of failing health, he went to California, returning the following spring to Red Wing, where he died March 21, 1874. Fannie E., born November 12, 1862; Mina E., October 14, 1864, Israel H., April 22, 1867, are the names and births of their children. WILSON, HON. H. B., Red Wing, Goodhue county, was born in Bingham, Somerset county, Maine, March 30, 1821; traces his lineage back to the Mayflower. His parents were both natives of the same county with him- 536 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COtJMTY. self; the original family were from England. He attended the district school, afterwards the Maine Wesley an Seminary, Kent's Hill, Redneld; studied four years in that institution, paying his way by teaching district school and doing other labor during vacation; graduated in the summer of 1841, shortly after he was twenty years of age; went to Cincinnati, and taught in the second district of that city; went to Lawrenceburg, Ind., and took charge of Dearborn County Seminary, taught two years, studied law, was admitted to the bar, but never practiced. In 1844, removed to New Albany, Ind., took charge of the school there; organized the first graded system in the place; superintended and taught until 1850; resigned after being elected city civil engineer, which office he filled for six years; literally speaking, is a teacher, superintendent of* public instruction, and civil engineer; was married in Lawrenceburg in 1844; in April, 1858, removed to Minnesota, having been elected professor of mathematics and civil engineering in Hamline University, Red Wing. In July, 1868, the Asbury University, of Indiana, conferred upon him, unsolicited, the hon- orary degree of Master of Arts ; taught the natural sciences and mathemat- ics for a period of four years in Hamline University. June, 1862, enlisted in Company F, 6th Minn. Vol. Infantry, and served until mustered out in the fall of 1865; was captain of Company F, with Gen. Sibley in both his campaigns after the Indians in 1862-3; was at Birch Coolie, Wood Lake, Camp Release, the hanging of the Indians at Mankato, and the march to the Missouri River, in 1868; at the battle of Wood Lake received a severe wound in the shoulder, from which he has never fully recovered. In the spring of 1864, went with regiment to Helena, Ark. ; regiment lost over one hundred men by disease; then attached to the 16th army corps, and participated in the siege of Spanish and Blakely forts, and the capture of Mobile. In 1866 was appointed superintendent of schools for Goodhue county, which office he continued to fill by subsequent appointments until appointed State superintendent of public instruction, in 1870. In addi- tion to the offices previously mentioned, he was a member of the city council of Red Wing one year; is a member of the Masonic order, and for several years was H. P. of LaGrange Royal Arch Chapter; a member of the Methodist church, of long standing, and a republican as old as the party; served one term in the legislature of 1877. WETT8TEIN, FRANK, manufacturer of furniture. Born in Prussia in 1838. Emigrated to this county from his native country July 13, 1867. Married Susan Goebel in 1874. She was born in Germany. Emma and Louisa are his children. WEBSTER, CHARLES C. The subject of this sketch was born in Cabot, Washington county, Vt., May 1, 1824. His father. Alpha Webster, was born and lived on the same farm more than seventy years. The grand- father of Mr. Webster was a revolutionary soldier, and his widow survived him and drew a pension until she became a centenarian. Charles graduated from Vermont University in 1851. In December of the same year he mar- THE HISTORY OF GtOODHUB COUNTY. 537 ried Elizabeth Drew, of Danville, Columbia county, Vt. They moved to Canaan, N. H., in 1853, where Etta May Webster was born May 29, 1853, and Ella F. Webster, Sept. 17, 1855. In 1856, Mr. Webster emigrated to Zumbrota, this county, his family following the next year. Charles M., ' his eldest son, was born April 12, 1858, and was the first birth in the town- ship. In 1860, Mr. Webster was elected register of deeds, and moved to Red Wing, where William A. Webster was born June 3, 1863, and Kate B., May 10, 1865. Webster, John H., saloon. Red Wing. Wellman, L. R., on 4th street, manufacturer. Red Wing. Watson, E. P., harness dealer. Red Wing. Williams, W. B., contractor. Red Wing. WHITMAN, PROF. 0., was born in Buckfield, Me., Sept. 13, 1831. Was fitted for college at the Hebron Academy, Hebron, Me., and entered Waterville College, now Colby University, at Waterville, Me., in 1854. After remaining about two weeks he was taken sick, and for four years was unable to resume his studies, but eventually recovered and returned to college, graduating Aug. 13, 1862. He then was placed in charge of China Academy, at Chin^, Me., where he remained one year. He then studied law nearly a year, with S. C. Andrews, of Buckfield, now of Portland, Me. In April, 1864, he married Miss Izah T. Hatch, at Norway, Me., who is a native of New Gloucester. Soon after marriage he received an appointment as clerk in the land office at Washington, whither he removed, but in a few months he received an invitation to take charge of Oak Grove Seminary, at Vassalboro, Me. He at once resigned his position, accepted the invitation, and remained in charge of the seminary one year. He then removed to Eastport, Me., and was principal of the High School at that place five years. He then, in 1870, came to Red Wing, where he has since occupied the position of superintendent of the public schools of this city. Watson, D, W., clerk. Red Wing. WERNER, N, 0., judge of probate court. Born in the province of 'Chris- tianstead, Sweden, January 19, 1848. EmigratedWio this country in 1868, settling in Princeton, Bureau county, Ills., and moved to this county, Aug. 19, 1870, where he married Eva Charlotte Anderson, July 17, 1872. She was born in Sweden, Dec. 22, 1847. Carl G. and Anna 0. are their children. WILLISTON, W. C, attorney at law. Born in Cheroth, South Carolina, June 22, 1830. Moved to Geauga county, Ohio, where he was admitted to the practice of law in 1855. Married Mary Canfield, who was born in Geauga county, Ohio, March 1, 1835. Emigrated to this county, settling in this city June 1, 1857. Became associated with 0. M. Hall in the prac- tice of law, in 1871. Was commissioned Captaia of Company G, 7th Inf., and mustered out in 1864. 538 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. WILLABD, H. A., deputy auditor. Born in Vasa, this county, Feby. 10, 1856. Married Ella R. Wilder, Dec. 19, 1877. She was born in Wayne county, N. Y., Oct. 8, 1855. Young, C. T,, Yankee notions, Red Wing. WILTSB, OLIN, cooper and carpenter. Residence corner of Bush and Fifth streets. Born in New York State in 1826. Married Sarah Brown, December 25, 1849. She was born in Broomfield, New York, in 1828. Emigrated to Kingston, Wisconsin, in 1849, where he resided until 1861, when he came to this county and settled in this city, where he worked at his trade until 1863, when he purchased a farm in the town of Goodhue, upon which he resided a few years, when he returned to Red Wing and became extensively engaged in real estate transfers, which calling he has since followed with success. Wesley M., George E., and Alice N., are their living children. Lost two — Darius L. and Frank. All members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILDER E. Tij attorney at law, Red Wing, was born in Hartford county, Connecticut, November 27, 1813; there he resided until nineteen years of age, when he moved to Ashtabula, Ohio; thence, in 1837, to Painesville, Ohio; thence, in 1855, to Iowa; and to this city in the summer of 1856, which place has since been his residence. Married in Winsted, Conn., in May, 1839, Julia W. Wakefield, who died in February, 1866. Was mar- ried again in October, 1868, at Waterloo, New York, to Larissa M. Kendig, who is a native of New York State. Wymer, John, gardner, Red Wing. Warren, Delos, farmer. Red Wing. WILKINSON, UEORGE, was born in England in 1818; came to America in 1851, and settled in Dubuque, where he remained until 1853, and moved to St. Paul, Minn., and on May 6, 1855, he came to this city as contractor for the erection of Hamline University, but after a few years he pur- chased a large tract of land on the prairies adjacent to Red Wing, and was actively engaged in farming several years, having during harvest as many as 20 harvesters running at the same time. His farming operations being a success, he purchased city property in Red Wing, which has since appre- ciated so that Mr. Wilkinson is regarded as one of the solid men of the city. He has always taken a deep interest in everything pertaining to the welfare of Red Wing; often making personal sacrifices to beautify and adorn the city. He is now erecting on Third street one of the finest busi- ness blocks to be found in Red Wing. WING BROSi; dealers in clothing. Joseph S., the senior partner, was born in Lisbon, Grundy county, Ills., March 28, 1852. Came to this city with parents in 1865, and on April 11, 1877, married Anna M. Elstead. She was born in Norway. Mr. Wing commenced his business May 29, 1873, and his brother going into partnership with him April 9, 1877. THE HISTORY OE' SOODHUE COUNTY. 539 WATSONj Et P., proprietor of the Novelty harness shop, Bush street, Red Wing. Was born in Canada East, Nov. 19, 1842. In October, 1855, he with his father, came to this place and erected the first harness shop in the county, which was owned by Thomas Lowater. On April 27, 1863, he engaged in business for himself in this city, which, with the exception of a few years' absence, he has since continued. His father, John Watson, was born in England, and was one of the pioneor Methodist ministers in this county. Mr. W. married Mary Cleveland, May 3, 1864. She was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 19, 1845. Their children are Fannie E., Mable and Edna. WARD, Oi P., retired farmer. Born in Genesee county, N. Y., July 7, 1829. Moved to Erie county. Pa., in 1843, and to Delavan, Walworth county. Wis., August, 1856. On October 26, 1856, he came to this county where he has since resided. Married in this county, Lydia Hill, October 2, 1862. She was born in Tioga county. Pa., March 10, 1842; and has been a resident of this county since 1854. John Franklin, James Sherman, Minnie Etta and Willie Loomis, are their children. Woodley, G. W., retired, Eed Wing. Wellener, Geo. C, physician. Red Wing. Wallauer, Paul, butcher. Red Wing. Williamson, F. A., dentist. Red Wing. WILLARD, 8. J.J county auditor. Born in Sweden, July 10, 1828. Married Anra Mattson in 1851. She was born in Sweden in 1830, and died in this city June 3, 1870. Married second wife, Julia H. Sargent, from Sheboy- gan Falls, Wis. Mr.Willard came from his native country to this county, settling in what is now the township of Vasa, in 1853. Moved to this city in 1862; elected county auditor in 1864, which office he has since con- tinuously held. Wilder, Horace, lawyer. Red Wing. Wunderlich, George, harness manufacturer. Red Wing. Whitney, Charles, gunsmith. Red Wing. WEBSTER, W. L., livery stable. Born in Grafton county, N. H., Feb. 19, 1826. Moved to Clarmont, N. H. with parents when quite young"; thence to Auburn, N. H. ; thence to Windsor, Vt., and came to Hastings, Minn., in 1856. Came to this county, where he has been identified with all her public interests. Married Susan W. Sturtevant, June 19, 1848. She was born in Hartland, Vt., Oct. 13, 1824. Frank S. is their only child. ' Winchester, James, dry goods, Red Wing. Woodcock, John, lightning rods, Red Wing. 540 THE HISTOKY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. WELCH Anderson, Ole, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Vasa. Armstrong, William, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Hastings. Akerson, Swan, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Eggleston. Anderson, M., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Eggleston. BLOOM, JOHN, farmer, P. 0. Vasa. Born in Sweden in 1832, and emigrated to this country in 1854, first settling in Taylors Falls, thence to Stillwater and Marine Mills, Washington county, Minn., where he enlisted in 1862, in 7th Minn. I., Co. C, and served three years, participating in the battles of Tupelo, Nashville, Tallahatchie River and siege of Spanish forts. Also against the Indians in same regiment, engaging in several battles. Was honorably discharged at the close of the war, and returning settled in Vasa, where he lived two years, when he moved to this township, and in 1868 married Anna Couple. She was born in Sweden in 1844. Owns farm of ninety acres, valued at $4,000. Is chairman of the board, and director of schools, and is well known. John F. and Charles L. are their children. Bengston, Eskel, farmer, see. 26, P. 0. Eggleston. BOOTHROTD, WILLIAM, farmer, see. 10, P. 0. Eggleston. Born in York- shire, England, in 1833. Emigrated to this country in 1855, ^nd settled in Red Wing, where he married Mary A. Revers in 1858. She was born in Morgan county. 111., in 1838. After marriage moved to Featherstone township, and purchased eighty acres of land where he settled and resided until 1866, when he came to this township and settled on his present estate, consisting of 410 acres, valued at |16,000. Is director of schools, and is well known throughout the town and county. Carrie J., Charles W., Benjamin B., Albert R. and Frank, and one adopted daughter, Nellie M., are their living children. Lost one child, Grant. Severs, W. F., farmer, sec. LO, P. 0. Hastings. Brennen, Thos., jr., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Hastings. Brennen, James, farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Hastings. Black, Archibald, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Hastings. Bengtson, Andrew, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Eggleston. Berg, C. J., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Eggleston. Bloom, Swan, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Vasa. Carlson, Ludwim, farmer, sec. 80, P. 0. Vasa. Charlson, Peter, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Hastings. CARLSON, OTTO, farmer, see. 30, P. 0. Vasa. Born in Sweden in 1845. Emigrated to America in 1866, and settled in Burlington, Iowa, remain- THE HISTOKT OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 541 ing but a short time, when he moved to Dakota county, lived there three . years, when he came to this county, where he married Ellen Robinson in 1870. She was born in Sweden in 1850. Settled on his present estate in 1872, consisting of 140 acres, valued at |35 per acre. Held the office of district clerk, and are members of the Lutheran Church. Aleda, Oscar 'and Esta are their children. CARLSON, E. Ml, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Eggleston. Born in Sweden in 1849. Emigrated to this country in 1869, and on his present estate in 1870, consisting of eighty acres, valued at $40 per acre. Same year married Annie Limblaw. She was born in Sweden in 1848. Has been supervisor ^ three years, and fills that office at the present time. Also school treasurer of this district and clerk of the Swede church, of which he and his family are members. Mary, Charles and Gustave, are their living children. Carver, E. W., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Hastings. Carlson, C. 0., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Hastings. CBANDALL, NEWTON C, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Hastings. Born in Water- town, Jefferson county, N. Y., in March, 1838. Emigrated to this State in 1861, and settled in Dakota county, where in 1868 he married Eliza A. Secor. She was born in Beloit, Wis., in 1851. Came to this county in the fall of 1869, and purchased his present estate of 160 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Represented this county in the State Legislature, is justice of the peace, town clerk, and has been identified with the interests of the town, county and State. Is also a deacon in the Congregational Church. Jessie L., Ray, Clara E. and Eugene Lincoln, are their chil- dren. Conway, W., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Vasa. Conway, W. H., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Vasa. Chilbey, Swan, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Eggleston. Carver, E. P., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Hastings. Castello, Michael, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Hastings. Castello, William, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Hastings. Danielson, J. M., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Eggleston. Danielson, Swan, farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Eggleston. Daly, Richard, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Eggleston. ESTA, eORCHAM, farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Esta. Born in Germany, in 1820. Married Doraty Devaka, in 1850. She was born in Germany, in 1830. Emigrated to the United States in 1852, and settled in Galena, Ills., and in 1854, came to this State and settled in Hennepin county, where he pre-empted 160 acres of land and resided thereon until 1867, when he moved to this county and settled on his present estate, consisting of 520 acres, valued at |40 per acre. He is the largest landholder in this 542 THE HISTOKY OF SOODHDB COUNTY. to-wnsliip;.is treasurer of the school district, road supervisor 2 years, and supervisor one term; being well known and otherwise identified with the interests of the town and county. Gusta, Louisa, Lena, Anna, Leda and Sarah, are their living children. Lost two children, John and Jacob. Are members of Lutheran church. Erickson, P. M., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Eggleston. Erickson, E., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Eggleston. Exickson, Andrew, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Eggleston. Ebersold, John, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Eggleston. Ebersold, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Eggleston. Erickson, Nels, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Vasa. Erickson, John, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Eggleston. Gee, Henry, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Eggleston. Gee, Thomas, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Eggleston. Green, Prank, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Eggleston. Ford, Patrick, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Hastings. Ford, John, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Hastings. Gee, Henry, A., farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Eggleston. Green, Andrew, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Eggleston. Hohn, Gustaf, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Eggleston. Hart, John, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Hastings. Hart, Michael, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Hastings. Hart, James, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Hastings. Henry, Michael, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Hastings. Hohn, Charles, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Eggleston. Hanson, J. G., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Hastings. Hanson, J. 0., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Hastings. Hanson, M., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Hastings. Hanson, John, farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Hastings. Johnson Gustaf, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Eggleston. Johnson, John, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Eggleston. Jackson, J. A., farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Hastiiigs. Jones, Swan, farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Eggleston. Johnson, John 2d, farmer, sec. 1. P. 0. Eggleston. Johnson, Andrew 3d, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, Ole, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, P. A., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Hastings. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 543 Johnson, Andrew, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Hastings. Johnson, Andrew 2d, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Hastings; Johnson, Emanuel, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, John, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Hastings. Johnson, John 3d, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, Alfred, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Vasa. King, John, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Hastings. King, Pat., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Hastings. Landholm, N. T., farmer, ses. 21, P. 0. Vasa. Larson, Frank, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Hastings. Lindahl, John, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Vasa. Nelson, Andrew, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Eggleston. Nelson, Andreas, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Eggleston. Nelson, Nels, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Eggleston. Nelson, John, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Eggleston. Nelson, John S., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Hastings. Nelson, N. S., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Hastings. O'Rourke, Thomas, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. O'Shaughnary, Thomas, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Hastings O'Shaughnary, John, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Hastings. O'Rourke, James, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Hastings. O'Keffe, J., farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Hastings. Olson, Swan, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Eggleston. Olson, John, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Eggleston. Olson, Andrew, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Eggleston. O'Rourke, Michael, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Hastings. O'Rourke, Patrick, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Hastings. O'Rourke, Malachi, farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Hastings. O'Rourke, John, farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Hastings. Olson, Olf, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Eggleston. Olson, Ole, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Eggleston. Olson, Grustaf, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Eggleston. Peterson, Frank, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Eggleston. Peterson, 0., farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Hastings. Peterson, R., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Eggleston. Peterson, W., farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Eggleston. Peterson, P. L., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Eggleston. 544 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUITTY. Peterson, John, farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Hastings. Peterson, Nels, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Eggleston. Eosengreen, Jolin, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Vasa. SWANSON, D. 0., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Vasa. Born in Sweden in 1844. Married Parmela Nelson in 1866. She was born in Sweden in 1844. Emigrated to America in 1868, and came to this county same year, settling in Vasa, where he lived until 1872, when he moved to this township and settled on his present estate, consisting of 160 acres, valued at $3,000. Fills the oiSce of constable, and are members of Lutheran Church. Swan 0., Selma, Matilda, Amanda and Nancy are their living children. Lost two children. Swanson, 0. D., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Vasa. Suiter, J. D., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Eggleston. Swanson, Nels, farmer, sec. 11, P, 0. Eggleston. Swanson, John, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Eggleston; Swanson, John H., farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Eggleston. Swanson, A. S., farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Eggleston. Segart, M., farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Vasa. TuUey, M., farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Eggleston. TuUey, John, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Eggleston. WATERS, THOMAS, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Bed Wing. Born in New Orleans in 1827. Emigrated and settled in Jacksonville, 111., where he lived twelve years, when he moved to Qunicy, and in 1861 married Sarah McGrinnis. She was born in Winchester, 111., in 1825. After marriage purchased and settled on his present estate, consisting of 440 acres, valued at |40 per acre. In 1877 his wife died of dropsy, after an illness of three years, leaving six children — Charles, John, Ida, Minnie, Sarah and Annie. Lost one child that died in infancy. Wilkins, John, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Eggleston. BURNSIDE. Anderson, J. P., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Red Wing. Aynow, S., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Red Wing. BUNCH, Q., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Eggleston. Born in North Carolina, Oct. 4, 1826. Emigrated to Ohio with parents, and then to Michigan. Came to this county April, 1856, settling in Red Wing, where he lived nine years. Enlisted in Co. D, 1st Minn. V. I., and honorably discharged. Married Helen S. Budd in Michigan, Aug. 3, 1856. She was born in Ver- mont, Feb. 14, 1831. They had two children — Clara E., born Dec. 10 1857, and Helen S., April 10, 1869. Mr. Bunch married for his second a-7^^ FLORENCE the' history of GOODHUE COUNTY. 545 wife, Mary A. Buckmaster, Nov. 10, 1870. She was born in Mercer county, Ohio, Sept. 21, 1837. They have two children— Ellen J., born Feb. 14, 1872; Frank, Aug. 19, 1874. Mr. Bunch has a farm of 345 acres, on which he has done much hard labor to bring it to its present state of productiveness. Byron, Thos., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Eed Wing. Bowman, J. A., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Red Wing. Brink, Peter, farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Red Wing. Branner, John, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Red Wing. Bronnon, James, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Red Wing. Castello, W., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Red Wing. Chamberlain, J., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Red Wing. Crandall, J. S. farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Red Wing. Cutler, F. A., farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Red Wing. Oharlson, C, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Red Wing. Dalston, C. W., farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Red Wing. EASTLAND, S. E., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Red Wi*g. Born in Sweden, March 2, 1846. Emigrated to America, and arrived at Red Wing July 11, 1869. Married Emma Johnson, Jan. 3, 1871. She was born in Sweden, August 27, 1849. Emigrated to America in 1866; arrived at Red Wing Aug. 25, of that year. Have five children — Ida M., Minnie, Amelia, Leonard P., Walter and Herman J. Mr. Eastland served as assessor of Belle Creek township (where he owns 65 acres of improved land valued at $3,000) one year. He is now superintendent and manager of the Goodhue county poor farm. Erickson, S., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Red Wing. Fredine, William, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Red Wing. Gustafson, F. G., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Red Wing. HEATH, JOHN D., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Crawford county, Pa., Sept. 20, 1836. In 1853 emigrated to Illinois, and from there to Fayette county. Wis. ; coming to Minnesota in September, 1855, settling in St. Paul; thence to Stillwater and Taylors Palls. Went up Snake River to the pineries, but returned to Wabasha in 1856. Came to this county where he has since resided. Married Ellen E. Conat, who was born in Rock county. Wis., June 20, 1846. Wilber M., Charles J., Lizzie E., Minnie B., George P. and Tommy H., are their children. Mr. Heath had the misfortune to loose his right foot by being crushed in a horse power, October, 1874. Heath, J. D., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Red Wing. Hoorn, F. F., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Red Wing. Johnson, A., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Red Wing. 36 546 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. Johnson, John, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. EedWing. Johnson, C. A., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Red Wing. Johnson, J. P., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Red Wing. Leason, T., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Red Wing. Larson, Charles, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Red Wing. Larson, John, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Red Wing. Larson, Ole, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Red Wing. Melin, A. P., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Red Wing. Nading, Peter, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Red Wing. Nilson, A. P., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Red Wing. Noble, Justine, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Red Wing. Peterson, A., sec. 18, P. 0. Red Wing. Purdy, D., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Red Wing. SARGENT, E. A., farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Caledonia county, Vt., Jan. 18, 1823. Moved to Massachusetts with parents when three years old, where he maintained a continued residence for thirty years. Emigrated to Di:*n, 111., and came to Red Wing in 1856. Moved to Wastedo in the spring of 1857, and after two years' returned to Red Wing. After two years residence in that city moved to his present farm of 800 acres. Married Abba Currier in 1847. She was born in Salem, N. Y., May 15, 1822, and died at the age of fifty-six. Mr. S. married for his second wife Electa M. Williams. The subject of this sketch was commis- sioned colonel of the 11th Minnesota State Militia. Has five living children, Charles A., Harry C, Carrie A., William H. and Minnie May. Lost three, Hattie, Amos and Rose. Shaw, N., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Red Wing. Swanson, J., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Red Wing. Streetor, S., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Red Wing. Sargent, C. A., farmer, sec 32, P. 0. Red Wing. Simmons, J. E., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Red Wing. Spates, Samuel, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Red Wing. TENGNARR, THOMAS N., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Sweden, May 1, 1844. Arrived in New York city, Sept. 1, 1868, and in Red Wing, Sept. 11, 1868, and has maintained a continued residence in this county ever since. Married Segrea Phres, who was born in Sweden, April 22, 1842. They have five living children. Hattie, Frank, Matilda, Annette and Selma; one dead — Nelse. Taylor, W. S., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Red Wing. Thompson, W., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Red Wing. Wilson, C, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Red Wing. Whitcomb, C. L., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Red Wing. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE OOUNTV.' WACOOTA. 54f Axel, Chas., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Red Wing. Alsher, Frank, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Wacoota. BROWN, ELIJAH, proprietor centennial picnic grounds and fisherman, sec. 36, P. 0. Wacoota. Born in Cambridge, England, in 1827, and emigrated to this country with his youngest sister. May, in 1851, his mother follow- ing same year; and the family settled in Medina county, Ohio. In 1853 he opened a large stone quarry at Scioga county, and engaged in the manu- facture of grindstones. Married Sarah Danbert, Sept. 25, 1855. She was horn in Kingston, Canada, March 14, 1829. In 1857 he moved to Carroll county. 111., where he engaged in fishing; and in 1868, moved to Prescott, Wis., where his wife died in the following year, leaving three children— Ursula E., born Oct. 10, 1856; George W., Jan. 11, 1858; and David H., March 15, 1861. March 3, 1870, married Rachel Kelly. She was born in Butler county. Pa., in 1842. Moved to Red Wing in 1871, and on his present place in 1875, which still redounded with early reminis- ences. To the west of his dwelling are the ruins of the storehouse and hotel erected by Gr. W. Bullard, and the old house which is still standing at this date, August, 1878. To the east is the bluff which is the head of Lake Pepin, and commands an extensive view of that beautiful water. On this prominence occurred the first celebration of our American independ- ence, and the grounds are being rapidly transformed from an unbroken wilderness to a summer resort, with fine groves and walks, and suitable arrangements for parties and families. Benson, Henry, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Wacoota. Benson, Aaron, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Wacoota. DBDMf M., farmer, see. 31, P. 0. Wacoota. Born in Dutchess county, N. Y., July 11, 1830, and emigrated to Luzerne county. Pa., in 1845 with his parents, and in 1855 moved to Waukesha county. Wis., where he resided until 1864, when he came to this county, and settled on his present estate. Same year married Caroline Phares, widow of Geo. W. Bullard, who was born in Boston in 1826. She was born in Edgar county. 111., April 9, 1832. They were married in 1849, and same year emigrated to St. Paul, and in March, 1850, came to this county, and settled in this township, where he purchased of the half-breeds 500 acres of land. Selecting a site upon the shore that overlooked the broad waters of Lake Pepin, erected a rude dwelling, storehouse and hotel, where he carried on an extensive business until his death in 1863. Was one of the earliest pioneers of this county, and many incidents related by Mrs. D. are intensely interesting: her life at one time being threatened by the Indians who swarmed the unbroken wilderness. The tomahawk was raised above her head in the the hand of a stalwart son of the forest, but her fearless courage and keen 548 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. eye alone saved her life, and the redskin sheathed his weapon, and friendly relations existed, ever afterward. From the first marriage five children were born, two of whom are living, Carrie and Hattie. Mrs. D, was appointed post mistress at Wacoota in the fall of 1875, and still fills that position, and to her the writer is largely indebted for many interesting details. Alfred, Iruley and Eden are their living children. Hanstein, Frank, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Wacoota. Johnson, Aaron, farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Bed Wing. Johnson, Swan, farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Bed Wing. Jordan, John, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Red Wing. PETERSON, HANS, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Wacoota. Born in Denmark, in 1834. Emigrated to America in 1856, and settled in Red Wing, where he worked at his trade — carpentering. In 1860, married Annie Peterson. She was born in Sweden in 1835, and died in 1869, leaving four children — Eliza M., Ida C, Maurice and Nettie. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. F, 6th Minn. Infantry, and served until the close of the war, being eighteen months in active service against the Indians on the plains. Was sick eight months at Helena, Ark., then transferred to Jefferson Barracks, Mo. ; thence to Keokuk, Iowa, serving the remainder of his time at the latter place as hospital steward. In 1870, purchased a farm of 80 acres, in Red Wing township, where he lived until 1874, when he moved on his present estate of 320 acres, valued at |35 per acre. Was chairman board of supervisors, and director of schools. His present wife, Katrina Leaverson, was born in Norway. Christy, Andrew, Lena, and one not yet christened, are their living children. Peterson, L. E., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Wacoota. POST, 6E0RCIE, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Wacoota. Born in Ontario county, N. Y., in 1811. Married Anna Post, in 1835. She was born in same county in 1813. After marriage emigrated to Michigan, and settled in Washtenaw county, where they were early pioneers. Came to this county in 1855, and settled on his present estate, consisting of 220 acres, 156 of which he pre-empted, and where he has since made it his home, being one of the early settlers of this town and county. He purchased the milling interest of G. W. BuUard, and continued in that business twelve years. Was county commissioner six years, town clerk a number of years, and is one of the earliest settlers of this town and county. Marcus D., Lucy, Emily, Roda, Noel and Paul, are their living children. Lost five children — Mary A., James, Roda, Martha and Albert. Are members of Baptist church. Post, N. H., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Wacoota. Post, A. W., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Wacoota. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. S49 CENTRAL POINT. fiONNELL, HANNIBAL, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Lake City. Born in Caya- hoga Co., 0., Marcli 8, 1821. Emigrated with parents to Will Co. 111., in 1835. Married Olive A. Phillips, in 1845. She was born in Lamoile Co., Vt., in Aug., 1834. Came to this county in 1854, and settled on his pres- ent estate, securing 144 acres by half-breed scrip, where he erected a log hut and lived a pioneer life some years. Has since added forty-four acres to his estate, valued at $100 per acre. Was county commissioner one term and was one of the number who organized to protect themselves from the half-breeds, being one of the early settlers of this town and county. Elizabeth J., Adelbert H., Dyantha S., Louis' P., and Lucy A., are their living children. Lost seven children — Mary A., Anna M., William C, Alta B., Nelson P., Aaron L., and one died in infancy. GOULD, CHARLES, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Lake City. Born in Walpole Co., Mass., in 1824. Married Betsy Starbird in 1847. She was born in Somerset Co., Me., in 1826. Emigrated to this county in 1855, and settled on his present estate, consisting of 54 acres, which he secured by half-breed scrip, taking up 120 acres, upon which he erected a log hut, in which he lived four years, when he erected his present residence, and has since made it his home. Is one of the early settlers of this town and county, and has been prominently identified in its interest. Ida P., wife of E. W. Eoss- man, Charles A., Eosa A., and Eddie W., are their living children. Lost one child, Nellie. FLOEENCE. Arnold, J., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Lake City. Arnold, W. S., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Lake City. Arden, M., farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Wacoota. BAILEY, H. W., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Lake City. Born in Franklin county, Mass., in 1836. Emigrated from that State with parents to Delaware county, 0., in 1842; thence to La Crosse, Wis., where his parents still reside. Came to this county in 1856 and settled in Lake City, there being but three log houses there at that time. In 1859 married Harriet E. Knapp. She was born in St. Jo, Ind., in 1843. Settled on his present estate of 160 acres in 1862; value, $40 per acre. Was justice of the peace two years, clerk of the district six years, constable two years, and is a member of Ancient Order of United Workmen. Eva W., Leeland W., Alfred W., Eaymond W., and Lewis W., are their living children. Lost one child, Everett W. Are members of M. E. Church. Brook, J. S., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Prontenac. 550 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Brown, W. B., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Frontenac. COKET, OBYILLE S., farmer, sec. 30, residence Central Point, P. 0. Lake City. Son of Samuel Corey, who was born in Bennington county, Vt., in 1800. Married Sarah King, in 1827. She was born in 1809, and of the several children six are living, Elijah K., Lucretia L., Luther, Jacob and Orville. The family came to this county in 1853, when there were but three white families in this town, and purchased of the half breeds 160 acres upon which they settled, living in a log habitation until their present home was erected, where his father died in 1870, after an experience of all the hardships of early pioneer life. The subject of this sketch, mother and one sister still reside on the homestead. Held the office of assessor two years, supervisor in 'l&fl, road supervisor, and otherwise prominently identified with the interests of the town and county. Colby, J., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Lake City. Cone, R. P., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Lake City. CARPENTER, E. F., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Lake City. Born in Ashtabula Co., 0., in 183.5. Married Anna Ford in 1862. She was born in same county in 1841. Same year of marriage emigrated to Wabasha county, where he resided five years, when he came to this county, and settled on present estate of 160 acres, valued at |5,000, where he has since made it his home. Was clerk of the district school, and otherwise prominently identified. Ford, Ruth, Paul, Frank, Charles, are their living children. Croak, John, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Frontenac. Clem, E., farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Frontenac. CHURCH, JOSEPH, farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in district of Three Rivers, Canada in 1830, and came to this county in 1856, settling on his present estate in 1859, consisting of 280 acres, 160 of which he secured by the homestead act. Same year married Mary Randall. She was born in Cataraugus county, N. Y., in 1831. Emojene, Benjamin, Alwin, James E., Amy, Wilford M., and Elmer J. are their children. Mr. C. is one of the early settlers of this town. Is treasurer of Good Templars' lodge, a-member of the Grange, and well known throughout the State. DODGE, GEORGE H., merchant; station and ticket agent M. and St. P. R. R. Frontenac. Born in Saco, Me., in 1850, and emigrated to this State with parents in 1860, settling in Wabasha county, where he lived until 1861, when he returned East and remained until 1865. Subsequently his father, Benjamin, had purchased a farm near Lake City, and on his return he attended school in that city two years, when he engaged in teaching, and in October, 1875, married Jennie H. Westervelt. She was born in Boston in 1851. Engaged in his present position in the spring of 1877, where he has since made it his home. Damman, H., farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Frontenac. Deneife, N., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0, Frontenac. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 551 DIXON, JAMES L., farmer, sec. 31, residence Central Point, P. 0. Lake City. Son of Harvey Dixon, who was born in Eensselaer county, N. Y., in 1796. Married Margaret Webster, who died in 1832, and of the several children, James L., Almira, Jane L., Ira W., and Emily W., are living. The subject of this sketch was born in Coldwater, Mich., where the family settled in 1837, and were early pioneers in that State; where he married Mary J. Palmes in 1849. She was born in Genesee county, N. T., in 1827. Came to this county in the spring of 1855, and settled on his present estate of 170 acres, valued at $50 per acre, which he secured by the home- stead act. Served as supervisor two terms, and is one of the early settlers of this town. Emma W., Maurice J., and George E., are their living children. Dorrance, J., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Frontenac. Dorrance, I., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Frontenac. Eaton, E. C, farmer, see. 21, P. 0. Lake City. Estrom Bros., farmers, sec. 26, P. 0. Frontenac. FOUNTAIN, ABKAM W., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Frontenac. Born in Hamilton county,' N. Y., in 1822. Married Catherine Wheaton, in 1844. She was born in Steuben county, N. Y., in 1824. Came to this county in 1863, and settled in Belvidere township, where he purchased a farm and resided until 1877, when he came to this town and settled on his present estate, consisting of 80 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Was justice of the peace eight years, assessor one term, and town clerk three years, and always identified with the interests of the county. Betsy A., Melvina M., Ezra B., Jane M., Rosa D. and William P., are their living children. Lost two, Stephen and Jacob. The latter enlisted in 148th N. Y. I., Co. A, and served three years; was taken prisoner at Point of Rocks, Va., exchanged, and died while on his journey home. Fountain, J. S., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Frontenac. Francisco, 0. P., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Lake City. Freeman^ A. M., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Lake City. FRANCISCO, STEPHEN, farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Frontenac. Born in Rens- selaer county, N. Y., in 1804. Married Elizabeth Fountain in 1826. She was born in Hamilton county, N. Y., in 1806. Emigrated in 1863, and settled in Sugar Loaf Valley, this town, where he lived one year, when he moved on his present estate, consisting of 80 acres, valued at f2,060. First took land under the homestead act, and has since made it his home. Mrs. F. 