CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY WiLLARD FiSKE Endowment Cornell University Library DA 670 .L2B16 1888 V.I History of the county palatine and ducliv 3 1924 024 699 260 ^^ Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024699260 THE HISTORY OF THE COUNTY PALATINE AND DUCHY OF LANCASTER. THE HISTOEY COUNTY PALATINE AND DUCHY OK IvANCASTER. BY THE LATE EDWAED BAINES, ESQ. The BIOGRAPHICAL DEPABTMEJfT bij the Late W. B. WEATTOJY, F.B.S., F.8.A.; with the Additions of the late JOHM EABLAJfD, F.S.A., and the Eev. BROOKE HEBFORD. H IRew, IReviseb, anD Enlargeb B&ition, With the Family Pedigrees (Omitted in the Second Edition) Corrected Throughout. EDITED BY JAMES CROSTON, F.S.A. Vice-President of the Record Society. Author of " Historic Sites of Lancashire and Cheshire," " County Families of Lancashire and Cheshire," "A History of the Ancient Hall of Samleshury,'' <&c., c&c. VOLUME I. JOHN HEYWOOD, Deansgatb and Eidgefield, Manchester; and 11, Paternoster Buildings, London. 1888. £ V, ~^_,>xt^ INTRODUCTOEY NOTICE TO VOLUME I A.LF a century has elapsed since Baines's History of Lancashire was first issued to the public. Its appearance was hailed with general satisfaction as the first attempt to give anything like a complete History of the Palatinate, and it has ever since been recognised as the standard topographical work on the county. In the coflection and arrangement of his materials, Mr. Baines devoted many years of patient industry and scholarly research, but his production was unfortunately, disfigured tiy rqany* inaccuracies — the result of the confusing, and oftentimes contradictory, evidences of mediasval times, and the occasional acceptance, without verification, of the abstracts of other labourers in the field of antiquarian research ; but, in spite of these defects, and the huge gaps it was known to present, the original edition became exceedingly scarce, and chance copies that foimd their way into the market commanded correspondingly high prices. The rarity of the work, and the frequent inquiries for it, induced the late Mr. John Harland, about twenty years ago, to undertake the preparation of a new and revised edition, pruning out what was redundant and obsolete, and bringing down the chief events in the history of important parishes and towns to his own time. More correct versions, in English, were given of the Domesday Survey, of the grants and charters to the various boroughs and towns, and of the abbreviated Latin documents contained in Mr. Baines's work. Btt it was always considered a defect in this edition that the family pedigrees, which formed such an important feature in the original work, were omitted, and it has been the regret of every antiquary that Mr. Harland had not the time at his disposal to correct the many inaccuracies they undoubtedly contained, and present them to his readers in a correct and trustworthy form. Mr. Harland's death occurred just as the first volume was completed, and his literary executor, the Kev. Brooke Herford, at the request of the publishers, took up and completed with praiseworthy care the task that had fallen from his hand. It will be obvious that a county history, and especially the history of such a county as Lancashire, could not be written fifty years ago in so complete a form as to satisfy the requirements of the student of the present day. In the period that has intervened an enormous mass of materials, which were either unknown or inaccessible when Mr. Baines wrote, have come to light. The publications of the Chetham and Record Societies, and the Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, furnish information of the greatest possible value. The great series of calendars and state papers published under the authority of the Master of the Rolls, the ancient muniments of the Duchy of Lancaster given by the Queen to the nation in 1868, and the Records of the County Palatine transferred to the Public Record Office, London, in 1873, have thrown a flood of light on the historical and antiquarian matters connected with the Palatinate and Duchy, or indicated the sources whence original information of the greatest consequence might be obtained. These several sources have been freely laid under contribution, and, in addition, the text has been carefully revised, in some cases amplified, and every known inaccuracy set right. The return presented to Parliament by order of the House of Commons in 1879, giving the names of members of the lower house "from so remote a period as it can be obtained," has enabled the Editor to vi INTKODUCTORY NOTICE. supply many omissions, and to give a more accurate and complete list of the representatives of the county than has hitherto appeared. The rearrangement of ecclesiastical districts consequent upon the creation of the new See of Liverpool, and the changes effected in the Parliamentary divisions of the county and in the representation of the boroughs under the provisions of the Reform Acts of 1884 and 1885, as well as the alterations in the old and the creation of new Courts of Law, have been duly noted ; and, in addition, a record is given of the various civil changes that have occurred, with such other matters as go to make up the general history of the county since the last edition was given to the world. A notable feature in the present edition, and one that will be more apparent when the hundreds and parishes come under review, is the reintroduction of the Family Pedigrees, to the careful revision of which special attention has been devoted, every pains having beentaken to secure accuracy by excluding all matter of a doubtful or spurious character, or that cannot be proved by trustworthy evidence. In the general arrangement of the work, the lines laid down by Mr. Baines have, as far as practicable, been adhered to, their elasticity enabling the Editor not only to bring down the record to the present time, but, where it was thought desirable or necessary, to add to the original text as a substantive part of the continuous narrative, such interesting facts as had escaped his notice, or, as is more probable, were unknown at the time he wrote, and also to bridge over the many chasms by the interpolation of such authentic evidence as more recent research has opened up. The Editor's first duty has, of course, been to verify the statements embodied in the two preceding editions, and to correct such errors, whether of fact or of inference, as came within his view. "With the exception of the earlier chapters embracing the Roman and Saxon periods and the earlier ecclesiastical history, which have been in great part re-written, the text of the original work has been maintained in every essential feature, though variations and interpolations have been occasionally made where it was thought there might be a gain in lucidity without injustice being done to the Author. It may be urged that such corrections and additions should have been distinguished by brackets or otherwise from the original matter. Such a course, were it practicable, might have been a convenience to the specialist; but a very slight acquaintance with the former editions would show the extreme difficulty, not to say impossibility, Mr. Harland and Mr. Herford, in the process of condensation, and in the additions and corrections they made, having so frequently departed from the ipsissima verba of Mr. Baines, without such distino-uishmo- marks, that the text of each could only have been indicated in patchwork pages, that would have been perplexing to the general reader. Altogether the First Volume has received an accession of over one hundred pao-es, or more than one-third of new matter. Every care has been taken to secure accuracy of detail, and to make the History of Lancashire more interesting and trustworthy ; at the same time the Editor is fully conscious of many shortcomings and imperfections, and of omissions that are, perhaps, not altogether inseparable from a work of such magnitude and so wide-reaching in its scope as that he has undertaken. Where such have occurred, he will be grateful if they are pointed out to him in order that the corrections or additions may be made in the succeedino- volume. The pleasing duty remains to the Editor of tendering his thanks for the many offers of assistance he has received in the course of his work, and for information which has greatly enhanced its value. To the Rev. Henry Parr, Vicar of Yoxford, Suffolk, he is indebted for many additional notes and corrections in the earlier lists of Sheriffs of the County ; and he is under obligations of no less weight to Robert Gradwell, Esq., of Claughton-on-Brock, for communications relating to the Celtic period of Lancashire history; his thanks are also due to J. Brouo-hton INTRODUCTORY NOTICE. vlt Edge, Esq., one of Her Majesty's Coroners for the County of Lancaster, for many valuable notes concerning the Courts of the County Palatine and the changes effected by the Judicature Act of 1873. To Henry Alison, Esq., County Treasurer, and Frederic Campbell Hulton, Esq., Clerk of the Peace, he is indebted for many of the statistical tables in relation to the valuation, assessment, and rating, and also for the corrected list of Magistrates and Public Officers of the County. He desires also to acknowledge his obligations to Mrs. Arthur Tempest, of Coleby Hall, Lincoln ; Mrs. Fentbn Knowles, of Arncliffe, Cheetham Hill, Manchester; Miss Emma C. Abraham, of Grassendale Park, Liverpool ; the Rev. W. Stuart White, of Leyland ; Lieut.-Colonel Sowler, of Manchester; Colonel H. Holden, of Askham Bryam, York; John Paul Rylands, Esq., F.S.A., of Heather Lea, Claughton, Birkenhead ; Thomas Helsby, Esq., of Lincolns Inn, the learned Editor of Ormerod's History of Cheshire ; W. Thompson Watkin, Esq. , of Liverpool, the Author of Roman Lancashire and Roman Cheshire; W. A. Abram, Esq., of Blackburn, the Author of the History of Blackburn; W. Buncombe Pinl?, Esq., F.R.H.S., of Leigh; W. Hewitson, Esq., Manchester; Frederick Openshaw, Esq., Hothersall Hall, Ribchester ; Joseph MaghuU Yates, Esq., of Manchester; R. S. Crossley, Esq., Accrington; George Porter, Esq., Fern Bank, Blackburn ; and Charles E. Bowker, Esq., Fletcher Gate, Nottingham. He would be as ungracious as culpable were he to fail in acknowledging the ready assistance extended to him by the officials of the Record Office, London, and also the courteous assistance and the suggestions he has received on many occasions from Chas. W. Sutton, Esq., Chief Librarian, Free Public Libraries, Manchester, and from Mr. W. R. Credland and Mr. Lawrence Dillon, the Librarian and Sub-Librarian of the Reference Library. Upton Hall, Prestbury, Cheshire, November, 1887. CONTENTS OF VOLUME I. CHAPTER I. t:i 1- PAGE Earliest Notices of Lancashire— The Roman Conquest and Rule iu Britain.— B.c. 55 to a.d. 4i8 1 CHAPTER II. The Saxon Period— Invasions, Conquests, and Short Rule of the Danes— Termination of the Saxon and Danish Dynasties of England- The Norman Conquest.— a.d. 448 to 1066 12 CHAPTER III. WilUam the Conqueror's Suppression of Revolts in the North— His Extension of the Feudal System and Seizure of Church Lands and Property— The Domesday Survey and Book— The Honor of Lancaster— Its First Norman Baron, Roger de Poictou— Its Grant by the Crown to Randle, third Earl of Chester.— A.D. 1066 to ctj-ca 1120 34 CHAPTER IV. Territory of South Laneashii-e (between Ribble and Mersey) successively the Possession of the Earls of Chester, of the Ferrers, Earls of Derby, and of Edmund Crouchback, first Earl of Lancaster — His son Thomas, second Earl, executed, whose brother Henry, third Earl, was succeeded by his son Henry, fourth Earl, created first Duke of Lancaster, and called "The Good Duke" — John of Gaunt, second Duke — Creation of the Duchy and its Privileges — The County Palatine, its Chancery Court, &c.— a.d. 1128 to 1399 47 CHAPTER V. Character of Henry Plantagenet, Earl of Derby and Duke of Hereford — His Quarrel witli the Duke of Norfolk, and Banishment — Elevated to the Dignity of Duke of Lancaster on the Death of his Father, John of Gaunt — Returns to England — Expels Richard II. from the Throne — Elevation of the Noble House of Lancaster to the Royal Dignity — ■ Possessions of the Duchy of Lancaster separated from the Crown Possessions — Establishment of the Duchy Court — Abolition of the Duchy Court of Star Chamber — History of the Duchy continued — Its Courts, Chancellors, OSicers, &c. — Bucatus Lancastricc, from the Harleian MSS. — a.d. 1380 to 1886 64 CHAPTER VI. Creation of the County Palatine — Sheriffs from the Earliest Records— Courts of the County Palatine — Ecclesiastical and other Courts — Assizes — Public Records of the County Palatine. — a.d. 1087 to 1886 82 CHAPTER VII. The Earldom of Lanoa,ster possessed by King John — Privileges to the Honor of Lancaster in Magna Charta — Forest Laws and Assize of the Forest at Lancaster — Grant of Land between Mersey and Ribble — Large Drains on Lancashire for Men and Money for the Wars — Wars of the Barons — Edward II. the Prisoner of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster — Analysis of Landed Possessions in the County, from Testa de NevUl. — a.d. 1164 to 1327 99 CHAPTER VIIL Representative History of the County of Lancaster — First Members for the County of Lancaster, and for its Boroughs — First Parliamentary Return and first Parliamentary Writ of Summons for Lancashire extant — Members returned for the County of Lancaster in the Reigns of Edward I. to Edward IV. — Returns formerly supposed to be lost from Edward IV. to Henry VIII. — County Members from 1 Edward VI. to 50 Victoria — The ancient Lancashire Boroughs, consisting of Lancaster, Preston, Liverpool, and Wigan, resume the Elective Franchise 1 Edward VI. — Newton and Clitheroe added to the Boroughs of Lancashire — Representation of Lancashire during the Commonwealth — List of Knights of the Shire for the County of Lancaster, from the Restoration to the Present Time — Alterations made in the Representation of the County and Boroughs of Lancashire by the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1885. — a.d. 1295 to 1886 118 139 X CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX. Laueaahire History in the Reign of Edward III.— Pestilence— Creation of the First Duke of Lancaster— Heavy Imposts on the People of the Duchy— Death ot the First Duke ot Lancaster— His Will and Possessions— Administration of the First Duke, from the Rolls of the Duchy— Renewal of the Dukedom in the person of John of Gaunt— The Franchise of jura refialia confirmed, and extended in favour of the Duke of Lancaster — Continuance of the Royal Bounty to the House of Lancaster. — a.d. 1327 to 1377 CHAPTER X. Power of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster — The Duke's Expedition to Spain — Larger Measures in Lancashire than any other part of the Engdom — Accession of the House of Lancaster to the Throne — Grant of the Isle of Man, first to Henry, Earl of Northumberland, and afterwards to Sir John Stanley, Knight — Annals of the Duchy — Charters of the Duchy — Will of Henry IV.— Henry V. ascends the Throne — Union of the County of Hereford to the Duchy of Lancaster — Battle of Aginoourt — Death of Henry V. — His bequest of the Duchy of Lancaster. — a.d. 1377 to 1422 155 CHAPTER XI. Scarcity of Records for History during the Wars of the Roses — Marriage of Henry VI. — Claims of the Rival Houses of York and Lancaster to the Throne— Wars of the Roses — Henry VI. dethroned by Edward IV. — Henry seeks an Asylum in Lancashire — Taken by Sir John Talbot — Sir John's Grant for this service — Catastrophe to the Lancastrian Family — Edward V. murdered in the Tower — Coronation of Richard III. — His Warrant for seizing a Rebel's Land in Lanca- shire — -The King's Jealousy towards the Duke of Richmond, son-in-law of Lord Stanley, extends to his Lordship — Attainder of Lady Stanley, Countess of Richmond — Landing of the Duke of Richmond in England — Battle of Bosworth Field— Confiscation of Lancashire Estates — Union of the Houses of York and Lancaster — Sweating Sick- ness^Lambert Simnell and Perkin Warbeck, Pretenders to the Throne — Fatal Consequences of the Civil Wars to the Duke of York's Family (note) — Sir William Stanley accused of High Treason : condemned and executed^Henry VII.'s Royal Progress to Lancashire — Execution of Edward, Earl of Warwick, the last Male of the Plantagenet Line — Death of Henry VII.— A.D. 1422 to 1509 174 CHAPTER XII. The Sixteenth Century— Heury VIII. ascends the Throne — Invasioa of England by the Scots — Battle of Flodden Field — The King's Letter of Thanks to Sir Edward Stanley, &c. — Lords-Lieutenant firet appointed — The Reformation — Religious Persecution — Visitation of the Monasteries — Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries — Insurrections produced by the Dissolution of the Monasteries — The Pilgrimage of Grace — Dispersion of the Rebel Army — They reassemble, &c. — Finally dispersed — Renewed Rebellion in the North — Execution of the Abbot of Whalley and Others— Dissolution of the Larger Monasteries — First Publication of the Bible in English — Excommunication of the King — List of Lancashire Monasteries — Their Revenues administered by the Duchy — Aggregate Value of the Dissolved Monasteries — Bishopric of Chester, &c., erected— List of Chantries in Lancashire — Decayed Towns in Lancashire —Privilege of Sanctuary — The King's Death.— A.D. 1509 to 1547 196 CHAPTER XIII. Lancashire in the Reign of Edward VI.— In the Reign of Queen Mary— Lancashire Martyrs : John Rogers, John Bradford, George Marsh— Muster of Soldiers in the County of Lancaster in Mary's Reign —Lancashire in the Reign of Elizabeth —General Muster of Soldiers in Lancashire in 1559— Ecclesiastical Commission, consisting of the Earl of Derby, the Bishop of Chester, and others— State of Lancashire on the Appointment of the Commission— Catholic Recusants- Mary, Queen of Scots, seeks an Asylum in England- Placed in Confinement- Puritan Recusants— Rebellion in the North to Re-establish the Catholic Religion— Suppressed— Meetings of the Lieutenancy— Original Letter of Edward, Earl of Derby, to the Queen- Letter of the Earl of Huntingdon to Secretary Cecil, casting Suspicion on the Loyalty of the Earl of Derby— Proved to be Ill-founded— Part taken by Lancashire Gentlemen to liberate Mary, Queen of Scots- Comparative Military Strength of the Kingdom— Muster of Soldiers in Lancashire in 1574— Declaration of the Ancient Tenth and Fifteenth within the County of Lancaster— The Chaderton MSS. relating to the Afi'airs of the County of Lancaster— Original Papers relating to the Lanoashire Recusants— Lancashire Contribution of Oxen to Queen Elizabeth's Table— MS. of the Lancashire Lieutenancy — Lanoashire Loyal Association against Mary, Queen of Scots, and her Abettors— Trial and Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots— The Spanish Armada— Letter from the Queen to the Earl of Derby thereon— Preparations in Lancashire to resist— Destruction of— Thanksgiving for National Deliverance in Lanoashire — Memorable and Fatal Feud — Atrocious Abduction —Levies of Troops in Lanoashire for Ireland-^Suppression of the Rebellion there— Death ot Queen Elizabeth- Loyal Address of Lanoashire Gentry to her Successor, James 1., on his Accession to the Throne.— a.d. 154? to 1603 214 CONTENTS. xi CHAPTER XIV. Ancient Manners and Customs of the County— Dress— Domestic Architecture- Food— Coaches- Education— The Church- Sports and Pastimes— The Arts— The Laws -Superstition and Witchcraft^King James's First Progress- Lancashire Knights— The Plague— The Gunpowder Plot— Letter to Lord Monteagle— Cecil's Account of the Discovery— Fate of the Conspirators— Lancashire Baronets- Lancashire Witches— Dr. Dee's Petition— Seer Edward Kelly, the Necromancer— History of Lancashire Witchcraft— Duchess of Gloucester— The Stanley Family— Satanic Possession- Case of Seven Demoniacs in Mr. Starkie's Family at Cleworth— Dispossessed— The Conjuror Hanged— King James's Dcemonologie—Witchea of Pendle Forest— Samlesbury Witches- Second Batch of Pendle Forest Witches- Examination of the Lancashire Witches before the King in Council— Deposition of Ann Johnson, one of the reputed Witches— Case of a Lancashire Witch in Worcestershire- Richard Dugdale, the Lancashire Demoniac— His Possession —Dispossession— Witchcraft Exploded— Progress of King James through Lancashire— The Book of Sports— Further Honours conferred on Lancashire Men— Letter from King James to Sir Richard Hoghton, with Autograph— Letter from the King's Council to the Earl of Derby, Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire and Cheshire.— a.d. 1603 to 1625 255 CHAPTER XV. Death of James I.— Accession of Charles I.— Contests between the King and his Parliament— Lancashire Members— Lords- Lieutenant — Breaking out of the Civil War in Lancashire — County Meeting— Summons of Lord Strange to Manchester — Musters made by him in Lancashire — Impeachment of Lord Strange — Meeting of Loyalists at Preston — Blowing-up of Hoghton Tower— Campaign of 1643— Act of Sequestration— Summons by the Duke of Newcastle to Manchester — Answer — Military Operations in Lonsdale Hundred — Assembly of Divines — Campaign of 1644— Siege of Lathom House ; of Bolton ; of Liverpool — Deplorable Condition of the People of Lancashire — Seal and Patronage of the Duchy — Military Possession of the County by the Parliamentary Forces — Catalogue of the Lords, Knights, and Gentlemen of Lancashire who compounded for their Estates in 1646 — Classical Presbyteries of Lancashire — Campaign of 1648 — Battle of Preston— Execution of King Charles I. — Campaign of 1651— Battle of Wigan Lsne — Fatal Consequences of the Battle of Worcester — The Earl of Derby made Prisoner — Tried and Executed — Duchy and County Palatine Courts — Summons of Oliver Cromwell of a Lancashire Member — Sir George Booth's Failure to Raise the Royal Standard — General Monk's Success — Restoration of Charles II. — a.d. 1625 to 1660 283 CHAPTER SVI. Restoration of Monarchy and Episcopacy — Corporation and Test Acts — Act of Uniformity — Ejected Ministers in Lancashire — Five-mile Act — Sufferings of the Nonconformists — Abolition of the Feudal System — Militia Quota for Lancashire — Lancashire Plot— Conspiracy of the Earl of Clarendon and others — Rebellion of 1715 ; of 1745 — Lancashire Gentry — Lancashire Visitations — Geographical Situation of the County — Climate — Meteorology — Soil and Agriculture — Forests — Geology — Lancashire Rivers — Catalogue of the Bishops of Chester from the Institution of the Bishopric, 33 Henry VIII., to the Present Time — Rate imposed upon the Clergy to provide Horses and Arms for the State in .1608 — Ecclesiastical Courts, their Jurisdiction, Fees, and Revenues — Catalogue of the Bishops of Manchester from the Foundation of the See — Creation of the See of Liverpool. — a.d. 1660-1745 322 CHAPTER XVII. Lahcashiee Htjndeeds at the time of the Conquest— Mr. Whitaker on the Old Hundreds— Newton and Warrington Hun- dreds merged in the West Derby Hundred — Hundreds synonymous with Wapentakes — Institution of Hundreds — Made subservient to the Security of the Persons and Property of the Subject by King Alfred— System of Government, Ecclesiastical and Civil— Statute of Winton— Enumeration of the Present Hundreds of Lancashire— Order of their Arrangement in this History— Representation of the People Act, 1867— Area and Population of County Divisions and Boroughs— The Lancashire Boroughs created by the Act of 1867— Changes made by the Act in the Parliamentary Representation of Lancashire— The Reform Acts of 1884-5— Changes made in the Parliamentary Representation by the Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885— Towns and Places included in the several Comity Divisions 368 APPENDICES. PAGE APPENDIX I. Lord Hyde's List of those who have held the Duchy of Lancaster, &o. (abridged) 377 APPENDIX II. Perambulation of the Forests (translation) 379 APPENDIX III. The Lansdowne Feodary (translation) 380 APPENDIX IV. A List of Papists who Registered their Estates in 1715 384 APPENDIX V. Various Creations of Orders, &c. (Lancashire) 386 APPENDIX VL Cotton — Annals of the Cotton Manufacture — The Cotton Famine 388 APPENDIX VII. Electoral Statistics of Lancashire 401 APPENDIX VIII. The Chetham Society— The Record Society ^03 APPENDIX IX. Population of Lancashire, its Parishes, Townships, &c., iu 1801, 1811, 1821, 1831, 1841, 1851, 1861, 1871, and 1881— Area and Population of Registration Districts, in 1871 and 1881— Births, Marriages, and Deaths, in the Ten Years (1871- 1880)— Inhabited Houses, Families or Separate Occupiers, and Population of the Civil Parishes or Townships, in 1881- Valuation of Property for Assessing the County Rate, in 1854, 1866, 1872, 1877, and 1884— Valuation of the Various Poor-Law Unions in the County, 1884— Valuation of Cities and Boroughs having Courts of Quarter Sessions— Valua- tion of Boroughs not having Grants of Quarter Sessions, having their own Police, and not Liable to be Rated for County Constabulary Purposes— Townships not Liable to Contribute towards the Repair of Bridges— Valuation of the whole of the County in Hundreds, including Boroughs having Grants and Quarter Sessions- Urban Sanitary Authorities —Poor-Law (and Rural Sanitary) Authorities— County Police Divisions for Petty Sessional Purposes— County Magistrates and Deputy Lieutenants, October, 1887— Public OfBcers for the County Palatine— Bridgemasters and Surveyors — School Boards— County Courts .^ • •■" ILLUSTRATIONS. PACE Portrait of Edward Baines Frontispiece Fragment of Wall now existing : Roman Castrum, Manchester i Map of Lancashire, showing the Sites of the Roman Stations and Camps, and the Course of the Roman Roads to face i Roman Road, Blackstone Edge 7 Sections of do. 7 Coin of the Emperor Severus 8 Bronze Statuette (Jupiter Stator), found at Manchester 10 Figure of Victory, found at UphoUand, near Wigan 11 Roman Bulla, of Gold, found near Manchester 11 Roman Dishes, found in Castle Field, Manchester 11 Coins of jEthelstan, Harold Harefoot, and Edward the Confessor 32 Map of Lancashire according to the Domesday Survey (1086) to face 33 John of Gaunt's Gateway, Lancaster Castle 58 The Chapel Royal within the Precincts of the Ducal Residence of the Savoy 67 Armorial Insignia of Henry of Lancaster, afterwards King Henry IV., from his Tomb at Canterbury 69 Seal of the Duchy of Lancaster 79 Seal of the County Palatine of Lancaster 80 The Old Bridge, Berwick, between England and Scotland 141 John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 168 Autograph of Henry V 173 Badges of the House of Lancaster 178 Autograph of Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, Mother of Henry VII 193 Autograph of Henry VIII 205 Fumesa Abbey 209 Autograph of Edward, third Earl of Derby 220 Autographs from the Records of the Lancashire Lieutenancy in the Reign of Queen EUzabeth to face 226 Autograph of Henry, fourth Earl of Derby 249 Map of Lancashire in 1598 ^^ j-^^^ 253 Facsimile of Letter to Lord Mounteagle — Gunpowder Plot 264 Hoghton Tower gsi Blackstone Edge , „„_ Tower — Hornby Castle „„„ Autograph of Charlotte de la TremoiUe, Countess of Derby qnn Sir Alexander Rigby .... Greenhalgli Castle oOz The Hodder Bridge oil Autograph of Oliver Cromwell olo President Bradshaw oiy Arms of the Sees of Chester, Manchester, and Liverpool ' 359 Right Rev. James Prince Lee, D.D., F.R.S., first Bishop of Manchester „,, Right Rev. James Eraser, D.D., Bishop of Manchester 1870-1885 Right Rev. James Moorhouse, D.D., Bishop of Manchester 00^ Right Rev. John Charles Ryle, D.D., first Bishop of Liverpool , , , , ,,. PEDIGREES. PAGE Pedigree of Roger de Poictou, Loid of the Honor of Lancaster 45 Descent of the Earls and Dukes of Lancaster, of the House of Anjou or Plantagenet, from the Conquest to the Accession of Henry IV 62-3 Descent of the Houses of Lancaster and York, from Henry III. to the Union of Henry VII. (of Lancaster) with Elizabeth (of York) ioface 194 A full Index will be given with the concluding volume. THE HISTORY OF THE COUNTY PALATINE AND DUCHY OF LANCASTER. -f-*'^- CHAPTER I. ■Earliest Notices of Lancashire— The Roman Conquest and Rule in Britain— B.C. 55 to a.d. iiS. HE County of Lancaster, though not particularly famed for those monuments of antiquity which shed a lustre on history, local as well as national, is by no means destitute of ancient remains. Its distinguishing characteristics, however, consist in the extent of its commerce, the importance of its manufactures, the number and value of its modern institutions, and the activity and enterprise of its abundant population. In tracing the history of such a county, it becomes the duty of the historian to describe with as much brevity as is consistent with accuracy the monuments bequeathed to us by our ancestors, Avithout exhausting the patience of his readers with prolix details and controversial disquisitions. For nearly four thousand years of the world's existence, the history of this county and of this country is almost a blank, except so far as it may be read in its geological phenomena ; and it may be confidently asserted that before the first landing of Julius Csesar upon our shores scarcely anything is known of the people who inhabited this island, or of the government and institutions under which they lived. According to Ptolemy, the inhabitants of the country between the lofty ridge which now separates Yorkshire from Lancashire, and the bay of Morecambe, bore the name of the Setantii, or Segantii — the dwellers in " the country of water '' — which district, on the second invasion of the Komans, was included in the more extensive province of the Brigantes, extending on the east side of the island from the Humber to the Tyne, and on the west from the Mersey to the Solway, and comprehending the six counties of Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire. This being the most powerful and populous nation in Britain, during the Roman sway, it is the most celebrated by the best writers.^ Dr. Henry held the opinion that the Brigantes were descended from the ancient Phrygians, who were the very first inhabitants of Europe, and that they came over to this island from the coast of Gaul before the Belgse had arrived in that country.^ The name doubtless originally meant the dwellers in the hill country, brig and brigant signifying in modern Welsh the top or summit, and Brigantwys the people dwelling there. Historians are generally agreed that the aborigines of Britain, as Csesar calls our earliest ancestors, were Gauls or Gaels, who emigrated from the Continent, and settled in this island ^ about a thousand years before the birth of Christ. The more probable conjecture is, as Csesar intimates, that the interior parts of Britain, to the north and to the west, and consequently Lancashire, were peopled by the earliest inhabitants, and the maritime parts by those who crossed over from Belgium, in Gaul, for the purpose of invading it, almost all of whom had their names from the tribes whence they sprang, and, on the cessation of hostilities, remained here. I Camden, vol. iii., p. 233. '■ Hist. Gt. Brit., vol. i,, p. 276, » Eich. da Oh'., b. I. cap. ii., sec. 4. 2 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. I- Before the first invasion of tlie Romans, the inhabitants of this part of the island subsisted chiefly by hunting ; and their cattle grazed upon pastures unencumbered by any of the artmciai divisions which a state of cultivation never fails to produce. For their clothing, when the severity of the season compelled them to submit their limbs to such restraints, they were indebted to the skins of animals ; and their dwellings were formed by the pillars of the forest, rooted m the earth, and enclosed by interwoven branches, which but imperfectly served to shelter them durmg the hours of repose from the conflict of the elements. Their governments, according to Diodorus Siculus, the ancient historian, though monarchical, were free, like those of all the Celtic nations ; and their religion, which formed one part of the government, was Druidical. Their deities were furies ; human sacrifices were offered to them ;' and the eternal transmigration of souls was inculcated and universally believed. The manners and customs of the Ancient Britons resembled those of the Gauls. They were extremely warlike, eager for slaughter, and bold and courageous in battle. Dion Gassius, speaking of the Britons in the northern part of the island (the Brigantes), says — ■ " They never cultivate the land, but live on prey, hunting, and the fruits of trees ; for they never touch fish, of which they have such prodigious plenty. They live in tents, naked, and without shoes ; have their wives in common, and maintain all their children. The people share the government amongst tliem, and they practise robbery without restraint. They fight in chariots, having small fleet horses ; they have also infantry, who can ran very swiftly, and while they stand are very firm. Their arms are a shield, and a short spear, on the lower part of which ia a bell of brass, to terrify the enemy by its sound when shaken. They likewise wear daggers. They are accustomed to brave hunger, cold, and all kinds of toil ; for they will continue several days up to their chins in water, and bear hunger many days. In the woods they live on bark and roots of trees. They prepare a certain kind of food for all occasions, a piece of which, of the size of a bean, prevents their feeling hunger or thirst." ^ Pliny says, " the Britons and Gauls wore a ring on their middle finger ;" and Ca3sar describes them as wearing long hair.^ They wore, like the Gauls, a particular dress, called bracha, " Like the old brachfe of a needy Briton.''* But the description of the manners and customs of the Ancient Britons, as given by Caesar, is the most full and clear : — "The Britons (says the Roman conqueror) use brass money, or iron rings of a certain weight instead of it. They think it not right to eat hares, poultry, or geese, though they breed them all for amusement. Of all the natives, the most civilised are the inhabitants of Cautium [Kent], all that country lying on the sea-coast ; and the manners of this people are not very different from those of the Gauls. The inland inhabitants for the most part sow no corn, but live on milk and fiesh, and for clothing wear skins. All the Britons stain themselves with woad, which produces a blue colour, and gives them a more horrible appearance in battle, Thsy wear the hair of their head long, but close and bare on every part of their body except their head and upper lip. They have their wives in common among ten or twelve of them, especially brothers with brothers, and parents with children ; but the issue by these wives belongs to those who married them when virgins. Most of them use chariots in battle. They first scour up and down on every side, throwing their darta, creating disorder among the ranks by the terror of their horses and noise of their chariot- wheels ; and when they are got among the troops of horse, they leap out, and fight on foot. Meantime the charioteers retire to a little dis- tance from the field, and place themselves in such a manner, that if the others are overpowered by the number of the enemy, they may be secure to make good their retreat. Thus they act with the agility of cavalry, and the steadiness of infantry, in battle, and become so expert by constant practice, that in declivities and precipices they can stop their horses on full speed, and on a sudden check and turn them, run along the pole, stand on the yoke, and then as quickly dart into their chariots again. They frequently retreat on purpose, and, after they have drawu our men a little way from the main body, leap from their poles, and wage an unequal war on foot. Their manner of fighting on horseback creates the same danger, both to the retreater and the pursuer. Add to this, that they never fight in bodies, but scattered and at great distances, and have parties in reserve supporting one another, and fresh troops ready to relieve the weary."' Though Ca3sar says that the Gauls had different languages, he adds, that it was usual for the Gauls, who wished to acquire greater proficiency in the Druidical mysteries, to come over to Britain to receive instruction from our Druids ; and Tacitus" says, " The language of the Britons and the Gauls is not very different." The Romans, in their thirst for universal empire, after subduing Gaul, turned their attention towards Britain. Csesar's two expeditions into Britain, in the year 55 B.C., ended in a partial conquest of the south and south-east parts of tho island, limited to the districts of the coast and those washed by the Thames, and certainly not extending northward to within a hundred miles of Lancashire. But the sun of Roman glory had now passed its meridian. Distracted by domestic wars, which ended in the establishment of an absolute monarchy in Rome, the conquerors had little force to spare for the preservation of distant conquests. The Britons were, therefore, for a long time, left to themselves, and, for nearly a century after the invasion of Ca3sar, they enjoyed, unmolested, their own civil and religious institutions. In the interval between the first and second invasions of Britain by the Romans, the founder of the Christian religion had accomplished His divine mission, in a province of the Roman empire, but almost without observation at Rome ; and ten years after His death (a.d. 43), the Emperor Claudius sent over an army to this country, undor the command of Aulus Plautius, the first 1 Solmus. (Scotia lUust. p. i. lib. ). c. ^-W.) The plant meant by Sir Robert (for it ' Sir Robert Sibbald supposes this to bo the root of orobus, or the is not easily identified by tins deacnption) is tlie heath peaseling, the wild y(«(rai«i(MS l/ia(tM«, which has a taste like liquorice, and is called by Orobus tuberosiie ol hlnnxns. b Tt a lo r ir'i the Highlanders, who chew it for the same purpose at present, karemyU. ' B. G. v. 14. Martial. a, u. v. li. vit. Agr. xi. CHAP. I. THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE. 3 Roman general wlio had landed on this island since the invasion of Julius Csesar. The Emperor Claudius, and his generals Plautius, Vespasian, and Titus, subdued several provinces of Britain, after thirty pitched battles with the natives, in a.d. 43 and 44. Caractacus, King of the Silures — the people inhabiting South Wales — -held out against the invading legionaries for nine years, contmuing all the time to harass and oppose their advance ; but being defeated by Ostorius Scapula at Caer Caradoc, on the borders of Shropshire, a.d. 51, he put himself under the protection of his wife's mother, Cartismandua, Queen of the Brigantes, by whom he was betrayed and delivered up to the Romans. It is about this time, or shortly before, that we first hear of the Brigantes coming in contact with the Roman army, though they appear to have previously contracted some alliance with, or owned some kind of submission to, the Imperial power, for Tacitus records, that when Ostorius had defeated the Iceni, and was marching his army into the West against the Cangi of North Wales, he was called away by the news of an insurrection among the Brigantes, which he immediately quieted. " The Brigantes, indeed, soon returned to their homes, a few who raised the revolt having been slain, and the rest pardoned."' Suetonius defeated the British under Boadicea in A.D. 61 ; but it was not till the reign of Domitian that Lancashire was really invaded and finally conquered by the Romans, under the successor of Suetonius, Julius Agricola. At this period the principal and the most able commander amongst the Britons was Yenutius, of the state of the Brigantes ; and it is probable that the progress of the Roman arms in the country of the Segantii (Lancashire) was arrested by the skill and valour of this native general ; but the discipline and constancy of the Roman troops, now commanded by Petilius Cerealis, " struck a panic into the state of the Brigantes, which," according to Tacitus, "was accounted the most numerous of the whole country, by attacking them with great force; and after several, and some of them bloody, battles he reduced great part of Briton by victory, or involved it in war."^ Tacitus speaks of many battles being fought, and it is not unlikely, therefore, that Cerealis was occupied during the greater part of his tenure of office in the subjugation of the Brigantes. To him succeeded Julius Frontinus (circa 75), and in A.D. 75 the administration of the province was confided to Cnaeus Julius Agricola, who had served under Suetonius at the time of the terrible revolt under Boadicea, the most distinguished of all the Roman governors. The summer was nearly over when he landed, but he immediately took the field, and attacked the Ordovices, who had defied the Roman power from their mountain fastnesses of Denbio-hshire and Carnarvonshire, and fallen upon a regiment of cavalry stationed on the confines. ° Having subdued them, he continued his victorious course into Anglesea, and well-nigh exterminated the' inhabitants in the Island of the Druids During the winter of that year he appears to have made Chester his head-quarters, and on the approach of the succeeding summer, advanced northwards into the country of the Brigantes, and as we are told that he" examined personally the estuaries," his progress must have been through Lancashire, which, having previously partially submitted to Cerealis, was now finally subjugated. When Agricola, who added to the bravery of the soldier the skill of the statesman, had alarmed the native inhabitants by his severity, he offered inducements to peace by his clemency. By this conduct many of the states, and the Brigantes amongst the rest, which till then had stood out, gave hostages, and submitted to have a Ime of garrisons and castles drawn round them. This was the origin of our Roman stations. " ' la order that men who, by their unsettled and uncivilised state, were always ready for war, might be accustomed to peace and inactivity bv pleasure, the general privately suggested, and publicly concurred in, the erecting of temples, market-places, and houses commending those who showed a readiness to these works and censuring those who appeared remiss. This honourable emulation nroduced the effect of obligation. He applied himself to instruct the sons of the chiefs in the liberal arts and appeared to nrefer the genius of the Britons to the accomplishment? of the Gauls ; inasmuch as they, who but a bttle time before disdained the laneuaee now affected the eloquence of Rome. This produced an esteem for the Roman dress, and the toga came into general «BP Bv degrees the Britons adopted the vicious indulgences of the Romans, and the porticoes, the baths, and the splendid h»nmiets entered into the number of their enjoyments. This, which they called cultivation, was in effect the appendage of slaverv ' 3 Pursuing his victorious career, Agricola carried the terror of his arms to the remotest part of Scotland, and added Trtl.Tid to the number of his conquests. At length, having traversed the country from its southern to its northern extremity, in fhp short nenod of eight years, he returned to Rome, where the Emperor Domitian, rendered jealous by his renown, received him with a cold salute, and then left the conqueror of Britain to mix with the servile crowd of the imperial court. From the departure of Agricola (a.d. 82) till the arrival of the Emperor Hadrian in Britain (AD 117) the name of the Brigantes scarcely occurs in history. It appears, however, that they were subiected to the incursions of their northern neighbours, the Picts, and that the emperor, " after correctino- many things, drew a wall eighty miles in length, on the northern boundary ol the country of the Brigantes, to confine the ' Barbarians ' within the limits of their own borders."" Nearly 1 Tacit Annal 1. 12. C. 32 =■ Agricola C. 18. » Tacitus, Vit. Agricolae, xxi. * Vit. AgriouUe, xl. ' Vit. Had iixni, Scrip. Hist. Aug. p. 51. 4 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. I- a century had now elapsed since the second invasion of Britain by the Romans, and in the course of that period there had risen up in Lancashire the stations' of Manounium (Manchester) f Vera- tinum (Wilderspool), on the Cheshire side of the Mersey, opposite Warrington ; Bremetonacum (Ribchester) ;- Calunio (Colne) ; Coccium (Wigan), Ad Alaunam — the Longovicus of the Notitia (Lancaster) ; Galacimn (Overboeough).^ The estuaries into which the rivers that watered these stations fell, though involved in some degree of uncertainty, from the vague and indecisive character of the Roman charts, were— The Mersey, called Belisama ; the mouth of the Wyre, called the Partus Setantiorum, or the Haven of the Setantii, and Moricamhe Estuaria, or The Bat op Morecambe. The Lancashire stations communicated with Isuriuvi (Aldborough) and Ehoracum (York), the Brigantine capitals, by roads constructed by the Roman soldiery, and with other towns enumerated in the Itinerary of Antoninus, and the Chorography of Ravenna. It is conjectured that the principal part of the Roman roads in Britain was commenced by Julius Agricola to facilitate his conquests. The four grand military Roman ways bear the names of Watling Street, Hermin Street, the Fosse, and Ikening or Iknild Street ; but it is FRAGMENT OF WALL NOW E.KISTING : ROMAN CASTRUM, MANCHESTER. onxy the first-mentioned of these roads that conies within the scope of this history. Each of the stations affords its antiquities : Ribchester abounds with remains ; and Colne, Freckleton, Lancaster, Manchester, Overborough, and Warrington, will be found, in the progress of this work, to exhibit in succession their antiquarian stores, and to proclaim their ancient alliance with the Mistress ot the World. After the lapse of sixteen centuries, the county of Lancaster still presents innumerable remams of these celebrated roads. At least four great Roman roads pass through this county- two of them from north to south, and two others from west to east, and there are numerous military ways of less consequence. The first of the Roman routes extends from Carlisle (Luguvallium), in Cumberland, to Kmderton (Gondate) in Cheshire : passing through Lancaster it advances pretty nearly due south by Galgate and Garstang, then crossing Watling Street, which extended across the country from the mouth of the Wyre to York and the east coast, the line continues by Preston, across the Ribbl ^ Whitaker's History of Manchester, ' The name or termination Caster, Cealer, or Chester, from Omtm a camp, generally indicates a Koman station, ' •■' Since Mr. Baines wrote, many discovei-ies have been made in relation to the Homan stations and roads in Lancashire and praise- worthy efforts have been made by local antiquaries to connect the dis- jomted fragments. The ablest writers on the subject have been the Rev Edmund Sibson, of Ashton-in-Makerflcld ; Mr. John Just of Bury • Mr e John Robson, M.D., of Warrington; Rev. W. Thornber, M.A., Poulton- le-Fylde; Mr. Charles Hardwick, of Manchester ; Mr. T. T. Wilkinson F.B.A.S., of Burnley; Mr. William Beamont, of Orford Hall, Warrineton'- Mr. H. CoUey March, M.D., of Manchester; Mr. E. Kirk, of Eccles and' Mr. W. Thompson W.itkin, of Liverpool. The most exhaustive account will be found in the work ou " Roman Lancashire " from the pen of the last-named author. ^.-^-0?^^' CHAP. I. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 5 and the Darwen to Bamber Bridge, Euxton, and Standish, thence along the Beggar's Walk, near Gidlow, through the Mesnes, and across the ford on the Douglas, near Adam's Bridge, to Wigan (Goccium). Still keeping a southerly course it leaves Bryn on the left, passes through Ashton-in Makerfield, and, running half a mile westward of St. Oswald's Well, continues to Warrington, where it crosses the pass of the Mersey at WiMerspool (Veratinum) ; beyond, the line leads through Appleton, tends in a south-easterly direction, and, leaving the station of Northwich (Salince) on the right, is continued as Kind Street to Kinderton (Gondate). From this great highway a road diverges at Wigan, which runs eastward, taking the direction of Walkden Moor, where it assumes the name of Staney Street, advances by the Hope Hall Estate, crosses the highway from Manchester to Warrington, and, having passed the ford of the Irwell, at the shallow which gives denomination to Old Trafford, is continued to Castle Field. A branch from this road proceeds through the village of Stretford to the ford of the Mersey at Crossford Bridge, where there was a small station ; then, pointing at Altrincham, it passes along the declivity of the hUls, and enters Dunham Park. Here it takes the name of Street to Bucklow Hill ; from hence it passes to Mere Town, when, leaving Northwich about half a mile to the right, it takes the name of Kind Street at Broken Cross, and proceeds to Kinderton, the Gondate of Antoninus, now a suburb of Middlewich. The second Roman road extends from Overborough to Slack (Gambodunum), near Hudders- field, in Yorkshire. This road passes through Ribchester, across the Ribble ; then, proceeding to the east of Blackburn, it crosses the Darwen and continues by the left of Cockey Moor and Black- burn Street to Spen Moor, and thence, through Radclifle, Stand, and Prestwich ; it next passes over Kersal Moor, and is carried by way of Roman Road Terrace, Bury New Road, and Strangeways to Manchester. Traversing that city obliquely, by way of Ancoats, it passes over Newton Heath to Failsworth, whence it is continued under the name of Street or Street Lane to Hollinwood, and thence by Glodwick and Hey Chapel to the summit of Austerlands, where it enters Yorkshire, passes Knoll Hill in Saddleworth, and, crossing the Manchester and Huddersfield road at Delph, leaves Marsden about a mile and a half to the south, skirts Golcar Hill, and attains the plot of Gambodunum (Slack), where the remains of a station exist. The third route commences near Fleetwood, at the mouth of the Wyre — believed to have been the Setantian (Sistuntian) Port, or as we should express it. The Port of Lancashire — and con- tinues in a southerly direction to Poulton ; thence, crossing the Main Dyke from Martin Meer, it goes on by way of Staining and Weeton to Kirkham, at which point it tends eastward, and directs its course to Lund Church, near where it is joined by another road, which commences at the Neb of the Nese, near Freckleton, and, crossing the Lancaster road, leaves Preston about a mile to the right, assuming on Fulwood Moor the name of Watling Street ; hence it proceeds to Ribchester, from which station it passes over Longridge Fell, and then, turning to the north, traces the Hodder to its source. From this road another branches off at Ribchester, which passes through the townships of Billington and Langho, crosses the Calder at Potter's Ford, a little above its junction with the Ribble, and continues south of Clitheroe, and by Worston and Downham into Yorkshire. The fourth Roman road commences at the ford of the Mersey near Warrington, and passes through Barton and Eccles to Manchester. It afterwards traverses the townships of Moston, Chadderton, and Royton, and keeping about a quarter of a mile to the right of Rochdale, by the Oldham road, continues through Littleborough ; afterwards, mounting the British Apennines, it sweeps over Rombold's Moor, on the north side of the Aire, and advances to Ilkley, the Olicana of Ptolemy, where stood the temple of Verbeia, the goddess of the Wharf The Roman Stations in Lancashire occur in the second and the tenth routes of the Itinerary of Antoninus, and are thus arranged : — Iter. II. Ebukaovm (leg. VI. vie.) ... YorJc. Calcaeia M.P.M. IS. ... ladcaster. CaMBODVNO M.P.M. XX. ... Slack. Mamuoio M.P.M. XVIII. ... Manchester. Gondate m.p.m. XVIII. ... Kinderton. Deva (LEO. XX. vie.) M.P.M. XX. ... Chester. 6 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. i. Iter. X. From Whitley Castle, near Alston, in the county of Durham, to Chesterton, in Staffordshire.' A Clanoventa. From Whitley Castle. Galava M.p.M. XVIII. ... Kirhby Thore. _ Alone m p.m. XII. ... Borrowbridge in Lonsdale. Calaovm MP.M. XVIII. ... Orerborough. Bremetonaci M.p.M. XXVII. ... Ribchester. Cocoio M.p.M. XX. ... Wigan. Manovnio M.p.M. XVII. . . . Manchester. Condate M.p.M. XVIII. ... ICinderlon. Mediolano M.p.M. XVIII. ... Chesterton.^ Several other roads, called Vicinal-ways, are to be found in this county, but the routes described form the principal military communications. These roads generally consist of a regular pavement, formed by large boulder stones or fragments of rock imbedded in gravel, and vary in width from four to fourteen yards. It is a singular characteristic of the Roman roads that they are not carried over rivers by bridges, but by fords, except where the rivers are impassable, and then bridges are thrown over.' A remarkable example of the pavement of a Roman way, and perhaps the most perfect of its kind in the kingdom, remains exposed to view on the western slope of Blackstone Edge, where the Roman road climbs the steep mountain ridge and extends in an easterly direction towards Halifax. Some interesting particulars of this ancient highway are given in the Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society (v. i., pp. 73-86); and in a paper read before the Rochdale Literary and Philosophical Society, November, 1879, Dr. H. Colley March thus describes the mode of construction : — • "The portion of the road is exactly sixteen feet in width. In some places there are distinct indications of a deep trench on each side, dug into the earth for the purpose of drainage. The roadway is transversely arched, so that the water would run from and not towards the centre. The road is paved with squared blocks. These are laid with great care, and are held by strong kerbs, which stand up some two inches above the level of the causeway. Exactly in the middle of the road is a line of massive stones, fitted together with great precision, while the other smaller stones, of which the general pavement consists, are of ordinary sand- stone. These especial ones are always of the very hardest and densest grit. Along these stones has been cut, by the mason's art, a deep and wide trough. The bottom of the trough is slightly, but invariably, convex. The width of the trough at its upper and widest part is one foot four inches, its true width across the bottom is one foot one and a half inch. Its depth in the centre varies from three and a half inches to five and a half inches. To return to the road in gener.al : As before said, its total width, outside all, is sixteen feet ; but the kerbstones, being above its level, cannot be counted in. These vary in width from five and a quarter to six and three-quarter inches. We may safely consider, then, that the practicable width of the road inside the kerbstone is fifteen feet. This causeway of fifteen feet is divided by the central trough into two roads of equal width, the measurement from the inside of the kerbstone to the outside of the troughstone being six feet. Each of these two roads is grooved by longitudinal furrows, and no one entertains the least doubt that these furrows are wheel- tracks." At the top of the hill the trough described ceases, though the square blocks are in places still preserved ; but further on, where the descent begins to be steep, on the Yorltshire side of the hill, the trough recommences. _ The terror of the Roman name, and the vigour of their arms, seemed scarcely able to keep in subjection the inhabitants of Britain, who sought every opportunity to shake off the foreign yoke. According to Herodian, the proprtetor in Britain addressed a dispatch to the Emperor Severus, to the effect that " the insurrections and inroads of the Barbarians, and the havoc they made far and near, rendered it necessary that he should either increase the Roman force in this country or that he should come over in person." On this intimation, the Emperor, though then advanced in life, and sinking under bodily infirmities, repaired to Britain, and established his court in Eboracum (York), the capital of the Brigantes. Having collected his force round that city (a.d. 207), the Emperor, attended by his sons Caracalla and Geta, marched from York, at the head of a powerful army, to the North, where he drove the Caledonians within their frontier and erected or restored a stone wall within the vallum of Hadrian. This wall was the great artificial boundary of Roman England from sea to sea. It has been customary to ascribe the earthen rampart to Hadrian and the stone wall to Severus ; but it has of late years been shown by Mr. Bruce, on what appears con- clusive authority, that they are essential parts of one fortification, and the probability is that Severus repaired the work of Hadrian. The loss of Roman soldiers in this expedition, accordino' to Dion Cassius, amounted to 50,000 men, partly by war and partly in cutting down the woods /■The list given above is from Mr. Watkin's Roman Lancashire, and the authority ot MM. Parthey and Finder, the letters nrecedin,^ tho It IS very much more correct than either of those printed in the previous numerals should be m.p.m., miiia plus mireits-miles, more or less -r editions of this work. The Itinerary is supposed to have been compiled » The Itineraries of Richard of Cirencester relatine to jlni-Jthi^^ about A.D. 320. The letters m p. , which occur in many of the copies of this which have appeared in the previous editions of this work are omitf»H Vlfi Itinerary, have been supposed to signify miUe passm. a thousand paces, MS. being of very doubtful authority, and beUeved by manv anHnnoVi.. uauaUy called Roman miles, equal 4834-28 English feet, the English mile to be a forgery — C. ^ antiquaries being 5,280 feet, or 446 feet longer than the Koman mile ; but, as pointed » Galen Ix. c. 8. methodi. out by Mr. J. B. Davidson (Archaologkal Journal, v. xxxvli., p. 310), on CHAP. I. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. and draining the mosses, for which the north of England, and Lancashire in particular, is to the present day distinguished. To commemorate his victories, Severus coined money with the ROMAN BOAD— BLACKSTONE EDGE. 2 6 5^^/ ^'JVj GrouUenl of sie^A/est joart ofl/ui read- SECTIONS OF THE ROMAN ROAD— BLACKS :ONE EDGE. inscription, ViCTOBiiE Britannic^. He also assumed the name of Britanxicus Maximus, and o-ave to his son Geta the name of Britannicus. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. I- Mints were established by the Romans at eleven of their British stations, two of which were York and Chester ; and it is probable that from these northern mints the coin was circulated over Lancashire. No fewer than fifty different Roman coins have been found at Standish, in this county, near the ancient Coccium, several of which are from dies struck by the Emperor Severus. After the death of Severus at York (February 4, a.d. 211), and the return of Caracalla to Rome, a long and profound silence is observed by the Roman historians as to the affairs of Britain, and it is not till the reign of Diocletian — when Carausius, himself a Briton, who, being sent by the emperor with a fleet to guard the Belgic coast, embraced the opportunity to pass over into this island, and got himself proclaimed emperor at York — that any incident appertaining to the subject of this history is recorded. The usurpation by Carausius of the sovereign power in Britain occurred a.d. 286. After six years of dominion, in which the naval strength of Britain was greatly increased, he was betrayed and assassinated by his minister AUectus, at Ehoracum, — the second emperor who had met that fate in the Brigantian territory. Diocletian and Maximianus refused to recognise the sovereignty of Allectus, and sent a powerful force under Constantius Chlorus against him ; and in three more years independent Britain was again subjected to the rule of the Caesars, by the defeat of this second usurper, and quietly remained under the imperial government of Constantius Chlorus. When (a.d. 305) the two emperors, Diocletian and Maximianus, took the singular resolution of resigning their authority, these two Ca3sars, Constantius and Galerius, were declared Augusti. In the division of the empire, the western provinces fell to the lot of Constantius who came over to Britain, but he did not long enjoy the imperial dignity, for, falling sick at Eboracum, on his return COIN OF THE EMPEROR SEVERtJS. from an expedition against the Caledonians, he died there, July 25th, a.d. 306, having in his last moments declared his son Constantino his heir and successor in the empire. He was the third emperor who had died at York, and the honour of the apotheosis or deiAcation was conferred upon him by the Roman senate. Constantino, afterwards called the Great, began his auspicious reign at York, where he was present at his father's death, and was saluted by the troops stationed in the city as emperor, on which occasion, as is said, a golden ball was presented to him as a symbol of his sovereignty over the island. Upon his conversion to Christianity he placed a cross upon the ball, andever since his time, the globe, surmounted by the cross, has been used as the emblem of majesty m all the kingdoms of Christendom. ^17 I'^-^^i <^.'^^^^^si°'^ of Constantino took place in a.d. 311. The coincidence, says Mr. Thompson Watkm is a singular one, that, as from Britain went forth the general (and emperor) who was destmed to put an end to the Jewish dispensation (Vespasian), so in Britain the first sovereign who embraced Christianity, and was the means of its adoption by the bulk of the ancient world assumed the purple; and this latter event took place in Brigantian territory, of which Lancashire formed a part The civil government of Britain was remodelled by Constantino, and under his beneficent rule the countij seems to have enjoyed profound peace. Christian churches were founded, and, according to Gough, there Avas a Bishop of York (the capital of the Brigantes) at the Oouncil of Aries, a.d. 315. At his death, which occurred May 22, A,D. 337, the empire was divided among his three sons, Constantinus, Constantius, and Constans, Britain falling to the share of the last named. Not content with his part of the empire, Constantinus invaded the territories of his youngest brother, m which invasion he lost his life, and was succeeded in Britain by Constans who thus became sole emperor of the west, including Britain. Constans, after a reign of thirteen years having fallen m the village of St. Helena, at the foot of the Pyrenees (whither he had been pursued ' Eomau Lancashire, p. IS. CHAP. I. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 9 by Ma,srnentius, a.d. 350), his only surviving brother succeeded to the purple; and he was succeeded by Julian, nephew of Constantine the Great, in whose rei^n the statue of the Brigantine goddess found in the ruins of a temple in Annandale, in the year 1732, is supposed to have been erected. One of the most interesting discoveries of Roman remains in Lancashire was made durino- the summer of 1796, at Ribchester, by a youth, the son of Joseph Walton, in a hollow, nine feet below the surface of the ground, that had been made in the waste land at the side of the road leading to the church, and near the bed of the river. It is conjectured that when these antiquities were deposited^ in this place the sand was thrown amongst them to preserve them in a dry state, but they are in general much defaced by the corrosive effect of sand upon copper during a period of nearly two thousand years. These antiquities were purchased by Charles Townley, Esq., of Townley Hall, in this county, from the persons who found them, and they are described by that gentleman in a letter addressed by him to the Rev. John Brand, secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, the substance of which will be found in its proper place in these volumes. It will be sufficient to say here that they consist of a helmet, a number of patera, the remains of a vase, a bust of Minerva, the remains of two basins, a number of circular plates, and various other curiosities, many of which appear to have been appropriated to religious uses. "The helmet (says Mr. Townley) deserves the particular attention of the curious as the remains of remote ages ; very few ancient ones, decorated with embossed figures, have as yet appeared. The three or four which were preserved in the Museum at Portici are esteemed to be the most richly ornamented, and the best as to style of workmanship ; but when this helmet wag in its proper state, it must have been equal, at least, to those in point of decoration, and in respect to its having a vizor imitating so exactly the human features, I believe it to be the only ancient example of the kind that has yet been discovered. This singularity may excite a doubt whether such a helmet was destined for real combat, or only for the enrichment of occasional trophies which were erected in the celebration of military festivals, or carried in procession amongst the Greeks and Romans. Trophies of this sort are seen on various medals, with the names of the people, whose subjugation such trophies are meant to record, inserted upon them, as for example, De S.ikmatis — De Geumanis, on the medals of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. The superior style of work- manship of the mask to that of the headpiece is also remarkable. In the former, the beauty of the features, the excellent work of the figures in relief, and more particularly by the sharp edges and lines with which the eyebrows, eyelids, and lips are marked, after the manner of Grecian art preceding the Cfesars, denote it to have been executed some ages before the headpiece, the coarse and heavy work of which corresponds with that of the artists employed in the reign of Septimius Severus, and particularly with the sculpture upon the arch of that emperor, situated near the Capitol Hill at Rome. The cheek measures ten inches and a half from its junction to the skull-piece, at the top of the forehead, to its bottom under the chin. A row of small detached locks of hair sur- rounds the forehead a little above the eyes, reaching to the ears, which are well delineated. Upon the locks of hair rests the bottom of a diadem or tutulus, which at the centre in the front is two inches and a quarter in height, diminishing at the extremities to one inch, and it is divided horizontally into two parts, bearing the proportionate heights just mentioned.^ The lower part projects before the higher, and represents a bastion wall, separated into seven divisions by projecting turrets with pyramidal tops, exceeding a little the height of the wall. The apertures for missile weapons of defence are marked in each of the turrets. The two arched doors appear in the middle division of this wall, and one arched door in each of the extreme divisions. The upper part of the diadem, which recedes a little, so as to clear the top of the wall and of the turrets, was ornamented with seven embossed figures, placed under the seven arches, the abutments of which are heads of genii. The central arch, and the figure that was within it, are destroyed, but the other six are filled with a repetition of the following three groups : A Venus, sitting upon a marine monster ; before her a draped figure with wings, bearing a wreath and a palm branch, and behind her a triton, whose lower part terminates in tails of fishes. Two serpents are represented on each side of the face, near the ears, from whence the bodies of these reptiles surround each cheek, and are joined under the chin. The union of various characters recalls the Pantheio representations of the goddess Isis ; and when the accompaniments of the work are attentively considered, I am persuaded they will be found to represent the goddess in her generating, preserving, and destroying capacities, which primitively constituted her universal dominion, and characterised her as the Dea Triformis." In 1839, while some excavations were being made near the site of the Roman castrum at Manchester, a remarkably fine bronze statuette of Jupiter Stator was found. The figure, which measures 5J inches in height, had at the time of its discovery a rod in one hand and the thunderbolts of Jove in the other. It is now (with a silver coin of the Emperor Trajan, a.d. 98 to A.D. 117, found with it) in the possession of Mr. John Leigh, of the Manor House, Hale, Cheshire. Britain was soon after this period divided into two consular provinces. Maxima Cffisariensis and Yalentia, and into three prsesidial districts — Britannia Prima, Britannia Secunda, and Flavia Ca3sariensis.' This division was probably made in the reign of Valentinian, after the memorable victory obtained by Theodosius over the united power of the Picts and the Scots^_(A.D. 308-9), and Lancashire came under the consular government of Maxima Caesariensis, as forming part of that province. From this period the Roman power rapidly declined, and the empire was menaced with desolation by the Continental barbarians. The inhabitants and troops that were quartered in Britain, fearing lest the Vandals should pass over the sea, and subdue them with the rest, revolted from their obedience to Honorius, and set up one Marcus, whom they declared emperor ; but they soon deprived him of his dignity and his life, placing Gratian in his room, who was a countryman of their own. Within four months they murdered him also, and conferred the sovereignty upon 1 From subsequent information it is ascertained that a Sphinx was = Notitia Imperii, found with these remains, wliich the person who discovered tliem omitted „,„ „,o to deliver to Mr. Townley, but which, it is judged, served to decorate the ' Echard, vol. m. pp. 272, 273. top of the Tinlmet. 3 10 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. I. one Constantine, not so much in respect to his courage or his quality, for he was a very inconsider- able man in the army, but in regard to his name, which they looked upon as fortunate, hoping he would do as much as Constantino the Great had done, who had been advanced to the imperial dignity in the same island. This new prince, immediately after his promotion, passed over into Gaul, taking with him the very flower of the British youth. After subduing Spain and_ Northern Italy, he was assassinated in A.D. 411. His expeditions had so utterly exhausted the military force of the island that it was wholly broken, and the country left naked to her invaders (A.D. 448).^ Britain, being thus deprived both of the Roman soldiers and of the most vigorous part of her own population, became an easy prey to the incursions of the northern invaders, the Picts and Scots, to whose inroads the county of Lancaster was peculiarly exposed. The wall of Hadrian, or of Severus, though it stretched across the island, and was built of solid stone, twelve feet in height and eight feet in thickness, and though it was strengthened by fortresses well supplied with munitions of war, no longer formed a barrier against the inroads of the enemy. The country was garri- light of Christianity began soned, and the conquest .-ii^^^%?^*iRjs *° dispel the mist of principally achieved and /r^^^Sl^^T heathenism during the reign maintained, during the four ^m/K^^I^^^ °^ Constantius Chlorus, the centuries that Britain was !W^^ ^^^^i^ father of Constantine the subject to the Roman sway, ^\f- ^ j^ot^MK^?) Great. Constantine erected by three out of the twenty- "■*'-V»."*" '^'^^S^"^ the first episcopal see in nine Roman legions, namely '^^^^■■n '■'•■^.«, Britain, and the seat of — Legio II. ; Legio VI., * Sk^^i ^\ *^^* ^^^^ '^ig'^ity was at Victrix, principally stationed Va Sg SL^ ■ ^ ) Eboracum. Constantine not in the Brigantian capital of r.^^ ' ** T' oiily favoured the Christian Eboracum (York) ; and Legio ^Qwlb. ' t' doctrine, but, to display his XX., usually called Valens jS?*^ ■' "X- attachment to Christianity, Victrix (mighty and victori- IkW ^''* -aSiP^ ^® stamped upon his coins ous), long stationed at M^lir /' "Sri'mL'^ ^^^^ emblem of the Cross, Chester." l^L^fL:- J P'^^^^'^S^^ a.d. 311. The progress of The manufacture of H'^^ ^^If '\ ^^® *^^® faith was, however, woollens was introduced into ulP ■ '^ra j continually retarded by the England, and probably into f^m ^^^ j wars with which this Lancashire, at an early period l ^ ^B { country was distracted, and of the Roman conquest, and f^P '^«^ / ^* ^^^ ^°^ *^'^ ^ ^^*^^ period the luxury of dress soon |p. 'Bl)i\ ' °f British history that the succeeded the painting of j^ ^W great body of the nation the body. After-ages have /W ; W') could be called Christians, increased and perfected these 'I'iill/ mfJ^ "^^^ ^^P® °^ sixteen centu- useful fabrics, and the ancient / ■ifflfF .wm^i ries, during which time country of the Brigantes is mPi''''' . liril ^% generations of men still the most famous of all ^SP'/ (JBi / liave passed over the stage the districts of England for / W 'Mj of time, though it has this invaluable production of ^/ mj consigned to destruction the loom. Jft/ hF j numberless Roman remains. The religion of the |. JP' I'J has served to bring to light Romans consisted, till after ^ 0. ,, 'l|aS>% a great mass of antiquities their _ final departure from "--— -Ji4.---;^s===Jl!a^^ in the stations of Lancashire. Britain, of the idolatry of bronze statuette— jupimb statoe-found at Hence in Manchester and the Pantheon, though the manche^t^b. .^ Lancaster, we have altars, statues, coins, and medals. In Ribchester, a rich collection of antiquities, consisting of masks, helmets, and domestic utensils, serves to show that this retired village was once an abode of the conquerors of the world, besides numerous articles in the precious metals and in bronze that have been found at different times at Overborough, Littleborough, Walmersley, Standish, and Kirkham, but of these each in its proper place. Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. xxvii. c. S. A RoQian legion, when full, consisted of about 0,000 infantry and 400 cavalry. CHAP. I. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 11 ROMAN BULLA OF GOLD (ACTUAL SIZE) FOUND NEAR MANCUISTER, 1772. FIGURtS OF VICTORY FOUND AT UPUOLLAND, NEAB WIGAK. ROMAN DISHES FOUND IN CASTLEFIELD, MANCHESTER. ROMAN DISUES I'OUND IN CASTLEFIELD, JIAN CHESTER. CHAPTER II. The Saxon Period — luvasious, Conquests, and Short Rule of the Danes — Termination of the Saxon and Danish Dynasties of England — the Norman Conquest— a.d. 448 to 1066. HE progress in civilisation made by the Britons during the four hundred years that this county and this country were occupied by the Romans, was a,lmost obliterated by the six centuries which succeeded, of invasion from without and discord within the island. One redeeming event served, however, to dispel the night of heathen darkness; and the general introduction of Christianity, perverted and contaminated though it was by superstition and error, irradiated the gloom of the Saxon, the Danish, and the Norman dominion. So fair a country as Britain, suddenly abandoned by its Roman conquerors, and possessed by a people without union in the _ government, and without reliance upon themselves, naturally became a prize for foreign competition ; and the struggles for independence were rather the transient and convulsive efibrts of despair than the dauntless energies of patriotic confidence. The ships which transported the legionaries of Rome from the shores of Britain had scarcely weighed anchor when the invading hordes of Scots andPicts dis- lodged the British troops from their fortresses, and, forcing a passage through, or passing round, the Roman wall, penetrated into the counties of Cumberland and Lancashire, and even to the gates of York, from whence they menaced the other parts of the island. The state of the country at that time, as described by one of the earliest British historians,' serves to show that considerable progress had been made in the arts, in commerce, and in agriculture ; and that the people no longer painted their bodies, or depended for their food on the precarious resources of the chase. " This island of Britain (says this ecclesiastic, writing in the middle of the sixth century) is 800 miles in length and 200 in breadth, embraced by the embowed bosoms of the ocean, with whose most spacious and on every side impassable enclosure she is strongly defended, enriched with the mouths of noble floods, by which outlandish commodities have in times past been transported into the same, besides other rivers of lesser account, strengthened with eight-and-twenty cities, and some other castles, not meanly fenced with fortresses of walls, embattled towers, gates, and buildings (whose roofs, being raised aloft with threatening hugeness, were mighty in the aspiring tops compacted), adorned with her large spreading fields, pleasantly seated hills, even framed for good husbandry, which ever mastereth the ground, and mountains most convenient for the changeable pastures of cattle; watered with clear fountains and sundry brooks, beating on the snow-white sands ; together with silver streams ghding forth with soft sounding noise, and leaving a pledge of sweet savours on bordering banks, and lakes gushing out abundantly in cold running rivers."- This description of the wealth of Britain, and of its scenery, drawn thirteen hundred years ago, was doubtless applicable to the county of Lancaster at the time of the departure of the Romans. " After this (continues our author) Britain being now despoiled of all armed soldiers, and of her own brave and valorous youth (who quitted the island along with the Romans, never returning to their homes), and absolutely ignorant of all practice of war, was trampled many years under the feet of two very fierce outlandish nations — the Scots and the i?icts. Upon whose invasion, and most terrible oppression, she sent ambassadors, furnished with letters, to Rome, humbly beseeching, with piteous prayers, the hosts of soldiers to redress her wrongs, and vowing with the M'hole power of her mind her everlasting subjection to the Roman empire, if they would allow their soldiers to return, and to chase away their foes. These letters were mdicted to this purpose — ' The Lamentations of the Britons unto Agitius, thrice Consul.' ' The barbarians drive us to the sea, the sea drives us back to the barbarians. Thus, of two kinds of death, one or other must be our choice, either to be swallowed up by the waves or butchered by the sword.' In this deplorable condition, no relief could be afforded by the Romans : the Goths were at their own gates ; and to aggravate the miseries of the Britons, a, dreadful famine raged in the ravished country, which obliged many of them to yield their necks to the yoke of the invaders for a little food ; and those who had too much constancy to submit to this humiUation were constrained to seek refuge in the mountains, or to conceal themselves in caves and thickets."^ Repulsed by the Roman government, and without confidence in their own strength, the Britons sought assistance from the Saxons, a nation of warriors and pirates. The military renown of these people pointed them out as the most efficient of auxiliaries, while their ambition and their avarice made them in reality the most dangerous of allies. To avert a present danger, ambassadors were sent to the heads of their government, and to this urgent invitation the chiefs of the Saxons replied: "Know ye, that the Saxons will be fast friends to the _ Britons, and ready at all times to assist them in their necessity, for a suitable return. With joy, therefore, embark again for your country, and make your countrymen glad with these good tidings." The Saxons were confederated tribes, consisting of the Angles (and hence Anglo-Saxons), the Jutes, and the ' Gildas. Eptst. of Gildas, cap. i. '■' Epist. of Gildas, cap. xvii. CHAP. 11. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 13 genuine Saxons.^ They were settled on the shores of the German Ocean, and extended from the Eyder to the Rhine. The etymology of their name is involved in the obscurity of remote antiquity. Their leaders are supposed to have bequeathed the appellation to their followers. The first Saxon expedition to England, which consisted of 1,000 soldiers, embarked in three vessels, called cyulw, or ceols, composed of hides,^ vmder the command of Hengist and Horsa,'' the latter serving under the former, and both being in the fourth generation from Woden, one of the principal gods of the Saxons. On their arrival in England (a.d. 449) they were directed by Vortigern, the British king, to march against the enemy, then spread over the greater part of the country of the Brigantes ; and on their arrival in the neighbourhood of York a bloody engagement took place, in which the Picts and the Scots were driven out of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and compelled to take refuge within their own borders. The Saxon generals, disinclined to finish the campaign by a single battle, neglected to follow up this victory, and their troops remained in York and in Manchester, to recover from the fatigues of their journey, and to recruit their numbers with fresh levies. Vortigern, held by the double tie of gratitude to Hengist and love for the fascinating daughter of Horsa, Rowena (Rumwen), became insensible to the danger that menaced his country, and the king closed his eyes to those dangerous designs of ambition in his foreign auxiliaries which every day became more manifest to his people. Having possession of Manchester and York, the Saxons sent for a further supply of troops from Germany, which speedily arrived in seventeen ceols, and were encamped in the Isle of Thanet. This measure naturally increased the suspicion of the Britons, and they expressed their displeasure by refusing to provide for the fresh levies. A proclamation commanding them to quit the country immediately followed, at which Hengist took deadly offence, and the Saxons, who had come to expel invaders, now assumed themselves the character of open enemies. Further reinforcements, under the command of Octa, the son of Hengist, and Ebissa, the son of Octa, soon after arrived, and marched to the north, spreading themselves over the Brigantian districts, which were soon to assume another name. The demands of the Saxons rose with the concessions of the Britons ; and it at length became clear that nothing short of the full possession of this fair island would allay the cravings of their ambition and cupidity. Digusted with the blindness and effeminacy of Vortigern, his peopLe drove him from his throne, and Vortimer, his son, reigned in his stead. After several battles betAveen the Britons and the Saxons, fought with various success, in one of which Vortimer fell, Vortigern again ascended the throne, and Hengist demanded a conference between the Saxon chiefs and the British nobility, to arrange terms, as was alleged, for the Saxons quitting the kmgdom. This meeting took place upon the plain of Ambrij or Amesbury, now called Sahsbury Plain. The unsuspecting Britons came unarmed, but the perfidious Saxons had each a short skeine concealed under his cassock. After the conference the horns of festivity went round, till the spirits of the assembly had become exhilarated, when, at the terrible exclamation of "Nemed Saxes !" out rushed the Saxon weapons. The unarmed Britons fell before the perfidious assassins, and three hundred of the bravest chiefs and the most elevated men of the country perished on the spot.' Hengist now possessed himself of the southern part of the island, which he erected into a principality, under the designation of the Kingdom of Kent, while Octa and Ebissa remained settled in Northumbria. The fortunes of the Britons were partially retrieved by Aurelius Ambrosms, a Briton of Roman extraction. Under his direction the military spirit of his countrymen was roused into action, and after marching from Totnes, at the head of a formidable force, accompanied by Uther his brother, surnamed Pendragon, he arrived before the gates of York, when he summoned Octa to surrender. A council of war being called, it was determined by the Saxons to surrender at discretion, and to cast themselves upon the clemency of the Britons. Ambrosms granted a free pardon to the invaders, and, instead of shipping them out of the country, he assigned to them a district on the borders of Scotland. Ebissa, who had probably occupied Manchester while Octa was stationed in York, encouraged by the success of his kinsman's appeal to the conqueror s clemency, came and surrendered himself in the same manner, and met with a similar reception. The gratitude of the Saxons did not outlive their merciful conqueror. On the death of Ambrosms who was succeeded by Uther the Pendragon (a.d. 449), Octa and Ebissa revolted, and issued from their northern retreat by the route of Ribchester and Wigan, both which places they took, as well as Manchester and Warrington. On their arrival before York an obstinate battle took place under the walls of that city, which ended in the defeat and capture of the two mgrates/ .. . , The history of the country between the departure of the Roman legionaries and the rise of the Saxon power is so blended with legend and romance that it is almost impossible to distinguish fact from fable. The last glimmer of ancient literature is lost m the general darkness, and we . With these, it is supposed, were some bodies of Frisians.-H. » About a.^ 42S, aocordiBg to Dr. D. H. Haigh's Conquest of Britain hy ■'■ Nennius, cap. xxyiii, [really from Gildas]. * NcnS'us, c! xlviij. ' Geof. Mon. Poliohron, etc. 14 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap, n, are compelled to advance in the light of tradition, which reveals nothing distinctly. Many of the events of that period are so inextricably interwoven with the mythical legends and poetic imagery of the Monkish writers that it is difficult to separate the grains of historical truth from the mass of traditional chaff'. Not that the two things are necessarily antagonistic, for the respective lines_ of divergence may not be altogether out of harmony with the central verity, but the accounts which have been handed down are so bewildering that it is necessary to receive them with the greatest reserve. Mr. Fiske, of the Harvard University, in his " Myths and Mythmakers," goes so far even as to affirm his belief that the story_ of Hengist and Horsa is unworthy of credit, though admitting that it probably embodies an historical occurrence. There is little doubt that the achievments of the little band of buccaneers who followed their lead has been greately expanded, and the claim made of their being the immediate descendants of Woden gives colour to the suggestion of a mythical origin. We may, however, accept the main outlines of the events recorded, though the seductive graces of Rowena, the daughter of Horsa, who corrupted the king of the Britons by love and wine, is doubtless a later embellishment of the original narrative. The son and successor of Uther, born of Lady Igerna, wife of Gorlois Duke of Cornwall, was, according to the old chroniclers, the renowned king Arthur (a.d. 467). Trained to arms by Ambrosius, under whose commission he for some time fought,^ and animated by the wrongs of the Britons, over whom he was appointed to reign, he became himself the leader of their wars, and in all of them he came off conqueror. The first of his battles was fought at the mouth of the river called the Glem. The second, third, fourth, and fifth, upon another river called the Douglas, in the territory of Linuis. The sixth was on a stream which bears the name of Bassas. The seventh was in the wood of Caledon. The eighth was at Castle Guinnion (or Caer-wen). The ninth at the city of Legion (Chester). The tenth on the banks of the river Ribroit. The eleventh on the hUl Agned Cathregonion. The twelfth at Mount Badon (Bath). The Rev. R. W. Morgan, in his "Cambrian History," thus localises the Arthurian victories : — "First, at Gloucester. Second at Wigan, ten miles from the Mersey. (This battle lasted through the night. In a.d. 1780, on cutting through the tunnel, three cartloads of horseshoes were found and removed). Third, at Blackrod. Fourth, at Penrith, between the Loder and Elmot (the Lowther and Eamont), on the spot still called King Arthur's Castle. Fifth, on the Douglas, in Douglas Vale. Sixth, at Lincoln. Seventh, on the edge of the Forest of Celidon (Ettrick Forest), at Melrose. Eighth, at Caer Gwynion. Ninth, between Edinburgh and Leith. Tenth, at Dumbarton. Eleventh, at Brixham, Torbay. Twelfth, at Mont Baden, above Batli." Nennius, it will be seen, speaks of four battles having been fought on the river Douglas, but Giraldus only refers to one, which, according to his representation, occurred about the year 500, and resulted in the loss of the greater part of both armies, though victory remained with Arthur, who pursued his enemy, Colgrin, to York, and there besieged him. Mr. Daniel H. Haigh, one of the latest writers who contend for the substantial veracity of the statement embodied in the Arthurian romance, in his " Conquest of Britain by the Saxons," says, " The river Douglas, which falls into the estuary of the Kibble, is certainly that which is indicated here (the Douglas referred to by Nennius), and although it was one of Arthur's tactics to get round his adversaries, so as to be able to attack them when least expected (which wiU account for the conflict being considerably to the west of the direct hue from London to York), it is extremely improbable^ that he would have gone so far north as the Douglas in Lothian, when his object was to attack Colgrin at York. The reading which the Paris MS. and Henry of Huntington give is, I believe, correct, and represents Ince, u, name which is retained to this day by a township near to this river, a little more than a mUe to the south-west of Wigan, and by another about fifteen miles to the west, and which may possibly have belonged to a considerable tract of country. . . . Neither the Brut nor Boece mention more than one battle at this time, but the latter says that Arthur ' pursued the Saxons, continually slaughtering them, until they took refuge in York,' and that 'having had so frequent victories he there besieged them ;' and these expressions may well imply the four victories gained in one prolonged contest on the Douglas, and another on the river Bassas, i.e., Bashall Brook, which falls into the Kibble near Clitheroe, in the direct line of Colgrin's flight to York." That some great battles were fought on the banks of the Douglas,^ in early times, the remains since discovered abundantly testify, and the balance of testimony seems in favour of the hypothesis that the Lancashire river was the scene of the four battles mentioned by Nennius,^ and which Mr. Haigh believes to have been one prolonged contest. The history of Arthur is mixed up with so much romance as to render it extremely difficult to separate truth from fiction. The ingenuity and research of Mr. Whitaker, the historian of Man- chester, have placed this subject in so strong and interesting a light, in the second chapter of his Saxon History of Manchester, that it may be quoted with advantage, with the exception of thosa passages for which the public is indebted more to the vigorous imagination of the author than to historical evidence : — » Malmesbury, f. i. -- In some copies tlio name is given as " Dubglao," and in others It is rendered " Duggles. ' " Nennius, capp. Ixv. Ixvi. CHAP. II. .THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 15 " The second, third, fourth, and fifth baltleg of Arthur are supposed to have been fought in our own county (Lancashire), and upon the banks of our little Douglas.' And the name of the river concurs with the tradition concerning Arthur, and three battles prove the notion true. Ou the traditionary scene of this engagement remained, till the year 1770, a considerable British barrow, popularly denominated Hasty-Knoll. It was originally a vast collection of small stones taken from the bed of the Douglas ; and great quantities had been successively carried away by the neighbouring inhabitants. Many fragments of iron had been also occasionally discovered in it, together with remains of those military weapons which the Britons interred with their heroes at death. On finally levelling the barrow, there was found a cavity in the gravel immediately under the stones, about Beven feet in length, the evident grave of the British officer, and all filled with the loose and blackish earth of his perished remains. At another place, near Wigan, was discovered, about the year 1741, a large collection of horse and human bones, and an amazing quantity of horse- shoes, scattered over a large extent of ground — an evidence of some important battle upon the spot. The very appellation of Wigan is a standing memorial of more than one battle at that place. Wig signifying, in Saxon, a fight, and Wig-en being its plural. According to tradition, the first battle fought near Blackrod was uncommonly bloody, and the Douglas was crimsoned with blood to Wigan. Tradition and remains concur to evince the fact that a second battle was fought near Wigan Lane many ages before the rencounter in the civil wars. The defeated Saxons appear to have crossed the hill of Wigan, where another engagement or engage- ments ensued ; and in forming the canal there, about the year 1735, the workmen discovered evident indications of a considerable battle on the ground. All along the course of the channel from the termination of the Dock to the point of Pool Bridge, from forty to fifty roods in length, and seven or eight yards in breadth, they found the ground everywhere containing the remains of men and horses. In making the excavations, a large old spur, carrying a stem four or five inches in length, and a rowel as large as a halfcrown, was dug up ; and five or six hundredweight of horseshoes were collected. The point of land on the south side of the Douglas, which lies immediately fronting the scene of the last engagement, is now denominated the Parson's Meadow ; and tradition reports a battle to have been fought in it. The dispirited Saxons fell before the superior bravery and dauntless spirit of the Britons. These four battles were fought upon the river Douglas, and in the region Linuis. In this district was the whole course of the current, from its source to its conclusion, and the words ' super fiumen quod vacatur Douglas, quod est in Linuis' (upon the river called Douglas, which is in Linuis), show the stream to have been less known than the region. This was therefore considerable ; one of the cantreds or great divisions of the Sistuntian kingdom, and comprised, perhaps, the western half of south Lancashire. From its appellation of Linuis, or the Lake, it seems to have assumed the denomination from the Mere of Marton, which was once the most considerable object within it, and was traversed by the Romans in canoes of a single tree.^ Thus by four successive victories had Arthur subdued the great army of the Saxons, which had so often beaten the Britons of the north, and then held the Sistuntii in bondage. But Lancashire was not yet entirely delivered. The castles which had been previously erected there by the provincials would naturally be garrisoned by the Saxons on their conquest of the country, and the towns and their vicinities more immediately bridled by their barbarous oppressors. Tradition asserts Manchester to have been thus circumstanced in particular at this period."' Here, in the Castle Field, according to this authority, stood the Roman castle, now occupied by the Saxon commander Sir Tarquin, who was not expelled till after two desperate attempts to carry the fortress, in which the Britons at length succeeded, and Tarquin fell before the victors. The traditions of Lancashire still cherish and uphold the memory of Sir Tarquin, the lord of the castle, and the knights of the Round Table, many of whom are supposed to have fallen within the tyrant's toils, till Sir Lancelot du Lake slew the sanguinary knight, and liberated his captives.' Accepting without question the statements of Nennius and Giraldus, the rev. historian of Manchester had so much faith in the historic personalty of Arthur and the knights of " the noble order of the table round," that he not only fixed the sites of several of their presumed exploits in Lancashire, but, following tradition, located at Castle Field, Manchester, the legendary fortress of the giant Tarquin, who is represented as having held threescore and four of Arthur's knights in thraldom until he himself fell beneath the stalwart arm of Sir Lancelot du Lake. It is scarcely necessary to say that, notwithstanding Mr. Whitaker's ingenuity, Sir Tarquin, Sir Lancelot, and their knightly compeers, are as much the product of the imagination as are Merlm, Mordred, Sir Gawain, or any other of the personages immortalised in the heroic story which Caxton printed and Tennyson in later times wrought into verse, and we must be content to treat the traditions oi their existence as we treat those which reveal to us the actions of Chronos and Rhea, of Inachus, Danaus, and Prometheus. That there was a British chieftain who resisted the invaders during some portion of the two or three centuries over which the Anglo-Saxon conquest extended, and whose deeds of prowess were the admiration of his contemporaries, is extremely probable ; and it is not less likely that the chroniclers of an uncritical age gathered up the floating legends of other heroes mythical and real, and crystallised them, so to speak, on a single personage, whose indi- viduality in a truly historic sense is lost in the fairy web of fiction that has been spun around him. The last of Arthur's victories was achieved at the battle of Badon Mount (Bath) ; and Mr. Whitaker contends that these memorable engagements not only checked the progress of Cerdic, but annihilated the Saxon army, and that a long interval of repose, extending through seventy years followed It appears, however, from the Saxon chronicles, that Cerdic died m the year 5.J4 [515 or 5161 "and was succeeded by his son Cynic [Creoda, or his grandson Cyneric] m the Uvernment of Wessex ; and that he," in the peculiar language of these chronicles, "reigned atter- wards twenty-six winters." It is also shown, from the history of our Anglo-Saxon ancestors, that Ella and Ida reigned in Deira and Bernicia within thirteen years from the supposed death ot Arthur and that the Saxon conquests gradually advanced till all England was subdued, and erected into seven sovereign states, under the name of the Heptarchy. The propriety of this appellation has been disputed, and the term Octarchy adopted in its stead. The difference is capable ot an 1 Hidden t) 205 = Leigh's Lancashire, b. i., p. 18. •■■ Whitaker's Manchester, vol. ii., b, u., c. 2, iiigacu, p. . ^ ^^^^ ^^^^ tradition attaches to Broughom Castle, m Westmorland.— C. 16 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. ohap. n. easy explanation — Northumbria being considered one kingdom by the advocates for tbe Heptarchy. and two (that is, Deira and Bernicia) by the supporters of the Octarchical division. The seven kingdoms were — Sussex, Kent, Wessex, East Anglia, Essex, Mercia, and Northumbria. This latter kingdom, which alone concerns the subject of this history, was occasionally divided into two, under the names of Deira and Bernicia, but in its integrality it may be exhibited thus, with the succession of its Saxon sovereign princes: Northumbria consisted of the counties of Lancaster, York, Durham, Westmorland, Cumberland, Northumberland : and its kings were — (1) Ella, or Ida, (2) Adda, or Elappea, (3) Theodwald, (4) Fretnulse, (5) Theodrick, (6) Ethelrick, (7) Ethelfrid, (8) Edwin, (9) Oswald, (10) Egfrid, (11) Alkfryd, (12) Osred, (13) Kenred, (14) Oswick, (15) Ceolulph, (16) Ecgbert, (17) Oswalph, (18) Ediswald, (19) Elured, (20) ^Ethelred, (21) Alfwald, and (22)_ Osred. This kingdom existed 379 years, dating its commencement from 547, and its desolation in 926. During the Roman period, the largest portion of this county took its name from the Brigantes ; but the Saxons, from its local situation to the North of the Huviber, changed its designation to " Northan Humber Londe," or Northumberland. The Saxon inhabitants of this kingdom were the Angles, who arrived from Anglia, now known as the Duchy of Holstein,^ or Angloen, in Pomerania, as early as the year 449 [428], though their kingdom of Northumberland was not established till one hundred years after that date. It has been conjectured that Mercia included Deira, or that the country between the Mersey and the Ribble was within the Mercian territory. But the preponderance of evidence is in favour of the more generally recognised limits, namely, that the Humber and the Mersey to the south, and the Solway and the Tyne to the north, formed the Northumbrian boundary; and that when this kingdom was divided, the kingdom of Deira consisted of the counties of Lancaster, York, Westmorland, Cumberland, and Durham, precisely the ancient Brigantine limits, while Bernicia comprehended Northumberland and the south of Scotland between the Tweed and the Firth of Forth. Over the beginnings of Northumbria, the former territory of the Brigantes, there hangs, if possible, even greater obscurity than over any other of the kingdoms which sprang up after the Saxon colonisation. For a century and a half thick darkness overspreads the history of the country, and in regard to contemporary events we are only able to grope our way to probable conclusions through a bewildering mass of broken memories and traditions, and the obscure data of philological research. Assuming it to have consisted of the two states, Deira and Bernicia, it is difficult to reconcile the theory with actual facts, except upon the supposition that, at the outset, those kingdoms occupied only the tract of country between the Humber and the Grampian Hills on the eastern side of the great mountainous ridge known in these later days as the English Appenines. This country was colonised by innumerable petty chiefs and their clans, who, arriving, some from Scandinavia, some from Germany, settled upon the first spot that offered them a resting place.^ Fiercely they contended with each other; the weak fell before the stronger, assassination followed assassination, and massacre succeeded to massacre. The strife waged between the eaorls and the petty chieftains in these two kingdoms of Doira and Bernicia long hindered the full conquest of Brigantium, the western side of the island — -the country of the old Sistuntii— remaining for a lengthened period after the departure of the Roman legionaries, a part of the great Celtic kingdom of Strathclyde— Strathclwdd Wealas, as it was sometimes called — which, maintaining its independence, extended eastwards from the Irish Sea to the range of hills that formed the watershed, and stretched south- wards from the Clyde to the river Dee, where it joined up to the smaller British states which occupied what we now call Wales, Chester forming the connecting link between the two countries. Lancashire appears to have been included in the district of Teyrulluug, which embraced the territory between Aerven (the river Dee), and Argoed Derwenwyd (the Derwent of modern times). The name implies that it was a royal demesne, and as the country was but sparsely populated, there being few inhabitants beyond those who had been induced to settle around the principal Roman stations, there is good reason to beheve that the more northern parts of the county mcludmg the Furness district, were great tracts of forest country, the haunt of the wolf, the wild boar, and other animals of prey or of the chase. Eventually the new comers won their way into these western parts, though it was only after a long and stubborn resistance on the part of the native race, and when the decisive victory at Bangor-Iscoed had been gained, that the country, was brought under subjection to Saxon rule. The system of government established by our Saxon ancestors had in it the germ of freedom, if it did not always exhibit the fruits. In religion they were idolaters, and when they settled in Britain, their idols, altars, and temples soon overspread the country. They had a god for every day in the week. Thor, or Thur, represented Thursday ; Woden conferred his name on Wednesday ; Friijn,, or Fricge, presided over Friday ; Seater over ' SaJton Chronicle, a.d. 449, 2 Pnlgravo, English Commonwealth I. 426. CHAP. 11. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 17 Saturday ; and Tuisco, the tutelar god of the Germans, conferred his name on Tuesday. The attributes of the first four of these deities corresponded with those of the Roman deities, Jupiter, Mars, Yenus, and Saturn ; Tuisco s parallel was Mercury ; the Saxons had also their Ermenseul, who, like Mercury, was the bestower of wit ; and Heile, a sort of ^sculapius, the preserver and restorer of health. Besides thesp gods, the Saxons worshipped the sun and the moon, who each con- ferred a name on one of the days of the week ; Sunnan on Sunday, and Monan on Monday. The people worshipped the statues of these gods. Thor, the supreme, was seated on a throne, and on either side of him stood Woden and Friga (husband and wife). Thor, according to the prevailing superstition, bore rule in the air, and governed the thunder, the lightning, and the winds ; he likewise directed the weather and regulated the seasons, giving plenty or inflicting famine at his will. Woden made war, and ministered rigour against enemies; while Friga bestowed upon mortals peace and pleasure. So gross was the Saxon superstition, and so strong their incentives to war, that they believed if they obtained the favour of Woden by their valour they should be admitted after their death into his hall, and, reposing on couches, should satiate themselves with ale from the skulls of their enemies whom they had slain in battle ! This beverage was in high esteem amongst them ; and Foster, to whom they sacrificed in the month of April, gave the name to Easter, by which the festival of the resurrection is designated in the Christian system. The Saxon women were not allowed to contract a second marriage, and a similar restriction applied to the men, except those in elevated stations who were childless ; for, amongst such, " to be without children was to be without reputation." The most dismal feature of their superstition was the custom which they had in war, after a successful enterprise, of selecting by lot, and sacrificing, one-tenth of their captives to their sanguinary gods.^ In this spirit they offered human sacrifices to obtain success in battle. Revolting as this heathendom was, and debasing in some essentials, there were yet manifestations of a spirit which did not walk in the world without believing in some presiding influences which governed human actions. Before the arrival of the Saxons, Christianity had taken root in England; under Constantino it prospered, and for a time spread its healing branches, recommending itself even to the Roman legionaries ; but the invasion of the Saxon infidels for a lengthened period obscured, though it did not actually extinguish, the light of the Gospel in Britain; and both Gildas and Bede concur in representing the Saxons, at that period, as a nation "odious both to God and man,"^ the subverters of altars, and the enemies of the priesthood. The sweeping away of whatever remained of Roman rites or had been created of Christian worship was a dominant principle in the life of the new comers, but at the same time their heathendom possessed some capacity of assimilation with that faith before which the classical paganism of the ancient world had retreated, and it is a pregnant fact in the history of our Anglo-Saxon progenitors, as Mr. Kemble points out, that, at the beginning of the sixth century, " Christianity met with_ but little resistance among them, and enjoyed an easy triumph, or, at the worst, a careless acquiescence, even among those whose pagan sympathies could not be totally overcome." ^ Before Gregory, surnamed the Great, had attained the pontifical chair, he formed the pious design of undertaking the conversion of the Saxon Britons. Observing in the market-place at Rome a number of Saxon youths exposed to sale, whom the Roman merchants in their tradmg voyages had bought from their British parents, beino- struck with their beauty, he inquired to what country they belonged, and was told they were Andes, from the kingdom of Deira. Moved by the same spirit that now actuates so many of the people of England towards the heathen nations, he determined himself to undertake a mission to Britain, to convert the heathen of that country. The popular favour of the monk disinclined the people to allow him to be exposed to so much danger in person ; but no sooner had he assumed the purple than he resolved to fulfil his benevolent design towards the Britons, and he pitched upon the monk Augustine to preach the Gospel in that island. In the year 596, Augustine, at the head of about forty missionaries, embarked from Italy, and landed in the Isle of Thanet. His arrival was immediately announced to Ethelbert, . king of Kent, who received him graciously, gave him liberty to preach and teach in all his kingdom, and eventually became himself a convert, was baptised in the lowly church of St. Martin, outside the walls of Canterbury, where the missionaries first began to meet, and a multitude of his subjects followed his example. In 604, the neighbouring East Saxons were proselytised ; in 627 the East Angles adopted the Christian faith ; and m the following year the example extended to Mercia. Thus the flame spread from kingdom to kingdom, till the whole heptarchy had become Christian. , ^ ^ , . . . t t? ^ a x. a Lancashire as already shown, remained unsubdued long after other parts ot England had submitted to the invader, but it was doubtless the scene of many petty invasions and sanguinary > Sid ApoU Epist. vi., 1, 8. ' GUdas, Brit. Epist, xxiii.; Bedo 1. i., 22. •■' The Saxons in England, v. i., p. 443. 4 18 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. n. encounters, the details of which have become lost in the mists of time, and the sites even forgotten. In 607, as the Anglo-Saxon chronicle records, or, according to the annals of Ulster, in 612, " Ethelfrith (the powerful Northumbrian king) led his army to Chester, and there slew numberless Welshmen ; and so was fulfilled the prophecy of Augustine, wherein he saith, ' If the Welsh will not be at peace with us, they shall perish at the hands of the Saxons.' fhere were also slain two hundred priests who came to pray for the army of the Welsh." Florence of Worcester puts the number at "twelve hundred British priests, who had joined the army, to offer prayers on their behalf," but this is, doubtless, an exaggeration. They were the monks of Bangor— the British Oxford from whence Christianity had spread far and near— who disdained subjection to Augustine, and had refused to join the Italian missionaries. Their house, which Ethelfrith subsequently destroyed, had been founded before a.d. 180, and was the ancient Bancorbury, as Bede calls it, but more o-enerally known as Bangor-is-y-Coed (the high choir under the trees), or Bangor Monachorum, and occupied a position on an island in the river Dee, a few miles south of Chester. Mr. J. R. Green, in his " Making of England," thus describes the march of Ethelfrith's army through Lancashire to Chester and Bangor-is-y-Coed : " Though the deep indent in the Yorkshire shire-line to the west proves," he says, " how vigorously the Deirans had pushed up the river valleys into the moors, it shows that they had been arrested by the pass at the head of the Ribblesdale ; while further to the south the Roman road that crossed the moors from York to Manchester was blocked by the uncon- quered fastnesses of Elmet, which reached away to the yet more difficult fastnesses of the Peak. But the line of defence was broken as the forces of Ethelfrith pushed over the moors along the Ribblesdale into our southern Lancashire. His march was upon Chester, the capital of Gwynedd, and probably the refuge place of Edwine." ' In A.D. 620, Edwin, king of Northumbria, one of the best and wisest of the Saxon sovereigns, on his expedition against the Sistuntii of the south, subdued the Brigantes of the VVest Riding of Yorkshire ; then crossing the moorland ridge separating Yorkshire from Lancashire, he entered Manchester, and permanently reduced the town under the dominion of the Saxons. _ Having married Ethelburga, the daughter of Ethelbert, a Christian princess, he received Paulinus with distino-uished favour; and in the year 627 that ecclesiastic was consecrated archbishop of the Northumbrians, his episcopal see being at York, where, as previously stated, there had been an ecclesiastical settlement in the time of the Emperor Constantino. Edwin himself embraced the Christian religion with his whole court ; and on Easter Sunday, in the year 627, the king and his nobles were all baptised at York. The great body of the people followed the example of their sovereign and his chiefs, and in one day it is alleged 10,000 persons, besides women and children, were baptised by Paulinus in the river Swale, since designated the Northumbrian Jordan.^ Chris- tianity now became the prevailing religion. The people of Lancashire, like those of Yorkshire, embraced the doctrines of the Cross ; the venerable Paulinus was indefatigable in the discharge of the duties of his mission ; and the waters of the Ribble, as well as those of the Swale, were, it is said, resorted to for the baptism of his converts. This was not the first occasion, however, that the rays of Christian truth had illumined the pagan darkness of this part of Britain. Though cut off from the See of York, the diocese of the Northumbrian bishop, Lancashire, whilst an integral part of the kingdom of Strathclyde, must necessarily have been included in the diocese of Glasgow, where, in the time of Rydderch,' the King of Strathclyde (A.D. 573 to A.D. 601), the saintly Kentigern, connected through his mother, Thenew, with the royal family of the Cumbrian Britons, sat down on the banks of the Molendinar, a little stream that falls into the Clyde, hung his bell on a tree beside the clearing in the forest to summon his savage neighbours, and planted a small religious establishment on the spot where, centuries later, his successors reared the present cathedral of Glasgow, that became the centre of Christian missionary effort. The diocese presided over by Kentigern must have been co-extensive with the kingdom of Strathclyde, which, as already stated, reached southwards to the river Dee, and included the whole of Lancashire ; and it is recorded that when driven by persecution from his bishopric, in 543, he took refuge in Wales with St. David, and while there founded, on the banks of the Elwy, the espiscopal See of Llanelwy, subsequently named, in compliment to his follower and successor, St. Asaph. Kentigern was afterwards recalled to his home, and resumed his residence at Glasgow. Jocelyn records that when Kentigern left Carlisle, on the occasion of his banishment, he went into Wallia (Wales), and that when he was recalled from Llanelwy by Rydderch he returned from Wallia. He was 1 The infant Prince Edwin, son of Ella. incredulity, have explained that the apostle, having baptised ten, sent = The improbability of the story is beyond question. Had Paulinus them into the stream to baptise a hundroa, ana so multiplied his assis- laboured from dawn to dusk-say for sixteen hours without intermission tints as the rite proceeded, while he prayed on the shore.— c. —he must have despatched his converts at the rate of more than ton a •■> " Rodorchus Alius Tothail, qui in retra Uuaithe regnavit." minute to complete the ten thousand, saying nothing of the additional Adamw. in V.S. Co! itmda— Skene, unron., Jr-iol. xcv. women and children ; unless, as some writers, in their desire to disarm CHAP. II. THE HISTOKY OF LANCASHIRE. 19 contemporary with Columba, the founder of the celebrated monastery of I-colm-kill, the lona of modern times, and it is recorded that when the Scoto-Irish monk came to see Kentigern at his little church beside the Clyde, they interchanged their respective pastoral staves as a token of brotherly affection. Thus the first faint glimmerings of Christian truth broke in upon the heathen darkness of Lancashire, the work of evangelisation being carried on by missionaries of a religious system of native growth, and devoid of the impressive aspects of Roman civilisation. The century which saw the establishment of Christianity among the Anglo-Saxons and that which followed it was a period of incessant warfare. The pagan princes were sometimes in the ascendant, and at others those who had been converted held dominion ; while, not unfrequently, rulers who had listened to Christian teachers and had been baptised, relapsed into paganism. , In 633 Edwin, king of Northumbria, the friend and patron of Paulinus, was defeated and slain in a great battle at Heathfield — the present Hatfield, near Doncaster, in the West Riding of Yorkshire — by his rival, Cadwalla, king of the Western Britons — the Brit-Welsh — aided by Penda, king of Mercia. The town was destroyed, when Paulinus retired, and, accompanied by the widowed queen, Ethelburga, and her children, made his way to the coast, took ship, and sailed for Kent. A great slaughter was made of the Northumbrians by the Brit-Welsh Christians, who were jealous of their rivals, and hated them with more than ordinary sacerdotal intensity. The victors swept over the country, and burned and destroyed in their merciless greed of conquest, and the vanquished were maddened in the anguish of a struggle for very life. After this conflict Northumbria lapsed into its former state of paganism, and whatever glimmerings of light there might have been as the result of the teaching of Paulinus were quickly extinguished. Having shattered the power of Northumbria, Penda returned into Mercia to develop his schemes of ambition, his design, apparently, being the reduction of all England. Meanwhile two princes of the houses of Ella and Ida were raised to the throne ; Osric becoming king of Deira, in which Lancashire was included ; and Eanfrid, the son of ^thelfrith, of Bernicia. Their reigns were brief, and their deaths inglorious ; Cadwalla slew them both ; the twelve months of their sway were' denominated " the unhappy year," and their names were obliterated from the Fasti of North- umbria.' To them succeeded Oswald, a man of great piety and valour, who had received his Christianity from Aidan, a monk of lona, on whom he afterwards bestowed the island and bishopric of Lindisfarne, the Holy Island of the present day. Shortly after his accession, Oswald, with his Northumbrian army, encountered the forces of Cadwalla on the plain called Heavenfield (a.d. 635), believed to be near Hexham, a little to the south of the line of the Roman wall. In a state of indescribable enthusiasm his army advanced against Cadwalla, routed his forces, and killed the redoubted king himself, by which the waves of devastation were rolled back to the south. After this victory Oswald established himself with great power on the Northumbrian throne, Deira and Bernicia were united, and he applied himself to the Christianising and civilismg of his people. On his invitation Aidan, with a band of Scoto-Irish monks, came from lona and settled upon the lonely sea-washed rock, where the Abbey of Lindisfarne arose, and from whence a religious system ol native growth, and unconnected with the Italian mission, gradually permeated through the northern and midland districts of Britain. Northumbria hstened to the_ preaching oi these Celtic apostles, Teutonic heathenism was subdued, and in a.d. 652 the British bishop, Fman the successor of Aidan became the recognised head of the Northumbrian church. Numerous churches arose and Christianity, as modified by the influence of the British character, became the prevailing creed throughout Oswald's kingdom. . . . , • . • i •. j ■ <.i. From that period to the present Christianity has maintained its ascendency m the northern parts of Britain; and in 678 the south Saxons, who were the last oi the states to bow down to idols, discarded their superstitions, and became the worshippers of the only true God. The British churches, which the Saxons had not demolished, had fallen into decay ; but they were now repaired, and the heathen temples were many of them converted into places of Christian woTship^ with appropriate dedications ; and the Saxon churches in London^ York, and Manchester were d^i'stTnguished by the names of St. Paul, St. Peter, and St. Mary The feasts of dedication were instituted to preserve the memory of the consecration of the churches; and these annual Sdvak which commenced in the evening preceding the celebration of the dedication, were called chS wSs which have gradually assumed a secu?ar character, and are now ranked amongst he viUage 7estivairof Lancashire. It must not, however, be supposed that this evangelising of the countrv or even the baptism of so many thousands at a time, imphed that the mass of the people £d adopted anything ^hke an intelligent Christian faith. The old monastic chroniclers may disguise ?he trXbut up to this timi heathenism beat in the very heart of the nation. The i Hist. Mont. S. Aug., p. 177. Bedo ill., 1. 20 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. ii. mission despatched by Gregory, and the evangelists whom the Celtic church had sent out from lona and from Lindisfarne, had each done a great work ; but there was a greater still to be accom- plished, which involved the labour of centuries. In only too many instances, when the petty Saxon states adopted Christianity, the people merely followed the example of their chiefs, copied their ceremonial, and adopted the Saviour and the Virgin, in some vague and distorted ideal, into their pagan demonology. Coeval with the churches, a number of castles were also erected, or re-edified ; and it is con- jectured that not fewer than twelve considerable ones arose south of the Ribble — Wall-ey, Wal-ton, Child-wall, and Win-wick, Black-stone, Seph-ton, Stan-dish, and Pen-wortham,' Wig-an, Roch-dale, Middle-ton, and Bury. These were, probably, the seats of twelve Saxon chiefs, before the institu- tion of parishes ; and became, therefore, the seats of as many parochial churches.^ The victories of Oswald served but to inflame the resentment of the pagan Penda, king of Mercia, who fought against him and slew him at Maserfeld, according to the Saxon Chronicles,' or, according to the Venerable Bede, at Maserfelth. The battle was fought on the 5th of August a.d. 642, but there is a conflict of testimony as to the locality of the battle-field — Camden, Pennant, and Sharon- Turner fix the site at Oswestry, in Shropshire ; Dr. Ingram, the translator of the Saxon annals, names Mirfield, in Yorkshire ; but other authorities, with greater show of reason, give the preference to Makerfield, or Macerfield, near Winwick, in Lancashire. The ancient chroniclers agree in representing Penda as the assailant, and that he led his forces from Mercia. Oswestry was forty or fifty miles within Penda's kingdom, and consequently an unlikely place in which to encounter an antagonist acting on the defensive ; while Winwick, in the " Fee of Makerfield," was on the direct route of an enemy marching from Mercia into Northumbria, and answers to the expression of Bede that Oswald died "pro jiatria dimiomis." A little more than half a mile to the north of Winwick, on the rising ground to the right of the old Roman road leading from Warrington, through Winwick and Ashton-in-Makerfield to Golborne and Wigan, is an ancient well, still venerated by the inhabitants, which has been known from time immemorial as " St. Oswald's Well." Tradition still points to Bradley Hall, in the immediate locality, as occupying the site of one of OsAvald's residences, and on the south wall of the church of Winwick, which is dedicated to St. Oswald, is a Latin inscription that is still decipherable — Hie locus, Oswalde, quonda placuit tibi valde Nortanhunbroru fueras rex, uuc que polorum, Eegna tenes, prato passua Maroelde, Tocato Poscimus hinc a te nostri memor esto beate, which Mr. Beamont has thus Englished : — This place of yore did Oswald greatly love, Northumbria's king, but now a saint above, Who in Marcelde's field did fighting fall, Hear us, oh, blest one, viihen here to thee we call. An addition to the inscription sets forth that the wall was restored in 15*0. These evidences all point to the probability that the battle in which the great Christian King of Northumbria fell was fought at Makerfield, in Winwick parish, and not at Oswestry, as Camden and some other writers have afiirmed. Oswald was buried in three places. Lindisfarne received his head ; his hands were deposited at Bamborough ; and the monks of Burdency, in Lincolnshire, became the possessors of his bones. The superstition of the times clung with marvellous tenacity about these relics, and a blaze of miracles were believed to accompany the sacred dust. After the battle at Maserfeld the victorious Penda advanced northwards, burning and devastating the whole country on his line of march until he reached Bamborough, where Oswy, the brother and sucessor of Oswald, was believed to have retired. An attempt was made to burn the place, but the wind being unfavourable and driving the flames in the faces of the assailants, they withdrew. Relieved of the presence of Penda, Oswy sought to hold the entire kingdom of Northumbria, but in A.D. 644 he was compelled to admit a partner in the sovereignty an(f to cede Deira to Oswin, a prince of the House of Ella, while he retained the other component part, Bernicia. Determined on uniting Northumbria, Oswy collected a force for the invasion of Deira, when Oswin, who had endeavoured to conceal himself, was betrayed and put to death by the truculent Bernician. Meanwhile another storm was preparing to burst over his kingdom : a fresh quarrel had arisen between Oswy and Penda, the old warrior king of Mercia. The implacable Mercian had held sway for nearly thirty years, and carried fire and sword wherever his power could reach; he was relentless in the pursuit of conquest; five kings had fallen under his hand, and his people, partaking of the character of their prince, " squatted like ghouls amid the ruins of ' Domesday Book, fo. 270. ' ^ jj^ae, lib. ii., cap, 0, s. 3. Saxon Chron. a.d. 642. ^^'HAP. II. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 21 the old Romano-British villages and towns." But his day Avas drawing near its close. In the autumn of 655 he gathered his pagan hordes for a last assault upon Christian Northumbria. Oswy strove to avert the conflict, and delivered his youngest son Ecgfrith as a hostage into Penda's hands, but the sacrifice was useless. Overtures for peace having failed, the Northumbrian gathered his forces and prepared for the defence of his kingdom. The two armies met at Winwid- heJd, when a fierce battle ensued, in which the Mercian king was slain, and Penda and paganism fell together. The site of this battle, like that in which Oswald fell, has been disputed. Most authorities assign the neighbourhood of Leeds. Bede says " the battle was fought near the river Vmwed (now the Aire), which then, with the great rains, had not only filled its channel, but over- tTt ^^u^*^ banks, so that many more were drowned in the flight than destroyed by the sword," but Mr. Thomas Baines, in his Historical Notes on the Valley of the Mersey, contends that it was on the banks of the stream which joins the Mersey below Winwick, and afiirms that " Penda met his death withm two or three miles of the place at which Oswald had fallen;" but this view is dis- countenanced by the further statement of Bede, that " King Oswy concluded the aforesaid war in the country of Loides (Leeds)." After the fall of Penda, Oswy overran the whole country of the Mercians, subjecting every- thing to his dominion ; upon Peada, his son-in-law, he conferred the under kingship of the pro- vinces lying south of the Trent, and under his fostering care Christianity spread through the country of the middle English. The story of the conversion of Peada is full of interest, and one that is not altogether wanting in the element of romance. Oswy had a son Alchfrid, who had married one of king Penda's daughters, so that the two royal though rival houses were linked by marriage. The young princess's brother, Peada, visited the Northumbrian court for the purpose of_ soliciting the hand of Oswy's daughter Alchfleda. He was received with kindness, and the princess promised to him on the condition of his renouncing paganism. Alchfrid undertook to explain the hopes and truths of the Gospel, and his persuasion won Peada over to Christianity. He and his attendants were baptised by Finan, the successor of Aidan in the see of Lindisfarne, and on his return with his bride to his own kingdom, he took with him Diuma, a Scot, who was consecrated by Finan, and three other presbyters of the same church, to instruct and baptise his people. Diuma, who was the first bishop of the Mercians or Middle Angles, came direct from lona and took up his abode at Repton, near Derby, the then capital of Mercia, his diocese being co-extensive with that kingdom. Thus was founded the church of the Middle Angles, and thus commenced that long and unbroken episcopal line which, since the days of St. Chad, when the seat was transferred from Repton — eleven years after Diuma's death — has had its chief centre in the old city of Lichfield, and until the erection of the separate see of Chester, in the reign of Henry VIII., included within its spiritual supervision the greater portion of South Lancashire. For some years, the people of Lancashire, with the rest of their fellow-subjects of the kingdom of Deira, had been in a state of constant hostility with their ancient allies and neighbours, the people of Bernicia; but under the rule of Oswy their differences were reconciled, and they united in allegiance to one sovereign. It was not, however, until the reign of Oswy's successor, Ecgfrith, (a.d. 670-685) that the portion of Lancashire north of the Ribble which had been included m the Cumbrian portion of Strathclyde became absorbed in the Northumbrian kingdom. " The Welsh states across the western moors," says Mr. J. R. Green, "had owned, at least from Oswald's time, the Northumbrian supremacy, but little actual advance had been made by the English in this quarter since the victory of Chester (607), and northward of the Ribble the land between the moors and the sea still formed a part of the British kingdom of Cumbria. It was from this tract of what we now know as Northern Lancashire and the Lake District Ecgfrith's armies chased the Britons in the early years of his reign."^ A new era was now opening in the ecclesiastical history of this province, the effects of which were to be felt through a long series of ages, and to influence in no small degree the future interests of the nation. Monastic institutions began to prevail in Northumbria about the middle of the seventh century, under the fostering hand of that distinguished prelate Wilfrid, sole bishop of Northumberland ; and in a few years a number of such houses sprang up in Lancashire and other parts of the province. The practice of introducing relics into the churches belongs also to this age, and innumerable were the pilgrimages made to Rome and to the venerable places which had been hallowed by the blood of the martyrs, to collect the remains of the saints. By the constitution of the western churches, the pope was invested with a patriarchal authority over them ; but the Britons had never acknowledged the pontifical jurisdiction. Theodore, the archbishop of Canter- bury, having long seen the necessity for afibrding to the people some more extensive means of The Making of England. 22 THE HISTOKY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. u. religious instruction than they at that time possessed, and for dividing such of the bishoprics as were too large for the proper discharge of the episcopal duties, recommended to the king to convene a synod in 673, at which Ecgfrith and his Saxon barons were present. By this synod or assembly, which met at Hertford, it was provided, by a unanimous decision, that as the number of Christians was daily increasing, new sees should be erected; and, as if in anticipation of some formidable opposition, a declaration was appended to the decrees, to the effect that whoever presumed to violate them should be degraded of his sacerdotal ofEce and excommunicated.^ In virtue of these canons, the bishopric of the East Angles was divided into two, and the dominions of the Mercians which lay beyond the Severn were assigned to the new see of Hereford. Wilfrid still remained the sole bishop amongst the Northumbrians, and his diocese reached from the Firth of Forth to the Humber, on the east of the kingdom, and from the Firth of Clyde to the Mersey, on the west. No prelate in these early days had aggrandised the church so much as Wilfrid. With influence almost unbounded in all parts of the kingdom, and amongst all the upper classes, from the greatest to the humblest of the Saxon barons, he was enabled to procure manors and lordships for the erection and endowments of churches ; and in his time the precedent was first established of alienating the demesnes of the crown to augment the revenues of the church. Wilfrid was munificent and osten- tatious, affable and accomplished, ambitious and intractable, pious but proud. By one of the decrees of the synod, it was directed that the bishopric of this prelate should be divided into two, Deira and Bernicia, of which York was to be the capital of one, and Hexham of the other. The haughty spirit of the prelate was wounded by this partition, which he did not hesitate to designate as an unjust spoliation. After in vain attempting to induce the king and the Archbishop of Canterbury to repeal the synod's decision, Wilfrid appealed to the pope in person, and his holiness, conceiving this a fit opportunity for establishing his patriarchal power in Britain, set aside the sentence of the English archbishop, and decreed the restoration of Wilfrid to the whole of his former bishopric, but the mandate was rejected by a convocation of all the English bishops ; Wilfrid Avas deprived, his property confiscated, and his person committed to prison. After a contest of twenty-seven years, he was reinstated in the see of Hexham, but the Saxon bishops refused to admit the authority of the Roman pontiff in any affairs relating to the British churches, though, when the angry passions excited by this controversy had subsided, the pontifical claim was again advanced. Although the Britons had lived securely in Furness, relying upon the fortifications with which nature had guarded them, nothing proved impregnable to the Saxon conquerors ; for it appears that in the early part of the reign of Ecgfrith, king of Northumberland, that monarch "gave St. Cuthbert the land called Carthmell (the present Cartmel), and all the Britons in it," ' which, if the statement is correct, would most likely be in the year 685, when Ecgfrith caused Cuthbert to be created a bishop.' Bede, or Beda, a native of the kingdom of Northumbria, died in 734, after a life of unparalleled literary labour. This venerable ecclesiastic, who was born in the year 672,* ranks the first in the number of early British historians, though his works are marred by legendary tales, which serve to show that his mind was not free from the superstitions which for so many ages afterwards prevailed in the county of Lancaster, to an extent scarcely equalled in any other part of the kmgdom. In the time of Bede, but in Avhat exact year is not ascertained, the ecclesiastical divisions of parishes were first established, and before the middle of the seventh century, and within twenty-five years from the conversion of the Saxon inhabitants of Northumbria to the Christian faith, churches were erected in the various districts of this country, to which ministers were appointed by the respective founders to dispense the ordinances of religion. The Saxon heptarchy was now drawing towards its termination. Ambition agitated all parts of the country by its conflicts, and the face of nature seemed to sympathise with the general disorder. Dreadful forewarnings came over Lancashire and the other parts of the land of the Northumbrians,' which excited general terror amongst the people. Storms were soon followed by " a great famine ; and not long after, on the sixth day before the ides of January (793), the harrowing of heathen-men (the Danes) made lamentable havock in the Church of God." " In the year 799," adds the Saxon Chronicle, " a severe battle was fought in the Northumbrian territory during Lent, on the fourth day before the nones of April, at Whalley ; wherein Alric, the son of Herbert, was slain, and many others with him." This is the first time in which the parish of Whalley is mentioned in civil history. Simeon of Durham writes : " A league or confederacy was made I Bede, lib. iv. c. 5. (Llndisfarno). Then rowed the king himself, Ecgfridus, to the island Camden a Unt. voL in. p. 380. (Fame), and Bishop Trumwine, with other pious men, and thev much Ti- ^ ^uJ'.i.^ V ^^TSS °i ^'■"'^'""i) an assembly was holden, and besought the saint, bent their knees, and begged with tears, until thev icgtnth sat therein, and Theodores, archbishop of this island, with many drew him weeping from the solitude to the synod together with them other noble counsellors, and they aU unanimously chose the blessed (Bibl. Bodl. MSS., Bodley, 340, Hom. in Nat. B. Archb. f. 64.) ' Cuthbert as bishop. Then they quicldy sent a writ with a message to * At Wearmouth, in tlie bishopric of Durham, the blessed man, but they could not bring him from his minster » Saxon Chron. a.d. 793. CHAP. 11. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 23 by the murderers of King Ethelred. Wada, leader in that league, went with his forces to fight against Eardulph, the Idng, in a place called by the English Billangahoh, near Whalley, and many were slain on both sides; and Wada, the leader, fled with his troops."^ _ Although we possess but little information respecting the details of this conflict, or of the political complications out of which it arose, there is little difficulty in fixing the locality of the struggle. " The site assigned to it," says Mr. Hardwick, " has never been doubted. The names recordedby the old chroniclers are still extant in the locality, with such orthographic or phonetic changes in their descent from the eighth to the nineteenth century as philologists would anticipate. The Hwelleage of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, as well as the monk of Durham's mediaeval Latin Walalega, are_ identical with the present Whalley; while Billangahoh is represented by its descendants Billinge, Billington, and Langho. Archseological remains have likewise contributed important evidence. Three large tumuli for centuries have marked the scene of the struggle, one of which, near to Langho, has been removed, and the remains of a buried warrior exhumed. According to J. M. Kemble, and other Anglo-Saxon scholars, Billington signifies the homestead or settlement of the sept or clan of the Billings, as Birmingham is that of the Beormings. This rule likewise applies to many other localities where the local nomenclature presents similar features. Consequently, from legitimate analogy, we learn that Waddington, on the right bank of the Ribble, opposite Clitheroe, is the homestead, town, or settlement of Wadda (the chief of the conspiracy against Eardulf ) and his dependents ; and Waddow, in its immediate neighbourhood, the how or hill of Wadda."" Canon Raines mentions that in 183t) a large mound near the Ribble was removed when a Idst-vaen was discovered, formed of rude stones, and containing human bones, and the rusty remains of some spear heads of iron. Mr. Abram, the historian of Blackburn, also made an examination in 1876, but with only negative results. He, however, inclines to the belief that the battle was fought on the line of the Roman road which leads from the Wyre by way of Preston to Ribchester, and crossing the Calder a little above the junction with the Ribble, continues in the direction of Clitheroe, and to the north of Pendle Hill into Yorkshire. "Eardulf," he says, "encountered the insurgent army on the extreme verge of his kingdom (for it seems certain that the south side of the Ribble was then a part, not of the Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, but of that of Mercia). Wadda and his army had probably been driven upon the neutral territory before the decisive battle could be forced upon him." Ecgbert, the son of Alckmund, king of Wessex (a.d. 800), having mounted the throne of his ancestors, penetrated successively into Devonshire and Cornwall, and ravaged the country from east to west. After the conquest of Mercia, Ecgbert marched against Eanred, king of the Northumbrians; but this prince, feeling that resistance was hopeless, acknowledged his superiority, and the whole Anglo-Saxon heptarchy merged in the kingdom of Wessex, under the sway of Ecgbert, and thus was accomplished that consolidation of authority which justified him in taking the title of king ol England, though a large portion of the country over which his authority extended was merely a kind of nominal " overlordship," which carried very little governing influence. Before Ecgbert ascended the throne, the Northmen had commenced their attacks upon Britain ; and so early as 787 a small expedition, in three piratical galleys, landed in Dorsetshire. The invaders were principally, though not exclusively, from the promontory of Denmark, the Gambrica Ghersonesus of Tacitus. In 794 a more formidable armament e'ffected a landing in Britain, and spread devastation amongst the Northumbrians, plundering the monastery of King Everth, at the entrance to the Wear. The resistance made to the invaders was so determined that some of their leaders were slain ; several of their ships were shattered by the violence of a storm ; and such of them as escaped the fury of the waves fell by the sword. The following year Eardulf, the viceroy or king of Northumbria, ascended the throne, and was consecrated in the capital of York.^ In A.p. 800 Northumbria was again subjected to a Danish visitation, and the immediate cause of this invasion is said to have been this : Osbert, the viceroy of Ethelred, having violated the wife of the Earl Bruen Bocard, the latter invited Godericke, the king of Denmark, to take possession of the country. Godericke received this invitation with great alacrity, and despatched a strong armament to Britain. On their arrival in Northumbria, on the coast of Holderness, the Danes fell upon the inhabitants with the utmost fury, andmassacred all before them, without regard to age, sex, or condition. Marching on to York, they took possession of that city, and slew Osbert, the tyrant, by whose lust his country had been involved in so much ruin. Emboldened by their success in the north, they I Dr Whitaker suDBOses Billange, or Billinge, to have been at that no remains, unless a large tumulus near Hacking Hall, and in the imme " time the namrof the wholl ridge, extending from the mountain near diate vicinity of Langho, be supposed to cover the remains of Alrlc, or sSokb^ n"w bearinrthat appdlation, to Whalley. Billangaton will, some other chieftain amongst th. slain.-ffistory of WMUj. book .. cap, on that supposition, be the orthography of BUlington, and Billangahoh, ill. p. SO. Ed 1872. „„„.i,f„ „„ ^m i or the low hm by Billinge, will leave after cutting off the first syllable ^ Ancient Battlefields m I-itnonshire, pp. 1S3-4, the modem village of Langho. Of this great battle there arc, however, » Sas- Chron, 24 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. ii. advanced into Norfolk, and demanded of Edmund, the king of the West Saxons, that he should surrender his throne. With this insolent summons he refused to comply ; on which a bloody battle ensued, at Thetford, which ended in the overthrow of the Saxons, and in the execution of their king, who, because he would not abjure the Christian faith for the errors of paganism, was bound to a stake, and shot by the arrows of the Danish invaders. ^ The situation of Lancashire, and of the other parts of Northumbria, must now have been most deplorable : for forty years the war raged amongst them with remorseless atrocity and varying success, ^lla, the governor, like Osbert, fell by the sword, when Inguar, the presumed son of Raynar Lodbrok, ascended the throne, and the Danes remained masters of the situation, .^thelred for a while kept the field, but at length his life and his power fell before the superior discipline of the Teutonic invaders. The Danes, in the fury of their warfare, laid waste every town and place that resisted their sway ; but their especial fury was directed against religious houses. The exactions they made upon the impoverished people, advanced from £10,000 to £40,000 a year, which sum in those days was considered of enormous amount. Lancashire, and, no doubt, other parts of the island, were in a.d. 869 visited by one of the most dreadful calamities to which mankind are sub- ject — a severe famine, and. its inevitable consequence, a mortality of cattle and of the human race.^ Agriculture was but imperfectly understood, and almost every district of the same kingdom was left to depend upon its own precarious resources. The contest between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes, in this and the neighbouring counties, had withdrawn the husbandman from his employ- ment ; and, having neglected to sow, of course he had nothing to reap. The consequence was, that not only many parts of these fair regions mourned in want, but they were absolutely depopulated. Merciless and slow-consuming famine devoured its wretched victims, and the small share which might have fallen to the native inhabitants was consumed by the ruthless Danes, who, from their principal station in York, spread like swarms of locusts across the island, from sea to sea. In the year 876 Halfden, one of the sons of the mythical hero Raynar Lodbrok, according to the Saxon Chronicle, " appropriated the lands of Northumbria, and they thenceforth continued ploughing and tilling them." From which it may be assumed that the newcomers had settled down more as emigrants than roving pirates, though always ready to exchange the ploughshare for the sword in the prospect of a successful foray on the lands of their Anglo-Saxon neighbours. Both Northumbria and East Anglia had now fallen under the sanguinary sword of the Danish invaders, who began to aspire to the conquest of the whole island. Mercia next became the object of their attack, and Ethelred, king of Wessex, fell in a battle fought with the invaders at Merton. Alfred was now advanced to the throne of Wessex; but within a month of his elevation, he was attacked and defeated at Wilton (a.d. 871)." A new swarm of Danes soon after landed, under three of their princes, Guthrum, Oscitel, and Amund, and proceeded into Northumbria, the favourite seat of their power. The husbandmen became the slaves of the invaders, and the thanes were made subservient to their purposes of avarice and aggrandisement. The noble spirit of Alfred bent beneath the storm, and, finding no security upon the throne, he withdrew from his elevated station, and took up his residence in an obscure part of the kingdom, as guest in the family of a swineherd, where occurred the incident of his letting the cakes burn. The hospitable rustic, notwithstanding the asperity of his wife's temper, obtained the favour of the king. By his advice he applied himself to learning ; and Alfred, on his return to power, acknowledged the obligation he had received, by elevating his host from the shepherd's crook to the bishop's crozier, and afterwards made him bishop of Win- chester.^ The humiliation of Alfred disciplined his temper, purified his heart, and served to enlighten his already profound understanding. His measures to regain his throne, and to surround it with its only impregnable bulwark, the love and confidence of the people, were judicious and exemplary. An auspicious incident at this juncture occurred to fortify his courage, for having, in the assumed character of a minstrel, observed the conduct of the Danes in their encampments, he suddenly assembled a strong force, and inflicted a signal overthrow upon the invaders, at Eddington, near Westbury (a.d. 878), where the Danes were encamped. With a generosity equal to his bravery, he gave them their lives, on the condition that they should, through their leader Guthrum, exchange paganism for Christianity. The peace of Wedmore followed— Alfred and Guthrum's peace, as it was called— when Guthrum was baptised by the name of ^thelstan, and the people became gradually one— Guthrum being permitted, with his followers, to colonise East Anglia, on his acknowledging Alfred as his over-lord, and the Northumbrians were afterwards put under his rule. The sovereignty of Mercia, on the defeat of the Danes, fell into the power of Alfred, and, without avowedly incorporating it with Wessex, he discontinued its regal honours, and constituted Ethelred > The Danes, like the original Saxons, were idolaters ; their principal " Saxon Chron. a.d. 871. god was Thor, and to him they offered human sacrifices. « Malmsb. p. 242, 2 ^ser, 20, f^HAP. 11. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 25 Ills military commander, to whom he afterwards married his davighter Ethelfleda To fortify his kingdom against hostile attacks, he rebuilt the cities and castles which had been destroyed by the invaders ; but his principal care was to construct a navy for the protection of the coast and he has ever been considered as the founder of the English marine. In Northumbria the Danes continued to govern till towards the close of Alfred's reign, when Anarawd abandoned his power in that kino'- dom, and besought the friendship of Alfred. The king received him hospitably; and, to confirm the good intentions that he had formed in favour of the Christian faith, he became his sponsor in baptism, and his friend in all the relations of life. The state of learning in Lancashire, in the ninth century, maybe inferred from Alfred's own declaration— " When I took the kingdom," said he, " there were very few on the south side of the Humber, the most improved part of England, who could understand their daily prayers in English, or translate a letter from the Latin. I think there were not many beyond the Humber ; they were so few, that I cannot indeed recollect one sino-le instance on the south of the Thames, when I took the kingdom."' The encouragement given^to learning by this enlightened and benevolent monarch was highly exemplary ; he instituted schools for the instruction of his nobles in reading and writing, much after the model of the Lancasterian schools of more recent times. The invasion of the Danes, and their predatory depredations, particu- larly in the county of Lancaster, and the other parts of the kingdom of Northumbria, had almost destroyed the ancient police of the kingdom. To remedy this disorganised state of society, Alfred changed the ancient provisional divisions of England into counties, and the distribution of these into hundreds, which were again subdivided into tenths or tithings. Under these divisions the population of the country has been ever since arranged ; and every person was directed to belong to some hundred or tithing (tenth), while every hundred and tithing became pledged to the preser- vation of the public peace and security in their district, and were made answerable for the conduct of their several inhabitants. In consequence of this arrangement, every criminal accused was sure to be apprehended ; and it may be supposed that in this part of the kingdom the number of the lawless was at first very large. In the division of Britain into counties, the south-western portion of the Brigantine territory of the Romans, and of the Northumbrian kingdom of the Saxons, was named Loncasterscyre or Lonceshire, from the capital of Loncaster, the castle on the Lone or Lune. South Lancashire, then included in Cestrescire or Cheshire, was divided into six hundreds — Derby, Newton, Walton, Blackburn, Sal-ford, and Leyland — since reduced to four by the annexation of Newton and Warrington to West Derby. The designation of each of these hundreds was derived from the principal place in the division, in the reign of Alfred ; and those names now serve to indicate the mutations to which places as well as persons are exposed. Of the names of the Lancashire tithings we have no distinct remains ; but the nearest approximation to them may be found in each ten of our modern townships. Hitherto the administration of justice was confided to a species of pro- visional prefects, but in the time of Alfred the functions of these ofiicers were divided into those of judges and sheriffs. The institution of juries belongs to the same period ; and so tenacious was Alfred of the faithful discharge of the judicial office in penal judgments, that he caused forty-four justices to be executed as murderers, because they had exceeded their duty, and condemned to death unjustly the persons they judged.^ Alfred compiled a code of laws (the DoM-Boc), which he enlarged with his own hand. Amongst his other legal institutions, it is perfectly clear that he had none corresponding with our Court of Chancery, since it appears that he hastened the decision of causes, and allowed no delay exceeding fifteen days." Death deprived the world of this great monarch in A.D. 900 at the age of fifty-two years. He was a pattern for kings in the time of extremity — a bright star in the history of mankind. Living a century after Charlemagne, he was, perhaps, a greater man, in a circle happily more limited.'' In the century which succeeded the death of Alfred, there is little to relieve the contests of ambition which so generally prevailed. Lancashire and the whole Northumbrian territory had, by the clemency of Alfred, become a species of Danish colony. There the resident Danes concocted their schemes of ambition and aggression against the Saxon power ; and upon the shores of Yorkshire and Lancashire fresh swarms of invaders effected their landing, and found succour and support. Edward the Elder succeeded to the power of his father ; but his title was disputed by Ethelwald, son of King Ethelbert, who established his head-quarters in York, and was joined by the Northumbrians in his rebellion. The insurgents, quitting their stronghold in the north, marched into Kent, where a sanguinary battle ensued, and Ethelwald fell in the action, when his followers sought their safety in flight. Unsubdued, though vanquished, the Northumbrians penetrated again into Wessex, where they were again defeated, and pursued with great slaughter into their own 1 Alfred's Preface, p. 83. = Mirroir do8 Justices, cap. ii. sec. 3. ^ Mirroir, p. 245. ' Herder's Outlines, p. 245. 5 26 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. ii. country. Following up his successes, Edward subdued the two next princes of Northumberland, Reginald and Sidoc, and acquired the dominion of that province. In his wars between the Mersey and the Humber the king was assisted by his sister Ethelfleda, the widow of Ethelbert, Earl of Mercia, who, after her husband's death, had retained the possession of the government of that province. This princess is extolled by the early British historians as the wisest lady in Britain, the very emblem of her illustrious father Alfred. She appears to have been a ruler of the Amazonian type, who defended her country against the Danes "with the bravery and fidelity of an experienced warrior," and earned the eulogium of Henry of Huntington — " Csesar merited triumph, but thou art more illustrious than Csesar." To her munificence the Mercians were indebted for the rebuilding of the city of Chester, while her royal brother built the ancient city of Thelwall, on the southern bank of the Mersey, and placed a garrison there.' The more effectually to maintain his dominion over the province of Northumbria the king collected an army in Mercia, which he ordered to march to Manchester, which place he repaired and garrisoned.' In the excess of antiquarian disputation, a controversy has arisen, whether, in the era of the Saxon heptarchy, the country between the Mersey and the Ribble, comprehending the southern part of Lancashire, was included in the kingdom of Northumbria ; and Dr. Whitaker maintains that this district, under the heptarchy, formed a portion not of Northumbria but of Mercia. To this assertion are opposed the generally-received opinion that the kingdom of Mercia was terminated on its north-western boundary by the river Mersey, and the positive fact that in the Saxon Chronicle, the highest existing authority perhaps upon this subject, Manchester is said to be in Northumbria. The passage is conclusive upon this pomt : " This year (a.d. 923) went King Edward with an army, late in the harvest, to Thelwall, and ordered the borough to be repaired, and inhabited, and manned. And he ordered another army also from the population of Mercia, the while he sat there, to go to Manchester, in Northumbria, to repair and to man it." The country now denominated Lancashire had no separate existence as a county until long after the time when the others were formed, and it was then made up by adding a portion of Yorkshire and a scrap of Westmorland to the district lying between the Ribble and the Mersey, which had previously been included in Cestrescire and it is not unlikely that the low-lying lands on the western side of the shire were during the Anglo-Saxon and Danish period governed by tributary chiefs — resembling the Lords-Marchers of Wales of later date — sometimes under Northumbria and sometimes under Mercia, as the changing fortunes of war gave one power or the other the dominancy. The ascendency of the Danish power in Northumbria, owing to their colonisation in that kingdom by Alfred, subjected this part of Britain to a frequent recurrence of the horrors of war when all the other parts of the island were at peace. On the accession in 925 of ^thelstan, the son of Edward the Elder, and grandson of the renowned Alfred, Sihtric, the Danish ruler of Bernicia, who a few years previously had assassinated his brother Niel, the sovereign of Deira, and seizing his country had made himself king of all Northumbria, acknowledged his supremacy or overlordship and solicited the hand of his sister Eadgetha in marriage. " They came together," says the Saxon Chronicle, " at Tam worth, on the 3rd before the kalends of February, and ^thelstan gave him his sister." As a condition precedent the Dane embraced Christianity ; and thus were supposed to be united the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian kings. But the alliance was soon dissolved. Sihtric relapsed into paganism, repudiated his wife, and while JEthelstan was preparing to aveno'e the wron^, died, or, as is more likely, was murdered. His sons by a former marriage, Guthfric and Anlaf fled, the one into Scotland and the other into Ireland, where the Danes had established their authority. ..Ethelstan led an army into their country, and quickly annexed the Northumbrian kmo-dom to his dominions. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives a pithy summary of the events of this year r926). " And Sihtric perished ; and king ^thelstan obtained the kingdom of the North-humbrians : and he ruled all the kings who were on this island :— First, Howel, king of the West Welsh (the people of Cornwall) ; Constantine, the king of the Scots ; Uwen (Owain), king of the Gwentian people (the people of Gwent or Monmouthshire); and Ealdred, son of Ealdulf, of Bamborough • and they confirmed the peace by pledge, and by oaths, at the place called Eamot on the 4th of the Ides of July, and then renounced all idolatry, and after that submitted to him in peace." Guthfric returned the next year in arms to claim the Northumbrian kingdom, but was defeated by ^thelstan, and, making his submission, was received with kindness. The power which ^thelstan had thus won by the sword he retained in peace for about ten years, when a league was formed by the Scots, the Cumbrian Britons, and the Welsh, with the object of placing Anlaf, the son of Sihtric on the Northumbrian throne, and in a short time the whole of the north was in revolt. In order to extinguish the spirit of rebellion, and to give security to his throne, ^thelstan marched into Saxon Chron. a.d. 923. ^^^- ^i- THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 27 Scotland, ravaged Caithness, and recrossing the border into Northumbria gained a signal victory at iiumanburh (a.d 934), by which the confederacy against the Saxon power wis completely overthrown, when he reunited Northumbria to the rest of his kingdom, and in that way acquired tne title ot the hrst English monarch, thus eclipsing the fame of Alfred, who had suffered the fanes to dmde the kingdom with him by apportioning to them Northumbria and East Anglia.' It is somewhat remarkable that so little should be known respecting the decisive conflict at crunanburh— the most important in its political and social results of any fought during the Anglo- baxon period, and " the bloodiest fight that this island ever saw." The date even is uncertain, and a bewildermg confusion exists as to the actual site. The Saxon song says it was at Brunanburh ; ^.tJielweard, a contemporary, names the place Brunandune ; and Simeon of Durham, Weondune. ingulph says Brunlord, and Camden names Ford, near Bromeridge, in Northumberland. Mr. Molderness argues with much show of reason that the site is at Kirkburn, a village three miles T^tT"*^^! Drittield, near where the highway runs through a township with the suggestive name ot Battleburn, and Mr. Hardwick, in his "Ancient Battlefields of Lancashire," believes that he has discovered the key that may unlock the mystery in the extraordinary discovery of buried treasure m Cuerdale, on the banks of the Ribble, in 1840. This " find " consisted of a leaden chest, contaimng ancient coins and treasure to the amount of 975 oz. of silver in ingots, rings, armlets, chains, and, besides, about 7,000 coins of various descriptions, dating from 815 to 930 ; and he argues that " this great chest was buried near the ' pass of the Ribble,' at Cuerdale, opposite Preston, during this troubled period, and probably on the retreat of the confederated Irish, Scotch, Welsh, J^andmavian, and Anglo-Danish armies, after their disastrous defeat by the English under ^thelstan, at the great battle of Brunanburh, in 937." Tradition, which almost invariably has a substratum of truth underlying it, has always pointed to this ford over the Ribble as the scene of an early conflict. It is very nearly where the line of the great Roman road from the north is crossed by the Watlmg Street from the Wyre, running by Preston to York, and Avould thus be equally on the line of march of the Scots coming from the north, the Irish journeying from the west, and the armies of ^thelstan advancing either from Mercia or Northumbria, whilst the date of the greater portion of the coins coincides very nearly with that of Jithelstan's victory. It is very evident that the chest was buried after some signal military disaster, to prevent its falling into the hands of the enemy, and we have no record of any great military event at this time except the battle of Brunanburh, the slaughter at which left ^thelstan at peace for some years, ^thelstan among other laws enacted (a.d. 935) that any merchant who should make three voyages over the sea with his own manufactures, should have the rank of a thane,= that is, should rank with the privileged orders. By this means encouragement was given t-o manufactures and to commerce at the same time ; and that agriculture might receive its share ot the royal favour, any ceorl who had five hides of his own land, a church, a kitchen, a bell-house, and a separate office in the king's hall, also became a thane. The Anglo-Danish Northumbrians, still impatient of the Saxon rule, broke out again into rebellion, in the reign of Edmund, the successor of iEthelstan, and chose Anlaf, who had returned from Ireland, as their king.^ Anlaf, who had been aided by Wulfstan, archbishop of York, being victorious, concluded a treaty with Edmund, by which England was partitioned, and all the country north of Watling Street abandoned to the Anglo-Danes. But shortly after, the capricious Northmen rose in revolt against their prince, when Edmund marched suddenly into the southern part of Northumbria (Lancashire and Yorkshire), and again subjected the country to his dominion, when, to appease his indignation and to conciliate his confidence, the chiefs offered to embrace the Christian religion, and abandon their idolatry. From the middle to the end of the tenth century the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles are almost entirely occupied by the wars in Northumbria and the changes in the monastic orders, which were then taking place under the influence of the ambitious Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury. Under the auspices of Dunstan, the Benedictine rule was introduced into nearly fifty monasteries south of the Trent; but, notwithstanding Wilfrid's endeavours in former times, and Dunstan's energies and activity in the present day, there was not before the Norman conquest a single monk in all the Northumbrian territory.^ The tribute of Danegeld, a tax upon the people to repel the ravages of the Danes, was imposed for the first time in the year 991, and Avas at first of the amount of £10,000.^ All the land in the county contributed to this impost by a rateable assessment, except the lands of the church, which were exempt on account of the efiicacy of the prayers of the clergy, ' "The truth seems to be," says Sharon Turner, "that Alfred was ' Wilkin's Leges Anglo-Sax, p. 71. the first monarch of the Anglo-Saxons, but jEthelstan was the first " Saxon Chron. a.d. 941. monaroh of Er.gland. . . . After the battle of Brunanburh /Ethelstan * Sim. Dunelm. a.d. 1074. had no competitor : he Was the immediate sovereign of all England. He * Saxon Chron. a.d. 991. was even nominal lord of Wales and Scotland." — C. 28 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. ii. whicli were supposed to form an equivalent for their contributions. "The payment of Danegeld was first ordained on account of the pirates ; for in their ravages of our country they did all they could to desolate it. To check their insolence, Danegeld was levied annually, 12d. on every hide throughout the country, to hire men to oppose the pirates. From this tax every church, and every estate held in property by the church, wheresoever it lay, was exempted, contributing nothing towards this payment, because more dependence was placed on the prayers of the church than on the defence of arms."' The produce of this tax, which was at first employed in resisting the Danes, was afterwards used to purchase their forbearance. Their irruptions and exactions became continually more oppressive, and in the year 1010 the base expedient was resorted to of purchasing peace from them by the payment of £48,000. It is remarkable that in the whole of the Saxon Chronicles the term " Lancashire " never once occurs, though the neighbouring counties in the kingdom of Northumbria are mentioned in those ancient annals several times. It is also remarkable that the name of Lancashire is not to be found in the Domesday Book of William the Conqueror, though the manors and lands are described in that imperishable record with the usual accuracy and precision.^ The long and inglorious reign of Jithelred was perpetually distracted by the invasions of the Danes, first under Sweyn and afterwards under Cnut, his son and successor ; and in the reign of Edmond Ironside the king was obliged to surrender up one-half his kingdom, by awarding to Cnut, Mercia, East Anglia, and Northumbria, which he had entirely subdued. The unfortunate Edmond survived the treaty by which his kingdom was dismembered only a month, having been murdered at Oxford by two of his chamberlains (a.d. 1016); and in this way the succession of Cnut the Dane to the throne of England was secured. In order to gratify the ambition of the chief of the English nobility, and to attach them to his interest, Cnut created Thurkill earl or viceroy of East Anglia, and Edric earl of Mercia, and having caused Uhtred, earl of Northumbria, who had been an ally of Edmond Ironside to be assassinated, he bestowed that earldom on the Norwegian Jarl, Eric, whom he afterwards employed to murder Edric, reserving to himself only the government of Wessex. But this power of the earls Avas of short duration; Thurkill and Eric were in 1021 expelled from the kingdom, and Cnut became sole monarch of England. Finding himself firmly seated on his throne, he restored the Saxoncustoms, to which the people were attached, in a general assembly of the states ; justice was administered with impartiality ; the lives and property of all the people were protected, and the Danes were gradually incorporated with his subjects. Cnut, though cruel, crafty, and treacherous, was the greatest sovereign of his age, and had the fame to reign over six kingdoms.' The impression of his character left upon the English mind is not altogether that of a barbarous conqueror. He came with a powerful will to make a foreign domination endurable by a show of impartiality, and to substitute the strength of despotism for the feebleness of anarchy. When he ceased to be an enemy to England he became a real friend. His power was too strong to be disputed, and he therefore wielded it with moderation when the contest for supremacy Avas over. The closest connection subsisted betAveen Northumbria and Scotland in the reign of Cnut, and even Cumberland atos subject to the Scotch king. This division of his kingdom Avas inconsistent Avith the policy of Cnut, who, after marching through Lancashire at the head of a formidable army, took possession of Cumberland, and placed Duncan, the grandson of Malcolm, in possession of that province, subject to the throne of England. Cnut, by a treaty with Richard, duke of Normandy (a.d. 1035), had stipulated that his children by Emma, the sister of that prince, should succeed to the throne of England ; but, in violation of that engagement, he appointed his illegitimate son by Elfgiva, the son of a shoemaker, as the scandal of those times assumes— Harold, surnamed Harefoot for his speed, as his successor, instead of Harthcnut, the son of that princess. A short and disturbed reign was terminated m 1030, by the succession of Hardicanute who appointed Siward, duke of Northumbria, along with Godwme, Earl of Wessex, and Leofric, Earl of Mercia, to put down the insurrection Avhich prevailed against his government. Edward the Confessor, the son of ^thelred, of the house of Cerdic and the Imeal descendant of the Saxon kings, succeeded to the throne in 1041 to the prejudice of Sweyn, king of Norway, the eldest son of Cnut. The English flattered themselves that, by the succession ol EdAvard, they were delivered for ever from the dominion of the Danes, and their rejoicings Avere unbounded; but the court was soon filled Avith Normans, to the prejudice 2 m!