's mother lives with them, in the 94th year of her age. Their only living child, Oliver P., resides at Sugar Loaf. They lost two children, Harriet and John. Frederick, farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Frontenac. Flanders, L., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Lake City. 652 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Foss, J. N., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Lake City. GARRARD, GENERAL ISRAEL, of Cincinnati, Ohio, visited this State on a hunting tour in 1854, camping six weeks on the shores of Lake Pepin in company with his brother. Dr. Garrard. Attracted by the beautiful scenery along the banks of the lake, and particularly with the grandeur at Frontenac, he made large investments in land, in and around the latter place, in 1857, but did not become a resident of the county at that time. In 1862 he was commissioned colonel of the 7th Ohio cavalry, and in com- mand of his regiment went into the field in the army of the Ohio; then in Kentucky, following John Morgan in his raid in Ohio until his capture. Joined Gen. Burnside, and took command of a brigade. In the summer of 1864 he took command of one wing of the Union army in the fight at Cynthiana, in which John Morgan, the cavalry raider, was routed. Served in the Atlanta campaign with Gen. Sherman, going to the sea, and com- manded the cavalry of the army of the Ohio during that march. On account of his being one of Gen. Sherman's brigade commanders, he has had the honor of receiving from the hands of that gentleman six illus- trated maps of the ' ' campaign to the sea, ' ' prepared by him for his officers. He returned from his march to the sea to take part in the campaign of Nashville under Gen. Thomas, which resulted in the destruction of Hood's army. His last service was in the cavalry campaign under Gen. Wilson, through Mississippi, Atlanta and Georgia. The flag of truce, notifying him of the end of the war, reached him while burning railroad bridges and cotton warehouses within seven miles of Andersonville prison, on which he was marching. Returning from the war he came to Frontenac, which he has arranged for a summer resort, a full account of which is given in this work. OARRARD, LEWIS H., residence Lake City. Born in June, 1829, at Cin- cinnati, 0., of Kentucky, Virginia, Pennsylvania and New Jersey stock, all of active revolutionary antecedents. Left school on account of delicate health, and spent a year (1846-7) in the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico, a narrative of which, entitled " Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail," was written by himself and published in 1850. Graduate in 1853 of "the medi- cal department of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1856 wrote a sketch entitled " Chambersburg in the Colony and the Revolution," which was published by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, of which society, and those of Ohio and Minnesota, he is a member. In July, 1854, came to Minnesota, remained a few months, returned to Ohio, and went to Europe for two years, and in August, 1858, came to this county and set- tled at Frontenac. Purchased 5,000 acres of land, much of which he improved. Introduced thoroughbred Devon cattle and Southdown sheep, and was the first person in Minnesota to cultivate orchard grass, the most valuable forage plant the State possesses for grazing or hay. Was in 1859 member of the county board of supervisors, and several times chairman of the township board. Was a member of the Republican State Convention THB HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 553 of 1859, and elected to tlie legislature of 1859-60, and draft commissioner for this county. In Oct., 1862, married Florence Van Vleit, of Wabasha county, and of their several children, two — Edith and Anna — are living. Moved to Lake City, Wabasha county, in 1870, and same year, with others, organized the First National Bank, and was its president for three years, when he sold his entire interest. In April, 1876, was chosen mayor of Lake City, on the license issue, and in November of the same year was elected to the legislature. In 1877, was re-elected mayor of the city, and has always borne an active part in the interests of the county and State. Holliday, John, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Lake City. Hahn, W., farmer, sec 11, P. 0. Frontenac. Herron, S., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Lake City. Huncke, F., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Frontenac. Hattanur, N., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Frontenac. Hann, Charles, farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Wacoota. Holliday, W., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Frontenac. HEBLINCIEB, W. 6t., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Frontenac. Born in Northamp- ton county. Pa., in 1822. Married Nancy E. Phillips in 1848. She was born in Chenango county, N. Y., in 1831. Emigrated to this county in 1855, and settled in this town where he pre-empted 120 acres; traveling with oxen and securing his claim at midnight. Here he erected a rude cabin and lived some years in the full enjoyment and hardships of pioneer life. He subsequently sold, and moved on his present estate of 176 acres, valued at $40 per acre, where he has since made it his home. Is one of the earliest settlers of this town. Served one term as constable. Emma and Fannie are their living children. HE6GIE, DAVID G., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Lake City. Born in Scotland in 1826, and emigrated to this country in the fall of 1847, and settled in Oswagotchie, St. Lawrence county, N. Y., where he lived until 1852, when he returned to Scotland and enlisted in the 93d Southerland High- landers, and served five years in the Crimean war. Participated in the battles of Alma, Inkerman, and the struggle of Redan Tower. Was wounded at Alma and again at Inkerman, and confined in the hospital some months. Served two years following the close of the war. In 1858 ■ returned to America and settled in Janesville, Wis., where in September, 1861, married Margaret White. She was born in Scotland in 1844. In 1864 removed to Mount Pleasant, Wabasha county, where he lived until March, 1878, when he moved on his present estate, consisting of 332 acres. Was chairman of the board two or three years; and the family are members of the West Florence Church. Jane, James, John, Annie M., Jennette, Mary, Martha and Isabel, are their living children. Lost one, William D. 554 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. JOHNSTON, A. M. C, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Lake City. Born in Alleghany county. Pa., in 1829, and emigrated from that State to this county in 1856, purchasing 160 acres of his present estate subject to scrip, and returned East, coming again in March of the following year. His present residence, formerly built and occupied as a hotel, was burned in 1857, and rebuilt, after which Mr. J. purchased it, where he has since made it his home. This house is situated opposite Maiden Rock, and commands an exten- sive view of Lake Pepin and its beautiful shore. Married Celia A. Canfield, May 16, 1861. She was born in Broome county, N. Y., in 1840. Her father, J. W. Canfield, came to this county and settled in Wacoota in 1855, and was one of the early pioneers. Clara L. is their only living child. Lost one child, George W. Johnson, H., farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Frontenac. EELLT, DR. JOHN, retired physician, residence Central Point, P. 0. Lake City. Born in Orange county, N. Y., in 1801, and with parents emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1817, where in 1820 he married Esther Bishop. She was born in Lansingburgh, Rensselaer county, N. Y., in 1795. In 1823 moved to Ohio, and in 1829 to Kalamazoo, Mich., where he pre-empted 160 acres of land, and lived until 1845, when he moved to St. Joseph county, and in 1849 crossed the plains to California, returning by way of the Isthmus the following year. In the spring of 1853 came to this county and settled near the town plat of Florence, where he purchased 160 acres under the half breed act, and is the oldest living settler in this township. In 1866 his wife died, leaving four children, Franklin, Moses, Elizabeth and David B. His present wife, Julia Doane, was born in Worcester county, Mass., in 1808. In the spring of 1869 he moved to Lake City, where he resided until 1874, when he moved to his present estate, where he lives in retirement; Was chosen one of the board of supervisors the first organi- zation of the State and county, and is otherwise identified with the interests of the town and county. Mary, Sarah E., and Annie J. are their living children. Kahn, J., farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Frontenac. Keye, A., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Frontenac. Lewis, E. N., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Frontenac. Luth, J. F., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Frontenac. Luth, Charles, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Frontenac. Leeson, J. T., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Lake City. Lamrod, T., farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Frontenac. Langsdorf, J. H., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Lake City. MclEAN, N. C, retired farmer, Frontenac. Son of Hon. John McLean, of Ohio, associate justice of the supreme court of the T]nited States, was bom in Warren county, 0., Feb. 2, 1813. At sixteen years of age he graduated THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COTTNTY. 555 at Augusta College, Ky. , and went immediately to Harrard College, where he passed through the studies of the senior classes as a resident graduate, and then entered the law school, followed his profession until his health failed, when he took a sea voyage to Europe. Returning benefitted, again commenced the practice of his profession. Married in 1858 Mary L. Thompson. She was born in Lewiston, Ky. Organized the T5th regt. 0. V. I.; Com. Col., Sept. 18, 1861. In Jan., 1862, was ordered to West Virginia. At Cross Keys was promoted to the command of a brigade of four regiments, and Nov. 29 commissioned as brigadier-general. Served with McLellan, Burnside, Hooker, and participated in all the active opera- tions through the battle of Chancellorville. When Burnside was relieved of his command, he was ordered to the command of a brigade, and partici- pated in the battles of Kenesaw, Lost Mountain and Saltville, Va. During the war he was off duty only thirty days. In 1866 he came to this county and retired to the quietness of his beautiful home in the village, which stands on a commanding eminence overlooking the waters of Lake Pepin. Also owns 394 acres, valued at $10,000. Jacob B., Caroline B., wife of H. A. V. Post, of New York; Evaline, wife of Charles W. Whipple; John, Elizabeth M., Mary L., Nathlie, Mai-shall, Henriette P., are their living children. Lost three children, Rebecca, Nathaniel C. and Larz A. Merrill, R., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Lake City. MerriU, C, farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Lake City. Morrison, James, farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Wacoota. Miller, John, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Frontenac. McNeal, H., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Lake City. MunseU, R., fanner, sec. 8, P. 0. Frontenac. Miller, Wm., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Frontenac. Mackay, A. J., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Frontenac. Meincke, H., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Frontenac. Munger, E., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Frontenac. Munger, J. C, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Frontenac. Nelson, Paul, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Frontenac. Nute, J., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Lake City. Phillips, S. W. R., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Lake City. Pingrey, Joseph, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Wacoota. Petsinger, B., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Frontenac. ROBERTS, W. H. H., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Royalton, N. T., in 1836, and in 1837, his parents emigrated and settled in Jackson county, Mich., where his father is stUl living. Came to this county in 1858, and settled on his present estate in 1860. Has a farm gf 160 acres, which he secui-ed on homestead act, where he has siuce made it his home. 556 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Is clerk of the school district, and a mason. Values his land at $40 per acre. In 1873, he married Mary A. Mann. She was born in Pulaski, Mich., in 1851. Louis, Harry and one not yet christened, are their children. Rogers, J. F., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Lake City. Eeed, C, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Lake City. Roper, John, farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Prontenac. Schloer, J., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Frontenac. Spinney, J. D., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Lake City. Stroup, M. A., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Frontenac. SCHNEIDER, WILLIAM, merchant, Prontenac. Born in Cincinnati, 0., in 1852, and came to this county and village in 1862, and was clerk in his father's store. In ] 874 married Charlotte Fraund. She was born in Ger- many in 1854. In the spring of 1878 he opened his present place of busi- ness, where he has since made it his home, and is conducting a fair and prosperous trade. Is member of I. 0. 0. F., and well known. Henry C, and one not yet christened, are their living children. Schenech, B., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Frontenac. Stuhr, K., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Frontenac. SWEENEY, MICHAEL, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Lake City. Born in St. Johns, N. B., in 1827. Emigrated to this county in 1852, and settled in Red Wing. In 1858 he crossed the plains, traveling on foot up the Mississippi to St. Anthony, thence to Fort Garry and Fort Colvin, and was one of the founders of Virginia City. Was one of the vigilance committee that hung several notorious characters at that time ; and the experience of his travels, together with incidents, are thrilling in the extreme. On his return from California, in 1864, and while a portion of his party were in camp on the Yellowstone River, they were attacked by the Indians and three of the party were killed and three wounded. Returned to this county in 1865, and in 1868 married Mary A. Warta. She was born in Bohemia in 1848. Owns farm of 160 acres, valued at |50 per acre. Ellen, Margaret, Elizabeth A., Mary and Francis, are their living children. Lost one child, Annie. Mr. S. has also traveled extensively through the different States of the Union, and is well known. Sauter, A., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Frontenac. SOUTHERLAND, JAMES, farmer, see. 6, P. 0. Wacoota. Born in Dutchess county, N. T., in 1813; emigrated to Fox River, Cook county. 111., in 1837. Married Ann McGinnis in 1839. She was born in Vermont in 1820, and died in 1855, leaving three children^Helen, Ella C. and Jose- phine. They lost one child, Harriet. In 1857 Mr. Southerland came to this county and settled in this town, where he pre-empted 160 acres of land, and was chosen by the citizens to pre-empt the town site. Here he engaged in the mercantile business three years, when he moved to Red THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 557 Wing, and became proprietor of the Kelly House, and in 1869, moved to Muskegan county, Mich., and resided until 1871, when he returned and purchased his present estate of 148 acres, valued at |50 per acre. His present wife, Emily Post, was born in Seneca county, N. Y., in 1822. Helen, second daughter, was educated at the university of Red Wing, and graduated from that institution in 1863, teaching in the same school some years, also High School at Minneapolis, and State University. SCHNEIDER, JACOB, merchant, P. 0. Frontenac. Born in Germany in 1831, and emigrated to America in 1851, and lived one year in New York city, when he moved to Cincinnati, 0., where in 1856 he married Doretha Shale. She was born in Germany. In 1858 he came to this county and settled in Frontenac. In 1861 he enlisted in the 7th Minn. I., Co. G, and served three years; one of which was against the Indians. Participated in battles of Nashville, Mobile, and all the battles in which that regiment was engaged. .Honorably discharged at the close of the war; returned and opened hotel at Frontenac, where he resided until 1872, when he came to this village and erected his present residence and store, where he has since continued in business. Are members of Lutheran Church. TEBWILLieiR, GILBERT, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Frontenac. Born in Orange county, N. Y., in 1827. Married Margaret A. Sandt, in 1848. She was born in Northampton county. Pa., m 1829. Came to this county in 1860, and settled on his present estate, consisting of 160 acres, which he purchased of the half-breeds, and where he has since made it his home. Filled the office of chairman of the town board ten years, and is well known. Elizabeth, Emma, George, Charles, Eugene and Irvine, are their children. Steiger, J., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Wacoota. Starr, H. A., farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Lake City. Schmidt, J., farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Frontenac. SlefPenhagen, H., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Frontenac. Steiger, John, farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Frontenac. Savage, H., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Frontenac. Sweitzer, P., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Frontenac. Thompson, J., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Frontenac. Thimijah, John, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Frontenac. Vining, E. M., farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Frontenac. WEED, DAVID !•, farmer and broom manufacturer, sec. 31, residence Cen- tral Point, P. 0. Lake City. Born in Fairfield, Conn., in 1818, from which State he emigrated to Kenosha county, Wis., and was one of the first settlers in that territory, baking charge of 1,000 acres of land. In 1855 went to Fox River, Wis., where he married Mary Northfield. She was born in England in 1836. In 1856 moved to Fond du Lac, and in 1858 558 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COTJHTT. came to this county, bringing 3,000 head of cattle, which he lost by specu- lation, and has acquired his present position by his perseverance and indus- try. Now owns farm of 195 acres, valued at $75 per acre. Was justice of the peace three years, town treasurer and school treasurer, and was always interested and identified in the interests of the town and county. Josephine, Fannie, Martha, Charles, Lincoln and Jennie are their living children. Lost two, Jessie and David. White, Joel, farmer,, sec. 32, P. 0. Frontenac. Whipple, H. B., farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Lake City. Westervelt, E., farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Frontenac. Wrigley, E., farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Lake City. HAY CREEK. Amundson, Simon, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Eed Wing. Adler, C, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Red Wing. Augustine, Hans, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Hay Creek. BENNEFELD, JOHN BARTHOLD, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Valdorf, Germany, Aug. 6, 1821. Was married in 1849 to Chris- tina Vessel. She was born in Vandorf, Germany, Dec. 12, 1829. Came to the United States in 1852, settled in Warren county, Mo., where he remained till 1857, when he came to this county. While en route via steamer near Davenport, Iowa, the boat was burned, they lost every- thing except the clothes they had on at the time. A few days afterwards they reached Red Wing without money. Settled five miles west of Red Wing, where he cut cord wood and worked by the day at anything that presented, that he might recover from his misfortunes. On the 2nd day of December, same year, while returning late at night from Red Wing, where he had been for a doctor, he lost his way, and was compelled to wander about in the cold until morning when he finally reached his house, when it was discovered that his feet were so badly frozen that it was found neces- sary to amputate them. Came to this farm in the spring of 1858, where he prospered until 1874, when another misfortune overtook him, the des- truction of his house by fire with all the contents, except one stove and two beds. . He at once proceeded to erect the house he now occupies. Owns 184 acres of land. Have ten children, Louisa, Willie, Fred, John, Henry, Charlie, Ernest, Mary, Edward and Lydia. Family belong to the M. E. Church. Behrnd, Gottfried, farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Hay Creek. Behrens, Edward, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Red Wing. Boardman, Charles, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Red Wing. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 559 BEAUFOBD, JOHN H., M. D., sec. 19, P. 0. Hay Creek. Bom in Ver- gennes, Addison Co., Vermont, July 19, 1839. In the spring of 1864, he entered the Rutledge Commercial College, Springfield, 111. ; graduated in 1867. Commenced the study of medicine, and attended lectures in 1869, at Evansville, Ind. ; graduated as M. D. in 1872. Went to St. Louis, where he continued his studies with the advantage of lectures from the best medical talent; Eemained there until the summer of 1875, when he came to Minnesota, landing in Red Wing, July 3d, where he resided one year. Came to this place in 1876, and has been engaged in the practice of medicine ever since. Has now in coui4e of erection a residence, in which he will establish a drug store. Owns one acre of land. Was married June 24, 1873, to Lena Matz. She was born in Germany, in 1849. Have two children, Ida and Fred. M. Family attend the M. E. church. Brecht, William, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Red Wing. Betcher, William, farmer, sec. 34:, P. 0. Red Wing. Beckmarck, August, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Red Wing. B0BG8UATZ, HENRY, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in West Phalen, Prussia, Oct. 18, 1843; came to United States in 1866; went to St. Louis and remained four months; eame_ to this county in August, same year; worked at Red Wing about three years; was married June 7, 1870, to Mrs. Anna Mehrkins (maiden name Grotendick.) She was born in Vator, Prussia, in 1837. Came to this farm immediately after their marriage; own 160 acres of land. Mrs. Borgshatz is the mother of three children by first marriage — Louise H., Maria and Margaretta; have three by second marriage — Henry W., Katrina and Katie. Mr. Borgshatz is one of the directors of the Lutheran School. Family are members of that church. Burfeind, Henry, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Lake City. Buss, Henry, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Red Wing. Boecther, John, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Red Wing. Busse, August, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Red Wing. Cordes, Peter, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Lake City. DAMMANN, PETER, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Haden- dorff, Hanover, Germany, Nov. 18, 1830. Served seven years in the 4th regt. infantry, German army ; eighteen months in active service ; was hon- orably discharged in May, 1858. Soon after started for the U. S., landing in Red Wing Oct. 3d, and to this farm soon afterward. Owns 145 acres. Was married May 13, 1863, to Margaretta Buck. She was born in Han- over, Feb. 28, 1846. Have seven children — Henry, Metha, John, Louisa, Frederick, Hans and Emma. Mr. D. was roadmaster three years. Dahling, Charles, farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Red Wing. Dadan, Dietrich, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Red Wing. 560 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Dablow, Charles, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Hay Creek. BICKE, FEEDEKICK W., farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Germany, March 12, 1826. Was married there in 1851, to Anna Schor- egge. She was born in Germany, Dec. 20, 1831. Came to the U. S. in 1852. Made the voyage in sail vessel, being seven weeks on the way; landed first at New Orleans; went to St. Louis same year; was there two years; thence to this county, landing in Red Wing May 7, 1855. Worked in and about the town at anything that presented, until 1858, when he came to this farm. Owns 160 acres. Have one son living, Henry, who resides on the Home farm. Lost two, Christian and an infant unnamed. Mrs. D. died Nov. 13, 1868, aged 37 years. Mr. D. was school director three years. Family belong to the Lutheran church, of which Mr. D. has been treasurer ever since its organization. Eger, Charles, farmer, sec. 2., P. 0. Red Wing. Eger, William, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Red Wing. Erbar, Peter, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Red Wing. Easby, George, miller, sec. 24, P. 0. Red Wing. Ehlen, Louis, farmer, see. 9, P. 0. Red Wing. Pellman, Abe, farmer, sec. 19, F. 0. Hay Creek. Fischer, Leonard, farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Red Wing. Premuth, David, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Red Wing. Pitchen, Glaus, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Red Wing. Fitchen, Cord., farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Red Wing. Gilsdorf, John, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Red Wing. Gross, Adolph, farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Hay Creek. Gross, Fred., farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Hay Creek. Gottman, Adolf, farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Red Wing. Gellinger, John, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Red Wing. Hill, W. W., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Red Wing. Haydman, George, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Red Wing. Hanson, Ole, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Red Wing. Hennings, John, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Red Wing. Hoffman, Fred., farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Red Wing. Henricks, Joseph, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Red Wing. Hartman, G., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Red Wing. Hahn, Charles, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Red Wing. HETES, HENRY, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Lancashire, England, June 27, 1818. Was married there to Fannie Crawshaw. She was born in same place, July 27, 1821. Came to the United States in THE HISTOKT OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 561 1849. After a residence of eight years on Staten Island, N. Y., he came to this county, arriving at this farm in Sept., 1857. Owns 160 acres of land. Have nine children living — Frances, Alice, Mary, Sarah, John, Albert, Nancy, George, Ida. The oldest son, Wm. H., enlisted 1861 in the 11th U. S. Inf. ; was promoted Sept. 18, 1863, to sergeant, and soon after appointed color bearer of the regiment. After serving nearly three years, and participating in many of the principal battles in which the army of the Potomac were engaged, he fell at the battle of the Wilderness, our troops being forced back at the time. His body was left in the enemy 's hands, and was never recovered. Mr. H. has served as clerk of school board three years; has been connected with the grange of this county as lecturer, &c. Was also one of the first to espouse the Greenback cause in this State; has served on the State central committee ever since its organ- ization; freqaently writes on the subject in the local papers. Hayman, Wm., sen., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Red Wing. Hayman, Wm., jr., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Red Wing. Hassemer, N., farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Red Wing. Hager, Wolf, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Red Wing. Hoist, John, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Red Wing. Horn, Louis, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Hay Creek. HINNEN, HENRY, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0.. Red Wing. Born in Haden- dorf, Hanover, Germany, July 15, 1832. Came to this county in 1858. Remained in and about Red Wing three months, then came to this farm — then wild land, now under a good state of cultivation with substantial house, barn, etc., consists of 160 acres. Mr. H. was married Aug. 4, 1861, to Mary Lenkpiehl. She was born in Mecklenburg, Schwaren, Germany, March 10, 1841. Have six children — Wilhelmina, Christina, Lydia, Ru- dolf, John and Henry. Lost three — Willie, Frederick and Henry. Mr. H. was roadmaster three years. Family attend the Lutheran church. HENNINGS, CHRIST., farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Ger- many, Aug. 15, 1838. Came with his parents to this county in 1857. Settled on Wells Creek in this section. Enlisted in Oct., 1861, in Co. E. 3rd Minn. Inf. Was with the regiment in their campaign against the Indians. Afterward went south and participated in all the marches, scouts, and battles in which the regiment was engaged. Was among the captured in the action at Murfreesboro, Tenn, July 13, 1862. The sur- render being made, owing to the inefficiency of the colonel commanding. Were paroled, afterward exchanged. Served till Nov. 28, 1864, at which time he was mustered out on account of expiration of term of service. Was married Nov. 9, 1868, to Margaret Jane Saunders. She was born in England in 1848. Have five children — Irvin, Willie, Ozro, Clarence, and Fred. Owns 240 acres of land. Family belong to the Presbyterian church. 37 562 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Hellmiller, Joseph, farmer, see. 5, P. 0. Red Wing. Hellmeke, Henry, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Red Wing. Horn, Fred, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Red Wing. Horst, Rev. J., minister, M. E. church, Hay Creek. Johnson, Erick, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Red Wing. Jacobs, W. J., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Frontenae. Jungers, William, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Red Wing. Kolsham, Henry, farnier, sec. 20, P. Hay Creek. Kells, Henry, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Red Wing. Kohn, Fred, farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Frontenae. Koch, Henry, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Hay Creek. KKUGEB, HON. RUDOLPH, farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Holstein, Germany, Dec. 22, 1827; was married in May, 1848, to Caroline Prigge; she was born in Germany, July 5, 1827. The following month after his marriage Mr. Kruger and wife came to New York city; followed his occupation (cabinet making;) at the expiration of two years he went to Pike county, Pa., where he remained until 1854, when he came west as far as Galena, EL, where he remained one year; thence to this county, reaching his farm some time in 1855; has resided here ever since. Owns 160 acres of land. Mr. Kruger has been prominently identified with the interests of the county, and especially the town, ever since he came here. Being among the first settlers ; he assisted in organizing and naming this town. He w.as a member of the first board of supervisors, an office he has repeatedly held since ; ten years of the time as chairman of the board. He was the first tax collector in the town. Was county commissioner one term. In 1875 he was elected to the State Legislature, and re-elected in. 1876; has been clerk of the school board ever since the district was organ- ized. In October, 1861, he enlisted in Co. E, 3d Minn. Inf., accompanied the regiment in marches, scouts, etc. ; was engaged in several battles, and after being taken prisoner at Murfreesboro, Tenn., they were ordered home to defend the State against the Indians; participated in the battle of Wood Lake in 1862, accompanying the expedition to the Missouri River. He was mustered out as a sergeant at Fort Snelling in 1864. Has four children living — William, George, Rudolph and John. Lost four — Matilda, Barnhard, Lillie and Charley. Mr. Kruger is a member of Red Wing Lodge No. 8, P. and A. M. Family belong to the Lutheran Church. Laughane, John, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Hay Creek. Lidgerding, William, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Red Wing. Luke, William, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Red Wing. Mackel, Ignatius, farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Red Wing. Meyer, Fred., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Red Wing. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. ^ 563 Meyer, Henry, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Red Wing. Meyer, Fred. W., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Red Wing. Mehrkens, M., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Red Wing. Meinke, Peter, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Red Wing. Muller, William, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Red Wing. Meyer, H. H., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Red Wing. Nelson, Nic, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Red Wing. Olson, Gilbert, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Red Wing. Olson, Martin, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Red Wing. Olson, Christain, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Red Wing. Olson, Charles, farmer, sec 23, P. 0. Red Wing. Olson, Nic, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Red Wing. OLSON, CHEISTAIN, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Norway, Jan. 29, 1825. Was married in 1852, to Ellen 0. Bjarke. She was born in Norway, June 29, 1829. Came to the U. S. in 1854; settled in Racine, Wis. ; came to this county in 1859, and to this farm the same year. Owns 120 acres of land. Have seven children living, Martin, Indiana, Lena, Charles, Oscar, Louis and Christina. Mr. 0. has been clerk of school board 3 years, and director 5 years. Family belong to the Lutheran church, of which Mr. 0. is a trustee. Republican. Persig, Grottleib F., farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Red Wing. Plate, William, farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Hay Creek. Rose, Archibald, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Red Wing. SCHERF, FERDINAND, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Ger- many, Feb. 2, 1834. Came to the U. S. in 1854. Was engaged at chop- ping cord wood in Niagara county, New York, at 37i cents per cord. Went to work on the Niagara suspension bridge in 1854, where he worked until it was completed in 1856, when he came to this county. Went to St. Louis and was married Oct. 25, 1861, to Lena Grasel. She was born in St. Louis, Jan. 30, 1843. Returned soon after, and settled on farm where he now resides. Owns 283 acres. Have four children living, Frederick, Henry, William and George. Lost five — Anna, Amelia, Bertie and two in infancy. Was township supervisor. He is a member of L'Etoille du Nord lodge, 23, Red Wing. STEELE, GEORGE, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Henderson, Ky., Feb. 12, 1820. When fourteen years old he left home, and crossing into Indiana, obtained work on one of the many flat boats then carrying produce, etc., down the Wabash; thence on the lower Mississippi to New ■ Orleans. Was engaged in various capacities (chiefly as pilot) on rafts, flat boats, etc., for 21 years, along the Mississippi from Fort Snelling to New Orleans. Has considered this section of country his home since 564 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 1843. Confining himself chiefly to the Wisconsin side until 1852, when he bought a claim in sec. 10, where Fred. Saupe now resides, ihis he sold in 1855, and bought the farm where he resides at present. Owns 160 acres of land. Was married Aug. 26, 1855, to Junia Pingrey. She was born in Cataraugus county, N. Y., May 30, 1833. Have five children —Ira, Frank, Eva, Effie, and Eda. Eva, the eldest daughter, has been successfully engaged in teaching for some time, having taught six terms in this county. Mrs. S. has the honor of teaching in 1854-65 the first school organized in the vicinity of Wacoota — at that time known as BuUard's Landing. Mr. S. can be truly styled one of the pioneers of this county, who has had his full share of the hardships and privations incident to frontier life. Has served ten years as school director. Family attend the M. E. church. Stehr, Henry, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Red Wing. Spilman, Nic, farmer, see. 3, P. 0. Red Wing. Spilman, Henry, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Red Wing. Spilman, Peter, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Red Wing. Spilman, Henry, sen., farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Red Wing. Schunk, Jacob, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Red Wing. STROMBERG, PETER, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Ger- many, Jan. 8, 1829. Came to this county in 1857; lived in Red Wing until the spring of 1859, when he moved to the farm where he now resides. Was married in 1862 to Margaret Studt. She was born in Germany in 1826; died in 1863, leaving one child which died at the age of five months. Was married again in 1864 to Eliza Fischer. She was born in Germany,, Sept. 23, 1838. Have five children — Louis, Leonard, Eliza and a pair of twins, Girtie and Peter. Mr. S. was supervisor three years, town treasurer seven years, and school director four years. Family are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. S. is a member of the L'Etoile du Nord Lodge No. 23, I 0. 0. F., Red Wing.. Saupe, Fred., farmer, sec. 10., P. 0. Red Wing. SANTELMAN, AUGUST, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0., Red Wing. Born in Sted- erdorf, Hanover, Germany, April 18, 1836. Came to the U. S. in 1855. Was in Ottawa, 111., until Sept., 1856, when he came to this county. After working about Red Wing some three years, he came to this farm. Was married Oct., 1859, to Mary, daughter of Peter and Mary Meincke, who now resides with them. She was born in Nottensdorff, Hanover, March 25, 1840. Have eight children living — Mary, Sophia, Edward, Henry, Amelia, August, Minnie, and William. Lost their eldest son, Willie, died Jan. 12, 1861. Owns 200 acres of land. Was treasurer of the school board two years, and is serving his first term as school director. Family belong to the Methodist church, of which Mr. S. has been class-leader ten years, and superintendent of Sabbath School one year. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 565 Schubert, Ernest, farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Red Wing. Smith, S., farmer, sec. 13, P. 0., Red Wing. Solomonson, John, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Red Wing. Sanders, James, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Red Wing. SchilkiQg, Jacob, farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Red Wing. Sommer, Frank, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Red Wing. SENKPIEHL, CHRISTIAN, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Grosz Stromkendorf, Mecklenburg Schwerin, Germany, Dec. 4, 1833. Was married there April 12, 1858. On the 15th took passage on the sail vessel " Old Doctor" for the United States, reached New York city May 21st, continued their journey direct to this county, arriving in Red Wing May 28, and on the 1st of June, 1858, took up their abode on this farm, erect- ing buildings such as could be hastily constructed, which have since been replaced by an elegant dwelling and good barns, etc. Owns 240 acres. His wife's maiden name was Mary Zander. She was born in Peblou, same duchy, Germany. Have seven children — Charles, Hennericka, Gus- toff, Christina, William, Henry and Christian. Lost two in infancy. Mr. S. was supervisor four years, treasurer of schools board four years, and director one. Belongs to the Lutheran Church. STAIGER, ALBERT, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Witten- berg, Germany, Feb. 11, 1828. Came to the U. S. in 1853. Spent about five years in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio, the greater part of the time working at a boarding school near Glendale. Was married Aug. 7, 1858, and came direct to this county, and settled on this farm, consisting of 190 acres. Wife's maiden name was Catherine Smith. She was born in Ire- land, in 1833. Have living with them, Kresinz and Raymond Staiger, and David and Nellie O'Brien. Mr. S. was one of the first directors in this school district, which he assisted in organizing. Was also treasurer of board five years. Family belong to the Catholic church. SCHERF, ANTON, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Germany, Oct. 7, 1831. Came to the U. S. in 1854. His brother Ferdinand and himself, accompanied by their father, Martin Scherf, (now a resident of Red Wing, age 78 years,) began life in this country by chopping cord wood in Niagara county, N. Y., at 37i cents per cord. After which they obtained work on the suspension bridge at the falls, where they all worked until it was com- pleted in 1856. Came to this county in fall of the same year. Was married in Red Wing, in November, 1861, to Sophia Katlerjohn. She was born in Germany, June 18, 1837. Owns 360 acres of land. Have four children — Albert, Matilda, Martin and Frederick. Served one year as super- visor. Is a member of lodge No. 23, I. 0. 0. F. SCHLUTER, HENRY, farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Germany, Feb. 13, 1831; was married April 2, 1853, to Dora Kaltenbach; she was born in Germany, May 20, 1832. Came to the United States in 1856, 566 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE OOBNTT. landing in New York city, June 7; spent the remainder of summer m Schuylkill county, Pa. ; thence to Chicago,, and from there to this county, where they landed Oct. 3, 1857. Moved to his farm in 1858; it then con- sisted of wild uncultivated land, now well improved with buildings and under good cultivation; owns 143 acres. Has eight children living — Henry, Dora, Charlie, Egon, Christine, Alfred, Tillie and Norbert. Lost five, Fred, and Edmund, and three in infancy. Mr. Schluter has served as con- stable six years, assessor six years, clerk of school board ten years, and supervisor one term. Family belong to the Catholic Church. Thomford, Henry, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Hay Creeek. Treiner, Nic, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Red Wing. Voght, Phillip, sen., farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Eed Wing. Voght, Phillip, jr., farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Red Wing. Wallauer, Ferd., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Red Wing. Westendorf, Fred., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Red Wing. Wandmacher, Henry, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Red Wing. Walpers, Fred., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Red Wing. Weiss, Mick, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0, Red Wing. Wickum, John, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Red Wing. Weber, Andrew, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Hay Creek. Worner, John, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Hay Creek. Walpers, William, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Red Wing. Weich, Henry, farmer, *sec. 32, P. 0. Red Wing. Zander, Andrew, fariiier, sec. 32, P. 0. Red Wing. Zigniago, Antonio, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Red Wing. Zigniago, John, ser., sec. 15, P. 0. Red Wing. Zeitler, Greorge, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Red Wing. FEATHEESTONE. ANDERSON, JOHN, farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Sweden in 1826. Was married there in 1857, to Betsy M. Gustafson. She was born in Sweden in 1826. Came to this county in 1855. Settled within a mile of his present residence, when there was but eight or ten families in Featherstone Tp. Came to this farm in 1867. Owns 360 acres of land. Have six children — David A., Ida C, George Wm., Alexander P., Frank L. and Arthur E. Mr. A. has served six years as school director. Family belong to the Baptist Church. Anderson, David A., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Red Wing. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. , 567 Anderson, Gustaf, farmer, see. 3, P. 0. Red Wing. Anderson, N. W., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Red Wing. Anderson, Nils, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0'. Red Wing. Anderson, 0. G., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Red Wing. Anderson, William, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Red Wing. Algrim, Jplin, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Red Wing. Alnis, Fredrich, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0.. Hay Creek. ANDERSON, OLOP, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Vasa. Born in Sweden, Aug. 25, 1837. Came to this county in 1856. In September, 1861, lie enlisted in company D., 3d Minn. Infty. Went direct to Louisville, Ky. Marched from there in the direction of Nashville, and arrived in front of Fort Don- nelson just as the fort surrendered. Was taken prisoner at Murfreesboro, Tenn., July 13, 1862, Was soon after exchanged, and ordered home to fight the Indians in this State and Dakota. Returned in 1863 to Vicks- burgh; was there at surrender of Pemberton's forces. Afterward done marching and fighting from Columbus, Ky., through Mississippi and up the Tennessee to Knoxville. Mustered out in October, 1865. Was mar- ried in 1867 to Nellie Nelson. She was born in Sweden, Oct. 25, 1841. Have five children — Nels J., Effie, Arthur, Selma and Anna M. Owns 185 acres of land. Family belongs to the Swedish Lutheran Church. Backus, Abel, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Red Wing. Bennet, Charles, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Red Wing. Buck, Fred, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Hay Creek. Billingsley, D. L., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Red Wing. BROWN, ROBERT, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Ireland in 1831; accompanied his parents to Canada in 1838; was married May 13, 1856, to Martha McGarvey; she was born in Ireland. They came to this county same year of marriage. Owns 220 acres of land. Have four chil- dren living — Anna M., Alice A., Charles and Lulu A.; lost two, Bell and an infant son. Family belong to the M. E. Church, Red Wing, of which Mr. Brown was trustee, steward and class-leader for a number of years, and Mrs. Brown a teacher in the Sabbath School for fifteen years. Ballou, Ezra B., farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Red Wing. Bang, Henry, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Hay Creek. Brash, John, miller, sec. 12, P. 0. Red Wing. Bluhm, John, farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Hay Creek. BUBKARD, ALBERT A., hotel, store and farm, sec. 24, P. 0. Hay Creek. Born in Baden, Germany, Jan. 27, 1835; came to this county in 1856. He made a claim of 160 acres in sec. 9, Hay Creek township; returned east as far as Chicago; staid till 1859, when he came again to this county, and found his claim "jumped," he then bought it. Was married May 1, 1860, 568 THE HISTOEY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. to Ottilie Holtzman; she was born in Alsace, Germany, Nov. 25, 1837. Have seven children — Emma, Louise, Ottilie, Albert, Katia, Joseph A. and Clara. Mr. Brown is postmaster. Hay Creek; a position he has held since 1875, when the office was first established. He is a member of the North Star Lodge No. 23, I. 0. 