^t?°' ?■ ita I ,, ,- , It is truo there was a Lan-oastro-soire in Saxon times, but the name kingdom o?NSumhHa''hvwL°F K'-^^.'^r/' ii "''' 'i'"«'o°of the was given to designate tlie tract ot country that spread roundSe fhpfn n ™i„ f^f V™™,*'"?'' by King Ecgbcrt, into shires or eounties, and town of Lancaster, wliere the Saxon ohiofs wore seated after the Roman JilfJf^f ° hundreds, wapentakes, or ridings ; but the statement is power had passed away, and not to the present county • the lareer exceedingly inaccurate and witliout authority. The Lancashire, .as parishes as well as the' hundreds, at the time, being not unfregueiX we know It at the present day, as rrevionsly stated, had no separate denominated " Sliircs."-C ** unircqueimj existence as a county until after the time when tbo other* vm-e formed. = Saxo, 196. CHAP. II. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 29 of the Anglo-Saxon nobility, and the language and the fashions of France were very generally introduced. This circumstance gave great offence to the native nobles, who, with Godwine at their head, supported by his three sons, Gurth, Sweyn, and Tostig, rose in rebellion against the king On the death of Earl Godwine (a.d. 1035), one of the most powerful nobles of his time, his son Harold aspired to the English throne, and was joined by Macbeth, an ambitious Scotch nobleman, who had put to death his sovereign, Duncan, King of Scotland, and usurped his throne. In the wars which ensued, the men of Lancashire were deeply engaged, and Siward, Earl of Northumberland, resisted the usurper with all his force ; his object being to depose the assassin and raise Duncan's son Malcolm, prince of Cumbria, who had married Siward's daughter, to the throne. To defeat the ambitious progress of Harold, the king cast his eye towards his kinsman, William, Duke of Normandy, as his successor. This prince was the natural son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, by Harlotta, daughter of a tanner in Falaise.^ The character of the young prince qualified him for the duties of government in the age in which he lived, and to a courage the most intrepid he added a severity the most inflexible. During a visit paid by Harold to Rouen, William disclosed to him the intentions of Edward, and prevailed upon him, by an offer of one of his daughters in marriage, and by other motives of fear and reward, to promise that he would support his claims to the throne of England. Not satisfied with a promise, on which he had little reliance, William required Harold to take an oath in ratification of that engagement ; and, in order to give increased solemnity to the pledge, he secretly conveyed, under the altar on which Harold agreed to swear, the relics of some of the most revered martyrs. Notwithstanding this solemn engagement, which Harold considered as extorted, and therefore not binding, on his return to England he resorted to every means in his power to strengthen his influence. Tostig, a tyrannical prince, the brother of Harold, who had succeeded to the earldom of Northumbria, in suppressing disorder in his territory, acted with so much cruelty and injustice in the counties of York and Lancaster, that the inhabitants, headed by the thanes, rose in rebellion against him, and expelled him from his government. Morcar and Edwin, the sons of Earl Leofric, who possessed great power in this part of the kingdom, concurred in the insurrection; and the former, being elected chief in the place of Tostig, advanced from York with an army collected on the north of the Mersey and of the Humber, to oppose Harold, who had, through the royal favour, been appointed governor of Wessex, and who was commissioned by the king, on the representation of Tostig, to reduce and chastise the Northumbrians. Morcar, " advancing south with all the shire, and with Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire, and Lancashire^," marched to Northampton. Here they were met by Harold, at the head of the king's forces, and a desperate battle appeared inevitable; but Morcar, wishing first to appeal to Harold's generosity and sense of justice, rather than to the issue of arms, represented to him that Tostig had acted with so much injustice and oppression in his government, that the inhabitants of Yorkshire and of Lancashire, with those of Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland, being accustomed to the government of the law, and being determined to support their birthright, preferred death to slavery, and had taken the field determined to perish rather than submit to the iron yoke of the tyrant. After communicating with the king, Harold abandoned the cause of his brother, and obtained a royal amnesty for the insurgents, who returned to their homes as conquerors, driving before them all the cattle they could collect, amounting to many thousands. Morcar was from this time confirmed in his government of Northumbria; and Harold, instead of consummating the family alliance contracted with the daughter of William of Normandy, married the daughter of Morcar. The death of Edward (January 5, 1066) speedily followed the suppression of the great northern insurrection, and his body was interred in the abbey of Westminster, "which he had himself erected to the honour of God and St. Peter, and all God's saints."' The religious zeal of this sovereign, with whom the Saxon line of English kings terminated, procured him the name of Confessor ; and his love of justice induced him to complete a code of laws from the works of ^thelberht, Ina, and Alfred, though those which pass under his name were, according to Sir Henry Spelman, composed after his death. This sovereign was the first who touched for the king's evil — a superstition which maintained its hold of public credulity through six centuries, and was not discontinued till the time of the Stuarts. Though, by the will of Edward, William of Normandy was appointed his successor, Harold, stepped into the vacant throne without hesitation, having first been crowned at York, where he was residing at the time of the king's death, by Aldred the archbishop, nor did he quit this part of the kingdom till four months afterwards, when he repaired to London,^ having been everywhere received in his progress with the most joyous acclamation. Earl Tostig, who had taken refuge in Flanders with Earl Baldwin, his father-in-law, on his expulsion from Lancashire, collected a large » Brompton, p. 910. ' Saxon Chron., a.d. 1085, " Saxon Chron. * Saxon Chron. 1006. 30 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIEE. chap. ii. fleet and endeavoured to regain his forfeited possessions by sailing up the Humber and penetrating into Northumbria. Finding his jaower ineffectual, he associated himself Avith Harold Hardrada, king of Norway, who with 300 ships assembled in the Isle of "Wight, and there remained all the summer. On the approach of autumn, Hardrada appeared off the Yorkshire coast with his 300 ships, and was joined by Earl Tostig, who had replenished his force amongst the Danish Northumbrians, and, after entering the Humber, they sailed up the Ouse towards York. On receiving this intelligence, Harold, whose army was collected in the south, under the expectation of an invasion undertaken by the Normans, hastened to the north by forced marches. But before his arrival, Edwin, earl of Mercia, and Morcar, earl of Northumberland, had gathered from Lancashire, and other parts of the earldoms, a considerable force, with the intention of repelling the invaders. On their arrival at Fulford, a village south of York, a sanguinary battle ensued, in which the slaughter was so great that the Norwegians traversed the marshes on the bodies of the fallen,^ and in which Morcar and Edwin were obliged to seek safety in flight, leaving the invaders in possession of the field. After demanding hostages and prisoners from the inhabitants of York, the "Northmen" marched to Stamford Bridge, where they were surprised by Harold (Sept. 27), at the head of the largest force ever collected in England. Before the battle commenced, a proposal was sent by Harold to his brother, offering to re-instate him in the government of Northumbria, if he would withdraw from the field. To which Tostig, in the insolence of his spirit, replied, "Last winter such a message might have spared much blood ; but now what do you offer for the king, my ally?" "Seven feet of ground," said the Saxon general.^ The die was cast. For some time the passage of the bridge was disputed by one of the Norwegians, who, owing to the narrowness of the bridge, withstood the " English folk," ^ so that they could not pass. In vain did they aim at him their javelins; he still maintained his ground, till a soldier came under the bridge, and pierced him terribly inwards, under the coat of mail. Then Harold marched over the bridge, at the head of his army, when a dreadful slaughter ensued, both of the Norwegians and the Flemings, in which were slain Hardrada, the fair-haired king of Norway, and Tostig, the expatriated earl of Northumbria. The fleet of the Norwegians fell also into the hands of Harold, who allowed Prince Olave, the son of Hardrada, to depart the kingdom, with twenty of his vessels, taking with him the wreck of the Norwegian and Flemish army. This act of generosity, as historians are accustomed to consider it, was not unmixed with policy. A still more formidable invasion was approaching, and Harold wished to be freed from one body of his enemies before he had to encounter another. The shouts of victory were heard across the island, from the Humber to the Mersey ; but scarcely had those shouts subsided, before intelligence was received that William of Normandy had landed at Pevensy, at the head of 60,000 men, supported by a fleet of 3,000 sail,-* and was constructing a castle at the port of Hastings. Harold received the news of William's landing without any emotions of dismay, while he was at dinner in his favourite city of York. Hastening to London at the head of his army, which had been diminished by the battle of Stamford Bridge, and which was discontented by being denied a share of the spoil, he received a message from Duke William, who offered Harold his choice of three proposals — to reign in fealty under William, whom he had sworn to serve ; or to decide the dispute by single combat ; or to submit the cause to the arbitration of the pope : to which Harold replied, that the God of battles should be the arbitrator, and decide the differences between them. Yielding to the impetuosity of his own temper, instead of listening to the wise counsels of his brother Gurth, he marched from London without due preparation, in the vain hope of surprising the Normans in the south, as he had surprised the Norweo-ians in the north. ° The night before the battle of Hastings was passed by the invaders in preparations and in prayer, while the English devoted their hours to festivity and joyful anticipations. The fate of England hung on the issue of the day. Before the battle commenced, on the 14th October, 1066, William joined in the solemnity of religious worship, and received the sacrament at the hands of the bishop; and to give increased effect to these solemnities he hung round his neck the relics on which Harold had sworn to support his claims to the English throne." He divided his army into three bodies. In front he placed his light infantry, armed with arrows and balistse, led by Montgomery. The second division, commanded by Martel, consisted of his heavy-armed battalions. His cavalry, at whose head he stood in person, formed the third line, and was so disposed that they stretched beyond the infantry, and flanked each wing of the army. The English army, chiefly infantry were arranged by Harold in the form of a wedge, meant to be impenetrable. Their shields covered their bodies ; their arms wielded the battle-axe. Harold, whose courage was equal to his station, quitted 1 Snorre, p. 155 ; Ork. Saga, p. 96. < The " Roman de Bou" says 696, which is tuoro probable 2 Snorre, p. 160. "s WiU. of Malms., p. 101. •" Saxon Chron. e quH. Pict,, p. 201. ^=^P- "■ THE HISTOKY OF LANCASHIRE. 31 Lis horse to share the danger cand glory on foot. His brothers, Gurth and Sweyn, accompanied liim and his banner, m which the figure of a man in combat, woven sumptuously with gold and jewels, shmmg conspicuously, was planted near him.^ The English, occupying the high ground which was flanked by a wood, not only received the discharge of the Norman weapons with patient valour, but returned the attack with their battle-axes and ancient weapons with so much effect that the toot andthe cavalry of Bretagne and all the other allies of William on the left wing, gave way. Ihe impression extended along the whole line, and was increased by a rumour that the duke had lallen. -Dismay began to unnerve his army; and a general flight seemed about to ensue.^ William, to arrest the progress pi the panic, and to convince his soldiers of his safety, rushed amongst the fugitives, and, with his helmet thrown from his head, exclaimed, "Behold me— I live; and will conquer yet, with God s assistance. What madness influences you to fly ? What way can be found lor youj escape ? They whom, if you choose, you may kill like cattle, are driving and destroying you. You fly from victory— from deathless honour. You run upon ruin and everlasting disgrace, it you continue to retreat every one of you will perish."^ The Normans rallied, and made a desperate onset; but the English, forming a wall of courageous soldiery, remained unbroken. \\ ilham, hndmg all his efl"orts to penetrate their ranks fruitless, resolved to hazard a feigned retreat A body of a thousand horse were entrusted with this critical operation. Having rushed upon the English with a horrible outcry, they suddenly checked themselves, as if panic-struck, and attected a hasty flight. The English entered eagerly on the pursuit with apparent success ; for the N ormans, having retired upon an excavation somewhat concealed, fell into their own trap ; many ot them perished, and some of the English shared the same fate. While this manoeuvre was occupying their attention, the duke's main body rushed between the pursuers and the rest of their army. The English endeavoured to regain their position : the cavalry turned upon them, and, thus enclosed, many of them fell victims to the skilful movements of their adversaries. At length they rallied and regained their position, but, uninstructed by experience, they suffered themselves to be twice afterwards decoyed by a repetition of the same artifice. In the heat of the struggle twenty Normans confederated to attack and carry off the English standard. This service they effected, though not without the loss of many of their number.' The battle continued through the day with frequent changes of fortune. Harold was more distinguished for the bravery of a soldier than for the skill of a general. _ William united the two characters. He had three horses killed under him. While Harold lived his valourous countrymen seemed invincible. Fertile in expedients, the duke directed his archers not to shoot directly at the English, but to discharge their arrows vigorously upwards towards the sky. The random shafts descended into the English ranks like impetuous hail, and one of them pierced the gallant Harold in the eye," and, penetrating the brain, terminated his life. A furious charge of the Norman horse increased the disorder. Panic scattered the English, and the Normans vigorously pursued them through the broken ground. A part of the fugitives rallied, and, indignant at the prospect of surrendering their country to foreigners, they sought to renew the contest. William, perceiving that the critical moment for sealing the victory had arrived, ordered Count Eustace and his soldiers to the attack. The duke, with a vigour and energy peculiar to himself^ joined in the final conflict, and secured the victory of Hastings and the crown of England. The body of Harold was found by his mistress, Edith, " the Lady of the Swan Neck," near those of his two brothers, Leofwine and Gurth, who were also slain in the battle, and Avas sent, at the request of his mother, Githa, for interment to the monastery of Waltham, which he had founded.' The battle of Hastings terminated the Saxon dynasty in England, after a continuance, with occasional interruptions, of six hundred years. During this long period the foundations of some of the most important of our public institutions were laid, and it may be interesting, even for the illustration of local history, shortly to advert to their nature and origin. In the Saxon period, the mechanical arts, so closely interwoven with the interests of society, met with liberal encouragement. The wisest of their monarchs invited from all quarters skilful and industrious foreigners ; they encouraged manufactures of every kind, and prompted men of activity to betake themselves to navigation, and to push commerce into the most remote countries. As an indication of an approach towards a state of free traffic, and of the increase of commerce, it is mentioned that Cnut, * Will, of Malm. p. 101. and that the tomb shown did not mark his last resting-place. Giraldus ^ Gliil. Pict. 202. Cambrensis, among the older historians, and Sir Francis Palgrave, among 3 Brompton, p. 960. modern writers, relate a tradition that Harold escaped alive from the * Henry ot Hunt., p. 368 ; Will, of Malms, p. 101. field of battle, and lived in seclusion at Chester, where he ended his * Though the commonly-received account is that the corpse of Harold days as a monk or lay-brother. The last-named authority considers that was carried from the battle-field, and buried at W.altham, the Anglo- the tomb at W.altham was nothing more than a cenotaph, which is cert.ainly Saxon people long refused to believe that the last of their kings had at variance with the "Hie Jacet," upon the tomb, and the circum- perished at Hastings. They believed that his wounds were healed stantial account given by Fuller in his " Ctiurch History," wherein ho amidst friends ; that he waited in some safe seclusion ready to lead his describes the opening of the tomb towards the close of Elizabeth's reign, faithful English when the opportunity for deliverance should approach ; when a skeleton was discovered inside it. — C, 32 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. II. about the year 1028, established mints for the coinage of money in thirty-seven cities and townsof Eno-land. A silver penny, coined at York about the year 630, and marked with the name of Edwin, the°Northumbrian monarch, is supposed to be the earliest specimen of coinage in this island after the abdication of the Romans. The kin^ and his barons enfranchised the principal towns, to encourage the progress of manufactures, and Manchester was of the favoured number. It must be admitted, however, that whatever progress our Anglo-Saxon ancestors had made in commerce and in manufactures since the time of the Roman sway in Britain, this country had retrogaded deplorably in the practice of the fine arts. As early as the reign of Severus, the sculpture and the painting of Rome had obtained a high degree of perfection ; but in the Saxon times these accomplishments were almost extinct in the island, and the coinage of Northumbria, m the reigns of iEthelstan, of Harold surnamed Harefoot, and of Edward the Confessor, as exhibited in the following specimens, serve sufiiciently to prove the lamentable deterioration : — The Anglo-Saxons were divided into four classes— men of birth, men of property, freemen, and serviles. Their money was in pounds, shillings, and pence ; twenty shillings constituted a pound, and twelve pence a shilling, as at present— with this difference, however, _ that twenty shillings weighed a pound troy— and hence the term pound. Guilds, or communities of mutual protection, were formed by persons engaged in trade, which sought at once to protect the interests of those branches of business, and to provide for the members of their fraternities in sickness and old age.' Markets and fairs were pretty generally established ; attention was paid to agriculture; and the yeoman was held in deserved estimation. Their monarchy was partly hereditary and partly elective ; and the power of their sovereigns not absolute, but limited. Their Witena-Gemot of " wise men " formed the great council of the nation, and was a body, the foundation of our parliaments, that at once enacted laws and administered justice. Besides the trial by jury, they had the trial by ordeal of water and of iron : by the iron ordeal, the accused carried a piece of red-hot iron three feet, or nine feet, according to the magnitude of the offence ; in the water ordeal, he plunged his hand into a vessel of boiling- hot water up to the wrist in some cases, and to the elbow in others ; the hand was then bound up, and sealed for three days, at the end of which time the bandage and seal were removed ; when, if the hand was found clean, he was pronounced innocent, if foul, guilty.- This was a trial, not a punishment, and it was performed before the priest, in the presence of two witnesses, after due preparation. Sometimes the party choosing this mode of trial prepared his own hand, to endure the fiery trial ; and sometimes probably prepared the hand of the priest, and thus induced him to abate the height of the temperature. There was another ordeal by water : the culprit, having a rope tied about him, was plunged into a river two ells and a half deep ; if he sank, he was acquitted ; but if he floated, being considered deficient in weight of goodness, he was con- demned.' The punishments were various, and consisted of banishment, slavery, branding, amputa- tion of limb, mutilation of the nose, ears, and lips, plucking out the eyes, stoning, or hanging. The trial by jury was a rational and enlightened inquiry. The Saxons have the merit of having intro- duced this invaluable institution into England ; and some authors contend that it originated in the time of Alfred, but it is certain that it was in use amongst the earliest Saxon colonists.'' The trial by jury did not at once attain perfection, and it is probable that Alfred matured and perfected the institution. Originally a man was cleared of an accusation, if twelve persons came forward and swore that they believed him to be innocent of the alleged crime.' This was a jury in its earliest form. Afterwards it became necessary that twelve men, peers or equals of the litigants, should hear the evidence on both sides, and that they on their oaths should say whether the accused was guilty or innocent. The Feudal System arose in England during the Saxon dynasty, and for many ages exercised an influence and control over society, not only in this country, but over the whole of the western nations of the world. Though the system was introduced into this country by the Anglo-Saxons, it was not till the Norman Conquest that it received its complete consummation. In the heat of the battle of Hastings, "William had promised his followers that the lands of England should be theirs ■ Wilk, Leg, Inas, p. 27. = Textus RofEenais. ' Clack. Com. cap. xxiii. « Turner's Aug. Sax. iv. 337. Eden on the Poor Laws, ^'HAP. 11. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIHE. 83 if victory crowned their efforts ; and the possessions of Earl Tostig, as well as those of the other Saxon barons, between the Mersey and the Kibble, and to the north of tlie latter river, speedily became the knights fees of the houses of Lacy and Poictou. In the partition of the spoil, the most consider- able share fell to the king. These lands became the subject of feudal tenures ; ' the king conferred them_ upon his favourites in capite, on the condition that they should faithfully serve him in war and in peace, and on payment of a certain annual fine; and they again granted their Lancashire manors to Goisfridus, Willielmus, Tetbaldus, and others, as their feudatories. These thanes had their socmen and villeins— in other words, their farmers and their slaves— some holding by military and others by rustic obligations ; but all, from the highest to the lowest, under feudal tenures. The whole frarne of society was involved in this comprehensive system.^ The six centuries embraced in this chapter, considered in regard to their results, constitute the most important period in the history of the county and of the kingdom. In that time the Britain of the Csesars became the England Ave now know ; and out of the British, Roman, Saxon, and Danish stock — the admixture of tribes and blood that then represented the courage, enterprise, energy, and self-reliance of Europe— emerged the English people. The Teutonic and Scandinavian invasion was more ruthless, more destructive, and more complete than any which had preceded it: it submerged every usage and obliterated every trace of existing institutions— the laws, the customs, the Christianity, the language of the people, and, to a large extent, the very names of places disappeared. The heathen and the stranger came from across the German Sea ; wave followed^ wave from the inexhaustible breeding grounds of the north, sweeping away the dying civilisation of the Latin world, but depositing in its stead a fruitful soil, from which the civilisation of a later time was to spring. The piratical Viking followed in the wake of the adventurous Saxon. Pierced by barbarian hordes, torn by internal divisions, and ruled by foreign masters, the country was for a long time like a seething cauldron, and the scene of overwhelming and crushing calamity. The history of these times is full of doubt and obscurity. We know only the general results, we know very little of the details, yet it was amid these desolating wars, these internal feuds, these fierce conflicts of races, and from these discordant elements, that gradually, and by slow and insensible development, there sprang' up a perdurable nation, that has preserved its free spirit under every form of alien domination or domestic oppression, a nation that in every conflict, whether that of regal despotism or feudal or ecclesiastical assumption, has asserted the right of individual liberty, and upheld, with ever- increasing strength, the great principle of the equality of all men before the law. Under the stern discipline of these times England developed her national character, and by slow process built up the fabric of her law ; for that resulted from the principle of growth rather than from that of creation. To the Saxon mind we owe much of the English Constitution. Upon their civilisation, rudely developed though it might be, were founded many of the principles of government which have retained their vitality through the long centuries that have intervened, for the Norman despotism was absorbed by the Anglo-Saxon freedom, and feudality could neither destroy the principles of self-government nor weaken the love of personal liberty. Their indomitable spirit of independence is wrought into the life-blood of our own Saxon-sprung race ; from their customs we derive many of our own ; and it is in the elements of their social state that we discover the origin of that of to-day. The humanising influences of the Christian religion melted down the rude Saxon, the restless Jute, and the idolatrous Angle, and took from them their fierce despotism, their barbarous rites, and their cruel customs ; while their mother tongue, terse and vigorous, has gradually formed into a language that is spoken in every quarter of the world. ' Discussions have at various times taken place upon the question, This was the only order of nobility iimong the Saxons. Tlicy corresponded " Was the land system of this period feudal?" It engaged the attention to the position of lieutenants of counties, and were appointed for life, of the Irish Court of King's Bench in the reign of Charles I., and arose In 1045 there were nine such officers; in 1065 there were but six. throuKh the issuing of a " commission of defective titles " in the preced- Harold's earldom at the former date comprised Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, ine roiirn In a paper on " The History of Landholding in England " in and Middlesex ; and Godwin's took in the whole south coast from Sand- the "Transactions" of the Hoyal Historic Society of Great Britain, Mr. wieh to the Land's End, and included Kent, Sussex, Hampshire, Wili^ Fisher says' "In the course of the argument the existence of feudal shire, Devonshire, and Cornwall. Upon the death of Godwin, Harold tenures before the landing of William of Normandy, was discussed, and resigned his earldom and took that of Godwin, the bounds being slightly Sir Henry Spelman's views, as expressed in the Glossary, were considered. varied. Harold retained his earldom after he became king, but on his The Court unanimously decided that feudalism existed in England under death it was seized upon by the Conqueror, and divided among his the Anelo-Saxons, and it affirmed that Sir Henry Spelman was wrong. followers. The Crown relied upon the liba-i Hommes, or freimen. The This decision led Sir Henry Spehnan to write his 'Treatise on Feuds,' country was not studded with castles filled with armed men. 'ihe Iwtise which was published after his death, in which he reasserted the opinion of the thane was an unfortified structure, and while the laws relating to that feudalism was introduced into England at the Norman invasion. land were, in my view, essentially /CM(!a(, the government was dilfcreiit This decision must however be accepted with a limitation. I think from that to which we apply the term /ttiAUism, which appears to imply there was no separate order of nobility under the Saxon rule. The king baronial castles, armed men, and an oppressed people. —0. had his councUlors but there appears to have been no order between him ' Mr. Barnes gives here avery long quotation as to the feudal system and the Mc^amwt The earls and the thanes met with the people, but did from a MS. of Dr. Kuerden, in the Uhetham Library, which, from its want not fonn a separate body. The thanes were, country gentlemen, not of authority and accuracy, loose style, and strange phraseology, is not eenators The outcome of the Heptarchy was the earis or ealdermen. deemed worth reprinting. -H. 6 C H A P T E 11 III William tlie Conqueror's Suppres&ion of EeTolts in the North— His Extension of the Feudal System and Seizure of Church Lauds and Property — The Domesday Survey and Book — The Honor of Lancaster — Its First Norman Baron, Roger de Poictou —Its Grant by the Crown to Randle, Third Earl of Chester.— a.d. 1066 to circa 1120, sooner was th* Norman Conqueror seated, on the throne of England than he began to exercise the power of conquest with all the rigour which the jealousy of his own mind and the insubordinate disposition of his new subjects dictated. The doctrines inculcated by Machiavel, in his instructions to conquering princes, were practised by William of Normandy in England five centuries before they Avere promulgated by the Italian politican. He left no art untried to root out the ancient nobility, to curb the power of the established clergy, or to reduce the commonality to the lowest state of penury and dependence. Earls Morcar and Edwin, Avho had so successfully resisted the tyrannical power of Earl Tostig, were among the first to revolt from the yoke of the tyrant. To give effect to their resistance, they raised forces in Lancashire and Cheshire, as well as in the other northern counties, and fixed upon the celebrated Northumbrian capital, the city of York, then amongst the first cities in the kingdom, superior even to London, as their stronghold. The inhabitants of York rising in arms, slew Kobert Fitz-Richard, the governor,^ and besieged in the castle William Mallet, on whom the command had devolved. At this juncture two of the sons of King Sweyne, with two hundred and forty ships, arrived from Denmark, under the command of Duke Osborne, brother to the king. The troops disembarked on the banks of the Humber, where they were met by Edgar Atheling, and Earls Waltheof and Gospatric, with large levies of Northumbrians from Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumberland, and Durham, "riding and marching," says the Saxon Chronicle, " full merrily towards York." This alarming revolt the Conqueror hastened to subdue ; and such was the violence of his rage, that, on his Avay to the north, he swore repeatedly, by the " splendour of God," that he Avould not leave a soul of the insurgents alive. The strength of the Saxon barons Avas increased by the junction of a large force under BethAvin, king of North Wales. Preliminary to his arrival, William had suspended Morcar, and appointed Robert de Coniyn, a Norman baron, to the earldom of Northumberland. The orders given to Robert Avere, to subdue the refractory spirit of the people, Avithout regard to the shedding of blood ;- and a guard of seven hundred men Avas placed around his person. The intrepid Northumbrians, roused by a sense of their OAvn Avrongs, and by the indignity ofiered to the Earl Morcar, rose in open insurrection, and put to death the Norman, Avith every individual composing his guard. The first measure taken by William, on his arrival at York, Avas to offer mercy to the insurgents, on their submission to his authority ; and the chiefs, finding themselves unequal to contend Avith the poAver that Avas brought against them, accepted the proffered clemency. The Earls Morcar and EdAvin, accompanied by Gospatric, and Edgar Atheling, their laAvful prince, fled into Scotland^ under the protection of King Malcolm. Unmindful of that general amnesty which he had offered, the Conqueror directed the most severe proscription against the Saxon inhabitants of these regions, hundreds of Avhom fell under the cruel inflictions of the Normans. To guard against a surprise, the Conqueror caused numerous castles to be erected in the north of England ; and in the city of York tAvo castles sprang up under the direction of the Normans. These precautions Avere not confined to inland fortifications ; they extended also to the coast, and the castles of Lancaster and of Liverpool, on the Lune and the Mersey, Avere both erected during the early part of the Conqueror's reign, by Roger de Poictou, one of the most distinguished amongst the Norman barons. Notwithstanding the severity practised by William on the suppression of the first insurrection, he alloAved the Earls Morcar and EdAvin to retain their estates m Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Cheshire, though he extended the rigours of confiscation over the lands of many of their followers. The forfeitures, attainders and other acts of Aaolence, soon produced another insurrection — the flame of insurrection, lighted up amongst the bravo Northumbrians, spread into other parts of the kingdom ; but the king, avcII aAvarc that the most imminent danger existed in 1 Order. A'ltcd. \i. 612. - AVal. Hcuiingtord, Cnuoli of Cisbiu^li. CHAP. III. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 85 the counties of York and Lancaster, determined to march once more against them, and placing himself at the heaa of a powerful army, he left London to take his revenge upon the insurgents. By common consent. Earl "Waltheof was appointed governor of the city of York by the Saxon barons, while the Danish general took up his intrenchments between the Humber and the Trent, in order to keep the Normans in check. On the arrival of William and his army before York, he sent his summons to the governor, offering him clemency if he surrendered promptly, but threaten- ing the most terrible vengeance if he attempted to withstand his authority. He pushed on the siege with vigour, and was not less vigorously resisted. A breach having been made in the walls by the engines of the besiegers, the governor himself, being a man of prodigious might and strength, stood single in the breach, and cut off the heads of several Normans who attempted to enter.' For six months the siege was sustained, and the struggle was sanguinary and exhausting ; and it was not till "William had reinforced the besieging army again and again that he gained possession of the city. Famine at length effected what force could not achieve; and William not only promised forgiveness to the governor, but also the most reasonable terms to his troops, on the condition of surrender. Under the influence of that admiration which bravery inspires amongst the brave, the Conqueror gave to Waltheof his niece Judith, daughter of the Countess Albemarle, in marriage, and created him also Earl of Northumberland. The reconciliation was only temporary. William, impatient of opposition, brought the gallant earl to the block, on account of another conspiracy, and this was the first nobleman whose life was terminated in England by decapitation. Earls Morcar and Edwin, no longer able to sustain their own dignity, or to preserve the public rights, quitted the seats of their earldoms in Northumbria and Mercia. Edwin, in attempting to make his escape into Scotland, was betrayed by some of his followers, and killed by a party of Normans, to the deep affliction of the men of Lancashire and Cheshire, where the ardour of his patriotism, and his personal accomplishments, had gained all hearts ; while Earl Morcar was thrown into prison, and consigned to future obscurity. Lucia, the sister of the Earls Morcar and Edwin, was presented in marriage to Ivo Talbois, the first Baron of Kendal, who came over with the Conqueror. This baron was dis- tinguished by the favour of his prince, who granted to him that part of Lancashire which adjoins Westmorland, as well as the confiscated lands of his wife's brother in Lincolnshire. William viewed the inhabitants of Northumbria as the most formidable enemies to his power ; and in order to satiate his rage and to prevent further resistance, he razed the city of York to the ground ; and with it fell many of the principal nobility and gentry, as well as the humbler inhabitants. Nor did his implacable vengeance rest here : he laid waste the whole of the fertile country between the Humber and the Tees, a distance of sixty miles, so that, for nine years afterwards, neither spade nor plough was put into the ground.^ If any of the wretched inhabitants escaped, they were reserved for a more lingering fate, being forced through famine to eat dogs and cats, horses, and even human flesh. The towns, villages,' hamlets, and scattered habitations throughout Northumbria were reduced to ashes ; all the implements of agriculture — carts, ploughs, harrows — were piled in heaps, and con- sumed with fire ; the corn was burnt in the granaries ; horses, cattle, sheep, were slaughtered in the fields or at the stalls, in short, everything that could serve for the support of human life was utterly consumed. The tyrant gave full sway to all the ferocious passions of his nature, and gloated his eyes upon the wasted lands and the innumerable corpses of the slain. His breast was steeled against compassion, and whenever a Northumbrian appeared, he was cut down by the sword or pierced by the lances of the Normans. So unsparing was the destruction, that the inhabitants could scarcely recognise their own lands ; and when the Domesday Book was compiled, though the survey was not commenced till ten years afterwards, many townships remained uncultivated, which is the reason why Wasta [waste] so often occurs in the Domesday Survey of Yorkshire. In that part of this ancient document which concerns Lancashire, the returns are more fully made, though not under the head of a distinct county ; and a presumption naturally arises that the Conqueror's severity was practised with less rigour between the Mersey and the Duddon than between the Humber and the Tees. In the north of Lancashire, included within the ancient limits of Richmondshire, several vacancies are found; and in the south-eastern part of the district,_ between the Ribble and the Mersey, the scanty return of names may be accounted for by the vicinity of that part of Salford hundred to the devoted county of York. By a charter remarkable for its comprehensive brevity," William, while at York, granted the lands and towns and the rest of the inheritance of Earl Edwin to his nephew, Alan, son of Eudo, Duke of Brittany, whom he afterwards named Earl of Richmond, and in this way nearly two 1 William nf Malmsburv tenant for Ufe. Each estate reverted to the crown on the death of him \ M^l^a ,, lO? KnSn Inpilf p. 79. Sim. of Dur. p. 199. who held it ; but, previous to acquiring possession, the new tenant had I T^I-f/hStefdoe, not create Serent title, but gives the lands as to cease to be his own " man," and became the 'man "of hjs superior. held bv tie former pL^es^rlLm^^^^^ ass'umed^the function of This was called ■•homage"and was followed by " invcsuture. -C. the folc-ffeiiiot, but the principle remained -the foudee only became 36 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. hi. tundred manors and townships were transferred by a dash of the pen, and an impression of the seal, from the unfortunate Edwin to the trusty follower of the victorious William. The Conqueror soon placed all the land of the kingdom under that system of feudal tenure which had already been partially introduced under the Saxon dynasty. These possessions, with very few exceptions besides the royal demesnes, Avere divided into baronies, which were conferred, with the reservation of stated services and payments, on the most considerable of the Normans. The great barons, who held of the crown, shared out a large part of their lands to other foreigners, who bore the names of knights or vassals, and who paid their lord the same duty and submission in peace and in war which he himself owed to his sovereign. The whole kingdom contained about seven hundred chief tenants, and 60,215 knights' fees;^ and as none of the English were admitted into the first rank, the few who retained their landed possessions were glad to be received under the protection of some powerful Norman baron, though at the cost of an oppressive burden on those estates which they had received as a free inheritance from their ancestors.^ Having broken the spirit of the laity, the Conqueror now proceeded to appropriate a large share of the enormous property of the clergy to his own use. The first step he took for the attainment of this object was to seize not only all the riches^ and valuable effects which the English had lodged in the religious houses throughout the kingdom during the troubles, but even the charters, shrines, and treasures belonging to the monasteries themselves, resolving at the same time that none of the English monks or clergy should ever be preferred to any of the vacant sees, and that those who already possessed them should be stripped of their dignities. In consequence of this resolution, Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, was removed from his episcopal office on various groundless pretences, but without the colour of justice. Adding cruelty to injustice, William imprisoned the deprived prelates, and kept them in confinement all the rest of their lives. In this province, the king, during the feast of Pentecost, named Thomas, a canon of Bayeux, to the see of York. The principles he had adopted in Normandy he introduced into England, and seemed quite ready to act upon the determination he had made in the former country — namely, " that if any monk, who was his subject, should dispute his will, he would cause him to be hanged forthwith." In Saxon times, the clergy, not only in this province, but throughout the nation generally, held their lands and possessions by a different tenure from the laity, called frank- almoigne, subject to no secular service, to no rents or impositions, but such as they consented to lay upon themselves in their councils or synods, which privilege they had extorted, after some resistance, from the superstitious ^Ethelwulf. Their estates, derived from the bounty of the Saxon kings and their nobles, were so great, that they possessed more than a third part of the kingdom ; the computation being that of the 60,215 knights' fees the clergy held 28,015,* exclusive of their plate, jewels, and various other treasures. With such enormous riches at their disposal they became unduly powerful ; and William, jealous of that power, and suspicious of their fidelity, reduced ah their lands to the common tenure of knights' service and barony. The new prelates Avere required to take an oath of fealty, and to do homage to the king, before they could be admitted to their temporalities; they were also subject to an attendance upon the king in his court-baron, to follow him in his wars with their knights and quota of soldiers, to pay him their usual aids, and to perform all the other services incident to the feudal tenures. The clergy remonstrated most bitterly against this new revolution ; but William was inexorable, and consigned to prison or to banishment all who opposed his will. While the power of the clergy Avas thus curtailed, that of the barons, Avho Avere now chiefly Norman, Avas increased. In their manors they had absolute jurisdiction ; they gave laAvs and administered justice in their courts-baron to their vassals ; and suits betA^een the tenants of different lords Avere tried in their hundred, or county courts, Avhile the king's courts took cognisance only of those betAveen the barons themselves.^ By a synod held in London (A.D. 1075) the precedency of the bishops Avas settled, according to the priority of their consecration, except with regard to such sees as had particular privileges annexed to them. " Hitherto the bishops had resided in small toAvns or villages, for the purpose, as was alleged, of sacred retirement ; but at this synod it was determined that the see of Lichfield, in Avhich diocese the greater part of Lancashire Avas at that time included, should be removed to Chester. It was now ordained, for the first time, that no bishop, abbot, or clergyman, should judge any person to the loss of life or limb, or give his vote or countenance to any other for that purpose ; " and to comply Aviththis canon, the prelates have ever since withdraAvn from the House of Lords in such cases, satisfying themselves Avith entering a protest in favour of their right, Avithout exercising it.« The activity of William's mind suggested to him a great national work, which Avill 1 Orderic. A'italis, p. ,'523. .-i g;,,,. of D„r, Ann. of Waver. T. Sprott's Chron. p 114 "The drenghes mentioned in the Domesday Book, " Newton « T. Sprott's Chron. p. 114. ' Brist. Monost. n 33 ' Hundred, wete probably of this number,— B, o Carte's Hiat. vol, 1. p. 421. ' CHAP. III. THE HISTORY OF LANCASIIIRE. 37 be held throvighout all ages as a redeeming feature in his life, and will serve to transmit his memory with veneration to posterity. " After the synod," says the Saxon Chronicle, " the king held a large meeting, and very deep consultation with the council, about this land ; how it was occupied, and by what sort of men. Then sent he his men over all England into each shire, commissioning them to find out — ' How many hundreds of hides were in the shire, what lands the king himself had, and what stock upon the land ; or what dues he ought to have by the year from the shire.' Also he commissioned them to record in writing, " How much land his archbishops had, and his diocesan bishops, and his abbots, and his earls ; what or how much each man had, who was an occupier of land in England, either in land or stock, and how much money it was worth.' So very narrowly, indeed, did he commission them to trace it out, that there was not one single hide, nor a yard of land ; nay, moreover (it is shameful to tell, though he thought it no shame to do it), not even an ox, nor a cow, nor a swine, was there left, that was not set down in his writ. And all the recorded particulars were afterwards brought to himv" That nothing might be wanted to render this record complete, and its authority perpetual, the survey was executed by Norman commissioners, called "the king's justiciaries," consisting of nobles and bishops, acting under royal appointment, and associated, probably, with some ot the principal men of each shire. The inquisitors, upon the oaths of the sheriffs, the lord of each manor, the presbyters of every church, the reeves of every hundred, the bailiffs and six villeins of every village, were to inquire into the name of the place, who held it in the time of King Edward, who was the present possessor, how many hides in the manor, how many carucates in demesne, how many homagers, how many villeins, how many cotarii, how many servi, what free-men, how many tenants in socage ; what quantity of wood, how much meadow and pastvire, what mills and fish-ponds ; how much added or taken away, what the gross value in King Edward's time, and how much each free- man or soc-man had or has. All this was to be triply estimated : first, as the estate was held in the time of the Confessor ; then, as it was bestowed by King William ; and thirdly, as its value stood at the formation of the survey. The jurors were, moreover, to state whether any advance could be made in the value. The book contains, besides these details of property and tenure, many curious reports of the ancient rights and privileges of the people, and especially of the towns. The " Laws of King Edward," for which our Saxon ancestors so often and so stoutly contended in the earlier years of the Norman conquest, are nowhere to be found so clearly set forth as in this work of the very man who, not perhaps without reason, was generally accused and suspected of an intention to violate them. The exact time occupied in taking the whole survey of the kingdom is differently stated by historians; but the probability is, that it was commenced a.d. 1080; and it is evident, from the date inserted at the end of the second volume, that it was completed in 1086. It is remarkable that in this survey the name of Lancashire does not occur ; but that part of it which lies between the Kibble and the Mersey is surveyed under Cheshire, while the northern part of the county, includino- Amounderness and the hundred of Lonsdale, north and south of the Sands, is com- prehended under Yorkshire. The devastation made by the Conqueror in the three most northern counties of England rendered it impossible to take an exact survey of that district; and the return in Amounderness, that "sixteen of the villages in this hundred have few inhabitants (how many is not known), and the rest are waste," sufficiently indicates that the hand of the spoiler had lain heavy upon that hundred. By the Domesday return the king acquired an exact knowledge of all the possessions of the crown. It furnished him with the means of ascertammg the strength of the country pointed out the possibility of increasing the revenue in certain districts, and formed a perpetual register of appeal for those whose titles to their estates might in future be disputed. This purpose °it has served ever since its completion; and even now, at the end of eight hundred years such is the credit of this document, that if a question arises whether a manor, parish or land's be ancient demesne, the issue must be tried by this book, whence there is no appeal The two volumes which contain the survey are now, by common consent, called Domesday Book from Dome (cenus) and Boc (book). It has, however, borne other designations and has been known as Rotulus Wintonice, Scriptura Thesauri Regis, Uher de Wtntoma, and Liber Regis. Sir Henry Spelman adds. Liber Jucliciarius, Censualis Anghce, Anglice NotiUa et Lustratio, and Rotula Regis} ... j'i.- „ n<-tor„.if •uToa TO^ H P hc wliaf; has nublished in a separate vol. at a moderate price. We give the translation, . In the original edition an =;tt™Pt ™ "^merous peeuliariv arcade from a careful examination of the fac-simile by William been called "Domesday type t»^repre9ont the "'J,'"^^^"^ P^^^'-fJ^J Bcamont, Esq., of Orford Hall, Warrington, in his "Literal Extension abbreviated Latin worfs in his a^^^^^^^ -e ^e'^beautifuVftc'' and"ran'slat?oA of Domesday Book-Cheshire and Lancashire, etc."-and staile o? the Z^nl, Skeii by phn^to-.in'co„^aphy under the direction of by his permission. S -Col Sir Henri- James, of the ordnance Survey, which has been 38 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap, m, BETWEEN EIBBLE AND MEKSEY. [South Lancashire.] ROGEB DE POICTOU HELD THE UNDERMENTIONED LAND BETWEEN KIBBLE AND MERSEY. In [West] Derby Hundred. Surveyed under the head of Cestre-Scire (Cheshire). King Edward [the Confessor] had there one manor named Berbei, with six Berewicks} There are four hides.^ The land is fifteen carucates.^ There is a forest two leagues'* long and one broad ; and an aery of hawks. Vctred held six manors, Habil (Rout), Chelnulveslei (Knowslby), Cherchehi (Kirkbt), Crosebi (Crosby), Magde (Maghull), and j^c/teteK (AuBHTON I.) There are two hides [of land]. The woods are two leagues long and the same broad, and there are two aeries of hawks. Dot held Hitune (Huyton) and Torboc (Taebock). There is one hide quit of every custom duties but the gelt [danegeld*]. The land is four carucates. It was worth twenty shillings. Bernulf held Slochestede (Toxteth I.) One virgate" and half a carucate of land there paid four shillings. Stainulf held Stochestede (Toxteth II.) There one virgate and half a oaruoate of land were worth four shillings. Five Thanes held Sextone (Sefton). There was one hide there worth sixteen shillings. Uetred held Chirchedele (Kirkdale). There is half a hide quit of every custom but the gelt It was worth ten shillings Winestan held Waletone (W.alton-on-the-Hill). There were two carucates and three bovates [or oxgangs] of land worth eight shillings. Elmces held Liderlant (Lithbrland). There was half a hide. It was worth eight shillings. Three Thanes held Hinne (Inoe Blundell) for three manors. There was half a hide. It was worth eight shillings. Aseha held Tm'entun (Thornton). There was half a hide. It was worth eight shillings. Three Thanes held Mele (Meols) for three manors. There is half a hide. It was worth eight shillings Uetred held Ulventune (Little Woolton). There are two carucates of land, and half a league of wood. It was worth sixty- four pence. Edelmund held Esmedune (Smithdown, now Liverpool). There is one carucate of land. It was worth thirty-two pence. Three Thanes held Alretune (Allkrton) for three manors. There is half a hide. It wa.i worth eight shillings. Uetred held Spec (Speke). There are two carucates of land. It was worth sixty-four pence. Four Radmans [Knight Riders] held Cildeioelle (Childwall) for four manors. There is half a hide. It is worth eight shilliugs. There was a priest there having half a carucate of land in frank-almoin [free-alms]. Ulbert held Wibaldeslei (Windle, Windleshaw, Whiston, Bold, Paebold, and Prescot). There are two carucates of land. It was worth sixty-four pence. Two Thanes held Uvetone (Much Woolton) for two manors. There is one carucate of land. It was worth thirty pence. Leving held Wavertreu (Waverteee). There are two carucates of land. It was worth sixty-four pence. Four Thanes held Boltelai (Bootle) for four manors. There are two carucates of land. It was worth sixty-four pence. A priest had one carucate of land to the church at Waletone (Walton-on-the-Hill). Uetred held Achetun (Aughton II.). There is one carucate of land. It was worth thirty-two pence. Three Thanes held Fornebei (Formby) for three manors. There are four carucates of land. It was worth ten shillings. Three Thanes held Elnulvesdd (Ainsdale). There are two carucates of land. It was worth sixty-four pence. Steinulf held Holland (Down Holland). There are two carucates of land. It was worth sixty-four pence. Ictred held Daltonc (Dalton). There is one carucate of land. It was worth thirty-two pence. The same Uclred [held] Schelmercsdele (Skblmeesdale). There is one carucate of land. It was worth thirty-two pence. The same Uetred [held] Literland (Litherland II.) There is one carucate of land. It was worth thirty-two pence. _ Wibert held Erengermeles (Raven's Meols). There are two carucates of land. It was worth eight shillings. This land wis quit [of every tax] except the gelt. Five Thanes held Utcgrimele (Orrell in Sefton). There is half a hide. It was worth ten shillings. Uetred held Latune (Lathom) with one berewick. There is half a hide [of land]. There is a wood one league long and half a league broad. It was worth ten shillings and eightpence. Uetred hem Mirletun (Huelbston, in Soarisbrick) and half of Merretun (Martin). There is half a hide. It was worth ten shilhngs and eightpence. GodeveheldMelinge (Melling). There are two carucates of land ; [and] a wood one league long and half a league broad. It was worth ten shillings. ' l j do & Uetrecl held Leiate (Lydiate). There are six bovates of land ; [and] a wood one league long and two furlongs broad. It was worth sixty-iour pence. ^ l j -o & t, u^'flZu Y'^ I^A ^°^^*f 11'''"^ f""" *"° '^^""'■^ i° -^^'''"™^ (Down Holland II.). It was worth two shniings. t^c«r.dheldXc«r(ALTOAR). There is half a carucate of land. It was waste. rZl^tfunT? ?m°'' '° Down Holland). There is one carucate of land. It was worth thirty-two pence. Chtelhfd ffdeshaleCSALSALL). There are two carucates of land. It was worth eight shillings. All this land IS rateab e to the gelt ; and fifteen manors rendered nothing to King Edward but the gelt, and twn'sHlW. Th'^/e nf ff" vT''^' T^ '^' "^""'^^"''^ ^'^''^' '"''^'''^'^ *» ^'"^ ^'^^"^'''^ ^ farm a rent of twenty-six pounds reredTour Jourds and7o7rLrslmS and '^t^^. ^''"' "^'^^^ ^^"'^'^^^ "^ '^^ ^^^^^^ ^'^^ '^^''^ '^^"^' ^^ ^^^ ^'^^^ "^ 1 The terozcicfc was a small manor beloncrinff to .a aro-or n i*. t^ u .. .... , - . ... ■^ The hide was an uncertain and variable auantitv nf lan^ „« ti ?} °\ ^?-'^''-S°i^ T'as a tax ongmatmg out of the practice of buying = The earucate, carve, or plough-Ian ™was 1 ke t&de innn.Prt.in til's D^in^h mvaders by the payment of arge sums of money. The and variable quantity of laud to the la^tUne but three of the ™v ;T°"l'-,r ™f ^"^ originally one Saxon shUlmg (.afterwards increased to of Uerby Hundred, are the words, "In every hid7th6rearp,ivn,.,?„?^ two shiUings) upon every hide of land in the kingdom. The tax was of Und." This probably applies to all South Laneashirewfhinw^*! '^* ^'T'S.l'"^ ='*"'"* *'?'> T"'" 9»1'/""1 ^^^ Payment continued until the the carucate was the sixth part of a hide whktsoever q?aa^^^^^ 3" ° ^f'^^"* t^" Confessor, when, in consequence of the great dis- implies >-uoi..iui.vi,r quantity the latter content of the nation, it was remitted ; but in course of time or in the - The leuva, here translated league, has often been rendered mile It ofThe^ZnarH^^Jlr " "'""' '" ''"' "'"" ''™""* '° "'" P"™"' P"''P°'"'' 7:ilfto7^^ltlZZtS',TZi:i^Tr^X^^^^^^ „, .The;i..pte;'oryard-land,wastwobovateaoroxgangs,orone-fourth about a mUe Ld a half of our present measure.-\V. bISoot. ^ ' '"' ' " ' """" " ™ quantity. CHAP. III. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 39 All these thanesi were accuBtomed to render two ores^ of pennies for each earucate of land ; and by custom they, like the yiUenis made the kmg s (manor) houses and what belonged to them ; and (constructed) the fisheries, aud the hays" and stands^ in the wood And whoever came not to these when he ought, was fined two shillings, and afterwards came and worked until the work was finished. Each of them sent his mowers one day in August to cut the king's corn. If he failed [herein] he was fined two shillings. If any freeman committed theft, or forestel,"! or broke the king's peace, he was fined forty shillings If any one shed blood, committed rape, or absented himself from the shiremote without reasonable excuse, he was fined ten shillings. If he absented himself from the hundred court, or came not when there was a plea, and when he was summoned bv the reeve, he made amends by five shillings. If [the reeve] commanded anyone to go on a service [to which he was bound], and he did not go, he was fined four shillings. If any one desired to withdraw from the king's land, he paid forty shillings, and had liberty to go where he would. If any one desired to take up the land of his deceased father, he paid for it forty shillings as a relief If he was not willing to pay this, the king took both the land and all the father's cattle. Vctred held Crosebi (Crosby) and Chircheddc (ICirkdale) for one hide, aud was free of all customs but these six : breach of the peace, forestel, heinfare, continuing a fight after oath given [to the contrary], not paying a debt until after judgment given, and not keepmg a time. appointed him by the sheriff. The fine for these was forty shillings. They paid the king's gelt however like the rest of the country. In OtringemeU (Orrell in Sefton) and Herlcsliala (Halsall) and Hirelim (Taeleton\ there were three hides free from the gelt of the carucates of land, and from forfeitures for blood or rape ; but they rendered all otiier customs. Of this manor of Derhei (West Derby) the following men hold land by the s;ift of Roger of Poictou .-—Goisfrid two hides and half a earucate, Hoger one hide and a halt, William one hide and a half, Warm half a hide, Goisfrid one hide, I'etiald one hide and a half, Ilobert two carucates of land, [and] Gilehert one earucate of land. These have four carucates in their demesne, and [there are] forty-six villeins,8 and one radman,' and sixty-two bordars,^ and two serfs," and three maid-servants. They have among them twenty-four carucates. The wood is three leagues and a half long, and one league and a half and forty perches broad ; and there are three aeries of hawks. The whole is worth eight pounds and twelve shillings. In every hide there are six carucates of land. But the demesne of this manor, which Roger held, is worth eight pounds. In this demesne there are now three carucates and six neatherds, and one radman, and seven villeins. In Newton Hundred. In Nciveton (Newtok), in the time of King Edn-ard [the Confessor], there were five hides. Of these one was in the demesne. The church of the same manor had one earucate of land ; and Saint Oswald of the same vill had two carucates of land free of every- thing. The other land of this manor, fifteen men called JDrenghes^" held for fifteen manors, which were berewicks" of this manor ; and among them all these men rendered thirty shillings. There is wood there ten leagues long and six leagues and two furlongs broad, and there are aeries of hawks. All the freemen of this hundred, except two, had the same custom as the men of Derleishire [West Derby Hundred], but in August they mowed two days more than they on the king's tillage lands. The two [excepted men] had five carucates of land, and had the forfeitures for bloodshed, rape, and pannage [in the woods] for their men. The rest were the king's. This whole manor [of Netceton'] rendered to the king a farm of ten pounds ten shillings. Now there are six drenghes and twelve villeins, and four bordars, who have nine carucates amongst them. The demesne is worth four pounds. In "Warrington Hundred. Kivg Edward held TValintune (Warrington) with three berewicks; there is one hide. To the same manor there belonged thirty-four drenghes, who had that number of manors ; in which there were forty-two carucates of land, and one hide and a half. Saint Elfin held one earucate of land, free of all custom except the gelt. The whole manor with the hundred rendered to the king a farm rent of fifteen pounds less two shillings. There are now two carucates in the demesne, and eight men with one earucate. These men hold land there : Roger one earucate of land, Tethald one earucate and a half, Warin one earucate, Radulf five carucates, William two hides and four carucates of land, Adelard one hide and half a earucate, [and] Osmund one earucate of land. The whole is worth four pounds and ten shillings. The demesne is worth three pounds and ten shillings. In Blackburn Hundred. King Edward held Blachebume (Blackburn). There are two hides and two carucates of land. Of this land the church had two carucates ; and the church of St. Mary in Wlialky two carucates of land, [both of them] free of all customs. In the same manor there is a wood one league long and the same broad, and there was an aery of hawks. To this manor or hundred were attached twenty-eight freemen, holding five hides aud a half and forty carucates of land for twenty-eight manors. There is a wood there six leagues long and four broad, and [the manors] were all subject to the above customs. In the same hundred King Edward had Hunnicot (HuNCOTE, near Dunkenhalgh), two carucates of land, and Waletune (Waltos- le-Dale) two carucates, and Peniltune (Pendleton) half a hide. The whole manor, with the hundred, yielded the king a farm-rent of thirty-two pounds and two shillings. Roger de Poictou gave all this land to Roger de Busli and Albert Greslet, and there are so many men who have eleven carucates and a half ; to whom they have granted freedom [from all customs] for three years, wherefore it is not now valued. ' Thanes were the nobility and gentry. ' Radman : a feudal vassal, attendant on the lord as his guard ; the = The ora was not a coin, but money of computation, each ora being moro modem name being retainer. -C. ^^ , , , ^ worth twenty pence.-W. B. " Bordars were a class of small, unfree cottego tenants, bound to •T Hays • railed or hedged enclosures in the forest. -C. supply the lord with poultry and eggs, and other smaU provisions for his * Stahilllurie were the stands, stalls, or stations in the forest, where board or entertainment.— 0. the deer might be aimed at and taken with less difficulty.— "W. B. » Bondmen.— C. . , , , , . , ^ », r » Forestd fto steal before another) was the assaulting or obstructing •" Drenghes held their lands (manors or bcrcwicks) by f ree-socage, or, of any person on the king's highway. Heinfan (qM. hind-departing) was in Anglo-Norman, " frank-ferme ; " the services of which were not only a forfeiture for flicht for murder, for killing the lord's servant or hUid, or certain but honourable. According to Spelman they were such as at the for enticinir or inveigUng him away. coming of the Conqueror, being put out of their estates, were afterwards » Villeins or vilUi.ni so named from villa, a country farm, whereat restored thereunto, on their making it appear they were owners thereof, thev were dependent to' do service. They were unfree, registered as of and neither in ttuxido or coii«;(io ag-.unst him -C. , ,-u the soil and bound to till the lord's lands, holding by the base tenure " Bcrcwicks were villages or hamlets belonging to a manor, of which called v'illenage.-C. mesne manors were made.- C. 4,0 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. hi. In Salfokd Hundred. King Edward held alford. There are three hides and twelve carucates of [barren or] waste laud. There is a forest three leagues long and the same broad. There are many hays and an aery of hawks there. King Edward held Radedive (BADCLirPE) for a manor. There is one hide, and another hide there belongs to Salford. The church of St. Mary and the church of St. Michael held in Mamecesire (Manchester) one carucate of land, free from all customs but the gelt. To this manor or hundred belonged twenty-one berewicks, which so many thanes held for so many manors, in which there were eleven hides and a half and ten carucates and a half of land. The woods there are nine leagues and a half long and five leagues and a furlong broad. One of these thanes, Gamd, holding two hides of land in Secedham (Rochdale), was free of all customs but these six, viz, theft, heinfare, forestel, breach of the peace, not keeping the term set him by the reeve, and continuing a fight after an oath given to the contrary. The fine for these was forty shillings. Some of these lands were free from every custom except gelt, and some were free even from the gelt. The whole manor of Salford with the hundred rendered thirty-seven pounds and four shillings. Of this manor there are now in the demesne two carucates and [there are] eight serfs and two villeins with one carucate. The demesne is worth one hundred sliilhngs. Of the land of this manor these knights hold, by the gift of 2iogcr de Poictou : [i.e.] Nigel three hides and half a carucate of land, Warin two carucates of land, another Warin one carucate and a half, Goinfrid one carucate, and Gamd two carucates of land. In these [lands] there are three thanes and thirteen villeins, and nine bordars, and one priest, and ten serfs : they have twenty-two carucates amongst them. The whole is worth seven pounds. In Leyland Hundbed. King Ed^oard held Lailand (Letlakd). There is one hide and two carucates of land. There is a wood two leagues long and one broad, an aery of hawks. To this manor there belonged twelve carucates of land, which twelve freemen held as so many manors. In these there were six hides and eight carucates of land. The woods there are six leagues long and three leagues and a furlong broad. The men of this manor and of Salford were not bound by the custom to work at the king's hall, or to reap for him in August. They only made one hay in the wood ; and they had the forfeiture for bloodshed and rape. In the other customs of the other manors aljove [mentioned] they bore their part. The whole manor of Leyland, with the hundred, rendered to the king a farm-rent of nineteen pounds and eighteen shillings and twopence. Of the land of this manor Hirard holds one side and a halt, Robert holds three carucates, Radulph two carucates of land, Roger two carucates of land, [and] Walter one carucate of land. There are four radmans, a priest, and fourteen villeins, and six bordars and two neatherds there. They have eight carucates among them. There is a wood three leagues long and two leagues broad, and there are four aeries of hawks there. The whole is worth fifty shillings. It is in part waste. King Edward held Peneverdant (Penwoetham). There are two carucates of land, and it rendered tenpence. There is now a castle there. In the demesne there are two carucates, and six burgesses, and three radmans, and eight villeins, and four neatherds. They have four carucates among them all. There is half a fishery. There are a wood and aeries of hawks, as in the time of King Edward. It is worth three pounds. In these six hundreds, of Derby, Neioton, Warrington, Blachhurn, Salford, and Leyland, there are one hundred and ciighty- eight manors. In which there are eighty hides, less one, rateable to the gelt. In the time of King Edward the whole was worth one hundred and forty-five pounds and two shillings and twopence. When JRager of Poictou received it from the king ib was worth one hundred and twenty pounds. The king now holds it, and has in his demesne twelve carucates, and [there are] nine knights holding a fee. Amongst them and their men there are one hundred and fifteen carucates and three oxen. The demesne which Roger held is valued at twenty-three pounds and ten shillmgs. Whit he bestowed on his knights, at twenty pounds and eleven shillings. [North Lancashire.] Surveyed under the head of Earuicscire (Yorlcsldre). Amodnderness. In Prestune (Peeston) Earl Tosti^ had six carucates rateable to the gelt, and to it these lands belong : — ^sto« (Ashton-on-Ribblb) two carucates ; Zca (Lea) one carucate ; Salcioic (Salwiok) one carucate; Cliftun (Clifton) two carucates ; Neutune (Newton with Scales) two carucates ; Frechdtun (Feeoklbton) four carucates ; Rigbi (Ribby with Weay) six carucates. Ckicheham, (Kirkham) four carucates ; Treueles (two carucates) ; Westbi (Westby) two carucates ; Pluntun (Little Plumpton) two carucates ; Widetun (Wbeton) three carucates ; Pres (Preese), two carucates ; Wartun (Warton), four carucates. ^ lAdun (Lytham) two carucates ; Mcretun (Maeton in Poulton) six carucates ; Latun (Layton with Waebeeck) six carucates ; Staininghe (Staining) six carucates ; Oarlentun (Caeletok) four carucates ; Biscopkam (Bispham) eight carucates. Rushale (Rossall), two carucates ; Britne (Beininq) two carucates ; Torenton (Thornton) six carucates ; Poltun (Poulton in the Fylde) two carucates; Singletun (Singleton) six carucates ; (9rme/io?/(GEF.ENHALGH) three carucates. Eglestun (Ecoleston) four carucates ; another Eglestun (Eccleston, Great and Little) two carucates ; Edeleswic (Elswiok) three carucates ; Inscip (In.skip) two carucates ; SorU (Soweeby) one carucate ; Aschebi (Nateby) one carucate. Michdesecherchc (St. Michle-lb-Wyeb) one carucate ; Catrehale (Catteeall) two carucates ; Clactune (Clauqhton) two carucates ; Neuhuse (Newhouse or Newsham) one carucate ; Pluntun (Great Plumpton) five carucates. Rrocton (Beoughton) one carucate ; Witinghe/mm {WmtiiNaUAM) two carucates ; Bartim (Baeton in Peeston) three carucates ; Gusansarghe (Goosnargh) one carucate ; Ilalctun (Haighton) one carucate. Trelefelt (Theelpall in the Fylde) one carucate ; l-fatrim (Wheatley) one carucate ; Ohipinden (Chippinq)^ three carucates; Actun (Alston) one carucate ; Fiscidc (Fishwick) one carucate ; Grimesarge (Geimsaegh) two carucates. Ribelcastre (Ribchestee)' two carucates ; Bilevurde (Billsboeough) two [or three] carucates ; Suenesat (Swainset) one caru- cate ; Fortune (Foeton) one carucate ; Crimdes (Crimbles) one carucate ; Ohcrestanc (Oaestang) six carucates • Rodediff (Rawcliffb) two carucates; another Rodeclif {UAMaLiFFE) two [or three] carucates ; a third iJo&ciif (Upper, Middle, and Out) three carucates ; ffameltune (Hambleton) two carucates. 1 Tosti or Tostig was second son of Earl God wine and brother of Harold tlio Confoasor, and succoodcd Siward In the Earldom of Northumberland the livst of tho Saxon kings ; he was chief minister of state to Edward He was slain at tlio battle of Stamford Bridge, Septombor ioih 10613.— C ■■^ Chippinsj and llibcheater are now in JJliiokbum Hundred.— C. CHAP. III. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 41 Stalmine (Stalmink) four caruoates ; Preasovcde (Pkeesall) six carucafces ; Midehope (Mythobp or Mythop) one carucate. All these vills belong to Prestune (Pkeston) ; and there are three churches. In sixteen of these vilh there are but few inhabitants ; but how many there are is not known. The rest are waste. ' Soger de Poictoii had [the whole]. [In Lonsdale Valk.] In Ualtun (Halton) Manor Earl Tosii had six carucatea of land rateable to the gelt. In Aldedif (Aldolii'I-') two caruoates; Tiernun (TaonNHAM) two carucates ; HlUun (Hillham) one carucate; Loncaatn (Lancaster) sis carucates ; Cherccdoncastre (Church Lancaster) two carucates. Jlotun (Hutton) two carucates ; Keatun (Newton) two caruoates ; Ourctun (Overton) four carucates ; Middeltun (Middleton) four carucates ; Bietune (Heaton) four carucates ; Ilessam (Heysham) four carucates. Oxencclif (Oxcliff) two caruoates ; PoUune (Podlton-le-Sands) two carucatea ; Toredholme (Torbisholmf) two carucates ; Schertune (Skerton) six carucates ; Bare (Babe) two carucates ; SUne (Slynb) six carucates. Bodiltnne (Bolton) four carucates ; Chellet (Kellet) six carucates ; Stopdtierne (Stapleton-terne) two carucates ; Ncuhuse (Newscme) two carucatea ; Chrenefurde (C.vrnforth) two carucates. All these vills belong to Haltune (Halton). In Witetune (Whittinqton) Manor Earl Tosti had six carucates of land r. teable to the gelt. In Neutune (Newton) two carucates ; Ergune (Akkholsie) six carucatea ; Ghirsinctune (Gressingham) two carucates ; Ilotun (Hotton) three carucates ; Canteafdt (Cantsfield) three carucates. Irehi (Ibeby) three carucates; Borch (Bdrbow)^ three carucates; Lech (Leok) thiee caruoates [all in Lancashire]. Borctune (Bdbtos-in-Lonsdale) four carucates; Bennulfeswic (Barnoldswick) one carucate; Inglestune (Ingleton) [in Yorkshire] six carucates. Custretune (Casterton) [in Westmorland] three carucates ; Birehrune (Babbon) [Westmorland] three carucates ; Sedberge (Sedbergh, in Yorkshire) three caruoates ; Tiernebi (Tiernside, in Westmorland) six carucates. All these vills belong to Witetune (Whittingtoh). Twelve Manors.^Iu Ovstevvic and Heldetune (Austwick, in Yorkshir.', and Killington, in Westmorland) [there are twelve manors — viz.], Clapeham (Clapham, in Yorkshire), Middletun (Middleton, Westmorland), Manzserge (Manseegh, Westmorland), Cherchehi (Kirkby-Lonsdale), Liipetun (Lupton, Weatmorland), Preslun (Preston Patrick, Westmorland), Holme (Holme, Westmorland), Bortun (Burton, Westmorland), Hotune (HuTTON Roof, Westmorland). Wartun (Wabton), Clactun (Claughton), Catun (Caton). These Torjin held for twelve manors. In these there are forty-three carucates rateable to the gelt. Four Manors. — In Benetain (Bentham, Yorkshire) [there are four manors — viz.] WhUnctune (Wennington), Tathatm (Tatham), Parleton (Farlton), Tunestalle (Tunstall). Chetel had [these for] four manors, and there are in them eighteen carucates rateable to the gelt, and three churches. In llougun Manor (Hawcoat in Dalton, Furness and Furuess Fells) Earl Tosti had four carucates of land rateable to the gelt. In Chilrcstrevic (Killerwick) three carucates ; Sourebi (Si werby) three carucates ; Hielun (Heaton) four carucates ; Daltuiie (D.vlton) two carucates ; Warte (Swaeth) two carucates ; Neutun (Newton) six carucates. Walletun (Walton) six carucates ; Suntun (Santon) two carucates ; Fordebodele two carucates ; Hosse (Roose) six carucates ; Hert (Hebt) two carucates ; Lies (Leece) six carucates ; another Lies (Leece) two carucates.' Glassertun (Gleaston) two carucates; Steintun (Stainton) two carucates ; VUverton (Cliverton)'' four carucates ; Ouregrhe (Obgrave, now called Titeup) three carucates ; Meretun (Marton, alias Martin) four carucates ; Pentiigetan (Pennington) two carucates ; Gerleuuorde (Kirkby-Ireleth) two carucates ; Borch (Borrow) six carucates ; Btrrelsclge (Bardsey) four carucates ; Wiiinfjham (Wittinghaji) four carucates ; Budele (Bootle, in Cumberland) four carucates. Santacherche (Kirk-Santon) one carucate ; Sougenai (Walney) six carucates. All these vills belong to Ilnugun (Furness). Nine Manors. In SlircaZand (Strickland) [there are nine manors — viz.] Mimet (Miket), Cherckebi (Kirkby-Kendal), Ildsingetune (Helsington), Steintun (Stainton), Boddfurde (Bodelford), Jlotun (Old Button), Bortun (Burton-i.^)-Kendal, Westmorland), Daltun (Dalion-in-Kendal, Lancashire), Patun (Patton-in-Kendal, Westmorland). GUemichel had these. In them are twenty carucatea of land rateable to the gelt. Manor. In Cherchebi (Kirkby-Kendal) [Manor] Duvan has six carucates so rateable. Manor'. — In Aldinghame (Aldingham in Furness) [Manor] Ernulf'hd.A six carucates so rateable. Manor. — In Ulurestun (Ulverston) Turulf has six carucates so rateable. In Bodeltun (Bolton with Ueswick) there are six carucates ; in Dene (Dean) one carucate. The King's Land in Craven, West Riding, Yorkshire. In Mellinge (Melling), Hornebi (Hornby), and Wenningelun (Wenington) [Manor], f//had nine carucates rateable to the gelt. In Berewicc (Borwiok), Orme had one carucate and a half so rateable. The Land of Roger op Poictou. In the two Manors of Lanesdale and Cocrekam (Lonsadle and Cockerham) Ulf and Machel had two carucates rateable to the gelt. In the three' Manors of Estun (Ashton), Ellhale (Ellel), and Scozforde (Sootforth) Cliber, Machern, and Ghilemichd, had tix carucates liable to the gelt ; [j.e., in Mstun two carucates] in Ellhale (Ellel) two carucates ; in Scozforde (Scotforth) two caruoates. In Bicdun Manor (Bbetham, Westmorland), Earl Tosti had six carucates rateable to the gelt ; Roger of Poictou. now has them, and Emuin, a priest under him. In Jalant (Yealand Conyers) four carucates ; in Fardlun (Fableton) four carucates ; in PmiMrt (Preston Richard, Westmorland) three carucates. „,.,■,>. . ■ r 7 • /ti In 5cremcc( Borwick) two carucates; in //en»ecas(re (Hinoaster, Westmorland) two carucates ; m Eureshaim (HEVEBSHai, Westmorland) two carucates ; in Lifuenes (Levens, W estmorland) two carucates. ° 1 Tl,. Mlnwini/ townshics aiuJ hamlets are not mentioned in the ' Under the heads " Yorkshire, the Land of Gospatrio West Riding," 1, L,,\;(- rn^Tph Hnd in this part lay waste, viz., Barimm wiih and "The King's Land m Yorkshire," Mr. Beamont has nitroduced the above aco"""" m^,,n„,, Rrockhola KMamcnih, Cabus Ctevety, Puliwood, following two entries, which are not found in this part of the Domesday IT!,%T nt'd^rl^Uh Sewto° HoHM^Iloltnall, Kirktar^, Warbr.,k, Survey, as photo-zineographed, but whieh undoubtedly relate to Ulvor- ThMleton 'J' f™™X "JSm PiMnO, MMlJon, Wray, Wyeridale, stone, the capital of Furness, in Lancashire: "In t^fi-atone [Ulverston] 1,^01 a;ul Coitom Xi ^f Xr «», V««, B^^'tdl with aUsJorth, and manor, Gospatrio had six carucates of land rateable to the gelt The land Larbrick, Esprech, f°»""^J' *!''';" p' ' is three carucates. There are bow there four villeins, but they do not other places, all in Arnoundemess. v. plough. The vUl is a league long, and half as broad. In King Edward's I ^^ 1 Jl''^'fr' H.vf iTid one or two of the Leeces, were all on the time it was worth twenty shillings, now ten shillings." " In Ulvestime I ^"nf^iMVohwe bin washed away by the sea.- W. Beamo,il. [Ulvebstone] manor, Oospatric held six carucates rateable to the gelt, ™''*' Sfverton, th°ch stooSon the banks at the lower end of Cartmel, The land is two carucates." has been washed away by the sea. 42 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. hi. Of the different ranks of men mentioned in the Domesday Survey, it may be stated briefly that the barons were of two classes — the greater, or king's barons, who held directly of the crown; and the smaller barons, or those of the county who held under the earl. Thane was the Saxon equivalent for the Norman baron. At the period of Domesday Survey thanes were, however, of three classes : (1) the king's thanes, holding directly from the crown ; (2) those holding under nobles, lords of mesne manors, or vavasors; and (3) franklins, freeholders, or yeomen, called thanes, from their lands being hereditary and their tenure free. Again, there were two classes of thanes — the ecclesiastic, called in Saxon mass-thanes, and the temporal or secular thanes. Both of these were again divided into two classes ; the greater thanes were next in rank to earls, being the king's thanes, and called Barones Regis. The inferior the Saxons called the less thanes, with- out any addition, as the smaller barons, such as lords of manors, the less valvasores, or vavasors, and freeholders. After the invasion of the Normans, many military men of that rank and appella- tion, endowed with the title of knight, were called by the name of thanes, and afterwards of milites or equites — knights. Freemen were all holders of land by free, as distinguished from servile, tenure. Radmans, or road-men, were probably riders or horsemen, not always free ; drenghes were a sort of allodial tenants, between the freemen and the villeins, rendering services to the lord, but personally exempt from the performance of them, which was done by the villeins holding under them. Bordars held their small portion of land by the service of supplying the lord's board or table with poultry, eggs, and other small articles of food. The neatherds (hovarii) or hinds tended the cattle, etc., and were less servile than the. villeins, whose tenure and service were servile, and who Avere either regardant, or attached to the land, or in gross — i.e. attached to the person of their lord, who was able to sell or dispose of them at his pleasure. The serfs (serui) were bond men and women employed only in and about their lord's house. The villeins appear to have corresponded to the Saxon ceorls, as the serfs did to the Saxon theows or slaves. The great baronial proprietors, both Saxon and Norman, of the " Honor of Lancaster " were amongst the most unfortunate of their order. The Earls Morcar and Tostig had suffered the fate so common to men in exalted stations in those turbulent times ; and Roger de Poictou, the third son of Roger de Montgomery, though endowed with three hundred and ninety-eight manors, as the reward of the services rendered by his family to the Conqueror, was doomed to surrender them all as the price of his rebellion. The proprietors, at the time of taking the survey, had greatly increased in number, and the manners and customs of the people, as developed in the survey of the six hundreds between the Mersey and the Ribble, form the most valuable feature of this ancient record.^ The tenure by which the thanes held the land in the hundred of Derby was— two ores of pennies for a carucate : this must have been most indulgent as far as the rent was concerned, but the obligation to build the king's houses, to attend his fisheries, to repair his fences, and to reap his harvest, would add not a little to the pressure upon the thanes. Such was the inequality of the laws in these times that in some districts— Orrel, Halsall, and Everton, for instance— the occupiers were exempt not only from the principal tax (dane-geld), but they were exonerated from the punishment justly due to some crimes of the greatest enormity ; while, in other places, the offence of rape, and of the tenant absenting himself from the shire-mote or hundred court, were to be punished with the same severity— viz., a fine of ten shillings ' It appears also that there were m these six hundreds one hundred and eighty-eight manors, and that their annual value, when Roger de Poictou received them from the king, was scarcely equal to that of a small estate m our times. The contrast between the nature of landed possessions in this district, m the time when the dane-geld tax was enforced in 1086, and the time when the property-tax existed in 1814, is the most striking; in the former all the lands between Mersey and Ribble were valued at f 120-in the latter at £2,569,761. Allowing for the difference in the value of money at the two periods, the statement will stand thus : — Annual value in 1086, £120x110 = £13,200 In 1814 2,569,761 Increased value ... £2,556,561 The Saxon titles consisted of Etheling, Heretog, Ealderman, and Thane, but they all merged at tlie Conquest into the more general and comprehensive title of Norman Baron. At the head of the Capttanei Regm, or chiefs of the realm, in the earlier of these periods, stood the Ethelings. These following SfcafpTop^Jc^t-'"''''-^'' '""' '""'"'"y ^'™" '" *^'" '™<^'' -^l " '« celebrated aa a place o£ security in troublesome times, in the " When all England is alofto, Safe are they that are in Cliristis Crofte ; And where should Christis Crofte bo But between Bibble and Mersey." CHAP. m. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 43 were noble persons of the first rank, as princes sprung from the blood royal, and were endowed accordingly with great fees and offices in the kingdom. Of this description was Edgar Etheling, but the Conquest deprived him of his inheritance. Amongst the Saxons were certain magistrates called aldermen. These were princes and governors of provinces, earls, presidents, senators, tribunes, and the like. They were of different ranks, as Aldermannus totius Anglice (the alderman of all England), in later times imagined to be capitalis Anglice Justiciarus (chief justice of England) ; Aldermannus Regis (king's alderman), so called because he was constituted by the king, or that he exercised regal authority in the province committed to his charge ; Aldermannus Comitatds (of a county), sometimes taken pro Schyreman et ipso Comite (for the shireman and the comes or earl hiniselt)._ The office of alderman was to inspect the county's arms, and to raise forces within his jurisdiction ; to repress the refractory, and to promote public justice. The bishops were nobles inferior in rank to earls. By the laws of Alfred and iEthelstan, the lives of the dignitaries, both in the church and state, were valued, and the rate at which their heads were estimated serves to show their relative dignity. The head of the archbishop, the earl, or satrap, was valued at 15,000 thrymses ; the bishop and alderman, at 8,000 ; the Belli Imperator et summus prcepositus (the commander and chief officer ol war), or vice-comes (sheriff), at 4,000 thrymses. From which it appears that the alderman held the middle station between the earl and the sheriff. After the Conquest, the alderman's office grew out of use, and was superseded almost entirely by the sheriff. Honors were hereditable before the Conquest by earls and barons, and for the most part to such as were of the blood-royal ; hence the honor of Lancaster had been possessed successively by earls Tostig and Morcar. By the Norman law, honors became a feudal patrimony of any of the high barons, generally adjoined to the principal seat of the baron. The great baron of Lancashire, Roger de Poictou,_so called from having married Almodis of Poictou, ranked amongst the Capitales Barones, holding immediately from the crown. The barons who held of him were called Barones Comitatus (barons of the county), and held free courts for all pleas and complaints, except those belonging to the earl's sword. The ancient barons in their lordships or baronies took cognisance of litigation and robberies, and enjoyed and used the privileges which are called sac, soc, tol, theam, infangthef, fairs, and markets.^ The distinction between an honor and a manor consists principally in the much greater extent for the former, and in the courts held in each. A manor was composed of demesne and services, to which belong a three weeks' court, where the free- holders, being tenants of the manor, sit covered, and give judgment in all suits that are there pleading. But an honor has either a castle, as at Lancaster, or at least the site of a castle, or some principal house of state, and consists of demesnes and services, to which a number of manors and lordships, with all their appurtenances and other regalities, are annexed. To every manor a court baron is attached. In an honor, an honorable court is kept once every year at least, and oftener if required, at which court all the freeholders of all the manors which stand united to the honor make their appearance, and in which suitors do not sit, but stand bareheaded. Over that court should be hung a cloth of state, with a chair of state, upon which chair should be laid a cushion made of cloth of gold, or what is becoming and decent for a place of honour, and upon which there ought to be embroidered the arms belonging to the honor. The barons of the honor of Lancaster, in the time of the Conqueror, are thus set forth in Kenion's MSS. :— "List of Babons Cum. Lanc. under Roger de Puictuu. Godefridus, bis sheriif of Derby — Yardfridua, Baron of Widnes— Paganu3 Villers, Baron of Warrington— Albertus Grelle, Baron of Manchester— Buruu [Byron], Baron of Ratchdale and Totington— Ilbert Lacy, Baron of Clitheroe— Warinus, Baron of Newton— Warinus Bushli or Bushel, Baron of Penwortham— Roger de Montbegon, Baron of Hornby— William Marshall, Baron of Cartmel— Michael Flemingus, Baron of Glaston— William de Lancaster and Robert de Furness, Barons of Ulverston— Wil. de Lancaster, Baron of Nether Wiresdal- Theobaldus Waller, Baron of Weeton." — N.B. — Another copy says, " Theob. Pinctrna " {i.e. the Butler). Roger Montgomery, or Roger de Poictou, as he is more commonly designated, the grantee of the greater part of what afterwards became the county of Lancaster, and the richest and most powerful of all the Conqueror's feudatories, forms such an important figure in the history of Lancashire in Norman times as to render some notice of him necessary. The members of the House of Montgomery took a leading part in the affairs of France and Normandy during many generations prior to the fight at Hastings, and French as well as English chroniclers have given many, though sometimes confusing and contradictory, statements concerning them. They were descended from one of the fierce Scandinavian adventurers, who, under Rollo and previous 1 Sm was the power o£ administerinR justice ; Soe, of hearLng and at pleasure. Spelman calls it a right of trying tlieir bondmen and serfs. determininK causes and disputes, with the power of levying forfoiturea Infangthef w^s the privilege of trying thieves taken within their lord- and flne™loran acquitbrnce from payment of duties or tolls in every ship ; Ov.tfar,gthef, a royalty granted by the king, with power to try and ?:,rt-nf the kiDedom-r; '°''™a™<=d idmund the castles of answering. Witness the king at Westminster, 8th February, 52nd year Gro3,3emunde Skenefnth, and Blaunch-astel. of his reign. [8th February, 1268.] ^„v t.ril"fj' i.t?''^ 1 *l P-"^™"^;, ^^^' *,''■' t'^nts, &o., to 2. (52 Henry IIL 1268). -The king, &o. : -Wlieroas we formerly (or our most dear son tdmund, the honor, earldom, castle, and vill of L.m- lately) committed to our beloved and faitliful Roger de Lancaster our taster, with the vac.aries and forests of Wiresdale and Lonsdale, and county of Lancaster, with appurtenances, that he might have its keeping JNewoastle-under-Lyne : and the manor, castle, and forest of. Pickering ; while he lived, so that he rendered to us yearly one hundred marks [£66 and our yill of Uounemecestr [Godmanchester] ; and the rent of our vill 13s. 4d.] to our exchequer ; and afterwards that county, with its appur- ot Huntingdon, with all appurtenances. To have, &o., with knights' tenances, wo granted to our most dear son Edmund towards his main- lees, adyowsons of churches, charters, liberties, customs, and all other tenance : Wo, willing in this respect to the same Roger, make our special tnings, to r.ne honor, earldom, castio, vills, demesne, vacearics, forests, promise to him in good faith, that in the premises we will preserve him and rent aforesaid, appertaining, &c. Witnesses— John de Warren, Earl free from any injury to which he may be liable at times. Witness tb« CHAP. IV. THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIEE. 49 Edward I., in an inspeximus, dated at Lincoln on the 18th of August, confirmed the grant of the honor of Lancaster made by Henry III. to his brother Edmund, and forbade the sheriffs of Norfolk, Suffolk, Lincoln, Nottingham, Leicester, Derby, York, Rutland, and Stafford, or their officers from entering the honor of Lancaster.^ These vast possessions laid the foundation of the future greatness of the house of Lancaster, the power and influence of which increased to such a magnitude as ultimately to seat the family on the throne of these realms. In 21 Edward I. (1291) Prince Edmvmd procured licence to make a castle of his house in the parish of St. Clement Danes, in the county of Middlesex, called the Savoy ; and he founded that house of nuns of the order of St. Clara called the Minoresses, without Aldgate, in London. He also was the chief builder of the Grey-friars house in Preston, in this count)'. This great earl, by Blanche, his second wife (his first wife, Aveline, daughter and heir of William de Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle, died childless in the year of her marriage, 1269), daughter of Robert, earl of Artois (third son of Lewis VIII., King of France), and widow of Henry of Navarre, had three sons — Thomas, Henry, and John — and a daughter. In 24 Edward I. (1296), being sent with the Earl of Lincoln and twenty-six bannerets into Gascony, they sat down before Bordeaux ; but, seeing no likelihood of its surrender, they marched to Bayonne. Here their army began to dissolve, on accoimt of their treasure being exhausted, and Prince Edmund became so much affected by the embarrassments of their situation that he fell sick and died, about the feast of Pentecost (May 13), 1296. Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, the eldest son and immediate successor of Prince Edmund, did homage in 26 Edward I. (1297-8), and had livery of his lands, except the dowry of Blanche, his mother. After this ceremony, he marched into Scotland through Lancashire, the king himself beino' in the expedition. Being sheriff' of Lancashire by inheritance, he appointed Richard de Hoghton his deputy in that office. In the next year he was summoned to Parhament by the king. In 4 Edward II. (1310) he married Alice, the sole daughter of Henry de Lacy, Earlof Lincoln, and, in virtue of that marriage, became possessed of the castles and lands belonging to that distinguished house With this accession of property the Earl of Lancaster became the most opulent as well as the most powerful subject in England, and possessed in his own right, and that of his wife, no fewer than six earldoms, attended Avith all the jurisdictions and power which in that awe, and under the feudal system, were annexed to landed possessions. In the following year he ■wks the chief of those nobles who entered into a combination against Piers de Gaveston, the king's Gascon favourite, who had bestowed on him the nick-name of " The Old Hog," with the avowed intention of defending the religion of the state, and restoring the people's liberties. Being made choice of by the barons for their general, the Earl of Lancaster sent messengers to the king, requiring the delivery of Piers into their hands, or that he should be banished the realm. Such was the inveteracy of the nobles against the royal favourite that it is said that Henry de Lacy charged his son-in-law, the Earl of Lancaster, upon his deathbed, that he should maintain his quarrel against Gaveston. This injunction the earl faithfully obeyed, and, alter a protracted struo-crle with the king, the Earls of Lancaster, Hereford, and Arundel, having seized Gaveston m the Sastle of Warwick, conveyed him to Blacklow Hill, a little knoll on the road near Guys Cliff, where his head was struck off without the formality of a trial (1312). The king soon after hearkened to terms of accommodation, and granted to the Earl of Lancaster, and to the other delinquent barons, pardon of their offence, stipulating only that they should, on their knees, ask his forcriveness in public.^ With these mild conditions they very cheerfully complied, and having made their submission they were again received into the royal fayour. Gaveston was succeeded in the royal confidence by Hugh le Despenser, or Spenser, and by his father, a venerable nobleman, whose wisdom and moderation were not sufficient to check the opposite qualities m his son. No sooner was Edward's attachment declared for the Spensers, than the turbulent barons, headed kin,, at York, 15th Septexnber, 52nd year of his reign. [15th September, Hen^ '^-S.^rSfe'^^^lSy i?fl.f oi lltl^TIlt^^'^^^eTo 1268.1 , „, , • J. „ii v,!o T,.,Hnfi-= Urn • \frhprpii our dcarest brother Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, in thesewords : "Henry, 8. (53 Henry III. 12e9).-The king to aU his barlifft, &o. . Wherea^^ &" , to the sheriffs of the counties [named in the text] and to all other by our charter we have given and granted *? °"' ^ffj^"'"" of the same sheriffs and stewards in whose bailiwicks the honor of Lancaster exists, i-ffl, and castle of Leicester, andaU the lands and tenement of the same ^f™^ '\, „ j^ reciting the grant of the honor, &c. , this confirmation honor, with knights' fees, and other its ^PP^^f «a^f ».^^>°?' '°™?J^y Kd" the sheriffs enumerated%ither to enter themselves or to send or belonged to Simon de Montfort, Earl of Le cester "L-Jhrwa? which he permit their baihffs to enter or intermeddle with any tiling belonging to according to the law and custom of O"-: '''°8'i™v''/ *hich at Evesham thithonor, or to the men of the honor, unless requ red to do so by the excited against us in our kingdom, and by the ^^t«"" 7^J°° ^1^™^'^^^ baniffs of his said son. If any of them or their bailiffs should find or he, our enemy, was slain, became forfeit ™d. escheated to us-to have ^^^™^^°"^ thing of those which to that honor belong, they are without &c , to the same Edmund for ever : We, '';''"« '°?^°JXeSw"ich Sy to render it to the bailiffs of his said son. They are not to distrain fully to the same son, grant to him the stewardship of England which ^elay to re. ^^^^^^ required by the bailiffs of the eari.] the same Simon formerly had, to have &o. '/"/t^e whole of his^life with on^rgKi,^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^_ 1^^ ^^ , all things pertaining to the "^^^ ^^''"'^ft'Pv,,"/. veir of Ws ?e?m our rd™." [18th August, 126S.]-We accept these letters [patent] for Witness the king, at Windsor, 9th May, in the j3rd year of his reign. ^J^^j'^f^^^^'^^^ ^eirs in the form aforesaid, &c. ^''^^ThislnspLimus of Edward I. recites the original grantof his father = Eyley, p. 538. 50 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. iv. again by the Earl of Lancaster, concerted plans for their ruin, and manifested their discontent by withdrawing from Parliament. One gross act of injustice so alarmed the Earl of Heretord thathe complained to Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, who thereupon mustered a number of the barons with their adherents, at Shireburne, and from thence marched, armed and with banners, to bt. Albans, on their way plundering the manors of the elder Spenser as they previously had those of the son and with the determination to reform the administration of the government. The barons 'next, marched to London with all their forces, stationed themselves in the neic^hbourhood of that city, and exhibited before the Parliament, which was then sitting, charees ao-ainst the Spensers, who were both of them at that time absent from the country. These charo'es the lay-barons declared to be proved, and passed a sentence of attainder and perpetual exile against the ministers as enemies of the king and his people (1321). The Commons, though now an estate in Parliament, were yet so little considered, that their assent was not required ; and even the votes of the prelates were dispensed with on the present occasion. To secure themselves against consequences, the barons obtained from the king an indemnity for their illeo'al proceedings.' The following year the king raised a powerful army, with which he marched into Wales, and so far recovered confidence in his own strength as to recall the Spensers. Many of the barons,' considering their cause hopeless, sent in their submission ; but the Earl of Lancaster, in order to prevent the total ruin of his party, summoned together his vassals and retainers, and, having received the promise of reinforcements, advanced with his forces against the king.who had collected an army of thirty thousand men. The earl, being aware of the inferiority of his own force, despatched into Lancashire Sir Robert de Holland (whom he had advanced from the humble office of his butler to the dignity of knighthood, with a stipend of two thousand marks [£1,333] per annum), to bring up five hundred men out of that county. The required force was raised without difficulty, but the knight, it is commonly asserted, instead of bringing them to the earl, conducted them to the king. The statement is, however, unsupported by any reliable evidence. Sir Robert de Holland, after the defeat at Burton- on-Trent, surrendered to the king and escaped the penalty of death, but the whole of his vast possessions were confiscated to the crown. There was a belief that he had acted faithlessly to the Earl of Lancaster, and in consequence he incurred such hatred from the people that, being found in a wood near Henley-on-Thames (2 Edward III., 1328), he was seized and beheaded on the nones (7th) of October, and his head sent to Henry, Earl of Lancaster, then at Waltham Cross. The charge of treachery has, however, never been established, and Avas, in all probability, devised by the adherents of Earl_ Henry to secure his removal, and thereby prevent his becoming repossessed of the manors which had been conferred upon him by Earl Thomas. This is evident by the efforts made by Earl Henry to prevent the restoration of the confiscated lands. On the l7th February, 1 Edward III. (1327), the sheriffs were directed to seize into the king's hands all the confiscated estates, in order that they might be restored to their owners.'^ In the same year Robert de Holland, and Matilda, his wife, complain, by petition, that the king's writ of December 2nd has not been obeyed by the sheriffs, and they pray for an Exchequer certification of their property then in the king's hands.^ The certificate was granted, on which Sir Robert was opposed in council by the Earl of Lancaster, who alleged that the writs directed to the sheriffs for livery of lands in their possession were contrary to form and laAv, and prayed that they might be revoked.'' The proceedings in this case are at great length, but Sir Robert was finally reinstated. The Earl of Lancaster marched to his castle at Pontefract, the ancient seat of the Lacys. Having called a council of the barons by whom he was surrounded, Avhich sat in the Black -friars in Pontefract, they advised him to march to Dunstanburgh, in Northumberland ; but this advice he declined, and resolved to remain at Pontefract, whereupon Sir Roger de Clifford, one of his knights, drawing out his dagger, swore that he would plunge it into the breast of the carl if he would not submit to the counsel that had been given to him. Under the influence of these cogent arguments the earl quitted Pontefract and marched to Boroughbridge, where, finding the country-people in arms, and William, Lord Latimer, then governor of the city of York, and Sir Andrew de Harcla, warden of Carlisle and the Marches, ready to encounter him, the battle commenced without delay. The first discharge of arrows from the archers of the royal army proved so fatal to the Lancasterian force that the earl betook himself to a chapel, which he refused to yield to Harcla, though he saw his force partly dispersed and partly destroyed. Looking on the crucifix in the chapel, he said : " Good Lord, I render myself to Thee, and put myself into Thy mercy." His prayers were unavailing : the royal forces entered the chapel, and the earl was made prisoner. To add indignity to his misfortune, his ■ Tottle's Cullcct., part ii., p. 64. = Rot. Parlt. v. ii. p. 1, c( .srj " ibid, p. 29. 1 Ibid, p. IS. ^^^^- IV- THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 51 enemies took off his coat of armour, and putting upon him one of his men's liveries, they earned him hrst to York and afterwards to Pontefract, where he was pelted by the mob and cpnhned in the tower of the castle. "Being brought into the hall, in the presence of Kino* ho hoH C1nl-»^-/^■l-./^,-» ^f .-l^.-. + l, 1^ — il ' i' •* -n-.n-r^ ■, -. ^ ^^ ^ Without answer ? After quitting the court he was exposed to fresh insults, and being set upon a wretched horse, without bridle, he was paraded through the streets with a friar's hood upon his head. On his way to the place of execution, he cried, 'King of heaven, have mercy on me ! for the king of the earth noios ad guerthi (hath abandoned us).' Having arrived at a hill without the town, he knelt down towards the east, until Hugin de Muston caused him to turn his face towards Scotland, when an executioner from London cut off his head (March 22, 1322)." A number of the earl's followers were afterwards condemned and executed, others fled beyond the seas, and, for a time, the public tranquillity was restored. His character is differently estimated. His partisans represented him as a saint ; his enemies as a sinner, and that of no ordinary magnitude. By the former he is said to have wrought miracles after his death; by the latter he is described as a turbulent subject, an arbitrary master, and a faithless husband. The just way to estimate his character is to make due allowance for the prejudices both of his friends and his enemies, and the conclusion will then be that he was a munificent benefactor to the poor, a devoted adherent to his own order, and a man of more than ordinary mental powers ; while, at the same time, he was ambitious, incontinent, and disloyal. Many miracles were reported to have been wrought at the tomb of this Earl of Lancaster ; and the people flocked in great numbers to the place of his execution, till the king, at the instance of the Spensers, set guards to restrain them. So great indeed was the veneration paid to him that they worshipped his picture, which, with other things, was painted on a tablet in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, till the king, by his special letters to the bishop, dated from York, in June, 1323, inhibited them from so doing. Notwithstanding this inhibition, the memory of the deceased earl was cherished with the deepest veneration ; and it was generally believed, in that age of superstition, that, in addition to other miracles, blood issued from his tomb. In the reign of Edward III. the king, in compliance with the wishes of his subjects, presented a petition to the pope, beseeching him to grant canonisation to the departed earl Thomas;' but it does not appear that this saint was ever added to the calendar. Ancient slander asserts that Alice, the wife of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, was repu- diated by her husband, on account of her familiarity with Sir Ebulo le Strange, a younger son of Lord Strange, of Knockin. However this may be, after the deatli of her husband she was married by Sir Ebulo without the king's licence ; and all the lands of her inheritance, which were held of the king in capite, were seized and detained. This confiscation was not relaxed till she delivered up those lands which lay in the counties of Lancaster, Chester, and York, and gave the castle and lordship of Denbigh, in Wales, and also the castle of Bullingbrook, in the county of Lincoln, and lands m other parts of the kingdom, unto Hugh le Despenser, the royal favourite. After being divested of these immense possessions, the lands which she still held amounted to no less a sum in annual value than 3,000 marks (£2,000). At the death of this lady, which occurred in 1348, all the lands of that great inheritance, which descended to her from Henry de Lacy, late Earl of Lincoln, by virtue of the grant made by her father and by the grant of King Edward I., came to Henry, Earl of Lancaster, afterwards the Duke of Lancaster, which lands lay in the Blackburn hundred, Rochdale, Tottington, and Penwortham, in the county of Lancaster; Halton in the county of Chester ; Bowland and Snaith, in the county of York ; and divers other parts of the kingdom. A household book of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, preserved in the records of Pontefract, and quoted by Stow, exhibits a curious illustration of the manners and customs of_ the early part of the fourteenth century. This book, kept by Henry Leicester, his cofferer, shows the amount of the disbursements of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, in his domestic expenses, for the year 1313, which were no less than £7,359 13s. Of d. At that time silver _ was of the value of one shilling and eightpence the ounce, or 20s. the pound troy. His total expenses, therefore, in one year, amounted in our money to about twenty-two thousand pounds — an immense amount, when the great disparity in the price of provisions between that time and this is considered. 1 Eot. Rom. et Franc. 1 Edw. III. [1337] ii. 4 in Turr. Lond. 52 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. IV. Household Book of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, in the Year 1313. £ s. d. Charge of the pantry, buttery, and kitchen 3405 To 184 tuns 1 pipe of red or claret wine, and two tun.s of white wine 104 17 6 To grocery 180 17 To 6 barrels of sturgeon 19 To 6,800 stock-fishes, so-called, and for dried fishes of all sorts, as lings, haberdines [salted cod], &c. 416 7 To 1,714 pounds of wax, vermihon, and turiientine 314 7 4J To 2,319 pounds of tallow-candles for the household, and 1870 of lights for Paris candles called perchers 31 14 3 To charge of the earl's great horses^ and servants' wages 486 4 3 J To linen for the earl and his chaplains, and for the pantry 43 17 To 129 dozen [skins] of parchment, and ink 4 8 S^ To 2 cloths of scarlet for the earl's use ; one of russet for the bishop of Anjou ; 70 of blue for the knights ; 28 for the esquires ; 15 of medley for the clerks ; 15 for the officers ; 19 for the grooms ; 6 for the archers ; 4 for the minstrels and carpenters, with the sharing and carriage for the earl's liveries at Christmas 460 15 To 7 furs of variable miniver, or powdered ermine, 7 hoods of purple, 395 furs of budge'' for the liveries of barons, knights, and clerks ; 123 furs of lamb, bought at Christmas for the esquires 147 17 8 To 65 saffron-coloured cloths for the barons and knights in summer ; 12 red cloths for the clerks ; 26 ray cloths for the esquires ; 1 for the oificers ; and 4 ray cloths'* for carpets in the hall. 345 13 8 To 100 pieces of green silk for the knights ; 14 budge furs for surcoats; 13 hoods of budge for clerks; 75 furs of lambs for liveries in summer, with canvas and cords to truss them 72 19 To saddles for the lord's summer liveries 51 6 8 To 1 saddle for the earl, of the prince's arms 2 To several items [the particulars in the account defaced] 241 14 IJ To horses lost in the service of the earl 8 6 8 To fees paid to earls, barons, knights, and esquires 623 15 5 To gifts to knights of France, the queen of England's nurses, to the countess of AVarren, esquires, minstrels, messengers, and riders 92 14 To 168 yards of rus5et cloth, and 24 coats for poor men, with money given the poor on Maundy Thursday 8 16 7 To 24 silver dishes ; 24 saucers ; 24 cups ; 1 pair of paternosters ; 1 silver coffer ; all bought this year 103 5 6 To diverse messengers about the earl's business 34 19 8 To sundry things in the earl's chamber 5 To several old debts paid this year 88 16 Of The expenses of the countess at Pickering, in the pantry, buttery, kitchen, &c 2S5 13 4^ In wine, wax, spices, cloths, furs, &c., for the countess's wardrobe 154 7 i\ Total £7359 13 oj _ A maximum on the price of provisions was established by royal proclamation in 1314, by ■which the following rates Avere fixed : — ij o'^l^? ^^f grass-fed ox alive, 16s. ; the best grain-fed ox, £1 4s. ; the best cow alive and fat, 123. ; the best hog of two years old 3s. 4d.; the best shorn mutton, Is. 2d. ; the best goose, 3d. ; the best capon, 2Jd. ; the best hen, 1 Jd. ; the best chickens, 2 for 1 jd. ; the best young pigeons, 3 for Id. ; 20 eggs, Id. This maximum, after existing for twelve years, was repealed in the year 1 326." Henry, brother and heir of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, obtained a grant of the custody of the castles and honors of Lancaster, Tutbury, and Pickering, 20 Edward II. (1326) ; and in the first year of Edward III. (1327) an Act was passed for reversing the attainder of his unfortunate brother ; whereupon he became possessed of all the lands and lordships which had been seized on the death ot his brother, namely, the earldoms of Lancaster and Leicester, and all the other lands of Avhich Jlidmund his father and Thomas his brother were formerly possessed. This document, which is preserved m the national archives in the Tower of London, serves to shed much lio-ht upon the local history of the age.^ The life of this earl was not remarkable for any great p°olitical event connected with the house of Lancaster. He died in 1345, leaving issue, by Maud, his wife, daughter ' Lamb"lSn'd?e<,*,'^d wUb ^ZT T^ f "''^"y »'^°»t L^OO. Geoffrey dr Werbubton, sheriff of Lancashire. » sCned c?oths " ™'«''"-'^''' JOHK DE Kylvvnton, custodian of tlio lienor of Vykeryng. - Acr of Rest.tutiovt Zttebury ™"'' '="''°'*'™ °^ Melbourne & farmer of the honor of ^^fo^^^Z^:^!^.^^^^:^^^^:^^, 'Tol^Zrf ?™-^^ - ^r Sx^-J^armer of the vill of Rolloston. Lancaster and Leice-stcr: brother md hdr ofllinma? ^S ^ } f «""■"" "" ^^If''"-^- '-"'"ler of the lu^uor of Barton. Lancaster, deceased, for all laXandtSementawliirlTb^^n™^^ "' Richakd de Wvthenhull, Nicholas de Salopia, & their folbws, SS&xi?iSsr.5S?SS'HSS «=S5— — . * - — ■ — °' - t^ '=.^hlS^^^^MB€tB^^^BB '-7^"-jF|~^ * their fellows, farmers of the mano. JoHs DE Lancaster, custodian of the honor of Lancaster. •' membeis. «HAP. IV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 53 and heir of Sir Patrick Chaworth, Knight, Lord of Kidwelly, Henry, his son and heir, and six daughters : Maud, married (1) to William de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, hy whom she had an only daughter, Elizabeth, who married Lionel, Duke of Clarence, second son of Edward III. and (2) Ralph son and heir of the Earl of Sufiblk ; Blanche, to Thomas Lord Wake, of Lydell ; Eleanor (1) to John de Beaumont, Earl of Buchan, (2) to Richard Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, having the pope s dispensation for the same, on account of their affinity, and likewise because in his tender years he had contracted matrimony with Isabel, the daughter of Hugh le Despenser, his kinswoman in the second degree of consanguinity ; Isabel, abbess of Amesbury ; Joan, married to John, Lord Mowbray of Axholme ; and Mary, to Henry, Lord Percy. -7 -cj'^^^j'^TTT^^ ^^^ ^^'^^ °^ Henry, surnamed Grismond, from the place of his birth, obtained, in 7 Edward III. (1333), a grant from his father, dated at Kenilworth, 28th December, of the castle and town of Kidwelly, with the whole territory of Carnwathland ; as also of the castles of Oggemor, Grossmont, Skenefrith, and the Manor of Ebboth. In 9 Edward IIL (1335) he was in the expedition to Scotland, at which time he gave such proof of his valour and military skill that he obtained from the king a grant of certain lands at Berwick-upon-Tweed, which had belonged to Peter de Kymeringham. On the 7th of April, 1336, he was made captain-general of the king's army in that realm ; and in May following he received the title of banneret. Two years afterwards he was advanced to the title and dignity of the Earl of Derby ; having besides the annual fee of £20 per annum (usually given in lieu of the third penny of the pleas of the county, which the earls anciently had), a pension of 1,000 marks (£666 13s. 4d.), to be received yearly during his father's life, out of the customs of London, Boston, and Kingston-upon-Hull, until the king should otherwise provide for him in lands, or rents, of that value. Shortly after this. King Edward, designing to clear the Isle of Cadsant of the garrison which the French had placed there, sent over this earl with considerable forces ; where', upon the first encounter, the gallant Earl of Derby advanced so far that he was struck down, Avhen, by the valour of the famous Sir Walter Manney, he was raised up, and placed out of danger ; the gallant knight crying, " Lancaster for the Earl of Derby. "^ In 16 Edward III. (1342) the earl was in another expedition into France, having with him of his retinue 5 bannerets, 50 knights, 144 esquires, and 200 archers on horseback ; and had for his wages in that service an assignation of a hundred and eighty sacks of wool, taking for himself eight shillings per diem, for every banneret four shillings, every knight two shillings, every esquire one shilling, and every archer sixpence. He had also the same year an assignation of 1,000 marks for guarding the marches of Scotland. In 18 Edward III. (1344) the Earl of Lancaster was engaged in another expedition to the south of France ; and, according to Walsing- ham, after taking the strong town of Brigerac, he subjected no less than fifty-six cities and places of note to the dominion of King Edward ; and such was the terror of his name that the cry of "A Derby!" "A Derby!" carried dismay into the enemy's camp. In this year of his great exploits his father died, as already mentioned, on which the Earl of Derby succeeded to the honor, castle, and earldom of Lancaster, and was made the king's lieutenant in Aquitaine. The famous Order of the Garter was first instituted in 1349 ; of which, next to the king. Prince Edward was the first knight-companion, and the Earl of Lancaster the second.- After the siege of Poictiers, of which the Earl of Lancaster, Derby, and Leicester was the hero, he was appointed" by the king, together with William de Clinton, Earl of Huntingdon, Renaud de Cobham, Sir Walter Manney, William Lovell, and Stephen de Consintone, to hear and determine all disputes relating to arms. At this time he had of his own retinue 800 men at arms, and 2,003 archers, with 30 banners, and kept such hospitality that he spent a hundred pounds a day. After the truce, it was found also that he had expended, in those wars of France in which the battles of Crecy and of Poictiers were fought, about seventeen thousand pounds sterling, besides the pay John de Ktnardeseye, Walter Walteshef, fc their fellows, farmers of ' Sir John Froissart's Clironicles, liv. i. chap. 30. the wapentake of Wirkesworth & Asseboume, with the members. ' The number received into this order consists of twenty-five persons Lauf.ence Coterell, Simon de Grymesby, escheator beyond {i.e. north of] Trent. however, always been incorporated into the number of the Companions Odo de Stok, late keeper of the castle of Kenilworth. on the occasion of vacancies.— C. 64 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. iv. "vvliich he had from the king. In consideration whereof he obtained a grant, bearing date from the camp before Calais, 21 Edward III. (1347), to himself and his heirs-male, of the castle and town of Brigerac, which was one of the places he had taken by strong assault ; likewise of all the lands and goods which he had taken at St. John d'Angelyn, until their ransom were satisfied ; and soon after he procured another grant to himself and his heirs-male, of Horeston Castle, in the county of Derby, and the annual rent of forty pounds issuing out of the town of Derby. Soon after this he was constituted the king's lieutenant and captain-general in the parts of Poictou ; he then bore the titles of Earl of Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Derby, Grismond, and Ferrers ; he was made by David Bruce, King of Scotland, Earl of Moray, and, to crown his dignities, and to rcAvard his merit, the title of Duke of Lancaster was conferred upon him by special charter bearing date March 6th, 26 Edward III. (1353). DUKES OF LANCASTER. Henry, the first Dulce of Lancaster, having received his title to the dukedom by the general consent of all the prelates and peers then sitting in Parliament at Westminster, for his hfe, he was invested therewith by cincture or girding of a sword, with power to have a chancery in the county of Lancaster, and to issue out writs there, under his own seal, as well touching pleas of the crown as any other relating to the common laws of this realm ; as also to enjoy all other liberties and " Jura Regalia " belonging to a county palatine, in as ample a manner as the Earl of Chester was known to have within that county. Under the term " Jura Regalia," says Sir Thomas Hardy, the late Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records, " the Duke of Lancaster had the exclusive administration of justice by his Courts of Equity and Common Law in the Duchy and Palatinate of Lancaster. These courts (closely analogous in their construction and in their practice to the King's Superior Courts) consist of a Court of Chancery, a Court of Common Pleas for the decision of civil suits, and a Court of Criminal Jurisdiction. The judges of the Common Law Court are appointed by royal commission under the seal of the County Palatine, the judges selected being now the Crown Judges appointed for the northern circuit, and the practice in the court resembles, as nearly as circumstances will admit, that of the Court of Common Pleas at Westminster. By the operation, however, of the Judicature Act, 36 and 37 Vict., c. 66, s. 16, the jurisdiction of the Court of Common Pleas at Lancaster has been transferred to the High Court of Justice. The Court of Criminal Jurisdiction in no way differs from that of the Queerr's ordinary court."^ In the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum' a document is preserved, containing the names of some of the principal and subordinate officers of the Duchy of Lancaster, with a list of the salaries paid for their services, of which the following is a translation : — Fees and Wages op the Ofpioees within the King's Duchy op Lancaster, made in THE 22nd op the Eeign op Edward IV. (1482). £ g. d. Richard, Duke of Gloucester, head-steward there, per ann 6 13 4 Thomas Mohneux, constable of the castle of Liverpool !..!!"".!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 6 13 4 The same, head-forester of Simon's Wood, and King's parker of Croxteth .' .'..'.".'..'.'..'."'.' 3 10 4 The same, high-steward of West Derbyshire and SaKordshire .'..'.','..'.'......'...'..'.'.'.'.'.' 5 Thomas, Lord Stanley, receiver of the county of Lauo. per ann .'...,.'.'.'.'..'.'.,'. 6 13 4 Hugh Worthington, forester of Quernmore 4 11 Two foresters of Wire.sdale, each of them per ann. 30s. 4d ..'.'.'.'.......'..'.....'........'.......'.,.'.'.......'.'.','.'. 3 8 Richard Pilkington, keeper of the park of Hyde and Fulvvood, per ann.... .'.'...'.,'."..'. 1 10 4 Thomas, Lord Stanley, parker of the park of Toxteth '......!...!!..!.'.".'. 3 8 Thomas Richardson, one forester of the wood of Mirescough !..!...!!!!!"!!!!!!]!!! 3 8 John Adamson, another forester of the same wood, per ann 3 8 Two foresters in Blesedale, per ann ' ' 1 10 4 Sir James Harrington, knt., seneschal of Lonsdale and Amounderness!!!!..!.......!!.'.'...!!."]!.".','.'.'.'.'.' 4 4 The same Sir James, keeper of the park of Quernmore, per ann. . 2 5 6 Thomas Thwayte, chancellor of the county p.ilatine of Lane .'.'!!!!!."!!!!!!.','!!!!! 40 Sir H. Fairfax, knt., chief justice of the king at Lane, per ann !!!!!!!!!.!!! 26 13 4 Richard Pigot, another king's justice at Lane, per ann 23 6 8 John Hawardyn, king's attorney-general at law there, per ann'.' !!!!!.!!!!.!"..'! 6 13 4 John Lake, clerk of crown pleas "00 John Bradford, clerk of common pleas 2 John Lake, William Bradford and John Bradtord;'cierk3''of''kle''cro'w'u'in''co;'La'no'.'in'time''of''s'essio'ns; ortheirwagesfor 40 days, eachof them 23. perday ... 6 Ranulphus Holcrof te, baron of the king's bench at Lancaster, per ann. 4 Ihomas Bolron.cner of all sessions and courts of the king within the county of Lane., per anu 2 Ihomas Ratchff, Esq., constable of the king's castle of Lancaster, per ann. 13 6 8 IhomasBarowe, master-mason of the king's castles within the counties of Lancaster and Chester 12 3 4 Peter Wraton, king s carpenter at Lancaster, and clerk of the king's works there 7 3 8 Total .£200 1 2 ' Thirty-fifth Report, p. viii. = Cod. 433. fo. 317 a. CHAP. IV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 5.5 Clyderowb, with its Members. £ ^^ ^^ Eichard, Duke of Gloucester, steward of the lordship of Penwortham 10 Thomas, Lord Stanley, receiver of the lordship of Clyderowe '..',...........'...... 6 13 4 Brian Talbot, constable of the castle of Clyderowe 10 Roger Bauaster, porter of the castle there, per aun 2 8 John Cays, parker of the park of Musbury, per aun 1 10 4 John Talbot, parker of the park of IghtenhuU, per ann ,,,[ 2 8 Robert Harington, parker of the park of Radam, per ann '....'............"..'. 1 10 4 John Hunter, keeper of the chaoe of Trowdon, per ann ] 2 8 Richard Shrobury, keeper of the park of Lathegry ne, and paler of the same 2 5 6 Total £29 1 6 The Duke of Lancaster, deeply imbued with the chivalrous spirit of the age in which he lived, obtained a licence from the king to proceed to Syracuse to fight against the infidels. To guard against the possible consequences of this crusade, he obtained a royal grant, providing that, in case he should depart this life before his return, his executors should retain all his estates, castles, manors, and lands in their possession, until his debts were discharged. On his journey he was taken prisoner in Germany, and constrained to give three thousand scutes of gold for his liberty.^ This surprisal was made at the instance of the Duke of Brunswick ; and learning, before he came to his destination, that the Christians and the pagans had made a truce, he returned to Cologne, where he observed " that it did not belong to a person of the Duke of Brunswick's rank to deal with a stranger in the manner that the duke had dealt with him ; that he had never offended him ; and that if the duke thought proper to interfere with his concerns he would find him ready to play a soldier's part." This conversation having been communicated to the Duke of Brunswick, he sent the Duke of Lancaster a letter of challenge to meet him at Calais in single combat. The Duke of Lancaster accepted this challenge with alacrity, and taking with him fifty knights and a large retinue, he proceeded towards the scene of action. A rencounter between two personages of so much distinction excited the deepest interest both in France and England ; and great efforts were made, but without success, to reconcile the combatants Avithout an appeal to arms. On the appointed day they entered the lists, and having taken the usual oaths, mounted their horses for the combat. In the moment of trial, the courage of the Duke of Brunswick failed him, and he quitted the quarrel, and submitted himself to the award of the King of France. The king and his court, who were to have witnessed the combat, now became the mediators, and at a great feast reconciled the dukes to each other. Henry, who, for his deeds of piety, was styled " The Good Duke of Lancaster," out of his devout respect to the canons of the collegiate church at Leicester, permitted the priests to enclose their woods, and stored them with deer out of his own parks. After this time he received special command from the king to keep a strict guard upon the sea-coasts of Lancashire, and to arm all the lanciers who were raised in his territories for the public service. In 31 Edward III. (1357) John, King of France, having been taken prisoner by Edward the Black Prince, was brought into this country. The captive monarch became the guest of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, in his stately palace in the Savoy, which he had completed at the expense of fifty two thousand marks (£34,666), obtained at the taking of Brigerac. The Duke of Lancaster, having terminated his career of military renown, devoted himself to works of piety, and " By a deed, bearing date the second of January, in the 35th of Edward III., he gave to the monks at Whalley, in this county, and to their successors, two cottages, seven acres of land, one hundred and eighty-three acres of pasture, two hundred acres of wood, called Ramsgrove all lying in the chase of Blackburn ; likewise two messuages, a hundred and twenty-six acres of land, twenty-six acres of meadow' and a hundred and thirty acres of pasture called Standen, Holcroft, and Grenelache, lying within the townships of Penhulton and Clitheroe, with the fold and foldage of Standen, to support and maintain two recluses m a certain place within the churchyard of the parochial church of Whalley, and their successors recluses there ; as also two women-servants to attend them there to pray for the soul of him the said duke, his ancestors and heirs ; that is to say, to find them every week throughout the year 'seventeen loaves of bread, such as usually were made in their convent, each of them weighing fifty shillings sterling ; and seven loaves of the second sort, of the same weight ; and also eight gallons of their better sort of beer ; and threepence for their food Moreover every year, at the feast of All Saints, to provide for them ten large fishes, called stock-fish ; one bushel of oatmeal for Dottaee • one' bushel of rye ; two gallons of oil for their lamps ; one pound of tallow for candles ; six loads of' turf, and one load of faeeots for their food ; likewise to repair their habitations ; and to find a chaplain, with a clerk, to sing mass, in the chapel belonging 'to these recluses, every day ; and also all vestments, and other utensils and ornaments, for the same chapel ; the nomination of successors, upon deaths, to be in the duke and his heirs." This " Good Duke of Lancaster," by his will bearing date, at the castle of Leicester, the 15th of March 35 Edward III. (1361), wherein he styles himself Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester Steward of England, and Lord of Brigerac and Beauford, bequeathed his body to be buried in the Collegiate Church of our Lady of Leicester. He only survived the making of this 1 The scute was oj the value o( half a noble, or 3s. 4cl., so that 3,000 .scutes represent £500. 56 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. iv. testament nine days. At that time a plague raged in England, which, in allusion to the great plague in 1349, Barnes calls the " second plague, nothing near," says he, " so dismal and universal as the former, but much more destructive to the nobility and prelacy." Thus died the great, valiant, and liberal prince, Henry Plantagenet, March 24th, 1361. He left issue by Isabella, his wife, daughter of Henry Bellmont or Beaumont, lord of Folkingham, two daughters, his heirs, Maud, twenty-two years old, first married to Ralph, son and heir of Ralph, Lord Stafford, and after to William of Bavaria, son of Lewis the emperor ; and Blanche, nineteen years old, married to John of Gaunt, Earl of Richmond, fourth son of King Edward III. Maud, the elder, had for her moiety an assignment of the manors in the counties of Berks, Leicester, Northampton, Rutland, and Huntingdon, and also the lordship of Beauford and Nogent in France. " And to John, Earl of Eichmond, and Blanche his wife, whose homage was then taken by reason of issue between them, the castle and town of Pontefract ; the manors of Bradeform, Almanbury, Altofts, Warnfeld, Rothewell, Ledes, Eoundehay, Scoles, Berewyck, Kepax, Aberford, Knottiiigley, with the mills there ; Beghale, Kamsale, Ouston, Elmesdale, Akworth, and Stainoros ; the bailiwick and honor of Pontefract ; a certain rent called castle ferme, with the pleas and perquisites, also the manors of Kriteling and Barlay ; except such lands therein as were held for life (the reversion to the said duke), the castle of Pickering, with the soke and all its members ; the manors of Esyngwold and Scalby, with the members, all in the county of York ; the wapentakes (or rather hundreds) of LeyJand, Amunde.rness, and Lonsdale; the manors of Ovea-[? Ulues]-walton, Preston, Singleton, Biggeby, and Wra, Overton, Skirton ; the towns of Lancaster and Slyne ; the royal bailiwick of Blackburnshire, the office of master-forester beyond Ribbel ; the vaccary of Wyresdale, like«ise the manors of Penwortham, Totyngton, and Eachedale ; the wapentake of Clyderhowe, with the demeuae lauds there ; the lordship of Bowland, the vaccary of Bowland and Blackburnshire ; the forest of Blackburnshire and the park of Ightenhull, with the appurtenances in Blackburnshire, all in the county of Lancaster. The castle and manor of Dunstanburgh, with the manors of Slioplaye, Stamford, Burton, and Emeldon ; also the fishing of Tweed, in the county of Nor- thumberland. The manor of Hinckley, with the bailiwick there, in the county of Leicester ; the castle and manor of Kenilworth, with the pool and mill there ; the manors of Wotton, Shrewle, Radesle, and Ashtul, with their appurtenances, in the county of Warwick ; the manors of Halton, Eonkore, More, Whitelawe, Congleton, Keleshole, and Bedestan ; the bailiwick of Halton ; the town of Wyndenes [Widnes], sergeanty of Wyndenes, in the county of Lancaster. In addition to these great lordships and lands, there was a further assignment made unto the Earl of Eichmond, and Blanche his wife, of the manors of Coggleshul, Cridelyng, Bailey, Kilbourne, Toresholme, Marthesdon, Swanyngton, Passenham ; likewise certain lands in Daventre and Hinkele, with the mills of Lilleborn ; also the manor of Uggele, in the county of Essex." John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, was born at Gaunt (Ghent), in Flanders, from whence he derived his surname, between the 2.5th and 31st of March, 1340 ; and on the 20th of September, 1343, he was created Earl of Richmond, having therewith a grant in tail general of all the castles, manors, and lands belonging to that earldom, and all the prerogatives and royalties which John, late Duke of Britany and Richmond, enjoyed.^ In 135.5 he attended the king, his father, on an expedition into Flanders, and in 1357 had a grant in special tail of the castle and lordship of Lydell, in the county of Northumberland. Having obtained (May 19, 1359) a dispensation from Rome, he was married at Reading, in Berkshire, to his cousin, the lady Blanche, second daughter and co-heir of Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Lancaster. In 1361 he obtained a special charter for divers privileges to himself and his heirs by Blanche, his wife — namely, return of writs, pleas of Withernam,'' felons' goods, etc., in all the lordships and lands whereof he was then possessed, with freedom for himself and his heirs, and all the tenants and residents upon the lands, and fees which belonged to Henry, Earl of Lancaster, from all manner of tolls of what kind soever throucrhout the whole kingdom. The same year having issue by his wife, and doing his homage, he had an assignation of her property in all the lands whereof her father died possessed. And, by virtue of the king's licence, he obtained a further grant from John, Bishop of Lincoln, Richard, Earl of Arundel, and^ others, to himself, his wife, and their issue, of the castle of Bolingbroke, with the park, knights' fees, and advowsons of the churches thereto belonging, together with other manors in the counties of Stafford, Northumberland, and Derby. In 1362, upon the death of Maud, the widow of William, Duke of Bavaria, without issue, he had, in right of the said Blanche, the sister and heir of Maud, all the possessions appertaining to her moiety of the estate of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, deceased. Whereupon he was in Parliament declared Duke of Lancaster,^ in rio-ht of his wife Blanche ; and the king girt him with a sword, and set on his head a cap of fur, and a circlet of gold with pearls therein ; and created him Duke of Lancaster, with all the liberties and regalities of an earl palatine ;* as also Earl of Leicester, Lincoln, and Derby, with the office ', S?;f '■ '" S?'^ "^ '?"°"'*'' ''"!i°^\''''i?u i , our own hand in full Parliament, at Westminster, 13Ui November 36th of 2 When a distress IS removed out of the county, and the sheriff, upon our reign [13621. ">.aLmiubn,r, ijui i^ovemoer, aomoi a replevin, cannot make deUverance to the party distressed. « "Counties mlatinp " oinn. T(Ia^VatnT,o "„r^ =« «„ii„.i „ „ ;»*■„ ^ By the deed of ereation, dated 36 sf ar^dlll. (1362), the king, in because the o;ne?sthere'of (III ^f":t"^ist.r"':i,.TBU^^oi^:Z^ consideration of the growing activity and praiseworthy deeds of hia and the Dulco of Lancaster) had in those counties Mm wS as tuUvTa dearest son, John, Earl of Lancaster gives to the carl the name and the king hath in his palace ; r,gah-,.i ^oLta °ra/Bractr e" breiw ^^^^ honour of duke, and appoints him to be Duke of Lancaster, and invests Anciently palatinates took very much the charicterordistiuct sovereign- him with the same title and honour by girding him with a sword, and ties, and not unfrequently local writers, when referring to E^sS the placing of a cap of dignity on his head To have and to hold the same spoke of it as " another country," standing much in the lame S?on title and honour of Duke of Lancaster to him and to his lawful heirs- to a palatinate as, s.ay, for example, Lancashire, that Franee^fd to Nor male for ever. Thw grant is witnessed by Simon Archbishop of Canter- mandy, and Normandy to Brittany " must, howeverrbe understood bury, Wilhara of Wmehester, chancellor. S. of Ely, treasurer, bishops ; that the county palatine and the duchy of Laniiisterarenot conterSus Richard, Earl of Arundel Robert of Suffolk, Thomas de Vere, our clian- or identical in jurisdiction, the latter comprising much tcrritov that ito cellor of Oxford earls ; Edward le Despen.ser, Ralf do NeviU, John do at a vast distance from the county.-C. * ^ * ' KeviU, John atte Lee, steward of our household, and others. Given by CHAP. IV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 57 of high-steward of England. In 1366, after having been empowered to vest several of his estates in feoffees, in order to make a settlement on his lady, and to discharge some pecuniary incumbrances, the Duke of Lancaster joined his brother. Prince Edward, at Bordeaux, on behalf of Don Pedro, King of Castile, Avho, owing to an insurrection of his subjects, fled into Gascony for aid. On breach of the truce, in 1369, he was sent with a considerable force to give battle to the French, being retained to serve the king for half a year, with 300 men-at-arms, 500 archers, 3 bannerets, 80 knights, and 216 esquires; but the King of France would not allow a battle to be risked which might terminate as other great battles had done; and so suffered Lancaster to march through the northern provinces without molestation. On his return from Calais to England, at the close of the year, he found that his wife, the lady Blanche, had been taken off" by the great pestilence, and that she had been interred with great funeral pomp in St. Paul's Cathedral in the month of September previously. In 1370 the Duke of Lancaster was again engaged in an expedition into Gascony; and Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon, whom Edward, Prince of Wales, had invested in his kingdom, having left at his death two daughters, who, to avoid the usurper, their uncle, had taken refuge in Gascony, he married Constance, the elder of the sisters, and gave the hand of the other, Isabel, to his younger brother Edmund, Earl of Cambridge and Duke of York. Soon afterwards he assumed the title of King of Castile and Leon, and supported his claim by force of arms, but without success. He impaled also the arms of Castile and Leon with his ducal coat. On his return to England, in 1372, the duke was empowered to surrender to the king his father his earldom of Richmond, with all the castles, manors, &c., to the same belonging, in exchange for numerous other manors in the counties of York, Norfolk, Suffolk, Huntingdon, and Sussex. Soon afterwards he headed two formidable expeditions against France, both of which failed. In 1377 he obtained the manors of Grenested, Seford, and Leighton, with several privileges in the same, and the castle and honor of Tikhill. He had licence also to give his lordships of Gryngeleye and Wheteley to Catherine Swynford, his concubine (widow of Sir Hugh Swynford, knight, and daughter of Sir Paen Roelt, knight, a native of Hainault, and Guienne king of arms), for life. During this year he procured the grant of a chancery in his dukedom of Lancaster, with all other royalties pertaining to a county palatine, to hold in as ample a manner as the Earl of Chester ever enjoyed the same ; with an obligation of sending two knights to Parliament as representatives of the commonalty of the county of Lancaster, with two burgesses for every borough within the said county.^ He had licence also to coin money for the space of two years, from the 12th of June (1377), in the city of Bayonne, or the castle of Guyssen, or any other place within the seneschalcy of Landere, of gold, silver, or any other metal whatsoever. In this year (1377) John Wycliff'e, the most eminent of all the Lollards at that time — the " Morning-Star of the Reformation," as he has been beautifully called— being convened before the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of London, John, Duke of Lancaster, and Lord Percy, at the Blackfriars, in London, the duke had the magnanimity to speak in favour of Wycliff'e, and to make some strong observations upon the bishops. So unusual a departure from the orthodoxy of the day gave great offence to the episcopal bench, and produced so much discontent among the citizens that they rose in tumult, and determined to murder the duke, and to set fire to his house in the Savoy. This tumult Courtenay, the Bishop of London, much to his honour, succeeded in quelling ; but the Duke of Lancaster was obliged to seek safety in flight, and it was not till after the death of his father that a reconciliation was effected between him and the citizens of London, under the mediation of Richard II. After the death of Edward III., consultation being had about the solemnity of the coronation of King Richard II., John, King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, appeared before the king in council, and claimed, as Earl of Leicester, the office of seneschal of England ; as Duke of Lancaster, the right of bearing the principal sword called the curtana, on the day of the coronation ; and as Earl of Lincoln, to carve for the king sitting at table on the day of his coronation. Diligent examination being made before certain of the king s council concerning these demands, it sufficiently appeared that the duke, as holding by the law of 1 Rv tliia :^^ .^„^-oiLr";u^o4'^;rdrutid^eti;re^s^m?nti^^-ofr^^^ DukeTfLlnSf &c°'and befng deai^oifSj reSLd tSso high meX; tenths and^ther quoUs by the'clJrgy of the same we grant and impose of his ceS knowtto and cheTrful heart, with the assent of his as the same are granted and imposed ^y theApostohe See ; and pardons ^r^l^tp/riTrtnnhlpTrow assembled ^ Parliament at Westminster, grants for hfe and members, m cases where, in that county for any offence life prelates and nobles now asseniDiea in jriiiiai.. within the or limb is forfeit, &c. Our same son, at our mandate, shall cause to be to the same John for the -^hol^ ^'■'^Itl'^wWtun^f^hisIearas record 8=nt to our Parlikments and councils two knights for the commonalty of iiisance the same THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIEE. CHAP. IV. 58 Encrland after the death of Blanche his wife, had estahhshed his claim ; and it was agreed that he Sotid iercise the offices by himself, or proper deputies, and receive the fees thereunto belonging. Accordingly on the Thursday before the coronation, which was on the Thursday fo lowing, by otder of the king, he sat judicially, and kept his court m the Whitehall of he kings palace at Westminster, anS there received the bills and petitions of all such of the nobi ity and others as by reason of their tenure, or otherwise, claimed to do service at the new king s coronation and to ■eceive the accustomed fees and allowances.^ He was also, with Edmund, Earl of Cambridge, and certain bishops, appointed one of the protectors of the king during his mmority. t JOHN OF GAUNT S GATKVVAY, LANCASTER CASTLE. In 2 Kichard 11. (1378-9) the duke obtained authority to establish a treasury, with barons and other proper officers, within his duchy of Lancaster.^ 1 A portrait of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, in this capacity, is preserved in the Cottonian MSS. in the British Museum. 2 Though it is stated in the text that this grant was made in the second regnal year of Richard H., it appears by the deed itself that it ■was in his thirteenth year ; and therefore not in 1379 but in 1390. After reciting by inspeximus the charter of Edward 111., granting to our dearest uncle John the title and honour of Duke of Lancaster, &c., Richard gi'ants to his said uncle that he may have a chancery for life within the county, and in short confirms all that is granted by the former charter. It enla'-ges the gi-ant by authorising the duke to have approved faithful and efficient men fur collecting the tenths, fifteenths, subsidies, «fec. And that he may have justices itinerant, and for the pleas of tUo forest within the said county. And further that ho may have hia exchequer in the said county, and barons and other necess;xry officers in the same excliequer, as well as whatever jurisdiction, executions, and customs are reasonably used in the exchequer of England. The duke and his heirs to have and hola all and siogular liberties and the appointment of justices for the pleas of the forests, excepting those pleas in which the king is a party, and all tenths, fifteeuths, Froi^iairt liv ii chaD 74 BngLmd nnd France should bo determined by single combat between 2 In connection with the' war an incident occurred that, whHo himself and the French king, Charles VI., who was then in his fifteenth Btrongly characteristic of the age, gives lo the quarrel an air of the year. There is no evidence, however, that John of Gaunt gave any ludicrous There Is preserved among the public records a letter from encouragement to this precocious bernism.-O. Eichard who was then a youth of seventeen years, to the Duke of » Duohanan : Eerum bcotiarum Uistoria, hb. ix. cap. 4j. Lancaster, in which he gravely proposes that the quarrel between 60 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. iv. to go into Spain for the recovery of his wife's inheritance ; and ordained his son, Henry, Earl of Derby, his heutenant of all he had in England, placing around him a safe and judicious council. When he took his leave, the king presented him with a coronet of gold, and the queen gave another to his wife ; orders were also given that he should he addressed by the title of " King of Spain." His train consisted of no less than a thousand spears of knights and esquires, two thousand archers, and a thousand tall yeomen. Having landed in Britany, near the castle of Brest, he was resisted by two of the forts, in the assault of which he lost many of his men ; but he ultimately triumphed, and, having sailed Avith his fleet to the Garonne, he marched to the Spanish frontier and carried the town of Bayonne. After this, the King of Castile sent to him to treat of a marriage between his daughter and the dulvc's son ; and through the mediation of the Duke of Berry a truce was concluded. In 1388 the duke was appointed lieutenant of Aquitaine. The disputes which had so long existed in Spain concerning the right to the kingdom of Castile and Leon were at length amicably settled, by an agreement that Henry, eldest son of John, King of Castile and Leon, and of Portugal, should marry Catherine, the duke's only daughter, by his wife Constance ; and that the duke should quit his claim to Spain on condition of receiving, for his own and daughter's life, a yearly payment of 16,000 marks, and in case his wife should survive him, that she should have annually 12,000 marks (£8,000). The duke returned to England in November, 1389, with much treasure ; for it is said that he had forty-seven mules laden with chests of gold for his second payment, and several great men of Spain, as guarantees for his future annuity. On his return he relieved Brest, in Britany, then besieged by the French. In the following year (1390) he was created Duke of Aquitaine by the consent of the lords and commons of England, on which occasion a splendid cap was put upon his head, and a rod of gold was given to him, to hold his new dignity of the king of England as king of the realm of France. In 13 Richard II. (1390) he obtained a further confirmation of the privileges of his duchy of Lancaster, in the appointment of a chancery court there, with the power to issue writs under his own seal ; likewise an exchequer, with barons and other necessary officers, and power to make justices itinerant for the pleas of the forest, etc' His attachment to his favourite Catherine Swynford remained unaltered, notwith- standing the disparity of their stations ; and, after the death of his second wife, Constance, he married her at Lincoln, on the octaves of the Epiphany (1395), at which, say the Chroniclers, there was no little admiration in regard to her low birth. "ThU woman was bom in Henault, daugliter of a knight of that country. She was brought up in her jouth iu the Duke of Lancaster's house, and attended on hia first wife, the Duchess Blanche of Lancaster; and in the days of his second wife, the Duchess Constance, he kept the aforesaid Catharine as his concubine, who afterwards was married to a knight of England, named Swinford, that was now deceased. Before she was married the duke liad by her three children, two sons and a daughter. One of the sous was named Thomas de Beaufort ; and the other Henrie, who was brought up at Aken, iu Almaine, proved a good lawyer, and was afterwards Bishop of Winchester. For the love that the duke had to these his children, he married their mother, the said Catharine Swinford, being now a widow, whereof men marvelled much, considering her mean estate was far unmeet to match with his highness, and nothing comparable in honour to his other two former wives. And indeed, the great ladies of England, as the Duchess of Gloucester, the Countess of Derby, Arundel, and others, descended of the blood royal, greatly di.sdained that she should be matched with the Duke of Lancaster, and by that means be accounted second person in the realm, and preferred in room before them, and thereof they said that they would not come in any place where she should be present, for it should be a shame to them that a woman of so base a birth, and concubine to the duke iu his other wife's days, should go and have place before tliem. The Duke of Gloucester also, being a man of an high mind and a stout stomach, misliked his brother matching so meanly ; but the Duke of York bare it well enough ; and verily the lady herself was a woman of such bringing up and honourable demeanour, that envy could Dot in the end but give place to well deserving."* In 1396 the king negotiated a marriage with Isabella, daughter of Charles VI. of France, then a child eight years old, with, as he said, the approval of his two uncles, Lancaster and York. The two kings, accompanied by hundreds of nobles and knights, with all the pomp of the gorgeous ceremonials of that age, met between Calais and Ardres, and there embraced and drank wine together out of jewelled cups. On a subsequent day they met again at the boundary of their two camps, when the child-queen arrived with a cavalcade of golden chariots and silken litters, with ladies wearing garlands of pearls and diamonds. She was presented by her uncles to Richard, who promised to cherish her as his wife. The Duchesses of Lancaster and Gloucester then received her, and she set forward to Calais, where the marriage Avas celebrated on the 4th of November. Three years after the Duke of Lancaster's third marriage, in a Parliament convened at London, he procured an act for legitimatising the children whom he had by Catherine Swynford, the legitimation having been preceded by a similar act of the Pope ; and in another Parliament, held in September m the same year, called the Great Parliament, the Earl of Arundel was, by the Duke of Lancaster, who sat that day as high steward, condemned of treason on charges of which ' See note 2, page 6S aiipra. ! Holinohod, p. 4S5. CHAP. IV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 61 he had previously received the Royal pardon, and beheaded on Tower Hill, September 21st, 1397. During this Parliament the duke's eldest son, the Earl of Derby, was created Duke of Hereford. In 1396-97, the Duke of Lancaster had a renewal and amplification of the privileges of his duchy of Lancaster.' He also obtained the hundreds of Southgrenhow and Laundishe, in the county of Norfolk, which had come into the king's hands by the attainder of the Earl of Arundel. In 1398, at^er obtaining from the king an ample renunciation of all claim on any part of his inheritance, with a confirmation of the dower of the castles of Knaresborough and TickhiU to Catherine his wife, and a settlement of the manor of Bradford and Almondbury on his eldest legitimatised son, John Beaufort, Marquis of Somerset and Dorset, he was constituted lieutenant in the marches towards Scotland, from the beginning of the twenty-eight years' truce between that country and Eno'land. In October, Henry of Bolingbroke, the duke's son, received sentence of banishment ; and from that period this disgrace produced the most pungent sorrow in the mind of his venerable father, who was soon afterwards seized with a fatal illness and died. His death, which occurred February 3rd, 1398-9, was much lamented by his friends ; but neither the king nor the people sympathised in their sorrow. He was interred with great funeral pomp near the body of Blanche, his first wife, for whom and for himself he had erected, soon after her decease, a sumptuous monument, surmounted with the ducal arms. An inscription was afterwards placed on a pensile tablet, which, after enumerating his various titles and honours, states that he was thrice married, first to Blanche, daughter and heir of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, by whom he received a most ample inheritance; secondly to Constance (who is buried here), daughter and heir of Peter, King of Castile and Leon, in whose right he was entitled to use the title of king, etc. She bore him one daughter, Catharine, who had children by Henry, King of Spain. His third ■wife was Catharine, of a knightly family, and a lady of extraordinary beauty, who bore him a numerous progeny, of which stock, by the mother's side, Henry VIL, most prudent king of England, married one, whose felicitous marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward IV. of the house of York, united the royal families of Lancaster and York, and restored peace to England. This illustrious prince John, named Plantagenet, King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Leicester, Lincoln, and Derby, Lieutenant of the king in Aquitaiue and High Steward of England, died in the 22ud year of the reign of Richard II. and a.d. 1399. The bequests of John, Duke of Lancaster, were munificent ; but the largest portion of his estates descended to his only surviving son and heir by Blanche of Lancaster. Throughout his life the Duke of Lancaster surpassed all the great men of his age in power and fortune ; but he was not so universally respected as his brother the Black Prince, the good Duke of Lancaster, or his eldest son, Henry of Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby. Some defects in the moral character of John of Gaunt, his haughty carriage towards inferiors, and his public support of Wyclifi'e the reformer, added to his want of success in arms, contributed to lower him in the public estimation ; though his readiness on all occasions to apply his ample fortune in the discharge of his public duties, and his zeal in the cause of his country, served to rank him amongst the most illustrious of her benefactors. The ducal family of the house of Lancaster had, by its marriage alliances, become connected with many of the most powerful barons of the kingdom, and Henry of Bolingbroke, the representative of this house after the death of his father, John of Gaunt, impelled partly by his wrongs, but principally by his ambition, wrested the sceptre from the feeble hands of his royal cousin, and ascended the throne of England almost without a struggle. By this act of usurpation the seed was sown for the long and sanguinary intestine wars between the rival houses of Lancaster and York, which served for so many years to deluge the country with blood. • This is an excmpliflcation and full confirmation of preceding chattel? of felons aud fugitive.?, tlie return of all writs, summonses and charters, as in 1st BicLard II. And further, for the greater security of precepts of the king, etc., and their execution, so that no officer of the the duke, the king declares and grants to him that he may have all fines king be injured thereby. And it it happen that the officers of the duke for trausgressioneretc, for agreeing to grant licence, and all issues and he .amerced m the king s courts for negligence, etc. such fines and foifeitures of all men, tenants and residents in his lands, and fees, and amercements may be to the duke. 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" c^ " T) ^ "0'Mafe.s»'uis" SKm?;: S'°.3-o rt 3 o •'*- ■o.Sca2 a II p-;- •d t^M cl b 3§«a"-a S,M o p,3 - o a 5? . fl "H L- ri C ■.*< s o « 3gl]<^ - < c«3 J 02 W CHAPTEK V Character of Henry Plantagenet, Earl of Derby and Duke of Hereford— His Quarrel with the Duke of Norfolk, and Banishment— Elevated to the Dignity of Duke of Lancaster on the Death of hia Father, John of Gaunt— Returns to England- Expels Richard II. from the Throne— Elevation of the noble House of Lancaster to the Royal Dignity — Possessions of the Duohy of Lancaster separated from the Crown Possessions— Establishment of the Duchy Court — Abolition of the Duchy Court of Star Chamber — History of the Duchy continued — Its Courts, Chancellors, Officers, &c. — Ducatus Lancastrice, from the Harleian MSS.— a.d. 1380 to 1860. ENRY PLAXTAGENET, snrnamed of Bolingbroke from the place of his birth, the only surviving son of John of Gaunt, by his first wife, Blanche, daughter and sole heir of Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, Avas in character diametrically the reverse of his sovereign. King Richard II. His talents were of a superior order ; his manners were popular, and even fascinating ; and his ambition led him to aspire to a higher station than that of the first subject in the realm, which his father had so long occupied. In the second year of the reign of Richard II. (1378-9), Henry, though only eleven years old, was thought of age to receive knighthood, and in 1380 he was betrothed, with the consent of the king, to Mary de Bohun, the younger daughter and coheiress of Humphrey de Bohun, K.G., late Earl of Essex, Hereford, and Northampton, and hereditary constable of England. In 1385 he was summoned to Parliament by the title of Henry, Earl of Derby. In the eleventh year of the reign he was engaged with the Duke of Gloucester in the combination, professedly for the removal of the king's favourites, but in reality to retain the control over the sovereign, who had then just come of age, at which his majesty took great offence, but having subsequently made full confession of his improper conduct, and sued for pardon, Richard was reconciled to him, and in the 21st year of his reign (1397-8) we find the king on the last day of the session (September 29) " sitting in Parliament in royal majesty, holding in his hand a rod, and making his cousin, Sir Henry of Lancaster, Earl of Derby, a duke, by the title of Duke of Hereford." This reconciliation, was, however, short-lived, a violent quarrel having arisen between the Duke of Hereford and the Duke of Norfolk with reference to some alleged treasonable expressions regarding the conflict at Radcot Bridge in 1388, which terminated in an appeal to arms. The Parliament in which the charge was made was sitting at Shrewsbury. Hereford and Norfolk were both ordered into custody, and the dispute was referred to the Court of Chivalry, which decreed that the quarrel should be determined by wager of battle at Coventry on the 16th September following. On the day appointed the combatants entered the lists, but when the heralds had made proclamation the king, with, as was said, the advice of his council, of which the Duke of Lancaster, father of the Duke of Hereford, was at the head, sent them both into exile : Hereford for ten years, Norfolk for life.^ In some of the versions relating to this memorable duel, it is represented that Henry, Duke of Hereford, lodged the information against Thomas, Duke of Norfolk; but Sir John Froissart, a contemporary writer, states the matter differently, and more probably, by repre- senting that the secret of the confidential conversation between the Duke of Hereford and the Duke of Norfolk was divulged by the latter ; and this construction is supported by the more severe sentence passed upon that duke, "because he had sowen sedicion in this realme by his woordes, whereof he could make no profe."- 1 A pompous description of the Lists of Coventry is given in flail's Chronicle. * The following is Hereford's written account of the conversation between himself and Norfolk as they were riding between Brentford and London, as given in the Rolls of Parliament : — Norfolk: " We are on the point of being undone." Hereford ; ' ' Why so ? " Norfolk : " On account of the affair at Radeotbridge." Hereford : " How can that be, since he has granted ns pardon and has declared in Parliament that we behaved as good and loyal subjects." Norfolk : "Nevertheless, our fate will be like that of others before us. He will annul that record." Hertford : "It will be marvellous indeed if the king, after having said BO before the people, should cause it to be annulled." Norfolk : " It is a marvellous and false world that we live in." Norfolk then related a plot of certain of the king's eouncil to undo six other lords, amongst whom were Lancaster, Hereford, and himself. Hereford; "God forbid! It will be a wonder if the king should assent to such designs. He appears to make me good cheer, and has promised to be my good lord. Indeed, he has sworn by St. Edward to be a good lord to me and the others." Norfolk: "So has he often sworn to mo by God's body, but I do not trust him the more for that." — Q. CHAP. V. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 65 The nation was hig-hly incensed by the kmg's behaviour to the Duke of Hereford, who was the diarhng oi the principal peers, ot the city of London, and of the people. They held that he had committed no crime, and had been condemned without trial; that by his banishment thev were deprived of their best protector; and they thought themselves by that event exposed to all the malice and indignation of an incensed and vindictive tyrant. As the duke passed through the city ot London on horseback, on his leaving the kingdom, he was followed by more than 40 000 people, who cried after him, and bewailed his fate and their own in the most moving manner ' He was accompanied on this occasion by trumpets and instruments of music, and with the more melting sounds ot universal lamentation. The Mayor of London, and others of the principal citizens, followed him to JJepttord ; and some accompanied him as far as Dover, on his way to Calais where he arrived October 3rd, 1398, and on landing was received by the Dukes of Orleans and Berry, of Bourbon and Burgundy. On the duke's arrival at Paris he was very graciously received by the Court of France, where he was soon offered in marriage the widowed daughter of the Duke of Berry, uncle of Charles VI., Mary de Bohun, the mother of Henry of Monmouth, and of five other children being then dead. To prevent this union. King Richard sent the Earl of Salisbury, his ambassador, to the Court of France, where the earl represented the Duke of Hereford as a person guilty of traitorous designs against his prince ; upon which the treaty of marriage proceeded no further. After his departure, he received letters from his father, advising him rather to go into Castile than into Hungary ; but the Duke of Lancaster becoming sick, his son continued in Paris, where the news reached him of his father's death. The king, availing himself of the exile of the Duke of Hereford, now become Duke of Lancaster, seized the possessions of his father, John of Gaunt, into his own hands, and lavished them with his usual profusion upon his favourites.' Shortly after this time, the king was obliged to embark for Ireland, to suppress a rebellion which had arisen in that oppressed country. _ He set sail from Milford on the Ith June, 1399, and, during his absence, England fell into great distraction. In this exigency, the people of London sent for their favourite Henry, who had then become Duke of Lancaster, promising him their assistance, if he would accept of the government.- With such encouragement, and aided by the Duke of Britany, he took ship at Le Port Blanc, and landed at Ravenspur, at the mouth of the Humber, in Yorkshire, in July, when he was met by a number of nobles in the north, and their followers. On his arrival at Doncaster he found himself at the head of a considerable army, and the common people in all places greeting his return with enthusiasm. The injustice practised towards him by the king, in first banishing him from the realm without proof of guilt, and then seizing upon his patrimonial inheritance, in violation of his letters-patent, excited the indignation of the nation towards the oppressor, and their sympathy and enthusiasm in favour of the oppressed. His march through the country was a triumph ; everywhere the castles yielded to his summons, and on his arrival at Bristol his forces were augmented to 60,000. To oppose this formidable force, the Duke of York, who had been left viceroy of the kingdom during the king's absence, assembled an army of 40,000 men at St. Albans ; but their attachment to the royal cause was so lukewarm that they went over to the Duke of Lancaster, on his representation that he sought not the subversion of the throne, but the recovery of his paternal possessions, which the king had seized, on the death of his illustrious father. The intelligence of this invasion reached the king while he was leading his army among the bogs and thickets of Ireland, on which he hastened back into England, and landed in Wales, near a place called Barkloughly Castle ;" where, finding that he was almost totally forsaken, he went on to Conway Castle, in the county of Caernarvon.