0. F., Red Wing. Family belong to the Catholic Church. Christianson, Bennett, farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Red Wing. Cordas, Frank, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Hay Creek. Clifford, P., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Red Wing. Carlson, August, farmer, see. 19, P. 0. Red Wing. COOK, GEORGE W., farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Germany, April 8, 1831. Came to the U. S. in 1848. Was engaged in manufactur- ing cigars in Cincinnati, 0., till 1853, after which he kept a dry goods store near Marietta, 0., four years. Came to Red Wing in 1856, and in 1858 took up a claim where he now resides. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. F, 6th regt. Minn. I., and was ordered to the frontier to repel the Indians, who were committing depredations at New Ulm, etc. Partici- pated in the battle of Wood Lake, also assisted in rescuing the white prisoners at Camp Release. In 1864, went to Helena, Ark. , and from there to New Orleans, where he was . d%Bcharged for disability in June, 1865. Was married Sept. 11, 1865, ^ Sopnronia Myers. She was born in Switz- erland. Died Jan. 16, 1867. Was married again Oct. 2, 1867, to Mrs. Louisa Correll, (maiden name Fox.) She was born, in Germany. Has two children by first marriage, Augusta and John; five by second, Clara, Alice, Laura, George and Sarah. Owns 130 acres of land. Family belong to the German M. E. Church. DREW, SAMUEL J., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in England, May 7, 1830. Came to Canada in 1846. Was married July 8, 1856, to Martha Morris. She was born in England, Nov. 11, 1834. They came to this county in 1864. Have five children — Edwin M., born April 14, 1857; Alfred J., Nov. 14, 1858; Amelia A., June, 1861; Minnie L., Jan. 16, 1865; and Arthur E., March 13, 1867. Family belong to the M. E. Church. Erickson, Swan, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Red Wing. Erickson, N., farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Red Wing. Erickson, Olaf, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Red Wing. FEATHERSTONE, GEORGE, farmer,, sec. 28, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Clinton county, N. Y., June 13, 1829. Was engaged several years as teacher in Ohio and Michigan. Came to this county in 1856, being among the first to settle on Featherstone Prairie. Owns 160 acres of land less two acres donated for church purposes, in favor of the M. E. Church. Mr. F. was supervisor one year and town clerk, in all, about fourteen years. Raises a considerable amount of stock in connection with farming. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Featherstone, W. J., farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Red Wing. Featherstone, C. H., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Red Wing. Featherston, S. T., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Red Wing. Featherstone, Thomas, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Red Wing. Featherstone, Halcyon, farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Red Wing. Frenn, P. J., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Red Wing. Floren, C. A., farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Red Wing. Frenn, Charles, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Red Wing. EEENN, LABS, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Sweden, May 19, 1819. Entered the army in 1841. Served in Elfs Borgs regiment No.- 15, till 1852. Was married in 1842, to Stina Svansdotter. She was born in Sweden, Feb. 9, 1801. Have three children — Per, John, Andrew, Joseph, and Charles Augustus. Came to the U. S. in 1852. Lived in Dupage county. 111., till 1864, when he moved to this county. Owns 244 acres of land. Was supervisor three years. Family belong to the Swedish Luth- eran Church, of which Mr. F. has been deacon twenty-one years. FRTBEBGEE, WILLIAM, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Clermont county, Ohio, May 9, 1823. Went with his father to Hamilton county in 1831. Was married in )JJ53 to Margaret M. Burroughs. She was born in Shawnee town. 111., June^^Sg, 1832. Came to this county in 1855. Owns 170 acres of land. Have six children living — Clara I., Wil- liam 0., Margaret M., Herschel B., Lucien E., and Nellie M. Lost one. Alma; died Nov. 29, 1856. Mr. F. has been chairman board of super- visors sixteen years, town treasurer one yeai*, assessor two, and school trustee about 12 years. Family belong to the M. E. Church. German, Henry," farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Hay Creek. Groheen, W. G., farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Red Wing. GOHEEN, GEORGE 0., farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Red Wing. Lives with his father, Wm. G. Goheen, who was born in Lancaster county. Pa., Aug. 7, 1809, was married in 1840 to Susan B. Mayberry. She was born in Wash- ington county, Maryland, Oct. 3, 1818. Moved West in 1841, settled in St. Clair county. 111., were he remained until 1863, when they moved to this farm. Owns 164 acres. Have five children — Wilbur F., now in Cin- cinnati, 0. ; Lycurgus, in Jacksonville, 111. ; Kate, George 0. and Ann V. Lost five — William M., Sylvanus, Davis, Samuel and Ann. Mr. G., sen., is serving second term as clerk of school board. Family belong to the M. E. Church. Hutchinson, D., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Red Wing. Hunt, T. W., farmer, P. 0. Red Wing. Herder, Christ., farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Red Wing. Himrod, T. B. 570 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. HANCOCK, WM. B., farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Oxford, N. H., Jan. 26, 1832. Accompanied his parents to Washington county, Vt, Came to this county in 1853. Was married in December, 1855, to Laura Smith. She was born in Washington county, Vt., Jan. 13, 1832. Owns 135 acres of land. Mr. H. enlisted in 1861 in the 6th regt. Vt. Infty. , Was wounded in an action in front of Yorktown, Va., in consequence of which he was discharged and receives a pension. Have three children — Eugene, Arabella and Maud. Family attend the M. E. Church. HAWKINSON, OLE, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Sweden, Nov. 9, 1833. Came to the United States in 1854. Stayed the first winter in St. Charles, Kane county, 111. He finally landed in Red Wing in April, 1855, which then consisted only of a few houses, two stores and two taverns. Came to this farm in 1857. Owns 160 acres where he resides, and 320 in Nobles county. Was married the same year on the 31st day of October to Keirsty Nelson. She was born in Sweden, Nov. 5, 1836. Have nine children living — William, Hannah, Nellie, Anthony, Edward, Ferdinand, Oscar, Theodore and Selma. Lost one, Eugenia, born Feb. 16, 1869, died July 24, 1870. Family belong to the Swedish Lutheran Church. Herman, H., farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Hay Creek. Herman, George, farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Hay Creek. Hoist, C, farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Hay Creek. Herman, Gustave, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Hay Creek. Harmes, Fred., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Red Wing. ISBEKG, JOHN P., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Sweden, May 6, 1813; was married there in 1851, to Ingeri Olson; she was born in Sweden, July 27, 1814. Came to this State in 1855, settled in Washington county, remained there till 1865; thence to this county. Owns 145 acres of lahd. Had two children, Nels, who died Jan. 22, 1868, left a little girl, Hannah A., who resides here with her grandparents; and John B., died Oct. 11, 1867. Mr. and Mrs. Isberg belong to the Swedish Lutheran Church. Isaacson, Charles, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Red Wing. Isaacson, John, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Red Wing. JOHNSON, REV. JONATHAN G., resides on farm, sec. 32,. P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Claremont, Sullivan Co., N. H., Aug. 31, 1816. At the age of twenty-one he entered the high school at Newberry, Vermont, prepara- tory to entering the ministry; was a member of Osmond C. Baker's Theo- logical school, the first class of the kind formed under the auspices of the M, E. Church in the United States; was ordained a minister of that church in 1846, and has, with the exception of two years, been engaged as local preacher ever since. Was married in 1845 to Rosanna Huckins; she was born in Orange, Vermont, Oct. 10, 1814. Came to this county in Jan., THE HISTORY OP SOODHUE COUNTY. 571 1856. Made a claim and built near where J. Bryan now resides, in Burn- side; moved family there in August of same year. His wife, also, beiug zealous in the Christian work, they began holding meetings at their house at once. It was also the place where the first Sabbath School was organized in the township, with which and other schools in Featherstone the family have ever since been identified. Mr. J. was a member of the first board of supervisors that met in that township; was clerk and treasurer of town board; held same position up to the time of moving to this farm in 1867. Owns 100 acres; have three children living — Charley H., James A. and Rosa. Lost the eldest, Julia; died in New Hampshire, in 1852, aged three years. Johnson, Per. J., farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Red Wing. Johnson, J. S., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Red Wing. Johnson, Erick, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Red Wing. Johnson, John, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0, Red Wing. Johnson, Samuel, farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Red Wing. Kienholtz, John, farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Hay Creek. Keefe, Patrick, farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Red Wing. Koerner, M., farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Red Wing. Kress, John, farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Red Wing. Lunberg, J. A., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Red Wing. Lindberg, August, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Red Wing. ' LITTLE, FREDERICK F.,dry goods, groceries, etc.. Trout Brook Tannery, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in N. H., Dec. 22, 1833. Went to Maine in 1843, where he was married June 20, 1853 to Nancy C. Williams. She was born in Maine in 1838. Have seven children — Ellen, Fred. W., Marrietta, Carrie, Frank L., Harry, Ada and Howard. Has been engaged in business here one year. Family attend the Episcopal church. Lovegreen, C, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Red Wing. Libby, Howard, farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Red Wing. MCMANUS, THOMAS J., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Stephenson county, HI., May 18, 1844. Came to this county in 1854; made a claim where he now resides, being only ten years of age at the time, and stayed here six weeks alone while his brother returned to 111. for his mother. Sold out to his brother; went to California in 1862, via over- land route. Returned in Sept. , 1867, bought back the farm, consisting of 80 acres; was married Oct. 11, same year, to Harriet Gaulter; she was born in Missouri, March 10, 1851. Have four children — Massena, Felix, Louis W., and John C. Has been clerk of school board three years. Meyer, Peter, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Hay Creek. Miller, John, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Hay Creek. 572 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. M0N80N, CHRISTINE, widow (maiden name Johnson,) farming, sec. 6, P. 0. Vasa. Born in Sweden, Aug. 8, 1836; came with her parents to La Crosse, Wis., in 1854, where they lived three years. She was married there Feb. 15, 1855, to Andrew Monson; he was born in Sweden, June 30, 1826. They came to this county in 1857. She owns 152 acres of land. Have ten children — Charles J., Mary A., Emeline, Hannah C, Alma C, Frank L., Oscar A., Nancy A., Ebba T. V., and Anton P. Z. Lost one, Martha L., died Jan. 18, 1857. Mr. Monson was serving his second term as treasurer school board at the time of his death, which occurred April 13, 1878. Family belong to the Swedish Lutheran Church, Vasa. McAvoy, Ed., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Red Wing. NELSON, HANS, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Sweden in 1822. Was married in 18i7 to Betsy Svenson. She was born in Sweden in 1822. Came to this county in 1866. Have three children — Carrie (Mrs. Ostegren,) Anna and Sven. Lost two — Ellen, died in 1866, and Li via in 1875. Family belong to the Swedish Lutheran Church. ODMAN, CHARLES, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Vasa. Born in Sweden in 1824. Was married there in 1850 to Christine Anderson. She was born in Sweden in 1824. They came to this county and to this farm in 1865. Owns 265 acres of land. Have seven children — Anna, Louise (now Mrs. Anderson,) Christine (Mrs. Youngdahl,) Mina (Mrs. Olson,) Alfred, Emma and Ella, all born in Sweden, and Mary born at this place. Family belong to the Swedish Lutheran Church. Odman, Alfred, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Vasa. Ortman, B. T., miller, sec. 12, P. 0. Red Wing. PEULM, WILLIAM, carpenter. Lives on sec. '26, P. 0. Hay Creek. Born in Germany, Oct. 20, 1842. Came with his parents to the United States in 1845. Settled in Indiana, where his parents died in 1849. Enlisted in 1864, in the 44th Ind. I. Was engaged principally in garrison duty at Chat- tanooga, Knoxville, etc. Mustered out in June, 1865. Came to this county in 1873. Owns 160 acres in sec. 34. Is a member of the German Lutheran Church. Peterson, John, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Red Wing. Peterson, C. J., farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Red Wing. Peterson, A. M., farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Red Wing. Pearson, John, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Red Wing. Pohl, Joseph, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Red Wing. PERKINS, HARTSON E., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Frank- lin county, Maine, April 12, 1835. Came to this county when 20 years old; landed in Red Wing Nov. 10, 1855; took claim of 160 acres, where he and his brother Charles, lived for two years, engaged at intervals working in the pineries on Apple River, Wis. The second winter he spent in THE HISTORY OP QOODHUE COUNTY. 573 banking wood on the Mississippi below Eed Wing, an enterprise in which he lost every dollar he had. In 1867, he built the house where he now resides, having up to that time accumulated 480 acres of land, which he has since increased to 814, in this township, besides 800 acres in other localities. He has also an interest in several enterprises in Eed Wing. Was married March 20, 1859, to Vilette P. Ellsworth. She was born in Franklin county, Maine, Oct. 10, 1842. Have five children, Marshall T., born Nov. 28, 1863; Alfred H., Oct. 26, 1868; Berton G., Sept. 9, 1870; Frank E., Sept. 4, 1874, and Elmer A., March 2, 1876. Family belong to the M. E. Church. Perkins, T. E., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Eed Wing. Plass, Jacob, farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Eed Wing. PHILLIPSi CASS A.!} currier and tanner. In charge of currying depart- ment of John F. Porter's Trout Brook Tannery. Born in Boston, Mass., July 27, 1840. 1858 came to Chicago, where he served his time with the Chicago Hide & Leather Co. Worked for them until 1861, when he was one of the first to respond to the call for troops. Was a member of what was known as Co. A. Went to Cairo, 111., for the defense of the border States. At the expiration of three months was mustered out. About May 20, 1862, he enlisted in Battery L, 1st Ohio Lt. Art., Captain Gribbs. Was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, where he participated in all the general engagements for the ensuing three years. Was mustered out July 4, 1865, at Todd barracks, Columbus, 0. Eeturned to Chicago. Was married in Oct., 1868, to Kate A. Keene. She was born in Chicago in 1850. Came to this county in 1865. Has been connected with Trout Brook Tannery ever since. Have three children living — Josie, John and Emma. His youngest son, Frank, died A.ug. 13, 1878, aged one year and eleven months. Family attend the Catholic church. Politics, Eepublican. POETEE, JOHN F., tanner, sec. 2, P. 0. Eed Wing. Born in Monroe Co., Ohio, May 7, 1843. Came to Minnesota in 1864. Settled in St. Paul. Worked there seven years; then came to this county, where he is now proprietor of the Trout Brook Tannery, doing business amounting to about $25,000 annually. Owns 212 acres of land. Was married March 1, 1870, to Louisa She was born in Saxony, Germany, June 20, 1847. Have three children — Bertha Louise, George F., and Edward H. Mr. P. was justice of the peace one year, also clerk of the school district. Family attend the Presbyterian Church, Eed Wing. PEEEINS, TIMOTHY F., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Eed Wing. Born in Farmington, Franklin county, Maine, Dec. 30, 1804. Was married Sept. 22, 1829, to Theresa Ellsworth. She was born in same county, Aug. 14, 1809. Mr. P. followed farming in his native State more than 35 years, clearing a farm of 100 acres from the heavy timber* land of that country. Served as town treasurer six years, collector one year, and constable a number of years. Came to this county in 1861. Owns 80 acres. Have 574 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE OOUNTY. five children — Jonathan R., Charles E., Timothy B., Hartson E. and Abbie S. (now Mrs. Tripp.) Lost two, died in infancy. Mr. P. has been town treasurer here two years. Family belong to the M. E. Church. PORTER, JUDSON A., foreman Trout Brook Tannery. Born in Monroe county, Ohio, April 20, 1854. In 1871 he went to St. Paul, where he engaged in this business, working for his brother until 1872, when he com- menced here, where he has been working ever since. Was married Sept. 12, 1876, to Amelia Rheim. She was born in St. Peter, Minn., May 21, 1858. Have one child, Bessie May, born Aug. 22, 1877. Belong to the Presbyterian Church. ROSBT, SOLOMON C, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Sweden in 1839. Came to this county in 1864. Was married May 7, 1877, to Anna G. Ekbaig. She was born in Sweden in 1849. Owns 162 acres of land. Mr. R. is serving his third term as treasurer of school board; was road master five years. Is a member of L'Etoile du Nord Lodge No. 23, I. , 0. 0. F. Family attend the Swedish Lutheran Church of which Mrs. S. is a member. Richards(m, N. S., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Red Wing. Rose, Henry, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Red Wing. Rogers, T. R., farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Red Wing. Rogers, W. L., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Red Wing. Reuhter, Henry, farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Red Wing. Roettger, Chris., farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Red Wing. BICE, EDSON, (deceased,) farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Goodhue Center. Born in Oneida county, N. Y., in 1816. Married June 29, 1839, to Harriet Cabot; she was born in Henrietta, Genesee county, N. Y., May 24, 1818. Mr. Rice, in 1848, moved to the Tonawanda Reservation, where he bought land and remained until 1860, when he was forced to abandon his property m consequence of irregularities in Indian affairs. Came direct to this place in May, 1861, where he died in 1876. Two children living, William E. and George H. Lost one, Harriet Louise, died in New York, Dec. 15, 1846. Mrs. Rice owns 160 acres of land. Family belong to the M. E. Church. Struss, Jacob, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Red Wing. Slumpf, Sabin, farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Hay Creek. Swanson, C. W., farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Red Wing. Schroder, Henry, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Red Wing. Schunk, John, farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Red Wing. Siebrassej C, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Red Wing. Stack, Christ., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Hay Creek. Smith, Henry, farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Red Wing. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 575 SMITH, JAMES B., farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Green county, N. T., Oct. 27, 1822; came to Waukesha county. Wis., in 1847. Married in 1852, to Lucretia Drum; she was horn in Gallatin, Columbia county, N. Y., Jan. 2, 1829. Came to this county in 1,854, settled at Wacoota; served as justice of the peace six years, postmaster at Wacoota five years. Was instrumental in organizing the Presbyterian Church at West Florence, of which the family are members; Mr. Smith is one of the elders. Has lived on this farm two years; owns 100 acres. Have six children living — Anna E., Mary R., Estella G., Alured B., Jennie L. and James Leroy. Lost three — one infant died in Wisconsin, and Ellen M. and Adella M. died in this county, aged respectively five and six months. Siebrasse, Fred, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Red Wing. Stumpf, Chris, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Red Wing. STOBKEL, PHILLIP, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Germany, Nov. 2, 1823; accompanied his parents to the United States in 1833; remained first summer in Cincinnati, 0. ; moved from there to Fulton Co., 111. He was married there on Dec. 14, 1844, to Matilda Freeborn. She was born in Ohio, in March, 1825. Moved to this county in 1854. Owns twenty-three acres of land. Have eight children living — John, Carrie, Joshua, William, Freeborn, Richard, Hannah and Charlie. Lost pair twins in infancy, and Ira, third son, was drowned, June 19, 1854, near Red Wing, when two years of age. Family belong to the M. E. Church. Struss, John, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0., Red Wing. Sidener, G. P., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Red Wing. Seigler, G., farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Red Wing. Swenson, J., farmer, see. 10, P. 0. Red Wing. Sjosten, A. P., farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Red Wing. TAYLOR, B. J., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Canada June 10, 1838. Came to this county in 1859; in Aug., 1862, he enlisted in Co. F 6th Minn. I. Served on the frontier of Minnesota and Dakota in campaign against the Indians, participating in the battle of Wood Lake. Was dis- charged on account of sickness, in July, 1864, just as the regiment was on the eve of departure for active service in the south. Was married Dec. 18, 1867, to Margaret Featherstone. She was born in Pa., Feb. 14, 1840. Have three children — Lily F., Clarence T., and B. Harold. Owns 210 acres of land. Served one term as supervisor of Goodhue Tp. Family attend the Metho- dist Church, of which Mrs. T. is a member. Tripp, William, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Red Wing. Thomford, Peter, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Hay Creek. Thomson, Perry, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Red Wing. Truit, Peter, farmer, sec. 18, P. O.Red Wing. Tubesing, William, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Red Wing. 576 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. TRIPP, MEBBITT, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Tompkins county, N. Y., Feb. 27, 1837. Was engaged in farming there until 1861, when he came to this county, landing in Red Wing, May 17. Rented farm of Samuel Giles, in sec. 2. Was married Dec. 20, 1865, to Abbie S. Per- kins. She was born in Franklin county, Maine, May 10, 1847. In 1866, he purchased this farm consisting of 160 acres. They have three children, Cora P., born Sept. 10, 1867; Timothy B., April 6, 1870; and Anna May, March 27, 1874. Family attend the M. E. Church. Weibusch, Peter, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Hay Creek. YASA ANDERSON, JACOB, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Vasa; was born in Sweden, Oct. 10, 1818. Came to America in 1852, remaining in Illinois; engaged in farming until 1856, when he moved to this township, which has since been his residence. Owns 200 acres of land, valued at |60 per acre. Mar- ried Jennie Danielson, in Feb. 1843; she was born in Sweden, in Feb. 1825. Their children are — Peter Gr., Hilda, Henry, John, Alfred, Bina and Albert. Anderson, Andrew, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Vasa. Anderson, P. P., farmer. Anderson, Bengt, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Vasa. Anderson, Lars. Anderson, John, farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Vasa. Anderson, C. J., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Vasa. Anderson, A. L. Anderson, Grustaf. Anderson, C. A., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Vasa. Anderson, E. M., farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Vasa. Anderson, Adolph, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Vasa. Anderson, John A., farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Vasa. Anderson, Jacob, farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Vasa. BLOOM, CHARLES, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Vasa. Is a native of Sweden, but came to America many years ago, and is one of the pioneer settlers of Vasa township. Owns 240 acres of land, worth $50 per acre. Married Regina Erickson, Sept. 14, 1870. She is a native of Sweden. Their children are— Selma S., born June 23, 1872, and Amanda A., born July 19, 1878, and two children deceased. Bengtson, Bengt, farmer, sec. 1. P. 0. Vasa. Boynton, C. B., sec. 16, P. 0. Vasa. F(UDOLPH KrUGER Mr CREEK THE HISTOET OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 577 Bengtson, Gustaf, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Vasa. Challonder, Peter, farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Vasa. Carlson, J. P., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Vasa. Carlson, John, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Vasa. Collins, Erick, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Vasa. Carlson, August, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Vasa. Carlson, Alfred, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Vasa. Carlson, Andrew, renter, sec. 15, P. 0. Vasa. Dalsten, Pater, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. White Eock. ENOBERd, Lm Vasa; was born in Sweden, Nov. 7, 1838; emigrated to the United States and settled in Red Wing in 1856. In the spring of 1857 removed to Cannon Falls township, and was there married, April 25, 1863, to Miss Louise Williams; she was born in Sweden, Jan. 1, 1840. Mr. Engberg came to his present abiding place in the fall of 1870, was appointed postmaster of Vasa, Feb., 1871, and about that time engaged in the mercantile business; the firm name now being Engberg & Johnson. Of Mr. Engberg 's family there is one child, Ferdinand, born May 9, 1864. The family belong to the Lutheran Church. Emberg, Charles, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Vasa. Ernberg, John, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Vasa. ENOLUND, Cf. M.J farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Vasa. Was born in Sweden, July 26, 1828. At the age of 16 years he began the shoemaker's trade and continued at that occupation until 1852; came to North Bridgewater, Mass. In the spring of 1858, came to this county and settled on this farm, consisting of 167 acres, worth f 50 per acre. Married Elizabeth Swanson, Oct. 10, 1853. She was born in Sweden, May 14, 1827. Their children are— John W., born Sept. 30, 1854; Amanda H., Nov. 23, 1856; A. H., Oct. 5, 1858; Nellie E., April 4, 1861; Charles E., Sept. 13, 1863; Alma M., July 12, 1866, and Huldah M., Nov. 8, 1868. Erickson, E. M., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Vasa. Eastman, Andrew, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. White Rock. Eastman, Ole, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. White Rock. Erickson, Erick, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Vasa. Ekblad, M., farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Vasa; live on sec. 34. Erickson, John, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Vasa. Englund, John. Freeman, A. P., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Vasa. Possell, A., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Vasa. Granquist, N. P., renter, sec. 30, P. 0, Vasa, 38 578 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Gunderson, Olof, renter, sec. 25, P. 0. Vasa. HOFFLUND, D., music teacher, Vasa. Was born in Norway, April 18, 1850. Came to America in 1872. Settled in the place where he now resides. He was married to Miss Christine Englund, March 17, 1875. She was born in Sweden, June 18, 1855. Mr. Hofflund graduated at the University of Christiania, Norway, and since his arrival in this country ■ he has been steadily engaged in teaching music. Christian T. is their only child, born Feb. 18, 1876. Holm, A. W., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Vasa. Holm, John, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Vasa. Holm, Oscar, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Vasa. Holm, Charles G., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Vasa. Hame, John, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Vasa. Hanson, Ole, renter, sec. 12, P. 0. Vasa. Hanson, Ole, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Vasa. Halberg, Thomas, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. White Rock. Hogman, Ole, farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. White Rock. Ingeman, Peter, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Vasa. Ingeman, Nels, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Vasa. Ingeman, John, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Vasa. JONASSON, ERIK, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Vasa, was born in Sweden, Sept. 1, 1819. Came to America in 1857, settling on this farm, which consists of 160 acres, worth $50 per acre. Married Mary Peterson, June 24, 1844. She was born March 25, 1823 Their children are — Ellen, born May 6, 1845; Minnie, Sept. 28, 1859; and Jennie, Jan. 17, 1862. They have lost two children by death. Johnson, F. P., farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, C. C, Mrs., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, Goran P., farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Vasa. JOHNSON, CHARLES J., is a native of Hollands Lan, Sweden, Sept. 12, 1816; married Miss Jane Christensen, March 25, 1836; she was born Feb. 23, 1817. At that time Mr. Johnson was in the employ of the government to guard against smugglers, who infested that part of the country along the coasts of Sweden and Norway. He served in that capacity for a period of eighteen years. June 21, 1854, he sailed from Sweden for the United States and landed in Boston; from thence he removed to Chicago, next to La Crosse, where he remained until 1856, when he removed to Minnesota and settled in Featherstoue township. Having resided four years in the latter place he again changed and located at Vasa. After many trials and hardships, Mr. Johnson began to prosper in his new home, and now in his old age with his bosom companion, and surrounded THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 579 by a family of grown up children, lie enjoys the fruits of his hard-earned industry, a competence for the remainder of his days. He was postmaster at Vasa from 1864 to 1866. The children are— Anna C, born Aug. 9, 1837; Anna B., born Oct. 19, 1839; Peter A., born Nov. 14, 1842; and Chas. H., born Oct. 1, 1855, the youngest of the family. At the age of twelve years, Charles entered the Farmers' Union store at Vasa, as clerk, where he served two years; he then went to Maiden Rock, Wis., where he was employed as clerk by A. Johnson. From there he returned to Cannon Falls in the employ of Scofield Bros. In the winter of 1873 he taught school in Swea, Iowa At the age of eighteen he began business for him- self. Married Emma Peterson, Oct. 7, 1876; she was born Sept. 29, 1856. Their only child is Hilma H., born July 26, 1877. June 2(V1877, he en- tered into partnership with L. Engberg, and they still continue in the business. Himself and wife are members of the Baptist Church, and are among the first families of the town of their adoption. Johnson, A. P., farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, Samuel, farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, Herman, farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, Nels, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, Olof, farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Vasa. Johanson, Lars, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, P. A., Mrs., sec. 23, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, Lars, farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Vasa. Johnson, Trols, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. White Rock. LARSON, OLA, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Vasa. Was born in Sweden, in 1834. Came to America in 1855, and to this county, where he remained a few weeks, and then went to Princeton, Beaver county, Ills. Enlisted July 24, 1861, in Co. I, 12th Ills. V. I. ; was with Sherman on his memorable march to the sea, and honorably discharged July 10, 1865. Came directly to this county, where he has since resided. Owns 160 acres of land worth $50 per acre. Married Hannah Nelson, June 26, 1866. She was born in Sweden, in 1847. Their children are— Edward P., born Sept. 17, 1867; Arthur A., Dec. 18, 1868; Nancy M., Aug. 20, 1870; Willie S., Aug. 27, 1873; Selma M., Oct. 2, 1875, and Frank S., Sept. 29, 1877. The family are members of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. Larson, Gustaf, farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Vasa. Larson, L. E., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Vasa. Larson, Otto, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Vasa. Larson, A. F., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Vasa. Larson, Peter L., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Vasa. Ljundgren, J. N., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Vasa, 580 THE HISTORY OF QOODHUB COUNTY. lAESON, ANDREW, farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Vasa. Was born in Sweden, April 15, 1843. Came to America in 1860, and settled in Washington Co., Minnesota. In 1866 lie moved to this farm, consisting of 140 acres, worth $50 per acre. Married Anna S. Peterson, Dec. 30, 1871. She was born in Sweden, Jan. 29, 1850. Their children are — Oscar S., born Dec. 4, 1872; Edward R., April 29, 1874; and Victor C, March 18, 1876. The family are members of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. Larson, P. G., farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Vasa. Larson, J. L., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. White Rock. Lindholm, John, farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Vasa. Lindquist, NSP., farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Vasa. Lundquist, P. J., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Vasa. Lagergren, 0. P., farmer, sec. 19, P. 0., Vasa. Lindblom, A. farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Vasa. Larson, Peter A., farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Vasa. Lindholm, P. T., teacher, lives on sec. 17, P. 0. Vasa. LEWIS, ANDREW, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. White Rock, was born in Sweden, in 1834. Came to America in 1857, jSrst settling in McGregor, Iowa. Came to this county in 1864, and the following spring moved his family to this farm, where they have since resided. Owns 559 acres of land, worth $50 per acre. Married Carrie Johnson, March 4, 1865. She was born in Sweden, in 1844. Their children are — Anna M., born Feb. 5, 1866, and Emily M., born Feb. 14, 1870, and one child deceased. M0N80N, Ml P., dealer in general merchandise ; was born in Sweden, in 1844. Came to America with parents, in 1858, and settled ia this township. May 15, 1869, he commenced the mercantile business in this place, under the firm name of " Monson & Lindholm" In the fall of the same year the name was changed to "Monson & Co., ' ' under which name it was conducted until the fall of 1871, when Mr. M. became the sole propri- etor. In the spring of 1873, a post office was established by the postmas- ter general, and Mr. M. placed in charge, which position he still holds. Married Betsy Larson, Feb. 23, 1877. She was born in Sweden, June 9, 1852. They have one daughter, Carrie Gr., born Nov. 10, 1877. MUNSON, OLE, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Vasa. Was born in Sweden, Dec. 23, 1820. Came to America in 1857, first settling near Litchfield, Meeker county, Minn., where he remained until 1862. Moved to this county, and in 1867 to his present farm, consisting of 80 acres, worth $50 per acre. Married Betsy Eskelson, July 9, 1844. She was born June 1, 1823, and died Nov. 18, 1870. His children are — Nellie, born March 19, 1846; Nels July 23, 1847; Erick, April 25, 1850; Anna, Feb. 9, 1852; Swan, March 17^ 1856; Betsy, Nov. 22, 1857; John, March 4, 1860; Christina, Nov. 15^ 1861; Mahldia, July 13, 1865, and Alfred, Dec. 4, 1867; The family are members of tbe'Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 581 MATTSON, PETER, (deceased.) Was born in Sweden, Nov. 17, 1816. Came to America in 1854, first settling at Chisago Lake, Minn., where he remained until June, 1863, and moved to the farm where his family now reside, on sec. 17, P. 0. Vasa. The farm consists of 160 acres, worth $40 per acre. He married Sissa Mattson, June 17, 1836. She was born May 9, 1817. Mr. M. died Aug. 27, 1865. His children are— Sissa, Malena, Matt, who served eight months in the regular army; Carrie,' Anna and Charles; the latter is now conducting the farm. The family are members of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. Moddin, A. 0., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. White Rock. Monson, John, farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. White Eock. Mortinson, Nels, farmer, sec, 27, P. 0. Vasa. Monson, Andrew, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Vasa. Mattson, J. M. farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Vasa. ' MILLER, JOHN, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Vasa. Was born in Germany in 1826. Came to America in 1853. First settled in Chicago; thence to Cedar Lake county, Ind., where he lived until 1858, when he came to this county, and settled in Cannon Falls, resided there one year and moved to this farm, consisting of 160 acres, worth $60 per acre. Married Mary Hogen, in 1849. She was born in Germany in 1827, and died in 1876. His children are — Frederick, John, Mary, Henry, Willie, Anna and Tilma. Malmberg, N. P., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Vasa. Molmsten, Olof, farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Vasa. Malmberg, A., farmer, sec 3, P. 0. Vasa. NOBELIUS, JOHN, proprietor of the Vasa House. Was born in Sweden, March 13, 1827. Came to America in 1853, settling in Molina, Ills., where he residei until 1855, when he moved to Chisago county, Minn. May, 1857, he moved to this township, and in 1871, engaged in mercantile busi- ness with L. Engberg. In June, 1877, he sold his interest in the store, to C. H. Johnson, and built the Vasa House. Owns 115 acres of land, worth $16,000. Married Helen Olson, April 2, 1850. She was born in Sweden, Aug. 4, 1830. Their children are— Eliza M., born April 2, 1852; Andrew, April 24, 1856; Edward, June 14, 1863; Albert, March 24, 1870, and Aaron, April 9, 1873. The family are members of the Baptist Church. Nelson, Peter, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. White Rock. Nelson, Solomon, miller, sec. 16, P. 0. Vasa. Nelson, Lars, laborer, sec. 16, P. 0. Vasa. Nelson, Andrew, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Vasa. Nelson, Gust, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Vasa. Nelson, M. P., farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Vasa. Norell, John, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Vasa. 582 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. Neil, A. F., farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Vasa. Ofelt, N. P., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Vasa. Olson, 0. N., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Vasa. Olson, Jeppe, farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Vasa. Olson, Hvgist, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Vasa. Olson, Peter 0., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Vasa. Olson, Peter, farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Vasa. OLSON, SWAN, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Vasa; was born in Sweden, June 28, 1827. Came to America in 1855; remained a short time in Eed Wing, but in the fall of the same year took a claim and moved his family to where he now resides. Owns 480 acres of land in this county, worth $50 per acre. Married Carrie Anderson, April, 1853. She was born in Sweden, in 1826, and died Nov. 27, 1861. His children by this marriage are — Martha S., born Oct. 9, 1854; Ellen S., Oct. 6, 1857; Andrew S., Feb. 23, 1860, and Olof S., Oct. 24, 1861. Was married again, April 11, 1862, to Anna Christenson. She was born in Sweden, in 1844. His children by this marriage are — Caroline, born Feb. 23, 1864; Alfred, May 16,' 1867; Oscar, Nov. 4, 1871; Selma, March 31, 1874; Johanna, June 15, 1876, and an infant daughter, born Oct. 1, 1878. OISON, NELS. farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Vasa. Was born in Sweden, Feb. 2, 1818. Came to America in July, 1853, remaining in Boston three months; thence to New Orleans, where he lived four months; thence to Chicago, where he remained three months, and lived near that city until the spring of 1855, when he came to this county, and settled where he now resides. He owns 320 acres of land, worth $30 per acre, besides city property in Red Wing. Married Carrie Lawson, in 1856, who was born in Sweden, July 25, 1825. They have one daughter, named Mary E., wjio was born April 26, 1864, and one who died at the age of seven years. The family . are members of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. PEARSON, HON. T. G., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. White Rock. Was born in Sweden, July 1, 1827; came to America in 1851, settling in Knox county, 111. In the fall of 1855, came to this county and pre-empted his present farm, which consists of 160 acres, woith |7,000. He was elected Repre- sentative to the 14th General Assembly of Minnesota in the fall of 1871, and re-elected in 1877. Married Hannah Monson, in Galesburg, 111., March 6, 1854; she was born in Sweden, May 26, 1837. Their children are —Clara R., born Sept. 19, 1857; Agnes E., April 27, 1860; WiUiam A., Dec. 16, 1863; Hannah A., July 11, 1872; Esther E., May 27, 1875, and Ebba Victoria, born May 6, 1877; they have lost two children by death. The family are members of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. Person, John, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Vasa. Peterson, Erick, farmer, see. 23, P. 0. Vasa. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 583 PETERSON, HON. J. W., farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Vasa. Was born iu Sweden March 30, 1838. Came to America July 1856. First settling in Chisago county, Minn., where he remained until Aug. 18, 1862. Enlisted in Co. I, 6th Minn. V. I.; served until May, 1865; was promoted to the rank of sergeant, and honorably discharged. Returned and settled on his farm of 200 acres, worth |50 per acre. In 1872 he was elected a representative to the 15th General Assembly of Minn., and was re-elected the following year; has also held the offices of town clerk and justice of the peace. Mr. P. came to America with his parents, and they now reside with him, hav- ing attained the ripe age of 70 years. Married Carrie Johnson, Nov. 11, 1868. She was born in Sweden, May 6, 1850. Their children are — Lizzie, born Sept. 21, 1869; Arthur, W., Sept. 2, 1871; Edith, Feb. 2, 1873; and Alma, May 12, 1877. The family are members of the Swedish Evangelical Church. Person, Swen, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Vasa. Peterson, P. M., farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Vasa. Peterson, H. W., farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Vasa. Person, Aaron, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Vasa. Peterson, 0. W., farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Vasa. Peterson, John, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Vasa. Pearson, Nels, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Vasa. Paulson, Peter, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Vasa. Paulson, 0., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Vasa. Person, P. 0., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Vasa. Peterson, Nels P., farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Vasa. Peterson, J. A., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Vasa. Person, P. H., farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Vasa. Peterson, Olof P., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Vasa. Pearson, Mrs., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. White Rock. Quist, P* M., farmer, sec. 23, P. jO. Vasa. SWAN80N, NELS, whose portrait appears in this work, resides on sec. 8, Vasa township, P. 0. Vasa. He was born in Southern Sweden, near the Baltic Sea, Oct. 30, 1822. Married in Sweden, Miss Elsa Nelson, July 11, 1844. She was born Oct. 10, 1824. They had three daughters born in Sweden, named — Nellie, Petronelli and Elsa, who were born respectively — Nov. 17, 1845; Feb. 24, 1847, and July 7, 1849. In 1853, he, with his family, consisting of wife and three daughters, arrived in Chicago, where in July, 1854, his wife and two oldest daughters died of cholera; and in October of the same year, he, with his youngest daughter, moved to St. Paul, where he resided until November, 1856, when he moved to this county, and in 1857, settled on this farm, which consists of 399 acres. 584 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. worth |50 per acre. Was married again Nov. 9, 1856, to Elsa Olson. She was born in Sweden, Aug. 7, 1838. Their children are — Hillma E., born Nov. 15, 1857; Charles P., Nov. 22, 1863; Ester A., Nov. 29, 1866; Nels B., June 8, 1873, and Hannah C, Nov. 20, 1874. The family are members of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church, in which Mr. S. has held the office of deacon, trustee and treasurer. RINDQUI8T, P. 0., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Vasa. Was born in Sweden, in 1825; came to America in 1863, and settled in this county, and in 1876 moved to his present farm, consisting of 160 acres, worth $6,000. Married Eliza Larson in Sweden, Dec, 25, 1855; she was born in 1826. Their children are— Ole, born Dec. 20, 1861; John A., Aug. 8, 1865; Gustaf, Jan. 10, 1868; and Albert, Aug. 10, 1870; and three deceased. The family are members of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. Robertson, Jacob, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Yasa. Ringdahl, Ole, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Vasa. Ruberg, John, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Vasa. Rydin, John G., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Vasa. Ringdahl, N., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Vasa. Roos, C, farmer, see. 16, P. 0. Vasa. SAMMOSON, F. A., farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Vasa. Was born in Sweden, March 6, 1833. Came to America in 1853, and settled in Kane Co., 111., where he remained until 1861, when he moved to this county, settling where he now lives. His farm was at that time unimproved, with the exception of a log cabin, which has long since disappeared, and in its stead is a large and commodious dwelling, good barn, granary and out-buildings. Married, in Geneva, 111., Johanna Peterson, in Jan., 1856. She was born in Sweden in Nov., 1828. Their children are — Helen, Emma, John, Matilda, Ferdinand, Oscar, Ida and Hilmer. Owns 170 acres of land, valued at $60 per acre. Strom, G., blacksmith. White Rock. Swan, Nels, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Vasa. Swenson, Ole, farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Vasa. SWANSON, SWAN, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Vasa. Was born in Sweden in 1,821. Came to America in 1855, and settled on his present farm, consist- ing of 200 acres, worth $50 per acre. Married Nellie Larson in 1848. She was born in Sweden in 1824. Their children are — Carrie, born Feb. 7, 1850; Betsey, June 12, 1852; Swan, March 14, 1854; Anna, July, 24, 1859; Henry, Jan. 24, 1864; and Amelia, April 18, 1866. The family are mem- bers of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. Swenson, Ole, farmer, sec. 18. Swenson, August, farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Vasa. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 585 SWARD, REV. P. J., was torn April 1, 1845, in the parish of Styra, See of Lindkojring, Sweden. Was receiyed into the missionary institute at Stockholm in 1863; passed examination for the ministry in the consistorio at Lindkojring in 1869, and was ordained on May 20, of the same year. He was sent from the consistorio to the parish of Svanshak, See of Lind- kojring, as> assistant pastor. He was next appointed by the missionary society at Stockholm, to the mission among the Scandinavian seamen, in the harbor of Constantinople, Turkey, and at the same time, became chaplain of the Swedish and Norwegian Embassy at the Sublime Porte; and in 1870, was also assistant chaplain to the German Embassy. Was married June 27, 1872, to Selma, Maria Thermaenius, who was born in Eskilstana, Sweden, March 1, 1846; she entered the Royal Seminary of Stockholm in 1867, and graduated in 1870, after which she was engaged in teaching school inthe parish of Ofvansjo, in the Arch See. The mission- ary society at Stockholm resolved to establish a mission among the Scandinavian seamen in New York harbor, and Sward was appointed to take charge of the work, and accordingly arrived with his family in New York, Sept. 25, 1873. In connection with the mission among the seamen, a Swedish Lutheran congregation was established among the resident Swedes of Brooklyn, N. Y., where Mr. Sward also labored. In 1875 he was received into the Augustana Synod at its convention in Vasa, Goodhue county. In 1877 he was appointed to establish a Scandinavian Seaman's Mission in Baltimore, Md., where he remained until April, 1878, when he came to this township, pursuant to a call made the previous year by the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church of this place. His children are — Ernst Joel Constantin, born in Constantinople, April 2, 1873; Johan Edward TJmotheus, in Brooklyn, Sept. 20, 1874; Gustaf Ewald Nathaniel, Kojsing, Sweden, Nov. 22, 1876; and Lydia Sophia Christina, in this township, Aug. 19, 1878: Shoegren, John, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Vasa. Sundell, John, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Vasa. Strondberg, Nels, overseer of orphan home. Swenson, Nels W., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Vasa. TURNER, SWAN, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Vasa. Was born in Sweden, Feb. 2, 1830. Came to America in 1853, settling in Batavia, Kane county. 111., but in May, 1856, he moved to this county, and settled on this farm, con- sisting of 200 acres, worth |40 per acre. Married Ellen Carlson, June 23, 1855. She was born in Sweden, Nov. 25, 1834. Their children are — Ida, born July 4, 1856; Mary E., Oct. 1, 1858; John, Dec. 19, 1859; Helen, Nov. 19, 1861; C. Albert, Oct. 1, 1863; H. Edward, Aug. 13, 1868; Theodore, Aug. 8, 1870; William L., June 19, 1872; Minnie A., April 26, 1876; and Julia A., May 29, 1877. The family are members of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. Tilderquist, P. 0., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Vasa. 586 THK HISTORY OF SOODHDE COUNTY. Turner, Olof, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Vasa. \ Turner, Samuel, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Vasa. Velunder, Nels, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Vasa. Veberg, P., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Vasa. WESTERSON, LARS, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Vasa. Was born in Sweden, Sept. 15, 1821. Came to America in 1854 and settled in Red Wing, where they lived until 1856, when he moved to this farm, consisting of 120 acres, worth $50 per acre. Married Betsey Nelson, July 30, 1853.' She was born Jan. 8, 1829. Their children are — August, born October 1, 1854; Emma, Feb. 8, 1856; Charles, Dec. 26, 1858; Prank, Nov. 26, 1860; Beta, Jan. 5, 1862; Mauty, Jan. 15, 1865; and Esther, June 1, 1869. Members of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. Westerson,, Andrew, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. White Rock and Vasa. Westerson, Peter, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Vasa. Westerson, John, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Vasa. Westerson, Nels, farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Vasa. ^achariason, Peter, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Vasa. Zachariason, Ole, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Vasa. CANNON FALLS. Anderson, C. J., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Anderson, C. G., farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Anderson, John A., police of Cannon Falls. Anderson, Otta, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Allen, W. M., cooper, Cannon Falls. Anderson, Peter, retired farmer. Cannon Falls. Anderson, Aaron, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Anderson, Andrew, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Cannon Falls. BORGEN, Ci Mtj of the firm of Sather & Borgen, dealers in general merchan- dise. Was born in Norway, Oct. 6, 1854. Came to America in August, 1872, settling in Houston county, Minn. In 1873, went to Eau Claire, Wis., where he was engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes for one year; he then returned to Minn., and engaged as salesman in a boot and shoe store in St. Paul. In the spring of 1878, he came to this village and engaged in his present business. Was married in River Falls, Wis., May 22, 1878, to Miss Carrie Olson, who was born in Norway, May 31, 1857. BoUins, Gustave, shoemaker, village. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 587 BEB6, PETER A., farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Was born in Sweden, July 13, 1835. Came to America in 1854, first settling in St. Charles, 111. In 1861 he came to Minnesota, and Feb. 17 of the same year married in St. Paul Eveline Johnson. She was born in Sweden, Nov. 20, 1834. After their marriage they remoTed 'to Chisago county, Minn., where they resided till 18^3, when they moved to this county, and settled in Vasa township. In 1872 they moved to their present farm, con- sisting of 120 acres, worth |6,000. Their children are — Charles, born Jan. 31, 1863, and Amelia, born June 11, 1872. They are members of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. Bergman, Gustave, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Benson, A. P., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Blomberg, John, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Bramer, George, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Bancroft, Lester, stone mason, city. Beck, John, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Ben way, Christ., farmer, sec. 15, Cannon Falls. Barlow, F. D., retired, city. Berggran, Swan, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Berggran, Charles, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Brenberg, J. N., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Beavrlin, A. A., painter, village. Bacon, W. F., foundry, village. Bacon, G. W., foundry, village. Berg, Stephen, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. White Rock. Beckman, John, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Bankson, B., farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Cannon Falls. COOE, HENET, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Was born in St. John, N. B., April 9, 1829. Married Marion Goddard, April 26, 1860. She was born April 15, 1839. In 1866 they moved to this county, and settled in Welch township, where they lived till March, 1868, and moved to Cannon Falls, and in October of the same year moved to their present farm, where he owns 180 acres of land, worth |30 per acre. Their children are — Cyrus H., born March 24, 1861; Henry S., born Nov. 14, 1863; Alberta, born Jan. 17, 1866 and Estella, born May 20, 1869. They are members of the Congregational Church. Cook, Chris., farmer, sec. 8. P. 0. Cannon Falls. Canby, A. F., physician, Cannon Falls. Cederholm, Sol, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Clifford, A. L., merchant, Cannon Falls. 588 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. Carlson, 0. P., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Cannon Palls. Chelgreen, Peter, farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Cannon Falls. DANIEL80N, JOHN, of the firm of Westman & Co., was born in Sweden, Aug. 23, 1841; where he married Christina Magnuson, June 22, 1862. She was born Feb. 18, 1842. Came to America July 12, 1865, settling in Henry county. Ills.; remained eight months, then moved to Wapello county, Iowa; lived there until 1871, then moved to this village, and engaged in business. Mr. D. is one of the directors of the First National Bank of this village; is also a member of the village council. His children are — Charley, born in Iowa, Jan. 1, 1867; Emily, born in Iowa, Aug. 19, 1870; Ester, born Nov. 17, 1872, and Amanda, born April 22, 1875. The last two were born in this village. Two children deceased — Victor and Augusta. DAVIS, DAVID Li, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Man- lis, Onondaga Co., N. Y., Nov. 18, 1818. In 1829 he moved with parents to Parmley, Monroe Co., N. Y. ; thence in 1835, to Yates, Orleans Co., N. Y., where he married Jemima Housel, Nov. 4, 1837; she was born in Lansing, Tompkins Co., N. Y., June 15, 1822. In December, 1837, he was engaged in the patriot war, Canada, where he held the ofB.ce of 2nd lieutenant, and served two months. He then followed farming until 1841, when he moved to Summit Co. ; remained until May, 1855, then moved to this village, where he has since resided. Was a member of the Goodhue Co. Rangers, which assisted in the subjugation of the hostile Sioux, in 'the outbreak of 1862. In September, 1872, he opened the Falls House, in this village, of which he is now the owner and proprietor. Their children are — William H., born in Summit Co., 0., Jan. 20, 1846, now residing in Blue Earth Co., Minn.; and Manly A., also born in Summit Co., Dec. 19, 1847, and resides in Faribault Co., Minn. They have lost four children by death, named Harrison S., Frances 0., Lucy J. (an adopted daughter,) and an infant not named. Daniels, C. H., physician, village. Erickson, Peter, farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Erickson, Halver, farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Elsworth, Eli, retired merchant. FOLLETT, Li W., assistant cashier of the First National Bank of Cannon Falls. Was born in La Salle county, 111., July 30, 1857. He, with his parents, moved to Hastings, Dakota county, in April, 1863, where he received a liberal education, and graduated at the Hastings high school in May, 1873, at which time he entered the First National Bank of that place as assistant cashier, which position he occupied till April, 1878, when the Cannon Falls National bank was established, and he was appointed to his present position. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 589 FEIKER, EDWARD, wagon maker, Cannon Falls. Was born in Prussia, June 15, 1839. ■ Came to America in 1852, settling in Northampton, Mass. In 1856, he came to Hastings, Dakota county, where he learned the trade of wagon maker, with T. Baker. In 1867, he started a wagon shop in that place, which business he conducted till 1874, when he moTed to this village. Married Lizzie Stoudt, Aug. 27, 1870. She was born in Hanover, Germany, March 20, 1852. Their children are— Eddie, born Dec. 12, 1872, and Willie, May 1, 1875. They are members of the German Lutheran Church. GARDNER, CHA8. J; of the firm of Gardner & Stranahan, proprietors of livery, feed and sale stable. Cannon Falls, Minn. Was born in Catarau- gus county, N. Y., July 31, 1844. Enlisted in Co. C, 13th JST. Y. V. I., Sept. 1862; participated in the battles of Pittsburg Landing, Chancellors- ville and many others. Was discharged, July, 1864. July, 1869, came to this county. Has been engaged in his present business since 1874. Married Jennie Ward, Oct. 20, 1876. She was born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 22, 1852. Gibbs, M. D., proprietor of Gibbs House. Graves, John T., attorney, village. GREAYMS, J. C, farmer, and dealer in McCormick reapers and mowers. Was born in Canada East, Nov. 17, 1842. Moved to Trumbull county, 0., with parents in 1850. In 1855 they moved to Henry county, Iowa. The subject of this sketch drove an ox team all the way, himself traveling on foot, a distance of over 600 miles. In 1856 they moved to this county, settling in Leon township. Married Elizabeth Cocker, Dec. 24, 1872. She was born in Brandt county, Canada, June, 1849. In 1872 he engaged with the McCormick Reaper Co., at Red Wing, Minn., and in 1876 estab- lished his present business at this place. Has since been known as one of the leading dealers in agricultural implements in this section of country. , He is also largely engaged in farming, and owns 200 acres in sec. 32, this township, valued at $40 per acre. Their only child, Ella J., was born June 8, 1874. The family are members of the Methodist Church. HAWKINS, OSCAR J., harness maker. Cannon Palls. Was born in La Fay- ette, Ind., May 27, 1855. Came to this village with his parents, in the fall of 1858. In May, 1873, he went to Minneapolis, at which place he served four years apprenticeship to the trade of harness maker, and returned to Cannon Falls, June 1, 1877, and established the business in which he is now engaged. Married Sept. 15, 1878, Miss Carrie Zackrison, who was born in Vasa township, Sept. 17, 1860. Hillstrom, John, dealer in agricultural implements, village. Hokanson, Gustaf farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Holm, Peter, farmer, sec. 26, Cannon Falls. Holm, Christian, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Cannon Falls. 590 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. HABNI8CH, EDWARD, harness maker, Cannon Falls; was born in Ramsey county, Minn., April 17, 1847. At the age of twenty-two years he went to Hudson, Wis., engaged in farming until the spring of 1871, when he went to Hastings, Dakota county, served an apprenticeship to the trade of harness maker with Fred. Schurch. In 1872 he went to St. Paul, where he was employed at his trade during the winter, and in the spring of 1873, returned to Hudson, Wis., and opened a harness shop; moved to Minne- apolis and worked at the harness business there until June, 1875; and in the fall of that year opened his present place of business. Married Cora S. Kirchner, of Hastings, April, 1872; she was born in Prussia, Sept. 15, 1851. Their children are — Edward F. and Bertha C. (twins,) born Jan. 28, 1873; and Prank G., born July 28, 1876. They are members of the German Lutheran Church. Holm, Ole, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Hanson, Hans, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Vasa. Hakanson, Nelson, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Holmer, H. J., farmer, sec. 35, White Rock. Hulteen, J. P., farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Hodgen, Lars, farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Cannon Falls. HOLLAND, MARTIN, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Was born in the city of Limerick, Ireland. Came to America in 1852, settling in the city of Springfield, Mass., where he was employed at tanning and currying. In 1855 he married, in South Brookfield, Mass., a daughter of Arthur and Lutecia Jarvis, of Castlereah, Donegal, Ireland. In 1860 he came to Cannon Falls with his family, consisting of a wife and three children. Moved his family from Cannon Falls to Two Rivers, and was employed by the Wisconsin Leather Co. In 1864 he returned to Cannon Falls, and purchased 160 acres of land for $1,100. A few years after he bought 160 acres more for $3,400. His property is now worth at least $10,000, and he is out of debt. HARRISON, A., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Cannon Falls ; was born in Donagh- adee. County Down, Ireland, in 1820. At the age of seventeen years, went to sea, and was a sailor for many years. During the Mexican war he was engaged in the transportation of soldiers from Boston to New Orleans. In 1849 he went by water to California, and engaged in mining 3 years. He then went to Valparaiso, Chili and Peru, and at CaUao shipped in an American ship for New Orleans; thence in an English ship to Liverpool, and home to Ireland. Married Margaret Jamieson, in Ireland, June 15, 1854; she was born May 2, 1822. Came to America in 1855, settling in Leon township, this county; thence to Stanton township, and in the fall of 1863, moved to this farm. Owns 160 acres of land, worth $35 per acre. Their children are — James, Belle (now Mrs. Robinson,) and Betsy (twins) Maggie (now Mrs. Simons.) The family are members of the Methodist Church. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 591 HANSEN, JOHN J., hardware merchant and dealer in agricultural imple- ments, Cannon Falls. Was born in Norway, Feb. 7, 1841. Came to America in July, 1865; first residing in Chicago, from which port he shipped and sailed until July, 1866, when he came to this State, first set- tling in Red Wing. While a resident of Chicago, he married Annie M. Brown, July 15, 1865, who is a native of Norway, and was born Aug. 6, 1844. On arriving at Red Wing, he engaged as clerk in the hardware store of E. L. Baker, which position he occupied until the spring of 1876, when he, in company with E. C. Howard, engaged in the hardware busi- ness at River Falls, Wis.; after a years' experience, he sold out to his partner, • and in April, 1877, established his present business. Their children are— Jalmer B., born March 7, 1868; Ole L., born May 8, 1870; Henry A., born Aug. 29, 1872; Alfred J., born Sept. 19, 1874, and Arthur J., born March 19, 1877. They are members of the Norwegian Lutheran Church. Hale, Sherman, retired. Holm, John, farmer, sec. 26, Cannon Falls. Hagg, John, shoemaker, village. Higham, S., lumber merchant, city. JONES & McKENNEI, editors and proprietors of the "Cannon Falls Beacon" The former, 0. T. Jones, was born in Clyde, Ohio, Feb. 6, 1851. In 1868 he entered a printing office, and continued in that business in Ohio until 1872, when he came to Minnesota. Resided in Hastings, Dakota county, until June, 1877, when he became a partner with C. A. Cook in the pur- chase of the " Cannon Falls Beacon." In the spring of 1878, bought Mr. Cook's interest in the paper, and a few weeks after the present partnership was formed. L. C. McKenney was born in Iowa county. Wis., Nov. 18, 1849, where his father was a practicing physician. Shortly after his birth, his parents moved to Burlington, Iowa, where they resided until 1853, and moved to Galena, 111.; thence, in 1858, to La Crosse, Wis., there he attended school during his boyhood, and then went to Ann Arbor College, Michigan, from which institution he graduated in 1868. He devoted five years to the publishing business in Nevada and California, then returned to Galesville, Wis., and edited the "Independent " in that place eighteen months. May, 1878, he came to this village, engaged as above stated. He married Hattie A. Bigelow, of Galesville, Wis., March 2, 1875. She was born in Omro, Wis., April 5, 1856. He has one son, Lewis, born Jan. 1, 1876. Johnson, C. F., farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Johnson, J. A., farmer, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Johnson, C. H., farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Johnson, August, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Johnson, John, merchant tailor, village. 592 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. JOHNSON, p. C, blacksmith, Camion Falls. Born in Denmark, Oct. 17, 1845. At the age of eleven years he began blacksmithing, which occupa- tion he has followed ever since. In 1867 he came to Hastings, Dakota county, Minn. 1869 went to California, and worked in the city of San Francisco until 1871, when he returned to- Hastings; remained till the spring of 1872, came to this village and established his present business. Married Virginia Clark of this village, Dec. 31, 1873. She was born in McDonough county. 111., Feb. 2, 1851. His children are — Frank, born Sept. 25, 1874, and Jessie, Jan. 10, 1877. Johnson, Ole, miller. Cannon Falls. Jacobsen, John, farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Vasa. KNOX, A. Ml, of the firm of Slocum & Knox, merchants, Cannon Falls; was born in Westmoreland county, Pa., Jan. 13, 1829; moved with parents to Holmes county, Ohio, in 1844, where he resided till 1851; moved to St. Paul and remained till the fall of 1855, and moved to this town, where he married Eveline Plumsted, in September, 1857t she was born in New York State, July 4, 1839, and died in December, 1863. In 1864 Mr. Knox went to Montana and engaged in farming and stock raising, which business he followed till 1869, when he returned and settled in this town, where he has since resided. He married his second wife, Rebecca Hutchison, in Fort Dodge, Iowa, March, 1870; she was born in Wayne county, Ohio, Sept. 24, 1846; by this marriage he has one daughter, Lillie A., born Dec. 6, 1872. Klock, Charles, night watchman at mill, village. KNOX) R. H., miller and millwright. Cannon Falls. Born in Ross Co., 0., in 1811. Married in that county Isabella Hemphill, Aug., 1830; she was born in the same county in 1810, and died in this place May li, 1858. Mr. Knox was raised on a farm until the age of twenty years, when he entered the mill of his uncle in his native county; remained four years; then entered the steam saw mill owned by his father-in-law, and in which he remained two and a half years; then entered what was known as the State Mills, near Chillicothe, where he remained four years. In 1843 he moved to Fayette Co., 0., and engaged as a millwright. About this time he purchased a grist and saw mill, which he sold to his brother, in 1850, and moved to Greenfield, Highland Co., and with a partner, built and owned the Knox & Junkins Mill. In 1851, came to Minnesota, and built a mill for Jas. M. Winslow, on Trout Brook, near St. Paul, which was the first flouring mill in Ramsey county. In 1852 he moved to Pickaway Co., 0., and engaged as foreman in the millwright department of Bright & Co. 's foundry two years; built several mills in that State, and in 1856 returned to Minnesota and erected the Oronoco mill, in Olmsted Co. In 1857 he came to this place and built for R. C. Knox the first flouring mill in Cannon Falls. Married Miss Melissa Clark, Sept. 15, 1859; she was born in Hillsborough Co., N. H., Aug. 1, 1822. In the fall of 1858 was THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 593 elected representative to the 2iid Minnesota Legislature. Of ten children by his first marriage, but two are living, viz., Prank and Belle. His eldest son, Martin G., was a member of the 3rd Minn. V. I., and died at Murfreesboro. LEE, A. J., dealer in general merchandise, Cannon Falls. Was born in Boone county, Ills., July 15, 1853. In 1856, he, with parents, moved to this county, settling in Leon township, where his parents still reside. In 18T5, Mr. L. moved to this town, since which time he has been engaged in his present business; marrying Isabella Larson, May 19, 1876. She was born in Norway, Nov. 25, 1853. Their only child, Joseph, was born June 13, 1877. They are members of the Lutheran Church. Leach, Albert, teamster and thresher, village. Lewis, Martin, miller, village. Lindquist, F., farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Vasa. Larson, Gustaf, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Lundell, M., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Cannon Palls. Lawerson, John, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. CannoU' Palls. Linderholm, Nels, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Lee, A. D., feed and sale stable. Larson, John, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Larson, 0. N., farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Cannon Palls. Mckenzie, OEOKGE, retired. Was bom in Green county, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1805. Left his birthplace with parents in 1809, and settled in Stanford, Delaware county, N. Y. 1827 moved to Franklin county, N. Y. Was married in Danby, said county, to Julietta Smith, July 22, 1833. She was born in that county, July 16, 1813, and died in 1838. By this marriage he has one son, Herman, born Sept. 8, 1836. Married Mrs. Cyrus Hawes, Aug. 6, 1840. She was born in Franklin county, N. Y., Nov. 25, 1806. In 1844 he moved to Rock county. Wis., where he was engaged in the mercantile business, and was also postmaster at Magnolia P. 0. for seven years^ In 1855 he came to this place; opened the McKenzie House, over which he presided until 1866. Was appointed first postmaster of Cannon Falls, which office he held four years. In 1866 he rented the Palls House, which he carried on for two years. His children are — Edwin, born in Tompkins county, N. Y., in 1841, who enlisted in the 7th Minn. V. I., company A, Aug. 12, 1862; participated in many severe engagements, and was honorably discharged, Oct. 20, 1865. He was married July 4, 1873, to Kate Thompson. She was born in Norway, Nov. 17, 1850, and died March 26, 1878. His children are — Eva M., Carrie B., Andrew, Caroline, deceased. Mrs McKenzie 's children by her former marriage are wealthy; she is a mute, and is the founder of the institution for the education of the deaf and dumb in Delevan, Walworth county, Wis. ; Philo and J. C. are their children. 39 594 THE HISTORT OF GOODHUE COUNTY. MEELLER, F. AUGUST., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Cannon .Falls. Born in Sax- ony, Germany, Oct. IT, 1827. Came to America in 1855, and first settled in Cedar Lake county, Ind., where he married Barbara Sebeck, Oct. 26, 1856. She was born in Westenburg, Germany, July 1, 1833. Mr. Meeller came to this county and settled where he now lives, July 4, 1858. Owns 500 acres of land, worth $40 per acre. Their children are — Ansmel, born Oct. 26, 1860, Julius, born March 23, 1863; Herman, born June 8, 1868; and Fred, born Nov. 27, 1871. They also have one adopted child, Fred- ericka, born Jan. 16, 1860. They are members of the German Lutheran Church. MALLETT, ABBAM, farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Born in Jeffer- son county, N. Y., April 6, 1814. At the age of ten years, he, with his parents, settled in Chataugua county, N. Y., there he married Lucy A. Barnard, March 26, 1840. She was born in that county March 12, 1820. Came to this county in Oct., 1857 and settled on his present farm in June, 1860. Owns 190 acres, worth $6,000. Their children are — Ann, born April, 19, 1843; Isabel, born- Dec. 13, 1845; Wayne, born Oct. 19, 1848; Ida, born March 3, 1851; Jerome, born March 24, 1855; Blanche, born May 14, 1863, and Alice, born March 5, 1866. One child, Jane, decaesed. Mr. Mallett is a member of the Congregational Church. Moline, J. F., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Moline, Abe, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Munly, W. T., farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Moline, P. J., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Cannon Falls. MOODY, Wi E., proprietor of meat market. Cannon Falls. Was born in South Hadley, Mass., Oct. 17, 1849. His father went to California in the early days of the gold excitement, and died there in 1853. In 1855, he, with his mother, moved to this place, where his mother died in the fall of 1865, and in October, 1866, he went to Red Wing. Dec. 31, 1872, he married Miss Nellie G. Wilson. She was born in Norway, Aug. 7, 1854. July 17, 1878, returned to this village. His children are — Eva A., born Sept. 5, 1873, and William E., born Feb. 7, 1876. Nelson, John, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Neff, G. W., dealer in agricultural implements. Nelson, John, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Nelson, Gustof, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Nelson, Bennett, harness maker. Oleson, John, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Oleson, Gustaf, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Oleson, Nels, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Prink, Andrew, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Cannon Falls. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 595 PLATT, D., proprietor of Exchange Hotel and livery stable, Cannon Falls; was born in Lower Canada, May 16, 1824; moved to Clinton county, N. Y., remained tbere until seventeen years of age, when lie went to Alburgh, Vt., where he ruarried, January, 1842, Miss Miranda McLane, and soon after returned to Lower Canada; in 1846, moved to Sullivan, Jefferson county. Wis., bought a farm, was farmer and merchant until 1857, when he moved to Juneau county, Wi^. ; 1861, enlisted in the 10th Wis. Light Artillery, as Jst lieutenant; was engaged in the battles of Pittsburg Land- ing, Corinth, Farmington, etc. ; was honorably discharged June 18, 1863, and-returned to Juneau, Wis. Was elected sheriff of that county in the fall of 1863, and re-elected in 1865. In 1872 he came to this village and engaged in his present business. Mrs. Piatt died July 24, 1861, and his children by that marriage are — Harriet M., now Mrs. Smith, born Aug. 11, 1843, residing in Lanark, Carroll county, 111.; Charles A., born Dec. 12, 1845, resides in this county; Myron M., born April 27, 1848, resides in Hancock, Stephens county; Frances A., born Oct. 22, 1850; Willis H., born March 29, 1853; Angus M., born April 27, 1857. Married Mrs. Sarah A. Knapp, Dec. 8, 1861; they have one son, David A., born Oct. 22, 1862. PARES, CHARLES, lawyer. Born in Luzern county. Pa., June 2, 1829. Emigrated to Green Lake, Marquette county. Wis., in 1847, and engaged in farming. Settled in Red Wing in 1852, when there were not more than ten families in the village. Married Jane Thompson, Sept. 1, 1853. She was born in Hull, England, May, 1831. This was the second marriage in the county. Removed from Red Wing to Cannon Falls in July, 1854, where, in 1855, he commenced the practice of law, which he has since con- tinued. In 1862 he was chosen second lieutenant of the Goodhue county Rangers, a company organized to participate in the subjugation of the Sioux outbreak. Mr. Parks is one of the few early pioneers who has maintained a continued residence in the county, and we are indebted to him for much valuable information relating to incidents pertaining to pioneer life in Goodhue county. POE, JONATHAN S., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Was born in Braacken county, Ky., May 22, 1839. In 1860 he came to this county, where he lived until the breaking out of the war, and on Sept. 12, 1862, . enlisted in Co. K, 2nd Minn. V. I. Served nine months, and was then discharged for disability. Married Emma A. Babcock, Nov. 15, 1866. She was born in St. Claire county, Mich., April 15, 1845. Their children are— Ida D., born Aug. 27, 1867; Vinnie M., born May 7, 1869; Mary R., born July 24, 1871; and Gertrude A., born Nov. 1, 1876. They are mem- bers of the Methodist Church. Prink, Peter, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Cannon Palls. Rhodes, F. M., book-keeper. Cannon Falls. Saul, August, carpenter, village. 596 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. SCOFIBLD, W. H., druggist, and postmaster in Cannon Falls. Born in Livingston county, N. T,, Oct. 15, 1840. Emigrated from his native county to Cannon Falls, with parents. May 17, 1855. Married Lucy Oaks, April 3, 1863. She was born in Michigan, Dee. 28, 1844. Mr. Scofield commenced his present business Oct. 20, 1868. Charles M., Susie E. and Fred W., are his children. His father, Lisander Scofield, was born in Lisander, Onondaga county, N. Y., in 1811, and died in this county April 9, 1865. SATHER, At 0., of the firm of Sather & Borgen, dealers in general merchan- dise. Cannon Falls, was born in Norway, Sept. 20, 1848. Emigrated to America in 1851, settling in Jefferson county. Wis. ; 1855, moved to Pierce county, same State. Graduated at the State Normal School, Winona, Minn. , in 1872; returned to Pierce county, where he taught school several years. He married in that county, Carrie A. Anderson, May 19, 1877. She was born there Dec. 26, 1858. He came to this county in April, 1877, and in November, of the same year, entered into partnership with C. E. Sather, who has since disposed of his interest to C. M. Borgen; hence the present firm., Mr. Sather, is also a graduate of the Minneapolis Commercial College. 8C0FI£LD, J. li., druggist. Born in Mount Morris, Livingston Co., N. Y., May 8, 1844. Came to this village with his brother, W. H. Scofield, May 17, 1855. Enlisted in Co. F., 8th Minn. V. I., Aug. 13, 1862. Honor- ably discharged Aug. 1, 1865. Married Mary I. Hillman, June 23, 1876. She was born in North Hampton, Hampshire county, Mass., June 15, 1855. Slocum, Giles, merchant. Cannon Falls. SWENSON, CHARLES P.> manufacturer of custom-made boots and shoes; was born in Sweden, Jan. 10, 1831. Came to America in 1857, first set- tling in Dewitt Co. , 111. , where he remained until 1861, when he moved to this village; stayed one year and moved to Red Wing; in 1866 returned to Cannon Falls and began business. Married in Red Wing, Johanna M. Johnson, March 22, 1863; she was born in Sweden, June 10, 1835. He also owns 80 acres of land in sec. 19, this township, worth |25 per acre. His children are— Sydney L., born Feb. 27, 1864; Theresa R., born May 17, 1865; Silas D., born March 10, 1867; Justus M., born, Nov. 13, 1868; and Esther M., born July 6, 1870. They are members of the Swedish Evan- gelical Lutheran Church. 8ANDBERG BROS., druggists. Cannon Falls. The senior brother, John H., was born in Christianstadt, Sweden, July, 20, 1846. He graduated at the Pharma College, Stockholm, July 20, 1865. Immigrated to America in 1868, first stopping in Chicago. Went to Oceana county, Mich. Married while there Marion H. Taylor, July 15, 1869, who was born in N. Y., May 3, 1853. In Aug., 1876, he moved to Red Wing, and in March, 1877, to this village. He has one daughter, Alicie, born June 13, 1872. The THE HISTORY OF SOODHUI* COUNTY. 597 junior brother, Fred., was born in Sweden, Nov. 30, 1849. Came to America, Nov., 1868, first stopping in Chicago. In 1872 settled in White- hall, Mich. In 1877 removed to Cannon Falls. 1878 went into partner- ship with his brother under their present firm name. While a resident of Whitehall, Mich., July 8, 1876, he married Sarah Ruxton, who is a native of Canada. Have one son, William, born Nov. 21, 1877. Sofe, Charles, retired farmer, village. Sofe, C. P. , farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Swanson, John, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Scott, J. H., carpenter, village. Strom, E. H., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Seager, F. B., butcher, village. SEASON, J-OHIV; cooper, Cannon Falls; was born in Somersetshire, Eng., March 28, 1825; came to America in 1844, first settling in Ohio. Married Emily C. Butler, in Andover, Ohio; site is a native of that State, and was born Jan. 11, 1833. Moved to this county 1854, settling in Stanton town- ship; engaged in farming till 1865; moved to this town and opened a meat market, which business he followed till 1871, he then returned to his old trade, that of cooper. His children are — Charles, born Nov. 24, 1856; Fred., Jan. 24, 1861; May, Jan. 7, 1863; Ira and Ida, twins, Jan. 4, 1865; Frank, Feb. 22, 1867; Mary, May 12, 1871; Walter, June 14, 1873; and John, March 28, 1876. Three children deceased. STRANAHAN, D. C.j of the firm of Gardner & Stranahan, livery, feed and sale stable, Cannon Falls. Was born in Essex county, N. Y., March 1, 1826. At the age of four years he, with parents, moved to Trumbull county, 0., where they remained until 1838; then moved to Lenawa county, Mich. Married in that county Irena Holaday, in June, 1847. She is a native of New York State. In August, 1855, he came to this county, first settling in Leon township, where he was elected justice of the peace. Fol- lowed farming until August, 1864, when he crossed the plains to the Rocky Mountains, and engaged in mining. June, 1867, returned to this county, and in -November, 1872, engaged in his present business. Season, George, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Swanson, Carlie, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Cannon Falls. TANNER, ULTSSES, farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Was born in Madison county, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1832. In the fall of 1855, with parents, came to this county, settling in the village of Cannon Falls. 1857, in company with his brother, commenced the improvement of his present farm. 1861, moved to Dakota county, where he had previously owned a farm, and on which he resided- until 1870. He then purchased his brother's interest in this farm, and returned to it, where he has since resided. Now owns 640 acres of land. Married to Anna L. Johnson, July 14, 1871. She was born in Sweden, June 10, 1836. 598 THE HISTORY OF fiOODHUE COUNTY. TH00R8ELL, JOHN, of the firm Thoorsell, Bell & Co., manufacturers and , dealers in furniture, doors, sash, blinds, etc. Was born in Sweden, July 28, 1848. Came to America in 1869, first settling in Rockford, 111., and from 1870 to 1873 was a contractor on the Sabula, Ackley and Dakota Railroad. The spring of 1873 he came to Minnesota, settling in Hastings, Dakota county, where he engaged at his trade, carpenter and joiner. 1874 came to this village. Married Miss Ida Turner, July 3, 1877, who was born in Vasa, Goodhue county, Minn. , July 4, 1856. They are members of the Swedish Lutheran Church. Tibbeth, J. E. physician. TANNER, WILLIAM P., vice president of the First National Bank, Can- . non Falls. Was born in Columbia county, N. Y., Dec. 10, 1821. Moved to Madison county, N. Y. Aug. 8, 1848, he married Elizabeth Colvill, of Chatauqua county, N. Y. She was born Oct. 6, 1826. Soon after marriage they moved to Cattaraugus county, and engaged in the mercan- tile business. June, 1855, he located at this place; the following year moved his family out. Was engaged in farming until 1862, when he again engaged in the mercantile business. In the fall of 1876 engaged in the sale of agricultural implements. Mr. T. has held the office of justice of the peace thirteen years. The family are members of the Episcopal Church. Names of their children are — Walter, William, Kate, George and Mary. TAYLOR, JOHN, retired farmer, Cannon Falls. Was born May 11, 1811. Married Jane Montgomery, March 9, 1843. She was born in Wales, Dec. 9, 1808. He came to this county and settled in Cannon Falls in April, 1857. They have two children, Jane (now Mrs. Seassons,) born Dec. 13, 1849, and John M., born May 28, 1852. Van Guilder, Alonza, well driller, village. Van Guilder, S., teamster. Van Campen, Ben., retired farmer and merchant. Van Campen, H. A., merchant. WESTMAN, GUSTAYUS, of the firm of Westman & Co., dealers in general merchandise, Cannon Falls. Was born in Sweden, Jan.' 18, 1828. When ten years of age he entered his father's shoe shop to learn the trade. At the age of eighteen years he joined the Swedish artillery and served two years. Married in Sweden, Christine Johnson, Sept. 18, 1853; who was born April 8, 1828. November, 1853, he came to America, first settled in Indiana, resided there until 1856, came to Minnesota and settled in Chisago county. October, 1857, he moved to this village. The fall of 1875 he was elected representative to the 18th General Assembly of Minnesota, on an Independent ticket. Oct. 31, 1876, his wife died, beloved and respected by all. June 9, 1878, Mr. Westman married Mrs. Josephine Norelius; she was born in Sweden, Feb. 23, 1846; has by her former marriage one child Eva J., born March 24, 1871. Mr. Westman has two adopted children Nellie V., born Dec. 18, 1863, and John A., born Sept. 23, 1869. THE HISTOKY OF GOODHTJi; COUNTY. 599 Wilson, J. A., justice of peace, village. Widholm, H. S., carpenter. Weaver, Conrad, plasterer, city. Wheet, William, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Woodward, J. P., physican, village. Wold, C, jeweler, city. TALE, D. Et, hardware merchant. Cannon Falls. Was born in St. Law- rence county, N. T., April 15, 1844:. With parents immigrated to Plain- view, Wabasha county, Minn. Learned the trade of tinsmith, in which business he has ever since been engaged. Married Mattie E. Weeks, May 22, 1872. She was born in Montgomery county. 111., Feb. 15, 1846. They remained in Plainview one year after marriage, and then moved to Moun- tain Lake, Cotton-wood county, Minn. Engaged in the hardware business, July, 1874. Moved to this village, established business in May, 1875. They have one son, Carl A., born April 8, 1877. LEON. ANDERSON, SWANTE, farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Wastedo. Owns 507i acres, worth $20,000. Was born in Sweden, Sept. 17, 1828. Came to America in the fall of 1854, first settling in Eockford, 111., where he remained upwards of a year. In the spring of 1856 he came to this county, and made a claim where he now lives. He has held the offices of supervisor, chairman of board, assessor and county commissioner. Married Mrs. Johanna Anderson, in the fall of 1860. Their children are — John A., Anna C, Gustaf V., Ida M. and Luther E. Mrs. Anderson's children by her former marriage with Mr. Johnson, are — Carl J., Johanna C, and Frank. Politically is a Eepublican, and a member of the Swedish Luth- eran Church. Anderson, Nils, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Wastedo. Anderson, Nicholas, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Wastedo. Anderson, John, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Wastedo. Anderson, Erick, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Wastedo. Anderson, Frederick, farmer, sec, 14, P. 0. Wastedo. Anderson, (rustaf, farmer, sec. 14, P. 0.' Wastedo. Anderson, G. Victor, farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. White Eock. Anderson, Sven August, farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Wastedo. Banks, John, farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Wastedo. Benson, Sven, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0'. Cannon Falls. Berglender, Kari, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Cannon Falls, 600 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. BUTLER, MRS. SAMANTHA A., sec. 6, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Was born in Nelson, Madison coiinty, N. Y., April 18, 1825. She married in that county, Ephraim Youm, Oct. 6, 1842; he was born in Dutchess county, N. Y., Nov. 13, 1818. They moved to Lake county. 111., in 1852, where they were engaged at farming. Aug. 6, 1870, Mr. Youm died, and in 1872 Mrs. Youm moved to Dakota county, Minn. March 10, 1875, she married Peter Butler, and has since resided in this township. Her children are — Frances A., now Mrs. Scofield, who was born Dec. 1, 1845; Florence A., now Mrs. E. 0. Flom, born Oct. 10, 1848. She has lost one son, Reuben, born Dec. 21, 1843, and died of wounds received in the army, May 18, 1862. She is a member of the Baptist Church. Butler, Peter, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Banks, Henry, farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Wastedo. Bakketun, P. S., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Wastedo. Breiland, Oistein T., farmer, see. 30, P. 0. Wastedo. CAVAILIN, REV. Jt 0; pastor of the Spring Garden Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church, resides on sec. 11, P. 0. White Rock. Was bom in Sweden, Nov. 25, 1844. Came to America in 1863, settling in Nicollet county, Minn., but remained there only a short time, moving to Carver county. He there commenced his study for the ministry, and in 1866, entered Augustana College, at Paxton, Ills., from which he graduated in 1870; and on June 19 of that year, was ordained at Andover, Ills., and came at once to his present charge. Married Sarah Paulson, in Carver county, Minn., in 1866. She is a native of Norway. Their children are — Mary E., Heyno E., Spener A., Herman L., Esther D. and Martin Ph. Clauson, August, farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Wastedo. Clauson, John, farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Wastedo. Chalberg, John, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Wastedo. Chalberg, Andrew, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Wastedo. Carlson, Andrew, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. White Rock. Dimmick, F. F., farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Hader. Danielson, Carl, farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Wastedo. EDSTROM, M., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Wastedo. Owns 140 acres, worth $6,000. Was born in Sweden in' 1812. Came to America in 1854, settl- ing in Henry county. 