^ The duke, on hearing of the king's arrival, marched to Chester, which city he entered on the 9th August. From thence he despatched the Earl of Northumberland to the king at Conway, who proposed that a Parliament should be called, to remove the grievances of which the country complained, and particularly to arbitrate between the king and the Duke of Lancaster. Richard, scarcely aware of the danger by which he was menaced, consented to an interview, at Flint Castle, with the Duke of Lancaster, who, it was represented, would there ask pardon on his knees on condition of the estates and honours of his family being restored. While journeying to Flint, Northumberland, who had a large force concealed behind the rocks, seized the king's bridle. In this way he became his prisoner, and was, under various pretences of friendship and loyalty, after a sojourn of three days at Chester, conducted to London, where the cavalcade was met by the mayor and principal citizens, the people shouting, as it passed, ^ This procedure was in direct contravention of the king's pledge, ^ He went first to Harlech or Harddlech Castle, thsnce to Carnarvon, for before the departure of Hereford he had promised and confirmed, by afterwards to Beaumaris, and finally to Conway, where he arrived at his letters patent that in case any succession should happen in his daybreak. It is difficult to say which of these castles has been corrupted absence for which' he ought to do homage, that he might, by his attorney, into Barkloughly. The Monk of Evesham maintains that Harlech was be permitted to prosecute, and have liberty of succession or heritages, the place of the king's landing, and a recent writer in the Archmologia and that his homage and fealty might be respected.— 0. Cambrenais, while affirming his belief that the king landed at Barmouth, 1 Froissart ^ of opinion that Harlech is the Barkloughly named. See Traison et 3 Holinshed i99 Mart Richard II., 189 and 282, and Areh. Camll., January, 1858, p. 10.— 0. 10 ' 66 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. v. " Long live the Duke of Lancaster." To give an air of justice to the ultimate designs of the duke, he caused a Parliament to be convened under the authority of Richard, by which Parliament the king was, on the 29th September, declared to have forfeited his throne by extortion, rapine, and injustice. Being thus deposed by the suffrages of two estates of the realm, the throne was declared vacant, and the head of the noble house of Lancaster ascended the throne of these realms, by the style and title of Henry IV.^ On receiving this dignity before the assembled Parliament, the new monarch crossed himself on the forehead, and, calling upon the name of Christ, said — " la the name of Fadher, Son, and Holy Ghost, I, Henry of Lancaster, challenge this rewme of Yngland, and the croun, with all the members, and the appurtenances ; als I that am descendit by right line of the blode, coming fro the gude lorde King Henry therde, and throghe that right that God of his grace hath sent me, with help of kyn and of my frendes to recover it ; the which rewme was in poynt to be ondone by defaut of governance, and undoing of the gude lawes." ^ A tradition had prevailed amongst the vulgar that Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III., was really the eldest brother of Edward I., but that, owing to some deformity in his person, he had been supplanted in the succession by his younger brother; and as the present Duke of Lancaster inherited from Edmund by his mother, this genealogy constituted him the true heir to the throne. This was, however, a topic rather to be insinuated than declared, and the best grounds of Henry's claim were the misrule of his predecessor, and the aflE'ections of the people over whom he Avas himself called to govern, ^ for the posterity of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, third son of Edward III., had a prior claim to that of the heir of John of Gaunt, the fourth son. At the time of Richard's deposition the hereditary claim of the Clarence branch was vested in Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, who was the grandson of Phihppa, the daughter of Lionel, but he was then only ten years of age. When the Parliament deposed Richard and chose Henry in his stead the Archbishop of Canterbury preached a sermon, taking for his text the words, " A man shall reign over my people," and in the course of his address he enlarged upon the theme that when the King of kings threatened his people He said, " I will make children to rule over them," his remarks being evidently aimed at the youthful Earl of March. When in 1385 Roger Mortimer was declared presumptive heir to the throne, John of Gaunt asserted that his own son Henry was the true heir, as descended from Edmund Crouchback, the eldest son, as he incorrectly affirmed, of Henry III., Avho, he alleged, had been set aside on account of 'his deformity. Henry of Lancaster's claim by blood as " coming fro the gude lorde Kyng Henry therde " would have been of little avail, had he not been at the head of a powerful army, and known to be a man of vigour and abiHty, supported moreover by the chief nobles. Edmund Mortimer, whose claim to the crown was set aside by the enthronement of Henry lY., died without issue in 1424. He had a sister Anne, who married the second son of Edmund Langley, Duke of York, and in her son arose the pretension to the crown of the House of York. Henry, Duke of Lancaster, being now seated upon the throne of England, the unfortunate Richard was sent to the duke's castle at Pontefract. Here he was detained in confinement for some time; but so short is the distance between the throne and the grave of a deposed monarch, that his life was speedily terminated, either by the hand of the assassin or the more protracted misery of famine. Richard's reign being thus terminated, his successor turned his attention to the appointment of his new officers. The office of high steward, which he possessed in right of his earldom of Leicester, derived from the Lacys, he conferred upon his second son, Lord Thomas, whose incapacity, from his nonage, was supplied by the Earl of Worcester ; while the office of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster was given to John de Wakeringe, a divine of considerable influence with his royal master. Mr. Justice Blackstone, in his Commentaries,'' observes, that "the county palatine, or Duchy of Lancaster, was the property of Henry Bolingbroke, the son of John of Gaunt, at the time when he wrested the crown from King Richard II. and assumed the title of King Henry IV : and he adds, he was too prudent to suffer this to be united to the crown, lest. It he lost one, he should lose the other also. But this is a mode of expression at variance with th= BuktorlJ;t"^lti'"°"^Z^tni!r^^ '■ ,"t°'' " ^f"" t^ of deposition was solemnly pronounced by eight commissioners, baronrand Shteand of X notaMesf m™ nf /^^^ prelates earls, Henry then approached the throne, and having challenged his right to goS towns rtKthe Tower L7the^^^^^ ?,"h ""V™"* "t,*- t'"^ ""^ "i^r"' T^ ^"^ ^^ *'^<= Archbishops of Canterbury and York to the sceptre m his hand, and his crown on his head. Then lie stnorl nn ■ilmif, 3 it i^ ;,,;i 1 1 ' » i i . ?^ 1 ' :"7' , ,..„,. i not holdeu nor staved bv no man inr? «L°,i-l pin,,/ ' t i ? "P.'"""", ' n j^ said that John of Gauut put forward a claim in Parliament Sngki d Duke of Aquitetorand Lord oMrelnnd n'b™ if 'fT '^'"^ °* V '''"''"'■'* "' "^'** "^ =°" Henry should be adjudged heir to the king- on the 30th Sentember in Westmin^ Ir HnM ■ ll,. T^ P'"'''™'^"' ^"^ " Crouchback." The claim appears scarcely probable, as it not only set I^^SKSf/?^^^^^^^^ in^e^^kL-^^Jj^d-rtrp-fd^i^^^^^^^^^^^ ^J?rrdirg''thTtrUcfesTjS^eS1nt^Sy^^^.:S^^^^^^^^^ ' ^'"'- ' '^'^ -=• '■^- "«' CHAP. V. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 67 the usual accuracy of that distinguished writer's style, and would seem to imply that the county palatine ot Lancaster and the duchy of Lancaster are co-extensive, and that the terms ai-e convertible. This, however, is by no means the case— the county palatine beim? confined to the county, while the duchy of Lancaster, as we have already intimated, and, as we shall speedily show more specifically, comprehends not only ■ the county of Lancaster but many other portions of Uie kingdom. It has been justly observed by Plowden'in the celebrated "Duchy of Lancaster Case, 4 Elizabeth (lob2), and by Sir Edward Coke^in his fourth Institute, that the new monarch was well aware that " he held the Duchy of Lancaster by sure and indefeasible title, but that his title to the crown was not so assured : for that, after the decease of Richard II. the ri Act of 10 Henry IV. (1409). = The belie? m aichemy was widely prevalent at this time. In 1438 the king eommisaioned three philosophers to make the precious metals, but, as mightT expected, he received no returns from them m either eold or silvlr. His credulity, however, seems to have been unshaken by dSanDOlntoent for in the twenty-fourth year of his reign (1446) he issued hrraval licence to Sir Edmund Traflord and Sir Thomas Ashton two LanSwre Mghts, authorising them to make gold V^X^Ttt^To^er of which the following is a translation, was found by Fuller m the lower of London- "Thrmng to all whom, &c., gi-eeting,-Know ye that whereas our beloved and loyal Edmund de Trafford, knight, and Thomas Shton kSght hive! by a certain petition shewn unto us, set forth that nuKhthCTwf/e willing, by t^e art and science of philosophy, to ?r™?5e ftoansmute) ^perfect metals from their own kind and then to Ssubstlntotrthim by their said art or science, as they say, into perfect gold or silver, unto all manner of proofs or trials, to be expected or endured as any gold or silver growing in any mine ; notwithstanding certain persons ill-willing and maligning them, conceiving them to work by unlawful art, and so may hinder and disturb them m the trial ot the said art and science : We, considering the premises, and willing to know the conclusion of the said work or science, of our special grace have eranted and given leave to the same Edmund and Thomas, and to their servants, that they may work and try the aforesaid art and science law- fullv and freely, without any hindrance of ours, or of our officers, what- soever; any statute, act, ordinance, or provision made, ordained, or provided to the contrary notwithstanding. In witness whereof, &c., the King at Westminster, the 7th day of April." When Henry granted this licence he was overriding the provisions of the Act 6 Henry IV., cap. 4, which made it felony for any of the king's subjects "to multiply gold or silver, or to use the craft of multiplication," &o.— the only Act, it is said, which has never been violated.— C. 70 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. v. to the refinement of a court. To satisfy these demands he was driven to the expedient of morto-ao-ino-, for five years, the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, and the terms of this mortgage, as given in the 18th Henry VI. (1440) sufficiently indicate the importunity of the royal creditors, and the petulaney of the king under their demands. The revenues of the duchy having reverted to the king, as Duke of Lancaster, an Act was passed in the 39 Henry VI. (1460-61), appointing that there should appertain to the duchy one chief steward and one auditor in the northern parts, and one other chief steward and one other auditor in the southern parts, with one chancellor, one receiver-general, and one attorney -general in and of all the duchy, with one chief-steward, and one attorney -general in the county of palatine of Lancaster. While the mortgage existed, several new offices had been created, but by this Act those offices were abolished as burdensome in fees and unnecessary for use. Hitherto the archives of the duchy had been lodged in the church and priory of St. Bartholomew, in "West Smithfield, London, much to the annoyance of the prior and his convent. On a representation that the church had become much occupied and encumbered with " divers great chests containing the books" of the duchy of Lancaster, and that divine service was interrupted by the entrance of ministers, under colour of an examination of the books, and that no little disturbance was created thereby, the king directed that the prior and convent, and their successors, should be exonerated from the custody of the said books and documents ; and the officers of the duchy were ordered to remove their chests, Avith their contents, out of the priory into the Tower of London, or into such other place as might be found convenient to deposit them (1460).^ Although the court of the duchy of Lancaster was instituted in the early part of the reign of Henry IV., no post-morte'ni inquisitions are registered in this court earlier than the first of Henry V. (1413). The duty of collecting and arranging the inquisitions has been performed by the direction of the Commissioners of Public Records, and a list of these inquisitions is published along with a list of the pleadings, consisting of bills, answers, depositions, and surveys, relating to the suits in that court, in two volumes, entitled Ducatus Lancastrice. These volumes are thus described by the persons charged with the duty of collecting and arranging the materials : — " According to the returns made to the select committee of the House of Commons in the year 1800, the Inquisitions Post Mortem in this repository then found amounted to 2,400, beginning with the first year of King Henry V. (1413), and ending with the eighteenth year of King Charles the First (1642). A more recent investigation has shown their number to amount to 3,569 ; which it has also been found necessary to put in a better state of arrangement, and to clean, repair, and bind them in volumes. The Pleadings consist of bills, answers, and depositions and surveys, in suits exhibited in the duchy court, commencing with the first year of King Henry VII., and are continued to the present time. (Signed) " R. J. Hahpee. John Calet. Dated " Office of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1823." \Vm. Minchin." The Inquisitions and Pleadings contain a great fund of local information ; but they would, in the most condensed form, occupy an inconveniently large space in our county history ; and the necessity for_ their insertion is materially diminished since the Bucatus, thanks to the liberality of Parliament, is presented to many of the public libraries in this kingdom, and is therefore easily accessible ; suffice it to_ say, that the records, of which the Bucatus exhibits little more than an index, are to be found in the Record Office, in London, and their number, as far as regards the county palatine of Lancaster, stands thus : Inquisitions Post Mortem, in vol. i 2,105 ; in vol. ii. {Nil). Pleadings in vol. i. 1,594 ; in vol. ii. 1,589. Total 3,183.' The hostifity of the house of York to the house of Lancaster did not extend to the revenues of the duchy,_ for no sooner had Edward IV. ascended the throne than he confirmed all the charters and liberties of the duchy of Lancaster, in a manner the most ample, except that he joined the duchy inheritance to the crown," Henry VII., not to be outstripped by a member of the rival 1 39 Henry VI. (14(30). ^, . ^ of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and of the Commons, being in Since the removal ol the muniments of the Duchy and Palatinate this present Parliament, and by the authority of the same, that the of Lancaster to the Pubhc Eecord Office, a very comprehensive list of the same Henry, late called King Henry the Sixth, for the considerations various classes of documents, illustrated by numerous examples, and of the great, heinous, and detestable matters and offences before containing valuable lists both of persons and places, has been edited by specified by him, committed against his faith and ligeance to our Mr. Walford D. Selby, of the Record Office, and issued by the Beoord said Liega Lord, King Edward tho Fourth, his true, righteous, Society (vols vu. and viu.). Volume vii. deals with (1) the Records of and natural liege Lord, offended and hurt unjustly and unlawfuUy the Duchy of Lancaster, with special reference to the Lancashire and the Royal Majesty ol our said sovereign Lord, stand by the advice Cheshire manors belonging to it (2) the Records of the Palatinate of and assent couvicted and attainted of High Treason. And that it Lancashire, and (3) those of the Superior and Abolished Courts as far as bo ordained and established by the same advice assent, and authority, they relate to the two counties, the vtilue of such class of records being as that he the same Henry forfeit unto the same our Liege Lord Edward far as possible shown by examples of the various and important docu- the Fourth, and to his heirs, and to the said Crown of England, ments they contain. Volume vin deals with the various Indices to the all Castles, Manors, Lordships, Towns, Townships, Honors, Lands, Tene- Records which have from time to time been compiled, together with such ments, Rents, Services, Fee-Farms, Knights' Fees, Advowsons, Heredi- special classes of documents as Special Commissions, Liceijces and Pardons, taments, and Possessions, with their appurtenances which he or any Royalist Composition Papers, Ac, &c., aU ol which throw much new other to his use had the third day of March last past, being of the Dutchy Ught on the past history ot the two counties, and indicate the best of Lancaster, or that were any parcel or member of the same Dutchy, or sources of information to be consulted by those working at either local or thereunto annexed or united in the first year of tlie reign of Henry, late family history.— C. called King Henry tho Fifth, or at any time since. And that it bo -'AN ACT FOR INCOHPORATINO AND ALSO FOR CoNFiscATiNa THE Ordained and established by the same advice, assent, and authority, that Ti^'^Vj'is ^f.^T'^^'^™ ''° THE Crown of England for Ever (1 Edward the same Manors, Castles, Lordships, Honors, Towns, Townships, Lands IV.— 14bl).— It is declared and adjudged by tho assent and advice Tenements, Rents, Services, Fee-Farms, Knights' Fees Advowsons CHAP. V. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 71 house, enacted in the first year of his reign (1485) that all the lands of the duchy of Lancaster which had been alienated from that inheritance in the reign of Edward IV. should be re-invested in the king and his heirs for ever, as amply and largely, and in like manner, form, and condition, separate from the crown of England, and possessions of the same, as the three Henrys, or EdAvard IV., or any of them, had and held the same. Ever since the period when Henry IV. mounted the throne of England, the duchy of Lancaster has indeed always been considered by the reignino' monarch as one of the richest gems in the crown, though for state purposes it has been kept separate and distinct from the regal revenues and possessions. When the Act for regulating the order of Avards and liveries was passed, a special proviso was introduced, to guard against the royalties, liberties, and jurisdictions of the county palatine and the duchy of Lancaster suffering prejudice ; and when Henry VIII. had impaired the revenues of the duchy of Lancaster by a number of gifts,_ grants, and sales, indemnity against the consequences of these alienations was found for the king, as Duke of Lancaster, by a grant from Parliament (in 1545) of the manor of Ripon and its dependencies in the county of York, and of the vaccary in the forest of Ashedowne, with its rents and manors in the county of Sussex, both of which were attached to the duchy, and the revenues received and accounted for as duchy lands. The example set by the father was closelyand speedily imitated by his children; and in the time of Philip and Mary the duchy possessions were restored to their former extent by an Act expressed in these very significant terms : — "An Act for thenlaegyxg of the Duchie of Lancastre. " Forasmuch as the Kyng and Queue our sovereigne Lorde and Ladjie, considering and regarding the state of the Duchie of Lancastree, heing one of the most famous Princeliest and Stateliest peeces of our said Sovereigne Ladie the Queues auncyent Enheritance, doo pceyve and consider that the Possessions and yerely Revenues of the said Duchie arre and have been of late greatlye diminished, as well by reason of Sundry Giftes, Grants and Sales, made by the late Kinges of famous memorye, Henry theight and Edoarde the Sixte, late Kings of Englaude, Father and Brother to our said Sovereigne Ladie the Queues Highues, as also by reason of sundries Exchainges made wth dyvers their loving Subjectes, of Sundry Manors, Landes, Tentes, Possessions, and Hereditaments, lately belonging to the same Duchie ; and the Manors, Landes, Tentes, Possessions, and Hereditaments, being receyved and taken in recompence of the said Exchangee, bee not annexed to the said Duchie, but been in thorder svey and governance of other Courtes and Places, so by theyr Highnes taken and receyved in Exchange ; And forasmuohe also as theyr Maties doo mynde and intende to preserve, avaunce, mayntaine, and contynue thaunoient and honourable Estate of the said Duchie ; Our said Sovereigne Lord and Ladye therefor bee pleased and contented that yt be enacted, ordeyned, and established by their Maties ^fb thassent of the Lordes Spuall and Temporall, and the Comons in this pnte pliament assembled, and by thauctoritee of the same. That all Honors, Castels, Lordeshippes, Manors, Landes, Tenementea, Possessions, and Hereditamentes vpthin this Kealme of Englande, wcli at any tyme synce the xxviijtli daye of Januarie, in the first yere of the Reigne of our saidelate Sovereigne Lorde Kynge Edoarde the Sixte (1547), were pcell of the Possessions of the said Duchie of Lancastre, or wch were united and annexed to the said Duchie by aucthorite of pliament hes Patentes or otherways, and wct at any time since the sayd xxviij daye of Januarie, have been given, granted, alyenated, bargayued, solde, exchanged, or otherwayse severed from the said Duchie, by our said late Sovereigne Lord King Edoarde the Sixte, or by our Sovereigne Lady the Queue that now ys, or by our Sovereigne Lorde and Ladie the King and Queues Maties that now bee, to or wth any pson or psons, and wob sayd Honors, Castles, Lordshippes, Manors, Landes, Tentes, and Hereditamentes, since such Giftes, Grants, Alienacons, Bargaynes, Sales, Exchanges, or Severance thereof so made as is aforesaid»been, comon, or returned agayn to thandes of our said late Sovereigne Lorde King Edwarde the Sixte, or to thandes of our said Sovereigne Ladie the Queue, or to thandes of our Sovereigne Lord and Ladie the King and Queue, or to thandes of her Mtie, her heires, and successors, in Possession, Revercon, Remainder, or other ways, and wch now bee or remain in thandes of our saide Sovereigne Lord and Lady the King and Queues Maties, of any estate of inheritance, shall from the time the same came reverted agayn to thandes of our said late Sovereygne Lorde Kinge Edward the Sixte, or to thandes of our said Sovereigne Lady the Queue, or thandes of our said Sovereyne Lord and Ladye the King and Queue, by aucthoritee and force of this Acte bee united and annexed for ever unto the sayd Diichye of Lancastree, and shalbe adjudged, domed, and taken for ever for, and as peels and membres of the said Duchie of Lancastre," etc. In the following reign a systematic return was made of the fees, privileges, writs, and advowsons attached to the duchy of Lancaster and its officers, a copy of which has been preserved, and is as follows : — Hereditaments, and Possessions, with their appurtenances in England, governance of the same Dutchy, and of the particular officers, ministers, Wales, and Calais, and the Marches thereof, make, and from the said day tenants, and inhahitants thereof, m as great, ample, and large form as of Ma^ch be to the said Dutchy of Lancaster corporate, and be called the Henry, callmg himself Henry the Fifth, at any time therein had, use, Dutchy of Lancaster. And that our said sovereign Lord, King Edward and enjoy lawfully. And by the same authonty the said offleers and the Fourth have seize take hold, enjoy, and inherit all the said Manors ministers, and also the said tenants and inhabitants of and in the same and dSles and othi?' the Premisses with their appurtenances, by the Dutchy, have, use, exercise, and enjoy such and all Liberties Privileges, ^menrme of Dutch? froL all other his inheritances separate, from the and Customs, as the officers, ministers, tenants, and inh.*itants of the saw fouJth dav of SchTo h m and to his heirs Kings of England per- same Dutchy had, used, exercised, or enjoyed lawfully m the time of the netuallv and that the County S Lancaster be a county Palatine : And same Henry, calling himself King Henry the Fifth ; and that also in the that our Lie J and SovereTm Lord King Edward the Fourth, and his same Dutchy be used, had, and occupied a 1 such Freedoms, Liberties, heiiTave a^s narcel of the^^^ same County of Lancaster Franchises, Privileges, Customs, and Jurisdictions as were used therem and Conntv PaEe and a Sell Chance lor. Judges, and Officers for the lawfully before the said fourth day of March And the ofhcers, ministers, same- anFaflmaS^er of UbSMes.cS^t^ms Laws Royal, and Franchises tenants, and inhabitants of or m the said Dutchy be entreated and i^Th^' fnmprn^X Palatine Cwf^V and rightfully used, and over that demeaned according to the same Freedoms, Liberties Franchises, anoHier few caTed tte SeaTof the D^^^^ of Lancaster, and a Chancellor Customs, Privileges, and Jurisdictions, and not distrained, arcted, nor f°r the keeping thereof, Officeis and Counsellors for the guiding and compeUed to the contrary in anywise." 72 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. V. HEEE BEGINNETH THE BOOKE Which is known by the name of and Treating of the Fees, Privileges, Writts, Advowsons, and OTHER Officers that belong to the Duchy and County Palatine op Lancaster ^about 1588]. FEES OF THE DUTOHT. The chancellor's fee of the Dutchy £238 16 4 The attorney of the Dutchy 66 5 4 The auditor for the north partes 68 13 i The auditor for the south partes 68 13 4 [Besides to both of them murrey cloth, green cloth in the whole amount to £641 3 i for their tables and for their lying in London, as An Estimate of the Revenues of the Duchy op Lancaster, collected by the particular Receivers of the Honors belonging to the said Duchy, and yearly paid by the Receiver-General. REVENUES OF THE DUTCBT PER ANNUM. much more as makes both their salaries amount to £76 : 17 : 3] The sum of all the payments which are paid to all the officers, or allowed as salarys in the dutchy, in the whole amount to £641 The receiver of Cliderhow and Haltou, payeth to the general Receiver of the dutchy £1700 The receiver of Pomfrett and Knasbrough, com. 69 annis 1800 The receiver of Tiekhull 500 The receiver of Pickeringleigh 350 The receiver of Duntanborough 80 The receiver of Tutbury, p. ann 1500 The receiver of Longberington 80 The receiver of Leicester £400 The receiver of Furness 1000 The receiver of BuUingbroke 900 Augmentation of Lancaster 400 The receiver of the coUedge and chantry rents in the county of Stafford and Derby 40 £8,600 south division. The receiver of Higham Ferars £800 The receiver of Norfolk and Suffolk 200 The receiver of Sussex 300 The receiver of the south parts 1000 The receiver of Essex and Hartford £1000 The receiver of the marches of Wales and Monmouth ... 100 The receiver of Kilwaldid 100 £4,800 So that the whole receipts of the general receiver of the Dutchy one year with another amounteth to '£14,000 The receiver is to pay to the treasurer of his Majesties most honourable chamber £4000 And to the cofferer of his Majesties household 7000 For fees to the court officers 641 3 4 For expenses of the mass songs, and others, per ann 100 Total disbursements 11,741 3 So that remains communibus annis, in the custody of the general receiver, to be disposed of according to his majesty's use, upon Mr. Chancellor, Sir Francis Walsingham* 2258 16 £14,000 The accounts of the duchy, as brought up to December 31, 1885, are as follo-vvs : The balance in hand at the commencement of the year was £23,566. The net rents and profits accruing to Her Majesty were £45,047 ; royalties, rents, &c., £14,926 ; dividends of stocks, £3,072 ; producing, with various items of minor importance, a total gross income of £99,347, but of this only £88,832 was paid. The arrears on the 31st December amounted to £10,515. On the disbursement side £45,000 was paid to Her Majesty; in various payments, £22,507, including a payment of £2,000 to the Chancellor ; leaving a balance of £21,525. The revenues of the duchy have in thirty-eight years increased from £29,000 in 1847 to £65,265 in 1885, the net payments to Her Majesty at these two periods being respectively £12,000 and £45,000. A Declaration of all the Forests, Chases, and Parkes, the Chancellor, Attorney-General, Receiver-General, and In Lancashire. The forest of Holland. The forest of Wiersdale. The forest of Bleasdale. Legrame parke. Miersoough parke. Toxteth parke. Quernmore parke. In Cheshire. Halton parke. In Staffordshire. Yoxalward parke. Agardesley parke. Rolleston parke. Marchington ward. Tutbury parke. Hockeley parke. Rowley parke. High Lenis parke. belonging to the Dutchy two Auditors, are to have In Derbyshire. High Peak forest. Shattell parke. Melbure parke. Mansfield parke. Morley parke. Posterne parke. Ravensdale parke. In Leicestershire. The forest of Leicester. OP Lancaster, out of which deer, summer and winter. Castle Donnington parke. Barnes parke. New parke of Leicester. Tonley parke. Pekelton parke. In Wiltshire. Loxley parke. Alborne ohace. Everley parke. ' It may be presumed that the statement of Revenue this year is not equal to the average year, as the figures do not correspond with this amount. " Sir Francis Walaingham was chancellor in 158S.— (See Ust). Tliia fixes the period when this account was taken, or the rates afiBxed, con- ciin-ing with the Entry of the Fees of the " Justices of the fiueen's Bench." CHAP. V. THE HISTOKY OF LANCASHIRE. 73 Parkbs and Chases. In HamsUire, Kiugsombunie parke.— The chaoe of Hult, and the Parke, Dorsetshire.— Kirby par Ferrers, in Northamptonshire. In Yorkshire. Poulf ret parke. CridUnge parke. Kepax parke. Blausby parke. Pickeriugly forest. Billon parke. The old parke of Wakefield. Hay parke. Havery parke. Conisbrough parke. Altafts parke. Acworth parke, and the New parke of Wakefield. In Sils.ex. Hunsde parke. The forest of Ashdowne. Weecks parke. Two other parkea there are in Suf- folk. Eyste parke there also. In Essex. The Kreat parke o£ Plashey. The little parke there. CoppedhuU park6. Highester parke there. e, in Lincjlnihirs. — Higham In Ilei-tfordshire. Hartingfordbury parke. Two more parkes in do. Kingslaugby park, do. Oldney park, Buckinyliamaldre, Hungerford park, Berkshire. Fees due per Annum to these Ofpiceus. Bailifle o£ the manor of Salf ord Bailifie of Derby wapoutake BaiUffe of manr of West Derby Mr of the forest of Wiersdale M'' of Amounderness forest The escheator of county palatine The sheriff of Lane, hath for allowance The constable of Liverpool castle The maister of Symonwood forest, and keeper of Toxteth parke hath for his fees, per annum Steward of the wapontake of Derby and Salf ord The receiver of the CO. palat Porter of Lancaster castle Steward of Amounderness Steward of Lonsdale Keeper of Quemmore parke Mr of the forest wood of Myerscough Maister of Wiresdale et Quernmore The chancellor's fee of the county palatine, per annum The justice of the queen's bench for his office in county palatine And for dyett To another justice for his office in county palatine, and dyett too Atty of County palatine Clerk of y^ crown for county Clerk of the common pleas Clerk of crown and pleas Barons of the exchequer there Cryer of the sessions at Lancaster Master of BoUand forest Steward of ponds for his fee Eeceiver of Clitheroe Steward of Blackburn, Tottington, and Clederhow, for his fee Constable of Clitherow castle The keeper and porter of the gaole in the castle of Clitherow Messenger of the Dutchy The keeper of the parkes' fees Fee of the bailive of Ormskirk Bailif of Burscough fee £ s. 6 13 4 3 1 10 3 5 9 6 13 2 5 6 13 4 11 2 2 2 5 4 11 3 40 36 13 13 6 40 6 13 2 2 6 4 2 6 13 1 15 13 3 6 10 3 2 2 5 2 2 13 d. £ 8. d. 4 The under steward of Ormskirk appointed by the Earl 8 of Derby 2 8 Fee of the clerk of the court there 1 13 4 The fee of the auditor 28 The fee of the receiver per annum 15 The reward of the said receiver 13 6 8 The fee for Fumess 6 4 The baylives of Dalton'a fee 2 The ditto of Hawkshead's fee : 2 The ditto of Beamond and Bolton 2 Fee of all the manors pertaining to Furness 4 monastery 26 Fee of the receiver there 20 Clerk of the court there 6 Baylive of Furness liberty 4 6 Keeper of woods in plane of Furness 2 Reward of the auditor 6 8 The stipend of a clerk to serve in the chapel at Farnworth 3 The stipend of a clerk to serve in the chapel at 4 Litherpoole , 4 8 The fee of a clerk and school mr of Walton, per annum 5 The clerk's stipend at Blackrodes 4 4 The clerk of Clitherow stipend 3 The stipend of the clerk of Padiham Chappel 6 The Chaplin's fee in the chappel of Harewood, per annum 4 The clerk in the chappel of Whalley 4 The stipend of a clerke to serve in tiie chappel of 4 Rufford, per annum 3 The stipend of a clerke and school maister at 4 Manchester, per annum 4 Clerke of Beokonshawe chappel 2 8 The stipend of a clerk and school-master at Leyland 3 The stipend of a clerk and school- master at Preston 2 Clerke and steward of Wigau 5 8 The clerke of Croston's stipend 3 The payment made unto seven weomen praying 8 within the late colledge, called Knowle's Alma house, per annum 35 4 Payd to two persons and the surveyor thereof 5 13 4 10 13 4 13 4 13 4 12 10 17 5 13 4 4 U 9 1 19 2 8 11 2 2 2 16 5 17 10 18 2 10 19 9 15 10 A Note of all the Benefices and Spibitual Livings belonging to the Dutchy op Lancaster. {r) for rectory- Comil. Berks. £ a. Henton Rectory 23 7 In Oomitat. Ebor. Methley (r) clare 25 8 Darrington (■») per ann Ackeworth (;•) per ann 22 1 Croston (r) per ann 10 Slaitbome (r) per ann Kirkbram (with r) 12 18 Ouston (d) per ann ' 2 Castleford (r) per ann 20 13 Bradford W 20 Berwickes of Elemitt ^^ '■'' In Com. Essex. Stamford rivers (r) Munden (v) 11 26 13 12 12 d. 5 11 n 4 IJ 4 4 -{v) for vikarage. Dedham (v) per ann Essex W per ann Longton {v) per ann Laugham (t> or »•) Gloucester. Tiberton (r) Hartford. Saint Andrews with St. Nicholas In Com. Lincoln. Hartringfordbury()-) Ounley (r) olere Whittingham (r) — Hantley ()•) per ann Stoopings parva (r) Norcot ()•) jE s. d. 10 8 18 3 8 17 7 16 12 1 16 9 3 4 18 6 8 6 4 6 9 19 4 12 10 7^ THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. v. KSrr.!:^::;;::::;:;;::;:::;;;:::;::::::::::::::::: S ] \ iSXia<;,::;;;::;:;;::::::;:;::;;;;;;;::::;::::::;::::;:::;: 1 S S Salt Thetby (r) I ^n i In Comit. Northamp. Southreston (r) q s 4 InohesterM 8 Morningerby (r) cor Passenham (r) 20 ThoreBby(r) b y b Preston (v) 15 4 In Comit. Lancastiie. Widd (d) 3 6 10 Pennington Don clear (r) BethomeW clear 13 17 4 Dalton M and clear 17 6 8 MiUome W 8 5 8 ^' r ^ T ■ , Urswick ( J)) sunt Eichmondsha 7 17 4 In Com. Leicester. Hathurend(f) 12 In Com. Stafford. St. Peter, Leicester (f) ^ 5 Tudbury M 7 DesfordW 2 9 7 Rolston (r) 13 9 6 Whitwickevic 9 I't * Tatenhill M 26 Viccaria de pembe valet, per ann 6 6 8 Wolstanton {r) 32 3 9 Mandeoallocke seue [sive] Monobon W 9 13 4 In Com. Suffolk. SwafieldW « io i ClareW 4 18 8 Mamelly vie. valet, per anu q 1 q Eyken (i)) 6 13 4 ShibdenW « * ^ Holmesett W cleare Tranche ()■)••■ -^" ^° * Stratford 13 " Southropes W k ^a n Somersham ()•) 8 Sydestrond (r- R Tn (i Northrope (r) Mondesley ()•) Sydestrond (r) n n n Hunden (v) 7 13 4 Northrope (r) ' ■ - 8 9 9 -^1 Oo. Wilts. '," /^ 'v Af 7n Poole (»•) 17 12 5 In Comit. Norfolk. Ashley (r) 9 16 4 Themmgham rector faOU ^ ^ „r . , , Withrope(r) 5 5 2 In Co. Westmorland. Malilaske(r) .' 5 Orton (ii) 16 17 4 " The valuation o£ some parsonages and vicarage.9 within the dutchy appeareth not in the records remaining in the dutchy office, but may be found in the office of the first-fruits, where the same are best known."— ^ircA's MSS. From the time of Queen Elizabeth to the reign of Charles II. no material change took place in the duchy court of Lancaster, with the exception of the abolition of the duchy court of Star Chamber already noticed; but in the 12th Charles II. (1660) the last remaining vestige of the feudal system, after having existed in this country for at least six hundred years, was swept away, ^ and with it the privileges of wards and liveries attached to the duchy of Lancaster, although those privileges had been thought worthy of special protection a century before. The progress of knowledge had burst the bonds of vassalage, and although the system introduced, or completed, by the Norman conquerors, had taken deep root, and identified itself with the whole frame of society, the tenures in capite, and knights service, were now declared " more burthen- some, grievous, and prejudicial to the kingdom than beneficial to the king," and they were, therefore, for ever abolished. During the interval between the year 1642, when the public treasury passed into the hands of the Parliament, and the year 1660, when Charles II. obtained the royal inheritance, the revenues of the duchy of Lancaster were applied to the exigences of the state, first under the administration of Lord Newburgh, and subsequently under the chancellorships of William Lenthall, Speaker of the House of Commons, John (President) Bradshawe, Thomas Fell, and Sir Gilbert Gerard, Bart. ; the latter of whom was displaced at the Restoration by Francis Lord Seymour, who, as a mark of the royal favour, obtained this lucrative appointment for his attachment to the House of Stuart. To facilitate the proceedings in the duchy court, an Act was passed in the 16th and 17th Charles II. (1665), empowering the chancellor of the duchy to grant commissions for taking affidavits within the county palatine of Lancaster, and other places in the several counties of the kingdom within the survey of the duchy court, whereby the same validity was given to those affidavits as if they had been sworn, as hitherto, in the duchy chamber at Westminster, and to render these proceedings, in the incipient state, as little burthensome as possible, it was directed that the very moderate fee of twelve pence, and no more, should be received by the person empowered to take the affidavits. The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is an officer of considerable eminence, changing with the Government, and frequently having a seat in the Cabinet. He holds his office by letters patent, and, if a peer, takes precedence according to his rank in the peerage ; if not, he takes precedence next after the Chancellor of the Exchequer and immediately before the Lord Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench. He formerly sat as judge of the duchy court of Lancaster held at Westminster, in which all causes any way relating to the revenue of the duchy were tried, another branch of the same court being established at Preston, called the Court of the County Palatine of Lancaster, for the same purpose in that county as the other was at Westminster, The duties of » Rot. Pari. 12 Citr. II. p. 3. nu, i, OHAP. V. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 75 the office are no^y nominal. The chancellor has the appointment to forty-one livings in various parts of the country, and of all the borough magistrates within the county of Lancaster. In recent years he has acted as Vice-president of the Committee of the Privy Council on Agriculture. From the first creation of the duchy of Lancaster, in 1351, to 1886, there have been one hundred and thirteen chancellors of the duchy. The following is a complete list of those officers : — Chancellors of the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster, from the first Creation of the Dukedom in 1351, to the present time, December, 1886. 34 Edward III Sir Henry de Haydok Chancellor of Henry, first duke, 1360. 46 Edward III Ralph de Ergham, clerk Bishop of Sarum, 1372. 51 Edward III Thomas de Thelwall, clerk Created Chancellor of Co. Pal., 16th April, 1377. 1 Richard II Sir John de Yerborongh, clerk 6 Richard 11 Sir Thomas Stanley November 10th, pro temp., 1382. 6 Richard II John Scarle November 29th, 1382. 7 Richard II Sir William Okey October, 1383. 1 Henry IV John de Wakering 1399-1400. 1 Henry IV William Burgoyne, Esq 1399-1400. 6 Henry IV Sir Thomas Stanley May 15th, 1405. 11 Henry IV John Springthorpe, clerk March 30th, 1410. 1 Henry V John Woodhouse 4th April, 1413. 1 Henry VI John Woodhouse, contd 20th January, 1423. 2 Henry VI William Troutbecke, Esq 10th June, 1424. 9 Henry VI Walter Sherington, clerk 16th February, 1431. 17 Henry VI William Troutbeck 7th May, 1439, Chancellor for life. 20 Henry VI William Tresham 3d July, 1442, Chancellor in reversion. 26 Henry VI William Tresham 1st November, 1447. 27 Henry VI John Say, Esq .'.. 10th June, 1449. 1 Edward IV John Say, Esq. 16th June, 1461. 11 Edward IV Sir Richard Fowler, Kt 10th June, 1471, also Chan, of Excheq. 17EdwardIV Sir John Say, Kt 3rd November, 1477. 18 Edward IV Thomas Thwaitea 2nd April, 1478, also Chan, of Excheq. 1 Richardlll Thomas Metcalfe 7th July, 1483. 1 Henry VII Sir Reginald Bray, Knt 13th September, 1485. 19 Henry VII Sir John Mordant, Knt 24th June, 1504. 21 Henry VII Sir Richard Empson, Knt 3rd October, 1505. 1 Henry VIII Sir Henry Marny, Knt 14th May, 1509. 14 Henry VIII Sir Richard Wingfield, Knt 14th April, 1523. . r- i i 17 Henry VIII Sir Thomas More, Knt 31st December, 1525, made Chancellor of England. 21 Henry VIII Sir William Fitzwilliams, Knt 3rd November, 1529 (after Earl of Southampton). 35 Henry VIII Sir John Gage, Kut 10th May, 1543. 1 Edward VI Sir William Paget, Knt 1st July, 1547. 6 Edward VI Sir John Gate, Knt 7th July, 1552. 1 Queen Mary Sir Robert Rochester, Knt 1553—54. 4 & 5 Philips; Mary.. Sir Edward Walgrave, Knt 22nd June, 1558. 1 Elizabeth Sir Ambrose Cave, Knt 1558—59. 10 Elizabeth Sir Ralph Sadler, Knt 16th May, 1568. 19 Elizabeth ..Sir Francis Walsingham, Knt 15th June, 15/7. 32 EUzabeth Sir Thomas Henage, Knt 1590. 37 Elizabeth Sir Robert Cecil, Knt !*?,.^cP J'^\ i«m 43 EUzabeth Sir John Fortescue, Knt 16th September, 1601. 13 James I Sir Thomas Parry, Knt., and John Daccomb, Esq 27th May, 1615. 14 James I Sir John Dacoombe, Knt 5th June, 1616 15 James I Sir Humphrey May, Knt 23rd March 1618. 5 Charles I Edward, Lord Newburgh 16th April, 1629. Feb. 10th, 1644 William, Lord Grey of Wake, and WiUiam Lenthall, Esq. ,. TCio 1649 John Bradshawe 1st August, 1649. 1655 Thomas Fell .,\^ iacn 1659 ::: sir GUbert Gerard, Bart It^.^^^'-ifn 12 Charles II Charles, Lord Seymour of Trowbridge -9tli J^iY' il"; 16 Charles II Sir Thomas Ingram, Knt ^i'*'',?^?' ^®^*'i«vi 23 Charles II Sir Robert Car^r, Knt. and Bart fl^l'^'TJ' ^^'^■ 32 Charles II Sir Thomas Ingram, Knt. Feb- 14, 1680 34 Charles II Sir Thomas Chicheley, Knt ^I\' 2°"^ i fiio 1 Wmlam and Mary..Robert, Lord Willoughby of Eresby ^Ist March 1689. 9 William III .Thoma.«, Earl of Stamford 4th May, 1697. 1 Q-- ^-<= ^^-^ 'tr,YLZ''oo::^\^'l.'^Z..in^ May, 1702. I tZtZ :..::;^«^^^Sfeof-st;a^.n::-S;^S jno. 1 GeorKe I Henage, Earl of Aylesford ^^t^T'f^h], oGeorl! I Richard, Earl of Scarborough 12th March, 1715. 3 Georle I. Nicholas Lechemere, Esq. (afterwards a ueorge ^^^^ Lechemere forlife) 19th June, 1717. 1 George II Joli°. Duke of Rutland 17th July, 1727. 76 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap, v 8 Georee II George, Earl of Cholmondeley May, 1735. 16 Georfe II. Richtrd, Lord Bdgecumbe 22nd December, 1742. 34 George II Thomas Hay, Viscount Dupplm (after- 6i ixeorge ^arda Earl of Kinnoull) 27th February, 1760. 3 George III James, Lord Strange .......13tli December, 1^62 11 George III Thomas, Lord Hyde (afterwards Earl of ^ Clarendon) 1**^ J""?; \^J}^ 22 Georselll John, Lord Ashburton 17th April, 1782 fsSe III. :::::":-Edward, Earl of Derby 29th August 1783. 24 George III ...Thomas, Earl of Clarendon 31st December, 1783. 27 George III Charles, Lord Hawkesbury (afterwards w 17S7 ^ Lord Lirerpool) 6th September, 1/87. 44 George III Thomas, Lord Pelham (afterwards Earl ^ of Chichester) 11th November, 1803. 44 George III Henry, Lord Mulgrave 6th June, 1804 45 George III Robert, Earl of Buckinghamshire 11th January, 1805. 45 Georgelll Dudley, Lord Harrowby (afterwards Earl of Harrowby) 10th July, 1805. 46 Georgelll Edward, Earl of Derby 12th February, 1806. 47 George III The Right Hon. Spencer Perceval (after- wards First Lord of the Treasury)^ 30th March, 1807. 52 Georgelll Robert, Earl of Buckinghamshire 25th May, 1812. 52 George III The Right Hon. Charles Bathurst 23rd June, 1812. 4 Geora-e IV Nicholas Vansittart (afterwards Lord *^ Bexley) 13th February, 1823. 9 George IV George, Earl of Aberdeen, K.T 26th January, 1828. 9 George IV The Right Hon. Charles Arbuthnot 2od June, 1828. 1 William IV . .. Henry Richard, Lord Holland 25th November, 1830. 5 WilliamlV Charles Watkin Williams Wynn 26th December, 1834. 5 WilliamlV Henry Richard, Lord Holland (again) 23rd April, 1835. 4 Victoria Geo. William Frederick, Earl of Clarendon. .Slst October, 1840. 4 Victoria Sir George Grey, Bart 23rd June, 1841. 5 Victoria Chas. Henry Somerset, Lord Granville ...3rd September, 1841. 10 Victoria John, Lord Campbell (appointed Lord Chief Justice, K.B.. 1850) 6th July, 1846. 13 Victoria Geo. Frederick Wilham, Earl of Carlisle ...6th March, 1850. 15 Victoria A. Christopher 27th February, 1852. 16 Victoria Edward Strutt (afterwards Lord Belper) 28th December, 1852. 18 Victoria Granville George, Earl Granville, K.G. ...January, 1855. 18 Victoria Dudley, Earl of Harrowby, K.G 10th February, 1855. 19 Victoria Matthew Talbot Baines December, 1855. 21 Victoria James, Duke of Montrose, Knt 25th February, 1858. 22 Victoria Sir George Grey 18th June, 1859. 24 Victoria Edward Card well (afterwards Viscount Cardwell) July, 1861. 27 Victoria George William Frederick, Earl of Claren- don, KG April, 1864. 29 Victoria George Joachim Goschen January, 1866. 30 Victoria William Reginald, Earl of Devon July, 1866. 30 Victoria John Wilson Patten (afterwards Lord Winmarleigh) June, 1867. 32 Victoria Colonel Thomas Edward Taylour September, 1868. 32 Victoria Frederick Temple, Earl of Dufferiu December, 1868. 35 Victoria Hugh Culling Eardley Childers August, 1872. 36 Victoria John Bright September, 1873. 36 Victoria Colonel Thomas Edward Taylour 21st February, 1874. 42 Victoria John Bright 28th April, 1880. 45 Victoria John, Earl of Kimberley, pro iem July, 1882. 46 Victoria John George Dodsoii (afterwards Lord Monk Bretton) December, 1882. 47 Victoria George Otto Trevelyan October, 1884. 47 Victoria Henry Chaplin June, 1885. 48 Victoria Edward Heneage 7th February, 1886. 48 Victoria Sir Ughtred James Kay-Shuttleworth, BtMaroh, 1886. 49 Victoria Lord John James Robert Manners August, 1886. Wo have thus sketched, with a rapid hand, principally from official documents, a connected and authentic history of the duchy of Lancaster, one of " the most famous, princeliest, and state- liest of inheritances." The connection of the duchy with the ducal and royal House of Lancaster is too close to admit of separation. They serve to illustrate and to ennoble each other, and to have exhibited them apart would have derogated from the dignity of both. In each successive reign, from the period when Henry of Bolingbroke ascended the throne of this kingdom to the present time, with the exception of the interregnum of the Commonwealth, the sovereigns of England have enjoyed the title of duke and the revenues of the duchy of Lancaster, both of which are now in ' When Mr. Percovat became First Minister of tlie Crown in 1800, he ChanceUor of tho E.o5 n Chambers are enrolled in 47 thick volumes, beginning in the reign of ♦ The Records are now removed to the Public Kecord umoe.— U. Edward IV. and coming down to the present time. The reference to 78 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap, v to their Dates, tied up with paper and string, and numerically indorsed ; and in the course of every summer a person is employed to remove the Dust from them, and put new paper and string to such as want it. The Books are deposited in Closets, indorsed according to their dates and Subjects. There are correct general Indexes, Repertories, and Calendars, of all the Records in the Office with reference to the particular Subjects which they contain ; and as fresh Records are transmitted to the Office, they are continued to be entered in existing Calendars ; and these additions are minutely attended to, without any Expense on that account being borne by the Ifing as Duke of Lancaster. Several Years ago, according to what I have been informed, a Fire happened at the Duchy's Office, Gray's Inn, by which accident several Records were destroyed, and some are supposed to have been stolen. Some of these have been recovered from persons who have voluntarily surrendered them ; and some few Indexes and Catalogues, which had been made for the use of the officers who had the care of the Records ; but I know of none now existing in any place, from whence they are likely to be regained ; and such ample Repertories have since been made, and the Records arranged in such order, that they would hardly be of use if recovered. I am employed in the arrangements of the Records myself, and a clerk assists me in placing and replacing them, for which no Salary or allowance whatever is paid, but a fee of 8s. 6d. is charged for the production of each Record, which is the sole allowance, as well for the trouble and producing them, as for arranging them and keeping them in proper preservation, and for making the Indexes, Repertories, and Calendars, and the further sum of Is. is charged per folio for Copies, or 16d. if there is any considerable difficulty arising from the Antiquity or Language of the Record. Attendance with the Records themselves is so seldom demanded, that no Fee has been regularly settled for that purpose ; but if in London, a charge is made of one guinea, besides the coach-hire ; and if in the country, two guineas a day, with the travelling charges, and all other expenses, would be expected. No account has been kept of the profits derived by searches for public records, independent of those where fees have been received for other searches, from whence any average can be taken. The answer to the Sixth Question is, I presume, contained in the answer to the foregoing questions. I am not apprised of any regulation that can be made for rendering the use of the said Records more convenient for proper Inspection. " May 8, 1800. " R- J- Haeper, Deputy-Clerk of the Council." "Several Fee Farm Rolls of this Duchy have been lately transferred to this Office from the Augmentation Office." " Return to a further Question to the Clerk of the Council and Keeper of the Records of the Duchy of Lancaster. " Query. — Are there in your custody, as such Officer, any Calendars, or Indexes to the Inquisitions Post Mortem mentioned in your Return to this Committee, and upon what plan are they formed — and are they in a state sufficiently correct for pubUcation, if it should be thought to conduce to the benefit of the Public to have the same printed ? " " Answer. — 'There are, as stated in my former Return, several Inquisitions Post Mortem, Traverses, and other Inquisitions of divers kinds, remaining in this Office under my care, commencing in the beginning of the Reign of Henry V. and finishing 18 Charles I., amounting to nearly 2,400 in number, some of which consist of many large Skins of Parchment put on Files, in several bundles, secured from future injuries by strong covers, and to which there is a regular Alphabetical Index and Calendar, in one Volume divided into the several Reigns of the Kings before mentioned, and containing the names of Persons, and all places mentioned in each Inquisition, omitting none that are legible. The first directing immediately to the several lands each person died possessed of ; the other referring to each Inquisition, in which any particular Lands are to be found. I know of no objection to publishing the above Index, if it should be thought conducive to the public benefit ; and understand it will fill about 90 Pages when printed. "June 27, 1810. " R. J. Hakpeb, Deputy-Clerk of the Council." Through the munificent gift of Her Majesty the Queen, the nation acquired in 1868 the ■whole of the valuable private muniments belonging to the duchy of Lancaster. This collection of records, commencing even before the creation of the palatinate, contains innumerable documents of extra- ordinary age and variety, relating not only to the county palatine as a subordinate regality, but to the government and jurisdiction of the entire dominion of the duchy, with its possessions in almost every county in the Idngdom. These archives -were transferred from the Duchy Office, Lancaster Place, to the Public Record Office, between the 30th November and 8th December, 1868, and are fully described in the Appendix to the Thirtieth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, pp. 1 to 43.^ In this report they are arranged under thirty-three divisions or classes, the contents of which are given in a condensed form in the following summary : — Summary. 1. Pleadings or proceedings by bill, and answers 12. Privy seals and bills for patents, and grants in the Chancery of the Duchy of Lancas- of lands and manors, Henry VII. to 1767.. ter, Henry VII. to Elizabeth, arranged and 13. Draft patents, Philip and Mary to 1760 bound in separate volumes 213 vols. 14. Draft leases, Henry VIII. to 1760 2. Bills and answers in bundles, 1603-1809 207 bundles. 15. Counterparts of leases, Edward VI. to 1758... 3. Depositions, examinations, surveys, &c., 16. Draft presentations to churches, Elizabeth Henry VIII. to Philip and Mary, arranged to George I and bound in volumes 81 vols. 17. Draft warrants and commissions to survey. &c., 4. Depositions, examinations, surveys, &c., 13 Elizabeth to 1785 '. in bimdles, Elizabeth to 1818 198 bundles. 18. Books of surveys of lands, manors, etc 5. Books of orders and decrees enrolled, 19. Books of surveys of woods Edward IV. to 1825 47 vols. 20. Judges' commissions, &o., 1675 to 1774 6. Draft decrees, Henry VIIL to George I, in 21. Sheriffs' bills, 1684 to 1758 bundles 139 bundles. 22. Draft commissions of sewers, &o., 30 Elizabeth 7. Inquisitions post mortem, Edward L to to 1800 Charles L, bound in volumes 30 vols. 23. Inquisitions or extents for debt, Ehzabeth to 8. Draft injunctions, 12 James I. to 1748 23 bundles. Charles II 9. Affidavits, reports, certificates, orders, peti- 24. Security bonds, Henrv VIIL to 1716 tions, &c., 2 Ehzabeth to 1800 26 „ 25. Large collection of miscellaneous records in 10. Several boxes containing original charters drawers, distinguished by letters of the and grants under seal alphabet, A to Z, and AA to HH 11. Registers, cowchers, and books of enrolment 26. Miscellaneous records, catalogued and de- of patents, leases, &c 115 vols. scribed 43 43 bundles. 47 „ 104 „ 61 „ 3 „ 80 bundles. 30 vols. 13 „ 9 bundles. 5 „ 5 „ 7 „ ' Jhi^ general inventory was prepared by Mr. William Hardy, the prpsent Danuty Koopor of the Publio Records, who had the custody of these documents provioua to their transfer from the Duohy of Laucastur Office.— C. CHAP. V. THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE. 79 27. Misoellaneoua (undescribed) 11 bundles. 28. Ministers' accounts, viz., of the wardrobe and treasurer of the household, receiver general's accounts, and valores or states of revenue, Edward III. to 1771 23 „ 29. Ministers' accounts of honors and manors, Edward I. to 1760 455 „ 30. Court rolls, Edward I. to 1760 85 bundles, 31. Old plans and maps contained in a large box, numbered respectively 1 to 117 32. Oliver Cromwell's surveys 33. Calendars and indices to many of the above 60 vols. The Seal of the Duchy of Lancaster is as ancient as the duchy itself ; as is also the Seal of the County Palatine. The seal of the duchy remains with the chancellor of the duchy at West- minster ; that of the county palatine is kept at Preston, in the office of the keeper of the seal. All grants and leases of land, tenements, and offices, in the county palatine of Lancaster, in order to render them valid, must pass under the seal of the county palatine, and no other ; and all grants and leases of lands, tenements, and offices out of the county palatine, and within the survey of the duchy, must pass under the seal of the duchy, and no other seal.^ The custom, however, is to seal all deeds of lands, &c., within the county palatine with both the duchy and the county palatine seals, and all without the county, but within the survey of the duchy of Lancaster, with the duchy seal only. These seals are essentially the same as those that have been used since the days of John of Gaunt, but new seals are engraved in each successive dukedom. Those at present in use are extremely splendid, and may rank amongst the first effijrts of art in this department. The Duchy Seal. Represents the Queen seated on her throne, in royal robes, wearing the Collar of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, and the Imperial Crown. In her right hand she holds the Royal Sceptre, and her left hand supports the Orb and Cross. On the dexter side, with the arm resting upon the throne, is an allegorical figure of Law, holding the sword by the point in one hand and a book in THE DUCHY SEAL. the other Supporting the throne, on the sinister side, is the figure of Justice, holding the balance on one hand and the sword on the other. In the two outer compartments there are, on the dexter side a Lion seiant, crowned with the Imperial Crown, and supporting between the paws a Banner of Arms of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ; and, on the sinister side a Unicorn seiant and addorsed, gorged with a Prince's Crown, and supporting a Banner of Arms of the Duchy of Lancaster viz nules, three lions passant guardant or, a label of three points, each charged with three fleurs-de-lis. In the rear of the throne is a winged figure representing Fame, with two trum- pets, and round the Seal is the Royal style— VicTOKiA • Dei • Gratia • Britanniarvm • Begina • Fidei • Defensor. On the reverse is a Shield of the Arms of the Duchy, placed in pale, between two ostrich feathers erect ermine, each issuant from an escrol. Above the Shield is a ducal helmet, from ' Sir Edward Coke's Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Lawa of England, fo. 210. 80 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. OHAP. V. which flows the lambrequin, and on the helmet rests the crest, being upon a chapeau, turned-up ermine, a lion statant guardant, gorged with a label of three points, each charged with three fleurs-de-lis. The Seal is circumscribed with the inscription— iiflillMm jMcatttsi 'giMSMixiM. The County Palatine Seal. Represents the Queen on horseback, upon a mount in base, with the Royal sceptre in her right hand On the dexter side is a rose, ensigned by a prince's coronet. Beneath the mount is a talbot dog courant, gorged with a collar, and the whole is circumscribed with the Royal style— ViCTOHiA Dei Grat : Beitanniaeum Regina Fid : Def : The reverse of the Seal bears a Shield of the Arms of the Duchy as above described, surmounted by a helmet with the lambrequin. On each side of the Shield is an ostrich feather erect, ermine, issuant from an escrol. The Seal is circumscribed— SiGILLUM COMITAT. PaLATIN. LaNCASTEI^E. THE COUNTY PALATINE SEAL. Although the offices of the duchy and the county palatine, except that of the chancellor's, are little subject to political changes, the list of ofiicers is frequently varying by the inevitable operations of time. In December, 1886, these lists were as follows: — Officers of the Duchy of Lancaster. Chancellor — The Right Hon. Lord John James Robert Manners, G.C.B., M.P. Vice-Chancellor — Henry Fox Bristowe, Esq., Q.C. Attorney-General — Henry Wyndham West, Esq., Q.C. Receiver-General — General the Right Hon, Sir Henry Frederick Ponsonby, K.C.B. Auditor — Francis Alfred Hawker, Esq. Clerk of the Council and Registrar — John Gardner Dillman Engleheart, Esq., C.B. Coroner — Samuel Frederick Langham, Esq. Clerk in Court and Solicitor — Francis Whitaker, Esq. Officers of the County Palatine.^ Chancellor — The Right Hon. Lord John James Robert Manners, G.C.B., M.P. Lord Lieutenant — The Right Hon. the Earl of Sefton. High Sheriff (1886) — Sir Andrew Barclay Walker, Baronet. Attorney-General — (In abeyance.) Comptroller, Chancery of Lancaster — W. E. Sanger, Esq. District Registrar of the Chancery of Lancashire — Alexander Pearce, Esq. Clerks to the Lieutenancy — Messrs. Wilson, Deacon, Wright, and Wilsons. Under Sheriff— W. T. Sharp, Esq. Acting Under Sheriffs — Messrs. Wilson, Deacon, Wright, and Wilsons. Constable of Lancaster Castle — The Right Hon. Lord Winmarleigh. Seal Keeper and Clerk of Assize and Associate — Thomas Moss Shuttleworth, Esq. Clerk of the Peace — Frederick Campbell Hulton, Esq. Deputy Clerks of the Peace — Thomas Wilson and Samuel Campbell Hulton Sadler, Esqs. • For a list of various other County OtBoers— as Chief and other Constables, Keopora of Gaols, Bridgomasters, Surveyors, etc.— see Appendix No. III. CHAP. V. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 81 Laurence Holden— Lancaster. Frederick Price — Salford. James Broughton Edge — Bolton. F. N. Molesworth— Rochdale. Coroner for the Liberty and Manor of Furness, Ulverston— John Poole. Coroner for the Manor of Walton-le-Dale— William Ascroft. CoRONEES. Henry John Robinson— Blackburn. Samuel Brighouse— Ormskirk. Dr. Joseph B. Gilbeitson— Preston. Coroner for the Manor of Prescot— Frederick Smith Coroner for the Manor of Hale.— John R. Buoton. • t J .? 1 7'^^*^^^7 °f the duchy of Lancaster, seals were, no doubt, in use, and the words in the act already quoted, serves to prove that it was not now introduced for the fi;st time In the British Museum^ there is a manuscript entitled "Ducatus Lancastri^," on the^subiect of the honors and dignities of the dukedom of Lancaster, written in the a<.e of Elizabeth and attributed to Sir William Fleetwood, recorder of London, one of the worthLSf Lancashire which supphes a hiatus m the early period of the history of the honor of Lancaster, wherein the earned civilian scrutinises the claims of Edmund Crouchback to the title of Earl of Lancaster with as little ceremony as he was accustomed to use in scrutinising the representations of the suitors in the recorder s court. Ducatus Lakcastri^,- Lancaster is an ancient honor ; ite dukedom being made of a number of honors. Honors were dignities before the Conauest. as may be seen by the agreement made between Kmg Stephen and Henry, Duke of Normandy, son to Maude the empress for suc- cession of the crown. Stephen was son to Adela, daughter to the Conqueror. After Stephen's death, Henry Plautagenet (son of the empress) was Kmg of England and had issue Henry, whom he crowned king in his lifetime ; after his death, Richard Cceur de Lion, who created hm brother John (Comte Sans Terra, Earl Lackland), Earl of Lancaster, and the town and territory of Bristol and the counties of Nottingham Devon, and Cornwall. Richard died without issue, leaving young Arthur and his sistir, children ot Cxeottrey, his next brother [older than John] and heir. John, nevertheless, was crowned King of England who had issue Henrv and Richard and four daughters. Henry (IIL), his eldest son, is crowned king, and grants to his brother (Richard) the earldom of Cornwall, with great possessions. Li the 26 Henry IIL (1241-2) came into England a nobleman. Piers of Savoy, who because of his wisdom and prudence, was of the king's council in all things. To him the king gave the whole earldom of Lancaster parcel of which earldom is the Savoy, a place without the bars of the new Temple, London, which in those days was known as a Vwnafona since named " Maner Mori Templi," at this day the Savoy, parcel of the possessions of the dukedom of Lancaster. Piers of Savov built him a house there, calling it by the name of the country whence he came, the Savoy. This Piers, Earl of Lancaster being of great age, and his son being an alien born, and therefore not capable of inheriting the earldom, it escheated to the king and was vested in the crown. Henry III. had six sons and two daughters— John, Richard, William, Henry (who died without issue) Edward, afterwards king by succession, and Edmund, surnamed Crouchback, of whom is descended the family and noble house of Lancaster ; for the king, to the exalting of his blood, by letters patent, dated Lincoln, 8th August, in his 22d year (1237-8) granted to hia dearly beloved son Edmund the honor of Lancaster, with all men, wards, reliefs, escheats, rents, and all other things pertaining to the honor, to be to him and the legitimate heirs of his body for ever. He also gave him and his heirs the honor of Leicester etc., on 17th June, 55th year (1271). There is not any record or proof extant that this Edmund was created either Earl of Lancaster or Leicester ;' but an earl natural is evermore a king's son, who, by his birthright, is an earl born, etc. As King John, on King Richard granting him the honor of Lancaster, was named Earl of Lancaster, not by creation but by birthright, so Edmund Crouch- back had the two aforesaid honors granted him, and so was named Earl of Lancaster and Leicester. The honor of Lancaster as by record appears, extends chiefly into Lancashire, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, York Rutland, and Staffordshire, etc. Edmund Crouchback, second son of Henry IIL, being advanced to these honors and dignities, had two sons ■ Thomas and Henry. This Thomas was erroneously attainted in a Parliament of Edward II. by the policy of Hugh le Despencer the father and his son, and was put to death at Pontefract ; but in a Parliament 1st Edward III. (1327) this judgment was reversed' and the earl's dooms and possessions restored to the next heir, his brother Henry, who was not only Earl of Lancaster and Leicester by lineal descent, but also heritor to divers other earldoms, honors, &c. This Henry was afterwards created Duke of Lancaster by Edward III. He had issue only one daughter, Blanche, afterwards married to John of Gaunt, by means whereof the said John of Gaunt was created Duke of Lancaster, and by the assent of the Lady Blanche, his wife, all the possessions of the dukedom were lawfully conveyed to the said John the Duke, the Lady Blanche, and to the heii-s of the body of John, etc. After which the said John had issue of the said Blanche, Henry of Bolinbroke, afterwards king by the name of King Henry IV., who had issue Henry V. The latter had issue Henry VI., which king had issue ; after whose death the right and title to the dukedom, by force of the said entail [passed] unto John, Earl of Somerset, son of the said John, Earl of Lancaster, by Catharine Swynford, third wife of the duke ; which John, Earl of Somerset, had issue Margaret, the Countess of Richmond and Derby ; which Margaret had issue Henry VII., who married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV., by whom he had issue Henry VIII., who had issue, our sovereign lady the Queen Elizabeth, in whose sacred person are contained the two houses of Lancaster and York, etc. 1 HarL CoU. No. 2077. = The original document being long and verbose, and full of contracted words, we give the above as its substance. — H. •'' Serjeant Fleetwood is in error : Prince Edmund was created Earl of Leicester by letters patent of 49 Henry III. (12(34-5), and Earl of Lan- caster 51 Henry III. (1206-7), both which patents are still extant. 12 CHAPTER VI. Creation of the County Palatine— Sheriffs from the Earliest Records— Courts of the County Palatine— Ecclesiastical and other Courts— Assizes— Public Records o£ the County Palatine— a.d. 1087 to 1886. LOSELY connected with the duchy of Lancaster are the courts and privileges of the county palatine. Upon the subject of the palatinate privileges, Selden observes " that the counties of Chester and Durham are such by prescription or immemorial custom, or at least as old as the Norman Conquest ; but that Lanca- shire, as a palatine county, is of more modern date, and was so created by Edward III., after it became a duchy, in favour of Henry Plantagenet, first Earl and then Duke of Lancaster, whose heiress being married to John of Gaunt, the king's son, the franchise was greatly enlarged and confirmed in Parliament, to honour John of Gaunt himself, whom, on the death of his father-in-law, the king had also created Duke of Tjancaster.i Upon this subject the authorities are conflicting : Jjancashire appears to have enjoyed palatine jurisdiction under Earl Morcar, before the Norman Conquest ; but after that event, which changed the whole frame of society, these privileges remained in abeyance till they were partially revived in the early part of the twelfth century, and fully confirmed in the time of the " Good Duke of Lancaster " and of John of Gaunt. We give an extract from an original letter from Dr. "Kuerden, in his own hand," dated Preston, 20th Jan., 1664, to his brother, both in law and in pursuits, Mr. Randle Holme, in the Harleian Collection in the British Museum : — = "Mr. Townly and myself are in hott pursait of our coutryes affaires, and in retriuiug the glory of our Palatinate out of monu- metal ashes, and are able by this time to prove our county a Palatinate Jurisdiction under Rog. Pictavensi-s, before the grand survey of Doomsday's Record in ye Echqr and forfeted before that time, restored again in Will the second's time, forfeited againe ty Piotavensis at the battell of Teueichhuy, [Tewkesbury] in the beginning of Henry I., bestowed then on Stephen before he was king, and coatinuated for his reigne in his son, W. Comes Bolonise et Moritonite, till about the 5tli of Richard the first, then given to Jo Earl Moreton, afterwards to P. of Savoy, and by Henry 3^ conferred on Edmund Crouohback, our first earl by charter, though some of these latter had not their Jura Regalia as at first.'' Counties jsalatine are so called a palcitio, because the owners thereof, the Earl of Chester,^ the Bishop of Durham, and the Duke of Lancaster, had in those counties jura regalia as fully as the king had in his palace ; regalem j)otestatevi in omnibus.* The peculiar iurisdiction and form of proceedings of the courts of law in the county palatine of Lancaster are the result of those privileges which were granted to its early earls and dukes, to induce them to be more than ordinarily watchful against the predatory incursions from the Scotch border, and to prevent their tenants from leaving the territory defenceless and exposed to hostile aggressions, while seeking redress at the more distant tribunals of the realm.'' Law was to be administered by the officers and ministers of the duke, and under his seal, and anciently all offences were said to be against his peace, his sword,_ and dignity, and not, as now, " against the peace of our lord the king, his crown, and dignity." The king's ordinary writs for redress of private grievances, or the punishment of offences between man and man, were not available within the county palatine — such writs then ran in the name of the duke ; but in matters between the king and the subiect the palatine privileges could not contravene the exercise of the sovereign power, and the prerogative writs were of force, lest injuries to the state should be remediless. Since 27 Henry VIII. (1535) all writs have run in the name of the king,_ and are tested before the owner of the franchise. Hence it is that all ordinary writs out of the king's court at Westminster, for service in this county, are addressed to the chancellor of the duchy, commanding him to direct the sheriff to execute them, and that all processes to that officer, out of the chancery of the county palatine, are not tested before the king or his justices at Westminster, as in other counties. The franchise and revenue of the duchy being under different > Tit. Honoiu, part il. sec. 8. p. 677. » Cod. 2042. = The Palatinate of Chester was abohshed in 1830, when the whole of the offices of purely palatinate origin and jurisdiction were dissolved. — C * liracton, lib. iii. c. 8. sec. 4. ' Upon this account there were formerly two other counties pala- tine— border counties as they were called t Pembrokeshire and Hexham- sliire, tlie latter now united with Northumberland; but these wera abolished by Parliament— the former, 27 Henry VIII. (1536) ; the latter, 14 Elizabeth (1672). By the first-mentioned of these Acts tbe powers of owners of counties palatine ware much abridged, the reason for their continuance having in a manner ceased, though still all writs are witnessed in thoir names, and all forfeitures for treason by the common law accrue to them. CHAP. VI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 83 guiding and governance from those of the crown, all honours and immunities, and all redress withm this county, with very fcAv exceptions, must be derived from the chancellor of the duchy, as the principal minister of the king, in his capacity as Duke of Lancaster. Until the passing of the Judicature Acts justices of assize, of gaol-delivery were, and justices of the peace are still, and eversmce the creation of the county palatine of Lancaster have been, made and assigned by com- mission, under the seal of the county palatine,' and the sheriffs for the county of 'Lancaster are appointed in the same way. The election of sheriff for this county palatine, in 1824, formed an exception to the general rule. The practice is to date the writ before his majesty, " at his palace at Westminster ; " but on this occasion, when John Entwistle, Esq., of Foxholes, was appointed, that document was dated from " the palace at Brighton." Anciently, sheriffs, like coroners, were chosen by the freeholders f but popular elections growing tumultuous, this practice was abolished. The choice of the sheriffs in the palatine counties is conducted in a different manner from that of the choice of these officers in the other counties of the kingdom. The usual mode of election is for the judges, having met in the Exchequer chamber on the morrow of St. Martin (Nov. 12), to return for each of the counties, not palatine, the names of three persons, resident in each county, to the king — and for the king, with a small instrument, to prick the name of one of the three, usually the first upon the list, as sheriff. But for the county of Lancaster, the chancellor of the duchy selects the three names, which he submits to the king, as Duke of Lancaster, usually on some day between the 1st and the 20th of February in each year ; and the king chooses one of the three, generally that at the head of the list. In the early periods of British history, the sheriffs continued in office for a number of years, as will be seen in the following list, and some for the whole term of their life _; but since the 28th Edward III. (1354), the office can only be held legally for one year. Nor was it unusual in early times to elect to this office the most exalted peers of the realm. Before the Conquest, the county of Lancaster, with some other jurisdictions, was committed to the Earl of Northumbria, in the large sense, and sometimes to the Earl of Deira, being the more southern part of that kingdom or province. The last of these earls in the Saxon times were Earls Tosti and Morcar, whose possessions are noted in Domesday Book. The following list is compiled from the manuscripts of Mr. Hopkinson, compared by the late MatthoAV Gregson, Esq., with that of the late George Kenyon, Esq., which we have collated with and corrected from a MS. (No. 259) in the British Museum, endorsed, " Nomina Vicecomitum collecta ex Rotulis Pellium recepta apud Westmonasterium. De Termino Michaelis, anno prime Regis Edwardi primi " (1273) :—' Sheriffs of Lancashire from the Earliest Records to 1886. NoKMAN Line. 1178 ) to > Ralph Fitz-BerDard. Will. II. 1087-1100. 1183.) 1087. Geoffrey was sheriff, and the only one named until 1156. US*- Gilbert Pipard. Probably the person called Goisfrid in the Domesday 1185. Gilbert Pipard and Peter Pipard for him. Survey. " Inter Ripa 7 Mersham." 1186. Idem. No sheriffs are named during the reigns of Henry I. and 1187. Idem. Stephen. 1188. Gilbert Pipard. Plaxtagenet of Anjou. EicHAED I. 1189-1199. TT n--iion 1189- Gilbert Pipard. Henry II. lloo-1189. j^gO Henry de Gornhill. 1156. Ralph Pigot, for four years. 1191. Idem. 1160. Robert de Montalt, for three years. 1192. Ralph de Gornhill. 1163. Hugh de Owra. 1193. Idem. 1164. Galfr. de Valoines, Baron of Derby. 1194. Theobald Walter, o£ Preston, and Wm. Radoliffe for him 1165. Idem. (Theobald Walter, K.) 1166. William de Vesci. 1195. Theobald Walter and Benedict Garnet for him. 1167. Idem. 1196. Mem. Idem. 1168. Rogerus de Herlebeck (William de Vesci, K.) 1197. Theobald Walter and Robert Vavasour for him. 1170. Idem (Herlebeck, K.) 1198. Theobald Walter and Nicholas Pincerna or le Boteler 1171. Idem. for him. 1172. Ralph Fitz-Bernard. jgjjj, 1199.12I6. 1173. Idem. 1174. Idem. (Rad. de Glanvill, K.) 1199. Theobald Walter. 1175. Idem. 1200. Rob. de Tattershall. 1176.' Idem.' (K. Rob. H.) ' 1201. ) 1177. Robert (probably in error for Ralph) Fitz-Bernard (Ralph 1 202. > Richard Vernon. Fitz-Bernard, K.) 1203. ) .Co|.e;s4tYnstitute.p.205. ^^^r '^^'^^^^^^'^^^^^^^^^^ I le^^yL^'d^ffrC'&e' L of appointment ;Hopkinaon from the lenyon, H. ™U^^^^^^ ^^o^Z Stcl'tr!^ 84 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. VI. 1205. 1206. 1207. 1208. 120fl 1 to } 1216. ) 1216. 1217. 1218, 1219 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223 122i, 1225 1226, 1227 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231 1232. 12J3. 1234, 1235. 1236. 1237. 1238. 1239. 1240. 1241. 1242. 1243. 1244. 1245. 1246. 1247. 1248. 1249. 1250. 1256. 1257. 1258. 1259. 1260. 1261. 1262. 1263. 1270. 1272. Eoger Lacy, o£ Clitheroe. Roger de Lacy and Adam de Lacy for him. Eoger de Lacy and Robert Wallensis, Gilbert Fitz- Reynfride, and Adam Fitz-Roger for liim. Gilbert Fitz-Reyufride and Adam Fitz-Roger for him ; (Gilbert fil. Reinford, K.) Gilbert Fitz-Reynfride and Adam Fitz-Roger for him. Henkt in. 1216-1272. Ranulph, Earl of Chester. Ranulph, Earl of Chester, and Jordan his son for him. Idem. . Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. . Idem. Idem. William de Ferrars, Earl of Derby, William de Ferrars and Robert Montioy for him. . Idem. Idem. Wilham de Ferrars and Gerard Etwell for him. Adam de Eland, of Rochdale. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. Sir John Byron. William Lancaster, of Lancaster, and Simon de Thornton for him. Idem. Idem, Robert de Lathom, of Lathom, William de Lancaster and Simon de Thornton for him. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. WiUiam de Lancaster and Richard le Boteler for him. Idem. Idem. William de Lancaster and Wilham and Matthew Redmayne. Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem. / Wilham de Lancaster and Matthew Redmayne. \ Robert Latham (half-year). Idem. Idem for seven years further. Patrick de Ulnesby. Idem. William Pincerna (or le Boteler, as he is named in the writ), of Bewspy. Geoffrey de Chetham, of Chetham (as Fermor). Geoffrey de Chetham. Geoffrey de Chetham and Ralph de Dacre. Geoffrey de Chetham and Adam de Montalt. Adam de Montalt and Robert de Lathom, K. John de Cancefield. Ranulph de Dacre. Edwabd L 1172-1307. 1273. Thomas Travers. 1274. Wilham Gentyl (Henry de Lea, H.) 1275. Ranulph de Dacre. 1276. Nicholas de Lee. 1277. Henry de Lee. 1278. Gilbert de Clifton, of Clifton. 1279. Roger de Lancaster, of Lancaster. 1280. Ralph de Montjoy. 1281. Thomas Banister. 1282. Richard de Hoghton, of Hoghton. 1283. Thomas de Lancaster. 1286. Robert de Latham and Gilbert de Clifton for hira, 1287. Gilbert de Chfton, of Clifton. 1288. Robert de Leyborne. 1289. Gilbert de Clifton. 1290. Roger de Lancaster, of Lancaster. 1291. 1292. 1293 to 1298. 1299. 1300. 1301. 1302. 1303 to 1308. 1309. 1310. 1311 to 1320. 132L 1323. 1326. 1328. 1329. 1330. 13.31. 1332. 1333. 1334. 1335. 1339. 1340. 1344. 1345. 1348. 1355. 1358. 1359. 1360. 1363. 1371. 1375. 1376. 1377. 1378. 1379. 1385. 1389. 1392. 1393. 1397. 1400. 1401. 1404. 1405. 1406. 1407 to 1410. 1411. 1412. 1413. 1414. 1415. 1418. 1419. 1420. 1421. Ralph Mountjoy (to 1297, K.) Richard de Hoghton, of Hoghton. ^ Ralph Montjoy. Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Lancaster, and Richard de Hoghton for him ; Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, by inheritance ; and Richard de Hoghton for him. Richard de Hoghton, of Hoghlon. Idem. Thomas Travers, of Nateby. Edwabd II. 1307-1327. -Thomas Plantagenet, Earl of Lancaster. William Gentyl. Thomas Plantagenet, Earl of Lancaster. Richard de Bickerstaffe. Gilbert Southworth, of Southworth (Wm. le Gentyl, K.) John d'Arcy. Geoffrey de Warburton. Edward IIL 1327-1377. William Gentyl. John de Hambury. John de Burghton. John de Hambury and Sir Geoffrey de Warburton. John de Denam. Robert Foucher (others say Toucher). William Clapham. Robert de Radcliffe, of Ordsall. Stephen Ireton. John le Blount. John Cockayne. Richard de Radclyffe, of Radclyffe Tower. WiUiam de Radclyffe, of Radclyffe Tower. John Ipree, vice Sheriff (no Sheriff's name found). William de Radclyffe, of Radclyffe Tower. John Ipree, vice Sheriff. Geoffrey de Chetham, of Chetham. Richard Towneley, of Towneley. Richard II. 1377-1399. Richard de Towneley, of Towneley. Thomas de Bobbeham. Nicholas Harrington, of Farlton, for six years. Ralph Radclyffe, for three years. Robert Standish. Sir Ralph Standish, of Standish. Sir John Butler, of Rawoliffe, for three yeai-s. Richard Molyneux, of Sephton. House of Lancaster. Henry IV. 1399-1413. Thomas Gerard, of Bryn. [ John Boteler, of Rawcliffe. Sir Ralph Radclyffe. Idem. ■ Sir John Bold, of Bold, four years. Sir Ralph Stanley. Henry V. 1413-1422. Sir Ralph Stanley and Nicholas Longford. William Bradshaw and Robert Longford. Robert Urswick, of Urswick. Robert Lawrence, of Ashton. Richard Radclyffe, of Ordsall. CHAP. VI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 85 Heney VI. 1422-1461. 2403 1 1426. J I^'<='i'"''i Radclyffe, of Ordsall. 1429'. 1 ■^°^^'"'' Lawrence, of Ashton. 1441 1 1442 f^'"^ John Bjron, of Clayton. 1459. Nicholas Byron, of Clayton. (Idem John, H.) House or Yokk. 1462. 1463. 1465. 1466. 1473. 1476. 1482. 1501. 1508. 1512. 1514. 1520. 1527. 1528. 1532. 1542. 1546. 1547. 1548. 1649. 1550. 1551. 1552. 1553. 1554. 1555. 1556. 1557. 1558. 1559. 1560. 1561. 1562, 1563. 1564. 1565. 1566. 1667. 1668. 1669. 1570. 1571. 1572. 1573. 1574. 1575. 1576. 1577. 1578. 1579. 1680. 1581. Edward IV. 1461-1483. John Broughton, of Broughton. !■ Thomas Pilkington, of Pilkington. Sir Robert Urswick, of Urswick. Thomas Pilkington, of Pilkington. Thomas Molyneux, of Sephton. Thomas Pilkington, of Pilkington. House of Tudor. (union of YORK AND luiNCASTER.) Henry VII. 1485-1509. j Sir Edward Stanley, of Hornby. Henry VIII. 1509-1547. ISir Edward Stanley, of Hornby; afterwards Baron I Monteagle. Edward Stanley, Baron Monteagle, of Hornby. Sir Alexander Osbaldeston, of Osbaldeston. Sir John Towneley, of Towneley. Sir Thomas Southworth, of Samlesbury. Sir Alexander Eadclyffe, of Ordsall. Edward VI. 1547-1553. Sir Alexander Kadclyffe. Sir Thomas Gerard, of Bryn. Sir Robert Worsley, of Worsley. Sil Peter Legh, of Haydock. Sir John Atherton, of Atherton. Sir Thomas Talbot. Sir Thomas Gerard, of Bryn. Mary. 1553-1558. Sir Marmaduke Tunstall, of Thurland. Sir John Atherton, of Atherton. Sir Thomas Langtou, of Newton. Sir Edmund Trafford, of Trafiford. Sir Thomas Gerard, of Bryn. Elizabeth. 1568-1603. John Talbot, of Salesbury, Esq. Sir Robert Worsley, of the Boothes, Knt. Sir John Atherton, of Atherton, Knt. Sir John Southworth, of Samlesbury, Knt. Sir Thomas Hesketh, of Rufford, Knt. Thomas Hoghton, of Hoghton, Esq. Edmund TrafFord, of TrafiFord, Esq. Sir Richard Molyneux, of Sef ton, Knt. Sir Thomas Langton, Knt. Edward Holland, of Denton, Esq. John Preston, of the Manor, Esq. Thomas Boteler, of Bewsey, Esq. Edmund TrafFord, of Trafford, Esq. John Byron, of Clayton, Esq. (Francis Holt, Esq., Fuller). Richard Holland, of Denton, Esq. William Booth, of Barton, Esq. Francis Holt, of Grislehurst, Esq. Richard Bold, of Bold, Esq.^ Robert Dalton, of Thurland, Esq. John Fleetwood, of Penwortham, Esq. Ralfe AsshetoD, of Middleton, Esq. Sir Edmund TrafFord, of Trafford, Knt. Sir John Byron, of Byron and Clayton, Knt. 1582. Richard Holland, of Denton, Esq. 1583. John Atherton, of Atherton, Esq. 1584. Edmund Trafford, of Trafford, Esq. 1 585. Thomas Preston, of the Manor, Esq. 1586. Richard Assheton, Esq. (and Richard Bold, E.sq ) K. 1687. John Fleetwood, of Penwortham, Esq. 1588. Thomas Talbot, of Bashall, Esq. 1589. Sir Richard Molyneux, of Sephton, Knt. 1590. Richard Bold, of Bold, Esq. 1691. James Assheton, of Chadderton, Esn. 1592. Edward Fitton, Esq. 1593. Richard Assheton, of Middleton, Esq. 1594. Ralph Assheton, of Great Lever, Esq. 1595. Thomas Talbot, of Bashall, Esq. ] 596. Richard Holland, of Denton, Esq. 1597. Sir Richard Molyneux, of Sephton, Knt. 1598. Richard Asheton, of Middleton, Esq. 1599. Sir Richard Hoghton, of Hoghton, Knt. 1600. Robert Hesketh, of Rufford, Esq. 1601. Cuthbert Halsall, of Halsall, Esq. 1602. Sir Edmund Trafford, of Trafford, Knt. House of Stuart. James I. 1603-1625. 1603. John Ireland, of Hutt, Esq. 1604. Sir Nicholas Moseley, of Anooats, Knt. 1605. Ralph Barton, of Smithells, Esq. 1606. Edmund Fleetwood, of Rossall, Esq.^' 1607. Sir Richard Assheton, of Middleton, Knt. 1608. Robert Hesketh, of Rufford, Esq. 1609. Sir Edmund Trafford, of Trafford, Knt. 1610. Roger Nowell, of Read, Esq. 1611. John Fleming, of Coniston, Esq. 1612. Su- Cuthbert Halsall, of Halsall, Knt. 1613. Robert Bindloss, of Borwick, Esq. 1614. Richard Sherburne, of Stonyhurst, Esq. 1615. Edmund Stanley, Esq. 1616. Rowland Mosley, of Hough End, Esq. 1617. Sir Edmund Trafford, of Trafford, Knt. 1618. Richard Shuttleworth, of Gawthorpe, Esq. 1619. John Holte, of Stubley, Esq. 1620. Leonard Ashawe, of Asshawe, Esq. 1621. Edmund More, of Bank Hall, Esq. 1622. Gilbert Ireland, of Hale, Esq. 1623. Sir George Booth, of Ashton-under-Lyne, Knt. and Bart. 1624. Sir Rafe Assheton, of Whalley, Baronet. Charles I. 1625-1649. 1625. Richard Holland, of Heaton, Esq. 1626. Roger Kirkbye, of Kirkbye, Esq. 1627. Sir Edward Stanley, of Bickerstaffe, Baronet. 1628. Edmund Asheton, of Chadderton, Esq. 1629. Edward Rawsthorne, of Newhall, Esq. 1630. Thomas Hesketh, of Rufford, Esq. 1631. Richard Bold, of Bold, Esq. 1632. Nicholas Townley, of Royle, Esq. 1633. Ralph Assheton, of Middleton, Esq. 1634. Ralph Standish, of Standish, Esq. 1635. Humphrey Chetham (The Benefactor), of Manchester, E&q. 1636. William ffarington, of Worden, Esq. 1637. Richard Shuttleworth, of Gawthorpe, Esq. 1638. Roger Kirkbye, of Kirkbye, Esq. 1639. Sir Edward Stanley, of Bickerstaffe, Baronet. 1640. Robert Holte, of Stubley, Esq. 1641. Peter Egerton, of Shawe, Esq. 1642. Sir John Girlington, of Thurland, Knt, 1643. Gilbert Hoghton, of Hoghton, Esq. 1644. ^ 1645. I John Bradshawe, Esq. (No Sheriffs elected during the 1646. j Civil Wars — Gregson). 1648. j Commonwealth. 1649-1660. 1648. Sir Gilbert Ireland, of the Hutt, Knt., until May, 1649. 1649. John Hartley, of Strangeways, Esq, until December, 16J9 1 Fuller, in Ma Worthies, has a different order of succession for the four years 1672-75— viz. 1572 (14 BlizaUeth), Francis Holt ; 1673, Eich.ard Hi)lland ; 1574, William Booth, and 1575, Francis Holt ag.uii ; omicting John Byron. 2 Fiillor omits John Ireland, and gives the three following Nicholas Mosley, Knt., Thomas Baker, Esq., and Edward Fleetwood, Esq. 86 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. VI. 1650. 1651. 1652. 1652. 1654. 1655. 1656. 1657. 1658. 1659. 1660. 1661. 1662. 1663. 1664. 1665. 1666. 1667. 1668. 1669. 1670. 1671. 1672. 1673. 1674. 1675. 1676. 1677. 1678. 1679. 1680. 1681. 1682, 1683. 1684. 1685. 1686. 1688. 1689. 1690. 1691. 1692. 1693. 1694. 1695. 1696. 1697. 1698. 1699. 1700. 1701. 1702. 1703. 1704. 1705. 1706. 1707. 1708. 1709. 1710. 1711. 1712. 1713. 1714. 1715. Edward Hopwood, of Hopwood, Esq. Henry Wrigley, of Cbamber Hall, Esq. Alexander Barlow, of Barlow, Esq. John Parker, of Extwisle, Esq. Peter Bold, of Bold, Esq. John Atherton, of Chowbent, Esq. John Starkie, of Huntroyd, Esq. Hugh Cooper, of Chorley, Esq. Piobert Bindlosse, of Borwick, Esq. Sir Richard Hoghtou, of Hoghton, Baronet. Restoration. Charles II. 1660-1684. George Chetham, of Turton, Esq. ^Sir George Middleton, of Leighton, Baronet. John Girlington, of Thurland, Esq. Thomas Preston, of Holker, Esq. ^ William Spencer, Esq. John Arden, Esq. ^ Thomas Greenhalgh, of Brandlesome, Esq. Christopher Banister, of Bank, Esq. Sir Henry Sclater, of Light Oaks, Knt. hSir Robert Bindlosse, of Borwick, Baronet. Sir Peter Brooke, of Astley, Knt. Alexander Butterworth, of Belfield, Esq. Alexander Rigby, of Layton, Esq. Sir Roger Bradshaigh, of Haigh, Bart. William Johnson, of Kishton Grange, Esq. Lawrence Rosthorne, of Newhall, Esq. Thomas Leigh, of Bank, Esq. Peter Shakerley, of Shakerley, Esq. James II. 1684-1688. Peter Shakerley, of Shakerley, Esq. William Spencer, Esq., two years. (Peter Shakerley, K.) Thomas Richardson, of Rawnhead, nominated but not sworn in. William and Mary. 1668-1702. James Birch, of Birch Hall, E-q. Peter Bold, of Bold, Esq. Alexander Rigby, of Layton, Esq. Francis Livesey, of Livesey, Esq. Thomas Rigby, of Gorse, Esq. T homas Asshurst, of Asshurst, Esq. Ri chard Spencer, of Preston, Esq. Thomas Norreys, of Speke, Esq. Roger Manwaring, of Morley, Esq. William West, of Middleton, E.sq. Robert Dukinfield, of Dukiufield, Esq. Thomas Rigby, of Middleton, Esq. William Hulme, of Davy Hulme, Esq. Anne. 1702-1714. Roger Nowell, of Read, Esq. Peter Egerton, of Shawe, Esq. George Birch, of Birch Hall, Esq. Succeeded by his brother, Thomas Birch. Richard Spencer, of Preston, Esq. Christopher Dauntesey, of Agecrof t, Esq. Edmund Cole, of Lancaster, Esq. Miles Sandys, of Graythwaite, Esq. Roger Kirkby, of Kirkby, Esq. (died in office). Succeeded by Alexander Hesketh, Esq. Roger Parker, of Extwistle, Esq. Sir Thomas Standish, of Duxbury, Bart. William Rawsthorne, of Newhall, Esq. Richard Valantine, of Preston, Esq. William ffaringtou, of Werden, Esq. House of Brunswick. George I. 1714-1727. Jonathan Blackburne, of Orford, Esq. 1716. Thomas Crisp, Wigan, Esq. 1717. Samuel Crooke, of Crooke, Esq. 1718. Richard Norreys, of Speke, Esq. 1719. Thomas Stanley, of Clitheroe, Esq. 1720. Robert Mawdesley, of Mawdesley, Esq. 1721. Benjamin Hoghton, Esq. 1722. Benjamin Gregge, of Chamber Hall, Esq. 1723. Sir Edward Stanley, of Bickerstaffe, Bart. 1724. WilKam Tatham, of Over Hall, Esq. 1725. Miles Sandys, of Graythwaite, Esq. 1726. Edmund Hopwood, of Hopwood, Esq. George II. 1727-1760. 1727. Daniel Wilson, of Dalbam Tower, Esq. 1728. Joseph Yates, of Peel, Esq. 1729. William Greenhalgh, of Myerscough, Esq. 1730. James Chetham, of Smedley, Esq. 1731. WnUam Leigh, of West Houghton, Esq. 1732. John Parker, of Breightmet, Esq. 1733. John Greaves, of Culcheth, Esq. 1734. William Bushel, of Preston, Esq., M.D. 1735. Arthur Hambleton, of Liverpool, Esq. 1736. Sir Daroey Lever, of Alkrington, Knt., LL.D. 1737. Thomas Horton, of Chadderton, Esq. 1738. Samuel Chetham, of Castleton, Esq. 1739. Sir Ralph Assheton, of Middleton, Bart. 1740. Roger Hesketh, of North Meols, Esq. 1741. Robert Dukinfield, of Manchester, Esq. 1742. Robert Bankes, of Winstanley, Esq. 1743. John Blackburne, of Orford, Esq. 1744. Robert Radclyffe, of Foxdenton, Esq. 1745. Daniel Willis, of Red Hall, Esq. 1746. William Shawe, of Preston, Esq. 1747. Samuel Birche, of Ardwick, Esq. 1748. George Clarke, of Hyde (Co. Chester), Esq. 1749. Rigby Molyneux, of Preston, Esq. 1750. Charles Stanley, of Cross Hall, Esq. 1751. James Fenton, of Lancaster, Esq. 1752. Richard Townley, jun., of Belfield, Esq 1753. John Bradshaw, of Manchester, E.-q. 1754. Thomas Hesketh, of Rufford, Esq. 1755. Thomas Johnson, of Manchester, Esq. 1756. James Barton, of Peuwortham, Esq. 1757. James Bailey, of Withington, Esq. 1758. Robert Gibson, of Myerscough, Esq. 1759. Edward Whitehead, of Claughton, E-q. 1760. Samuel Hilton, of Pennington, Esq. George IIL 1760-1820. 1761. Sir William ffarington, of Shaw Hall, Knt. 1762. Thomas Braddyll, of Conishead, Esq. 1763. Thomas Blackburne, of Hale, Esq. 1764. Sir William Horton, of Chadderton, Bart. 1765. John Walmesley, of Wigan, Esq 1766. Edward Gregge, of Chamber Hall, Esq. 1767. Alexander Butler, of Kirkland, Esq. 1768. Thomas Butterworth Bayley, of Hope, Esq. 1769. Doming Rasbotham, of Birch House, Esq. 1770. Nicholas Ashton, of Liverpool, Esq. 1771. Sir Ashton Lerer, of Alkrington, Knt. 1772. William Cunliffe Shawe, of Preston, Esq. 1773. Thomas Patten, of Bank Hall, Esq. 1774. GeolFrey Hornby, of Preston, Esq. 1775. Sir Watts Horton, of Chadderton, Bart. 1776. Lawrence Rawsthorne, of Newhall, Esq. 1777. Samuel Clowes, of Chorlton, Esq. 1778. Wilson Gale Braddyll, of Conishead, Esq. 1779. John Clayton, of Carr Hall, Esq. 1780. John Atherton, of Walton Hall, Esq. 1781. John Blackburne, of Orford, Esq. 1782. Sir Frank Standish, of Duxbnry, Bart. 1783. James Whalley, of Clerk Hill, Esq. 1784. William Bankes, of Winstanley, Esq. 1785. John Sparling, of Liverpool, Esq. 1786. Sir John Parker Mosley, of Ancoats, Bart, 1787. William Bamford, of Bamford, Esq. 1788. Edward Falkner, of Fairfield, Esq. 1789. William Hulton, of Hulton, Esq. 1790. Charles Gibson, of Lancaster, Esq. 1791. James Starky, of Heywood, Esq CHAP. VI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 87 1792. 1793. 1794. 1795. 1796. 1797. 1798. 1799. 1800. 1801. 1802. 1803. 1804. 1805. 1806. 1807. 1808. 1809. 1810. 1811. 1812. 1813. 1814. 1815. 1816. 1817' 1818 1819. 1820. 1821. 1822. 1823. 1824. 1825. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1835. 1836. 1837. 1838. William Assheton, of Cuerdale, Esq. Thomas Townley Parker, of Ciierden, Esq. Sir Henry Philip Hoghton, of Walton, Bart. Robinson Shuttlewortli, of Preston, Esq. Richard Gwillym, of Bewsey, Esq. Bold Fleetwood Hesketh, of Rossall, E?q. John Entwisle, of Foxholes, Esq. Joseph Starkie, of Redvales, Esq. James Ackers, of Lark Hill, Esq. Sir Thomas Dalrymple Hesketh, of Rufford, Bart. Robert Gregge Hopwood, of Hopwood, Esq. Isaac Blackburne, of Orford, Esq. Thomas Lister Parker, of Browsholme, Esq. Meyrick Bankes, of Wiiistanley, Esq. Le Gendre Pierse Starkie, of Huntroyd, Esq. Richard Legh, of Shaw Hill, Esq. Thomas Clayton, of Carr Hall, Esq. Samuel Clowes, of Broughton, Esq. William Hulton, of Hulton, Esq. Samuel Chetham Hilton, of Moston Hall, Esq. Edmund Greaves, of Culcheth, Esq. Wilham ffarington, of Shawe Hall, Esq. Lawrence Rawsthorne, of Penwortham, Esq. , Le Gendre Pierse Starkie, of Huntroyd, Esq, William Townley, of Townhead, Esq. Robert Townley Parker, of Cuerdeii, Esq. Joseph Feilden, of Wittou House, Esq. John AValmesley, of Castle Mere, Esq. George IV. 1820-1830. Robert Hesketh, of Rossall Hall, Esq. Thomas Richard Gale Braddyll, oE Conishead Priory, Esq. James Shuttleworth, of Barton Lodge, Esq. Thomas Green, of Slyne, Esq. John Entwisle, of Foxholes, Esq. John Hargreaves, of Ormerod House, Esq. James Penny Maehell, of Penny Bridge, Esq. Charles Gibson, of Quernmore Park, Esq. Edmund Hornby, of Dalton Hall, Esq. Henry Bold Hoghton, of Bold, Esq. Peter Hesketh, of Rossall Hall, Esq. William IV. 1830-1837. Peregrine Edward Towneley, of Towneley, Esq. George Richard Marton, of Capernwray, Lancaster, Esq. Sir John Gerard, of New Hall, Bart. Thomas Joseph Trafford, of Trafford, Esq. Thomas Clifton, of Lytham, Esq. Charles Standish, of Standish, Esq. Victoria. 1837. Thomas Bright Crosse, of Shaw Hill, Esq. Wilham Blundell, of Crosby Hall, Esq. 1839. Charles Scarisbrick, of Soarisbrick, Esq. 1840. Thomas Fitzherbert Brookholes, of Brockholes, Esq. 1841. Sir Thomas Bernard Birch, of the Hazels, Liverpool, Bart. 1842. Thomas Robert Wilson Franca, of RawclifFe Hall, Esq. 1843. William Garnett, of Lark Hill, Salford, E,sq. 1844. John Fowden Hindle, of Woodfold Park, Esq. 1845. Pudsey Dawson, of Hornby Castle, Esq. 1846. William Standish Standish, of Duxbury Park, Esq. 1847. William Gale, of Lightburne House, Ulverston, Esq. 1848. Sir Thomas George Hesketh, of RufTord Hall, Bart. 1849. John Smith EntwLsle, of Foxholes, Rochdale, Esq. 1850. Clement Royds, of Mount Falinge, Rochdale, Esq. 1851. Thomas Peroival Heywood, of Claremont, Pendleton, Esq. 1852. Thomas Weld-Blundell, of Ince Blundell, Esq. 1853. John Talbot Clifton, of Lytham Hall, Esq, 1854. Richard Fort, of Read Hall, Clitheroe, Esq. 1855. John Pemberton Heywood, of Norris Green, West Derby, Esq. 1856. Robert Needham Philips, of The Park, Prestwich, Esq. 1857. Charles Towneley, of Towneley, Esq. 1858. George Marton, of Capernwray, Esq. 1859. Sir Robert Tolver Gerard, of Garswood, Bart. 1S60, Henry Garnett, of Wyreside, Lancaster, Esq. 1861. Sir Humphrey de Trafford, of Trafford Park, Bart. 1862. Wm. Allen Francis Saunders, of Wennington Hall, Esq. 1863. Sir William Brown, of Richmond Hill, Liverpool, Bart. 1864. Sir James Philips Kay-Shuttleworth, of Gawthorpe, Burnley, Bart. 1865. William Preston, of EUel Grange and Liverpool, Esq. 1866. Sir Elkanah Armitage, Pendleton, Manchester, Kuight. 1867. Thomas Dicconson, of Wrightington Hall, Esq. 1868. Le Gendre Nicholas Starkie, of Huntroyd, Esq. 1869. Benjamin N. Jones, of Lark Hill, Liverpool, Esq. 1870. Henry F. Rigge, of Wood Broughton, Grange-over-Sands, Esq. 1871. Sir James Watts, of Abney Hall, Cheadle, Knight. 1872. Thomas Wrigley, of Timberhurst, Bury, Esq. 1873. Sir James Ramsden, of Abbot's Wood, Furness Abbey, Knight. 1874 Richard Smethurst, of Ellerbeck, Chorley, Esq. 1875. John Pearson, of Golborne Park, Newton-le-Willows, E^q. 1876. Oliver Ormerod Walker, of Chesham, Bury, Esq. 1877. George Blucher Heneage Marton, of Capernwray, Esq. 1878. Nathaniel Eckersley, of Standish Hall, Wigan, Esq. 1879. William Garnett, of Quernmore Park, Lancaster, Esq. 1880. Ralph John Aspinall, of Standen Hall, Clitheroe Esq. 1881. William Foster, of Hornby Castle, Lancaster, E sq. 1882. George M'Corquodale, of Newton-le- Willows, Esq. 1883. Thomas Ashton, of Ford Bank, Didsbury, Esq. 1884. Thomas Brooks, of Crawshaw Hall, Rawtenstall, Esq. 1885. James Williamson, ofRyelands, Lancaster, Esq. 1886. Sir Andrew Barclay Walker, of The Grange, Gateacre, Baronet. The county palatine of Lancaster is parcel of the duchy of Lancaster, and the sovereign has a seal, chancellor, and other officers, for the county palatine, and others for the duchy, both of "which are managed separately from the possessions of the king.^ It is one of the privileges of a county palatine that none of its inhabitants can be summoned out of their own county, except in case of treason, or error by any writ or process." In the early periods of the palatine privileges in Lancashire, these distinctions of law were not so well understood as at present ; hence a number of legal harpies were in the daily habit of seizing the inhabitants and their property, and conveying them away under form of law, though they had no jurisdiction whatever m the county. These violent and illegal proceedings kept those parts of the county wherein they were practised in a continual ferment. Large assemblies of the people rose to resist the intruders; and riots, and even murders, frequently ensued. So intolerable an evil called for a strong remedy, which the law had not then provided, but in the 28 Henry VI. (1449-50) an Act was passed by which it was ordained that if any "misruled" persons, under colour of law, made a distress where they had no fee, seigniory, or cause, to take such distress in the counties and seigniories in Wales, or in the duclay of Lancaster, they should be adjudged guilty of felony, and punished accordingly." An ancient petition to Parliament from the inhabitants of this county has been ' Plow. Com. p. 219, on the Duchy of Lancaster case, so elaborately argued, by which it was decided that a lease under the duchy seal of land, parcel of the Duchy of Lancaster, made by Edward VI. in his nonage, to commence after the end of a former lease in esse, was good, and not avoidable by reason of his nonage. 2 Coke's 4th Institute, p. 411. 88 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. vi. preserved, wherein that protection was loudly called for, which the legislature were not slow to grant A most extraordinary piece of legislation, relating to the county palatine of Lancaster, took place four years after this, by which an Act, made for a temporary purpose, was declared perpetual. By this Act it was ordained that if any person should be outlawed m the county palatine of Lancaster he should forfeit such of his land and goods as were found m that county, but in no other ;' 31 Henry VI. (1453), and that this should be the extent of his punishment, however aggravated might be his offence. The effect of such a kw was to encourage crime to an alarmino' extent, for if any " foreigner " came into the county palatine of Lancaster, and committed any treason, murder, or robbery, or made and violated any contract, the sole redress for the injured party was against his lands and effects in the county, which generally were of no value. The pernicious consequence of this law soon became too palpable to be endured, and two years after it had been made "perpetual" it was repealed, in 33 Henry VL (1455).' The defeat of this insidious measure did not prevent its repetition in the seventh year of the reign of Henry VII. (1491-2), when, in the absence of the " knights of the shire, and other noble persons of the county," an Act of Parliament was obtained, at the instance, and by the influence, of a single individual, probably one of the adherents of the deposed tyrant Richard, by which it was ordained that persons residing out of the county should neither be liable to process in the county of Lancaster nor should forfeit for their offences in the county any goods but such as were to be foundwithin its limits. It may easily be conceived that no long time was necessary to discover this legislative- error; and accordingly, we find that, in the very same Parliament, an Act was passed (1491-2) which, after reciting " that the Countie of Lancastre is and of long tyme hath byn a Countie Palantyne, made and ordeyned for grete consideracion, and within the same hath byn had and used Jurisdiccion Roiall, and all things to a Countie Palantyne belonging', in the dayes of the noble Progenitours of our soverayn Lord the King, unto the begynnyng of this present Parliament," proceeds to enact, " that the said County Palatyne, and every parte of the Jurisdiccion thereof, be in every poynt touching all Processes, Forfaiture, and other thinges, as large and of like force and effecte, as it was the day next before the first day of this present Parliament, and as if the said Acte had not bin made." The bitter rivalry between the partisans of the houses of York and Lancaster still agitated the country. The madness of party raged with its utmost violence, and though the strength of the baronage was broken, there still remained men of fortune and influence accustomed to equip their retainers in liveries, and to furnish them with badges of distinction indicating to which house they belonged. Their power lay in the posts of disorderly dependents who swarmed round their houses, ready to furnish a force in case of revolt, while in peace they became centres of outrage and defiance to the law. The natural consequence of this condition of things was to increase the general agitation and to embarrass the general administration of the laws. The wars of the Roses showed that the power of the nobles was too great for the comfort or safety of the sovereign. Henry, therefore, to destroy their physical influences, determined on rigidly putting down retainers. Edward had ordered the dissolution of these military households in his Statute of Liveries, and the statute was made more penal by Henry, and enforced with the utmost severity.^ It is probable, also, that there were local feuds mixed up with these elements of general discord, which so far exceeded the corrective power of the police that a law was enacted, by which it was declared that no person should give liveries or badges, or retain, as their menial servants, officers or men learned either in civil or ecclesiastical law, by any oath or promise, under the penalty of one hundred shillings per month for every person so retained, to be recovered before the justices at their usual sessions of oyer and terminer, or before the king's justices in the coun- ties palatine of Lancaster and Chester.^ The palatine privilege had, in the reign of Edward VL, , been perverted to the injury of the inhabitants, by subjecting them to the consequences of outlawry without their knowledge. As the king's writ of proclamation awarded upon an exigent against any inhabitant of Lancashire, in any action involving the process of outlawry, did not run in Lan- cashire, it was necessarily sent to the sheriff of an adjoining county, and the consequence was that many persons were outlawed without their own knowledge. When the trade and commerce of the county began to be extended, this grievance manifested itself so frequently that an Act was passed (6 Edward VI. , 1552) whereby it was enacted that whenever any writ or exigent from the Court of King's Bench or Common Pleas should issue against any person residing in Lancashire, a writ of proclamation should be awarded to the sheriff of the county palatine of Lancaster, and not to the 1 statutes of tha Realm, vol. ii. p.'s56. Lord," said Henry on his departure, " but I may not endure to have my '' Statutes of the Realm, vol. ii. p. 366. laws broken in my sight. My attorney must speak with you," the earl, = On a visit to the Earl of Oxford, one of the most devoted adherents as the consequence, being fined £10,000.— C. of the Lancastrian cause, the king found 5,000 of his host's retainers in ■* Statutes of the Refilro, vol. ii. p. 12(5. livery drawn up to receive him. " 1 tiauk you for your good cheer, my CHAP. VI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 89 sheriff of any adjoining county ; and that the sheriff of Lancashire should make and return the proclamation accordingly. During the civil wars between prerogative and privilege, when Charles I. had the nominal authority of the sovereign, but when the two houses of Parliament exercised the royal functions, the powers of the Duke of Lancaster, like those of the King of England, were assumed by the promoters of the Commonwealth; and an ordinance remains upon record (of 10th February, 1644), by which John Bradshaw was appointed to discharge the duties of sheriff of this county, which position he retained for four successive years, in contravention of the Act of 28 Edw. III. (1354), till the king was deposed, and until he, the acting sheriff of the county palatine of Lancaster, in the capacity of president of the Parliamentary tribunal, consigned his monarch to the block. In 1648, Sir Gilbert Ireland, of the Hutt and Hale — the partisan and friend of Cromwell, who was also member of Parliament for Liverpool, and governor of Chester Castle — was appointed by the Parliament, and retained the office until May, 1649, after which the appointments were made annually under the seal of the Commonwealth. With the Restoration, in 1660, the authority and the revenues of the Duke of Lancaster reverted to the king. In order to secure the ducal prero- gatives and the ancient privileges of the county, a number of courts have, in the succession of ages, risen up in Lancashire, involving the jurisprudence of the county. The reason of these immunities, as assigned by Sir Edward Coke, is, "for that the county of Lancaster is a county palatine, and the duke," at its institution, " had jura regalia," or royal prerogatives, within the county — " to exercise all manner of jurisdiction, high, mean, and low." " This county palatine (of Lancaster)," adds Sir Edward, "was the youngest brother, and yet best beloved of all other, for it hath more honors, manors, and lands annexed unto it than any of the rest, by the house of Lan- caster, and by Henry VIII. and Queen Mary, albeit they were descended also of the house of York, viz., from Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of Edward IV." The nature of the courts in the duchy and county palatine of Lancaster, ecclesiastical, civil, and criminal, may be thus stated : — The Ecclesiastical Courts are — The Prerotrative Court of York, within which province this county lies ; the Courts for the Dioceses of Manchester and Liverpool ; and the Court for the Archdeaconry of Richmond. Probates of wills and letters of administration, of persons dying within the county of Lancaster, have ceased to be o-ranted by the ecclesiastical and diocesan courts of Manchester and Chester, and are now, under the Probate Act of 1847, granted by her Majesty's Courts of Probate, of which there are three in Lancashire one at Manchester for the city of Manchester and the hundred of Salford ; one at Lancaster for the county, except the hundreds of West Derby (diocese of Liverpool) and Salford, and the city of Manchester (diocese of Manchester); and one at Liverpool for the hundred of West Derby (within the diocese of Liverpool). Until the institution of the bishopric of Chester (32 Henry VIII 1540), at the period of the Reformation Lancashire lay within the dioceses of Lichfield and Coventry and wills proved from this county, at that time, were deposited at Lichfield, where those wills now remain, though some early wills were proved in the Prerogative Court of Canter- burv as the old diocese of Lichfield and Coventry was under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury These are now preserved at Somerset House, London. After the erection of the See of Chester wills in the northern part of Lancashire were usually proved at Richmond, m Yorkshire, and these were a few years ago removed to Somerset House. Prior to the passing of the Judicature Act, 1873^ The Courts of Law weue— ( *The High Court of Chancery. I *The Kxchequer. I The Chancery of the Duchy. I The Chancery of the County Palatine. SUPEBIOR Courts. •! *The Queen's Bench. *The Common Pleas at Westmmster. The Common Pleas at Lancaster. The .Tudgea' Commission of all manner of Pleap. I, The Commission of Oyer and Terminer. The Courts marked thus * have a general jurisdiction, and are not peculiar to this county. f th. Tiarticulars relating to the changes effected by the Judicature Act, 1873, the Editor is indebted to the courtesy of llr. J. Brough°to'nTil EsqoSe'^J HeTM'SesV' Coroners for the County of La„caster.-C. 13 90 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. VI. Of Record Inferior Courts. ■{ Not of Record. Criminal. Civil. Couutj'. For Hundreds. For Honors. For Manors. Sessions for the County and for Boroughs. Coroner's Court. For the County and for Boroughs. Leete for Hundreds and for Manors. Borough Courts. Piedpoudre Courts. Courts of Requests. By Justicias. By Replevin. By Plaint. By Replevin. By Plaint. Copyhold. Customary. Copyhold. Customary. By Plaint. The High Court of Chancery and the Court of Exchequer had concurrent jurisdiction in this county with the chanceries of the duchy, and the county palatine, in all matters reauiring the interference of equity to remedy the defects, or mitigate the rigours, of law. But in affairs where the authority is derived by statute, or commission from the crown, as in bankruptcy and matters of a fiscal nature, the lord chancellor has an exclusive juris- diction, and the barons of the exchequer paramount authority. The Chancery of the Duchy of Lancaster has been for many years practically obsolete, but not abolished. It used to be a court of appeal for the chancery of the county palatine ; but now all appeals from the latter go to the Court of Appeal. It has a nominal jurisdiction in reference to the estates of the duchy, which lie in various counties, and are generally called " Duchy Liberties."' The Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster is an original and independent court, as ancient as the 50th of Edward III. (1376), and the pro- ceedings were carried on by English bill and decree. The chief office is at Preston, and the court was formerly held four times a year — namely, once at each assize at Lancaster, and once at Preston in the interval of each assize. This court is now appointed to be held at Preston, Liver- pool, and Manchester, at all of which places there are now registries. The business at Preston, however, is so light, that, by arrangement, there is seldom a court at Preston ; the Preston business being taken at Liverpool or at Manchester, as more convenient to the bar, etc. The process of the court was formerly by subpoena, attachment, attachment with proclamations, commission of rebellion, sequestration, and writ of assistance, etc. ; now the general practice of the court, except in some particular cases where it is governed by its own particular rules, is similar to the practice of the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice in almost everything, except in despatch and expense. The chancery of Lancashire has concurrent jurisdiction with the High Court in all matters of equity, whether concerning lands lying within the palatine or concerning transitory suits, its cognisance of which depends on the person or lands of the defendant being amenable to the process of this court ; but its jurisdiction is exclusive of all other courts of equity, when both the subject of the suit and the residence of the parties litigant are within the county ; and in such case a defendant may insist on his right to be sued in this chancery by demurrer or plea to any other equitable process. The court, in point of fact, exercises a concurrent jurisdiction with the Chancery Division of the High Court in all matters of equity within the county palatine, particularly in matters of account, fraud, mistake, trusts, foreclosures, tithes, infants, partition, and specific performance of contracts and agreements. It formerly interfered to restrain parties from proceeding in actions at law, and for that purpose granted the writs of injunction. And it now issues injunctions to stay waste and trespass in cases where irreparable mischief might arise, unless the parties were imme- diately restrained from doing the acts complained of. It was likewise auxiliary or assistant to the jurisdiction of courts of law, as by removing legal impediments to the fair decision of a question depending, either by compelling a discovery which may enable them to decide, or by perpetuating testimony when in danger of being lost, before the matter to which it relates can be made the subject of judicial investigation; but as all the branches of the High Court have now power to grant T5 , l-^" ^0 James 1,(1624-5) an order was made "thatnoe Cause above £10 value, of either reall or personall, shalbo determined in the County i-alatme ot Lancaster ; but to be heard before the Chancellor of the Duchy at Westminster." Booke of Orders, Division v., No. 29, 20 Jac. 1, CHAP. VI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 91 injunctions and to compel discovery, in causes depending in it, these powers are no longer peculiar to courts of chancery. It also has jurisdiction, on ex parte applications, in appointing guardians for infants, and m allowing them a competent maintenance out of their property, and in enablino' them to make conveyances of their trust and mortgaged estates for the benefit of the parties beneficially entitled. Although the bills are addressed to the chancellor of the duchy, the vice- chancellor of the county palatine is the judge of the court, and the causes and all motions and petitions are setdown and heard before him. The chancellor of the duchy, assisted by the two judges in commission for the county palatine, used to sit to hear causes at Westminster, either commenced originally in the duchy chamber, or which had been transmitted there by way of appeal from the court of chancery of the county palatine, but now this jurisdiction is exercised by the Court of Appeal as hereinafter mentioned. The Court of Queen's Bench and the Court of Common Pleas at Westminster had concurrent jurisdiction with the court of common pleas for the county palatine of Lancaster in almost all cases, and could enforce their jurisdiction over personal actions, unless conusance of the cause was claimed, or the palatinate jurisdiction pleaded, or error was brought, after judgment by default, with the venue laid in Lancashire, and the want of an original was assigned for error. In the two first instances, the superior courts could not refuse to allow the privilege when properly claimed ; and in the last, the want of jurisdiction became apparent, from the circumstance of there being, in the chancery at Westminster, cursitors for the issuing of writs into every county but the counties palatine ; and therefore, upon a cause of action arising in Lancashire, there was no proper officer from whom an original could have been obtained to warrant the subsequent proceedings in the court at Westminster. The cases where the jurisdiction of the courts above was excluded, and that of the common pleas at Lancaster adopted, were chiefly pleas of lands within the county, or actions against corporations existing in Lancashire. All writs out of the courts at Westminster (except Habeas Corpus and Mittimus) were directed to the chancellor, and not to the sheriff, in the first msiance ; and, where execution of them had to be done by the sheriff, the chancellor issued his mandate to that officer, and, on receiving his return, certified in his own name to the court above that the writ had been duly executed ; and if the chancellor returned that he commanded the sheriff, and had received from him no answer, the court above would rule the sheriff to return the mandate. There was only one franchise in the county having the execution of writs by its own officer, viz. the Liberty of Furness, to the bailiff of which the sheriff directed his precepts, and received from him the requisite returns. The Court of Common Pleas for the County Palatine of Lancaster was an original superior Court of Record at Common Law, having iurisdiction over all real actions for lands, and in all actions against corporations within the county, as well as over all personal actions where the defendant resided in Lancashire, although the cause of action might have arisen elsewhere ; but this court had no iurisdiction beyond the limits of the county. The judges of this court were appointed by commission from the king, under the seal of the duchy of Lancaster, but in the name of the king, pursuant to the statute of 27 Henry VIII. (1535). The judges,_ according to usage, were only two, being the judges appointed on the northern circuit, whose commission con- tinued in force so long as the same judges continued to be appointed to that circuit. Its returns were on the first Wednesday in every month. The office of the prothonotary was at Preston, where the records for the preceding twenty years were kept, those for previous years being deposited at Lancaster, where the court sat every assize before one of the two judges of the courts at West- minster who had chosen the northern circuit, and who were half-yearly commissioned, the _one as the chief justice, and the other as one of the "justices of the common pleas at Lancaster." The patent of 'the judges for the common pleas at Lancaster also appointed one of the judges "_chief lustice, and the other, one of the justices o jail manner of pleas within the county palatine ' and under this the causes sent by mittimus from the courts at Westminster were tried at bar ; but as there was no clause of nisi prius in the jury process by mittimus to Lancaster (it being out of the ordinary circuit of the judges), they could not be assisted by a serjeant on the civil side as m other counties By the same commission were tried at bar all pleas of the crown, whether removed by ceHiorari, or otherwise directed so to be tried. This court was a great advantage to the commercial county of Lancaster, as well because its process for arrests to any amount reached to all parts of the county, and might be had without the delay of sending to London, as from the celerity and excellency of its practice. A great majority of the causes tried at Lancaster, as well as at Liverpool and at Manchester, were brought in the common pleas of the county palatine, and in point ot 92 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHmE. chap. vi. importance were equal to those sent down for trial there from the courts at Westminster. In this court, actions might be brought within about three weeks from the time of _ holdmg the assizes ; and execution might be had after trial, as soon as the assizes terminated, without waiting till the following term, which, at the summer assizes especially embraces a considerable penod. ihe advantage of this promptitude in legal processes in Lancashire was so strongly felt that the prmciple is now extended to the general law of the country ; and still further improved by an Apt of Parliament passed in the early part of 1831, for the more speedy judgment and execution m actions brought in his Majesty's courts at Westminster ; and the proceedings in the court ol common pleas of the county palatine of Lancaster were facilitated by making all writs of inquiry or damage returnable on the first Wednesday in every month (m addition to the first and last days of each assize), in lieu of being returnable, as formerly, on any of the return days m Easter and Michaelmas terms respectively. The general official business of the court of common pleas m Lancashire was transacted by the deputy of the prothonotary. The office of prothonotary was a patent office, in the gift of the Crown, in right of the duchy of Lancaster. Henry Wyndham West, Esq., QC, is (1886) the Attorney-General. , t^ t Previous to every assize, commissions of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery were formerly issued, under which the senior judge presided in the crown court, and delivered all the gaols within the county. The official proceedings in criminal cases within the county were conducted by the clerk of the crown, or his deputy.' The office of clerk of the crown was in the gift of the chancellor of the duchy for the time being, but is now in that of the lord chancellor. The office is held at Preston. At the end of the assizes, three copies are made of the calendar of the prisoners; one of which is signed by the senior judge, and delivered to the clerk of the crown, in whose custody it is kept ; another copy is signed by the clerk of the crown, and kept by the judge; and a third, signed by the same officer, is left with the hi^h sheriff or the gaoler. Under this authority, and without any special warrant, all executions take place. The judge_ writes the word "reprieved" or "respited," opposite to the name of each convict sentenced to_ die, but not left for execution ; and such as have not either of these words written opposite their names are hanged. On behalf of those who are reprieved, the judge addresses a letter, called "the Circuit Letter " to the crown, recommending them to mercy on the grounds therein specified, which letter is transmitted to the office of the secretary of state, and generally, indeed invariably, produces a commutation of punishment. The assizes were formerly held half-yearly, and at Lancaster only. But great changes and improvements have been made in this respect since 1830. After a royal commission in 1829, various reports of committees of county magistrates, and several numerously-signed petitions and memorials from populous towns in South Lancashire, it was determined to hold assizes for the criminal and civil business of the two hundreds of West Derby and Salford, at Liverpool ; and accordingly assizes have been held there from the year 1835 in the Sessions House, Chapel Street, and from the 8th December, 1851 in St. George's Hall. Still the business of the assizes increased so greatly, and the inconvenience of jurors, suitors, prosecutors, witnesses, and others, having to travel thirty or forty miles to the assizes, and many of them to remain there for a number of days, at a great distance from home, led to a growing requirement that the hundred of Salford should have assizes for its business. Accordingly assizes for that hundred Avere held for the first time in the splendid- new Assize Courts at Manchester in July, 1864; and this county now has three places of assize — at Lancaster, for the hundreds of Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, and Lonsdale; at Liverpool for the West Derby hundred; and at Manchester for the hundred of Salford. Besides the usual periods of spring and autumn, or Lent and Michaelmas, it has also been deemed necessary to have a Avinter assize, both at Liverpool and Manchester, chiefly for the delivery of the gaols of prisoners committed too late for trial at the August assizes, and who would otherwise be incarcerated before trial till the following March, and of late four assizes have been held in each year, _ By section IG of the supreme court of Judicature Act, 1873 (36 and 37 Vict., c. 66), the jurisdiction of the superior courts above-mentioned, with the exception of that of the chancery of the duchy and that of the chancery of the county palatine, were transferred to the high court of justice constituted hJL that Act. And by section 18 of the same Act the appellate jurisdiction of the duchy and palatine courts were transferred to the court of appeal also constituted by that Act. By section 95, however, the Act was not, except so far as is therein expressly directed, to afiect the offices, position, or functions of the chancellor of the county palatine, and consequently the jurisdiction of the county palatine chancery still remains. The present vice-chancellor, H. Fox Bristowe, Esq., Q.C., by giving up the whole of his time to the duties of the office, and by * Appendix to EvauB ou tlivi Court of Commou Ploas of the County raUtine of Lancaster. CHAP. VI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 93 appointing regular fixed sittings, has very much increased the business of that court, and the complaints of former times as to the delay arising from its procedure, cannot now be justly brought against it. There are also registries of the high court of justice at Manchester, Liverpool, and Preston, in which proceedings can be taken in as full and ample a manner as in the Master's office in London. The present registrars are, at Manchester, Mr. H. J. Walker ; at Liverpool, Messrs. T. E. Paget and Francis D. Lowndes ; and at Preston, Mr. T. M. Shuttleworth. The Coukts of Inferior Jurisdiction are either Courts, which, upon recording their judgment, can award that the party condemned shall be fined or imprisoned, or they are Courts not of record, and consequently not possessing the power to make such an award. Of the former class, some are more conversant in matters of criminal, and others of civil nature. The Criminal Courts of Record are — the General Sessions, held annually and quarterly, before the justices of the peace for the county. The Annual Sessions are held in July, at Preston, and afterwards, by various adjournments, until the numerous county afiairs, placed by various statutes, under the peculiar cognisance of this court, are transacted. These are annually accumulatmg ; and the matters of county finance have now become so much the objects of magisterial care and public interest, that its sittings bear no very distant resemblance to those of Parliament. The General Quarter Sessions, called the "County Sessions" to distinguish them from those of boroughs, are held, according to statute, at Lancaster, the first week after the 11th of October ; the first week after the 20th of December ; the first week after the 31st of March ; and the first week after the 24th of June, m each year; and thence, by adjournment, at Preston, Kirkdale (Liverpool), and Salford. At these three places intermediate sessions are also held midway between the winter sessions. The multi- farious matters under the cognisance of this court are too well known to require enumeration. A very considerable number of barristers attend the last adjournments; and many judicious arrange- ments have been made, which evince the anxious desire of the magistrates to reduce, as much as possible, the time consumed, and the enormous sums annually expended, in the prosecution ot offenders. The bench have the power, and frequently exercise it, to effect a further saving ot both, by dividing the sessions, and trying indictments and appeals in different courts at the same time. Similar sessions are held in the boroughs of Manchester, Bolton, Blackburn Wigan, and Liverpool, before the Recorders of those boroughs, agreeably to the respective charters or to immemorial prescription, which presupposes such a charter anciently granted, and now lost or ^^''Tnother court of record of criminal judicature is the coroner's court, rapidly assembled on the discovery of any dead body, and composed of the ofiicer and a jury selected by the constables ot some of the four townships next adjoining to that spot on which the corpse was ^J^^ f°™J- / J^ name of the officer is supposed to be derived from the circumstance of ^is examination of the witnesses, and pronouncing of sentence, being in a ring or circle of people f ^^^J-^^J J°™^ *^^^ deceased, or in corona populi. Others derive the name coroner ixov^ '°Z Z:.,hTZ}c~ placita coroncB, or pleas of' the crown, and the chief justice of the Queen s Bench is the chief coronei of England He is elected by the freeholders, upon a writ reqmring the sheriff to hold a county curttr the election, and Returned into chancW In this county ^.l^^^^.^^^^Jf^^^^^^^f;^^;^^^^^^ of whom has full power to act throughout Lancashire ; but the exercise f^^«^\^^ .P^ ^^'^Z^?^^ ^^ by order in Council to certain districts therein named unless during ^^^^^^^f^l a^ in such absence of the coroner from one district, when any other coroner of the county may act m such district The coroner is bound by law to discharge his office m person, or by a deputy lawtuuy t^^J^yZZToZXne. ap/roved by the Lcfrd Chancellor, to come when --t ^o^' -^.^^^ t£e body ii the presence of the jury ; and if the corpse ^^^^^^^^^^^^'^'ilXe There are He must also inquire of every death in prison, whether naturally or by misfortune i^ere are other duties attached to the office, such as the execution of process whe^e the sheriff J^ P^' ^^^^ contempt; the taking and entering of appeals ot murder, rape, f^^/ W^o^Srs'of kssSen on the writs of outlawry; the inquests of wreck and treasure-trove ^^d others ot ess neqi^uu oiSrei^^^fLd leLpubfic concern'ment,. than its ordinary painful a^^^^^^^^ is of high antiquity, ind great public utility, -^^^^ ^^^^^/f^f^^^^^^^^^^^ of its original institution. The coroner is a conservator of the P^^^f 'f^Y°7°^ p' .j^^^^^ tlie sheriff The remaining court of record, for the punishment ot otiences. is the Leet. ioimerLy 94 THE HISTOKY OF LANCASHIEE. chap. vi. perambulated the county, and held his criminal court in every hundred. This was called the Torn, or Tourn ; but when the delay, inconvenience, and expense of that officer " taking a turn " through so extensive a district became manifest, this court was made stationary in every hundred, and was held, as at present, before the steward of the hundred. A sinc^ular instance occurs, as early as the time of Edward II., of the exactions to_ which the inhabitant's of Lancashu-e were subjected by the itinerant visits of some of the ostentatious sheriffs in their periodical tourns through the county; but to these grievances they did not tamely submit, as appears from an ancient indictment presented by the grand jury, of which the foUoAving is a translation : — ^ " wri A aTPT? / '^^^ Grand Jury of the Wapentake of West Derby present that ' Wtllielmus le Oentil,' at the time when he ' LANCASTER, -y ^^ sheriff, and when he held his Towrn in the said Wapentake, ought to have remained^ no longer in the Wapentake than three nights with three or four horses, whereas he remained there at least nine days with eight horses, to the oppression of the people ; and that he quartered himself one night at the house of ' Dns de Turbat,' and another night at the house of one 'Jioiaiws de Bold,' another at the house of ' Bohcrtus de Qrenlay,' and elsewhere, according to his will, at the cost of the men of the Wapentake." For this ofi'ence, and for another of a more extraordinary kind, which will be exhibited in the parliamentary history of the county, the sheriff was placed in duress ; but the record adds, that " the said ' Willielmus Gentil ' is enlarged upon the manucaption of four manucaptors." At the period when the comites or earls divested themselves of the charge of the counties, that duty devolved upon the sheriff's, as the name shire-reeve, or bailiff of the shire, imports ; and, in like manner, when the hundredors ceased to govern the divisions styled hundreds, their office was supplied by the steward — i.e. stede-ivard, or governor of the place. This officer is one of those conservators of the peace who still remain such by virtue of his office. The six hiindreds in Lancashire — viz. Lonsdale, Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, West Derby, and Salford — were anciently styled shires. Thus Leland, temp. Henry VIII. speaks of Manchester standing in Salford- shire ; and, in common with all the hundreds north of the Trent, they bear the synonymous name of wapentakes, from the ancient custom of the heads of families assembling armed, upon the summons of the hundredor, and touching his weapon, to testify their fealty. In many parts of this county, lands and manors are held by suit to the hundred leet, of which service this was probably the sign and symbol, and such are called hundred lands. The leet must be held at least twice in every year, and within a month of Easter and Michaelmas respectively. It is held before the steward of the hundred, or his deputy, and a jury impanelled by him. The amercements are limited only by the assessment of at least two men, according to the measure of the fault, agreeably to a provision of Magna Charta. Anterior to the statutes which have given to the sessions concurrent jurisdiction, its duties embraced every offence, from eaves-dropping and vagrancy, to high treason ; but, although contrary to several very learned dicta, every statute affecting it has preserved, and none has diminished, its powers ; which are seldom called into exercise, except to abate nuisances, punish deficient measures, and appoint the high and petty constables, and other municipal officers. Its proceedings have two singular characteristics — the entire absence of fees and lawyers. The increase of population and the influence of feudal lords gave rise to manorial leets (which were granted to obviate the necessity of the tenants of a particular manor being obliged to attend the torn, or general leet of the hundred), held before the stewards of the several lords of manors, or their deputies ; and, by custom, the leets of several manors may be held at once in some certain place withia one of the manors. The Inferior Courts of Kecord of Civil Judicature are — (1) The Courts of Boroughs, usually held before the principal corporate officer, and the recorder or steward, and having jurisdiction, in personal actions, to an unlimited amount. Such is the Court of Passage at Liverpool, the Court of Record at Manchester, the Borough Court of Preston, and others, as numerous and as various as the respective charters or prescriptions. (2) The Piedjjoudre Court is a court of record, having unlimited jurisdiction over all contracts arising within a fair, before the lord or owner, or his steward or clerk of the fair. It was the lowest and most speedy court in the realm, except one now extinct, called the Court of Trail-baton, Avhere the judge was bound to decide whilst the bailiff drew his staff or trailed his baton round the room. (3) The Court of Requests in Manchester, as elsewhere, has been superseded by the County' Courts. The Inferior Courts, not of Record are all calculated for the redress of civil, and not of criminal, injuries. It has been seen that the sheriff had a court-leet called the torn, which was the criminal court of the county he had also ' Rot. plao. coram K. 17 Edw. II. m. V2 (1323-4). OHAP, VI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 95 his court-baron or civil court, which formerly travelled round the county in the same manner as the torn. The same complaint of expense, delay, and inconvenience attended this rotary process ; and long before the torn was localised in the hundreds, the County Court, or Sheriff's Courti became stationary in the county town, and its jurisdiction was limited to those suits in which the parties dwelt in several hundreds. In both hundred and county courts matters to any amount were originally determined, until the statute of Gloucester directed that no suits should be com- menced without the lung's writ, unless the cause of action did not exceed 40s. The Hundred Courts have concurrent jurisdiction with the County Court in certain personal actions under 40s. in value, and are held from three weeks to three weeks, before the steward of the hundred, or his deputy, and a jury, within the respective jurisdictions. No suit can be removed by the defendant, before judgment, without bail, to the satisfaction of the court; nor by the losing party, after judgment, without similar security in double the amount of the judgment. There is in this county one Honor or Superior Manor, having numerous dependent manors under it. It is the Honor of Clitheroe, the jurisdiction of which is very extensive. It has courts in the nature of courts-leet, at which the lords of the inferior manors owe suit ; and others in the nature of copyhold courts, for the admittance of tenants by copy of court-roll under the various forfeited manors within the honor.' There are also numerous other manors in various parts of the county ; some of which have copyhold courts, and others only courts-baron for the redress of the tenants' grievances ; some have courts-leet, and some few courts for the recovery of debts and damages under 40s., held according to their various local customs. It has been complained of as a defect of the superior courts, that their sittings and offices are at too great a distance from the centre of business and the mass of the population. The evil of the inferior judicatures of a civil nature is, that, owing to the restrictions upon the amount of the sums sought to be recovered, and the diminished value of money, the time of respectable juries and professional men is wasted upon trifling suits, when it might be advantageously applied to ease the superior courts of those matters which are too small to deserve their cognisance, and yet too great to pass remediless, save at the risk or ruin of individuals. Several unsuccessful attempts have been made to remedy both these grievances. The answer to such has been, that it is dan- gerous to render more easy, cheap, and speedy the administration of justice, lest the people should contract a love of litigation, which would injure them more than the delay or denial of redress. It should be stated that although the Hundred or Wapentake Courts and the old Borough Courts are not abolished, they do not dispose of much business, with the exception of such courts as the Court of Record for Salford Hundred and the Manchester City Court of Record, which are now amalgamated by the Salford Hundred Court of Record Act, 1868. The smaller courts are virtually superseded by the County Courts, established under the County Courts Act, and which are held all over the kingdom. RECORDS OF THE COUNTY PALATINE. The principal pubUc records connected with the jurisprudence of the county palatine of Lan- caster may be classed under three heads :— (1) Those which were in the department of the Deputy Clerk of the Crown at Lancaster. (2) Those which were in the department of the Prothonotary of Her Majesty's Court of Common Pleas for the county of Lancaster; and (3) Those which were in the department of the Registrar of the Court of Chancery of Lancashire. The records of these Courts of Equity and Common Law are now deposited in the Public Record Office, London, pur- suant to a request of the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, dated 25th July, 1873. Soon after the appointment of the Commissioners of Public Records, issued in virtue of a recommendation of the two Houses of Parliament, in the year 1800, the commissioners instituted inquiries into the nature of these records and the places of their deposit ; and from the answers returned to those inquiries it appears — . mv ^ 1 ^ _(. t *v,„ T.„lro nf Riirvlpnch and Oueonsberrv for The Halmot Court and Courts Baron for the several Manors of the ;eve4?rnoJs''and* fes\''w^hto fte"^^^^^^^ Acerington Old-hold and Aeerington New-hold, at the Court House iu usually holden as Allows =- . ^j ohatburn, ""Thf Haimot Courts and Courts Baron for the Manor of Colne, and the -SSSS:iS?:^^the Manor of Tottfn.ton, at ^tf^^^^Z^^Z^^^... of Peudlo, at the "' Se'SmotSourt fnd"^oSltTaron of the Manor of Ightenhill, at the %he Audit^ afterwards_hdden at CUtheroe Castle. Hutcy of muUle,, Court House in Burnley. '■ "■ P- ''^ • ' ■ 96 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. VI. First —That the public records, rolls, Instruments, and manuscript books and papers iu the custody of the clerk of the crown for the county palatine of Lancaster, consist of instruments, and other criminal proceedings in the crown office for the county palatme ; the records of such instruments and proceedings, and different books of entries, though not very numerous, are supposed to be all that have been preserved. These records (except the proceedings at two or three preceding assizes which are kept in the office of the deputy-clerk of the crown in Preston) are deposited in the new office or room that has been fitted up in Lancaster Castle for the reception of these and other records of the county ; Lancaster Castle being supposed to be the property of the crown, m right of the duchv of Lancaster. For eighty or ninety years past, the indictments, etc., are so far arranged, that any proceeding inquired for may be easily referred to ; antecedent to that period, such as have been preserved are promiscuously placed together m no regular order, but are in tolerable preservation. All the proceedings at each assizes within the period first mentioned are entered or docketed m books by referring to which the proceedings in each prosecution may be known ; but there are no indexes or catalogues except that upon some of the older rolls, the contents are endorsed. All searches are made by or m the presence of the deputy-clerk of the crown or his confidential clerks, who are employed in the custody and arrangements of the records, and give attendance as occasion may require without any remuneration from the public. Office copies of records are charged after the rate of eightpence for each sheet, consisting of seventy-two words, and the usual fee upon a search is 6s. 8d., and the deputy-clerk of the crown charges for attendmg at Lancaster during the assizes with a record, a, guinea. The searches in this office are very rare, and, of course, the fees upon them very inconsiderable. _ i , j, j.i_ j x it, 4. , Second.— The public records, rolls, instruments, and manuscript books and papers in the custody of the deputy prothonotary of the court of common pleas, in and for the county palatine of Lancaster, consist of fines and recoveries, records, writs, minutes, papers, and proceedings in real, personal, and mixed actions, instituted in this court, along with some few enrolments of deeds ; and they are supposed to be the whole of the records or papers relating to this court since its creation. These records and other documents, for a period of upwards of fifty years, are lodged at the office of the deputy prothonotary, which (with other principal law officers of this county palatine) is held at Preston, on account of its central situaton. All the early records and documents are now lodged in an ancient tower or chamber within the castle of Lancaster, which has been very commodipusly fitted up for their reception at the expense of the county. The records and other documents are methodically arranged in separate compartments, according to their dates, and are in general in very good preservation. There are docket rolls or indexes to all the records, containing the names of the parties to the fines, recoveries, and suits recorded at each assizes. As the records of this court are kept at a distance of twenty-two miles from the office, a person is appointed at Lancaster by the deputy prothonotary, vulgarly called custos rotulorum, who is entrusted with the care of the records, etc., whose duty it is to attend every search, and to take care that every record be duly and safely restored to its proper place, for which a fee is due.^ Third. — The public records, etc., in the custody of the registrar of the court of chancery of the county palatine of Lancaster, consist of bills, answers, and other pleadings, depositions, order-books, decrees, decree-books, and other books for entries in causes, and other matters instituted in that court ; and are supposed to be the whole of the records or papers that have been preserved since its creation. These documents, anterior to the year 1740, were kept in a room or chamber in the castle of Lancaster ; such as are subsequent to that period are at the office of the deputy-registrar in Preston, which is the private property of the deputy- registrar. The old records are deposited in an office fitted up iu the early part of the present century in Lancaster Castle for their reception, at the expense of the county. The bills, answers, and depositions, etc., are upon difEerent files, with the respective years in which they are filed marked upon labels affixed to them ; but neither these, nor the other books or proceedings, appear ever to have been well arranged ; many of them are much defaced, and almost, if not wholly, unintelligible. The bills, answers, depositions, etc., have usually been indexed (or entered in a pye-book) when brought to the registrar's office to be filed : there are no indexes of the other proceedings, and many of the indexes first mentioned have been lost, and the remainder are not accurate. Various circumstances have caused these records or papers to be at difiereut times removed. All searches in this office are made by, or in the presence of, the deputy-registrar or his confidential clerks, who are employed iu the custody and arrangement of the records, and give attendance as occasion requires, without any salaries or emoluments paid by the public. There are charges for copying proceedings, etc., and fees for search, also for a journey of the deputy-registrar from Preston to Lancaster, and his expenses. Owing to the irregular state of the records, few searches are made. The places of deposit of the records of the county palatine^ may be summarily stated as follows : Records and other Instruments. Date. Where hept. County Palatine of Lancaster. Chancery : Bills, Pleadings, Depositions, Orders, and Decrees \ 1740 to 1800. Dates want- ing before 1740 ; 1135 to 1558 \ Register of the County Palatine 1 Duchy Office (now in the Record r Office). ^' ^ ' ' \ Charters and Grants of various kinds 1136 to 1558 Common Pleas : — Fines and Recoveries, Writs, Minutes, Proceedings in Actions, and Inrolment of Deeds J The Records before his present Majesty's Reign Geo, III jProthonotary's Office at Preston \ (now in the Record Office). Dates wanting About 50 years before 180O 8 Edward III Pleas of the Crown : — Indictments and other Criminal proceedings, and Books of) 1 Castle, Lancaster (now in the Record f Office). Collectanea relating to the History and Antiquities thereof,) made by the three Holmes [ Collection of Names of the King's Castles, Mansions, Parks,, "| Forests, Chases, etc., within the survey of the Duchy of - Lancaster J Iter ForestEC 1. British Museum. University Library, Camb. Lincoln's Inn Library. King's Rememb. Office. First-Fruits Office. Nona Roll 15 Edward III 26 Henry VIII Ecclesiastical Survey (a copy) Survey of Estates therein not granted in Fee-farm 1629 Temp. Interregni University Library, Camb. Catalogue of Charters throughout England and Wales Fee-farm, Rolls of Augmentation Office. 1 Return made by ■William Cross, Esq., deputy prothonotary to tlio Commissioners of Public Records. 2 A very comprelicnsive account of the Records of the Palatinate of Lancashire, and those of the Superior and Abolished Courts preserved in Her i\Iajc:ity's Public Record Office, from the pen of Mr. Walford D* Selby, will be found in volumes vii. and viii. of the publicutions of tUo Record aocieby. — C. f^sAP. VI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 97 The archives of the ecclesiastical courts, so far as they concern the county of Lancaster are to befoundat Lichfield from the earliest period of their preservation up to tL year 1590 in the custody of the registrar of the diocese of Lichfield and Coventry; and since that period i?t he custodyof the deputy-registrar of the diocese of Chester, the deputy-registrar of thrconsStorv court of the archdeaconry of Richmond ; and the deputy-registrar^fthe^five several deaneries of t^StZTeids-:^ ' ''""'^'''' ^'''^'''' ^"'^ ^"^™"- '^^''^ depositories may be ckssed except that there are -so^echaL/in several of the bto^ T^ ^V""^'?- ■•°°? ""^^ ^'^^ 1296, yica]^, and some entries of appropriations of rectort: at^e^ndotrnts^of^^L'Srin ZeX^^^^^^^^ Tht^ltXl^t^^f The judicial proceedings m causes in the court, from about the year 1450 Original wills and ^r»nt.^ /rf,^'^^'^ f ^° 0°°^ of the '""s™° 'Sreti^^dto:^ d"^^^^^^^ the s'errMa?o^h7st:; ari^^'erpU'-Th^-^our/r^^^^^^^^ tfitrr""*" *^^ T*^"". ^"=-T^^^ °^ from the y^r 1590, to the present^ time, - By the statute of winton (Winchester), passed 13 Edward I (1285) ^^^ 1,,f lf| P^P^J-^^f^iytCe^oa^sf^^^^^^^^ it is, amongst a number of other important enactments provide^ that pyf '''. '° ^"f vear sometimes called the " Norwich Taxation," that eve:^ hun&ed shall be answerable for the robberies and other offences ^^Jf^f^^^l^U^^J^r^^' the claim was first submitted to, and ""?jS^a^e'Srfw^riS!'pf 222, 223i.-C, sometimes "Pope Innocent's Valor.-_C. ■"■ Idem, p. 223.— C, 108 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE, chap. vn. of Mortmain was passed, by wliich the clergy were prevented by law from making new acciuisitions of land for the use of the church without inquiry before the Escheator and a licence in mortmain' being first obtained. _ i • u -^ i. The conquest of Wales left the king with an impoverished exchequer, and to replenish it he had recourse to the practice of issuing quo warrantoa, a kind of writ, so named from the first two words These writs which were issued in 1292, appear to have been sown broadcast, lor no less than fiftv-ei<^ht of them were despatched into Lancashire, and took more than a month at Lancaster to'trv the obiect beino' to reap a harvest of fines from such as had usurped any franchise or had inadvertently exceeded powers of the charters they held. This county had scarcely recovered from the drain made upon its blood and treasure by the war with the neighbouring principality of Wales when it was called upon, in common with the other parts of England, to engage in another contest still more formidable, against the combined power of Scotland and France. The causes of these lono- and sanguinary wars it is not the province of this history to investigate. On the break- ino- out of the war m 1293, writs of military service were issued to the sheriffs, announcing that the kino- was about to set out for Gascony, to protect his inheritance from the King of France ; and all the°kni. lS7).-0. CHAP. VII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 113 were were royal proclamations, serves to show to what an extent insubordination and lawless outrage earned. According to these documents, malefactors of all classes, as well knights as others wuie accustomed to assemble unlawfully by day and by night, in large bodies, and to commit assaults and even murders with impunity. To put an end to these excesses, commissioners were appointed m Lancashire, under the designation of conservators of the peace ; and as a healing measure a letter of credence was issued by the government to " Nigellus Owhanlam," chief of escheats requiring him to obtain full faith for "Edmundus le Botiller," justiciar ; "Ricardus de Beresford " chancellor; and "Magister Walterus de Jeslep," treasurer of Ireland, who were empowered to explain to the principal inhabitants certain matters relating to the king and the kino-dom Similar letters were also addressed to "Walterus de Lacy," "Hugo de Lacy," " Thomas' Botiller " and others, whose mfliience was necessary to maintain the public peace, under the combined pressure of war and ot famine, with both of which the county was at that time afflicted. The tide of invasion seemed now about to pour from the north to the south, and, instead of the levies beino' raised to march into Scotland, a commission was appointed, whereby " Johannes de Maubray " was empowered to raise all the able-bodied men in Lancashire, between the ages of sixteen and sixty, for the pur- pose of resisting the Scots, in case they should invade this kingdom. Shortly after the institution of this commission, a command was issued to "Thomas," Earl of Lancastre, and to one hundred and twenty-eight other individuals, usually considered barons, or tenants in capite, ordering them to appear at Newcastle, prepared with horses and arms, to proceed against " Robertus de Brus." In the same year (1316-17), a writ of summons was addressed to Thomas, Earl of Lancastre, and twelve other barons, convening them to meet at Nottingham, to hold a colloquium, to deliberate upon matters of state with the pope's legate. The state of society in Lancashire at this juncture called loudly for the appointment and inter- vention of conservators of the public peace. A species of civil war existed in the heart of the county. Adam Banastre, of the house and family of Thomas Earl of Lancaster, in order to ingratiate himself with the king, and to avert the consequences of his own crimes, invaded the lands of the earl. Having erected the royal standard betAveen the Ribble and the Mersey, in opposition to his feudal lord, he declared that the earl wished to control the king in the choice of his ministers, which he disapproved ; and nvimbers of others, friends to high prerogative, embarked in his cause. Having entered the earl's castles, they supplied themselves with money and arms, which had been deposited there for the use of the soldiers who were appointed to march against the Scots. In this way about eight hundred armed men were collected, when the earl, hearing of the hostile enter- prise, immediately ordered his knights and vassals into the field. This force did not exceed six hundred men ; but they marched without delay against the insurgents, and, having come up with them in the neighbourhood of Preston, they divided themselves into two bodies. The force under Banistre did not wait to be attacked, but fell furiously upon the first division of the earl's men, which began to give way, when, the second division coming up, the fortune of the day was changed, and Adam and his followers took to flight, many of them having been killed by wounds in their back, received in their precipitate retreat. For some time De Banistre, their leader, concealed himself in his barn ; but being closely beset by his enemies, and abandoning all hope of escape, he took courage from despair, and boldly opposed himself to his foes, of whom he killed several, and desperately wounded many others; at length, finding it impossible to take him alive, his assailants slew him, and having cut off his head, presented it to the earl as a trophy.' According to an ancient indictment, the battle between Adam de Banistre and his adherents and the adherents of the Earl of Lancaster took place near Preston, in the valley of the Ribble ; and the victors so far forgot their duty to their lord, and their allegiance to the king, that they entered the hundred of Leyland, and robbed and despoiled various of the inhabitants of property to the amount of five thousand pounds — an immense sum in the fourteenth century, when, as we have seen, a bushel of wheat sold for ninepence, and the yearly value of good arable land did not exceed sixpence per acre. The necessities of the state still continued urgent, and a commission of array was issued, for levying the following bodies of foot soldiers in the north : In Lancashire, 1,000 ; Cumberland, 1,000 ; Northumberland, 2,000; Westmorland, 1,000; Yorkshire, 10,000— or for five counties, 15,000. To support these enormous levies it became necessary to resort to extraordinary means, and writs were addressed to the mayors of Lancaster, Preston, and Wigan, as well as to all the other principal towns in the kingdom, soliciting them to send the king as much money as they could possibly aiford, to carry on the ahnost interminable war with Scotland. This corporate contribution was 1 "Adam Banester, a Bachelar, of Lancastreshire (probably a cadet anno (1316) miles quidam Adam Banastre de oomitatii Lancastrite movit of the house of Bank), movid Ryot againe Thomas of Lancastre, by crafte guerram contra Domiuum suum comitem^^ Lancastri» ; aed circa b. of King Edwarde ; but he was taken, and behedid by the oommaunde- Martini idem Adam captus est et decollatus. {CaUeiianea, i., J4Si.)-i^. ment of Thomas of Lancastre." (Leland's Calledanea, i., H6,) "Eodem 16 114 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. vii. independent of the collection of the eighteenths, which was proceeding along with it contempo- raneously ; for we find in the records a writ, addressed to the collectors and assessors of the rates, directing them to stay the collection in Lancashire, as to those persons who had their property destroyed from the invasion of the Scots, but specifically providing that they alone should be exempted. The levy for the scutage, in respect of the general summons of the array against the Scots, was also continued, and fixed at the rate of two marks (£1 6s. 8d.) for each shield or knight's fee in Lancashire. In the turbulent and disastrous reign of the second Edward, the invasion of the enemy from without was aggravated by the wars of the barons directed against the royal favourites within the kingdom. We have already seen, in that department of our history of Lancashire which relates to its ancient barons, that Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, after having headed the barons against Piers Gaveston, made a further attempt, by force of arms, to remove the De Spencers from the royal councils. The earl, who is described as " a man bustling without vigour, and intriguing without abilities," was of a turbulent disposition, and had taken upon him, without the king's consent, to summon a large body of the nobles and others his retainers to meet him in a kind of little parlia- ment, to take counsel for the redress of grievances. The meeting was appointed to be held at Doncaster on the 29th November, 1321, but being in open defiance and usurpation of the king's authority, a monition was issued on the 12th November previous, to the nobles and others, expressly forbidding their attendance. In spite of the prohibition, the meeting was held, and the disaffected had recourse to arms, with the result that a commission was issued (1321) to arrest and take "Thomas," Earl of Lancaster, and ten others, his principal associates in rebellion; and a writ was at the same time adressed by the Iving to the sheriffs of Nottingham and Derby, commanding them to raise the "hue-and-cry" against the Earls of Lancaster and Hereford, and other rebels their adherents, and to bring them to condign punishment. The Earl of Lancaster had entered into an alliance Avith Robert Bruce by which the Scotch army was to enter England, but without laying any claim to conquest. Edward, after taking Leeds Castle, in Kent, led his forces north- wards; Lancaster retired into Yorkshire, in the expectation of being joined by his allies from Scotland, but no army (3ame. Here he was encountered by a strong force under the governors of York and Carlisle, and the fatal battle of Boroughbridge (1322) surrendered him and his followers into the king's possession. The earl was conducted a prisoner to his own castle at Pontefract, where but a short time before he had jeered at his king with bitter scorn as he passed on his return from the siege of Berwick. He was adjudged guilty by the king without trial of his peers, and on the 22nd March (1322) the hand of the executioner, with the delinquent's face turned to Scotland, to indicate that he was in league with the Scotch rebels, terminated his career, without allaying the general discontent. Although it does not appear that the county of Lancaster was the actual scene of any of the conflicts between the barons and the king's forces, yet levies of troops were called for in the county to aid the earl's enterprise ; and, in a memorandum of the delivery of the prisoners confined in the king's marshalsea, and in the castle of York, some of whom had been taken in arms against the king, and others had surrendered at discretion, in all about two hundred principal men, it is stated, that "Nicholas de Longford," of the county of Lancaster, was fined two hundred marks (£133 6s. 8d.), and that " Ricardus de Pontefracte," "Robertus de Holand," "Johannes do Holand," and " Ricardus de Holand," found security for their good behaviour. There is also preserved an ancientinquisition, taken at Wigan, of which the following is a copy, tending still further to show that neither the laity nor the clergy of the county of Lancaster were indifferent spectators of the contest by which the kingdom was at that time agitated : — Rot. plac. coram \ fr Ed'"' rn-^^ii [ Inquisition taken before the king at Wigan, in the county of Lancaster, p. 2. nT'iG.' \ ^^ ^^^ presence, and at his command. West Debet. -The jurors of the Wapentake present that " Gilbertus de Sutheworth," 15 Ed. 11. [1321], sent two men-at-arms at his own expense, to he p the Earl of Lancaster against the King -viz., "Johannes filius Roberti le Taillour de Wynequik," and Ricardus de Plumptou, and that he also abetted many other persons in aiding the earl against the king. The said " Gilbertus," being in court, puts himself upon the country, and is acquitted by the jury The Jurors present that ''Robertus de C'liderhou," parson of the church of Wygan, who for thirty years was a clerk of the Chancery, and afterwards escheater "_crf7-a rrentom," has committed the following offences : That he sent two men-at-arms, well armed-viz Adam de Cliderhou,'' his son and " Johannes ill. Johaunis de ICnoUe," to assist the Earl of Lancaster against the king, and with them four able-bodied foot soldiers, armed with swords, daggers, bows, and arrows. That on a certain high festival he preached to his parishioners and others, m his church at Wygau, before all the people, telling them that they were the liege men of the earl, and bound to assist him agamst king, the cause of the earl being just, and that of the king unjust. By means of which harangues maay persons were incited to turn against the king, who otherwise would not have done so. And the said " Robertus," being present in court, and arraigned, says, that on a certain feast-day, when preaching in his church, he exhorted his parishioners to pray for the king, and for the peace of the kingdom, and for the earls and barons of the land ; and he denies sending any men- at-arms or foot soldiers ; and he puts himself upon the country-he is found guilty by the jury of the offences charged in the CHAP. VII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 115 indictment— and is committed to prison. Afterwards, thirteen manucaptors undertake to produce him on Monday after the Octaves of St. Martin, under the penalty of 1,000 marks, and they also undertake to answer tor any Hue, &o. On which day the said " Robertus" appeaa-s in court, and submits to a fine of £200. Though a truce had been concluded between England and Scotland, the Avar was continued with little intermission ; and in a commission for raising fresh levies in this and the other counties (1322), it is said, that, after the conclusion of the truce, the Scots had invaded the kingdom, and that Thomas, late Earl of Lancaster, and his adherents (" whose malice was now quelled "), had entered into treasonable conspiracy with them. The commissioners of array for the county of Lancaster, under the commission, were, "Richard de Hoghton," "Johan Travers," and "Thomas de Lathum,"_to whom the duty was confided of arming the forces of the county and marching them to their destination. The disorders of the times had filled the prisons of Lancashire with inmates, and writs were addressed from Kirkham to the constables of the castles of Liverpool, Hornby, and Clitheroe (but not of Lancaster), directing them to keep the prisoners in their respective castles in safe custody. At the same time a commission was issued, under the royal seal, whereby Johannes de Weston, jun., marshal of the household, was empowered to pursue, arrest, and take " Willielmus de Bradshagh' and " Ricardus de Holland," the leaders of disorderly bodies of armed men, who committed great depredations in the county of Lancaster. This Willielmus de Bradshagh soon after appears to have been restored to the royal favour ; for in the following year we find a writ addressed to him, stating that the king has ordained that " Johan," Earl of Warrenne, and others, shall proceed to Lancashire with an armed force, for its protection (against the Scotch invaders, no doubt), and that " Bradshagh " shall be one of the commissioners of public protection. The return of the sheriff to a writ issued for that purpose, serves to show that the great landed proprietors were, at the early part of the fourteenth century, very few in number. It is as follows: " In Lancashire 13 knights and 51 men-at-arms. All the above hold lands to the amount of £15 per annum." According to a presentment made in the hundred of West Derby, it would appear that the sheriffs, in those days, were often remiss in their duty, and that "| Willielmus de Gentil," and " Henricus de Malton," his predecessor in oflSce, suffered certain notorious thieves to be set at liberty upon manucaption, though their crimes were not mainpernable according to law ; and that, owing to the laxity of their administration of the law, several persons in the wapentake avoided making presentment of other notorious thieves, to the injury of the peace, and the danger of the property of their honest and well-disposed neighbours. Nor was this all : they returned certain persons as jurors, and on inquests, without giving them warning ; and " Gentil " so far presumed upon his office as to arro- gate to himself the election of knights of the shire ; " whereas," as the instrument charging him with these manifold delinquencies very properly observes, " they ought to have been elected by the county." The intrigues of the barons were still actively at work against the king and the royal favourites, the De Spencers ; and Henry, Earl of Lancaster, the brother and heir of Earl Thomas, entered into that conspiracy by which Edward was dethroned. The ill fortune of this weak monarch having precipitated him from a throne to a prison, the Earl of Lancaster became his gaoler in the castle of Kenilworth. The mildness and humanity of the earl's character ill suited him for this office, which he was ordered by Mortimer, the gallant of the perfidious queen Isabella, the " she-wolf of France," as she has been styled, to surrender into bhe hands of Sir John Maltravers and Sir Thomas Gournay ; under whose direction, if not actually by their hands, the wretched Edward, after having been exposed to every possible insult and privation, was thrown upon a bed, and a red-hot iron having been forced into his bowels in a way to avoid all external evidence of the cruel deed, he was consigned to death, under agonies so excruciating that his shrieks pro- claimed the atrocious deed to all the guards of the castle (Sept. 21, 1327). One of the first acts of Edward III. was to reverse the attainder of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, and to place his brother Henry in possession of the princely inheritance of that illustrious house. But here we must pause, to take a survey of the landed property of the county of Lancaster, and the tenures by which it was held in the early part of the fourteenth century, as deduced in the "Testa de Nevill." Of this book it is said, in the records published by the Crown com- missioners, that — "In the king's remembrancer's office of the Court of Exchequer are preserved two ancient books, called the Testa de Nevill, or Liber Feodorum,' which contain principally an account— " ist. Of fees holden either immediately of the king or of others who held of the kmg m capite. " 2nd. Of serjeanties holden of the king. , " 3rd. Of widows and heiresses of tenants in capite, whose marriages were left m the gitt ot the kmg. ' Thisdocument which is not strictly speaking a feodarum, but an inquisition, bears internal evidence of having been takcnabout the year 13-22, andwi^p?obSbly the inquisition taken after thi death of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, wlio, as previously stated, wlis beheaded m that year. -o. 116 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. VII. " 4th. Of churches in the gift of the king, and in whose hands they were. " 5th. Of escheats, as well of the lands of Normans as others, in whose hands the same were. " 6th. Of thanage, forestry, and other peculiar services and tenures. ii t t 4.1 " Tbe entries specifically entitled Testa de Nevill are evidently quotations, and form comparatively a very small part of the whole. They have i^n all probability been copied from a roll bearing that name, a part of which is still extant m the chapter-house at Westminster, consisting of five small membranes, containing ten counties, of which Lancashire is one The roll appears to be of the age of Edward I., and these books to have been compiled near the close of the reign of Edward H^ or the commencement of that of Edward III., partly from inquests on presentments, and partly from inquisitions on writs to shentis. The following is a tolerably copious extract and analysis of the contents of the Testa de NeYill, so far as relates to the county of Lancaster, which may answer any popular purpose. The full entries are cited in the various local histories. Matthew Haversage in Withington, Robt. de Lathum in Child- 1. Fees held in chief op the King, etc. "Agnes de Clopwayt in Blothelay, Alex, de Kyrkeby, Orm de Kelet, Henr. de Waleton, in Waleton, Adam Girard, Luke P'oitus de Dereby, in Dereby, Adam de Helmelesdal in Crosseby, Quenilda de Kirkdale, in Forneby, Robert Banastr, Robert de Clyton, in Leyland Hundred. Alward de Aldholm in Vernet, Hug. le Norrays, in Blakerode, Edwin Carpentar in Kadewalde- sir. Rich, de Hilton, in Salford Hundred, Alan de Singleton, in Blackburn Hundred, and Amoundernesse, Rich. Fitz Ralph in Singleton, John de Oxeolive in Oxcumbe, Roger Carpentar in Lancaster, Robert Scertune in Sutherton, Ra. Barun, John Oxeclive in Oxeclive, Robert, the constable of Hofferton, in Hofferton, Adam Fitz Gilemichel in Scline, Rog. Carpentar in Lancaster, Bob. son of Roger de Shertnay, in Skerton, Rad. Balrun in Balrun, W. Gardinar in Lancaster, Walter Smith in Hefeld, Rog. Gemet in Halton, Wiman Gernet in Heschin, Will. & Benedict, sons of Walter de Gersingham, in Gressingham, Margery, widow of Barnard Fitz Barnard, in Gressingham. " The Earl of Ferrars, in the wapentake of Derby (and he has sub-tenants), Almaric Butler, who has the following sub-tenants — Henry de Tyldesley in Tyldesley, Gilb. de Kulchet in Cul- cheth, Alan de Rixton in Rixton and Astley, AVill. de Aderton in Atlierton, Robt. de Mamelisbury in Sonky, Roger de Sonky in Penketh, Earl de Ferrars in Hole Hulesale and Wyndul, Will, de Waleton & Will, de Lydyathe in Lydiate & Hekergart, Rich. Blundea in Hyms and Barton, Ad. de Molynous & Robt Fitz Robt. in Thorinton ; the heir of Robert Banaster in Makerfeld, Waleton, & Blakeburnshire, and has sub-tenants ; Will, de Lanton and Rich, de Golborn in Langton, Keman & Herbury ; the Earl of Lincoln (Randolph Earl of Chester) in Appleton and Cronton, of the Earl Ferrars' fee ; of the same fee are, Will, de Rerisbury in Sutton & Ecoleston, Robt. de Lathum in Knowsley, Huyton, and Torbock, Ad. de Molyneus in Little Crossby, Robt. de Rokeport, Rog. Gernet and Thom de Bethum in Kyrkeby, Sim de Halsale in Maghul, Will, de Waleton in Kirkdale, Will, le Koudre and the heir of Rob. de Meols, in North Meols, Thom. de Bethum and Robt. de Stokeport in Raven Meols. " Waren de Waleton in Waleton, Ric. Bauastre, Walt, de Hole, Rio. de Thorp, Will, de Brexiu, Thom de Gerstan, Sim. del Pul in Bretherton, Robt. de Cleyton in Clayton & Penwortham, the abbot of Cokersand in Hoton, Robt. Ru.ssel in Langton, Leyland, and Ecoleston, Robt. Banastre's heir in Shevington, Charnock, and Welsh Whittle. " John Punohardun in Little Mitton, Ad. de Blakeburn and Roger de Arohis in WLsewall and Hapten, Henr. Gddleng in Tunley, Caldcoats, & ' Sn. Odiswrth," [Snodiswrth], Ad. de Preston in Extwistle, Ra. de Mitton in Altham, Mearley, and Livesay, Robt. de Cestr' in Downham, John de Grigleston in Kokerig, Will. Marshall in Little Mearley, Gilb. Fitz Henry in Rushton, Hugo Fitun in Harewood, Thos. de Bethum in Warton, Will. Deps' in Frees & Newton ; Ric. de Frekelton in Frekelton, Quintinghay, Newton, & Ecoleston, Gilb. de Moels, Rog. de Nettelag & Will, de Pul in Frekelton, Alan de Singilton and I wan de Frekelton in Frekelton, Waren de Quitinghay & Robt. de Rutton in Quitinghay, Alan de Singilton in Quitinghay, Newton, & Elswiok, Warin dfe Wytingham in Elswick— The heir of Theobald Walter in Wytheton & Trevele, John de Thornul, Will, de Frees, Rog. de Notesage, Ad. de Bretekirke, Will, de Kyrkeym, Robt. Fitz Thomas & Will. Fitz WilUam in Thistle- don, Frees, & Greenhalgh. Will, de Merton in Marton ; Rog. Gemet, Thos. de Bethum and Robt. Stokeport in Bustard Rising. "Adam de Bury in Bury, Robt. de Midelton in Middleton, Gilb. de Warton in Athertou, the heir of Rich. Hilton in Pendle- ton ; Thomas de Gresley's tenants ; Gilbert Barton in Barton, wall, Parbold, and Wrightington, Rich, le Pierpoint in Rum- worth, Will, de Worthinton in Worthington, Rog. de Pilkinton in Pilkington, Thos. le Grettley in Lindeshey, in the honor of Lancaster. " Will, de Lancaster in Ulverston, Matthew de Redeman and Robt. de Kymers in Yeland, Lambert de Muleton in Routhe- clive, Rog. Gernet in Little Farleton, Robt. de Stokeport in Gt. Farlton, Ad. de Ecchston, Will, de Molineus, Hug. de Mitton, Ric. de Katherale, Hen. de Longeford in Ecoleston, Leyrebreck, and Catterall, Ad. de Werninton in Wennington, Hug. de Morwyc in Farleton & Cansfield, Henr. de Melling in Melling, Rich, de Bikerstat in Helmes & Stotfaldechage ; Adam Fitz Richard in Bold cfc Lawerke, Rich. Fitz Martin in Ditton, Rich. Fitz Thurstan in Thingwall, Thos. de Bethum in Bootle, Rich, de Frequelton in Thorp, Rog. de Lacy, 5 knts. fees of the fee of Clithero, Walter Fitz Osbert, Will, de Wynewyck, Peter de Stalum, Elya de Hoton, the heir of Rog. de Hoton, Alan Fitz Richard & John de Billesburgh, tenants of the king, but no place mentioned ; Will, de Neville in Kaskenemor, Marferth de Hulton in Pendleton, Roger de Midleton in Chetham, Edwin Carpentar in Cadwalesate, Ada de Prestwych in Prestwych and Failesworth, Hugh de Blakerode, by charter in Blakerode, Elias de Penilbury in Pendlebury and Chadderton, Robt. de Clifton in Clifton, Gospatric de Cherleton in Chorleton, Henry de Chetham in Chetham, Will, de Bothelton, Gilbt. de Tonge in Tonge, Randle Fitz Roger, Rich, de Edburgham, the Abbot of Furuess in Furness, Ad. Fitz Orm in Middleton, Walt, de Paries in Pulton, Will, de Hest in Middleton, the Prior of Lancaster in Newton and Aldcliff, the Burgesses of Lane, in Lancaster, and Nich. de Verdon in Kirkby.