111., where he remained until the spring of 1855, when he moved to this township, where he has since resided. Married Mary Eles in Sweden. Their children are — John A., Charles, Christine, August, Mary, Axel and Ferdinand. The eldest son, John A., resides on sec. 28, P. 0. Wastedo. Owns 135 acres, worth f6,500. He was born in Sweden, July 12, 1848. Came to America and to this township with parents. Was elected township clerk in 1873, and has been elected at each succeeding election, and now holds the office. Married Mathilda THE HISTOBY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 601 C. Magnuson, Aug, 3, 1872, in Vasa township. She was born in Sweden. They have had but one child, Albert M., born Jan. 18, 1877, but died when two months old. The second son, Charles, residing on sec. 16, P. 0. Wastedo, was born in Sweden, Feb. 14, 1850. Came to America and to this township with parents. Owns 130 acres, worth $6,000. Married Christine Johnson in 1876. She was born in this township. Their children are — Martha E. and Emma M. Has held the office of township super- visor, is Republican, and member of the Swedish Lutheran Church. Ellingson, Ole, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Wastedo. Edstrom, Charles, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Wastedo. Engebritson, Lorentz, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Wastedo. ENBEBG, ANDREW, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Wastedo. Was born in Sweden, Jan. 31, 1824; came to America in 1855, first settling in Red Wing, where he remained until the fall of 1857, aiid moved to his present place, where he now owns 210 acres of land, worth $8,000. Mr. Enberg married Johanna Freeberg in Sweden, in 1854. They have two children— Eva Josephine, now Mrs. Swenson, who has one child, named Albert; and Charles B., who resides with his parents, born in this township April 5, 1859. Edstrom, John A., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Wastedo. Ellingson, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Wastedo. Erickson, Johannes, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Wastedo. Eide, Haldor J., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Wastedo. FLOM; HOIV. A. A., farmer, sec. 18, Cannon River Falls, was born in Nor- way, March 25, 1838. Came to America in 1858, settling in Holden township, this county. January, 1862, he enlisted in the 2d Minn. Co. of United States Sharpshooters, which eventually joined the 1st Minn. V. I., at Yorktown, and was with the army of the Potomac until the close of the war; engaged in the battles of Appommattox Court House, siege of Richmond, Gettysburg, Antietam, Fredericksburg and many others; was promoted to the rank of sergeant, and honorably discharged May 22, 1865; returned to this State, thence to Norway, and aided in the emigration of many of his countrymen to America. In 1868, settled on this farm, where he owns 300 acres of land worth |8,000. He was elected justice of the peace in 1870, and has been re-elected at every election since that time. In the fall of 1872, he was elected by ihe Republican party, a representa- tive to the 15th General Assembly of Minnesota, by a flattering majority. He married Maria E. 0. Graff, in Cannon Falls, July 3, 1868. She is a , native of Norway. Their children are — Gertrude, Albert and Anna M. He is a member of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church. Freeberg, P. N., farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Wastedo. Gustafson, Gustaf, farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. White Rock. 602 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COTTNTY. Gustafson, John P., farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. White Eock HAGGSTROM, C A., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Wastedo. Was born in Sweden Aug. 6, 1826. Came to America in 1854. First settling in Henry county, 111., where he remained till the fall of 1855 and moved to where he now lives. Owns 250 acres of land, worth flO,000. Married Martha Chris- tine Johnson, in Sweden, in 1852. Their children, are — John G., Frans, August, Tilda M. and Anna E. John G., the eldest son, resides near his father on sec. 9, owns 167 acres, worth $6,500. He was born in Henry county, 111., Aug. 20, 1854, and was an infant when his parents moved to this place. Is now chairman of the board of supervisors and also school district clerk. Married Minne Magnuson, in this township, in Feb., 1876. She is a native of Sweden. Hulstrand, John G., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Wastedo. Hommedal, T. S., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Wastedo. Holm, Isaac, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. White Rock. Holm, Frank, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. White Rock. Holm, Andrew, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Wastedo. Hommedal, Sigusd T., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Wastedo. HOLM, GUSTAF, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. White Rock. Was born in Sweden, Sept. 13, 1831. His father, Johannes Holm, was born in Sweden, March 14, 1794. He came to America with his family in 1853, and settled in St. Clair, Kane county. 111., where he remained until the spring of 1856, when he moved to this township, and settled on the northeast qr. of sec. 11. He died in November, 1861, aged 65 years. The subject of this sketch followed the fortunes of his parents from the old country to this county. When the family arrived in Red Wing he left his parents there, and struck out on the prairie to select a site for their future home, the result of his search being the selection of four quarter sections where the Holm families now live. He married Anna Felt, Feb. 2, 1861, in this township. Their children are — Jennie, P. M. Minton, John H., Ferdinand, Walter, Esther and Alice. He owns 330 acres of land, worth $13,000. Holm, John A., farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. White Rock. Hanson, Oscar, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Wastedo. Hango, Knut K., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Wastedo. Haggstrom, Chas. A., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Wastedo. Harrison, Thomas, farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Halvorson, Halvor, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Wastedo. Heggevik, Johannes I., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Wastedo. Johnson, Wm., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Wastedo. Johnson, Aaron, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Wastedo. Johnson, Peter, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Wastedo. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 603 JOHNSON, F. I., farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. White Eock. Owns 215 acres, worth $11,000. Was born in Sweden, Dec. 25, 1840; came to America in 1858, settling in Stillwater, Washington county, Minn., where he was engaged in the lumber business until the Indian outbreak of 1862. Aug. 14, of that year, he enlisted in Co. C, 8th Minn. V. I. , and was during that and the succeeding year, engaged in the protection of the settlements against the Indians. In the spring of 1864. the command was ordered south, where he was engaged in the battles of Murfreesboro, Newbern, N. C, Kingston and many others. Was discharged Aug. 1, 1865, and returned to Minn., settling in Vasa township, this county, where he remained until the spring of 1868, when he moved to this farm. Married Anna Larson in Eed Wing, in the fall of 1865; she was born in Sweden and died in February, 1875, aged thirty-two years. His children by this marriage are — Edward A., Levi, Esther and Anthony. Married again, Christine Johnson, in the fall of 1875; she is a native of Canada. Johnson, P. I., farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Wastedo. Johnson, C. 0., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Wastedo. Knudson, John, farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Wastedo. lABSON, LEWIS, farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Wastedo. Owns 170 acres of land. Was "born in Sweden, -Dec. 13, 1840, came to America with parents, in 1853. They remained in Chicago over winter, and the next spring, came to this State, settling in Washington county, where his parents still reside. He purchased this farm in 1866, and commenced its improvement but did not make a permanent residence here till 1872. Married Ellen C. Granquist, in Washington county, Minn., in 1869. She was born in Sweden in 1848. They are members of the Swedish Lutheran Church. Larson, Thorn, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Wastedo. Larson, Lorentz, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Wastedo. Lundberg, Sven, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Wastedo. Lindblom, Sven, farmer, P. 0. Wastedo. Lee, John, sen., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Wastedo. Lee, Ole J., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Wastedo. « LEWIS, MALVIN, farmer, see. 25, P. 0. Hader. Owns 80 acres of land, worth $3,200. Was born in Lower Canada in 1824. Came to the United States in 1843; lived a number of years in Green county, Wis. In 1862 • he moved to this township, and settled on sec. 26, where he remained until the fall of 1865; then moved to where he now resides. Married Nancy ,^ Newell in Grant county, Wis., in June 1849. Their children are — Luzerne E., who was born in Green county. Wis., March 21, 1852; Lillian E., now Mrs. Hayford, residing in Stanton township; Earnest M., Lemuel N., Ida E. and Clara M. Lee, John Lee, jr., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Wastedo. 604:, THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Larpenter, P. B., farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Hader. Lindell, Charles,- farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. White Rock. Lagerstrom, John, farmer, sec '2, P. 0. White Rock. Lundell, Peter H., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Wastedo. Lee, Johannes Bottoffson, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Wastedo. MILLER, HON. J., farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. White Rock. Was born in Swe- den, May 15, 1824. In 1854, he emigrated to America; settled in St. Charles, Kane county. Ills. ; next year purchased a residence at Geneva, Ills., where he engaged at his trade, that of stone mason in summer, and in winter worked in a machine shop. In 1856, he came to Minnesota, and made a claim on the land which he now owns. In the spring of 1857, he moved to Red Wing, bought a lot and built a house on it, where he lived until 1865. Was engaged as organist in the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church in Red Wing, five years. 1865, he moved to this farm, built a small granary 16x24, into which he moved his family. 1866, he was elected justice of the peace, which office, with the exception of two years, he has held since. 1869, he was elected representative to the 12th General Assembly of Minnesota. While in the House, he was a hard worker, and we find on page 418 of the Journal, the following resolution: Besolved, "That the thanks of this House are due to Hon. John Miller, for the energetic and able manner with which he has conducted his emi- gration project." Which was adopted. He married Maja Lena Holm, in Sweden, June 25, 1847. She was TDorn Oct. 25, 1821. Their children are — Maria Christina, born in Sweden, Feb. 27, 1848 — who was married to M. Swanson, July 26, 1872, and has three children, Agnes Helena, Anna Marsella, and Alfe Mathelda — Hada Mathelda, was also born in Sweden, Oct. 25, 1850; married Victor Anderson, Dec. 9, 1875; Gustaf Oscar, born in Sweden, Oct. 29, 1852; married Mary Nelson, January, 1877; Albert, born in St. Charles, Ills., Dec. 9, 1854; married Ida Malberg, July 18, 1877 — they have one son, Johan; Hulda Elizabeth, born in Red Wing, March 25, 1857; and Carl Anton, born in Red Wing, Sept. 2, 1863. Mr. Miller's father, Adolph Miller, came to America with him, and died at his residence March 5, 1863, aged 69 years. Mr. M. owns 200 acres of land, worbh $10,000, all in a high state of cultivation. He is, and always has been, a strong Republican. Magnuson, John A., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Wastedo. Magnuson, Carl M., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Wastedo. Magnuson, Carl L., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Wastedo. McAlonan, James, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Hader. Medje, T. S., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Wastedo. Medje, Ole S., farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Wastedo. Monson, Iver, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Wastedo. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 605 MALBERG, JOHN, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Was born in Sweden, April 23, 1827. Came to America in 1853, settling in Tippe- canoe county, Ind., where lie remained until the spring of 1857, working at his trade, that of carpenter and joiner. In the latter named year, he came to Red Wing, where he was engaged at his trade until 1860, when he moved to this township, and pre-empted 120 acres of land, where he now lives. He now owns 160 acres, worth $6,000. Married Christine Johnson, in Red Wing, in 1857. She is a native of Sweden. Their children are — Peter B., Ida H., (now Mrs. Albert Miller, who was married July 18, 1877, and has one son, named John Rutherford, )PhebeM., Olive, Amos, Adelia, and John S. The family are members of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. MILLER, LEWIS, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Wastedo. Owns 80 acres of land, worth $3,500. Was born in Sweden, Oct. 13, 1833. Came to America in 1854, and worked in a machine shop in Chicago a number of years. In 1862, he came to this county, and settled where he now lives. Married Mary Johnson, in 1859. She is a native of Sweden. Their children are — Ida M., Albertina, Hetty R., Adelf B., Julia, Nancy, Frederick R., Ellen, and Anna. Politically a Republican, and is a member of the Swedish Lutheran Church. Miller, Albert, farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. White Rock. NELSON, JOHN, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. White Rock. Owns 160 acres of laud, worth $7,000. Was born in Sweden Sept. 27, 1843. Came to America in 1855, settling in Chisago county, Minn., from there he enlist- ed, Aug. 1862, in Co. I, 6th Minn. V. I. Was engaged in protecting the settlements from Indian raids till 1864, when his command was ordered south, and they joined the 16th army corps at New Orleans. Participated in the battles of Mobile, Spanish Fort, and was discharged Aug. 19, 1865. He then spent one year and a half traveling through Montana, Kansas and other portions of the west, and in 1867, returned to Minnesota and settled on his present farm. Married Sarah Tholander, in 1869. She is a native of Sweden. Their children are — Mary, Henry W., Aaron W., and Her- man B. Nelson, Christian, farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Wastedo. Norman, John, farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Wastedo. Nelson, Gulbrand, farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Wastedo. Nesse, Ole P., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Wastedo. Ottarness, E. L., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Wastedo. Osterbo, Knut E., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Wastedo. Onstad, Ole J., farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Wastedo. Onstad, Rognold J., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Wastedo. Ottarnes, Andrew, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Wastedo. 606 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUB COUNTY. OLSON, WILLIAM, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Wastedo. Was born in Norway, December 2, 1826. Came to America in 1849, stopping in Summit, Wau- kesha county, Wis., remained about six months and moved to Lake Mills, Jefferson county. Wis., and lived in that portion of the State until the fall of 1855, vfhen he moved to this county, settling where he now lives. Owns 180 acres of land, worth $7,500. Has held the office of township treasurer fifteen years, and other offices. Married Anna Olson, in Stoughton, Wis., in 1855. She was born in Norway. Their children are — Lewis J., Oliver, Christine, Isabella, Caroline, William, George and Lovise. Onstad, Elling 0., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Wastedo. Ottarness, Gruttorm P., farmer, see. 33, P. 0. Wastedo. OPSAL, M. T., dealer in general merchandize, hats, caps, boots and shoes, groceries, patent medicines, &c., store on sec. 21, P. 0. Wastedo. He was born in Norway, Sept. 22, 1837. Came to America in 1862, settling in Red Wing. Enlisted in March, 1864 in the 2d Minn. V. I., Co. I. Was discharged in July of the same year, and returned to this county, where he has since resided. Has been postmaster, township clerk, and is now town- ship treasurer^ Married Gunnild Christopher, in this county in 1870; she is a native of Norway. Their children are Christine M., born Oct. 22, 1873; Hannah, born Dec. 6, 1875; and Caroline, born April 9, 1878. Polit- ically is a Republican, and a member of the Norwegian Lutheran Church. Parson, Jacob, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Wastedo. Peterson, Anders, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Wastedo. Peterson, Andrew, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Wastedo. Pagel, Ferdinand, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Pagel, Wm., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Cannon Palls. Qvam, Tver J., sec. 7, P. 0. Cannon Palls. Qvam, Jens J., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Cannon Palls. Robertson, Thomas, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Hader. Robertson, John, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Hader. Roiseim, Rognold J., farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Wastedo. Ryden, G. A., merchant, sec. 22, P. 0. Wastedo. Rasmuson, Jacob, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Wastedo. Sherman, T. P., farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. White Rock. Skog, Nils, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. White Rock. Swenson, C. W., farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Hader. Stunddal, Mons C, farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Wastedo. Swenson, Magnus, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Hader. Swenson, Peter N., farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Wastedo. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY 607 Swenson, Mens N, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Wastedo. Swenson, John, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Wastedo. • Sandebrekli, Thor B., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Wastedo. Tiller, OJe I., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Hader. Urevig, Mons S., farmer, see. 25, P. 0. Wastedo. TJrevig, Thos. S., farmer, sec 25, P. 0. Wastedo. Vegum, Andrew T., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Hader. Vangen, Ole, farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Cannon Falls. Wing, Chas. J., farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Hader. Wolf, John, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Wastedo. WANAMINGO. Anderson, Charles, farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Spring Creek. Anfinson, Ole, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Wanamingo. Anderson, Bjorn, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Wanamingo. Abrahamsen, I., farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Wanamingo. Aaby, Thorstein A., farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Norway. BORLANG, BOTOLF J., merchant, sec. 19, P. 0. Norway; was born in Norway, July 18, 1842. Came to America in 1854, first settling in Wis. Worked six years on a farm; attended the Com. College at Madison three years. Came to Red Wing in 1863; clerked^ in the store of W. Eisen- brandt two years; he then returned to Wis., stayed a short time, came back to Red Wing; was clerk with Olson & Bush, about two years; came out here in 1867; bought out Robert White, who kept a store across the street from where Mr. B. now keeps. In 1870, built a part of his present store; m 1873 enlarged it to its present proportions; has been successful in business. He married Susan Lowe, March 6, 1868; she is a native of Norway. Their children are — Joseph E., Carl H., Randi M., Julius and ' Arthur. Is a member of the Nor. Ev. Luth. Church. DAHL« ?• Et} dealer in groceries, hats and caps, boots and shoes, ready-made clothing, and patent medicines. Was born in Norway, Aug. 30, 1846; came to America in 1870, and in 1877 he established his present business. Although but a short time in his present location, he has made a host of friends, as one can readily see by his numerous customers and the large amount of goods he sells annually. His post office is Hader. Borstad, John A., farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Wanamingo. Barsnes, Jens 0., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Wanamingo. Baar, Johan 0., farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Wanamingo. 608 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. Bonhus, Gunnar A. K., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Aspelund. Barsnes, Hans J., blacksmith, sec. 33, P. 0. Spring Creek. Broyn, Augrim 0., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Spring Creek. Brekke, N. L., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Norway. Bonhus, Gunnar K., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Norway. Barsnes, Peter 0., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Spring Creek. Breidalen, Aslak 0., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Norway. Bygd, Hans 0., farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Aspelund. Breidalen, Ole A., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Aspelund. Brokke, Halyard A., farmer, see. 18, P. 0. Norway. Braarud, Helleik H., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Aspelund. Bredsten, Ole H., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Wanamingo. - Broyn, Jens K., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Spring Creek. Barsnes, Michael 0., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Spring Creek. Chrislock, C. R., blacksmith, Wanamingo Tillage. Chilson, Asaph. Christopherson, A., farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Hader. Drugsvold, Ole A., harness maker, sec. 9, P. 0. Aspelund. Dalevang, Ole J., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Norway. Dalevang, Paul J., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Norway. Egen, Botolf P., farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Aspelund. Erickson, Gunder. Eidsvaag, Erick N., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Aspelund. Elstad, Ole 0., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Aspelund. Eiketveit, Thorkel K., farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Hader. Eyre, John J., farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Wanamingo. Egen, Botolf P., farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Aspelund. Eilifsstol, Botolf P., farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Wainamingo. Eiketveit, Lars L., farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Aspelund. FOLLINGSTAD, OLE 0., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Wanamingo. Was bom in Norway, Aug. 15, 1834. C^me to America in 1861. Settled in this town- ship. In 1869 moved to this farm, where he now owns 260 acres of land. Mr. F. came to this township a poor man, without any money, but has by enterprise and industry risen until he is now regarded as one of the solid men of the township. He married Emma Baker, in 1869. Thev have four interesting children named, Olaf, Maria, Julia and Ida. The family are members of the N. B. Lu. Church. Floan, Ole P., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Aspelund. THE HISTOKY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 609 Flaten, Harald J., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Norway. Fenne, Nels K., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Spring Creek. FoUingstad, Martin 0., farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Hader. Finne, Ole R., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Spring Creek. Fossan, Henry B., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Aspelund. GEONTOLD, JUST CHRISTIAN, physician and surgeon; resides on sec. 19. Post office address is Norway. Was born Feb. 27, 1833, in Fron, Norway. He was at the Cathedral School of Christiana; prepared for the university, where he was admitted as a student in 1851, and passed "examen philosophicum" in 1852. He then commenced the studies of mathematics and natural sciences, in which he graduated in 1857, 1858 and 1859, (the three divisions of "real examen.") He was during that time engaged as teacher in the mathematical branches at Sylow's Poly technical School in Christiana. He was also for several years occupied in surveying and map drawing, relative to the adjustment of divided lands, and assistant engineer in a railroad survey. As every Norwegian has to serve in the army, he discharged his obligations in that respect as a reserve lieutenant. When he came to America, in 1865, it was for the purpose of entering the United States army. On his arrival he found this government discharg- ing instead of enlisting troops, hence was disappointed. He then went to St. Louis, where he, advised by Prof. Hammer of the Humboldt Medical College, entered that institution; the study of medicine was made easier by his previous study of natural sciences. He graduated in 1869, came same year to this township, where he has since resided. He is a member of the Groodhue County Medical Society and of the Minnesota State Medical Asso- ciation. Since Dec, 1876, has been a member of the Minnesota State Board of Health. He married, Nov. 3, 1874, Elen, daughter of Ole Brandt, of Valders, Norway. Has three children — Maria, Anna and Frederik Orning. Grlestad, Andras P., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Wanamingo. Greisme, Lars T., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Aspelund. Greisme, Lars L., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Aspelund. Greisme, Gens P., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Aspelund. Grrotte, Anderson Peter, farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Spring Creek. Grotte, Lars Anderson, farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Spring Creek. Gror, Thrond L., farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Wanamingo. Gjemser, Lars L., farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Hader. Herberg, Thorleif, blaksmith, sec. 20, P. 0. Aspelund. Haugesag, Bilif 0., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Aspelund. Haller, Andrew, carpenter, sec. 24, P. 0. Wanamingo. Haugen, Knut S., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Norway. 40 610 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. HUSET, OLE 0., farmer, see. 30, P. 0. Norway. Was born in Norway, Nov. 27, 1842. Came to America with parents in 1844, they settling in Wis. 1846, moved to Dane county. Wis. 1855, moved to this county, settling in Holden township. His father, Ole 0. Huset, entered United States service in 1861; took sick and returned home in March, 1862, died in June, 1863, aged 43 years. In 1868, the subject of this sketch, went to Pope county, Minn., where he remained 8 years, and while there held the office of justice of the peace and town clerk; returned to this town in 1876; holds the office of justice of the peace here. He married Kirsten Holman, in 1863. She was born in Norway. Their children are — Lauritz, Lettie M., Maria, Caroline, Anna and Carl 0. Is a member of the N. B. Lu. Church. Hanson, Gunder. Huset, Ole H., farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Norway. Holman, Lars H., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Norway. Hjartdal, Halvard H., farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Hader. Hesjudal, Anders M., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Aspelund. Histakr, Ole N., farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Wanamingo. Holand, Ole Salmson, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Aspelund. Haller, Anders A., carpenter, sec. 24, P. 0. Wanamingo; Haslelle, Elling A., farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Wanamingo. Homme, Thorgrim G., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Aspelund. Holtan, Lars H., farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Wanamingo. Hauglum, Christen J., farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Aspelund. Holum, John Larsen, clerk, sec. 16, P. 0. Aspelund. HOLTAN, HANS H., farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Wanamingo. Was born in Nor- way, Dec. 14, 1820; came to America in 1845, settling in Chicago. 1849 moved to Belvidere, 111. In' the spring of 1850 moved to Portage city, Wis., where he lived one year; he then bought a farm on what was known as the "Indian land," about six miles from Portage city, where he lived until the spring of 1856, when he moved to this county, first settling on section 17, this township, but soon took sick and sold his claim, and a few years after regained his health and purchased the land on which he now lives; he owns 400 acres. His residence just completed is one of the finest houses in the county. Mr. Holtan was a representative to the 1st General Assembly of Minnesota, and has filled many positions of honor and trust in his township and county since that time. He married Aline Svenungsdatter, July 4, 1848, who died in Wis., Aug. 12, 1855. He had by this marriage two sons — Hans, who was born in 111., and died in Red Wing, Dec. 17, 1873; and Samuel, born in Wis. He married again in Faribault, Oct. 31, 1857, Anna Maria Pedersdatter Nostebiae, who died Jan. 13, 1876. His children by this marriage are — Charley; Peder and THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 611 Gunnil, twins; Andrew; Hendry and Christina, twins, deceased; and Christina. Married again, July 11, 1877, Sophia J. Moslet. Has by this marriage, one daughter, Anna Maria. The family are member of the N. E. L. Church. Hesjudal, Arnfin L., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Aspelund. Hauglum, Erling 0., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Aspelund. HANSENj REVi Ofj was born ia Norway, July 8, 1836. Came to America with parents in 1851, settling in Wisconsin. In 1856 came to this county, where he has since resided. He was ordained .June 5, 1861; has since been pastor of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in Wanamingo; has also another congregation in Eoscoe township. Married Mary Sophia Grulbrandson, March 11, 1859, who died May 9, 1867. He has four children by this marriage — Martin Grustav, Guneld Andria, Hans Adolph and Annette Mathelda. Married again Anna Thomason Hoven, July 29, 1868. Their children are — Maria Sophia, Thomas Laurentius, Simon Elieser and Lisa Mastine. His post office address is Aspelund. HUSET, H. 0., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Norway. Was born in Norway, Feb. 3, 1824. Came to America in 1844, settling in Wisconsin. In the spring of 1856 moved to this county, settling where he now resides. Married Aslang Aakar, in Wisconsin, in 1849. She was born in Norway, May 19, 1828. Their children are — Ole A., Anna M., Knut, Isaac, Adolph H. and Maria E. The family are members of the N. E. L. Church. HALVERSON, MARTIN, Wanamingo village, merchant; was born in Nor- way, in 1842. Came to America in 1866; to this township the same year. Soon after his arrival he engaged as clerk for H. C. Serum, who kept a store where Mr. H. now keeps; became proprietor, in 1872, of his present establishment; he has been postmaster since 1873. Married Grreatha Bjoruethun in 1873; she is a native of Norway. Their children are — Henry, Lena, (now deceased,) and' Jens. Mr. H. is a member of the Nor- wegian Evangelical Lutheran Church. HYEEAl; Ctj physician and surgeon, resides on sec. 1, P. 0. Hader. Was born in Norway, June 2, 1835. Came to America in 1867; settled in Wis. ; moved to this county in 1868, where he has since resided. Is a graduate of one of the leading Chicago medical colleges. He married Andrea Eggen, in Norway, in 1861; he has recently purchased a farm of 73 acres, within half a mile of the little village of Hader, and just completed a beautiful residence. Is a successful practitioner. Ingebrigtson, Eilif, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Wanamingo. Imsdalen, Tarald G., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Wanamingo. Jarshon, H. 0., merchant, Hader. Juveland, J. Geirmudson, farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Aspelund. Kyljum, Erik S., farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Hader. 612 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. Kyljum, Sigund E., farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Hader, Kivle, Ole 0., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Norway. Kaardal, Lars E., farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Aspelund. Kroken, Niels Sigurdson, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Spring Creek. Kleiyen, Thorstein T., farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Hader. LAAVEN, T. I., farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Aspelund. Was born in Norway, 1830. Came to America in 1850, settling ia Dane county. Wis., where lie remained till 1860, when he moved to this county, where he now owns 213 acres of land. Married Gudrid Sveinsdatter Finneberg, in Dane county. Wis., in 1854. Their children are — Maria, Edward and Wilhelm. They are members of the N. E. Lu. Church. Lunde, Einar B., farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Spring Creek. Lilleskog, John J., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Spring Creek. Larson, Edward, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Wanamingo. Lie, Erik J., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Aspelund. Lie, Stephen J., farmer, sec 16, P. 0. Aspelund. Lunde, Botolf B., farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Wanamingo. Lonar, Thor Grudleikson, farmer, see. 2, P. 0. Hader. Lauve, Gunnar H., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Wanamingo. MUUS, RET. B. J., was born in Norway, March 15, 1832. Graduated from Christiana University in 1854, and in 1859 came to this county and took charge of all the Norwegian congregations in Minnesota; settled in Wan- amingo township, and was the first established minister of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church, in Goodhue county. For several years after coming here, he had sole charge of congregations in eight counties in Minnesota and Wisconsin. He has been a faithful worker in the cause of Christ, and has organized congregations in Red Wing, Goodhue Centre, Minneola, Belle Creek, Cherry Grove and Leon. He now has charge of all the Holden congregations, which are comprised of seven different con- gregations and districts, but is assisted in his duties by two clergymen from Norway, who are graduates of the same college. In 1876 he was elected president of the Minnesota District of the Synod of the N. E. L. Church of America. He is also president of St. Olaf School, Northfield, Minn. He married in Norway, Oline Christine Kathrine Pind, in 1859. Their children are — Birgitte Magdalena, Nils, Jeus Ingebrigt Ryuning, Paul Johan Elster, Petter Herman and Harald Steen. His post office address is Aspelund. Maeland, Lars A., farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Aspelund. Melhus, Ole A., farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Aspelund. Melhus, Johannes, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Aspelund. . Miller, William, hotel keeper, Wanamingo village. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 613 Moe, Jens A., carpenter, sec. 23, P. 0. Wanamingo. Moeslet, Ole J., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. "Wanamingo. Monson, M., boot and shoemaker, Wanamingo village. Melhus, A. B., farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Aspelund. Marifjaere, Johannes J., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Wanamingo. Naeset, Halvard T., farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Hader. Naeset, Rangdid, farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Hader. Nygaard, Ole K., farmer, see. 3, P. 0. Hader. Nordby, Nils 0., miller, sec. 25, P. 0. Wanamingo. Nordgarden, Svein 0., farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Aspelund. Nordgarden, Knut S., clerk, sec. 30, P. 0. Norway. Nelson, Aufin, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Wanamingo. Naeset, Tjostulf Gunnarson, farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Hader. Nes, A. Gertson, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Wanamingo. Naeset, Gunnar T., farmer, see. 10, P. 0. Hader. Neshang, Aasta W., farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Hader. OTTUN, HON. N. J., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Aspelund. Was born in Norway, Eeb. 25, 1843; came to America with parents in 1850, they settling in Dane county, Wis., but only remained about six months, and moved to Iowa county. Wis., where they remained till, the spring of 1854, and came with the earliest settlers to this township. In 1861 the subject of this sketch went to Decorah, Iowa, where he attended the Norwegian Lutheran College two years; he then returned home and has taught a religious school eleven years, and has also taught district school three terms. In 1873 he was elected by the Republican party, representative to the 16th General Assembly of Minn., was re-elected the following year. Is a prominent man in his township; has been justice of the peace, town clerk, and held nearly every other office in the township. Married Blen Lovise, in 1861, who died Oct. 21, 1877. His children are — Petrine Josephine, Julius, Nicolaus, Oelgerine Rosine and Jens Henrick, (five.) Is a member of the N. E. L. Church. Oakland, 0. 0., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Norway. Olson, Amund, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Wanamingo. Oftelid, Audem 0., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Norway. Purdy, W. H., hotel keeper, Hader village. Paulsness, Peter B., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Aspelund. Paulsness, Lars P., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Aspelund. Qual, John L., farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Hader. Queinbergsund, Gudbrand N., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Spring Creek. 614 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. RTSH, ANDREW T„ farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Norway. Was born in Nor- way, April 18, 1833. Came to America in 1844, settling in Chicago. In 1855 came to this township and pre-empted 160 of land, returning to Chi- cago working as ship carpenter. In 1858 he married Andreana Anderson in Chicago, who is a native of Norway. In 1861 he moved to his new farm, and stayed three years ; again returned to Chicago, again removed to his farm in 1870. His children are— George, Theodore, Lena, Anna, Bergitte, Tobia, Alma, Julia and Emma, and Andrew, deceased. Mr. R. owns 180 acres of land. Family are members of the N. E. L. Church. RTGH, TOBeEB T., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Aspelund; owns 195 acres; was born in Norway, in June, 1844. Came to America in 1845; settled in Chicago; moved to this township in 1856; has since resided here. Married Rachel Germon, in this township, in 1870; she is a native of Norway. Their children are — Tabitha G., Theodore, Gerhard, Gurine and Rachel Josephine. Mr. R. has held the office of school, district treasurer, and is now a member of the board of directors. The family .are members of the N. E. L. Church. His father, Torger 0. Rygh was born in Norway in 1808, and married Torber Anderson. They both reside with their son, who is the subject of this sketch. Rodland, A. P., blacksmith, sec. 16, P. 0. Aspelund. Ronningen, Ole L., farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Wanamingo. Rorg, Sigurd K., farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Aspelund. Ryden, John, merchant, Hader. Re, Johan J., tailor, sec. 16, P. 0. Aspelund. Ramstad, Ole A., farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Norway. Rolfseng, Ivar Ivarson, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Wanamingo. Rorvik, Lasse 0., farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Aspelund. 8AINDE9 HANS M., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Aspelund. Was born in Norway, May 8, 1873. Came to America in 1852, settling in Dane county. Wis. ; from there to Boone county, 111., 1856. Came to this township, 1856, where he has since resided. Owns 125 acres of land. Has held the office of supervisor, and is now justice of the peace. Married Lucy Lee, in 1859. Their children are — Sarah, Joseph, Maria, Gertrude, Henry and Edward. The family are members of the N. E. L. Church. Scott, Anna, farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Norway. Stillaugson, Hans. Sanden, Knut, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Aspelund. Stai, Ole J., farmer, sec. 36, P. Wanamingo. Skaar, Ole E., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Aspelund. Slepen, Johannes S., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Aspelund., Straume, Askell J., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Aspelund. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 615 Skaar, Johannes A., farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Wanamingo. Sundby, Ole A., tailor, sec. 15, P. 0. Aspelund. Skaar, Eindria J., farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Wanamingo. Sovde, Christopher C, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Aspelund. Slepen, Steinar A., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Wanamingo. Saetram, Nils H., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Wanamingo. SMITH, KENDALL B., farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Hader. Was born in Vt., June 30, 1823. Went to Nashua, N. H. ; to Rockford, Ills. ; thence to Dubuque; then to this county, and selected a quarter section where he now lives. There are four living springs of water on the farm, besides a beautiful clear pond or lake about five feet in depth, which is supplied probably by several springs rising in its bottom. This farm is now one of the most valuable in the county; 119 acres is under the plow, 15 acres are covered with a heavy growth of timber, and the balance of- 160 acres is prairie and meadow. There is a good comfortable dwelling, good barn and granary, &c. The owner on account of ill health, offers the property for sale at a bargain. 8EYAREID, ERIK E., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Aspelund. Was born in Nor- way, Nov. 3, 1835; came to America in 1854, settling in 111. In 1856 came to this township and pre-empted a claim where his house now stands; returned to 111., where he staid until 1861, when he moved to this farm. He owns 284 acres of land. Has held the ofi&ce of assessor and treasurer. He married Mary Wing in 1861, who died in 1870. Married again, Caroline Krogstrum, in 1874, who was born in Sweden. His children are — Osmund T., Elias, Ingeborg G., Martin C, Paulina E. and Wier J. He is a mem- ber of the N. E. L. Church. Teigen, T. Nelson, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Wanamingo. Talla,- Nels T., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Aspelund. Teigen, A. Kielson, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Hader. Tangen, Ole Hanson, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Hader. Talla, Toege N., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Aspelund. TALLA, H. NELSON, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Aspelund, was born in Norway, Dec. 15, 1825. At the age of fifteen years was apprenticed to a black- smith, from whom he received $5 per year, furnishing his own clothing. At the expiration of his time, which was five years, he hired with the same man for $1.25 per week, from which earnings he saved $30, which, with $14 borrowed from a brother, he was enabled to land in New York, May 24, 1847. Came to Madison, Wis. ; worked at his trade nine months, receiv- ing $9 per month; then went to Dodgeville, Wis. ; worked two months in a lead smelting furnace; then to the pine woods of Wisconsin; returned to Dodgeville and worked on a farm a few months, when he started a black- smith shop at that place. On the 9th of April, 1850, set out for Califor- 616 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. nia, where he arrived Oct. 10, of the same year. Having amassed a few thousand dollars, he returned to Dodgeville, Jan. 31, 1854, and on May 20 of the same year, came to Minnesota, arriving in this township June 12, 1854, and was the first man to break the sod in Wanamingo township. He married Mrs. Dave Larson in Dodgeville, Dee. 13, 1848; she was born in Norway. They have one daughter, Susan, now Mrs. 0. J. Wing, who was born May 14, 1850. Mr. T. owns 575 acres of land, which, with ele- gant residence and substantial barns, is very valuable. The family are members of the N. E. L. Church. UBNESSj Ai A; Wanamiugo village, dealer in general merchandise. Was born in Norway, May 15, 1853. Came to America in 1862, and has since resided in this township. Married Miss Berty Lunde in this township, May 14, 1878. They are members of the church. TJllevik, Johannes J., farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Hader. Underdal, Bognald 0., farmer, see. 84, P. 0. Wanamingo. Vegum, Thorstein Th., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Aspelund. Vegum, Thov T., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Aspelund. Vegum, RoUang T., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Aspelund. Valsvik, Lars A., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Aspelund. Valsvik, Anders L., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Norway. Vindae, Hans 0., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Aspelund. Viken, Gunnar J., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Wanamingo. Vasle, John L., farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Aspelund. WINGj Ot J.J farmer, sec. 8,. P. 0. Aspelund. Was born in Norway, Nov. 15, 1842. Came to America, settling in Grundy county. Ills. In 1856, moved to this county, settling where he now lives. Owns 320 acres of land. He has held the office of township supervisor; is also president of the Aspelund Society. In 1875, was appointed postmaster, which, office he still retains. Married Susan Nelson, in this township, June 11, 1869. She is a native of Dodgeville, Wis. Their children are — Sarah J., Henry, Martha M.', John G. and Emma J. Is a member of Urland N. E. L. Church. Winge, Otto Greison, farmer, sec. 27, P. 0. Spring Creek. Winge, Mathias G., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Wanamingo. WIKrM, HANS H., farmer, see. 30, P. 0. Norway. Was born in Norway, Feb. 18, 1839. Came to America in 1861, settling in this township; moved to this farm in 1866, where he owns 292 acres. Married Synnyva Anfanjeusdatter, in 1865. She was born in Norway, Feb. 11, 1849. Their children are — Ida Susanna, Hans Nicolaus, Albert, Olaus and Henry. Two children deceased — Karen S. and Hans, who died in infancy. The family are members of the N. E. L. Church. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 617 WIKUM, RASMUS H., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Norway. Was born in Norway, April 14, 1849; came to America in 1860, and settled in this couiity; moved to his present farm in 1865, which consists of 255 acres. Married Dorothea G. Orven, in June, 1865; she is a native of Norway. Their children are — Jens A., Louisa, Hans Nicoli, Joseph and Susanna. The" family are members of the N. E. L. Church. Williamson Wm., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Aspelund. Williamson, Ole, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Aspelund. Winge, Greis, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Wanamingo. Yugsdalen, Ole P., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Spring Creek. MINNEOLA. BUCHHULZ, WILLIAM, farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Zumbrota; was born in Prus- sia, in 1826. Came to America and settled in Dodge county. Wis., in 1844. In 1849 he married Augustine Koehler, who was born in Prussia in 1829. In 1857 he came to this county and settled in Belvidere township; in 1865, moved to this farm, which consists of 240 acres. Enlisted in the 1st Minn. Heavy Artillery, Co. H, in 1865, and was honorably discharged in Oct. of the same year. His children are — Mary (now Mrs. Linneman,) William F, Henrietta (now Mrs. Kresler,) Henry J., Wesley J., Charles T., Sophia A. E., John B. and Lizzie A. Members of Ger. M. E. Church. DOXY, L., farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Zumbrota. Was born in N. C, Jan. 15, 1832. In 1835, moved to Tippecanoe county, Ind. ; thence in 1852, to Illinois, where he married Melissa Adams, July 2, 1857; who was born in Maryland, in 1837, and died in Illinois, in Dec, 1859. Has by this mar- riage one daughter named Nettie L., born April 25, 1859. In 1862, he came to this county and settled on his present farm, consisting of 164 acres. Married Louisa Peck, Dec. 14, 1863. She was born in Detroit, Mich., July 5, 1845. Their children are — Minnie, Charles, Mary, Sarah, Caroline and Latimer. DOXEY, WILLIAM, farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Indiana, in 1832. Married Mariah J. Harper, in 1854. She was born in Indiana, in 1830, and died Jan. 7, 1874. Had three children by this marriage, Mary E., Eva and Eddie. Eemoved to Illinois in 1855. 1862, returned to Ind.; enlisted in the 16th I. V. I.; served until close of the war, participating in all the battles in which that regiment engaged. Came to this county in 1865, settled on his present estate of 80 acres; also owns 120 acres in Lyons county. His present wife was Amelia Atkinson, born in Lancaster county," Pa., March, 1835. William is their only child. ERSTED, A. C, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Norway in 1832. Emigrated to America in 1851, and settled in Iowa. Came to this county in June, 1855, and made his claim in sec. 35; returned to Iowa, 618 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTT. 1856; he came back to this township and settled on his present estate, con- sisting of 160 acres; owns 40 acres on sec. 3 in town of Roscoe. Married Oline Hanson in 1858; she was born in Norway in 1841; died in April, 1877. Served as supervisor in 1868, and was assessor four years. Is member of the Lutheran Church; is one of the earliest settlers of the town and has endured all the hardship of early pioneer life. Cornelius, Mary, John, Albert, Gustav and Selma, are his children. Lost three — all named Augustena. FINBEKG, S. 0., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Norway, in 1845. Came to America in 1863; settled in Holden township. In 1866, moved to his present farm; owns 200 acres of land. Married Anna Swen- son, April 1, 1875. She was born in Minneola township, June 12, 1859. Their children are — Clara A., born April 11, 1876, and Susainna A., Nov. 16, 1877. They are members of the N. E. L. Church. GKOVER, HON. A. J., farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Zumbrota. Was born in Oxford Co., Me., Sept. 6, 1827. Came to this township in 1858, settled on sec. 23. In 1860, moved to this' farm; moved into a shanty, which has given place to a large and elegant residence; has large and substantial barns and out- buildings; owns 327 acres of land in this township, and 45 acres in another portion of the county. He has filled important town and county offices. In the fall of 1868, he was elected a representative to the 11th General Assembly of Minnesota. Married Elizabeth Eames, December, 1854, who was killed by lightning, July 25, 1861. Has by this marriage one daughter, Nancy E.; one deceased, named Dayton A. Married again Nov. 26, 1864, to Catharine A. Warden, who died Oct. 23, 1871. Had by this marriage, Abraham L., Sarah E. and Frederick; latter deceased. Married again, Sept. 15, 1876, to Mrs. Lizzie Johnson, who is his present wife. JOHNSON, PETER, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Zumbrota, was born in Sweden March 26, 1851. Came to America in 1868, settling in Red Wing, where he lived until 1872, when he began farming on rented land; iu 1875 pur- chased his farm of 160 acres. ' Was married July 3, 1877, to Miss Sophia Carlson, who was born in Sweden, Nov. 22, 1858. They are members of the S. E, L. Church. LOCKE, HON. J. B., farmer, see. 15, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in N. Y., March 28, 1832. Married Mary A. Eames, March 26, 1857; she was born in Maine, Aug. 3, 1832. Came to this county April 12, 1858. Selected a claim on sec. 11. In 1860 he moved on his present estate, consisting of 320 acres. Was the first chairman of the board when the town was organ- ized, and has filled the same ofBce since; was treasurer, also town clerk, supervisor and school superintendent. During the war was enrolling offi- cer for this township and Belle Creek. Secured a post office for this town- ship in 1864. Was elected to the legislature in 1865. Martha E., Laura L., Nonio, Climena I, and Mary A., are their children. Lost one son, Curtis B., who was a student at Carlton College, Northfield, Minn., and was drowned in Cannon River, May 16, 1877. THj; HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 619 LEONARD, E. B., farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Zumbrota. Was born in State of N. Y., Feb. 28, 1818. Married Marilla Leonard, Oct. 26, 1841; she was born in Franklin county, N. Y., Aug. 26, 1822. Followed farming until 1855, when they moved to Wis. May 10, 1862, moved to this county, lived in Zumbrota village one year; then moved to his present farm; owns 160 acres of land. Their children are — Emma J., Ernest, Joel E., Mary H., Cynthia, Willie and Mabel A. MULLIKEN, NATHANIEL, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Zumbrota. Was born in Mass., May 2, 1813; came to this township April, 1857, settled where he now lives; owns 80 acres of land. Married in Orneville, Me., Frances E. Hosfield, Oct. 22, 1845. Their children are— Sarah T., now Mrs. Auld, residing in Maine; Caroline E., resides in Zumbrota; Walter K., who is now a teacher in St. Paul; Anna; Lucy E.; Charles P., who was color sergeant of the 22d Mass. V. L, and killed at the battle of Mechanicsville; and Nathaniel. NASETH, P. N., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Norway in 1828. Married Guttarm Ingeberg in 1857; she was born in Norway in 1832. Emigrated in 1858, settled in Wanamingo township; resided there two years, when he moved on his present estate, consisting of 160 acres. Members of the Lutheran Church. Nels, Mariah S. and Guttarm, are their living children. Lost four — Gustave, Gertrude M., Hemming and Hemming 2d. PETERSON, CHR., farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Norway in 1835; emigrated to America in 1848, settling in Illinois, where he lived until May, 1855, when he settled in this township, on his present estate, where he has since made it his home; owns 240 acres. He is the oldest living settler in this township, and has experienced all the hardships of pioneer life. March, 1857, married Hilda L. Swenson; she was born in Sweden in 1838. Caroline,, Matilda, Edwin, Josephine and Carl A., are their living children. Lost two, Josephine and Albert. PECK, JULIUS, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Zumbrota. Was born in Vermont, March 5, 1807. In 1815 moved to Genesee county, N. Y.; in 1831 to Pontiac, Mich. Nov. 8, 1838, he married Caroline Child, in Detroit, Mich.; she was born in the State of N. Y., Nov. 7, 1814. In 1847 he moved to Illinois. In 1856 to this county, settling where he now lives, and owns 200 acres of land. On his arrival he built a small shanty, in which the first school in the township was taught. Their children are — Charles, Lovisa, Frank and Asa;. their two eldest sons, William and Elijah, died in the army; William enlisted in the 1st Minn. V. I., Co. C, in April, 1861, was mortally wounded at Gettysburg, where he died July 27, 1863; Elijah enlisted in the 7th Minn. V. I., Aug., 1862, and after par- ticipating in all the Indian battles of the "Sioux outbreak, ' ' died at New Ulm, Dec. 27, 1862. ROGERS, CHAS. C, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Zumbrota. Was born in Wal- 620 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. worth county, Wis., May 23, 1855. Came to Minnesota with parents in 1857, settling in Dodge county, where they remained until 1867, and moved to Roscoe township, this county. Married Flora Powers, May 27, 1877. She was born in Pine Island, Goodhue county, Minn., May 28, 1857. SCOTT, Pt Ptj farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Zumbrota. Was born in Dutchess county, N. T., in 1822. In 1844, he went to Chenango county, where he married Betsy A. Thomas, June 14, 1848. She was born in that county in 1831. In 1849, he moved to Broome county, N. Y. ; thence in 1857, to Rock Island, Ills.; thence in 1862, to Davenport, Iowa; and thence in 1865, to this county, and settled on this farm in 1866, where he owns 200 acres of land. Mr. S. was elected assessor in 1870; has held the office to present time. His children are Charles H. and Samuel B. SARGENT, Hi E.j farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Zumbrota; was born in Essex Co., Mass., in 1852. Came to this county with parents in 1857, and settled in Leon township, and remained until 1866, when he moved to Red Wing; in 1875 he moved to his present farm; owns 80 acres of land, worth $4,000. Married Letty Barrett in May 1877; she was born in Stafford, Conn., in 1849. They have one child, an infant, not named. STARRS, JOHN JACOB, farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Zumbrota; was born in Prussia, in 1829. Came to America in 1852, settling in Sandusky, Ohio; thence, in 1854, to Milwaukee, Wis. , and to this farm in 1856 ; owns 520 acres. Married in Sandusky, Ohio, Rosena Ferdinand, in 1853; she was born in Germany, 1831. Their children are — Mary, Louisa, Lewis, John, Edgar, Ida and Emma. The family are members of the Ger. Me. Church. SHEDD, HENRT E., farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Zumbrota. Was born in N. H., in 1831. When three years old, moved with parents to Ipswich, N. H., where his father was engaged as a teacher. When 11 years old, he moved with his father to Campton, N. H. ; at the age of 16 years entered the academy at Meriden, N. H. ; at the age of 20 years went to Boston, and resided nearly 6 years; then came to Minnesota, settling on this farm. Owns 80 acres of land. Married Caroline L. Butler, in 1852. She was born in Campton, N. H., in 1828. Their children are — Charles C, Carrie M., Mary E., Frederick H., George E , Horace E., Lewis P. and Lucy E. ZUMBEOTA. ALRICE BROS., manufacturers and dealers in boots and shoes, Zumbrota village. The senior partner, A. K. Alrick, was born in Norway, in 1849. Came to America in 1866; settled in Wis. Married in Wis., Miss Carrie Dahl, Jan. 12, 1873. She was born in Norway, Oct. 22, 1851. Moved to this village June 5, 1878. Their children are Clarence B. and Alma Blanch Leona. The junior partner, 0. K. Alrick, was born in Norway, THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 621 in 1854:. Came to America in 1870, settled in Wis. ; thence in 1877, to Minneapolis, where he married Bertha A. Olson, Nov. 25, 1877. She was horn in Dane county. Wis., Oct. 5, 1850. ANDERSON, 0. B., dealer in hoots and shoes, Zumhrota village. Was born in Sweden, July 22, 1842. Came to America in June, 1865, making his first permanent settlement in this village in ] 868. In June, 1870, estab- lished his present business. Married Miss Anne Strand, Dec. 12, 1870. She was born in Norway, Nov. 4, 1849. Their children are — Adolph, Herman, Oscar and Leonore. BAILEY, JOSEPH, Zumbrota village, retired farmer. Was born in Mass., in 1813. In 1831 he moved to Cambridge, Mass. ; thence in 1844 to West- ford, Mass. Came west and settled in this town in 1856, resided here until 1869, returned to Mass. In 1866 he returned to this village, where he has since resided. Married in 1836, Mary S. Baker, who is a native of Holdeness, N Y. Their children are — Mary E. and George J. ; two are deceased, Elizabeth A. and Harvey N., the latter enlisted in Co. D, 1st N. H. cavalry, served nine months, returned on sick furlough, and soon after died. BABTMAU, STEPHEN B., hardware merchant; born in Broome county, N. ' Y., in 1816; 1838, married Lucy Hunt, who was born in Oswego county, N. Y., in 1822, died 1843; has by this marriage.one son, David. Married again, Zella Waters, 1845; she was born in Oswego county, N. Y., in 1820; settled on the Hudson River, where he was engaged in farming and stock raising. May, 1871, came to this county, and in 1873 established his present business. Children by his last marriage are, Lewis W., now in St. Paul; Hattie J. D., and Sydney B. BI6EL0W, HIRAM, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Vermont in 1820; 1851 went to Massachusetts, where he was employed as overseer of the Bay State Manufacturing Co., where he married DoUie D. Bartlett, July 21, 1857. She was born in Maine, Jan. 21, 1834. Can;e to this county June, 1858; settled on his present farm of 240 acres. Adelaide, Edgar A., and Hiram W. are their living children. CLEMENS, PETER, farmer, sec. 35, P. . 0. Mazeppa, Wabasha county. Was born in Germany, Match 14, 1841. Came to America 1854, settling in New York city. Game to this county 1857; settled in Pine Island; enlisted in the 12th Wis. V. I., company C, October, 1861. At the expira- tion of three years and seven months was honorably discharged. Was wounded at the battle of Atlanta. Married Miss Mary Bouliard, Oct. 5, 1864. She was born in Illinois, Nov. 22, 1846. Mr. C. settled on his present farm of 233 acres in 1867. Their children are — Peter, Frank, \ George, Joseph, Mary J., Willie and Anna. The family are members of the Catholic Church. 622 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. COGSWELL, AUSTIN I., blacksmith, Zumbrota village; was born in New Hampshire, in 1833. Married Maria Connor, in 1855; she was born inN. H. in 1833. Came to this county in 1862; settled in Roscoe township; followed blacksmithing and farming until 1869 ; came to this village and established his present business; owns 80 acres of land on sec. 18, Roscoe township; has one daughter, Margie Estella, who was born April 27, 1876. OOVLBDGE, H. W., photographer, Zumbrota village; was born in Vermont, April 14, 1841. Came to Wis. in 1848, where he married Rowena M. Nichols, 1863; she was born in Plymouth, Vt., June 24, 1844; 1864 he moved to Goodhue Co.; settled near this village; engaged in farming until spring of 1876, when he moved to Swift, now Pierce Co., Minn. ; returned in 1877, and opened an art gallery in this village. He has two children, Addie M. and George W. CADT, S. G., lawyer, Zumbrota village. Was born in Vt., July 29, 1847. Married Harriet Green, March 3, 1872. She was born in Buffalo, N. T., Aug. 23, 1855. Came to Wis. in 1853; thence to Minneapolis, Minn., same year, and in 1854 to Minneola township, this county. Enlisted in the 7th Minn. V. I. in 1862; served until 1865, was honorably discharged, returned to this village, where he has since resided. May, 1874, was admitted to the bar, has since followed the practice of law. They have one daughter, Cora E. CHAFFEEj !■ Mtj contractor and builder, Zumbrota village. Was born in Conn., Sept. 9, 1826. Sept., 1856, came to this county and remained until July, 1858, returned to his native county in Aug. of that year, Married Emily P. Roan. She was born in London, England, Dec. 17, 1833. Soon after marriage they came to Red Wing; have resided in the county, mak- ing the village their home since 1873. Their children are — Cornelia L., Kate C, Frederick M., Thomas W. and Charles D. £DD¥$ STILLMAN Bij manufacturer of doors, sash and blinds, Zumbrota village. Was born in Madison county, N. Y., Jan. 12, 1852. Came to Minnesota in 1865, settling in Red Wing; his father, John B. Eddy, died in this village, March 18, 1875; his mother, Laura M. Eddy, died in Red Wing, Dec. 13, 1865. Established his present business April, 1876. His brother, Elmer W. Eddy, was born in Madison county, N. Y., April 30, ' 1857; came to this State with the family, and is now in his brother's employ. F0L80M, At B., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Zumbrota. Was born in Orleans Co., Vt., 1835, where he married Augusta Bowley in 1855; she was born in Ver- montin 1835, and died in 1868. Came to this State and settled in Marion, on the St. Croix River, in 1855. In 1857 he settled on his present farm, of 160 acres. Married his second wife, Nancy Wright, in 1868; she was born in Jefferson county, N. Y., in 1841. Children by his first marriage are- Ida, Arvillo, Alice, Myron and Frank; children by second marriage are— Effie, Charles, Edith and Julia. THK BISXOBT OF GOODHUE COCHTY. 623 FAINSWOKTH, NOAH, farmer, sec. 32, P. O. Zombiota. Was bom in Clinton eonntj-, X. T., June 19, 1S21; where he married Mrs. Theresa Hc^an, March 2, 1853; she was bom in the same eonnty, Sep., 1834. Came to this coimif Oct.. 1873; owns 190 acres, worth $50 per acre. Chil- dren are— Charles H., Herman E. and Hattie. Mrs. Famsworth has one daa^ter by her former marriage, Ella S. The fEamly are members of the M. K Choivh. GILES* N* Sm of the firm of Blake & Giles, jewelers, Znmbrota Tillage. Was bom in Bristol county, Mass., in 1S32. Enlisted May 1, 1S61. in com- pany A. Sth Mass. Y. I. ; served eleven months and was honorably dis- chai^ged. September, 1863, came to this connty, where he has since resided. Married Doisie Nichols in 1855. Their duldien are — ^WiUiam F., Alice M., John H,, Anna F., Charles N., Sarah and Mary. GBOTEB, BARKER C liTery, feed and sale stable. Bom in Bethal, Oxford county, Maine, in ISiO, where he married lazsie H. Rose in 1863. She was bom in Plymouth, Mass., in 1840. Emigrated April, 1868, to this county ; engaged in farming and livery. In the fell of 1875 was elected to the lower house of the State Legislature from the seventeenth district, and re-elected in the fell of 1S77. He is treasurer of Goodhue Connty Agri- cultural Society. Herbert B., TJlKan M-, James D., Charles L. and LueUa £., are his liitring cbildien; two are dead — ^Franklin H. and Howard. GILES, JAUS H« farmer, sec. 9, P. O. White Willow. Bom in Bristol county, Mass., in 1^5. Resided there until 1863, when he enlisted in First Artillery, company A. Served seven months, and in 1863 came to this connty. Same year enlisted in company C, 1st regt. Minn. V. I. Served until June 2^ 1866. Was honorably discharged at Fort Snelling, Minn. Settled on his present estate in 1867. SO acres, valued at $40 per acre. filORGE, FEED, proprietor of Znmbrota House. Bom in England in 1838. Emigrated to America in 1850, settling in Conn. : 1S57. removed to Chi- cago, engaged as salesman in a wholesale grocery house. Xov., 1863, enlisted in the U. S. navy; served fifteen months; then settled in Craw- taid connty. Pa., where he married Marion Cram, Nov., 1864. She was bom in Scotland, in 1840. He returned to Chicago in July. 1868, and followed the wholesale tobacco trade until ISTO, Uien came to this county. 1872, located in Zumbrota. and assumed the management of the Znmbrota House. Their children are — Willis F. , Frederick J. and Howard. GREEN, FHILO M« former, sec 33, P. O. Znmbrota. Was bom in Levris counfy, X. Y., June 2, 1S34. l&5i». came to Wisconsin, where he married Phebe A. Rogers, Xov. 10, 1860. She was bom in Ots^ connty, X. Y., Aug. 39, 1S42: 1S64 came to this county; in the spring of 1865, settled on his present ferm, where he now owns 89 acres, worth $5C> per acre. Has held the office of school director for many years. His children are — J. C, Philo E. and Ethel May. The family are members of the Congregational Church. 624 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. HALL, OSCAR H., physician, surgeon and druggist, Zumbrota village, was born in Erie county, N. Y., November 29, 1842; was married to Delia M. Meade, April 15, 1867; she was born in Columbia county. Wis., Aug. 15, 1847. Mr. Hall enlisted in Co. A, 8th New York Cavalry, Aug, 6, 1862, and was honorably discharged at the expiration of three years' service. He received his medical education in Buffalo, N. Y., graduating in the fall of 1868. September of the same year came to this village, and com- menced the practice of medicine; 1874, in partnership with his brother, established their present drug store. He has two daughters, named Virgie and Margie. HOFF, AUGUST FRED, druggist and chemist, was born in Norway in 1842; came to America in 1866, settling in Chicago; 1871 moved to Norway, 111., and in 1878 came to this village, established his present business. Married, in Norway, 1866, Miss Emma S. Olson; she was born in 1848, died in America in 1871; has one daughter by this marriage — Rayna Ame- lia. Married again, Maria Tuftte, 1872. She was born in Norway, Oct. 25, 1844; they have three children, Emanuel, Maria S. and Seline C. HOLLAND, 8. C, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Franklin Co., N. Y., Dec. 14, 1835. Came to this county, settled in Red Wing, in 1854. 1860, came to this town, pre-empted 160 acres in sec. 2. Enlisted in Co. A, V. I., 5th Minn., Dec. 19, 1861; served until Dec' 28, 1864, being hon- orably discharged at that time; returned to this county, where he married Julia Allen, Nov. 1st, 1866. She was born in Sullivan county, N. H., Jan. 23, 1844. Settled on his present farm, consisting of 393 acres. Held local offices many years, and was elected Nov. 8, 1877, to the State legislature. Their children are — Stella and Mary. Lost one child, Alice. HOLTON, NELSON, farmer, sec. 1, P. 0. Goodhue Center. Born in Nor- way, Nov. 27, 1838. Came to America in 1853. Settled in Wis. ; 1855, moved to Grant county, Wis.; Aug., 1862, enlisted in Co. G, 33d Wis. V. I. Participated in siege of Vicksburg, Nashville, Tupelo, Miss., and with Sully's expedition up the Red River. Came to this county in 1867; married Jennie Ingbretson, June 15, 1867. She was born in Norway, Aug. 9, 1846. Settled on his present farm, 1868. Owns 160 acres. Have four children — Minne T., Joseph H., Rocelia, Mabel. Are members of N. L. Church. HALL, 0. L, physician, surgeon and druggist. Born in Wales, N. Y., Sept. 11, 1843. Graduated from the medical department at Buffalo Uni- versity, Feb. 28, 1873. Married Annie Holden, April 14, 1873. She was born in Ravenshead, Eng., 1845. Settled in this village in July, 1874, where he has followed his profession. His only child, Sarah, was born in July, 1877. LARSON, LARS, farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Norway, March 28, 1813, where he married Mary Halgerson, June 22, 1852; she was born in Norway, Apriri4, 1828. Emigrated June 23, 1858, and settled in Wana- THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY 625 mingo, where lie resided until 1861; moved to Minneola township; thence to his present estate; owns 160 acres. Julia, Lars, Henry, Joseph, Severt, Martin, Carrie, John, Lena, and Neltz, are the names of their children. Family are members of the N. L. Church. LEWIS, CHARLES, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in New Hamp- shire, 1818. Moved to Oneida county, N. Y., 1828. Married Cornelia Hart in 1840. She was born in Oneida county, N. Y., July 15, 1820. Came to this county in April, 1864, and settled in Red Wing. 1865, moved to Wacoota; resided there until 1872, then sfettled on his farm of 155 acres. Their children are Henry and John. Are members of the M. E. church. McKINSTKT, HOWARD, L,, physician and surgeon, Zumbrota village. Was born in Pa., June 14, 1846. Attended Mercersburg College in 1860; remained about three years and commenced the study of medicine with Dr. A. H. Senseny, of Chambersburg, Pa. Entered Jefferson Medical College under the care of Dr. Dunglisen, who was dean of that institution; remained there about one year and a half; he then went to the University of Pa., where he had for his preceptor Dr. H. L. Hodge, also a professor in the university. 1869 graduated, commenced the practice of medicine in Mercersburg, 1872. Came to Chicago in 1872, purchased the drug busi- ness of Haskell & Dudley, which he conducted, together with the practice of medicine, until the spring of 1874. In June, 1875, came to this village; has practised his profession since arriving here; has been successful, and is rdoing a large business. Married Mary S. Broderick, of Baltimore, in 1872. She is a native of Virginia. Their children are — Richard W., Mary B., Howard L. and Margaret. Lost two children, John and Frank. MUBDOCE, A. C, farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Madison Co., N. Y., in 1822, where he married Emily 0. Clark in 1849; she was born in same county in 1832 — died in this county May 14, 1875. Moved to Oneida cc/unty, N. Y., in 1855. Arriving in this town Aug., 1858, where he pre-empted, and in 1861 settled on his present estate; owns 310 acres Is one of the early settlers of this town, and has nobly braved the hard ships of pioneer life. Willie L., Eva A. and Nellie A. are their children MASON, D. F., of the firm of Mason Bros., hardware dealers, Zumbrota vil lage, was born in Oswego county, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1847; fall of 1866 came to Wisconsin, where he married Miss Mgjy E. Clement, Dec. 28, 1868; she was born May 11, 1851. Came to this county in 1875, and estab lished his present business in July, 1878. He has one son, Eugene, born February 16, 1871. MARTIN, THOMAS J., farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Mazeppa, Wabasha county. Was born in Pa., May 27, 1831; married Caroline Chase, June 29, 1853. She was born in Pa., March 9, 1833; June, 1862, came to this county, settled on his present estate; owns 120 acres. Their children are, Gertrude, now Mrs. Arnold; Jennie, Marion and Benjamin. 41 626 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. McGINNIS, WILLIAM, farmer, resides in Wabasha county. Was born in Galena, 111., Dec. 15, 1855; there his father died in 1856, and in 1858 he, with his mother, moved to Douglas county, Kansas, and remained till 1867, when he moved to Wabasha county, where he has since resided. His mother is now a resident of Olmstead county. NICHOLS, D. B., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Plymouth, Vt., March 29, 1847. At the age of six years, with parents, moved to Wis. 1864 came to this county, where he married Ellen A. Eddy, Sept. 26, 1866; she was born in Madison county, N. Y., April 27, 1849. Enlisted in. Co. M, 1st Minn. Heavy Artillery, Feb. 16, 1865; discharged at Nashville, Sept. 27, 1865. Settled on their present estate, 75 acres, Dec, 1869. Children are — Arthur, Hattie L. and John. Lost two, James and Lorinda E. Family are members of M. E. Church. NORDVOLD, OLOF 0., farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. White Willow. Was born in Norway, May 30, 1844. Attended Oscar Seminary, graduating in 1864; taught school until 1869. Came to America, remaining a short time in Iowa; came to this county, settled in Belle Creek township; engaged as teacher of Norwegian Schools in that and Minneola townships seven years. June, 1876, settled on present farm of 256 acres. Married Ester Christy Klevgaard, March 25, 1873; she was born in Wis., Oct. 18, 1850. Their children are — Olof M., Mary J. and Jessie C. They are members of N. E. L: Church. OLSON, BOND, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Zumbrota; was born in Sweden, July 18, 1837. Married Ella A. Barrett, Dec. 25, 1867; she was born in Staf- ford, Conn., June 11, 1844. Mr. 0. came to this county in 1855; settled in Red Wing; resided there until 1856, then moved to Zumbrota; 1861 enlisted in Co. D, 3rd Minn. V. I.; served three years; re-enlisted in 1864; was honorably discharged 1865, holding the rank of Brigade Quartermaster. PALMER, H. H., merchant, Zumbrota village; was born in New Hamp- shire, Nov. 1, 1831; went to Worcester, Mass., in 1852. Came to this village in 1860, and engaged in milling until the fall of 1865, when he began his present business. Married Adelaide A. Halbert, Nov. 12, 1863; she was born in Westmoreland, N. Y., in Oct., 1830. PERSON, R>, grocer, Zumbrota village; was born in Vermont, Dec. 12, 1824; went to Indiana in 1851 ; married Mary Doxey in 1852. She was born in Indiana March 2, 1837"; 1853, moved to Illinois, and in 1857 to this county; engaged in farming until 1864, then moved to this village and opened a furniture store; 1878, established his present business. Has two daugh- ters, Addie and Jennie; and four children deceased, Ella, Willie, Frank ' and Fannie. PEARSON, FREEMAN, farmer, sec. 25, P. 0. Mazeppa. Was born in New Hampshire, May 28, 1828. Came to this county in 1855, settled at his present home; owns 180 acres of valuable land; was the third actual settler in Zumbrota township; 1868, he returned to New Hampshire, and THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 627 married Mrs. L. W. Harding, in October of that year. She was born in that State May 2, 1835; have one child, an infant daughter, not named, born July 21, 1878. Mrs. Pearson has one son by her former marriage, named Herbert N., born July 28, 1858. Mr. Pearson has been actively identified with all the important enterprises of his town and county. PEfiSON, GEORGE, hardware merchant, Zumbrota village. Was born in Vt. in 1833. 1855, moved to 111. 1857, came to Zumbrota. In 1857, 'erected the first blacksmith shop in the village, followed the business until 1866, has since been engaged in his present business. Married Mrs. Mary Elliott, 1866. She was born in Maine, 1837. Their children are — Abbie, Edward S. and Charles. Mrs. Person has one son, George, by her former marriage. FABEEB, JAMES, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. White Willow. Born in New York city, June 19, 1836. Emigrated to Canada, resided there until 1842, then moved to Wis.' 1863, came to this county, and settled on his present estate of 200 acres. Married Eliza Shaw in 1868. She was born in N. H. in 1847. Mrs. P. is a member of M. E. Church. Frank is their only child, born Nov. 6, 1872. PABKEB, BOBEBT, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. White Willow. Born in New York city, Sept. 1, 1838. Came to this county in 1863. Dec. 15, 1863, enlisted in Bracket's battallion, Co. D, served until May 19, 1866, was honorably discharged. Married Lucretia Parker, Feb. 19, 1869. She was born in Vt., July 23, 1848. Settled on his present farm in 1869. Owns 483 acres of valuable land. Orren L. is their only child. Are members of the M. E. Church. BICSEB, S. S., farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Zumbrota. Was born in Maine, April 15, 1841. Came to Wabasha county, Minn., with parents in 1864, where he married Hannah E. Mitchell, Nov. 22, 1864. She was born in Maine, Jan. 14, 1844. 1866 settled on his present farm of 80 acres. Owns 200 acres of land in the western portion of this State. Their children are — Verdie E., Allen A., Winfred R. and Walter S. SMITHj H.J grocer, Zumbrota village. Was born in Houston county, Minn., in 1853. 1874 came to this county, settled in Red Wing, where he mar- ried Agnes Schafer, Jan. 9, 1877. She was born in Germany in 1855. The fall of 1877 moved to this village; engaged in his present business; is doing a large and increasing business. 8TEABNS, HON. ISAAC C, Zumbrota village. Was born in N. H., Feb. 28, 1820. Moved to Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1853, where he was engaged in the publication of the two well-known monthly magazines, " The Mothers' Magazine," and "Merry's Museum." 1857, came to this county and set- tled where this village now stands. He owns 800 acres of choice land, besides about 1,500 acres in other portions of the State. Since coming here, he has devoted his attention almost wholly to farming, raising in one 628 THE HISTOKY OF GOODHUB COUNTY. year (1877) 15,000 bushels of wheat. In 1859, he was elected representa- tive to the 2d General Assembly of Minnesota; re-elected the following year. Married Lucy T. Wheeler, at New Ipswich, N. H., Nov. 1845. She died in November, 1859. He had two daughters by this marriage, Abbie M., Lucy E., who married Edward L. Malhuus, and died Oct. 18, 1874, aged 21 years, leaving one son, named Edward. Mr. S. married his second wife Aug., 1860; Mrs. Amanda P. Eames. She died Dec, 1872. He was married again Nov., 1873, to Miss Arvilla L. Grover. They have one son, Clarence, and one deceased, Isaac 0. SCOFIELD, D. B., was born in Livingston county, N. Y., Jan. 2, 1838. Moved to Illinois with parents when young; thence to Wisconsin, and in October, 1858 to this village. Enlisted in 1862 in company H, 8th Minn. V. I. ; was mustered out July, 1865. Married Ermina Belle Parker, Oct. 11, 1865. She was born in Painsville, 0., April 27, 1846. SIAS, DEFOREST, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0., Mazeppa, Wabasha county. Was born in Maine, Aug. 20, 1854. Came to this county' with parents in 1869; settled where he now lives. The farm consists of 40 acres of very valuable land. Married Annie Mitchell, April 14, 1877. She was born in Maine, Nov. 29, 1858, and came to Wabasha county, settling near Mazeppa, with parents in 1864. WOOBURY, L. Dt, dealer in agricultural implements, also musical instru- ments, Zumbrota village; was born in New Hampshire, 1817; moved, with parents, when young, to Vermont; thence, in 1832, to Orleans county, Vt., where he married Catharine Glidden, Feb., 1841; she was born in that county in 1819. Moved to Concord, Mass. ; thence to Hollister, Mass., from there to Orleans county, Vt. ; thence to New York, June, 1861; thence, in 1862, to Ohio; thence to Illinois; thence, in Feb., 1864, to Ma- zeppa, Wabasha county, Minn.; remained until 1867; purchased a farm; remained until 1876, then moved to this village and established his present business. His children are Mirnett, Edwin, Viola, Levi and Katie. WHIPPLE, CHARES J., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Madison county, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1845. Removed to Rochester, N. Y., in 1861; and in 1865 came to this county, settled on his present estate, 160 acres, a fine farm. Married Lousia A. Nichols, Feb. 1, 1866; she was born in Plymouth, Vt., March 4, 1840. Charles, Mary, Wallace N., Clarence, are their living children. WARD, CHARLES, farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Zumbrota. Was born in Mass., Oct. 13, 1818; when 26 years of age went to Lowell, Mass., engaged in the mercantile business. Married Harriet King, April 21, 1847; she was born in Chelsea, Vt., Feb. 20, 1825. Was in business in Lowell until 1856, came to this county and pre-empted the land on which he now lives. Has one son, Charles A. The family are members of the Cong. Church. WELLS, WILLIAM S., of Hubbard, Wells & Co., proprietors of the " Forest Mills," was born in Elmira, N. Y., June 26, 1839; at the age of THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 629 sixteen, he arrived in Napierville, 111. ; there worked on a farm in summer and went to school in winter, until the spring of 1857; then engaged with a drover, at $12 per month, and came with him to Minnesota; made a claim near Zumbrota, and followed various employments, until Sept. 1861, when he enlisted in Co. I. 2nd Minn. V. I.; served with the regiment until severely wounded and taken prisoner at Chickamauga; was paroled and sent through the lines to Chattanooga, ten days after the battle; con- fined at Chattanooga from Sept. 29, 1863, to' March 1, 1864:, when he was able to move; procured his discharge, March 9, 1864; returned to Minne- sota in May; engaged in farming and stock business. In 1867, in com- pany with H. H. Palmer, commenced the erection of the " Forest Mills;" completed in May, 1868; now operated under the firm name of " Hubbard, Wells & Co." Established the "Forrest Mills Store," in 1870; and in company with Messrs. Hubbard, Ford & Brown, built the "Mazeppa Mills," in 1875. Mr. Wells has operated quite extensively in horses over a large portion of the United States, from St. Paul to the Rio Grande, and in 1874, started "Benson's Livery," the largest in the State, west of Min- 'neapolis; operated under the firm name of W. S. Wells & Co. In 1878, in company with Gen. Hubbard and Jas. G. Lawrence, obtained control of the M. M. R. R., which was at that time in a deplorable condition. They at once commenced its improvement, and built forty-five miles of road in fifty days, taking much of the material from the rough; and under the new management the road is much improved, as well as its financial condition. Mr. W. married, July 3, 1864, Emma Dickey; their children are, Carrie M., Glenn W., Emma and William S. Mrs. Wells is a member of the Methodist Church; his creed is a simple faith in God and nature. BELLE CREEK. CADWELlj Hi, farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Belle Creek. Born in Onondaga county, N. Y., Sept. 15, 1827. Married Mary Gates, Nov. 2, 1849. She was born in Buffalo, N. T., April 2, 1832, and died April 25, 1868. Mar- ried Jane Glen, Nov. 14, 1868. She was born in Ireland in 1844. Went to Indiana in 1838, and to this county in 1855; owns 97 acres of land. Alphonzo L., Homer A., Alice L., Charles F., are children by first mar- riage; Earnest E., Charles F., (the latter killed by being thrown from a wagon,) and William 0., Hiram J., Joseph F., and Stephen J., are chil- dren by second marriage. DOTLE, M., farmer, sec. 3; P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Troy, N. Y., Oct., 1825. Moved to Illinois in 1852; came to this county in 1854; married S. E. C. Gilbert in 1859; she was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1840. Lillian E., Helen M., Gilbert W., Caroline L., Charles J., Edward M., Henry St. Clare, Josephine E., John V. R., Vincent L., Ambrose A. and Raphael F., are his children. Owns 160 acres of land. Has held several prominent of&ces in his township. 630 THE HISTORY OF QOODHUE OOXJNTY. ERICKSON, PETER E., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Belle Creek. Born in Swe- den, Aug. 14, 1815. Maried Anna G. Olson. She was born Sept. 21, 1848. Married for second wife, Ingebor Larson. She was born in Nor- way, Jan. 23, 1831. Liyed in Rock Island county. Ills., one year.. Came to this county Sept. 1, 1855. Owns 160 acres of land. Erick, Gustave E., Erick J., Peter G., Oscar H., are children by first marriage. Charles W., Erick L., Anna W., Johnannah and John A. are children by second marriage. PUICRUT, G. W., farmer., sec 19, P. 0. Belle Creek. Born in Pa., April 18, 1833. Married Mary E. Bush, Oct. 20, 1853. She was born July 12, 1836. Moved from Ills., to this county in the fall of 1856. Owns 235 acres of land. Rosa L., Charles M., Prank, Clara E., Bessie E., Samuel G. and George W. are the names of their children. GORMAN, MICHAEL, farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Belle Creek. Born in Ireland, Oct., 1823. Came to this country in 1843, settling in the State of N. Y. Moved to Wis., in 1850. Married Mariah Falvey, who was born in Ire- land, in 1825. Eliza, John, Mary, Kittie, Emeline, Thomas, NelUe and James, are their children. HAMILTON, JAMES, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Ireland, May 12, 1825. Came to this country in 1844, settling in Massachusetts. Came to this county in 1855, and now owns 160 of land. Married in Troy, N. Y., Leavina Burill, Oct. 12, 1854. She was born in Canada, June 22, 1834. HIMMELMAN CHARLES, JR., farmer, sec. 2, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Sweden, May 4, 1853. Emigrated to this county, June 29, 1865. Owns in this township 320 acres of land. Has held the office of school trustee. JOHNSON, NELS, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. White Rock. Born in Sweden, Oct. 12, 1829. Came to this country in 1854; to this county in the spring of 1855. Married Matte Ricka, Dec. 18, 1858; she was born in Denmark, Jan. 22, 1825. Matild E., Mary P., John, James A., are the names of their children. Mr. Johnson owns 92 acres of land. Is a member of the Lutheran Church. O'NEIL, JAMES, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. White Rock. Born in Ireland, March, 1821. Emigrated to the State of N. Y., in 1848; thence to Ills., in 1852. Came to this county in the summer of 1854. Married Margaret Edwards in 1845; she was born in Ireland in 1818. Nicholas, their eldest son, died in the State of N. Y., May, 1841. James, John, Charles and Henry, are their living sons. Ann, their only daughter, died in 1868. She was the first birth in this township. Mr. O'Neil owns 160 acres of land, and belongs to the Catholic Church. PETERSON, JOHN, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Belle Creek. Born in Sweden," Sept. 3, 1816. Married Louisa Graff, May 17, 1855, in Boston, Mass. She was born in January, 1825. Moved to Wis., and to this county in 1861. His land he values at $6,000. Members of Lutheran church. Charles, John, Edward, Levi, Christiana M., and Olina, are their children. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY, 631 STANTON. DELINE, JOHN, farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Cannon River Palls. Born in Mont- gomery county, N. Y., Jan. 25, 1818. In 1828 moved with parents to Orleans county. May, 1855, moved to this county; settled on his present farm, 186 acres, worth |35 per acre. Married Eliza A. Housel, in Somer- set, Niagara county, N. Y. She was born in Lansing, Tompkins county, Nov. 6, 1824. Their children are — J. D., Cynthia and Alma E. Lost four by death, whose names were — Lydia, Orpha A. Martha J. and John W. DIBBLE, ALONZA, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Born in Fairfield county. Conn., Dee. 12, 1826. Fall of 1832 with parents moved to Switzerland county, Ind. ; remained until 1850; crossed the plains to California; remained about sixteen months, engaged in mining; returned to Indiana; engaged as boatman on the Ohio River, running as far south as Memphis and New Orleans. 1 1n 1854 he came to this county, pre- empted a quarter section of land in sections 23 and 24 this township. Married Louisa Ahlers, June 11, 1855. She was born in Prussia in 1836; died March 25, 1869. Their children are — Sarah L., Alice M. and Edward A. Married again to Miss Rebecca Chapman, Aug. 28, 1871, who is a native of Northampton, N. H. The family are members of the Episcopal Church. FERGUSON, DONALD, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Stanton. Born in Canada East, Feb. 17, 1825. Spring of 1861 he moved to Pierce county. Wis., engaged in farming until the fall of 1877, when he moved to his present farm 160 acres, worth $6,000. Married Mary McMillan, June 12, 1851. She was born in Canada East, Aug. 2, 1831, died, Sept. 18, 1874. Their children are — John, Duncan J., Margaret (died Sept. 10, 1859,) Margaret, Archi- bald A. Married again to Mrs. Jane M. Learmoift, March 21, 1877. She was born in Canada, Oct. 18, 1839. dtOUDT, FRANCIS, farmer, sec. 34, P. 0. Stanton. Born in Ireland, Aug. 15, 1838. Came to America, May 3, 1860, settled in this county, and in 1865, settled on his present estate, 160 acres. Married Bridget McAweeny, Jan., 1865. She was born in Ireland, 1849. Mr. Gr. has held important local of&ces for many years, and in 1873 was elected assessor, which position he still 'retains. His children are — William R., Arthur, Francis, James, Anna E., Nathaniel and Mary. GOUDI, WILLIAM, farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Stanton. Born in Ireland, Aug. 3, 1838; came to America in 1856, settling in this township, where he married Susie Grant, Sept. 27, 1865. She was born in Scotland, July 4, 1841. Mr. G. enlisted in Co. C, 6th Minn. V. L, Aug. 12, 1862; was dis- charged Aug. 29, 1865. Settled on his farm in 1868, which consists of 80 acres, worth $50 per acre. He also owns 285 acres in Martin county, worth $6,000; was appointed postmaster of Stanton in 1868, which office he still 632 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. holds. Their children are, William E., Anna L., Frederick Gr., and Liz- zie M. eOTJLD, GEORGE W., farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Stanton. Born in Vt., Nov. 4, 1830. 