^ 2. Serjeanties holdbn of the King. "Orm de Kellet in Kellet, Rich, de Hulton, Wapentake of Salford, Roger Carpentar iu Lancaster, Roger Gernet in Fisli- wick, Lonesdale, & Wapent. of Derby, Alan de Singleton, AVill. de Newton ; Ad. Fitz Orm in Kellet, Thos. Gernet in Hesliam, John de Oxeclive in Oxoliffe, Robt. de Overton in Overton, Rog. de Skerton, Rog. Blundus iu Lancaster, le Gardiner in Lancaster, Rad. de Bollern in Bolrun, Thos. Fitz Ada in Gersingham, AVill. & Benedict in Gersingham, Margery, widow of Bernard Fitz Bernard ; AValter Underwater holds Milnefiet. Ad. Fitz Richard iu Singleton, by serjeanty of Amounderness, ' AVilloch' & 'Neuton' in Newton, Ad. de Kelleth, son of Orm, in Kellet, Henr. de Waleton in AA''alton, Wavertree and Newsham's, Edwin Carpentar in Cadwalslete, Hamo de Macy and Hugo de Stottord in Scotforth, Rog. White & Gilbert Fitz Matthew in Lancaster, AVill. Fitz Dolphin & AViU. Fitz Gilbert in Gersingham. The places are not mentioned after the follow- ing names : Henry Fitz Siward, Robt. de Middleton, Rich. Fitz Henry, Gilbt. de Croft, Hugo de Croft, Robt. the reeve, Adam de Relloc & Rog. Fitz John ; Roger Gernet in Halton, Rog. le Clerk in Fishwick, Baldewin de Preston in Fishwick, John Fitz John in Fishwick, Alaa and Rich, de la More in Fish- wick, Rog. Fitz A'iman in Hesham, Thomas Gernet in Hesham, John de Toroldesholm iu Torrisholme, Adam Gerold in Derby, Ad. de Moldhall in Crosby, Robert de Curton in Querton, Rog. de Assart in Fishwick, AViU. Wachet in Fishwick, AA^U. & Agnes de Ferrars, Salford, Clayton, and Newshams, Gervas Fitz Simon in Oxcliffe, Abbot of Cockersand in Bolrun, Brothers of St. Leonard at York in Bolrun, the widow Christiana de Gereingham, Robt. & Will, de Bolrun, the Prior of Lancaster, Will, le Gardiner and Adam Gernet in Bolrun, Rog. Fitz AVilliam, AVill. Fitz Thomas, AVill. & Matilda de Paries in Torrisholme. 'The "Testa de Nuvill" mentions several touants-in-ohief, whose lauds, though held of tho honor, are not iu the county of Lancaster, and which are omitted here. ' < e CHAP. VII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 117 3. Widows and Hkieesses op Tenants in fAPiiE, whose Marriages were in the gift of the King.i " Alicia dr. of Galfr. de Gersingham, Christiana dr. of same Alicia & Thomas de Gersingham, Lady Elewisa de Stutevill, Oliva wid. of Rog. de Montbegon, Quenilda wid. Rich. Walens. Margaret wid. Ad. de Gerstan, Waltania wid. Rich. Bold, Beatrix de Milton, QuenUda wid. Rog. Garnet, Matilda de Thorneton, Avicia wid. Henr. de Stotford, Avieia wid. Rog. de Midelton Eugenia wid. Will, de Routhclive, Eva de Halt, Matilda dr! Nicholas de Thoroldeholm, Alicia the wid. of Nicholas, Emma the wid of Nicholas, Sarra de Bothelton, Alicia wid. Rich. Fitz Robert, Cecilia wid. Turstan Banastr, Quenilda dr. Richd. Fitz Roger, Matilda de Stokeport, Lady Ada de Furneys ; wid. of Gamell de Boelton, Matilda de Kellet, Agnes de Hesham, wid. of Hugo de Oxeclive, wid. Will. Gernet 6. Thanagb,^ Forestry, and other peculiar Services and Tenures. ' Thomas & Alicia de Gersingham, by keeping the king's hawks in Lonsdale ; Luke, the constable of Derby, by being constable and keeping the castle ; Adam de Hemelesdale, by constabulary at Crosby ; Quenilda de Kirkdale, by conducting royal treasure ; Richd. Fitz Ralph, by constabulary of Singleton ; John de Oxeclive, by being carpenter in Lancaster castle ; Adam Fitz Gilmighel, by being the king's carpenter ; Roger Carpentar, by being carpenter in Lancaster castle ; Rad. Barun, by being mason in Lancaster castle ; Rad. Balrun the same ; Wm. Gar- dener, by finding pot-herbs and leeks for the castle ; Walter, son of Walter Smith, by forging iron for carts ; Roger Gernet, by being chief forester ; Willm. Gernet, by the service of meeting the king on the borders of the counti-y with his horn and white rod, and conducting him into and out of the county ; he holds 2 caruoates of land in Heskin ; Willm. & Benedict de Gersing- ham, by forestry and by keeping an aery of hawks for the king ; Gilbert Fitz Orm, by paying annually 3d., or some spurs to Benedict Gernett, the heir of Roger de Heton, in thanage ; Heir of Robt. Fitz Barnard, in thanage ; Rog. de Leycester, by paying 8s. & 2 arrows yearly ; Adam Fitz Rice & Alan Fitz Hagemund, in drengage ; Richd. de Gerard, iu drengage ; Gillemuth de Halitton, in drengage ; Adam de Glothie, Will, de Nevilla, Reyner de Wambwalle, Gilbert de Notton, Rog. de Midelton, Alex. D. Pikington, Will de Radeclive, Adam de Prestwich, Elias de Penilbury, Will, and Rog. Fitz William, Henr. de Chetham, Alured de Ives, Thomas de Burnul, Adam de Pember- ton, Adam de RuUing, Gilbert de Croft, Gilbert de Kelleth, Matilda de Kelleth, Thos. Gerneth, William de Hest, and William, son of Rich, de Tatham, all in thanage ; John de Thoroklesholm, by lardeuery : Rog. de Skerton, by provostry ; Robt. de Overton, by provostry ; Rog. White and Edward Carpenter, by carpentry ; Gilbert Fitz Matthew, by gardenery; Rad. de Bolran, by masonry ; the burgesses of Lancaster, in free-burgage and by royal charter; the prior and monks of Seaton, by royal charter ; Thomas Fitz Adam, Will. Fitz Doldn, & WiUm. Fitz Gilbert, by forestry ; Henr. de Waleton, by being head Serjeant or bailitl' of the hundred of Derbyshire ; Galfr. Baliatrar', by presenting two cross-bows to the king; the serjeanty of Hetham, which Roger Fitz Vivian holds, by blowing the horn before the king at his entrance and exit from the county of Lancaster ; Thomas Gernet, in Hesham, by sounding the horn on meeting the king on his arrival in those parts." In addition to these peculiar services and tenures of the feudal times, many of ■which sound strangely in modern ears, several religious houses are enumerated which held in pure frank alms ; and a still larger number of persons who held by donation, in consideration of annual rents, as will be seen on reference to the " Testa de Nevill." i. Churches in the Gift of the King, etc. " Lancaster ; Earl Roger de Poiotou gave it to the Abbot of Sees. " Preston ; King John gave it to Peter Rossinol, who died, and the present King Henry gave it to Henry nephew of the Bishop of Winton. Worth 50 marks per an. "St. Michael upon Wyre ; the son of Count de Salvata had it by gift of the present King, and he says, that he is elected into a bishoprick, and that the church is vacant, and worth 30 marks per an. " Kyrkeham ; Iving John gave 2 parts of it to Simon Blundon, on account of his custody of the son and heir of Theobold Walter. Worth 80 marks. 5. Escheats of the Lands op Normans and others. " Merton, Aston, ' Henry de Nesketou holds of the king's escheats m the counties of Warwick & Leicester, Nottingham and Derby, Lancashire, Cumberland, Westmorland, and Northumberland.' Fourteen bovates of land in Haskesmores, which Willm. de Nevill held as escheats of our lord the king. " Hugo le Norreys holds a carucate of land in Blnkerode, which is au escheat of the king, to whom he pays a yearly rent of 20s. _ ' If the landholder left only daughters, the king had the profits of relief and wardship ; and had also, if they were under the age of fourteen, the right of disposing of them in marriage. This power was said to be vested in the king in order to prevent the heiresses that were his tenants from marrying persons that were of doubtful affection to him, or that were incapable and unfit to do the services belonging to the land. He had also a power of disposing of his male wards in marriage, whose parents had died when they were under twenty-one, though without such good resons for it. I5ut this power of disposing of wards of either sex iu marriage, as well as the right of wardships, was afterwards very much abused, and was therefore taken away by the statute of 12 Car. II. (ItieO), together with the tenure itself by military, or (as it was usually called) knight's service. -_ Thanage Service. — Thane, from the Saxon thenian, ministro^re, was the title of those who attended the Saxon kings in their courts, and who held their lands immediately of those kings ; and therefore they were promiscuously called tkani et servientes regis, though, not long after the Conquest, the word was disused ; and instead thereof, those men were called Barones Regis, who, as to their dignity, were inferior to earls, and took place after bishops, abbots, barons, and knights. There were also tluini mhiores, and these were likewise called barons : these were lords of manors, who had a particular jurisdiction within their limits, and over their own tenants in their own courts, which to this day are called Courts Baron : but the word signifies sometimes a nobleman, sometimes a free- man, sometimes a magistrate, but more properly an officer or minister of the king. " Edward King grete mine Biscops, and mine Earles, and all mine Thynes, on that shiren, wher mine Prestes m Paulus Minister habband land." (Chart. Edw. Conf. Pat. IS H. VI. m. 9, per Iiispeet.) In an Anglo-Saxon writ of William the First, quoted by Spelman from an Abbotsbury MS. , the term Tliegetia occurs in the same sense. In thanage of the king signified a certain part of the king's lands and property, whereof the ruler or governor was called thane. iCmeelt.) In the early periods of the history of this country, the payments of the thanes were made regularly into the public treasury by the sheriffs, distinctly in tJie name of this class ; hence we find that in 13 Henry III- (1229), the thanes of the county of Lancaster, through the sheriff, paid a composition of fifty marks (£33 6s. 8d.), to be excused from the tailliage or assessment which the king, in the exercise of his absolute authority, had imposed upon his people. {Mag. Rot. 13 Hen. III. titv.lo Lancaster.) The same sheriff (Wm. de Vesci) rendered an account of fourscore and sixteen pounds (£96) of the gift of the knights and thanes. {Mag. Rot. 5 Hen. 11. Rot. 2, b. Tit. Northumberland. Nova Placita tO Novee Conrenttones.) In 3 John (I2DI) the " Theigni and fermarii" of the honor of Lancaster had a composition of fifty marks to be exonerated from crossing the sea. {Mag. Rot. 3 John, Rot. 20, a.) m CHAPTER yill. Representative History of tlie County of Lancaster-First Members for the County of Lancaster, and for its Boroughs— First Parliamentary Return and first Parliamentary Writ of Summons for Lancashire extant— Members returned for the County of Lancaster in the Reigns of Edward I. to Edward IV.— Returns, formerly supposed to be lost, from Edward IV. to Henry VIII.— County Members from 1 Edward VL to 50 Victoria— The ancient Lancashire Boroughs, consisting of Lancaster, Preston, Liverpool, and Wigau, resume the Elective Franchise, 1 Edward VI.— Newton and Clitheroe added to the Boroughs of Lancashire— Representation of Lancashire during the Commonwealth— List of Knights of the Shire for the County of Lancaster, from the Restoration to the Present Time— Alterations made in the Representation of the County and Boroughs of Lancashire by the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1885— a.d. 1295 to 1886. ]E have now arrived at that period when the representative system began to prevail in the English Parliament, and when this county, by its freeholders and burgesses, obtained the privilege of returning members to the senate, charged with the duty of making known the public will in that assembly, in order to promote the interest of the great community for which it legislates. None of the English counties presents a more interesting representative history than the county of Lancaster; and yet this subject has hitherto been either entirely neglected, or has been treated in so vague and desultory a manner as to have neither uniformity nor connection. To supply this deficiency much labour has been required in examining and collating the public records ; but that labour has been amply rewarded by the mass of facts which these documents contain, from the fountain-head of authentic information. So early as the Saxon heptarchy a species of Parliament existed, as we have already seen, under the designation of the Witena-Gemot, or " Council of Wise Men," by whom the laws were enacted. This assembly consisted of the comites or earls, the hereditary representatives of counties, assisted by the prelates and abbots, and the tenants in caioite of the crown by knight's service. The disposition of such an assembly would naturally incline them to sanction the edicts of the sovereign ; and it is highly probable that his will generally served as their law. After the Con- quest, the first William and his immediate descendants called to their ' ' great council " the Norman barons and the dignified clergy, with the military tenants. This CouncU, or " King's Court," as it was called (the term parliament not having then come into use),' assembled three times in the year — namely, at Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide. The barons and other tenants-in-chief of the king, enumerated in Domesday Book, amount to about seven hundred. These persons pos- sessed all the land of England in baronies, except that part which the king reserved in his own hands, and which was called " Terra Regis," and has since been called the " ancient demesne " of the crown. These tenants-in-chief, per baroniam, as well the few who held in socage as those who held by military service, composed the great council, or Parliament, in those times, and were sum- moned by the king, though they had a right to attend without summons. In the main the consti- tution of Parliament, as it now stands, was marked out so long ago as 17 John (liilo), in the great charter granted by that sovereign, wherein he promises to summon all archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, and great barons personally, and all other tenants-in-chief under the crown by tne sheriffs and bailiffs, to meet at a certain place, with forty days' notice, to assess aids and scutages when necessary; and this constitution has subsisted, in fact, at least from 49 Henry III., there being still extant writs of that date to summon knights, citizens, and burgesses to Parliament. The landowners of the second, third, and other inferior classes, being all tenants, or vassals, of this upper class of landholders, though by free and honourable tenures, similar to those by which their lords themselves held of the king, were bound by the decisions of their superior lords. The landed interest was for a long time alone represented in the national councils, there being no representa- tives, either of the cities or boroughs, or of the trading interest, Avhich were considered too insigni- ficant to be represented in the great council.^ The representation of such places was an innovation ^ Professor (now Bishop) Stubbs remarks that "the name given to the sessions of council (under the early Norman kings) was often ex- pressed by the Latin coUoquiyjii ; and it is by no means unlikely that the name of Parliament, which is used as early as 1175 by Jordan Fan- tosme ("sun plenier Parlement"), may have been m common use. But of this we have no distinct instanoo in the Latin chroniclers for some years further, although whon the term oomea into use it is applied retros- pectively : and in a record of the twenty-eighth year of Henry III., the assembly in which the great charter was granted is mentioned as the " Parliamontum Runimedjo." ... It is first used in England by a contemporary writer in 12il3, namely, by Matthew Paris. It is a word of Italian origin, and may have been introduced either thi-ough the Normans or through intercourse with the French kingdom." — C. 2 Archffiologia, vol. ii. p. 310. CHAP. VIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 119 introduced in the early part ot the fourteenth century by Simon de Montfort and the reibrmino- barons ot his day. It is true that these barons were actuated in some degree by ambitious motives' and that their conduct partook of the revolutionary turbulence of the age in which they lived • but they were the legitimate descendants of those illustrious patriots who wrung from King John the charter of British freedom. The reforms they introduced were parts of the same system ; the one the natural eiiect of the other, and both flowing from that spirit of "popular encroachment" which does not, and which ought not, to rest till its fair claims are satisfied. In this way the dictation of the barons and the discontents of the subordinate orders of society were overcome • and though in an age of compa,rative darkness, Edward I., the "Justinian of England," whose sagacity' enabled him to mark the signs of the tunes, did not hesitate to declare in his writs to the sheriffs for the return of burgesses to Parliament, " that it was a most equitable rule, that that which concerns all should be approved of by all." By this temperate extension of the popular rights, the visionary projects of John Ball and Wat Tyler, which soon after arose, were defeated ; and the representative system of England has remained ever since essentially unaltered, till successive enlargements of the elective franchise were rendered necessary by the altered state of society in commerce and in manufactures. In the time of Henry III. abuses in the government had been suffered to accumulate, till, . according to the contemporary historians, "justice itself was banished from the realm; for the wickeddevoured the righteous, the courtier the rustic, the oppressor the innocent, the fraudulent the plain man, and_ yet all these things remained unpunished. Evil counsellors whispered into the_ ears of the princes that they were not amenable to the laws. The subject was oppressed in various ways, and, as if these sycophants had conspired the death of the king, and the destruction of his throne, they encouraged him to disregard the devotion of his people, and to incur their hatred rather than to enjoy their affection."' In addition to these grievances, the kingdom was deeply involved in debt, and the king stood in need of fresh contributions to carry on his wars, which the barons refused to grant till the public grievances were redressed. Overwhelmed with difficulties, Henry issued his mandate for holding a Parliament at Oxford. Of this Parliament, so celebrated in history, and particularly in the representative history of England, it is recorded that " the grandees of the realm, major and minor, with horses and arms, were convened at Oxford, June 11, 1258, together with the clergy, to make provision and reformation, and ordination of the realm ; and on their oath of fidelity were exhibited the articles which in the said realm stood in need of correction." This Parliament, owing to the popular excitation under which it was assembled, and to all the members coming dressed in armour, and mounted as for battle, obtained the name oi parliamentura insanum, or " The Mad Parliament," though it would have been well for England if all Parliaments had been equally sane ; but there was a method in their madness, and one of their first acts was to ordain that four knights should be chosen by each county, whose duty it should be to inquire into the grievances of the people, in order that they might be redressed, and that they should be returned to the next Parliament, to give information as to the state of their respective counties, and to co-operate in enacting such laws as might best conduce to the public good. Some approach had been made towards this state of things in the time of King John, when the knights were appointed to meet in their several counties, and to present a detail of the state of those counties to the great council ; but here they were not only to present their com- plaints, but, by being made a component part of the legislative body, they were to contribute from their local knowledge to the removal of those wrongs which it was their duty to present. In this Parliament at Oxford twenty-four persons were elected — -twelve on the part of the king, and as many on the part of the community — for the reformation of public abuses, and the amendment of the' state of the realm. ' On the part of the king — The lord bishop of London. The lord (bishop) elect of Winton. Sir Henry, son of the king of Almaine. Sir John, earl of Warrenne. Sir Guy de Lesignan. Sir Wm. de Valence. Sir John, earl of Warwick. Sir John Mansel, Friar John de Derlington. The abbot of Westminster. Sir Hugh de Wengham. [The twelfth is wanting.] " On the part of the barons — The lord bishop of Worcester Sir Simon, earl of Leicester. Sir Richard, earl of Gloucester. Sir Humphrey, earl of Hereford. Sir Roger Mareschal. Sir Roger de Mortimer. Sir Geoffry Fitz-Geofifry. Sir Hugh le Bigot. Sir Richard le Grey. Sir William Bardulf. Sir Peter de Montfort. Sir Hugh Despenser." ' Ann, Burton, anno 1258, p. 424. 120 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap, via Amongst a variety of other decrees, the twenty-four enacted that the state of the holy church be amended ; that a justiciar be appointed for one year, to be answerable to the king and his council during his term of office ; that a treasurer of the exchequer be also appointed, to render account at the end of the year ; that the chancellor shall also answer for his trust ; that shire- reeves be provided in every county, trusty persons, freeholders, and vavasors/ of property and consequence in the county, who shall faithfully and honestly treat the people of the county, and render their accounts to the exchequer once every year ; and that neither they, nor their bailiffs, take any hire ; that good escheators be appointed, and that they take nothing from the goods of the deceased out of the lands which ought to be in the king's hands ; that the exchange of London be amended, as well as all the other cities of the king, which had been brought to disgrace and ruin by talliages, and other extortions ; and that the household of the king and queen be amended. Of the Parliaments, they ordain : — " That there be three Parliameuts in the year : the first, upon the octave of St. Michael (Oct. 6) ; the second, on the morrow of Candlemas (Feb. 3); the third, June 1. To these three Parliaments shall come the counsellors-elect of the king, though they be not commanded, to provide for the state of the realm, and to manage the common business of the realm, when there shall be need, by the command of the king." "That the community do choose twelve prode men {" prud'hommes," men of probity and prudence), who shall go the Parliaments, and attend at other times when there shall be need, when the king or his council shall command, to manage the business of the king, and of the realm ; and that the community hold for stable that which these twelve shall do ; and this to spare the cost of the commons. Fifteen shall be named by the earl mareschal, the Earl of Warwick, Hugh de Bigot, and John Mansel, who are elected by the twenty-four, to name the aforesaid fifteen, who shall be of the council of the king ; and they shall be confirmed by them, or by the greater part of them ; and they shall have power from the king to give them counsel in good faith concerning the government of the realm, and all things belonging to the king and kingdom ; and to amend and redress all things which they shall see want to be amended and redressed, and to be over the high justiciar, and over all other persons ; and if they cannot all be present, that which the greater part shall do shall be firm and stable." It has been the fashion to consider the " Provisions of Oxford," as they were called, as the rash innovations of an ambitious oligarchy, but the principle of the securities then required from the crown was adopted from the Great Charter ; and the appointment of a supreme council of state was one of the conditions imposed upon John, with the more stringent demand that the twenty- live barons, who were then to control the executive, should be elected without the concurrence of the king. The unconstitutional power assumed, of choosing the responsible ministers of the crown — for in no other light can the functions of these " twelve prode men " be considered— gradually fell into disuse, though the time when that authority ceased is not very accurately defined in history. In November of the same year (1258), after the dissolution of the memorable Parliament of Oxford, writs were issued from the kino-'s chancery to the sheriffs of England, com- manding them respectively to pay "reasonable wages'' to the knights delegate for their journey to Parliament, upon the affairs touching their several counties. This is the first known lorif'de expensis," and it is of the same tenure as that of subsequent times, when it became essential to Parliament to have in it the representatives of the counties, chosen by the freeholders ; but the writ for Lancashire issued on this occasion, is lost, and with it the names of the knights returned for the county. The king and his courtiers, headed by his brothers, and countenanced by his son EdAvard, the heir-apparent of the crown, resisted to blood the attempts made to reform the Parliament, and to redress the public grievances, accompanied, as these attempts were, with measures for subverting the royal prerogative, and establishing an aristocratical oligarchy. The progress of reform in the constitution of Parliament was not, however, materially retarded by this resistance. It had always been the avowed intention of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, and Robert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby, to confine the executive power within the limits of the law, and to have all the acts of the king confirmed, as well by the representatives of the county as by the barons spiritual and temporal f and in the Parliament of Worcester, called "Montfort's Parliament," held in 49 Henry III. (1265), it was enacted, that each sheriff throughout England should cause to be sent to the Parlia- ment two knights elected by the freeholders, with two citizens from each of the cities, and two burgesses from each of the boroughs throughout England. By these means the respective orders m the state had an opportunity of expressing the public will ; and in an assembly so constituted, and ot which the lords spiritual and temporal formed a part, the due consideration of the public good was effectually secured.' This national council, which, Hume says, " was on a more democratic basis than any which had been ever summoned since the foundation of the monarchy," was the personlThtnThlktef °"' ^^° '"'''^ ^'""^' ^^ '^^^^'^ '™"''' "' ""'"'" f^^'^Pji "''''^^^' '^ " =1^°"" "y Sir Robert Cotton and others, and as is Chap. viii. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 121 m first in which we distinctly recognise the Parliament of England. It happened, however that m these early Parliaments the expense incurred by the communities of the counties cities and boroughs from the attendance of their members in Parliament was often considered oppressive • and hence we find that many poor boroughs, particularly in the county of Lancaster had no members,— the reason alleged being that they were unable to pay their expenses, on account of their debility and poverty. The boroughs for which returns were made were principally " walled towns,' held of the king in ancient demesne ; and the only places in Lancashire entitled to the privilege, it that could be considered a privilege which was felt as a public burden, were Lancaster Preston, Liverpool, and Wigan. The inhabitants of the boroughs, under the feudal system, were' for the most part, villeins, either in gross or in relation to the manor in which the town stood and belonged to some lord.' The former held houses, called burgage tenures, at the will of the'lord, and carried on some trade, such as carpenter, smith, butcher, baker, clothier, or tailor, and the election of members was in the inhabitants of the burgage tenures, so far as they were free agents. There were also in these boroughs certain free inhabitants who held burgages, and were in consequence invested with the elective franchise. In incorporated cities and boroughs the right of election was generally in the corporate body, or freemen as they were called, subject to such limitations, however, as the charters imposed. When the wages of the members representing the cities or boroughs were paid out of the rates, the election was in the inhabitant householders paying those rates, and the right of election Avas hence designated "scot and lot suffrage." In treating the subject of the county representation from the first return to Parliament made by the sheriff of Lancashire to the present time, the most clear and satisfactory mode will be to take the reign of each of the early kings separately, and connect with the lists in each reign such other historical matter as may be presented on the subject : and 1st. — Of the parliamentary history of the reign of Edward I. Although the return of knights and burgesses summoned to Parliament by writ commenced as early as 49 Henry III.^ (12C5), no original return made by the sheriff for this county, or for its boroughs,' is found in any of the public records till 23 Edw. I. (a.d. 1295). The first return of members for this county is to the Parliament at Westminster, appointed to assemble on Sunday next after the feast of St. Martin (Nov. 12); and it announces that " Matthew de Redman " and "John de Ewyas"^ were elected knights. for the county of Lancaster, by the consent of the whole county, who have full and sufficient power to do for themselves, and for the commonalty of the county aforesaid, what our lord the king shall ordain by his council. "That the aforesaid Matthew was guaranteed to come on the day contained in the writ, by Thomas', son of Thomas de Yeland ; Thomas Fitz Hall ; William Fitz Adam ; and William son of Dake" (in confirmation of which they affi.x + their marks, the manucaptors or sureties for the members not being able probably to write their own names). + " And that the aforesaid John was guaranteed by John de Singleton, Richard de Grenel, Roger de Boulton, and Adam de Grene- huUes." The sheriffs return adds, "There is no city in the county of Lancaster." It then proceeds to say "that Lambert le Despenser and William le Dispenser, burgesses of Lancaster, are elected burgesses for the borough of Lancasttr, in manner above said. And the aforesaid Lambert is guaranteed by Adam de le Grene and John de Overton ; and the aforesaid William is guranteed by Thomas Molendinar and Hugh le Barker." That " William Fitz Paul and Adam Russel, burgesses of Preston, are elected for the borough of Preston in Amounderness ; and the aforesaid William is guaranteed to come as above by Richard Banaster and Richard Pelle. And the aforesaid Adam is guaranteed by Henry Fitz Baldwin, and Robert Kegelpin." That William le Teinterer, and Henry le Becker, burgesses of Wigan, are elected for the borough of Wyrjan in the manner above said. And they are guaran- teed to come by John le Preston of Wygan, Adam de Cotiler, Roger Fitz Orme, and Richard Fitz Elys." That Adam Fitz Richard and Robert Pinklowe, burgesses of Liverpool, are elected for the borough of Liverpool. And they are guaranteed to come, in the time specified in the writ, by John de la More, Hugh de Molendino, William Fitz Richard, and Elias le Baxster."'' There is a copy of a writ and return, in 1294, for Cumberland, and amongst the persons returned for that year are — Matthew de Redman" and Richard de Preston, as knights of the shire. In the Parliament of 1296, no original writ for Lancashire appears, nor is there any enrolment of writs de expensis for this county on the rolls. ^ ArcJueologia, vol. ii, p. 31.3, meet at Windsor. Tlie Bishop of Worcester, the Earls of Leicester and " Prynne's Enlargement of Ilia 4th Institute. Gloucester, and other magnates, having ordered three knights from each •■' In a return presented to Parliament by order of the House of Com- county to attend an assembly at St. Albans, the king enjoins the sheriffs corns in 1879, giving the names of members of the lower house and their to send the above-mentioned knights also to him at Windsor. (5) 40 constituencies "from so remote a period as it can be obtained," the Henry III. (1264-6), summoned to meet at London. This appears (says earliest Parliaments mentioned are the following: (1) 15 John (1213), the return) to have been the first complete ParUament consisting of summoned to meet at Oxford. Writs addressed to all the sheriffs, re- elected knights, citizens, and burgesses. In each of these cases no quiringthem each to send all the knights of their bailiwicks inarms ; and returns of names could be found. — C. also four knights from their counties, '* ad loqucndum nohiscumde mgotiU * Matthew de Redman served the office of Sheriff of the county from regni nostre" (2) 10 Henry III. (1226) summoned to meet at Lincoln. 1245 to 1249; the other representative of the shire in this Parliament, Wrirs addressed to the sheriffs of eight counties, requiring them each to Sir John D'Ewyas, married Cecily, the eldest of the three daughters and send four knights, elected by the miiites et probl hominen of their baili- co-heirs of Sir William de Samlesbury, and, in her right, had half of the wicks, to set forth certain disputes with the sheriffs. (3) 3S Henry III, manor of Samlesbmy. Ho died before 1311.— C. (1251), summoned to meet at Westminster. Every sheriff required to « Petitt M8S. vol 15, fol, 88. Inner Temple Libr. send two knights, to be elected by each county, to provide aid towards " This is probably the same person that was returned for Lancashire carrying on the war in Gascony (4) 45 Henry III. (1261), summoned to in the following year, 17 122 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. ohap. viii. The first parliamentary writ extant, addressed to the sheriff of Lancashire, is of the date of 25 Edward I (6th October, 1297) in the Tower of London, and requires that knights only (not citizens and burgesses) shall be sent from this county to Parliament, for the confirmation of Magna Charta and the Charter of Forests. This writ, which is of the nature of a bargain between he kin- and his people, recites that, in relief of all the inhabitants and people of the kingdom for the ei-hth of all the goods of every layman, and the most urgent necessity of the kingdom, the king hal a-reed to confirm the great charter of the liberties of England, and the charter of the liberties of the forest; and to grant by letters patent that the said levy of the eighth shall not operate o the preiudice of his people, or to the infringement of their liberties ; and he commands and firmly enioins the sheriff that he cause to be elected, without delay, two of the most able and legal, or most honest and lawworthy (" probioribus et legalioribus ") knights of the county of Lancaster, and send them with full powers from the whole community of the said county, to his dearest son Edward, his lieutenant in England (the king being then abroad, engaged m the war with France), on the octaves of St. Michael next ensuing (6th Oct., 1297), to receive the said charters and the king's letters patent for the said county.' ^ ,, -, ^ ■, r • ■ t The members returned in the Parliament of 1297, called for the purpose of raising money for the invasion of France, were " Henricus de Kigheley " and " Henricus le Botiller, vel " Botiler. ' In the Parliament of 1298, the return in the original writ is "Henricus de Kigheley and 'Johannes Denyes," (? de Ewyas), knights of the shire. The Parliament of the following year - • • - ■ ■- -'' - -■- f"" *i-;" ^^„v,fTr The same observation January, 1306-7, "Gilbertus de Syngilton" and "Johannes _ r -pj j honour. These returns to the frequent Parliaments," in the latter part of the reign of Edward 1. completes the writs for that period, so far as regards this county. During the same reign, four returns were made to Parliament of members for the borough of Lancaster, two for the borough of Liverpool, five for Preston, and two for Wigan ; each of which will be treated of in its proper place. The number of counties, cities, and 'boroughs making returns to Parliament at this time amounted to one hundred and forty-nine," in the list of which we find ten members for Lancashire, namely, two for the county, and two for each of the above-named boroughs. In the 24 Henry VI. (1446), the number of members was reduced to 274, all the boroughs of Lancashire having then disappeared from the list, and the only members returned for this county consisting of the knights of the shire. Although these early Parliaments were frequent, the period of their sitting was of short duration. In 49 Henry III. (1265), the Parliament which assembled to settle the peace of the kingdom, after the barons' wars, accomplished its duty in thirty-two days, and then dissolved ; and yet this was reputed an incredible delay. The Parliament, 28 Edward I. (1300), which confirmed the great charter and made artictdi swper cartas, was summoned to meet on the second Sunday^ in Lent, and ended the 20th day of March, on which day the writs for the knights' and burgesses' expenses were dated, making a session of three weeks. The famous Parliament at Lincoln, 28 Edward I. (Jan. 20th, 1301), wherein the king and nobles wrote their memorable letters to Pope Boniface, claiming homage from the kings of Scotland to the kings of England, sat but ten days. ' The Parliament of 3.5 Edward I. was summoned to meet at Carlisle on the 20th of January 1 Hot. Claua. 25 Ed. I. m. C d. Orig, in Turr. Lond. intended only to fix the times at wliioli the Parliaments were to assemble, - Henry de Kiffhley was seneschall or steward of Blackburnshire till the reforms then contemplated were completed. 10 Edward I. (12S7-8). His colleague was the eldest son of William Fitz- " Prynne's Brev. Pari. Alraeric le Pmcema or le Boteler, seventh baron of Warrington; he died ' In June, 1209, Pope Boniface addressed a letter to Edward, demand- in the year of his election, and in the following year John D'Ewyaa, who iner that every controversy between England and Scotland should be had sat in the Parliament of 1295, was returned with Henry de Kighley referred to the decision of the pontiff. Edward returned for answer that as a knight of the shire. — C. he should submit the matter to his Parhament. The independence of 3 Thomas Travers, who obtained Nateby in Garstang by deed of gift England was threatened by these inordin.ate pretensions, and the king fropi his brother, Lawrence Travers, of Tulketh, was coroner for Furness never showed greater sagacity than in this resolve to summon the repre- (c. 1292), high sheriff of the county (1301-4), and keeper of the forests of sentativcs of the nation that they might speak the voice of the nation. Lancaster and Amounderness, and collector of scutages for the county. In that Parliiiment three hundred persons — prelates, abbots, barons. He died before August, 1334. — C. knights, and burgesses— were present, and whatever might be their * Of Chfton-with-Salwick and Westby, his colleague, William dc opinions as to the rights claimed by their sovereign over the kingdom of Singleton, being of the house of Singleton in Kirkham parish ; William Scotland, they were unanimous in resisting the claim set up by the Banastre, who was elected to the same honour with William Clifton in pontilT, and returned as their answer : " It is, and by the grace of God 1304, died in 17 Edward II. (1323-4), seized of " the hamlet of Singleton shall always be, our common and unanimous resolve, that with respect Parva" in Kirkham. — C. to the rights of his kingdom of Scotland, or other temporal rights, our " It is evident that no fixed i*ule was adhered to in summoning these aforesaid lord the king shall not plead before you, nor submit in any Parliaments, except that which arose out of the king's want of either m.anner to your judgment, nor suffer his right to be brought into question money or counsel, or both. The order of the Parliament of Oxford, that by any inquiry, nor send agents or procuratox'S for that purpose to your three Parliament-! should be licld in one year, does not appear over to court."— C. have been acted upon with uniformity, and tliis enactment was probably CHAP. VIII. THE HISTOEV OF LANCASHIRE. 123 (1307), when the king expected Cardinal Sabmes; but the cardinal not arriving, as was expected the king prorogued this Parliament by another writ till the next Sunday after Mid-lent (March 12)' and on Palm Sunday the Parliament ended, having sat only fifteen days, whereof three were Sundays,' it being in those times the general practice to assemble the Parliaments on the Sunday, and so far to disregard the Sabbath as to hold their sittings continuously, without any intermission' on that day. ' ' Edward II. No fewer than twenty-seven Parliaments were held during the twenty years' reign of Edward II. There are no writs extant for Lancashire in ten of that number— namely, in 1308 and 1309 ; in November, 1311; in the first Parliament of 1312; in the Parliaments of 1313 and 1316 ; and in those of 1317, 1318, and 1323. Mr. Palgrave, in his second volume of Parliamentary Writs and \Vrits_ of Military Summons, published by direction of the commissioners of public records, has given a very complete list of the returns made to Parliament by the sheriff of Lancashire during this reign; and from that source the following returns, from 1307 to 1327, are derived. In 1307, it appears from the original Avrit for this county, that "Matheus de Reddeman, miles," and " Willielmus le Gentyl, miles," were returned. In August, 1311, " Thomas de Bethum," vel " Bethume, miles," and " Willielmus le Gentylle," vel " Gentyl, miles," were returned to the Parliament on the 8th of August. The writ de expensis for the attendance at Parliament, from the return-day until the feast of St. Dionysius, together with their charges coming and returning, is tested at London on the 11th of October. It is remarkable that an indi- vidual named Thomas de Bethun, or Bethom, is also returned for Westmorland in the same Parliament ; and it is highly probable that the electors in some cases economised their expenses by returning_ the sarne member to represent two counties. This Parliament is remarkable for the desertion of its public duty, from a cause which strikingly indicates that ancient members of Par- liament had much less patience than their successors of the present day. So exhausted Avere the lords, the king's counsel, the knights, and the burgesses, by their sitting of nine weeks, that most of them departed from Parliament without license, as the writs and summons attest, and the remainder petitioned the king to adjourn, and thus obtained licence to return to their homes. The original writ for the county of Lancaster, in the Parliament of August, 1312, returns " Henricus de Trafforde, miles," and " Ricardus le Molineaux de Croseby, miles." No enrolment of writ de expensis appears on the rolls, but the entries of such writs are incomplete. " Dominus Willielmus de Bradeschagh, miles," and " Dominus Edmundus de Dacre, rniles," are returned in the original writ of March 18, 1313. In the writ of July 8, in the same year, Radulphus de Bykerstathe, miles," and " Willielmus de Slene, miles," are returned. No manucaptors were found by those knights. To the Parliament of the 23rd September, in the same year, " Henricus de Feghirby vel Fegherby, miles," and " Thomas de Thornton vel Thorneton, miles," are returned. The writ de expensis for " Henricus de Fegherby," and "Thomas de Thorneton," for attendance at Parliament, from the return day (September 23) until Thursday next after the feast of St. Michael (November 15), amounts to £21 12s. at the rate of four shillings each per diem, together with their charges coming and returning. To the Parliament of April, 1314, there is no return from the county. In the Parliament of September, 1314, " Thomas Banastr', miles," and " Willielmus de Slene, miles," appear in the original writ, as well as in the writ de expensis. "Willielmus de Bradeshagh, miles," and "Adam de Halghton, miles," are returned 20th January, 1315, and £19 4s., at the rate of four shillings each per diem, is awarded to them by the writ de expensis. In 1316, "Johannes de Lancastr'" and "Willielmus de Walton" are returned on the 27th of January. In the Parliament of April, in the same year, no writ for the county is found, but " Rogerus de Pilteton, miles," and "Johannes de Pilketon, miles," are returned by the original writ of 29th July following, and their charges allowed at the usual rate in the writ de expensis. To the Parliament summoned to meet at Lincoln, January 27th, 1318, no return appears, but "Edmundus de Nevill', miles," and " Johannes de Horneby, miles," are returned by the original writ of October 20th in the same year, on which it is observed that no manucaptors were found by these knights. At this period an advance took place in the wages allowed to the county members for their services in Parliament, and the allowance in the writ de expensis is five shillings each per diem, instead of four as hitherto. In 1319, " Willielmus de Walton, miles," and " Willielmus de Slene, miles," are returned in the original writ for the county ; but it is much torn and detaced, and rendered almost illegible. From some cause, the members' wages were again reduced to lour shillings each per diem. In 1320, " Gilbertus de Haydok, miles," and " Thomas de Thornton, miles, appear in the original writ, and in the writ de expensis ; but it was alleged that they were ■ Prynno'a Enlargement of his 4th Institute. 124 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. viii. returned by Willielmus le Gentil, the sheriff, on his own authority, and without the assent of the county. No original writ for this county is found for the Parliament of 1321,' but the names of " Johannes de Horneby junior," and " Gilbertus de Heydok," are inserted in the writ de expensis, tested at Westminster on the 22d of August. "Edmundus de Nevill, miles," and " Johannes de Lancastria, luiles," were returned to the Parliament of 1322. ^ By this writ the sum of one hundred and seven shillings and fourpence is awarded to the two knights for seventeen days' attendance in Parliament at York, and six days coming and returning ; Edmundus de Neville receiving sixty-nine shillings, at the rate of three shillings per diem, and Johannes de Lancastria thirty-eight shillings, at the rate of twenty pence per diem ; but why the latter received lower wao-es than the former for his parliamentary services is not stated. In the original writs of election and proclamation for this county, in the Parliament summoned to meet at Ripon on the 14th of November, 1322 (altered afterwards to York), " Richard de Hoghton, miles," and " Gilbertus de Singilton' vel Sengilton, miles," were returned. From the writ de expensis it appears that the original rate of wages was re-established, and the sum of £8 8s. for fifteen days' attendance in Parliament, and three days coming and three days returning, was awarded to the Ivnights. In 1324 the original writ for this county returns the names of " Edmundus de Nevill', miles," and "Gilbertus de Haidoli, miles." The names of "Edmundus de Nevyll'" and "Thomas de Lathum," "per. iiii dies," are found in the enrolment of the writ de expensis, and on the original pawn or docket, as knights appearing for this county. The writ de expensis directs that sixteen marks for twenty days' attendance at Parliament, and four days coming and four days returning, at the rate of three shillings and fourpence each per diem, should be paid to the knights. No reason is assigned for the substitution of the name of " Thomas de Lathum " for that of Gilbert de Haidok. At another Parliament in this year "Willielmus de Slene, miles," and "Nicholaus le Norrays vel Norreys, miles," appear in the original writ for this county, returned by Gilbertus de [Sothe] worth, sheriff. ISfo manucaptors were found by these knights. In the writ de expensis, £7 15s. is awarded to the members for twenty-one days' attendance in Parliament, and five days coming, and five days returning, at the rate of tAvo shillings and sixpence each per diem. There is a peculiarity in this original writ. Usually the citizens and burgesses of the county are required to send members ; but in this case the summons is confined to knights of the shire. In 1325 " Willielmus de Bradeshaghe, miles," and "Johannes de Horneby vel Hornby" are returned. No manucaptors were found by these knights. In the writ de expensis, £7 14s. is awarded for twenty-two days' attendance in Parliament, including coming and returning ; " Willielmus de Bradeshaghe " to be paid at the rate of four shillings per diem, a knight's wages, and "Johannes de Horneby" at the rate of three shillings per diem, an inferior rate of wages. In 1326-7 " Edmundus de Nevyll, miles," and " Ricardus de Hoghton, miles," appear in the writ of expenses, the original Avrit not being found. The sum awarded to the two knights is £28 8s. for seventy-one days' attendance in Parliament, coming and returning, at the rate of four shillings each per diem. During this reign four returns are made for the borougli of Lancaster, and two for the borough of Preston, but none for either Liverpool or Wigan. 'The rate of wages paid to the borough members appears to have been fixed at two shillings each per diem. Lancaster, Preston, Liverpool, and Wigan Avere the only towns in the Palatinate called upon to return members to Parliament, but so little value did our ancestors place on the elective franchise, that they Avere only too anxious to be relieved of their privileges, the appreciation of the honour of being represented diminishing as the exactions of the sovereign increased. The members deemed it a Avaste of time, and the burgesses looked on it as a profitless luxury that might be advantageously dispensed Avith. EA^ery year the number of members decreased, and some boroughs petitioned against, and even Avent so far as to buy themselves from, their enforced privilege. "So burdensome Avas representation felt that, as Ave learii froma note to " Blackstone," from the 33 EdAvard III. (1359) uniformly through the five succeeding reigns, a period embracing very nearly a century, the sheriffs of Lancashire returned that there Avere no cities or boroughs in the county that ought, or Avere used, or could, on account of; their poverty, send any citizens or burgesses to Parliament. 1 In this Parlijiment, called the "Parliament de la Bond," from the which the Earl of Hereford and the other great confederates (including barons coming armed against the Despensers and wearing colovired banda Thomas, Earl of LancMter) suddenly brought to the Parliament of West- l.lion their sleeves for distinction, which met at Westminster three weeka minster, with horse and arms, in affray and abasement of all the people." = . mid.TOmmer, .ail mdemnity was granted against all men, of what- In the sliort period of eight months there had been a counter-revolution, soever state or condition, who had done what might be noted tor trespasses the Earl of Lancaster had been beheaded, and a mighty change bad beeu «™nS- Jl„ 5„ ,^K ''tT T^ P""'""'"! andf destroying Hugh le De- wrought as evidenced by the fact that in the same Parliament at York the speoser the son, and Hugh le Dcspenser, the father. "-C. exile of the Uesponsers was annulled : the " ordinances ■' made ten years Tr»»t^r tif ^i^.'Jl^Jf^^f",-.*,^ u ^^ if ?* }.°^^ *''"'^ ™<='"' ""'='* previously were revoked for the reason " that by the matters so ordained rene^lil i hpW ,Lw, Ihnf " -7 t"'"".*'=,'' '" "« Preceding year was the royal power of our lord the king Was restrained on divere things, 3^t;!l •■ o„.? f^ f ,? ! , It was sinfully and wrongfully made and contrary to what it ought to be ; " and all provisions "made by subiects ^r„<, '„r if'*™! °f «>« Prel-'tos, earls, barons, knights of against the royal power of the ancestors of our lord the king'' wcrs Bhues, and commonality' then given was "for dread of great forco oriered to cease and lose their effect for ever. - 0. ^ CHAP. vm. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 125 By an assumption of power which is scarcely to be credited, the high sheriff of the county, in 17 Edward II. (1324), -arrogated to himself, as we have already seen, the right of superseding the privileges of the electors, and returning members for the county by his own appointment. The presentment made to the grand jury of the hundred of West Derby against this ostentatious and arbitrary sheriff has already been referred to, but it may not be unacceptable to have the document entire : — (" The Grand Jury o£ the Waiieiitake of West Derby present, That ' WiUielmus le Qentil,' at tlie time when he was sheriff, and when he held his Tourn in the said Wapentake, ought to have remained no longer in the Wapentake than three nights with three or four horses, whereas he remained there at least nine days witli eight horses, to the oppression of the people ; and tliat he quartered himself one night at the house of 'Dus de Turhat,' aud another night at the house of one ' liobertus de Bold,' another at the house of ' Jioberlus de Grenlay,' and elsewhere, according to his will, at the cost of the men of the Wapentake. They also present, that the said ' WiUielmus ' allowed one ' Henricus fil. Koherti le Mercer,' indicted of a notorious theft, to be let out upon manucaption ; whereas he was not mainpernable according to the law ; in consequence of which the men of the Wapentake avoided making presentments of notorious thieves ; and that ' Henricus de Multon ' did the same when he was sherifT. That the said ' WiUielmus ' and ' //enricus ' returned certain persons ou inquests and juries without giving them warning. That the said ' WiUielmus le Gentil, when sheriff, had returned ' Gilbertus de Ilaydok ' and ' Thomas de Thornton,' knights of the shire (14 Edward II., 1320), without the assent of the County, whereas they ought to have been elected by the County ; and had levied twenty pounds for their expenses ; whereas the County could, by their own election, have found two good and sufficient men who would have gone to Parliament for ten marks or ten pounds, and the sheriff's bailiffs levied as much for their own use as they had levied for the knights. Also, that ' Henricus de Malton,' when he was sheriif, had returned ' WiUielmus de Slene ' and ' WiUielmus de Walton' as knights (12 Edward II., 1318), in the same manner." "The said 'WiUielmus Gentil' is enlarged, upon the manucaption of four manuoaptors." — {Hot. Plac. 17 Edw. II, m. 72.) Edwaed III. In the first Parliament of Edward III. (1327), " Michael de Haverington " and " Will'us Laurence " were returned knights of the shire for the county of Lancaster. " WiUielmus de Brad- shaigh" and "Edmundus de Nevill " were elected in February, 1327-8, and were succeeded by " Thomas de Thornton," and "John de Horneby," who were succeeded in turn in the same year by '■ Willielmus Laurence" and "Thomas de Thornton." In 1329, "Nicholaus le Norreys" and "Henry de Haydok" attended the adjourned Parliament, and were succeeded by "Will'us de Saperton" and "Henricus de Haydok." "Willielmus de Bradeshagh (or de Bradeshawe) " and "Johannes de Lancastr' " were their successors in the year 1330. At the election of these members, the sheriff, by order of the king, proclaimed that if any person in the county had suffered wrong from any of the servants of the crown, they were to come to the next Parliament and make known their complaints. " Will'us de Bradshawe" and " Oliverus de Stanesfield" were returned in 1331. "Adam Banastf" and "Robertus de Dalton" were elected in March, 1332, and in September of the same vear "Robertus de Dalton" and "Johannes de Horneby," jun., were returned. In December, 1332, " Edos (Edmundus) de Nevill " and " Johannes de Horneby, ' jun., were elected; and in the writs de expensis it appears that the wages of the knights were then four shillings per diem. " Edmundus de Nevill " and " Robertus de Dalton " were returned in February, 1334, and they were succeeded in the same year by "Robertus de Radeclyf" and "Henricus de Haydok." In 1335 "Robertus de Shirburn" and "Edmundus de Nevill" were elected. In 1336 "Johannes de Shirburn" and "Henricus de Haydok' were returned ; and in the same year "Johannes de Horneby," jun., and "Henricus de Haydok. ^^^ , l^^"? ' "Robertus de Irland" and "Henricus de Haydok" were returned, and they were succeeded m the same year by " Ric'us de Hoghton " and " Edmundus de Nevill." The chancres made in the county members seem at this period to have been very frequent, but whether that arose from the fickleness of the constituents, from the inadequate payments made to the knights of the shire, or from the unproductive nature of parliamentary mtiuence, and the very diminutive size of the pension list, does not appear. . ^ , r « t, r, ^ The return to the writ of summons in February, 1337-8 contained the names of Robertus de Billisthorpe" and "Robertus de Radeclif," and in that of July m the same year " Johannes de Hornby" and "Johannes de Clyderhowe," as knights of the shire, to whom, by the writ de expensis, dated at Northampton on the 2nd of August, the sum oi £7 4s. was awarded for coming to remaining in Parliament, and returning to their houses, being a payment of four shillings eacli per diem for eighteen days. The writ for 1339 was issued by the guardian of the kmgdom, and the king's coimcil, in his Majesty's absence; and the knights returned to Parliament for he county of Lancaster were "Robertus de Clyderhowe" and "Henricus de f^yk^^^^f h. In the same year" Nich'us de Hulm" and "Robertus de Prestecote were returned Jol^^^^^l J^^. Radecliffe" and "Robertus de Radeclifte" were returned m 1340 and "^/Jf p^^^^X; "Robertus de Dalton" and "Johannes de Dalton" were elected and returned to Parliament, with the usual allowance of four shillings per diem. . Durin- the remainder of this reign the Parliaments continued to be he d almost eveiy yeai and it is c4ear, from the continuall/-varying names returned for the county of Lancastei, that 126 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. viii. each session was a new, and not an adjourned Parliament. It is equally clear that no argument in favour of any precise duration of Parliament can be founded upon the practice of these early times, seeing that there was frequently more than one Parliament in the year ; and that at other times the assembling of Parliament was intermitted for two, three, or four years. In the 4th of Edward III. (1330) it was enacted that Parliaments should be held once a-year, and oftener, if necessary. The 36 Henry VI. (1458) requires a Parliament to be held every year. By 16 Charles II. (1664) it is enacted that Parliaments shall' be triennial; confirmed by 6 William and Mary (1694) ; but by 1 George I. (1714) the time of their continuance, if considered necessary by the king and his advisers, was rendered septennial. So that our parliamentary history affords all the precedents from three Parliaments in the year to one Parliament in seven years. The following is a list of the members for the county of Lancaster during the remainder of the reign of Edwkrd III., with the date of the Parliaments in which they sat, and the amount of wages they received from the county : — ■ Members (Knights). Paeliambnt at Wages. No writ found Westminster, April 23, 1341 Johjes de Haverington "I Westminster, Monday, 15 days of Easter (April 24, 1343) £13 : 12s. for 34 days. Joli ea Unrtou j > j> j ^ l ' j Ctaus. 17 E. III. P. I. m 1 ckirso. wnv'"^i? ^"u-"!,'" V,-Vv;i"' IWestminster, Monday after Octaves of Holy Trinity (June 7, 1344) £12 : I63. for 32 days. WiUus fil. Rob. de RadeclifF... J > j j j ^ , , j Claus. 18 R III. P. 2 m. 26. Joh'es de Cliderhowe l Westminster, Monday after Feast of Nat. Blessed Mary (Sep. 11, 1346) £7 : 4^. for 18 day?. Adam de Bredelurk / ^^^^^ 20 E. Ill P 2 m. U d. Adam de Hoghton I Westminster, Monday after Dominica day Middle Quadragesima (March ) „„ . „ .-,,-,, Joh'es Cokayn ( 31,1348) \ ^^ '■ «. tor ^J days. Claus. 22 E. III. P. 1 m. 24 d. Rob'tus de Plesyngton ) Westminster, Morrow of St. Hillary (Jan. 19, 1347-8) £15 : 4s. for 38 dars. Rjb tus de Prestcote ) ' ■' ^ ' ' ■' Will' dp r" 1 Iff ( ^Vsstminster, Octaves of the Purification (Feb. 9, 1351) £13 : 43. for 33 days. Claus. 25 E. III. Pars unlca m. 27 dorso. No writ found Westminster, Tuesday, Feast St. Hillary. 26 E. III. (1352). Joh'es de Haveryngton, C'/jtrafc)' Westminster, Morrow^ of the Assumption (Aug. 16,1352) £4 : 4s. for 21 days. aaus. 26 E. III. m. 10 d. ("Duchy of Lane") Westminster, Monday after St. Matthi. Apost. (Sep. 23, 1353) £6 for 30 d.uys. Claus. 27 E. in. m. 5 d. Ric'usNoweir... ..'.','.'.'..'.!. ..".!!! | ^Westminster, Monday after St. Mark Evang. (April 28, 1354) £13 ; 12s for 34 days. Claus. 28 E. Ill m. 21 d. Robt, de Horneby ..............'. Westminster, Monday after St. Edmund, Martyr (Nov. 12, Vir,-,) £7 : 12s. for 19 days. Vltiu.'i. 29 E. III. Pars unica m. 3 d. John de Haverington ) „. . [£7 : 123. for John for Robt. de Singleton Westmmster, Monday m Easter week (April 7, 1357) ] 38 d-.iys, and for Robt '"'''' f £1) : 4s. fur 31 days. (Addressed to the Duke.) Claus. 31 E. III. m. 19 d. The writs de expensis for the loiights of the shire for the county of Lancaster are directed, not to the sheriff, but to the Duke of Lancaster himself. The knights for the counties generally had two distinct writs, some of them for six, others for seven, and one for eight days' expenses ; but the writs for Lancashire were issued to the Duke of Lancaster himself, or his lieutenant, by the title of Duke and Duchy of Lancaster :— Members (Knights). Parliament at Wages Roger de Faryngton ] Robert de Horneby .' | Westminster, Monday after Purification B. M. (Feb. 5, 1358) £13 : 12s. for 34 days. m-v 1 J TT , i, ., , Glaus. 32 E. III. m. 31 d. Wilhelmus de Heskyth, miles ] „j , . , ,„ , ^ , „ , Rogerus de Faryngton |Westmmster (May 15, 1360) Will'us de Radeclyf ) Ric'us de Tounlay |Westmmster, Sunday before Conversion of St. Paul (Jan. 24, 1361) £15 : 4s. for 38 days. Edmundus Laurence 1 ^'«™- ^^ ^- "'' ™' ^^ ^■ Mattheus de Rixton jWestmmster, 15 days of St. Michael (Oct. 13, 1362.) gg ^ ^^^ manufacture of ^^Ui,^^lJ^t''*'^°rf' for '■ settling the Staple " or were sent to all the sheriffs, to send one hiigkt only, "of the most Sr the coSntv and non!. fTiA w.^' \^''Tf '"■' "^^ S"'? ™<= ""='"^'''' advanced, discreet, and most exempt, in that respect, .J'men who would heldinthepresentdar«i^h thW^^^ «'"*Tf •" ™* " ™""°" *» ^^ "^^ ^""^^ withdrawn from autumnal occupation. " '^ Writs were also issued ^t^east'^t?fS^c"„l'pl^iVn\T,i?mtS!^g^^^^ S^J;?) tL'Sfe„'u.Sr-^H.""'" °' ^"°^^'^'^' *° ^^"^ "^^ ^™'^ '"■" CHAP. VIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 127 At this period a singular piece of presumption was practised in the return to Parliament of members for the county of Lancaster. The deputy-sheriffs, instead of returning the members elected by the county, returned themselves, concealing the writ, and levying the expenses, which they appropriated to their own use. Upon complaint made to the king, he issued two writs : the first to the sheriff of Lancashire, and the second to the justices of the peace of the county, directing them to examine into the merits of the election, and to certify the facts to him in chancery. In the meantime, the levying of the expenses was suspended till further orders upon these " imparalleled writs," as they are called by Prynne. In the writ to the sheriff (I7th Nov., 1362) that officer is informed that the greatest agitation exists in Lancashire respecting the election of the knights for that county in the last Parliament ; and his Majesty, wishing to be more fully informed about the election, commands the sheriff to assemble the knights and other good men of the com- mons of the said county, and to make inquiry whether " Edrus Laurence " and " Matthew Rishe- ton," who have been returned in the writ to Parliament as knights of the said county, or other persons, were duly elected ; and if, upon deliberation and information, he should find them to have laeen elected by the common assent of the county, then to cause the said Edrus and Matthew to have £18 16s. for their expenses incurred in coming to the Parliament, remaining there, and then returning — that is to say, for forty-seven days— each of the aforesaid Edrus and Matthew receiving four shillings per diem ; but if other persons have been elected knights of the said county, then the sheriff is to render information of their names, under his seal, into the kings chancery, and to remit the writ to his Majesty, conformably to the directions already given. The king's Avrit to the justices is addressed to his beloved and faithful Godefr. Folejambe, and his fellow -justices of the peace, in the county of Lancaster, on the 5th of February, 13C3 ; and it states roundly that the said Edrus and Matthew, who are the sheriff's lieutenants, have made a false and deceptive return ; in consequence of which, the jurors are required to call before them, at their next session, the knights and other good men of the same county, and take diligent information and inquisition on the above premises, and to return the same into the king's chancery ; the sheriff of Lancashire being at the same time commanded to supersede the levy of the wages, until he shall have further directions from the king in his mandate respecting them. The result was, that the election was declared void, and the sheriff's lieutenants were unseated by the king's authority. The proceedings under these memorable writs, which were the first of the kind that were issued, serve to show that the king in these early times, and not the Commons House of Parliament, examined and determined on disputed elections ; and that the king, by special writ issued to the sheriff, or to the justices of the peace, caused the merits of the elections to be inquired into, and certificate to be made of their legality or illegality. But, to resume the returns of the list of members for the county : — Knights. Parliament at Wages. Adam de Hoghton Uvestm. (Oct. 6th, 1363) «. 37 E. III. llogerus de Pylkynton ... j ^ Adam de HoghtoB Westm. Octaves of St. Hilary (Jan. 20, 136,5) £17 : 4s. for 43 days. Roger de Pylkynton j- »v esuui. CL 3S E. III. m. 31 d. Job. le Botiller, Miles Iwpstm Monday the morrow of the Invention of the Cross (May 4, 1366) £8 : 16s. for 22 days. Will. fil. Rob'ti de Radeolyf J " "^^"^^ '■'■ ^' CI. iO E. III. m. 23 d. Rog de Pylkyngton, azV. K^ ^ ;^ J J jyi (1368) £14 for 35 days. Rog. de Radeclyf, sen. . . . J " esim. isi, y^ i CI. i1 E. HI m. U d. ^S t S;!e:?iS"} ^-'- 0^*-- °^ '^""''^ (^""''^^' -^""^ '• ''''^ cir^fl. -■ni':^nY'''- '^t^^-::::::::]'^^'^'^^''-''''^'-'' arJ^.'^::'^^- Joh'es de Ipre Wynton, Monday in Octaves of Trinity (June 8, 1371) ^^..^.^^4 m.t" ^l d.'^'' Johannes Botiller, MUeH... Uyg3t„,. Morrow of All Souls (Wednesday, Nov. 3, 1372) •;,;-;-/^ Vr?"' ^"l f ^''^^' Nich. de Haverynton J CL 4b E. III. m. 4 a. WiU'us de Atherton ) ^v^.tm. Morrow of St. Edmund (Nov. 21, 1373) ;:,;-;;'^i^Vf ' ^°\ f ^''^^' Joh'es de Holcroft S CI. i7 E. III. m. 1 d. Joh'es Bottiler, Chivaier... Uyestm. Monday after St. George (April 28, 1376)i ^•■y;,iw>A*Vf !^ ow Rog. de Brokhols / 01. 50 E. 111. r.Z. m. li i j„„o RaddeRadeciiff":::.:.::;::;:::/ to Shrewsbury (MoW Jan. 28, 1398) ..!...'....,: :: \ 1^16 :8s. for 41 dajs. CI. 21 R. II. p. 2 m. 9 d. Henry IV. The duchy of Lancaster being now united with the crown, by the duke having become King of England, the parliamentary writs of summons, in the first and second years of the reign of Henry IV., were addressed to the sheriff of Lancaster, and not to the duke. The members for the county returned in this reign were : — 1 This ParlMment has been called by some historians "The Parlia- In it articles of high treason wore exhibited against the king's ministers ment that Wrought Wonders," and by others ' ' The Merciless Parliament." who wore, accordingly, sentenced to death or banishment.— G. f'HAP. vm. THE HISTORY OP LANCASHIRE. 131 Knights. Parliament at Wages. Robt. deUrsewjk, Chivaler ... 1 ,,, .-.,;, Hen. de Hoghton, CMvaler ... f "^^^'^^'^''-^O'^^ofSt. Miohael,summoned by RioliardII.(Sep. 30,1399) X26 : 16a. for 71 days. a. 1 Hen. IV. P. 1 m. 21 d. ™T,„™^!''°^ ^f'^'^T^ "■' n^^''^,"^ on the 29th September ; the Parliament met on the 30th, but oaly sat' for' a single day' SctXth, fsoTTlCy l7)" ""'■'"* '^'"■'^"^"*-" ^"°^"^'' ^^'•""'-«"* ™« -— «^' *° --* ^* WeBt^in.tel' Robt. de Ursewyke, Chivaler.. 1 ttt t - i r^ , Nich. de Atherton, Chivaler .../ *^ ^^*™"^'^«'"' Octaves of St. Hillary (Jan. 20, 1401) £34 : Ifis. for 66 days. CI. 2 H. IV. P. 1 m. 3 d. No returns found Westminster (Jany. 30, 1402) Z II. IV Rich, de Hoghton, Chivaler ... 1 TIT x ■ t Nic. de Haveryngton, Chivaler / "'^^*™"'^'^^''> Morrow of St. Michael (Sept. 30, 1402) £27 for 69 days. a. 4 H. IV. m. 34 d. Rad. de Radeolyff. Chivaler ... 1 ,,- . . . ,, , ., „ „ Robt. Laurence | AA estmmster, Morrow of St. Hillary (Jan. 14, 1404) £31 : 123. for 69 days. CI. 5 H. IV. P. m. 10 d. Jao. Harryngton, Chivaler l „ , ,.,, ,„i, ,,„„ Rad Staveley, Chivaler J- Coventry (6th of October, 1404) £8 : 8s. for 46 days. a 6 ff. IV. m. 5 d. /\\estmm6ter (Monday, 1st March, 1406) \ Will Botiller ) Adjourned to 25th April / Kob't. Lawrence"!;;!";;!:!!;:! ^ Adjourned to 4th June V£71 ;123. for 189 days. I Adjourned to 2och Oct. | V Adjourned to 22nd Deo ) CI. 8 ff. IV. m. 7 d. LTSn^TeV^cSe;"!!! I^loucester (20th October, 1407) £21 :12s. for 54 days. CI. 9 H. IV. m. 8 d. No returns found Westminster (Jan. 27, 1410) 11 //. IV. Johannes de Assheton,^ Chivaler ^ Westminster (Nov. 3, 1411) IZ II. IV. Johannes del Bothe ) To the Parliament held at Coventry in the sixth year of this monarch's reign (1404), the sheriffs were commanded not to return any lawyers — persons learned in the law. Lord Chancellor Beaufort, in framing the writs of summons, illegally inserted a prohibition that any apprentice or other man of the law should be elected, and hence this Parliament was called " The Lack-learning Parliament" (Parliamentum Indoctuin.). Lord Campbell says the recklessness of the Commons may have arisen from their not having a single lawyer among them. Henry V. The first return made in this reign (1 Henry V., May 14, 1413) of the knights of the shire for Lancashire transmits the names of " Joh. Assheton and Joh. de Stanley, chivalers." By a. striking siagularity the indenture mentions only the name of Sir John Stanley, and entirely omits that of his colleague, stating that Nich. Longford, knight, and all others named in the indenture after him, with unanimous consent and agreement, have made a free election, and given to John Stanley the younger full power to become a knight in the Parliament to be held at Westminster, to answer for themselves and all theirs, and for all the commons in the county of Lancaster, in those matters which, under favour of the king, shall happen to be ordained in Parliament. The corresponding indenture is lost. In the next Parliament, "Rad. de Radcliff" and "Nich. Blundell " are returned as knights of the shire for this county January 29, 1414. (2 Henry V.) 2 Henry V Johannes de Stanley, Robertas Lawrence, pec i«c?e»< (November 19, 1414.) ' 3 HenrvV. No returns found (October 21, 1415.) 3 Henry V do (March 16, 1416.) 4 Henry V do (October 19, 1416.) 5 Henry V do" (November 16, 1417.) 7 Henry V. ' Nioholaus Botiller de RoucHf, Johannes Laurence (October 16, 1419.) 8 Henry V Ricardus de Shirburne, Johannes del Bothe (December 2, 1420.) 9 Henry V Thomas de Radclyf, miles, Thomas de Urswyk (May 2, 1421.) 9 Henry V. Johannes Byrom, Chivaler, Ricardus de Sherburn (December 1, 1421.) ■ At this election, eighteen electors, in full county court, with other "honest men and lieges" ol the coimty of Lancaster, elected the knights Parliaments and Councils qf England, p. 28. 132 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. vm. Henry VI. The members returned to represent the county of Lancaster in this reign were — 1 Henry VI Tbos. de Urswyk, Johannes Gerard del Bryn, armig (November 9, 1422.) 2 Henry VI Thomas de Radclyf, chiv., Radulphus de Iladclyf del Smethelles (October 20, 1423.) 3 Henry YI Kadulphus fil. Necholai de Longford, miles, Ricardus de Radclyf de Radclyf, armig (April 30, 1425.) 4 Henry VI Johannes Botiller de Beausee, Nicholaus Botiller de Raucliff (February 18, 1426.)' 6 Henry VI Radulphus de Radclif, chiv., Thomas de Stanley (October 13, 1427.) 8 Henry VI Johannes Byron, miles, Robertus fil. Roberti Laurence, miles ... (October 13, 1429.) 9 Henry VI Johannes de Morley, Willielnius Gernet (January 12, 1431.) 10 Henry VI Willielmus de Assheton, miles, Thomas de Haryngton (May 12, 1432.) 11 Henry VI Thomas de Stanley, chiv., Thomas de Eadchf, chiv (July 8, 1433.) 14 Henry VI Henricus de Halaall, Thomas Laurence (October 10, 1435.) 15 Henry VI Thomas de Haryngton, Henricus de Halsall (January 21, 1437.) 18 Henry VI No returns found (November 12, 1439.) 20 Henry VI Thomas de Stanleigh, miles, Thomas de Haryngton de Hornebe (January 25, 1442.) 23HenryVI No returns found (February 25, 1445.) 25 Henry VI Thomas Stanley, knight, Thomas Harrington, 'Esq., per iTident. . (February 10, 1447.) 27 Henry VI The same persons (February 12, 1449.) 28 Henry VI Thomas Stanley, Johes. Butler, knights, per indent (November 6, 1449.) 29 Henry VI Thomas Stanley, Ricardus Haryngton, knights, jjer mffe»f (November 6, 1450.) 31 Henry VI No returns found (March 6, 1453.) 33 Henry VI Thomas Stanley, Alexander Radcliff, knights (July 9, 1455.) 38 Henry VI Richus. Harrington, knight, Henry Halaall, ^er iracfeni (November 20, 1459.)- 39 Henry VI Eiclid. Haryngton, knight, Henry Halsall (October 7, 1460.) In the seventh year of this king's reign (1428-9) the qualification of electors for counties, which had hitherto been undefined, was fixed by an Act of Parliament, which ordains that " the knights shall be chosen in every county by people dwelling and residing in the same county, whereof every one of them shall have land or tenement of the value of forty shillings by the year, at the least, over and above all charges," which is explained, by an Act of the 10th (1431-2) of the same king to mean fi'eeholds of that value within the county for which the election is to be made. Hitherto all the freeholders, without exception, had claimed the right of voting for county members, in consequence of which, it is alleged, great outrages had arisen, " whereby manslaughter, riots, batteries, and divisions among the gentlemen and other people of the said counties shall very lilcely arise and be, unless convenient and due remedy be provided in this behalf." From the reign of Henry VI. to the present time [1886], no change has been judged necessary in this qualification, though the nominal money equivalent has in the meantime greatly increased. ' The agitation of the kingdom at this period, arising out of the wars between the houses of York and Lancaster, seems to have given rise to a violent stretch of the royal prerogative, the king having, of his own authority, summoned members to Parliament ; and hence an Act of indemnity was passed 23 Henry VI. (1445), which provides, " that all such knights of any county, as are returned to the Parliament by virtue of the king's letters, without any other election, shall be good, and that no sheriff, for returning them, do incur the pains therefore provided." ■" • Edward IV. The members returned for the county of Lancaster in this reign were — ■ 1 Edward IV No returns found (November 4, 1161.) 3 Edward IV No returns found (April 29, 1463.) 7 Edward IV James Haryngton, Knt., William Haryngton, Knt (June 3, 1467.) 9 Edward IV No returns found (1469.) 10 Edward IV No returns found (November 26, 1470.) 12 Edward IV Robert Harynton, John Assheton (October 6, 1472.) 17 Edward IV George Stanley, Knt., James Haryngton, Knt (January 16, 1478.) 22 Edward IV No returns found (1483.) From 17 Edward IV. (1478) to 37 Henry VIII. (154.5) all the returns, with the exception of a few fragments of those of the Parliament of 1542-4, have hitherto been supposed to be irretrievably lost. Within that period seventeen ParHaments Avere summoned and dissolved, viz., the 17 and 22 1 CaUed "The Parliament of Bats," from the circumstance that ' In the original edition Mr. Baines states that since the reign of orders were sent to the members that they shoiild not wear sword.s, so Henry VI. "the value of money has in the me;mtime incremed UnfoU." they came to the Parliament, which met at Leicester, with long st.aves, The eiTor is in uaini? tho term " value " instead of ' ' nominal equivalent." and when these staves or bats were prohibited they had recourse to The truth is, that £5 in the reign of Henry VI, would have purchased 15 stones and leaden plummets. -C. quarters of wheat, which, for 20 years before 1707 (when Fleetwood wrote u , ?T: I''?'«'''=''*1 Parliament, m which it was enacted that all his Ckronicon Preciosum) cost «30. In other words, from Henry VI. to such knights of any county as were returned to the Parliament by virtue J707 the value of money had decreaml sixfold, instead of inamshw ten- of the kings letters, without any other election, should be good, .and fold. What is meant is, that the equivalent of £6 temn. Henry VI. was that no sheriff, for returning them, should incur the penalties therefor £30 in 1707-a sixfold increase in nominal amouut.-H. provided by the 23 Henry VI. The queen, Margaret of Anjou, and her ' Sir Robert Cotton's .\bridgemeiit, p. (i(>4. party earned all before them, from which circumst.anco, and the measures carried, it was called ParUuuLaUaiit, dkUjoUci'Jii. — 0. CHAP. VIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 133 •Edward IV.; 1 Richard III; 1, 3, 7, 11, and 12 lienrv VII • and ] 3 fi u 91 9s ^i qq j 37 Henry VIII. Fortunately a list of the Parhament 'of 21' HenryS'il'i. '('15 '-.S h as witMn recent years been found among Lord Denbigh's papers, which happily preserves the names of ha his oncal assembly, a^d this has been included in the Blue Boorreturns issued by oX of the House of Commons, March, 1878. Since the publication of that volume a discovery has been made of the greater part of the returns of Henry VIII.'s last Parhament, which was originally summoned to meet at Westminster, January 30, 1544-5, but by prorogation was adjourned to Westmhister October lo, 1.4.., thence by further prorogation to New WiSdsor, November 23, 1545, and by final writs to meet at Westminstei- instead of New Windsor, November 23, 1545. It was dissolved in consequence of the kmg s death, January 31 1546-7. From these recently-discovered documents we get the following returns of the members elected for Lancashire :— 11 w^"'"^ vnr Henricus Fai-yington, armiger, Andreas Barton, armiger (November 3 1529 ) 37 Henry ^ III Thomas Holoroft, miles, Johannes Kechyn, armiger.. (November 23 1515 ) From 1 Edvjard VI. (1547) to 16 Charles L (1640) the writs are regular, and the following are the members returned as knights of the shire for Lancashire :— ° 7 IrtZrd VI Thurston Tyldesley,Esq.--John Kecliyn, Esq (November 4, 1547.) 7l!.dwardVI Richard Houghton (m wlio.se place Robert Worsley, Knt. )—Tho. Butler, Esq (March 1 1553 ) I'^fl ^[cM Sherborne Knt.- John Rygmayden the Eider,'EsqV'y.y.'.'. (Ootober'5, 1553.) Ifary Tho. Stanley, Knt.—Tho. Langton, Knt fOctober 2 1 'i'ii ( If 2Ph lip and Mary Tho. Stanley Knt.-John Holfroft Knt. ....,.■.■.■.■.•■.■.■■.■.■ (November I'' 1554 1 2&3PhihpandMary Tho. Stanley, Knt.-Will. Stanley, Knt (oSr 21 1555 1 4 &5 Philip and Mary Tho. Talbot, Knt.-John Holcroft, sen., Knt .■.■.'■.'..■.'.■.'.'■.■.' (Januarv 2o' 1558) J?^''^.'? John Atherton, Knt.-Rob. Worseley, Knt (January 23! 1559.) 5 Ehzabeth Tho. Gerard, Knt.— John Southworth, Knt (Januarv 10 1563 ) 13 Elizabeth Tho. Butler-John Radcliffe, Esq. (1571 ) 14 Elizabeth John Radcliff, Esq.— Edm. Trafford, Esq., Master of the Rolls ... (May 8, 1572 ) 2/ Elizabeth Gilbert Gerard, Knt.— Rich. Molineux., of Sefton (November 23 1584) 28Elizabeth John Atherton, Esq.— Rich. Holland, Esq (October 15 1586 ) SlEUzabeth Tho. Gerard, son of Sir Gilbert Gerard, Knt.— Tho. Walmesley, „^^,. , ^, serjeant-at-law (November 12, 1588.) 35 Elizabeth Tho. Molineux, Knt.— Tho. Gerard, jun., Knt. (February 19 1593) 39 Elizabeth Tho. Gerard, jun., Knt., of Astley, Marshal of the Household.— Robt. Hesketh, Esq., of Rufforthe , (February 9 1598.) 43 Elizabeth Rich. Houghton, Knt.— Tho. Hesketh, Attorney of the Court of ' Wards (October 27, 1601.) 1 James I Rich. Molineux, Knt. — Rich. Houghton, Knt (March 13, 1604.) 12 James I Gilbert Houghton, Knt.— John Radcliff, Knt (April 5, 1614.)" 18 James I John Radcliff, Knt. — Gilbert Houghton, Knt (January 16, 1621.) 21 James I John Radcliff, Knt. — Tho. Walmesley, Knt (February 12, 1624.) 1 Charles I Rich. Molineux, Bart.— John Radcliff, Knt (May 17, 1625.) 1 Charles I Rob. Stanley, Esq.— Gilbert Houghton, Knt (February 6, 1626.) 3 Charles I Rich. Molineux, Knt. and Bart.— Alex. Radcliff, Knight of the Bath (March 17, 1628.) 16 Charles I Gilbert Houghton, Knt. and Bart.— Will, ffarrington, Esq (April 13, 1640.)^ 16 Charles I Ralph Ashton, Esq. — Roger Kirkby, Esq. — Rich. Houghton, Esq., mce Roger Kirkby, disabled to serve (Novembers, 1640.)^ In 15 Henry VIII. (1523) Sir Thomas More, then chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, held the office of speaker of the House of Commons. The learned chancellor's connection with the duchy has led to the mistake that he represented Lancashire in Parliament, and consequently that this county has had the honour to supply a member to the speaker's chair ; but this is an error. In 1 Edward VI. (1547) writs of parliamentary summons were issued to Lancaster, Preston, Liverpool, and Wigan ; and each of these places at that period, if not earlier, resumed, by royal authority, the elective franchise. Queen Elizabeth, in the first year of her Majesty's reign, made a further accession to the Lancashire boroughs by the addition of Newton and Clitheroe ; and all these six boroughs regularly returned members to Parliament from that time until the passing of the Reform Act of 1832, when Newton was disfranchised and Clitheroe deprived of one member ; but by the same Act it was provided that two members should be given respectively to Manchester, Oldham, Bolton, and Blackburn, and one each to Salford, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bury, Rochdale, and Warrington. ' Prior to the meeting of this Parliament certain of the King's ^ "The Long Parliament," which many thought " would never have ministers, among them Bacun and Somerset, undertook to manage tlie had a beginning, and afterwards that it would never have had an end." Commons so as to secure tlie passing of the votes desired. The promise When the members were about to meet, on the 6th December, 1G4S, became known out of doors, and the ministers, in consequence, were Colonel Pride sarrounded the House with two regiments, and excluded 160 nick -named "undertakers." It was summoned in the expectation that members. *' Pride's Purge," as it was called, was followed by the arbitrary it would grant supplies, but instead of this the members insisted on the act of Cromwell, who, on the 20th April, 1G53, violently dispersed the previous discussion of grievances, and as it proved obdurate, it was members, and called upon Col. Charles Worsley, afterwards member for dissolved on the 7th June, without having passed a single hill, and from Manchester, who had command of the soldiery, to "take away the baiible." this circumstance was called " The Addled Parliament."— C. After many vicissitudes, in which fragments of this Parliament were 2 Called "The Short Parhament," from its being dissolved after a called together again and again for special purposes, the appearance of Eossion of three weeks —C. legal dissolution was given by a bill for "Dissolving the Parliament begun and holden at Westminister, 3rd of November, lliiO, and that the day of dissolution shah be from this day, March 16th, 1659 " (-60).— C. 134 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. oiiap. vitt. It appears that nomination boroughs were perfectly familiar so early as the reign of Elizabeth ; and it is probable that both Newton and Clitheroe always partook of this character; but the most flagrant instance of the kind upon record in these early times is to be found in a bundle of returns of parliamentary writs in 14 Queen Elizabeth (157:2), which, thouo-h unconnected Avith the county of Lancaster, may not inaptly be introduced in this place. The document is in the chapel of the Rolls, and is expressed in the following terms : — " To all Christian people to whom this present Writing shall come : I, Dame Dorothy Packington, widow, late wife of Sir John Packington, Kt., Lord and Owner of the Town of Aylesbury, send greeting. Know ye Me, the said Dame Dorothy Packington, to have chosen, named, and appointed my trusty and well-beloved Thomas Litchfield and George Burden, Esqrs. to be my Burgesses of my said town of Aylesbury. And whatsoever the said Thomas and George, Burgesses, shall do in the Service of the Queen's Highness in that present Parliament, to be holden at Westminster the Eighth day of May next ensuing the Date hereof, I, the same Dorothy Packington, do ratify and approve to be my own Act, as fully and wholly as if I were or might be present there. In WITNESS whereof, to these presents I have set my Seal this Fourth Day of May, in the Fourteenth Year of the Reigu of our Sovereign Lady Elizabeth, by the Grace of God, of England, France, and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, etc." In the 26th year of this queen's reign (1584) a very extraordinary claim was set up to parliamentary nomination by Sir Ralph Sadler, "a knight of noted virtue," in respect of his office of chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, which was no less than the right to nominate both the members to represent the borough of Leicester in Parliament. The account given in the archives of the borough of this claim, and of the manner in which it was disposed of, is as follows : — • " Nov. 12, 26 Eliz. — At a common hall, the sheriff's precept being read, and after that Sir Ralph Sadler's letter for nomination of both our burgesses, and other letters ; it is agreed, that Sir Ralph S;idler, knight, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, shall have the nomination of one of the burgesses ; who thereupon nominated Henry Skipwith, Esq. ; and the other chosen was Thomas Johnson, one of her Majesty's serjeants-at-arms ; and either of them promised to bear their own charges." On what authority the chancellor grounded his pretensions to nominate members for Leicester, except that it is within the duchy of Lancaster, does not appear, nor does it appear that any similar claim was ever made by any other chancellor, either before or since. It may be inferred from the corporation record that members began about this time to serve without wages ; and it is probable that the practice was gradually discontinued, till at length it wholly ceased. Commonwealth. The following are the names of the members for the county of Lancaster elected during the Commonwealth : — 1653. Will. West, John Sawry, Rob. Cunliss. (July 4.) [The name of " Praise God Barebone," occurs in this Parliament in the list of London members.] 1654. Rich. Holland, Gilbert Ireland, Rich. Standish, Will. Ashurst. (Sep. 3.) 1656. Sir Rich. Houghton, Bart. Col. Gilbert Ireland, Col. Rich. Holland, Col. Rich. Standish. (Sep 17.) 1658-9. George Book [ ? Rooke], Bart. ; Alex. Rigby, Esq. ( Jany. 27.) ' 11 Charles II.^ to 30 Victoria. The Parliament of 1G53 was a packed Parliament, returned by Cromwell, the Lord Protector, and consisted of only one hundred and twenty-one members, of whom one hundred and ten were for England, five each for Scotland and Ireland, and one for Wales. In 1654 the right of election was again partially restored, the number of members being augmented to four hun3.red, of whom two hundred and seventy were chosen by the counties ; the remainder were elected by London and other considerable corporations and towns, Manchester and Leeds being amongst the number. To the Parliament of 1653 neither Lancaster, Preston, Liverpool, Wigan, or Clitheroe sent any members, but the county returned three ; to those of 1654 and 1656 Lancaster, Preston, Liverpool, and Wigan sent each one member, and the county four. To the ParHament of 1658-9 Lancaster, Preston, Liverpool, Wwan, and Newton sent two members each, and the county two ; but no return was made for Clitheroe during the whole period of the Commonwealth. Though the Government professed to be popular, the elective franchise was very much abridged during this period, and an estate of two hundred pounds value was necessary to confer the rio-ht of votinc In other respects the elections were unobjectionable except that all those who had carried" arms against the Parliament, as well as their sons, were prohibited from voting at the elections. CromJSi' "bl*L°^rac?'j;f Ood V^"r?fT^f'« !'^?,''^""= "^ ^khard privilege ; Manchester, Leeds, Halifax ceased to retm-n members; audtho EnXnd Scoaind aS IreHnd and the dm^^ ° "2"°'^ "^ "''"''^ ^^= =^8'''° '"""^d to two Icnights. Macaulay s;vys the It l?a^ a uniaue chapter for w^^^^^ belonging. chango was extremely popular, ,9 being the Restoration of a system CHAP. vni. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. I5.j presenf timV:^ ^''''^^*' ""^ *^' '^''' ^""^ ^^'' '°""*^ °^ Lancaster, from the Restoration to the Sir Roger Bradshaw Edward Stanley. The same The same. Peter Bold Charles Gerrard. Charles Gerard Sir Charles Hoghton. bir Charles Houghton The same. Sir Roger Eradshaw James Holt. Lord Brandon Sir Charles Houghton. James Stanley, Charles, Lord Brandon., Ralph Assheton, vice Chas. Lord Brandon, called to Upper House _, as Earl of Macclesfield. Tne same The same. The same Fitton Garrerd. ^he same Robert Bold. The same The same. Tliesame The same. The same Richard Shuttleworth of Gaw- thorpe. The same The same. The same The same. Sir John Bland, of Hulme The same. The same The same. The same The same. Sir Edward Stanley The same. The same The same. Lord Strange The same. The same The same. The same Peter Bold of Bold. The same James Shuttleworth. J. Smith (Lord Strange) James Shuttleworth, Esq. The same Lord Arch. Hamilton. Richard L. V. Molyneux Sir Thomas Egerton, Bart. Edward Smith Stanley (Lord Stanley).. The same. Hon. Thomas Stanley, vice Edward Smith Stanley, called to the Upper House. Thomas Stanley, of Cross Hall, Esq., vice Thomas Stanley, deceased. The same SirThomasEgerton,Bart.,ot Heaton The same John Blaokburne, Esq., of Hale. The same The same. The same The same. The same The same. The same The same. The same ... The same. The same The same. Lord Stanley „ The same. The same The same. The same The same. The same j The same. The same John Wilson Patten, Esq. The same Benjamin Hey wood, Esq. Of all the old Lancashire boroughs Liverpool may be said to have risen most into eminence ; and for this distinction it seems indebted rather to the local advantages of its marine situation than to its chartered privileges. Preston has at all times occupied a high station amongst the towns of the county ; but for several centuries it was perfectly stationary in its wealth and population ; and it was not till its corporate restrictions were materially relaxed that it began to increase in either. The other old boroughs of the county have not undergone any material changes in the lapse of ages, while a number of the other towns of Lancashire have sprung into existence and been increasing within the last century in a ratio altogether unexampled. For many years, and indeed for some ages before the Reform Act of 1832, the political character of the county representation displayed itself in a division of the return of members between the Stanley family, as the head of the Whig party, and the Blackburnes, of Hale Hall, as representing the Tory interest ; but at the general election in 1831 the disposition of the county in favour of the then pending reform bill (of which the most conspicuous features were its disfranchising the decayed boroughs, and conferring the elective franchise on many of the populous unrepresented towns of the county) was so strong, that this tacit arrangement was no longer acted upon, but two members were returned, both of them in favour of the new system. That " poverty and debility," which for so long a period induced the inhabitants of all the parliamentary boroughs in the county of Lancaster to suffer their elective rights to sink into abeyance now no longer exists, but has given place to an amount of wealth and population which fully entitles most of its boroughs and several other towns in the county to send their repre- sentatives to the national councils. By the provisions of the Reform Act of 1832, 2 Will. IV 12 Charles II 1660. 13 Charles II 1661 29 Charles II 1678! 81 Charles II 1679 S3 Charles II I68l! 1 James II 168.5. 8 James II 1688. 2 "William and Mary 1690. 7 William III 1695 10 William III 1698 12 William III i7oi' 13 William III 1701. 1 Anne 1702. 4 Anne 1705. 7 Anne 1708. 9 Anne 1710. 12 Anne 1713.' 1 George 1 1715. 8 George 1 1722. 1 George II 1727. 3 George II 1734. 15 George II 1741. 21 George II 1747. 27 George II 1754. 1 George III 1761. 2 George III 1762. 8 George III 1768. 15 George III 1774. 21 George III 1780. 24 George III 1784. 30 George III 1790. 36 George III 1796. 41GeorgeIII 1801. 42 George III 1802. 46 George III 1806. 47 George III 1807. 53 George III 1812. 58 George III 1818. 1 George IV 1820. 7 George IV 1826. 1 William IV 1830. : WiUiam IV 1831. 136 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. VIII. cap. 45, passed 7th June, the representation of the county of Lancaster and its boroughs stood thus : — „ , Members. Lancaster, Preston, Liverpool, and Wigan (2 members each, and unaltered) 8 Newton (disfranchised) Clitheroe, instead of two members, to return 1 Lancashire, instead of two members, to return — North Lancashire 2 South Lancashire ■ 2 New Boroughs. Manchester 2 Ashton-under-Lyne 1 Bolton-le-Moors 2 Blackburn 2 Bury 1 Oldham 2 Rochdale • • • • ^ Salfbrd 1 Warrington 1 26 Before the Reform Act, Lancashire and its boroughs returned 14 members to Parliament ; so that the increased number for the county and boroughs by that Act was 12, or nearly double. Members Elected since the Passing of the Eepobm Act, 1832. Since the passing of the Reform Act in 1832, there have been fourteen Parliaments, the general elections for which were in December 1832, January 1835, August 1837, July 1841, August 1847, July 1852, March 1857, April 1859, July 18G5, November 1868, February 1874, April 1880, November 1885, and July 1886. The first two of these Parliaments were in the reign of William IV., the last twelve in that of her present Majesty ; and the Parliament elected in July, 1886, is styled the twelfth Parliament of Queen Victoria. As in 1832 a new Parliamentary era commenced, we give the numbers of registered electors in 1832 and 1865, and the number of votes polled for each candidate at every contested election. By the Reform Act the county of Lancaster was separated into two divisions for representative and electoral purposes, usually termed North and South Lancashire. Lancashire, North (Two Members). Electors in 1832, 6,593— in 1865, 13,006. Elections. 1832, Dec. Eight Hon. E. G. Stanley (L) John Wilson Patten (C) On Mr. Stanley becoming Colonial Secretary ■ 1833, March. Right Hon. E. G. Stanley (L) 1835, Jan. Lord Stanley (L) John Wilson Patten (C) 1837, Aug. LordStanley (L) Elections. 1832, Dec. Lancashire, South (Two Members). Electors in 1832, 10,039— in 1865, 21,555. (C) (C) (C) (C) John Wilson Patten . 1841, July. Lord Stanley John AVilson Patten On Lord Stanley again becoming Colonial Secre- tary : 1841, Sept. Lord Stanley On LordStanley'sacceptingtheChiltern Hundreds and being then created a peer : 1844, Sept. J. Talbot Clifton (Protec.) 1847, Aug. J. Wilson Patten (C) James Heywood (L) 1852, July. John Wilson Patten .'.,' (C) James Heywood (L) 1857, March. John AMlson Patten (C) Lord Cavendish (L) 1859, April. John Wilson Patten (C) Marquis of Hartington (L) 1865, July. John Wilson Patten (C) Marquis of Hartington (L) On Mr. Patten accepting the Chancellorship of the Duchy of Lancaster : 1867, July. John Wilson Patten (C) 1835, Jan, 1837, Aug. 1841, July. 1844, 1846. 184?; ]847, 1852, 1857, George W. Wood Viscount Molyneux Sir T. Hesketh, Bart Lord Francis Egerton Hon. R. Bootle Wilbraham Viscount Molyneux George W. Wood Lord F. Egerton Hon. R. Bootle Wilbraham Edward Stanley Charles Towneley Lord Francis Egerton Hon. R. Bootle Wilbraham On decease of Mr. Wilbraham : May. William Entwisle William Brown On Lord Francis Egerton becoming Earl of Ellesmere : June. William Brown Aug. William Brown Hon. C. P. Villiers On Mr. Villiers electing to sit for Wolver- hampton : Dec. Alexander Henry July. William Brown John Cheetham March. William Brown John Cheetham (L) 5694 (L) 5576 (C) 3082 (C) 5620 (C) 4729 (L) 4626 (L) 4394 (C) 7822 (C) 7645 (L) 6676 (L) 6044 (C) (C) (C) 7571 (L) 6973 (L) (L) (L) (L) (L) (L) (L.) (L) CHAP. VIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 137 7470 6983 6835 6753 9714 Elections. Lancashire, South — con. 1865, July. Hon. Algernon F. Egerton (G) 9167 Charles Turner (C) 8801 Right. Hon. W. E. Glladetone (L) 8786 William John Legh (C) 8476 H. Yates Thompson (L) 7703 James P. Heywood (L) 7653 Meeting. Lancasliire, South — con. 1859, April. Hon. Algernon F. Egerton (C) "William John Legh (C) John Cheetham (L) J. Pemberton Heywood (L) A third seat having been granted to this constituency : 1861,. Aug. Charles Turner (LC) John Cheetham (L) Under the provisions of the Representation of the Reople Act, 1867, the county was divided into four separate constituencies, viz.. North, North-east, South-east, and South-west Lancashire, two representatives being assigned to each. By the same Act an additional member each was given to Liverpool, Manchester, and Salford; Lancaster was deprived of its two representatives (for bribery),_ one each being given to Burnley and Stalybridge, the last-named borough being partly in Lancashire and partly in Cheshire. _ After the passing of the Representation of the People Act, 1867, the elections for the several divisions of the county were as under : — 1874, Feb. (C) (C) (L) (C) Electimis. North Lancashire : 1868, Nov. Capt. Hon. Fredk. A. Stanley Rt. H©n. John Wilson-Patten Marquis of Hartington Capt. Hon. F. A. Stanley, Unopposed Et. Hn. J. Wilson-Patten, Unopposed (C) Oh Mr. Wilson-Patten being created Baron AVinmarleigh, a new writ was issued : 1874, March. Thomas Henry Clifton, Unopposed . 1880, April. Right Hon. Fredk. A. Stanley Major-Gen. Eandle Joseph Feilden... Thomas Storey (C) (C) (C) (L) North-East Lancashire : 1868, Nov. 1874, Feb. 1880, April. Elections. South-East Lancashire : 6832 1868, Nov. Hon. Algernon Fulke Egerton (U) 8290 6681 John Snowdon Henry (G) 8012 6296 Eight Hon. Frederick Peel (L) 7024 Henry Yates Thompson (L) 6953 1874, Feb. Lieut.-Gol. Hon. Algernon F. Egerton (C) 9187 Edward Hardcastle (G) 9015 Peter Rylands (L) 7464 John Edward Taylor (L) 7453 8^72 1880, April. Robert Leake (L) 11313 7505 WilliamAgnew (L) 11291 geoo Hon. Algernon Fulke Egerton (G) 10569 Edward Hardcastle (G) 10419 Sowlh- West Lancashire : 3612 1868, Nov. Richard Assheton Cross (G) 7729 3594 Charles Turner (C) 7676 3463 Rt. Hon. Wm. Ewart Gladstone (L) 7415 3441 Henry R. Grenfell (L) 6939 4578 1874, Feb. Richard Assheton Cross, Unopposed (G) 4488 Charles Turner, Unopposed (G) 4401 On the death of Mr. Charles Turner, a new 4297 writ was issued : 6682 1 875, Nov. Col. John Ireland Blackburne, Unop. (G) 6513 1880, April. Rt. Hon. Sir E. A. Cross, G.C.B. ... (G) 11420 5231 Colonel John Ireland Blackburne ... (C) 10905 5183 William Rathbone (L) 96.i6 Hon. Henry H. Molyneux (L) 9207 Under the Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885 (48 and 49 Vic. c. 23), the distribution of seats was changed, and the aggregate representation increased from 33 to 57 members. Under its pro- visions the borough of Clitheroe ceased to return a member, and became merged in its division of the county ; the borough of Wigan was deprived of one member, and an increased number of repre- sentatives was given to the boroughs of Liverpool (six), Manchester (three), and Salford (one) ; and Barrow-in-Furness and St. Helens were created parliamentary boroughs with one member each. The county now returns 23 members, viz., one each for the North Lonsdale, Lancaster,^ Blackpool, and Chorley divisions of North Lancashire ; one each for the Darwen, Clitheroe, Accrington, and Rossendale divisions of North-east Lancashire ; one each for the Westhoughton, Heywood, Middle- ton, Radclifie-cum-Farnworth, Eccles, Stretford, Gorton, and Prestwich divisions of South-east Lancashire ; and one each for the Southport, Ormskirk, Bootle, Widnes, Newton, Ince, and Leigh divisions of South-west Lancashire. The boroughs return 34 members, viz., Liverpool (nine), Man- chester (six), Salford (three), Blackburn, Bolton, Oldham, and Preston (two each) ; and Ashton- under-Lyne, Barrow-in-Furness, Burnley, Bury, Rochdale, St. Helens, Warrington, and Wigan (one each). Since the passing of the Act the elections for the several divisions of the county have been as follows : — James Maden Holt (C) J. P. Chamberlain Starkie (C) Sir Ughtred Jas. Kay-Shuttleworth . (L) William Fenton.... (L) James Maden Holt (G) J. P. Chamberlain Starkie (C) Sir Ughtred Jas. Kay-Shuttleworth . (L) Lord Edward Cavendish (L) Marquis of Hartington (L) Frederick William Grafton ( L) William Farrer Ecroyd (C) J. P. Chamberlain Starkie (C) Elections. Div. North Lancashire. Elections. 1885, Nov. North Lonsdale. W. G. Ainslie (C) 4168 1885, Nov. (one) Sir Farrer Herschell ... (L) 8941 1886, July. W. G. Ainslie (C) 4063 1886, July. W. M. Edmunds (GL) 3263 19 Div. North Lancashire— con. Lancaster Major G. B. H. Marton (C) 4387 J. G. M'Coan (L) 3530 J. Williamson (GL) 3886 Col. G. B. H. Marton... (C) 3691 138 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. VIIL Electimis. Dir. North Lancashire — con. 1885, Nov. Blackpool Colonel Rt. Hon. Fredk. A. Stanley, Unop. ... (C) 1886, July. Colonel Rt. Hon. Fredk. A. Stanley, Unop. ... (C) Accepted the Chiltern Hundreds on being created a peer. 1886, Aug. Blackpool Sir Matthew AVhite Ridley, Bart (C) 6263 J. 0. Pilkington (GL) 2513 1885, Nov. Chorley Lieut.-Gen.R. J.Feilden (C) 5867 H.Wright (L) 2808 1886, July. Lieut.-Gen. Randle J. Feilden, Unopposed . (C) Smith-East Lancashire — con. North-East Lancashire 1885, Nov. 1886, July. 1885, Nov. 1886, April. Darwen Vi.%count Cranborne ... John Gerald Potter ... Viscount Cranborne . . . John Slagg Clitheroe Sir Ughtred Jas. Kay- Shuttleworth J. 0. S. Thursby Sir U. J. Kay-Shuttle- worth On appointment as Chancellor of the Duchj' of Lancaster re-elected unopposed. 1886, July. Clitheroe Sir U. J. Kay-Shuttle- wortb, Unopposed ... 1885, Nov. Accrington F.W.Grafton R. T. Hermon Hodge... R. T. Hermou Hodge... Joseph F. Leese 1885, Nov. Rossendale Marquis of Hartington W. Farrer Ecroy d Marquis of Hartington Thomas Newbiggiug . . . 1886, July 1886, July. (C) 5878 (L) 5873 1886, July. (C) 6085 (GL) 5350 (L) 6821 1885, Nov. (C) 4462 (L) 1886, July. 1885, Nov. 1886, July. (GL) (L) 5320 (G) 4842 (C) 4971 1885, Nov. 1886, July. 1885, Nov. (GL) 4751 (L) 6060 (C) 4228 (LU) 5399 (GL) 3949 1886, July. 1885, Nov. South-East Lanc^(shire : 1885, Nov. Weethoughton.. Frank Hardcastle (C) 6011 E. Cross (L) 3741 1886, July. F. Hardcastle, Unop. ... (C) 1885, Nov. Heywood Isaac Hoyle (L) 4533 J. Kenyon (C) 3955 1886, July. IsaacHoyle (GL) 4206 J. Grant Lawson (0)3962 1885, Nov. Middleton Colonel Salis Schwabe . (L) 5882 ,„„„ ^, T. Fieldeu (C) 4885 1886, July. T. Fielden (0)5126 0. H. Hopwood, Q.C.... (GL) 4808 Elections. Div. 1885, Nov. Radcliflfe-cum- / Robert Leake (L) 5092 Farnworth ( W. W. B. Hulton (0)4579 1886, July. Robert Leake (GL) 4695 Sir Fredk. Milner, Bart. (C) 4569 1885, Nov. Ecoles Hon. A. G. J. Egerton.. (C) 4559 Vernon Kirk Armitage. (L) 4312 1886, July. Hon. A. G.J. Egerton.. (0)4277 Ellis D. Gosling (GL) 3985 1885, Nov. Stratford William Agnew (L) 4860 J. W. Maclure (C) 4676 1886, July. J. W. Maclure (0)4750 William Agnew (GL) 4011 1885, Nov. Gorton Richard Peacock (L) 5300 T>. J. Flattely (C) 3552 1886, July. Richard Peacock CGL) 4592 Vist. Grey de Wilton... ' (0) 4135 1885, Nov. Prestwich Abel Buckley (L) 5414 R. G. C. Mowbray (C) 4686 R. G. C. Mowbray (0) 4843 Abel Buckley (GL) 4704 South- West Lancashire : Southport G. A. Pilkington, M.D.. (L) 3741 J. E. Edwardes-Moss ... (C) 3581 Hon. 6. N. Curzon (C) 3723 G. A. Pilkington (GL) 3262 Ormskirk A. B. For wood (0)5133 Professor J. P. Sheldon (L) 2343 A. B. Forwood, Unop... (C) Bootle Col. T. M. Sandys (0) 6715 S. H. Whitbread (L) 3915 Col. T. M. Sandys, Unop. (0) Widnes T. C. Edwardes-Moss ... (C) 4527 E. K. Muspratt (L) 2650 T. C. Edwardes-Moss ... (C) 3719 A. Birrell (GL) 2927 Newton Et. Hon. Sir Richard A. Cross, G.C.B (C) 4414 Col. M'Corquodale (L) 4031 1886, July. Rt. Hon. Sir Richard A. Cross, G.C.B (0) 4302 Sir Geo. Errington, Bt. (GL) 3486 Sir R A. Cross accepted the Chiltern Hun- dreds on being created a peer. 1886, Aug. Newton Thos. Wodehouse Legh (C) 4062 D. O'C. French (GL) 3355 1885, Nov. Ince Colonel Blundell (0)4271 C. McL. Percy (L) 3725 1886, July. Colonel Blundell (C) 43C8 G. P. Taylor (GL) 322S 1885, Nov. Leigh Caleb Wright (L) 4621 Lees Knowles (0)3275 1886, July. Caleb Wright (GL) 3297 AV. H. Myers (0) 3134 CHAPTER IX. Lancashire History iu the Reign of Edward Ill.-Pestilence-Creation of the First Duke of Lancaster-Heavy Imposts on the People of the Duchy-Death of the First Duke of Laucaster-His Will and Possessions-Administration of the First Duke, from the Rolls of the Duchy— Renewal of the Dukedom iu the person of John of Gaunt-The Franchise of jura regalia confirmed, and extended in favour of the Duke of Lancaster-Continuance of the Royal Bounty to the House of Lancaster — a.d. 1327 to 1379. NE of the most spirit-stirring periods in the early annals of Lancashire is that comprehended in the long reign of Edward III., at which, in the order of our history, we have now arrived. In this reign, the estates of the House of Lancaster, forfeited by the defection of the head of that house, were restored and augmented; the ducal dignity was conferred upon Henry, the first Duke of Lancaster, and the second duke created in England ; the county was erected into a palatinate jurisdiction, with jura regalia; and John of Gaunt, the distin- guished ornament of the ducal house, flourished in princely splendour in the exercise of regal functions. To add to the interest of this portion of our history, the public records of the kingdom abound with authentic materials; and our difficulty has arisen, not from the deficiency, but from the redundancy of those materials, which, being too copious to be published in detail, can only be presented in selection, and often by close abridgement. One of the first acts of Edward III., on ascending the throne, was to relax the severity of those decrees under which Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, by the advice of the vindictive Despensers, had been doomed to the block, and the estates of the earl, as well as of his followers, to confiscation. Edmvind de Nevill, by petition laid before the king in council, humbly represented that at the command of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, in whose service he was, he had arrayed certain persons to arrest Hugh le Despenser and others of the counsellors of the late king, for which offence he had been fined one hundred marks ; of this fine he had paid thirty marks into the exchequer, which he prayed might be accepted in discharge of his fine, and which request the king was pleased graciously to grant.' An order from his majesty in council to the sheriff of Lancashire, issued in 1327, directs that the lands of Sir Robert de Holand, Richard de Holland, and others, who had been engaged in the quarrel of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, against the Despensers, should be restored and delivered into their hands ; and the king, by the assent of Parliament, ordered writs to be directed to the treasurer and barons of the exchequer for releasing from fines and confiscation those who had joined Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, against his majesty's deceased father, in the battle of Boroughbridge.^ Sir Robert de Holland, who married Maud, one of the two daughters and co-heirs of Alan, Lord la Zouche, great-grandson of King Henry II., by the Fair Rosamond de Clifford, had filled many positions of trust. He fought in the wars in Scotland in 1303, served the office of Chief Justice of Chester and of Wales, with the custody of the king's castles of Chester, Rhuddlan, and Flint, as well as that of Beeston, was held in great esteem by the Earl of Lancaster, who appointed him his secretary, and for his services bestowed upon him divers manors and extensive tracts of land in Lancashire and elsewhere.^ When the earl made a second attempt to remove the Despensers from the royal councils, Sir Robert was despatched into Lancashire to raise a body of men to support the earl's enterprise, and to join him with the levy on the banks of the Trent, where, at Burton Bridge, he had placed a body of men to prevent the king's forces crossing the river. At Burton the earl found himself outmanoeuvred, and was obliged to retreat' north- wards to Boroughbridge, where a battle was fought which ended fatally for the insurgent army. » 1 Edw. in. (132r), p. 1. m. 21, Turr. Lond. 2 Tbe roll of the battle of Boroughbridge, in poasesBion of C. W. W. Wynn, Esq , published in Division II. of the Parliamentary Writs, and Writs of Summons (Append. 188), serves to show the extent of this rebellion and the quality of the rebels. No fewer than three hundred and fifty barons and knights had arrayed themselves under the banners of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, in this memorable insurrection, of whom many were killed or taken prisoners, exclusive of a great number of knights of somewhat inferior note, who were captured, and their lands confiscated by Edward II., but principally restored by his successor. ' Among the muniments preserved in the Record Office ia an exem- plification of a grant from Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, Ac, to Hobprt de Holland of divers lands, Ac, viz., the manor of Yoxhale, with the advowson- the manners Tongetwiatle (Tintwistle) and Motteram m Longedendale, with the advowson of Motteram : the manner of Brough- ton, in the county of Bucks ; the mannor of Westderby, nere Liverpoole, with the demesnes of Croxtath ; and tbe manners of Torisholme and Kellett, with the bailiwick of Lonesdale, Fournaya (Furness) and Kert- mell (Cartmel), and Forester (ship) in Ccmi. Lane. ; the lands in the Hope, nere Manchester, and the bailiwick of Salford ; with a release of severall manners and advowsons in the county of Northampton (Division xxv., T> g\ Q * The king crossed the Trent at Walton, lower down the river than Burton, and by this means turned the earl's flank, compelling him to retreat across the Dove, a movement that was executed in such haste that the army chest, containing 100,000 silver pieces, fell into the river, where it remained for fully five centuries, having been fished up so recently as the year 1831. — C. 140 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. ix. The earl was captured and beheaded a day or two afterwards at Pontefract, but Sir Robert, who had surrendered, escaped the penalty of death, though the whole of his vast possessions were confiscated to the crown, as were also those of his kinsmen, "Johannes de Holand" and "Ricardus de Holand," who' had shared in the rebellious enterprise, and so remained until the accession of Edward III, when, with the assent of Parliament, their respective estates were ordered to be re-delivered into their hands. But the consummation of all this clemency was in the reversal of the attainder, and the cessation of all proceedings against Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, on the petition of his brother and heir, Henry, the now earl, to whom all the estates forfeited by his deceased brother were restored by a special act of grace, dated the 3rd of March, 1328. The order of restoration of the lands, profits, castle and honor of Lancaster to Henry, Earl of Lancaster, is directed to John de Lancaster, warden or keeper of the honor of Lancaster ; Geofrey de Werburton, sheriff of Lancaster ; Edmund de Assheby, keeper of the fees of the honor of Lancaster ; and to the various other officers of that honor.^ As if it had been intended to propitiate the manes of the deceased earl, a brief was issued from York to Robert de Weryington, clerk, enabling him to collect alms in various parts of the kingdom to defray the cost of the erection of a chapel, to be built on the site where Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, had been recently beheaded. The war with Scotland still continued, and the incursions of the Scots exposed the inhabitants of the northern counties of England to the most severe' suffering. The young king, anxious to avenge the wrongs committed upon his subjects, placed himself at the head of his army; to increase which he directed his mandate to the commissioners of array" of cavalry and infantry in the county of Lancaster, announcing that the Scots were preparing to invade the kingdom, and ordering them to prepare with arms all the men in the county, between the ages of sixteen and sixty, to join the king at Durham.^ The Scots had driven Edward II. from the very gates of Edinburgh, and out of Scotland, and pursued him with such activity into his own kingdom that he narrowly escaped falling into their hands. Emboldened by their successes they advanced to Avithin twenty miles of York, plundering the towns and abbeys and laying waste the country on their way. After his deposition an attempt was made, on the night of the coronation of the young King Edward III., to surprise and take Norham Castle, a fortified stronghold on the English side of the Tweed, and immediately afterwards a formidable invasion of England was planned by Bruce. In June (1327), an army of twenty-four thousand men, under Randolph, Earl of Moray, and Lord Douglas, assembled on the marches, crossed the border, and ravaged Cumberland. The young Edward, with a precocious heroism, put himself at the head of a great army of English knights and archers, and of foreign soldiers under John of Hainhault, which had assembled at York ; on the 1.5th July he was at Durham, and immediately moved forward in pursuit of the enemy, whose track was discernable by the smoke of burning villages in the defiles of that mountainous country. Froissart gives a vivid description of this his first journey against the Scots, marching "through marshes and savage deserts, mountains and dales," looking in vain for the enemy, and eventually compelled to give up the pursuit in despair, when he returned to Durham, and thence to York. This was the first lesson in warfare of the great Edward, and it is recorded that he wept when he found that the enemy had silently escaped by a night march, and that he was circumvented by the skill of an army inferior in numbers.^ The effect of this expedition was, hoAvever, to free the coiuitry from the invaders ; and the death of Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, which occurred on the 7th of June, 1329, prevented any further active hostility between the two countries for some years. At this time the county of Lancaster was much disturbed; large bodies of armed men assembled in the hundreds of Salford and West Derby, to the alarm of the peaceable inhabitants, and the insecurity of their property and lives. To put an end to this state of things, the Idng addressed_ his warrant (in 1328) to the sheriff of Lancashire, commanding him to make public proclamation that whoever should in future assemble in this Avay would be subject to imprison- ment and the loss of their arms.'' This measure does not appear to have had the desired effect. It Avas found necessary in 1329 to appoint a commission, consisting of John de Haryngton, Thomas de Lathom, Richard de Houghton, Richard de Kigheley, and Gilbert de Warburton, as guardians of the public peace. In the proclamation by Avhich this commission was accompanied it is stated that great multitudes of vagabonds and others assemble illegally together, by day and by night, ' 2 Edw. in. p. 1. m. 18. Turr Loud. » Rot. Scot. 1 Edw. UI. m. 4. Turr. Lond. llumo erroneously attirms that the " first commission ot array which •> Among the " Chamberlains' and Ministers' Accounts (Lancashire),' we meet with in English history" was that of Henry V., before his in the Eecord Office, is an "Account of Robert de Holand (1 Edw. III., departure for 1 ranee to engage in the memorable battle of Agincourt 1327), late justiciary, ot expenses in wages, &o., incurred under the (141.5). Ihis commission, which marks an important revohition in the King's Writs of Privy Seal, and arranged under the heads of wages paid miJitary system ot lingland, for it was no loss than a substitution of a to carpenters and others In the Castle, costs of carters and carts, costs of national milltia lor the ancient feudal force of armed retainers under the sailors' apparel, and purveyance of the king towards Scotland.— command and banner of their respective lords, is traceable as far back as « Claua. 2 ISdw. III. m. 20 d. Turr. Lond. the reign of Henry II., but it was not until later, and after much com- plaint, that the form of the commission was settled by statute — C CHAP. IX. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 141 watching the passes through woods and other places, both public and private, and that these banditti waylay travellers beating wounding, and abusing them; killing some of them, maimin^ others, and robbing all of them of their property. The functions of the guardians of the pTce were very extensive ; they were no less than the powers of inquiring into offences, and of correctincr and punishing the offenders at their own discretion. While the government were punishing thS outrages of the lawless, they were not unmindful of the oppressions and delinquencies practised bv their own servants; and hence we find that in 1330 a wrft was issued by the king's authority to the sherittot Lancashire reciting that, in consequence of the representation that divers oppres- sions and hardships had been inflicted on the inhabitants by men in authority, he was to make proclamation that whoever had suffered oppression and injustice, contrary to the laws and usa^os ot the rea,lm, should make known their grievances to the next Parliament through the two knights of the shire to be sent from this county to that Parliament.i The country was now threatened with a fresh war. The regency, by which the Scotch nation was governed during the minority of the prince, declined to recognise the claims of Edward Baliol whose cause the English king had espoused, and taillage was levied of a fifteenth, to enable him to carry on the war, of which William de Denum, Thomas de Banenburgh, and Robert de Tughole were appointed the assessors m the northern counties of Lancaster, Northumberland, Cumberland' THE OLD BRIDGE, BEKWICK, BETWEEN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND. and Westmorland ; while Henry de Percy was appointed warden of the marches. The demands upon Lancashire were not confined to money : a levy of four hundred archers and one hundred hobelers, very strong and able-bodied men, fully accoutred, was required from this county, and John de Denum, Edward Nevil, and Robert de Shireburn, Avere appointed to array the levy.^ At the same time a writ of summons was addressed to Henry, Earl of^ Lancaster, directing him to join the king at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on the Feast of the Holy Trinity (Sunday, June 14, 1332). In the meantime, the Scotch forces had penetrated into the northern counties, and spread so much alarm by their homicides and devastations that a writ was issued to the sheriff of Lancashire, announcing that the king, for the protection of the inhabitants, permitted them to withdraw themselves, with their goods and cattle, out of the county into the southern parts of the kingdom, and there to remain, wherever they chose in the king's woods, forests, and pastures, during their pleasure, and to graze their cattle in the same without making any payment for so doing. It was also announced that similar commands had been given to the Bishop of Durham, and to the sheriffs of Northumberland, Nottingham, and Derby.^ Encouraged by the discontent of the English lords, many of whom claimed to own lands in Scotland, Edward Baliol made an attempt to recover the Scottish throne. There is good reason to believe that Edward approved of the enterprise, though he gave no aid, and even went so far as to forbid the passage of armed men through the northern ' Claus. 4 Edw. III. m. 18 d. Turr. Lend, ^ Pat. 6 Edw. in. p. 3, m. 18, Turr. Lend, > Claua. 7 Edw. III. p. 1. m. IS. Turr, lond- 142 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. ix. counties, a procedure that necessitated Baliol and his associates taking ship from the Humber. They landed on the coast of Fife in August, 1332 ; repulsed, with immense loss, an army which attacked them near Perth ; and on the 27th of the following month Baliol was crowned at Scone, when, in response to the demand of Edward, he acknowledged his sovereignty to be a fief held imder the crown of England. If his success had been rapid, his reverse was not less so, for his acknowledgement of the abandoned suzerainty proved fatal to himself, and he was at once driven from his relilm, and Berwick, which he had agreed to surrender, was strongly garrisoned. The kino-, who was then at Pontefract, at the head of a powerful army, on his way to the north, marched forward to Berwick, in which garrison the regent Douglas had fortified himself. After a protracted siege, a general battle ensued at Halidon Hill (July 19, 1333), in which Douglas, with many earls and barons, was .killed, and nearly thirty thousand of the Scots troops fell in the action, in which, according to Knyghton, the loss of the English amounted only to one knight, one squire, and thirteen private soldiers! — a loss, as the historian Hume observes, so small as almost to be incredible. The picturesque old border town of Berwick, which had been the scene of so many struggles, was surrendered, and at a Parliament at Edinburgh a large portion of the south of Scotland was annexed to England. The taillage, or tallage,^ collected in this reign, as mentioned above, was a kind of occasional property-tax. In the 11 Henry III. (1226-7) a taillage was made in Lancashire, which serves as a barometer by which to measure the relative importance of the principal towns of the county in the thirteenth century. The impost was assessed by "Master Alexander de Dorsete and Simon de Hal," and the payments were for — • The town of Lancaster [£8 The town of Liverpool [7 The town of West Derby [5 The town of Preston [10 13 14 1 Marks. s. d. 4] xiij 4] xj. vij. viii. 0] vij. vij. viii. 6] XV. ... vj. The tenants in thanage paid 10 marks (£6 13s. 4d.) to have respite, that they might not be taillaged.^ It is remarkable that neither Manchester nor Salford is mentioned in this early return to his Majesty's exchequer, and that Wigan, though one of the ancient boroughs of the county, is also omitted. On the marriage of the king's sister, Alionora, to the Earl of Gueldres, an order was issued to the abbot of Furness and to the priors of Bursoough, Upholland, and Hornby, as well aS to the abbot of Whalley and to the priors of Kertmell and Conigshead, requiring them to levy the subsidy on their respective houses, towards the maritagium, an impost of early times, which ceased with the feudal system.^ This order the priests were slow to obey, in consequence of which another letter was issued by the king from Pontefract, reminding them of their neglect, and ordering them to communicate their intention to the proper authority. No further documents appear on the subject ; and it may be presumed that this second application produced the desired effect. The abbot of Peterborough, in order to show his attachment to the king, and to secure the favour of the noble family whose influence at this time prevailed in his Majesty's councils, presented Edward with a splendid service of plate, amongst which was a silver-gilt cup with a scuchon, on which were engraved the arms of " Lancaster." The danger of invasion from the Scotch, which prevailed so frequently during the reign of Edward III., induced that monarch to issue an order to Robert de Shireburn and Edmund de Neville, directing them to enforce, in the county of Lancaster, the statute of Winton, for arming and arraying the inhabitants according to their respective estates in land.^ The Scots, who certainly deserved the praise of persevering patriotism, and, moreover, had justice on their side, were a cause ol unceasing anxiety to their English neighbours. The king's needs being urgent, he issued a warrant, dated at Nottingham, March 27th, 9th Edward III. (1335), to his beloved and faithful Thomas, Earl of Norfolk, Marshal of England, and to a great number of nobles, knights, and esquires (including William le Boteler, of Warrington, and others in Lancashire), reciting that in the Parliament lately holden in Westminster it was agreed by the peers and commons there assembled ' 'r?"'^?'^' o' .tolj^lf . ™ J, special contribution levied on the bur- chattels of the value of forty marks, shall keep armour, and provide gesses lor tne loras tieliaLt, in the same way that "aids" were exacted themselves with a haberject or habergeon (a steel or leather breastplate, by him 01 his land-tenants, and was after the nominal rate of 2s. 8d. in haberjonem), an iron cap, a sword, a cultel (dagger-knife), and a horse ; tion — o" ^°" "" '^^ charged in double propor- of ten pounds in land, and chattels value twenty marks, a habergeon, '" ivr" T? + -Ti TT TTT r. 4. 1 t sword, and cultcl ; of one hundred shillings in land, a purpoint, iron cap, - mag. KOI. 11 il- 111. Kot. 1 a. Lancastre. sword, and cultel ; of forty shillings in land and more, up to a hundred 4 Ti, ♦.-?'"' iTtI;'''! ?■ "• ^''"'^- shillings, a sword, a bow, arrows, and cultel; and he who had less than ^o=. iiq'*!?? 1 T „„o^f "r '■' "r"' ^inton, as it is commonly called, forty shillings in land, to be sworn to keep falchions, gisarms, knives, pa^eri Id Edward 1 (1286), enforced and extended the provisions of the and other smalUarms. The hand-gisarm was a short biU with serrated mh Henry II. (1181). It required that all persons between the ages of edges,— C. httceu and sixty, possessing fifteen pounds in land, or upwards and CHAP. IX. THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE. Uli that, "for the defence and safety of the Idngdom, the lands in the marches, and the people there" It was the king s duty to march against the Scots, and that with certain of his faithful subiects he had accordingly at a great cost repaired thither, and, " with the help of heaven," proposed to be at Newcastle-on-Tyne on Trinity Sunday next, with a great army, prepared to advance against the enemy and repress their malice ; wherefore he enjoined all his laithful subjects that, laying all excuses aside, they should be Avith him at the above time and place, prepared with horse and arms to move against the enemy.' Two years later (March 29th, 11 Edward III.) he issued another warrant from Westminster, addressed to his beloved and faithful "William le Boteler de Weryngton," and Thomas de Lathum, in which, after reciting that to keep the Scots in check a great body of archers was immediately required, he commanded the said William and Thomas, jointly and severally, to raise lifteen hundred archers in the county of Lancaster, and with all speed to march them at the king's expense to Scotland. England being again involved in war with France, the king determined to embark for the Continent, partly to direct its operations, but principally to animate by his presence that extensive confederacy _ which he had organised against Philip, the French king. This intention was announced in Lancashire by a writ directed to John de Haryngton, Edmund de Nevill, and Richard de Hoghton, knights, by which they Avere directed, along with other knights, to be in their proper persons " present before the king in council at Westminster, the day after Easter (1338), to hear what he had to expound to them for their conduct during his absence on most urgent business, in parts across the sea," and with the further purpose of receiving instructions to preserve the peace inviolate during his absence.' Although Parliaments had then been only very recently instituted upon the model of popular representation, the royal influence began already to exert itself to obtain the return of such members to the House of Commons as would best secure the king's purpose, by granting him large supplies out of the public revenue ; and this appears to have been the object of Edward in summoning these knights by the authority of his own writ. Though disliking the French war, the Parliament which was convened on the recommendation of this council (March 27, 1340) made a grant for two years of the ninth sheaf of corn, the ninth lamb, and the ninth fleece, on their estates ; from the citizens and burgesses, of a ninth of their goods and chattels, at the true value ; the like from the foreign merchants which dwelt not in cities or boroughs ; and of the people that dwelt in the forests, one fifteenth.'' The same Parliament also granted a duty of forty shillings on each sack of wool exported, on each three hundred woolfells, and on each last of leather, for the same term, declaring, however, that this grant was not to be dra-\vn into a precedent. But in order to facilitate the supply, and to meet the king's urgent necessities, they agreed that he should be allowed twenty thousand sacks of wool, the amount to be deducted from the movables when they were levied. Local treasuries became necessary as depositories for the sum collected in the respective counties, and the abbot of Furness accordingly received a command to provide a suitable house in his abbey for " the custody of the king's pence." A writ of summons was directed to the sheriff of Lancashire, ordering him to arrest the ships in the ports, and to man and equip them for action.^ With the fleet, consisting of two hundred and forty sail, principally collected in this way, the king set sail for Flanders on the 22nd of June, 1340, and the next day at evening gained the splendid victory, off the harbour of Sluys, over the navy of France, in which two hundred and thirty French ships were taken, and thirty thousand Frenchmen killed, along with their two admirals, while the loss of the English was comparatively inconsiderable." The day after the victory, Edward proceeded to Ghent, where he found that his queen, PhiUppa, almost within sound of the roar and shouts of the battle, had just given birth to a prince, who, from his being born on St. John the Baptist's Day, was called John, and from being born at Ghent, was called " of Ghent." The child grew to manhood, and was afterwards famed in history as John of Gaunt, "time-honoured Lancaster." Although this signal victory gave to the navy of England a superiority which it has never since lost, the alarm of invasion spread very generally, and, amongst other preparations made to repel the invaders, it was ordered (in 1339) that fifty men-at-arms, three hundred armed men, and three hundred archers, should be raised in this country, of which number twenty-five men-at-arms and one hundred and twenty archers were to be contributed by the following gentlemen -J "John de Haryngton, for himself and his father, ten men-at-arms and forty archers ; Robert de Radeclit, five men-at-arms and forty archers ; and Henry de Trafford, ten men-at-arms and forty archers. The warlike spirit of the king had involved him in hostilities both with Scotland and France ; and in the following year a writ of military summons was issued to Gilbert de Clyderowe and to ' Mt. Scotic^, T. i. pp. 332, 333.-C. = Rot- Aleman. 12 Edw. III. p. 1 m. 23, Turr. Loud. ' /6M, V. i. pp. 486, 417.— C. ,„ . ... . ,„„ ,, = Claua. 12 Edw. HI. p. 1 m. 37 d. Turr. Lond. « Froiesart, hv. i. chap. 61. * In pursuance of this enactment, inquisitions upon the oath of the , „ 4. „ , ,, „,,„, ttt ,„i li r, lin parishioners were taken in every pariah within the realm.-C. ' Rot. Pari. 13 Edw. III. Tol. h. p. 110. 144 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. ix. Robert de Radeclyf, ordering them to assemble the men-at-arms and archers under their command to meet the king at Cariisle, by Quadragesima Sunday (March 5, 1340), to repel the invasion of the Scots.i These successive demands upon the military tenants were very harassing, and their oppressiveness was increased by the difficulty of obtaining payment from the constituted authorities. A warrant, dated at Langley, March, 1541, and addressed to the Bishop of Durham and others, recites that WilUam le Boteler, a Lancashire man, and others, had represented to the king that though they had been a long time in the garrison at Berwick-upon-Tweed, a great part of their wages remained still due and unpaid, whereupon the king gave commandnaent to the bishop and his colleagues to examine the accounts of the claimants, and see them forthwith paid out of the money levied by the nonetax.' On the 13th August following, the king issued another warrant from Shene (Richmond), commanding John de Thynden, receiver of the nones north of the Trent, to pay out of such moneys the wages of William le Boteler and others for their services either in the marches or elsewhere in Scotland, for such time as they should remain after the 12th of March, 1341.^ At the same time, John de Helleker, the king's receiver for Lancashire, was ordered to send money to Carlisle, towards repairing the fortresses of that city, and the abbot of Fumess was commanded to provide a suitable house in his abbey for the custody of the king's pence. To the joy of the people, a proclamation was this year (1340) received in Lancashire and in the other counties of England, commanding the sheriff to publish a truce between the king and Philip de Valois, and between the English and the Scotch. Little reliance, however, appears to have been placed upon the permanent restoration of tranquillity, for in 1341 the sheriff of Lanca- shire was ordered to provide one hundred bows and one thousand sheaves of arrows, for the expedition into France.^ This was speedily followed by another to the sheriff, directing him to provide a thousand sheaves of steel-headed arrows and a thousand bowstrings. In the war with France, which was speedily renewed, Henry, Earl of Derby, son of the Earl of Lancaster, greatly distinguished himself; ^ and the events of this war, in which the French king was taken prisoner, shed an imperishable renoAvn on the military character of England. For the prosecution of the contest large levies Avere raised in all the counties of the kingdom ; and an order was directed by the king to the sheriff of Lancashire (1345), commanding him to make proclamation that all barons, bannerets, knights, and esquires in the county, between the age of sixteen and sixty, should be forthwith prepared, with horses and arms, to attend the king across the sea, to enable him to put a speedy and successful termination to the war." Not only the noble, but the ignoble also, were embarked in this service, and the sheriff received soon after a writ of military service, commanding him to make public proclamation that all persons in his county who had been found guilty of felonies, homicides, robberies, and other offences, and had been pardoned by the king's clemency, should provide themselves with arms and accoutrements, and march to join the royal army on its embarkation at Portsmouth for France. All these preparations and all these attacks upon the French kingdom were, however, but the preludes to the great effort of 1346, which culminated on the field of Crescy, when the steady courage that was the result of the comparatively free condition of the yeomen of England was first asserted on a great scale- The Scotch, under David Bruce, availing themselves of the opportunity which the absence of the English forces afforded, prepared to invade the northern counties, on which a writ Aras addressedby the king to the sheriff of Lancashire (1345), announcing the danger of the country, and ordering him to make proclamation that all the men of the county should remove their live stock to the forest of Galtres, in the county of York, where they might be preserved in safety, and where the flocks and herds Avould enjoy pasturage free of charge.^ The King of England being engaged in the French wars, aided by his youthful son the Black Prince, and by the Earl of Derby, who by his father's death, September 22nd, 1345, had now succeeded to the earldom of Lancaster, Queen Philippa assembled a body of soldiers to repel the Scotch invaders, who had entered Cumberland, taken the fortress called " the Pyle of Liddel," and after beheading the governor had advanced into the bishopric of Durham, plundering and slaughtering. This force, under the command of Lord Percy, met the army of Bruce at Neville's Cross, a mile or two west of Durham (1346), with the determination to avenge the insults which had been offered to the country, and to put an end to the violations Avhich had been committed upon the property of the mhabitants. Animated, in that chivalrous age, to the highest pitch of enthusiasm by the presence of the queen, who rode along their ranks previous to the battle, the English troops, though not numerically amounting to one-fourth of the number of the Scotch, fought like lions. 2 'nlf' iL^f 'i ^}\ CM r "^'^y "^ guarded with steel (acerata), and then the charge is to be one ^01. ototKc, y. I. p. DUD.— vj. shilling and twopence. " Ibid, V, 1. p. DlL— C. » [fgd i^ *^35 oo^T,* ^ M ?"°'' °' *'T'' f *?'"'1, '° *?? government order at one shilling « Rot. Franc. lOEdw. ni. p. 2 m. 12, Turr. Lond. each, which sum is also to be aUowed for a sheat of arrows, except when ' Glaus. 19 Bdw. ni. p, 2 ni. 10 d. Turr. Lond THAP. IX. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 145 The enemy was broken and driven ofi the field, and fifteen thousand of them were made to bite the dust, amongst whom was the Earl Marshal of Scotland.' To crown this memorable victory, David Bruce, the Scotch king, was made prisoner, and conveyed to London, along with a number of his captive nobles, in triumph. ''^ The number of prisoners taken in this battle was so large as to fill all the prisons of Lancashire. The inhabitants, in order to relieve themselves from the burden of the support of so many prisoners, liberated a number of them, in the hope that they would return to their own country ; but instead of pursuing this course, they began to • commit depredations ; on which the government instituted a commission, consisting of Thomas de Latham, John de Haryngton the younger, and Nicholas le Botiller, to make inquisition into the alleged liberations, and to announce that the persons guilty of this offence against the public safety would be liable to the forfeiture of life and limbs (1346).^ In order to reinstate the English navy in its former strength, after the splendid victory of Sluys, a tax somewhat resembling that attempted to be imposed by Charles I., though unattended by its disastrous consequences, was levied in the seaports of Liverpool and Chester, under the authority of an order from the king, by which the collectors of the ship-money were directed to collect the subsidy of two shillings the sack on wool, and sixpence the pound on movables, for sixty large ships of war (grossis navibiis de guerra), and to deliver the money so assessed to the admiral of the fleet of those ports. A contribution was also made in Lancashire, in favour of Edmund Baliol, King of Scotland, the nominee of Edward, King of England; and Richard Molineaux and his associates, collectors of the triennial tenths recently granted to the king, were ordered to transmit one hundred and eighty-four pounds, in two instalments, out of the sums collected for the king's exchequer (1349). * At this time the " Black Death," a pestilence of the most fatal character raged in the country, and is said to have extended to Lancashire. So malignant were its effects that of the three or four millions who then formed the population of England more than one-half became its victims. It first appeared at Dorchester, and according to Stowe, the annalist, fifty thousand persons died of this plague in the city of Norwich ; an equal number were interred in the burial-ground where now stands the Charter House, in the city of London, and it is recorded that more than one-half of the priests of Yorkshire perished (1348-9). The labours of husbandry were neglected ; no courts of justice were opened ; Parliament was prorogued ; and men, intent only on their own safety, slighted every call of honour, duty, and humanity. On the 19th September, 1356, the great battle of Poictiers was fought, Henry, Earl of Lancaster, the " good earl " as he was called, was, at the time, leading another expedition in France, and only just missed the glory of sharing in the victory by being a day's march from Poictiers. " Going from Tours," wrote the Black Prince to the city of London after the battle, " we had the intention of meeting our most dear cousin, the Duke of Lancaster, of whom we had most certain news that he would make haste to draw near us." The brilliant career pursued in France by Henry, Earl of Lancaster and Derby, had determined the king to confer upon him a signal mark of the royal favour by creating him Duke of Lancaster.' The origin of this title is thus represented by the heralds : — " The first creation of the title of duke, as distinct from that of earl (for in the elder times they were oft synonymous with us) was in the eleventh year of Edward the Third (1337), when in Parliament he conferred upon his eldest son, being then Earl of Chester, the title of Duke of Cornwall. The investiture of this first duke was only by girdiup; him with the sword, although some learned men, confounding, it seems, the ceremonies of his being afterwards made prince of Wales, with this creation into the title of duke, say he was invested by a ring, a rod, and a coronet, all of which indeed together are mentioned m some patents of the following times, that seem to create the eldest sons Duke.s of OornwaU, as well as Princes of Wales, and Earls of Chester. The same investiture also, by the sword only, is mentioned in the creation of Henry, the first Duke of Lancaster, about fourteen years after this first creation of the Duke of Cornwall. He was created for life in Parliament, and the clause of investiture m the charteris only nomen duds Lancastrice inponimus «t ipsum de nomine duels dicti loci, per cincturam gladu praesentiahter inveshmus ; and the county of Lancaster as a county palatine, with reference to that of Cliezler, for example of jurisdiction, is given to him as the body of his duchy.s Afterward, in 36 (26) Edw. III., on the last day of the Parliament, Lionel, Duke of Clarence, and John, Duke of Lancaster, both sons to the king, were honoured with those titles, Lioml being then in Ireland; but the other being present, had investiture by the king's girding him with a sword, and his putting him on a cap of fur, dtsus m cerdedor & deperes, as the roU says — that is, under a coronet of gold and stones." Soon after the first establishment of the duchy of Lancaster heavy complaints were made by the inhabitants in consequence of the twofold pressure of taxation— first for the support of the state and next for the maintenance of the institutions of the duchy. To alleviate their burdens the kino- addressed a mandate to the Duke of Lancaster, or to his lieutenant and chancellor, wherein°it was directed that all general inquisitions concerning felonies and trespasses m every > The battle was fought on the hill just outside the city of Durham, ' ^fi^''°\.f '^'^^- "^- "■ * ^- '^""'- ^°""^- and the site is still marked by a broken 8h;.ft of stono the romams of a * 2i Edw. 111. cross erected by Ealph, Lord Neville, to commemorate the victory in • 25 Edw. lU- ("SI), which he had such a distinguished share.- C. See c. iv, p. oi. 2 Froissart, liv. i. 0. 139. 20 146 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. ix. nart of the kiiK^dom should cease, so long as the people remained peaceable, and particularly that the people in the duchy of Lancaster, >vho had been impeded in their business and reduced to Searpoveity by the^inquisitions made in the duchy, should no longer be burdened m this way, ?he dukeS therefore Ordered to supersede all such proceedings within his duchy, and to admin ster the law in the same manner as in other parts of the kingxlom. The same year the king addressed a proclamation to all admirals, their lieutenants and sheriffs, appointing Roger del Wych, jZsyworl, John Cruys, and William, son of Adam de Lyverpol, to arrest as many ships in L°verpoTand Chester, and other ports, as were necessary to conyey Thomas de Rocheby, the k n'?iustickry of Ireknd, into that country. The difficulty of procuring labourers m husbandry afte? the countiT had been so much thinned of its population by the plague [of 1349] disinclined the working clas^ses to take the usual rate of wages for their- labour It was the period of transition from serfdom^ to free labour, in which the labourers asserted their own importance somewhat beyond the limits of discretion, and an Act was in consequence passed '' to restrain the malice of seivants" who insisted upon extravagant wages {outrageouses lowers) The standard of wages fixed by this Act was that which had prevailed voluntarily before the plague broke out when corn was tenpence a bushel and wages fifteenpence a week. This law being in opposition to the general prTnciple of trade, which causes the supply and the demand to regulate the price, failed m its obiect and the labourers left their usual places of abode to seek more profitable employment, which they easily found from home. The whole organisation of labour was thrown out of gear; tor a time cultivation was almost impossible-the fields were left untiled-and the scarcity of hands, consequent on the course of industrial employment being so rudely disturbed, niade it difficult lor the minor tenants to perform the services due for their lands, and it was only by a temporary abandonment of half the rentals that the landowners could induce their tenants to retain their farms It was the first great struggle between capital and labour. Repressive measures became necessary, the strong arm of the law was again called in, and it was enacted that no servant should in summer go out of the town or parish where he usually dwelt in winter, if he could obtain employment there, with a proclamation dispensing with the law in favour of the labourers in the counties of Lancaster, Stafford, and Derby, and in the districts of Craven and the marches of "Wales, who were allowed to go in the month of August— the season of harvest— to work m other counties ; and persons refusing to obey this proclamation were to be put m the stocks by the lords and stewards, or, if that discipline did not prove sufficient, they were to be sent to the next prison,_and there confined for three days (1359). ' As compared with the south of England, or even the adjom- ino- county of York, Lancashire at this period was but ill-cultivated. The huge tracts of bog and swiimpy morass that stretched along its southern boundary would scarcely afford a pathway for travellers, much less land for tillage or pasture ; the bleak moorland wastes and sterile hills that separated it from Yorkshire on the eastern side yielded but a poor return for the labour of the husbandman ; and a large portion of the western border, sloping to the sea, was covered with loose sands, driven by the drifting winds, to the destruction of vegetation beneath. Much of the country Avas forest and "wild woodland, retaining their primeval features, and in which the animals of the chase roamed at will. But land was gradually being reclaimed from the waste, and agriculture was making progress, especially in Ribblesdale and the district of Furness, where the two great abbeys had been established, and the Cistercians had taught their neighbours and dependents to plough the fertile vales and to pasture their flocks and herds on the green slopes of Pendle and the fells of Cartmel. During the king's absence in France, Henry, Duke of Lancaster, was summoned to attend the council, which duty he performed with his usual fidelity. This was amongst the last public acts of that venerable peer, for on the 24th of March in the following year, 1361, he died of the plague, without male heirs, on which his honours and princely possessions descended to his two daughters, Maud and Blanche, whose names, however, are not even mentioned in his will. Will or Henbt, Duke of Lancaster. In this will, dated at the Castle of Leicester, loth March 1360, his titles are set forth as Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Derby, of Lincoln, and of Leicester, Steward of England, Lord of Bruggerak [Brigerac] and of Be[a]ufort. After long directions as to lua funeral and burial in the Collegiate Church of the Annunciation of our Lady at Leicester, the duke devises all his goods, silver plate, and all other movables, to pay his debts and to " guerdon " his poor servants, each according to merit and estate, and to fulfil his bequests to the Cliurch, etc. He appoints, as his executors, " John [Sinwen or Gynwell], Bishop of Lincoln, the honourable home of holy religion, William, Abbot of Leicester, our dearest sister the Lady Wak, our dearest cousin of Walkynton, Eobertla Mare, John de Bokelande, Sir John de Charnele, Sir Walter Power, Sinkyu Simeon, and John de Neumarche." He devises all his goods, 1 Tlie last recorded sale of slaves in Lancashire W!m about forty years in 1309. the abljot sold, for one hundred slilUings sterling, "one notivo, before this time. It occurs in the munimonte of Whalley Abboy, where, with all liis family and all his effects." — C. = Clause 33 Edw. III. m. 6 d. Turr. Loud. CHAP. IX. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 147 beyond what suffics to pay his debts and reward bis servants, and fulfil liis bequests to the Church, to be applied " to the 'profit of our soul by the advice and consent of the executors. The will was proved the 3d of the Kalends of April [March 30], 1361, in the castle of Leicester, before John Bishop of Lincoln ; and again before Sir William de Witleseye, official of the Court of Canterbury at London, on the ith of the Ides of May [9th May] 1361.— Segist. IsUp. fol. 172 a b, in the Archiepiscopal Rcghtrij at Lambeth. The extent and magnitude of the possessions of the first Duke of Lancaster, forming as they do the principal part of the duchy, may be in some degree estimated from the following enumera- tion exhibited in the Inquisitlo Post Mortem taken in 36 Edw. III. (1302). INQUISITION POST MORTliM OF THE POSSESSIONS OP THE FIRST DUKE OP LANOASTEB. "In the County of Lancaster.— l,anca.steT castle & honor— Pleas of the county of Lancaster— West Derbyshire baili«ick— Lonesdale wapentake— Lancaster vill— Lone Water, fishery near Prestwait— Overton tnauor— Slyne vill— Skerton lands &c,— Quernemore park— Wiresdale vaccary— Blesdale vacoary— Caldre vaocary— Grisdale vaccary— Amunderness wapentake— Preston— Singleton- Riggeby vill with le Wray— Hydil park— Cadilegh— Fulwode wood— Kylaneshalghe— Broughton— Mirestagh park— Wiggehalgh— Baggerburgh— Clyderhoo castle— Blakebornshire wapentake— IghtenhuU manor- Colne manor, with members— Woxton— Penhulton vill— Chateburne vill— Acrinton vill— Huncotes— Haselingden vill— Penhull chace— Trogden chace— Eossendale chace— Totinton manor & chace— Hoddesdeu wood— Rachdale manor— Penwortham manor— Widnes manor— UUeswaltou manor- Eccleston vill— Leyloud vill— LyverpoU castle- Westderby manor & Salford manor (as of the honor of Tuttebury)— Horneby castle & manor — Werington manor — Laton manor. " In the County of Leicester. — Leyoester castle & honor extended— Frithe wood — Hynkeley manor extended— Schelton manor extended— Derford manor extended— Selby, five views of frank-pledge— C.irleton, four views of frank-pledge— Schulton, two views of frank-pledge — Derford, two views of frank-pledge — Hynkeley, two views of frank-pledge. "In the County of Dorset. — Kyngeston Lacy manor — Winterborn Minster — Wimbourne Holt chace— Bradbury hundred — Shapwyk manor — Maiden Neuton hundred. "In the County of Southampton. — Kyngesomborne manor — Pernholt wood & chace — La Lond wood — Staunden — Earle — Elleden — Huld — Pernholt — Tymbrebiiry — Compton Houghton — Sumborne Parva — XJpaomborne (land, &c.) — Stockbrigg vill — Langestoke manor — Weston manor, near Odiam — Herteley manor. ''In the County of Warwick. — Kenel worth castle and manor extended — ^Asthull manor — Wotton rent — Waddesley — Lapworth rent — Mershton Boteler — Brinkelowe (lands and tenements) — Ilmedon, view of frank-pledge. "In the County of Wilts. — Colingborne manor extended — Everlee manor extended — Lavyngton manor extended. "In the County of Berks. — Esgarston manor extended — Poghele — Hungerford — Sandon — S; Kentebury (land, &o.). " In the County of Dei'by. — Melborne castle & manor. "In the County of York. — Pontefract castle & honor, with members, vizt — Slaikeborne manor — Bowland manor, with forest — Snaith vill, with soke — Pykering castle, vill, and honor — Scalby manor— Hoby manor— Esingwald manor — Bradeford manor — Almanby manor — Ledes manor — Berewyke manor — Eoundhaye manor — Scoles manor — Hypax manor — AUerton manor — Rothewell manor — Altoftes manor — Warnefield manor — Ackworth manor — Elmesdale manor — Camesale manor — Custon' — Tanshelfe manor — Knottingleye manor — Boghall manor, with the free court of Pontefract — Divers lands and tenements. Sic, in Maningham Barnboghe — Woodhouse — Potterton — Hillum — Saxton — Roundhaye — Secroft — Thornore — Scole — Muston — Ivypax manor — Ledeston — AUerton — Ayer [Ayre] fishery — Rothewell — Flete mill — Wridelesford — Kildre fishery. Divers lands aod tenements, &c. Warnefeld — Crofton — Akeworth — Elmesle — Kerkeby Mensthrop — Suthelmsale — Coteyerd — EUerker — Camesale — Balnehoke — Hargincrofte — Bernesdale— Custon — Holnhirst — Carleton Castleford mill — Hardewike — Knotingley — Beghale — Beghelker — Beghallund — {All the afoi'esaid belong to the Honor of Pontefract) — Slaykeborne in Bouland, with the forest — Bremund pasture — Roudon — Ap Aldington — Maukholes — Brombewell — -Holme — Baxsterhay — Browesholme — Berkholme — Eghes — Latheringrime Bernardseless — Nicolshey — Wardeslegh — Hogeking — Hcighe — Crepingwarde — Benteley Close — Graistanley — Lekherst — Peinleghes — Coswayne — Chipping Crosdale — Neuton — Hamerton Witton — Grimlington — Salley mill — Bradeford in Bouland — Blakshelfe in Mitton — Withikill — Smithecrofte — Cowyke viU, belonging to the soke of Snaythe— Roucliffe moor — Acre water fishery — Pikering castle, forest, &c., with the fees appertaining, vi2' — Middleton — Levesham Finhilwode — Gotherland— Aleintoftes — Thwaite — Lingthwaite — Rumbald — Haretoft — Folketon marsh — Ednesmershe — Brumpton — Scalby — Hobye — Esingwolde — Credeling manor. Divers rents and reprises issue out of the manors aforesaid. "In the County of Northumberland. — Dunstanburgh castle — Staunford barony, with its members — viz. Emeldon — Danstan — Burton — Wamdam — Shipplay — Crauncestre — Fenton — Newton-on-the-Moor & Cartington. " In the County of Huntingdon. — Huntingdon rent — Gomecestre rent. " In the County of Rutland. — Tye, two leets — Casterton Magna, two leets. " In the. County of Northampton. — Higham Ferrers- Raimdes vill — Ruasheden vill— Irchestre vill — Hegham hundred as of the honor of Tuttebury — Davintre manor — Eathaddon, two leete— Helmingden— Lylleborne— Dodeford, two leets — Wedoubeck, as of the honor of Leycester. " In the County of Surrey. — Erwell, the tenement called Hertegrave. " In the County of Middlesex. — London, the messuage called the Savoye, with shops & rents appertaining. " In the County of Lincoln. — Lincoln county, 14 fees in the same belonging to the castle Lancaster — Retrecombe court. " In the County of /Siaforci.- Newcastle-under-Lyne manor, castle & borough, with members, viz.— Clayton vill— Wolstauton— SheltoD vill— passage of the sea— Stoke, advowson of the church— Cliff wood— Bradenef lands & tenements. "In the County of Hereford and Marches of IFaZes.— Monemouthe castle, vill, & demesne— Grossemont castle— Skenfrithe lands, &c.— Album caatle & demesne— Karakenmyn castle— Oggemore castle— Ebbothe manor— Iskennin commote— KedweUye demesne— Camwathlon demesne or lordship. "In the County of Gloucester and Marches of Wales.— 'S.o&d&W manor— Eccelowe—Minsterworthe manor— Monemuthe castle— Berton lands, &c. — Blakmorles pasture— Kedwelly castle, vill, &■ demesne. " In the Counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Marches of T7afe».—Carnewathlan lordship— Lananthir vill— Kaerkennyn castle Iskennyn commote— Ogemore castle & lordship— Ebbothe manor— Shen castle, with Barton— Album castle, with Barton— Tyburtun manor— Minstreworth manor — Rodleye manor— Monemouthe castle & lordship — Groamonde caatle & lordship— Whitcastell castle & lordship— Kedwelly lordship— Carnwathlan lordship— Ogemore castle— Ebbothe manor. Fees. " In the County of 5ucis.— Tappelowe— Chalfhunt St. Peter— Saundesdron— Weston Turvile— Broughton Parva— Penna. '• In the County of Bedford. — Suthmulne — Middleton Erneys. '■ In the County of Cambridge. — Grauncete. " In the County of Worcester. — Bruites Morton. 148 THE HISTOKY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. ix. " In the County of Lincoln.— Twelve Knights' Fees each of which renders yearly 10» for the castle-ward of Lancaster. " In the County 0/ Sumci-srf.—Redene— North Overe. _ " /ft «/ie Co«)i«w 0/ ZJorset.— Shapewike— Swinetolre— Mayden Kyweton—Upaydehnge n n- 1 tt t, « In the Comity of Kent.-StTode-Godmm,tone-Glyye Hastinglegh-Braborne-Chelefeldmanor-Horton-Cau stoke Hasshe. " In the County o/S«.ex.-Scheffeld Parva-Kirsed-Kindale-Charlaxton-Flecchmg-Chi£Feld-Hothore-Est Grmstede- Hertefelde-Claverham-Erlington-Raketon-Torrenge-Westdene-Megham-Bethiagton-Telton-Cheleworth-Chiffiekl LylliDgeston-Bagerugg-Pyritou-Hasele-Thomele-Brightwell-Shupton upon Charewell-Bleohdon-Wighthull— Lynham- Childeston & Sewell near Goldnorton. ., t 1 • /-.l i i wi t. at j "In the County of £crfa.— Fyffehide-Kingeston— Southdenchesworth-Loking— Cherleton near Wantynge— Staunden- Hanrethe-Staunford-Westhildesle-Wolhampton-Northstanden chapel-Hungerford chapel of St. John. "In the County of TFiZte.— Choldrington, half-a-fee— Chitterne, haU-a-fee— Elcomb, half-a-fee— Merevedene, one fee- Wrichford, half-a-fee— Hordenehuuishe, one fee-Cheokelowe, one fee— Berewike manor, one fee. "In the County of &u«Aamp(on.— Chalghton— Katerington— Erleston— Somborne— Fyffhide near Andover -Schalden- Bellum— Avenetum-Hertele— Langestoke— Weston— Estden—Semborne. ^^ , . t , u n. -it n^ t d 1 i, "In the County of Dctow.— Hemly— Portheleg— ShiUingford— Ferdon— Kerdogis— Ivelegh— Clulton-Coleton Ra egh- Fursan -Whithem -Whiston -Hoddesworth - Maneton — Prank-arswike - Southwyk — Sprayton- Woreslegh— Whitneslegh- WoUegh— Wrix-ston— Godelee— Kippingiseote— Uppecnte -Witherige— Hole Meleford— Clompton— Clift St. Lawrence— Hordelis- worth— Milleford— Deandon— Bourdouliston— Yowe— Hogeland & Heanis. ri ^ , w ,. " In the Counties of Gloucester, Hereford, d; Marches of PFoZes.- Landingate— Longehope— Dounameney— Huntelege— Wisham — Walbykney— Partbir — Dile — Cunstone — Dixton — New Castle — Cothitham — Mommouthe — Garthe— RakeniU- Holy well— Grosemound— Chesterton— Asperton—Mayneston—Lanwarthin—Lanknethin— in the lordship of Kedwelly— Penbray— Witewike —Hope Maloisell, Llauelthye church, St. Ismael church, Lanoonar church— In the lordship of Ograore, the under-written fees —viz., Dourenen— Deynell— Pyncote— Lanforte— Colewinstone— Frogg Castell— Ewerdon— Puttes— Le Wike— Southdone & St. ° In tlie County of Lancaster:— \Y&\ton in Blakebornshire—Crointon—Apulton— Sutton— Eooleston-RainhuU-Knowselegh — Torbok — Hyton— Maghull — Crosseby Parva — Kirkebye — Kirkedale — Northmeles — Argameles — Ulneswalden — Brethertou — Hoghton — Claiton — Whelton with He' arge — WytherhuU with Bothelesworthe — Hoton — Longeton— Leilond— Enkestou — Chenington— Chernoke— Walshewhithull— Warton in Amoundernesse— Frees— Neuton— Frekeltou—Witingham—Etheleswike— Bura in Salfordshire- Middleton with members— Chatherton—Totinton—Mitton Parva— Wiswall—Hapton—Townlay Coldecotea — Snoddeivorthe- Twiselton— Extwisell— Aghton— Merlaye- Lyvesay— Donnom Fobrigge-Merlaye Parva— Rosshetou—Billington —Alnethan— Clayton— Harewode—Crofton Horneby-Ulideston— Warton in Lonesdale— Gairstang with members— Thiselton— Prees — Kelgrimesarghe — Brininge— Merton Magna— Middelton in Lonesdale— Neuton— Makerfeld—Lauton— Keinan—Erbury— Goldeburne— Sefton — Thorneton — Kerdou — Halghton — Burgh —Lee— Fish wicke—Dalton in Furness— Stayniuge— Midhope— Chernoke. "The undei--vyritten fees are held of the Honor of Tattehury.—B.!iiRh Parva — Bolton — Brightmet — Comptou-Burghton— Childerwell— Barton in Salfordshire — Asphull — Brokholes— Dalton— Perbald— Witliington— Lostock— Romworthe— Pilkinton— Worthington— Hoton [Beaton] under Herewiche— Tildeslegh— Sulthithe— Rixton— Asteley— Atherton— Sonky— Penkythe— Ines— Blundell— Barton— Halsale—Windehulle—Lydegate—Egergarthe— Lancaster priory, advowaon— St. Michael-on-Wire church- Preston church — Mary Magdalen chapel— Chypin church — Ribcaster church — Whalley, abbey of. " Foe the Dean & Chapter of the Church op [St.] Mary op Leicester. — Preston, advowson of the church. '■ Fob the Abbot & Convent op Whalley. — Romsgreve in the chaoe of Boulaud near Blakeborne, lands & tenements— Penhulton, lands & tenements — Cliderhow, the tenement called Stauden— Hulorofte & Grenelaohe — Standen, 'faltag' lands, &c.