1853, moved to Dodge county, Wis., engaged in farming until 1855, then moved to this county, and settled where he now lives. Married Miss A. Daniels, Oct. 29, 1855. She was born in Vt., March 18, 1833. Enlisted in Co. I, 1st Minn, heavy artillery, Feb. 6, 1865, was discharged Sept. 27, same year, at Nashville, Tenn. Mr. Gould's parents came to this county in 1857, and have since died. Mrs. Gould's parents also came in the same year, her mother is dead, and her father resides with her. They have lost two children by death, Clara and an infant son. They are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. HASEJRICK, F. G., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Stanton. Born in Saxony, Ger- many, Dec. 20, 1824. Came to America in 1850, settled near Salem, Mass. The following year he was joined by his family, lived there until 1856, in the employ of the Lawrence Bay State Company and the Naum- keag cotton factory, as dyer. May 28, 1856, settled on his present farm of 160 acres, worth $35 per acre. Was married in Germany to Ernstine Eeichelt, Oct. 6, 1847. She was born Oct. 7, 1826. Their children are— Emil, Lucy, Anna and Alice. They have lost two children by death, Frank and Lena. Mr. H. has held local offices many years. The family are members of the Methodist Church. HINE, WILLIAM Ii,, farmer, sec, 27, P. 0. Cannon River Falls; born in Cortland county, N. Y., April 11, 1822; 1840 moved to Michigan; remained 18 months and moved to Indiana; thence, in 1844, to Wisconsin; thence, in 1858, to Cannon Falls, this county; thence, in 1860, to his present farm, 245 acres, worth $40 per acre. Married Charity Morell, January 5, 1848. She was born in Canada West, July 3, 1817. Their children are, Daniel F., James H., Charles 0. and Martha J. They have lost three children by death, whose names were, William, John I. and Samuel. ELEEBERGEB, MRS. EUPHEMIA, relict of the late Frederick Kleeberger, P. 0. Northfield; was born in New York State, Sept. 23, 1828. Married Mr. K., July 27, 1852; he was born in Germany in 1827, and died in this place April 1, 1871. They moved to this county April, 1857; settled on this farm of 160 acres, worth $45 per acre. She is a member of the Congrega- tional Church. Her children are — Orin W.^ Mary E., Frederick M., William A., Lafayette F. and Rena E. One son named George, deceased. LEE, JOSEPH, farmer, sec. 9, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Owns 308 acres, worth |40 per acre. Was born in England, Aug. 13, 1805, where he married Elizabeth Thompson, Sept. 21, 1832. She was born Oct. 26, 1803. Came to America in 1850, settled near Rochester, N. Y., engaged in blacksmithing until 1852, when he moved to Indianapolis, Ind. Novem- ber, 1855, came to this State, settled in Cannon FaUs; carried on black- smithing one year, then moved to his present farm. Their only daughter, THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 633 Mary, was born in England, Feb. 18, 1839, and died Sept. 18, 1846. They . are the oldest couple nOw residing in this township, and can distinctly remember the battle of Waterloo. McCORKELL, MRS. AGNES, relict of the late James MeCorkell, whose death in 1861, was caused by jumping from a wagon, was born in Sqotland, where she married Mr. MeCorkell, who was also a native of Scotland. In 1856 they came to this county and settled in Warsaw township, and in 1857 moved to the farm on which Mrs. M. now resides. Her children are — David, born in Philadelphia; William, born in Iowa; Eliza and James, born in this State. She is a member of the Episcopal Church. Owns 160 acres of land, worth $50 per acre. MILLEE, JONATHAN, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Stanton. Born in Vermont, Oct. 11, 1838; 1857 came to this county, made a claim on section 20, this township; in the spring of 1873, moved to his present farm of 750 acres, worth $50 per acre. Mr. M. raises large flocks of sheep, and now has some of the finest " Spanish Merinos" in the Northwest, which he origin- ally brought from Vermont in 1867, and which produce annually from eight to nine pounds of wool each. Married Mattie Streeter, Dec. 22, 1871. She was born in Monroe county. Wis., April 7, 1852; they have one child, 0. R., born Feb. 19, 1872. MILLS, WILLIAM, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Born in Va., Feb. 27, 1835. At the age of four years, with parents, moved to Ohio; 1853 to Ills. ; 1856 came to this county, settling in Warsaw township. Enlisted in the 2d Minn. V. I., May 27, 1864, participated in many severe engagements, and was honorably discharged July 22, 1865; 1868 settled on farm, consisting of 120 acres, owned by himself and brother, and worth $45 per acre. His brother, James Mills, was born in Ohio, Aug. 24, 1842, and arrived with parents in this county in 1856. Enlisted in Co. I, 1st Minn. Heavy Artillery, Feb. 8, 1865, and was honorably discharged Oct. 8, of the same year; returned; now resides and is a partner with his brother. MILLER, HARRISON D., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Stanton. Born in Ver- mont, Feb. 6, 1828; there he married Harriet Ellis, Jan. 3, 1854. She was born in the same State, Sept. 10, 1830; March the same year, they came west and settled in Wis., and in March, 1858, came to this county and settled where they now live; he owns 270 acres of land, worth $30 per acre. Their children are — Alvin E., Nelson J., Cora and Fred. MURPHT, ALEXANDER, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Stanton.- Born in Canada, Dec. 10, 1838. 1858 came to this State; settled in Dakota county; remained until 1868; then moved to his present farm, 485 acres, worth $19,000. Married Betsy Knutson, June 1873. She was born in Norway, Aug. 11, 1846. Their children are — Minnie, John A. and George. His brother and partner James Murphy, was born in Canada, March, 1836. Came to this county in 1864, and entered into partnership with his brother on their present farm. 634 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. M00KH0U81, RICHARD F., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Born in Ontario, Can., June 29, 1836; in 1867, came to Minn., and settled in this township; 1872, moved to his present farm of 160 acres, worth |30 per acre. He has besides 73 acres otherwise located. Married Letitia Dack, Oct. 6, 1867. She was born in Canada, April, 1839. Their children are— Margaret J., William R., and John J. POE, BrlCHABD M., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Born in Kentucky, Dec. 5, 1807. 1843 moved to Indiana, and engaged in farming until 1858; then came to this State, and settled in Rice county. 1860 came to his present farm, 159 acres, worth $35 per acre. Married Margaret Kemmer in Bracken county, Ky., April 23, 1830. She was born there, Nov. 20, 1809; died Jan. 17, 1869. His children are— Hiram B., who resides in Rice county; Mary E. in Kansas; William E. in this county; Elizabeth F. in Rice county; Jonathan S. in this county; Ann M. in Dakota county; Susan M. in Cannon Palls; Leonidas E. C. in Cannon Falls; Sabina in Dakota county; Milton H. at home and Kate C. in this county. Married Mrs. Mary A. Wail, Jan. 7, 1875, who was the widow of Beriah C. Wail, who died June 16, 1873. She was born in Clinton county, N. Y., July 29, 1823. The children by this marriage are Maria J., Florence A. and Walter B. He has lost four children by death, two by first marriage and two by the last. POE, WILLIAM E., farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Born in Bracken county, Ky., March 18, 1836. June, 1843, with parents, moved to Ind. ; remained until Aug., 1857, then settled in Rice county, Minn. March, 1861, moved to present farm 217 acres. Enlisted in Co. C, 6th Minn. V. I., Aug. 13, 1862; was assigned to duty on the plains against the Indians; was honorably discharged Aug. 14, 1864; returned and has since resided here. Married Julia Sherpy, Feb. 23, 1858. She was born in Ohio, Jan. 29, 1838. Their children are— Ida, Clara L., William F., Lulu and Mark. They are members of the M. E. Church. POLLARD, JAMES, farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Stanton. Born in Manchester, England, Jan. 22, 1828. April, 1829, came with parents to America, set- tling in N. Y. State, remained until 1837, then moved to Mass. ; remained there until 1842; thence to Watertown, Wis., lived there until 1856; thence to Goodhue county, and in July, settled with his family on farm of 170 acres, worth $45 per acre. Married Margaret M. Gibson, Oct. 11, 1850. She was born in Ireland, July 4, 1832. Their children are — John, Peter J., EUaM., Francelia M., Adaline, Henrietta, Margaret, Benjamin L., William H. and George. They have lost two children. He enlisted . in Co. I, 1st Minn. Heavy Artillery, Feb. 8, 1865, and was honorably dis- charged Oct. 8, of the same year. SIMPSON, BENJAMIN, farmer, sec. 35, P. 0. Cannon River Falls; born in Ireland, Dec. 25, 1834; came to America, with parents, in 1838, and set- tled in New York; remained until 1855; came west, and in 1856 settled THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 635 in Warsaw, this county, where he lived until March 1, 1870, when he moved to his present' farm, 405 acres, worth "$9,000. Married Helen O'Brien, Oct. 26, 1858; she was born in Armstrong county. Pa., June 10, 1835; their children are, Fred L., Mary J., Lillie B., Benjamin and Arleigh J. SLOCUM, JOHN E., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Cannon River Palls. Born in Luzerne county, Pa., Dec. 19, 1803; came, with his father, Isaac Slocum, to Ohio, 1824, there he resided until 1845 ; then moved to Pond du Lac, Wis., in 1856; came to St. Paul and in the fall of the same year came to Cannon Palls; built the second store in that place, and about the same time pre-empted the farm on which he now lives; erected a cabin thereon; while absent at Red Wing a fire swept over the prairie and destroyed the cabin with all his household goods; he then returned, with his family, to St. Paul, and spent the winter, and the following year returned to his claim where he resided until 1861, when he returned to Oshkosh, Wis. ; remained until 1874, when they returned to their home in this county, and have lived here since. Married Barbara E. Morrill, May 1, 1849; she was born in England, March 9, 1829. There children are Sarah E., Mary H. and Harrison M. STANTON, LYMAN, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Stanton, Born in Vermont, Jan. 15, 1821; 1824 with parents, moved to Lower Canada, where he resided until 1844. May 11, 1843, married Margaret M. McAllister; she was born in Canada, April 4, 1824. Spring of 1844 moved to Dodge Co., Wis.; 1856 came to this Co., entered 160 acres of land, returned to Wis., remained until 1868; again returned to this Co., bought 160 acres more land, moved his family and has resided here since. Now owns 340 acres, worth $13,000. Their children are — Ellen, Mary A., Henry L., Florence J., Frances, George A. and Minnie. WHITE, lEONAED, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Born in N. H., April 6, 1818. At twenty -four years of age shipped as a sailor and followed a seafaring life five years; was then engaged as teamster in the city of Boston until 1854. July of that year, moved to this Co., settling where he now lives; owns 160 acres of land; is a prominent citizen and local politician. Married Mary Hoffstater, May 31, 1856; she was born in Ohio, Dec. 29, 1834. Their children are, Frances M. and Lizzie A. WHITSON, BOBEKT, farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Oct. 24, 1827. Came to America and settled in Canada in 1835, where he married Mary A. Riddle, Jan. 7, 1848. She was born in Canada, April 19, 1828. 1863 he came to this county settling on his present estate, consisting of 200 acres, worth $45 per acre. Their children are — Jennette, Robert A., Ellen, James, Isabella V., John and Henry. They have lost one child by death, named William, who died at the age of ten years. WUCOX, C. N., proprietor of Oxford Flouring Mill, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Born in N. Y., Aug. 5, 1829. 1834 moved with parents to Alle- 636 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. gany county, N. Y. l'84:7, went to Erie county, Pa., engaged in the mill- ing business. Married Elizabeth A. Pike, Jan. 3, 1853. She was born in Dunkirk, Chautauqua county, N- T., March 17, 1836. 1857, moved to Wayne county, Ind. ; thence in 1859 to Dundas, Rice county, Minn., where he engaged in the milling business until 1867, then moved to this place, and in partnership with J. S. and E. T. Archibald, erected the Oxford Mill, having since purchased his partners' interest. George H., Edwin A., Martha E., Ida M., Charles E. and Nina Ft, are their children. PINE ISLAND. AHNEMANj HENRY, farmer, real estate broker and gen. ins. agt., P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Germany in 1826; married Sophia Polch in 1851. She was born in same place in 1829; came to this country May 19, 1851; settled in Wis. , engaged in the mercantile business. In 1856, settled on see. 24, this township; lived there until 1860, then moved to Pine Island village; followed merchandising until 1865, then moved on the homestead, where his industry and integrity has been rewarded. In 1865, he pur- chased his present beautiful estate of half section; also owns two valuable farms besides. He has held important town offices for many years; is an extensive real estate owner and one of the leading citizens of the county. Augustus, Henry, Mena, Sophia, Rudolph, Francis, Frank, Emma and Louisa, are their living children. BUMP, OESON, farmer, sec. 24, P. 0. Mazeppa. Born in N. Y. State, in 1814. Emigrated to Pa. with parents, where he married Catharine Ross. She was born in Pa. in 1814. Moved to 111. in 1835. Came to Wis. in 1 840, where he lived until 1856. Came to this county, and settled on his present estate of 160 acres; has since made it his home. Is one of the early settlers of the town. Of their several children two are living — Mary J. and Jennette. John T., who enlisted in 1861 in the 3d Minn. V., com- pany K, and served eight months, when he died at Murfreesboro, from disease contracted in the army. Annie and Annis, twins. Last named married F. B. Young, who died Aug., 1878, leaving six children — Owen, Joseph, Annie, Almeda, AUie and Alfac. BUNN, I. M., farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Mazeppa. Born in Pa. in 1816. Married Cinthia Criley in 1843. She was born in Pa. in 1825. Left Pa. in 1854, landing at ■ Red Wing, May 17, 18.54. Settled on his present estate same season, and has experienced all the hardship of early pioneer life, and are among those of the early seittlers of this town and county. Owns 160 acres. Anna M., Frank, Sarah, Robert, Samuel, Douglass, McClellan, Thomas, Harry and Clara M. are their living children. Lost four children —William D., Charles E., Samuel P. and Eunice D. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUB COUNTY. 637 CHANCE, JOHN, farmer, Pine Island. Born in Ind. in 1825. Emigrated to 111. in 1841. 1849, moved to Wis. 1855, settled in Red Wing, engaged in mercantile business. Spring of 1856, moved to Pine Island and pre- empted 120 acres of land near his present estate, and with other early settlers, platted the town. Here he engaged in mercantile business for two years, when he exchanged farms and settled near the centre of the village. In 1859, moved on his present estate. Is one of the earliest settlers. CRON, At Bt, hardware merchant. Pine Island. Born in N. J., Feb. 1st, 1834, and emigrated to Wis. in 1852. Came to this county 1856, settled in this town, where he pre-empted i section of land near this village. Married Sarah C. Jewell, July 13, 1856. She was born in N. Y., Oct 3, • 1840. This was the first marriage in this town, the ceremony taking place in the rude cabin of her father. 1860, he moved to Leon and lived until 1864, when he crossed the plains to Cal., by way of Virginia City, Mon- tana, to Puget Sound and Victoria, from which place he sailed for China, visiting the cities of Shanghai, Honkong, Pekin and Yokohoma, Japan, returning in 1866, by way of San Francisco; thence to N. Y. and to this town. In 1868, he erected the store he now occupies, keeping a general assortment of hardware and groceries. Their children are — Martha A., (who has the honor of being the first child born in this town,) Sarah E., Minnie B. and Alex. B. CCTSHALL, W. W., proprietor Pine Island Saw Mill. Born in Pa. in 1835. Married Mary Delemater in 1859. Came to this Co. in 1864, and settled on a farm, sec. 32; 1874 he moved on his present estate and erected the mill in which he is doing business. In 1875 his wife died. Leveret A. and Delia are their living children; lost one, Lynn. Mr. C. is carpenter by trade, and he has erected many of the buildings in and about this village, and been interested in its growth and advancement. His present wife, Sarah A. Smith, was born in N. Y. State in 1835. DOBMAN, JAMES B., merchant. Pine Island. Born in N. H. in 1825. Married Harriet S. El well in 1850; she was born in 1824. Emigrated to this Co. in 1858 and settled in Roscoe, and was prominently identified with the interests of this town. In 1865 he moved to Red Wing and engaged in the mercantile business, which he has since followed and where his family still reside. Frank W. and Rosa are their living children ; lost two chil- dren, Hannah and Emma. DARKNELl, SAMUEL, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in England in 1818; came to America in 1845, settling in Wis., where he married Jane Alexander in 1850. She was born in England in 1834; went to California, returning in 1852; resided in Wis. until 1862, when he moved to Olmstead county, Minn.; 1870 came to this county, settled in Roscoe, where he lived four years, when he settled on his present estate of 320 acres; also owns his former estate in Roscoe of 240 acres; has been school director, road supervisor, and his son is clerk of school No. 73. Wm. H., Geo. W., 638 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. Arthur A., Sarah J., Chas. W., Fred.' J., Emma B., Frank M., are their living children; lost two children, Joseph J. and Annie F. EMEBY, H. F., nursery man, Pine Island. Born in N. H. in 1828. Came to this county in 1855, first settling in Hastings, where he pre-empted quarter section of land. Was one of the earliest settlers. In 1856 he married Mahala Sacket, who died in 1859. They had one child, Clara E. His present wife, Martha V. Emery, was born in 1843. Willard H., Nettie E., Grace M. and Nina Blanche are theif children. Lost two, George E. and Mariah. For some years he engaged in mercantile pursuits. FBIEE8, JOHN B., jeweler. Pine Island. Born in Prussia in Oct., 1827. Came to this country in 1842, and settled in N. Y. State. In 1845 was bound out to learn cabinet making. In 1848 he came west, and settled in Wis. In 1853 went to Chicago; from there to Winona, Minn., where he worked on the first warehouse built in that place. Made claim of 160 acres of land at Pleasant Grove. In 1855 he purchased 80 acres of land at this place, and in the spring of 185T married Barbara Diedrich. She was born in Monroe county, 0. , in 1840. Same year came to this village, and in 1859 went to Wheeling, Va., returning in 1861. In 1873 he visited Colorado, but has since made this village his home. John B., jr., Mary L., Emma M., Rosa, George and Charles are their living children. Lost two — Albert H. and Anna L. FENTON, P. S., farmer, sec. 19, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Washington county, N. Y., in 1833, and emigrated to the west in 1849, Settling in Sauk county, where he purchased land, and married Harriet E. Kyle in 1856. She was born in Essex county, N. Y., in 1838. Came to this Co. in 1861, and settled on his present estate, consisting of 80 acres. Served as assessor two years, supervisor three terms, and military assessor in 1862-3. Clarence C, Maurice J., Carrie W., Willie, Herbert A., Earl, Gracie and Charles, are their living children. FLETCHER, HAGLEE, merchant, postmaster and justice of the peace. Born in Madison county. 111., in 1824. Married Sarah Moore in 1846. She was born in Carroll county, 0., in 1828. Emigrated to this county in 1855, settled in the town of Roseoe, and pre-empted 160 acres of land upon which the village stands. In 1856 he moved here with his family, became engaged in merchandising, was elected justice of the peace, served as county commissioner in 1861-2-3; was justice of the peace until 1864. Enlisted in Hatche's Independent battalion; was subsequently commis- sioned to the 1st Minn, artillery, 2d Lieut., and promoted to 1st Lieut.; served until the close of the war and was honorably discharged. Was Lieut. Col. com'g the home guards in 1862, held a captain's com. the same year; acted against the Indians, with headquarters at Hutchinson, McCload county, Minn. This Co., in connection with Baxter's Co., and Capt. Strout, drove the Indians from this point; although the town was burnt before their arrival. Was appointed P. M. at Roseoe, when that office THE HISTORY OP- GOODHUE COUNTY. 639 was first established, and filled th^ same with satisfaction. In 1869 he removed to Cherry Grove, and in 1875 came to this village and engaged in business. Has filled the office of justice of the peace most of the time during his residence in the west. In 1876 appointed P. M. at this village, and is an honorable and active member of the masonic order and otherwise prominently known throughout the county. Andrew A., Marion M., John E., Nettie, Fletcher L., David, Marion 0., Emma and Minne, are their children. HATWARD, 6E0RC!E W., farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Eng- land in 1835; came to this country in the spring of 1855 and settled on his farm of 240 acres, one-quarter section of which he pre-empted; 1858 mar- ried Lavina Reinhart, who died in 1873, leaving two children, both of whom are living, Alfred H. and Alice C. Mr. H. is one of the early pioneers, settled in this town in 1855. Was supervisor three terms, chair- man of the board one term, and has always been identified with the pros- perity of the town and county. He has made bwo trips across the Atlan- tic, first in 1857 and in 1874. His present wife, Sarah N. Marsh, was born in England in 1849. They were married in 1877, and have one child, Blanch. HILL, CHARLES, physician. Pine Island. Born in Gallatin Co., Ills., in 1826. Commenced his literary studies at McKendall College in 1850, and ■his medical education at Ann Arbor, Mich., and Nashville in '54-'5-'6, and after one year's hospital practice in Chicago, graduated at Rush Medical College in 1857. Same year came to this Co. and settled in Roscoe, where he engaged in the practice of his profession. Came to this village in 1859; was representative from this Co. to the State Senate in 1869- '70. HAEFEB, HENET C, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Ashta- bula Co., 0., in 1831. Emigrated with his parents to Kane Co., 111., in 1844. Moved to this Co. May 1, 1855, pre-empting 160 acres of his present estate, which he commenced breaking the 13th of that month; living in a wagon box through the summer and in the fall erected a log cabin, in which he lived until the following year, when he built the house now occupied by .lohnson, and has since erected his present residence, and in- creased his acres to 240, valued at $50 per acre. Is one of the earliest settlers in this town, and has experienced all the hardships of pioneer life. In 1858 married Jennie M. Conant; she was born in Canada in 1837. Harry C, John C, Elbie C. and Ezra are their living children. Lost two that died in infancy. HAYWARDj GILES, farmer, see. 20, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in England in 1829. Emigrated to America in 1850; settled in Whitewater, Wis.; remained two years, then moved to Chippewa, same State ; engaged in lum- ber business; 1854 went to England, returning the following year, settling in this town April 26; pre-empted 160 acres in. Roscoe, and pur- chased 80 acres, where he resided for eighteen years. In 1859, married 640 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. Pracilla C. Dumford. She was born in England in 1830. Formed co- partnership with J. A. Tarbox in 1872, in the steam flouring mill at Pine Island; 1875, sold his interest in the same for his present fine estate of 160 acres. He is one of the early pioneers. Clara D., Walter W., Wallace D., Frederick E. and Mary B., are their living children; lost one child, Giles W. Members of Episcopal Church. HOLLOWAT, JOHN, farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in England, in 1817. Married Ruth Crouch, in 1839. She was born in England, in 1818. Emigrated to this county in 1861, and purchased his present farm July of the same year. Owns 160 acres valued at f7,000. John, Thomas, Mary, Henry, Harriet, Elizabeth, Julia and Frederick, are their living children. HUTCHINSON, A. M., editor and proprietor Pine Island ' ' News. ' ' Was born in Le Roy, Genessee county, N. Y., Feb. 28, 1847. At five years of age, he, with parents, moved to FonduLac, Wis., residing until 1867, when he went to Austin, Minn., where he was engaged for three years upon the Austin "Register." In Nov., 1870, removed to Spring Valley, Minn., and purchased a half interest in the " Western Progress," with Mrs. Bella French. Purchased the remaining* interest in 1871. Married Feb. 28, 1871, to Miss Libbie P. Otis. She was born in Broadhead, Wis., July 15, 1850. In Sept., 1878, sold his interest in the "Western Progress," to Sargent and Jones, and moved to Minneapolis, purchasing a half interest in the "Minneapolis Daily Times." Disposed of his interest in this house Jan. 1st, 1878, and moved to Pine Island, where he issued the first number of the Pine Island " News;" published by the P. I. News Publishing Co., Aug. 30th, 1878. Mabel P., born May 13, 1876, is their only living child. Lost two children— Eva M., died June 25, 1877; and Edith A., died July 2, 1877. JEWELL, FENN, farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Cataraugus county, N. Y. in 1844. Came to this county with his father, Moses, in 1855, where he lived until 1864, when he enlisted in company H, 5th Minn. V. I. Participated in battles of Nashville, Spanish Fort, Ala., and all others in which that regiment engaged. Was honorably discharged at the close of the war; mustered out at Port Snelling in the spring of 1865. Returned home and engaged with A. B. Cron in the hardware trade one year, when he disposed of his interest to Cron and formed co-partnership with J. Hawkins in the manufacture of brick, but in 1868 sold to Perkins, and purchased 80 acres of land. Same year married Evaline Brink. She was born in Marion, Iowa, in 1851. Moved on his present estate, of 80 acres in 1876, valued at $60 per acre. Edith M. and Fannie are their living children. Lost one, Moses. JEWELL, MOSES, retired farmer. Pine Island. Born in Grafton county, N. H., in 1816, where he married Mary Cole, and moved to Catauragus county, N. Y., where she died in 1836. They had three children by this THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 641 marriage, one of whom is still living, Solomon. His present wife, Martha Culyer, was born in Cataraugus county, N. Y., in 1815. They were mar- ried in 1838. In 1846 emigrated to Wis., settled in Dane county; lived there until 1855; then emigrated to this county, and with his son Solomon camped where the Parker House now stands; the first permanent white - settler in the town. Taking up 160 acres on the east and forty acres on the west he erected a rude cabin where the pole of liberty now stands. He was the founder of the village, and platted the same in 1857. Engaged with Tarbox and Collins and built the steam mill, where he labored for some years, disposing of his interest to Giles & Hay ward, and purchasing a farm in Roscoe; remained five years; returned to this village and built his present residence. By his last marriage he has five children living — Sal:ah, Eliza, Penn, William W. and Nye. Lost two children, Thomas and Eddy. Are members of the Free Will Baptist Church. JEWELI, S. C, farmer, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Cohosh county, N. H., in 1836. Emigrated to Dane county. Wis., with his father, Moses, from which State came to this county, in 1855. He, with his father, camped on the site of ground where the Parker House now stands. His father returned for the family in the winter of 1856, when he pre-empted the land of his present farm, consisting of 160 acres and 200 acres in adjoining county, all very valuable. Jan., 1860, he married Mary P. Reynolds. She was born in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in 1835. They have four children living — Armida, Lela, Philo and Bessie. Lost two, died in infancy. Mr. Jewell is one of the first settlers in the town, and has rejoiced in its growth and shared in its prosperity. JEWELL, WILLIAM W., druggist. Main st.. Pine Island. Born in Dane Co., Wis. in 1847; came to this Co. with his father in the spring of 1856. Commenced his studies at Wasioja, which at that time was known as the Northwestern College. Returning from college to his home, he commenced his labors in the store with W. M. Thomson; remained until the spring of 1874, then engaged in his present business. The following year mar- ried Mary I. Haasze; she was born in Ontario Co., N. Y. in 1853. They have one child, Lee, born July 11, 1875. Mr. Jewell is a gentleman of influence, well-known and highly esteemed. JOHNSON, KLING, farmer, sees. 17 and 18, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Norway in 1826; emigrated to America in 1857, settling in Keokuk, Iowa; remained one year, then moved to this Co., settled in Wanamingo tp. Came to this township in 1873 and purchased his present farm of 160 acres, valued at $50 per acre. Elizabeth, Joseph, Bertha, Clara, Alfred and Martha are their living children. Lost one child, Andrew. MASON, LAWRENCE, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Otsego county, N. Y., in 1816. Married Emeline Dickinson, in 1839. She was born in Rome, N. Y., in 1818. Of their several children, three enlisted in Dec, 1863, in 14th N. Y. Heavy Artillery, and served over one year. One 42 642 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. of their sons was in the battles of the Wilderness, and taken prisoner at Cold Harbor, while on picket, and confined in Andersonville, where he died. Another enlisted in same regiment, was wounded at Cold Harbor; taken prisoner, sent to Richmond, confined in the hospital some months, and sent to Belle Island; thence to Salisbury Prison, N. C, where he died Dec. 5, 1864. Adelbert, enlisted in 1862, in Light Artillery; was transferred to the 14th Heayy Artillery, and served nearly 3 years. Mr. Mason came to this county in 1866, and purchased his present farm. Adelbert, Laura, Nettie, Lovisa, Delos, George, Clinton and Norman, are their living children. Are members of M. E. Church. MANTEY, AUGUST, farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Mazeppa. Born in Germany, in 1825. Married Christina Lambracht, in 1853. She was born in Germany, in 1825. Emigrated to America in 1856; settled in Wis. ; remained until 1863, then came to this county and purchased his present place of 160 acres, upon which he settled and where he has since made it his home, and is well known and highly esteemed. WiUiam and Mary are their living children. Lost one child, Augusta. PABEEBj JAMES) retired farmer, Pine Island. Born in Tolland county. Conn., Aug., 1813; when eight years old his parents moved to Lake county, Ohio, where he married Kezia Hanks in 1834. She was born in Lake county, Ohio, in 1815, and in 1859 he came to this county and settled in Roscoe, where he purchased a farm and resided until 1869, when he moved to this village and settled on his present place. Have five children living, Edmund F., Emeline E., Emily L., Emma M. and Ella C. Lost one child, Elton C, who enlisted in 1862, in Co. F, 8th Minn. V. I., serving until the close of the war. Edmund F. enlisted in 1861 in Co. P, 1st Minn. V. I., and served until the close of the war; was taken prisoner at Petersburgh, and confined in Libby, Andersonville, Florence, Salisbury, and laid for weeks in the hospital at Annapolis. PERKINS, HUBBARD S., proprietor of brick yard. Pine Island. Born in Madison county, N. Y., in 1811. Married Maranda Edget in 1847. She was born in Yates county, N. Y., in 1818. Came to this county in the fall of 1856; pre-empted 160 acres of land in Cherry Grove tp., and in 1857, settled with his family, there being but four families in the tp. at that time. Experienced all the hardships of pioneer life. Had $700, purchased a yoke of oxen, and in a short time one of them died, another went the same way, and another, until he lost three yoke, when he traded for horses, which the authorities took from him in the Indian outbreak of 1857. In 1864, his wife died, leaving five children, Harmon A., William S., Sallie E., Ira and Rose E. Lost. one, Hiram T. His present wife, , Eliza Haggard, was born in Kentucky in 1817. Mr. Hubbard came to this place and commenced his present business in 1875, where he controls a prosperous trade; also owns the farm where he resided. Self and wife are members of Baptist Church, at Zumbrota. THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. 643 PERKINS, T. C, blacksmith, Pine Island. Born in Madison county, N. Y., in 1832. Settled in Dane county. Wis. J in 1845, purchased a farm and worked at his trade. In 1858 he married Mary J. Wilson. She was born in Genesee county, N. Y., in 1839. Came to this county in 1863, settled in Roscoe Centre, where he again purchased a farm and worked at his trade, until 1870. Moved to this village, where he has since made it his home. Nettie A., Florence A. and Claude C. are their children. BINGDAHL, MATHIAS, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Nor- way in 1829. Emigrated with his mother to this country in 1849. Settled in Wis.; remained until 1851. Came to this county, and settled in lied Wing, one of the earliest settlers. In 1852 moved to St. Paul; remained a year. Returning, lived two years in Red Wing. Came to this township and settled on his farm of 240 acres, now very valuable. In 1854 married Isabel Sathrean. She was born in Norway in 1824. They have four children living — Caroline, Peter, Olive A. and Melvin M. Lost three — Ole, Gustavus and Gusta. SAWYER, D. Et, ful'niture manufacturer. Pine Island. Born in Merrimac county, N. H., in 1828. Married Julia Gibbins in 1851. She was born in Charleston, Mass., in 1831; left N. H. in 1855 and settled in Dodge county. Wis.; pre-empted 160 acres of land, engaged in farming; was one of the four first settlers in that county ; erected the first frame house that was built there; filled the of&ce of county commissioner, town treasurer, member board of supervisors, and assisted in laying out all the principal roads in the town. In 1869, moved to Wasioja, same county; that year came to this county, settled in Cherry Grove, purchased a farm and lived there until 1871, then came to this village and commenced business, where he has since made it his home. Are members of the Episcopal Church. SCOFIEID, HENRY M., farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Saratoga Co., N. Y., in 1831; and emigrated to Fond du Lac, Wis., in 1848. In 1853 married Mary A. Scofield; she was born in N. Y. State. Mai-y E., George H. and Willie F. are their living children. Came to this Co. in the fall of 1857 and settled one mile south of his present place, where his wife died in 1861, when he returned to Wis. in 1862, and enlisted in Co. B, 23d Wis. V'. I., and served until the close of the war. Summer of 1865 came to this Co. and purchased his present farm. Returned to Wis., where he married Jane C. Murray, in 1866; she was born in Prince Edwards Island in 1835. Edward H., M. Annette, Lewis M., Carrie L., Charles M. are their living children. SMITH, OSCAR E., farmer, sec. 21, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Jefferson county, N. Y., in 1829. Came to the west with his father in 1849, and settled in Walworth county. Wis., where he lived until 1856, when the family came to this county, and pre-empted 160 acres of land. In 1861, married Sarah M. Smith. She was born in Walworth county. Wis., in 1837, and died in 1872. Same year moved on his present farm. Carrie D., Clarence M., Walter, Annie C, Sarah J. are his living children. 644: THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUHTY. STONE, ANSON K., manufacturer of carriages and wagons, Pine Island. Born in Washington county, N. Y., Jan. 13, 1831. Moved to Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y., in 1846; thence in 1849, to Allegany county, N. Y. Married Phoebe L. Compton, July 28, 1852. She was born in Allegany county, N. Y., in 1836. Emigrated to Olmsted county, Minn., in 1855. In 1865, moved to Oronoco, Minn., where his wife died June 2, 1868. Came to this county the same year, and married Belle Flint, in 1869. She was born in Washington county, Ky., July 27, 1846. Children by first marriage are — Mary A., Emma J., Sarah L. and Herman A. Children by second marriage — ^Jessie L., Ethel A. and Merton W. STONE, ELI G., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Washington county, N. Y., in 1829. Married Caroline Reed in 1855. She was born Cataraugus county, N. Y., in 1831. Same year of marriage emigrated to Olmsted county, Minn., settled in Oronoco, pre-empted 160 acres of land, and with his brothers were the earliest pioneers of that town. In 1864 moved to this county, and on his present farm spring of 1878. Owns a farm of 170 acres of choice land. THOMSON, WILLIAM M., merchant, Main street, Pine Island. Born in Chenango county, N. Y., in 1829. Married Mary A. Grady, iu 1853. She was born in Eamstown, Conn., in 1835. Emigrated to Wabasha county, this State, in 1856, settled in Lake City, one of the earliest settlers in that place, where he, with others, erected the first mill in that county. 1857, sold to his partners, and in 1860, came to this county and opened business, where he has since made it his home. He has held important local of&ces for many years, and is a highly esteemed citizen. Ella and Jennie are their living children. They lost one child, Nettie. TOME, IIENBT, meat market, Pine Island. Born in Warren county, Pa., in 1835, emigrating to this State in 1855, settling in New Haven, Olmsted county; pre-empted 160 acres; subsequently sold and came to this county, engaged in milling. In 1860, married Eliza Jewell. She was born in Cataraugus county, N. Y., in 1837. Mr. Tome carries on his business in company with W. W. Jewell, one of the early settlers, and a prominent and well-to-do citizen. Clara, Sarah E. and George H., are their living children. Lost two children, Cinthia and Myrtie. T0WN8BND, CHARLES, blacksmith. Pine Island. Born in Putnam county, N. Y., July 15, 1834. When six years of age moved with parents to Crawford county. Pa., where he lived until 1857, thien emigrated to Dodge county, Minn., remained one year, returned East, and in 1858 came to this village, where he has since followed his occupation. In August, 1860, married Celia A. Marston. She was born in Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. Mary L., Martha A., Sarah E. and Charles A., are their living children. Lost two, Florence and Bertha. . TOWNSEND, P. B., farmer and blacksmith, sec. 32, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Crawford county. Pa., in 1841. Came to this county in 1863; THE HISTOKY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 645 settled in the village of Pine Island. 1864:, enlisted in the 11th Minn. V., Co. P, ; served until the close of the war, most of the time stationed at Nashville. Returned to this village in 1865, and worked at his trade. Has a farm, of 60 acres, worth $100 per acre, upon which there is a valua- ble stone quarry. Are members of the Methodist Church. Married Mary A. Marston, in 1865. She was born in Rochester, N. Y., in 1844:. Annie M. and Irving G., are their children. WHITE, CLABE B., attorney-at-law, Pine Island. Born in Wyoming countyj N. Y., in 1827. Married Sabra Tome, in 1849. She died August, 1865. Helen and Carrie, • are their living children. Lost two — Grlenn and Ger- trude. Emigrated to this county in 1856, and settled in this village. Was elected to the legislature in 1860, and re-elected in 1873. Was also chair- man of the county board, and served about eleven years as postmaster. His present wife, Mary F. Merrill, was born in Chautauqua county, N. Y., in 1844. Their only child is Clyde. WOODWARD, DANIEL F., farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Jefferson Co., JS". Y., in 1830. Married Amanda M. Briggs, Feb. 20, 1861. She was born in N. Y. State, Nov. 6, 1828. First settled in Sheboygen county, Wis., in 1855; subsequently moving to Winnebago county, and from thence to Dodge county, where he lived until 1859, when he came to this county and settled in Cherry Grove. In 1864, moved to this town- ship. Franklin P., born Nov. 14, 1852, and Hiram F„ June 16, 1858, are their children. ROSCOE. ALBERTS) HIRAM} farmer, sec. 31, P. 0. Roscoe. Born in Germany in 1834. Emigrated to America in 1855; settled in Illinois and lived eight months, when he moved to Iowa, and to this county in 1857, settling in Cherry Grove, where he pre-empted 160 acres in sec. 13. Married Catherine Kundert in 1859. She was born in Switzerland in 1844. En- listed in 1864 in Co. D, 11th Minn. V. I., and served until the close of the war, being mostly on the plains. Settled on his present estate in 1874, consisting of 350 acres. Milton, John, Klaas, Lucy, Isabel, Annie, Beltz and Hiram, are their living children. Lost one child, Joseph. ANDERSON, NELS, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Norway in 1827. Married Mary Swanson in 1853. She was born in Norway in 1833. Emigrated to America in 1868, and settled in this State and on his present estate in 1870, consisting of 80 acres, v^alued at $40 per acre. Amanda, Simeon and Christian, are their children. Are members of the Lutheran church. X BBINGGOLD, ABRAHAM, farmer, sec. 30, P. 0. Roscoe. Born in Switz- erland, Dec. 25, 1826. Married Mary Miller, April 15, 1850, She was 646 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. born in Switzerland in 1836. Emigrated to America in 1851, and settled iii Dodge county, Wis., and was the first permanent settler in Milton tp., where lie pre-empted 160 acres on sec. 11, upon which he settled and lived until 1861. Came to this county and settled in this tp. on sec. 26. In April, 1869, moved on his present estate, consisting of 197 acres. John, Christopher, Samuel, Adolphus, Jacob, Albert, David, Frank, Walter, are their living children. BRINGGOID, JACOB, farmer, sec. 28, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Switz- erland. Jan. 24, 1824. Emigrated to America in 1840; first settling in Lewis county, N. Y., where he married Susan Agger in 1855. She was born in Switzerland in 1831. Came to this county in 1865, and settled on his present estate, consisting of 335 acres, 140 of which is valued at $40 j)er acre. Is school director and well known throughout the town and county. Rosa, Emma J., Susan P., Helen M., A. Jacob, Anna J., Charles R. and Grraee E., are their living children. DICKINSON, NORMAN L., farmer, sec. 15, P. 0. Roscoe Center. Born in Lewis Co., N. Y., in 1840. Came to this Co. with parents in 1856, the family settling in this township, where his father, J. L. Dickinson, pre- empted 160 acres of land, near this estate. Is now a resident of Pine Island. In 1862 Mr. D. enlisted, in the 8th Minn. V., Co. H, and served until the close of the war, participating in all the battles in which that regt. was engaged. Was in the Sully expedition and mustered out at Fort Snelling, in the spring of 1865. Married Clarisa M. McManus in Oct., 1867; she was born in Pa. in 1851. Ada, Walter, Annie and Charles are their living children. Owns farm of 160 acres, valued at $6,000. DICKINSON, PERRY I., farmer, sec. 15, P, 0. Roscoe Center. Born in N. Y., in 1842. Came to this Co. with parents in 1856, and settled on his present estate, one eighty, where he lived until he enlisted in 1862 in 8th Minn. V., Co. H., and served until the close of the war. Participated in battle of Murfreesboro and with Grenl. Sully's expedition against the Indians; serving on the plains six months; was mustered out at St. Paul and returned home, and in 1865 married Roselle Smith; she was born in State of N. Y., in 1849. Jennie, Clayton, Eugene, John and Lila, are their living children. Owns farm of 160 acres which is the family homestead. HANSON, JOHN 0., blacksmith, Roscoe Centre. Born in Sweden in 1840, emigrated to America in 1869. Came to this county, stopping a few months in Zumbrota, when he came to the Centre, and rented a shop, and engaged in his occupation, which he has since successfully followed. In 1873 he built the shop he now occupies, and his residence adjoining, and is conducting a lucrative business. Same year married Johanna Peterson. She was born in Sweden in 1850. Edwin W. is their only living child. Lost one, Mary J. Members of the Lutheran Church. HAILIDAI, B. W., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Roscoe. Born in Tompkins county, N. Y., in 1825. Married A. V. Gilbert, Dec, 1848. She died in THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 647 1859, leaving 3 children — William J., Newtoii H. and Ann Eliza. Emi- grated with parents when a child, to Steuben county, N. Y., where his father, James H., still resides. Came to this county in Nov., 1856; built a shanty near his present estate, where he lived some years, securing his land of 80 acres by pre-emption. Here he has since resided, and is one of the early pioneers of this town. Was chairman of the board 6 years, asses- sor 3 years. Prom '66 to '71, the principal roads were laid out under his supervision. His present wife, Mary M. Bonney, was born in Madison ' county, N. Y., in 1825. Annis Elvira, is their only child. Members of the M. E. Church. HOVIAND, LABS; farmer, see. 10, P. 0. Roscoe Centre. Born in Norway, in 1841; and emigrated to America in 1857, settling in Rock county, Wis., where he lived until 1862, when he came to this county and settled on his present estate, consisting of 160 acres, which he values at $50 per acre, where he has since made it his home. JOHNSON, ERICE, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Norway, Nov. 12, 1824. Emigrated to America in 1846, settling in Wis., where he lived until 1860, when he moved to this county, and pre-empted 160 acres in • Minpeola township. May 18, 1860, married Mary Thompson. She was born in Norway, in 1833. Settled on his present estate in 1868, consist- ing of 240 acres. John S., Bertha M., Lena G., Ellen M!, Emil Melvin, Jose A. and Edwin 0., are their children. Members of the Lutheran Church. lOTHROP, JOSIAH, farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Quebec in 1839. Emigrated to this county in 1856 with his father, Howard, and family, and pre-empted the i sec. of his present estate, upon which he settled, where the family still reside. In 1862 enlisted in Co. H, 8th Minn. I., and participated in the battles of Tah-ka-ko-ku-ta, Little Miss- ouri, Overalls Creek, Wilkinsons Pike, or battle of the Cedars, and skir- mish near Murfreesboro, Dec, 1864, to which time this regiment was with Sully's expedition. At Columbia, S. C, was organized in the 3rd brigade 1st div. 23d A. C. ; participated in an engagement at Newburn and Goldsburg, R. R., known as battle of Kingston; mustered out and dis- charged at St. Paul, July 11, 1865. Married Sarah E. Libby in 1867. She was born in 111. in 1848. Mary 0., Josiah H. and Charles E., are their living children. MITCHELL; J. T.; farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Ireland in 1819, and with his parents came to this country when a child. His father settled in Rochester, N. Y., in 1826, where he died in 1829 or '30. Mr. M. emigrated to Washtenau county, Mich., being one of the early pioneers of that State. In 1841 he moved to McHenry county. 