— Cliderhoo manor, lands, &c., as of the castle of Lancaster." To this inquisition we are enabled to add a condensed transcription, from the rolls of the duchy of Lancaster (not before published), extending through the whole period of the first ducal administration, and which, while it sheds much light upon the early history, as well as upon the landed possessions in the county, serves to illustrate the nature of the jura regalia exercised by the Dukes of Lancaster in this " kingdom within a kingdom :" — Anno 1 Duoatus, 26 Edward III. [1351-2]. " {Office Reference Al.) Intituled, " Pleas at Preston of three sessions of the Justices of the lord the Duke of Lancaster, in the first year of the lord the duke that now is." This roll contains the essoigns taken at Preston, before Hugh de Berewyk an i his associates, justices of our lord the Duke of Lancaster, Wedne-day next before the feast of St. Margaret the Virgin, m the year of his duchy the 1st (July 13, 1351). It contains pleadings of lands between parties, plaintiffs, and defendants, pleadings of assize mortis antecessoris, novel disseisin, » This word, which occurs in three counties in this document, may HI. are from 25th Jan. to 24th Jan. The ditcai yoai-s of Henry, first duke, not be a local name, but simply denotes five hides of land— H. are from 6th March to the 5th March. About ten months of every ducal 2 As the ducal, years of Henry, first duke, are neither conterminous year consequently fall in one regnal year, and the last two months of the with the regnal years of the reigning sovereign, nor with the year of our ducal year fall in the next regnal year. — H Lord, the following tables are appended. The regnal years of Edward Ducal Years of Heney first Duke of Lancaster. Regnal Years of Edward III. in the same period. Ist. eth March 1351 to 5th March 1352 25th. 6th March 1351 to 24th Jan. 1352 26th. 25th Jan. 1352 „ 1363 27th. „ 1353 „ 1354 2nd. 1362 1353 3rd. „ 1353 1364 4th. » 1354 1355 6th. „ 1365 1356 6th. 1850 „ 1367 7th. 1367 1368 8th. 1368 1359 9th. „ 1359 „ 1360 10th. 1360 1361 11th. 1361 to 23rd March 1361 when the duke died. 28th. 1354 „ 1355 29th. 1355 1366 SOlh. 1356 1367 81st. 1367 „ 1363 32nd. 1868 „ 1869 83rd. 1359 1360 84th. 1360 ,. 1361 S6th 1361 to 23d March 1361 wliea the duke died CHAP. IX. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 149 pleaa of debt, account, and trespass, and other claims to liberties, rights, etc., all as arising in the county palatine of Lancaster with the judgments thereof given {inter alia as follows) : — ' " John of Winwick, parson of the church of Wygan, and lord of the borough of Wygan, appears by Robert de Prestcote or John de Lanfield, to plead damage and the prosecution of all liberties of his vill and borough of Wygan, according to the form of the charter which the lord the king granted to him thereof." On the second portion of the roll, and on the first skin of such roll, after reciting the gi-ant by King Edward III., in the 25th year of his reign (1351), to Henry, Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, and steward of England, of his dukedom of Lancaster, as therein set forth, are recorded the letters-patent to Hugh de Berewyk and others, by the said Henry, appointing them justices of assize for his said duchy, and of pleas as well of the crown as others within the said duchy, to hold, hear, and determine, according to the law and custom of the kingdom of England, saving to him amercements, &c. Tested at the Savoy, 7th March, in the first year of his said duchy (1351). In continuation of the roll are recorded a multiplicity of pleadings between various parties, to the following effect (anglicised from the roll) : — " John Molyneus against John Blundell of Crosseby, touching the lands upon marriage. " John Knody of Cliderow against William de Horneby, parson of the church of Eibchester, touching lands in Cliderowe. " John Blounte of Hazlewood, Robert Legh, and Thos. Strangeways, came on their recognizance, at the suit of John Radclif, touching a tenement and lands in Salford. John Blounte answering that the premises were of the manor of Ordesale, and that Henry, late Earl of Lancaster, father of Henry the duke, was seised of the lands, and granted the same by charter to the said John Blounte, as of the manor of Ordesale." And thus the pleadings are continued throughout the entire roll ; and, as evidences of that early period, they are applicable to the most considerable part of the places and manors in the county palatine of Lancaster, and the early possessors' rights and premises there. There is a second roll distinguished A.l.a, and containing the essoigns taken at Preston before William de Fynche, or Fyncheden, and his associates, justices of the said duke's bench, in the tenth year of his dukedom (1360-61), and in its nature similar to the preceding roU. Anno 2 et 3 Dooatus [1352-54]. A.2 contains pleadings and essoigns, taken at Preston before Hugh de Berewyk and others, in the second year of the said duke and of the same nature and effect as those of the preceding rolls, and is very copious, the proceedings in many cases being fully set out. A.2. a contains pleadings and essoigns of the like nature, as taken both at Lancaster and Preston in the fourth year of the same duke. A.2.b is properly considered as a roll of finest letters close and patent, and as containing charters of the fourth year of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, being the twenty-eighth year of the reign of King Edward III. ; and the following outline comprises the general matters, or subjects, with several of the names of persons and places applicable thereto ; — No. on Roll Principal Matters. Persons. Places. 1. 2 Proceedings before the Justices at Preston as to right of Fishing. Account of Fines paid to the Duke as | Lord for Writs of Assize. j Richard Aghton ^. Roger Bondesson and John Stelle, the Defendants justifying In right of William de Heskayth, Thomas de Litherland, the Prior of Burscogh, the Abbot of Cockersand, and Richard de Aghton. Merton Meer, LeWyck, Northmeles. Hamelton. Richayd Bradshagh Perbald. Asheton-in-Makerfleld. Peter Jerard and Wife ■ Wyndhull Manor. . RaynhuU Manor. "Torbock Manor. Walshwittell Manor. - Dalton Manor. Wiiliam Careles William Lawrence Wrightynton. ICophuU. ' Thorneton Latou Magna. Laton Parva. ' Ribleton Manor. Asheton, near Preston ( Manor. Ditton. William de Exoestre, Parson of Crofton ) Church \ North Meyles. Mamcestre. • 3. Grants by The Duke to William de Heghfield, at 14s. Rent, and Tenants to do in perpetuity, 28 Acres of Land in Salford Waste, \ suit at the Lord's Mill. / Salford Waste. Several other grants were made to persons specified, but cancelled, as the premises became leased by the duke's charter to John de Radeclif. „ .,. /^ , , , j xi i, j t i. A fine of 3s. 4d. to the duke as lord for a Writ of Pone, concerning an agreement--Ceciha Orulshagh and HugH de ines. 5 The duke to Richard de Walton, the duke's approver in the parts of Blackburnshire. " Grant of a messuage and lands in Colne and Merclesden, held by the custom of the manor and castle of Ghthero, and other premises in Trowden, Mithum, and Trowden Chace. 150 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. ix. Pines to the Lord for Wrili. .,,.., i j t • fi " John de Radeolif parson o£ the church of Bury, to the doke-Hal£-a-mark [6s. 8d.] for ands m Asheton-under-Lime. " it de Legh and Matilda his wife to the duke-13s. 4d. [a mark] for the moiety of the manor of FUxton "Ckrissade Bolton to the duke-Half-a-mark for tenements in Newton-in-Makerfie d and Walton-m-the-Dale. " Robert de Leeh and Matilda his wife to the duke— 13s. 4d. for the manor of Ordeshale. • .•« . , • This course is pursued through thirteen other instances of fines of the like nature, paid by various persons m different places m the county palatine. De Anno 4™ Ducatcs (in doeso) [1354 55]. Recognisances of Debts. Otho de Halsale and John de Radeclif ^^«fi . 1 ^ . 41 Richard de Rixton J?lin de Asheton -^ "" 100 marks £66 13 4 . John, son of Adam de Claxton Sir Adam de Hoghton, Knt. ^^^"'^'^'t '^^^^ ' ^ ' *'• Otho de Halsale The Duke 100 marks. ^™ The' Duke to Geoffrey de Langholt and Robert de Gikellswyk of Tadecastre, for the Abbot and Convent of Sallay.-Licence to Alien in Mortmain Lands in Bradeford in Bouland, held in socage by fealty and service, and as by inquisition taken by the Duke's command, . ■ ■ s. The Duke to Adam de Hoghton.— Acquittance of serving on juries, So. , .^ -, ^x. n ^^ -n j nu The Duke to John d« Haverington of Farletou.-Lease of the Manor of Horneby and its demesnes, the Castle, Deer and Chace of Rebrundale (Ad vowsons, &c., excepted). ,,T^,,-nii tt t^-ict l The Duke to Matthew de Southeworth.-Pardon of a debt owing to the Dake s Father Henry, Earl of Lancaster. The Duke to John de Dyneley and Heirs.— Grant of Dunham Manor by Homage and Fealty, and ±12 : 6 : 7 per Ann. with 23. for the Ward of Lancaster Castle. The above are all tested at Preston. j. j u t, i- The Duke to the King.-Precept to John Cokayn and others to levy in the Duchy the remainder of Aid granted by Parliament to King Edward III., to knight his eldest son, according to the King's Mandate, and also a Maudate of the Sheriff of Lan- caster to assist therein. As tested at Lancaster. mi.jiDi William de Stoklegh and Avisia de Bretargh.— Inrolment of a deed of the manor of Hyton. Tested at Preston. Pleadings at Lmcaster of a similar nature to A.2. Otim- Grants, from the ith to the 11th Henry, Bake of Lancaster, comprising i9th Edward III (1356) and SGth Edward III. (1363). The Duke to William de Heghfeld and his Heirs.— Grant of 23 [? 28] Acres of Waste in Salford, at a Rent of 11« 6* reserved, and remainder to Thomas Strangwas. Tested by Henry de Walton, Archdeacon of Richmond, Lieutenant of the Duchy of The Duke to Richard de Dyuesargh, of Liverpool, and his Heirs.- Grant of a Messuage and Appurtenances in Castle Street, Liverpool, which formerly belonged to Benedict le Stedeman, late Constable of Liverpool Castle, at 4" Rent p. ann., and by Services, as the other Tenants of that Town did for their Messuages. The Duke to Henry le Norreys. — Grant of Free Warren in Speek. The Duke to John del Monkes.— Grant of the Wardship and Lands of Henry de Croft. Divers Fines to the Lord for Writs of Assize.— For Lands and Tenements in Hopton, Tildesley, Ditton near Torbok, and in Chorlegh. The Duke to John de Perburn. — Letters of protection while abroad with the Duke in the King s Service, and similar Letters of Protection to various other Persons. Among numerous other entries on the Roll are various instruments by licence, warrant, writ, grant, or appointment — viz. For holding pleas and complaints ; for keeping the statute of weights and measures ; the statutes of servants, artificers, &c., and the record of various fines for writs of assize, &c., and therein the Writ de Conspiratione. A Writ, diem clausit extremum, of the Lands of John de Rigmayden, in the Duchy of Lancaster. An Exemplification of the Proceedings between Thomas de Abnay of the High Peake, and Thurstan de Holand of Salfordshire returned in the Duke's Chancery, concerning the Manor of Denton under Downeshagh. A Mandate to John Haverington and others to equip the Men-at-Arms in the Duchy, with 300 Archers and others, to be dis- patched to Newcastle-upon-Tyne, to march with the King against the Scotch. Another Mandate on behalf of the King, as to the Alienations and Possessions of Lancaster Priory, taken with other Alien Priories, by reason of the War with France. Appointments to the Office of Escheator, inquiries of the conduct of Bailiffs of the Wapentakes, appointment of Justices to hear and determine Trespasses within the Duchy, and Mandates to the Sheriff to assist in all such Premises. A Lease of the Herbage of Musbury Park. Grant of the Hospital of St. Leonard's at Lancaster, to be annexed to the Priory of Seton, if the Burgesses of Lancaster consent. The Appointments of Keeperships of Forests. Pardon of a Suit by the Duke for an Assault committed. Grant and Confirmation of the Advowson of Wygan Church, and Letters of Protection to various Persons, wliUe staying with the Duke in the King's Service in the Parts of Brittany. Anno 7° Ducatus [1357-58]. Divers Fines for Writs of Assize of Lands and Tenements in Longtre, Hepay, and Dokesbury, Great Peuhulton, Great Merley, Bury, Middleton, and Penhulton, in Salfordshire. Grant of Land and Turbary in Salford, and divers Fines for Premises in Westlegh, Flixton, Whitton, Weryngton, Sonokey, Penketh, Burtonwood and Laton, Great Merton, Bispham, Pynington, Bold, Lydiat, Thorneton near Befton, Culcheth, Tildesley, Glaeebrook, Bedeford, Halsale, WyndhuU, lues near Crosby, and Ines Blundell, including the Writs Post Dissesin, forma Donationes, Dedimus Potestatem, and the Writ de Ingressu. A Mandate by the Duke for the King, to William de Horneby and Richard de Towuley, to Collect and levy the tenths and fifteenths within the Duchy of Lancaster. A Pardon by the Duke of the Suit of Peace against Hugh le Maohon of Abingham, indicted for Housebreaking at Chorley. Anno 8° Duoatus [1358-59]. The Duke's Mandate to Justices assigned to try certain Malefactors, against whom the Parson of the Church of Wygan, and the Lord of the Town, had complained regarding the hindrance of his Bailiffs in the performance of their duties, and his Mandate to the Sheriff of the Duchy to assist therein. CHAP. IX. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 151 Divers Fines for Writs de Conventione, &c., concerning Lauds in Culcheth, Mamcestre Manor, and tlie Advowsons of the Churches of Mamcestre and Assheton ; Lands in Chippyu, Eggeworth Manor ; Lands in Liverpool, Penhulton in Saltordshire Cul- chith and Hyndelegh Manors, Croxteth Park, Flixton Manor, Kenyan, and the Manor of Huyton. ' A Grant of the Herbage of the Foss of Lancaster Castle, and of the place called Bernyard in Lancaster. An Acquittance of serving the Office of Juror, Escheator, Coroner, or Bailiff. A Release of Rent for Lands held by John Baret in Derby, Liverpool, Everton, and elsewhere within the Duchy. A Pardon by the Duke to John de Etheleston, indicted for extorting money and other offences, and a Pardon to William de Tvvys, of Transgressions. A Lease of the Fishery in the River Ribble at Penwortham, with the Meadows there. Tested by the Duke at Preston. Anko 9° DuoATCs [1359-60]. Appointment of Justices in Eyre for Pleas of the Forests. Precepts to the Sheriff to make a Proclamation for holding Sessions at Preston, and to summon Persons to attend before the Justices there. Pardons for Trespasses of Vert and Venison in Duchy forests, and other Trespasses. Grant of Free Warren in Halsal and Ryuecres. Lease of the Herbage called Veden and Mufden. Grant of a Yearly Rent of 20' to William de Liverpool, out of the Manor of West Derby, Licence to take Gorse from Toxteth Park. Pardons for Trespasses in the Duchy Forests, and in Toxteth Park. Pardon upon Indictment for Offences against the Statutes of Servants and Labourers. Divers Fines upon Writs for Lands in various places. The Duke, in behalf of Roger la Warre. — Commissioners appointed to inquire into the said Roger's Petition, showing that he held the Town of Mamcestre as a Boro' and Market Town, and enjoyed certain Liberties there, and in the Manor and Hamlets, and that the Duke's Bailiffs had interfered to levy Amerciaments, &c. A Licence to Alien in Mortmain Lands in Lancaster. Grant of Lands in Salford to Thomas del Olers, and others. Grant of a Messuage in Preston escheated to Henry, Earl of Lancaster, by Felony. A Mandate to the Escheator of the Duchy to interfere no further in a Chapel and Lands in Audreton, which had been seized into the Duke's bands by the late Escheator, it being found, by Inquisition, that the Church of Standish was endowed therewith. Anno lOmo Ducatds [1360-61], The Duke to Adam de Skilyngcorn. — Licence to take with him a Body Guard within the Duchy of Lancaster, for the Defence and Protection of his Person, Pardon to Agnes del Birches, for producing a forged Charter before the Justices, in an Action as to Tenements in Astelegh. Grant of Lands in Penhulton. Mandate to the Escheator of the Duchy for Livery of Seisin of Lands held by au Outlaw for Felony in Chipyn, the Duke having had his Year, Day, and Waste. Mandate to Collect and Levy within the Duchy the tenth and fifteenth granted by Parliament, to defray the Expenses of War, Appointment of Bailiff of the Manor of Derby for Life, at twopence a-day for his Wages, Appointment of Keeper of Toxteth Park for L'fe, with the Grant of Skeryorderock within the Sea, to construct a Fishery there. Mandate to the Duchy Escheator to interfere no further as to Land in Kirden [Cuerden], seized into the Duke's hands upon Felony, Appointment of Keeper of Quernmore Park. Mandate to the Duchy Escheator to deliver Lands which had been seized into the Duke's hands upon the Marriage of one of the Duke's Maidens, a legal Divorce having subsequently taken place. A Pardon upon Indictment for catching Fish at Heton Norres, Fines for Lands in Hunersfeld and Stalmyn, Grant of a Messuage and Lands in Salford, which came to the Duke's hands by the death of Richard de Tetlowe, who was a Bastard, and died without Heir — Remainder to 'Thomas de Strangwas, Grant of Lands in Ingoll, Grant of an Escheat in Salford, Divers Fines for Writs de Attincta, Writs of Assize, and the Writ de Debito, Grant of 20 Marks [£13 63, 8d,] yearly out of the Manor of We.st Derby, Grant of Wardship and Marringe of William de \Vartou. Appointment of Justices to try Malefactors for Trespasses in the Chaies of Bowland, Penhull, Trowden, Rochdale, Rossendale, and Romesgrene. Grant of the Wardship and Marriage of Thomas de Haverington, Grant of Lands and Tenements in Gosenargh, escheated by Felony. Lease for 20 Years of the Foreign Wood of Myerscough. Mandate to the Duchy Escheator to interfere no further in Premises at Ribblechester, seized into the Duke's Hands on the Felony of Roger de Allele. An Indenture of Agreement concerning Tenements in Romesgrene and the towns of Penhulton and Cliderowe, between the Duke and the Abbot and Convent of Whalley. Grant of the Bailiwick of Derby Wapentake for Life, , „ , , ■ j ■ . j-i Mandate to the Duchy Escheator not to interfere further as to Messuages and Lands in Asteley and Hyndeley, seized into tue Duke's Hands by reason of the Felony of Richard de Atherton, On t!ic lack and in continuation of this Roll to the followiny effect : — The Duke to Adam Skillingcorn.— A Lease of a Place called Hoddesdone for 12 Years, at £2 63, 8d, per Ann, Henry Le Norres of Speek, and others, for the Duke. Recognisance of Debts and divers other Recognisances of Debts, „ . i-i, m A Lease by the Duke to William, son of Adam of LyverpuU, and More de LyverpuU, and others de Lyrerpull, ot the J-Own, with all the Mills of the same Town, together with the Rents and Services, and the Passage of the Water of Merese, with the Turbary of Toxteth Park and the stallages as therein particularised, [The Instrument, as enrolled, is very obscure. It is tested, Henry de Walton, Lieutenant of the Duchy, at Lancaster, 24th March, 11th Year of the said Duke— 1361.] ' ' The duko died the day before this dute, — li. l-,2 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. ohap. ix. Mandate to John Haverington and other?, to raise Soldiers, Men-at-Arms, and Archers, in the Wapentakes of_ Amounderness, Fourneys, and Lonsdale, within the Duchy, to march against the Scotch. And like Mandates to others for Derbyshire, Salfordsbire, Blakeburnahire, and Leylondshire Wapentakes, with a distinct Mandate to the Sheriff to assist. Grant of a'yearly Rent of £10 to Henry Ditton out of the Lands of Thomas Ditton. Grant of Wardship and Lauds and Marriage of William the son of Robert de Frees. The Duke's Pardon of Suit for Trespass and Hunting at Blakelegh Park. Grant of Holtefeld in Salford. Pardon of Peace to the Vicar of Kirkham Church for mal-admmistration m his Office of Dean of Amounderness. Mandates to raise 300 Archers, to accompany the Duke to Brittany, from the various Wapentakes. Grant of a Paviage for Preston, and for Customs on Merchandise in aid thereof. Admissions of Attorneys to plead in the Duchy Courts. Justices assigned for observing the Statute of Weights and Measures. Permission to inquire of lands in Hornclyve. Grant of the Wardship of Lands of Adam de Mondesley. Paviage for the Town of LyverpuU for two Years. ,„.-,, t^ , i, t^ , , • i_ j Mandate to the Duchy Escheator for Livery of Seisin of Lands in Radechf, ss forfeited by Felony, the Duke having had year, day, and waste. , ■ t^ , Confirmation of a Grant of Henry, Earl of Lancaster, to William Norreys, of Lands in Derby. Writ of the Disseisin of Dokesbury [Duxbury] Manor. Tbe like of Lands in Chorley. , „. t.-it,i Mandate to the Escheator for Land in Penwortham, seized for withdrawing of the service of a Boat over the River Ribble. Writ of the Disseisin for Lands in Ellale. Grant of the Site of Ulneswalton Manor to Richard de Hibernia, the Duke's Physician, with Liberty to be Toll free and Hopper free at the Duke's Mills. Grant of Allowance to the Town of Overton to grind Corn at the Duke's Mill at Lone. Grant of the Custody of St. Mary's Chapel at Syngleton. Pardon for Trespasses in the Duchy Forests. Pardon for JSfon-Appearance in Court. Justices assigned to keep the Waters in which Salmons are caught. Justices to inquire of Stoppages in the Duchy Rivers, and chiefly the Ribble, to the injury of Penwortham Fishery. Appointments of Stewardships. Pard on of a Fine pro Licentia Concordandi, as to Tenements in Mamcestre. Inquisition and Letters Patent touching the Manor of Mamcestre as a Market Town and Boro' with the Hamlets thereto. The Duke to Thomas de Lathum and Wife. Licence to hold Knouselegh Park. Agreement touching the Wardship of Lands and the Marriage of Richard de Molyneux of Sefton. Divers Letters of Protection for Persons serving the King abroad. Confirmation of a Lease of the Manor of Aldeclif to the Prior of Lancaster. Warrant to levy 520 Marks (£346 : 13 : 4) from the Freeholders of Quernmore F. rest and the Natives of Lonsdale, as their portion of £1,000 Fine for Trespasses against the Assize of the Forest. Several Mandates to the Escheators concerning various Lands seized. Divers pardons for Trespasses and Assaults. Exemplification of Proceedings touching the Intail of the Manor of Bury. The like as to Lands in Harewode, the Water of Hyndeburne, and Clayton on the Jlores. [The other Records of the Annals of the Duchy are marked A.4. and A.5., and are similar in their contents to A.l. These RoUs terminate the Records of the first Duke, who died in the year 1361, without male issue.] So rich an inheritance as the dukedom of Lancaster could not remain long in abeyance. The marriage of John of Gaunt, the fourth son of the reigning monarch of England, to Lady Blanche, the youngest daughter of the deceased duke, produced the almost immediate revival of the title, and the subsequent death of lady Maud, her elder sister, without issue, invested Duke John with the whole of those extensive possessions which the first duke had left to his children. The con- fidence reposed by the king in this, his favourite and most highly-gifted son, conferred upon him everything but sovereign power ; and his second marriage with Constance, the eldest daughter of Peter the Cruel, obtained for him the title of King of Castile and Leon. In this character he obtained the right to coin money, and several pieces were struck bearing his superscription. The wars in which he was engaged have already been adverted to,^ and the history of this munificent duke shortly portrayed. His claim to the throne of Sicily, founded on no just pretension, produced a strong remonstrance on the part of his holiness Pope Urban V., who issued on the occasion one of those bulls at the bare name of which princes and kings were accustomed to tremble. This bull is still preserved, though divested of its seal. The inquiry upon what legitimate ground the Duke of Lancaster founded his pretensions to the kingdom of Sicily he was not able to answer to the Pope's nuncio, and from that time this claim seems to have been abandoned. The Continental wars in which the EngUsh were engaged did not prevent them from embarldng on a crusade against Ireland, that unfortunate country Avhich has for so many centuries been the scene of opjaression and misgovernment. In a writ addressed to the sheriff of Lancashire by the king, the Irish people are characterised as " our enemies, and rebels ; " and it is announced to the sheriff that Lionel, Duke of Clarence, the king's son, is on his way to Ireland to coerce the "rebels" into subjection, and the ports of Liverpool and Chester are required to send ships, properly manned, to support the expedition, (1361).' That the object of this armament was not very speedily accomplished may be inferred from the fact that,, two years afterwards, a proclamation was issued 1 Sue chap. iv. = Pat. 85 Edw. lU. p. 2. m. 24, Tun-. Lend. CHAP. IX. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 15§ by the king for seizing eighty ships, of thirty tons burden and upwards, wherever they could be found, on the western coast, between Bristol in Somersetshire and Furness in Lancashire, which ships were to be sent to Lyverpole, before the feast of St. Peter ad Vincula (Aug. 1), to assist Prince Lionel in carrjdng on the war against Ireland. At that time the exports of Liverpool were very subject to the restrictions of orders in council. In 1362 the bailiffs of Liverpool and John, Duke of Lancaster, both received orders from the government to prohibit the exportation of provisions of various kinds, as well as of dyewares and other commodities, which prohibition extended to cloths called " worstedes," ' and to sea-coal, then recently discovered as an article of fuel ; and similar interdicts, soon after issued, extended the prohibition to horses, linen, woollen yarns, jewels, and the precious metals. Liverpool was at that period rising, though slowly, into importance ; and an order was issued by the king to the admiral on the station, as well as to the sheriff of the county, and the mayor and bailiff's of the borough, to rebuild (de novo construere) a bridge over the Mersey within their lordship. The alarm of invasion was again spread with great assiduity, and the royal proclamations of 1369 diligently propagated these apprehensions, in order to quicken the transmission of the public supplies. Adam de Hoghton, Roger de Pilkinton, William de Atherton, Richard de Radclyf, and Matthew de Rixton, commissioners of array for the county of Lancaster, were appointed, by royal mandate (1369), to press and enrol four hundred archers in Lancashire, to accompany John, Duke of Lancaster, to Aquitaine f and the archbishops, bishops, abbots, priors, dukes, marquesses, earls, barons, and castellans, were informed that the king had appointed his son, the Duke of Lancaster, his captain and lieutenant in " Guynes and Caleys," the Black Prince having then returned to England broken in health. In the following month the sheriff of Lancaster was commanded to array, by himself or his deputies, all men in the county capable of bearing arms between the ages of sixteen and sixty years, and to cause them to be in readiness, and properly equipped, to resist the French, who threatened to invade England, to obstruct the passage of merchants and merchandise, and to abolish the English language ! ' By a subsequent proclamation it was ordained that the men-at-arms, hobelers, and archers in the county of Lancaster should be in complete readiness by Palm Sunday (April 7, 1370), and William de Risseby, John Blake, clerk, Matthew de Rixton, and Richard ap Llewellyn Vaughan, had confided to them the power to arrest all ships, from twelve to forty tons burthen, in the ports of Lyverpull,^ and all other places from thence to Chester, that port included, and to send them to the ports of Southampton and Plymouth by Sunday next before the feast of Pentecost (Sunday, May 26), with a sufficient equipment of sailors for the passage, to embark in the expedition of John, Duke of Lan- caster, and others in his company, going to Gascony.' To prosecute all these hostile operations the king, this year, by the authority of Parliament, levied upon the parishes of England a tax of fifty thousand pounds, each parish being required to pay five pounds fifteen shillings, the greater to help the less. From this return it appears that there were then eight thousand six hundred and thirty- two parishes in England, and that the contribution of Lancashire, for its 58 parishes, was ^^^6 8 Westmoreland, 32 „ „ Vtl ^i " 55d lb U Cumberland, 96 Middlesex, exclusive of London, 63 parishes, was 365 8 638 London, 110 parishes, was °^° Yorkshire, 540 „ „ '^^''^ " But It was in vain that John of Gaunt marched through France from Calais to Bordeaux; the French were ready to harass him by skirmishes, but not to fight m any general engagement, and as a consequence no great battle occurred. By an indenture, made in 1371, between the king and his son John, Duke of Lancaster, King of Castile and Leon, the duke grants to his father the county, castle, town, and honor ot Richmond, in exchange for the castle, manor, and honor of Tykhill, castle and manor ot High Peak with knights' fees, together with the advowson of the churches of Steyndrop and Brannspath, the free chapels of Tykhill and High Peak, the church and free chapel of Marsfeld, the ^'ee chapel of Pevenese, the priory of Wylmyngdon, the priory of Whitiham, and the house of St. Robert ot Knaresborough with the castle, manor, and honor of Knaresborough, the hundred or wapentake of Staynclifff in Yorkshire, and the manor of Gryngeley and Whetebury^ At the same time an order was issued by the king to the freemen, and all other tenants on the exchanged possessions ordering them to obey John, Duke of Lancaster; and similar orders were given by the ^f Jo the venerable fathers, all and singular his archbishops, bishops, and other prelates of churches, ■ This well-known woollen fabric derived its name from Worstead, » Kot. V™. « Edw !„ 3 Tur, Lond then a busy town, but now an unimportant village about a dozen miles Rot. Fiane. 4* Edw. Ill m 25 ^™^^° -.f^, L„„a, north of Norwich where the manufacture was earned on.-C. Rot, 1 at 1 Klcli. U. p. 1. por 1 2 Rot. Vascon. 43 Edw. HI. m. 5, Turr. Lond. 21 l,-,4 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. ix. and to his earls, viscounts, barons, and others holding of the castle, honor, and county of Rich- mond," announcing that he had granted to his royal father and lord the county of Richmond, and commanding that all vassals and feudatories should perform homage, fealty, and all other services and duties to the king. ^ The prerogatives of jura regalia conferred upon John of Gaunt in his duchy and county pala- tine of Lancaster were greatly enlarged by the royal bounty, by which he was appointed the king's especial lieutenant and captain-general of "our kingdom of France," and in Aquitaine and the parts beyond the sea.^ This authority was still further enlarged by the memorable charter granted to the duke in the early part of the reign of his royal nephew (June, 1379), of which charter it may be said in a feAV words that it gave the largest powers possible to a subject to John of Gaunt, both upon the sea and in France, Aquitaine, and " elsewhere in all parts beyond the sea." The persons embarked with the duke in his foreign expeditions were privileged by royal authority, and letters of protection were granted by the king, directing that all noblemen and others attached to the expedition should cross the sea without delay, so that none of them should be found in this country after the approaching feast of St. John the Baptist (June 24, 1379). Amongst others engaged in this expedition, and to whom letters of protection were addressed, we find the names of Robert, son of William de Clyfton ; William de Barton, of Ridale ; Adam del Darn ; Henry Fitzhenry, son of Thomas de Alkeryngton ; John de Ribelton, of Preston, in Amon- dernesse; Hugh de Tyldesley; John Redeman; and Adam, son of Adam de Lancaster. Ireland was still treated as a conquered country, and each successive lord-lieutenant, instead of sailing for that island in the character of a messenger of peace, was armed with a strong naval and military force, as if embarking against a hostile state. Accordingly, we find an order from the king to the sheriffs (1373), announcing that he had appointed Simon Charwelton, clerk, and Walton de Eure, to arrest ships of from twenty to two hundred tons burthen in Bristol and the other western ports as far as Lyverpole, at which latter place they were to rendezvous, for the passage of William de Wyndesore, "governor and warden of the land of Ireland."'' In these early days, amongst all the restrictions on commerce, we find no laws against the importation of grain, but there are frequent interdicts against the exportation of that article ; and hence we have, in the year 1375, a precept to the sheriff of the county of Lancaster, directing him not to allow the exportation of wheat, barley, or other grain from this county. The reign of Edward III., though a period of Avar and mihtary renown, terminated in peace. For the restoration of this blessing the country was indebted to John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, Avho, in virtue of the powers with which he was invested, concluded a treaty of peace with Flanders, and also a truce with France, which, after having been prorogued from time to time, terminated finally in an adjustment of the differences between the two nations. In the last year of this king's reign (1377) a grant, as we have already seen, of chancery in the county palatine of Lancaster was made by the Duke of Lancaster ; ^ and the reign concluded, as it had begun, with favours and privileges to the ducal house, which had long held the first station amongst the peers of the realm, and Avas speedily to be advanced to sovereign poAver. ' Ex. origin, in Turr. Lond. . ■•> Pat, 47 Edw. Ill n. 2 m "4 Tun- T nnd ' Rot. Franc. 47 Edw. HI, m. 19, Turr. Lend. > Bee chap iv. CHAPTER X. Power of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster-The Duke's Expedition to Spain-Larger Measure in Lancashire than any other part of the Kingdom-Accession of the House of Lancaster to the Throne-Grant of the Isle of Man, first to Henry, Earl of Northumberland, and afterwards to Sir John Stanley, Knight-Annals of the Duchy-Charters of the Duchy-Will of Henry IV.-Heury V. ascends the Throne-Union of the County of Hereford to the Duchy of Lancaster-Battle of Agincourt— Death of Henry V.— His Bequest of the Duchy of Lancaster— a.d. 1377 to 1422. OHN OF GAUNT, Duke of Lancaster, had now attained his meridian power, and the reign of Eichard II. may not inaptly be called the regency and Yice-royalty of the duke. Though the king swayed the sceptre, his noble uncle guided the arm that wielded it ; and all the principal measures of his reign were supposed by the people, and not without cause, to emanate from the palace of the Savoy or the castle of Lancaster. No subject of the realm had by any means equal power in this kingdom; and, as the representative of the king in foreign countries, he exercised prerogatives seldom confided to a subject. The wealth of the duke was immense, but the splendour and state which he maintained absorbed and even anticipated his princely income. The arts were then slowly emerging from the night of the middle ages ; the dogmas of the schools and the superstitions of the monasteries were shaken by the risinw spirit of inquiry ; poetry, hitherto almost unknown in this island, except in the effusions of the Welsh bards and of Caedmon, began to be cultivated; and "time-honoured Lancaster" was amongst the most munificent patrons of genius in his age and nation. In the "process and ceremony of the coronation" of Eichard II. (July 16, 1377), who was now but eleven years of age, we find the names of John, Duke of Lancaster, Eoger le Strange de Knokyn, John la Warre, Henry de Grey de Wilton, and Archibald de Grelly, all names connected with the county of Lancaster, and attached, for the purposes of this ceremony at least, to the king's court. This " process " John, King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, and'high steward of England, delivered with his own hand into the king's court of chancery.' The ceremonial, which was one of unusual splendour, was performed almost as soon as the obsequies of the late king were ended, and was doubtless hastened by the fact that apprehensions were entertained of the ambitious designs of John of Gaunt, who, as eldest surviving son of Edward III., expected to be sole regent. The Parliament assembled in October of the same year, when, at the request of the Commons, the Lords, in the king's name, appointed nine persons, of whom the Duke of Lancaster was one, to be a permanent council of the king, and further resolved that, during the king's minority, the appoint- ment of all the chief officers of the crown should be with the Parliament. The decision was a grievous disappointment to the duke, and his feelings must have been ill-concealed, for there is upon the rolls of Parliament a speech that he made, in which he demanded the punishment of those who had spoken of him as a traitor. But the times were serious for England, and men's minds were exercised less by the doings in Parliament at home than by the prospect of impending danger abroad. The wars of Edward III. had produced no permanent advantage, but had engendered a spirit of revenge that threatened the safety of the country. The truce with France had expired, and Charles V., acting in concert with Spain, had lost no time in renewing hostilities ; the Scots, ever restless, were again in arms, and had succeeded in burning Eoxburgh and capturing Berwick. There were, in fact, enemies all round ; commerce was interrupted, the seaports were ravaged, and the Isle of Wight had been plundered. The high reputation of the duke pointed him out as the mediator of differences, whether of a national or a domestic kind ; and after having settled the quarrel with France and with Belgium, we find him appointed a commissioner to compose the ancient differences between the gallant Earls of Northumberland and Douglas.^ In 1378 the prerogatives oijura regalia were renewed in favour of " King John," Duke of Lancaster, as he was called, on going abroad, and rendered as extensive as they were in the time of King Edward III. The privilege of coining money in the city of Bayonne and other places was at the same time renewed.^ In the same year the duke's eldest son, Henry of Bolingbroke, whose name figures so prominently in later history, was deemed of sufficient age to receive the honour of 1 Richard II. claus. 1. m. 44. " Scoi. 1 Richard II. m. 7. ' -2 Richard II., Vase. S. R. 156 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. x. knighthood, and his father, in accordance with custom, in the second year of his regality (1378), issued a summons to Richard de Townley, the sheriff, to levy the usual aid to make him a knight. The followin See chap i?. = Claus 8. Richard II. m. 3. d. ° Patent Rolls (Duchy Records) 9 Richard II.- C. ' Vol. i. p. 262. ° Ibid.—C. 158 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. x. that he would repay to the king 20,000 marks (£13,333 6s. 8d.), which he had borrowed to defray the expenses incident to the fitting out of this expedition. The duke was accompanied on his expedition by his wife and his tAvo daughters, Philippa and Katharine. The fleet in which they and their large force (the flower of English chivalry) embarked set sail in July, and the expedition remained abroad for some time, but the result was partly a failure and partly a success. The duke failed in securing the coveted crown of Castile, but he succeeded in finding a royal match for each of his daughters. The eldest, Philippa, he married to John I., King of Portugal, and the other, Katharine, was united to Henry, Prince of the Asturias, who, on the death of his father, became King of Spain— thus, though he lost himself a crown, he seated his descendants on the two thrones of Spain and Portugal.^ After securing these advantageous alliances for his daughters and a large sum of money for himself he relinquished all claim to the crown of Castile and to any title to be called king of that country. Of this mission the following account is given in an ancient manuscript chronicle in the Harleian collection, in the British Museum. '- [We have modernised the spelling.] "And in the eleventh year of the reign of King Richard II. (1387), Sir John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, went over the sea into Spain to challenge his right that he hath by his wife's title to the crown of Spain, with a great host of people, of lords, and knights, and squires, men-of-arms, and archers ; and had the duchess his wife and his three daughters over the sea with him in Spain. And there they were a great while, till at last the King of Spain began [to] treat with the Duke of Lancaster ; and as they were accorded together, through their sooth counsels, that the King of Spain should wed the duke's daughter of Lancaster that was heir to Spain, and the King of Spain gave to the Duke of Lancaster of gold and silver that were cast into great ingots, as much as eight chariots might carry, and many other rich jewels and gifts ; and every year after, during the life of the Duke of Lancaster and of the duchess his wife, 10,000 marks of gold,^ and that by her [their] own adventure, costs, and charges, they of Spain should bring these 10,000 marks every year, yearly, into Bayonne, to the duke's assigns, by surety made. And the Duke of Lancaster wedded another daughter of his unto the King of Portingale, well and worthily, and left there his two daughters with their lords their husbands, and came him home again into England with the good lady his wife. Duchess of Lancaster." During the duke's absence in Spain "a submission of award " was entered into between the honourable " Prince, King, and Duke," as he is designated in this document,* on the one part, and William Pargrave and Igden Slingsby, Esq., on the other part, relating to the manors of Scotton, Breareton, and Thonge, in the county of Fork, to determine how far the latter parties, in right of their wives, the daughters of William de Westfield, were entitled to certain privileges in these manors, the award to be made by twenty knights and esquires, the most sufficient that could be found near to the manors in litigation. In the year 1 388 the alarm of Scotch invasion was again very prevalent in this country, on which the king issued a proclamation to the Duke of Lancaster, or his chancellor, announcing that the Scots and their adherents had assembled a great army, and had hastily invaded the kingdom of England, burning, destroying, and horribly slaying men, women, and children, and had almost advanced to the gates of York. To repel this cruel invasion, the duke was required to make proclamation in all cities, boroughs, and market-towns, and other places in the county and duchy of Lancaster, that all lords, knights, esquires, and others competent to bear arms should repair with all speed to join the king's army.'' Before the return of the duke from Spain, in 1389, the battle of Otter bourne, on which the ballad of " Chevy Chace " was founded, had been fought, Douglas had been made to bite the dust, and the Scots had been driven back into their own country, but the public mind still continued agitated in the extreme by the intrigues of the Duke of Gloucester and his adherents, who sought to usurp the royal prerogatives, and to use them for their own aggran- disement. The presence of the Duke of Lancaster served to check the turbulent and ambiUous spirit of his brother of Gloucester, and to restore tranquillity to the State. Although by Magna Charta it was declared that uniform weights and measures should be used throughout the whole kingdom, to guard against those impositions to which the people were exposed from the arts of fraudulent dealers, the provisions of the charter had hitherto not been enforced ; it was now ordained by the authority of the king, on petition of the Commons that a standard measure and weight should be established for the whole kingdom, and that any person convicted of using any other should not only make satisfaction to the aggrieved parties but should also be imprisoned for six months without bail. The county of Lancaster was, however exempt from this enactment, " because," as the king says in his answer to the Commons, " there has always been a larger measure used in Lancashire than in any other part of the kino'dom."" The earliest enactments in the statutes of the realm for regulating the° salmon fisheries of this kingdom are those of the statute of Westminster 2, of which the confirmations relate to the Lancashire rivers, the Lune, the Wyre, the Mersey, and the Ribble; and by a statute, 13 i Ha"rMSs''co'd'' M6'fo''98'b"^'~°' ""^ ""=''«''?e'l twenty-fold. It is more probable thiit it moans 10,000 ordi- = 10,000 marks in the ordinary money of aceount, equals £6,6C6 : 13 : 4. °'"'^*XT'jISb^ c" fs'^orf^' 60 But the "mark of gold " (the expression used in the MS. ) was equal to = Claus 1? fiich 11 m 42 20 marks of silver ; so that if the term be taken literally, that sum must « Rot F' rl vo iii "sro CHAP. X. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 1,59 Richard II. c. 19 (1389-90), it is enacted, "That no young sahnon be taken or destroyed bv nets, at mill dams or other places, from the middle of April till the Nativity of St. John Baptist ]" and " it IS ordamed and assented that the waters of Lon, Wyre, Mersee, Ribbyl, and all other waters in the county of Lancaster, be put in defence, as to the taking of salmons, from Michaelmas Day to the Purification of our Lady (Feb. 2), and in no other time of the year, because that salmons be not seasonable in the said waters in the time aforesaid ; and in the parts were such rivers be, there shall be assigned and sworn good and sufficient conservators of this statute." This Act was amended by 17 Richard II. c. 9 (1393-4), which enacts " that the justices of the peace shall be conservators of the recited statute, with under-conservators appointed by them, and that the said justices shall inquire into _ the due execution of the law at their sessions ; " and further amended by 1 Eliz. c. 17 (1559), which, amongst other things, provides that the meshes of the nets used in taking salmon shall be two inches and a half broad, and that the fish shall not be taken by any other means.^ " In 1393, John, Duke of Lancaster, son of the King of Eugland, Duke of Guienne, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, and steward of England," as he is styled in the parliamentary records, and Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, constable of England, "complained to the king that Sir Thomas Talbot, knight, with others his adherents, conspired the deaths of tlie said dukes in divers parts of Cheshire, as the same was confessed and well known, and the dukes prayed that Parliament might judge of the fault. Whereupon the king and the lords in Parliament adjudged the said Thomas Talbot guilty of high treason, and awarded two writs — the one to the sheriffs of York and the other to the sheriffs of Derby, to take the body of the said Sir Thomas, returnable in the King's Bench in the month of Easter then ensuing ; and open proclamation was made in Westmiaster Hall that upon the sheriffs' return at the next coming in of the said Sir Thomas he should be convicted of treason, and incur the loss and penalty of the same." ^ Notwithstanding all these court intrigues the honours and privileges of the Duke of Lancaster continued to accumulate ; and by an act of ro3^al favour he was allowed to hold Aquitaine in liege homage of the king ; and all prelates, earls, viscounts, and others were commanded to pay homage to the duke, The viceroyalty of Picardy was soon after conferred upon him, at which time the privilege was conceded to him of importing sixty casks of wine, duty free, for the use of his household.^ The scandal raised at court by the marriage of John of Gaunt, the king's uncle, to his mistress Catherine Swinford,'' was somewhat abated by the king's patent, which legitimised her four children by the duke. These children were surnamed Beaufort, from the place of their birth, the patent of legitimation bearing date on the 10th of February, 1397." In the following year (1398) the quarrel between the Duke of Lancaster's eldest son, Henry of Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford, and Thomas Mowbray, first Duke of Norfolk which terminated in the banishment of both these knights, took place." The death of the illustrious and venerable Duke of Lancaster was precipitated by this event ; ' and the deposition of Richard II., " unking'd by Bolingbroke," speedily followed.* On the death of his father, the Duke of Hereford returned to England, ostensibly to claim his paternal inheritance of the duchy of Lancaster, but really, through the public power, and his own daring, to assume the still higher possession of the throne. Amongst the most powerful of the adherents of the Duke of Lancaster Avere Henry de Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and his son Henry Hotspur, to whose services he was essentially indebted for his elevation ; and one of the first acts of the new king's reign was to present the earl with a grant of the Isle of Man, to hold by the feudal service of bearing the curtana, called the "Lancaster Sword," on the day of the coronation," at the left shoulder of the king and his heirs, which sword had been borne by John of Gaunt at the coronation of Richard II. This grant is represented, in the document by which it is made, as the inadequate reward of the earl's magnificent and faithful services to the State. The island, castle, peel, and lordship of Man, the possession of William le Scrope, Earl of Wiltshire, had been seized by the king, on the execution of the earl for misgoverning the kingdom in the time of Richard II. ; and the whole of these possessions, together with the regalia, royal jurisdictions, franchises, liberties, and the patronage of the bishopric, as Avell as the goods and chattels of the unfortunate earl, Avere conferred upon the Earl of Northumberland m perpetuity. The restless spirit of Northumberland, who thought himself inadequately rewarded by the Isle of Man, Avhile he had secured for his sovereign the kingdom of England, urged him on to acts of rebellion against King Henry, as he had before rebelled against his predecessor. Less fortunate in his second than in his first revolt, the reAvard of his perfidy to Richard overtook him, and he lost, in the sequel, his son young Hotspur, his possessions, and his life. By the attainder oi the Earl of Northumberland, the Isle of Man, after six years, again fell into the possession of the ' The subsequent statutes for the regulation of these fisheries aro • Sec chap. Iv. p. 60. 4 and 5 of Anne, c. 21 (1706) ; 1 George I. stat. 11. c. 18 (1714) ; 23 George II. = Rot. Pari. vol. lu. p. 343. c. 26 (1749-50); 43 George III. c. 61 (1802-3). « See chap. v. p. (J4. ^ See chap v. * "■ ""* ■■" The duty on wine at this time was 3s, per ca.sk, with an ad valorem ' P. 66. duty of 5 per cent upon its introduction into tho port of London. " Pat. 1 Hen. IV. p. 6 m. 35 160 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. x. Crown, and was seized for the king's use by Sir William and Sir John Stanley ;' on which the king, by letters patent (dated 4th Oct., 1405), of his especial grace and favour, granted to Sir John Stanley the island, castle, peel, and lordship of the Isle of Man, and all the islands and lordships thereto belonging, together with regalia, regalities, franchises, and liberties, and all other profits and commodities annexed thereto, to have and to hold for the term of his life.- On the 6th of April, 1406, the king so far extended his bounty as to grant the Isle of Man to Sir John Stanley in perpetuity, in as full and ample a manner as it had been held by any former lord of the crown of England, per Iwrnagiwrn legiwm, but altering the tenure, which was now, instead of bearing the Lancaster sword at the coronation, to pay to the king a cast of falcons at the coronation, after homage made in lieu of all demands and customs. By this grant the Stanleys obtained an absolute jurisdiction over the soil, and became, with the exception of a few baronies, immediate landlord of every estate in the island, a semi-regal position which, save a brief interregnum during the Commonwealth period, they retained until the death, without male issue, of James Stanley, in 1736, when the lordship passed to the House of Athole, James Murray, the second duke, being descended from a daughter of James, the seventh Earl of Derby. The annals of the duchy, during the whole period of the life of John of Gaunt, will at all times rank amongst the most interesting records in the early history of the county palatine of Lancaster ; but though they are all before us, they are much too voluminous to be inserted in detail, and can only be given in summary, with such references as may enable those who wish to consult particular documents to find them with facility. These annals being resumed from the period of the death of the first Duke of Lancaster, and brought down to the demise of the last subject duke, comprehend the whole period of the history of the duchy, from its creation to the time when it merged in the Crown, not indeed by absolute union, for the duchy of Lancaster has always been considered a separate inheritance, but by actual possession— the Kings of England and the Dukes of Lancaster having been the same persons ever since the time when Henry of Bolingbroke ascended the throne, to the present day. EXTRACT FEOM CLOSE ROLL, A.6. John, Ddkb of Lancaster— viz. 1377 (51 Edw. III.) to 1389 (12 Rich. II.) (From the Duchy Secords in the Record Office). PERSONS. MATTERS. The two introductory instrumenta are aa follow : — 51 Edw. III. John the Duke to Thomas de Thelwall s Appointment of Chancellor of the Duchy and County Palatine, Ai 4.1, T^ 1 i. ., o, -^ . ,, „ and delivery of the Great Seal of the Royalty. Also, the Duke to the Sheriff of the County Proclamation of Pleadings of Assize, &c. N^hn!^! 1 I 1 T ) I ^"t!^^ ^"''^ ^'°" *°'" ^^'"' °f -^^^'^^ de Nov. Dis. 20s. paid to the Hanaper. Nicholas de Syngleton to the Duke Fine of 10s. for a Writ de Conventione. ^ T^^llLr\?f^ "^ ^°^"^' '°" "^ ^''' •^°'"' "^^ M.^nA^i^ to Roger de Brokholes. the Duke's Escheator, for •! TV,rS!°,'-n ,S'--^ V,; ■•■■ delivery of Lands formerly held in Capite. 3. The King and Duke for Henry de Ferrarijs Mandate to the Escheator to deliver Lands formerly held in Capite. 4. The King and Duke for Walter Pedwardyne and others Like Mandate for Advowsons of Churches, &c. Conyngshead r m TT- J T^ , r -.TT-,,. , Priory and Wharton Church. 6. The King and D^ke for the Duke : Adani de Hoght^n,' ^ ^^°'""' ^" ^^^^'°S- 7. T^fm:L%TZ''t^eV:L Warrant to cut Timber for Repairs of Lancaster Castle. ine iving ana uuke tor the Duke Precept to the Mayor and BailiBFs of Lancaster and other PerBons, to proclaim prohibition against Persons congregating with an 8. Various Fines paid for Writs, " P"'^"" '" '""P"'^^ ^^^ ^^^'"""^ "^ Lancaster. 9. The King and Duke for the Duke Writ to the Escheator to seize the Lands of Nicholas de Prest- WVcll6 '"■ '"^Ha'^Sngton '"^''^ '"' '°^° '"'''''"' '"'^ '"''"^"'^^ ""' ^7"^^ V""' ^"^"^ '''' P^^'^S ^'^^ ^26 8s. as Knights elect ■* '' for the Commonalty of the Duchy, for Expenses in coming to the King s Parliament. ' Writs dated Pountfreyt Castlo, SdJuly, Hen IV A,-.riH„ «,» «,.„* .,■ " Claus. 8 Henry IV. m. 42. ^' nfTl^^n li ™' ^?^'' "i I™,!'"^*"'^ (^^r?), by writ directed to the sheriff •■' This appointment is dated at Westminster, 10th April 51 Edw III WillS^ Hn N^ "'ff}'?'^ WiUiam de Skipwyth, Roger de Fulthorp, and (1377 , and states that John, King of Castile and Leon a3 Duke oTVan' orrteroH ?w tl "'"^i" ''t'"' ^l,"^*,'? ^"^ ^" P'^''^. "'<=-. i» «><= ^""'y' caster, in the presence of Robert d% Wylington and ThomTde Hunrarford th^ Mnnd?, » " 'f^ ^" ■"°*'5 '"""'^ '^"""i ^^""^ ^'^^^'on^ ^^ Lancaster on knights, and others of the kmg's housdiold, hi tZ cCol wS th^ mari^ in f?,Tl ""«'■•, ^''^^'.'S'O" .day, and that due proclamation should be palace, appointed Thomas de Thelwall, clerk his chanoXr within th« if.n«t ff a] "f"'' /?°'i '" ™r'o"= market-places of the suits or pleas to l)e duehy and county of Lancaster, who took Us oath toThe sameTtaL -md of th« Hf«nJi°',°''? *''" 'T' ^"''i"f ' *^'''°S *''^° "■^•^ ««« twenty-four his great .seal for the administration of the regalities of the county mlkt^e h ,nd?-.^ i *i'' '''™T""'"iy' ^^ ''^est men, from every wapentjike or of the same, with his own hand to the said ThomM doliTOred etc '^ After Tn^^ ?„viff f ^\ ^^^id county, for the further fulfilling of the mandate, wards, the chancellor having received the seal, tto said king onthe 20th ''°'''™ ""= "'*'°°' °^ ""^ twenty-four men and this writ. CHAP. X. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 161 PERSONS. ,,,mmc„„ 11. The King a^d Duke for King Richard Precept for Proclamation that all Foreign Mendicant FriarB within the Duchy quit the Realm, according to the King's 12. The King and Duke for the Prior and Convent of St. Mary's, Precept to'tbe Escheator not to interfere in the Manors and ijeicester Possessions of the Abbey of St. Mary de Pratis, during the avoidance of the Abbot's death. Here ends the first Year of the Royalty (1377), on the first side of the Roll, i 13. John, King of Castile, &c., for the Abbot of Furnes Precept to the SheriCf, commanding the Executors of John Raton to pay £55 to the Abbot. 14. Fines paid to the Duke for various AVrits, and attested by the Custos RegaHtatis, William Wetherley, Vicar of Blakeburn Church- 15. The King and Duke for the Abbot of Evesham Mandate to the Barons of the Exchequer concerning the Fishery of Hoghwyk in the River Ribble, claimed by the Abbot, and ,„ _, i ii T^- , T> , seized by the Deputy-Steward of the Manor of Penwortham. 16. The same for the Kmg and Duke Mandate to the Sheriff to Levy Aid, according to the Statute, to « iu -r. 1 make his eldest Son a Knight. 17. The same for the Duke and other Magnates of his Retiuue Letters to the Abbots of Furneys, Whalley, Cockersand, and going abroad m the Kmg 3 service other Abbots, Priors, Archdeacons, and Proctors, to offer prayers and sacrifices to God for the success of the expedition. 18. The same for the Duke Mandate to the Duke's Escheator to seize the Lands, &c., of Otho de Halsale. 19. The same for Richard de Townelay, Sheriff Mandate to the Barons of the Exchequer to pay his Account of Charges for Parchment, &c. 20. The same for John Boteler and Ralph de Tpre Precept to the Sheriff to pay the Knighfe) elected for the Com- monalty of the Duchy £16 for their Expenses in coming to Parliament at Gloucester. This ends the second Year of the Royalty (1378). 21. 2 Rich. n. (1378-9). The King and Duke for Alan Wilkeson and Wife Mandate to the Barons of the Exchequer to inquire of a Messuage and Lands seized into the Duke's bands, for the Felony of John de Ley land at Kirkeby, in Derbyshire. 22. 'Various Fines paid to the Duke for Writs. 23. The King and Duke for the Duke Mandate to the Justices to adjourn Sessions. 24. The same for the Abbot of Whalley Mandate to the Baroas to inquire of Tithes seized by the Escheatiir, as belonging to William Talbot, an Outlaw, touch- ing the Tithes of the Church of All Saints of Whalley, at Alvetham. 25. The same for the King Precept to the Sheriff to proclaim within the Duchy the Ordinance made as to the Goldsmiths' mark. 26. The same for Nicholas de Haryngton and Robert de Urswyk Precept to the Sheriff to pay the Knights of the Commonalty their Expenses to Parliament at Westminster. 27. The same for the Duke Precept to the Sheriff to elect a Coroner in the room of Thomas de Fasakereley. 28. The same for the Duke Precept to eject Verderors for Derbyshire, Amouuderness, and Lonsdale. 29. The Bang and Duke for John de Eccleston Precept to the Sheriff to give Seisin (i.e. possession) of a Messuage and Lands taken by the Duke for the Felony of Robert de RaynhuU. 30. The same for the Abbot of Evesham Monastery Mandate to the Escheator to deliver Temporalities to Roger de Yatton, Abbot-elect. 31. The same for the same Mandate to the Barons of the Exchequer to surcease demands upon the Abbot, and to answer for the Issues according to the Award of the Great Council. 32. The same for the Duke Mandate to the Escheator to seize the Lands, &o., of Sir Thomas Bannastre, Knight. The end of the 3d Year of the Royalty (1379). 33. 3 Rich. II. (1379-80). The King and Duke for the Duke ... Precept to the Sheriff for election of a Coroner. 34. The same for John de Boteler and Thomas de Southworth Precept to the Sheriff to pay them as knights for the Commonalty, £24, for Expenses in coming to Parliament at Westminster. Anno Quarto Segalitatis, John, Duke of Lancaster (1380). 3 Rie. IL (1379-80). 35. Fines pa d to the Lord for Writs. . . . , ^, -r 3 c ttt-h 36. The King and Duke for John de Haydock Precept to the Escheator to give seisin of the Lands of Willm. Botiller in Laton Magna, Laton Parva, Bispham, Warthebrek, and Great Merton ; and Rents in Atherton, Weetlegh, Pynnyngton, Bolde, Lydegate, Thornton, Culcheth, Egergarth, Tildeslegh, Glassebroke, Bedford, Halsall, Ives, and Wyndhull ; Great Sonkey Manor, and Werington Manor. 37. The same for John Botiller Precept to give seisin of Lands and Mill in Burtonwood, and the Manor of Weryngton, with Advowson of the Church. ' The first year of the royalty or regality of John of Gaunt was the ITth year of hia dukedom,— H. 22 162 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. x. 38. The same for the Duke Precept to seize the Lands of William Botiller. The like of John Byron. The like of Eichard Radclif. 39. The same for Gilbert de Gtorf ordsyohe Writ of Re-disseisin as to the Turbary in Scaresbrek. 40. The like for the Tenants of Worston Township Mandate to the Baron s of the Exchequer, relating to the Tenants of.Worston, and Pasturage of Common and the Inolosure by William Nowel. 41. The same for John Botiller and Thomas de Southworth Precept to the Sheriffs to pay Knights for the Commonalty of the Duchy, £19 12a., their Expenses in coming to Parliamt. at Northampton. 42. The King and Duke for the Duke Mandate to the Escheator to seize the Lands and Tenements of Peter Gerard. The like of Ellen de Birewayth. The like of Wm. de Bradshagh of Hagh. The like of Riohd. de Caterall. The like of Gilbert de Kyghley. The like of Isabella de Eton. 43. The same for John Eadeoliffe Mandate to give Seisin of the Manor of TJrdesale [Ordsall], 3 parts of Moiety, of the Town of Flixton, Tenements in Le Hope, Shoresworth, Le Holynhed, in Tokholes, Salford, the Bailiwick of Rochdale, and i of moiety of the Town of Flixton. 44. The same for Isabella Bradeshagh Mandate to assign Dower of Lands seized into the Duke's Hands by reason of the minority of Thomas Bradeshagh. Writs of Diem Clausit Extremum. 45. The King and Duke for the Duke Mandate to the Escheator to take the Lands of John de Skerton. And the like Mandate for several otherp upon deaths. 46. The same for Sir Roger Pilkington, Knight Writ of Post Disseisin to the Sheriff for a Tenement in Rediche. 47. The King and Duke for the Abbot of Cokersand Mandate to the Barons of the Exchequer to inquire of Rent of Hands in Mellyng, held by Hy. Chaderton, as seized for Debt. 48. Fines paid for various Writs to the Duke, as acknowledged by William Horneby, Clerk of the Hanaper. 49. The King and Duke for the King Precept to the Sheriflf to take William Greenhil, an Outlaw, in the King's Court within the Duchy, according to the King's Mandate therein recited. 50. The same for same Precept to the Mayor and Bailiffs of Liverpool to proclaim the K ing's Mandate prohibiting Exportation of Corn. Anno Sexto Regalitatis (1382). 51. The King and Duke for John de Warren Mandate to the Escheator to give Seisin of Wood Plumpton Manor, as in Fee, by Sir John Davenport, Knt. to Robert de Eton. 52. The same for William de Atherton and Robert de Urcewyk. Precept to the Sheriff to pay the Knights of the Commonalty of ,„ _, -^. -, T^ , . , ,,. ^^^ Duchy for their expenses to Parliament at Westminster. 53. The King and Duke for the Kmg Precept to the Mayor and Bailiffs of Liverpool to proclaim the K.( rr, Tj- J T^ 1 t i,. TT- z. o i, , Klug's Mandate touching the Exportation of Corn. 64. The Kmg and Duke for the King of Scotland Precept to the Sheriff to distrain Persons in Liverpool possessing several Casks of Wine taken in the Port of Inchgalle by some Persons in the County of Chester, contrary to the Truce with ,, rm, c .V. -n- i: T. , 1 Scotland, and to pay 10 Marks (£6 133. 4d.) for each Cask. 65. The same for the Kmg of England Precept to the Sheriff to publish the King's Proclamation within the Duchy relative to Charters of Pardon by the King's Sub- jects (except certain Persons named, and the Men of the City of Canterbury, of the Towns of Cambridge, Bridgwater, St, ,. _,, , „• -r, ,,.,., ^ Edmund's, Beverley, and Scarboro') 56. The same for Sir Roger de Pilkmgton, Knt. and Robert de Precept to pay the Knights elected for the Duchy Commonalty » 4. XI, V J 1^ , ^ ,,T -x ^^^ ^'"' ^^™ Expenses to Parliament at Westminster. 57. Fines to the Kmg and Duke for Writs. ^i-u^^i. 58. The King and Duke for the King of England Precept to Liverpool as to Exportation of Corn. Writs of Diem Clausit Extremum. 59. The King and Duke for the Duke Mandate to the Escheator to take the Lands of Edward Lawrence en TV, IT- J n 1 t i,. T^- r T, , , ^"'^ ^^^ Ij&ni of Thomas Lathum. 60. The Kmg and Duke for the King of England Precept to Liverpool as before. 61. The same for the Poor Fishermen in the Duchy Precept to the Sheriff to publish the King's Prohibition against preventing the Fishermen from setting their nets in the Sea, fi9 Ti,^ o„„o f„ Tir ri 1 TUT- ^"^^ catching Fish for their Livelihood. 62. The same for Matilda Waryng Writ _of Re-disseisin to the Sheriff of a Messuage and Lands in 63. The same for Thomas de Knoll Ma^daTfo the Barons of the Exchequer to inquire of Lands in Chippendale, seized into the Duke's hands on the Felony of John de Knoll, as purchased after the King's Charter of 64. The King of England for the King Wrirad°d;essed to the King of Castile and Duke of Lancaster, to cause to be elected and to come to Parliament 2 Knights for the Commonalty of the Duchy, and of every City 2 Citizens, and of every Boro' 2 Burgesses. Witness the King at Westminster, 7th January, 6 Ric. II, (1383). ™^P- ^- THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 163 PERSONS. MATTERS. 65. The King and Duke for the King Precept to the Sheriff to make Proclamation of the Statutes and Ordmauoea made in the Parliamt. of the 6ih Year of King Richard (1383), as recited in the King's Mandate addressed to the Duke of Lancaster, or his Lieutenant. 66. The King and Duke for Margery Bannastre W^::^^^;llTS^f:^^ IL^^^'Ln in le '^" ^''onZ Dlt'c^oSi"' °' '''" ^'"'^ """^"^ ^'"='''' ™'='^^'^ ^""A^P* *° *^^ ^'^^"ff *° •"^'^^ Proclamation that aU the Duke's on tne Uucny coast Officers, Ministers, and Tenants of the Duchy, abstain from takmg the Goods of the said Ship, the Crew having escaped alive. Anno Septimo Segalitatis (1383). 68. The King and Duke for the Duke Writ of Diem Clausit Extremum' upon the death of John de fio Ti, c Kirkby, Chivaler. 7n'ThP»r!f"'""' The like, upon death of David delrland. IV. ine same tor same Precept to the Sheriff to elect a Verderor for Amoundernesa, -, m, y, instead of Adam Bradkirk. 79 -Thprt The like for Derbyshire, vice Richard de Aynscough. 7^' Th!=7^='f;.'7i,"'Ai:i,":"*n'", j °°' *» elect a coroner for the county, vice Adam de Skylicorne. / 3. The same for the Abbot of Cockersand Do. to give Seiain of Lands in BiUynge, seized by King Edward -I TT- i 4.1, T^- J T^ , , ,„ . for the Felony of William de Falyngge. /I. Fines to the Kmg and Duke for Writs. ®^ 75. The Kmg^and Duke for Richard de Bareweford and Agnes, Writ of Re-diaaeisiu concerning Lands at Chorlegh. 76. Fines to the King and Duke for Wrila. 77. The King and Duke for the Duke Writ of Diem Clausit, Ac, directed to Robert de Ursewyk on ^. -, J T^ , , *'^® death of Hugh de Bradshagh. / 8. ihe Kmg and Duke for John Pilkington and Wife Writ de Dote Aasiguanda directed to the Escheator, for Margaret de Bradshagh. 79. The same for same Writ of Diem Clausit Extremum upon the death of Hugh de Dacre. Do- on the death of Thomas de Rigmayden. Do. of „„ „. ., , ,, .r. , - Thomas de Lathum. Do. of Richard de Balderston. 80. Fines paid to the Duke for Writs. Anno Octavo RegalUatis (1384). 81. The King and Duke for the Duke Precept to the Sheriff for Proclamation, that all the Men of the Duke's retinue meet him at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, to march into Scotland. 82. The same for Adam de Prestall of Salf ordshire Precept to the Sheriff not to put the said Adam on Juries, &<:., he being deaf. 83. The same for Johanna Rigmayden Writ de Dote Assignanda, addressed to the Escheator. 84. The King and Duke for the Duke Writ of Diem Clausit Extremum, on the death of Matthew de Twisilton. of John Kekwyk, of Derby. of William Barton. 85. Pines paid to the King and Duke for Writs. 86. The King and Duke for the Duke Mandamus to the Escheator, upon the death of Thomas de Rigmayden. of Thomas Banaster. of Edward Banastre. 87. The same for John Daunport (Davenport) Mandate of William de Homeby, Receiver of the County of Lancaster, to pay the secondary Justice iu the Duchy 20 Marks, for his Fee of 20s. for his Clerk for two last Sessions. 88. Fines paid to the King and Duke for Writs. 89. The King and Duke for the King of England Precept to the Sheriff to get ready the Men-at-Arms and Bowmen within the Duchy, to march agst the Scotch, according to the King's Mandate. 90. The same for the Abbot of Cookersand Precept to give Seisin of Lands in Billynge, as seized into King Edward's Hands for the Felony of William de Falyng. 91. The King and Duke for Isabella Lathum Writ de Dote Assignanda out of Lathum Manor. 92. Fines paid to the King and Duke for Writs. 93. The King and Duke for Roger de Fazackrelegh and Wife... Writ de Procedendo in an Assize of Novel Disseisin before the Justices, as to Tenements in Knowslegh, Childwall, Roby, and Anlasargh. 94. The same for Johanna Kekewyk Writ de Dote Assignanda. 95. The same for the Duke Mandamus to the Escheator, upon the death of Thomas de Lathum. ' The "Inquisition" or "Inquest of Office," commonly called an the profits accruing, until proof of legal age, and if there was no heir the Inquieiiio post mortem, was an inquiry held on oath before a jury sum- lands bee ime the king's by escheat, from which circumstance these docu- moned by virtue of a writ directed to the escheator, coroner, or other ments are sometimes, though incorrectly, called cskcats. _ The finding of officer of the king, to inquire on the death of any tenant holding lands the jury with the writ of enquiry was returned to the king's chancery, in capite, or in chief, whether by knight's service or in soccage, (1) of whence a transcript was sent to the exchequer in order that the proper what lands he died seized, (2) by what rents or services the same were officers might levy the services and duties duo. The heir, on attaining held, and (3) who was the next heir and of what age. They were further the ago of 21 if a male, or 16 if a female, might sue oat their livery or to enquire whether the tenant was attainted of treason, or an alien. In omter le ^nain (i.e., take oft the hand) and obtain dehvory of their lands either of which cases the lands reverted to the crown ; if the heir was a out of their guardian's hands. — C. minor, the king had the wardship or custody of the body and lands, with 164 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. x. Hie incipit Annus Nanus Regalitatis (1385). 96. The King and Duke for the King and Duke Writ of Diem Clausit, &c, on the death of Henry de Dyneley. Geoffrey Workesley. Adam de Hoghton. 97. The same for the Duke Precept to elect a Coroner for the County of Lancaster, vice 98. Fines paid to the Lord for Writa Joiin Skilicorn, deceased. 99. The King and Duke for John de Pilkyngton, Parson of Writ of Re-Disseisin as to the Manors of Le Lee, Grymsargh, the Church of Bury Hogliton, Quylton, Raveuemeles, and Wbytyngham, and Messuages and Lands in Lee, Goosnargh, Assheton, Gryme- sargh, Quytyngham, Frekilton, Caterall, Hoghton, QuiltoD, Withenhall, Hephay, Lynesey, Plesyngton, Wrightyngton, Ravenmeles, Goldburn, Preston, Sourby, Whittill in the Wodes, Walshwhittill, Eocleston, Chernock Richard, and Ribchester ; and Moieties of Chernok Richard Manor and Whittill in the Wodes ; two parts of Asheton and Gosenargh Manors, and the 4th part of Caterall and Wrightynton Manors. 100. The King and Duke for the King Mandate to the Justices to adjourn Sessions. 101. The same for the Duke Mandate to the Escheator to seize into the Hands of the King and Duke tlie Lands of Thomas Banastre in Ethelswyk, Freculton, Claughtou in Amounda- Billesburgb, Halghton, Syngleton Parva, Thornton le Holmes, Sowerby, Hamylton, Stalmyn, Crofton, Farryngton, Thorpe, and Brethirton. Like Mandate for the Lands of Edmond Banastre in Dilworth, Broghton, Preston in Amounderness, Wodeplumpton, with the More Hall and Gosenargh. 102. Fines paid to the Lord for Writs. 103. The King and Duke for Isabella Lathum Precept to the Sheriff to give Seisin of Tenements in Latham Manor, vizt- Horskarre, Demedowe near Rughford, Robynfeld de Horskarre, Calverhay, Watton, Ryding, and 8 Marks (£5 6s. 8d.) Rent of Freeholds in Newburgh. 104. Fines paid to the Lord for Writs. 105. John de Radclif to the Duke Recognisance for Rent of Lands in Oldham, Chatherton, and Wytton, near Plesyngton. 106. The King and Duke for Margaret de Ines Writ of Assignment of Dower to Margaret Bradeshagh, of a Water Mill in Westlegh, in the Duke's Hands by Minority of the Heir. 107. The same for Jas. BotiUer, Earl of Ormond Precept to the Escheator for Seisin of Rent of the Manor of Wetherton, notwithstanding no Process as to proof of Age, nor his being called on the Inquisition taken. 108. The same for Roger Fazackerlegh Mandate to the Justices of the Bench to proceed on Novel Disseisin as to Tenements of Sir Thomas Lathum, Kn*- in Knowslegh, Childwall, Roby, and Anhlesargh, and on no Accot to give Judgm* withot the Duke's advice. Anno Decimo Regalitaiis (1386). 109. Fines paid to the King and Duke. 110. The King and Duke for Margaret de RadoHf Precept to the Receiver of the Duchy to pay a yearly Rent for Lands in Oldom, Chatherton, and Witton, near Plesington. 111. The same for Robert de Barton Writ of Re-disseisin for Messuages and Lands in Lathum. 112. Fines paid to the King and Duke. 113. The King and Duke for the Duke Precept to the Sheriff to Levy £20 of the Lands of John de Radclif in Oldom, Chatherton, and Wytton, for Arrears. Witnessed by Henry, Earl of Derby, Gustos of the Duoliy. Anno Undecimo Regalitatis (1387). 114. Fines paid to the King and Duke for Writs. 115. The King and Duke for William Ward Writ to Walter de Urswyk, Keeper of Lancaster Forest, to accept Bail for the said William, detained iu Lancaster Castle, for a Trespass on the Forest. 116. The King and Duke for the Duke Writ of Diem Clausit Extremum upon the deaths of Jno.de Wareyn, Thomas Strangways, Thomas Sotheworth, Richard Torbock, Thomas Holand, William Tunstall, Petronilla Banastre, Thomas Molyneux, and William Aghton. 117. The same for same Precept to the Sheriff to elect a Coroner, vice Edward Frere. Do. vice Hugh de Ines, they being both incompetent to their Offices. 118. The same for same Precept to the Sheriff to elect a Verduror for Quemmore and Wyresdale, vice John Croft, made Steward of Lonsdale. The like, vice Robt. Cauncefeld, he being in Spain with the Duke. 119. Fines paid to the King and Duke for Writs. 120. Ralph de Radclif, Sheriff of Lancaster, for the King and Recognisance of Debt for the Sheriff to pay £80 for his office for Duke one Year. 121. The same for same Like Recognisance for a faithful Account of his profits. 122. The King and Duke, for John de Ines Precept to the Escheator to supersede the demand of £34 Hs. 4d. of Lands, &c., in Wythyngton and Harewode, and other Moneys, till the next Sessions. CHAP. X. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 165 PERSONS. Anno Duodecimo Regaliiatis (1388). 123. Fines paid to the King and Duke for Writs. 124. The King and Duke for the Duke Mandate to the Justices to adjourn i 125. The same for same Writs of Diem Clausit Extremum upon the deaths of Jno.de Haydok, of Alice de Legh, and John de Nevill. 126. The same for Milicent de Aghtou Writ to the Escheator for Assignment of Dower. 127. Fines paid to the King and Duke for Writs. 128. The King and Duke for Ralph de Nevill Precept to the Escheator for Livery of seisin of the Advowsou of Prescote Church, and for Payment of Relief and for Respite of Homage till the Duke's return to England. DUCHY OF LANCASTER. CONTINUATION OF ABSTRACT OF THE CLOSE ROLL A. 6, 1st to 12th YEAR OF THE ROYALTY OF JOHN OF GAUNT, DUKE OF LANCASTER. {The Interior Part of the Roll having been already Abstracted, the following are from the same Roll in Tergo.) First Year (1377). Grantors and others. No. 1. j Edmund, sou of Alau de dors, j Folifayt No. 2. dors. No. 3. dors. No. i. dors. No. 5. dors. No. 6. dors. No. 7. dors. No. 8. dors. No. 9. dors. \ John de Assheton-under- J Lime Thomas Lathum Grantees and others. Edmund Lorence, son of John Law- rence, of Asshdon John de Kirkeby.. Robert de Breton, Vicar of the Church of Huyton, and Thomas de Ryding, Chaplain Annus Secundus (1378). In Tergo. For William de Horneby, Parson of the Church of St. Michael-upon- Wy re For Edmund Lorence \ Robert de Washington and J others Thomas de Lamplogh and others Adam of Lancaster William de Heton Richard de Massy, Knt.. For Thomas Mirreson of Lancaster . . . Ralph de Ipre and Peter de Bolrun... For John de la Pole, Justice of Chester Annus Tertius (1379). In Tergo. ^ , , „, ^ Hugh de Dacre, Knt., Lord of Gilles- John dePlesyngton j^^^^^j Annus Quartus (1380). In Tergo. No. 10. 1 Various Recognisances of dors. / Debt. Annus Quintus (1381). In Tergo. No. 11. dors. j-JohnEotiller, Knt.. No. 12. l Henry de Bispham and dors. J Richard de Carleton Henry de Bispham and Richard de Carleton, Chaplains John Botiller, Knt., and Alice his wife Matters and Premises. Enrolment of the Deed of Release and Quit Claim of all Right to the Manor of Folifayt, near Tadcaster, 50 Ed. III. (1376). The like of Lands which Elizabeth Folifayt, widow, held in dower, 51 Ed. III. (1377). Other Deeds relative to the Manor. Recognisance of the Receipt of £iO in part payment of a Debt of 140 Marks (£93 6s. 8d., 1 Rich. II. (1377-8). Other Deeds relating thereto. Enrolment of Deed by Release and Quit Claim at Crossehalle, in Lathum, and all other Lands granted in Lancashire, 49 Ed. III. (1375). Recognisance of Debt of £8. Ao 2do Regalitatis. Recognisance of Debt, £40. Recognisance of Debt, £10. Enrolment of Grant of Lands in Heton, Broune, Molebek, Urwike, and Lancaster, 51 Ed. III. (1377). Recognisance of Debt of £5.— Witness, Henry, Earl of Derby (son of the Duke of Lancaster, afterwards Henry IV.), Gustos of the Royalty. And various other Recognisances of Debts. Enrolment of Grant of the Manors of Halton in Lonesdale, and Eccleston in Leylandshire, in Com. Lane, with all their Members and Appurtenances, 2 Rich. II. (1378-9). Release and Quit Claim by Feofifees. Enrolment of the Grant of the Manors of Great Laton, Little Laton, Bispham, and Warde- brek, Lands in Great Mertou, and the whole Lordship of Merton Town, 4 Rich. II, (1381). Enrolment of Grant of the above Manors, Lands, and Lordship, in Fee Tail special, 4 Rich. II. (1380-1). 166 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. X. Grantors and others. Grantees and others. No. 13. dors. No. 14. dors. Annus Sextus (1382). In Tergo. > Recognisances of Debts No. 15. dors. No. 16, dors. y Robert de Wasshyngton - Roger de Fasacreley , No. 17, dors. "1 Adam de Hoghton, Chivi'. [-Nicholas de Haryngton, J Chivr. And Richard, son o£ Adam Houghton Annus Octavus (1384). In Tergo. y Richard de Hoghton For William de Hornby, Parson of St. Michael-upon-Wyre, and William le Ducton Edward de Lathum, Henry de Scares- breck, and others For the King and Duke dors. I '^^^ ^'°S ^^^ ^'^^^ Thfi like, dors. ^®- 1 The King and Duke, dors fThe King and Duke . J ' ■ > The King and Duke , No. 21. dors. The King and Duke For WiUiam de Horneby, Parson of St. Michael-upon-Wire Matters and Premises. li'or John Nowell., WiUiam de Rigmayden For Hugh, son of John de Partyngton, of Irwelham For Adam da Hoghton and others ... For Thomas Smith, Nayller, of Cholle Enrolment of Grant of Lands, &c., in Carleton in Amounderness, for a Rose Rent per Ann. 8 Years, and increased Rent £20 per Ann., 5 Rich. II. (1381-2). Memorandum of Agreement as to Dower of Tenements in Wrightinton. Recognisance of Debt of 200 Marks, upon a seizure into the Duke's hands, on the death of James Botiller, Earl of Ormond. Enrolment of Grant of the Wardship of Lands of Henry de Kighley, Knt., in Lancashire and Yorkshire, and the Marriage of his Son, 7 Rich IL (1383-4). Precept to the Sheriff to supersede taking the Body of John Nowell, to answer before the Justices of the Duchy for the death of John de Holden, upon Appeal of Murder. Precept to the Sheriff to supersede the Out- lawry for Trespasses in the Duchy Chases. Precept to the Sheriff to supersede an Outlawry, King Richard II. having granted him pardon. Similar Writs for WiUiam Crist and John de Leylond, Souter, of Wigan. Precept to the Escheator to supersede Levy of Rent of 100 Marks (£66 13s. 4d.) out of Wetheton Manor. Precept to the Sheriff to supersede Outlawry, Defendant having found Bail to appear at Annus Nanus (1385). In Tergo. Various Recognisances of Debts and Writs de Supersedendo, addressed to the Sheriff. Annus Decimns (1386). In Tergo. Recognisances of Debts, &c. I John de Walton Robert de Saureby and John deBirke- heved. Chaplains No. 23. 1 Robert de Saureby and John John de Walton and Rosa his Wife ... No. 22, dors. dors. No. 24. dors. No. 25. dors. / de Birkeheved, Chaplains I Agnes Banastre i For William de Horneby, Parson of the I Church of St. Michael-upon-Wyre.. Annus Undecimns (1387). In Tergo. Recognisances of Debts and Writs de Supersedendo as to Debts, Enrolment of Grant of Lands, kc, in Lancaster, Bare, and Kertmell, 9 Rich. II. (1385-6). Grant of the above Lands, &c., in Fee Tail, special. Recognisance of Debt of 500 Marks (£333 6s, 8d) for Infeoffment of Lands, seized into the Duke's hands by the minority of Constance Banastre. William de Dutton For William Molen, Robert Dyryng, John de Cornay, and others. Chap- lains No. 26. dors. No. 27. dors. Annus Duodedmus (1388). Gilbert de Halsall and others In Tergo. For the King and Duke . Enrolment of Grant of Lands, &c., of William de Dutton in Ribchester, Bispham, Northe- brok, and all his Burgages and Lands and Tenements in Preston, in Amounderness, 11 Rich. II. (1387-8). Recognisance of Debt of £700 for payment to WiUiam de Hornby, Receiver, of £237 143. Ofd. for his Account of the Time he was Sheriff. Witness, Henry, Earl of Derby, Gus- tos of the Duchy, 12 Rich. II. (1388-9). Recognisance of Debt of £200 for the said Robert, to render Account of his Office of Sheriff T--^ "n^°'^f"llf^.tZ.°^ King Richard IL (1383-4) there are no Books nor Rolls extant to the 1st of Henry IV. (1399)."-^ Libra Great Ayloffe'- (1692) ; pa ge 159, tn John of Gaunfs Chancery of the Duchy {Record Office). ' This venerable index, whicli, by tlie muniflcouce of Her Maie,9ty has become public property, and is now preserved in the Record Office IS, as described in the schedule of Ayloffe's will, "a book givinir an .-vccount of all or most of the records in the dutchy office, and how to find them ; it was commenced in 1684, and, as the author himself informs us, occupied thirty years in the compilation, a period during which Benjamin ■) Robert de / others ... Standyssh and For the King and Duke . Ayloffe, the industrious compiler, filled the office of clerk and keeper of the records of the duchy of Lancaster. The most important entries of the " Great Ayloffe " relating to Lancashire and Cheshire have' lately been published by the Record Society (vol. viii.) under the editorship of Walford D. Selby, Esq., of Her Majesty's Record Office. CHAP. X. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 167 In the " Originalia Memoranda," on the Lord Treasurer's side of the Exchequer we find the following Records relating to the county and duchy of Lancaster, from the period when the ducal house first rose mto distinction to the time when the third Duke of Lancaster ascended the throne, with the letters-patent of Henry IV. and Henry V. T,. ^^^!^^E^^^'~'^^^ °"^'® °^ Lancaster's charter, enrolled in Memoranda 9 Edw. I. (1281) ; and Records of St. Hilary, 19 Edw. 11. (lo25-o). •" Chart, of Henry, E. of Lane, enrolled. Reeds. St. Hil. 6 Edw. IIL (1327)— Roll. D. of Lane's liberty of replevying to the Morrow of Easter Term, iu Co. York. ' Reos. St. Mich. 26 Ed. Ill (1352)— Roll Unjust claim of Henry, late E. of Lane, Duke of Lane, in Co. Derby. Recs. St. Hil. 26 Edw. IIL (1352)— Roll CharterofDukeof Lane respecting divers liberties granted to him iu the city of London. Recs. Hil 27 Edw III (1353)— Roll Charter of the D. of Lane for receiving ^40 under the Honor of the Earl of Derby and Lincoln, in equal parts, in Co. Leicester. Mich. Records, 23 Edw. III. (1354) — Roll. Duke of Lancaster's claim in Co. Leicester. Easter Recs. 28 Edw. III. (1354) — Roll 1. Charter of D. of Lane in Co. Leicester, enrolled Mich. Recs. 29 Edw. III. (1355)— Roll. Cognisance of Rich. Michel, sheriff of Not. and Derby, for the D. of Lane in Co. Derby. Hil. Recs. 32 Edw III (1358)— Roll D. of Lane's claim in Co. Line for working fines. Mich. Recs. 33 Edw. III. (1359)— Roll. Charter of John, D. of Lane. Mich, llecs. 38 Edw. III. (1364)— Roll 24. Charter of John, Duke of Lancaster. Mich. Recs. 38 Edw. III. (1364) 21. Record sent to the King's chancellor in the county of Lancaster. Mich. Reos. 38 Edw. III. (1364)— Roll. Charter of J., D. of L., for liberties granted to him. Hil. Recs. 39 Edw. III. (1365) — Roll 16. D. of Lane's claim of divers sums. Mich. Recs. 42 Edw. III. (1368) — Roll 20. D. of Lane's Charter, 47 Edw. III. (1373)— Roll. Charters of John, Kg. of Cast, and Leon, D. of Lane, enrolled Mich. Recs. 1 Rio. II. (1377-8)— Roll 2. Charter of John, D. of Aquitaine and Lane, of liberties granted to him by the king. Mich. Recs. 21 Rie IL (1397-8) Roll 13. The Duke of Lancaster's claim of divers sums charged upon the sheriffs of the Counties of Somerset, Dorset, Lincoln and York' Mich. Recs. 21 Rie II. (1397-8)— Roll 20. . , • John, Duke of Lancaster's claim of divers sums charged upon the sheriff of the County of Line Mich. Recs. 22 Rie II (1398-9)— Roll 34. The claim of John, D. of L. for divers sums. Mich. Recs. 21 Rie II. (1397-8)— Roll 21. The claim of John, D. of Lane, for divers sums upon the sheriff of Lincoln's accountant. Mich. 23 Rich. II. (1399) — Roll 34. The King's Letters Patent touching the Duchy of Lane enrolled Mich. Recs. 1 Hen. IV. (1399-1400) — Roll 14. * * * » * « Two Letters Patent made to John Leventhorp, under the seal of the Duchy of Lancaster, enrolled Mich. Recs. 1 Henry IV. (1399-1400)— Roll 15. f * * * It * Divers sums claimed by our Lord the King's Attorney-Gen. of his Duchy of Lane, to be placed to the same King as for his Duchy of Lane, in Co. Derby and elsewhere. Trinity Records, 5 Henry IV. (1403-4) — Roll 16. * ***** The King's Letters under his privy seal of the Duchy of Lane enrolled Mich. Recs. 6 Hen. V. (1418-19) — Roll 19. Of the illustrious John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, it has been observed that he was the son of a king, the father of a king, and the uncle of a king, and could have said as much as Charles of Valois had he been the brother of a king. His children were as follows : — By Blanche, youngest Daughter and co-heir of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, his first Wife — Henry of Lancaster, surnamed Bolingbroke, afterwards Henry IV. of England. The first king of the Lancastrian line. Philippa of Lancaster, married John I., King of Portugal. Elizabeth of Lancaster, married, 1st, to John Holland, K.G., Earl of Huntingdon, and Duke of Exeter, and, 2nd, to Sir John Cornwall, K.G. By Constance, eldest Daughter and co-heir of Peter, King of Castile and Leon, his second Wife — Katherine of Lancaster, married Henry IIL, King of Castile and Leon. By Catharine Swynford, Daughter and co-heir of Sir Payne Eoelt, Knt, and Widow of Sir Hugh de Swynford, afterwards third Wife — John Beaufort, Marquess of Somerset and Dorset, married Margaret, daughter of Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent. . „„-. j -o- i, t Henry Beaufort, Cardinal of St. Eusebius, Bishop of Lincoln (1397) and Bishop ot Winchester (1426). 1 Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter. , -n i i. at -n v ^ 'Joan Beaufort, married, 1st, Robert, Lord Ferrers of Wemme, and, 2nd, Ralph JNeville, Jiari of Westmorland. ■ In the pedigree of the Earls and Dukes of Lancaster, pp. 62.3, by the accidental omissioa of the marks of deBCe,^, the te^^^^^ children of Joh^f Saunt by Catharine Swynford -Henry, Thomas, and Joan Beaufort-appear as the issue of John Beaufort instead ot John. Uute of Lancaster. 168 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. X. Raised to the throne by a Parliamentary revolution, and holding power by the will of the Parlia- ment, the son of John of Gaunt had too equivocal a title to admit of his resuming the struggle for independence on the part of the crown, and the grounds even on which he rested his claim to the sovereignty — by conquest and by inheritance^ — were in themselves contradictory, and hence his rule was marked by a ready compliance with the prayers of the two Houses of Parliament, whose powers were, perhaps, ne^er more frankly recognised at any time in the country's history. But the throne of a usurper is never a bed of roses, and the reign of Henry IV., short though it was, was agitated by violent animosities : one conspiracy broke out after another, the peace was continuously disturbed by the struggles of contending factions, and on the third day of his first Parliament, in the week of his coronation,- no less than forty challenges were given and received, and forty gages thrown down by the angry and excited barons, The insurrection of the Earls of Rutland, Kent, JOHN OF GAUNT, DUKE OF LANCASTER. and Huntingdon, which had for its object the restoration of Richard, was followed by an insurrection in Wales; and a royal proclamation, addressed to the "Chancellor of the King's County Palatine of Lancaster," announced that Owyn Glyndourdy, and other rebels, had lately „ „ * ^°ll^'"1 'i'^-J- ^'^^) A^y° ^? claimed on three grounds, viz., con- quest, right of birth, and the resignation of Richard-reasons that are thus set out by Gower m hia doggerel chronicle Regnum cmqiustat que per hoc sibi jus manifestat : Regno succedit hceres nee abinde recedit Insuper eligilur a plebeque sic stabilitur (Pol. Songs i 4491 • and Chaucer recognises the threefold claim when, in his *' Comple'ynte" to his purse (p. 22) he thus addresses him— v^umpieyii w, O conqueror of Brutes Albyoun, Which that by lygm and free dercioun Ben verray Kjnge.-C. With the object of strengtlioning liis position, and perhaps with the hope of eventually superseding the older Order of the Garter, many of the knights of which were uncertain in their allegiance, Henry, at his coronation, instituted a second military order, the knights of which, from the custom of washing the body on the eve of great religious cere- monies, were styled "Knights Companion of the Bath." There is no early complete register of the Order, but among the forty-six knights made at the institution were three Lancashire men— Sir John Ashton, of Ashton-under-Lyno, Sir John Arden and Sir William Boteler, of CHAP. X. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 169 risen against the king m great numbers, to resist whom the chancellor was required to proclaim withm his jurisdiction that all knights and esquires able to bear arms in person, and archCs X received annual, fees from the king should repair to Worcester by the 1st of October, to io n the other levies raised to put down this insurrection (1400-1401). > ' Owyn Glyndourdy, oi Owen glf'i^^^y V^^^'T write It, who claimed to be the great-grandson of Llewellyn and the rightt\d Prince of Wales, had made inroads on the garrisons of Ruthin, Oswestry, and other places on the Welsh marches The flame of insurrection spread fast, and from his mountain llstnesses he leader was able to dely the power oi England. Mortimer, whom he had made prisoner, from being an enemy, became his friend and ally, and ultimately he was joined by the Perci^s, who had tmned their arms against the Lancastrian king. A long and sanguinary civil war Ensued, in which Henryhad by tiirns to fight against his English subjects, under the Eafl of Northumberland- who, from being his ftiend had become his deadly enemy-the Welsh under their native princes, and the Scotch under Robert III. of that kingdom; but by his courage, skill, and prudence ho overcanie his enemies, and established that throne by the power of the sword, which appeared at first to have been erected upon the afiections of his people. The writ to raise troops in the county ot Lancaster was followed by another addressed to the chancellor of the duchy, commanding him to proclaim that William Atherton and Edmund de Dacre were appointed to collect the "reasonable aid of twenty shillings for the marriage-portion of Blanche of Lancaster, the king's eldest daughter, to the Duke of Bavaria, and for the knighting of the king's eldest son Henrv of Monmouth (Dec. 12th, 1402). ^ ■^ -ni ?'^ wounds inflicted upon the pride of France by the conquests made in that country by the Black Prince and the Earl ot Derby (son of Henry, Earl of Lancaster), formed a never-ending source of hostility between the French and English nations; and the Duke of Orleans did not fail' to avail himself of the difficulties by which Henry IV. was surrounded. His attacks were directed against the English castles and fortresses, both in the south and north of France, at Bordeaux and at Calais. To prevent these possessions from falling into the hands of the French, the king issued a proclamation to the chancellor of the duchy and of the county palatine of Lancaster, as°well as to the sherifl's of other counties, commanding him to proclaim, in all proper places within his jurisdic- tion, that all knights, esquires, valets, and other persons competent for defence, having any fees or annuities, lands, tenements, gifts or grants, or other donations, held by gift of the king or his progenitors, should personally appear in the king's presence at London within fifteen days from the date of the proclamation (1407).^ These demonstrations were of themselves sufficient to preserve the English possessions without striking a blow ; and the contest between the Duke of Burgimdy and the Duke of Orleans— in which the King of England, in a proclamation to the chancellor of the county palatine of Lancaster, inhibited the people of England from taking any part so much engaged the French armies — that they would not prosecute their hostility against the English cities of France.* Sir Thomas Beaufort had been appointed admiral of the north, but even while negotiations for peace were going on with France piracy continued, and plundering parties from the opposite coasts were organised with greater completeness than before. At Harfleur privateers were fitted out on the pretence of serving under the King of Scotland, though negotiations for a treaty of peace were at the time pending betAveen the English and the Scots. These privateers preyed upon English merchandise, and it was estimated that property of the value of £100,000 was captured nominally by the Scots, but really by the subjects of the King of France. It must not, however, be supposed that the French were the only offenders, or that the English were more sinned against than sinning, for every port along the southern coasts of England Avas a haven for pirates and desperadoes to whom filibustering was as profitable as it was an exciting employment, and they were not always very discriminating as to whether the vessels attacked belonged to an enemy or to a friendly neighbour. That the commerce of this county, in its infant state, was at this period greatly injured and impeded by the depredations of the hostile powers by which England was assailed, may be inferred from a petition to the Commons House of Parliament from the inhabitants of Lancashire, Cheshire, and Cumberland, in which they allege that several robberies and depredations have been com- aitted on their coast by their enemies of France and Scotland, and by the rebels of Wales, who ' Claus. 2 Henry IV. p. 2, m. 1, d. A oomml^alon of array on the extending over two years. The winter preceding tlie wedding was spent "rebellion of Oweu Glyndourdy," dated 10th August 3 Henry IV., was in preparing the outfit, and the Issue Rolls of the Exchequer record pay- directed to Richard de Hoghton, Nicholas de Harrington, Ralph Radclif, ments to the amount of £1,840 on this account alone for woollen cloth, Thomas Tunstall, Thomas Gerard, William Botiller, Robert Standyssh, embroidery, furs, skins, saddles, and other necessaries of a great lady's William de Athiston (? Atherton), John de Assheton, John Sotheworth, trouBsmu. Among the items is a payment of £100 "for cloth of gold and Gilbert Halsall, John del Botlio, Ralph Standyssh, Robert Lawrence, and other wares " at the establishment of the great London mercer, Richard Richard de Radcliff. C. Whytington, Who had then just been made an alderman— the preparatory '' Fin. 3 Henry IV. m. 16. The "reasonable aid" was the feudal step to his becoming " thrice Lord Mayor."— C. form of raising money from the king's tenants. The dower promised " Claus. 8 Henry IV. m. 17 d. with the lady was 40,000, of which 16,000 nobles were to be paid down * Glaus. 13 Henry IV. m. 22 d. on the solemnisation of the marriage; and the balance by instalments 23 70 THE HISTORT OF LANCASHIRE. chap. x. have seized and taken their vessels, owing, as they allege, to no admiral or keeper of the seas beino- upon the station, to the great destruction, ruin, and oppression of the said counties; for remedy whereof they pray that protection may be afforded to them. To which petition the king replied that an admiral should be appointed for the safeguard of the seas of the north-western coast (141 Oy The contest for the papacy, which at this time agitated all Christendom, was felt so strongly in England that a proclamation was issued by the lung to the sheriff of the county of Lancaster, and to other counties, wherein it was announced that Peter de Luna, alias Benedict XIIL, and Angelo Corario, alias Gregory XIL, were rashly contending for the papal chair, and both of them being pronounced and declared notorious heretics and schismatics by the definitive sentence of the holy and universal synod canonically congregated at Pisa, the most reverend father in Christ, the Lord Petro de Candias, on account of his merits, was elected by the same authority to the pontificate, by the title of Alexander V., and the sheriff was commanded to make proclamation in all places within his jurisdiction that the said Alexander V. was the true Roman pontifex (1410).^ The life of King Henry IV., though only in the meridian of his years, was now drawing fast to a termination. The scenes through which he had passed on his way to the throne, and the disquietude with which he was assailed from so many quarters, while in the possession of that giddy eminence, preyed upon his constitution and shortened his days. Worn out by the troubles of his reign, he died at Westminster on the 20th March 1413, in the forty-seventh year of his age and the fourteenth of his reign. Had it been his fate to remain in the sufficiently elevated but more humble state of Duke of Lancaster it is highly probable that his life would have been more happy and his death less early. By his will (dated Jan. 21, 1408), which breathes a spirit of remorse characteristic of the state of the royal mind, he bequeathed the duchy of Lancaster as an endowment to his consort the queen, in these words : " I will that the queen be endowed of the duchy of Lancaster." The reign of Henry V., the second British king of the Lancastrian line, presents one of the most splendid periods in the military annals of England. During this short but eventful reign, France was once more laid prostrate at the feet of her ancient rival; and the capital of that kingdom, as well as the power of its government, was held by the British monarch with a tenacity which was not relaxed even in the hour of death. At home all was tranquillity ; the cabals of the court, which had embittered the last days of Henry IV., were hushed by the frank and fascinating character of his once profligate son, and the scenes of domestic discontent were confined altogether to the contests between the early reformers of the Church of Rome. The first English martyr in the cause of the Lollards was William Sautr^, rector of Osythes, in London, who was consigned to the flames in 1401, at the instance of the Church, in virtue of a writ issued by Henry IV., whose father, John of Gaunt, had been the early patron and firm friend of John Wycliffe, the founder of the obnoxious sect in England. Henry V., more influenced probably by a wish to preserve the peace and harmony of his kingdom, than by any strong predilections, espoused the cause of the Church of Rome ; and it would appear from a royal proclamation, issued in the first year of his reign, to the sherifE' of the county palatine of Lancaster, that the new schismatics had spread into this county. In this proclamation the king announced that certain preachers, not privileged by law, or licensed by the diocesan of the place, or permitted by the Church, of the new sect of Lollards, preach in public places, contrary to the ordinances of the Church, and, under colour of preaching the word of God, foment and disseminate discord among the people,_ and the pestiferous seed of evil doctrine. For remedy of which, and to protect the Catholic faith, the sheriff is commanded to make proclamation that no chaplain shall hold, dogmatise, preach, or defend this heresy and error, under pain of imprisonment and forfeiture of goods ; and if any persons shall be found publicly or privately infringing these orders, by holding conventicles, or congregations, or receiving the preachers of the obnoxious doctrines, or shall be really and vehemently suspected of so doing, they shall be committed to prison without delay, to remain there until they shall obey the mandates of the diocesan in whose diocese they have preached, to be certified by the diocesan himself (1413).=' The demand for reformation in the doctrine and the discipline of the Church was far too loud and too widely extended to be silenced by proclamations; and hence we find from another royal mandate, addressed to the chancellor of the county palatine of Lancaster in the following year (1414), that divers of the liege subjects of the king, on the incite- ment and instigation " of a most cunning and subtle enemy,^ Sir John Oldcastle (Lord Cobham), holdmg and teaching various opinions manifestly contrary and obnoxious to the Catholic faith, and to sound doctrine, stood charged with wickedly imagining and conspiring the king's death, because 1 Kot. ParL 11 Henry IV. i(m 62, vol. iu. p. 639. = Clau3. 11 Hoiiry IV. m. 81 dors. " Glaus. 1 Hen. V. CHAP. X. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 171 he and his counsellors would not assent to these doctrines. The accused parties, too conscientious to plead not gmlty dF an offence which they had actually committed, or under some other influence which It IS now difficult to discover, confessed their guilt; and the king of his special grace pardoned all. the offenders, except Lord Cobham, Sir Thomas Talbot, knight, and ten other persons of inferior station. This pardon the chancellor was required to proclaim through the whole of his jurisdiction; and the reformers, with the above exceptions, some of whom had taken refuo'e in the places of sanctuary— Manchester and Lancaster being of that number— were allowed to plead the royal pardon before the feast of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist (June 24) next ensuing ^ A number of the Lollards forfeited their lives to the dictates of their conscience— for it is impossible to impute to the great mass of them any sinister motive; and Lord Cobham, the most zealous and distingiushed of their number, who had escaped from the Tower, was, three years later (1418) recaptured while the king was in France, and hung up by the middle upon a gallows erected in St. George's Fields, where he was consumed alive in the fire, under the declaration of the archbishop and his provincial synod that he was an incorrigible heretic. These terrible examples checked for a time the spread of Lollardism; but the fires only smouldered, and, in the reign of Henry VIII., under sanction of the king, they burst forth with a force so irresistible as to destroy the whole power of the " Holy Anglican Mother Church." At this period a large accession of wealth and power was made to the duchy of Lancaster, by the union of the rights and possessions of the county of Hereford to the duchy, under 'the sanction of the following royal ordinance (2 Hen. V. 1414) : — " The king, by the assent of Parliament, declares, grants, and ordains, that all the honors, castles, hundreds, manors, lands tenements, reversions, rents, services, fees, advowsons, possessions, and lordships, as well within the kingdom of England as in parts of Wales and other places, within the king's lordships, which have descended, or shall descend inheritably to the king, after the death of Dame Maria, one of the daughters and heirs of Humphrey de Bohun, formerly Earl of Hereford, Essex, and Northampton, and Constable of England, as to the son and heir of that Dame Mary ; also, that all the rights, liberties, franchises and frank customs, to the same inheritance appertaining or regarding, be severed from the crown of England, and adjoined, annexed) united, and incorporated to and with the said king's duchy of Lancaster, perpetually to remain to the same king, as being so adjoined, united, annexed, and incorporated ; and further, that all the honors, castles, hundreds, wapentakes, manors, lands, tenements, and reversions aforesaid, and all other things to the said inheritance regarding, and the vassals and tenants to It appertaining, be also entirely enfranchised, and by the officers treated, guarded, and governed, in all respects, as possessions to the said duchy appertaining, and the vassals and tenants to the same duchy regarding, are enfranchised, treated, guarded, and governed for ever ; and this, according to the form, force, and eifect of the words contained in a schedule passed in this Parliament ; and by the king, with the assent of the Lords aforesaid, and the authority aforesaid, fully affirmed. ['Then follows an enumeration of the possessions at great length.^] Scarcely had the chancellor oi the duchy of Lancaster proclaimed, by royal command, the truce between England and Castile and Leon when the King of England, having renewed the old claim to the crown of France, and desiring to quarter the cities of that kingdom with the three lions of England, resolved on invading the French king's dominions, and embarked at Southampton with an army of six thousand cavalry, and twenty-four thousand foot, principally archers, and landed at Harfleur, August 14th, 1415. After carrying the garrison of that town, and leaving a number of his troops to defend that fortress, Henry, at the head of his troops, marched for Calais, but on his way he was interrupted by a hostile army of fourteen thousand cavalry and forty thousand infantry, under the command of the Constable of France, and obliged to come to battle on the plains of Agincourt.'' Here the glories of Crescy and Poictiers were renewed, and the cry of " A Derby " or " An Edward," was not more piercing in the ears of the discomfited French army on those fields of English glory than was the cry of " A Henry " on the field of Agincourt. The loss of England in this memorable battle (fought Oct. 25, 1415), which destroyed the military power of France, was incredibly small — some of the contemporary authorities say not exceeding forty men — amongst whom were Edward, Duke of York, and the Earl of Suffolk.'' That this number is much underrated cannot be doubted, and if the nature of the engagement did not establish that fact, it might be inferred from the proclamation to the chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, issued by the king soon afterwards, for the purpose of recruiting his army, by which all knights, esquires, and valets, holding fees or annuities of the king for term of years, or for life, were required, under forfeiture of the same, to appear in their own persons at Southampton, to cross the seas to France arrayed and furnished with suppUes for three months (1416).° ' Claus 2 Henry V m. 24 dearly the nature of tho force that landed at Harfleur, and the extent to ' Eot. Pari, voi: iv. p. 46. While speaking of this Act, Sir Edward which the chivalry of Lancashire shared in the glories of that memorable Coke says—" For the great roialties, liberties, privileges, immunities, St. Crispin's Day.— C. a. i- n quitances, and freedoms, which the Duke of Lancaster had for him and « The estimates of the Enghsh loss are very conflicting. Our own his men and tenants see Rot. Pari, die Lunse post octav. Sancti Martini chroniclers make it absurdly small, butit must have been some hundreds, an. 2 Henry V., aU which are estabUshed, ratified, and continued by Monstrelet puts the loss of the English at sixteen hundred, and another authority of Parliament, necessary to be known by such as have any of French historian, St Remy, gives the same number. 01 the omvaU'y ot these possessions. "-Wrtt InMtute, p. 210. Franco the flower perished. Seven pnnces of «'°,^l°°d *«"■ Xs^„^^" = The " EoU of the men-at-arms that were at the Battle of Agin- thousand gentlemen, of whom a hundred and twenty were nobles bearing court" and "The Retinue of Henry V. in his first voyage," pubhshed banners.- C. in Sir N. H. Nicholas's Ewiory of the Battle of Agincourt, exhibit very = Claus. 4 Henry V. m. 21 d. 172 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. X. Before the departure of the king for France he instituted commissions of array in this and the other counties of England, to take a review of all the freemen able to bear arms, and to divide them into companies, that they might be kept in readiness to resist an enemy. " This," says Mr. Hume, " was the first commission of array which we meet with in English history." How a writer of so much research should have fallen into the error of supposing that there had existed in England no commission of array till the time of Henry V. it is not easy to imagine : commissions of this nature had been instituted two centuries before, and the number of them in operation in the reio-ns of the EdAvards, in the county of Lancaster alone, it is difEcult to estimate. ° The necessities of the state had plunged the king into great pecuniary difficulties; and although the county of Hereford, with its land revenues, had recently been added to his hereditary possessions, he was obliged, before he could embark his troops for France, to raise supplies by pledging the crown jewels. The loans obtained in this way had been contracted for with so much precipitation, and the regalia had been so widely dispersed, that a proclamation was issued by the king to the chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, wherein it was announced that certain royal jewels, of no little value, had been committed and pledged, for the greater expedition of the king's voyage lately made to France, to certain of his liege subjects retained in the expedition, for the payment of their wages, which jewels it was now proper should be restored; the chancellor was therefore commanded to proclaim, that all persons Avithin his jurisdiction, Avho had received such pledged jewels, should present them in person at the public treasury, in order that they might be redeemed; in default whereof, the offending parties were rendered liable to forfeit all their goods (1416).' In anticipation of a continuance of the Avar Avith France, a commission, dated April 28th 6 Henry V. (1418), was issued for the muster and training of those capable of bearing arms within the several hundreds of the county palatine, when the folloAving persons were named as commissioners to take the chief direction : — ■ John Stanley William de Atherton John Gerrard Nicholas de Harrington Henry de Kyghley Robert de Halsall Nicholas Blundell Thomas Bradshaw de Hagh Lawrence de Standish William de ffariugton Christopher de Standish Ralph de Clayton John de Coppull William de Worthyngton de Worthyngton Richard de Hoghton Thomas Urswicke Nicholas Butteller Richard Butteller de Kyrklond Nicholas Singleton Richard de Katerall Thomas Rigmaydeu James de Pykering John Brokholes AA^thin the AVapentake (Hundred) of AA''est Derby. Within the Wapentake of Leyland. Within the Wapentake of Amounderness. John Pylkington, Knt. John Byron, Knt. John de Hilton de ffarnworth John del Bothe Handle de Radcliffe Richard de Radolife de Radclife Robert del Holt Edmund de Trafford ) Henry Hoghton, Knt. \ Richaid Radclife Richard Shirburne Henry de Longton Richard de Townley Thomas de Southworth Thomas de Osbaldeston Robert Laurence, Knt. William Tunstall Walter de Curwen Nicholas de Crofte John de Mosley John Lawrence Richard Kirkby, Knt. Thomas ffleming, Knt. John Pennyugton John Broghton John Harrington de Cartmell Henry de Guype AVithin the Wapentake of Salford. Within the Wapentake of Blackburnshire. Within the Wapentake of Lonsdale, Within the Wapentake of ffourneys (Furness) The career of King Henry V. Avas as short as it Avas brilliant. When his glory had nearly reached its summit, and both crowns Avere just devolving upon him, a mortal malady seized him at the age of thirty-four years, and consigned the conqueror of France to the tomb on the 81st August, 1422. His principal care in his last illness Avas to provide for the secure possession of his French conquest to his infant son Henry VL, then but nine months old, Avhom he commended to his brother, the Duke of Bedford, desiring that the Earl of WarAvick might be his tutor— little suspecting that this unfortunate child Avould not, in his mature years, be able to maintain even his English possessions, and that, in his person, the Lancaster line would be pushed from the throne of his fathers. ' Glaus. 4 Henry V. m. 11. dors. CHAP. X. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 173 The will of Henry V. bears date (in 1417) three years before his marriage to the Princess Catharine, and four years before the birth of his only son. By that will the royal testator bequeaths his duchy of Lancaster to his two brothers, John, Duke of Bedford, and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, in these terms : — " I will and pray the aforesaid feoffee, &c., in the' castles and manors of Halton and Clitheroe, and in all other lordships, manors, lands, tenements, rents, services, and other possessions, &c., do depart, as evenly as ye may, in two parts equal, the same castles, lordships, manors, &c. And inasmuch as you may goodly, ye do assign in the t'one of the said two parts, castles, lordships, &c., in the south coasts, and in the t'other, do assign castles, &o., in the north coasts of England ; [in the latter to] enfeoff my brother John, Duke of Bedford, and his heirs-male ; [in the south to] enfeoff my brother Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, to him and his heirs-male, &c." ' > This, the last will of Henry V., was dated 24th July, 1415, imme- diately before his departure to France, but the subsequent birth of a son abrogiited its principal beqiiests, and the whole duchy of Lancaster descended to Henry VI. The will concludes with these words in his own autograph : " This is my last will, subscribed with my own hand, R. H. Josu, mercy and gremercy, Ladle Marie, help." — C. CHAPTEE XI. Scarcity of Records for History during the Wara of the Roses— Marriage of Henry VI.— Claims of the Rival Houses of York and Lancaster to the Throne— Wara of the Roses— Henry VI. dethroned by Edward IV.— Henry seeks an Asylum in Lancashire- Taken by Sir John Talbot— Sir John's Grant for this Service— Catastrophe to the Lancastrian Family — Edward V. murdered in the Tower Coronation of Richard III. — His Warrant for Seizing a Rebel's Land in Lancashire — The King's Jealousy towards the Duke of Richmond, Son-in-law of Lord Stanley, extends to his Lordship— Attainder of Lady Stanley, Countess of Richmond — Landing of the Duke of Richmond in England — Battle of Bosworth Field — Confiscation of Lancashire Estates- Union of the Houses of York and Lancaster — Sweating Sickness — Lambert Simnell and Perkin Warbeck, Pretenders to the Throne-— Fatal Consequences of the Civil Wars to the Duke of York's Family (note) — Sir William Stanley accused of High Treason Condemned and Executed— Henry VII.'s Royal Progress to Lancashire — Execution of Edward, Earl of Warwick, the last Male of the Plantagenet Line— Death of Henry VII.— a.d. 1422 to 1509. LTHOUGH few periods in English history afford so many materials for the pen of the general and local historian as that comprehended in the reigns of Henry VI., Edward IV., and Eichard III., during which time the wars between the houses of York and Lancaster raged with so much fury, and that of the reign of Henry VII., when these intestine broils were happily composed by the union of the rival houses in the JDersons of Henry VII. and his queen, yet there is no time, from the reign of King Stephen, so destitute as this of authentic records. The savage and murderous contests of the court and of the people appear so to have disorganised society that the usual communications between the authorities in the provinces and the government were neglected ; or, if proclamations and edicts were issued in the several counties, they perished with many of those to whom they were addressed, the usual depositories being found almost destitute of these documents. This paucity of official information is the more extraordinary, seeing that the art of printing, that great engine of multiplication, was introduced into England by William Caxton in 1471, during the Wars of the Koses. Many of the conquests made in France by Henry V. were lost during the regency appointed for the government of England, in the nonage of his successor. In June, 1429, the French, led by Joan of Arc, defeated the English at Jargeau and at Patay. From being attacked they in turn became the aggressors. Victory followed victory, until at length the Dauphin was crowned at Rheims, as Joan had predicted. The Duchy Rolls contain frequent entries of subsidies granted for the carrying on of the war, but the English cause was irretrievably lost, and in spite of the pompous coronation of the boy-king, at Paris, 1430, the Duke of Bedford had to abandon all hope of retaining France, and contented himself with securing Normandy, where, at Rouen, Henry for a a time held his court. When in his twenty-third year Henry was united in marriage with Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Regnier, titular king of Sicily, Naples, and Jerusalem, Duke of Anjou, and brother of Charles V. (22nd April, 1445). The commanding and masculine talents of his royal consort would, it was conceived, compensate for the weakness and effeminacy of the Icing ; and though she brought no possessions, the French province of the Maine, then a part of the English territory, was, by a secret treaty, ceded to Charles, her uncle, on the consummation of the royal marriage. By a singular coincidence, the king had, seven years before this event, changed the title of "Anjou Icing of arms," in the English Heralds' College to that of "Lancaster Icing of arms;" and in a list of new-year's gifts presented by King Henry VI., in 1436, to the Lancaster Herald, as well as to a person who was then created a pursuivant of arms, by the title of Collar, there is a silver bell each, but for what purpose it is difficult to comprehend.^ No sooner had the queen arrived in the English court than she entered into all the intrigues by Avhich it was agitated. The Duke of Gloucester, uncle to the king, having become obnoxious to the predominant party, at the head of which stood Cardinal Winchester and the Dukes of Buckingham, Somerset, and Suffolk, he was marked out as their victim. In 1440 the Duchess of Gloucester, Eleanor, the daughter of Lord Cobham, a lady of haughty carriage and ambitious mind, being attached to the prevailing superstitions of the day, was accused of the crime of ' Cotton. MSS. Cleop. P, iv. fo, 103 (Orig.) CHAP. XI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 175 witchcraft ; and it was alleged against her and her associate, Sir' Roger Bolingbroke, a canon of St. Stephen's Chapel, and Margery Jourdain, the witch of Eye, that they had in their possession a wax figure of the king, which they melted by a magical device before a slow fire, with the intention of wasting away his force and vigour by insensible degrees. This story partakes of the nature of the kindred superstition which prevailed a century and half afterwards, and of which Ferdinando, Earl of Derby, was the subject, if not the victim ; and we find that the wax figure in witchcraft takes its date at a period antecedent to the wars of the houses of York and Lancaster. The imbecile mind of Henry was sensibly affected by this wicked invention ; and the duchess on being brought to trial, and found guilty of the design to destroy the king and his ministers by the agency of witchcraft, was sentenced to do public penance, and to suffer perpetual imprisonment, while her confederates were condemned to death and executed. After enduring the ignominy of her public penance, rendered peculiarly severe by the exalted station from which she had fallen, the duchess was banished to the Isle of Man, where she was placed under the ward of Sir Thomas Stanley. On her way to the place of exile she was confined for some time, first in Leeds castle, and afterwards in the castle of Liverpool." Events so congenial with the imagination of our great dramatic poet could scarcely fail to find their way into his historical plays ; and hence we' find, in the second part of his " Henry VI. ," a small stream of historical fact running through an ample meadow of poetic fiction, in which the duchess is exhibited and detected in the midst of these works of darkness.^ After remaining in the Isle of Man some years, it would appear that this unfortunate lady was transferred to Calais, under the ward of Sir John Steward, or, as he describes himself, "Johannes Seneschallus, miles, filius Johannis Seneschalli, alitor dicti Scot Angli." From the will of this knight it appears that he was a resident and had an important command in Calais, in the mother church of which town he deshes to be buried, He names John Roos as his confessor ; bequeaths to his eldest son, Thomas, all his harness of war, and his ship, the Grace de Dieu, which his master, the Duke of Bedford, had given him, together with his lands in the marches of Calais. To Sir Thomas Criell he leaves '' a ring with a diamond, which Eleanor Cobham, Duchess of Gloucester, gave me while she lived with me as my prisoner." The Duke of Gloucester, if possible more unfortunate than his lady, was accused of high treason, in aspiring to the throne, and summoned to take his trial before the High Court of Parliament at Bury St. Edmunds ; but, on the eve of the investigation, he was found dead in his bed, without marks of violence, though by no means without strong suspicion that he had fallen a victim to the cruel devices of his relentless persecutors. His great adversary, Henry Beaufort, a son of John of Gaunt, died six weeks after him at the age of eighty years. His deathbed scene has been depicted by Shakspere with a terrible power, which the soberer statement of the chronicler will not obhterate. There is little doubt the death of the Duke of Gloucester was accomplished by secret murder. Hall, on the authority of Beaufort's chaplain, says, " the queen, minding to preserve her husband in honour, and herself in authority, procured and consented to the death of this noble man, whose only death brought to pass that thing which she would most fain have eschewed, and took from her that jewel which she most desired ; for if this duke had lived, the Duke of York durst not have made title to the crown ; if this duke had lived, the nobles had not conspired against the king, nor yet the commons had not rebelled; if this duke had lived, the house of Lancaster had not been defaced and destroyed, which things happened all contrary by the destruction of this good man." About this time two Lancashire knights at the head of the principal families m the county were actively engaged in the delusive science of alchemy, and _ transmutation of metals — that ignis fatuus which has conducted so many ingenious men to their ruin. The king, who was m serious straits for money, and credulous enough to believe that by this means he could rid himselt of the debts by which he was encumbered, had on a former occasion commissioned three philosophers to make the precious metals, without receiving any return from them in gold and silver : his credulity, however, like that of many wiser men, Avas unshaken by disappointment, and he issued a pompous grant in favour of three other alchemists, who boasted that they could not onLy transmute the inferior metals into gold and silver, but that they could also impart to man perpetual youth, with unimpaired powers of mind and body, by means of a specific called " The Mother and Queen of Medicines— The inestimable Glory— The Quintessence, or the Elixir of Lite. in favour of these three " lovers of truth and haters of deception," as they modestly styled themselves, Henry dispensed with the Act passed by his royal grandfather,' a very unnecessary Act against the undue multiplication of gold and silver, and the only one, it is said, which has never been ' Sir was the customary prefix to the name of a beneficed ••" Shakspere, Hennj VI. part li. act i. scene i. ' WUhelmi'Wyrcestril Annales Rerum AngUcarum, pp. 460, 481. * 6 Henry IV. c. 4. (1404). 176 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xi. violated — and empowered, not enabled, them to transmute the inferior into precious metals. This extraordinary commission had the sanction of Parliament, and two out of the three commissioners were Sir Thomas Ashton of Ashton-under-Lyne, and Sir Edmund Trafford of Trafford ; the latter of whom had assisted at the coronation of the king, and received the honour of Knight of the Bath on that occasion. These sages, imposing probably upon themselves as well as upon others, kept the king's expectations wound up to the highest pitch, and he actually informed his people that the hour was approaching when, by the means of the stone, he should be enabled to pay off all his debts ! It is scarcely necessary to add that this philosopher's stone never gave forth its expected virtues, and the king's debts must have remained unpaid had not his Majesty pawned the revenue of the duchy of Lancaster to satisfy the demands of his clamorous creditors. A patent for transmuting the inferior metals into gold and silver was granted by the king to these two Lancashire alchemists in the 24th year of his reign (7th April, 1446), in which they were encouraged to prosecute their experiments, and by which all the king's servants and subjects were interdicted from giving them any molestation.^ As this document, which was found by Fuller, the historian, in the Tower, throAvs considerable light on the weakness and credulity of the age, and the belief in a qiMsi science that is now from the nature of things only an obsolete and forgotten lore, we give the translation : — "The KiDg to all unto whom, &o., greeting, — Know ye, that whereas our helovecl and loyal Edmund de Trafford, Knight, and Thomaa Ashton, Knight, have, by a certain petition shown unto us, set forth that although they were wilhng by the art or science of philosophy to work upon certain metals, to translate (transmute) imperfect metals from their own kind, and then to transubstantiate them by their said art or science, as they say, into perfect gold or silver, unto all manner of proofs and trials, to be expected and endured as any gold or silver growing in any mine ; notwithstanding certain persons ill-wiUing and maligning them, conceiving them to work by unlawful art, and so may hinder and disturb them in the trial of the said art and science. We, considering the premises, and willing to know the conclusion, of the said work or science, of our special grace have granted and given leave to the same Edmund and Thomas, and to their servants, that they may work and try the aforesaid art and science lawfully and freely, without any hindrance of ours, or of our ofl&cers, whatsoever ; any statute, act, ordinance, or provision made, ordained, or provided to the contrary notwithstanding. In witness whereof, &c., the King at Westminster, the 7th day of April." The madness of party rage rendered the government of England indifferent to the retention of foreign possessions; and the whole province of Bayonne, which had been obtained three centuries before, at the price of so much blood and treasure, was ceded to France, with as little ceremony as in modern times a gold snuff-box would be presented to a plenipotentiary. The indifference of the court was not shared by the people. They beheld this curtailment of their ancient possessions with that disgust which it was so well calculated to excite. The embers of discontent were easily blown into a flame by Richard, Duke of York — the representative of two sons of Edward III., Lionel and Edmund — and his adherents. And the Duke of Suffolk, the favourite of the king, and the reputed paramour of the queen, after having been impeached (March 17, 1450) on a charge of ceding the province of the Maine to Charles of Anjou without authority, and surrendering the province of Bayonne without a struggle, was banished the kingdom for five years. To prevent the duke, whose friends were numerous and powerful, frona ever again resuming the helm of state, he was seized by a band of pirates, employed by his enemies, on his voyage from Ipswich to Calais, and his head struck off and thrown into the sea.'' The popular insurrection of Jack Cade was a part of the same system of hostility towards the house of Lancaster; and the Duke of York at length openly advanced his claims to that sceptre which the feeble representative of the house of Lancaster was unable to wield. The seeds of this contest, though apparently sown in the time of King Edward III., may, in fact, be traced back to the time of Henry III., who died a century before, leaving two sons, Edward I. and Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, the founder of that house, whose inheritance afterwards, in a fourth descent, fell on Blanche, married to John of Gaunt, the fourth son of Edward III., who, in right of his wife, was Duke of Lancaster ; and whose son, Henry of Bolingbroke, afterwards Henry IV., dethroned Richard II., pretending, amongst other things, that Edmund Crouchback was the elder son of Hemy III., and unjustly set aside from the crown because he was crook-backed. The crown remained, as we have seen, in the house of Lancaster for three descents, when Richard, Duke of York, descended from Edmund Langley, younger brother of John of Gaunt, made claim to the crown, by title of his grandmother, who was heir of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, elder brother of John of Gaunt. The pedigrees of these rival claimants have at all times formed matter of discussion m English liistory, though some of our ablest historians, Mr. Hume among I t""*!.^' T^'l™' ^T ■ n /I <.i •■ ^ . S™*' ^'I'P 'nto the boat, and there was an axe and a stock, and one o£ t. .. . S, ™^ Lettors (letter xxvn.) a very circumstantial account the lewdest (meanest) ol the ahip bade him lay down his head, and ho frn'S, f'i^''^ TiT'^ «.?' J M** ™'°w,,""*t£ nob eman in a letter written should bo fairly ferd (dealt) with, and die on a sword i and took a rusty N?Z^ t^ ""^ *?" ^'^ f ^f ^- ^?,!'J, w','^'"'° ™" *''''™ ™ ^""'^■^ *l^o «™'-'i a-^d ^^°i^ °ff l5;is head within half-a-dozen Btrokesrand took away Nicholas, the master saluted him with Welcome, traitor." He was then his gown of russet, and his doublet of velvet mailed, and laid his body on fnn„T?n,m,r I -1? °".««ir manner, upon the impeachments, and the sands of Dover; and some say his head was set upon a pole by found guilty, and in the sight of all Ins mon he was drawn out of the it."— C. CHAP. XI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 177 them, have fallen into some errors on the subject ; this is the more to be wondered at as the descents are exhibited with great clearness and perspicuity in the Rolls of Parliament 1 Edward IV (1461), No. 8. ' Upon this ground the Duke of York founded his claim, by succession, to the throne of Endand and was supported by a number of the most powerful nobles of the land. Amongst his partisans' the duke had the fortune to number the Earl of Warwick, a man of unbounded influence combined with great decision of character, and whose future achievements in this memorable quarrel obtained for him the name of the " kmg-maker." The duke's first demand was for a reform of abuses in the administration ot public affairs.- An alarming disease by which the king was attacked at this juncture, and which totally incapacitated him from taking any share in the government of which he had long been only the nominal head, suggested the necessity of a regency ; and the Duke of York by the authority ot Parliament, though in contravention of the wishes of the queen, who desired to have the whole rule of the land, to appoint all the officers of the government, and to fill up all the benefices of the church, was appointed regent (February li, 1453), under the designation of " Protector and Defender of the realm of kingdom." On the recovery of the king (February, 145.5), the Duke of York was expelled from the regency, but his thirst for regal power, combined with a consciousness of the legitimacy of his hereditary claims,^ fixed his wavering purpose. Having levied an army in the north, the duke marched to St. Albans, where the first battle between the houses of York and Lancaster took place. In this battle, which was fought on the 22nd of May, 1455, the Lancastrians suffered a severe defeat, and about five thousand of their troops remained dead upon the field, amongst whom were the Duke of Somerset, the Duke of Buckingham, the Earls of Northumberland and Stafford, Lord Clifford, and a number of other persons of distinction. The king himself fell into the hands of the Duke of York, who, with the sanction of Parliament, assumed the power of governing the state but rather in the capacity of regent than of sovereign. The blood spilt in the battle of St. Albans was the first that flowed in that fatal contest — "the convulsive and bleeding agony of the feudal power," as Barante calls it.° — which was not terminated in less than thirty years — which was signalised by thirteen pitched battles, and in which the nobility of the land suffered more than any other order in the state. The people, divided in their affections or led by their superiors, took different symbols of party ; the partisans of the house of Lancaster chose the Red Rose as their badge, while those of York took the White Rose as their mark of distinction ; and the civil wars were known over Europe by the name of the quarrel between the two roses. In addition to the red rose the house of Lancaster exhibited on state occasions a mound or sphere with the Lancaster arms emblazed in the upper part of the circle ; they had also a feather and scroll worn in the hats of the more elevated classes, and broom- pods by those of the inferior orders. The paper manufactured for their use in their communications with each other, and for their public documents, bore a peculiar water-mark, and it was only necessary to look through the sheet on which the Lancastrians wrote to discover which side of the quarrel the writers had espoused.' The affairs of the conflicting parties had not yet proceeded to the last extremity ; the nation was kept some time in suspense ; the vigour and spirit of Queen Margaret, supporting her small power, stUl proved a balance to the great authority of Richard, which was impaired by his ill-defined objects, sometimes aspiring to the immediate and at other times to the reversionary possession of the crown on the death of the present king. The Parliament again appointed the Duke of York protector (November 19th, 1455), owing to one of those relapses into mental indisposition to which Henry was subject; but the queen soon produced her husband before the House of Lords, where he declared his intention to put an end to the protectorate and to resume the government. The Archbishop of Canterbury, in the discharge of his duty as a Christian prelate, endeavoured to mediate in the differences between the two houses, and thus to prevent the further effusion of blood ; but though these attempts were received by hoih parties with an appearance of cordiality, and though the Duke of York passed in procession through the streets of London, hand in hand with Queen Margaret, to the altar of St. Paul's (March 25th, 1458), on which the existing animosities were all to be sacrificed, it soon became evident that the reconciliation was of the most transient kind, and a trifling difference between one of the king's retinue and another of the Earl of Warwick's, which, on the 9th of September in the same year, brought on a combat between their respective partisans, blew it all into air. The Duke of York, having joined his sons at Ludlow Castle, was silently collecting forces to ' The position of York as heir presumptive to the crown had ceased slander and obloquy of the common people saying that he was not the with the birth of a son to Henry in the month of October, 145S, "whose natural son of King Henry, but changed in the cradle. — C. noble mother " as Fabyan affirms (p. 628. Ed. 1811), sustained not a little ' Revue Frangaise, March, 1829.— C. ' 3 por representations of these badges and emblems see page 178. 24 178 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIKE. CHAP. XI. maintain his claims, when the Earl of Salisbury, who had mustered a force of nearly four thousand men at his Castle at Middleham, in Yorkshire, marched southward, advancing through Craven to Manchester, where their numbers were augmented by the addition of a thousand men from the Duke of York's Yorkshire estates, and thence by way of Congleton and Newcastle-under-Lyme to the neighbourhood of Market Drayton. While on his march to join the duke, Salisbury was over- taken at Bloreheath, on the borders of Staffordshire and Shropshire, by Lord Audley, at the head of a superior force of the Lancastrians, which he had raised in Cheshire and the parts adjacent, where the Lancastrian interest prevailed. The battle, which was fought on the 23rd of September BADGES OF THE HOUSE OP LANCASTER. Wastran?LV?i7Z'''''^' ^""^ T'°7 ^} ^'"^^^ ^''^^''^ ^^ fo^^^^^' «f the Yorkists, and the SncLSre Ld keThiS hundred men dead on the field, many of whom w^re from intention to exnel the SplnfTr. The Duke of York had now openly declared his for the crown ^AfLr t^Si^v c '^tiT^TfV ^"^''"^ '^'' Z''. '^' -^"^ "^'^'^ ^^'''''^'y ^'^S^' Ludlow which he succeeded ?n I- ? ?.u^ Salisbury marched to jom the Duke of York at Yorkl^s on the 13th of Optobp>- T^' q"' ?'.^''<' ^^^ '^^^''^^^^^ ^'^Pi^ly ^^^ encountered the lorKists on tne 13th ot October, when Sir Andrew Trollops, who was really attached to the house CHAP. XI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 179 of Lancaster, deserted to the king with the troops under his command ; others, induced by a proclamation of pardon, followed his example, when the Duke of York, struck with consternation, disbanded his army and fled through Wales into Ireland. The list of proscriptions which followed, the battle of Bloreheath sufficiently indicates that the men of Lancashire were by no means unanimous in their support of the house of Lancaster. Long and undisturbed possession, as well as a distinctly legal title by a free vote of Parliament, was in favour of the house of Lancaster, but the persecutions of the Lollards, the disfranchisement of the voter, the interference with elections, the odium of the war, the shame of the long misgovernment, told fatally against the weak and imbecile king, whose reign had been a long battle of contending factions.^ A kind of packed Parliament having assembled at Coventry, six weeks after the battle was fought, attainders were exhibited against Richard, Duke of York, and his adherents, and amongst tbe persons attainted of high treason for the part they took at Bloreheath, we find the names of Thomas Nevill, John Nevill, Thomas Haryngton, Thomas Parre, and William Stanley, to which list was added the name of Robert Boulde, the brother of Harry Boulde, Knight, accused with others of having industriously circulated a report that the king was dead. It further appears that the Commons House of Parliament charged Thomas, the second Lord Stanley, with certain heavy oftences, both of omission and commission, as set forth in a declaration to the following efi'ect : — " " That wlien Lord Stanley was required by the king to join him with such forces as he could collect, he came not ; but his brother, Sir William Stanley, with many of the lord's servants and tenants, joined the Earl of Salisbury, and were with him at Bloreheath. That when Edward Prince of Wales summoned Lord Stanley to come to him in all haste, his lordship delayed, saying he was not ready, though he had been commanded to hold himself ready with his troops at a day's warning ; such delay and absence being a great cause of the loss (of the Lancastrians) at Bloreheath. That Lord Stanley was within six miles of the place, accompanied by 2,000 men, and stayed three days after at Newcastle, but six miles from Eccleshall, where the queen and Prince of Wales were. That the morning after the battle he sent a letter of excuse for not going to them, as required. That Lord Stanley, after the battle, in a letter, thanked God for the success of the Earl of Salisbury, and trusted that he should be with the earl in another place, to stand him in as good stead as if he had been with him there. 'That when the prince, in obedience to the king, sent for Lord Stanley's tenants in the hundreds of Wirrall and Macclesfield, Cheshire, they were let [hindered] by Lord Stanley, so that they could not come. That a cook of Lord Stanley, in Sir Wilham Stanley's troops, being wounded at Bloreheath, and left behind at Drayton, declared to divers gentlemen that he was sent to the Earl of Salisbury, in the name of Lord Stanley, with more of his fellowship. That various persons wearing the livery of Lord Stanley were taken at the forest of Morff, Shropshire, and before death confessed that they were sent by Lord Sianley to attend on Sir William, to assist the Earl of Salisbury. To the prayer of the commons that the king would have Lord Stanley committed to prison, to abide trial, the king returned a refusal in the courtly terms of ' Le Roi s'avisera.' " Throughout this bitter struggle Lord Stanley pursued a course of watchful^ dexterity, remaining neutral when neutrality was deemed the safer policy, and casting in his lot with whichever side, at the moment, had the prospect of victory. He had married Eleanor, daughter of Richard Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, who' commanded the Yorkists at Bloreheath, and the sister of Warwick—" the king-maker " — an alliance that naturally brought him under the suspicion of the Lancastrians. When, after the battle, he wrote to the victorious Salisbury, "thanking God for the good speed of the said earl," it Avas natural, to his father-in-law, but when he added that he " trusted to God he should be with the earl in other places, to stand him in as good stead as he should have done if he had been with him (at Bloreheath)," it was treason. There is reason to believe he had given the earl private assurance of his sympathy, and that he had, moreover, encouraged his tenants to serve under his brother William, who had "plucked the pale and maiden blossom " and declared himself upon the White Rose side. It is remarkable that, although the battles fought between the houses of York and Lancaster for the crown were so numerous, the county of Lancaster was not the scene of any one of these contests, neither Lancastrian nor Yorkist, as it would seem, caring to make an enemy of the head of the powerful house of Stanley, whom the people would always follow, and hence the peaceable inhabitants of this county escaped many of the horrors that intestine wars never fail to inflict in the immediate scene of their operation. The contamination of public morals was, however, felt here, as well as m other parts of the kingdom. According to a solemn declaration of Parliament, the complaints upon this subject were loudly made throughout every part of the kingdom, of robberies, ravishments, extortions, oppressions, riots, unlawful assemblies, and wrongful imprisonments. To aggravate these evils the offenders were aided and abetted by persons of station in the country, whose badges or liveries they wore and by whom the administration of justice was continually interrupted. _ Amongst the most notorious of the offenders five-and-twenty are mentioned by name, and m this list we Imd "Robertus Pylkyngton, nuper de Bury in Com. Lane', Armiger" ' (the only Lancashire name), and other persons of equal respectability. These flagitious outrages originated with the civil wars, the « J. E. Green (History of the English Pcopk, p. 2T8).-C. ' Rot. Pari. 38 Hen. VI. (1459), vol. v. p. 369. •■' Rot. Pari. 3S Henry VI. (1459), vol. v. p. 868. 180 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xi. greatest of all national curses, and continued till those wars were at an end, when the laws resumed their dominion. The defection of the large body of veteran troops brought over from Calais by the Earl of Warwick, which deserted to the royal standard along with their commander, Sir Andrew Trollop, seemed for a time to extinguish the hopes of the Yorkists ; but they speedily recovered, and, led by the Earl of Warwick, encountered the king's forces near Northampton. Here a desperate and sanguinary conflict took place (July 10, 1460), which resulted in the Lancastrians being utterly routed, owing to the treachery of Lord Grey of Ruthin, who commanded King Henry's van, and who deserted to the enemy. The loss on both sides amounted to ten thousand men, comprehending a large proportion of the nobility and gentry, against whom the Earl of Warwick and the Earl of March principally directed their hostility. Queen Margaret and her son escaped, but the unhappy Henry was found in his tent almost alone ; the victorious earls, who treated him with great respect, carried him first to Northampton and then to London, where, on the 16th July, he was lodged in the bishop's palace.' In the session of Parliament which followed, a kind of compromise of the conflicting claims was adopted, under the sanction of the legislature, by which Henry, who had been taken prisoner at the battle of Northampton, was to enjoy the crown of England and the duchy of Lancaster for life, but at his death they were to descend to the Duke of York, or to his heirs in perpetuity. The queen could ill brook an arrangement by which the title of her only son to the crown of England was extinguished. To support this title, she collected a numerous army from the counties of Lancaster and Chester, and took up her station in the neighbourhood of Wakefield, in the county of York. No sooner had the Duke of York heard of this formidable array of hostile troops than he marched to the north, and took possession of Sandal Castle. Conceiving that his courage would be compromised if he refused to meet a woman in battle, he quitted his strong station and advanced into the plain, where the queen, aided by Lord Cliflbrd, had the skill to place his troops between two fires ; and though the duke performed prodigies of valour, his army was completely routed, and he himself was numbered amongst the slain (Dec. 31st, 1460). The Queen, proud of such a trophy, ordered the duke's head to be struck off and placed upon the gates of York, adorned with a paper crown to indicate the frailty of his claims — " Off with his head, and set it on York gates ; So York may overlook the town of York." An unfeminine speech, that did not cause her much feeling of remorse, for afterwards, when gazing upon the terrible spectacle as she entered the city, she is represented as exclaiming to Henry — " Welcome, my lord, to this brave town of York : Yonder's the head of that arch enemy. Does not the object cheer your heart, my lord ?" Lord Clifford — the "black-faced Clifford," as he has been called— still more sanguinary than his royal mistress, plunged his sword, after the battle was over, into the breast of the Earl of Rutland, the duke's youngest son, in revenge, as he alleged, for the death of his faiher, who fell in the battle of St. Alban's, while fighting against the Yorkists. From this time the scabbard was cast aside, and the Earl of March, now become Duke of York, determined to avenge the death of his father and brother, and to obtain the crown, or to perish in the attempt. The battle of Mortimer's Cross, fought on the second of February, 1461, with the loss of four thousand men to the Lancastrians, seemed to open the way to the gratification of young Edward's ambition ; but the second battle of St. Albans,' fought thirteen days afterwards (Feb. 17, 1461), in which Margaret, attended by the kmg, held the command, and in which the Earl of Warwick was worsted, changed the aspect of these ever- varying campaigns, though it did not prevent Edward from marching to London and takmg possession of the throne. Although Henry VI. was dethroned, and Edward IV. seated in his place, the civil wars were by no means at an end. Margaret, having returned to her favourite county of York, assembled an army of sixty thousand men ; 'and King Edward, with his celebrated general, the Earl of Warwick, hastened into that county with forty thousand, to give her battle. The hostile armies met at Towton, near Tadcaster, on Palm Sunday (March 29/l461). In this memorable battle, while the Yorkists were advancing to the charge, there happened a heavy fall of snow, accompanied by wind, which drove full in the faces of the Lancastrians. Lord Falconberg, who led the van of Edward's army, improved this event by a stratagem ; he ordered a body of infantry to advance before the line, and, after having sent a volley or flight of arrows among the enemy, immediately to retire. The Lancastrians, imagining that they had got within reach of the opposite army, discharged all their arrows, which fell short of the Yorkists. After their quivers ■ HaU fo. 91. Stow, p. 40P.— C. j Tj^^ second battle of St. Albans was fought at Barnard's Heath, on the high ground a mile north of the town. — C. CHAP. XI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 181 were emptied, Ed^rard advanced his line, and did execution with impunity on the dismayed Lancastrians. The bow was, however soon hiid aside, and the sword decided the combat, which ended m the total overthrow of King Henry's forces. Edward had issued orders, before the battle to give no cLuarter, and the routed army was pursued with dreadful slaughter. The flvinff troops shaped their course to Tadcaster bridge, but, despairing of reaching it, they turned aside to a place where the Cock, a small rivulet, discharges itself into the Wharfe. This was done with so much hurry and confusion that the bed ot the river was soon filled with dead bodies, which served as a bridge for the pursuers and the pursued to pass over. The slaughter at this point was tremendous According to the historians of the period, thirty-six thousand seven hundred men fell in the battle and pursuit, and the waters of the Wharfe were deeply crimsoned with the blood of the victims The heralds who numbered the dead upon the field state the number of slain at twenty-eio-ht thousand and under the sign-manual of King Edward they give the folloAving: If the battle at Wakefield Green had been disastrous to the House of York, it proved no less disastrous to the Lancastrians for the cruelties perpetrated by the black-faced Clifford were repaid with tenfold vengeance at Towton. The carnage in that terrible conflict was appalling, and if the statements of contemporary writers may be accepted, the blood stood in puddles, and stagnated in the gutters for weeks afterwards. Well might Warwick, dealing out a poetic justice, then say to the victorious Edward— " Fnim off the gates of York fetch down the head — Your father's head, which Chfford placed there ; Instead whereof let this supply the room, Measure for measure must be answered." LIST OF THE NOBLEMEN AND KNIGHTS SLAIN IN THE BATTLE OF TOWTON. NOBLEMEN. Richard Welles, Lord Willoughby. Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland. Sir Ralph Bigot, Knight, Lord de Malley. Thomas Courtney, Earl of Devonshire. William Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont. knights. John Clifford, Lord Clifford. Sir Ralph Gray. John Neville, Lord Neville. Sir Richard Jeney. Randulf, Lord Dacre. Sir Harry Bellingham. Lord Henry Stafford, of Buckingham. Sir Andrew Trollop. Lionel Welles, Lord Welles. With twent-eight thousand numbered by the Anthony Rivers, Lord Scales. Heralds. The Parliament, which met on the 4th of November, 1461, employed itself in the usual work of proscription, and " Henry of Derbie, otherwise Duke of Lancaster, and the heirs of his body coming, were utterly disabled from enjoying any inheritance, estate, or profits, within this realm or dominions of the same for ever." A number of noblemen and gentlemen were attainted for the vague ofience of being present at the death of the Duke of York, slain in the battle of Wakefield, amongst whom were Richard Tunstall, Henry Bellingham, and Robert Whittingham, knights. By the same Parliament it was enacted that the attainder of Henry VI. should subject him to the forfeiture of all the lands and possessions belonging to the duchy and county palatine of Lancaster ; and that King Edward and his queen should enjoy the duchy and liberties to the same belonging, separate from the crown ; and that the tenants of the said duchy and county should enjoy all their liberties and franchises unimpaired. The battle of Towton Field seemed decisive of the wars between the houses of York and Lancaster. Henry escaped into Scotland, while his more fortunate rival repaired to London to meet his Parliament, by which his title was recognised, and he was declared king by right from the death of his father. Margaret, whose spirit and perseverance remained unsubdued, sailed for France, to supplicate the French monarch to grant her forces for the purpose of reasserting the claims of her house. With this request Louis so far complied as to place at her disposal two thousand troops, with which she embarked for England. For a time she retired into Scotland, but having resolved on making an effort to recover the crown, she, accompanied by her husband and son, crossed the Border about the middle of April, and marched to Hexham, where she was joined by a number of volunteers from Scotland, and from Lancashire and the other northern counties of England ; an engagement took place there, on a plain called the Levels, on the 15th May, 1464,^ between the queen's troops and the Yorkists, now become the royal army, under Montacute, which issued in the total defeat of the Lancastrians, and the capture of the Duke of Somerset and Lords Roos and Hungerford, who were all three tried by a court-martial, convicted of high treason, and immediately beheaded. In that decisive battle the fortunes of the House of Lancaster sank to the lowest point of hopelessness, as if " never to rise again." " The fate of the unfortunate royal family of the Lancastrian house after this defeat,' says Mr. Hume, "was ^ In February, 1464, the Parliament was prorogued in consequence and Cheshire were up to the number of ten thousand or more; but now of the commotions in various counties. On the Ist March, John Paston they be down again; and one or two of tliem was (be)hcaded in Chester Writes to his father (Paston Letter ccxxx.), *'The commons in Lancashire as on Saturday last past." — C. 182 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xi. bino-ular. Maro-aret flying with her son into a forest, dwelt sometime concealed there, and was at last conducted to the sea-coast, when she made her escape into Flanders. She passed thence into her father's court, where she lived several years in privacy and retirement. Her husband was not so fortunate or so dexterous in finding the means of escape. Some of his friends took him under their protection, and conveyed him into Lancashire, where he remained concealed during a twelve month ; but he Avas at last detected, delivered up to Edward, and thrown into the Tower." The place of his concealment was Waddington Hall, in the parish of Mitton Magna, in the north- eastern part of the county ; and the person by whom he was betrayed was Sir John Talbot,_ who, as a reward for his perfidy, or, as the grant terms it, " in consideration of his good and faithful service in the capture of our great adversary," &c., received a grant of twenty marks (£13 6s. 8d.) a year from Edward IV., confirmed to his son by his successor Richard III. (26th JunO; 1484), and made payable out of the issues and revenues of the county palatine of Lancaster. In addition to defraying their costs and charges, Sir Thomas Talbot, who was the principle in the apprehension, received^the sum of £100, and a yearly pension of £40, which was confirmed to him by the next and last Yorkist sovereign, Richard III. ; ' and Sir John Tempest and Sir James Harrington each received one hundred marks (£66 13s. 4d.). Sir James Harrington also received a grant of Thurland Castle, and other estates from Edward, " not only for his good and gratifying services, often performed, but especially for his great and laborious diligence about the taking and keeping of the great traitor, our rebel and enemy, Henry, lately called Henry VI." Considering himself now securely seated on the throne, Edward surrendered himself up to those voluptuous pleasures to which he was naturally so much inclined. His vices did not prevent him from meditating a marriage with Bona, the sister to the Queen of France, and Warwick was sent to negotiate the alliance. While the earl was engaged in this mission, Edward became enamoured of Elizabeth Wydville, the widow of Sir John Grey, Lord Ferrers, of Groby, whose husband fell in the second battle of St. Albans, while engaged on the side of the house of Lancaster. Finding that the only way to the lady's chamber Avas through the church he was privately married to her ; and hence the remark " that he married his wife because she would not become his mistress, and took the wife of another man (Shore) as his mistress." Warwick could not brook this insult. He complained loudly of the king's condvict towards him, and associated himself with such malcontents as seemed disposed to question and to overthrow the king's authority. The earl being ioined by the Duke of Clarence, they collected a number of their adherents, and marched into Lancashire, where they importuned Lord Stanley, who had married Eleanor, the Earl of Warwick's sister, to embrace their cause. To this application Lord Stanley, who was at the time negotiating a marriage between his eldest son and the daughter of the new queen's sister, though strongly urged by his brother-in-law Warwick, who visited him at Manchester for the purpose, was too astute to compromise himself with either faction, returned a peremptory refusal to strike a blow for king or king-maker, and the project of rising in arms to displace his royal master was for the present abandoned by the Earl of Warwick. The " king-maker " was, however, of a spirit too intrepid to be diverted from his purpose by a disappointment of this nature. In the month of September, 1470, the attempt was renewed, and the earl and the duke, availing themselves of the zeal of the Lancastrian party, and of the general discontent which Edward's extravagance and imprudence had excited, raised the standard of revolt in the centre of the kingdom, supported by an army of 60,000 men. Edward hastened to encounter this formidable enemy, and the two armies approached each other near Nottingham. On the eve of the battle Edward was surprised in the night by the cry of " War !" when, supposing that all was lost, he fled into Norfolk, by the advice of his chamberlain, and from thence escaped with difficulty to Holland. As a natural consequence of this royal panic and temporary abdication, Henry VI. was released from his confinement, and again seated on his precarious throne, under the auspices of Clarence and Warwiclc, who did not fail to vest all the regal power in their own hands as regents. When Edward had been driven into exile. Lord Stanley abandoned his neutrality, and accompanied the Bishop of Winchester to release the captive Henry from his keepers in the Tower, and convey him " with great pomp, and appareled in a long gown of blue velvet," through the streets of London to the Palace of Westminster, when he was restored to the crown. The 'adherents of the House of York followed the king's example, and his queen, who had just been delivered of Prince Edward, > Waddington Hall, now a dilapidated farmhouse, but retaining John Talbott his cosyno of Colebery (Saleabury), withe other moo ; whiche traces of antiquity, was an occasional residence of the Tempests, but diaseyvide (7 disory vide i.e., descried) beyngo at his dynore at Wadyngtone Bracewell, their chief abode, Whalley Abbey, and Bolton, as well as Hall, and oaryed to Londoue on horse bake, and his lege bownde to tUo Waadington occasionally afforded Henry an asylum while a fugitive in styrope, and so brought through Londone to the Toure, where he was kept this part of the country. Of the capture of the poor king the Warkworth long time." Mr. HalUwoU, who edited the Chronicle for the Camden Society, Chronicle gives the foUowing account : " Also the same year (1465) Kingo referring to the "blacke monke," says "the name of the rascal" wss Henry was taken bysyde a house of rehgione in Lancashyre (Whalley), by William Cantlow. The Thomas Talbot, who was a principal in the capture the inene of a blacke monke of Abyntone, in a wode called CUtherwode, of Henry, was son-in-law of Sii- John Tempest. -C. bysyde Bungarley Hyppynge stones by Thomas Talbott, of Bashall and CHAP. XI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIEE. 183 was amongst the fugitives. Queen Margaret, who was still abroad, received the intellio'ence of the improved prospects of her house with rapture ; but before the winds, inconstant as her own fortune could waft her to the shores of England, the sun of the house of Lancaster had set, never more to rise in her family. A supply of two thousand troops having been granted by the Duke of Burgundy to Edward he returned to England, and disembarked, as Henry of Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby and Duke of Lancaster had done at Ravenspur, in Yorkshire (on the 16th March, 1471), declaring, as that duke had done' that his object was not to challenge the throne but merely to obtain his paternal inheritance. By one of those unaccountable anomalies, which the absence of records and the vagueness of contem- porary history disqualify us from explaining, Edward was allowed by the regents to present himself, without molestation, in considerable force before the gates of London, into which he was admitted without a struggle, and to reascend the throne, Henry having very peaceably retired to the Tower. The battle of Barnet, fought April 14, 1471, three days after the entrance of Edward into London^ in which he comrnanded in person, terminated fatally for the house of Lancaster ; and Warwick himself, after having performed prodigies of valour as a foot-soldier, when he ought to have been directing the operations of his army as a general, was numbered amongst the slain. Queen Margaret reached the shores of England, accompanied by her son Edward, now eighteen years of age, just in time to hear of the death of Warwick and the defeat of his army. This lion-hearted woman seemed now to bow to her fate, and sought the privilege of sanctuary ; but being urged by Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, and others of the adherents of her house, to make another effort for the throne, she marched through Devon, Somerset, and Gloucester, to Tewkesbury, daily accumulating fresh forces on her route ; here she was overtaken by King Edward, April 19th, 1471, and after a sanguinary battle overthrown. The queen fell into the hands of the victors ; her boy fell on the field, stabbed, as was affirmed, by the Yorkist lords, after Edward had met his cry for mercy by a buffet from his gauntlet ; and to consummate the disasters to the royal house of Lancaster, Henry VI. died suddenly a few days after in the Tower, to which place Margaret was committed as a state prisoner, and after remaining six years in confinement, she was ransomed by Louis, King of France, at the price of fifty thousand crowns. The queen survived her captivity four years, having spent the evening of her life in solitude and exile. The reign of Edward, after the overthrow of the house of Lancaster, presents no subjects connected with the history of this county, with the exception of a fruitless expedition into France to regain the lost conquests of England, in which Lord Stanley and several Lancashire knights were engaged, but which terminated in nothing better than an ostentatious display of military strength. A copy of the will of Edward IV., made by Rymer, is deposited in the Rolls Chapel,^ by which document the king directs "that all the revenues, issues, profits, and commodities, commyng and growing of oure countie palatine of Lancastre, and of alle our castelles, lordshippes, manoirs, lands, tenements, rents, and services in the countie palatine and shire of Lancastre, parcell of oure said duchie of Lancastre, with their membres and appurtenances," &c., shall be applied " towards the marriages of our doughtres." This will is of considerable length, and bears date the 20th June, 1475. In the last year of the reign of Edward IV. (1482) a petition was presented to Parliament which had been promoted in the south-eastern part of Lancashire, where the manufacture of hats has prevailed for many ages to a great extent. This document serves to date, with tolerable accuracy, the period when alarms from the consequences of improved machinery first began to manifest themselves in this county. The allegations of the petition are in these terms : — " Peayen youre Highnes the Comons of this present Parliament assembled. That whereas Huers,'' Bonettes, and Cappes, aswele sengle as double, were wonte truly to be made, wrought, fulled and thikked by the myght and strength of men, that is to say, with hande and fote ; and they that have so made, wrought, fulled and thikked such Huers, Bonettes, and Cappes, have well and honestly afore thys goten their lyvyng therby, and therupon kept apprentices, servauntes, and good housholdes. It is so, that ther is a subtile mean founde now of late, by reason of a FuUyng Mille, whereby mo Cappes may be fulled and thikked in one day, than by the myght and strengthe of four-score men by hand and fote may be fulled and thikked in the same day : The which Huers, Bonettes, and Cappes, so as it is aforesaid by the said Milles fulled and thikked, ben brosed, broken and deceyvably wrought, and may in no wise by the mean of eny Mille be truly made, to the grete hurt of your seid Highnesse, and of all your subjetts which daily use and ocoupie the same, and to the utter undoyng of suche your subjettes, as ben the makers of the same Huers, Bonettes, and Cappes, and wolde and entende to lyve by the true making of the same ; withoute youre most gracious helpe be shewed to theim in this behalf." The petitioners conclude with a prayer that Parliament will interdict, for two years at least, the use of these fulling-mills ; to which the reply is—" Le Roy le voet " (The King wills it) The intrigues of the court which followed on the death of Edward IV. were unbounded. Ihe ancient nobility, with the Duke of Gloucester as protector at their head, opposed by every means 1 Excerpta Historica, p. 366. ^ Huers or piUions were a head-covering of cloth worn by priests and graduates.— H. 184 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xi. in their power the relations of the queen, who were considered as aspiring upstarts ; and Earl Rivers, her brother. Sir Richard Grey, one of her sons, and Sir Thomas Vaughan, an officer in the kino-'s household, were, by the authority of the duke, committed to Pontefract Castle — the same Pontefract where, before, Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, had been beheaded, and within whose Avails Richard II. had fallen beneath the murderous battle-axe of Piers Exton — for " setting variances amongst the states, to subdue and destroy the noble blood of the realm ; " on which vague charge all three, without being brought to legal trial, were executed by Gloucester's order. Their real offence, however, consisted in standing in the way of the duke's assumption of the crown, and no quantity of blood was thought too large to be shed for the purpose of removing the impediments to his elevation. Lord-chamberlain Hastings shared the same fate, for venturing to doubt whether the protector's arm, which had been withered from his birth, was diseased by the sorceries of his queen-sister and Shore's wife. Lord Stanley escaped with difficulty, but not without a severe contusion, a murderous blow being levelled at his head by the ruffians introduced into the council- chamber in the Tower, at Gloucester's bidding, to seize Hastings and hurry him aAvay to execution.' Stanley was kept prisoner in the Tower for a time, but his usual luck attended him. Gloucester visited him, set him free, and ere a month had passed he stood beside the usurper at Westminster, a trusty counsellor, bearing the mace, while the circle and symbol of sovereignty was placed on Richard's head. On the same day (June 26, 1483) he was constituted one of the commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Steward of England, and before the close of the year he had been invested with the Order of the Garter and made Constable of England for life. The duke had evidently fixed his eye upon the throne, and was determined to ascend it at whatever price. To consummate his purpose, his two nephews, Edward V. and his brother Richard, Duke of York, were — as is commonly affirmed, though the question' is involved in much obscurity ^ — smothered in the Tower, whilst sleeping in their bed, by three assassins of the name of Dighton, Forest, and Slater, under the direction of Sir James Tyrrel, a creature of the duke's. Having thus removed the obstacles in his way to power, the coronation, which appeared to be preparing for Edward V., was appropriated by the Duke of Gloucester to his own purpose and that of his queen. The ceremony was of the most splendid kind, that the gorgeousness of the scene might conceal the blood which contaminated the track to the throne. Lord Stanley, who had iust been liberated from the Tower, was placed in the humiliating situation of bearing the mace before the king, and the " Lady of Rychemond " bore the queen's train. The other Lancashire peers present were Lord Grey of Wilton and Lord Morley ; and among the knights were Sir William Stanley, Sir Edward Stanley, Sir Charles Pilkington, Sir Rafe Ashton, and Sir William Norris ; ■' also Sir James and Sir Robert Harrington. ^ During the short reign of Richard III. a considerable number of letters-patent were granted by the king. These documents, in Latin and in English, are preserved in what is styled " a very valuable book," belonging to the lord treasurer Burghley, in the Harleian collection of the British Museum ; and the following are their titles, so far as they relate to the county and duchy of Lancaster : — Harl. MSS. Cod. 433. [Temp. Rich. III.] Abt. 14 To John Howard, knt., the Office of Chief Steward of the duchy of Lane. South of Trent. ^^ "^^ M^""^^ Stafford, Duke of Buckinghatu, the offices of constable, steward, and receiver of the castle, manor, and town of Monmouth, m S. Wales, and of all the other castles, lordships, manors, towns, &c., which are parcels of the Duchy of Lane. m S. Wales. The duke is also appointed keeper or head forester of the forest and chace of Hodeaake, and of all the other forests and chaces being parcels of the Duchy aforesd in S. Wales. 43 To Sir Richd Huddlestone the office of receiyer of the lordps, manors, lands, & tenemts in Cumberld & Lancashe which were formerly Thos Grey's (Marquis of Dorset). 63 A Writ appoint? Guy Fairfax, knt., and Milo Metcalf, Chief Justiciaries of Lane. 70 Royal Letters for the advowson of the Parish church of Gayton, parcel of the Duchy of Lane. 87 Ditto™ ' *° ^''°'' Metcalfe, the office of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lane, and the custody of the seal for the same office. 92 To Guy Fairfax, knighte, th' office of Chieff Juge of Lancastre. 93 To Miles Metcalfe the office of one of the Juges at Lancastre. 94 To Thomas Molineux the office of king's Serjeant and Attorney at Lawe, in all his courtes within the county palatyne of L. catestrophe milht hfve bl™ tvoid^rtff ^rH^ h k^ ^""Ta ^^^' }^H ' ^'' ^^^^^^^^ <>« Croyland, a contemporary writer, says that it was to a Seam "f Lord Stanlev'ron fhp nr.. / '*'"^L'"'.'* given heed set abroad that the two sons of Edward IV. were deceased, but by what lordship bdidd a boar the^com?»,nP„ Z at^ ?'^'''' '? ""^'"^ ^'^ "*°°^'' »' ^'°'™'=« ^"^ unknown. The " Chroniele of the Grey Fftars of tuBka Hasttol andTtknle/tiU^th^^^ ??'"S with his London," the register book of that fraternity, has this simple and Shakepere had evidently heard the stoy fnr\?° t *?""'" ^^i'^l'^fj'- inipressive entry, under date 1 Richard lU. (1488) ' ' And the two sons of third Lt of A Sar/ArBoene 2. ^' ^°" ^^ "'^'°^^'^^^ ^^ '» '^e Kn.g Mward were put to^sUenee."-0. ♦ HolUnshed's Chron. vol. lit p. S9S. CHAP. XI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 185 Aut. 99 To Henry Stafford, D of Buck., the office of constable, stuarde, and reoeivour of the castles, manners, & townes of Mounemouthe and Kydwelly of all castles, lordshps, townes, &c., in Wales, and the Marches parcels of the Duchie of Lane. & thoffice of Pananster (?)' Forster and Maister of the Game in all the forests and chaces of Wales and Marches of the same, belongmg to the said duchie. 102 To John Howard, D. of Norfolke, the office of Chief Steward of the Duchy of Lane. South of Trent ■'S. m I"*""!? Pylkyngtone, knight, the office of Sheriff of the county of Lancr and the county Palatine. iSS Z° i-r ?",?,' ^^■' *''^ °®'=® °* ^'''** "^ ^'^^ ^"^"^y within the counties' of Berks and Southampton. 107 To Sir John le Scrop— chamberlain of the Duchy. 113 To Sir Ricd Huddlestone receiver ut suprji. 116 To therle of Surry the StewardshP of the Duchie. 130 To Thomas Kebell thoffice of Generall Attourney of the Duchie of Lane, in Engld & Wales. 171 To W. Castby thoffice of Steward of Daventre, Higham Ferys, Paverells Fee &o. ]ll Z° t^'Tj^.f^"'"' ? ".^''^ °^ Messagere of the Duchie, and Ushere of the co'uncelle house ordeyned for the same. 1/8 To Ricd Pottyere the Attorneyshp of the Duchie. 179 To therle of Surry ut suprii. 276 To John Fitz Herbert the Baillieff of the newe Franchesie of the Duchie of Lane, in the couutie of Derby 327 ' To John, Due of Norfolke, thoffice of chieffe Steward," as above in the Latin patent. 518 To Nichol^ Gardyner, thexecutor of John Gardyner, Licence to found a chauntrie in our Ladie church of Lane. & to mortize 12 b. 01 land there. 519 To Morgan Kidwelly the Stewardship of all the lordshps of the Duchy of Lane, or otherwise belonging to the kin" in the CO. of Dorset. 824 To Thorns Ld Stanley, Lord Strange, many castles, lordships, manoirs, to hold by knight's service whereof part of them belonged to Roger Tocot, Henry Stafford Due of Buckingham, &c. 1628 " Comission to the Lord Stanley, constable of England, to sease vnto the kinges use the Manoir of Brightmeed in the counte of Lancaster, that late was of Thomas Seint Legere his, rebelle. Yeven at London the lath day of Dec. ano primo." Several other commissions to the same to seize upon lands belonging to the above Sir Thomas S* Leger and Henry Stafford, D. of Buckingham, are found here. 2001 ■ft' arrant for the Maire, &c., of Lane, to reteigne 20 marks (£13 : 6 : 8) of the fee firme of their towne which the king hath geven unto them. Yeven at Stoney Stratforde ye 6^'^ of Novr ao 2 This word is thus marked with the (?) in the Harl. oatalog.ie. There is no doubt of its accuracy, and that it is the name of the officer who superintended forest-panage. 25 ]86 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xi. his fidelity. After the coronation, and while, as tradition affirms, the young princes were being " put to silence " in the Tower, Richard made a triumphal progress to the north, Lord Stanley accompanying him. While the king and Stanley were being feted by the citizens of York, the Duke of Buckingham was busy concocting a plot for the overthrow of Richard. Communications passed between him and the Countess of Richmond, Lord Stanley's wife, with the avowed object of placing her son, Henry of Richmond, upon the throne; and messengers passed to and fro between the countess and her son, who was then an attainted exile in Brittany. Lancashire was in a state of ferment ; and there is extant a letter written at the time by Edward Plumpton, the secretary of Lord Stanley's eldest son. Lord Strange, which gives a curious side-glance at the condition of things. Writing from Lathom on the 18th of October, 1483 — the day fixed by Buckingham for the uprising — he says: "People in this country be so troubled in such commandment as they have in the king's name and otherwise, marvellously that they know not what to do. My Lord Straung [Strange] goeth forth from Lathom upon Monday next with XM. [ten thousand] men, whither we cannot say. The Duke of Buckingham has not so many as yet." He significantly adds, " [it] is sayd here that he is able to go where he wyll, but I trust he shall be right withstanded and all his malice and els were great pyty." ^ The king, whose suspicions never slumbered, was fully aware of Buckingham's intention ; and that he might have the more secure hold on the allegiance of Lord Stanley, and prevent him from inciting an insurrection in Lancashire and Cheshire, where his power and influence where almost unlimited, Richard insisted that George, Lord Strange, the son and heir of the house of Stanley, should remain in his hands as a hostage. These suspicions were increased by the circumstance of Lord Stanley having, about the year 1473, married for his second wife Margaret, the widow of Edmund, Earl of Richmond, half brother of Henry VI., by whom she had issue Henry, Earl of Richmond, the representative of the house of Lancaster, whom Buckingham was seeking to place upon the throne. Lord Stanlej^'s wife was implicated in the abortive insurrection ; but as his lordship had prudently kept in the background, he could not be directly impeached, and with his customary good fortune he managed to profit by the transaction, for on the day that Buckingham's head rolled away from the axe Richard bestowed upon him " the castle and lordship of Kimbolton, late belonging to the great rebel and traitor, Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham." Richard's displeasure was, however, subsequently marked by an act of attainder against the Countess of Richmond, in which it is set forth that "Foraomuch as Margaret, Countesse of Richmond, Mother to the Kyngs greate Rebelle & Trajtour, Henry, Erie of Ricliemond. hath of late conspired, confedered, & committed high Treason agenst cure Soveraigne Lorde the King, Richard the Third, in dyvers & sundry wyses, & in especial! in sendyng messages, writyngs & tokens to the said Henry, deayrng, procuryng, & stirryng hym by the same, to come into this Roialme, & make Werre agenst oure said Soveraigne Lorde ; to the which desyre, procuryng, & stirrynge the said Henry applied hym, as it appereth by experience by hym late shewed in that behalf. Also the said Countesse made chevisancez of greate somes of money, as well within the Citee of London, as in other places of this Roialme to be employed to the execution of the said Treason & malicious purpose ; &- also the said Countesse conspired, confedered, & imagyned the destruction of oure said Soveraigne Lord, and was asseutyng, knowyng, Ik, assistyng Henry, late Duke of Buckingham." The punishment for " high treason " was of course public execution, but Richard " of his grace and favour," as he alleges, but under the influence of his fears, as is more probable, and in consideration of " the good and faithful services done and intended to be done by Thomas, Lord Stanley, husband of the countess,"^ remitted the death penalty. But at the same time he declared all her property forfeited to the crown, whether in fee-simple, fee-tail, or otherwise ; but not to the prejudice of 'Thomas, Lord Stanley, or any other person or persons, with the exception of the Countess of Richmond. It does not appear that the countess was ever removed from Lathom House for trial, though it was ordered that she should be kept in ward by her lord, in private apartments, and not suffered to hold any communication with the king's enemies. One of the first acts of the next reign was to annul this act of attainder, and fully to reinstate the " noble princess Margaret, Countess of Richmond, in all her possessions." = Margaret, Countess of Richmond, Avas the only daughter and heir of John Beaufort, first Duke of Somerset, the grandson of John of Gaunt and Catharme Swynford. This lady had married Edmund, Earl of Richmond, and Henry, the present earl, was the only issue of that marriage. She had afterwards married Sir Henry Stafford, and at his death espoused Thomas, Lord Stanley. The present Earl of Richmond had long been a source of disquietude to the reigning family of the house of York, who had spared no pams to obtain possession of his person, for the purpose of administering those murderous remedies for the cure of a disputed title which they so well knew how to apply. But he survived all their machinations, and ap alliance, suggested by the Marquis of Dorset and the Bishop of Ely, between the Earl of Richmond and Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of Edward IV., promised to effect a ' Plumpton Papers, pp. 44-0, Camden Soo.-C. = Hot. Pari. vi. p. 250.-C. '^ Ibid 1 Henry VII. -(US6) vol. vi. p. 2S6. CHAP. XI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIEE. 187 union between the Red and the White Roses, for which the nation had long panted with ardent JT!- ?.t ^T^ ^^^'T^ *° accomplish this ob ect by the agency of the d"uL of Buckingham iailed^and the duke and a number ot his friends became the victims of the premature enterprise' Retarded in the attainment o± his object by the failure of the fiuke of Buckingham's enterprise but by no means discouraged from pursuing it, the Earl of Richmond, " England's hope " embarked from Harfleui^ in Normandy (August 1st, 1485), with a small army of two thousand men, with which on the I7th of the same month, he landed at Milford Haven, where he was joined by Sir Richard Rice ap Thomas, who had been entrusted with a command in Wales by the tvrant Richard. In his march into the interior of the country he was joined by the powerful family of Shrewsbury as well as by Sir Thomas Bourchier and Sir Walter Hungerford, and a large number of persons of inferior note Richard, aware of the storm by which he was menaced, had collected a well-appointed army m Nottinghamshire, and towards this point the Earl of Richmond directed his course, by Avay ot I amworth. Richard, knowing that he had forfeited all claim to the confidence of his people that the enormities he had committed for the attainment of the throne had withdrawn from him the flower ot his nobihty, and that those who feigned allegiance to his person and government panted for an opportunity to betray and desert him, became more suspicious of his friends than alarmed by his enemies. The persons of Avhom he entertained the greatest suspicion, and those who had the power more than any others to decide his fate, were Lord Stanley and his younger brother, Sir William Stanley, of Holt, in Denbighshire. By a strange infatuation the king commissioned Lord Stanley to raise an army in the counties of Lancaster and Chester. The number of soldiers under the command of the Stanleys was so considerable that the decision of the approaching battle, on which a kingdom depended, was placed in their hands. Two days before the battle commenced Richard marched from Nottingham to Leicester at the head of his army, and entered that town with a countenance strongly characteristic of the gloomy state of his mind. He took up his quarters for the night at the principal inn,= the Blue Boar, but then called the White Boar, his cognisance, and concentrated his outposts, in preparation for the approaching engagement. The dawn of the following day found the two hostile armies on Bosworth Field— Richard in the command of twelve thousand men, and Richmond with about half that number. Lord Stanley had placed himself near the neighbouring village of Atherstonov six miles from the field of battle, with a force differently estimated by historians, but probably amounting to about five thousand men._ Even now the determination which his lordship had taken was not generally known in the conflicting armies, though the commanders, no doubt, had sagacity enough to discover that he had abandoned Richard, and was determined to support his rival to the throne. The sword suspended over the neck of Lord Strange, who was in Richard's camp as a hostage, hung only by a hair, and it was only averted by an opportune intervention. Richard, extending his troops as widely as possible, to intimidate his enemy by an impression of the great strength of the army to which they were opposed, gave the command of the vanguard to the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Surrey ; he himself led the centre, which was guarded on the flanks by the horse and led on by the bowmen. Richmond having placed his bowmen in front, under the command of the Earl of Oxford, gave the command of the right wing to Sir Gilbert Talbot and of the left to Sir John Savage. The command of the horse he took upon himself, aided by his uncle the Earl of Pembroke. Richmond having, by a successful manoeuvre, possessed himself of a path which intersected a swamp, and thrown the glare of the sun in the face of the enemy, the battle commenced. The first shock of the two armies showed sufiiciently the different spirit by which they were animated. For a while, however, the contest hung in suspense ; but the ^ Amongst uthers, a gentleman of the name of William Coling- to tenant with the inn. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, this house was bourne, who had been high sheriff of Wiltshire and Dorsetshire, suffered kept by one Mr, Clark, who put a bed on this bedstead, which hia wife death for having written the following whimsical je« d'esprit, in allusion going to make hastily, and jumbling the bedstead, apiece of gold dropped to the names of the two royal favourites, Ratcliffe and Catesby, and to out. This excited the woman's curiosity ; she narrowly examined this tbe crest of Level, which was a dog, and that of Richard, which was a antiquated piece of furniture, and, finding it had a double bottom, took boar: — off the uppermost with a chisel, upon which she discovered the space " The Rat, the Cat, and Level the Dog, between them filled with gold, part of it coined by Richard III. and the Rule all England under a Hog." rest of it in earlier times. Mr. Clark (her husband) concealed this piece 2 Richard slept at the Blue Boar Inn, and the bedstead whereon he is ot good fortune, though by degrees the effects of it made it known, for supposed to have lain is still preserved, and its history is thus handed he became rich from a low condition, and, in the space of a few years, down; " In the year ltil3, Mrs. Clark, keeper of that inn, was robbed by mayor of the town; and then the story of the bedstead came to be her servant-maid and seven men, and the relation is thus given by Sir rumoured by the servants. At his death, he left his estate to his wife, Roger Twisden, who had it from persons of undoubted credit, who were who still continued to keep the inn, though she was known to be very not only inhabitants of Leicester, but saw the murderers executed : rich ; which put some wicked persona upon engaging the maidservantto 'When King Richard III. marched into Leicestershire against Henry, assist in robbing her. These folks, to the number of seven, lodged in her Earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII., he lay at the Blue Boar Inn, house, plundered it, and carried off some hnrse-loads of valuable things, in the t .wn of Leicester, where was left a large wooden bedstead, gilded and yet left a considerable quantity of valuables scattered about the floor, insomeplaces, which, after hisdefeatanddeathin the battle of Bosworth, As for Mrs. Clark herself, who was very fat, she endeavoured to cry out was left, either through haste, or as a thing of little value (the bedding for help, upon which her maid thrust her fingers down her throat and being oil taken from it), to the people of the house ; thenceforward, this choked her ; for which fact she was burnt, and the seven men, who were old bedstead, which was boarded at the bottom (as the manner was in her accomplices, were hanged at Leicester some time in the year 1613." those days), became a piece of standing furniture, and passed from teiiaut 188 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIEE. chap. xi. appearance of Lord Stanley, the arbiter of the battle of Bosworth Field, who declared in favour of his son-in-law, decided the fate of the day. The king's forces fought without spirit, and seemed more anxious to secure their own safety than to obtain victory. In this emergency Richard was advised to quit the field, and a horse was provided for the purpose ; but he had placed his all upon the issue, and he fought like a hero. His only remaining hope was now in the death of Richmond ; and in a desperate onset to accomplish that object he slew Sir William Brandon, the earl's standard-bearer, with his oAvn hands, and at the next moment dismounted Sir John Cheyney. The commanders of the two armies were now on the point of coming in personal collision, an event of which they both seemed ambitious ; but at the moment when the combat was about to take place. Sir William Stanley broke into the line with his three thousand tall men, and surrounded Richard, who still continued to fight with all the courage and desperation of his nature ; but at leno'th, sinking under the superior force by which he was assailed, fell dead on the field, pierced with innumerable wounds, and covered with gore, his last words being, " Treason ! Treason ! Treason !' The numbers of the slain in the battle of Bosworth Field, like the numbers engaged in the contest, are differently estimated. Some accounts rate them as low as a thousand and others as high as four thousand. The loss, however, fell principally upon the Yorkists, as Sir William Talbot, in an account written to his friends immediately after the battle, says that the number of slain on the part of the Earl of Richmond did not exceed ten persons ! The Duke of Norfolk, Lord Ferrars of Chartley, Sir Robert Ratcliffe, Sir Robert Piercy, and Sir Robert Brackenbury, were all numbered with the dead ; and Sir William Catesby, the ready instrument of all Richard's crimes, being taken prisoner, Avas beheaded with several others at Leicester two days afterwards. After the battle. Lord Stanley, who, with his brother. Sir William, had contributed so much to the success of the day, took the crown which adorned the chapeau of estate Richard had worn upon his salad or head-piece, and placing it upon the head of the Earl of Richmond crowned him on the field by the title of King Henry YIL A large portion of the spoils of the field fell into the hands of Sir William Stanley, and were allowed by the king's permission to enrich that gallant knight. " Richard's body being stripped naked, all tugged and torn, and not so much as a clout left to cover his shame, Avas trussed behind a pursuivant-at-arms like a hog or a calf ; his head and arms hung on one side the horse and his legs on the other, all besprinkled with mire and blood, and was so carried to Leicester." "No king," says Mr. Hutton, "Avas ever so degraded a spectacle; humanity and decency ought not to have suffered it." Mr. Carte says, " They tied a rope about his neck, more to insult the helpless dead than to fasten him to the horse." After lying exposed to the inspection and insults of the populace, the tyrant's body, at the end of the second day, was taken to the church of the Grey Friars, and there buried in a stone coffin." - Thus ended the Avars between the houses of York and Lancaster, so far as the members of the house of York Avere concerned, in Avhich from eighty to ninety thousand Englishmen Avere slain. Three kings, several princes of the blood, sixty-tAvo nobles, one hundred and thirty-nine knights, four hundred and forty-one esquires, and six hundred and thirty-eight of the gentry of the kingdom, fell in these memorable Avars.^ The contest between the rival houses Avas not, however, an unmixed evil ; probably it was more beneficial in its remote consequences than iniurious in its immediate effects. Up to that time the property as Avell as the poAA'er of the nation was chiefly divided amongst the king, the nobility, and the clergy. The great mass of the people of England Avere, as they had been from the time of the Scandinavian invasion, serfs, dependent upon the will of their lords, transferable like cattle, and held in nearly the same estimation. Such Avas their degradation that the honour of hazarding their lives to settle a quarrel betAveen the Red and the White Roses Avas too great for them to enjoy; but as every lord was obliged, by a kind of moral necessity, to take part in this Avidely-extended contest, either on the one side or the other, it became necessary for his oAvn safety to seek the aid of his vassals ; and before those vassals could be allowed to take the field it Avas necessary that they should be emancipated and become free men. In this Avay the feudal system, introduced before the Conquest, and consolidated by the Conqueror, Avas shaken to its centre ; trade and commerce hastened its doAvnfall ; villeinage Avas virtually at an end as early as the reign of EdAvard VI. ; and in the twelfth year of Charles II. (1660) the name itself Avas erased from the statute-books. >,. J fVi? <=°?™°.°'y said that Lord Stanley placed the crown upon the thia erection, which perished with tlie dissolution of the monastery in tlie head of the victorious Richmond, but it is an absurd mistake to suppose following reign i, uu ui uio mouisoc j that Richard wore the roya,l crown upon his helmet during the battle; he » .. jn ^y remembrance," says PliUip de Commines, " eighty princes Th'^nrL^n^nuU^ifjhnltZt iFh t"", •""? ^''''fl^°iK- o™" supposing of the blood royal of England perished in these convulstins. Those that the crown could have been attached to Ina helmet. The story probably were spared by the sword renewed their sufferings in foreign lands. I arose from his wearing a circlet of gold or some other distinguishing myself saw the Duke of Exeter, the king's brother-in-law, walking ur„"S'l?il™*„f »A1,TJ «,'l\°'r'™- '™'' ^^^r^? yom by Henry v. bai-efoot after the Duke of Burgundy's train! and earning Ms bTead by upon his helmet at the battle of Agincourt and which then served to begging from door to door." Sir John Penn, in his preface to " Original break the force of the stroke of the Duke of Aleu<;on'8 battleaxe.-O. Letters," written during the reigns of Henry VI , Edwa?d iv" and ■'niot,tp"°„^'i?n?LTi''.'„lf^r3"™V^K ''?'''''? *°.^i'' '°™0'-y. with 1"'» Riohard HI., says that every individual of two generations o the H£,^viT ^- ? '^ 1°-'*' '" alabaster ;^ and, ten years afterwards, families of Somerset and Warwick fell on the field, or on the scaffold, Henry VH., on his Lancashire progress, paid £10 Is. to James Keyley fur as victims of those bloody contests. CHAP. XI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 189 _ When Henry of Richmond came out of the field of Bosworth a victor, it was to rule over a nation weak, impoverished, and bleeding at every pore. The fierce struggles of the Roses destroyed the power of the nobles and weakened their influence by sweeping away the heads of the principal families The power of the barons had been too great for the safety of the soverei<^n In the long contest they had sought to extend their own privileges and to restrict those of tlie crown and the freemen. Their ambition failed of its object, and when the great " king-maker " sank overpowered upon the field of Barnet, their sun may be said to have gone down But if that contest weakened the power of the crown and the oligarchy, it was at least productive of one national benefit, inasmuch as it precipitated that social change which ultimately led to the complete overthrow of the social system: it re-established the liberi homines or freemen, relieved the middle class of the system of vassalage to which they had been subjected, and virtually extint^uished the system of serfdom that had prevailed in England from pre-Norman times. '" _ One of the first acts of Henry on succeeding to the crown was to reverse the attainders passed against the adherents of the house of Lancaster.^ This was followed by an act of confiscation against the property of the adherents of the tyrant Richard, amongst whom were Sir Thomas Pilkington Sir Robert Harrington, and Sir James Harrington, all of the county of Lancaster, whose estates were principally awarded to the Stanley family for their services at the battle of Bosworth Field Besides their forfeited possessions Lord Stanley had bestowed the lands of Pooton of Pooton, Bythom of Bythom, and Newby of Kirkby, all in Lancashire, "with at least twenty gentlemen's estates more." Among the duchy records is an enumeration of these properties, which include, among others, Holland, Nether Kelleth, Halewood, Samlesbury, Pilkington, Bury, Cheethami Cheetwood, Halliwell, Broughton-in-Furness, Bolton-in-Furness, Underworth, Shuttleworth' Shipplebotham, Middleton, Oversfield, Smithells, Selberthwaite, Tottington, Elswick, and Urswick; he had also a grant from the king of Burford St. Martin, in Wiltshire. As a further reward, his lordship was created Earl of Derby, elected a member of His Majesty's Privy Council, appointed a commissioner for exercising the office of lord high steward of England, and shortly after- wards had conferred upon him the great ofiice of Constable of England for life. At the same time an arrangement was concluded between the earl and his wife, Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, the king's mother, in recompense of her jointure and dower, and ratified by the sanction of Parliament.^ A considerable augmentation was made to her possessions six years afterwards, by the grant of the lordships and manors of Ambursbury and Winterbourne, in the county of Wilts, and the manors of Henxstrigge and Charlton Canvile, in the county of Somerset, of which Henry VII. was seised, and which had been granted to Henry Beaufort, then Cardinal Beaufort and Bishop of Winchester.^ Henry VIL, in compliance with the prayer of the commoners, " that in consideration of the right to the realms of England and France being vested in his person and then heirs of his body, by the authority of the said Parliament, he would be pleased to espouse the Lady Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward IV., which marriage they hoped God would bless with a progeny of the race of kings," he in January, 1486, married that princess, and thus was accomplished the union, so long wished for by an exhausted nation, between the houses of York and Lancaster.'' A disease hitherto unknown, which, from its symptoms, was called the " sweating sickness," prevailed at this time (1485) in Lancashire and in other parts of the kingdom. Happily the malady, which was most fatal, was of short duration, having made its appearance about the middle of September and run its course before the end of October in the same year. " The complaint was a pestilent fever," says Lord Verulam, " attended by a malign vapour, which flew to the heart and seized the vital spirits ; which stirred nature to strive to send it forth by an extreme sweat. If the patient were kept in an equal temperature, both for clothes, fire, and drink, moderately warm with temperate cordials, whereby nature's work were neither irritated by heat nor turned back by cold, he commonly recovered, and the danger was considered as past in twenty-four hours from the first attack. But infinite numbers of persons died suddenly of it before the manner of the cure and attendants were known. It was conceived not to be an epidemical disease, but to proceed from a malignity in the constitution of the air, gathered by the predisposition of seasons ; and the speedy cessation declared as much." Fifteen years afterwards this county was visited by the plague, which spread extreme alarm through the country, and the king, to escape the danger of contagion, sailed with his family to Calais. This sweating sickness had so completely subsided in London that the ceremony of the coronation, which had been fixed for the 30th of October, 148.3, took place according to appointment ; on which occasion only two elevations and one new • Rot. Pari. 1 Henry V [I. vol. vi. p. 273. no alacrity in performing the oath, "his aversion to the house of York ' Eot. Pari. 1 Henry VII. vol. vl. p. 311. being so predominant," says Bacon, "as it found place not only in his ' Rot Pari 7 Henry VII. vol. vi. p. 446. ^ wars and councils but in his chamber and bed." Hist. Henry VII. * The desire for the union was a popular sentiment, but, though p. 16. — C. Henry had sworn at Vannes to marry the Lady Elizabeth, he showed 192 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xi. having examined him with great minuteness he wrote to England to say that he knew Richard Duke of York as well as he knew his own son, and this was unquestionably that prince, and the indubitable " White Rose." The king, though a silent was by no means an inactive observer ot the drama which was acting, and in which he had so deep an interest. His inquiries at home and his emissaries abroad convinced him that young Warbeck was an unpostor, and he determined to seize several of the persons in this country by whose aid the young pretender was partly upheld and supported. Amongst a number of others, both of the laity and clergy, Sir Simon Radcliffe, Lord Fitzwalter, Sir Simon Montford, Sir Thomas Thwaites, and William Dawbigney, were arrested on a charge of high treason and brought to trial, and being found guilty of conspiring to dethrone the king they were sentenced to death and beheaded. It was now ascertained that Sir Robert Clifford had been induced to embark in the king's service as a state informer.^ On hi.s return to England from Flanders he sought an audience of the king in council, and affecting great contrition he fell down at his sovereign's feet, and besought his forgiveness— of which hehad already been assured. As a return for the royal clemency he declared his readiness to communicate all that he knew of the parties who had been in league with Warbeck, and amongst others he accused Sir William Stanley, the king's chamberlam, who was at that moment in the royal presence. The king received this information with every semblance of amazement! CUfFord was requested to reconsider his charge, and warned of the consequences of_ repeating a false accusation : he persisted, however, in his assertions and offered to justify his accusations upon his soul and upon his life. The next day Sir William was examined before the lords of the council, when he neither denied nor attempted to extenuate his guilt. His reliance for pardon, it is said, rested principally upon his former services, and upon the intercession of his brother, the Earl of Derby, but both these hopes failed him. In about six weeks from the time when the accusation was first preferred by Sir Robert Clifford, Sir William Stanley was arraigned of high treason, and being found guilty was condemned to suffer the utmost penalty of the law, and soon after beheaded (16th February, 1195).- The specific crime charged against Sir William Stanley has never been satisfactorily ascertained ; but it is said that in a conversation with Sir Robert Clifford he observed, " that if he were sure that Perkin Warbeck was King Edward's son he would never bear arms against him." This the judges construed into conditional treason; and the preference that the expression implied for the claims to the crown of the house of York over that of the house of Lancaster stung Henry to the quick. The true cause, however, of the extreme severity towards Sir William Stanley was probably his wealth, as he was one of the richest subjects in England, there having been found in his castle of Holt forty thousand marks (£26,666), exclusive of plate, jewels, and other effects, to which are to be added three thousand pounds a year in land. This was a temptation too alluring for a monarch of the king's disposition to resist ; and the general opinion is that Sir William Stanley was quite as much the victim of Henry's cupidity as of his own alleged treason. Some disquietude, it is said, lurked in the mind of Sir William, whose ambition had prompted him to aspire to the vacant earldom of Chester, the ancient dignity of Randle, Viscount Bayeux, the Norman baron. This request having been refused, his allegiance is supposed to have been shaken ; and the king, having become suspicious that his love was turned into hate, was glad of an occasion to remove from his court and person one to whom he was under infinite obligation. It is by no means clear that Sir Robert Clifford, the state informer, Avas not from the beginning an emissary of the king, who maintained a widely- extended system of espionage, and that he did not go over to Flanders with his consent, and by his connivance. This supposition Bacon (Lord Verulam) rejects, on the ground that Sir Robert never afterwards received that degree of confidence with the king which he enjoyed before he left England ; but this is a slender foundation on which to hazard the conjecture, seeing that spies and their employers must, in t!ie nature of things, generally appear' to stand in a state of alienation, if not of actual hostility. The Parliament which assembled in the same year (1495) passed an act of attainder against Sir William Stanley, by which all his honors, castles, manors, lordships, and other possessions, were confiscated and forfeited to the king, and thus swept into the general mass of forfeitures which filled the royal coffers.^ In the midst of all the cares of state Henry found sufficient leisure in the summer, after the execution of Sir William Stanley, to visit his mother, for whom he always cherished the most affectionate regard, and his step-father, the Earl of Derby, at Knowsley, and at Lathom, in this > There is no doubt that Clifford was in the service ot the king in the Money given to Sir William Stanley at his e.'iecution £ a. d. capacity o£ a spy. There is a significant entry in the Privy Puise (supposed to be a reward to the headsman) 10 expenses of Henry, under date January 20tb, 1495— "Delivered to Sir Paid for Sir William Stanley's buriall at Syon (a convent of Kobert Clifford, by the hand of Master Bray, £1500."— C. Bridgetine nuns, on the banks of the Thames, at 2 In the Privy Purse Expenses of Henry (focci-pto i/;s(07'ia, p. 101), are Isleworth) 16 19 certain items of expenditure incurred at the time of the execution of Sii- Paid to Simon Digby, in full payment for the buryall of Sir William Stanley— Wm. Stanley 2 » Bot. Pari. 11 Henry VII. vol. vi. p. 50a. — C. CHAP. XI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 193 T^^aVI r. ■'''''' of^'isibly for the purpose of manifesting the king's confidence in the Earls hdehty but in reahty to ascertain from personal observation in what heart the head of the Stanleys had taken his brothers tragic death. Whatever may have been Lord Derby's private feelings he prudently resolved to sink the brother in the subject, and so far was he from expressing any hosti ity towards the king on account of the recent execution that he gave all possiblS efiect to the royal progress, and entertained his guest with a splendour and hospitality such as has had seldom been witnessed m these parts. To promote the king's accommodation the noble lord built asubstantial bridge of stone over the Mersey at Warrington, for the passage of himself and his suite ; which bridge has been found of so much public utility as to afford a perpetual monument of the visit of Henry VII. to Lancashire. The Countess of Richmond and Derby not only returned her sons s affection but she extended also her love to the queen and her children ; and the following letter (spelling modernised), written by her to Thomas Boteler, Earl of Ormond, chamberlain to the queen, while he was on a foreign embassy, is strongly characteristic of her maternal affection: — " Mr Lord Chamberlain,— I thank you heartily that ye list so soon remember me with my gloves, the which were right good, save they were too much [large] for my hand. I think the ladies in that parts [sic] too great ladies all, and according to their great estate they have great personages. As for news here, I am sure ye shall have more surety than I can send you. JJlessed be God the king, the queen, and all our sweet children be in good health. The queen hath been a little crazed ; but now she 18 well, God be thanked. Her sickness is [? not] so good as I would, but I trust hastily it shall, with God's grace ; whom I pray give you good speed m your great matters, and bring you well and soon home.— Written at Sheen, the 28th day of April. " To my lord the Queen's Chamberlain. (M. Rychemound.") The progress of the king on his northern tour to Lancashire commenced on the 20th of June, 1495, and terminated on the 3rd of October in the same year. In the account of the " privy purse expenses of Henry VII." the charges incurred on this journey are enumerated with great particu- larity, and the successive stages of the royal route, both going and coming, are marked with the king's accustomed precision, in the following terms : — "June 21. At Wieombe. 22. At Notley. 25. At Wodestok. 28. For making the King's bonefuyer, 10s- July 1. At Cleping-norton. 2. At Evesham. 3. At Tukesbury. 4. At Wours. 5. To Brom riding to Northamptonshire and Ruteland with five lettres, lOs- 9. To a preste that was the King's scolemaster, £2. To a tumbler opon the rope in rewarde, 3^- 4il. 10. At Biewdeley. 12. At Ludlow. 15. At Shrewsbury. 16. At Cumbemere Abbey. To an archer of th' archeduc in rewarde, £i. 17. At Holte. 18. At Chester. To Topliff the Juge of Ireland, £2. " 23. To John Reding for vitailliug, waging of four shipps at Fowey and Plymouth, with 470 [men] for six weeks to be opon the aea, £350 23- 9d. For his costs riding theder with the money, £6 13s. 4il- To Sir Geffrey for vitailling, hiring of shippes, hiring o£ horses, for his olde costs, & for his costs now, in grosse, £42 17^. 4d. To the Pycard of Chester hired for a moneth, to carry men into Ireland, £4 ISs. 2^- To a Spanyard for carrying seventy men over into Irelande at one tyme, £10. To William Damport for four tun of here, with the carriage and empty pipes, £4 lis. 2<1. At Vaile Roiall Abbey. To one that leped at Chestre, 6s. 8i, ^dest: Bon, cr. Earl of Rich- mond, Nov. ^3, 1452 ; d. Nov. 1, 1 Cecilia, youngest Isabel, mar. dau. of Ralph Hy. Bour- Ncville, Earl of chier. Earl Westmorland, by of Essex. Joan Beaufort, dau. of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster ; died May 31, 1495, Margaret, sole d. and h. of John Beaufort, D. of Somerset, great granddaughter of John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward II[.; ro-m. (2) Sir Henry Stafford, younger son of Hum- phrey, D. of Bucking- ham ; and (3) Thomas, Lord Stanley, cr. Earl of Derby ; d. 1509. Edward, b, April 29, = Elizabeth, d. of Sir Rich. Edmund, Eai-1 of George, Duke of^Isabel, elder d. and Richard III., K. of = Anne, d. and coh. 1441, Earl of March, on the defeat of Henry VI. at Towton was proclaimed King of England by the title of Edward IV.; died April 9, 1483. WydviUe, Ld. Rivers, and w. of Sir John Grey, Lord Ferrers, of Groby ; mar. May 1, 1464 ; d. 1492. Rutland, slain at Wakefield, Dec. 31, 14)60. Edward, Duke of Com-=Ann, 2nd d. of Richard, wall, er. P. of Wales and E. of Chester ; b. Oct. 13, 1453; slain after the battle of Tewkesbury, May, 1471, s.p. Earl of Warwick, the " king maker ; " re- mar. Richard, Duke of Gloucester, after- wards Richard HI. Tudor, Earl of Richmond =Euibeth, f^^^^^^Z^ "M^y^ss^^fsa"'' = "^'^^ July.26,, 1455; defeated --^j^^*;- g; V; died ^^.^^}^j,^^^^^^^ Feb. 11, 1503. J^elU; and r2Y _ Clarence, Earl of Warwick and Salisbury ; said to have been drowned in a butt of malm- sey in the Tower, Feb. IS, 1478. coh. of Richard Neville, E. of War- wick, b. Sept. 5, 1451 ; m. July 11, 1409; d. Dec. 12, 1476. England, b. Oct. 21, 1450; cr. Duke of Gloucester; elected King, June IS, 1483 ; slain at Bosworth, August 22, 1485. of Rich. Neville, Earl of Warwick, the " kingmaker," and w. of Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI.; m. July 12, 1472 ; d. MaichlG, 1485. Anne, w. of Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter ; d. 1475. Elizabeth, m. John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk ; d. 1503. Margaret, mar. Charles, last Duke of Burgundy, of the French line; d. 1503, s.p. Henry born uLtij iju, J.^l^.'" , Richard III. at Bosworth, Aug. 22, 1485 ; crowned King of England by the title of Henry VII., Oct. 30, 1485 ; d. April 21, 1509. ■• v-iia; and (2), — tt-yme, of Lnicolnshire. U?2?'d.eV^'*'l». A aqva , the SovEBEiaSS ot England- I I I Anne, b. Nov. 2, 14r5; m. Sir Thos. Howard, K.G., afterwards Duke of Norfolk; d. 1513, s.p. Katharine, m. 1495, Sir Wm. Courtenay, K.B., eldest son of the Earl of Devon ; died Nov. 1527. Bridget, b. Nov. 10,1480; d. a nun, 1517. Edward V., K. of England, b. Nov. 4, 1470; supposed to have been murder ed June, 1483, s.p. Richard, Duke of York, Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Nottingham, and E. of Warren,; b. Aug. 17, 1472 ; m. J^n. 15, 1478, Anne, onlt d. and h. of John, Lord Mow- bray, Dukdof Norfolk, supposed to have been murdered with Ms brother Edward V . , June, 1483,rs.p. George, Duke of Bedford, died young. Edward, E. of Warwick, last heir male of the Plantagenets; be- headed, Nov. 28, 1499. (With him ended the line of Plantagenet, 345 years after it had eome to the English throne.) Margaret, cr. Countess of Salis- bury, 1513 ; m. Sir Rich. Pole, K.G.; beheaded May 27, 1541. 'I Henry Pole, Lord Mon- tague, beheaded Jan. 9, 1539. Reginald Pole, Dean of Exeter, Archbp. of Canterbury, and Cardinal ; d. Nov, 17, 1558. (OF LANCASTEK) WITPI ELIZABETH (1) , , Ti jmar. Alexander III., Eleanor, dau. of Ford, ^ ^^ ^j^^ 1273. King of Castile, m. Nov. 27, 1290. I Bcatriee, born June 25, 1242 ; m. 1200, John, Duke of Brittany, and Earl of Richmond; died 1272. ^ ' TT firy of Monmouth, restored to=Maud, d. and h. of &ir Edward II., t ^■'Earldom of Leicester, 1324; Patrick Ohaworth, born Apni . , „ , , T,„„„s..t„r and Lord of Kidwelly. T"" i^P'^Lw ^Earl of Lancaster' and Jan. 25, 132j^j^ggjg^_ „^^ Steward of Ingland on the reversal of ia brother's attainder, 1327 ; led 1345. 1327. I John, Lord of Beaufort, In France ; d. unmar. Edward III., 1 born Nov. 13' 21, 1377. i Henry, Earl of Lancaster and=Isabel, dau. of Henry Leicester, Steward of England, "-" *■ — "-— cr. Earl of Derby, March 16, 1337 ; Earl of Lincoln, Aug. 20, 1349; and Duke of Lancaster, March 6, 1351 ; K.G.; d. March 24, 1360. Bellemont, or Beau- mont, Lord of Folk- ingham. I I I Blanche. Maud. JoaTJ. Isabel. Eleanor. Mary. I (3) uHw-irH Prince of ■Wa^^^^^''^"°6' ^^^- ^^ ^^ ^ the "BlLk Prince.' b Jphn Payne Root, o T „„ ni lunn • i-r Ear Hamault, and w. of SJr;'May Ts.^" ^ix Ote^^ Swynford Duke of CornwaU, Ma J^^";,^* .'^.^'';3/i5?,^ ' 13, 1337 ; d. July 8, 137i ^^^''^ l^, U03 (issue xo, i.oo, , « J J while a concubine). Edmund of Langley, Earl of Cambridge, 1362 ; Duke of York, Aug. 6, 13S5 ; b. June 5, 1341; m. (2) Joan, d. of Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent, but by her had no issue ; died Aug. 1, 1402. Edward of Angouleme, 1365 ; died young. Isabel, younger dau. and coh. of Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon. Thomas of Wood- stock, b. Jan. 7, 1354; cr. Earl of B uckingham ,1377; Duke of Glouces- ter, 1385 ; mar. Eleanor, dau. of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, Essex, and Northampton, and had issue Humphrey, Earl of Buckingham, and 3 daughters ; d. Sept. 8, 1379. Islbil.' I Joan. Blanche. Mary. Margaret. (1) I Mary de Bohun, youngest; Earl of Joal . d. and co-h. of Hum-;ofExe- Robert, s. of piirey, E. of Hereford, Earl of Robt. Ferrers, Essex, and Northamp- -mandy, Ld.of Womme, ton, Constable of Eng- id, Cap- county Salop ; land ; mar. 1380 ; died d Chan. and (2) Ralph 1394. argaret, Neville, Earl of Neville, Westmorland ; Robert died Nov. 13, by, CO. 1440. ■27, 1426, I (1) Joan, mar. (1) Edward, 2nd Duke Anne, * OF York, K.G., cr. E. of Rutland and Duke of Albe- marle; m.Philippa, 2nd d. and co-h. of John, Ld. Mohun, of Dunster ; alain at Agincourt, Oct. 25, 1415, s.p. I (2) I dau. of=Richani,cr.Earl=Maud, dau. of Constance, mar. Thomas, Lord Thos. le Des- Clifford Roger Morti- mer, Earl of March, 2nd s. of Lionel, D. of Clarence, 3rd son of Ed- ward IIL I (1) I Henry V., King=K a thvard, Earlof Mor- Thomas. I of Cambridge, 1414; beheaded Aug. G, 1415. mar. John, Lord Latimer. penser, cr. E. of Gloucester, 1397; attainted 1399 ; by him had a son and two daughters. of England, b. Aug. 9, 1388; mar. June 3, 1420 ; d. Aug. 31, 1422. younin, Earl and Mar- of Cbis of Dorset, El. of Fid Duke of Som- Jan. -setim. Eleanor, id dau. and coh. : Richard Beau- lamp. Earl of '^arwick, and had sue ; slain at first ittle of St. Al- ms, May 22, 1455. Joan, m. James Margarct,m. Richard, 3rd J. of Scotland, Thos. Cour- Duke of York, tenay, 7th E. of Devon, and had issue. ancestor of James IV., who m. Mar- garet, dau. of Henry VIL, of England, E. of Cambridge and Rutland, Lord Tindale, E. of Ulster and March, Lord of ■\Vigmore, Clare, Trim, and Con- naught ; slain at Wakefield, Dec. 31, 1460, Cecilia, youngest Isabel, mar. dau. of Ralph Hy. Bour- Nevillc, Earl of chier.Earl Westmorland, by of Essex. Joan Beaufort, dau. of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster ; died May 31, 1495. HENfiYVI.,KingofEng-i.lof George, Duke of = Isabel, elder d. and Richard HL, K. of=Anne, d. and coh. Anne. w. of Henry lana, d. .uec. o, it'H. i.iain Clarence, Earl of "^r,^ "f THr.iinvH "Rno-irtTiH i^ n^f /^f Rir.li TJo^m« tj-,ii j t»..u- _« d. about May, 1471. eld, 60. Warwick and SaUsbury ; said to have been drowned in a butt of malm- sey in the Tower, Feb. IS, 1478. coh. of Richard Neville, E. of War- wick, b. Sept. 5, 1451; m. July 11, 1469; d. Dec. 12, 1476. England, b. Oct. 21, 1450; cr. Duke of Gloucester ; elected King, Juno 18, 1483 ; slain at Bosworth, August 22, 1485. of Rich. Neville, Earl of Warwick, the "kingmaker," and w. of Edward, Priuce of Wales, son of Henry VI.; m. July 12, 1472 ; d. MajchlG, 14S5. Holland, Duke of Exeter ; d. 1475. Ehzabeth, m. John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk ; d. 1503. Margaret, mar. Charles, last Duke of Burgundy, of the Fi-ench line; d. 1503, s.p. Edward, Duke of Com-se of York, wall, cr. P. of Walesorfolk, Earl and E. of Chester ; b. lam, andE. Oct. 13, 1453 ; slain b. Aug. 17, after the battle ofan. 15, 1478, Tewkesbury, May,*' d. and h. 1471, e.p. ^ord Mow- of Norfolk, 3 have been 1 with ills dward V., s.p. I George, Duke of Bedford, died young. Edward, E, of Warwick, last heir male of tho Plantagenets; be- headed, Nov. 28, 1499. (With him ended tho line of Plantagenet, 345 years after it hud come to tho English throne.) Margaret, cr. Countess of Salis- bm-y, 1613 ; m. Sir Rich. Pole, K.G.; beheaded May 27, 1541. Henry Polo, Lord Mon- tague, beheaded Jan. 9, 1539. Reginald Pole, Dean of Exeter, Archbp. of Canterbury, and Cardinal; d. Nov. 17, 1558. f^HAP. 51. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 195 obvious to entitle him to the dignity of the calendar, and the negotiation was abandoned in despair A Mb._ m the Harleian Collection/ found amongst the papers of Fox, the martyrologist, entitled " De iMimcuhs Beatissimi Mllitis Xpi Henrici Vj," consisting of about 150 folio closely- written pa^es, contains an account of a vast number of reputed miracles performed by this monarch, ot which the following may be taken as specimens : — ''HowRichardWhytbyPriest of Mount St. Michaels was long ill of a Fever, & at last miraculously cured by iourneying to the Tomb of Henry VI. [Folio 113 b.] jjj5 " How John called Robynson, who had been blind ten yeara, recovered his sight by visiting Henry's Tomb." [Folio 97 b ] " How Henry Lancaster, afflicted with Fever, was miraculously cured in three days by the appearance of that blessed Prince Henry VI. in the sky." [Folio 98.] j j rr '■ How a girl called Joan Knyght, who was nearly killed with a bone sticking in her throat, and considered dead, on tl e bystanders invoking Henry VI., vomited the bone & was restored to health." [Folio 119 6.] One of the last acts of the last Parliament of Henry VII. was to answer a demand for two "reasonable aids ; " the one for making a knight of his eldest son Arthur, " now deceased," and the other for the marriage of his eldest daughter Margaret (from which marriage sprang the Stuart dynasty in England) to the King of Scotland, and also for the " great and inestimable charges " which he had incurred for the defence of the realm. Parliament having duly considered these demands, and beinw fully aware of the difficulty and discontent which would arise from the aids being levied according to the ancient tenures of the kingdom, compounded for them by presenting the king with forty thousand pounds, towards which sum the contribution for Lancashire, and the commissioners employed in its collection, were as follows : Thomas Boteler, Knyght ; John Bothe, Knyght; Pears Lee, Knyght; Richard Bold, Knyght; John Sowthworth, Knyght; Thomas Laurence, Knyght ; William Thornborough, Esquyer ; and Cutberd Clyfton, Esquyer — £318 2s. 3fd. The death of the king, at Richmond Palace (April 21st, 1509), put the usual termination to the accumulation of wealth. "He left,'' says Lord Verulam, "mostly in secret places, vnder his own Key and keeping at Richmond, treasure of store, that amounted (as by Tradition it is reported to have done) vnto the Summe of neare Eighteene hundred thousand pounds Sterling ; a huge Masse of Money, even for these times." From the time of Henry VII. the distinction of the Roses, as a badge of party, fell entirely into disuse. The origin of this distinction may be traced back to the time of John of Gaunt, whose device was a red rose, and Edmund of Langley, whose device was a white rose. " These two factions," says Selden, " afterwards, as for cognisance of their descent and inclinations, were by the same flowers distinguished," till the white rose and the red were united, on the marriage of Henry VII. with the Princess Elizabeth. CHAPTER XII. Tiie Sixteenth Century— Henry YIII. ascends the Throne— Invasion of England by the Scots— Battle of Flodden Field- The King's Letter of Thanks to Sir Edward Stanley, &c.— Lords-Lieutenant first appointed— The Reformation— Religious Persecution- Visitation of the Monasteries— Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries— Insurrections produced by the Dissolution of the Monasteries— The Pilgrimage of Grace— Dispersion of the Rebel Army— They reassemble, &c.— Finally dispersed- Renewed Rebellion in the North — Execution of the Abbot of Whalley and Others — Dissolution of the Larger Monasteries- First Publication of the Bible in English— Excommunication of the King— List of Lancashire Monasteries— Their Revenues administered by the Duchy — Aggregate Value of the Dissolved Monasteries — Bishopric of Chester, &c., erected— List of Chantries in Lancashire— Decayed Towns in Lancashire— Privilege of Sanctuary— The King's Death.— a.d. 1509 to 1547. HE sixteenth century, during almost the whole of which period the throne of England was occupied by Henry VIII. and his children, affords abundant materials for both the general and the local history of the county of Lancaster. A great religious movement, the seeds of which, under the fostering influence of John of Gaunt, were sown in the fourteenth century, and moistened in succeeding ages by the blood of the followers of Wycliffe, attained its maturity in the reign of Henry VIII. The great national revolution was doubtless due, in some degree, to the arrogance and oppression of the church in its expressed form, ecclesiasticism, which provoked an English sense of wrong, and a consequent determination to resist in material things, but still more to the increase of knowlege among the laity consequent upon the invention of printing. About the year 1450 the first printed Bible appeared in Latin, and thus a mighty enemy to despotism and superstition was raised. The change in religious thought gradually o-ained strength and power, imtil it had so leavened the mind of the nation as to prepare for those chano-es in the teaching and ritual of the national church, the meaning of which is tersely comprehended in the one word that identifies that memorable epoch^ — the Reformation. Monastic life had become corrupted, and irregularity and self-indulgence generally prevailed. The heads of the religious houses had succeeded in obtaining for their establishments a large portion of the rectorial endowments ; and hence, in a very many instances, the parishes were left to the spiritual care of vicars, who were willing to accept the small tithes as a miserable means of subsistence. As a rule they belonged to the inferior clergy, men with little learning and less piety — " mass-priests, who could read their breviaries and no more " — and who, in their lives, oftentimes manifested the gross habits of the class from which they sprang. The services of the church, too, were read in an unknown tongue, so that the common people (to use the words of the preface to the Book of Common Prayer), " heard with their ears only, and their heart, spirit, and mind were not edified thereby ;" whilst to the comparatively few who were able to understand, " the manifold changes of the service " were so perplexing that " to turn the book only was so hard and intricate a matter that many times there was more business to find out what should be read than to read it when it was found out." Observances and practices had crept into the services of the church which were unknown in primitive times, preaching was neglected, and the religious training of the young was but little cared for. Copies of the Scriptures were so costly as to be beyond the reach of the great mass, and consequently they were left to glean such little knowledge of Holy Writ as they could from the scenes and incidents — the " stories," as they were commonly called — painted on the walls of the churches, and from the so-called miracle-plays performed therein for their edification and amusement. The ancient habit of implicit obedience to authority was passing away, and earnest men were beginnin^^ to think and to talk of the principles of government both in Church and State. Their " lack of faith," as Fisher phrased it, weakened their belief in the doctrine of infallibility, and led them to seek a higher guide to duty than the absolute direction of an ecclesiastic, so that when Parliament was prorogued in December, 1529, after effecting certain reforms in the church, their exultation was so great that, as Mr. Froude says, " lay England celebrated its exploits as a CHAP. xii. THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE. 197 natural victory. _ In 1533 the English Parliament passed the Statute of Appeals,' repudiating the authority and jurisdiction claimed by the sovereign-pontiff, and thus the connection betweeS the Church of England and that of Rome was dissolved. Being free from the control and interference of the Holy See the church advanced step by step to the rejection of all those doctrines associated with the office and pretensions of the pontiff. Shortly afterwards the Bible was ordered to be translated and printed m English, and a copy was directed to be set up publicly in every church throughout the kingdom, to be read by all who pleased, without hindrance or discouragement; and thus a spirit ot inquiry was diffused among the people. The real character of Cromwell's ecclesiastical policy was more clearly seen in the attitude he assumed towards the monastic orders. The Lollard cry for their suppression had died away, but monasticism had relaxed its discipline, the monks had outlived the work they were created to perform, and a general carelessness prevailed in regard to the religious objects of their trust. In 1535 the conflict between monarchy and monasticism began ; the visitation of the religious houses— the preparatory step to their suppression— was followed in the succeeding year by the insurrection under the northern monks, known as "The Pilgrimage of Grace." A Lancashire man, John Paslew, theAbbot of Whalley, appeared in the foremost rank of this perilous enterprise, and when the expedition ended in the discomfiture of its promoters, Paslew was arraigned at Lancaster on the charge of high treason, condemned, and hanged in a field called the " Holehouses," at Wiswall, opposite the house of his birth, and almost within sight of his own monastery. The houses of Whalley and Furness were the first to bow before the blast, but the other conventual establish- ments were soon involved in the common ruin, the whole of them being doomed to suppression before the close of the year 1540. The Reformation is commonly attributed to Henry VIII., but it had really little concern with his personal character or the motives of his conduct. For his own purposes he abolished the iurisdiction claimed by papal bishops, and made his own courts supreme ; and to replenish his exhausted exchequer he plundered the religious houses of their endowments, and thus unconsciously prepared the way for the doctrines which his successor maintained and protected. He accomphshed all that such an instrument could be expected to do : he rooted up the weeds and prepared the ground for the seed sown by his successor. In this way he effected the rough work of the Reformation, but at his death " he left a church which was little but a ruinous heap, its revenues dissipated, its ministers divided, its doctrines unsettled, its laws obsolete, impracticable, and unadapted to the great changes it had sustained."^ The confiscation of the monastic estates enabled many of the Lancashire gentry, as well as those in other parts of the kingdom, to make considerable additions to their patrimonial lands on very reasonable terms. The Stanleys were not negligent of the golden opportunity, and the Braddylls, the Asshetons, the Holcrofts, the ffarringtons, the Hollands, and many other families, added largely to their hereditary possessions. With the wealth which poured into his coffers the king was enabled (in part fulfilment only of his promise) to found six new bishoprics, one of which was established at Chester, creations that could not fail materially to affect the ecclesiastical institutions of that county, which previously had been included in the more remote see of Lichfield. The persecutions on account of the ever-varying religion of the governing power created a degree of public excitement that has seldom had a parallel in British history; in the north of England the impression produced by these changes was deeper than in the south ; and in Lancashire, where the recusants were more numerous than in any other county, both the clergy and the laity awaited the result of the contest of the rival churches of England and Rome with an anxiety fully commensurate with the important interests it involved. Nor were the military and naval events of this period less interesting. The battle of Flodden Field, the wars with France,, the almost incessant contests with Ireland, and the menaced invasion of this country by Spain, which terminated in the destruction of the "Invincible Armada," filled the whole nation with military ardour; and the ample ofiicial correspondence between the lieutenancy in the county of Lancaster and the successive ministers of state'' shows that this county took its full share in the great events by which the destiny of the nation was fixed and its independence for ever secured. . • • .i No prince ever ascended the throne of England under circumstances more auspicious than • The preamble to this statute declaring the independence of the also institute and furnished by the goodness and sufferance ot Almighty BOvereSitv of Enrfaml wesSt^ a fine exarnple of the strength of the God with plenary, whole and entire power, pre-emmenoe authority, sovereignty ot Jinglana, preseois a ""'' ";"h"'5;„,.„„ -nd Tii-oroua as our prorogation, and jurisdiction, to render and yield justice and final deter- Enghsh language, and is «?J'^^«,f^'" r'^^fe^t'L™ ^by dfTOrs sundry mination to all manner of folk, residents or subjects, within this his early mother tongue could make it J^^^^^^^^Jy '''^ar^^^^^ realm, in all causes, matters, debates, and contentions happening to extessed'^that ttL°Talm of tSd is an empto ; and so S been occur,' insurge, or b^gln within the hmits thereof, without restraint or the dignity and royal estate of 'Jj^ '"^.f "^^"™™ „£ peoprdivUed ' See Mr, Harland's LancaMre LiAuenmicy under the Tudors, &c. (vols. T^Z^s^'^n'iC'^tZFtMU^^i^^nit^^rT^tf^^^^^ 49 and 60 of the Chetham Society's series). owing to bear, next to God, a natural and humble obedience ; he being 198 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xii. those which attended the elevation of Henry YIII. At peace Avith all foreign nations, in the enjoyment of an undisputed title to the throne, with a treasury full almost to repletion, and in possession of the affections of his people, while himself yet " in the flower of pleasant youth," he had nothing to wish for, and nothing to dread, except the impetuosity of his own passions. His venerable o-randmother, the Countess of Richmond and Derby, had survived her son Henry VII., and offered^her valuable council and assistance in the formation of the young king's cabinet, at the head of which stood the Archbishop of Canterbury. The countess lived to see the hope of her old age married to Catherine, daughter of Ferdinand of Arragon — the " virgin widow " of his deceased brother Arthur, and died soon after the consummation of that unhappy union, a union that Henry, under pressure from his advisers, reluctantly entered into on account of the doubtful position of that princess, and the questions of legitimacy that might in later times arise, notwithstanding that the contract of marriage had, in 1503, been legalised by a Papal decree.^ The coronation took place at Westminster on the 24th June, 1509, and there is preserved a copy of the coronation oath, altered and interlined by Henry's hand, which is interesting as showing the tendency of his mind, even at that early period of his reign, to assert the independence of the crown in matters of church government." A few years served to engage the king in a war with France, and to awaken the dormant feelings of hostility entertained towards England by the Scottish nation. To prosecute his operations with success, James IV., King of Scotland, on the 22nd August 1513, while Henry was encamped before Teronenns, passed the English frontier west of Berwick, at the head of fifty thousand men,' and menaced the adjoining shores with his invading army. After being invested for six days the castle of Norham surrendered, and shortly afterwards three other border strongholds — Wark, Etall, and Ford — yielded. The report of this plundering raid fired the ardour of the English people. Large levies, principally of the tenantry of the great landed proprietors, were raised in the northern counties, which were placed, by the direction of the queen regent,* under the command of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey." The Lancashire men made a ready response when the war-note Avas sounded. The knights and esquires summoned their retainers and burnished and made ready their arms and armour. As the rhyming chronicle has it, they mustered — " From Warton unto Warrington, From Wigan unto Wyersdale, From Weddicar to Waddington, From Ribchester unto Rochdale." The forces consisted chiefly of archers, the "good yew bow" and the "clothyard shaft," of which latter there was a notable manufactory at Warrington," being the staple weapons. After mustering under the banners of their respective leaders, they marched, as Ave learn from an old rhyme, first to Hornby Castle, Avhere, Avith the men from Cheshire, they placed themselves under the command of Sir Edward Stanley, a younger son of the Earl of Derby, and then advanced to join the forces of the Earl of Surrey, Avhich, with these additions, numbered tAventy-six thousand men. The earl having marched from Pontefract by the route of Bolton Castle, the tAvo armies met on the field of Flodden, near the foot of the Cheviot Hills, on the margin of the vale of TAveed. The Earl of Surrey, having divided his forces into tAvo parts, confided the vanguard to the command of his son, ' The man-iago with a brother's wife was contrary to the law of the by the righteous Christiiin kings of England to the Holy Church of Eng- Church of Rome, and the children of such a marriage were declared to be land, not prejudicial to his jurisdiction and diprnity royal."— 0. illegitimate. The marriage contract with Catheiine was signed in 1603, " The official account, written by the lord admiral, says eighty when Henry was under twelve years of .age. In January, 1605. six years thousand ; but numbers of these were, no doubt, the hangers-on of the before the birth of Anne Boleyn, at the instigation of Wareham, the army, who had accompanied their friends to partake of tlieir expected Archbishop of Canterbury, on the plea that the marriage was contrary to plunder. the law of God, and that the issue could not consequently succeed to the * The king was at that time personally engaged in the wars in France, Crown, and by his father's command, Henry declared before a public while Catherine, emulating the example of Queen Philippa (see chap. ix. notary^ that whereas, being under age, he was married to the Princess p. 144), was left to repel tho Scotch invaders. Catherine ; now, on coming of age, he protested against the marriage as » In August, 4 Henry VIII. (1012), the king, confiding in the loyalty, Illegal, and annulled it. ' This declaration is preserved among the MSS. wisdom, valour, industry, experience, and integrity of Thomas Howard, in the Cotton Library (Vitcl, v. xii.). After the death of Heury VII. the Earl of Surrey, Treasurer and Marshal of England, commissioned him to council ot Henry VIII., for reasons of state, and to retain a large dowry raise and muster all persons able to be,ar arms in the counties of York, m this country, induced him to renew the marriage, which he did six Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lancashire ; to arm weeks alter his accession to the throne, beng then eighteen years of age. them, review thom, and to march thorn where he saw necessary, to Ihehrstrealdiflicultylnconnectionwith the marriage occurred in April, suppress the attempts of tho Scots (Rymor's Fcedera, v. xiii., p. 359). 1j27. a treaty of marriage had been drawn up in December of the This has been commonly interpreted into a commission to the same previous year between Mary, the daughter of Henry, afterwards Queen Thomas How.ard, as Duke of Norfolk, in the following year, to he Lord- Mary, and the Duke oi Orleans, son of the King of France. Tho Bishop Lieutenant of Lancashire, but so far as any reference can be made he ot larbes, the J''rench kings ambassador in England, represented to his would seem to have been the king's lord-lieutenant "of the North," for master that, as the marriage itself was illegal, Mary was illegitimate, and lords-lieutenant for counties were not instituted until the 3 Edward VI. could never succeed to the throne. This put an end to the contract ; and Strype in his Annals (v. iii., p. 278) says that in 1649 "began the making thus the question was brought to a practical issue, and, acting under tho of tho lords-lieutenants of the counties ; whose commissions bear date advice of Cardinal Wolsey and Longland, his confessor, who both declared July 24, 3 Edward VI. (1649), .as I find it in a clerk of the crown's book in the union sinful Henry was induced to examine .again into the question the Cotton Library. "-C. " , iJ?* *y S' '"" m^irriage.— C. « jur. Beamont says "the p.atriarch Jenkyns, in his old age, used to i- H""??" i!" original form are: " The king shall swear at his tell how in 1513 he carried a whole load of arrows to the army near coronation that he shall keep and maintain the right and the liberties of Northallerton, some of which were perhaps manufactured at Warrington, Uie Holy Church of old time, granted by the righteous Christian kings of where, as we know from the parish register, they continued to be made England. The copy interlined reads: " Tlio king shall swear that he down to the year 1613, exactly a century later."— Annals of tlie lord! cf shaU keep and maintain the lawful right and liberties of old time granted W^irrin(/toii, p. 384.— 0. CHAP. XII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 199 Lord Howard, the lord admiral, and the rear he headed himself. Sir Edmund Howard commanded the right wing and Sir Edward Stanley the left wing of the English army. On leading his followers to the Held, the earl exclaimed, " Now, good fellows, do like Englishmen this day !" The right wing of the vanguard, under Sir Edmund Howard, overwhelmed by a large body of Scottish spearmen, commanded by Lord Home, narrowly escaped annihilation by the timely arrival of the Bastard Heron, with a numerous body of outlaws, Avho maintained a dubious contest, till the Lord Dacre, with a reserve of fifteen thousand horse, charged the spearmen, and put them to flight. The English vanguard, under the lord admiral, fought like heroes, and, after slaying the Earls of Errol and Crawford, dispersed their forces in every direction. The commanders of the conflicting arnaies, the Earl of Surrey and the Scottish king, with the chosen warriors of their respective armies, were opposed to each other. James fought on foot, surrounded by thousands of his men, cased in armour, which resisted the arrows of the English archers. Marching with a steady step towards the royal standard of England, he conceived this trophy of victory to be almost within his grasp, and was congratulating himself on the glories that awaited him, when Sir Edward Stanley, leading the left wing of the English army, composed principally of the Lancashire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire levies, defeated the Earls of Argyle and Lennox, and turned the fortune of the day. The Scottish ranks, harassed by the murderous discharges of the archers, and the tremendous blows of the bill-men, fell into disorder ; when Stanley, seizing the moment of panic, chased them over the hill, and, wheeling to the right, led his followers against the rear of the main Scotch army under King James, and thus placed him between two fires. In vain did the gallant monarch endeavour to penetrate the hostile ranks by which he was environed : the moment of his destiny was at hand, and he fell a lifeless corpse upon the field, within a spear's length of the feet of the Earl of Surrey. The battle, which began about five o'clock in the afternoon of the 9th September 1513, terminated at night-fall, and the pursuit was continued for only four miles. On the part of the Scotch, ten thousand warriors were slain, amongst whom were not only the king, but his natural son the Archbishop of St. Andrews, with two other bishops, two abbots, twelve earls, thirteen barons, five eldest sons of barons, and fifty other men of distinction,' including the French ambassador and the king's secretary. " Scarce a family of eminence," says Scott, " but has an ancestor killed at Flodden." Six thousand horses were taken, with the whole park of the Scotch artillery, and about eight thousand prisoners. The English loss was very severe, the number slain being estimated at seven thousand, but the men of rank who fell were not nearly so numerous. There is perhaps no event in the annals of the county that has been the subject of so much exultation on the part of Lancashire men, or that has formed the groundwork of so many traditions and formed so fruitful a theme for ballad Avriters as the victory of Flodden Field. That their favourite leader. Sir Edward Stanley, should, by his skill and courage, have contributed so essentially to turn the fate of the day, and that those other gallant knights, Sir William Molyneux of Sefton, Sir WiUiam Norris of Speke, Sir Richard Ashton of Middleton, " young Sir John Stanley," Sir Thomas Boteler of Bewsey, Sir Bryan Tunstall of Thurland, and_ Holt of Stubley, should have co-operated so efficiently Avith their leader, will long be mentioned with praise by those who cherish the memory of gallant deeds at arms, and combine with them the localities of the respective contingents. The records of the day are full of the achievements of the heroes of Flodden Field, which are celebrated in prose and in rhyme ; and an ancient MS. in the Harleian collection in the British Museum,' records these valiant deeds in a strain of high eulogmm. The poem is m nine fits, or cantos, occupying sixty-six closely-written quarto pages, and opens with the following argument : — "Heare ia the Famous historie or Songe called Floodau Field ; in it shalbe declare how whyle King Henrie tte Eighth was in France, the King of Scoots called James, the Fowerth of that name, Invaided the Realme of England, And how he was Incountred w". all att a place called Branton, on Floodan Hill, By the Earle of Surrey Live Tennant General for the Kinge, w"> the Sonne Lord Thomas Haworth, the great Admirall of England w"' the Helpe of dyvers Lords & Knights in the North Couptrie, As the Lord Dakers of the North, the Lord Scrope of Bolton, w'" the moat Corragious Knight S' Edward Standley, whoe for his prowis and valliantnes shewed att the said Battell, was made Lord Mount Eagle as the Sequell deolareth. The poet narrates the progress of the battle, and ends with celebrating the victory. _ After the battle the victorious army penetrated into Scotland ; and Speke Hall, the seat ol Sir William Norris, has ever since been enriched with trophies of this memorable campaign, brought from the 1 T.nvrt Thomnj. TTnw-ii-d's official account. ■■■ This is the earliest known transcript of the ballad, and the date of = Harl MSS No ™26. "vonge Joto Stanley "-"that child so the MS. is about 1636. Mr. Henry Gray has. lately P"bl.«hed a .orsion of Voune " as Weber rails him in one of his ballads-was an illegitimate the boUad " taken from an ancient manuscript which was traiiscnbed by s™ of James StenlwWaSen of Manchester and afterwards Bishop Mr. Eichard Guy, late schoolmaster of Ingleton Yorkshire." It is accom- 0? E?y. He commandera coStfngcnt composed mainly of troops ralseS panied by annotations and various readings and 'f^dtn torn Ken in Lancashire and Cheshire by his father, who is said to have "put in notes, with a ist of the Craven men who fought at Flodden, fiom the pen more power than any other prelate," and contributed materially to the of Mr. Chas. A. federer.- 1.. victory at Flodden, receiving, as the reward of his bravery, the honour of knighthood on the field.— C. 200 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xii. palace of the Scottish king. The EngUsh monarch, who was then in France,' accompanied by Henry, Earl of Derby, and engaged in the great expedition in which Tournay was won, in the ardour of his gratitude, on his return to England in November, addressed a congratulatory letter to Sir Edward Stanley. Similar letters, mutatis mutandis, were sent to Sir William Molyneux, Sir William Norris, and Sir Richard Ashton, and, as a still further mark of his Majesty's gratitude^ Sir Edward Stanley, who was the fifth son of Thomas, Earl of Derby, was created Lord Monteagle' in allusion to the family crest. The Earl of Surrey was restored to the family title of Duke of Norfolk, while his son, Lord Howard, was honoured with the title of the Earl of Surrey. Wolsey, then the king's favourite minister, was created Bishop of Lincoln ; and Lord Herbert obtained a step in the peerage as Earl of Worcester. About this period, the ancient commission of array, for levying and organising troops in the different counties of the kingdom, to guard against foreign invasion and domestic tumult, began to be superseded by a new local authority, called the lieutenancy," at the head of which, in this county, was placed the Duke of Norfolk, who was succeeded in the office by the Earl of Shrewsbury, and subsequently by Edward, Earl of Derby ; and although not a hereditary honour, the office of lord-lieutenant of the county palatine of Lancaster has been filled almost ever since its institution by the head of the Stanley family. The baneful connection formed by Scotland and France served again to embroil our northern neighbours in a fresh war with England, and preparations were made for invading the northern counties. To repel this invasion a royal mandate was issued to the high sheriff of the county of Lancaster, commanding him to make proclamation in these words : — " Forasmuche as the King'a Highnes has learned of an intention to invade England at or before the beginning o£ September, formed by the Scots at the instigation of the French king ; his grace, therefore, by advice of his counsel, charges all and singular his subjects, of whatsoever rank, &c., between the ages of 60 and 16, inhabitants within the county of Lancaster, that from henceforth they, uppon oon Houres Warnyng, be in arredynes defensiblie arrayed with Harnes and Wepyns apte and mete for the Warres, to attend the Earl of Shrewsbury, hia Lieutent general of the North against Scotland," &c. ^ The Scotch, sensible at length of the injustice of being so frequently called upon to sacrifice their own peace and prosperity to foreign interests, expressed their reluctance to advance into England ; and the Duke of Albany, brother to James III., who had assumed the regency, and under whose command the French auxiliaries and the Scottish chiefs were to fight, observing this disinclination and being told that a great force was advancing from England, concluded a truce with Lord Dacre, warden of the English marches,^ which did not, however, prevent Scotland from being entered by the Earl of Surrey, 1522, at the head of his army, who ravaged Merse and Teviotdale, and burnt the town of Jedburgh. From these terrible inflictions the Scotch were glad to escape by an alliance with England instead of France, not without a remote expectation of a contract of marriage between Lady Mary, heir-presumptive to the throne of England, and the young Scotch monarch, at that time in his nonage. The seeds of the Reformation, which had been sown in the time of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, cherished by the Lollards in succeeding ages, and occasionally moistened by their blood, attained to maturity in the time of Henry VIl'l. Martin Luther, a monk of the order of St. Augustine, and a professor in the university of Wittemberg, had raised the standard of reformation in Saxony, by preaching and writing against the indulgences granted, with so lavish a hand, by the Church of Rome, and his works had attracted sufficient notice to induce the King of England to enter the polemical fists against him. Henry sent his answer in reply to Luther, whom he denominated " the arch heretic," to Leo X., and his Holiness was so much gratified by its perusal, either from the strength of the argument or the dignity of the advocate, that he rewarded the royal controversialist with the appellation of "Defender of the Faith,'"' by bull dated October 11, 1|21- The fickleness of the king's affections induced him, soon afterwards, to put the friendship of the head of the church to a severe test. Doubts had been suggested by the scrupulous as to the legality of the king's marriage with Catherine of Arragon, the widow of his brother ; and it was held by them that the degree of consanguinity was such as to vitiate the marriage. These scruples, Tri„,i',i™l''ij^™' '" u^v.^'^H'^'^ *" *!"' king, announcing tho victory of in foreign wars. The Earl of Shrewsbury was, at the time, the king's floaoen J-ield, says: Ihe victory lias more honour than if ho (tho king) lieutenant-general of the north, and when, a few years later, "His snouw wm aU the crown of France. "—1 Ellis's Original Letters, p. SS. Slajosty's Council in the northern parts " was instituted, a court that R p f 1^^' irTTT was almost vice-regal, the earl was appointed the first president— C. ■ -t-iii. 14 uen. via. p. 2. m. 8d. Tho ancient "commission of « When Wolsey heard of the truce he described Albany's conduct as ^l^/ TT™"^ V w ''t''":, ^"""^ "■' "i° "^'8° °i Henry 11. In that of " a coward and a fool."-C. J •' !?^ v., Detoro his departure lor the memorable battle of » King Henry's jester, finding his royal master transported with Agincourt, appointed commissioners of array in every county in unusual joy, asked him the cause of Ills hilarity, to which the king Jingland, to tato a review of all the freemen able to boar arms, to replied that tho pope had honoured him with a style more exalted than aiviae them into companies under able captams and officers, and to that of any of his ancestors— the title of " Defender of the Faith:" to Keep tliem in readiness to march against an enemy. It was this which the fool replied, " O, good Harry, let thou and I defend one county mllltla that afterwards became, in Lancashire and elsewhere, another, and let tho faith alone to defend Itself." The copy of Henry's tue trained bands, levied, drilled, and exerciaed, till they were reply to Luther, sent by the king himself to the pope, with the royal expert ana aisciphned soldiers, and then employed for national defence autograph in the title page, is preserved in the library of the Vatican, lu queuing rebelUons whether m England, Suutlaud, or Ireland, and even and exhibited amongst its hterary ouriusities. CHAP. XII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 201 as Henry alleged, began to distUrb his own mind ; and to relieve himself from so great a burden he applied to Rome for a divorce, which Clement VII., who now filled St. Peter's chair, was inclined to grant, had not the fear of offending the emperor Charles V., the nephew of Catherine, and who wished to espouse Mary, the queen's daughter, restrained his inclinations. The impetuosity of Henry's temper could ill brook the delay of episcopal hesitation, and the beauty of Anne Boleyn, a maid of honour to the queen, to whom he had made an offer of his hand, induced him to disavow the pajpal jurisdiction and obtain, from his own ecclesiastical courts, a dissolution of the marriage with Catherine. His clergy, not less obedient to the royal wish than the laity, determined, in convocation, that an appeal to Rome was unnecessary. The Parliament, when it next assembled, passed the Statute of Appeals, and declared the " Defender of the Faith " to have pre-eminence, authority, and jurisdiction over the church " within this his realm,"^ and thus dissolved the connection between the Church of England and the Church of Rome. A number of the clergy, and many of the laity, amongst whom there was probably a majority in the county of Lancaster, adhered to the faith of their fathers, but the great body of the nation were disposed to go much further than the king : they acted upon principle, he was influenced by passion, and remained as much a friend to indulgences, after he had espoused the beautiful maid of honour, as he was when he first married her mistress. Neither the Catholics nor the Protestants satisfied him. In the plenitude of his power, and to gratify his sanguinary temper, he inflicted the punishment of death upon persons 'of both persuasions, and he promoted the Reformation only so far as it could be made subservient to the gratification of his voluptuousness and as it administered to the demands of his prodigality. Such is the perverting influence of religious persecution that Sir Thomas More, the mild, equitable, and enlightened chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, on his elevation to the chancellor- ship of England (in 1534), inflicted the torture upon James Bainham, a member of the Inner Temple, and finally consigned him to the flames in Smithfield, in 1531, for no other offence but because he followed the example of the court by favouring the doctrines of the Reformation. More himself having, a few years after, refused to acknowledge the king's supremacy — saying that it was a two-edged sword : if he was in favour of that doctrine, it would confound his soul, and if he was against it, it would destroy his body — was, for this offence, brought to trial on a charge of high treason, and, being found guilty, was beheaded on Tower HilP (July 6, 1535), the king, "of his mercy," remitting the disgusting quartering of the quivering flesh because of his "high office." In the twenty-sixth year of the king's reign the Lords and Commons humbly requested Henry, as their " most gracious Sovereign Lord, upon whom and in whom dependeth all their joy and wealth," to receive the firstfruits of all spiritual dignities and promotions ; and also an annual pension of one-tenth part of all the possessions of the church. The firstfruits, or profits of the first year of benefices, was a tribute that appears to have been gradually, by little and little, imposed upon the clergy, and for a time was confined to the see of Norwich. Popes Clement V. and John XXIL attempted to make it universal, but it was long before the claim in this country Avas generally admitted. The tenths, or decimce, were the tenth part of the annual profit of each living which was also claimed by the Holy See, but this latter claim of the pontiff met with a vigorous resistance from the English Parliament, and a variety of Acts were passed to prevent and restrain it, particularly the statute 6 Henry IV. c. 1, which calls it a horrible mischief, a damnable custom ; but the clergy, blindly devoted to the will of the Pope, still kept it on foot— sometimes more secretly, sometimes more open and avowedly— so that in the reign of Henry VIII. it was computed that in the compass of fifty years 800,000 ducats had been sent to Rome for firstfruits only. As the clergy had been willing to contribute so much of their incomes to the acknowledged head of the church, it was thought proper, when the papal power was abolished, to annex this revenue to the crown, which was done by statute 26 Henry VIII. c. 3, after which a new valor beneficiorum was made, by which the clergy are at present rated. In 1534 a royal commission was issued to ascertain the value of all the ecclesiastical property and the amount of all the benefices in the kingdom The book containing the latter of these returns is called Liber Regis, and is a beautitul manuscript, transcribed, it is said, by a monk of Westminster, for the king's library. The office for the receipt of tenths and firstfruits was instituted upon the visitation of these commissioners whereby the Becivice Decimarum were appointed to be paid to the King of England, instead ot being paid, as hitherto, to the pope. The report of the commissioners forms a kind ot ecclesiastical Domesday Book.' 1 o* 4 * IT „ o«wo„„, VTiT i According to Archbishop Lee, in a letter addressed to Cromwell, "their I Ih'"*^'.",'^ ^."fo' ^ benefices were so exile, of £4 63. 6d. per annum, that no learned man ' State Trials., i. 59. .. , r i. n '-<>-"", ^„^^ nn»m Tliprpfnra thev were fain to take such as were = The state of the inferior clergy in the county of Lancaster, as well would take them ^^^'^l°l^ J^LT,^ loumtion, and could com- as in the other parts of the province of York, was at this time most P'f ™^'*;,,f; *^f* ??Ji,„T\'hcv saoriments. In all deplorable, whether considered as to their acquirements or their stipends. petently understand wliat tncy reaa, 27 202 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xii. The great visitation of monasteries was commenced in the autumn of 1535/ when Cromwell, chancellor of the exchequer and first secretary to the king, filled the office of vicegerent and vicar- general. The visitation of the Lancashire monasteries was made by Dr. Thomas Legh and Dr. Richard Lajton, and their original reports are in the Record Office, under the custody of the Master of the Rolls. The resolution to dissolve the monasteries had already been taken. The spirit in which this visitation was made clearly indicated that the reports were meant _to_ form the groundwork for the dissolution of those institutions, and the consequent appropriation of their lands and revenues to the use of the crown. It cannot be denied that the monastic institutions were subject to great abuse ; and that, under the specious appearance of devotion to God, some of the first duties to man were neglected or perverted ; but it must also be admitted that the collecting of ax parte evidence by stipendiary emissaries, and the making of that evidence a ground for plundering the property of the church, was a proceeding full of injustice, and an example that no future age can imitate with impunity. The questions proposed by the royal commissioners on their Lancashire visitation were reduced to the following heads : (1) As to the incontinence of the heads of each monastery ; (2) the name of the founder ; (3) the estate of the convents ; (4) the superstitions practised in them ; (5) the debts they had incurred ; (6) the names of the votaries who wished to be discharged from their vows.° How far the deplorable picture of monastic life exhibited in this report is faithful we have not the means of discovering.^ So far as the great monasteries are concerned it is at variance with the declaration of an Act of Parliament passed in the foUoAving year, wherein it is said, " that in divers and great solemn monasteries of this realm religion is right well kept and observed." The great monastery of Furness does not appear to have been entitled to this flattering character, if the report of the visitors is to be credited ; and of Whalley the particulars are so few as to convey no infonnation on this head. The returns of the commissioners served as an apology for dissolving the lesser monasteries, to which the king and his minister, the vicar-general, had a strong predis- position. In the following year (1535) a bill was passed through Parliament, with very little deliberation, for dissolving all monastic establishments in England whose clear yearly income did not exceed £200, in the preamble to which bill it is said, that — " Forasmuch as manifest sin, vitious, carnal, and abominable living, is daily used and committed commonly in such little and small abbeys, priories, and other religious houses of monks, canons, and nuns, where the congregation of such religious persons is under the number of twelve," &c., " whereupon the Lords and Commons, by a great deliberation, finally be resolved, that it is and shall be more to the pleasure of Almighty God, and for the honour of this his realm, that the possessions of all such religious houses, not being spent, spoiled, and wasted for increase of maintenance of sin, shall be used and converted to better uses, and the unthrifty religious persons so spending the same be compelled to reform their lives ; be it therefore enacted, that his majesty shall have to himself and to his heirs for ever, all and singular monasteries, the yearly value of which do not amount to £200." By this Act, about three hundred and eighty communities were dissolved, and an addition of thirty-two thousand a-year (of the value in our money of upwards of £160,000) was made to the royal revenue, exclusive of £100,000 in money, plate, and iewels. According to Fuller, "ten thousand persons were, by this dissolution, sent to seek their fortunes in the wide world : some had twenty shillings given them at their ejection, and a new gown, which needed to be of strong cloth, to last till they got another. Most were exposed to want ; and many a young nun proved an old beggar." Whalley and Furness fell before the general dissolution, but the other monastic or conventual establishments did not long survive, the whole of them being doomed to suppression before the close of the year 1540 ; the College of Manchester, with the whole of the chantries in the county, to the number of fifty-seven, being swept away a few years later, and their lands alienated to the crown. his diocese lie did not know twelve that could preach." The Irish ' Before this date the house of the Austin Friars at Wamngton, clergy at the same time wore in a still lower condition. Their new founded by one of the Botelers, had for some cause or other been archbishop wrote of them to the lord privy seal, "As for their secular closed.— C. orders, they be in a manner as ignorant as the people, being not able to ■' The roport is in Latin, and its statements as to incontinence, &o., s,ay a mass, or to pronounce the words, they not knowu]g what they would not bear translation. It is therefore omitted. The following themselves say in the Eoman tongue." So in 1630, "A bird may be statements in the report are, however, worth preserving i—i^iM-MiS, taught to speak with as much sense as several of them do in this country." ye. *' ^<='^ *°"- 1"^** ^« *'»'''k some of the houses mentioned in yor ZtoMethe in w. ■ <->,' *'""'' coniytted(atorin)Whalley; butalso that you ahall retayn^ John Estgate who wold fhl wfw '^ ^ ■ ^-.^ ^''^ the cause whye he shuld desire to goo more to that place thenne to any other. And as touching thtv P J^- T -^Paoities If you shall thinke them men mete to be suffred to goo abrode, we be content you shall give them tnfn iiu ^ ?if° '=i"*™^«'- ^tuff wt suche moucy as you shall by yr wisedoes thinke mete, the capacities for whom we shall send vnto youby the next messenger. Thirde wheras you have sent vnto vs the copie of the £re writen from r couaen of Norfif (Norfolk) to Lord Darcye after tis first dep ture from Doncaster Which you found in the Vicar of Black Burnes chamber Forasmoche as by tne same it appereth that there hathe been great Intelligence amongs such p'sonnes as were of that naughty inclinacon entent and conspu-acye, We desire and praye you as wel by the straite examinacou of the said Vicar as by all other meanes that you caune possibly deuise strongly to enserche howe the said copie was conveyed thether Who was the Messenger Who was of counsel and now many £res or writmgs of that sorte or any other weir in that tyme conveyed in to those p'ties to whom from whom and of wnat ettect. ior m the ernest folowing of this matier you maye doo vnto vs as highe and as acceptable s'uice as canne be deuised. imally we desire and pray you to sende vppe in sauftie vnto vs Richard Estgate late Monke of Salleye. Our s'unt sr Arthur Darcy nathe wnten that he doubtethe not to declare euche matier against him at his repayr vnto vs as shall conveye some things to r knowleuge whiche for r affaires shalbe very necessary to be kuowen. Which things being ones conduced to some p'fection we shall Bignihe r pleasure vnto you touchinge the return of r cousin of Sussex to r presence. " Indorsed— The Mynute of the £re8 to my Lord of Sussexe xith Marcij xxviij yeare of H. 8." " T. C." The Answer of to certain Articles Administered to him Touching the same Rebellion (Temp. Hen. yin.y—narl. Cat. Fower articles whervpon was to Auawere vnto touchinge the Rebellyone in the yeare of H. 8. 1. Firste whether you wrotte any I'res to the Prior of Conished or Cartemell or to any Religeoua persone. 2. Item. What motyon or at whose Request or interpellation you wrott them. 3. Item. Of what tenor or forme such I'res were that you wrotte. 4. Item. What daye or place you wrott them. I. To the firste I graunte I wrott a letter to the priore of Cartemell, as hereafter shalbe declared, but neuer to the prior of Conishid or any other religeous p'son touchinge any thinge of the insurrection in my life, otherwise then is viiderwritten. 3. To the third I saye I cannot perfectely remember the very tenor or forme of the saide letter, for I kepte no coppye therof, but as farre as I canne now remember it was of this effecte : That, forasmuch as all religeouse p'sonnes in the North partes had entered their houses by puttynge in of the comones, and as I am enformed you meaninge the Prior of Cartemell, being required so to enter doe wtdrawe yrselfe. I thinke you may safly enter and doe as other doe, keepinge yo''selfe quiete for the season, and to praye for the kinge. And at the next Parliamente then to doe as shalbe determyned, and I have no doubte but so doinge you may contynewe in the same wtt the grace of God, who keepinge yo", &c. And if I sawe the origenall letteres or a ooppie thereof I would truly confesse my deede. '2. To the second I say I wrotte the sayd letters to the Prior of Cartemell at the requeste and desire of one Colleues, baylif of Kendall, wch Collenes at my beinge at pomfret shewed me that all the Chanones of Cartemell were entered the house excepte the foolishe prior, who would not goe to them onlie for his owne profite, desiringe me to write a letter to him to exhort him to goe in likewise as his brethren had done. And I graunted him to write the same I're when I come to Yorke, w^h was the morowe after the Conceptyon of our Ladye, and I deferred the tyme because I would hear howe the matters proceeded in the communication at Donkester, the meane space after that Collenes came to Yorke eftesoones desiringe the same letter. At whose onlye mooon requeste and interpellacon I wrot the same letter of suche effecte as is vnderwritten, beinge the bouldere so to write for somuch as at my departynge from pomfret it was openly proclaymed, as I hard saye, and also at yorke when I came there it was voyoed in euery manes mouth that the Abbeyes should stand in such manor as they were put in vnto the nexte parliamente, and after my coming home to Kirkeby, in the presence of S^ Henry Gascoine, knight, and other, desired me to exporte suche of the wiseste men as were Channones of S* Ageathes by Richemonde whom 1 knewe to be contente (leste they or the country should thinke strange thereat) to be put forthe of their houses by the kinges authoritie, and to be taken in againe by the same. And so to remaine vnto the determenacon of the nexte parleamente, saying it was concluded at the communicacon at Doncaster it should so be. At whose de(sire) I spake to one Coke, prior of the same howse, to be contente wth the premisses, and he promissed to be for his parte, and Harl. MSS. cod. 283. 208 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xii. to exhorte his brethren to the same. And this manner of puttynge out and takynge in was comonly spoken of to be true after our returne from Pomfret in all those partes as well wth gentlemen as other vnto the cominge of the Duke of Norfolke in these parts as farre as euer I hard of any man. ,, . , i. To the fourthe I saye I wrot the said I'res at yorke, the Satordaye or Sondaye foUowinge the Conceptyon of our lady wch was vpon a fridaye, w^h daye I departed from Pomfret homeward, one fortenyght bofore the publycacon of the pardon wch was published at Richemond, iij myles from the place wl.ere I dwell, on a market daye, beinge Saturdaye the xxiij day of December, and not, as I remember, a letter concerninge the insurrection. I never wrot so ma ex(cepte) that the thereof large ■wch was wttin of the firste beginninge of the insurrectyon in Richemondsheire, to the Abbot there, Mr. Siggeswioke, Mr. Witham, gentleman. And I all together wrotte lettres to the Abbotte of Fountaines and other preestes for a poste horses, and one other to Sf Christofer Danby, knight, to desire him to subscribe his name to his Letter, w* wee receaved from him, the Coppie of w=li lettres doe remayne yet, as I suppose, in Jervaux abbaye aforesaid, and from the tyme of writynge the said letteres vnto the priore of Cartemell wcb was wtliin two dayes after the conoeptyou of o'' Ladye, as it is above Expressed vnto this daye I never wrotte ne sente vnto him any letter or messuage for anythinge, ne I haue hard anythinge by worde or writynge from him at aDy tyme sithen.— (Fol. 85.) The rebel army of the north was dispersed, but the cause of their discontent was in no degree removed. Several of the monks and others, who had repossessed themselves of the religious houses during the time of the insurrection, were again ejected, and a fresh rebellion broke out on the northern extremity of Lancashire, under Musgrave and Tilley. The career of the insurgents was short and humiliating, and their only military operation consisted in besieging the city of Carlisle, in which they entirely failed. The Duke of Norfolk, having put their army to flight, made prisoners of all their officers with the exception of Musgrave. Threescore and fourteen of them were brought to trial by martial law, and being found guilty of treason and rebellion they were all hanged on the walls of Carlisle. Similar risings took place at Hull, and in some other places, but without success ; and the king, in the heat of his indignation, seemed to consider these fresh revolts as a justification for the infraction of the act of amnesty granted by his authority at Doncaster, though many of the accused who afterwards became sufferers were not, and could not be, concerned in the latter rebellion. Aske, the leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace, was tried and executed, with the unfortunate Lancaster Herald, at York, as were also Sir Robert Constable at Hull, Sir John Bulmer and Sir John Percy at Tyburn, Sir Stephen Hamilton, Nicholas Tempest, and William Lumley. Many others were thrown into prison, and most of them shared the fate of their leader. The plea of compulsion set up by Lord Darcy for the surrender of Pontefract did not avail him, neither did his advanced age of eighty years, though many of them had been spent in the service of his country.^ The inexorable monarch, after his condemnation, refused to extend to him the royal clemency, and he was executed on Tower Hill. " Being now satisfied with punishing the rebels the king published anew," says Lord Herbert, '' a general pardon, to which he faithfully adhered ; and he created a patent court of justice at York for deciding on suits in the northern counties, a demand which had been made by the rebels." It appears, however, that the arms of justice was not yet stayed, for at the spring assizes at Lancaster, in 1536-7, John Paslew, D.D., Abbot of Whalley, was arraigned, convicted, and sentenced to death for high treason,- on account of the part he had taken in the northern rebellion, and suffered the extreme penalty of the law on a gallows erected in front of the house of his birth, in a field called the Holehouses, at Wiswall, in Whalley f while William Trafford, Abbot of Salley, and the prior of the same place Avere executed at Lancaster two days before, along with John Eastegate and William Haydocke, monks of Whalley. Adam Sudbury, Abbot of Jervaux, with Ashbeed, a monk of that house, and William Wold, prior of Burlington, also suffered death for the same offence. The part taken by the monks in the rebellion of the north, and the encouragement they had given to their dependants and tenants to join in that insurrection, served as a reason for the dissolution of the larger monasteries, of which it had been declared by Parliament that "in divers of them religion was right well kept and observed." This character, however, did not save them from the rapacious grasp of the spoiler ; and the sagacity which suggested that the dissolution of the smaller monasteries would soon be succeeded by the sequestration of the property of the larger establishments was soon made manifest. A new commission, with the Earl of Sussex at its head, was appointed to investigate the conduct of the existing monasteries, and the commissioners spent 1 On being led to execution, Lord Daiey accused tlie Duke nf Norfolk, famous Sir Anthony Fitzherbert, as ho is known to have been at Fumess the com m.aiider-m -chief of the kmgs forces, of having encouraged tho a few days after the event, along with Ricliard Radcliffe, Earl of Sussex, rebeUion of the north ; but this charge was disregarded by the king, and then lord-lieutenant of Lancasliire.-C. seems te have bod no better foundation than tho anxiety of the duke to » Dr. Whitaker gives the date of Paslew's execution variously as spare the lives of the rebels. Near the close of Henry's reign, the duko the 10th and 12th March. Stowe names the 10th, which is probably and his son, the Earl of Surrey fell into disgrace, owing to the intrigues correct, but he is inaccurate in saying the execution took place at of their enemies at court, and to the fickleness of the king's disposition. Lancaster. Haydocke was executed on the 12th. Concerning these The acoompUshed and lamented sou perished on the scaffold ; and his events the following memorandum appears among the Cotton MSS. :- father was indebted for his life rather to tho death of the king than to lo36. 6 idua Ma?tii dominus Johannes Paslew in theologia bacoalaureus the services he had rendered to his country by his aohicvementa on the 25 abbas et ultimus domUs de Whalley. ocean, his gaUantry in the battle of I'lodden, and his still more 4 idus Martli eodem anno susponsus fuit Willielmus Haydocke, effusioi of blood ''™° '" 'iispersing an army of 40,000 men without the monachus abbatiffl de yfhMoy (marginal note). In campo vocato Parvo T .„ ' '^t^'"'° '^°'? °S' f P*?"'"' '°^'"l*,'?^ Indictment of Paslew among the '"^ Ricardus Eastgato (a monk of SaUey who had fled to Whalley), Lancaster records, but the probability is that ho was tried before the monaohua do Sauley suspcnsus fuit apud (i/.e rat uanli)io).-a. CHAP. XII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 209 nearly four years m gomg from house to house, by turns soUciting and compelling the heads of those houses to surrender them, with their lands and revenues, into the hands of the king. Though these appropriations were so numerous in the reign of Henry VIII., only one original surrender of any religious house is to be found, and that is the surrender of the abbey of Furness, in the county of Lancaster, and though the monks of Furness had obtained the repute of being more treasonable talkers and more inveterate conspirators than the brethren of Whalley, they contrived in their sequestered glen to furnish a very small amount of legal evidence available on a trial for high treason. Roger Pyle, the abbot, was wary, the monks were cautious, and the servants were discreet, so that Sussex was constrained to admit there were only two of the fraternity whom he " could fynde faultye." Warned by the fate of Paslew, the abbot was " very facile and ready-mynded," and as he set some value upon his life, and the earl upon the abbey lands, an agreement was speedily arrived at — the earl obtained the surrender of the abbey, the lands of which were attached to the duchy of Lancaster; the abbot secured for himself the rectory of Dalton, hard by, and the " bredren of misorder " were fain to content themselves with small f tensions for their lives. The "byll " or instrument of surrender is dated the 5th of April, 1537, rom which it appears that the annual value of the monastery was £960, and that thirty monks FURNESS ABBEV, were attached to that house. It is signed Fer me Rogerum abbatem Furnesii, m the presence of the Earl of Sussex and of " Sir Thomas Butler, Sir William Leyland, Johan Cladon, clerk. Sir Johan Eeron (Byron), and Sir Anthony Fitz-Herbert, one of the lung's justices, beymg ot the kynges counsell within the said countie." The surrender of Furness Abbey will serve as a specimen of the proceedings under this new commission.' " All the members of the community, with the tenants and servants, were successively examined in private ; and the result of aprotratd^nq^ryrs, that though tw^^.' monks were committed to Lancaster Castle, nothing «-l,» „ii„r???^^n^ ;1.T, „,1^ „ „?? '"■°'" '^■^<"' t° £" P'^'' annum. wheat as the criterion. mfrifeT diat not on Xh,tl^ p" n '? ^l?' ^, ^"^ "'^°^^ «'"-"™^ 1""1 ' ™^ '""' ""^ Coverdalo Bible, printed anew in Paris by Covordale and Mnsionsof six fZ or two nnn nl lH" °"n'' """'"' '"^'''^ *"°"'='i *3™"™- Another edition of the Uiblo w,xs printed io 153S, known »s Fee to nrovid^forhuTmmed'^Z w,' J^ Ti,™"" "'■ " "'1"^ as a departure " Cranmor's," or "The Great Bible." These Oranmer appointed to be sold about£4 "It sLuid h^wevP,- T^^^^ The pensions to iiuos averaged at Vis. id. each one, or if CromweU would give the printers exclusive wCmw;n,,i/"twtl,T ' *^™™^ says Dr. Lingard, from privilege, at 10s. each.-C. rniTr as moneV JST nrohawrnf ThTf "° ■ '." ".'""^ '° ™^" "^ ^^"y * ^^^ monastery, by favour of the king, outlived for » short time appear, as monej was, probably, at that period, of tea times more value the general dissolution. » The Vale of the Deadly Nightshade, CHAP. XII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 211 (afterward King of England), waa the founder of this ahbey, which was of the Cistercian order, and commended to the patronage of the blessed Virgin Mary. It was endowed at the dissolution with £805 I63. 5d. per annum, Dugd. ; £766 Ts. lOd., Speed. "At Up Holand, a Benedictine Priory. Here was, in the chapel of St. Thomas the Martyr, a college or chantry, consisting of a dean and twelve secular priests, who were changed (a.d. 1319) by Walter, lord bishop of Litchfield, at the petition of Sir Robert Holand, then patron, and, as I conceive, original founder, into a prior and Benedictine monks. Here were, about the time of the suppression, five religious, and twenty-six servants. This house was valued at £53 'Ss. 4d. per annum, Dugd. ; £61 3s. 4d., Speed ; and at £78 12s. according to a, second valuation. It was granted, 37 Henry VIII. (1545), to John Holcroft. " At Hornby, a Premonstratensian Cell.^ An hospital or cell of a prior and three Premonstratensian canons to the abbey of Croxton, in Leicestershire, of the foundation of the ancestors of Sir Thomas Stanley, Lord Monteagle, to whom the site and domains of this priory (as parcel of Croxton) were gi-anted, 36 Henry VIII. (1544). It was dedicated to St. Wilfred, and endowed with lands to the value of £26 per annum. "At Kekshall or Ktrkshawb, a Cluniao Cell. King Henry II. granted, and King John, anno regni I. (1199), confirmed, to the monastery of Nottinghamshire, the hermitage here, which thereupon became a small house of Cluniao monks, and a cell to that priory was granted, 32 Henry VIII. (1540), to Baldwin Willoughby. " At ICebtmel or Cartmele, a Priory of Austin's Canons. William Maresohall the elder. Earl of Pembroke, founded here (a.d. 1188) a priory of regular canons of the order of St. Austin, which was dedicated to the blessed Virgin, and rated, 26 Henry VIII. (1534), at £91 6s. 3d. per annum, Dugd. ; £124 2s. Id., Speed ; £212 lis. lOd. second valuation. Herein, about the time of the dissolution, were reckoned ten religious, and thirty-eight servants. The site of this monastery was granted, 32 Henry VIII. (1540), to Thomas Holcroft. "At Lancaster — (.1) an Alien Priory. Earl Roger of Poictiers gave (a.d. 1094) the Church of St. Mary, with some other lands here, to the abbey of St. Martin de Sagio, or Sees, in Normandy, whereupon a prior and five Benedictine monks were placed here, who, with three priests, two clerks and servants, made up a small monastery, subordinate to that foreign house, which was endowed with the yearly revenue of about £80 sterling. After the dissolution of the alien priories this, with the land thereunto belonging, was annexed by King Henry V. or his feofiees to the abbey of Syon, in Middlesex. (2) An hospital for a master chapIin and nine poor persons, whereof three to be lepers, was founded in this town by King John, while he was Earl of Morton, which was afterwards, by Henry, Duke of Lancaster, annexed to the nunnery of Seton, in Cumberland, about 30 Edward III. (1356), It was dedicated to St. Leonard. (3) A priory for Black Friars. Here was a house of Dominican or Black Friars, founded about 44 Henry IIL (1260) by Sir Hugh Harrington, Knight, which was granted, 32 Henry VIII. (1540), to Thomas Holcroft. (4) A Friary for Grey Friars. A Franciscan Convent near the bridge. " Langrigh, now Longridge. An ancient hospital under Longridge Hills, of a master and brethren, dedicated to the Virgin Mary and our Holy Saviour. "At Lythom or Lethum, a Benedictine Cell. Richard Fitz-Roger, in the latter end of the reign of King Richard I., gave lands here to the church of Durham, with intent that a prior and Benedictine monks might be settled here, to the honour of St. Mary and St. Cuthbert. Its annual revenues at the suppression were worth £48 193. 6d., Dugd.; £53 15s. lOd., Speed. The site as parcel of Durham was granted, 2 Mary (1554), to Sir Thomas Holcroft. " At Manchester, a College,'' Thomas de la Ware, clerk, some time rector of the parish church here (having the barony and estate of his brother, John Lord de la Ware, without heirs), obtained leave of the king, 9 Henry V. (1421), to make it collegiate, to consist of a warden and a certain number of priests. It was dedicated to the blessed Virgin, and endowed with revenues to the yearly value of £200, or, as they were returned into the firstfruits office, 26 Henry VIII. (1534), £226 12s. 5d. in the whole, and £213 10s. lid. clear. This college was dissolved in 1547 by King Edward VI., but re-founded, first by Queen Mary, and afterwards by Queen Elizabeth (a.d. 1578), and again by King Charles I. (a.d. 1636), for a warden, four fellows, two chaplains, four singing men, and four choristers ; being incorporated, as they were before by Queen Elizabeth, by the name of ' the Warden and Fellows of Christ Church, in Manchester." , , . , - i_ , ,u " At Penwortham, a Benedictine Priory. Warine Bussel, having given the Church and tithes of this place, with several other estates in this county, to the abbey of Evesham, in Worcestershire, in the time of William the Conqueror, here was shortly after a priory erected, and several Benedictine monks from Evesham placed ia it. This priory was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and rated 26 Henry VIII. (1534), at £29 18s. 7d. per annum, as Dugdale in one place, and £99 5s. 3d. as he saith in another ; and at £114 163. 9d. per annum, as Speed. The site was granted, 34 Henry VIH. (1642), to John Fleetwood. "At Preston— (1) An ancient Hospital, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, occurs in the Lincoln taxation (a.d. 1291). Ihe mastership was in the gift of the king. (2) A Friary, for Grey Friars. The original builder of the Grey Friars' College, on the north-west side of this town, was Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, son to King Henry III., the site of which was granted, 32 Henry VIII. (1540), to Thomas Holcroft. , . ■ r l i- n • « j j " At Warrington, a Friary for Austin Friars. At the bridge-end of this town was a priory for Augustine Friars, founded before a.d. 1370 which, 32 Henry VIII. (1540), was granted to the often- mentioned Thomas Holcroft. • , ^ .^ "At Whallby, an Abbey for Cistercians. Henry Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, havmg given the advowson of the parish to the White Monks of Stanlawe, in Cheshire, they procured the same to be appropriated to them, whereupon (a.d. 1296), they removed their abbey hither, and increased the number of their religious to sixty There was another removal proposed to a Pl^oe c^Ued Tocstathe, by Thomas, Earl of Lancaster (a.d. 1316), but it seems not to have ^ken effect. Whalleyw^ dedicated to the b essed Virgin Maryf and, at the suppression, had revenues to the yearly value of £321 9s. Id., Dugd. ; £551 43. 6d., Speed. It was granted to Richard Ashton and John Braddyll, 7 Edward VI. (1553). t- c j 1, u„^ „i,„„f "At Wybbsdalb, a Cistercian Abbey. A colony of Cistercian monks from Furness, for some time fixed here ; but about A.D. 1188 they removed over into Ireland, and founded the abbey of Wythney. The lands and revenues of the monasteries of Furness, Carfcmel, Conishead Burscough, and Up-Holland, were confided by Parliament to the officers of the duchy ot Lancaster, to be aiainistered for the king's use.' The king also annexed to the duchy of Lancaster property of the yearly value of £769 4s. 2-|d., subject to an annua pension to chantry priests of £126 2s 4d This appropriation was made through the medium of the Court of Augmen ation, which cour was established in year 1535, for the purpose of ordering, surveying, selling, or lettmg, all manors land^^^ tithes, and other property belonging to the monasteries. The number of monasteries suppressed in England and Wales amounted in the whole to six hundred and forty-five exclusive ol ninety^ six cofleges, two thousand three hundred and seventy-four chantries and free chapels and one hundred and ten hospitals,^ the value of which property has been variously estimated, but, • This cell was resigned before the visitation In 1535. I rlmS B "t. f cxd ' '"' = Thi3 collegt escaped the general dissolution, or was speedily » Camden s Brit, 1. cxoi. restored. 212 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. XII. according to the Liber Regis, it yielded annually £142,914 12s. D^d./ which, taken at twenty years' purchase, would produce £2,858,290," worth in our money, £28,582,900. The revenues of the church before the dissolution of the monasteries is said to have equalled about one-fourth of the whole landed income of the kingdom.'' According to the records in the Augmentation Office * the process pursued by the commissioners on the dissolution of each of the monasteries was as follows : (1) The commissioners broke its seal, and assigned pensions to the members. (2) The plate and jewels were reserved for the king, the furniture and goods were sold, and the money was paid in to the Augmentation Office. (3) The abbot's lodgings and the offices were left standing, for the convenience of the next occupant ; the church, cloisters, and apartments for the monks were stripped of the lead and every other saleable article, and then left to fall to ruins. (4) The lands were by degrees alienated from the crown by gift, sale, or exchange. A revenue so immense as that yielded by the monasteries might, under judicious application, have extinguished all the public burdens both for the support of the state and the relief of the poor, and expectations of this kind were held out to the people.* But they were soon undeceived : pauperism became more extensive than ever, and within one year from the period of the last appropriation a subsidy of two-tenths and another of two-fifteenths were demanded by the king, and granted by Parliament, to defray the expenses of religious reforms." Henry VIIL, like his predecessor, was rapacious — with this difference, however, that the father collected money to save, while the son amassed wealth to supply the demands of a licentious profusion. Much of the church property was disposed of to the king's favourites, by grants or by indulgent sales, one of the conditions of which was, that the new proprietors of the abbey lands should keep up the ancient hospitality ; but as this was in some degree voluntary, the practice soon fell into disuse. A portion of the monastic revenues was appropriated to the advancement of religion, though much less than Cranmer had projected and the king had originally promised. His first purpose, as appears from documents under his own hand, was to found eighteen new bishoprics, but the number declined from time to time till it was at last reduced to six. Westminster was the first, in which he endowed a bishopric, a deanery, twelve prebendaries, a choir, and other officers. The year after this he endowed Chester (which included Lancashire and Richmondshire in Yorkshire), Gloucester, and Peterborough ; but in these cathedrals he only endowed six prebendaries. Two years after he likewise endowed Oxford and Bristol. He also converted the priories of Canterbury, Winchester, Durham, Worcester, Ely, Rochester, and Carlisle into collegiate churches, consisting of deans and prebendaries.' Anciently there had been a bishop's see at Chester, but it had merged in the diocese of Lichfied. But none of these were in this county. That the endowments might not be too rich, each chapter had imposed upon its ecclesiastical revenue the obligation of contributing annually to the support of the resident poor, and to the repair of the highways.'* The order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, including the Knights Templar and the Hospitallers, after having existed for four hundred and thirty-six years, was doomed to suppression by legislative enactment (1540); and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, happily for learning in future ages, escaped, though narrowly, the same fate. The chantries in the monasteries and churches of this county were very numerous at the period of the Reformation, as may be inferred from the following List of Chantries, Avhich Ave find in the records of the office of the duchy of Lancaster : — 1. Warton Church stipend, no date. 2. Kirkeby Irelath. Chiintry. 3. Leverpule Chapel. 4. Leverpole Chapel. 5. Eccleeton. Chantry. 6. Sefton. Chantry. 7. Croston. Chantry. 8. Manchester College. Tithes. 9. Manchester. Tithes in Moston, Norton [? Gorton or Newton], Kirkemanshulme, Croiueshall. ' Annual Revenue of Ifo. of Houses. ALL THB Ml Ordekh. Orders. 1S6 ao BcncdiL'tiiics Cluiiiaca 1* Ciirthu«iaiis 101 Cisturci.'ms 173 Anstiua a!i47 15 4'r iMilll 1^ () ■n 1 11 •i^ l*renionsttatcnHian3 4S07 14 25 Clilbei-tinc, 3 Poutefraud Nuiia y JUnoreasos 1 Bridgetlnes ... 2 Ijonhommcs .... ^4:11 11! !s:j.o 8 f) IS 10 1731 S SOO 6 10. Buisooughe Priory, the Manor. 11. Ormskirke. Chantry. 12. Eocles. Chantry. 13. St. Michael's-on-Wyre. Chantry. 14. Manchester, Beckwith's. Chantry. 15. Manchester College. Tithes of Trafford, Stratford, and Chollerton . 16. Halsal Church. Chantry. 17. Yerleth. Parcel of the Monastery of Furnes. 18. Br'amonde. Parcel of the Monastery of Furues. NASTic H0USE.S ClaSjSEo IN TiFE Ha. of Houses. Orders. Bj'.veniie. £ s. d. Knights Hospitallers 5394 G 51 , „. , „ l''ri,irs 800 11 Si liishop Burnot say.s " the valued ronts o£ the abbey lands, as they wore tlieu let, was .tl3L',iJ07 Us. 4d., bat they were worth above ten times as much in true value." (Hlstorij of the Jiefonnation). - C. = Ijord Herbert, p. Silli. Burnet's Rceords, i. 151. ^ Luke's lust, iv, 4l. « Ilonry'b enormous expenditure is easily accounted for by the fact that his princip.al employment was gambling Vrirt/ Parse lixpmses of Iknry Vlll. p. xxiii. ' Burnet.— C. ** Rymer xv. 77, CHAP. XII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 213 19. St. Miohael'E-on-Wyre. Chantry. 20. Manchester College. Tithes of Grain of Bradford, Ardewiok and Openshaw. 21. Bailie. Chantry in the Chapel within the Parish of Mitton, Yorkshire. 22. Chantry in Lancaster. 23. Hollingfare Chapel, in Warrington. 24. Stindish Church. Chantry. 25. WarringtOQ Church. Butler's Chantry. 26. Halsall Church. Chantry. 27. Preston Church, St. Mary's Chapel. 28. Ribchester Church. Chantry. 52. Pickering Lythe. Parcel of the Manor, in Yorkshire. Win- dell Chapell in Prescot. Chantry. 53. Beckingshaw Chapel in Croston, and a tenement in Preston, parcel of the possession of College of New-warke, Leicester. 54. Silverdale, Bolton, Hest, parcel of the Monastery of Cartmell. 55. Clitherow Chapel, in Whalley. Chantry. 66. Manchester Church, TrafFord's Chapel. Chantry. 57. Ecoles Church. College of Jesus. The condition of the people appears to have suffered with the suppression of the monastic institutions. No fewer than four separate statutes Avere passed between the years 1535 and 1544, setting forth lists of decayed cities and towns in different and in almost all parts of the kingdom, wherein it is declared, " That there hath been in times past many beautiful houses in those places which are now falling into ruin," and amongst the towns mentioned in the Act of 1544 are, " Lancaster, Preston,_Lyrepool, and Wigan, in Lancashire." The privilege of sanctuary was one of the evils of the monastic system, though its date is anterior to the foundation of monasteries. In virtue of this privilege certain places became cities of refuge — " seats of peace," as they were called ; and the inviolability of these asylums in early times is sufficiently indicated by the answer of Cardinal Bourchier, when importuned by the creatures of the Duke of Gloucester to bear away his ill-fated nephew, young Richard of York, from the sanctuary of Westminster : — " God in heaven forbid We should infringe the holy privilege Of blessed sanctuary I Nut for all this land Would I be guilty of so deep a sin." Shakspeke's Rich. III. Act iii. Scene 1. " These sanctuaries were first instituted and designed for an asylum or place of safety to such malefactors as were not guilty of any notorious crimes. . . There were many of them in this kingdom before the Conquest ; and they became so numerous after, and so scandalous (divers of them having obtained protection for those that were guilty of high treason, murder, rape, felony, &c.), that, being complained of in Parliament, 1540, immediately after the dissolution of the religious houses, the greatest part of them were suppressed, and those few that remained reduced to their first institution," ' By an Act passed 32 Henry VIII. (1540-1) it was decreed that all sanctuaries, with the exception of certain places named, should be "utterly extinguished." Manchester and Lancaster were the places so excepted in Lancashire ; but when trade began to extend itself, the nuisance of a harbour for thieves and other delinquents became intolerable, and by an Act passed 83 Henry VIII. (1541-2) Manchester, by reason of the presence of the sanctuary men being, as was alleged, prejudicial to the wealth, credit, good occupyings, and good order of the town, was allowed to forego its privilege, and to transport all the refugees within its jurisdiction to Chester, which, being poor, could not lose much by their irregularities. The position of religious parties in Lancashire in the closing years of Henry's reign may be briefly stated. The progress of the Reformation kept pace with the dissolution of the Papal institutions ; but in the northern and western, the less populous parts of the county, the ncAV doctrines advanced but slowly, many of the more influential families adhering to the old form of faith, The Earl of Derby having enriched himself considerably out of the spoils of the suppressed monasteries, and being, moreover, as he professed himself, a believer in the "religion of good luck," was an ardent supporter of the Reformation; and many others, who had in like manner profited by the wholesale confiscations, were influenced by the same prudent considera,tions. But the esquires and lesser gentry, who had gained nothing, cared little for the new services, and in many instances their attachment to the old religion was strengthened by jealousy of their more fortunate neighbours. In the south-eastern parts of the county, the Salford Hundred— which included the manufacturing and trading towns of Manchester, Bolton, Bury, and Rochdale, with their busy, industrial inhabitants— the reformed faith had many zealous adherents, and eventually gained complete ascendancy, though not without many religious conflicts and the manifestation of much bitterness of feeling. . The king survived the dissolution of the monasteries seven years, but no event occurred m that period, of public interest in the history of Lancashire. During his last sickness he revoked his former wills, and ordained that, after his death, his three children, Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth, should succeed him in the sovereign power, the son as male heir, and the daughters in the order of primogeniture. He died at Westminster on the 28th of January, 1547. His death was concealed for three days, but when at length the solemn sound was heard from the bell towers ol England proclaiming the fact, it not only announced his decease but the downfall also of the Romish system in this country. '' ' Burton's MSS, CHAPTER XIII, Lancashire in the Reign of Edward VI. — in the Reign of Queen Mary — Lancashire Martyrs : John Rogers, John Bradford, George Marsh — Muster of Soldiers in the County of Lancaster in Mary's Reign — Lancashire in the Reign of Elizabeth — General Muster of Soldiers in Lancashire in 1559 — Ecclesiastical Commission, consisting of the Earl of Derby, the Bishop of Chester and others — State of Lancashire on the Appointment of the Commission — Catholic Recusants — Mary Queen of Scots seeks an Asylum in England — Placed in Confinement — Puritan Recusants— Rebellion in the North to re-establish the Catholic Religion — Suppressed — Meetings of the Lieutenancy — Original Letter of Edward, Earl of Derby, to the Queen — Letter of the Earl of Huntingdon to Secretary Cecil, casting Suspicion on the Loyalty of the Earl of Derby — Proved to be Ill-founded — Part taken by Lancashire Gentlemen to Liberate Mary Queen of Scots — Comparative Military Strength of the Kingdom — Muster of Soldiers in Lancashire in 1574 — Declaration of the Ancient Tenth and Fifteenth within the County of Lancaster— The Chaderton MSS. relating to the Affairs of the County of Lancaster — Original Papers relating to the Lancashire Recusants — Lancashire Contribution of Oxen to Queen Elizabeth's Table — MS. of the Lancashire Lieutenancy — Lancashire Loyal Association against Mary Queen of Scots and her Abettors — Trial and Execution of Mary Queen of Soots — The Spanish Armada — Letter from the Queen to the Earl of Derby thereon — Preparations in Lancashire to Resist — Destruction of— Thanksgiving for National Deliverance in Lancashire — Memorable and Fatal Feud — Atrocious Abduction — Levies of Troops in Lancashire for Ireland — Suppression of the Rebellion there — Death of Queen Elizabeth — Loyal Address of Lancashire Gentry to her Successor, James I., on his Accession to the Throne. — a.d. 1547 to 1603. jVERY year during the " infant reign " of Edward VI. the Reformation continued to advance with a steady step ; but no events of any distinguished public interest occurred within this period connected with the county palatine of Lancaster. In the first year of this reign, Francis, Earl of Shrewsbury, was constituted lord-lieutenant of the counties of Lancaster, York, Chester, Derby, Stafibrd, Salop, and Nottingham, and in the following he was made justice of the forests north of the Trent. ^ Under the inhibition of a proclamation,- issued by the Lord-protector Somerset, in the name of the king, all places of public worship belonging to Dissenters, as well Protestant as Catholic, in this and the other counties of England, were closed ; and any preacher, of whatsoever persuasion, who took upon himself to preach in an open audience, except such as were licensed by the lord-protector, or by the Archbishop of York, became obnoxious to the sovereign will. The avowed object of this intolerant proclamation was " to produce an uniform order throughout the realm, and to put an end to all controversies in religion." At the same time there was a board of commission formed for advancing the Reformation, of which Edward, Earl of Derby, was a commissioner. This document was founded upon an Act of Parlianient, by which the Archbishop of Canterbury, "with other learned and discreet bishops and divines," was directed to draw up an order of divine worship, called a liturgy, or book of common prayer. The result of its labours was the production of an English form of communion, and further, by November, 1548, it had drawn up a complete English Service Booh, now known as the First Prayer-Boole of Ediuarcl VI." This duty having been performed to the satisfaction of the king and his Parliament, it was enacted that from the feast of Whitsunday, June 9th, 1549, all divine offices should be performed according to the prescribed ritual, and that such of the clergy as should refuse to conform, or should continue to officiate in any other manner, should, upon capviction, be imprisoned six months, and forfeit a year's profit of their benefices ; for the second offence, forfeit all church preferment, and suffer a year's imprisonment ; and for the third offence, suffer imprisonment during life. And all that should write or print anything against this liturgy were to be fined, for the first offence, ten pounds; for the second twenty pounds; and for the third forfeit all their property, with imprisonment for life. Against this act, the Earl of Derby and eight of the bishops entered their protest on the journals of the Lords. In the same arbitrary spirit a law was made against vagabonds, by which it was enacted that any persons who should be found three days together, loitering without work, or without offering themselves to work, or that should run \ If ?*5'|. I'l"^t'J^t>0'i3, i p. xiT. essentially different from that of the present day. It was based upon uaAxa. September 23, 1548. th^ aiicijnt Catholic S'srvioes, which had been handed down from the II J ii fP?^ variations in a subsequent edition of 1552, which was primitive ages of the Church ; and which the English people had tor called the Secmid Book of King Edward VI.," this Liturgy is not genorationshcardsuiigorsaid, withoutcomprehendiiig themeaning— C. ^H -I ^m (^HAP. xiiT. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 215 away_ from work, and resolve to live idly, should be seized on ; and whosoever should present them to a justice ot the peace was to have them adjudged to be slaves for two years, and they were to be marked with the letter ^ imprinted with a hot iron on their breast. ' Two years afterwards (1550) this cruel statute was repealed/^ and provisions were made for relieving the sick and impotent, and for setting such ot the poor who were able to work; on which law the celebrated statute of the 43rd Elizabeth (1601) was grounded. That the Earl of Derby and several of the bishops should have protested against the Act of Uniformity, and its impracticable provisions, which Act presumptuously assumed " to be drawn up by the aid of the Holy Ghost," could not be matter of wonder ; but why his lordship, and the Earls of Rutland and Sussex, the Viscount Hereford, and Lords Monteagle, Sands, Wharton, and Evers,= should enter a protest against an Act passed prohibiting all simoniacal pactions for reservation of pensions out of benefices, and the granting of advowsons while the incumbent was yet alive, it is difficult to discover, unless upon the supposition that his lordship headed an opposition alike hostile to all the measures of the existing administration, whether good or bad. The Act for Legalising the Marriage of the Clergy passed in the same year, and was also protested against by the Earl oi Derby, by the Earls of Shrewsbury, Rutland and Bath, and by the Lords Abergavenny, Stourton, Monteagle, Sands, "Wharton, and Evers. Edward VI., or rather the regency by which his government was directed, imitating the example of his royal father, instituted a visitation, by which the chantries of Lancashire were inspected by two lay gentlemen appointed for that purpose, and by a civilian, a divine, and a registrar, in order to ascertain the state of the chantries, and to apply their revenues to the king's use, to be expended, as was alleged, in the endowment of schools, the maintenance of the poor, and the erection of colleges. These visitations became general throughout the provinces of Canterbury and York, and the suppression of chantries followed as a matter of course.'' Subsequently, Lord Paget, the chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, was charged with having appropriated large sums out of the revenues of the suppressed chantries to his own use, and with other acts of malversation, of which charges he was convicted, on vague and unsatisfactory evidence, and fined in the enormous sum of six thousand pounds. Nor did the severity of his lordship's sentence end here : he was degraded from his rank as a Knight of the Order of the Garter, because he was not a gentleman by descent, either from his father or his mother. His real offence, however, consisted in his steady adherence to the fallen protector, the Duke of Somerset, by which he became obnoxious to his successful uncle, the Duke of Northumberland. "His Majesty's Council in the Northern Parts," an institution arising out of the demands of the Pilgrims of Grace, for the purpose of facilitating the administration of justice, without subjecting suitors in the north to the trouble and cost of repairing to the metropolis, was organised in this reign, and the Earl of Shrewsbury was appointed to the office of lord president of the council. This court, which was in some degree viceregal, consisted of a council, with the president at its head, assisted by Henry, Earl of Westmorland, Henry, Earl of Cumberland, Cuthbert, Bishop of Durham, Lord William Dacres of the north, John, Lord Conyers, Thomas, Lord Wharton, John Hind, knt., one of his majesty's justices of the common pleas, Edmund Molyneux, knt., serjeant- at-law, Henry Savel, knt., Robert Bowes, knt., Nicholas Fairfax, knt., George Conyers, knt., Leonard Becquith, loat., William Bapthorp, knt., Anthony Nevill, knt., Thomas Gargrave, knt., Robert Mennell, serjeant-at-law, Anthony Bellasis, John Rokeby, doctor of law, Robert Chaloner, Richard Morton, and Thomas Eynis, esqrs. The sum of a thousand pounds a year was granted to the lord-president for the better entertainment of himself and his council, with divers revenues to the stipendiary members, who were required to be in continual attendance upon the council, except at such times as a certificate of absence was granted to any of them by the lord president. The council was furnished with powers to decide cases between plaintiffs and defendants in their bill of complaint, without replication, rejoinder, or other plea of delay, with power and authority to punish such persons as in anything should neglect, contemn, or disobey their command, or the process of the council, and all other that should speak seditious words, invent rumours, or commit such like offences (not being treason) whereof any inconvenience might grow, by pillory, cutting the ears, wearing of papers, imprisonment, or otherwise, at their discretion ; or to assess fines of all persons who might be convicted of any riot ; and to assess costs and damages, as well to the plaintiffs ' The wholesale evictions consequent upon the break-up of the feudal = The Act 5 aad 6 Edward VI., cap. 2 directs the parson, vicar, system and the suppression of the religious houses, where, previously, curate, and churchwardens to appoint two collectors to distribute weekly the poor had been principally relieved, led to a large increase of vagrancy, to the poor. This Act was renewed and extended by 2 and 3 Philip and torestrainwhichmanyenaetmentsweremadeinthereign of Henry VIII., Mary, and the 5th, Uth, 18th, and 39fch Elizabeth, and in 1601 the Act some of extreme severity. The Act here referred to (1 Edward VI., 43 Elizabeth, cap. 2, made assessment compulsory.— C. cap. 3) recites the increase of idle vagabonds, and after prescribing the " Journals of the Lords, 1552. t ,.v /^v, t • . „.-n„-„ tv,„ punishment for offenders, directs that impotent persons be removed to * See the Rev. Canon Haines s History of the Chantries within the the place where they had resided for three years, and allowed to beg. County Palatine of Lancaster (vols. 59 and 00 of the ohetbam Society s and further, that a collection be made in the churches every Sunday series).— H. and holiday, after reading the Gospel of the day, the amount to be applied tp the relief of bedridden poor.— C. 216 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xni. as to the defendants. And for the more certain and brief determination of causes, it was ordained that the lord-president and council should keep four general sessions or sittings in a year, each of them to continue by the space of one month — one at York, another at Hull, the third at Newcastle, and the fourth at Durham, within the limits whereof the matters arising there should be ordered and decreed.^ In fixing upon these places for holding the periodical sessions of the council, the convenience of the eastern rather than of the western counties of the north seems to have been consulted ; and it is difficult to say why Lancaster was not fixed upon, in making the arrangement, in preference to either Durham or Newcastle. That the suitors mightnot be oppressed with heavy bills of costs, it was directed " that no attorney should take, in one sitting or sessions, above twelve pence, nor any counsellor more than twenty pence, for one matter." A fatal malady soon afterwards seized the young monarch, who, in his last sickness, was entrusted to the charms and medicines of a female empiric. On the 6th of July, 1553, he expired, with the reputation of high talents for government, had time suffered them to be fully developed. He was succeeded, after an ineffectual effort in favour of the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey, the victim of the ambition of others, by his sister the Lady Mary, only daughter of Catherine of Arragon. The reio-n of Queen Mary is known in the history of Lancashire, as it is in the other parts of the kingdom" of England, more by the bloody persecution which stained it than by any other circumstance. The reproach of the loss of Calais, the last remaining stronghold of England in France, is almost obliterated by the streams of blood which flowed to satiate an embittered mind, the abode of superstition and the slave of priestly domination. A period of nearly three hundred years has scarcely been found sufficient to wash away these sanguinary stains froni the rehgious community to whom they attach, though they were the crime of the age in which it was the destiny of this unhappy queen to live, and her father and her sister both shared her guilt in a mitigated degree. In the less accessible parts of Lancashire the Reformation had made but little progress, and in other districts many of the people showed no great reluctance to return to the religious observances of their fathers. The Earl of Derby, who was the moving spirit of the county, was of the number. The queen Avas a Papist, and the earl's religious opinions were sufficiently elastic to enable him without much difficulty to accommodate himself to the changed circumstances of the times. Under Edward he had been a commissioner for the advancing of the Reformation ; under Mary he became an orthodox Catholic, ready to persecute heretics, and to do everything good Catholics should, except restore to the Church the ecclesiastical property that had fallen into his possession. One of the first acts of Queen Mary was to re-establish the Roman supremacy, to crush the leaders of the Reformation, and to trample under foot the newly-acquired liberties of the English Church ; and in furtherance of that object the abolished chantries were immediately restored, and though she could not prevail upon her Parliament to order the relinquishment by their then possessors of the confiscated lands of the dissolved abbeys, she set a not ignoble example by at once restoring those lands which had been attached to the crown from such sources. The following list contains the names of the parish churches in Lancashire whose chantries were restored in the first year of the queen's reign (1553-4), with stipends allowed to the chantry priests, which were from £1 10s. to £6 per annum: Ashton-under-Lyne, Childwall, Croston (St. John and St. Trinity), Goosnargh, Halsall (St. Nicholas and St. Mary's), Holme, Kirby, Kirkham 2, Lancaster 2, Manchester Collegiate Church 7, Mawdline, St. Michael-on-Wyre, Ormskirk, Prestwich, Rufford, Blackburn, Tarleton, Standish 2, Tunstal, Thurland Castle, Ulverstone, Walton 2, Warrington 3, Warton, Wigan, and Winwick 2. During the life of her father, Mary had written a penitential letter, expressing her contrition for not having submitted herself to his "most iust and virtuous laws," in the matter of the Reformation, and putting her conscience under his royal and paternal direction. The letter is preserved in the Harleian Collection.^ The subsequent death of the king, and the possession of the royal power on the part of his daughter, obliterated the remembrance of these solemn protestations, and she became still more fixed than before in her attachment to the ancient faith. Her matrimonial alliance with Philip, King of Spain, strengthened her previous partialities ; and the presence of Cardinal Pole, legate of the pope, one of the most learned of the clergy, and one of the most devoted disciples of the church of Rome, conspired to fix this attachment. An Act for reviving the statutes of 5 Richard II. , 2 Henry IV., and 2 Henry V. against heretics (the Lollards) was hurried through the Parliament, and gave the sanction of law to the executions which speedily followed." The first martyr in this reign was John Rogers, one of the translators of the Bible in the time of Henry VIII. ,^ a Lancashire man, educated at Cambridge, ' Bishop Burnet's Collection of Records, book i. p, ii., No. 66. of January then next coining be revived, and be in lull force, strength, ' Cod. 282. See also Cotton M8S. lib. Otho, O.X. and effect, to all intents, constructions, and purposes tor ever."— C. = This Act (1 and 2 Philip and Mary, c. 6), for the punishment of •* In the dedicatory epistle of that Bible this divine signs himself heresies, directs that " every article, branch, and sentence contained in Thomas Matthew.— C. the same three several Acts, and every of them, shall froni the 20th day CHAP. xm. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 217 fw Tt t- theological scholars of the age. The offence with which he was charged was that of holding a meeting near Bow Church, in London, where a minister of the name of Ross had administered the communion according to the rites of the English book of service, and had openly prayed that God would either change the heart of the queen or take her out of the world Thi tribunal before which he was condemned sat on the 28th of January, 1555, and consisted of the Bishojs of Winchester, London, Durham, Salisbury, Norwich, and Carlisle; and sentence was passed both upon Hooper, the silenced Bishop of Gloucester, and Rogers ; but the utmost severity of the law was only executed on the latter, the former having at that time been merely degraded ^T tj^%o^^e^°f t^e priesthood Seven days after the sentence of condemnation was passed (Feb. 4), Rogers was called to make ready for Smithfield, where he was sentenced to be burnt at the stake lor heresy. When brought to Bonner, Bishop of London, to be degraded, he asked permission to see his wife, in order that he might, through her, convey his dying blessing to his ten children ; but the reqiiest was peremptorily refused, with the insulting taunt that he was a priest, and could not possibly have a wife. When fastened to the stake, a pardon was brought and offered to him, on condition that he would recant ; but, with an intrepidity which nothing but rehgious principle can inspire, he rejected the proffered clemency, and assumed the crown o'f martyrdom. Hooper was afterwards sent to his former episcopal city of Gloucester, and on the 9th February was burnt at the stake in front of the cathedral. The next Lancashire martyr executed in Smithfield was John Bradford, born at Manchester, who had m early life been a man of the world, and filled the office of secretary to Sir John Harrington, the treasurer of Henry VIII. and Edward VL At a subsequent period he became a divine of exemplary piety,' of mild and diffident manners, but of a character so decided that he did not hesitate to lay do^vn his life for the truth of that religion which he had embraced from strong conviction. To so high a pitch had religious hostility attained, that Bourn, a canon of St. Paul's, and afterwards Bishop of Bath, Avhile preaching a sermon in favour of the Catholic faith, had a dagger hurled at him by one of the congregation. From this violence he was happily rescued by Bradford, who assuaged the storm of popular tumult. But this was made a charge against him ; and it was alleged that his power to allay the storm proved that he could direct the elements of which it was composed. Though a prebendary of St. Paul's, he preached much in Lancashire, his native county, where his piety and zeal rendered his ministry peculiarly acceptable. Being sent to the King's Bench Prison, he was tried along with Dr. Rowland Taylor for denying the doctrine of transubstantiation, or the corporeal presence of Christ in the sacrament, and asserting that wicked men do not partake of Christ's body in that ordinance. In vain was his fear appealed to. He would admit ot no tenets or practices but such as were contained in the Holy Scriptures; and being found "incorrigible " he Avas deemed a heretic, first excommunicated, and then condemned. For some months he was confined in Newgate, in the hope that he wouM retract his " heretical errors ; " but instead of abjuring, he employed himself in promulgating them, particularly amongst his friends in Lancashire ; and the Earl of Derby, in declaiming against him in the House of Lords, informed their lordships that Bradford had done more hurt by the letters he had written while he was in prison than he could have done by preaching, had he been at large and at liberty to preach.^ " With Bradford," says Bishop Burnet, " one John Lease, an apprentice of nineteen, was led out to be burnt, who was also condemned upon his answers to the articles exhibited to him. When they came to the stake, they both fell down and prayed. Then Bradford took a fagot in his hands, and kissed it ; and so likewise kissed the stake, expressing thereby the joy he had in his sufferings, and cried, ' England, repent, repent, beware of idolatry and false anti-christ ! ' But the sheriff hindering him from speaking any more, he embraced his fellow-sufferer, and prayed him to be of good comfort, for they should sup Avith Christ that night. His last words were, ' Strait is the way, and narrow is the gate, that leadeth into eternal life, and few there be that find it.' " (July, 1555.)' George Marsh, a native of the parish of Dean, was the third and last Lancashire martyr who » When he became religious " he sold," saj-s Simpson, his intimate blood sake of his dear Son, our Saviour Jesus Christ. Ah I good brotliren, friend "his chains rings, brockets, and jewels o£ gold, which before he take in good part these my last words unto every one of you. Pardon used to wear and did bestow the price of this his former vanity in the me mine offences and negligences in behaviour amongst you. The Lord necessary relief of Christ's poor members." of mercy pardon us all our offences, for our Saviour Jesua Christ s sake 2 These letters breathed the most ardent spirit of piety, combined Amen." .^^, ,_^ ^^ , .^ j j -i, „ with an invincible heroism ; and in one of them, addressed to tho •' It is said thot Lord Derby interceded with the queen to spare the inhabitants of "Lancashire and Cheshire," written from his prison a life of Bradford, and that one of his servants proposed to assist Bradford short time before his martyrdom, he thus expresses himself: "Turn to leave the kingdom on conditions which the martyr declined (r.anca- unto the Lord vet once more I heartily beseech thee, thou Manchester, sJiire : Us Puritanism and Nonconformily). The council at first resolved thou Ashton-under-Lyne thou Bolton, Bury, Wigan, Liverpool. Mot- that he should be committed to the Earl of Derby, in order that he might tram Stocnort Winsley ['Woreley] Eccles, Prestwich, Middleton, be burnt in Manchester, but the authorities, from some cause or other Radcliff and thou citv nf West-Chester, where I have truly taught and changed their purpose, and ordered him to be burnt in Smithfield. nrcanhert the word of God Turn I say unto you all, and to all tho Probably the Enri of Derby felt some reluctance to undertake the burning Inhabitants thereabouts • turn unto the Lord our God, and he will turn of the great preacher, whom he had himself encouraged to preach the unto yuu • he will say unto his angel, ' It is enough, put up thy sword.' doctrines of the Reformation. -C. And that' he do this, I humbly beseech his goodness, for the precious 29 218 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiii. suffered in the reign of Queen Mary. This single-minded man had been brought up as a farmer with his father, who was a Lancashire yeoman, but he afterwards embraced the profession of a divine, and to his duties of a curate added those of an instructor of youth. The obscurity of his station did not preserve him from persecution. He was charged with propagating heresy and sowing the seeds of sedition ; and finding that he had become the object of suspicion, he surren- dered himself to the Earl of Derby at Lathom House. Here he underwent various examinations,' and several attempts were made to prevail upon him to espouse the Catholic faith, but as they all proved unsuccessful, he was at length committed by his lordship to Lancaster Castle, where he was again advised and entreated to recant. While in this situation, endeavours were made to extract from him information, whereon to found charges against other persons in the county ; but no motives of fear or reward could induce him to endanger the lives or liberties of his fellow-christians. After remaining some time in confinement at Lancaster, he was removed to Chester, and placed in the bishop's liberty. The bishop's (Dr. Coates's) endeavours to "reclaim" him having proved ineffectual, he was remanded back to prison, and, in a few days, summoned before the spiritual court, assembled in the Lady Chapel of the cathedral church at Chester, where, in the presence of the mayor, the chancellor, and the principal inhabitants of the city, he was accused of having preached most heretically and blasphemously in the parishes of Dean, Bolton, Bury, and Eccles, as well as in other parishes in the bishop's diocese, not only against the pope's authority but against the church of Rome, the holy mass, the sacraments of the altar, and the articles of the Romish faith. To these charges he modestly answered he had preached neither heresy nor blasphemy, and that the doctrines which he believed and had propagated were those sanctioned by royal authority in the reign of Edward VI. On the subject of the power of the pope he did not hesitate to declare that the bishop of Rome ought to exercise no more authority in England than the Archbishop of Canterbury ought to exercise in Rome. This answer raised the Bishop of Chester's indignation to the highest possible pitch, and the torrents of his wrath flowed out with so much fury that he stigmatised his prisoner as " a most damnable, irreclaimable, and unpardonable heretic." After some further endeavour made by the chancellor to reclaim this " irreclaimable heretic," the bishop proceeded to pass sentence upon him, when " the holy church," which never puts anyone to death, delivered him to the secular authorities, and he was consigned to the North- gate Prison, where he remained till the 24th of April, 1555. On this memorable day he was led to execution amidst a crowd of spectators, agitated by conflicting feelings. The scene of this horrible tragedy was a precinct of Chester called Spital Broughton, within the liberties of the city. After the exhibition of a conditional pardon, as was the prevailing practice, from the queen, by the vice-chancellor, Mr. Vawdrey, and the refusal of the martyr to retract his faith, the people, roused to indignation by the barbarous scene that presented itself, attempted to rescue Marsh from the hands of his sanguinary murderers, and sheriff Cowper, sharing the public feeling, joined in the attempt, but he was beaten off by the other sheriff and his retainers. The most composed man in the assembly was the victim about to be sacrificed to his principles. He exhorted the multitude to remain strong in the faith, and the fagots being lighted around him, he surrendered his spirit into the hands of his Redeemer. While these revolting scenes were acting in the north the powers of persecution raged in the south with undiminished fury, and the distinguished martyr, Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, shared the fate of so many of his order. The effect of these sanguinary persecutions was to spread the doctrines they were meant to destroy ; and it may be fairly doubted whether ever so many converts were made to the Protestant faith in the same time as_ during those years, when the seeds of the church were thus watered by the blood of the saints. In the early part of this reign a muster of soldiers was made in the county palatine of Lancaster, from the respective hundreds, of which the following is the abridged record, from a MS. temp. Elizabeth, among the Birch Evidences : — LANCASHIRE MILITARY MUSTER,— Maey, 1553. " Debet Hundred to raise 430 men. Theae were the commandera of them :— „. ,^.^?^^';^' ^."^ °^ Derby, Sir Richard Molyneux, Sir Thomas Gerrard, Sir Peers Legh, Sir John Holcroft, Sir John Atherton, Sir William Noma ; Thomas Butler of Bewsey, George Ireland of Hale, William Tarbock of Tarlock, Lawrence Ireland of Lvdiate, Esquires. "Salford Hundred — 350 men. Tx „ " Sir Edmund Trafford, Sir Wm. Ratcliflfe, Sir Robert Longley, Sir Thomaa Holt, Sir Robert Worseley ; Robert Barton, Edward Holland, Ralph Ashton, Esqs. foUoliL'wXri3«L™r?niS^'"??w"''*'°™4.v'".''''''^'^^ agreeing to acts oonoorning faith towards God and religion, should so T^''i:n^%Tcli^roh,J\Z''^^X^^^ B»n^=^to^c..eenttoputpoornientoashainefa.deathfofe.L..oingth= CHAP. XIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 219 and John and Wm. "Lbyland Hundebd— 170 men. WriJw^gronTqs^"'''^' '^'""' '*^"''*' '''''' ^'-*-''^. R°g- Bradshaw, John Langtree, Peers Anderton, "Amounderness Hundred— 300 men Barton!'S'r" °"''*'' ^" ^"""^'^ ''°"^'^*°" ' """"^^^ ^--". J^^n Kitchen, Riehard Barton. WUliam WeHtWe, " Blackburn Hundred— 400 men John oSot John T^b™:Sr""" '''°'*''°' ''"^ '""""^ '"'''">'• «- John Southworth ; John Townley, Thomas Catterall, "Lonsdale Hundred— 350 men. Oliver maetonX"'''' ''■• ^^'^''^'^''^ '^"°^*^" = Thomas Carus, George Middleton, Thomas Bradley. Hugh Dicconson. and "Hundred of West Derby. The Parish of Ormskirk men 28 The Parish of North Meols „ 9 The Parish of Aughton ,[ 12 The Parish of Altcar 9 The Parish of Hallsall „ 28 The Parishes of Leyland men 36 The Parish of Croston 36 Warton men 6 Carleton .. 8 Hardhome- with- Clifton , 8 Much Eccleston „ 5 Clifton „ 6 Bispham and Norbreke , 5 Scalnew and Straynowe „ 7 Freckleton ,. 5 Thilston ,. 8 Warton .. 4 Newton and Scales ,. 3 Aahton, Inghill, and Cottom ., 3 OutEawcliffe „ 4 Thornton „ 8 Layton and Warbrick ., 8 The Parish of Blackburn men 113 The Parish of Whalley , 175 Cockeram men EUall Wiersdale Wiremore Tumham Ashton and Stodley Scotford Buke and Alkelefe Lancaster Skerton Taisholme. Pulton, and Bare .... Leisham Overton Middleton Haytou and Oxcliffe Halton and Aughton Sline and Heste Bolton Nether Kellet OverEellet Compyne Wraye The Parish of Sef ton men 30 The Parish of Walton , 36 The Parish of Wigan ' 52 The Parish of Prescot .. ............ " 67 The Parish of Winwick ',[ 34 "The Hundred op Letland. Brindle Parish, cum villa men U Parochia de Chorley et vill „ 9 " The Hundred op Amounderness. Pulton men Weton Threleye Houghton Little Eccleston and Larbreke ... .. Upper Rawcliffe and Tornecard ... ,. Little Singleton and Grange , Westby and Plumbton ,. Rigby and Wraye ,. Elliswicke Kelmyne and Brininge .. Kirkham Wassed Lithum ,j "The Hundred op Blackburn. The Parish of Ribchester men "The Hundred op Lonsdale. Barwjcke men Carnford „ Marton „ Silverdale Healand „ Hutton „ Dalton , Gressingham , Whittington „ Newton Docker ,. Tunstall „ Camffeild „ Barrow ,, Loeke ,, Irebie „ Thatum „ Hombye Claughton „ Caton „ 20 The Parish of Leigh men 36 The Parish of Warrington „ 25 The Parish of Childwell , 27 The Parish of Huyton 16 Parochia de Eccleston men 19 Penwortham Parish 17 Elston and Huddersall men 5 7 7 5 5 2 3 5 3 3 11 Gooeenargh.. Much Singleton Whittington Haighton Elson Fryswioke Grymsawre and Unkef all . Ribbleton Lea Plumpton Billesburghe Barton's Newisame Parish of Garatang . 2 45 Pendle Forest men 36 Rossendall Forest „ 36 Furness Bayliwioke of Hawshead men 17 Bayliwicke of Milthwaye „ 8 Ditto of Colton „ 8 Ditto of Grisdale ,. 7 Ditto of Smithwick „ 10 Ditto of Clayfe ., 7 Dalton in Furness 21 Bardsay ,. 2 Kirkby Irelith „ 8 Lanokewioke ., 5 Norland and Egton Ulverston „ 13 Osmunderly „ 4 Pennington „ 3 Torwarbboth „ 7 Hamlet of Cromston „ 4 Doversdale Broughton ,. 7 Much Land ,. 27 Broughton cum Membris, with Township of Cartmell ,. 16 Cartmell. Holcar, and Alithwaite. . „ 15 "Salford Hundred, no particular returns.' Four years afterwards, when England had become involved in that war which expelled her from the continent of Europe, a royal proclamation was issued by the king and queen to Nicholas, Archbishop of York, Chancellor of England, commanding him to cause commissions to be issued under the great seal to the justices of the peace and sheriffs of the counties of Lancaster, Suffolk, and Norfolk, with full powers to array, inspect, and exercise all men-at-arms and men capable of bearing arms, as well archers as horse and foot men, so that from the present time, and in time to 220 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE; chap. xiii. come, they might be arrayed in arms ready to serve their country.' In the same year a levy was made within the county of two hundred soldiers, all archers, "to serve the Queenes Matie under the conduction of S"" Robte Worsley, Knight (of Booths), and Edward Tildesley, Esq. (of Tyldesley and Morley)," the quota for each hundred being as follows : — Hundred of West Derby men 42 „ Salford 36 ,, Leyland ,, 17 „ Amoundernesi 30 „ Blackburn 39 „ Lonsdale „ 36 > 200 archers.' Every archer to be allowed ten shillings in money over and besides his furniture, though whether the sum named was intended for bounty, marching money, or rations is not stated. All this preparation was unavailing : a siege of eight days, under the Duke of Guise, rendered the French, masters of Calais, a fortress which it had cost the conquerors of Cresey eleven months to acquire, and which, for two hundred years, had been held by this country as the key to the dominions of the French king. ' Shortly before the fall of Calais, the Scots, influenced by French counsels, began once more to move on the Border, and to threaten the northern counties of England with invasion. At this Juncture the Earl of Derby, as lord-lieutenant of the counties palatine of Lancaster and of Chestet, addressed a despatch to the Earl of Shrewsbury, lord-president of the north, apprising his lordship of the measures that had been taken to array the levies in Lancashire and in Cheshire against " the Scottish doings,"'' of the number of the forces, and of the captains by whom they were to be commanded. The despatch is of the date of the 29th of September, 1557, and the following are the "Capteyns in the County or Lancaster. "Sir Richard Molynexe (of Sefton), K. [knight], or his son & heire ; a feeble man himself 200 "Sr Thom"s Gerrard (of Bryn), K 200 "Sr Thom"a Talbot (of Bashall), K .-... 200 " Sr Richard Hoghton (of Hoghton Tower), K. not hable himself, but will furnish an hable Gent, to be Capteyn : Bycause he is not hable to goo himself doth furnish but 100 "Sr Thom"s Hesketh (of Rufford), & others with hym 100 "Sr Thom"s Langton (of Waltjn-le-Dale, Baron of Newton-in-Makerfield), Kut. Sr VS^ill"m Noresse (of Speke), Knt., neyther of them hable, but will furnishe an hable Capteyn 100 " S"- Will"m Radclif (of Ordsal), or his son and heire Alexr, who is a handsome Gent. & Sr John Athertou joened w* him '. 100 "Fraunc"s Tun.stall (of Thurland), & others 100 " Sr John Holcroft (of Holcroft), or his son and heire— Richard Asheton of Mydd[elton], and others 100 " It"m, The rest appoynted in Lancashire be of my retynuue. • ^\J'f V^''^' ^°^^- ^^ expedition under the Duke of Guise was directed against Calais. The city, which had been m the possession of England for over two hundred years, was attacked, and after a short siege capitulated, January 7th. The loss filled the whole kingdom with murmurs. England, It was said, had fallen. The queen was in despair, and with her latest breath exclaimed that the loss ol Calais would be found written on her heart. Disappointed in all her hopes, Mary's spirits sank under her accumulated disasters, and at the age of forty-two years she descended childless to the grave leaving the throne to the possession of her half-sister Elizabeth, whose masculine habits and discriminating mind much better fitted her to wield a sceptre. Ihe death of Queen Mary, on the I7th of November, 1558, found the Lady Elizabeth, now become Queen of England^^ at Hatfield; and a summons was immediately sent by the queen's council to the Marquis of Wmchester, the Earl of Shrewsbury, the Earl of Derby, and other noblemen reqmrmg them to repair thither, to conduct the queen to London. Amongst the nobles assembled to perform this first act of loyal duty were the Duke of Norfolk, Lords Aiidley and Merley Lord Dacres of the north. Lord Monteagle, Lord Vaux, Lord Wharton, and many others. In Parliament, the annunciation of Elizabeth by the Archbishop of York was hailed with acclama- tion, and the general cry of "God save Queen Elizabeth," not merely from the courtiers, but also 'Pat. 3 and 4. Phil and Mary (1560-7), p. 5 m II dnra „i • 1.1 • . , , 1, , ,, „ ' Harl. MS. (1926, Art. 6 £ 23) -C slonm their favour ; but though the Scottish nobloa refused to enter on ■■> Queen Mary having, at the instigation of her husband Philin nf ?!,!*« l?"f 'heir sovereign's minority, there was a furious outbreak of Spain, declared war against France, thi Queen DowaacraSi'ReS nf ^o fi?" "'^'' borderers, and raids were made in the name of the Scotland, Mary of Guise, was urged by the'^French eS to mak? aXer- ™ oounties.