111., where he pre- empted land, and where he experienced all the hardships of early pioneer life. In Aug., 1845, he married Ann A. Scofield. She was born in Greene county, N. Y., in 1826. In 1847 he settled in Pond du Lac county. Wis., 648 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. at which time there was but few settlers in that county. He help build the first school house that was erected in that county, and made it his home until he came to this county in 1856, and is one of the early living pioneers of this town. He assisted in building the first school house, which was built in 1857; has filled important town offices. They have four children living — Lizzie, wife of H. T. Brown; Edward, Frank and Leona. Lost one child, Ellen. Mrs. M. is member Con. Church. MATCHEN, G. W., farmer, sen. 2, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in England in 1830. Married Mary A. Shields in 1850. She was born in England in 1833. Emigrated in 1857 to Canada, where he resided until 1863, when he moved to Wis. and soon after came to this county and settled near Zumbrota, and in 1867 moved to his present estate of 240 acres. Are mem- bers of M. E. Church. George, Robert, William, Almira, Edward, Laura, Anna and Wesley, are their children. MCCOT, G. G., farmer, sec. 14, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in State N. Y., Nov. 7, 1825. When young emigrated with parents to Pa., and in 1837 to Bl., where his father, John, settled on a claim, and died in 1855. Dec. 5, 1844, married E. J. Dickson. She was born in the State of N. Y., Aug. 26, 1826. Moved to Wis., lived one year; then crossed the plains to California. Came to this county in 1856, and settled on adjoining section, 160 acres of which he pre-empted, being the first family on this prairie. Built a shanty and lived some years. Was supervisor in 1859, and chairman of the board in 1861. Aug. 29, 1862, enlisted as captain company H, 8th Minn. I., and served until Feb., 1865. Was with Sully's expedition on the Yellowstone, and participated in battles of Tah-ka-Jco-kuta, Little Missouri, Overalls Creek, Wilkinson's Pike, or battle of the Cedars, and a skirmish near Murfreesboro, Dec. 8-13, 1864. .Capt. Barrett was detached and Capt. McCoy commanded both companies, returning to Fort Snelling, Oct., 1864. In the fall of 1865 moved on his present estate of 160 acres. Is one of the early pioneers of this town. George E., Frank W., Charles E. and Mary L. are their living children. Lost two — Helen M. and Florence I. MILLER, CILARLES E., farmer, sec. 29, P. 0. Roscoe. Born in Lewis Co., N. Y., in 1841. Married Caroline Burk in 1864; she was born in same Co. in 1841. Emigrated to this Co. in 1866,'and settled on his present estate, consisting of 160 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Is chairman of the board of supervisors, and is well known throughout, being members of the Ger. Reformed Church. Lillie A., Emily L., Florence R. and Mary C. are their children. POWEBS, H. B., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Roscoe. Born in Buffalo, Jan. 31, 1836. Emigrated to Pa. in 1852; to Wis. in 1854; and in Oct., same year, came to this Co. and settled in Pine Island, where he pre-empted 160 acres on sec. 31, built a cabin and lived two years, and moved on sec. 30; was the first living settler in that town. Married Mary E. Miller in 1856; she was born in Pa., Feb, 28, 1838. Moved on his present estate in 1864, con- THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. , 649 sisting of 120 acres. Mr. P. was the first man to run the mill built by Howard at P. Island in 1855. Flora A., George B , James C, Alice M., Frank B., Mark H. and William R. are their children. PETERSON, NELS, farmer, sec. 13, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Norway in 1826. Married Christina Christianson in 1851. She died in 186T and left five children, Peter, Mathias, Carrie, Mary and Emma. Emigrated to America in 1861, and settled in Pine Island, where he purchased a farm, and in 1869 he married Gena Goodmand. She was born in Norway in 1840, and have four children, Gustave B., Adrian A., Adolph E. and Nicol G. In 1875, he settled on his present estate, consisting of 80 acres. Are members of Lutheran Church. PETERSON, FREDRICK, farmer, sec. 3, P. 0. Zumbrota, Born in Nor- way in 1828. Married Annie Olson in 1844; she was born in Norway in 1829. Emigrated to America in 1857, and settled in Wis., where he lived until 1862, when he came to this Co. and settled in this town, purchasing his present estate~of 120 acres in 1864. Is serving his second term as justice of the peace; was supervisor three or four terms, and is assessor at the present time, and represented this Co. in the legislature of 1875 '-6. Has always been identified with the interests of the town, county and State. Christian and Peter 0. are their living children. B06ER8, GEORGE M., farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Roscoe. Born in Chenango Co., N. T., in 1841. Emigrated with parents to Wis. in 1850, where he lived until 1857, when he moved to Ashland, where he resided two years, when he went to Wauthioga; thence to Buchanan, and in 1865 to this Co. and settled in the south part of this town. In 1867 moved on his present estate, consisting of 130 acres. Emma J., Effie, Elzada and Bertie are their children. SCOFIELD, J. L., farmer, sec. 12, Roscoe, P. 0. Zumbrota. Born in Greene county, N. Y., in 1824. Married Sophia Getman in 1856. She was born in Herkimer county, N. Y., in 1826. Emigrated to this county in 1858, and settled on his present estate, consisting of 280 acres, in this and Pine Island tp. Is one of the early settlers in this town, where he held the ofiSee of justice of the peace two years, and has always been iden- tified with the interests of the town and county. Frank E., Charles W. and Amos L., are their children. Are members of Con. Church. YANDUSEN, J. R., farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Roscoe. Born in Ohio in 1824. . Left that State in 1844, with parents, who settled in 111., where, in 1846, he married Lucy Peavy. She was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., in 1828. Came to this State in 1863, and settled in Dodge Co., town of Wilton, where he resided until 1867, when he came to this county, and settled in this town, where he has since made it his home. Settled on the present farm in 1877.~ Is one of the early settlers of the county. Eliza, Polly C, Charles W. and Carrie J., are their living children. 650 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. WARREN, S. H., farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Pine Island. Born in Albany, N. Y., in 1818. Married Sally Calkin in 1841; she was born in State of N. Y. in 1821. Emigrated in March, 1867, and settled near his present estaite, where he lived until 1871, when he moved to Zumbrota and engaged in making cheese four years, when he returned to this town and settled on his present estate of 54 acres. Supervisor one term, and member of the M. E. Church. Have four children— Charles H., William B., Martha V. and Ira D.; eldest son, enlisted 1862, in Co. B., 121st N. Y. .V. I., and served until the close of the war. Participated in battles of Freder- icksburg, where he was taken prisoner and discharged; battles of the Wild- erness, and again taken prisoner at Spotsylvania Court House, and confined in Andersonville; transferred to Florence, S. C, where he remained six months, and was released by the march of Sherman's army to the sea. Returned home and is now engaged in milling in Zumbrota. WEBB, MARTIN Li, merchant and P. M., residence Roscoe. Born in Ohio in 1845. Came to this county in 1858 and settled in this tp., and in Oct., 1861, enlisted in Co. D, 4th Minn. V. Served one year and transferred to the 11th 0. battery, and served two years, when he was again transferred to the old 4th. Participated in siege of Corinth, luca; two days battle at Corinth, Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Miss., Champlin Hills, siege of Vicksburgh, Chatarsa and Altoona Mountains, where he was wounded, and in Oct., 1864, was mustered out. Re-enlisted in March, 1865, in Hancock's First Army Corps Veteran Volunteers, and served until the close of the war. Mustered out and discharged at Indianapolis. Returned home and went to Pope county, where he married Isabel S. Pennie in 1868. She was born in Scotland in 1844. Returned to this tp. and settled on a farm in sec. 18, where he lived until 1877, when he moved on his present estate and opened a store. Was appointed P. M. same year; was town treasurer one year. Mary L., Angeline J., Mabel, Harvey, Jr., and Blanche, are their children. Mr. W. 's father, Oliver, settled in this tp. in 1857, and still lives near this village. WARSAW CUNNINGHAM, PATRICK, farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Was born in Ireland in 1833. Came to America in the spring of 1850, and worked on a farm near Utica, N. Y. , until 1855, when he came to this county, and resided at Cannon Falls until 1861, when he moved to this farm, consisting of 280 acres. Married Bridget Fagan, July 4, 1861. She was born in Ireland in 1837. Their children are — James P., George, Anna and Ellen. The family are members of the Catholic Church. FAGANj JAMIS, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Stanton. Was born in Ireland in 1834. Came to America in 1849; settled in N. H. Came to this town- ship in 1861. In 1863 settled on this farm, which consists of 80 acres. THE HISTOBT OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 651 Married Mary Flanagan, June 10, 1865. She was born in Ireland in 1832. Their children arei — Anna, Patrick and James. The family are members of the Catholic Church. FAGAN, MICHEAL, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Stanton. Was born in Ireland in 1821. Came to America in 1847, settling in Mass. In 1857 he came to this county, and in 1868 settled on his present farm, which consists of 160 acres. Married Catherine McColl, in 1860, she is also a native of Ireland. •Their children are — James, Catherine, Eliza, Mary, George and Margaret. The family are members of the Catholic Church. FLESCHE, BOTOLF 0., of the firm of Melhuus & Plesche, merchants. Was born in Norway, Nov. 4, 1846. Came to America in 1853, with parents, they settling in Dane county, Wis. ; in 1858 they removed to Columbia county, Wis., where he married Ellen L. Fedge, March 21, 1877. She was born in Dane county. Wis., Dec. 4, 1852. In the summer of 1877 he moved to this township and engaged in his present business. They are members of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church. GANNON, JAMES, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Northfield; was born in Ireland, Sept. 29, 1822, came to America in 1847, and settled in Mass., where he married Mary ^rophy. May 9, 1850; she was born in Ireland in 1825. In 1865 they came to Minnesota and settled in this township, and in 1867 on this farm which consists of 154^ acres. His children are Michael, James, Mary A. and William. MAGEE, ROBERT, farmer, sep. 11, P. 0. Cannon River Palls;, was born in N. J., Nov. 27, 1835. In 1856 he came to this township and settled where he now lives; owns 160 acres of land. Enlisted in Co. D, Brackett's Bat- talion, Feb, 11, 1865, to defend the frontier against the Indians; served one year; was honorably discharged and returned home. Married Eliza, youngest daughter of James and Rebecca Wright, Aug. 17, 1864; she was born in Indiana, Jan. 30, 1846. Their children are, Lizzie M., James S., Alice E. and Walter W. MELHOUSE, MIKKEL A., farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Cannon River .Falls. Was born in Norway in 1844. Came to America in 1864 and settled in this township. Married Anna G. Lea, March 7, 1871. She was born in Dane county. Wis., in 1854. Their children are Andrew and Anna Maria. Mr. M. owns 160 acres of land. The family are members of the Norwe- gian Evangelical Lutheran Church. MELHCUS, TOSTEN A., of the firm of Melhuus & Flesche, merchants. Was born in Norway, Oct. 26, 1845. Came to America in July, 1864, and settled in this township; was farming until July, 18J7, when he engaged in his present business; wag appointed postmaster of "Wangs" P. 0.. in Dec, 1877. Married Sigred 0. Flesche, July 21, 1869. She was born Oct. 31, 1850. Their children are Martha T. and Sevrine T. 652 THK HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. RAMER, PETER, farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Born in Ind., Feb. 19, 182'2. Married Margaret Johnson, Oct. 9, 1845. She was born in Beaver county. Pa., Feb. 3, 1826. Their children are — Nancy, now Mrs. Huestis; Rachel, now Mrs. Wright; Minnie, now Mrs. Sheets; Robert W., Alice A. and William W. He came to Winona county, Minn., 1855, where he farmed until 1866, when he came to this county, and settled on this farm, which consists of 160 acres. SHEETS, GEORGE, farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Cannon River Falls. Was born in Canada West, July 26, 1811. Married Elizabeth Fikes, July 23, 1833. She was born Dec. 25, 1813. In 1872 they settled in this town; in 1874 on this farm, which consists of 165 acres. His children are — Mercy, now Mrs. Markell; John; Mary, now Mrs. Ross; George, who married Rebecca Underwood in 1869; Hiram; Nelson G., who married Minnie Raymond, Sept. 19, 1877; James M., who married Minnie Ramer, May 17, 1877; and Edith, now Mrs. Austin. SHEETS, GEO. E., farmer, sec. 22, P. 0. Northfield. Was born in Canada West, Nov. 12, 1837; came to the United States in the fall of 1856, with parents, and settled in this township, and in the fall of 1865 moved on his farm, which consists of 173 acres. Married Sarah Stranahan in 1868. She was born in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., March 9, 1843. Their chil- dren are — Fred., Solomon, Eva A. and Willie. KENYON. BULLIS, T. B., of the firm of Smith & BuUis, hardware merchants, Kenyon village. Was born in Lower Canada, Sept. 10, 1829. Was brought up on a farm until 18 years of age, when he engaged as clerk in the store of Lewis & Scuyler, at Port Lewis, Canada. Went to Hartford, Conn. ; was engaged as clerk in a grocery store; thence to Helena, Ark., where he clerked for Baylies &. Horner; thence to Chicago, Ills., where he was clerk of the City Hotel; thence to Beaver Dam, Wis., as clerk in the " Congress Hall Hotel;' ' then clerked in the drug store of John Robertson, at that place. 1856, came to Minnesota, stopping at Hastings, In 1857, came to Kenyon township; went to Reed's Landing; clerked in a hotel. 1862, enlisted as sergeant in the Minnesota Mounted Rangers, Co. I, for one year, and was detailed to defend the frontier in the Sioux outbreak; crossed the plains the following summer; was honorably discharged Dec, 1863; then returned to this town. Was steamboat owner, Chippewa River, awhile; returned to this town, went to farming for a time. In 1875, he became a merchant ■ with E. R. Marshall, in this village; 1878, engaged in his present busi-' ness. He married Phoebe 0. Sevey, in 1869. She is a native of Maine. Their children are — Stephen T., Kitty A. and Hattie E. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY 653 HEWITT, A. W.J farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Kenyon. Was born in Seneca Co., N. Y., in 1826; moved to Yates county, N. Y., with parents, when about i years old; studied medicine with Dr. Hammond in Pen Yan, N. Y., and later, studied with Dr. Morse in the same place; attended his first course of lectures in Geneva, N. Y., and second course in Castleton, Vermont, graduating at the latter place, 1850, subsequently attended another course at Albany, N. Y. He commenced the practice of his profession in Brad- ford, N. Y., but in 1854, moved to Ripon, Wis., where he practiced steadily till the date of his coming to this township, in 1867, since that time has been engaged in farming; he now owns, in this vicinity, abont 1,400 acres of land. He married in Wis., Clara E. Loud, who is a native of Virginia, Nov. 4., 1857. HULEBAK, OLE P., farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Kenyon. Was born in Norway, June 19, 1842. Came to America in 1861; remained a short time in Wis., but came to this township in the fall of the same year; owns, with his brother, 400 acres of land. Married Barbra 0. Bjornebergstolen in 1871, who is a native of Norway. In the fall of 1875 he was elected representa- tive to the 18th General Assembly of Minnesota, on the Republican ticket, and re-elected the following year; he has also filled the office of town clerk for nine years. His children are Berthine and Paul Christine; is a mem- ber of the Nor. Ev. Lu. Church. McKETNOLDSj J. A., proprietor of the Kenyon Mills, located on the North Fork of the Zumbro River, about one mile from Kenyon village. He was born in Illinois in 1830; moved to GranfCo., Wis., in 1837; in 1865, he moved to Cedar Falls, Iowa, where he was engaged in the sale of agricultural implements; in 1872 he moved to Owatonna, Minn., which is his present place of residence. He married Mary Howell in Grant Co., Wis., in 1854; she is a native of Ohio. Their children are, Lucien A. and Chas. W. ; two deceased, Bellorus E. and Manville Edwin. CHERRY GRQYE. ALLEN, WILLIAM, farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Spring Creek. Born in Scotland in 1826. Came to America in the summer of 1850, and settled in Wis., where he married Margaret Hunter in 1864; she was born in Ireland in 1832. Came to this county in 1869; settled on his present estate con- sisting of 320 acres, removed to St. Joseph Co., Mo., where he spent two years, when he returned to his home in this town. Was clerk of the school district a number of years, and is well known. Members of the Congregational Church. BLACKMAN, ABNER, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Fair Point. Born in Benning- ton county, Vt , in 1827. Married Lucy Crandall in 1849. She was born in same county in 1828. Emigrated to Ashtabula county, 0., in 1852, 654 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. where lie resided two and one-half years, when he moved to Lafayette county, Wis., and lived until he came to this county in 1856, and settled on his present estate of 80 acres. Here he made his claim of one-quarter section, upon which he built a log cabin, where he lived' seven years, which has since given place to a retired and commodious dwelling. Disposed of 80 acres of his pre-emption land, and has since purchased 80 acres in sec. 30. Is one of the early pioneers of this town and well known throughout. Harvey, Charles. Adelle and Rosy, are their living children. Lost one child, Mary. COLLINS, ALFRED, farmer, sec. 36, P. 0. Roscoe. Born in Monroe Co., N. Y., in 1886. Emigrated to Kalamazoo, Co., Mich., moved to Olm- sted county, then came to this county and settled in this tp., where he has since made it his home. Married Mary Haney in 1861. She was born in Germany in 1841. In 1863, he enlisted in Co. H, Independent Battalion, and served nearly three years; engaged on the frontier against the Indians; was honorably discharged at the expiration of his time; settled on his present estate in the spring of 1878, consisting of 100 acres; was supers visor two or three years. Edward R., Amy, Laura, Elizabeth, Fannie, Alice and Frank, are their children. CHARLTON, BICHABD, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Fair Point. Born in State of N. Y., Dec. 24, 1842. Settled in Grundy Co.; 111., in 1854, and this Co. in 1857. Settled in Wanamingo, where his step father pre-empted 120 acres. Oct., 1861 he enlisted in Co. A, 2d TJ. S. Sharpshooters, organ ized under Berdan. Participated in skirmishes at Falmouth, Gettysburgh Rappahannock Station — three days. Second Bull Run, Gainsville, Chancel lorville; battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania C. House, Coal Harbor. South Mountain, Petersburgh (siege,) Deep Bottom, Bistano Station Mine Run and others. Was wounded at Gettysburgh, and confined in the hospital six months. Served until Oct., 1864, returned home, where in Feb. 15, 1868, married Mariah J. Wait; she was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y. Moved on his present estate in 1871, consisting of 200 acres. Aden C, Ethel G., Knight G., and one not yet christened, are his children. HAGGARD, T. B., farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Fair Point. Born in Ky., in 1819. Married Lucy Turpin in Feb., 1839; she was born in Ky. in 1815. Emigrated to Iowa in the spring of 1852; 1855 came to thjs Co. with an' ox team, selecting a claim in this township, on sec. 35, of 160 acres; in the fall of 1856 moved and settled on his present estate of 240 acres, with 21 acres of timber. At the first term of meeting held in May, 1856, he was elected the first justice of the peace, and has also served as supervisor; is also the second oldest living settler in this township. In 1864 he enlisted in the 3d Minn. Battery as corporal, and served over two years on the plains. They have four children living — Sumara, wife of A. C. Woodbury; Henry, William and Mary, twins. Lost three children — Elizabeth, Eliza J. and one that died in infancy, Dec. 16, 1857, which was the first death in the THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 655 • township. To the subject of this sketch, the writer is largely indebted for the facts of the early history of the township. HANSEN, REV. T. A., was born March 28, 1848, in Spydeberg, Christiana Stift, Norway. Went to Christiana in 1863, where he at the Latin School of " Aars e Pos§" was prepared for the university, and accepted at the latter institution in 1868. Passed examen philosophicum in 1871, took the theoretical degree in 1876, and the practical in 1878; was soon after ordained, and started for America, arriving in this township in September of the present year, and at once entered upon his duties as assistant pastor in the Holden Congregation. He inarried in 1878 Maren Christine Syl- tinglid, who was born Aug. 11, 1858. JOHNSON, DARIUS, farmer, sec. 6, P. 0. Spring Creek. Born in State of N. Y., Nov. 20, 1838. Came to this county May 20, 1856, and pre-empted the land of his present estate, consisting of 160 acres. Married Julia E. Hudsen in 1860. In 1864 he enlisted in Minn. 1st Heavy Artillery, and served until the close of the war, participating in all the battles in which that regitnent was engaged-. His wife died in 1865, leaving one child, Carrie. He again married Emily Roderick, who was born in N. Y. State, and died Feb. 10, 1873. Nettie, Dora and Earnest are their living children. Mr. Johnson was the oldest pioneer that settled in this north part of the town. Has served as postmaster, and is well known throu'gout the town and county. KELSET, J. H., firm of J. H. Kelsey & Bro., merchant. Fair Point. Born in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in 1845. Emigrated with parents to Fon du Lac county. Wis., in 1854, and to this county in 1855, where he lived until 1870, when he commenced business in this village, keeping a general stock of goods, and is the only store in operation in this village. In 1871 married J. A. Summer. She was born in Iowa. Was appointed P. M. in 1872, and has served in that capacity, except one year of resignation for health. Is school treasurer at the present time, and served as assessor, by appointment, in 1874. Eddy A., Henry W. and Chauncey C, are their children. EELSEY, WILSON, proprietor of Kelsey House, Fair Point. Born in Lewis county, N. Y. , in 1810. Married Lucinda Brooks in 1838. She was born in Elsted, N. H., in 1814, and died June 16, 1840, leaving one child, Emma, present wife of R. Williams. His present wife, Jane A. Chitten- den, was born in Essex county, N. Y., in July, 1829. Emigrated to Fon du Lac county. Wis., in 1854. i Jan., 1855, came with ox-team to this county, being 21 days on the road, pre-empted 160 acres in sec. 26, where he erected a cabin and kept bachelor hall until spring; returned and brought his family, and settled on his claim, where he lived until 1876, • when he sold and moved to his present location. Was but four settlers in the town when he came, and he is one of its early pioneers. Joseph H., Chauncey A., Caleb W., Malinda K., Byron, Mary and Julia, are their living children. 656 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUNTY. PECK, L. W., farmer, sec. 17, P. 0. Pair Point. Born in Steuben Co.,N. Y., • in 1823. Emigrated to Wis. in 1856; 1864 he came to this county and settled on his present estate consisting of 200 acres. Married Sabrina Field, who was born in Steuben Co., N. Y., in 1825, and died in 1868. Was justice of the peace in 1864-5 and 6; served as -chairman of the board two or three years. His present wife, Sarah McDonald, was born in Can- ada, and came to this county in 1864, settling in Red Wing, where she experienced many hardships of pioneer life, the records of which appear in the pages of the county history. Ellen, Arnold and Elmer are their living children. Lost two, Louis and Emily. ROOT, BRYMGTON, farmer, sec. 5, P. 0. Spring Creek. Born in Conn., in 1800. Married Mariah Skinner, Nov. 19, 1834. She was born in Onon- daga county, N. Y., in 1814. Came to this county in 1857, and settled on his present farm, which he pre-empted, selecting a claim of 160 acres. Has since disposed of 40 acres, and values his land at |40 per acre. Has been director of schools, and is one of the early settlers in this section of the town. Of their several children, four are living — Jane, Doane, Loda C. and George W. Lost Harlan and Leander, who enlisted in Minn. 5th, and was killed at the battle of Corinth. SMITH, DANIEL C, farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Ayr. Born in Scotland, in 1840. Emigrated in 1846, with parents, to America. Settled in Green Lake county, Wis., where his father, Robert, was an early pioneer. In Aug., 1862, he enlisted in Co. F, 6th Minn. V. I., and served until the close of the war. Was with the Sibley expedition on the plains, and in 1864, transferred to New Orleans, and assigned to the 16th Army Corps, under Gen. Smith. Participated in a skirmish with Forest at Helena, Spanish Fort, Mobile Bay, and all others in which that regt. engaged, and honor- ably discharged in 1865. Came to this county and purchased his present estate of 80 acres. In 1871, he opened store at Cherry Grove, which he conducted successfully. In 1877, he sold out. WOODWARD, READING, farmer, sec. 33, P. 0. Fair Point. Born in ,N. J., Aug. 13, 1823. Left that State in 1850, and went to 111., where he spent one year; thence to Iowa and settled in Waukon, where he was one of the early pioneers. Came to this Co. in Nov., 1854, with his brother, Benjamin, and selected the claim of his present estate. His brother pre-empted on the adjoining farm and returned to Wau^ion, where he died in 1863. The subject of this sketch is the oldest living settler of this town, who, with others, made the first road survey, and was elected first road supervisor, at a meeting held in May, 1858. Married Jane Haggard, Aug. 18, 1858. 80 acres of valuable land surround the homestead, and 10 acres of timber. Are members of the Christian Disciples, a society that was formed by the early pioneers of this township. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 657 GOODHUE. BAILEY, J. V. H., farmer, sec. 11. P. 0. Goodhue Center. Born in Canada West, Jan. 11, 1833. Came to Minnesota, landing at Red Rock, May 25, 1850. 1852 went to Lac qui Parle. 1854 went to Traverse des Sioux (now St. Peter,) where he was married July 31, 1856, to Isabella Kennedy. She was born in Canada in 1831. Moved to Hastings in 1859, and to this farm in 1860. Owns 160 acres of land. Have six children — Anna J., E. Bell, Maggie, Mary, Minnie and John Vincent. Mr. B. has held important offices for the last 15 years, and is one of the solid men of this town. He enlisted Feb. 14, 1865, in company I, 1st Minn, heavy artillery. Was on garrison duty at Chattanooga, Tenn., until in Sept., when they were ordered to Nashville, Tenn., and mustered out Sept. 27, 1865; disbanded at Fort Snelling. Family attend the Presbyterian Church, of which Mr. and Mrs. B. and eldest daughter are members. BELYIDEEE. AMUNDSON, CHRISTAIN, farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Belvidere Mills. Born in Norway, July 22, 1854. Came to United States in 1857, with his father, Amund Amundson. The latter was born in Norway, May 27, 1830. Was married there to Matilda Hanson. She was born same place, Feb. 14, 1828. Came to this farm in 1859. Owns 270 acres. Have six children — Christain, Hannah, Henry, Jennie, Pauline and Alexander. Lost one, named Henry, died in 1860. Mr. A., sen., was a member of company I, 1st Minn, heavy artillery. Enlisted Feb. 3, 1865. Was on garrison duty at Chattanooga, Tenn., until Sept., 1865, when he was mustered out with the regiment at Fort Snelling. Family belong to the Lutheran Church. BURFEIND, CORD, farmer, sec. 12, P. 0. Lake City. Born in Hanover, Germany, May 7, 1827. Was married June 20, 1850, to Margaret Wei- busch. She was born in Hanover, Germany, in September, 1828. Came to this county landing in Red Wing, on the 10th day of Sept., 1857; made a claim near the source of Wells Creek, in sec. 8; lived there until Feb. 2, 1865, when he enlisted in Co. I, 1st Minn. Heavy Artillery; went to Chat- tanooga, Tenn.; did garrison duty there urTtil Sept., when they were ordered to Nashville, Tenn., and mustered out on the 27th; from there they came to Fort Snelling, and disbanded. Soon after returning from the war, he moved to this farm; owns 320 acres of land. Have five children living— Henry, Mary (now .Mrs. Smith,) John, Katie (now Mrs. Meyer,) and Charlie. Lost two, Maggie and Fred. Family belong to the Lutheran Church. 43' 658 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. BOLLDM, MARTIN J., farmer, sec. 21, P. O: Holden. Born in Norway, April 15, 1849. Came with his parents to this county in 1863. Owns 240 acres of land; is unmarried, and is " batching" on the farm. Has been township supervisor three years, and road master two years. Is a mem- ber of the Lutheran Church. BEFOBT, JOHN, farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Lake City. Born in the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, July 14, 1833. Came to the U. S. in 1854. Was married at Sheldon, N. Y., Sept. 13, 1864; came to this county same year. Wife's name was Catherine Reding; she was born in N. Y., Sept. 29, 1838. Have seven children living — Mary A., Justina, John H., Mary L., Frances J., William H. and Clara E. Lost one, Helen; died in 1865. Owns 400 acres of land. Family belong to the Catholic Church. BULLARD, CHARLES E., farmer, sec. 10, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Fort Madison, Iowa, Feb. 5, 1851. Came to this Co. in April, 1856, and to this farm in 1864. His father, Edward Bullard, died in Red Wing, Jan. 10, 1872, leaving to himself and sister (Mrs. Julia B. Nelson,) this farm, consisting of 320 acres, which they own in common. He was married May 29, 1878, to Mollie Schunk; she was born in the town of Hay Creek, Sept. 28, 1853. Mr. and Mrs. Bullard attend the Episcopal Churchy of which the latter is a member. DANIELSON, HANS H,, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Thoten. Born in Norway, Dec. 18, 1832. Emigrated to Wis. in 1843; came to this Co. July 22, 1856. Was married Aug. 17, 1856, to Elizabeth Anderson; she was born in Dayton, 111., Sept. 2, 1837. Aug., 1862, he enlisted in the 7th Minn. Inf. ; was on the Indian expedition of 1862, in the battle of Wood Lake, and stationed on the frontier until May, 1863. Oct. 7, 1863, was ordered south; participated in all of the marches, scouts, battles, etc., in which the regt. was engaged. At the battle of Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 16, 1864, was severely wounded, having his left leg so badly fractured with a piece of shell, that amputation was found necessary, the operation was performed Feb. 11, 1865; after lying in hospital at different places, was finally mustered out with the regt. at. Fort Snelling, Aug. 16, 1865. Returned and bought where he now resides; owns 160 acres. Have eleven children — Caroline A., Hiram B., Augustus J., Jennie M., Minnie C, Vinena S., Wesley E., Oscar A., Irene E., Ida P. and Sarah E. Mr. D. was a member of the first board of supervisors in this township. Family belong to the M. E. Church. GEORGE, PERRY, farmer, sec. 23, P. 0. Lake City. Born in Sheldon, N. Y., April 8, 1847. Cameto this county in 1861, and to this farm in 1862. Was married June 10, 1874, to Caroline Isensee. She was born in Hay Creek township, Dec. 24, 1854. Owns 160 acres of land. Have two children, Alexander H. and Charles L. Mr. Gr. 's parents reside with him. His father, Peter George, was born in Luxemburg, June 8, 1812. Came to United States in 1834. Was married in Wyoming county, N. Y., March THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 659 10, 1843, to Mary Wagner. She was born in Luxemburg, Feb. 3, 1822. Have seven children living — Margaret, (now Mrs. Kappel;) Catherine, (Mrs. Diepenbrock;) Perry, John B., Anna Mary, (Mrs. Lippart;) Eliza- beth M, and Henry J. Lost three — Jane, Clara, and an infant. Family belong to .the Catholic Church. GATLOBD, NELSON B., farmer and proprietor Belvidere Mills, sec. 5. Born in Pa., Nov. 1, 1823. Moved to 111. in 1837, where he married Hannah Lewis, July 8, 1849. She was born in Chautauqua county, N. Y., Dec. 15, 1831. Came to this county in 1855. Settled on a claim where he still resides. In 1861 he erected a grist mill, which he runs in connec- tion with his farm. The Belvidere Mills P. 0. was established here in spring of 1878, and he was appointed postmaster. Has held important ofSces. Owns 160 acres of land. Have six children living — Edwin, Ada, Lot, Orchard, Osmer and Larie. Lost three — Polly, Ettie and one infant. Family attend the M. E. Church. HEBEB, NICHOLAS, merchant, P. 0. Lake City. Born in Germany, Nov. 14, 1837. Came to the U. S. in 1857. Settled in Dubuque Co., Iowa, where he remained until Aug. 26, 1861, when enlisted in Co. H, 7th Wis. I. ; served with them in all their marches, scouts, battles, etc., including nearly all of the heavy engagements in which the Army of the Potomac partici- pated; was wounded at battle of South Mountain, also at Gettysburg, and again in an engagement on the 30th of March, 1865. Was promoted 1st lieut., and six months later, received a commission as captain. After four year's hard service, he was mustered out at Madison, Wis. Was mar- ried Aug. 29, 1866, to Anna Magaeres. She was bom in Luxemburg, in 1844. Have five children — Maggie, John, Katie, Bella and Nicholas. Came to this county in 1870. Owns 80 acres of land. Family belong to the Catholic Church. HILDEN, PETER J., farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Belvidere Mills. Born in Nor- way, July'25, 1837. Came to the U. S. in 1857; settled in Wis. Came to this county in Aug., 1859. Owns 80 acres of land. Was married. Oct. 3d, 1861, to Evaline Hanson; she was born in Norway, in 1840. Have four children living — Caroline, Hannah E., Minnie J. and Helma C. Lost two, John and Clara. Mr. H. enlisted Feb. 2, 1865, in Co. I, 1st Minn. Heavy Artillery; was stationed at Chattanooga, Tenn., doing garrison duty, until Sept., 1866, when they "returned to Fort Snelling, and were mustered out. Has held important town offices. Family belong to the M. E. Church. JOHNSON, J. C farmer, sec. 16, P. 0. Thoten. Born in Norway, June 15, 1839. Came to U. S. in 1857; settled in Wis., where he resided until 1859, when he came to this farm ; owns 160 acres of land. Enlisted Feb. 2, 1865, in Co. I, 1st Minn. Heavy Art., was made corpl. ; went to Chatta- nooga, Tenn.; was doing garrison duty there until Sept., when the regt. was ordered to Fort Snelling and mustered out. Was married May 7, 660 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 1867, to Christina Amundson ; she was born in Norway, Dec. 31,- 1847. Have two children, Charles and Clara Rosalie. Mr. J. has held important town offices, and is one of the solid men of his town. Family belong to the Lutheran Church. EEISER & JUNGEES, blacksmiths and manufacturers of wagons, buggies, sleighs, etc., sec. 33, P. 0. Lake City. Peter Keiser was born in Germany, Jan. 6, 1853. Came to the U. S. in 1871; worked at his trade in Wiscon- sin, Illinois, and various localities; came to Zumbrota, 1875. Nov., 1877, came to this place and commenced business under the firm name given, above. M. W. Jungers was born in Belgium, Sept. 27, 1857. Came to U. S. in 1868; learned his trade in Predonia, Ozaukee, Wis. They are bpth members of the Catholic Church. KNUTSON, KNUT, farmer, sec. 18, P. 0. Goodhue Center. Born in Norway, March 18, 1828. Went to Wis. in 1843; was engaged in farming nine years inJRock Co., also spent three years in Lake Superior copper mines. Was married in Milwaukee in 1855 to Martha Jenson ; she was born in Norway, April 19, 1834. Came to this town July 16th, 1865. Owns 160 acres; have eight children; Caroline A., Sarah, Nathan, Charlie, Abel, Aaron, Oscar, and Alexander. Lost two, Nathan and Anna. Mr. K, was supervisor one year and school director three years; was licensed to preach in 1862, and has been engaged in the work ever since; filling appoint- ments until 1875, when he was regularly ordained a minister of the M. E.' Church. Family belong to the same. KLAB, FRED., farmer, sec. 7, P. 0. Belvidere Mills. Born in Germany in June, 1827. Came to the U.S. in 1852, settled in Alden, N. T. Was married in June, 1853, to Anna Darling; she was born in Mecklenburg Schwaren in 1828. They came to this Co., landing in Red Wing, Oct. 15, 1855; made a claim on sec. 8, built a cabin and moved into it about the 20th of Dec, same year; his wife died here in 1857. Soon after he went to Wis. ; returned in 1861 and bought farm in Hay Creek. "Served about five months in Co. G, 4th Minn. Inf. Was married in Oct., 1865, to Margaret Weibusch. Moved to this farm in 1868; owns 160 acres. Have four children — Fred., Margaret, Martha and Louis. Family belong to the Lutheran Church. LANEj ADELINE; (widow, maiden -name Gilbert,) resides on farm, sec. 5, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Kane Co., 111., Feb. 15, 1841. She was mar- ried in La Crosse, Wis., May 6, 1858, to William Lane; he was born Aug. 10, 1832; his parents died, leaving him in his infancy to the care of an uncle, then residing in Cleveland, Ohio, where he remained until he attained his majority. Came to this Co. in 1858, and to this farm in 1865, where he died April 17, 1876. Mrs. Lane is the mother of nine children Cora, Herbert H., Edward C, Sherman E., Elvina A., William W. and Lily D. ; lost two, Edward W. and Lily B. Family attend the M. E. Church. THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. 661 BEDDING, ADAM, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Wyoming county, N. Y., June 28, 1852. Came to this county with his parents in 1859; lived with parents near Trout Brook Tannery until 1873, when they moved to Belvidere. He was married Oct. 18, 1876, to Margaret B. Mal- lon. She was born near Phila, Pa., Dec. 25, 1853. Have one daughter, Mary J., 'born Aug. 15, 1877. Are members of the Catholic Church. THOMAS, WILLIAM, farmer, sec. 11, P. 0. Lake City. Born in Canada, March 19, 1827. Was married Oct. 13, 1852, to Jemima C. Church. She was born in Canada, March 28, 1832. Came to this county, landing in Red Wing, Dec. 9, 1855. Lived in and about Wacoota until 1857, when he made a claim, built a cabin, and moved his family here some time in March. Owns 160 acres. Have six children — Jacob J., William W., James A., Hattie L, Lula M. and Percy F. Lost three — Jemima, Mina and Elmar. Mr. T. has held important town offices. Family belong to the M. E. Church. THOMPSON, JOSEPH S., farmer, sec. 4, P. 0. Red Wing. Born in Ply- mouth, Mass., Dec. 1, 1825. Emigrated to Jo Daviess county. Ills., in 1851. In 1854 came to this county. Was married in Red Wing, Oct. 3d, 1854, to Melissa C. Pingrey. She was born at Bakers Bridge, N. Y., Nov. 6, 1834. Returned to Jo Daviess county, 1854. Early the following spring, came again to this county; made a claim where he now resides; being one of the first settlers. He at once proceeded to build a cabin, into which he moved about the 1st of Aug. Owns 400 acres of land here, and 40 in Wisconsin. Have three children living. Viva L., Earl E. and Reno S.; lost one, Ida U. Mr. T. held important town offices. On the 5th day of January, 1863, he received a commission as captain in the Tenth Minn. Militia, and held it until the close of the war. Mr. T. is probably more extensively engaged in the raising of fine stock — horses, cattle, sheep, etc., than any other farmer in the county. Family attend the M. E. Church. HOLDEN BOCEMAN, RET. M. 0., was born in Christiana Stift, Norway, Feb. 9, 1849; entered the Preparatory Latin School of "Aars e Foss, " from which he was admitted to the university of Norway in 1867; passed examen phi- lisophicum the next year; 1874, took the theoretical; 1875, the practical degree in theology ; the latter year he was ordained, and at once started for America, arriving in this county in August of that year, and at once entered into the discharge of his duties as assistant pastor of the " Holden Congregation, " in which capacity he still remains. He married Leonharda Holby, in 1875; they have one son, Sigurd. FINSETH, A. K«, farmer, sec. 32, P. 0. Eidsvold, was bom in Norway, April 22, 1836. Came to America in 1853, settling in Wis. in 1854. He 662 THE HISTORY OF GOODHUE COUNTY. moved to Green county, Wis., and in 1855 to this county. Was among the first actual settlers in Holden township. 1874 was elected to the State Senate, has filled many other offices of trust, and was one of the presi- dential electors in 1876. Owns 335 acres of land, very valuable. Married Karen Pederson Hougen in 1864. Their children are — Knut M., Mary, Martha, Sissel and Clara. The family are members of the N. E. L. Church. FINSETH, O.K., farmer, see. 29, P. 0. Eidsvold; was born in Norway, July 18, 1833; came to America in 1853, settling in Wis., and in August, 1855, came to this county ; owns 382 acres of valuable land. Married Gunil Asia Lieu in 1866. Their children are Matilda K., Gurine, Caroline, Knut 0. and Gina. Is a member of the N. E. L. Church. HOUGEN, KNUT P., farmer, sec. 8, P. 0. Holden. Was born in Norway, Dec. 22, 1822. Came to America in 1850, settling in Wis. ; remained until fall of 1857, then moved to this Co., settling on his present farm; owns 240 acres of choice land. Married Martha Austinsdatter, in 1845. Their children are — Karen, Ingeborg, Peder, Sissel and Ole M. The family are members of the N. E. L. Church. STEGNE8, LORENZ, farmer, sec. 20, P. 0. Holden. Was born in Germany, May, 28, 1825. Came to America in 1840, settling in N. J. In 1841, he enlisted in the U. S. Navy, and served two years. Returned to N. J., and learned the hatter's trade. He then engaged in the leather business, until 1852, when he came to Wis. 1865, moved to this township, and settled where he now lives. Owns 200 acres fineland; has held important local offices. Married Elizabeth Stegner, in Newark, N. J., June 12, 1849. Their children are — William C, Edward, Sarah, Lydia, Washing- ton, Susanna, Amelia, Eebecca and Moses. 80LBEBG, OLE J., farmer, sec. 26, P. 0. Eidsvold. Was born in Norway, Dee. 16, 1828. Came to America in 1852, settling in Wis. ; June, 1855, came to this township settling where he now lives; owns 160 acres of land. Has held the offices of supervisor, town treasurer and justice of the peace. Married Esther Aaker, April 6, 1858; she is a native of Norway. Their children are — Anna, Goyo J., Knut, Elen M. and Peter B. The family are members of the N. E. L. Church. IIsTDEX. HISTORICAL. Page. Thb Northwest Tekritort. 1 American Settlements 37 Division of the Northwest Territory. 41 Tecumseh andthe War of 1812 H Abstract of Territorial Titles 48 MlNNI$OTA 51 Fort Snelling 54 Religious Movements' 60 Missions to Minnesota Territory — 62 Personal Sketches of Pioneers 68 Early Steamboating 84 Territorial Organization 87 Officers of Minnesota Territory 128 State Organization 129 Minnesotians in War of the Rebellion 135 Indian Massacres 143 The Sioux Outbreak 146 Ofificers of the State of Minnesota 151 Visit of President Hayes to the North Star State 153 Journalistic Enterprise 161 State Institutions 166 TOWNSHIP Buruside 415 Welch : 416 Stanton 417 Cannon Fall» . , 419 Vasa 428 Featherstone 442 Hay Creek 443 Florence 443 Central Point 448 Wacoota 449 Belvidere 450 Goodhue 454 Page. Constitution of the U. S. and Amend- ments 169 History of Goodhue County 185 Geographical 186 Mounds of the Upper Mississippi. . . . 201 Early Beginnings 202 Humorous Incidents 213 Retrospective 216 County Organization 237 Township System of Economy 255 County Infirmary 274 District Court 275 Educational 278 War History 282 History of Red Wing 330 Religious Interests 348 Educational 370 Manufacturing Industries 378 Hotels ; 401 Newspaper Publications . . . . 406 Miscellaneous Notes 414 HISTOEIES. Belle Creek 455 Leon 456 Warsaw 461 Holden 462 Wanamingo 464 Minneola •.. 471 Zumbrota 473 Pine Island 479 Roscoe 484 Cherry Grove 486 Kenyon 488 BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY. Minneapolis •• 491 Red Wing 493 Welch 640 Burnside S44 Wacoota 647 Central Point 549 Florence 649 Hay Creek 658 Featherstone 656 Vasa , 576 Cau&on Falls 5gg Leon , 599 Wanamingo 607 Minneola 617 664 THE HISTORY OP GOODHUE COUUTY. BioGKAPHiCAL DiRBCTOKT. — Continued,. Page. Zumbrota 620 Belle Creek 629 Stanton 631 Pine Island 636 Boscoe 645 Warsaw 650 Page. Kenyon <>62 Cherry Grove 653 Belvidere 657 Goodhue ; 657 Holden 661 WAR RECORD. First Infantry 299 Second Infantry 303 Third Infantry 304 Fourth Infantry 311 Fifth Infantry 313 Sixth Infantry 316 Seventh Infantry 319 Eighth Infantry 322 Eleventh Infantry 323 Tenth Infantry 324 First Mounted Kangers Cavalry 326 Brackett's Battalion Cavalry 326 Second Cavalry. . . .'. 327 Independent Cavalry 328 First Heavy Artillery Infantry 329 Second Battery Light Artillery 330 LITHOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS. Adams, Hugh 80 Betcher, Charles 160 Clauson, C 208 Carlson, Franlj A 320 Day, John 48 Danielson, A 384 Davis.D.L % 448 Eames, 192 Garrard, L. H 128 Gronvold.Chr 144 Hancock, J. W 32 Howe, William 64 Hagler, Fletcher 96 Herbert, B. B 256 Hoard, 3.S.... 304 Hodgman, J. M 352 Jewell, W . W 176 Kruger, R 676 Lock, J. B 224 Miller, John 272 Mattson, Hans 288 Porter, J. F. Sandford, P Swanson, Nels 512 Sutherland, James 544 Thomson, W. M 480 Willard, S. J 240 416 112 ERRATA.. Page 222. — The word carfs, should read karfs. Page 217. — Bev. James N. Hancock, should read Rev. Joseph W. Hancock. Page 362 and 363. — Muns, should read Muus. Page 465.— Henry M. Falla and T. N. Falla, should read Talla. Page 466.— Dr. Charles Gronvold, should read Dr. Chr. Gronvold. Page 472. — B. A. Mews, should read B. J. Muus. Page 480. — E. Demmon, should read E. Dennison. Page 449. — Waucouta, should read Wacoota. Page 492. — ^Jay Cook, should read Jay Cooke. }f li^'J ^Scvi-'5'J': ''ixSNiSwl'v'^". ..-^i^-^-,j^\^ S^^iJU*-'"^-