-C, CHAP. xm. THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE. 221 from the patriots, gave promise that a new and more happy era had already commenced. The state religion was soon destined to undergo another change, but instead of being rapid and violent it was conducted with great prudence ; and that the feelings of the Catholics might not be outraged by a sudden transition, the queen retained a number of her Catholic ministers, taking care to have a sufficient number of the reformed faith to overrule their deliberations. Notwithstanding his acquiescence in Mary's policy, the Earl of Derby had ordered his movements so adroitly as to win the confidence of the new queen. On her accession he was sworn of the Privy Council, and in the following year was made chamberlain of Chester and one of the commissioners of the north. To further the great %york of ecclesiastical reform, the queen set on foot a royal visitation throughout England, and appointed commissioners to visit each diocese, whose business it was to inquire into the late persecutions, to ascertain what wrongs had been done, what blood had been shed, and whowere the persecutors. They were further directed to minister the oath of recognition, and to enioin the new book of service,' which was to come into general use on the festival of John the Baptist. Another of their duties was to examine such as were imprisoned and in bonds for religion, though they had already been condemned, and to liberate them from prison. The commissioners for the north (1559) were, Francis, Earl of Shrewsbury, president of the council in the north, Edward, Earl of Derby, Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, lord warden of the East and Middle Marches, Thomas, Lord Evers ; Henry Percy, Thomas Gargrave, James Crofts, Henry Gates, knts. ; Edwin Sandys, D.D., Henry Harvey, LL.D., Richard Bowes, George Brown, Christopher Escot, and Richard Kingsmel, Esqrs. The northern visitation commenced at St. Mary's, Nottingham, on the 22nd of August, 1559, and was continued throughout the dioceses of Lincoln, York, Chester, and Durham. The commissioners received the complaints of many clergymen, who had been ejected from their livings during the last reign for being married ; and in almost all cases they were restored. Dr. Edwin Sandys, a representative of the ancient family of Sandys of Hawkshead-in-Furness, who had acquired a great reputation for learning and ability in the University of Cambridge, of which he had been vice-chancellor in King Edward's time, was one of the visitors for the northern parts, preached against the primacy of the pope, and did much by his zeal to spread the reformed doctrines f he also endeavoured to prepare the clergy to take the oath of supremacy to the queen, which was required of them, and to Avhich most of them conformed, though in Lancashire there were many who declined to take the oath, and who staunchly supported the doctrine of the real presence in the sacrament. In these times of religious and political excitement the clergy were naturally prone to mix up secular subjects in their discourses, and to convey to the royal ear, when pccasion presented itself, the views of the preachers on the administration of government. This species of preaching a certain great man at court (probably Lord Burghley) writing to Dr. Chadderton, afterwards Bishop of Chester, thought proper to rebuke. " The queenes majestic," saith he, " doeth mislike that those who preach before her should enter into matters properlie appertaining to matter of government, " They were therefore required to abstain from such preaching— not that her majesty wished to close her ears against the advice of those who were moved to desire amendment in things properly belonging to herself, but, on the contrary, was willing to hear any that should, either by speech or writing, impart their sentiments, but she did not wish to be lectured in public, nor to have the affairs of government animadverted upon before the vulgar. ' It having been enacted that the oath of supremacy should be taken to the queen, her majesty issued a proclamation to Sir Ambrose Cave, Knt., Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, dated at Westminster, on the 23rd of May, 1559, directing that this oath should be taken throughout his jurisdiction, both by the clergy and laity." At the same time she directed that all the chantries should conform themselves to the practice of her own chapel, and in that (though much of popish ceremony was retained) she forbade that the host should be elevated, and commanded that the Lord's Prayer, the Creed, and the Gospels, should be read in the vulgar tongue In the following year a number of new bishops were consecrated, amongst whom were Edward Scrambler, J-'-^- lor Peterborough, and James Pilkington, B.D., for Durham, both Lancashire men, and both farm adherents of the reformed religion. Soon after his inauguration. Dr. Pilkmgton preached before the queen at Greenwich, on the mission of a fanatic from the county of Lancaster of the name ot Ellys callinc^ himself Elias. The Bishop of London had, however, so little regard lor the northern prophet and" his "warning voice" that he ordered him, three days afterwards, to be put in the pillory in Cheapside, from whence he was committed to Bridewell, where he soon alter died. Convocation and Parliament, it was used for the first t.mo in the queen's l^lt^^t^.'^kVl"- P-'^ ^ ^'="^- •="• ' ^ private chapel, May 12, 1559. -C, p Strypc's Ann. of ys Keformiition, i. 606. 222 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap, xni The bishopric of Chester having become vacant, in consequence of Cuthbert Scott, " a ferocious papist " as he has been styled, refusing to take the oath of supremacy, the queen issued her mandate to the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, announcmg that the dean and chapter, •with her majesty's license, had elected William Downham to be their bishop and pastor, and commanding'the chancellor to cause to be delivered up without delay the temporalities belonging to the episcopal see within his bailiwick, together with the issues and profits thereof, from the feast of St. Michael the Archangel. The Queen Regent of Scotland having been won over to the designs of the house of Guise for the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic religion, and as a necessary consequence the pulling down of the reformation in Scotland which was then being promoted by John Knox, and ultimately to effect the removal of Elizabeth from the throne of England, a force of three hundred men, of whom seventy-eight were to be archers, was, on the 21st December, 1559, ordered to be raised in Lancashire, and to be under the conduct of Sir John Southworth,^ of Samlesbury, to serve the queen's majesty at Berwick, the fortifications of which had then been recently strengthened. The following is the apportionment : — ^ Hundred of West Derby Salford Leyland Blackburn Lonsdale Amoundernes In the month of January following another levy of two hundred soldiers and two hundred and sixty-seven pioneers^ was raised in Lancashire for service at Leith,^ to be under the command of Thomas Boteler, of Bewsey, and others, the several hundreds providing the quotas named : — ° Hen. 63 Of whom Archers. 16 59 13 15 7 55 15 58 15 50 12 iOO 78 Hundred of West Derby Leyland Salford Soldiers. 40 Pioneers. 53 17 22 37 48 36 48 Amoundernesa 32 43 39 52 200 267 That the nation might be put in a posture of defence, a muster of troops was ordered in the several counties of the kingdom, and the following is the GENERAL MUSTER, IN JAIJUARIE, 1559-60, « Certified within the County op Lancaster. Blackburne Hundred — 407 harnessed men, unharnessed men 406. Amoundernes Hundked — 213 harnessed, unharnessed 369. LoNDESDALL HUNDRED — 356 hamcssed, unharnessed 114. Levlonde Hundred — 80 harnessed, unharnessed 22. Saleforde Hundred — 394 harnessed, unharnessed 649. West Derby — 459 harnessed, unharnessed 413. Sum Total of harnessed men, 1,919. Sum Total of unharnessed men, 2,073. ' Hollinworth says "there was a sore sicknesse" in Lancashire in 1565, which was probably some remains of the plague contracted by the English army at Newhaven, in 1562, at which time, Stowe avers, 17,404 persons died in London alone in one year. Although the progress of the Reformation was rapid in many parts of the kingdom, in the county of Lancaster it was retrograde. The Catholics multiplied, the mass was usually performed, priests were harboured, the Book of Common Prayer and the service of the church established by law were laid aside, many of the churches were shut up, and the cures were unsupplied unless ' Sir John Southworth was a zealous Roman Catholic, and in later life ' These were in the nature of a force of army labourers, their duties suffered imprisonment as a recusant. In a letter from Lords Euro and being to level the roads, throw up works, dig trenches, and sink mines Wharton to J'rancis, iiarl of Shrewsbury (president of the council of the so as to destroy the enemy's fortifications. The name is derived from """lyv J October 22, 1657, the writers state that " Sir John South- the French pionnier, a contraction of piochnier from piocher, to dig.-O. worth had made request that we would be a means to your lordship that •• Leigh is the place named in the MS., but Leith is evidently he might continue m service here with his hundred men. He says he is intended. (See Froude's /fisl. .Sny., v. vli. p. 189.) Leigh in Lancashire is a young man, and desires to know service in war, and as we think him pronounced locally as if spelled Leith.— C. to be commended therein, being a toward and tall gentleman, we require = Harl. MS. 1926, Art. 8. fo. 23 b. There is a slight error in the your lordship to fa,vour this his honest suit." Three hundred men were, addition, though the aggregate is correct, the totals being 201 and 266 T, ''""^commendation, entrusted to his command, to march to Berwick. respectively. -C. A lengthy notice of Sir John Southworth is given in The HMory of the « Harl. MSS. cod. 1926, fo. 4 b. AncimtHaUofSamUabnry.-C ' This document is printed In the original edition from the Harl, MS, Uari. JUS. I'iX, Art. r, fo. 23.— C. 1926, Art. 2. fo. 4 b, but the numbers are inaccurate.— C, CHAP. XIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 223 by the ejected Catholic priests. _ This was thought the more extraordinary, as the queen had instituted an ecclesiastical commission, with the bishop of the diocese at its head, for the promotion of religion. Downham, who had been appointed Bishop of Chester in succession to Scott, and in whose diocese the larger number of the Lancashire parishes lay, was a Protestant of a very mild type, and not much troubled with earnest scruples of any kind, so that Papists and Puritans were left to pursue_ their several courses without much episcopal interference. As might be anticipated, under so negligent a bishop the Reformation progressed but slowly. Romanism held its own, and the gentry openly defied the Act of Uniformity, or complied with it only to such an extent as would save them from trouble. To stimulate the zeal of the prelate, the queen addressed to him, in 1567, a letter of remonstrance, couched in her usual tone of decision, reminding him of his duty, and requiring of him its more vigilant performance. "We think it," says the queen, "not unknown, how, for the good opinion we conceived of your former service, ^ve admitted you to be bishop of the diocese ; but now, upon credible reports of disorders and contempts, especially in the county of Lancaster, we find great lack in you. In which matter of late we write to you, and other our commissioners joined with you, to cause certain suspected persons to be apprehended, writing at the same time to our right trusty and well-beloved the Earl of Derby for the aid of you in that behalf. Since which time, and before the delivery of the said letters to the Earl of Derby, we be duly informed that the said earl hath, upon small motions made to him, caused such persons as have been required to be apprehended, and hath shown himself therein, according to our assured expectation, very faithful and careful of our service."^ In conclusion, the bishop is required to make personal visitation, by repairing to the most remote parts of his diocese, and especially into Lancashire, and to see to it that the churches be provided with honest men and learned curates, and that there be no more cause to blame him for his inattention and neglect. At a subsequent period, the lords of the council wrote to the bishop, complaining that many persons in the counties of Lancaster and Chester absented themselves habitually from church, and from places of public prayer, and requesting that the bishop would take measures to enforce their attendance. To this mtimation his lordship replied that he had made diligent inquisition into the matter of complaint, that some of the gentry and others had promised to be more conformable in future, but that others had disregarded his admonitions, and that he had enclosed a list certifying the names of those who remained obstinate, and of those who promised to conform." The zeal of the Earl of Derby in favour of the reformed faith, so warmly eulogised by the queen, was the zeal of a convert, and therefore perhaps the more lively. In the last reign, his lordshijp embraced the cause of popery, and the committal of the intrepid George Marsh to that dungeon from which he was liberated only to be conducted to the stake serves to show that sudden changes in religious laith were not confined to priests, but that they were extended to nobles, and to a certain extent pervaded the whole people. In the county of Lancaster there was more of consistency than in other parts of the kingdom ; and this is a principle which excites respect, even though it should be a consistency in error. The queen's admonitions to the bishop, as the head of the ecclesiastical commission, produced an immediate effect. The bishop entered upon his visitation with all convenient despatch ; many of the popish recusants, as they were called, were detected in plots to subvert the established religion, and to substitute their own in its stead ; and the county was engaged in a kind of religious warfare, which is described with considerable animation, and probably with as much accuracy as can be expected, by an author having a strong bias towards the Protestant cause : — ' " And first " says our author, " to give some account of the Bishop's Visitation. Which proved thus, according to the Relation he made of it himself to the Secretary in a Letter to him, dated Nov. 1, 1568, ' That he had the last Summer visited his whole Dioceas, which was of Length above sis score Miles ; and had found the People very tractable ; and no where more than in the farthest Parts bordering upon Scotland. Where as he said, he had the most gentle Entertainment of the Worshipful to his great Comfort. That his Journey was very painful by reason of the extreme heat ; and if he had not received great Courtesy of the Gentlemen, he must have left the most of his Horses by the way ; Such Drought was never seen in those Parts. The Bishop also now sent up, by one of his Servants, a true Copy of all such Orders as he, and the rest of his Associates, in the greens Commission Ecclesiastiea , had taken with the Gentlemen of Lanca-shire. Who (one only excepted, whose nanie was John Westby) with rno^* humble Submissions and like Thanks unto the Queen's Ma esty, and to her Honourable Council, received the same , Promis ng that from henceforth they would live in such sort, that they would never hereafter give occasion of Offence in any thing concerning the rCnLnSN« well towards Religion as their Allegiance towards their Prince But notwithstandmg their Promises the Commissioners bound every of them in Recognizances in the sum of an Hundred Marks for their Appearances from time to time, as apraredTn the aboveslfd Orders. And certain Punishments inflicted upon some of them had done so much good in the Country, tKeXhop hoped he should never be troubled again with the like. Nowel, Dean of S. Paul's, London, was a Lancashire man, and was now down fnthlt Country. Who with his continual preaching in divers Places in the County, had brought many obstinate and wiTf ulPeS unto Conformi^. and Obedience, and had gotten great Commendation and Pra.se (as he was most worthy) even "' ^'^Butfowt ^eTdo'^fpSurirwha\t'& detected and discovered among these Lancashire Papists, and the Negligence or Lothness o7 the BiZp to prosecute them. Information was brought into the Bishop by one Mr. Glasier, a Commissioner, and ' l-ap. Office, Strype'8 Ann. i. 644-5. ' Harl. MSS, cod. 286, fo. 28. " Btrype'a Ann. i. 646-562. 224 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xm. another named Edmund Ashton, that great Confederacies were then in Lancashire. And that Sundry Papista were there lurking, ' who had stirred divers Gentlemen to their Faction, and sworn them together, not to come to the Church in the Service time, now set forth by the Queen's Authority, nor to receive the Communion, nor to hear Sermons ; but to maintain the Mass and Papistry. And after this Information, Glasier advised the Bishop to go to the Earl of Darby, and to execute the Commission in. Lancashire ; or else it could not be holpen but many Church Doors must be shut up, and the Curates hindered to serve as it was appointed to be used in the Church. And that this Confederacy was so great, that it would growe to a Commotion, or Rebellion. The Bishop hereupon seat for those Offenders by Precept, but declined to go yet to execute the Commission in Lancashire. Again, Sir Edward Fytton informed the Bishop, that Mr. Edmund Traffoi d spake of these Matters before to him a.s a Commissioner, for to have redress thereof. Whereupon Mr. Gerrard said, that if the Bishop would not go to Wygan in Lancashire, or such like Place, and sit to execute the Commission, and move the Earl of Darby to be there (who had assured them he would sit and assist), he knew that a Commotion would ensue ; and that he knew their Determination was thereunto. For that his Kinsman and Alhance to his Remembrance (naming Mr. Westby) had told him. He would willingly lose his Blood in these Matters. Also he said further, that from Warrington nil along the Sea Coasts in Lancashire, the Gentlemen (except Mr. Butler) were of the Faction, and withdrew themselves from Religion ; as Mr. Ireland, Sir W™- Norria, and many others more. So that there was such a Likelihood of a Rebellion or Commotion speedily, that for his Part, if the Bishop would not go to execute the Commission in Lancashire, he would himself within twelve Days inform the Privy Council. And yet he had desired the Bishop to deliver the Commission unto him, and Fytton to execute : but the Bishop refused, saying he would send for the Offenders. But afterward, the BLshop and Gerrard signed Precepts for divers Papistical Priests and some Gentlemen to appear before the Commissioners concerning the Premisses. " Again, one Edmund Holme made this Discovery ; That there was a Letter written from Dr. Saunders [Nicolas Saunders] to Sir Richard Molineux and Sir William Norris ; the Copy of which Letter was ready to be shewed. The Contents of it, as it seems, were, to exhort them to own the Pope supreme Head of the Church ; and that they should swear his Supremacy, and Obedience to him, before some Priest or Priests appointed by his Authority ; who should also absolve them that had taken any Oath to the Queen as supreme, or gone to Church and heard Common Prayer. Hereupon Sir Richard Molineux did make a vow unto one Norrice, otherwise called Butcher, otherwise called Fisher, of Formeby ; and unto one Peyle, otherwise called Pyck (who reported that he had the Pope's Authority), that he would do all things according to the Words of the said Letter. And so did receive Absolution at Pyck's hand ; And he did vow to the said Pyck, that he would take the Pope to be the supreme Head of the Church. And the said Molineux's Daughters, Jane, Alice, and Anne, and his sou John, made the like Vow as their Father had done. And then they took a Corporal Oath on a Book. And so did John MoUin of the Wodde, and Robert Blundel of Inse, and Richard Blundel of Christby, and Sir Thomas Williamson, and Sir John Dervoyne, and John Williamson. These were some ot those Popish Gentlemen of Lancashire ; and these were their Doings. But the Commission Ecclesiastical, roundly managed, had pretty well reduced them, as we heard before. In what Form the Submission ran, to which these Popish Gentlemen subscribed, before they made their Peace, I know not. But I find this Year one Form offered to Sir John Southworlh, of these Parts (who had entertained Priests, and absented from the Church), by order of the Privy Council ; which was as foUoweth ; — " ' Whereas I, Sir John Soutliworth, Knt., forgetting my Duty towards God and the Queen's Majesty, in not considering my due Obedience for the Observation ot the Ecclesiastical Laws and Orders of this Realm, had received into my House and Company, and there relieved, certain Priests, who have not only refused the Ministry, but also in my hearing have spoken against the present State of Religion, established by her Majesty and the States of her Realm in Parliament, and have also otherwise misbehaved myself in not resorting to my Parish Church at Common Prayer, nor receiving the Holy Communion so often times as I ought to have done : " ' I do now, by these Presents, most humbly and unfeignedly submit myself to her Majesty, and am heartily sorry for mine Offence in this Behalf, both towards God and her Majesty. And do further promise to her Majesty from henceforth, to obey all her Majesty's Authority in all Matters of Religion and Orders Ecclesiastical ; and to behave myself therein as becometh a good, humble, and obedient Subject ; and shall not impugn any of the said Laws and Ordinances by any open Speech, or hy Writing, or Act of mine own ; nor willingly suffer any such in my Company to offend, whom I may reasonably let or disallow ; Nor shall assist, maintain, relieve, or comfort any Person living out of this Realm, being known to be an Offender against the said Laws and Orders now established for godly Religion, as is aforesaid. And in this doing, I firmly trust to have her Majesty my gracious and good Lady, as hitherto I, and all other her Subjects, have marvellously tasted of her Mercy and Goodness.' " But this knight refused to subscribe the submission, any further than in that point of maintaining no more those disordered persons." Mary, Queen of Scots, having at this time been expelled from her throne by her subjects, under the authority of the Earl of Murray, regent of the kingdom of Scotland, sought an asylum in England, but before she could be admitted to the court ic became necessary that she should justify herself from the charge of having been accessary to the murder of her husband. In this she failed— indeed, her agents refused to proceed with the investigation, when the evidence of her guilt became conclusive ; and instead of being admitted to the court of Elizabeth she was ever after kept as her prisoner, first in Bolton Castle, afterwards at the castle of Sheffield, then at Tutbury, and finally at the castle of Fotheringay. Several of Mary's adherents now fled out of England from Lancashire and other parts of the kingdom, and it was discovered in the course of the year (1-568) that sums of money were sent to them from hence, to promote the invasion of England and to re-establish the ancient religion. The recently-created bishopric of Chester was amongst the lowest of the livings in the English Church, not exceeding in value three hundred and fifty pounds a year ; and yet such was the hospitality at this time kept up by the bishops that Dr. Downham, in his application to the Queen for the extension of his commendam, repre- sented that he supported every day, in virtue of his office, " forty persons, young and old, besides comers and goers."_' The bias of the queen's mind was towards the ancient reUgion, with all its forms and ceremonies, so far as Avas consistent with that supremacy which she claimed as the head of the church; and though the real presence was denied by the reformed church she openly thanked one of her preachers for a sermon he had preached in favour of that doctrine.- Celibacy in the ministers of ^ religion was always viewed by her Avith favour ; and all the influence of her favourite minister Cecil was necessary to prevent her from interdicting the marriage of the clergy- ' Bishop Downham's Letter to the Secretary of State, 1568. Hoylin, p. 124. CHAP. xiii. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIEE. 225 While this was the disposition of the queen several of her ministers conceived that the reform in the religion of the state was by no means sufficiently radical ; and not only Cecil but Leicester Knolles, Bedford and Walsmgham, favoured the Puritans, who derived the^ir origin W those exiled ministers that, during the reign of Queen Mary, had imbibed the opinion^of Calvin the reformer of Geneva^ Their historian^ describes the Puritans as objecting to the assumed mZmac^ of the bishops, and the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical court; to the frequent re^ tition of S Lords Prayer mthe liturgy, to the responses of the people, and to the reading of the apocryphal lessons; to the sign of the cross m the administration ol^aptism; and to thering and the Sims of the contract in marriage; to the observance of the festivals in the calendar, the chaunt of the Psalms, and the use of musical instruments in the cathedral services; and, above all, to the haMts "the very hvery of the beast," enjoined to be worn by the ministers during the celebration of dmne services. Dean Nowell, one of the queen's chaplains, so celebrated for his preaching in Lancashire, his native county, was understood to favour the Puritanical doctrines, which was probably one of the causes of his popularity in this county; and Avhen, in a sermon preached before his royal mistress he spoke disparagingly of the sign of the cross, she called aloud to him in the congregation, and ordered him "to quit that ungodly discussion, and to return to his text " i^rom this period through a succession of ages, the county of Lancaster continued much divided on subjects of religion and politics— the Catholics assuming the high church and the monarchical principles, and the Puritans the low church and democratic principles, while the Estabhshed Church held the balance between the two, by turns favouring the former or the latter as best accorded with the objects and views of the existing government; and not unfrequently restraining andeven persecuting both. In no county in the kingdom have the distinctions been so marked as m Lancashire, and in none will this observation be found so unerrino- an index whereby to account for the local feuds and for the party animosities. " Throughout the reign of Elizabeth there were frequent plots and conspiracies to deprive her of her crown and life. Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and her son James were suggested as occupants of the throne to be forfeited, and the Earl of Derby was also named, if only he would once more turn Catholic. Mary of Scotland fully relied on his adherence to her cause ; but had the oppor- tunity offered, it is doubtful whether he would not have considered the title of a Stanley, in whose veins coursed the blood of Henry III., better than either that of Elizabeth Tudor or Mary Stuart. In 1568 secret conferences were held at York between the Bishops of Ross and Liddington, friends of the Scottish queen, and the Duke of Norfolk, to procure the queen's liberty, and secure the duke's marriage clandestinely with her, to which certain Lancashire men were believed to have been privy. Several of the leading families of the north, anxious to re-establish the Catholic religion, and to place Mary, Queen of Scots, on the throne of England, entered into a conspiracy for this purpose, at the head of which stood the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland. One of their first objects was to liberate Mary from her confinement in Tutbury Castle, and Sir Thomas and Sir Edward Stanley, sons of the Earl of Derby, along with Sir Thomas Gerrard and other Lancashire gentlemen, favoured the enterprise. In furtherance of this object the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland put forth the following proclamation : — "THE DECLARATION OF THE EARLS AT THE RISING IN THE NORTH.' " We, Thomas Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Earl of Westmorland, the Queen's true and faithful subjects, to all that came of the old and Catholic Religion, Know ye that we with many other well-disposed persons, as well of the Nobility as others, have promised our Faith to the Furtherance of this our good meaning. Forasmuch as divers disordered and evil-dispoaed persons about the Queen's Majesty have by their subtle and crafty dealings to advance themselves, overcome in thio Realm the true and Catholic Religion towards God, and by the same abused the Queen, disordered the Realm, and now lastly seek and procure the destruction of the Nobility : We therefore have gathered ourselves together to resist by force, and the rather by the help of (jod and you good people, to see redress of these things amiss, with the restoring of all ancient customs and liberties to God's Church, and this noble Realm ; lest if we should not do it ourselves. ^^ e might be reformed by strangers, to the great hazard of the state of this our country, whereunto we are all bound. " God save the Queen." The influence of the leaders of the insurrection, and the attachment of the people to the Catholic faith, drew together an army of four thousand foot and six hundred horse. To strengthen their force the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland addressed a letter to the Earl of Derby (Nov. 27, 1569), requesting him to join their standard, and to procure for them such aid and assistance as his lordship could collect in " all parts of his terrytoryes, to effect their honorable and godly enterprises."^ The rebel earls appear to have had every hope of his lordship's support, and even Sir Francis Leek seems to have had some misgivings as to how far his loyalty could be relied on, for in one of his letters to Cecil he remarks, as if mistrusting the earl, that " all the ■ NeaVs History of the Puritans, oc. iv. -r. ' Harl. MS3. cod. 787, fo. 10 b. ' Burghley's State Papers, 1. 564. 30 226 THE HISTOKY OF LANCASHIKE chap. xiii. keyes of Lancashire do not at present hange at the Earl of Derby's owlde gyrdell." ' The northern earls were out of their reckoning when counting on Lord Derby's support; Catholic though he might be in heart, the family instinct was prominently developed, and, to remove any possible doubt of his sincerity, he redoubled his efforts in harassing and imprisoning the Catholics in his county. Seven days before the date of the rebellious earls' despatch, he had received a commission from the queen, appointing him lord-lieutenant of the county of Lancaster ; and his lordship, without loss of time, inclosed the treasonable invitation to the queen, accompanied by the following despatch : — "THE EARL OP DERBY TO THE QUEEN'S MAJESTY. " My most humble and obedient duty done. It may please your Majesty to understand, that this Day, being the 29th of this Month, one Waliher PasseUwe brought to my Howse a Letter from the Earls of Nortkumlerland and Westmorlunde, together with a Protestation of their undutiful Meaning and rebellious Attempt (as may appear), which the said Passelewe prayed one of my Servants, might be delivered to me : The which after I had received, perceiving the same to be unsealed, and, upon perusing, finding the matter to swerve so far from the Duty of any good Subjects, thought it my Part to give the same to be understanded of your Majesty, and so have sent them enclosed as I received them. The Bearer, because I could not safely send him without Guard, I have sent to come with more leisure, but with as much speed as conveniently may be used. I found with him the like Letter and Protestation sent to my Lord Mounteagle, which I have also sent enclosed. And resting your Majesty's assured at Commandment, beseeching God long to prosper your Majestic, and make you victorious over your enemies, I humbly take my Leave. "From Laihom, my House, the 29th November, 1569. — Your Majesty's most hurnble and obedient Subject and Servant, "Edward Dbbby." The " Rising of the North," as it was called, occurred in November, under the leadership of Percy, Earl of Northumberland. As the old ballad expresses it — " Erie Percy there his ancyent spred, The half-moone shining all soe faire ; The Nortons ancyent had the crosse. And the five wounds our lord did beare." A more ill-concerted and more disastrous enterprise was never engaged in. Lord Derby mustered the forces of Lancashire and Cheshire, but the rebellion, to use the words of the historian, " flashed in the pan," and the earl and his men were not required to take part in its suppression. The queen and her council, ever alive to their duty and the public safety, assembled an army of seven thousand men, at the head of which the Earl of Sussex was placed, attended by the Earl of Rutland, and the Lords Hunsdon, Evers, and Willoughby. The royal army having overtaken the insurgent force in the bishopric of Durham, the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland retreated to Hexham, where, on hearing that the Earl of Warwick and Lord Clinton were advancing against them, they dispersed their forces without striking a blow. The destruction of lives and estates which followed was wide and sweeping enough. The Earl of Northumberland was executed, and the princely house of Neville was overwhelmed in utter and irretrievable ruin. This abortive effort of treason was succeeded soon after by another rebellion in the north, raised by Leonard Dacres, which was suppressed by Lord Hunsdon, at the head of the garrison of Berwick, without any other assistance. Great severity was exercised against such as had taken part in these rash enterprises. Sixty-six constables were hanged^ for neglect of duty, and no fewer than eight hundred persons are said to have suffered by the hands of the public executioner. Fifty-seven _ noblemen and gentlemen of the counties of Northumberland, York, Durham, fee, implicated in this rebellion, were attainted by Parliament in the following year ; but the list of proscriptions does not contain any Lancashire names.'' To guard against the recurrence of rebellion, and speedily to suppress any attempt to disturb the public tranquillity, the levies of troops, armour, and money were very abundant this year in the county of Lancaster; and amongst the original certificates preserved in these returns the following autographs appear :— "Edward Derby, F, Stanley, Thomas Butler, Thos. Gerrard ; Hundred of West Derby.— Thomas Hoghton, Cuthhert Clifton: Hundred of Amounderness.— Thomas Hesketh, Edwarde Standysshe ; Hundred of Layland.— Rich. Shyrburn, Sir Rychard Assheton, John Braddyll ; Hundred of Blackburn.— Wyllum Mountegle ; Hundred of Lonsdale.— Robert Worseley, Edmund Trafford, John Radclyff, Robt. Barton, Edward Holand, Raffe Assheton, Francis Holt ; Hundred of Salford." In the course of the same year a memorable search had been institued in the county of Lancaster, by order of the lords of the council, which was simultaneously made in the other parts of the kingdom, for vagrants, beggars, gamesters, rogues, or gipsies, which was commenced at nine o'clock at night on Sunday, the 10th of July, 1570, and continued till four o'clock in the afternoon of the following day, and which resulted in the apprehension of the almost incredible number of thirteen thousand "masterless men,"^ many of whom had no visible mode of living, "except that which was derived from unlawful games, especially of bowling, and maintenance of archery, and ' Sharp's Memorials of the Bebellion in 1669, p. 374. -C. = Harl. MSS. cod. 309, fol. 201 b. Camden, p. 423. , ^^^^.^ ^^„ .,„!_ ^ p, 5j2_ ~m/ ^^m^ /p^o^f' '^'Pi^^^Z.. ^ (2«T<^J /^,^^«^ ^-?^>^^ ^^^^a/^ (^/«^ CHAP. xm. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 227 who were all passed to their own counties, under the direction of the magistrates " The effect of this vigorous measure ot police, which was continued monthly till the November following was to dimmish the numbers that would otherwise, in those unsettled times, have swelled the insur-^ent iorce and endangered the stability of the government. The Earl of Derby, in the discharge of his duty as the head of the lieutenancy in Lancashire and Cheshire, assembled the lustices of the peace in the palatine counties, in their respective divisions, for the pui-pose of arranging their forces, and for adjusting the assessments to which they should respectively be liable. These arrangements being completed, they were transmitted to the lords m council, accompanied by the following despatch : ORIGINAL LETTER OF THE EARL OF DERBY. J '!J^^^^ honorable my very good Lords aocordinge to the Queen her matea pleasure unto me and others signified by yor letter and articles I have caused the_ Sheriffs, commissioners of the musters, and Justices of the peace of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester (where I am her majesty s lieutenant), to assemble in their accustomed divisions sundry times for the execution ot the same : Who have made inquisition as well touching such sums of money as have been assessed or taxed since the date of her mates l^t commission for musters, for provision of armour, weapons, shot, and such hke. As also for taxations, collections, and assessments of money for the furniture of Soldiers for her mate service with other things in the said letters and articles contained, and have sent unto yor L. herewtn all the said certificates of both Shires, whereof the last came to my hands so latelye as upon Friday last Wch was the cause of so long tract of time of both certificates. Thus wth my very hearty Commendations unto yor good L. I take my leave of you. From Lathom my howse the 7th of September 1570.— Yor good L. very loving Friend assured T 1 •■ i< m ■■ T -, " Edward Derby. Indorsed.—' To my very good Lords of the Queen her mate honorable privy Council give these.'' In another hand. — "1670 7° 7bris _ '_' The Earl of Derby to the Council wtt certificates out of the counties of Lancaster and Chester touching money collected for provision of Armour and Weapons." ^ Devoted as the Earl of Derby had shown himself to the service of the queen, yet suspicion was entertained, and that in high quarters, that his loyalty was of a dubious kind, and that it would scarcely withstand the temptations to which it was exposed from the wicked counsellors by whom he was surrounded. Under the influence of these suspicions it is probable that Margaret, Countess of Derby, after the earl's death, had been apprehended, and placed in confinement ; for, from a letter addressed by her ladyship to Mr. Secretary Walsingham, it appears that she was at one time a state prisoner, labouring under the accumulated pressure of bodily affliction and pecuniary embarrassments. The suspicions against the Earl of Derby were communicated to the queen's secretary of state by the Earl of Huntingdon, in a letter, intended to have been consigned to the flames as soon as it was read, but which has outlived its original destiny. A number of suspicious circumstances were accumulated against the Earl of Derby, and amongst others he was strongly suspected of keeping a conjuror in his house ! The letter was in these terms : — THE EARL OF HUNTYNGDON TO SECRETARY CECIL." " Sir, — I am bolder to write to you of weighty matters, than I dare be to some others ; the Cause I leave to your Consideration, and so to you only I am bold to impart that I hear. The Matter in short is this : Amongst the Papists of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Cousins, great Hope and Expectation there is, that Derby will play as fonde a Part this year, as the two Earls did the last Year. I hope better of him for my Part, and for many Respects, both general and particular, I wish him to do better. I know he hath hitherto been loyal, and even the last Year, as you know, gave good Testimony of his Fidelity, and of his own Disposition ; I think will do so still ; but he may be drawn by evil Counsel, God knoweth to what. I fear he hath even at this time many wicked Councillors, and some too near him. There is one Browne a Conjuror' in his House, kept secretly. There is also one Uphalle, who wa? a Pirate and had lately his Pardon, that could teJl somewhat, as I hear, if you could get him : He that carried my Lord Morley over was also there within this Se'nnight kept secretly. He with his whole Family never raged so much against Religion as they do now ; he never came to common Prayer for this Quarter of this year, as I hear, neither doth any of the Family except five or six Persons. I dare not write what more I hear, because I cannot justify and prove it ; but this may suffice for you in Time to look to it. And surely, in my simple opinion, if you send some faithful and wise Spy that would dissemble to come from If Alva, and dissemble popery, you might understand all ; for if all be true that is said, there is a very fond Company in the House at this Present. I doubt not but you can and will use this Matter, better than I can advise you. Yet let me wish you to take heed to which of your Companions (though you be now but five together) you utter this Matter, ne forU it be in Latham sooner than you Would have it, for some of you have Men about you and Friends attendinge on you, &c., that deal not always well. I pray God save our Elizabeth, and confound all her Enemies ; and thus I take my leave, committing you to God his Tuition. " From Ashby the 24th of August 1570. " Your assured poor Friend, " H. HUNTYNODON. "P.^-.— Because none there should know of my Letter, I would not send it by my Servant, but have desired Mr, Ad to deliver it to you in Secret : When you have read it I pray you to burn it, and forget the name of the Writer. I pray God I may not hear any more of your coming to " The Earl of Derby's loyalty remained unshaken through another ordeal. A new conspiracy was formed by the Duke of Norfolk, in concurrence with Mary, Queen of Scots, whom the duke proposed to marry, in which he was aided by the Duke of Alva, the Spanish general, and the court of Rome, the object of which was to deprive Elizabeth of the throne, and to elevate Mary to that 1 TTari Mq«) Or.A "in? fo 104 belief that he practised the black arts, tor in the Boyle MSS. there is a ^ Lord BurKhlev's State Papers i. 603. memorandum written by Richard Boyle, first Earl of Cork, m which he ■•' Coniurial wai another term for witchcraft, a practice of which the says, " Mumtord resorteth to Stanley's house in Lancashire, withm six earl was Celf s^^eted He was celebrated for his skUl in setting miles of Leerpoole. There he is to be had. There he lately cast out bones and in surgery, and this qualification probably gavs nso to the divels."— C. 228 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiii. distinction. The vigilance and sagacity of Secretary Cecil, now become Lord Burghley, discovered the treasonable confederacy, and the duke was brought to trial before a commission of twenty-six peers, amongst whom were " Arthure Grey, Lord Wylton," and " William West, Lord de Laware."' A unanimous sentence of death was passed against the duke, which was carried into execution in the middle of the following year (1572); and the Earl of Northumberland, for the part he had taken in the northern rebellion, shared the same fate. Against the Queen of Scots, though her prisoner, Elizabeth did not venture yet to proceed to the utmost extremity, but she sent Lord Delaware, Sir Ralph Sadler, Sir Thomas Bromley, and Dr. Wilson, to expostulate with her on her intended clandestine marriage with the Duke of Norfolk, on her concurrence in the northern rebellion, on the encouragement she had given to Spain to invade England, and on the part she had taken in procuring the pope's bull of excommunication against Elizabeth, and particularly upon allowing her friends abroad to give her the title of " Mary, Queen of England." These charges Mary denied, and justified herself either by repelling the allegations or by casting the blame on others over whom she had no control.'' The queen was by no means satisfied with these apologies ; and the temper of Parliament, as expressed in the application for the immediate trial and execution of Mary, showed that a storm was gathering, by which that unfortunate princess was speedily to be overwhelmed. The evidence of the Bishop of Ross, exhibited in the Burghley State Papers,' shows that Mary was, as early as the year 1571, in negotiation with the ambassadors of both France and Spain, for her escape from Sheffield Castle to the Continent, and that she was aided in her design by several Lancashire gentlemen. The bishop says the queen wrote a letter by a little priest of RoUeston's, that Sir Thomas Stanley, Sir Thomas Gerrard, and Rolleston, desired a " cypher for her, and that they offered to convey her away, and willed this examinate to ax the duke (of Norfolk)'s opinion herein." He further says that Hall told him that if the queen would get two men landed in Lancashire, Sir Thomas Stanley and Sir Edward Stanley (the Earl of Derby's son and grandson), along with Sir Thomas Gerrard and Rolleston,'* would assist her escape to France or Flanders, and that the whole country would rise in her favour. The death of Edward, the munificent Earl of Derby, with whom, says Camden, " the glory of hospitality hath in a manner been laid asleep," took place at Lathom House, on the 24th of February in the year 1572 ; and he was succeeded in his title and estates by Lord Strange, a nobleman honoured with the special favour of Queen Elizabeth, and for whose family she entertained the highest regard.'' The progress of public improvement in the county of Lancaster appears to have been slow up to the time of Elizabeth, as may be collected from an expression contained in a petition from Dean Nowell, the founder of the free school of Middleton, for the better encouragement of learning and true Christianity, who, in speaking of the people, designates them as " the inhabitants of the rude country of Lancashire." During this reign the military strength of the kingdom was taken with great accuracy, and from the muster or order of government in 1574 it appears that Lancashire then ranked amongst the first counties in the kingdom in military strength, furnishing 6,000 able men, 3,600 armed men, 600 artificers and pioneers, 12 demi-lances'^ and 90 light horse, and that in number of able- bodied men it was only exceeded by Cornwall, Devonshire, Sussex, Somerset, Norfolk, Oxford, Dorset, Bucks, Kent, Yorkshire, and probably Middlesex, of which the return is only partially given. The population of Yorkshire, when compared with Lancashire, was then in the proportion of nearly seven to one, though now the population of Lancashire is larger than that of Yorkshire. Of the other counties, Lancashire exceeds the highest of them except the metropolitan county of Middlesex. ' The country was kept for years in a state of agitation by religious feuds, and the unceasing efforts of the Jesuits and other emissary priests, sent into the country for the purpose of fomenting sedition, and alluring the people from their allegiance to the queen. To guard against the recurrence of rebellion, and the more speedily to suppress any attempts to disturb the public tranquillity, levies of troops, armour, and money were made, and the military strength of the kingdom fully ascertained. On the 14th March, 1573-4, instructions were issued for the execution of the commission, directed to all the justices of the peace in every shire, for the general musters and training of all manner of persons, able for war, to serve as well on horseback as on foot. In the month of June in ' rfmrl^n^ n 'fi9 ^'^'' ^°' ''''' ° T^^'' nume, from the demi or half lance which they used as aweapon, ' Vol ii en 20 and 112 '""^ ^^ *^'^ ^"^ ^ ''"'^ *> Philip and Mary (156S) given to a class of soldiers < Sir TlinVSoo stn,ii„„ ' Si.. Ti /I , who, having prGviously hocn light horsc, had becoms hcavv cavalpy, sup- ^nnrnhinripi ?;fi ?„^i ?; J + ^'iS™'*^ Gerrard, and EoUeston, were plying the place of the men-at arms. -0 Z?.Sf.°» /t;„r,ii 7?, " ^°™' "^ "'^"^ prisoners. -Xord 'By tlSe population returns of ISSl the numbers stand thus :- ' Burghl^y's«tate Papers ii, 184. Inhabitants of Lancashire ••..•••...■......... 3,«4,441 Yorkshire 2,886,504 OHAP. XIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 229 that year, an abstract was made of all the certificates of the number of able and unable men within the shires of England and Wales, the total number of able men in England being returned at 202,004. The Lancashire muster, of which the following is a copy, was in August, 1574 : — MUSTER OF SOLDIERS IN THE COUNTY OF LANCASTER IN 157 i. ^ " The numbers of demy- lances, horses, geldings for light horsemen, armo"", munition and weapons put in Readiness wtliin the County of Lancaster, as well by force of the statute as granted of good Will, by persuasion of the Commissioners of the general musters. And of the particular names and surnames of them w* do furnish, have and keep the same for her Jiaties Si'vice wcli were Certified into her Hon. Privy Council, conjoined w'li the general musters by force of the First and Second Commissions of the said musters the month of August 16th Eliz. Reginse." Hundred op Dekbt. These are to f urnisb ; — Henry, Earl of Derby (3 lances to be horsemen) SirTho. Stanley, Knt Sir Tho. Gerard, Knt Richard Bold, Esq Tho. Butler, Esq Sir John Holcrof t, Knt Geo. Ireland, Esq Henry Halsall, Esq Roger Bradshaw, Esq Edward Tyldesley, Esq Edward Scarisbrick, Esq Wm. Gerard, Esq, Edw. Norrys, Esq Richard Massye, Esq Peter Stanley, Esq Henry Ecclesby, Esq John Byron, Esq John Moore, Esq Richd. Blundell, Esq John Kylshawe [?Culcheth], Esq Barnaby Kitchen, Esq John Bold, Esq Bartholomew Hesketli Mr. Langton, de Lee Adam Hawarden Richard Urms ton Edmund Hulme (of Male) Thos. Ashton J. Molyneux (of MelUng), Geoff. Holcroft, Rob. Blundell (Ince), Tho. Lancaster, John Rysley — same as Tho. Ashton. Hamlet Ditchfield Humphrey Winstanley John Bretherton, Tho. Moliueux, John Ashton, Tho. Abrahams, Eras. Bold, Rd. Eltonhead, Rob. Fazackerley, Wm. Ashehurst, Lambert Tildesley, John Crosse, and Ellis Kigheley-the same as Humphrey Winstanley. Nicholas Fleetcroft to furnish Richd. Holland, Wm. Naylor, Jas. Lea, Wm. Molineux, Adam Bolton, Rd. Bould, Rd. Hawarde, Ralph Sekerston, Rob. Corbett, and Rd. Mosse — the same as Nicholas Fleetcroft. Summary for the Hundred of [West] Derby Hundred of Leylakd. Sir Tho. Hesketh, Knt., to furnish (and 2 harquebuts) Edwd. Standish, Esq.... Wm. Farington, E^q. (for goods) to furnish Tho. Standish, Esq. (for lands) „ Rd. Lathom, Esq • ■•■■V""i Tho. Aehall, Rob. Charnock, Rd. Ashton— same as Rd. Lathom. Henry Banister, Esq John Adlington, Esq ;"V,V""^u"i r'\l"'-ix7"-"v.i' Peter Farington, wife of Jno. Charnock, Wm. Chorley, John Wright- ington, Gilbt. Langtree, Edw. Worthington, Lawrence Worthmg- ton — same as Jno. Adlington^ ^ «6 30 72 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 39 85 Ins llll 1106 O 3 — , -^ 106 90 5i 71 20 45 2 1 1 harquebut 1 ditto 1 harquebut 1 ditto Harl. MS3. Cod. 1926, foU. 6-19a. 230 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. siir. Hundred op Leyland — continued. Wm. Stopford John Butler [The following 47 persons, each same as J. Butler] — Thomas Stanynawght, George Norres, Richard Todde, Richard Jevum, Rich. Hoghe, John Clayton, Tho. Solome, Wm. Tarleton, John Stones, John Stewerson, John Lightfoote, Wm. Forshawe, Edmunde Parker, Willm. Tayler, Henry Farington, Rich. Foreste, Robert Cowdrye, Henry Sherdley, Rawffe Caterall, Thomas Sharrocke, Thomas Gellibronde, Alexander Brerde, Roberte Farington, Wm. Cowper, Oliver Garstange, John Guerdon, Robert Mollyneux, Edward Hodgson, Richard Withrill, Laur. Garstange, Gilberte Howghton, James Browne, Thomas Dickonson, Laur. Finche, Vx. Thurston Hesketh, John Wakefielde, Seth Forester, James Tompson, Thomas Chisnall, Laur. Nightgall, Vx. Roberte Charnocke, Richard Nelson, James Prescote, Rich. Tompson, Robert Forster, John Lawe, Roger JBrodhurste. Summary for the Hundred of Leyland Hundbbd of Blaokbuen. Sir Rd. Sherburne, Knt., to furnish John Towneley, Esq Sir John Southworth, Knt John Osbaldeston, Esq Tho. Caterall, Esq Tho. Nowell, Esq Rd. Ashton, Esq Jno. Talbot, Esq Kicholas Banester, Esq , John Rish worth, Esq Rd. Gry meshaw, Esq Tho. Walmysley, Esq., Jno. Braddyll, Esq., Hy. Towneley, Tho. Aynsworth, Nioh. Parker— same as Richd. Qrymeshaw. Alex. Houghton, gent Roger Nowell, Esq Wm. Barecroft, Hy. Banester, Tho. Watson, iivaniieydock, Edw. Starkie, Rob. Moreton, Clin Birtwisle, Jno. Greenacre, Nicholas Hancock — same a-s Roger Nowell. Tho. Astley, to furnish Tho. Whittacre, Geo. Shuttleworth, Francis Gartside— same as Tho. Astley. Rob. Smith [The foUowmg 70 persons to furnish same as Rob. Smith.] John Ashowa, Nicholas Robinson, George Seller, Nicholas Halstidd, Wm. Langton, Bryan Parker, Laurence Whitacre, John Ormrode, Rawffe Haworth, Richard Cunlyfie, Rich. Parker, Wm. Barker, Adam Bolton, George Talbot, Thomas Lassell, Thomas Isherwoode, Richard Haberiame, Wm. Starkye, Rich. Harrison, Rich. Crounlowe, Tho. Honghim, Rich. Shawe, Rich. Bawden, Alexander Lyvesaye, William Churchlowe, Rawffe Talbotte, Edwarde Carter, Rich. Woodde, Tho. HoUiday, Roger Nowell, Hughe Shuttleworth, Hughe Halsted, Henry Speake, Tho. Enot, Henrie Sliawe, Peter Armerode, Thoma,s Walmysley, Thomas Dewhurst, Olin Ormerode, John Nuttall, Gilberte Rishton, Nicholas Cunliff, Henrie Barecrofte, Laur. Blakey, John Hargreve, Jftmes Fieldes, James Hartley, Thomas Ellys, Thurstou Baron, Roberte Caruen, George Elston, Barnarde Townley, Oliver Halsted, John Seller, John Pastlowe, John Whittacre, John Aspinall, Roberte Cunliff, Richard Charueley, Geffrey Ryshton, Roberte Seede, Thurstone Tompson, Richard Bawden, Tho. Osbaldeston, John Holden, Gyles Whitacre, Richard Tattersall, Roberte Smithe, Nicholas Duckesburie, William Merser. Summary for the Hundred of Blackburn Hdndbed op Amoundeemess. John Rigmaiden, Esq., to furnish Cuthbert Clifton, Esq '.'.'.!'.'.'.'.'.'.'. John Westby, Tho. Barton, Wm! '' Skillioorne— same ' as ' Cuthbert Clifton. Richd. Traves Jas. Massey, Geo. Alane— same as Rd. Travers'. 11 13 14 Ph6 aP-l 14 14 34 70 Bill men, being able unfurnished 267/ Hundred of Amoundeeness. Archers, being able men furnished by the country with bows, arrows, steel cap, sword, and dagger . 108 ) Bill men, being furnished by the country with jack, sallet, bill, sword, and dagger 152 \ Archers, being able unfurnished , 1201 Bill men, being able unfurnished 459 j Hundred of Salfokd. Archers, being able men furnished by the country with bows, arrows, steel cap, sword, and dagger ... 60 ) Bill men, being able furnished by the country with jack, sallet, bill, sword, and dagger 294 ( Archers, being able unfurnished 72 "i Bill men, being able unfurnished 309 J q / Sum Total of the men furnished with arms at the charges of the country 2375 \ Sum Total of the able men, and being unarmed, certified in this general muster 2495 Under that there was certified, also of labourers or pioneers unarmed 600 This return is sufficiently interesting to give in a more intelligible form, though here again there are discrepancies between the sum of the hundreds and the totals given in the text. 259 130 377 422 456 343 260 579 Hundred. Archers. Billmen. Soldiers. Total. Furnished. Unfurnished. Furnished. Unfurnislied. Furnished. Unfurnished. Deploy 140 59 126 112 108 60 140 40 20 76 120 72 429 200 251 344 152 294 390 90 402 267 459 309 569 259 377 456 260 354 530 130 422 343 579 381 1099 389 799 799 839 735 Lonsdale Amounderness Salford ... Total for the county 605 468 1670 1917 2275 2385 4660 In the same year that these returns were made, a declaration was promulgated of the ancient tenth and fifteenth chargeable throughout the county, of which the following is a summary :— [Harl. MS. Cod. 1926.] " A Declaration of the Ancient Tenth and Fifteenth chargeable within the county of Lancaster, with a note also of the Deduc- tions set down by Sir Peter Leighe and Sir Peter Gerrard, Knights, Thomas Kighley, Esq,, and others Commissioners for the same Deductions by virtue and force of a Commission to them directed in the twenty-fifth year of the reign of King Henry VI. (l**o-7), with a note also of the remaine and declaration of the certain tenth and fifteenth now payable and chargeable through every hundred and part of the said county of Lancaster [xvL Eliz. Reginse, 1574]. Summary. Leyland Hundred Blackburn Salford [West] Derby .... Amounderness . . . . Lonsdale Tenth and Fifteenth. £ s. 36 10 48 8 48 9 125 8 66 17 50 18 d. Deductions. X s. 5 17 11 3 6 15 18 19 16 8 12 3 d. 8 1 8 10 Remainder. £ 8. 30 12 37 5 41 14 106 9 49 17 39 4 " Sum of the ancient tenth and fifteenth within the county of Lancaster, as the same is before particularly set down ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ «W^c^St^=^:^-o/:'^mm;ssionund^^ ^, , 3, before named, bearing date as before, the sum of -_ "And so remaineth payable to the Queen's Majesty for a tenth and fifteenth within the said county "^ ^^^'^^^^' ^^^^ ^ g the sum 31 of. 234 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiii. This is the earliest notice on record of " the ancient tenth and fifteenth " chargeable on each hundred of the county of Lancaster. The taxes called by these names were originally the tenth and fifteenth part of the value of movable goods. They were originally _ assessed on each individual, but in the reign of Edward IIL a taxation was made upon all cities, boroughs, and towns by compositions, and then the fifteenth became a fixed and certain amount — the fifteenth part of the then existing value of the movable property of the place. While these financial arrangements were proceeding, the county was much agitated by religious feuds ; and the ministers of religion were not only threatened with but actually exposed to the dago-er of the assassin. At Manchester serious disputes occurred between the ecclesiastics of the Collegiate Church and the townsmen, induced partly by the unpopularity of the warden and partly by the lurking attachment evinced by a large portion of the people to the tenets of the Roman Catholic religion. The clergy of the church were frequently beaten by the populace, and it is recorded that in Mid-Lent, 1574, one of the preachers, a bachelor of divinity (Oliver Carter), while on his way to perform divine service at one of the parochial chapels, was assailed by one William Smith, of Manchester, who drew out a dagger and inflicted on him no less than three separate wounds.^ In the month of November, in the same year, the Privy Council addressed a communication to Downham, Bishop of Chester, respecting the neglect of worship and of the "godlie exercises of religion" in Lancashire and Cheshire, and requiring him to furnish a list of persons refusing to attend the services of the church. The bishop's reply, which is preserved among the Harleian MSS.,- is dated February 1st, 1575-6. The "Certificate of the Papists" referred to does not accompany the reply, but is doubtless the one given on page 241, and is interesting as furnishing the names of the principal Roman Catholic families in Lancashire at the time. In November, 1577, Downham, Bishop of Chester, died, and with the view of carrying on a more vigorous crusade against Romanism in its stronghold, a distinguished Lancashire puritan, William Chaderton, a native of Nuthurst, near Manchester, was appointed to succeed him. Shortly afterwards he was preferred to the wardenship of the collegiate church at Manchester, holding it in covimendam. Almost immediately after he had entered upon possession of his new dignities he was appointed one of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for the counties of Lancaster and Chester, whose province it was to establish the tenets of the Reformation, and prevent the inhabitants from again degenerating into Popery. As his personal friend and counsellor, Henry, Earl of Derby, was at the time residing at his house at Aldport Park, on the confines of Manchester, the bishop also fixed his abode in the town, and with the earl commenced an active opposition to Romanism. Following his example, several of the magistrates within the diocese set themselves to hunt out seminary priests, to stop their secret masses, and to imprison recusants, particularly those of the leading families, who refused adherence to the reformed religion. New and more severe measures were adopted ; fines were levied against those who did not appear at Church; and this proving ineffectual, the principal offenders were ordered to be imprisoned at Halton Castle, in Cheshire. Subsequently, in December, to suit the convenience of the earl and the bishop, they were removed to Manchester, and there confined, some in the chapel built by Thomas del Bothe on Salford Bridge, which had been converted into a prison, others in the fortified residence of the Radcliffes, called The Pool, the greater number, however, being lodged in a building contiguous to the collegiate residence (the present college or Chetham Hospital) at Hunt's Bank, called the New Fleet, the open insolence of the Jesuit missionaries, who did not even dissemble the fact that their purpose was to absolve all the queen's subjects from their allegiance and obedience, giving absolution under the seal of confession, and acting in all under the direct authority of the pontiff, called forth the Act 23 Elizabeth, c. 1, " An Act to retain the Queen's Majesty's subjects to their due obedience." It declared those to be guilty of high treason whosoever should persuade subjects from their obedience to their queen and from the religion established in England, and should propose to reconcile them to the Church of Rome. _ Saying mass was to be pimished by a fine of 200 marks ; hearing it by a fine of 100 marks (with, in each case, a year's imprisonment) ; absence from the parish church was to be punished by a fine of £20 a month, and if continued a year two sureties of £200 each were to be given for future good behaviour. This enactment, as may be supposed, produced consternationthroughout the country, and in Lancashire, the great stronghold of the Romish party, caused much ill-feeluig, which now and then broke out into open violence. Abstractedly it would appear that the remedy was most severe, and fell hardly on innocent persons, and the measure has been stigmatised as an isolated and unprovoked enactment. Severe though it was, its administration was tempered with mercy, and the French historian, Rapin, has affirmed that " as long as the court ^ Warden Herle's letter to the lord treasurer "concerning some S,ri nriT,?fd hi st°"° °* *?vf *^r°^'^,° by Papists," dated 27tli April, 1674, ' Harl. MSS. Cod. 286, fol. 28.-C. and printed by Strype m the Life ofArchbisJwp Parker, v. ill. , pp. 135-7,— o! CHAP. XIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 235 imagined that these men only administered the sacraments in private to those of their own religion, no notice seemed to be taken of it." ' The urgency and necessity of the times required severe measures. Loyal subjects knew their necessity, and, with few exceptions, they were only resisted and evaded by the traitorous and disloyal. '^ The voluminous correspondence of Dr. Chaderton, Bishop of Chester, preserved by Mr. Peck in his Desiderata Curiosa, extending from the year 1580 to 1586, details with considerable minuteness the proceedings of the ecclesiastical commission in the county of Lancaster during that period, and the object of which commission was to prevent the inhabitants from degenerating again into popery, as well as to punish those recusants, particularly of the leading families, who refused to adhere to the reformed religion. These objects are stated in the following "LETTER FROM THE LORDS OF THE QUEEN'S COUNCIL TO HENRY HASTINGS, EARL OF HUNTINGTON [Lord- President of the North].^ " 1. After our right hartie comendations unto youre good lordship. " 2. Upon notice given unto her Majestie of the falling awaie in matters of religion in sundry of her subjects of good qualitie & others within the countie of Lancaster ; for the avoiding of further inconveniences like to grow thereof, yf speedye redresse he not had, shee hath thought meete at this present to graunt out the ecclesiasticall commission for the diocesse of Chester, directed to our verie good lords the lord archbishoppe of that province, the Earl of Darbie, your lordship, the lord bishoppe of Chester, and others ; whereby you are auctorised to proceed with the saide parties soe fallen away for the reducinge of them to conformitie, or to punishe them acordinge to such direction as you shall receive by the saide commission warranted by the lawes of the realme : " 3. And forasmuch as this infection, the longer it shall be suffered to reigne the more yt will be spred & become dangerous ; therefore yt behoveth that all expedition be used in the execution of the said commission ; which, being presentlye sent to the earle of Darbie, her majesties pleasure is, " 4. That youre lordship, with the saide Earle of Darbie & Bishoppe of Chester, doe forthwith consider & take order for the time & place of your firste meetinge ; & thereof to geve knolege unto the rest of the commissioners, that they may be readie to meete & assist you at the time & place to be appointed. " 5. And as this defection is principalHe begun by sundrye principoll gentlemen of that countie, by whom the meaner sort of people are ledd and seduced ; soe it is thought meter that in thexecution of the commission you begin first with the best of the said recusants. For that we suppose that the inferior people will thereby the soner be reclaymed & brought to obedience ; which, in cure opinions, will be not a little furthered, yf you shall, at the place of youre assemblies, cause some learned minister to preach and instruct the saide people duringe the time of youre staye in those places. " 6. And soe referinge the care and consideration of all other thiuges that maye appertaine to the furtherance of this her majesties service to the good consideration of you the Commissioners, wee bid you right hartelie farewell. From the court at None such, the X. of June, 1580. " T. Bromley, Cane. J. Sussex. Ro. Lecester. James Crofte. W. Burgheiey. A. Warwicke. Henry Hunsdon. Era. Walsingham. E. Lincoln. F. Bedford. Chr. Hatton. Tho. Wilson. "To our verie good lord the Earle of Huntington." This despatch is followed by two others, the first of which (June 29, 1580) directs that no question whether this ecclesiastical commission supersedes the former shall prevent them from proceeding with their duty ; and the latter (July 3) directs that the penalties against the recusants for not coming to church shall be advanced, and that the chief of their number shall be imprisoned in Halton Castle, in the county of Chester, with the diet to be allowed them after the manner of the Fleet Prison in London. The next communication from the lords of the council (July 15) signifies that the queen having granted the fines laid upon certain popish recusants in Lancashire to Mr. Nicholas Annesley, and he having been obliged to take out a distringas on their lands and goods, the commissioners are to see that the said distringas is duly executed by the sheriff, and the forfeitures paid to Mr. Annesley. This is followed by a letter from Lord Burghley to Dr. Chaderton (July 23), touching the ill state of Lancashire at the time when the high commission first repaired thither, in which it is announced that the queen has sent a letter of thanks to_ the Earl of Derby for his zeal in endeavouring to reform the county. His lordship, at the same time, expresses his wish to obtain a proper person to whom he may entrust the care of the tenants of Manchester College ; and after giving the bishop hopes that his firstfruits may be remitted, he gives him this statesman-like advice as to his behaviour both to great men and to poor: "And nowe, good my lorde, that you are once entered into the way of reformation, remember S. Paul, tem-pestivl, intempestivl Somewhere you must be as a father, somewhere [as] a lord. For so the diversitie of your flocke will require. With the meanest sort, courtesie will serve more than argument ; with the higher sort, auctoritie is a match." From a subsequent despatch (July 26) from the lords of the council to the Bishop of Chester, it appears that the people of Lancashire had much disputing about the bread of the holy sacrament— whether it should be common bread or of the wafer kind on which point their lordships decided that the communicants in each parish should use that which they liked best till the Parliament had taken further order m the matter. To the Parliament was also referred the question whether fairs and markets should be continued on the Sabbath days or they should be discontinued. In a letter of July 31 from Sir J^rancis ' Tindal's "Eapin," v. ix. p. 620, ei 1729. ' History of Samlesbuiy, pp. 60, 61.-0. " Peck's Desid. Cur. p. 85. 236 THE HISTOKY OF LANCASHIEE. ohap. xiii. Walsino'ham to the Bishop of Chester, the queen's resolution was communicated to deal with the recusants, and it was at the same time stated that good preachers were wanted in Lancashire.' In a despatch of the 29th of September, from the queen to the Bishop of Chester, his lordship and the dean and chapter are required to furnish out three light horsemen for Ireland ; and, at the same time, the rectors of Wigan, Winwick, and Middleton are required by the council to furnish out three more light horsemen, being each one. Two following despatches of November 12 required that certificates of the recusants should be returned from Lancashire, if not as perfect as possible yet as perfect as they can be made. The prevailing evil of young gentlemen being educated abroad in popish countries is dwelt upon, and divers gentlemen in the diocese are required to be called before the bishop, and to give bonds for calling their children home in three months. In a communication from Edwin Sandys, Lord Archbishop of York, to William Chaderton, Lord Bishop of Chester, an account is given of an " exercise " lately held in Yorkshire, probably on account of the great earthquake of the 6th of April, 1580. In the following year (1581) the prosecutions against the popish recusants were still more strongly pressed by the lords of the council ; and Sir John Southworth, Lady Egerton, James Labourne, Esq., John Townley, Esq., Sir Thomas Hesketh, the lady of Mr. Bartholomew Hesketh, Campion the Jesuit, James Aspden, John Baxter, Richard (a priest), William Wickliffe, and Richard Massey, are mentioned as of that number, all of whom were placed in confinement, and subjected, as the correspondence sufficiently indicates, to heavy penalties and to personal privations. As is usual in times like these, pretenders to supernatural gifts were abroad in the county; and one Elizabeth Orton made no small stir by two feigned visions which she pretended to have had, and accounts of which were spread abroad amongst the Catholics and other ignorant people, to mislead the vulgar, and unsettle the minds of the well-affected. This unfortunate girl was publicly whipped (July 22), in order to extort from her a confession ; and the experiment at first succeeded, but she afterwards retracted her declaration, made before the bishops and the other ecclesiastical commissioners. That confession was, however; thought too valuable to be lost, and, notwithstanding her retractation, it was publicly read in the parish church, and in other places where the fame of her visions had been divulged. In addition to Halton Castle, in the county of Chester, the new Fleet at Manchester, which had been erected specially for the purpose, was used as a prison for the recusants ; and Sir John Southworth was kept in confinement there, under the wardship of Mr. Robert Worsley, of Booths, an active public officer. In the course of this correspondence, the lord president of the north (^December 7) commends the design of the Bishop of Chester to live at Manchester, and wishes him to set up a lecture there, to commence every morning at six o'clock, and every evening at seven o'clock.^ Notwithstanding all this vigilance, the lords of the council still complained to Mr. Richard Holland, high sheriff of the county (December 14), that though an Act had been passed in the last session of Parliament for all recusants to be proceeded against at the quarter sessions, yet nothing was done in Lancashire ; and they required the justices of the peace to meet and cause the rural deans, ministers, and churchwardens to present all such recusants upon oath at the next quarter sessions, or, in case of neglect, to return the names of all absent justices, and other defaulters, to the Privy Council.^ Amongst the most distinguished of the recusants was Father Edmund Campion, the Jesuit already mentioned,'' who openly "exhorted the queen's women to commit the like against the queen as Judith had done with commendation against Holof ernes." ^ After having passed through ' Owing to the Impoverishment of the Church at the time of the Manchester to read prayers in the apartments where the prisoners were Reformation, and the inadequacy of the endowments of many of the confined, especially at mealtimes, so that they had the pleasant alterna- beneflces, there was much spiritual neglect in the pari.shcs, and a great tive of taking theological nourishment with their food, or going without lack of learned men to preach the reformed doctrines. To remedy victuals altogether ; and the more scrupulous elected to be deprived of tlie evil, certain itinerant ministers were appointed, eJled liing's or their meals rather than endanger the health of their souls by taking in a Queen s Preachers, whose duty it was to preach the reformed doctrines nourishment, as they ooniectured, to poison their better part.— C. m out-of-the-way places, m this then out-of-the-way county. The office ' The Parliament of January, 16S1, declared the crime of absolving seems to have been onginaUy instituted when the College of Manchester or withdrawing others from the established religion high treason, was dissolved in the early part of the reign of Edward VI , when the Earl and adjudged that the penalty of saying mass stould be increased to two ot Uerby, to whom the College-house and lands were transferred, was hundred marks and one year's imprisonment; of hearing mass, to one required, as a condition, to appoint and maintain four such preachers, hundred marks and imprisonment for the same period ; that the fine for not only ta solemnise the parochial services at Manchester but to visit absence from church shoflld be £20 a lunar montli ; and if extended to a and preach in the several churches and chapels in the neighbourhood. year, the offender to find two sureties for his future good behaviour in Ihe original grant was t40 a year to each. In Elizabeth's reign, and at it:iO0 each ; and to prevent the concealment of priests as tutors or school- the commencement of each succeeding reign until the crown lands wore masters in jirivate famihes, every person acting in such capacity, without subjected to the authority of ParUameut, a sum of £200 a year was voted the approbation of the ordinary, was liable to a year's imprisonment, and lor tne payment ot lour preachers, either as itinerant or as oliiciating the person who employed him to a fine of £10 per month. 23 Eliz. c. 1. in poor eha,pelries. Alter that time the annual grants of Parliament were * A letter from Campion to the pnvy council, offering to avowand substituted for the roj'al bounty. Ihe office was regulated by James I., to prove his Catholic reUgion by disputation, before the doctors and out ot zeal to Oocl s glory and care to the souls of many thousands ot masters of both universities, concludes in a strain worthy of an ancient His Majesty s subjects in this county of Lancaster, there being great martyr: "If," says he, " these my offers be refused, and my endeavours want of maintenance for preachers in most placos of that shire." The can take no place ; and I, having run thousands of miles to do yon good, number was conlinued at four, who were to preach among the impro- shall be rewarded with rigor, I have no more to say, but to recommend priations subject to the appointment of the Bishop. During the your case and mine to Almighty God, the searcher of hearts, who send Commonwealth period the amount paid was largely increased, and the us of his grace, and sot us at accord before the day of payment. To the lorm of grant was altered ; but after the Restoration the original end at last we may be friends in heaven, where aU injuries shaU be payments were re-established.— 0. forgotten " > j = Dodd affirms that Bishop Ohaderton gave orders to the clergy of ■> Camden's "Annals Elizabeth," p. 262, edit. 1635.— C. CHAP. XIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 237 the counties of lork and Lancaster, disseminating the Catholic doctrines, he was apprehended in London and committed to the Tower, where, by the operation of the rack, he was brouc^ht to divulge the names of the persons by whom he had been entertained, and in which number the following inhabitants of Lancashire appear : " Talbot, of , Esq. ; Thomas Southworth, Gent • Bartholomew Hesketh, Gent.; Mrs. Allen, Widow; Richard Hawghton, of the Park, Gent ; Westby, Gent.; Rygmaiden, Gent." It further appeared that he was in these places between Easter and Whitsuntide last past ; and that during that time he resided in Lancashire at Mr. Talbot's and Mr. Southworth's. On the 12th of November Campion was brought to trial in London, along with seven other persons, before Sir Christopher Wray, the lord chief ju°stice, charged with conspiring the death of the queen's majesty, the overthrow of the religion now professed in England, and the subversion of the state. On the trial a letter was produced, written by Campion, the prisoner (in 1581), to a person of the name of Pound, a Catholic, in which the writer said, "It grieveth me much to have offended the Catholic cause so highly as to confess the names of some gentlemen and friends in Avhose houses I have been entertained : yet in this I greatly cherish and comfort myself, that I never discovered any secrets there declared, and that I will not, come rack, come rope." Though the prisoners, particularly Campion, defended themselves with great ability, they were all found guilty, and the Jesuit, and three of his fellow-prisoners— namely, Thomas Cotton, Robert Johnson, and Luke Finley — were executed. ' The lords of the council, in a despatch to Henry Stanley, Earl of Derby, and William Chaderton, Lord Bishop of Chester, thanked them in the queen's name for their brisk proceedings against the recusants, and desired them to go on ; thanking them also for removing such as were prisoners at Chester to the new Fleet in Salford, and expressing their sorrow that priests were lurking about the country under the name of school- masters, whom they wished to have apprehended and brought to punishment. In another despatch from the Archbishop of York to the Bishop of Chester, the bishop is required to reform Mr. Wigington, a young Puritanical minister, or, if that is not practicable, to prevent him from preach- ing in his diocese. The expense of supporting the recusant prisoners could not be defrayed out of the monthly forfeitures levied in the diocese on the recusants, and therefore the collection of eight- pence per week in every parish, allowed by the statute of 14 Elizabeth for the relief of other poor prisoners, was ordered by the lords of the council to be converted to this use, and letters were written to the Earl of Derby, the Bishop of Chester, and the justices of the peace in Cheshire and Lancashire (June 24, 1-582), to give orders for that collection to be made forthwith. It was also ordered that Sir Edmond Trafford, the late sheriff of Chester, should pay the sum of one hundred marks, levied by way of fine in his shrievalty on James Labourne, Esq., a recusant, to Robert Worsley, keeper of the new Fleet, in Manchester, for the diet and other charges of the priests and other poor recusants in that prison. To save charges, Sir Francis Walsingham, in a letter to the Earl of Derby (June 30), requested that the most inoffensive poor recusants, as women and such like, might be discharged upon their own bonds. The collection of this parish assessment, though amounting to only eightpence weekly for each parish, appears to have been attended with great difficulty, to obviate which, Mr. Worsley transmitted a proposal to Government (Dec. 3), wherein he offered, if he might have a year's collection beforehand, to erect a general workhouse for the whole county of Lancaster, there being then none in existence. This scheme the lords of the council strongly approved, and recommended that Mr. Worsley's proposal should be acceded to, both in Lancashire and Cheshire, but the undertaking seems to have failed. The following letter, having reference to the objections which had been urged against the weekly payment of eightpence from each parish, occurs in " Strype's Annals : — The lords of the council to the Earl of Darby and Bishop of Chester, concerning the weekly collections to be made in his diocese for maintenance of popish recusants in prison. After our hearty commendations to your good lordships. i. i • Whereas, by direction from us heretofore by sundry letters written unto you, you have preceded to the levymg ot a certam contribution by 8d. by the week upon every parish within the diocess of Chester, levy-able by the statute of the xiy year ot her majesty's reign, for the feeding and maintenance of prisoners committed to the common gaols of the counties witlim that diocess ; which contribution not having been, sithence the stablishing of that statute, collected, and (as we have been mtormed) we did conceive that the same might have been gathered, and employed in the maintenance of such prisoners, as being persons dangerous to the state, and committed to safe custody, to the end they should not pervert her majesty's subjects with popery and disobedience ; but that certain of the justices of the peace in the counties of Lancaster and Chester have been here with us, and declared unto us that the inhabitants of either county do murmur and find themselves grieved with the payment of that contribution, as well tor tnat the 8am.e is conceived not to be agreeable with the meaning of the statute, as that it is not indifferently laid among them m respect of the parishes, being of unequal numbers of householders ; some containing many, and some but a few ; and yet the tax equal, botn to the great and to the less. ■ According to the TMatrurn. CrwOditatU Hcmticorum in AnglU, there nine abbots, and three priors, l^^^i^?^ «l"y:'™JiiS^^^ were executed of prieste and others of the ixipish religion, in Queen in several prisons ; in addition to which, there wei^esix laics one^^^ EUzabeth's reign, from 1670 to 1617, thirty-one priests and thirteen lay- was Sir Thomas More, late lord chancellor, and another the Oountess ol men. In Henry VIII.'s reign, from 1637 to 1543, according to the same Salisbury, authority, there were executed fif ty-two priests, including one cardinal. 238 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiii. Upon consideration whereof, we think it not convenient to lay any charges upon her majesty's subjects more than the law may warrant, or the necessity o£ her majesty's service, with regard to her prerogative, may be allowed. So in case of such necessity as this is the same tending to the benefit of her majesty and her estate, we did little expect any such disliking of the inhabitants of the said counties, as by some of the justices hath been declared unto us. And so much the less, because we never underatood thereof from your lordships, and the greatest number of the best affected of the justices of those counties : who, as we are informed, did joyne with your lordships in the assessing of the said collections, of whom many have lately written unto us for the continuance thereof shewing the benefit already grown thereby. Considering also, that by yielding thereunto, the whole diocese was to have been eased of the number of rogues, vagabonds, and masterless persons wandering and pestering the same, who, by the erecting certain hoiises of correction, were to have been set on work, and employed in honest and commendable arts and exercises. And albeit upon this information upon the pretended grievance of her majesty's subjects, wee do think it convenient to have the said collection of 8i by the week to be stayed ; yet before we could give any direction thereunto, not knowing what your lordships and the rest, by whom the same hath chiefly been dealt in by our directions, can say to the information in that behalf delivered unto us, we have thought good first to acquaint you therewith, that we might receive your answer, knowledge, and opinion thereof : which we pray you to certify with as convenient speed as you may. And so we bid your good lordships right hrtily farewel. From the court at Greenwich the 6. of July, 1583. (Signed) Tho. Beomelet, Cane. W. Burghlet, A. Wabwike, Rob. Lbtcestee, and divers more. Lord Burghley, and the other lords of the council, in a letter (Jan. 18, 1583) to the Earl of Derby and the Bishop of Chester, thanked them in the queen's name for the pains they had taken in the examination of James Labourne, a layman, about whom they had ordered the queen's council to consider how far he might be punished for his lewd speeches, which punishment speedily ensued. Labourne, having been brought to trial, was convicted and executed, on a charge of haviag conspired to subvert the queen's government, and to overturn the religion of the state. The lords of the council, though not disposed entirely to liberate either Sir John Southworth or John Townley, Esq., from their confinement in the Fleet at Manchester, submitted to the Earl of Derby and the Bishop of Chester (Feb. 22) whether they might not relax the severity of their imprisonment. The expense of the prison establishment in Manchester at this time was so considerable that Mr. Worsley brought in a Bill (July 6) for the diet of sixteen recusants to the amount of six hundred and fifty pounds, which neither the fines, which were very large, nor the collections of eightpence per week from the parish, which were very small, and deemed to be illegal, were equal to pay. The justices of Lancashire, therefore (Oct. 7), made an offer of a year's contribution to meet this expense, which example the lords of the council urged the justices of Cheshire to imitate. At this time many Jesuits and other priests were abroad in the county of Lancaster, the antidote for which pest, the lord-president of the council of the north conceived, was best to be found in zealous Protestant preachers, and, in particular, he hoped a good one would be placed at Preston, which, being a central part of the county, it was desirable should be well supplied. At the same time, Archbishop Sandys composed a monitory letter, which he addressed to Dr. Chaderton, and the other bishops of his province, urging them to take the sword and armour of the Spirit to defeat the common enemy, and to defend the faith even to blood and death. The fibres of superstition had, he said, taken deep root in the land. To these he lu-ged them to apply the sharp sickle of God's word, to build up the walls of Jerusalem, and with all earnestness to shake down the cruelty and tyranny of Antichrist, to check the stubborn and contentious enemies of the Church with a rod of iron, and to restrain them from infecting the sound with their leprosy.' An obscure letter, from Sir Francis Walsingham to the Earl of Derby (Nov. 30), communicated the fact that Mr. Cartwright, a Puritan minister, and a number of Popish rescuants, were in Lancashire, for remedy of which he recommended good preachers. In this letter it is stated that Somerville entertained the disloyal intention of assassinating the queen, and that, in order to avert the consequences of his treason, he had feigned himself to be mad, but it appeared on examination that he was not labouring under any mental distraction. The parochial weekly collection, though yielding little revenue, was still pressed on by the lords of the council; and those gentlemen who opposed it, especially Mr. Bold, were ordered (Dec. 2) to be sent up to London, to enter into recognisances to appear before the council, as well as those who subscribed their names both for it and against it, and those who promised to join with the Earl of Derby and the Bishop of Chester, but yet forsook them. Ferdinand Stanley, Lord Strange, in order to show his zeal in the prosecution of recusants, addressed a letter of congratulation (Dec. 16) to the Bishop of Chester on the good opinion entertained of his behaviour by the lords of her majesty's council, and also on the good opinion they entertained of his father the Earl of Derby. As a further act of grace to Sir John Southworth, the lords of the council addressed a letter to the Earl of Derby (23 Feb., 1584), the Bishop of Chester, Sir John Byron, and Sir Edmund Trafford, signifynig their wish that Sir John might, at the instance of his son, have the liberty or certain walks, which he had formerly been permitted to take, but which Mr. Worsley had refused to grant him, on account of Sir John not being present at the saying of grace, and refusing to 1 Libr. CouT. and Oaius Con. CHAP. XIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIEE. 239 read the Bible. _ By another dispatch (March 22), permission was granted to Mr Townlev a prisoner for rehgion at Manchester, to repair to London for medical advice, at the request of D^ean St ' ^^p7°y^l^y« brother-m-law. In a despatch (March 22) to the Earl of Derby and the Bishop of Chester the lords of the council signify that there being several popisWriests now P'TtT.t tl. "''^'flV'^P'T'J''^^/^' q^^eei^'s ^utjects from their allegiL^itYs ttouX good that they should be tried for the same, ^.^ terrorem, at the next assizes; and that kv gentlemen recusants, their prisoners, be made to pay for their diet, or be put upon pr'ison al owance^ The zeal of the council, against the recusants was not confined to one sex, fo?, in a letter (Ma? 2) ^ vZl^l H wv'' Walsingham to the Bishop of Chester, his lordship is desired to cause Mr Bartholomew Heskeths wife,_ a daughter _ of Sir John Southworth, and a busy recusant to be apprehended He is also desired to inquire into the reason why " Sir John Southworth is minded to disinherit his son and to take care to prevent his so doing.^ Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester in a letter to the bishop (June 5), expresses his approval of the recognisance of Sir Thomas Hesketh, and intimates his intention shortly to visit his cousin the Earl of Derby It appears that some apology was thought necessary to be made by Her Majesty's Council to the ecclesiastical commissioners ior the_ removal of Sir John Southworth and Mr. Townley from Manchester to London. Their lordships therefore stated to the Earl of Derby and the Bishop of Chester that these gentlemen having paid their fines according to the late statute, could not any longer remain justly committed, and_ moreover that they would do less mischief in London than in Lancashire • but that It the commissioners thought it absolutely necessary for the ends of good policy or for their own sake, they should be sent back to Manchester. To turn the disloyalty of the subiect to the advantage of the state, the fords of the council wrote to the sheriff's and justices of Lancashire requiring the recusant gentlemen in that county to set forth certain horsemen for the queen's service, or, in lieu thereof, to pay a composition in money of twenty-four pounds for every horse- man ; and the queen, whose zeal for the military service was not less active than that of her mmisters, addressed a letter to the sheriff" of Lancashire, ordering him to levy two hundred footmen m that county for the Irish service, without parade ; the said men to be ready at three days warning, to march under Edmund Traffbrd, Esq., whom she had appointed to be their captain, all furnished with calivers, corslets, bows, and halberts, to which were afterwards added swords, daggers, doublets, hose, and cassocks. In a letter from the lords of the council (June 25, 1585) to Ferdinand Stanley, Lord Strange, the Bishop of Chester, and the justices of Lancashire and Cheshire, it is signified that several libels having been formerly pubHshed against the queen, and now a vile book (" Leicester's Commonwealth "; against Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, the queen cannot forbear rebuking soine fortheir great slackness in not suppressing the former libels, and requiring them to be more diligent in taking care of this last, both the queen and they knowing the Earl of Leicester to be clear of the aspersions contained in it. The last public letter in the series of the Chaderton MSS. is from the queen to the Bishop of Chester (Jan. 23, 1686), signifying that her majesty, being resolved to assist the Hollanders against the King of Spain" with a thousand horse, besides foot, and the clergy, in case the King of Spain should prevail, being in as great danger as herself, she had thought good that they should provide some of the said horse, or allow twenty-five pounds for each horse and furniture to buy them abroad — the Bishop of Chester, and his clergy in particular, to fit out as many horse as directed in the following schedule, sent with the queen's letter : — ■ SCHEDULE. 1. The bishoppe, 3 ; 2. The deane, 1 ; 3. The chapter, 2 ; 4. Edward Fleetwood, parson of Wigan, 1 ; 5. John Caldwell, parson of Wynwicke, 2 ; 6. Edward Ashton, parson of Middleton, 1 ; 7. John Nutter, prebendarie parson of Sefton, of Aughton, and Bebington, 1 ; 8. Ed- Gerrard, prebendary in Southwell, and parson of Stopport in Cheshire, 2 — total, 13. In the " Harleian Collection of Manuscripts"^ in the British Museum, we find a number of original papers relating to " recusants and others," from which are made the following extracts relating to the county of Lancaster : — Papers Relating to Recusants and other Religious Criminals. (Originals. J This ys the names of all the bishops doctors priests that were prisoners in the Fleet for religion synce the fyrste yere Fo. 76. of the raygne of quene Elizabethe, a.d. 1558. gnt.] [There are 18 entries on this paper, of which the 17th is Mr. Prestwick, gentleman, 16 of December, 1562. [Fol. 7 b. * Sir John Southworth 's eldest son had become a convert to the 2 Elizabeth wag very slow in consenting to enter upon this expedition, reformed religion — an act that there was some fear would cost him for to support subjects against their sovereign appeared to her to be little his inheritance : hence the Bishop of Chester was directed to inquire less than treason against the rights of monarclis. Eventually, however, into the matter, that "in case the bad father have so ill a meanynge her scruples were overcome by the combined counsels of Burleigh, Wal- towards his eldest and best soon, some order may be taken to stay his singham, and her special favourite, Leycester.— C. purpose, and to preserve the inheritaunce for its right heire." — 0. ^ Cod. 360. 240 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xlii. Persons to be sought for. [The names of these persons are written under each other in one column, and opposite most of the names are remarks stating the quaHty and condition of the person, his haunts, &c. The following appear to be Lancashire gentlemen, but there are no remarks :] The Sonne of Sr Ths. Gerrard ; Bouth, gen ; Stanley, gen. [The above seem to have been suspected of implication in Babington's Plot, for under one remark is written, " whereof the servants of Babington can further shewe."] 10 Sep. 1586. A Collection of Sundry Persons as well Priests as other ill-affected "to the State. jf JH^ There is no Lancasliire gentleman under this head, but in the two following, which are lists of names, and styled in the Catalogue, " Advertisements touching others," and " discovering more of the same Gang," there are these :— Mr. Charnock of Ashby ; Mr. Hilton [Hulton] of Hilton Park ; Sr. John Eatolyffe, a daungerous Temporiser; Burton, a Priest rejDayning with the wyfe of Sr. Thomas Gerott's [Gerard's] base son, being a Fleming born, and a very great harborer of the ill-fated gent, in those parte, — she remaineth for the most part at Checkerbent in the house of Ralfe Holme, a Recusant ; Mr. Standish of Standish ; Mr. Haughton of Haughton Tower ; Henry Davys, sometime very inward with Shelley. [FoL 14.] Names of such as are detected for reoeiptinge of Priests, Seminaries, c, in the County of Lancaster. This appeareth by the presentment of Ralph Serjeant, Churchwarden of Walton in Ledale. — Jane Eyves of Fishwick, widow, receipt the Sr. Evan Banister, an old Priest ; Sr. Richard Banister, an old Priest, is receipted at the house of one Carter, uere to Runcorn Boat. This appeareth by the presentment of the Vicar of Garstang. — One named little Richard receipted at Mr. Rigmaden's of Weddicar, by report. This appeareth by the presentment of Law : Procter, sworne man of Brihilt.— One Duckson, an old priest, eontinueth in Samlesburye by common Report. This appeareth by the presentments of the Curate of Burnley, and the Churchwarden of the Church. — Robt. Woodroof, a seminary Priest, receipted at the house of Jenet Woodroof of Banktop in the parish of Burnley within this half-year, by common report. This appeareth by the presentment of the Vicar of Whalley. — John Lawe, a seminary priest, receipted in divers parts of Lancashire as specially in the parishes of Ormskirk, Preston, Blackburne, and Whalley. This appeareth by the presentment of the Parson of Wigan : — 1. Henry Fairehurst of Winstanley, yeoman; 2. Thomas Orrell of Winstauley, yeoman; 3. Thomas Berchall of Billinge yeoman ; 4. James Winstanley of Billinge, yeoman ; 5. John Roby of Orrell, yeoman ; 6. Henrie Iiaithewaite of the Medowes, gent. ; 7. John Culchethe of Abram, gent.; 8, 9. Myles Gerrerde of Ince, esquire, and his wyfe. These Persons are presented (by great and Common fame and reporte) to be receiptors of Priests hereafter named, viz. — Bell ; Burton ; Mydelton ; Alex. Gerrard, brother to Miles Gerrard of Innce, esquire ; James Foord, son to Alex. Fourd of Swindley, gent.; John Gardner, brother to Kobt. Gardner of AspuU, gent. ; Alex. Markland, son to Matthew Markland of Wigan ; Pilkingtou, born in Standish Parish ; Worthington, born in the same parish ; Stopforth. This appeareth by the presentment of the Curate of Chippin. — Guile, a Priest receipted at the house of James Dewhurst of Chippin by the report of John Salesburie of Chippin. This appeareth by the presentment of the Vicar of Deane. — Divers Priests harboured at the house of Ralphe Holme of Checkerbent This appeareth by the presentment of the Curate of Sephton. — James Darwen, a seminary priest, receipted at the house of Richard Blundell of Crosby esquire by common report. This appeareth by the presentment of the Vicar of Kirkham. — Richard Cadooke, a seminary priest, also Diev. Tytmouse, conversant in the company of two widows, viz., Mistress Alice Clyfton and Mistress Jane Clyfton, about the 1st of October last, 1580, by the report of James Burie. This also appeareth by the presentment of the Vioar of Kirkham. — Richard Brittain, a priest receipted in the house of William Bennet of Westby, about the beginning of June last, from whence young Mr. Norrioe, of Speke, conveyed the said Brittain to the Speke, as the said Bennet hath reported. The said Brittain remayneth now at the house of Mr. Norrice, of the Speke, as appeareth by the deposition of John Osbaldston (by common report). Fo. 32 b. — This appeareth by the presentment of Tho. Sherples. — James Cowper, a seminary priest, receipted, relieved, and maintained at the lodge of Sr. John Sowthworthe, in Samlesburie Park, by Mr. Tho. Sowthworth, one of the younger sons of the said Sr. John. And at the house of John Warde, dwellinge in Samblesburie Park side. And the said priest sayeth mass at the said lodge and at the said Warde's house. Whither resorte Mr. Sowthworthe, Mistress Ann Sowthworth, John Walmesley, servante to Sr. John Sowthworthe, Tho. Sowthworthe, dwelling in the Park, John Gerrerde, servant to Sr. John Sowthworthe, John Singleton, John Wrighte, James Sherples junior, John Warde of Samblesburie, John Warde of Medler the elder, Henry Potter of Medler, John Gouldou of Winwick, Thomas Gouldon of the same, Robt. Anderton of Samblesburie, and John Sherples of Stanleyhurst, in Samblesburie. This appeareth by the presentment of Tho. Sherples — At the house of William Charnooke of Fulwood, gent., was a Mass done on our Lady Day in Lent last by one Evan Bannister, and these persons were at it: — William Harrison of Fulwood and his wife, Richard Harrison and his wife, James Sudale of Haighton, Thomas Sudale and his wife, George Berley and his wife, Jeffraye Wirdowe of Owes Walston and his wife. This also appeareth by the presentment of Tho. Sherples.— At the house of James Sherples in Samblesburie was a Masse done on Candlemas Day by one Henry Dueson, alias Harry Duckeson, and these persons were at it: — John Sherples of Stanleyhurst in Samblesburie and his wife, and his son Thomas and his daughter Ann, and Rodger Sherples and his wife, and Richard Sherples, and the wife of Harry Sherples, and the wife of Hugh Welchman, and Thomas Harrisson and the wife of Thomas Welohman the elder, the wife of John Chitome, Robt Blackehay, Thomas Duckesson of Houghton, James Duckeson, the wife of Harrie Bonne. Fo. 33. At the lodge in Samblesburie Parke, there be masses daily and seminaries, diverse resorte thither, as James Cowpe Harrison Bell, and such like. The like unlawfull meetings are made daily at the house of John Warde, by the Park side of Samblesburie, all whiche matters, masses, resorte to masses, receiptinge of seminaries, will be justifyed by Mr. Adam Sowtheworthe, Thomas Sherples, and John Osbaldston. CHAP. XIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 241 Diocese of Cheater. Com. Lane. ^ Cuthbe Clifton (of Clifton), Esq. Amounderness i-Johii Westone, Esq. Deanery. J Alexander Houghton (of Hoghton), gent. Leonard Houghton and his wife Mres Burton, widow Thomas Burton, her son Wm. Skellicorne (of Frees in Kirkham), gent., and his wife (Jane daughter of Thos! Houghton of Hoghton). Bridgett Browne, widow Garge Clarkson, gent. John Hothersall, gent. Thomas Dicconson (of Eeolesto ), gent. Obstinate Willm. Hesketh (of Aughton), gent. George Walton, gent. Thomas Coston (? Croston) and his wife Wm. Hardock (? Haydook), junior, and his wife Wm. Easton, gent. John Singleton (of Stayning), gent. George Houghton, gent. James Eues Richard Eues George Butlor John Hothersall, husbandman Thomas Walmesley Rogerson, widow, and her children Eobte Midgeall, gent. Conformable Arthur Houghton, gent. "Wife of George Sothworthe, gent. George Copell, gent., and his wife Thomas Cowell Thomas Cradon Blackburn Deanery tfohn Sothworth (of Samlesbury), Knt., and the lady (Mary, daughter of Sir Richd. Assheton of Middleton) his wife Thomas Sothworth, his son and heir John Sothworth, gent., Sonne to John Soth- worth, Knt. Anne Sothworth, his daughter Dorothie Sothworth, his sister John Talbott, Esq. John Townley, Esq., and his wife Tho. Catherall, Esq., and his wife Henrie Lowe, junior Margaret Lowe, widow Obstinate James Hargreues Lucie Townlie John Yate, son to John Townley, Esq. Com. Lane. Blackburn Deanery. Conformable ) Ellen Bannister, wife of Eobte Banester, gent > Anne Townley, wife of Henrie Townley, gent ) Jenet Paslowe, wife of Francis Paslowe, gent John Rishton, gent. John Rishton, husbandman Randle Ferrand Richard Wodde Richard Hinley * * Y Wm. Rishton, gent., and his wife Ellen Rishton, widow Gilbert Rishton, gent., and his wife Lun. Whittacre, gent. * * * Warrington Deanery Hamlet Holcrofte (of Little Wolden), gent., and his wife Dame Margaret Atherton, widow Tho. Mollinex, gent. Matthewe Travys John Mollinex, "schalerner" Obstinate Elizabeth Hesketh, widow Eliz. Sutton, widow Eliz. Kighley, gone Stanley, widow, and Anne her daughter One Bineston, her servant Wm. Hetcher Kat. Marsh, wife of Humfrey Marsh Henry Richardson Conformable Edward Chawner (? Challenor) Manchester Deanery Wm, Hulton (of the Park), Esq., and his wife, obstinate [Several names follow, belonging to the county of Chester, after which are — ] Com. Lane. t John Sothworth (of Samlesbury), Knt. Item. t Cuthbert Easton, Esq. t John Talbot (of Bashall), Esq. t John Townley (of Townley), Esq. t Thorn. Caterall (of Caterall and L.ttle Mitton), Esq. t Alexander Houghton (of Hoghton), gent, t Thomas MoUinex, gent. + John Hothersall (of Hothersall), gent. + Matthewe Travis, yeoman Com. Cost. John Whitmoi*, Esq. Wm. Houghe, Esq. Of all the rest these twelve^ are in or opinions of longest obstinacy against Religion, and if by your Loi-dships' good wisdomes they could be reclaymed we think the other wold as well follow their good example in embrasinge the Queen's Majesty's most godly proceeding as they have followed their evil example in " contemprising " their duty in that behalf. Indorsed— Feb. 9th [or 7th], 1575. In the Elizabethan age, when taxation had not attained its present perfection, the counties were called upon to supply their monarch with the substantial viands which graced even the breakfast table of her majesty. ^ The county of Lancaster, by an agreement entered into at Wigan ^ There ara only eleven names here. 2 Expenses of Queen Elizabeth's Table. The Queen's Majesty booke signed with her hand. The Queen's Majesty's diet, as she hath been daily served. Bkeakfast. Cheat and mancheat fid. Ale and beer 3Jd. Wine, 1 pint 7d. Flesh for Pottage. Mutton for the pot, S st 18d. Long bones, 2 st 6d. Ise bones, 2 st 2d. Chines of Beef, 1 st 16d. Short bones, 2 st 4d. Chines of beef, 1 stone I'ld. Conies [rabbits] 2 stone 8d. Butter, 6 dishes fid- Sum 8s. 6id. (rather 7s. 8 J d. ) Surcharged 5s. 5d. Cheat and mancheat, S 8d. Ale and beer, 6 gallons 10^. Wine, 1 pint 7d. Flesh for Pottage. Mutton for the pot, 4 st 2s. Long bones, 4 st 12d. Ise bones, 3 st 3d. Chines of beef, 1 st 16d. Chines of mutton, 2 st 2a. Short bones, 1 st 2d. Chines of veal, 3 st 6d. Chickens for gruel, 2 7d. Veal, 2 stone 2s. Chines of beef, 1[? stone] 16d. Butter, 21b Sd. Sum 13s. HJd. ELIZABETH E. 32 242 THE HISTOR'Y OF LANCASHIKE. chap. xiii. by the Earl of Derby, the Bishop of Chester, Lord Strange, and a number of the justices of the peace there assembled, compounded, on behalf of the inhabitants of the county, for the provision of oxen and other cattle for Her Majesty's household ; and Sir Richard Shirburn and Alexander Rigby, Esq., on their resort to London during the ensuing term, were authorised to ratify the ao-reement with "Mr. Treasurer, Mr. Controwler, and Mr. Cofferer," with whom it was agreed that the county of Lancaster should yield yearly for that purpose forty great oxen, at fifty-three shillings and fourpence apiece, to be delivered at her majesty's pasture at Crestow. This grave matter beinc adjusted, the following award was made from each hundred, in ratification whereof the undersigned affix their hands : — [Westl Derby Hundred, £26 ; Amounderneas, £16 10b. ; Lonsdale, £16 10s. ; Salford, £16 10s. ; Blackburn, £16 10s. ; Leyland £8. Total, £100.— If the sum shall come to more or less, the same to be increased or abated after this rate. H. Derby. W. Cestr. Fer. Strange. Eichard Shirburne Richard Brereton James Ashton Chribtopher Anderton Tho. Ecoleston John Byron Richard Holland Edw. Tyldesley Robert Worsley Nicholas Bauester John Radcliffe Wm. Farington Richard Ashton Robert Langton John Bradley For the Provision of Oxen for the Queen's Majesty's Household. These contributions, which were reduced to a money charge, having subsequently fallen into arrear, a purveyor was sent down by the government to execute the commission by seizing the oxen in the county ; but the Earl of Derby, aided by his treasurer, took order for enforcing the payment of the composition, and in any case where the money could not be had the commissioners were directed to take in lieu thereof, " for her ma*° provision. Bacon, and such lyke thinges."^ The exactions of these purveyors "for her majesty's household and stables" had become so notorious, that in the year 1.590 a commission was instituted in Lancashire to investigate these delinquencies, and to certify the same to the queen's government. A manuscript book of correspondence relating to the lieutenancy of the county of Lancaster, from the year 1582 to the end of Queen Elizabeth's reign, is deposited in the Harleian Collection in the British Museum,^ and serves to show with how much diligence the affairs of the queen were administered during that period. These documents, though many of them highly interesting, and calculated to shed much light upon the early history of the county, are too voluminous to be comprised in the limits of a county history, and can therefore only be interwoven into the general history in abstract. In Folio 54 of this manuscript a despatch appears from the lords of the council, signed Tho. Bromley, Cane. E. Lyncoln, R. Leicester, W. Myldmaye, F. Bedford, Chr. Hatton, J. Crofte, Wm. Burghley, F. Walsingham, R. Sadler, addressed "to the justices of the peace inhabiting within the hundred of Salford," apprising them that her majesty's service in Ireland requires to be supplied with fifty soldiers from this county, and directing that the levies be made, so that the men may be at Liverpool ready to embark on the 15th of December, prepared with such arms and accoutrements as are necessary for their complete equipment, or that the sums necessary for that purpose be forthcoming. The number of men to be provided from the respective hundreds in the following quotas : — " Men to be made forth of these hundreds following : Derby hundred, 10| men ; Lonsdale, 9i men; Salford, 9 men — £38 6s.; Blackburn, 9?,- men; Amoundernes, 7 men; Leylond, 4i- men. Total 50." On the receipt of this mandate a letter was addressed by " Ric Holland, Vic." from Heaton House, summoning Sir Edmund Trafibrd, and the other justices of the county, to meet at Ormskirk, on Saturday, 1st of December (1582), to take the necessary order for carrying her majesty's commands into effect.'' This series of official documents illustrates the correspondence contained in the Chaderton MS., and here we find the_ proceedings adopted against the recusants, as detailed in a despatch of the 20th of June, wherein the sheriff and justices of the county of Lancaster are directed to proceed against the principal offenders, forbearing for the present to prosecute those of the meaner sort, but to call beforethem, at their quarter sessions, recusants being of the quality of gentlemen and upwards, and ladies and gentlewomen widows, and to take bonds and securities of them for their personal appearance at the next assizes for the county of Lancaster, that conviction and judgment may ensue. To guard_ against remissness in the discharge of this duty, they are warned to take care to answer her majesty's expectations, and the trust committed unto them, seeing that the judges of assizehad received directions to examine and take account of their doings, and to report' the same in writing to the council. In the following year (1583) her majesty's service in Ireland required that Lancashire, instead Codex 1926. See also Mr. Harland's Lancashire Lieutenancy under = Ibid, the Tudors, c. (vola. 49 and 60 of the Ohotham Society's seiios). 3 qq^ 1925, fo. 72 b. CHAP. XIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 243 of fifty, should send two hundred able-bodied men to that country, to be in readiness to meet at Chester on the 10th of September, to embark from thence for Ireland. ' To obviate a complaint that had been made to the queen and her council, to the effect that the men, when placed under the command of strangers, were not treated with " that love and care" that appertained to them, her majesty, by her letters, recommended that they should be placed under the son of Sir Edmund Trafford, and that they should be furnished with " swords and daggers, and likewise convenient doublets and hose, and also a cassock, or some motley or other sad green colour or russet." The hundred of Salford furnished one-fourth of the whole number, and the letter of Sir Thomas Preston, summoning the levy to muster at Preston, required that they should come provided with weapons as follows : " 20 w*^ calivers, 10 w**^ corslet and pikes, 10 w*'^ bows and arrows, and 10 w"' halberds or good black bills." The urgency of the occasion is strongly indicated by the super- scription of the letter, which runs thus: " Deliver this Letter to the next justice of peace of the hundred aforesaid, and he to break it open, and aiV the perusal thereof to be sent from one justice to another, that no delay be in the service w'^in contained."^ In the year 1585-6 the county was visited by a famine and by a murrain amongst cattle, which was felt with great severity in the north; and her majesty, in her royal solicitude, directed the lords of the council to address a letter to the sheriff and justices of the peace in the counties of Lancaster and Chester,' requiring that the gentry of those counties should strictly abstain from killing and eating flesh in the time of Lent, and other prohibited days, not only from the effect that the abstinence of their own families would produce, but from the benefit of the example amongst those of a meaner sort. These orders were addressed to the sheriff of Lancashire by the lords of the queen's council, and were generally diffused throughout the county. The violation of the Sabbath had long been complained of in Lancashire, and one of the objects of the ecclesiastical commission sent down by Queen Elizabeth into this county was to remedy these enormities. For the same purpose a letter was promulgated by the magistrates of the county signed by Jo. Byron, James Asshton, Edm. Hopwood, Robte Worsley, Ric. Shirborn, Bryan Parker, Th. Thalbotte, Tho. Talbot, Edm. Trafforde, Ric. Brereton, John Bradshawe, J. Wrightington, Nicholas Banester, Ric. Asshton, Alex. Rigbie, and Edm. Fleetewoode. The complaint was, that the Sabbath waa profaned by " Wakes, fayres, markettes, bayrebayta, bull baits, Ales, Maygamea, Resortinge to Alehouses in tyme of devyne service, pypinge and daunoinge, huutinge and all maner of vnlawU gamynge." For reformation whereof it was ordered to give in charge at the quarter sessions to all mayors, bailiffs, and constables, as well as to other civil officers, churchwardens, &c., to suppress by all lawful means the said disorders of the Sabbath, and to present the offenders at the quarter sessions that they might be dealt with for the same according to law. It was also directed that the mmstrels, bearwards, and all such disorderly persons, should be immediately apprehended and brought before the justices of the peace, and punished at their discretion ; that the churchwardens should be enjoined to present at the sessions all those that neglected to attend divine service upon the Sabbath Day, that they might be indicted and fined in the penalty of twelve-pence for every offence ; that the number of alehouses should be abridged, that the ale-sellers should utter a full quart of ale for a penny, and none of any Jess size, and that they should seU no ale or other victuals in time of divine service ; that none should sell ale without a licence ; that the magistrates should be enjoined not to grant any ale-licence but in pubhc sessions ; and that they should examine the officers of the church and of the commonwealth to learn whether they made due presentment at the quarter sessions of all bastards born or remaining within their several precincts ; and that thereupon a strict course should be taken for the due punishment of the reputea parents according to the statute ; as also for the convenient keeping and relief of the infants. This rigid moral discipline was much complained of by some of the gentry, and still more by the labouring classes ; and when, at a subsequent period. King James, m his progress, visited the county of Lancaster, he not only rescinded the orders but he founded upon that Act his book ot Sabbath sports, the consequence of which was felt for succeeding ages. But of this more in its proper^place.^ against the queen, and against the established Protestant Church of England, both foreign and domestic, awakened in the nation a spirit of fervent loyalty; and an association of Lancashire gentlemen, on the model of the Earl of Leicester's association was formed lor the defence of Queen Elizabeth against the machinations of Mary Queen of Scots and the othei enemies of the state. In the declaration promulgated by this association^ *?!q "^"f fwtlvps divine right of kings and queens is strongly insisted upon, and the associators Pledged themselves in the most solemn manner to defend the queen against a 1 her enemies foreign '^^'^ dornestic in confirmation of which they took a solemn oath upon the holy Evangelists, and m witness whereot they affixed their hands and seals as follows : — > Harl. MSS. cod. 1926, fo. 103 b. well as the close proximity of their county to Ireland and Scotland, led ' nan. MSS. coa. lazo, lo. lua u. , , j -^ v, t * * „t,^,»„t n,?d hPiw levies unon the flower of the peasantry darmg tho ' The ancient practice of England was not only to permit but *» *;X °Lriod of EuSethTi^grr absolutely to require that every able-bodied freeman under sixty years dist"rbed perio^ tl f 'cm-^io'i of the Scots, or guarding ^, ^St,^L^ti^,'s'ii=?-^The=.^^ -f gSS9f^k^^i!^r''- ""• 244 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. XIII. Hen. Derby W. Cestren : Fer. Stranghe Rychard Sherburne John Badclyffe Thomas Houghton Edward Butler Byohard Ashton Edward Norres Thomas Holcroft Edward Osbaldeston Kychard Holland Rychard Boolde Edward Scaresbrecke Thomas Hesketh John Holcroft Richard MoUineux Eauife Ashton Eobt. Langton Myles Gerrard Willm. More Adam Langhe Robt. Charnocke Richard Ormeston Willm. Holton William Thorneborowe Edward Stanley Edmund Chaderton Gilbt. Langtree John Croft Thomas Leighe Edward Braddle John Wrightington Edward Rawstorne James Browne Barnabie Kilchin Edward Halsall Edward Tildisley Henry Stanley senior Willm. Farrington Henry Stanley John Byrome Wilm. Massye Edward Tarbucke Peter Stanley Thomas Talbott John Bradley John Culcheth John Ryshley George Ireland Charles Holt Thomas Goodlowe Thomas Morley Thomas Ashton Alexander Barlowe Frauuoes Holt James Ashton Henry Eocleston Alexander Rigbye James Anderton Barth. Hesketh Lawrence Ireland Thomas Lathome John Grenalghe Henry Banestr Nycholas Banestr Thomas Lancaster Rychard Eltonheade Robt. Holt Edward Chaderton Frances Tunstall Willm. Skillioorne Edmund Prestwiche John Singleton Henrye Butler Thomas Brookholes John Massye William Redman Aleu Holton Willm. Kirbye William Radclyffe Edward Worthington Thomas Woofall In this list of loyal and patriotic Lancashire men occur the names of many who still adhered to the ancient faith, a circumstance that would seem to justify the boast sometimes made by Roman Catholics of the loyalty of their forefathers to a Protestant queen on the approach of the Spanish Armada. Undoubtedly many of them were faithful to the crown, and it is not less certain that the best of the old Catholic peers and gentry were out in the Armada year ; but there was a special feature of this eventful period that must not be overlooked in considering the forces which then disturbed the kingdom. There were at the time two parties in the Roman Church, both of them the objects of popular distrust, though each had very different aims in view. There was the English Catholic, who, while bent upon destroying the government of the queen, was yet loyal to the queen herself, though his loyalty was often sorely tempted by intriguing ecclesiastics; and there was the Roman Catholic whose disloyalty was stimulated and encouraged by Jesuits and other foreign emissaries, who, resolved upon subverting the religion and liberty of England, had prevailed with their disciples to accept a foreign purpose and a foreign prince. The former reverenced Rome as the oldest of the Latin sees, but he was proud of his English birth, and loving his country as other men loved it, was prompt to march when a foreign enemy threatened to profane its soil ; he clung to ancient forms, and was desirous of seeing them restored, but he was in every other sense an Englishman, and imbued with the grand old spirit of patriotism which recoiled with aversion from an act that would imperil the greatness or welfare of his fatherland. Whilst the latter was only English in name, Spain was his only country, and Philip his only king and the Roman Church, if the Pope was its head and his cardinals its officers, was undoubtedly with him in abetting the Spaniard in his projected invasion. Many of the Catholics acted traitorously towards their country, and were ready to go to any extreme of perfidy and treason if only they could thereby serve the church ; but it should also be remembered that there were very many among them who, amid the social disabilities and persecutions to which they were subjected, never wavered in their patriotism or in their loyalty to the crown. Upon this declaration of loyalty an Act of Parliament was framed, by which, after reciting that sundry wicked plots had lately been devised and laid, as well in foreign parts as within this realm, to the great endangering of her majesty's royal person, and for the utter ruin and subversion of the commonwealth, it was ordained, that if at any time, after the end of the then present session of Parliament, any open invasion or rebellion should be had or made of her majesty's dominions, or any act attempted leading to the hurt of her majesty's royal person, by or for any person that shall or may pretend title to the crown of this realm, or if anything be compassed or imagined tending to the hurt of her majesty's royal person, by any person, or with the privity of any person that shall or may pretend title to the crown, then, by her majesty's commission under her great seal, the lords and others of her majesty's privy council, and such other lords of ParHament, to be named by her majesty, as with the said privy council shall come up to the number of twenty-four at the least, shall, by virtue of this Act, have authority to examine all such offences, and thereupon to give sentence or judgment as upon proof shall appear to them meet. Mary Queen of Scots had long been a prisoner in England ; and it requires no sagacity to perceive tha,t this Act was passed specially to bring her and her adherents to trial before a new species of tribunal. The occasion was not long wanting. The conspiracy, formed in the year 1586, by Anthony Babington, a young man of fortune, residing at Dethick, near Wmfield, in Derbyshire,' where Mary was then a prisoner, and which had for its object to assassinate Elizabeth, and to elevate Mary to the throne of England, followed so speedily upon the passing of the new Act as to CHAP. xm. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 245 raise the surmise that the plot had been arranged to promote the interest of Mary's enemies, rather than to advance her cause. Babington found Uttle difficulty in organising a band of assassins. At the head of these fanatics stood John Savage, a man of desperate courage, who wished to monopolise the glory of despatching the heretical queen ; next in order followed Babington himself, and he had associated with him Barnwel, a man of noble family in Ireland ; Charnock, a gentleman of Lancashire, and Abington, whose father had been cofferer to the queen's household. Walsingham, the queen's secretary, whose vigilance never slept, and who had engaged Maud, a Catholic priest, and a party in the plot, as his spy, became perfectly acquainted with all the proceedings of the conspirators ; and when the proofs against Mary had sufficiently accumulated, she was arraigned and brought to trial, October 12, 1586, charged with having, with others, compassed the queen's death and the subversion of the established religion of the realm. After much hesitation, she consented at length to plead, and declared herself not guilty. Amonost the forty commissioners appointed under the authority of the Great Seal to sit in judgment in this case were Sir Thomas Bromley (Lord Chancellor), the Earl of Shrewsbury, the Earl of Derby, Lord Grey de Wilton, and Sir Ralph Sadler, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with Sir Christopher Wray, the Lord Chief Justice, and four other judges. The correspondence of Babington and Mary, carried on in cypher, and proved by her secretaries, Nau and Curie, was laid before the commissioners, from which it appeared that Babington had informed her of the designs laid for a foreign invasion, the plan of an insurrection at home, the scheme for her deliverance, and the conspiracy for assassinating Queen Elizabeth, by " six noble gentlemen," all of them his private friends, who, from the zeal which they owed to the Catholic church and her majesty's service, would undertake the tragical deed. To this, Mary replied that she approved highly of the design, that the gentlemen might expect all the rewards which it would be in her power to confer, and that the death of Elizabeth was a necessary circumstance, before any attempts were made either for her own deliverance or for an insurrection.' It was also proved that she had allowed Cardinal Allen, a native of Lancashire, but long resident in Rome, to treat her as Queen of England, and that she had kept up a correspondence with Lord Paget, for the purpose of inducing the Spaniards to invade this kingdom. It was further proved that Cardinal Allen and Parsons the Jesuit had negotiated by her orders, at Rome, the conditions for the transfer of the English crown to the King of Spain, and for disinheriting her heretical son, James YI. of Scotland. The trial, as might have been expected, terminated in the conviction of Mary. When the verdict of " guilty " was given, which, under the provisions of a recent statute^ annihilated her claim to the crown, the streets of London blazed with bonfires, and peals rang out from steeple to steeple. On sentence of death being passed, the Queen of England hesitated long whether to inflict the utmost sentence of the law or to extend the royal clemency to her unfortunate kinswoman ; but the force of public opinion was carrying all before it. The unanimous voice of the people, the importunity of Parliament, and probably the queen's own secret inclinations, at length decided that Mary should be executed. When Elizabeth sullenly consented, and flung the warrant, signed, upon the floor, the Council took upon themselves the responsibility of executing it, and the Earl of Shrewsbury, the Earl ot Kent, the Earl ot Derby, and the Earl of Cumberland, attended by two executioners, went down to Fothennghay, in Northamptonshire, for the purpose of seeing the sentence of the law carried into effect. ' Mary received the fatal intelligence without dismay, and suffered on the scattoid (February 8, 1587) with a degree of heroism which proved that she considered herself rather as a martyr to the holy Cathohc religion than as a traitor to the state. _ Whfle these transactions were pending, the alarm of Spanish invasion spread through the kingdom. In a letter from the Earl of Dudley, as lord lieutenant of the county of Lancashire, to the deputy lieutenants, they were warned that advices had been received, from sundry parts beyond the seas, of foreign forces assembled to invade this realm, and it was the special conamand of her maiesty that order should be taken in every part of the country, that the prmcipa inhabitants should furnish themselves without delay with armour and weapons, and take care that estate Trials, ™l.l. p. 123. . . , .. lT°?^ntThTel^r^^ l'^s''e°dtt rfTSa^^^^^^^^^^ ' The extent 'to which Elizabeth was. impUoated in the death of the »« 1>J» l°'^,f^YtV rf%^^^^^^^^ while staying at Queen of Scots has been variously estimated. The preponderance of tl^^^^TOf^"'*? °' f^^^'^lls addressed "To our veary good Lord the evidence, however, goes to show that her hand had been forced by her Longleat a year or two ago It ^^^^^ ^^^ commences " The ministers, and that when the fatal warrant was signed her " command- Er e of f^^J^l^TotS-hra^tlTf i-S Eobert Pilkington was doubtloas the eldest son of George Pilkmgton, of Bivington. CHAP. xiii. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 249 events which soon after followed were infinitely more gratifying.^ The command of the English fleet had been confided to Lord Howard of Effingham (a Catholic), the lord high admiral, whose want of naval skill was supplied by the Earl of Cumberland and the Lords Henry Sevmour Thomas Howard, and Edmund Sheffield with Sii; William Winter, Sir Francis Drake, Sir Robert Southwell Sir John Hawkins, Sir Henry Palmer, Sir Martin Frobisher, Sir George Beeston ' and others Bv this able council the plan of operations was determined upon, and before the Spanish fleet had been two hours arrayed in order of battle, the cannonade was commenced by the English with a spirit which showed that the determination existed to save England, or, if she was to fall to let her fleet be the first sacrifice. A succession of engagements took place, in all of which though none of them decisive, the advantage was on the side of England, till the finishing blow was given bv a masterly manoeuvre, practised on the 29th July, 1588. On that memorable night the sea on a sudden became illuminated by the appearance of eight vessels in flames, drifting rapidly in the direction of the Armada, which was then moored off Calais. A loud cry of horror burst from the Spaniards on the appearance of these engines of destruction; and in the midst of the panic they cut their cables and ran out to sea, inflicting upon each other more damage than they had hitherto received from their intrepid enemies. The fire ships burnt harmlessly on the edge of the beach but a furious gale blowing from the west, the Armada was dispersed along the coast from Ostend to Calais, and the guns of the British fleet completed what the skill of their mancEuvres and the fury of the elements had begun. The want of ammunition compelled the English admiral to return to port, otherwise the Spanish fleet would have been annihilated. Within the Armada itself, however, all hope was gone. The crowded galleons were mere slaughter houses. The scattered remnant of the fleet, with torn sails and shattered masts, unable to return, took the only course open — a circuit round the Orkneys. Drake followed close in the wake of the flying squadrons, and, like a true British sailor, wrote to Walsingham, " We have the army of Spain before us, and mind, with the grace of God, to wrestle a fall with them. There was never anything pleased me better than the seeing the enemy flying with a south wind to the northAvards." But the work of destruction was reserved for a mightier foe than Drake, for no sooner had the remnant of the fleet reached the Orkneys than the storms of the northern seas broke on them with a fury before which all concert and union disappeared. The shores of Scotland and Ireland, in which direction the enemy steered, were covered with the wrecks of their vessels, and strewn with the dead bodies of their mariners; and when the Duke of Medina, the successor of Santa Crux, terminated his unfortunate voyage in the port of St. Andero, he acknowledged the loss of thirty ships of the largest class and 10,000 men. The English nation was filled with exultation by this signal deliverance and most memorable victory. The expressions of thankfulness were not confined to the heroes by whom it was achieved, but rose to that Being without whose providential aid all their efforts must have been in vain. A medal was struck by the Queen's orders, with the inscription " Afflavit Beus, et dissipantur," and the nation, wishing to bear in perpetual memory " this signal deliverance from the malice, force, and cruelty of their enemies," celebrated a general thanksgiving by royal proclamation, which was announced to the county of Lancaster by the Earl of Derby in the following terms : — " After my very hearty commendations : Whereas I am credibly informed that it hath pleased God to continue His goodness towards our prince, church, and country, as in the late overthrow of our enemies taken upon the coasts of Ireland, it may appear by this calendar here inclosed, — I have thought it expedient, in respect of Christian duty, we should fall to some godly exercise of thanksgiving for the same by prayer and preaching. Willing you so to commend the business to the clergy of your hundred in their several charges, as our God, by mutual consent, may be praised therefor. And this not to be omitted nor delayed in anywise, but to be put in execution at or before the next Sabbath. And thus, desiring God to bless Her Majesty with long life and continual victory over all her enemies, bid you farewell. Lathome, my house, this 24th of September, 1588. — Yours assuredly, "To my very loving friends, Sir John Byron, Knight, one of my deputy -lieutenants for Lancashire, and to the rest of__the justices of peace." [Here follows a list of the « Ships and men, sunk and drowned, killed and taken, upon the coast of Ireland, on the Bide of the Spaniards.^] > From a manuscript in the Harlcian Coll. cod. 286, it would appear ' Sir George Beeston was of the *»?""y °^ *^^' °"X that the first notice of the sailing of the Armada from, Spain was commu- Cheshire, and was 89 years °i^e^J^^\^^'Z^^^^^llZf^^^^^ ? aUll nicated to the government by Homfraye Brooke,,a Liverpool merchant ; of the Armada His monument wth ^e recumbent emgy upon but the dates do not correepond with the official dttails, and wo are to be seen m the chancel of Bunbury Lhurcn. >.. unable to reconcile them. The document, however, is eunous, and\as " Harl. MSS. cod. 129b, :o. s». such will be inserted in the West Derby Hundred History, under the head of Liverpool. 33 250 T^HE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiii. Although the pope, Sextus V., had fulminated a new hull of excommunication against Elizabeth, absolving her subjects from their allegiance, and had published a crusade against England with plenary indulgences to any one that engaged in the invasion, and although Dr. Allen had received a cardinal's hat to qualify him as legate to England, yet the Catholic subjects of the queen, both in this and other counties, remained faithful to their allegiance, and were amongst the most active in equipping ships and placing them under Protestant commanders to repel the invaders.^ Amongst a number of others, Sir Thomas Gerrard, Sir Thomas Vavasour, and Sir Charles Blount distinguished themselves by their zealous and disinterested service in their In Ireland the war seemed interminable, and no sooner was the Armada disposed of than an order was issued, through Sir Richard Sherburne and Sir John Byron, to the magistrates of Lancashire, requiring them to levy another hundred soldiers, in addition to those before sent, to proceed to Ireland, properly furnished and equipped, to assemble at Chorley, and to proceed from thence to theh destination. In a subsequent letter, the gentry and principal freeholders of the county are advertised that all the demi-lances and light horse within the respective hundreds are to appear before the lord lieutenant for his inspection ; which mandate awards to each the number he is to furnish. It appears that in the former year the inspection did not take place, and the Earl of Derby, in a communication of the 19th of February, notifies that it is the queen's pleasure that they should be furnished and equipped, and ready at one hour's warning, and that the money assessed for the levies should be paid into the hands of his receiver, Richard Holland, Esq., at his house at Heaton. The authority of the law was at this time so little regarded in the county of Lancaster that Thomas Langton, of Walton-le-Dale, the Baron of Newton, on Sunday evening, November 21, 1589, assembled his tenants and retainers, to the number of eighty, in front of the house of Mr. Thomas Hoghton, of Lea, in the parish of Preston, and challenged him_ to combat, ostensibly because he had impounded a number of cattle belonging to the widow of one Sino-leton, but really to avenge an ancient feud. Finding himself menaced in his own mansion, he sallied forth at the head of a band of thirty men, when a regular engagement ensued, in which Mr. Hoghton and Richard Bawdwen, one of his followers, were left dead on the field. The Earl of Derby, as lord lieutenant of the county, to vindicate his authority, caused a watch to be instituted day and night that the offenders might be detected and brought to justice ; and a species of magisterial assize was appointed to be held at Preston, to inquire into the circumstances of the riot and murders. The magistrates could only pursue one course, and that was to direct that all the parties engaged in the homicides should be indicted at the ensuing assizes on a charge of wilful murder. The Earl of Derby, foreseeing the consequences that would ensue, addressed an earnest petition to Lord Burghley, the queen's high treasurer, beseeching his lordship to use his influence to obtain a pardon from the queen, as very many of the ruder sort engaged in the riot could not read, and being unable to take the benefit of clergy must lose their lives, while those who were of more distinction must be bvirnt in the hand, and thereby a dangerous quarrel would arise amongst the gentlemen of the county, of an extent and duration that would involve the most serious consequences. This application, which was accompanied by a petition from forty-seven of the offenders for the queen's pardon, and was supported by a petition from the widow of Mr. Hoghton, seems so far to have prevailed that the murder was compromised by the heir of the deceased gentleman receiving from the principal offender, as a compensation for his father's death, the valuable estate and manor of "Walton-le-Dale, the future scene of one of Cromwell's most splendid victories. Some documents on this subject, characteristic of the times of Elizabeth, will be found in their proper place in the Hundred history. In the preceding century a less fatal but more licentious outrage was perpetrated upon one of the principal families of Lancashire : " On the Monday next after the feast of St. James the Apostle," as the official documents express it {i.e. July 30, 1436), William Pulle, of Liverpool, in the county of Lancaster, and of Wyrall, in the county of Chester, gentleman, with a great number of others, repaired to the house of Isabell, the widow of Sir John Boteler of Bewsey, and feloniously and most horribly ravished the said widow, and carried her off in a state of nudity, except " her kirtyll [petticoat] and her smokke," into a wild and desolate part of Wales, for which offence he was indicted at Lancaster. But of this also more in its proper place. The loyal conduct of the Catholics, when this country was menaced with invasion, did not stay the persecutions to which they were exposed. A commission under the great Seal of England was issued in 1591 for the apprehension and discovery of seminary priests and Jesuits, and for reducing the recusants to conformity. To give effect to this commission the churchwardens in the ^ Stowe's Ann. p. 747. CHAP. xiir. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 251 various parishes of Lancashire .yere required to meet the magistrates, and to brin^ with them lists m writing contaimng the Christian and surnames of all the hou eholders in^thet ~t?ve parishes both men and women, with all their inmates above the age of sixteen years cerSS whe her they repaired to the church to hear divine service, that, in case of neglect^ the; SS dealt with accordingly. The rigorous proceedings against the Catholics, not in this couX onlv but m the country generally, may be inferred fro^m the facts mentioned brCMonerwhoVaS that for the vague offences of harbouring priests, or of receiving ordination beyond the seas oi of admitting the supreniacy of the pope, and denying that of the queen, sixty-one priests forty seven & ^^P.^" ge/?tle™en suftered capital punishment, bylaws recently enacted, and Sknown he ancient constitution of the country; and that in one night fifty Catholic gentlemen, in the county oi Lancaster, were suddenly seized and committed to prison, on account of thdr non! attendance at church. As a test of their fidelity to the reformed faith, all the justices of the peace were required openly and publicly to take the oath of supremacy in special sesiions, and an order from the lords of the queen's coimcil, of the date of the 22nd of October 1592, addressed " To our IT.r.rT-wr''^! *^^",>^^ ?^,^^^ff ^ Gustos Rotulorum of the County oi Lancaster S^ John Byron & S^ Edward Fytton, knights, Richard Asheton, Richard Brereton, & Richard Holland esquiers and to every of them, ' directs that sessions of the peace shall be holden "before the 20th day of November next, at the accustomed places in the county, at which every iustice of the peace present shall take the said oath, and that any person having hitherto filled that ofiice, who shallrefuse or forbear to take the oath, shall be removed out of the commission of the peace • or any justice oi the peace who does not repair to the church or chapel where the common prayer is used, or whose wife,_ living with her husband, or son and heir, living in his father's house, or within the county where his father dwells, refuses or does not usually go to church, the husband or father ol such recusant shall cease to exercise the office of justice of the peace during the time of such recusancy. The high sheriff and other persons named in the writ of Dedimus Potestatem are themselves first reqmred to take the oath, and then to administer it to the justices, saving that the lords of Parliament are excepted. The Puritans, at least that part of them called Brownists, who deemed every species of communion with the Established Church unchristian, fared little better than the Catholics. Five of them were arraigned in the year 1593, on a charge of writing and publishing seditious libels ; and though the publishers were spared, Barrow and Greenwood, the writers, were condemned and executed, notwithstanding their plea that the obnoxious passages were directed against the bishops, and not against the queen. Penry, the " Martin Marprelate " of Manchester, was sentenced to death under the provisions of the statute 23 Elizabeth, c. 3, on a pretence that a number of papers, containing disjointed sentences, intended as a petition to the queen, were treasonable; and to prevent the populace from interposing any obstacles in the way of his execution, he was suddenly taken from prison, and hanged at the door of Sir Thomas Waterings. Penry, as previously stated, was a native of Wales, and his execution gave rise to the following lines : — " The Welshman is hanged " And tho' he be hanged. Who at our kirke flanged, Yet he is not wranged ; And at her state banged. The de'ul has him fanged And brened are his bucks. In his kruked kluks." The alarm of Spanish invasion was revived in 1593, and the queen addressed a letter to the Earl of Derby, as lord lieutenant of the palatine counties of Lancaster and Chester, announcing that troubles had been stirred up in Ireland, and that it had come to the knowledge of her majesty's council that certain Spanish ships of war were to be sent, by the way of Scotland, to aid the insurgents in that country. To repel this invasion, levies were to be made in the different counties of the kingdom, and the counties of Lancaster and Chester were each required to furnish one hundred and thirty-eight able men, properly equipped, to proceed to Liverpool or Chester, to be embarked in that service. To enforce this order, a letter was addressed by the Earl of Derby to Sir Richard Shirburn, Knt., Richard Hollande, Esq., and the other deputy lieutenants of the county, in which his lordship was pleased to state, "that her majesty, in her princely wisdom, having resolved, by God's assistance, to withstand and suppress this wicked force treacherously brought against her highnesses most excellent and godly government," required that consultation might be had, and the utmost promptitude used, in carrying the measures into effect. A subsequent letter from his lordship, dated on the 14th of June in the same year, represents that "general greffe and mislyke" have been conceived in the county, and not without good cause, if te is rightly informed, from the manner in which the county has been assessed for the Irish service. In consequence of these alleged malversations, the magistrates for the hundred of Salford were » Harl. MSS. cod. 1926, fo. 109 a. 252 . THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiii. required to assemble at Manchester, and to make out an account of the sums of money which had been collected in their respeective jurisdictions for this service during the last eight years, in order that justice might be done to the county. From the nature of this official correspondence, it ■would appear that the alarm of invasion soon subsided,^ for in the month of September in the same year the lords of the council directed that the beacon watches should be discontinued, and that the inhabitants of the county of Lancaster should forthwith be discharged from the necessity of contributing to this service. At this period of our history the hospitals of Chelsea and Chatham did not exist, neither did the chests out of which disabled soldiers and mariners, who have served their country, are relieved ; but unfortunate persons of this description, when they were discharged from the public service, received a certificate, addressed to the justices of the peace in the counties where they were born or had been impressed, recommending them to the humane consideration of the churchwardens and constables. These certificates were given by men high in office, and amongst others we find one, signed by no fewer than nine members of her majesty's council, in favour of Nicholas Whittacre, a poor soldier, having done good service and bearing ofiice as a lieutenant in her majesty's wars, directing that he might receive such benefit from the general collections of the county of Lancaster, where he was born or impressed, as was given to others of the same description.^ An event which agitated the county of Lancaster — " the superstitious county of Lancaster " — in the most extraordinary manner, happened to the head of its principal family soon after the death of Henry, Earl of Derby, which occurred at Lathom, September 25th, 1594. His son and successor, Ferdinando, was seized "in the flower of his youth," with a violent sickness, at Knowsley, on the 4th of April, 1595, which was attributed to witchcraft, both by himself and his attendants, and of which he died at Lathom House twelve days afterwards. The cause of his death was inexplicable to his medical attendants. Being inexplicable, it was by them conveniently assigned to sorcery and witchcraft, and in a report drawn up at the time many absurd stories were related of the " strange dreams " and "divinations" that preceded his end. Everybody believed he was either consumed by the witches or poisoned by the Papists; and while his physicians attributedhis mortal sickness to the former, his chaplain, who had a horror of Popery, was equally confident in assigning the cause to the wickedness of the latter. The late Dr. Ormerod, in his prefatory memoirs to the "Tracts Relating to the Military Proceedings of Lancashire," says, though he gives no evidence in support of the statement, " It is well known that Jesuitical intrigue led to his death by poison." He is said to have been tampered with by a member of the Hesketh family to assume the title of king in right of his grandmother. The supposition is that, haviog indignantly rejected the proposition, he was poisoned by the conspirators. It appears that this country was visited in the years 1595 and 1596 by a severe dearth, amounting almost to famine, owing to a succession of unfavourable seasons. In the following year, the lords of the council issued a letter to the justices of the peace in the county of Lancaster, congratulating them on the return of plenty ; but at the same time directing them to cause diligent inquisition to be made in all the divisions of their county for such persons as kept up the price of provisions, by buying or bargaining for corn or other victuals, except in open market, or lor their private use, and directing that they should apprehend all engrossers and compel them to revoke their bargains. I^ the list of Queen EHzabeth's annual expenses, civil and military, in the year 1598, the following items occur : — The County Palatine of Lancaster. £ Cliamberlaine, fee 20 Clerk of the crown, fee .' 40 And his diet when he rides, esteemed ... 40 Clerk of the pleas, fee 40 Clerk of the extreats, fee 20 Barons of the exchequer (2), fee apiece."..' 40 Attorney, fee g Messenger, fee ' 2 And his riding expenses '.......,..'. Crier, fee !!!'.!'.]"!!! 2 s. d. 13 4 The Duchy of Lancaster. Chancellor, fee and allowance of £4 for £ s. d. paper, parchment, and ink 140 10 Surveyor, fee 63 13 4 Attorney, fee and allowance 45 Receiver-general, fee and allowance 38 10 Clerk in the court of the duchy, fee and allowance 27 10 4 Messenger, fee and his charges when he rideth 40 forces m Cadiz The town ZZIZ^ ^f ^^J" ^''"=™* °^ ^^° ^"SHsh to pay weokUe such sumo of monio towardes the reliefe of sioke, hurte' thirteen vessels' of war wereT^rf in ?t f l""^ ''"™i i° ^h" S""'«l • a^S maimed souldiera and mariners soe as no Parisho he rated above the mutated J^ the exreditk,n nttprtv H«J ^"■^^"'^S. ^d tho stores accu- summe of tenne ponce, nor under the sume of two pence weekUe to ta Wow fsXish fieereatCed^n th/f„11nT^ In spite of this crashing paldo." This Act was confirmed by a decree of the Commonwealth Zriish co£^t but a! in the c^e of iN n.Trt^ ^"""^ "-f^ ""* "^^ ?"■ ^^° ^"-^ ^Sth, 1647, but the amount collected under its provisions being found fetfl than The Enriish^n, B^dfhs.'h? "'""■' ''o™^, P'-°™'i mo™ inadequate, owing to the long continuance of the war and the consequent destroy^ in the Bw of ^So'J m^Ll F% ^^"^^ ,'^'S'''"^, """^ ^'™°^' *°'='''=*="^ '° the number of applicants for relief, an increased rate not to all parishes withm this Realm of England and Wales shafi be charged ^ ' ^''"— °- De^ fitiL. .iL^iiFKGiiglHIIIISIE, 1598.W ,^c^ f j'-~'^M^-^ Formby k AlkerChap ^ fid _ u 0)pie^fr^ncLDr ■^ \pi;echMon. ThisUEtort. ..Eiii|li|Kirkham , Asfutrjtt. RaJbr u Btsphum f / Howh- Fuddebm. °J(ewton,. o . Tmles Cbfton. o ■ MowbruJv. \ I ^ -Xarbrich Michae/l Churdt BAirhoU WtnsianU\ Wrcgktj-ruf.u)a-. W/a Tamw6I59.HLMSSbyMGreg^<}nlS21. , Lajtor The, pyleyx Foulness Ins. Ramside Founiess ,6k_\ Dallon. GlahiofiCasue. f^S':fohns: -Morton, ' Moss ^ Marton\ / \ i r D ■i-'j'; - ^--^ > Mo A CALM Bay- '- -J' ^ Peollon, ScoranghaU^ _/~\ ' ~ ° ° ^ / -^ , •' // '^■ o Lalfiam. © — ===;^ ^/L_,' — nohuisnU PlOmpUn, c ,^^\// a ,,f HajmUtoTiCkap j' PraskaU, PjJbn, Moss \MchmjJuLnt ^ ^ BTynuui Plllin. p I Mall I Ti^ales. Tfastldon, \ ° TL \ Jillfi Kirkham Frecklettn J,arbrick\\ ^ \\KirUaml. ^.^i^h^t^du^, o o 7 VislmwL \ ° „ ' ^rovf. MvchaddX JfaXeley '. ^\'^Mphmn, ° auirdv:\\ Garstan^, • Mas. /jPemerd^'''^''^- Sosea^c \V^j|l_ ^ ) „X, \ Wedacr,, / S*J,tfwr,ence. -iMuUidon, \ 0X4 muMinxjrwrn, WarhMrlfnyalr. X^gavenj livirteu /^^^ ^IJii C UMB E R L^JN D Karhbgr. ts- Cncsshxiuse. ^ /Femiitorv. - 7/ " ? -- ^^^iK vrerslon ^^^ ,.,.^- . ..3l, .^, (xakeford ^l- — . ~f7?;«^}7 Dvh^arlh, Stanley 5o«i4. Faierammic Gresdale Jsh hffe \ , Flathhopo ^o Wrauhcbn, Tour CartrruT. \j^ tartifr JEcansfddL m^iiA bsmW 1 rlioriihvlme , & Tih^Twaite dvenAdd. JFwrksfiBCui Brai/ie/j . Co/iffarA. Winxmder a TroidhecA, \ZANCAS7' MeUwp^ °Crosa^-^ Eentrnuelt- Witirsdale Gas 2 'rtdoil \-^ v4 ■^ I Srt\ _j;isL .^.si^^^i^ 'i Forrest ylmuida forrraa,ymlk r^i^Un^i^ fr<^Mkr. theMrrh aU^f 60 £ri^/jsk rn^/Ie.',; andircir^xltkfronty Isiioy Westm,S€nw plnres 36 10 /S anxl ^. o^,epInce notj^ss^^ng 70 ray^ lyv w^ai^t (b^M^e « XVMarTcet Fowru^ aiuL.36 Barish. fAurcLws THEDiilclueQfLajicasfer, comuIi^A rwlorJ^ofLaiuxishir^. But tdso (f divers vtLcerZor^Aifjfj.s' Morurw^.',7ar,e. ^cd ot/u^r IZwes m tfu, Sm^ay atZon^n, wLu>s^ZZ>er^ re^jdk fhorn LernpleJi^^ by Zvi^Bnuiff^. ,aZw/urAJ^rn^^S^-dI)^^a/ofZaru:aj^r. wMcA^ 5^^y eryot^elA Puuj^l Zir^sdicfjLon. ^ tkemnliy^ipp^Laj/^J^. .^^alM^ZLZilL ■ CHAP. XIII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 253 At this time the tide of recent triumphs seemed to have taken a turn. In Ireland disorder had resumed its sway, and a defeat of the English forces in Tyrone led to a general rising of the northern tribes. The efforts made for the suppression of the rebellion failed through the vanity and disobedience of the Queen's leutenant, the Earl of Essex, and it soon became'evident tha^ strong measures for the suppression of the revolt must be taken if Ireland was to remain to the Enghsh crown. _ Fresh levies were_ called for, and in the order for raising men to go to Ireland, in lo99, the magistrates of Lancashire were cautioned "not to send any vagabonds or disorderly persons, but men of good character, and particularly young men, who we?e skilled in the use of the hand gun. The numerous levies that had been made for the queen's service in Ireland enabled the English general, Mountjoy, to effect the subjugation of that country, though the rebels so-called were aided by an mvadmg army of six thousand Spaniards, which had landed at Kinsale. The new lieutenant, Mountjoy, although without military experience, soon restored obedience to the English authority. All open opposition was speedily crushed out by his energy and ruthlessness. A line ot torts secured the country as the English mastered it. Hugh O'Neile, who had roused Ulster to revolt, Avas made prisoner. A famine, which followed, completed the devastating work of _ the sword, and eventually the work of conquest was accomplished. But the long and eventful reign of Elizabeth now drew to a close. The queen, in the midst of all her splendour and success, fell into a state of irrecoverable melancholy. " She held in her hand," says one who saw her in her last days, "a golden cup, which she often put to her lips; but in truth her heart seemed too full to need more filling." Gradually her mind gave way, her memory failed, and at length, at three o'clock on the morning of the 24th of March, 1603, in the seventieth year of her age, having bequeathed her crown to her lawful successor, James the Sixth of Scotland, the eldest son of the unfortunate Mary Queen of Scots, a life so great, yet so lonely in its greatness, ended — the great Elizabeth passed quietly away — a woman who had reigned like a man, to be succeeded by a man who reigned like a woman ! Imraediately on the death of the queen a letter was addressed by the lords of the council to the sheriff of Lancaster (and the other sheriffs) announcing that " As much as it has pleased God to take out of this life to His mercy our dearly-beloved sovereign Queen Elizabeth, it has become necessary, for the maintenance of the safety of the realm, forthwith to proclaim James VI., King of Scotland, and now James I. King of England, France, and Ireland." For this purpose, their lordships had sent a proclamation, which the sheriff Avas requested to publish in his County of Lancaster, and which proclamation announced that the imperial crown had, by the death of the high and mighty princess Elizabeth, descended on the high and mighty prince, James, lineally and lawfully descended from the body of Margaret, daughter of the high and renewed prince Henry VII., King of England, his great grandfather, the said Lady Margaret being the daughter of Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward IV., by Avhich happy conjunction both the houses ol York and Lancaster were united, to the joy unspeakable of this kingdom, formerly rent and torn by the large dissension of bloody and civil Avars. This proclamation met with a prompt, loyal, and dutiful response from the principal gentry of the county of Lancaster, to Avhich the folloAving names Avere subscribed : — John Ireland, Bheri£F Sr Rychard Mollineux Sr Rychard Hoghton Sr Cuthbert Halaall Sr Edward AVarren Sr John Radclyffe Thomas Preston Francis Tunstall Bandle Barton Rychard Holland Thomas Sothworth John Osbaldeston Willm Thorneborrow George Preston Edward Tarbuoke Alexander Standish James Ashton John Middleton of Leyton Willm Farrington Robt Dalton de Thurnam Eobt Dalton of Pilling Roger Bradahaw Roger Nowell Nycholas Banister Mylea Gerrard Edward Stanley Barnabie Kitohin Sr Nycholas Moseley Thomas AValmysley Thomas Gerrard Thomas Langton John Townley Richard Sherburne James Anderton of Lostock James Anderton of Clayton Robt Oharnock Thomas Ashton Rychard Fleetwood Henrye Banister Roger Kirkby Christopher Carus John Cansfild John Calvert Edmund Fleetwood Edward Eawstome AVillm Hvlton James Browne Alexander Barlow John Greenhaugh Alexander Reddish Edmund Hopwood ,Tohn Braddill Thomas Barton James Westby John Massye Edward Norres Richard Ashton Rychard Bold Raufe Ashton Robt Hesketh Edward Standish John Traves Henry Butler Edward Rigbie Edward Langtrie Robt More Thomas Tildisley Thomas Ireland Alexander Standish Roger Downes John Crosse John AVrightington Robt Pilkington Thomas Gidlow AVillm Chorley Rychard Ashton AVillm Clayton Roger Bradshawe . ■ AVinstanley CHAPTEK XIV. Ancient Manners and Customs of the County-Dress-Domestic Arehitecture-Food-Coaches-Educat.on-The Cliurch-Sporl. and Pastimes-The Arts-The Laws-Superstition and Witchcraft-King James's First Progress-Lancashire Kmghts-The Plague-The Gunpowder Plot-Letter to Lord Monteagle-Cecil's Account of the Discovery-Fate of the Conspirators- Lancashire Baronets-Lancashire Witches-Dr. Dee's Petition-Seer Edward Kelly, the Necromancer-History of Lancashire Witchcraft-Duchess of Gloucester-The Stanley Family-Satanic Possession-Case of Seven Demoniacs in Mr. Starke's Family at Cleworth-Dispossessed-The Conjuror Hanged-King James's Da^monologie-Witches of Pendle Forest- Samlesbury Witches-Second Batch of Pendle Forest Witches-Examination of the Lancashire Witches before the Kmg in Council-Deposition of Ann Johnson, one of the Reputed Witches-Case of a Lancashire Witch in Worcestershire-Richard Dugdale, the Lancashire Demoniac-His Possession-Dispossession-Witchcraft Exploded-Progress of King James through Lancashire-The Book of Sports-Further Honours conferred on Lancashire Men-Letter from King James to Sir Richard Hoghton, with Autograph-Letter from the King's Council to the Earl of Derby, Lord-lieutenant of Lancashire and Cheshire.— A.D. 1603 to 1625. lUEEN ELIZABETH was no sooner consigned to the tomb of her royal progenitors than her successor, James I., entered upon his progress from Edinburgh, by way of York, to London. But having now arrived at times comparatively modern, we shall pause to take a short retrospective view of the ancient manners and customs of the people of Lancashire, and in some degree of the kingdom in general, which, on being collated with the customs and manners of modern times, will often afford instructive lessons, and exhibit by turns striking contrasts and close resemblances. From the time of the Norman Conquest the inhabitants of the county of Lancaster have been much addicted to the chase. The extent of their forests has attached them to this pursuit ; and their skill in archery, for which they have been famed, both in war and in their sports,' had given them a taste for the chase, which displayed itself as early as the reign of King John, and was at its height in the reign of Heniy YIlL The laurels gained on the field of Flodden by the levies under Sir Edward Stanley were principally owing to their dexterity in the use of the bow and the bill.- According to Holinshed, the skill of the archers must have been in great request, for, says he, "the whole countie of Lancaster hath beene forrest heretofore;" but this is an error of the venerable chronicler, as is shown with sufficient clearness by the domesday survey of William the Conqueror. It is true that when the Lacies, and the successors of the ducal house of Lancaster, sported over their vast domain, from the castle of Clitheroe to the castle of Pontefract, the right of free warren was exercised over all the intervening country without control ; but it is also true that the tract was studded with towns and villages, more numerous even in the days of John of Gaunt than in the reign of Henry YIII.^ The nobles of Lancashire, in their baronial halls, were distinguished for their ancient munifi- cence ; and the successive Barons, Earls, and Dukes of Lancaster set the example for which Edward, Earl of Derby, the model of hospitality, was celebrated. The knights, the gentry, and the yeomen, each in their station, were also famed for their hospitality and manly exercises; and Camden, speaking of the Lancasliire men generally, without distinction of rank, says, " You may determine the goodness of the country by the temperament of the inhabitants, who are extremely comely."* The dress of the ladies in the time of the Ferrers, first Earls of Derby, is described as at once simple and graceful : they were clothed in modest, elegant habits, consisting of a loose gown girdled round the waist, which reached to the ground, and was surmounted with a veil over the head. The unmarried ladies were distinguished by an additional robe over the gown, which hung down before, and resembled the sacerdotal robe. The dress of the men of the higher order was a flowing robe ; and the common people wore a kind of tunic girt round the loins, which seldom 1 See chap. vll. ' Chap. xii. The English cliiefly depended upon the force of their Infantry, and the bravery and expertness of the archers, which was as much relied upon in our ancient warfare as is the charge in tnodern British tactics. The archers were protected by body armour, the arms being loft perfectly free ; except when they wore a bllgandine of mail, which came before them like an apron ; their arms were a long bow, a sheaf of arrows, a sword, and a small shield. The bill-men, so called from their weapon, which resembled a small bill, or hooked axe, were sometimes armed in brigandinos of mall, but at other times they were scarcely protected at all by armour. " Description of England in the reign of Elizabeth, written by Wm. Harrison, and affixed to Holinshed's Chronicles, new edit. p. 324. bee also chap. vii. of tliis work. * Britannia, iii. 377. CHAP. XIV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 255 reached lower than to the knees. Nothing could be more ¥ain and ridiculous than the fashions which prevailed in the reign of the last sovereign of the Lancaster line, and which seemed to combine all the fantastical costumes of former reigns. In the reign of Henry VII. there was an affectation of feminine attire in the men, and the lord chamberlain is described in the Boke of Kervynge as saying, " Warme your soverayne hys petycote, his doublet, and his stomachere ; and then put on hys hosen, and then his schone or slyppers, then stryke up his hosen mannerlye, and tye them up, then lace his doublet hole by hole," &c. Of the garbs of the priests just before the Protestant Reformation, Harrison, an author of great fidelity, who wrote in that century, says that " ' They went either in diverse colors like plaiers, or in garments of light hew, as yellow, red, greene, &e., with their shoes piked, their haire crisped, then- girdles armed with silver ; their shooes, spurres, bridles, &o., buckled with like mettall ; their apparell (for the most part) of silke, and richlie furred, their cappes laced and buttoned with gold ; so that to meet a priest in those daies, was to beholde a peacocke that spreadeth his taile when he danseth before the henne.' These clerical beaux must have been the dignitaries of the church, and not the inferior clergy of the county of Lancaster, who are described by Archbishop Lee as in the nossession of benefices not yielding them more than four guineas per annum.^ In the reign i ; yielding them more than four guineas per annum.^ In the reign of Elizabeth the dress of the clergy was more becoming their sacred order, and the showy colours, the 'piked' shoes, and the glittering girdles, were discarded. The head- dress of the laity was as various as the cut of their beards, 'which were sometimes shaven from the chin like those of Turks, sometimes cut short like the beard of marques Otto, sometimes made round like a rubbing brush, other with s. pique devnnt ; and now and then suffered to grow long.' As the men imitated the fashions of the women, so did the women imitate the fashions of the men, to a degree offensive alike to good taste and to modesty ; and Harrison, in describing the ladies of the ion in his days, says 'Thus it is now come to pass, that women are become men, and men are transformed into monsters.' Handle Holme, one of our county collectors, says that, about the fortieth year of Elizabeth (1598), the old fashions, which were used iu the beginning of her reign, were again revived, with some few additions made thereto, as guises, double ruffs, &o. The men likewise, besides the double use of the cloak, had a certain kind of loose hanging garment, called a maiideville, much like to our old jackets or jumps, but without sleeves, only having holes to put the arms through ; yet some were made with sleeves, but for no other use than to hang on the back. Early in the reign of Elizabeth, the wearing of great breeches was carried to a very absurd and ridiculous length, together with the peas-cod doublets, as they were called. These slops, or breeches, or trunk-hose, it was their custom to stuff with rags or such like materials, till they brought them to an enormous size — so enormous that it was deemed necessary to legislate for their regulation. The legislators themselves, however, seem to have fallen into the same absurdity ; for in the Harleian Collection, No. 980, a paper is preserved, from which it appears that in the reign of Elizabeth a scaffold was erected round the inside of the House of Commons, for those members to sit in who used the wearing of great breeches stuffed with hair, and bulging out like woolsacks. Bulver, in his pedigree of the ' English Gallant,' speaks of a man whom the judges accused of wearing breeches contrary to the law when he, for his excuse, drew out of his slops the contents — ' as, first, a pair of sheets, two table-cloths, ten napkins, four shirts' a brush, a glass, a comb, with night-caps,' and other useful articles. The ladies, that they might not be outdone in grotesqueness of attire, invented the large hoop farthingales as a companion to the trunk-hose, and the women who could not purchase these expensive commodities supplied their place with bum-rolls." The description of a fine lady's dress in the time of Queen Elizabeth, as breathed in the wishes of Miss Margaret Hardman, while she was under the influence oi possession (apparently by a spirit of pride), in the house of Mr. Nicholas Starkie, of Leigh, in the county of Lancaster, is too graphic to be withheld : — " 'Come on my lad ' said she, for so she called her f amniar— ' come on, and set my partlett on the one side, as I do the other. I will have a fine smock of silk, with a silk petticoat garded a foot high ; it shall be laid with good lace, it shall have a French body, not of whalebone, for that is not stiff enough, but of home, for that will hold it out ; it shall come low before to keep m my belly. I will have a French farthingale ; I will have it low before and high behind, and broad on either side, that I may lay my arms UDon it Mv gown shall be black wrought velvet ; I will have my sleeves set out with wire, for sticks will break, and are not stiff ujjuii ii/. aiij 6_ _ _ ^ °i,__ . T „,:n !,„„„ „„ nor, nf WunV ifplvpf With fl. fpa.t.hfir in it with flewes of ffold. and mv enough. 1 hair shall wrought st cork ihoes of red Spanish leather. I will have a scarf ot red SUK, wim a goia jacs auuuo .uc cug^. x „.., ..^,c=„.»^ ...... a, ....... rteel and a elass set in it. Bring me a pair of gloves of the finest leather that may be, with two gold laces about the thumb, and a fringe on the top, with flewes and red silk underneath, that I may draw them through a gold nng, or else I will have none of them/ " ^ The general diffusion of wealth in Elizabeth's reign led to an ostentatious display of luxury that spread by the force of the imitative principle through every class of society, and the pride of apparel was scarcelv less obtrusive in men than in women. The sumptuary laws which were passed m the ^Zn7%nnYS^Iow^^^^ "the subversion of good and politic order m knowledge and distrnction of people, according to their estates, pre-eminences, dignities, and degrees, had ceased to be rerrded Th^se who were gaining wealth by manufacture, and trade, an^ industry, refused to be bound by statute as to what they should and what they should not wear, and the queen and L councn w4ly iSt th regulation of such matters to the tastes of the people and their ability *° ^ When W James came to the crown, most of the old fashions used in the days of Elizabeth werelgain revif edTnd ZLge breeches with the hoop farthingales amongst the res came once ToreTnto IslTon ' Expensive^ garters and curious shoe-roses were worn very generally, and the ladies kept pace with the other sex in ^fXZT^Tl. show well, an We the fashion for the garters to be "In the comedy of the 'City Madam, a fj «ays, T^^se roses wo ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^ seen.' But of all the ridiculous fashions, that of the ^^^ f j'^'^'^f^ „f ^.^hjon of a much more recent period. The manufacturers when so equipped, may be supposed to have ^.^fj^^^^f^^f °^^^^^^^^^ of Newbury is thus described : ' She came out of the were not much behind the courtiers, and the opulent ciotniers w ^ j_ _ 1 See chap. xii. p. 2(U, note 3. = Tract of the Bev. Geo. More, published in 1600. ' 24 Henry VIII., c. 13.-C. ? ? ? 256 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiv. kitchen in a fair train gown, stuck full o£ silver pins ; a white cap on her head, with cuts of curious needlework under the same, and an apron before her as white as the driven snow ;' while the spruce master tailor, her suitor, wore 'a new russet jerkin, and a tall sugar-loaf hat clapped on the side of his head.' The spinning or factory girls of that day are thus described ; — " ' And in a chamber close beside Two hundred maidens did abide. In petticoats of flannel red. And milk-white kerchers on their head, Their smock sleeves like to winter's snow, That on the western mountains flow, And each sleeve with a silken band Was fairly tied at the hand. Which pretty maids did never lin, But in that place all day did spin,' " &c. The young gentleman was distinguished by his gay suit of apparel, his cloak, and rapier ; the merchant's dress at that time was a plain grave suit of clothes, with a black cloak ; and the rustic, when in his Sunday attire, had a leathern doublet with lono' points, and a pair of breeches primed up like pudding-bags, with yellow stockings and his hat turned up with a silver clasp on the leer aide.^ These fashions were not confined to any particular district, they extended to the whole kingdom. ' The manners and customs of the inhabitants of Lancashire,' says John De Brentford, 'are similar to those of the neighbouring counties, except that the people eat with two-pronged forks. The men are masculine, and in general well made ; they ride and hunt the same as in the most southern parts, but not with that grace, owing to the whip being carried in the left hand. The women are most handsome their eyes brown, black, hazel, blue, or grey ; their noses, if not inclined to the aquiline, are mostly of the Grecian form, which gives a most beautiful archness to the countenance, such indeed as is not easy to be described. Their fascinating manners have long procured them the name of Lancashire Witches' ^ Leiand says, ' The dress of the men chiefly consists of woollen garments while the women wear those of silk, linen, or stuff. Their usual colours are green, blue, black, and sometimes brown. The military are dressed in red, which is vulgarly called scarlet.' According to Randle Holme, hats were not used in Lancashire, nor indeed ia England, till the time of Charles II. This is obvionsly a chronological mistake. The hatting business existed in the south-east part of this county in the time of Henry VI., and probably much earlier, as we have a petition to Parliament in that reign from the hatters, complaining of the introduction of machinery into their business, and representing that ' hats, caps, &c., were wont' to be fulled by manual labour ; but that, of late, fulling-mills had been introduced, to efiect this operation, to the prejudice of the workmen, and the deterioration of the fabric. Silk stockings were not worn till the year 1560, when Queen Elizabeth, on being presented with a pair made by Mrs. Montague, her silk woman, as a Kew Year's gift, declared that she hked them so well that she would not wear any more cloth hose,^ which persons of the highest distinction had hitherto worn." In the reign of Elizabeth there were few houses of stone in the county of Lancaster except those of the nobility and the highest rank of gentry. The houses of the middle and lower class were principally built with wood. Those of the better order had large porches at, the principal entrance, with halls and parlours ; the framework was constructed with beams of timber of such enormous size that the materials of one house, as they were then built, would make several of equal size in the present mode of building. The common method of making walls was to nail laths to the timber frame, and strike them over with rough (clay) plaster, which was afterwards whitened with fine mortar, and this last was after beautified with figures and other curious devices.* Some had houses built with bricks, but these were rare, and of modern date. The inner walls were either hung with tapestry, arras- work, or painted cloth, whereon were different devices, or they were wainscoted with oak, and in that way made warm and ornamental. The cottages of the poor were shghtly set up with a few posts, and plastered over with clay, not very dissimilar to the rustic cottages of the present day. The houses in the cities and towns were built each story jutting over that beneath it, so that where the streets were not wide the people in the top storeys, from opposite houses, might not only converse with each other, but even shake hands too'ether' The houses were covered with tiles, shingles, slates, or lead. The streets of Manchester, Preston, Liverpool, and other towns of the county were unpaved, and were generally narrow, the smallness ot the carriages and the diminutive intercourse not requiring spacious streets. At the period of the wars between the houses of York and Lancaster, the windows principally consisted of lattice or wicker work and sometimes of panes of horn; but in the reign of Elizabeth glass had become p entitul and was generally used in small squares set in lead. A still further improvement took place in the buildings about this period. Till the time of Henry YIII. the houses were generally erected without chimneys; and m many of the first towns of the realm not more than two or three chimneys were to be seen, the fires being made in a recess in the wall, where the family dressed their victuals, and left the smoke to make its escape as it does at present out of the Irish cabins Valleys were generally preferred for the sites of towns and villages, the buildings in the ear y times of Britain being mostly of a construction too slight to encounter the boisterous elements of the climate to which they were exposed. The outbuildings, such as the dairy, stables, and brewhouse attached to the mansions, were at a little distance iW the house, and yet sufficiently near, says Harrison, " that the goodman lieng in his bed may lightlie heare what is donne in each of them with ease and call quicklie vnto his meinie if anie danger should attack him " ihe houses ot the great and opulent possessed much the same character, but in Lancashire a ^ BoS'i^tctifnTS! '''' ^™'°'"' "' "^^ ^"^"»''' "'■ ''■ : S^-;^ chronicle fo, 867 . ' • Harrison s Description of Britain, CHAP. XIV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 257 style of architecture prevailed, remarkable for massiveness, and which, if not peculiar to the county, was nowhere else_ practised so commonly or on so large a scale. The great difference between_ the timber mansions of Lancashire and those of other parts of the kingdom were that whiie using a material common to all, the former were distinguished by their extravagant soliditv and their strength and ingenuity of construction. The timbers were more commonly exposed on the outside than in the case of houses in the southern counties, and the ponderous framework than which stone itself could not longer be expected to resist time, or more firmly withstand the stroke of injury, with the massive bracing ribs and panels wrought in the semblance of tracery, exhibited a rude magnificence that, if lacking the delicacy and elaboration of detail observable in the more stately fabrics of brick and stone erected in other parts of the kingdom, are yet deserving the careful investigation of the architect and antiquary. Of the many picturesque halls and manor houses erected during the Tudor reigns, many excellent examples fortunately still remain comparatively uninjured. The cencre and most important feature of such houses was the great hall, and on it the disposition of the other apartments mainly depended. Here the general business of the household was transacted, and what may be called the public life of the family was carried on. It was the general rendezvous of the servants and retainers, who lounged about when duty or pleasure did iiot call them to other oflSces or to the field. In it the lord of the soil held his court by day, and his male servants and men-at-arms stretched themselves and slept, how they could, on the rush-covered floor at night. The walls of the apartment were hung with armour, pistols and petronels, swords and spears, and other implements of warfare. The screen and the "musycians" gallery were garnished with the antlers of the deer and other trophies of the chase, and in the more opulent houses the upper end was draped with tapestry of elaborate design. Before the spread of refinement had necessitated the addition of a private room, where the more honoured guests could be entertained apart from the clatter of the throng, the great hall was the place where all had their meals together. Round the " hie-board " or " table dormant" on the dais, assembled daily the family and guests, placed according to their rank above the salt, whilst the retainers, and those of inferior degree, sat at the benches, placed mostly on trestles, and ranged "banquet-wise" along each side of the apartment. Dinner was then, as now, the principal meal of the day, and in the better houses was usually conducted with much ceremony, and certain well-established rules of courtesy were strictly observed. Our forefathers were by no means insensible to the pleasures of the table. The family usually assembled about ten o'clock, and, unless called upon by urgent matters to the field or the council, dinner was enjoyed with leisurely deliberation. The parlours and private dining-rooms were fitted up with more regard for elegance, and were more luxuriously furnished than the banqueting hall : the floors were carpeted, and the chairs, stools, and other articles of furniture, were often adorned with coverings of needlework. The dormitories had their complement of truckle beds and ponderous " four-posters," and in addition there were arks, and coffers, and presses, wrought in oak and carved elaborately. While the upper classes were living in the full enjoyment of their wealth, the thrifty manufacturers in the prosperous inland towns were accumulating riches, becoming themselves small landowners, and by their enterprise establishing a new world of commercial energy ; but, though trade increased, and their gains were large, it was long before refinement and luxury found their way into their dwelling-places, and in their habits and education they were little removed from the common people, who were ignorant and superstitious, but as merry and boisterous as they were illiterate and rude. In the time of Edward I. orchards and gardens were much m use, but they afterwards grew into neglect, so that from John of Gaunt's days to the end of the reign of Henry VII. little attention was paid to these delightful and ornamental appendages to the gentlemen's mansions. This was owmg to herbs, fruits, and roots being little in use for the purpose of human food ; but m the beginnino- of the reign of Henry VIII. not only the poor but the rich began to use melons, radishes, skirrets, parsnips, carrots, cabbages, turnips, and salad herbs, the latter of which were served as delicacies at the tables of the nobility, gentry, and merchants. Hops in times past had been plentiful, but they also grew into disuse, and the cultivation of them was neglected till a tew years before the Reformation, when they were imported from the Low Countries;' and hence the couplet — "Hops, Reformation, Bays, and Beer Came into England all in a year ; " ■ T, i. _^ J fi ■, CO. „»!,.,. wtWshavina-OTOTiouBlv beer was either imported from abroad or brewed by foreigners, a supposi- • Hops were not imported untlll524, other bitters having proTiouBiy u^ certainly supported by the Promptorium. "The manifold supplied their place, but it is evident that as early as 1440, wh^n the «™,;f ?,' ^ops," says In ancient writer, "do manifestly argue the Parvulorum PrmrptnHum was compiled, their use ^.^.J^°\.^}':e^^l^ who Isomeness of iar above ak."-C. unknown, though Mr. Albert Way is of opinion that at that time hopped wnoieouuic* 34 258 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiv. or, as another ancient rhyme expresses it — "Turkeys, Carps, Hops, Piccarel, and Beer Came into England all in one year." Ale, a thick, sweet, unhopped liquor, however, had been drunk in England long before, and was a favourite beverage amongst the working classes, when they were all good Catholics. The number of fasts in Catholic times somewhat diminished the consumption of flesh-meat, which would otherwise, as the sustenance of the people was chiefly animal food and milk, have been very great ; but when it became lawful for every man to feed upon what he was able to purchase, except upon the weekly fast-days, which were observed by all long after the Reformation, it was necessary to resort to herbs, roots, and bread, to diminish the consumption of cattle. " In number of dishes and change of meat, the nobilitie of England," says Harrison, " doo most exceed, sith there is no dale in maner that passeth over their heads, wherein they have not onelie bdefe, mutton, veale, lambe, kid, porke, conie, capon, pig, or so manie of these as the season yieldeth ; but also some portion of the red or fallowe d^er, beside great varietie of fish and wild foule, and sundrie other delicacies. The chiefe part of their daily provision is brought in before them (commonlie) in siluer vessell, if they be of the degree of barons, bishops, and vpwards, and placed on their tables, whereof, when they haue taken what it pleaseth them, the rest is reserued, and afterwards sente downe to their seruing men and waiters, who feed thereon in like sort with conuenient moderation, and their feuersion also being bestowed vpon the poore, which lie readie at their gates in great numbers to receiue the same." This species of hospitality prevailed to a vast extent at Lathom House and Knowsley, in the time of Edward, Earl of Derby ; and the bishop of the diocese. Dr. Downham, entertained every day forty persons, besides comers and goers.^ To guard against intemperance each guest at the table of his noble host called for a cup of such liquor as he preferred, which, when he had satisfied himself, he returned to the servant. " By this device," says our author, " much idle tijiling is cut off, for if the full pot should continuallie stand at the elbow or near the trencher, diuers would alwaies be dealing with it, whereas now they drinke seldome and onelie when necessitie urgeth, and so auoid the note of great drinking, or often troubling of the seruitours with filling of their bols. Neuerthelesse, in the noblemen's hals this order is not vsed, neither in any man's house commoulie vnder the degree of a knight or esquire of great reuenues. The gentlemen and merchants keepe much about one rate, and each of them contenteth himselte with foure, fiue, or six dishes, when they haue small resort, or perad venture with one or two, or thr^e at the most, when they haue no sti angers to accompanie them at their tables." Before the suppression of the monasteries the heads of the two religious houses of Furness and Whalley were the most important personages in the county. Their establishments were maintained with regal splendour, and each had a retinue of servants that a prince might envjr. The Stanleys Avere their great rivals in magnificence and the display of sumptuous hospitality The records of Furness, the chartulary of Whalley, and the household books of the Earls of Derby, reveal the magnitude of their domestic establishments, and furnish a vivid picture of the condition of life and the profusion and rude magnificence that prevailed in the households of the great. The head of the great Cistercian house at Furness lived in a state of lordly ease. In addition to his great monastery at Beakansgill, he had his "spacious hall" in Lonsdale, his "stately grange" in Craven, and his " great inn " at York. The retinue of the Abbot of Whalley included ninety servants, who were tabled in the house ; but the Earl of Derby surpassed them both, for it appears from the "checkrowle" of his establishment that, in 1.587, "Mr. Steward," "Mr. Comptrowler,'' and "Mr. Receiver" had each three servants, seven "gentlemen waiters" had one servant each, and " Sir" Gilbert Townley, the chaplain, had one also. There were in the earl's retinue, in addition, nineteen " yeomen ushers,"^ six " grooms of the chamber," two " sub-grooms," thirteen " yeomen waiters," two "trumpeters," besides inferior servants, making in all, one hundred and eighteen persons, among them being " y« foole," to provoke mirth, and' a " conjuror," to cast out devils. The tables of each were supplied with game and venison, and with every delicacy that could be procured. The consumption of animal food was enormous, and laymen and ecclesiastics seemed to have rivalled each other in the extent of their libations. Ale and beer were the common beverages. The Earl of Derby provided fifteen hogsheads every Aveek, and in addition, it is said, thirteen and a half tuns of wine were drank at Lathom in one year ; while at Whalley eight pipes of red wine a year were consumed, besides much larger quantities of what, in the chartulary, are called "sweet wines." Inthe houses of the knights and lesser gentry, though carried out upon a smaller scale, the same spirit of profuseness and lavish hospitality was maintained. The potato,_though now so familiar, especially in Lancashire, was not then known in England, except as a foreign root obtained with much difficulty and cost, and therefore the more desired. Ihewme most m estimation was called theologicum, because it was had from the clergy and religious men, whose cellars were well replenished. March beer was also much esteemed at the tables of the nobility and gentry, but it was required to be at least a year old. The household ale was not drunk till after it bad been brewed a month. ♦ Chap, xiii, p. 224. CHAP. XIV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 259 The artificers and husbandmen had their festivities, as well as their betters, " especialUe," says Harrison, " at Bridales [i.e. Bride Ales], punfacations of women, and snch odd meetings, where it is incredible to tell what meat is consumed and spent, ech one bringmg such a dish, or so many, with him, as his wife and he doo consult vpon, but alwaies with this consideration, that the l&fr freend shall haue the better prouisiou. This also is commonlie sfene at their bankets, that the good man of the house is not charged with anything saumg bread, drmk, sauce, houseroome and fire. But the artificers in cities and good townes deale far otherwise, for albeit that some of them doo suffer their laws to go before their clawes, and diuers of them making good cheer doo hinder themselves and other men ; yet the wiser sort can handle the matter well enough in these iunkettiugs, and therefore their frugalitie deserueth commendation. Both the artificer and the husbandman are suf&cientlie liberall and verie friendlie at their tables, and when they m&te, they ai-e so merry without malice, and plaine without inward Italian or French craft and subtiltie, that it would doo a man good to be in companie among them." ^ The more opulent classes generally used wheaten bread at their own tables, while their household and poor neighbours were forced to content themselves with rye or barley, and in times of scarcity with beans, peas, or oaten bread, the latter of which was then in general use amongst the middle and lower classes in Lancashire and in Yorkshire, and is by no means entirely banished from these counties in the present day. According to the same authority the difference between summer and winter wheat was not known in his time by the husbandmen in many counties ; but in the north, about Kendal, and we presume about Lancaster also, the spring wheat was cultivated, and called March wheat. In Elizabeth's time the practice of sitting long at meals grew into disuse, and two meals a day, dinner and supper, were thought sufficient. The nobility, gentry, and students usually dined at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, and supped between five and six o'clock in the afternoon. The merchants seldom dined before twelve at noon, and supped at six at night. The husbandmen and artisans dined at high noon, as they called it, and supped at seven or eight. In the universities the students, out of term-time, dined at ten o'clock in the morning. In those early days, when coffee and tea, with various other slops, were unknown, or not used in England, it was no uncommon thing for the chief lords and ladies of the court to breakfast, as we have already shown," upon a fine beefsteak and a cup of ale, and that at eight o'clock in the morning; and that the hour of supper was early in Queen Mary's time may be inferred from Weston's promise to Bradford, the Lancashire martyr, that he would see the queen, and speak to her on his behalf after supper ; but, adds he, " it is to be thought that the queen has almost supped at present, for it is past six of the clock." In the reign of King James early hours were still kept by people of quaUty, for we learn from the king's history of the " Powder Plot," that the letter cautioning Lord Monteagle against going to Parliament was delivered in the evening, between six and seven o'clock, when his lordship was just going to supper. During the wars of the Roses, the domestic accommodations of the people in this and the other counties of the kingdom were as scanty and deficient as their historical records. "There are," says Harrison, ''old men dwelling in the village where I remaine, which have noted three things to be marvel- lousUe altered in England within their sound remembrance : One is, the multitude of chimnies latelie erected, whereas m their yoong dales there were not above two or three, if so manie, in most vplandish townes of the realme (the religious houses and manour places of their lords alwaies excepted, and peraduenture some great personages), but ech one made his fire against a reredosse in the hall, where he dined and dressed his meat. The second is the great (although not generall) amendment of lodging for (said they) our fathers (yea and we our selues also) haue lien full oft vpon straw pallets, on rough mats couered onelie with a shdet vnder oouer- lets made of dagswam or hopharlots (I vse their owne termes) and a good round log vnder their heads in steed of a bolster or pillow. If it were so that our fathers, or the goodman of the house, had within seven yeares after his marriage purchased a matteres or flockbed, and thereto a sacke of chaffe to rest his head vpon, he thought himself e to be as well lodged as the lorde of the town e, that peraduenture laie seldome in a bed of downe or whole fethers ; so well were they contented, and with such base kind of furni- ture f which, also, is not verie much amended as yet in some parts of Bedfordshire and elsewhere further ofi_ from our southerne parts PiUowes (said they) were thought mfete onelie for women in childbed. As for seruants, if they had an.e sheet aboue them, it was well, for seldome had they anie vnder their bodies, to keepe them from the pricking straws that ran of t through the canun of the nallet and rased their hardened hides. The third thing they tell of, is the exchange of vessell, as of treene platters into ?ewt,l?wooden spines inl^s^ or tin. For so common'were all sorts of treene stufie in dd time that man should hardlie Ll foure neeces of pewter (of which one was peraduenture a salt in a good farmer s house and yet for all this frugalitie (if it may ^L illy oaHed)trey were slarce able to hue and paie their rents at their dales without selling of a cow, or an horse, or more, although they paide but foure pounds at the vttermost by the yeare. On the union of the houses of York and Lancaster, under the prudent government of Hemy VII the degrading and impoverishing feudal system having been vn-tually abolished,^ the condi- tion of all cksses began to improve ;°and in the reign of Elizabeth they attained to comparative opulence, as would appear from the same authority. < m, , . r y. '< ^A^ ^„r. onHior '' »1ro pxcecdetb, and is growne in maner euen to passing delicacie ; and herein "The furniture of o"^ houses, adds our author ^;° ^^^^f ^^^^j^^^^^ f^^. Certes in noble men's houses it is not rare to see I doo not speake of the nobihtie ^'^'i Sentne onhe but likewi^^^^^ ^^ furnish sundrie cupbords to the summe abundance of Arras, rich bangmgs of tep^tne, sUuer 7^f f^^'^"^"Xreby the valie of this and the rest of their stuff's dooth grow to oftentimes of a thousand or two '•^.""^"'^ P°"°f '/ w^^^^^^ merchantmen, and some other wealthie citizens, it is not be almost inestimable. Likewise in the '^""f ^^ ° .^ of tapistrk Turkie worke, pewter, brasse, fine linen, and thereto costlie geson [rare] to behold generallie their great prouision ot tapistri e, lurKie . p , ^ ^ I T »r„i WiTiHmen we have none ; and if any como hither, so soon as they set foot on ■ Description of England. /tVi^v^Somero free oFcondition as their masters. "-Z)«rij)(ioii of Englcnd in ElizahctlC! Time. " See chap. xiii. p. ISl. lana uiey 260 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiv. cupbords of plate worth five or six huadred or a thousand pounds, to be deemed by estimation. But as herein all these sortsdoo far exceed their elders and predecessors, and in neatness and curiositie, the merchant all other ; so in time past the costlie f arniture staled there, whereas now it is descended yet lower, euen Ynto the inferiour artificers and manie farmers, who, by vertue of their old and not of their new leases, haue for the most part learned also to garnish their cupbords with plate, their iomed beds with tapistrie and silke hangings, and their tables with carpets and fine naperie, whereby the wealth of our countrie dooth infinitelie appear." Formerly the accommodation at the principal inns, even in the towns, was very deficient, but in the time of Elizabeth tlrey had so much improved as to become great and sumptuous ; and Holinshed, in his Itinerary from Cockermouth to London, enumerates amongst these places Kendale, Burton, Lancaster, Preston, Wigan, and Warrington, where the inns Avere well furnished with " napierie, bedding, and tapisserie. Each commer," says he, " is sure to lie in cleane sheets wherein no man hath been lodged since they came from the landresse. If the traueller haue an horse his bed dooth cost him nothing, but if he go on foot he is sure to paie a penie for the same ; but whether he be horseman or foote, if his chamber be once appointed, he may carie the kaie with him, as of his owne house, so long as he lodgeth there." It appears, however, that he was subject to great impositions at these plausible houses of entertainment, and if he was not upon his guard, his " budget " would be pillaged both by his host and by the servants. The penny for the lodging, when the comparative value of money is considered, was pretty much the same in amount in the time of Elizabeth as that which is now paid by travellers for similar accommodation at respectable inns. Henry VIII., indeed, had debased the coinage so much as to unsettle its value but Elizabeth restored it by utterly abolishing the use of copper coin, which she made into cannon, and using only silver even in her halfpence and farthings, and silver groats were as common in her day as silver shillings are in ours. Before the Reformation education had made but little progress. When the first of the Tudor sovereigns ascended the throne there was not a single public school from one end of the county to the other ; and had Shakspeare's Jack Cade been then living, he would have had no cause to reproach the Lancashire men, as he did Lord Say, with havmg " most traitorously corrupted the youth of the realm in erecting a grammar school." When the Reformation had been accomplished only three such schools had been founded — Farnworth in 1507, Manchester in 151.5, and Warrington in 1526 — but before the close of Elizabeth's reign the number had been increased to twenty-four. For the boy of " pregnant wit," as Hugh Oldham, the founder of the Manchester school phrased it, there were the schools attached to the monasteries, where he might obtain some kind of learning, better or worse, and be trained for the priesthood ; but those of the middle class had little chance, unless they had the good fortune to be admitted to the houses of the nobles and better born, when, with the younger members of the family, they might receive scholastic teaching from a properly-appointed teacher, and be fitted for the Universities. As a consequence there were. few of the trading classes in the towns who could read, and still fewer who could write. Colonel Fishwick, in his " History of Kirkham," tells us that, so late as Elizabeth's reign, of the thirty sworn men who had control of the affairs of that parish only one could write, and that when he failed to attend the meetings the business had to be suspended. The religious condition of the people, both before and after the Reformation, was little better. The parochial clergy were few, and their parishes were extensive, justifying to some extent the remark which Fuller made a century later, that "some clergymen, who have consulted God's honour with their own credit and profits, could not better desire for themselves than to have a Lincolnshire church as best built, a Lancashire parish as largest bounded, and a London audience as consistmg of the most intelligent people." The heads of religious houses had succeeded in obtaining for themselves the larger portion of the rectorial endowments, and consequently the parishes were left to the spiritual care of vicars, generally men of little learning, who were willing to accept the small tithes as a miserable means of subsistence. The "parson" of Wio-an was a great man in his way, and it is recorded that on one occasion, at his house in London, "he feasted two kings a,nd two queens, with their attendants, seven hundred messes of meat scarce serving for tiie first dinner." But with the exception of the Rectors of Wigan and Winwick the Vicar of Rochdale and the Warden of Manchester, there were few of the parochial clergy who were not rude and illiterate, and sprung from the lowest of the people. After the Reformation the condition of things was but little better, and the state of the clergy was positively worse. James Pilkington, the first reformed Bishop of Durham, a Lancashire man, on visiting his ancestral home at Rivington, found the state of things in the county so deplorable that he m lo64 addressed a letter of remonstrance to Archbishop Parker, who was patron and rector of the three large parishes of Rochdale, Blackburn, and Whalley. "Your cures," said the Bishop "all, except Rochdale, be as far out of order as the worst in all the country. The old Vicar of Black- burn resigned for a pension, and now liveth with Sir John Biron. Whalley hath as ill a vicar as CHAP. XIV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 261 the worst. And there is one come thitherto that hath been deprived or changed his name, and now teacheth school there ; of evil to make them worse. If your grace's officers Ust, they might amend many things. I speak this," he adds, " for the amendment of the country, and that your grace's parishes might be better spoken of and ordered." The state of the church was lamentable. The Archbishop of York had covenanted with Downham, the Bishop of Chester, a man not over- burdened with scruples of any kind, for the visitation of the diocese ; and Downham, good easy man, was content to receive the visitation fees, which were collected for him by a deputy. The Vicar of Rochdale was an avowed Papist, who kept out of the way, and retained a deputy to officiate for him. The Vicar of Blackburn eventually resigned on account of his ignorance, and the " ill vicar " of V^halley, as Pilkington designated him, is said to have been a man of low habits, loose morals, and so little learned that he was unable to read intelligibly. In the chapelries the complaint of ignorance, drunkenness, and licentiousness was general. The Curate of Stretford, in Manchester_ parish, kept_ an alehouse ; his neighbour, the lector or reader of Chorlton, eked out a scanty subsistence by doing a little pawnbroking privately, but happening to be found out he was required to pay two shillings to the poor's box as the penalty for his offence ; and Colonel Fishwick, in his "History of Kirkham," tells us that the Curate of Singleton, in that parish, was presented for, among other things, that " There is not servyce done in due tyme. He kepeth no hous nor releveth the poore. He is not dyligent in visitinge the sycke. He doth not teach the catechisme. There is no sermons. He churcheth fornycatours without doinge any penaunce. He maketh a dongehill in the chapell yeard, and," to crown his delinquencies, " he hath lately kepte a typlinge hous and a nowty woman in it."' The endoAvments of these small chapelries were very inadequate, many of the benefices being worth no more than £4 or £5 a year. The Curate of Blackley, near Manchester, when prosecuted, in 1581, for teaching without a licence, pleaded poverty, and affirmed that his stipend was only £2 3s. 4d. a year ; the Vicar of Rochdale paid the " preste " of his chapel of Saddle worth £3 every half year, and thought he had done handsomely ; while many had to depend on the voluntary principle, and be content with the small offerings of their respective flocks. In many other places the clergy were equally ill-paid and the people as badly served — a condition of things that justified the commissioners in reporting to the Privy Council, in 1591, that in Lancashire the people " lack instruction, for the preachers are few. Most of the parsons are unlearned, many of those learned not resident, and divers unlearned daily admitted into good benefices." The churches on Sundays and holy days are reported as " being empty," and, it is added, what will hardly excite surprise, that there are " multitudes of bastards and drunkards," that " people swarm in the streets and ale- houses during service time," and there are "many lusty vagabonds." With such laxity in the church it is no wonder that immorality should have prevailed to a large extent among the people, the masses of whom, it is to be feared, were neither very refined nor very virtuous. Delighting in cruel sports, such as bull-baiting and bear-baiting, and given to all manner of unlawful gaming, lewdness, and boisterous revelry, the alehouses, to which the more dissolute resorted, and they were innumerable, were the scenes of riots and feuds, which not only caused annoyance and scandal to the more well-disposed, but endangered the public peace to a greater degree than we can now easily conceive, and in the interests of morality it became necessary for those in authority to suppress by all lawful means such disorderly proceedings, and to punish all itinerant bearwards, vagrants, and other such disorderly persons. In August, 1585, the magistrates of Lancashire passed a series of resolutions respecting the government of alehouses, the principal of which were that no alehouse should be kept without a licence being first obtained at the quarter sessions a rule not before observed. No ale was allowed to be sold for more than one penny for a quart '" Rogues and valiant beggars," and " strange beggars of forren shires," were forbidden to exercise their vocation in the county, and warning to this effect Avas to be " geven open ie_ in all parish churches" within the county; and none were to have license to beg except m their own hundred, and none were to use " begginge" who were able to work. No icences were henceforth to be granted for begging except at the general quarter sessions, in order that the Edie Ochiltrees of Lancashire might be restrained, if not suppressed. ^ ,. , ^ . , . ^ , , , • , The sports and pastimes of our ancestors consisted of hawking, hunting, and archery, to which the nobles added the jousts and tournaments; theatrical amusements of -various kinds and music were also in vo^^ue, to which the rustics added bull-baitmg and bear-baiting, with their various gambols at the wakes and fairs. The theatrical performances consisted of sacred mysteries derived from the Holy Scriptures, of comedies, and of masques, which prevailed in the time of Elizabeth when Shakspere lived, and in the times of James 1., when Ben Jonson composed his celebrated masques for the royal amusement. Up to this time the players were deemed vagrants, and m 6 1 Chester Presentments -^i York quoted in Fishwiok'a HMory of Kirkham, pp. 45-6. -C. 262 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiv. Edward III. (1332), it was ordained by Parliament that they should be whipped out of London, notwithstanding their endeavours to entertain Prince Richard and his uncle the Duke of Lancaster. Their dramas, though sacred, were so ridiculous as to bring the histories of the New Testament into contempt, and to encourage libertinism and infidelity.' The wakes, though arising from the dedication of churches, soon degenerated into a species of rustic fairs, often kept on the Sunday, but totally devoid of any religious character. The waits or wakes, who were a species of nocturnal musicians, went through the streets at midnight, about Christmas time, playing their music, which is still partially continued ; but in earlier times they were accustomed to sing carols and Christmas hymns. The minstrels were less stationary : they strolled about the country to feasts, fairs, and weddings, and these cantahanqui were accustomed to mount upon benches and barrel-heads, where they sang popular songs for the amusement of the rustics at the price of a groat a fit or canto, their matter being for the most part stories of past times." Thus, in "The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green" is the following verse : — • " Then give me leave, nobles and gentles each one, And if that it may not win good report. One song more to sing, and then I have done ; Then do not give me a groat for my sport." The second Randle Holme, who seems to have been a better antiquary than poet, has preserved the names of a number of the prevailing games of Lancashire in the following metrical enumeration : — "AUNTIENT CUSTOMS IN GAMES USED BY BOYS AND GIRLES, MERILY SETT OUT IN VERSE. " Any they dare chalenge for to throw the sledge, To jumpe, or leape ovir ditch, or hedge ; To wrastle, play at stoole ball, or to runne, To pitch the barre, or to sboote of a gunue ; To play at loggets, nine holes, or ten pinnes, To trye it out at foote ball by the shinues. At tick tacke, seize nody, maw and ruffe. At hot cokles, leape frogge, or blind man's buffe : To drink the halper pottes, or deale at the whole caun, To play at chess, or pue [? put] and inke borne ; To daunce the moris, play at barley brake, At al exploits a man can think or speak : At shove groate, venter poynte, or cross and pile, At beshrew him that's last at any stile ; At leaping over a Christmas bonfire, Orat the drawjnge dame[?dunne — i.e. a dun horse] out of the myer; At sboote cocke, Gregory, stoole ball, and what not, Picke poynt, toppe, and scourge to make him hot." The arts, as the coucher books of Whalley and Furness sufiiciemly show, had made con- siderable progress in the time of the first Duke of Lancaster. The art of engraving in wood and on copper had also advanced, as is evident from the remaining prints of Andrea Mantegna ; and we have already seen that these ornamental accomplishments were crowned by an invention, the most important of any age or country, that of the art of printing, made by Guttenburg at Mentz, and introduced_ by Caxton, our countryman, into England.' The administration of the laws in these early times was often extremely lax, as is instanced in the frequent and systematic arrests of the inhabitants of the county and duchy of Lancaster, under the colour of law, m the reign of Henry VI. ; in the abduction of Lady Butler in the same reign; and m the killing of Mr. Hoghton at a still later period. When vagrants, pedlars, and strumpets were to be dealt with, the punishment was sufficiently severe and certain ; the first, on conviction, were doomed to be grievously whipped, and burnt through the gristle of the right hand with a hot iron of anmch square; the next were condemned to the pillory, for the second offence against the monopolising borough shopkeepers; and the third were immersed by the ducking-stool, which was also appropriated to the correction of those domestic disturbers known by the name of notorious scolds. Irial by combat or wager of battle, so prevalent in these early days, served to encourage the strong against the weak; this relic of a semi-barbarous age long outlived the trial by ordeal, which, as we have shown, was abolished on the northern circuit,^ and, doubtless, in all other circuits m the kingdom, as early as the reign of Henry III. In the times of religious persecution the terrors of the rack were resorted to for the purpose of extorting confession for Sabb'Jh4"Tws''r?ot"aSr b" r'd'edSw^' "' t 7- Tt ]!°}''f "^Hj"^^ ^ "^^ P^'-<= "' ='°^'" ■-'^ -*stooI." " February 101), by Bonner, Bishop of Londoii in 154' 11^ .^^^^^^ H.ibergbam EaTCS-half a xv th for the oookostoole at Bumeley." ' Putters irlorEniushlW^M"^^"^ " August 1620-the Constable of Habergham Eaves.axvth towards the = It is coniectured tbouL'h the tact ran nnf >,= „ t ■ ^ ■., cooke-stole and whipp-stocke to be made in Bumely-vli.l. ob." Tlio certainty, that EXste was the first town^nT^n.ff-''*^-^ ^-".J Manchester Court Leot Records contain many entries relating to tbo the printing press was introduced Lancashne into which cuck-atooL In 164S the retiring constables were fined for negllcting to Man*ch'e^°er'and'°ifte1lo^"?l;°"'^ -'""? ^f^^^^^' ^^ '° "- "' to^seo' l7dS' 1-?,."""°" =°°"' '""^ *^^"^ ^"''"^^^"'^^ ^^'^^ '''''''' Mancnester and m Preston within comparatively recent times In the » Chsm vii bhuttlcwortk AccovMs (Chet. Soc.) there occur the entries-^' January! ^' CHAP. XIV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 263 crimes that had sometimes never been committed; and as the duchy of Lancaster had its star- chamber, so also it had its rack. ThouEfh grammar schools had been founded in various parts of the county long before the close of Elizabeth's reign, their effect was only gradually manifested on the general population. Education made but comparatively little progress, and the men of Lancashire, though the merriest of EngUshmen, were as ignorant and superstitious as they were merry. Nowhere was the belief in witchcraft and supernatural agency more rife than in the palatinate. The shaping power of the imagination clothed every secluded clough and dingle with the weird drapery of superstition, and made every ruined or solitary tenement the abode of unhallowed beings, who were supposed to hold their diabolical revelries within it. The doctrines of necromancy and witchcraft were in common belief, and_ it is doubtful if there was a single person in the county who did not place the most implicit faith in both. The belief m these abominations was not confined to any one class of the people, or to the professors of any one form of faith. On the contrary. Churchmen, Romanists, and Puritans were alike the dupes of the loathsome impostors who roamed the country, though each in turn was ready to upbraid the others with being believers in the generally-prevailing error, and not unfrequently with being participators in the frauds that were practised. The bishops gave authority and a form of licence to the clergy to cast out devils ; Romish ecclesiastics claimed a monopoly of the power ; and the Puritan ministers, not to be outdone, tried their hands at the imposture. The Earl of Derby was reputed to keep a conjuror in his house; the Warden of Manchester, Dr. Dee, was a professor of the black art ; and the criminal records of Lancashire tell of the number of wretched old women who were tried for having, according to the popular belief, sold themselves and sworn to do the devil's service, and of the monstrous fictions and horrible attestations that Avere made against them. Happily, with a more liberal administration of the laws, Avitch-finding became less reputable, and also less remunerative. The light of knowledge gradually dispelled the shades of the once generally-prevailing delusion, and the belief is now finally exploded, except among the most ignorant and vulgar. In Lancashire the term " witch " has long since lost its original opprobrium, and is now transferred to a gentler species of fascination which is exercised by the fairer sex in the palatinate without fear of judge or jury — a fascination so potent that few are able to escape the spell, and still fewer desire to do so. Of the laws against witchcraft we .shall have occasion to treat at some length ; and it may suffice to say in this place that in the administration of those laws in Lancashire impartial justice and royal clemency were of rare occurrence. But we must now resume our history with the reign of James I. at the commencement of the seventeenth century. On the king's arrival in York, on his first progress to London, he was met by persons of distinction from all the northern counties of England,_ charged with the duty of declaring the loyalty and allegiance of those counties to his majesty, without stipulating, however, for the loyalty of the king to the free institutions of the country. From the county of Lancaster Sir Edmond Trafford and Sir Thomas Holcroft attended, both of whom received the honour of knighthood in the garden of the palace at York, on Sunday the I7th of April, 1603 ; on the following day his majesty conferred the same honour on Sir Thomas Gerrard of Bryn, at Grimstone ; and on the arrival of the royal suite at Worksop, Sir John Biron, of Newstead Abbey, in the county of Nottingham, and of Rochdale, in the county of Lancaster, father of John, the first Lord Biron and Sir Thomas Stanley, of Derbyshire, were also dubbed knights. After the king's arrival in London, Sir Thomas Hesketh, Sir Thomas Walmsley, Sir Alexander Barlow, Sir Edward Stanley Sir Thomas Langton, and Sir William Norris, all of the county of Lancaster, received the honour of knio-hthood; and in the following year (1604), Sir Gilbert Hoghton of Hoghton Tower, a distinguished favourite of the king, obtained the same honour. In this year Sir John Fortescue, knight. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, was appointed a member of a royal commission for the extermination of the Jesuits. „,,.,. , . , The plague which had broken out in London in the first year of the king s reign, and carried off thirty thousand of its inhabitants, when the whole population of that city did not exceed one hundred and fifty thousand, spread the following year into Lancashire and became so extremely fatal that in Manchester alone one thousand of the inhabitants^ died of that malady m 1605, which was probably equal to one-sixth of its population. The chaplm oi the col egiate church, Mr Kirke his wife, and four children fell victims to the disease. With heroic fortitude the Rev. William Bourne one of the fellows, continued to preach through the visitation says HoUinworth "in the towne so longe as he durst by reason of the unruliness of the infected persons and want of government, and then he went and preached in a field near to Shorter s (Shooters) Brook, the townspeople being on one side of him and the country people on the other. In accordance with 1 Hojlinworth's Manouniensis MS. 264 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiv. an arrangement come to with the lord of the manor, and in settlement of a dispute with the towns- men, six acres of land, part of the common at CoUyhurst, were devoted to cabins for the reception of plague patients, many of whom were also buried there. At this time it was not usual to inter the dead of the lower class of people in coffins, and the bodies were probably often insufficiently covered with earth, which might conduce to the spread of the pestilence; indeed, as late as 1628 it was no unusual thing to bury the poor without coffins.^ This pestilence having greatly subsided in London, it was appointed that the first parliament in the new reign should assemble on the 5th of November ; but while the preparations were making a plot was discovered, the most atrocious that " the tongue of man ever delivered, the ear of man ever heard, the heart of man ever conceived, or the malice of devils ever practised " ^ — a plot which had for its object to destroy at one blow the king and queen, and their family, with the lords and the commons of the realm congregated in parliament. Some of the actors in this tremendous drama stand connected with the county of Lancaster, but happily rather has conservators than destroyers. The letter by Avhich the treason was disclosed is supposed to have been written by a lady, a descendant by the female line of Sir Edward Stanley, the Lancashire hero of Flodden Field, FAC-SLWILE OF THI5 LETTER TO LORD MOUNTBAOLE. to her brother, Lord Monteagle, a Roman Catholic.^ Overtures had been made by the conspirators \^^..^F William Stanley, who was then in Flanders, to become ^ party in the treason, but Sir William m some degree retrieved his character by declining to take part himself and by discountenancing an intended application to foreign Catholic powers to aid the conspiracy. The plot originated with Robert Catesby, a descendant of the noted favourite of Richard III a man of tortune, m the enjoyment of the family estate at Ashby, in Northamptonshire, and with Thomas ^ercy, a gentleman-pensioner to the king, and a descendant of the illustrious house of Northumberland, both of them Roman Catholic recusants; its object being to destroy the Protestant reignmg femily, and to substitute a Catholic dynasty. Having increased their numbers by the addition of Robert Winter, Thomas Winter, John Wright, and Christopher Wright, and = ir FdSd ^hZwIcf on'^L^^^^^^^ , , . ..n^' '^"^^'^^ J"™'>'"' *" "^^ Hist. Sodetatis Jesu, 1. xiii. s. «, says that in the gunpowder treZn ^^^ conspirators engaged •■ Ti^sliam, one of the conspirators, sent to Lord Monteagle, ilia friend, tne letter revealing the conspiracy." OHAP. XIV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 265 embarked Guido Fawkes, a Yorkshireman, and 'a soldier of fortune passing under the name of Johnson, m the enterprise, Percy, who had rented the vault under the Houses of Parliament asTfue cellar, there accumulated thirty-six barrels of gunpowder to perpetrate the nteS e^pbsLn Sir Everard Digby Ambrose Rookwood, Esq., Francis Tresham" Esq., Thomas Habington^EsTjohn Grant, and>obert Keys, gentlemen, became also members of the conspiracy, thoufh kss act velv employed in the treason.^ To bind the conspirators to secrecy and to perseverance in the reasonable design, Gerrard, a Jesmt, administered an oath to Catesby and Percy, and to others of their fraternity, m these terms: — j, ^ i uu uuucis ui • ^•"Tri!''''^^ T"*"" ^^ tl^«^^l«^«ed Trinity, and by the sacrament you now purpose to receive, never to disclose directlv or nn^tl're^ Jvl/ouw" ""' *^' """'''" ''''' *'" "" P^^""^ *° ^"^^ *° ^^^P^*^"-*' "- "i--* fromihe execution the/eo" _ Ten days before the time appointed for the assembling of Parliament, Lord Monteagle, son and heir to Lord Morley, being m his lodgings in London, ready to go to supper, between six and seven clock at night, one of his footmen, on returning from an errand across the street, delivered to him a letter, without either date, signature, or superscription, which had been put into his hand in the dark by a man unknown, who charged him to give it to his master, and which letter was expressed in these terms : — '■ "To the ryght honorable The Lord monteagle,-my lord, out of the loue I beare To some of youere frends, I haue a caer of youer preservacion Therefor i would advyse youe as you Tender youer lyf To deuyse some exscuse to shift of youer attendance at Tka parleament, for god and man hathe concurred To punishe the wickednea of This Tyme, and Thinke not slightlye of this advertisment but reteyre yours self into youre contri, wheare yowe maye expect the euent in safti, for Thowghe Theare be no apparance of anni stir, yet I saye they shall receyve a Terrible blowe this parleament, and yet they shall not seie who hurts Them ihis counsel is not lo be a contemned because it maye do yowe good, and can do yowe no harme, for The dangere is pased as soon as yowe have burnt The letter, and I hope god will give yowe The grace to mak good use of it, To whose holy protecoion I oomend yowe. — (See p. 264 for facsimile.) After pondering over the letter for some time, doubtful whether the writer was in jest or in earnest, his lordship repaired to the king's palace at Whitehall, and there delivered the letter to the Earl of Salisbury, the principal secretary of state,^ Avho has himself given an account of what followed ; and we prefer quoting his own words, because they involve a point of history which has been misrepresented for the purpose of courtly adulation. " When I observed the generality of the advertisement and the [style of the letter], I could not well distinguish whether it were a frenzy or sport. For, from any serious ground, I could hardly be induced to believe that it proceeded, for many reasons. First because no wise man would think my Lord to be so weak as to take any alarm to absent himself from Parliament vpon such a Loose Advertisement. Secondly, I considered that if any such thing were really intended, that it was very improbable that only one Nobleman should be warned and none other. Nevertheless, being loth to trust my own judgement alone, being always inclined to do too much in such a Case as this, I imparted the letter to the Earl of Suffolk, Lord Chamberlain, to the end I might receive his opinion. Wherevpon pervsing the words of the letter and observing the writing, That the blow should come without knowledge who hud hurt them, we both conceiued that it could not be more proper than the time of Parlement ; Nor by any other way like to be attempted, then with Powder whilst the King was sitting in the assembly. Of which the Lord Chamberlaine [thought] ye more probability Because there was a great Vault vnder the said Chamber wch was neuer used for anything but some wood and coal belonginge to ye Keeper of ye Old Palace. In wljieh consideration, after we had imparted the same to the Lord Admiral, the Earl of Worcester and the Earle of Northampton and some other. We all thought fit to forbear to impart it to the King, vntill some three or four days before the Session. At which time we shewed his Matie the letter, rather as a thing we would not Conceal (because it was of such a nature) than any way persuading him to give any further Credit to it, vntill the place had been visited, wherevpon his Mat's (who hath a natiirall habit to Contemn all false fears and a Judgmt so strong as never to doubt anything which is not well warranted by reason) concurred only thus far with vs, That seeing such a matter was possible, That should bee done which might prevent all danger, or else nothing at all. Herevpon it was moved. That till the night before his coming nothing should be done to interrupt any purpose of theirs that had any such devillish practice, But rather to suffer them to go on till the Eve of the day. And so on Monday in the afternoon accordingly the Lord Chamberlain, whose office it is to see all places of Assembly put in readiness when the King's person should come, taking with him ye Lord Mounteagle, went to see all ye places in ye Parliament House. And took also a slight occasion to peruse that Vault, where finding only Piles of Billets and faggots heaped vpp, His Lordshipp fell into inquiring onley who owned the same wood, Observing the proportion to be somewhat more than ye Howse Keeper was likely to lay in for his own use. And when Answer was made that it belonged to one Mr. Percy, His Lordship straight conceiued some suspicion in regard of his person ; And the Lord Mounteagle taking some notice that there was great profession between Percy and him from which some inference might be made that it [was] the warning of a friend. My Lord Chamberlaine resolved absolutely to proceed in a search though no other materials were visible, and being returned to the Court about five a Clock took me up with him to the King, and told him yt although they were hard of belief that any such thing was thought of yet in such a case as this whatsoever was not done (to put all out of doubt) was as good as nothing. Wherevpon it was resolved by his Matie that this matter should be so carried as no man should be scandalized by it, nor any alarm taken for any such purpose. For the better effecting whereof ITie Lord Treasurer, the Lord Admiral, the Earl of Worcester, and we two agreed That Sr Tho. Knevett should, under a pretext of searching for stolen and imbezilled goodes, both in that place and other houses thereabouts, remove all that' wood, and so to see the plain ground vnder it. Sr Tho. Knevett going thither (vnlOoked for) about Midnight into the Vault found that fellow Johnsonne [Fawkes] newly come out of the Vault, and without any more questions stayed him. And having no sooner removed the wood, he perceived the Barrells, and so bound the Caitiff fast, who made no difficulty to acknowledge the fact, nor to Confess clearly that the morrow following it should have been effected. And thus have you a true narration from the beginning," &c. 2 Letter from (Cecil) the Earl of Salisbury, dated November 9, 1605, ' Works of King James I. p. 241. ^^ ^^ Charles Cornewallyes, Harl. MS8. cod. 1875. 35 266 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiv. From this letter, which was written by Tresham, a relation of Lord Monteagle, it appears that the sao-acity of first penetrating the mystery, imputed to the king by historians, and by senators,' and for which he himself takes credit in his work on the " Powder Treason, = was not his. Alter some delay, and with considerable difficulty, Fawkes, the incendiary, was brought to confess, in the presence of the privy council, that the plot was first communicated to him about Easter, m the year 1604 when he was in the Low Countries, by Thomas Winter, and that on his arrival in Eno-land he conferred upon it with Catesby, Percy, and John Wright, and that they and he laboured in the mine to penetrate from the adjoining house through the walls into the vault under the House of Lords, which work was abandoned when Percy got the vault itself into his possession. On the rumour of the discovery of the plot, several of the conspirators hurried down into Warwick- shire where they made a fruitless attempt to raise an insurrection, in which Percy and Catesby were killed, and Digby, Rookwood, and the others, being taken prisoners, were brought to London, tried and executed on the thirtieth of January, 1606, along with Fawkes. The Catholics as well as the Protestants condemned this diabolical treason in the most unqualified terms; and so strongly was the kino- impressed with the conviction that it was the conspiracy of a few fanatical individuals, and not of a Christian community, that, in his speech at the opening of Parliament, he deprecated the injustice of involving the Roman Catholics, as a body, in such enormous barbarities. _ Lord Monteagle, whose promptitude and undeviating loyalty had, through the blessing of Providence, saved all the estates of the realm, was rewarded for his communication by a grant of crown lands and a pension ; and as a further mark of the king's favour towards him, the life of his brother-in- law, Thomas Habington, Esq., of Hendlip, in Worcestershire, the husband of the lady who is conjectured to have written the mysterious letter which afforded the clue to the discovery, was saved, on condition that he should not quit the county of Worcester. The debt of public gratitude due to Lord Monteagle from his country has been thus commemorated : — " Lo, what my country should have done (have raised An obelisk, or column, to thy name, Or, if she would but modestly have praised Thy fact, in brass or marble writ the same) I, that am glad of thy great chance, here do ! And, proud my work shall out-last common deeds, Durst think it great and worthy wonder too, But thine, for which I do't, so much exceeds. My country's parents I have many known, But saver of my country thee alone." — Ben Jonson's Fpitaph on Lord Monteagle. Sir William Stanley, with two other popish recusants of the names of Owen and Baldwin, were placed under arrest at Brussels, on suspicion of having been concerned in the gunpowder treason ; but in the cool lanc;uaffe of Sir Thomas Edmonds, the Enolish ambassador, " Sir William was not yet so deeply charged concerning this last treason as to be put upon his trial. According to a monument in St. Ann's Church, Aldersgate, London, Peter Hey wood, Esq., of Heywood (then spelt Heiwood), a magistrate of the county of Lancaster, having probably accompanied SirThomas Knevett, apprehended Guido Fawkes with his dark lantern coming forth from the vault of the Houses of Parliament on the eve of the gunpowder treason; and on the same authority it appears that this vigilant magistrate was stabbed in Westminster Hall, five-and-thirty years afterwards, by John James, a frantic Dominican friar, for urging him to take the oaths of supremacy and allegiance.^ That the Stanley family stood in high estimation with the king may be inferred from the fact of the mutual interchange of New Year's gifts in 1606^ between his majesty and the Earl of Derby, and from the present of plate given to the earl on the christening of his son and heir, James, the future Earl of Derby, who was destined to die on the scaffold in the cause of the Stuarts. Among the " Domestic State Papers"" is a letter from Sir Nicholas Mosley and Richard Holland, dated Tetlow, 20th November, 1605, and addressed to the constables of Manchester, in which occurs the following passage : — " For better accomplishment of His Majesty's commands by the late proclamation for detecting and apprehending divers traitors therein mentioned, or others suspected of having had any hand in that horrible treason, we command you to cause watch and ward to be duly kept in Manchester for staying and examining all strangers and others suspected of having been privy to the said detestable enterprise, and to cause them to be forthwith brought before the next Justice of the Peace to be examined and searched for letters, &c,, and we command you and all others to do your best endeavours, upon pain of your allegiance, and as you tender His Majesty's high indignation." ' In the preamble to the act for public thanksgiving on the anni- = Works of King James I. p. 227. veraary of the 5th of November, it is said, that " the conspiracv would , en. . o f r™j„„ „„i ; „ rnr r.i j™'. H,rf nf have turned to the utter ruin of this whole kingdom, had it not pleased „ , . ^'T° '' "^ London, vol. i. p. 605. Clarendon s Htit. of Almighty God, by inspiring the king's most excellent majesty with a '• '■ divine spirit to interpret some dark phrases of a letter, shewed to his ' Nichols's Progresses of King James I. vol. i. p. 593. majesty, above and beyond all ordin.-iry construction, thereby „ n™,.,-„ q,„,. i>„„„, , w-riii KTo d9 r miraculously discovering this hidden treason." » Z)otocs(jc S(a(e Papers, v. xxxm. JNo. 4.!.— (j. CHAP. XIV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 267 ■ .-..71??/ J-^''"'^ ot inheritance more elevated than that of the knights banneret' was instituted by the king, m 1611 for the ostensible purpose of defending and reforming the province of Ulster, in Ireland. It was the boast of King James and his courtiers that he had done more in nine years towards ame lorating the condition of the people of Ireland than had been accomplished by his predecessors in the four hundred and forty-years which had elapsed since the first conquest ot that country.- lo carry on these improvements, and to preserve the peace of the country, the baronets were created, each of whom had a bloody hand, in a field argent (the arms of Ulster) superadded to his family arms. The stipulations entered into by the recipients of the new honour were that they should be aiding towards the building of churches, towns, and castles ; should hazard their lives and fortunes in the performance of their duty ; and that, when any spark of rebellion or other hostile invasion should threaten to disturb the peace of the kino-dom or province they should be ready to defend it ; and that each of them should maintain and keep thirty foot soldiers there at 8d. a day for three years. None were at first admitted to the new honour except those descended, at least, from a grandfather, on the father's side, who had borne arms, and who had a clear income in land of £1,000 per annum. At the institution of the order, it was intended that the number should not exceed two hundred, that number to be filled up as the titles became extinct. In the first batch of baronets, created on the 22nd of May, eighteen knights were honoured with this hereditary degree, amongst whom were the names of Sir Richard Molineux of Sefton ; Sir Richard Hoghton of Hoghton Tower ; and Sir Thomas Gerrard of Bryn,' all in the county of Lancaster ; and Sir George Booth of Dunham Massey, in the county of Chester.'' Up to this time, the honourable ancient dignities were only eleven in number, but they were now increased to twelve, ranking in the following order: First the king, second the prince, third the duke, fourth the marquis, fifth the earl, sixth the viscount, seventh the baron; and these seven are called princely, and allowed to wear coronets. The other five are noble — as, first the knight baronet, second the knight banneret, third the knight bachelor, fourth the esquire, and fifth the gentleman. This was the age of witchcraft ; and no county in the kingdom was more scandalised by the degrading superstition than the county of Lancaster. In the present day, when the term " Lancashire Witches " serves only to excite feelings of gaiety and admiration,* it is not possible to conceive how different were the sentiments produced by these magical words in the seventeenth century, when the " Solomon of the North " ascended the throne of England, and when, on the proclamation of a general pardon, the crime of " wytchcrafte " was excepted from the common amnesty. A petition from Dr. Dee, warden of the Collegiate Church of Manchester, of the date of the 5th of January, 1604, praying to be freed from this revolting imputation of witchcraft, even at the risk of a trial for his life, sufficiently indicates the horror excited by the charge. " It has been affirmed," says the doctor, "that your majesty's supplicant was the conjuror belonging to the most honourable privy council of your majesty's predecessor, of famous memory, Queen Elizabeth ; and that he is, or hath been, a caller or invocater of devils, or damned spirits : these slanders, which have tended to his utter undoing, can," he adds, " no longer be endured ; and if on trial he is found guilty of the offence imputed to him, he offers himself willingly to the punishment of death ; yea, either to be stoned to death, or to be buried quick, or to be burned unmercifully."" Conjuror or not, the reverend warden sported with conjuror's weapons, and his predictions on the fortunate day for the coronation of his royal mistress, and his pretensions to render innoxious the waxen effigy of Queen Elizabeth found in Lincoln's Inn Fields, very naturally subjected him to those suspicions which, combined with other circumstances hereafter to be mentioned, proved his utter undoing. The doctor's connections, too, were of the most suspicious kind. For some years he was the friend and associate of Edward Kelley, alias Talbot, a notorious English alchemist and necromancer, who, for some delinquencies, coining it is said, had had his ears cut off at Lancaster. It was the practice of Kelley to exhume and consult the dead to obtain a knowledge, as he pretended, of the fate of the living ; and upon a certain night, in the park of Walton-le-Dale, in the county of Lancaster, with one Paul Wareing, of Clayton Brook, his fellow- companion m such ■The last kEight banneret created was Sir Halph Sadler. chanceUor of 1660. June 7.--Sir Orlando Bridgeman of to^^ Knight, •"^ &l^^°fek°sri5r "' ''"^^^"'"'^'' "^ *'^ ^^" '"'''■ 1660. Aug. IV.- J^TZ^, 'o'fVTd^diltr.^night. gives a lisrof the &etcies ereated fro^m the inaHtukn of the Order 1640. July ?»--?^dward Mosky^ of Anco^^^ U> the time of i.sue, -,.-"oV?'';Si'd"ti?'CTnight"'"" '"'''" ^" J's^tcken^ta mrnt°nTa''easf o'^^a ti^t^"co^i.^.i to die in JrJo ^^^ ^Q-"^ l^A^lSon nf Te^eTEsa ScotLvnd for witchcraft, whose crime in rcaUty was that she had S" W i« "MwLdStanky of BickSifle, Esq attracted too great a share, in the lady's opinion, of the attention of the fm. iug U~^^Bi^lfoo!I:o{^^^5Bi laird This in modem times would have been caUed a rcai Lancashire 1644. Aoril 1.— John Preston, of the Mauour in Fumesse, Esq. witch. mi. April 25:-ThomasPre8twich, of Hohne(Hulme), Esq. » LansdowneMSb. cod. 161. 268 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIEE. chap. xiv. deeds of darkness, he invoked one of the infernal regiment, to know certain passages in the life, as also what might be known by the devil's foresight of the manner and time of death, of a noble young gentleman in Wareing's wardship/ This ceremony being ended, Kelley and his com- panion repaired to the churchyard of Walton-le-Dale, sometimes called Law Church, where they duo- up the body of a poor old man recently interred, and whom, by their incantations, they made to deliver strange predictions concerning the same gentleman, who was probably present, and anxious to read a page in the book of futurity." After these feats, which were no doubt performed by a kind of ventriloquism. Seer Edward went abroad, accompanied by Dr. Dee, where they found the celebrated elixir, or philosopher's stone, in the form of a powder, by which, amongst other transmutations, they converted the bottom of a warming-pan into good silver, only by warming it at the fire ; and so plentiful were the precious metals that their children played with golden quoits P The fame of the alchemists having reached Queen Elizabeth, she sent a messenger. Captain Peter Gwinne, secretly, for Kelley, who had got himself immured in one of the prisons of the Emperor Rodolphus II. in Prague. But he was doomed to die in a foreign land, for in an attempt to escape out of the window of the castle he received a mortal bruise — ^the elixir not being able, as it should appear, to communicate immortality to its possessor. The first distinct charge of witchcraft in any way connected with this county is that (in 1447) of the wife of the good Duke Humphrey, Duchess of Gloucester, the associate of Roger Bolingbroke the priest and Margaret Jourdan,'' who, after having been hurled by her ambition and inquisitive credulity from the highest elevation to the lowest degradation, became the prisoner of Sir Thomas Stanley, in the Isle of Man, and for some time suffered confinement in the castle of Liverpool." The arts of the Lancashire alchemists, and Sir Edward Ashton, though partaking of the nature of witchcraft, prefer no claim to supernatural agency, but may rank amongst the eccentric phenomena of the human mind." In the Stanley family, Edward, Earl of Derby, had the reputation, on the authority of a minister of state, of entertaining a conjuror in his house; and Margaret Clifford, Countess of Derby, lost the favour of Queen Elizabeth for a womanish curiosity (from which the queen herself was not entirely free) and consulting with wizards and cunning men ; while Ferdinando, Earl of Derby, died, as we have seen, under the impression that he was bewitched, in which belief " very many, and some of them very learned men, concurred." During his last sickness " a homelie wise-woman, about fifty years old, was found mumbling in a corner in his honour's chamber, but what God knoweth. . . . About midnight was found by Mr. Halsall an image of wax, with hair like unto the hair of his honour's head, twisted through the belly thereof; and he fell twice into a trance, not able to move hand or foot, when he would have taken physic to do him good. In the end, he cried out often against all witches and witchcraft, reposing his only hope of salvation upon the merits of Christ Jesus his Saviour." '' Connected with these impositions and this infatuation was the doctrine and practice of demoniacal possession and dispossession, on which subject an almost interminable controversy arose, which divided public opinion in the county of Lancaster for many years, and which, like witchcraft itself, was at lenth exploded by the progress of knowledge. Araongst the first cases of this kind is that of " Ann Milner, a maiden of Chester, eighteen years of age," to whom an evil spirit appeared suddenly, on the 16th of February, 1564, in the form of a " white thing compassing her roundabout," while she was bringing her father's kine from the field. The following morning she took to her bed, where she fell into a succession of trances, from which she was not recovered till, on the bidding of Master Lane, a clergyman, she said the Lord's_ Prayer and Te Deum, and was immediately dispossessed, after more than a month's affiiction, at which the whole city stood astonished. The judge of assize, John Throgmorton, Esq., high justice, heard a sermon from Master Lane, on the occasion, and Sir Wyllyam Calverley, knight, Richard Harlestone, Esq., and John Fisher, attested the veracity of the narrative.'* Another case of demoniacal possession, much more extensive and varied in its circumstances, took place at Cleworth, now called Clayworth, in the parish of Leigh, in the county of Lancaster, thirty years afterwards. The facts are related by the Rev. John Darrell, a minister of religion, and himself a principal actor in the scene. According to the narrative published by this divine, there ' Weever's Ancient Fuaeral Monuments, p. 45. saya, "Mr. LiUy told me that John Erans informed liim that he was Y IS not Known witn certamty when this cii-cumstanoe occurred, acquainted with Kelly's sister in Worcester, tliat she showed him some but a local historian, anxious to supply the omission, gives the date of the gold her brother had transmuted, and that Kelly was first an August 12, 15IJ0, and says that Dee was present. This, however, is clearly apothecary in Worcester. "-C. an error, for Kelly could then only have been about five years of age, and * Margaret Jourdan, the Witch of Eyee, was burnt to death in Dee did not make his acquaintance until lung afterwards.— Smithfield j , m i, = With this "powder of projection," or " salt of metals," as it was » See chap. xl. p. 173. variously called, Dee and his associate were enabled to coat the baser « See chap xi. p. 176. metals with silver or gold, having, as it would seem, hit upon the process ' HarL MSS. cod. 247. Sr'« 'li' J™'"? '""i ^ i?''!? ''**'^''' Josi-'Pli Hancock introduced into » From a black-letter copy in the British Museum, transcribed and bhemeld— that of electro-plating. Ashmole, in hia MS., 1700, foL 58, obligingly furnished by George Ormerod, Esq. CHAP. XIV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 269 lived m the year 1 o9^ (? Jan. 1596-7), at Cleworth, one Nicholas Starkie/ who had only two children John and Anne, the former ten and the latter nine years of age. The^e children, ac^coVdin. to our' authority, became possessed with an evil spirit ; and John Hartley, a reputed con uror wls'applied to, at the end oi from two to three months, to give them relief, which he effected by vEis charms, and_ the use of a magical circle with four crosses, drawn near Mr Starkie's slat a Huntroyde, m the parish of Whalley. Hartley was conjurer enough to discov r the diSnc h?T^p??^;n.w''Vf^^''"'^ lusown,and he contrived to fix himself as a constant inmate in his benefactor s family for two or three years. Being considered so essential to their peace, he advanced m his demands, till Mr. Starkie demurred, and a separation took place ; but not till five other persons, three of them the female wards of Mr. Starkie, and two other fer^ales, had become possessed through the agency ol Hartley, "and it was judged in the house that whomsoever he kissed on them he breathed the devil." According to the narrative, all the seven demoniacs sent forth such a strange and supernatural voice of loud shouting as the like was never before heard at Cleworth, nor m England. In this extremity Dr. Dee, the warden of Manchester College was applied to to exorcise the evil spirits ; but he refused, telling them he would practise no such unlawful arts as they desired, but, instead, advised that they should " call in some godlye preachers with whona he would consult concerning a public or private fast." At the same time he sharply reproved Hartley for his fraudulent practices. Some remission of violence followed ; but the evil spirits soon returned, and Mr. Starkie's house became a perfect bedlam. John Starkie, the son was "as fierce as a madman, or a mad dog;" his sister Anne was little better; Margaret Hardman' a gay, sprightly girl, was also troubled, and aspired after all the splendid attire of fashionable life' calhng for one gay thing after another, and repeatedly telling her lad, as she called her unseen famiUar, that she would be finer than him.' Eleanor, her younger sister, and Ellen Holland, another of Mr. Starkie's wards, were also "troubled;" and Margaret Byrom, daughter of Adam Byrom, a wealthy " merchaunt " of Salford, a woman thirty-three years of age, Avho was on a visit at Cleworth, became giddy, and partook of the general malady. The young ladies fell down as dead, while they were dancing and " smging and playing the minstrel," and talked at such a rate that nobody could be heard but themselves. The preachers being called in, according to the advice of Dr. Dee, they inquired how the young demoniacs were handled, to which the possessed replied by a strange and absurd rhapsody. On the 16th of March, Maister George More, pastor of Cawke (Calke), in Derbyshire, and Maister John I)arrell,_ afterwards preacher at St. Mary's, in Nottingham, came to Cleworth, when they saw the girls grievously tormented. Jane Ashton, the servant of Mr. Starkie, howled in a supernatural manner. Hartley having given her kisses and promised her marriage. The ministers having got all the seven into one chamber, gave them spiritual advice ; but on the Bible being brought up to them, three or four of them began to scoff and called it, " Bib-le Bab-le, Bible Bable." The next morning they were got into a large parlour and laid on couches, when Maister More and Maister Dickens, a preacher (and their pastor), along with Maister Darrell and thirty other persons, spent the day with them in prayer and fasting, and hearing the word of God. All the parties afllicted remained in their fits the whole of the day. Towards evening, every one of them, with voice and hands lifted up, cried to God for mercy, and He was pleased to hear them, so that six of them were shortly dispossessed, and Jane Ashton in the course of the next day experienced the same deliverance. At the moment of dispossession some of them were miserably rent, and the blood gushed out both at the nose and the mouth. Margaret Byrom said that she felt the spirit come up her throat, when it gave her a "sore lug" at the time of quitting her, and went out of the window with a flash of fire, she only seeing it ; John Starkie said his spirit left him like a man with a hunch on his back, very ill-favoured ; Eleanor Hardman's was like an urchin ; Margaret Byrom's like an ugly black man with shoulders higher than his head ; and the others were equally hideous. This occurred on the 9th January, 1596-7. Two or three days afterwards the unclean spirits returned, and would have re-entered had they not been resisted. When they could not succeed, either by bribes or entreaties, they threw some of them violently down, and deprived others of the use of their legs and other members ; but the victory was finally obtained by the preachers, and all the devils banished from Mr. Starkie's household. In this state of turmoil and confusion Mr. Starkie's house had been kept for upwards of two years, but in the meantime Hartley, the conjuror, who seems to have been a designing knave, after undergoing an examination before two magistrates, was committed to Lancaster Castle, where he was convicted, on the evidence ■ Nicholas Starkie was the head of the family of that liamo, ol the eldest, mairied, in 1604, Margaret, daughter of Thomas Lei?h, and Huntroyde, near Padiham, in Whalley parish. He married at Leigh, from him descends the present owner of Uuutroyde.Le Gei^ie Nitholi^^ August 5th, 1S78, Anne, widow of Thurston Barton, of Smithells, and Starkie. Anne, the daughter, who was baptised at Leigh, May 2J, IbOb, daughter and sole heir of John Parr, of Kempnough and Cleworth, and became the wile of Thomas Dyke, of Westwick, oo. York, Usq.— u. in her right became possessed of Cleworth, where he was residing at the ^ See p. 255. time of the events narrated. Of the two children ol the marriage, John, 270 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap, xiv, of Mr. Starkie and his family, of witchcraft, and sentenced to be executed, principally, as it is stated, for drawing the magical circle, which seems to have been the least part of his offence, though the most obnoxious to the law. In this trial, spectral evidence was adduced against the prisoner, and the experiment was tried of saying the Lord's Prayer.^ It does not appear that any of the Lancashire witches or wizards were tried by swimming. When it no longer served his purpose, he endeavoured to divest himself of the character of a conjuror, and declared that he was not guilty of the crime for which he was doomed to suffer. The law, however, was inexorable, and he was brought to execution On the scaffold he persisted in declaring his innocence, but to no purpose. The executioner did his duty, and the criminal was suspended. While in this situation the rope broke, when he confessed his guilt ; and being again tied up, he died the victim of his own craft, and of the infatuation of the age in which he lived." On the appearance of Mr. Darrell's book, containing the relation of these marvellous events, a long controversy arose on the doctrine of demonology, and it was charged upon him by the Rev. Samuel Harsnet, afterwards Bishop of Chichester, Norwich, and York, that he made a trade of casting out devils, and that he instructed the possessed how to conduct themselves, in order to aid him in carrying on the imposition. Mr. Darrell was afterwards examined by the queen's commissioners ; and, by the full agreement of the whole court, he was condemned as a counterfeit, deposed from the ministry, and committed to close confinement, there to remain for further punishment. The clergy, in order to prevent the scandal brought upon the church by false pretensions to the power of dispossessing demons, soon after introduced a new canon into the ecclesiastical law, expressed in these terms : " That no minister or ministers, without licence and direction of the bishop, under his hand and seal obtained, attempt, upon any pretence whatsoever, either of possession or obsession, by fasting and prayer, to cast out any devil or devils, under pain of the imputation of imposture, or cozenage, and deposition from the ministry." Some light is cast upon these mysterious transactions by " a discourse concerning the possession and dispossession of seven persons in one family in Lancashire," written by George More, a Puritanical minister (the Vicar of Calke or Cawe), who had engaged in exorcising the legion of devils. This discourse agrees substantially with Darrell's narrative, but adds some facts that are worthy of mention — amongst others, that he, Mr. More, was a prisoner in the Clink for nearly two years, for justifying and bearing witness to the facts stated by his fellow-minister. Speaking of Mr. Starkie's family, he says that Mr. Nicholas Starkie having married a gentlewoman that was an inheritrix, and of whose kindred some were Papists — these, partly for religion and partly because the estate descended not to heirs- male — prayed for the perishing of her issue, and that four sons pined away in a strange manner ; but that Mrs. Starkie, learning this circumstance, estated her lands on her husband, and his heirs, failing issue of her own body, after which a son and daughter were born, who prospered well till they arrived at the age of ten or twelve years. In this disordered state of the public mind a work of King James's, under the title of " Daemonologie," alike distinguished for its vulgar credulity and for its sanguinary denunciations, was issued from the press, and read with avidity. The sapient author, after having imagined a fictitious crime, placed the miserable and friendless objects of conviction beyond all hopes of royal clemency. Having laboured to open the door for the most unjust convictions, the royal fanatic adds that all witches ought to be put to death, without distinction of age, sex, or rank.^ _ It has been said that witchcraft came in with the Stuarts, and went out with them, but this is an injustice to the memory of the author of " Daemonologie," for the belief in sorcery, witchcraft, enchantment, demonology, and practices of a kindred nature,-were, as we have seen, widely preva- lent long ere King James ascended the English throne. Henry VIII., in 1531, granted a formal licence to " two learned clerks," " to practise sorcery, and to build churches," a curious combina- tion of evil and its antidote ; and ten years later he, with his accustomed inconsistency, issued a decree making " witchcraft and sorcery felony, without benefit of clergy." A few years after the royal author of the sanguinary commentary upon the demoniacal code of Henry VIII. and Elizabeth ascended the EngUsh throne a discovery took place of an alleged con- vention of witches, held at Malkin Tower^ (a ruined and desolate farmhouse), in Pendle Forest, m the county of Lancaster. It has been justly observed by Dr. Hibbert-Ware that witchcraft was generally the most rife in wild and desolate parts of the country, and this observation is borne out I n^'r^r*,''''n?wf J^'I^Sf"^ ?*"'y "" Witchcraft, p. 33. renouncing and blaspheming God ; and others, half-burnt, brake out of rlpvil nf «^„n „™^^; I r »F''™go and grievous vexation by the the fire, and wero oast quick in it again, till they were burned to the ^X^on^°ZS.J^^^^J^^^ NTtSn'gSr '■"''' °' Tsf ■-"'" ^'"'^ "''"'' ''«'-«'■■».«-'«'' ^ -*V. Scotfs J^emonolooy. if not'^nii!i^^'„''lw\°i w*^ '°'' "T'tf^raf =;; EugUnd has been generally, ' Mallda is a north country name for a hare, but in this instance the werftTprS AlSnl+S, f^; ^" ^° ^™''f ?''' '° ^'^'"*' "some women namo is more probably derived from maca, an equal, a oompanion. Xit thPv ZSZ^^^iZ.^l^^Y"'*^'"^ PJ^' '"/i; '^''""'- ^'^ ™nvicted ; MalH;i is the name of a familar demon iu Middleton's old play of " I'he albeit they persevered constant to the end, yet they wero burned quick Witch "—0 [auve] after such a cruel manner, that some of them died in despaii-, CHAP. XIV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 271 in Lancashire, for no district in the county is more wild and desolate than certain parts of the parish ot Whalley, in which parish almost all the witch scenes of the county have heen performed The persons accused of holding the convention at Malkin Tower were a poor wretched old woman of the name of Southernes, and Anne Whittle, each of them fourscore years of ao-e and upwards' with several of their_ neighbours and relations, all of the same rank. No fewer than nineteen of these persons were tried at the assizes at Lancaster in the autumn of 1612, charged with the crime of witchcraft, of whom the following is a list : — ' "^ Witches of Pendle Foeest.— EHzabeth Southernes, widow, alias Old Demdike ; Elizabeth Device (probably Davies), alias Young Demdike, her daughter ; James Device, the son of Young Demdike ; AHzon Device, the daughter of Young Demdike ; Anne Whittle, widow, alias Chattox, alias Chatter-box, the rival witch of Old Demdike ; Anne Redferne, daughter of Ann Chattox ; Alice Nutte r ; Katherine Hewytt, alias Mould-heeles ; Jane Bulcock, of the Mosse End ; John JjulcoclcTirer son ; Isabel Robey ; Margaret Pearson, of Padiham. The last-mentioned of whom was tried— 1st, for murder by witchcraft ; 2nd, for bewitching a neighbour ; 3rd, for bewitching a horse ; and being acquitted of the two former charges, was sentenced for the last to stand upon the pillory, in the markets of Clitheroe, Padiham, Colne, and Lancaster, for four successive market-days, with a printed paper upon her head, stating her offence. Witches of Samlesbuey. — Jennet Bierley, Ellen Bierley, Jane Sowthworth, John Ramsden, Elizabeth Astlej', Alice Gray, Isabel Sidegraves, Lawrence Haye. The sensation produced by these trials in this and the neighbouring counties was great beyond all former example ; " and Thomas Potts, Esq., the clerk of the court, was directed by the judges of assize. Sir Edward Bromley, Knight, and Sir James Altham, Knight, to collect and publish the evidence, and other documents connected with the trial, under the revision of the judges them- selves. According to this authority. Old Demdike, the principal actress in the tragedy, was a general agent for the devil in all these parts, no man escaping her or her furies, that ever gave them occasion of offence, or denied them anything they stood in need of The justices of the peace in this part of the country, Roger Nowell and Nicholas Bannister, having learnt that Malkin Tower, in the forest of Pendle, the residence of Old Demdike and her daughter, was the resort of the witches, had ventured so far to brave the danger of their incant£itions as to arrest their head, and a number of her followers, and to commit them to the castle at Lancaster. Amongst the rest of the voluntary confessions made by the witches, that of Dame Demdike is preserved, and is to the following effect : — " That about twenty years ago, as she was coming home from begging, she was met near Gouldshey, in the forest of Pendle, by a spirit, or devil, in the shape of a boy, the one-half of his coat black and the other brown, who told her to stop, and said, that if she would give him her soul, she should have anything she wished for ; on which she asked him his name, and was told that his name was Tib ; she then consented, from the hope of gain, to give him her soul. For several years she had no occasion to make any apphcation to her evil spirit ; but one " Sunday morning, having a little child upon her knee, and she being in a slumber, the spirit appeared to her in the likeness of a brown dog, and forced himself upon her knee, and begun to suck her blood under her left arm, on which she exclaimed, ' Jesus, save me ! ' and the brown dog vanished, leaving her almost stark mad for the space of eight weeks." On another occasion she was led, being blind, to the house of Richard Baldwyn, to obtain payment for the services her daughter had performed at his mill, when Baldwyn fell into a passion, and bid them to get off his ground, upbraiding them with being whores and witches, and said he would burn the one and hang the other ; on which Tib appeared, and they concerted matters to revenge themselves upon Baldwyn, but it does not appear what was the nature of that revenge. This wretched creature, who appears, like her compeer Chattox, to have been a poor mendicant pretender to the powers of witchcraft, might have read the work ot her sovereign Kin" James ; for in her examination she says that the surest way of taking man's life by witchcraft is to make a picture of clay like unto the shape of the person meant to be killed, and when they would have the object of their vengeance to Buffer in any particular part of his body, to take a thorn, or pin, and prick it into that part of the effigy ; and when they would have any of the body to consume away, then to take that part of the figure and burn it ; and when they would have the whole body to consume, then to take the remainder of the picture and burn it, by which means the afflicted will die." A number of other examinations follow, principally those of the witches themselves, amount- ing in substance to this, that Old Demdike persuaded her daughter, Elizabeth Device, to sell herself to the devil and that she took her advice ; and that she, in her turn, initiated her daughter, Alizon Device in her infernal arts. When the old witch had been sent to Lancaster Castle, a grand convocation consisting of seventeen witches and three wizards, was held at Malkin Tower on Good Friday which was by no means observed as a fast, and at which it was determined to kill M 'Co veil, the governor of the castle, and to blow up the building, for the purpose of enabling the witches to make their escape, which certainly would have been a very effectual way of accomplishing that obiect, seeing that the persons meant to be rescued were in the building which it was intended to destroy' The obiect of this witch-council was threefold: first, to christen the famihar ot Alizon Device, one of the witches who had been taken to Lancaster ; second, to concert a plan tor blowing > Potts'8 Preface to the Trials of the Lancashire Witches in 1612. This has been reprinted with Notes, &c., by the late James Croseley, Potts s Prelace to tne ixiais oi i,u<, i. _^^^ p.s.A. (vol. 6 of the Chetham Society's series). 272 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiv. up the castle and murdering the gaoler ; and third, for bewitching and murdering Mr. Lister, a o'entleman residing at Westby, in Craven, in Yorkshire. The business being ended, the witches, in quittino- the me'eting, walked out of the barn, which was dignified with the name of a tower, in their proper shapes ; but no sooner had they reached the door than they each mounted their spirit, which was in the form of a young horse, and quickly Yanished out of sight. Before the assizes Old Demdike, worn out by age and trouble, escaped the hands of the executioner by her death in prison, but the other prisoners were brought to trial. , ..,,., The first person arraigned before Sir Edward Bromley (Aug. 18, 1612), who presided in the criminal court, was Ann Whittle, alias Chattox, who is described by Mr. Potts as a very old, withered, spent, and decrepit creature, eighty years of age, and nearly blind— a dangerous witch of very long continuance, always opposed to Old Demdike ; for whom the one favoured the other hated deadly, and they envied and accused one another in their examinations. This witch was more ready to do mischief to men's goods than to themselves, her lips ever chattered as she walked (and hence, probably, her name of Chattox, or Chatter-box), but no man knew what she said ; her abode was in the forest of Pendle, amongst the wicked company of dangerous witches, where the woollen trade was carried on, and she, in her younger days, was a carder of wool. She was indicted for having exercised various wicked and devilish arts called witchcrafts, enchantments, charms, and sorceries, upon one Robert Nutter, of Greenehead, in the forest of Pendle, and, by force of the said witchcraft, having feloniously killed the said Robert Nutter. To estabUsh this charge, her own examination was read, from which it appeared that fourteen or fifteen years ago a thing like " a Christian man " had importuned her to sell her soul to the devil, and that she had complied with his request, giving to her familiar the name of Fancy ; and on account of an insult offered to her daughter Redfern by Robert Nutter, they two conspired to place a bad wish upon Nutter, of which he died. Amongst other charms was that of an incantation used over drink, in the process of bi-ewing, when it failed to work, of which the following is a copy : — "A CHARM. " Three Biters hast thou bitten, The Hart, ill Eye, ill Tonge ; Three bitters shaU be thy Roote, Father, Sonne, and Holy Ghost, a God's name. Fiue Pater-nosters, fine Auies, and a Creede, In worship of fiue wounds of our Lord." It was further deposed against the accused that John Device agreed to give Old Chattox a dole of meal yearly if she would not hurt him ; and that when he ceased to make this annual payment he took to his bed and died. To which were added two other crimes of smaller magnitude ; first, that she had bewitched the drink of John Moore ; and, second, that she had, without the operation of the churn, produced a quantity of butter from a dish of skimmed milk ! In the face of this evidence, and no longer anxious about her oAvn life, she acknowledged her guilt ; but humbly prayed the judges to be merciful to her daughter, Anne Redfearne. This prayer, so natural from a mother, was vain. Bent, as was the court before which she was tried, on blood, they kneiv not how to appreciate this touching trait of maternal magnanimity. Against Elizabeth Device, the testimony of her own daughter, a child nine years of age, was received, and the way in which her evidence was given, instead of filling the court with horror, seems to have excited their applause and admiration. According to our authority, the familiar of the prisoner was a dog, which went by the name of Ball, and by whose agency she bewitched to death John Robinson,^ James Robinson, and James Mitton ; the first of the victims having called her a strumpet, and'the last having refused to give Old Demdike a penny when she asked him for charity. To render her daughter proficient in the art, the prisoner taught her two prayers, by one of which she cured the bewitched, and by the other procured diink. The prayer for drink was in these terms: " Crucifixus hoc signuin vitam Eternam. Amen." The charm for curing the bewitched, thus: — "A CHARM. ' Vpon Good Friday, I will fast while I may, Vntil I heare them knell Our Lord's owne Bell, Lord in his messe With his twelue Apostles good, ' What hath he in his hand ! Ligh in leath wand : What he in his other hand ? Heauen's doore key. Open, open Heaaen's doore keyes, Sneck, sneok hell doore," &c. The person of Elizabeth Device, as described by the clerk of the court, seems to have peculiarly qualified her for an ancient witch : "She was branded," says he, "with a preposterous mark in ^ The ancient Rabbins held that the devils most frequently appeared in the shape of SegJmirim, rough and hairy goats ; but none of the familiars of the Lancashire witches were of this classical description. CHAP.. XIV. THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE. 273 ■ ; her left eye standing lower than her right, the one looking down and the other up, at the iime." Her process of destruction was by modelling clay or marl figures, and wasting her nature ; same time.' _ victims away along with them— another proof of the king's sagacity, which? no doubt, the judges^ who seem to have been more solicitous to obtain the favour of their royal master than to administer impartial justice to his subjects, would not fail to make known at court. James Device was convicted principally on the evidence of his infant sister, of bewitching and killing Mrs. Ann Towneley,_ the wife of Mr. Henry Towneley, of the Carr, by means of a picture of clay, and both he and his sister were witnesses against their mother. This wizard, whose spirit was called Bandy, is described as a poor, decrepit boy, apparently of weak intellect, and so infirm that it was found necessary to hold him up in court on his trial. Upon evidence of this kind no fewer than ten of these unfortunate people were found guilty at Lancaster, and sentenced to suffer punishment of death; eiglit_ others were acquitted, though for what reason it is difficult to imagine, for the evidence against some of them, at least, appears to have been equally strong ; or, to speak more properly, equally weak and absurd, as against those who were convicted. The persons sentenced to death, and afterwards exebuted, were Ann Whittle, alias Chattox, Elizabeth Device, James Device, Ann Redferne, Alice Nutter, Catherine Hewytt, John Bulcock, Jane Bulcock, Alizon Device, and Isabel Robey. Mr. Crossley, in his introduction to Potts's " Discovery of Witches," remarks that " the main interest in reviewing the miserable band of victims will be found to centre in Alice Nutter. Wealthy, well-conducted, well-connected, and placed probably on an equality with most of the neighbouring families, and the magistrate before whom she was brought and by whom she was committed, she deserves to be distinguished from the companions with whom she suffered, and to attract an attention which has never yet been directed to her. That James Device, on whose evidence she was convicted, was instructed to accuse her by her own nearest relatives, and that the magisrrate, Roger No well, entered actively as a confederate into the conspiracy, from a grudge entertained against her on account of a long-disputed boundary, are allegations which tradition has preserved, but the truth or falsehood of which, at this distance of time, it is scarcely possible satisfactorily to examine. Her mansion, Rough Lee, is still standing, a very substantial and rather fine specimen of the houses of the inferior gentry temp. James I., but now divided into cottages."^ Against Jane Bierley, Ellen Bierley, and Jane Southworth of Samlesbury, charged with having bewitched Grace Sowerbutts at that place, the only material evidence adduced was that of Grace Sowerbutts herself, a girl of licentious and vagrant habits, who swore that these women, one of them being her grandmother, did draw her by the hair of the head, and lay her upon the top of a hay-mow, and did take her senses and memory from her ; that they appeared to her sometimes in their own likeness, and sometimes like a black dog. She further deposed that by their arts they prevailed upon her to join their sisterhood ; and that they were met from time to time by " four black things going upright, and yet not like men in the face," who conveyed them across the Kibble, where they danced with them, and then each retired to hold dalliance with their familiar, conformable, no doubt, to tlie doctrine of Incubi and Succubi, as promulgated by the royal demon- ologist. To consummate their atrocities, the prisoners bewitched and slew a child of Thomas Washman's, by placing a nail in its navel ; and after its burial they took up the corpse, when they ate part of the flesh, and made " an unxious ointment " by boiling the bones. This was more than even the capacious credulity of the judge and jury could digest, and, after listening with all gravity to this farrago, the judge demanded of the accused what answer they could make, when they " desired him for God's cause to examine Grace Sowerbutts, who set her on, or by whose means the accusation came against them." The simple question wrung from the prisoners on the verge of anticipated condemnation demolished the whole fabric of imposture, and laid open the plot even to the dull comprehension of Sir Edward Bromley. The taint of Papistry was known to rest upon Grace Sowerbutts and her supporters, and it was rumoured, moreover, that she had been under the training of one Thompson, a seminary priest or Jesuit, whose real name was Southworth, formerly a connection of one of the accused, Jane Southworth, who had lately become a convert to Protes- tantism, and for that reason was likely to be hated by her Popish relative The judges faculties seem to have been sharpened by his horror of Popery, and though he hardly relished the release of even Protestant witches, he doubtless found some solace m the assurance that his sagacity had unravelled imposture and unearthed a dangerous Jesuit, whom he would have been willing to string up in the plain belief that he was thereby doing a just and righteous work. Leading the principal witness step by step to a denial of all she had asserted, haying first deivered himself of the opinion " that if a priest or a Jesuit had a hand in one end of it, there would appeare to be 1 Chd, Soc. PuUcations, v. vi.— 0. 36 274 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiv. knaverie and practise on the other end of it," he got her to confess that she was a cheat and an impostor, and that every article of her accusation was a falsehood and invention from beginning to end ; that " Master Thompson, who she took to be Master Christopher Southworth, to whom she had been sent to learne her prayers, did persuade, counsell, and advise her to bring the horrible charge she had against her grandmother, aunt, and Southworth's wife." In short, this precocious prodigy of wickedness was compelled to play a losing game, and, as a consequence, her intended victims escaped with a stern exhortation from the judge. The Samlesbury witches were therefore acquitted, and the seminary priest Thompson, alias Southworth, who was suspected by two of the county magistrates,^ to whom the affair was afterwards referred, of having instigated Sowerbutts to make the charge, escaped for want of confirmatory evidence. John Ramsden, Elizabeth Astley, Alice Gray, Isabel Sidegraves, and Lawrence Haye were all discharged without trial. The relationship which the Southworths who were concerned in the trial bore to each other has not until recent years been ascertained, but a careful examination of the muniments at Samles- bury Hall, which the Editor of this edition was permitted to make some few years ago, enabled him to identify with tolerable certainty the principal of the Samlesbury witches.- The supposed chief instigator of the plot, the priest Thompson, otherwise Christopher Southworth, was, no doubt, Christopher, the fourth son of Sir John Southworth, the noted recusant — a Romish ecclesiastic who was undergoing imprisonment for recusancy in the castle of Wisbeach at the time of Sir John's decease in 1595, and must have been lifty-four years of age at the time these accusations were preferred. Jane Southworth, the intended victim of this arch-conspirator, was the widow of John Southworth, a grandson of Sir John, the recusant, and nephew of the soi-disant Thompson. Upon her the chief interest in this extraordinary trial gathers. Unlike the great majority of those accused of holding communion with the evil one, she was no poor, houseless mendicant, or aged beldame with gobber tooth and stooping gait ; nor had she " the wrinkles of an old wine's face," which was accepted as "good euidence to the jurie against a witch," but a lady well connected and of considerable property — " Of an unquestion'd carriage, well reputed Among her neighbours, reckoned with the best." She was the daughter of a Lancashire, knight of great influence and large possessions. Sir Richard Sherbourne, of Stonyhurst, and herself the mother of the future lord of Samlesbury. She was, moreover, young, and, it may be reasonably supposed, not without personal attractions, and had become a widow only a few months before the charge of witchcraft was brought against her, a circumstance, it might have been expected, that would have spared her the persecution of her deceased husband's Jesuitical kinsman. The other persons named were all dependents of the Southworth family, or tenants on the Samlesbury estate. The judge. Sir Edward Bromley, in addressing the convicted prisoners, when sentence of death was passed upon them, made a parade of clemency and impartial justice, which was only to be discovered in his words : " You," said he, '■ of all people, have the least cause of complaint ; since on the trial for your lives there hath been much care and pains taken ; and what persons of your nature and condition were ever arraigned and tried with so much solemnity ? The court hath had great care to receive nothing in evidence against you but matter of fact ! '' As you stand simply (your offences and bloody practices not considered), your fate would rather move compassion than exasperate any man ; for whom would not the ruin of so many poor creatures at one time touch, as in appearance simple, and of little understanding ? But the blood of these innocent children, and others his majesty's subjects, whom cruelly and barbarously you have murdered and cut off, cries unto the Lord for vengeance. It is impossible that you, who are stained with so much innocent blood, should either prosper or continue in this world, or receive reward in the next." Having thus shut the door of hope, both in this life and the life that is to come, the judge proceeded to urge the victims of superstition to repentance ; and concluded by sentencing them all to be hanged. It would, probably, have occurred to the judges, that persons possessed of the power to kill their enemies, and endowed with a capacity of locomotion that enabled them to fly over the laud or the sea, might have slain their prosecutors, or mounted their familiars and taken flight, had not the dogma promulgated by King James answered this objection in limine: "When the witches are apprehended and detained by the lawful magistrates," says the royal commentator, " their power IS then no greater than before that ever they meddled with these matters."' This, indeed, is a ' The Rev William Leigh, and Edward ChisnaU, Esq. prisoner. The Weeding ot the corpse on the touch of the sorceress, one i„ .-rpr-'^"''! ft, '^^°'*" ,, ,, ?="»'osburywitchea" will be found of the absurd and now exploded superstitions insisted upon by King /^ ^'l^. ,^ Ancient Hall of Samlesbury," by James Croston. James, was advanced on oath, on the trial of Jennet l>restoa, as an moon- aot/ungM vuuter oj jact.>--Vlhy, to prove the guilt of one of the trovortible evidence of guilt ; and yet the judge upon the bench declares S.^, f T'*'*"^. , "^"i '?*" ™<=\™'l,tliat It was the opinion of a man, not in that no evidence was received against the prisoners but matter of fact, court, that she had turned his beer sour ; and tu prove tlie charge ot Uis lordship would have approached much noai-cr the truth If he had said murder, it was thought sufficient to attest that a sick person had declared that nothing but fiction was heaj-d in evidence, his bUiet that he owed his approaching death to the maledictions of tha « King James's " Dajmonologie," cliap. vi. CHAP. XIV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 275 necessary part of the doctrine, otherwise Elizabeth Device and her associates might as easily and as invisibly have conveyed themselves from the bar of the castle of Lancaster, as from the witch convention at Malkin Tower. At the appointed time all these poor wretches died by the hands of the public executioner— victims, no doubt in part, of their own fraudulent arts, resorted to for the purpose of eking out a miserable subsistence— but, much more, sacrifices offered upon the altars of ignorance and superstition. At the assizes at York, in the summer of the same year (1612), Jennet Preston, of Gisborn, was broughtto trial before Sir James Altham, charged with having attended the great witch meeting at Malkin Tower, in Lancashire, on the Good Friday preceding, and with having murdered Thomas Lister, Esq., of Westby, in Craven, by witchcraft. In support of these charges it was deposed by Anne Robinson, probably one of the family of the Lancashire witch-finders, that when Mr. Lister was lying in extremity upon his death-bed, he cried out to them that stood about him, " Jennet Preston is in the house, look where she is ! take hold of her ; for God's sake shut the doors, and take her ! Look about for her, and lay hold on her, for she is in the house ! " and so crying, he departed this life. Other witnesses deposed that after Mr. Lister was dead, and laid out in his winding sheet, Jane Preston was brought to touch the dead body, on which fresh blood presently gushed out in the presence of all those that were in the room.^ This appears to have been the only evidence against the prisoner, except that which was contained in the examination of James Device, the grandson of Old Demdike, who deposed before Roger Nowell and Nicholas Bannister, two Lancashire magistrates, that Jennet Preston, the prisoner, was present at the great witch meeting at Malkin Tower on the memorable Good Friday, and that she came to the meeting mounted upon a spirit like unto a white foal, with a black spot in the forehead ; that at this meet- ing she asked the aid of the witches and wizards assembled to kill Mr. Thomas Lister, and that they consented to entangle him in the meshes of their net of enchantment, and in the end to destroy him ; on which she gave them an invitation to attend another witch feast on the next Good Friday on Romeles (Rombald's) Moor, and then mounting her spirit she took flight through the air, and became invisible. This strange mass of absurdities satisfied the judge of the prisoner's guilt, who summed up the evidence, if evidence it could be called, strongly against her; but the jury, somewhat more scrupulous, spent the greatest part of the day in deliberation ; in the end, however, they returned a verdict of guilty, and the poor unfortunate wretch ended her life on the gallows, denying firmly her guilt, and accusing, with a great deal of truth, her prosecutors of the crime of murder. It does not appear that the rack was resorted to in Lancashire, but if the rack was not applied the gallows was in frequent use ; and a man of the name of Utley, a reputed wizard, was hanged at Lancaster about the year 1630, for having bewitched to death Richard, the son of Ralph Assheton, Esq., of Downham, and lord of Middleton.^ At the assizes at Lancaster, in 1633-4,' another batch of reputed witches, consisting of seventeen in number, was brought to trial from the usual resort in Pendle Forest. The informations were laid before Richard Shuttleworth, of Gawthorpe, Esq., and John Starkie, Esq., on the 10th of February, 1633-4, the latter of whom had figured as one of the possessed amongst the seven demoniacs at Cleworth, in the year 1597. The principal evidence against the prisoners was Edward Robinson,^ the son of Edmund Robmson, of Pendle, mason, who deposed that two greyhounds had been transformed into witches. That one of the witches there, Dickenson's wife, had conveyed him before her on horseback to a meeting at Hoarestones, where a convocation of witches, amounting to threescore or thereabout, had assembled to regale themselves ; that one of them, Loynd's wife, he had seen sitting upon a piece of cross wood in his father's chimney ; that afterwards he had met and fought with a boy, who turned out to have a cloven foot ; that in a neighbouring barn he had seen three witches taking pictures, into which they had stuck thorns ; and that, at the meeting at Hoarestones, all the persons now in confinement for witchcraft were present. The only evidence that appears m confirmation of this testimony is that of Edmund Robinson, the father, who had himself been a witness against the Lancashire witches of 1612, which amounts merely to this— that he heard his son cry pitifully, and that the boy told him all that was contained in his deposition. absent as well a? when they are present. This te,t ought therefore to S" X.Tin the Lmme'r of 1?38 4!ard wL then c"r„wned It Eolyrood.-C. te exploded , wr, ii..„ •■ „ Roa * The prototype of Matthew Hopkins, the south-country witchflnder. = Dr. Whitaker's " History of Whalley, p. 628. ai^TOaltprWt in his nreface to ''The Wonderful Discovery of Witches in condemned, and that there are at least 60 already discovered, and yet Forest.— 0. 276 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiv. Upon this evidence all the seventeen prisoners were found guilty, and sentenced to be executed. But the iudge very properly respited the execution ; and on the case being reported to the king in council, the Bishop of Chester, Dr. Bridgman, was required to investigate the circumstances. This inquiry was instituted at Chester, and four of the convicted witches — namely, Margaret Johnson, Frances Dickenson, Mary Spencer, and the wife of Hargraves — were sent to London, and examined, first, by the king's physicians and surgeons, and afterwards by the kino' himself. Charles I., less prone to credulity than his father, having satisiied himself that the charge against these poor creatures was groundless, extended to them the royal clemency, and so well was the case of those left behind represented by the singular delegation that all the seventeen received a free pardon. It is not the least extraordinary part of these most extraordinary tran- sactions that, previous to the trial, Margaret Johnson, of Marsden, one of the prisoners, had been so acted upon by the terrors of her situation, that she actually made a confession of her own guilt, attended with circumstances which would, if true, have ended in her execution. According to this deposition, Johnson had sold her soul to a spirit, or devil, in the similitude of a man, to whom she gave the name of Mamilian, who had promised to supply all her wants. It is diiiicult to imagine how voluntary confessions of crimes never committed could be obtained from persons who were liable to forfeit their lives, and frequently did forfeit them, on their own accusation. But the fact is undeniable. Sir George Mackenzie, himself a believer in witchcraft, and who, as the king's advocate, had conducted many trials in Scotland for that crime, speaking upon the judicial confession of the criminals themselves, says — " Those poor persons who are ordinarily accused of this crime are poor ignorant creatures, and oft-times women, who understand not the nature of what they are accused of, and many, mistaking their own fears and apprehensions for witchcraft, when they are defamed, become so confounded with fear, and the close prison in which they are kept, and so starved for want of meat and sleep (either of which wants is enough to disorder the strongest reason), that hardly wiser or more serious people than they would escape distraction ; and when persons are confounded with fear and apprehension, they wUl imagine things very ridiculous and absurd. Most of those poor creatures are tortured by their keepers, who, being persuaded they do God good service, think it their duty to vex and torment poor prisoners. I went," continues Sir George, "when I was a justice-depute, to examine some women who had confessed judicially, and one of them, who was a silly creature, told me, under secrecy, that she had not contest because she was guilty, but being a poor creature, who wrought for her meat, and being defamed for a witch, she knew she would starve, for no person thereafter would either give her meat or lodging, and that all men would beat her, and hound doi;s at her, and that, therefore, she desired to be out of the world ; whereupon she wept most bitterly, and upon her knees called God to witness what she said." The account of these transactions given by Dr. Webster, in his "Display of Witchcraft," serves to show the consternation and alarm which must have been felt in those daj^s, particularly amongst the old and decrepit, from the machinations of the witch-linders. Of the boy Robinson he says — ^ " This said boy was brought into the church at Kildwick [in Yorkshire, on the confines of Lancashire], a large parish churclii where I, being then curate there, was preaching in the afternoon, and was set upon a stool to look about him, which moved some little disturbance in the congregation for a while. After prayers I inquired what the matter was. The people told me that it was the boy that discovered witches ; upon which I went to the house where he was to stay all night, where I found him and two very unlikely persons, that did conduct him and manage the business. I desired to have some discourse with the boy in private ; but that they utterly refused ; then, in the presence of a great many people, I took the boy near me and said, ' Good boy, tell me truly and in earnest, didst thou see and hear such strange things at the meeting of witches as is reported by many that thou didst relate ? ' _ But the two men, not giving the boy leave to answer, did pluck him from me, and said he had been examined by two able j-ustices of the peace, and they did never ash him such a question. To whom I replied the persons accused had therefore the more wrong." As government spies multiply traitors, so professional witch-finders create witches. " The boy Robinson," says Dr. Webster, " in more mature years, acknowledged that he had been instructed and suborned to make these accusations against the accused persons by his father and others, and that, o£ course, the whole was a fraud. By such wicked means and unchristian practices divers innocent persons lost their lives ; and these wicked rogues wanted not greater persons (even of the ministry too) that did authori-se and encourage them in their diabolical courses ; and the like in my time happened here in Lancashire, where divers, both men and women, were accused of supposed witchcraft, and were so unchristianly and inhumanly handled as to be stript stark naked, and laid upon tables and beds to be searched for their supposed witch-marks, so barbarous and cruel acts doth diabolical instigation, working upon ignorance and superstition, produce." ^ Not only persons of the ministry but the king himself, as we have seen in the last reign, authorised and encouraged these diabolical courses, not omitting the witch-mark in his descriptions.' ' Webster's " Display of Witchcraft," p. 276. (1018), by " Michael Dilton, Lincoln's Inn. Gent."-who was probably a " 1 He cruel process was to strip the supposed witch naked, and thrust Lancashire man— there are some passages that have reference to this pms into various parts of the body, to discover what tho royal demonolo- combined delusion and imposture : "Now, against these witches," says gist called tie witch-mark, or the devil s stigma-that is, a part of the this legj luminary, "the lustices of peace may not alwaies expect direct body insensible to pain, and which was supposed to be possessed by the euidence, seeing all their works are tho works of darknesse, and no wit- devil as a sign of his sovereign power, and as the place at which the imps nessos present with them to accuse them ; and therefore, for their better suclied 1 bometimes the accused were thrown into a river, or pond, discouerie, I thought good here to insert certaine obseruations out of the having their thumbs and tues tied together, where, it they sank, they booke of disoouery of the witches that were arraigned at Lancaster, Ann. were held innocent, but if they swam, were dragged forth to prison. On Dom. 1612, before Sir lames Altham and Sir Edw. Bromely, ludges of other occasions the suspected witch was bound cross-legged on a stool, Assize there. there to be watched, and kept without meat or sleep for the space of "1 They hauo ordinarUy a familiar, or spirit, which appeareth to four-and-twenty hours, within which time it was supposed that her imp them would make her a visit and in that way betray her. ' ■ 2. Their said familiar hath some bigg or place vpon their bodv, Bishop Jewel, when preaching a sermon before Queen Elizabeth, where he sucketh them, exhorted her niajesty to use her authority to check the "tremendous "3 They haue often pictures of clay, or waxe (like a man, &c. operations of the devil by exterminating his agents— the witches and found in their house, wizards, who were then very numerous." In the "Covntrey Ivstioe" '■ 4. If the dead body bleed vpon the witches touching it CHAP. XIV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 277 It must not, however, be supposed that all who countenanced these impositions were themselves fools or impostors, for amongst the judges of the land who gave into the delusion we find the venerable name of Sir Matthew Hale.^ One of the Lancashire witches having, as it appears, quitted her native county, and wandered into Worcestershire, in consequence of the distress occasioned by the civil wars, which the poor are always the first to feel, this wretched mendicant, a more fit object of compassion than of terror, was found by a wicked boy, who protested that she had by her sorceries deprived him of speech. On what kind of evidence this charge was raised may be easily conjectured; and though the fate of the poor woman is not distinctly stated, there is but too much reason to suppose, from the avidity with which Avitches were in those times pursued, and the relentless cruelty with which they were persecuted, that on this evidence she was tried and executed. Although trials for mtchcraft Avere by no means unusual in the time of the Commonwealth, and though no fewer than three hundred reputed witches were tried, and the major part of them executed, in the period between the deposition of Charles I. and the death of his son and successor, in the southern counties of England, yet we only find two cases of this kind of judicial homicide in the county of Lancaster within that agitated period, and these are mentioned somewhat vaguely by Dr. Webster, who say, " I myself have known two supposed witches to be put to death at Lancaster within these eighteen years - that did utterly deny any league or covenant ivith the devil, or even to have seen any visible devil at all. And may not the confession of those (who both died penitent) be as well credited as the confession of those that were brought to such confessions by force, fraud, or cunning persuasion and allurement ?" But there was a very memorable case of supposed demoniacal possession and dispossession in the close of the seventeenth century, with which we shall conclude this very curious portion of our county history. The case to which we refer is that of Richard Dugdale, the Surey demoniac, and the story, though a very long one, may be told in a few sentences. Dugdale, it appears, was a youth just rising into manhood, a gardener by trade, living with his parents at Surey in the parish of Whalley, addicted to pleasure and distinguished even at school as a posture-master and ventriloquist. During his possession he was attended by six Dissenting ministers, the Rev. Messrs. Thomas Jolly, Charles Sagar, Nicholas Kershaw, Robert Waddington, Thomas Whally, and John Carrington, who were occasionally assisted at their meetings, held to exorcise the demon, by the Rev. Mr. Frankland, Mr. Pendlebury, and the Rev. Oliver Heywood. According to the narration put forth under the sanction of these names, which is called — "An account of Satan's acting in and about the body of Richard Dugdale, and of Satan's removal thence through the Lord's blessing of the within-mentioned Ministers and People ;" -when Dugdale was about nineteen years of age he was seized with an affliction early in the year 1689, and from the strange fits which violently seized him he was supposed to be possessed by the devil. When the fit was upon him " he shewed great despite," says the narrative, " against the ordinary of God, and raged as if he had been nothing but a devil in Richard's bodily shape ; though, when he was not in his fits he manifested great inclination to the word of God and pr=yer, for the exercise of which in his behalf he desired that a day of fasting miijht be set apart as the only means from which he could'expect help, seeing that he had tried all other means, lawful and unlawful." ^ Meetings were accordingly appointed of the ministers, to whi^h the people crowded in vast numbers. These meetings began on the 8th of May, and were continued about twice a month till the February following. At the first meeting the parents of the demoniac were examined by the ministers, and they represented "that at Whalley rush-burying [or bearing], on the James's-tide, in July 1688, there was a great dancing and drinking, when Richard offered himself to the devil on condition that he would make him the best dancer in Lancashire." After becoming extremely drunk he went home, where several apparitions appeared to him and presented to him all kinds of dainties and fine clothing, with gold and precious things, inviting him at the same time "to take his fill of pleasure." In the course of the day some compact or bond was entered into between him and the devil, and after that his fits grew frequent and violent. While in these fits his body was often hurled about very desperately,^ and he abused the minister and blasphemed his Maker. Sometimes he would fall into dreadful fits, at other times he would talk Greek and Latin, though untaught. Sometimes his voice was small and shrill, at others hoUow and hideous. Now he was as light as a bag of feathers, then as heavy as lead. At one time he upbraided the ministers with their neglect, at others he said they had saved him from hell. He was weather-wise and money-wise by turns ; he could tell when there would be rain and when he should receive presents. Sometimes he would vomit stones an inch and a half square and in others of his trances there was a noise in his throat as if he was singing psalms inwardly. But the strongest mark of demoniacal possession consisted in a lump which rose from the thick of bis leg, about the size of a mole, and did work up hke Buch a creature towards the chest of his body till it reached his breast, when it was as big as a man s fist, and uttered strange voices.'' He opened his mouth at the beginning of his fits so often that it was thought spirits went in and out of him. In agility he was unequalled, " especially in dancing, wherein he excelled all that the spectatours had seen, and all that mere morta s could perform ; the Demoniac would, for six or seven times together, leap up so as that part of his Legs might be seen s^iaking and quavering above the heads of the People, from which heights he oft fell down on his knees, which he long shivered and traverst on the ground at least as nimbly as other men can twinckle or sparkle their Fingers, thence springing up in to s high leaps again and then falling on his Feet, which seem'd to reach the Earth, but with the gentlest and scarce perceivable touches when he made his highest leaps. And yet the divines by whom he was attended most unjustly rallied the devil for the want of skill m his pupd after this fashion : ,,._,.,. , ., „„„„ i,„..t ^r,nT> tiia Hfiith ^ The Dootor's book is dated Feb. 23, 1673, so that it is probable the 6 SI I'^^Son andSei VtCchUdvea^ servants of execution took place about the year 1654 ' We have attempted, but with- 8. Ihe examination ana ooniession oi uio i.ii. u ^^^ success, to ascertain the date from the Criminal Records in Lancaster ■■r. Th£own^vo,untai7 confession, which exceeds all other Castle,,_wMch are^very^de^fec^^^ ^ ' At the'^MSizestt BuJy St Edmunds, in 1664, Amy Dunny and Rose ' Ibid, p. 4. Cullender were tried before Sir Matthew, and, being oonvicted, were /('»"', P- <>"■ banged, both protesting that they were innocent. 278 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiv. " Cease, Dancing Satan, and be gone from him," says the Rev. Mr. Carrington, addressing himself to the devil. " Canst thou Dance no better, Satan? Ransack the old Records of all past times and places in thy memory, Canst thou not there find out some other way of finer trampling? Pump thine invention dry ! Cannot that universal Seed-plot of subtile Wiles and Stratagems spring up one new- method of cutting capers ? Is this the top of skill and pride to shuffle feet and brandish knees thus, and to trip like a Doe and skip like a Squirrel, and wherein differs thy leapings from the hoppings of a Frog, or bounces of a Goat, or friskings of a Dog, or gesticulations of a Monkey ? And cannot a Palsey shake such a loose Leg as that ? Dost not thou twirle like a Calf that has the turn, and twitch up thy Houghs just like a spring-hault tit ? " In some of his last fits he announced that he must either be killed or cured before the 25th of March. This, says the deposition of his father and mother and two of his sisters, proved true, for on the 24th of that month he had his last fit, the devil being no longer able to withstand the means that were used with so much vigour and perseverance to expel him, one of the most eiJectual of which was medicine, prescribed in the way of his profession, by Dr. Chew, a medical practitioner in the neighbourhood. The Rev. Zachary Taylor asserts that the preachers, disappointed and mortified at their ill success in Dugdale's case, gave it out that some of his connections were witches, and in contact with the devil, and that they supposed was the cause Avhy they had not been able to relieve him. Under this impression they procured some of the family to be searched, that they might see if they had not teats or the devil's mark, and they tried them by the test of saying the Lord's Praj^er. Some remains of the evil spirit seemed, however, still to have possessed Richard, for though after this he had no fits, yet once, when he had got too much drink, he was after another manner than drunken persons usually are.' In confirmation of which feats not only the eight ministers but twenty respectable inhabitants affixed their attestation to a document prepared for the purpose ; and three of the magistrates of the district — namely, Hugh Lord Willoughby, Ralph Egerton, Esq., and Thomas Braddill, Esq. — received depositions from the attesting parties. This monstrous mass of absurdity, superstition, and fraud- — -for it was beyond doubt a compound of them all — was exposed with success by the Rev. Zachary Taylor, the Bishop of Chester's curate at Wigan, one of the king's preachers in the county of Lancaster ; but the reverend divine mixed with his censures too much party asperity, insisting that the whole was an artifice of the Nonconformist ministers in imitation of the pretended miracles of the Catholic priests, and likening it to the fictions of John Darrell, B.A., which had been practised a century before upon the family of Mr. Starkie in the same county. Of the resemblance in many of its parts there can be no doubt, but the names of the venerable Oliver Heywood and Thomas Jolly form a suflficient guarantee against any imposition on their part ; and the probability is that the ministers were the dupes of a popular superstition in the hands of a dissolute and artful family. Within living memory the superstitious terrors of witchcraft have prevailed in Lancashire to an extent that has embittered the lives of the persons supposing themselves subject to this grievous visitation. These, however, were only the remains of the popular mythology. During the sixteenth century the whole region, in some parts of the county, seemed contaminated with the presence of the witches ; men and beasts were supposed to languish under their charm ; and the delusion, which preyed alike on the learned and the vulgar, did not allow any family to suppose that they were beyond the reach of the witch's wand. 'Was the family visited by sickness, it was believed to be the work of an invisible agency, which in secret wasted the image made in clay before the fire, or crumbled its various parts into dust ; did the cattle sicken and die, the witch and the wizard were the authors of the calamity ; did the yeast refuse to perform the office of fermentation either in the bread or in the beer, it was the consequence of a had wish ; did the butter refuse to come, the familiar Avas in the churn ; did the ship founder at sea, the wind of Boreas was bloAvn by the lungless hag, who had scarcely sufficient breath to cool her OAvn pottage ; did the Ribble overflow its banks, the floods descended from the congregated sisterhood at Malkin Tower ; and the blight of the season, which consigned the crops of the farmer to destruction, was the saliva of the enchantress, or the distillations from the blear-eyed dame, who flew by night over the field m search of mischief To refuse an alms to a haggard mendicant, was to produce for the family that had the temerity to make the experiment an accumulation of the outpourings of the box of Pandora. To escape from terrors like these, no sacrifice was thought too great. Superstitions begat cruelty and injustice. The poor and the rich were equally interested in obtaining a deliverance ; and the magistrate who resided in his mansion at Read, and the peasant who occupied the humblest cot amongst the hills of Cliviger, were alike interested in abating the common nuisance,'' Nor -was the situation of the witch more enviable than that of the individuals or the famihes over which she exerted her influence. Linked by a species of infernal compact to an imaginary = AccorifnfftoaaiSe'ther?werepiBhtH!,=«»=Ar„-+ I, j- »■ -v j "The Lanoasldro -witches " -n-ereprmcipaUy fortune-tellers and conjurors, by thfiroSrations flrk the^ivinef l?^^^^^^ ^^^ securities against witchcraft were numerous, hut the most popular second the astroTorianstarLzTn^rt fortune-telhng witch ; was the horseshoe ; and hence we see in Lancashire so many thresholds t^?, ? Vi » ^w +/!,,,^„„„'f • S'^^^f' planetary prognosticating witch ; ornamented with this countercharm. Mr. Roby, in Ms " Traditions of S nnmhfr, fonrlh thp wtfi V ™^?*'''^ '"'"''' ^^° ™°*= ^y ^'S"^ Lancashire," h.« treated the subject with great vvacity and spirit and or SZnr,^; w?tph ' »fvtr?hf ^.«t 1™'^°°?™ ^^}f^} ' Aftb, the exorcist his legendary tales serve to convey to the mind a vivW imr4'?i"n if flie .|[crrp"Si;t .cfenS^l^t ffl"v^?ct!= li^l^; tr^nt'rom^n^e?: ^""'^ "' "" ''°^"^"- ^'^'^°'' " °"''^' ""^^- CHAP. XIV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 279 imp, she was shunned as a common pest, or caressed only on the principle that certain of the Iniian tribes pay homage to the devil. The reputed witches themselves weKquent^d^^^^^^^^ by then: iamdies, feared and detested by their neighbours, and hunted by the d^ogs aspS monsters When m confinement, they were cast into the ponds, by way of trial^ punctuied bv bodkins, to discover their imp-marks; sub ected to deprivation of' fbod, and keptT peJpetua^ motion, till con essions were obtained from a distracted mind. On their rials theV were^Sened to with incredulity and horror, and consigned to the gallows with as little pity ^ the baSst of malefactors. Their imaginary crimes created a thirst for their blood ; and people in all statTons from the h:ghest to the lowest attended the trials at Lancaster, as we have^ se^n from Mr Pott's record of the crinimal proceedmgs there, with an intensity of interest that their mischievous powers, now divested of their stmg, so naturally excited. o,.=,I=fn.^^^Tf i\^it«b«'-?;ft ^"id demoniacal possession was confined to no particular sect or peisuasion. The Roraan Catholics,' the members of the Established Church of England the Presby erians and Independents, and even the Methodists, though a sect of more recent standing, have all fallen into this delusion ; and yet each denomination has upbraided the other with ^ross superstition, and notunfr-equently with wilful fraud. Since the light of general knowledge has chased away the mists of this once generally prevailing error, we all smile at these bitter criminations and recriminations, which ought to guard us against the commission of similar faults It is due, however, to the ministers of the Established Church to say that they were amon^^st the first of our public writers to denounce the belief in witchcraft, with all its attendant mischiefs ■ and the names of Dr. Harsnet, afterwards Archbishop of York; Dr. John Webster, the detector of Robinson the Pendle Forest witch-hunter; of Zachary Taylor, one of the king's preachers for the county ot Lancaster ; and of Dr. Hutchinson, chaplain in ordinary to His Majesty George I., are all entitled to the public gratitude for their efforts to explode these pernicious superstitions, though their merit is m some degree tarnished by an overweening solicitude to cast the imputation of Ignorant credulity from their own community, and to fix it exclusively upon others.' For upwards of a century the sanguinary and superstitious laws of James I. disgraced the English statute-book ; but in the 9th year of George II. (1735-6) a law was enacted repealing the statute of James I., and prohibiting any prosecution, suit, or proceeding against any person or persons for witchcraft, sorcery, enchantment, or conjuration. In this way the doctrine of withcraft, with all its attendant errors, was finally exploded, except amongst the most ignorant of the vulgar.^ To return to the chronological order of our history. In the year 1617, James I., on his return from Scotland to London, passed through the heart of Lancashire, and there, in the midst of joy and hilarity, sowed the seeds of discontent so wide and deep as to shake the stability of the throne. Having arrived at Brougham Castle, on the 6th of August, he proceeded by way of Appleby and Wharton to Kendal. Here he stopped two nights, when, entering Lancashire, he reached Hornby Castle* on the 11th, and from thence proceeded to Ashton Hall, the mansion of Thomas, first Lord Gerard. Having remained here one night he advanced to Myerscough, where the royal retinue stopped two days, to enjoy the pleasures of the chase in the forest. Then, taking the route through Preston, he went to Hoghton Tower, where he sojourned for three days. Thence he proceeded to Lathom House, where he became the guest for two nights of the Earl of Derby ; and from thence proceeded by Bewsey and Vale Royal, by easy stages, to London. Of the royal tour through Lancashfre, Nicholas Assheton, Esq. of Downham, in the parish of Whalley, has preserved the following account in his private journal : — ^ " [1617] June 1, Sunday. Mr. C(riatopher) P(arkinson) moved my brotlier [in-law] Sherborne from Sir Richard Hoghton, to do him such favour, countenance, grace and curtesie, as to weare his clothe, and attend him at Hoghton, at the King's coming in August, as divers other gentlemen were moved and would. He likewise moved mee. I answered I would bee willing, and readie to doe Sir Richard anie service. ' See the Bull of Pope Innocent VIII. to the inqumtors of Almain, ■• Coue of Witchcraft.— By the 33 Henry VIH. cap. 8 (1641) persons empowering them to detect and bum witches. The Bomiah church practising witchcr.ift are declared guilty of a capital felouy. This Act appointed penances for converted witches ; anrl Cranmer, the Protestant was repealed by 1 Edw. VI. (1547). By the 5tli of Eliz. cap. 16 (1562), Arehbisliop of Canterbury, in his articles of visitation, directs his clergy, persons using invocations of spirits, (fee, by which death shall ensue, are in 1549, to inqxure aft^r any persons that use '* charms, sorcery, enchant- made hable to be punished with dexth ; otherwise liable to fine and ments, witchcraft, soothsaying, or any like craft, invented by the devil," imprisonment. By 1 James I. cap. 12 (160.S), persons invoking or which instructions were renewed in Elizabeth's reign, with the addition, consulting with evil spirits, taking up dead bodies for purposes of witch- "especially in time of women's travail." Richard Baxter, a divine in craft (Seer Edward Kelley's otfence), or practising witchcraft, to the harm deserved estimation amongst the nonconformists, was a firm believer in of others, are declared guilty of a capital felony ; by the 21st of the same the possession and dispossession of devils, and his " World ot Spirits " king-, cap. 28 (1623), the crimes of declaring by wibchcraf t where treasure abounds with proofs of his firm conviction of the reality of this popular is hidden, procuring unlawful love, or attempting to hurt cattle or 'delusion. persons, are rendered punishable for the first offence by pillory, and for 2 Among the letters in the State Paper Office is one dated May 10, the second by death. By 9 Goo. II. cap. 6 (1735), all the statutes against 1634, and addressed by Sir WUUam Pelham to Lord Conway, in which the witchcraft are repealed. following passage occurs : " The greatest news from the country is of a * Mr. Nichols, in his "Progresses of King James I.' has mistaken large pack of witches which are lately discovered in Lancashire, whereof the ancient seat of the Monteagles for Hornby Castle in Yorkshire, the 'tis said 19 are condemned, and that there are at least 60 already discovered, seat of the Duke of Leeds, and described the latter instead of the former, and yet daily there are more revealed : there arc divers of them of good ' This Journal has since been edited by the Bev. Canon Elaines, and abiUty, and they have done much harm. I hear it is suspected that they printed for the Chotham Society, as vol. 14 of their series.— H. had a hand in raising the great storm, wherein his majesty (Charles I.) was in so great danger at sea in Scotland."— C. 280 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xiv. " August 11. My brother (in-lnw) Sherborne his taylor brought him a suit of apparall, and us two others, and a livery cloake from Sir Richard Hoghton, that we should attend him at the King's coming, rather for his grace and reputation, shoeing [showing] hie neibors' love, than anie exacting of mean service.^ " August 12. Coz(en) Townley came and broke his fast at Dunnoo (near Slaidburn), and went away. To Mirescough. Sir Richard gone to meet the King ; we after him to . There the King slipt into the [Myerscough] Forest another way, and we after, and overtook him and went past to the Yate ; then Sir Richard light [alighted] ; and when the King came in his coach, Sir Richard stept to his side, and tould him ther his Majestie's Forrest began, and went some ten roodes to the left, and then to the Lodge. The King hunted, and killed a buck. "August 13. To Mirescough, the Court. Cooz(en) Assheton came with as gentlemanlie servants as anie was ther, and himself excellentlie well appointed. The King killed five bucks. The Kinge's speeche about libertie to pipeing and honest recreation. We that were in Sir Richard's livery had nothing to do but riding upp and downe. "August li. Us three to Preston ; ther preparation made for Sir Gilbert Hoghton, and other Knights. Wee were desyred to be merrie, and at nyght were see. Steeven Hamerton and wyffe (of Hellifield Peel), and Mrs. Doll Lyster supped with us att our lodging. All Preston full. "August 15. The King came to Preston. Ther, at the Crosse, Mr. (Henry) Breares the lawyer (Recorder of Preston) made a Speche, and the Corporation presented him with a bowle ; and then the King went to a Banquet in the Town Hall, and soe away to Houghton ; ther a speche made." After the delivery of the Speech, as Mr. Assheton continues, the King " hunted, and killed a stag. Wee attend on the Lords' table [i.e. at dinner]. "August 16. Hoghton. The King hunting; a great companie ; killed affore dinner a brace of staggs. Verie hott ; so he went in to dinner. Wee attend the Lords' table, and about four o'clock the King went downe to the Allome-mynes,^ and was ther an hower, and viewed them preciselie, and then went and shott at a stagg, and missed. Then my Lord Compton had lodged two brace. The King shott again, and brake the thigh-bone. A dogg long in coming, and my Lord Compton shott again, and killed him [the stag]. Late in to supper. "August 17. (Sunday) Hoghton, Wee served the Lords with biskett, wyne, and jellie. The Bushopp of Chester, Dr. Morton, preached before the King. To dinner. About four o'clock, ther was a rush-bearing and pipeing afore them, affore the King in the Middle Court. Then to supper. Then, about ten or eleven o'clock a Maske of Noblemen, Knights, Gentlemen, and Courtiers, afore the King, in the middle round in the garden. Some Speeches ; of the rest, dancing the JHuckler, Tom Bedlo, and the Cowp Justice of Peace. " August 18. The King [after knighting, at Hoghton Tower, Sir Arthur Lake, of Middlesex, and Sir Cecil Trafford, of Lancashire] went away about twelve to Lathome. Ther was a man almost slayne with fighting. Wee back with Sir Richard. He to seller, and drunk with us, and used us kindlie in all manner of friendlie speche. Preston ; as merrie as Robin Hood and all his fellowes. " August 19. All this morning wee plaid the Bacchanalians.", At Lathom House, the seat of William, sixth Earl of Derby, the king rested two nights ; and on the 20th of August, before his departure, knighted Sir William Massey, Sir Robert Bindloss, of Berwick, Sir Gilbert Clifton, Sir John Talbot, of Preston, Sir Gilbert Ireland, of The Hutt, and Sir Edward Osbaldeston, of Osbaldeston, all of Lancashire. The king then proceeded to Bewsey Hall, the seat of Thomas Ireland, Esq., on whom his majesty, before his departure, conferred knighthood, as he did on Sir Lewis Pemberton, of Hert- fordshire.^ On that Sunday on which the king was at Hoghton Tower (August 17) a petition was presented to his majesty, signed principally by the Lancashire peasants, tradespeople, and servants, represent- ing " that they were debarred from lawful recreations upon Sunday, after evening prayers, and upon holy days, and praying that the restrictions imposed in the late reign might be withdrawn." The origin of this complaint, as we have seen,-* was laid in the time of Elizabeth, who, in order to reform the manners of the people, instituted a high commission in the year 1579. The commissioners were— Henry, Earl of Derby, Henry, Earl of Huntington, William, Lord Bishop of Chester, and others ; and at their sittings, which were held at Manchester, they issued orders throughout the county against "pipers and minstrels playing, making and frequenting bear-baiting and bull-baiting, on the Sabbath days, or upon any other days in time of divine service ; and also against super- stitious ringing of bells, wakes, and common feasts ; drunkenness, gaming, and other vicious and unprofitable pursuits." These restrictions the royal visitor thought incompatible with the privilege of his subjects, whose complaints, as he says, "We have heard with our own ears, and which grievances we promised to redress." In the fulfilment of this pledge he issued a proclamation,' " against withholding recreation from the people on Sunday afternoon and evening," of which the following is a copy : — ^ "BY THE KING. " Whereas upon our returne the last yeere out of Scotland, Wee did publish Our pleasure touching the recreations of Our people m those parts ynder Our hand : For some causes Us thereunto moouiog. We have thought good to command these Our uMshed to all Our SuVecTs" ^'^'^ " ^"^ """""^^ thereunto added, and most appliable to these parts of Our Realmes to he "Whereas We did iustly iu Our Progresse through Lan4shire, rebuke some Puritans and precise people, and tooke order that the like vnlawful canage should not be vsed by any of them hereafter, in the prohibiting and vulawf ul punishing of Our good people of EnKlinr^ Rushworth'a Coll iv «S0 te found that the Royalists would, have beoii willing to mjike mdriB^ ' This mercenary adventurer, who resembled in some respects the liberal terms, he ncVer ceased to bewail the beggarly remuneration he. famous Dugald Dalgetty of Dramthwacket, was ready to be employed by had agreed to accept from the Roundheads or to rail at^the despicable either party and had agreed with Warden Heyricke and the Presby- earthworms," as ho, not unjustly, styled those who had offered it, and Sm of Manchester trsuperintend the defences of the town for a when tho danger was passed, refused to pay even the scanty pittance ha period of six months for the modest sum of £30. A faithful and had bargained with them for.— C. valuable servant he proved, but a provokingly ill-tempered one, for when ' See Manchester, 292 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xv. delay to join the king. This "deliverance" of Manchester, as it was called, was considered by the Parliamentary party in Lancashire as " a visible manifestation of God's goodness towards them," and a public thanksgiving was ordained by Parliament throughout the country, in token of the general gratitude. From Shrewsbury the Earl of Derby marched with his forces into Warwick- shire, where he made an unsuccessful attempt to take the town of Birmingham. The force bv Avhich he was opposed was the trained bands or 'militia ; and in the desperate rencontre which took place within about a mile from Birmingham, the earl is represented, in the despatches to Parliament,' to have lost six hundred men in slain, and the same number of prisoners ; while, according to the same authority, the Warwickshire men lost only one hundred and twenty of their trained band. After this unfortunate engagement the earl returned by way of Shrewsbury into Lancashire, and again established his rendezvous at Warrington, satisfied that he had "discharged a good conscience in all," and that his " honour was safe in spite of his worst detractors." " The county of Lancaster," says the letter of a Roundhead, who was himself actively engaged in the civil wars, " is grievously disturbed and divided into two factions, the papists and malignants, whereof there are many in Lancashire, taking one part, and the well-affected Protestants another. The Earl of Derby, the great ringleader of the papist faction, keeps his rendezvous at Warrington, whither great multitudes of ill-affected people, both out of Lancashire and Cheshire, daily resort, it being upon the frontiers of both these counties. They make daily great spoil in the country, which has so much incensed the people that they are determined, tide death tide life, to endure it no longer." The counterpart of this representation is given by Arthur Trevor, the Cavalier, who, in a letter to the Marquis of Ormonde,' says, "North Wales and South Wales, except a very few, are his majesty's. Cheshire hath agreed upon a cessation of arms for a month. 1 confess, my lord, that I do not like this measuring out of treason by the month. Manchester is the very London of these parts, the liver that sends the blood into all the counties thereabouts, and until it be cleansed or obstructed, I cannot imagine that there can be any safety in this neighbourhood. It is much hoped that my lord of Newcastle will take the part of Yorkshire that joins to Lancashire, and is poisoned by it, on his way to Manchester." Of Manchester Lord Clarendon says " it had from the beginning (out of that factious humour which possessed most corporations, in the pride of their wealth) opposed the king, and declared magisterially for the Parliament." Unhappily for his lordship's comparison, Manchester was not a corporation ; nor was pride, except indeed spiritual pride, the characteristic of the Parliamentary party. The Earl of Newcastle was still delayed from proceeding into Lancashire, as his intention was, with his overwhelming force of 12,000 men, and in the meantime a skirmish took place at Leigh and Lowton Common, between the Earl of Derby's troops and the country people (Nov. 27), of which one of the latter gives the following relation : — '' The last Sabbath," says he, " as we were going towards the church, a post rode through the country informing us that the earl's troops were coming towards Chowbent ; whereupon the country people rose, and before one of the clock ou that day we had gathered together 3,000 horse and foot, encountering them at Chowbent aforesaid, and beating them back to Leigh, killed some, and wounded many ; where you would wonder to have seen the forwardness of the young youths, farmers' sons. We drove them to Lowton Common, where they, knowing our foot to be far behind, turned face about, and began to make head against us, whereupon began a sharp although a short encounter ; but when they perceived our full and settled resolution, they made away as fast as their Ijorses could carry them, and we after them, kilhng, wounding, and taking prisoners about two hundred of them ; and we never lost a man, only we had three of our men wounded, but not mortally. The nailers of Chowbent, instead of making nails, have busied themselves in making bills and battle-axes ; and also this week the other part of the country meet, and not only intend to stand upon their guard, but to disarm all the papists and malignants within their precincts, and to send them prisoners to Manchester, to keep house with Sir Ceoill Trafford, who is there a prisoner. The men of Blackburn, Padiham, Burnley, Clitheroe, and Colne, with those sturdy churls in the two forests of Pendle and Rossendale, have raised their spirits, and are resolved to fight it out rather than their beef and fat bacon shall be taken from them. The last week Sir Gilbert Hoghton set his beacon on fire, which stood upon the top of Hoghton Tower, and was the signal to the country for the papists and malignants to arise in the field, and in Leyland hundred ; whereupon great multitudes accordingly resorted to him at Preston, and ran to Blackburn, and so through the country, disarming all and pillaging some, which Mr. Shuttleworth, a Parliament man, and Mr. Starkie hearing of, presently had gotten together about 8,000 men, met with Sir Gilbert and his CathoUc malignants at Hinfield Moor, put them to flight, took away many of their arms, and pursued Sir Gilbert so hotly that he quitted his horse, leapt into a field, and by the coming of the night escaped through fir- bushes and bye-ways to Preston, and there makes great defence by chaining up Ribble bridge, and getting what force he can into the town for hia security ; out of which the country people swear they will have him, by God's help, with all his adherents, either quick or dead. Oh, that the ParHament had but sent down their 1,000 of dragooners into the country ! We would not have left a mass-monger nor malignant of note but we would have provided a lodging for him. It is reported by some about the Earl of Derby that he is very melancholy and much perplexed about the unadvised course he has run ; for the last Thursday at Warrington, at dinner, he said he was born under an unfortunate planet, and that he thought some evil constellation reigned at the hour of his birth, with many such other words of passion and discontent." In the southern part of the county, Bolton — the "Geneva of Lancashire" as it was called— was the school and the centre of Puritanism, and consequently a thorn in the flesh of "malignant'' Wigan; and equally the roystering Cavaliers of Wigan were a standing menace to the austere Roundheads of Bolton. The desire of each was to capture and destroy the other, and the opportunity for conflict was not far to seek. Early in December a smart engagement took place, ' Dated Nov. 28, lG4a. - Dated ultimo Decembris, 1042. f^HAP. XV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 293 when the companies of Captain Bradsha^y and Captain Venables, having issued from Bolton were met at Hmdley.near Wigan, by the Loyalist troops, when a considerable number were slain and hhe rest made prisoners. lhe_ alarm in the country now spread on every side; civil war had never before been seen by the inhabitants ; the different classes of society were suspicious of each other X A A Intention was entertained of raising the levy en masse, by ringing alarm-bells in the hundred of Salford. The language of the Cavaliers was haughty and menacing, that of the Roundheads sarcastic and insolent. Confidence amongst neighbours was banished; trade was greatly interrupted; and scarcity and even absolute want prevailed to an alarming extent The religious predilections of one party were outraged by the other. The Loyalists, who were characterised by irrehgion and profanity, to show their contempt for the sanctimonious character of the Puritans, dismantled their sanctuaries, and carried their irreverence to sacred things so far as to play at cards m the pews of their chapels ;' while, on the other hand, monuments of antiquity to which the name of popish could be attached, were frequently consigned to destruction by a fanatical populace ;- and visionaries were not wanting to call for an agrarian law. In this excited state of the public mind, a meeting was held at Preston for the purpose of recruiting the kino-'s forces, and raising the necessary supplies for their support. In this assembly the Earl of Derby " lord-general of the county of Lancaster," as he was styled, presided, and Sir John Girlington, the high sheriff of the county, Alexander Rigby, Esq., of Burgh, Robert Holt, Roger Kirby, and William Farrington, Esquires, with many others, attended. A series of resolutions was adopted, the principal of which was that the sum of £8,700 should be raised by a rate on the county of Lancaster, to be employed for the payment of 2,000 foot and 400 horse soldiers, and to provide magazines and ammunition for the use and safety of the county, under the direction of a council, to be held at Preston, for the assistance of the lord-general ; the council to consist of Sir John Girlington, Knt., Adam Morte, gentleman, Mayor of Preston, and James Anderton and Robert Kirby, Esquires, with power to call to their assistance Sir Gilbert Hoghton, Knt. and Baronet, Thomas Clifton, William Farrington, and John Fleetwood, Esquires, or any other of his majesty's commissioners of array within the county of Lancaster, so often as they should see occasion. At the same meeting it was agreed that the following should be the pay of the Lancashire troops per diem : — Foot. Horse. hi ajgooneeres. s. d. s. d. s. d. Captain 10 Captaiu IB Captain 12 Lieutenant 4 Lieutenant 8 Lieutenant 6 Ancient 3 Cornet 6 Cornet 4 Sergeant 1 6 Corporal 4 Sergeant 3 Drummer 1 3 Trumpeter 5 Corporal 2 Corporal 1 Private 2 6 Dragooneere 1 6 Private 9 Kettledrum 2 And to every Commissary 5s. The horrors of civil war banished the festivities of Christmas. The hundreds of Salford and Blackburn, the principal seat of hostilities, were actively employed in preparing for attack or for defence. On Christmas Eve, 1642, the Earl of Derby, at the head of several thousand men, provided with three field-pieces, marched from Wigan against the town of Blackburn. On arriving before the town the earl demanded that they should give up the place, and surrender their arms to the king. To this the militia replied that they were trustees for the king and for the Parliament, that the town was in their keeping, and that they should not surrender their trust. Finding them deaf to his summons, the earl endeavoured to prevail by the thunder of his cannon, but, night coming on, he was obliged to withdraw his forces, to his severe mortification, and to the joy of the inhabitants, who were unprepared for a renewal of the contest. The expectation entertained by the Earl of Derby that his influence in the counties of Lancaster and Chester, where he was supposed to have more command over the people than any subject in England had in any other quarter,^ would render the most important service to the king, was grievously - disappointed. This large and populous county was already nearly lost to the royal cause; and though the king had sent into Cheshire Sir Nicholas Byron, a soldier of great command, with a commission of "Colonel-General of Cheshire and Shropshire, and Governor of Chester," that county was placed in a situation of the most imminent peril, measuring out its loyalty by monthly portions. The estimate formed by Lord Clarendon of the Earl of Derby's talents and devotion to the royal cause, is as much too low as Secombe's estimate is too high. Speaking of the earl, his lordship says : — ' News from Manchester, dated Doc. 17, 1642. and relics of idolatry, out of ehurches and cliapols, wherever they might - Commissioners were this year sent by Parliament into Lancashire bo found, and the other counties, to take away all images, superstitious pictures, " Clarendon's " Hist, of the Echellion," book vi. 294 THE HlSTORt OF LANCASHIRE. CHAf. XV. "The restless spirit of the seditious party was so ready to be engaged, aud punctually to obey, and, on the other, hand, the Earl of Derby so uuactive and so uncomplying with those who were fuller of alacrity, and would have proceeded more vigorously against the enemy ; or, through want of experience, so irresolute, that, instead of countenancing the king's party in Cheshire, which was expected from him, the earl insensibly found Lancashire to be almost possessed against him, the rebels every day gaining and fortifying all the strong towns, and surprising his troops without any considerable encounter. And yet, so hard was the king's condition that though he knew these great misfortunes proceeded from want of conduct, and of a vigorous and expert commander, he thought it not safe to make ary alterations, lest that earl might be provoked, out of disdain to have any superior in Lancashire, to manifest how much he could do against him, though it appeared he could do little for him. Yet it was easily discovered that his ancient power there depended more upon the fear than upon the love of the people, there being very many now in this time of liberty engaging themselves against the king, that might not be subject to that lord's commands. However, the king committed Lancashire still to his lordsliip's care, whose fidelity, without doubt, was blameless, whatever his skill was." ' Speaking of the inferior classes, the noble historian is more correct in his description. " The difference in the temper of the common people of both sides," says he, "was so great, that they who were inclined to the Parliament left notliing unperformed that might advance the cause ; and were incredibly vigilant and industrious to cross and hinder whatsoever might promote the king's ; whereas they who wished well to him thought they had performed their duty in doing so, and that they had done enough for him, in that they had done nothing against him." ^ Lord Clarendon's error in these passages, which contain much of truth, consists in his not having adverted to the origin of the quarrel between the court and the country, and in his having forgot that the first violation of our free constitution was on the part of the former. Hence the alienation of the affections of the people, as also the want of power in the Earl of Derby to rouse them into a state of active loyalty. It should, moreover, be remembered that any apparent inactivity on the part of Lord Derby was due, not so much to his want of judgment or resolution as to the obstacles that were continuously placed in his way by those about the king's person who distrusted his purpose; and hence it was, that while his zeal irritated those on the Parliament side it failed to secure for him the confidence of those who should have been his political friends, and his readiness to recognise the loyaltyand accept assistance from the Roman Catholics of the county only intensified the bitterness of the ultra- Protestant party. The war in other parts of the kingdom, though still in its pristine vigour, produced no very important result during the year 1642. Early m the year 1G43 Sir Thomas Fairfax, son of Ferdinando, Lord Fairfax, " the hero of the Commonwealth," quitted Yorkshire, and repaired to Manchester, where he established his headquarters, and infused into the Lancashire campaign of that year a great degree of vigour. The first operation was undertaken by Sir John Seaton, a Scotch knight, and major-general of the Parliamentary forces. On the 10th of February Sir John marched from Manchester at the head of a body of troops, and taking the route by Bolton and Blackburn, at each of which places his force was considerably augmented, advanced to Preston. This ancient borough was then garrisoned by the king's troops, supported by a number of the neighbouring gentry, and headed by the mayor, a zealous supporter of the royal cause. The town was prepared for the visit, and was well fortified with an outer and inner wall. The attack was, however, made with so much vigour and promptitude, that the place was carried after a combat of two hours, and the gallant mayor, Adam Morte, Esq., Captain Hoghton, brother of Sir Gilbert, and a number of other officers, were numbered amongst the slain. In the rapidity of their advance from Blackburn to Preston, the Parliamentary forces had left behind them the fortress of Hoghton Tower, the seat of Sir Gilbert Hoghton ; but no sooner had Preston surrendered than three troops were despatched by Sir John Seaton, most of them Blackburn men, to take this tower. Having discharged a shot against the walls a parley ^vas obtained, which terminated in the surrender of the place (Feb. 14). Captain Starkie and his company then marched into the garrison, where they found three large pieces of ordnance, with a good supply of arms and ammunition ; but while they were congratulating themselvfes on their easy conquest the tower blew up, and the captain, with sixty of his men, either perished or were dreadfully maimed by the explosion. In the accounts sent to Parliament this disaster is represented as an act of perfidy on the part of the Cavaliers, but their is no satisfactory evidence to establish the charge ; aud, for anything that appears to the contrary, the sacrifice of life may have been occasioned by the precipitancy which was manifested in demolishing the tower. In the absence of the mam part of the Parliamentary troops, the Earl of Derby despatched a strong force from Wigan to take possession of Bolton, where Colonel Ashton commanded. After a furious assault at the Bradshawgate-gate entrance to the town, the garrison was obliged to retreat to a mud wall two yards thick, Avhich had been erected for the security of the place, and was guarded at the entrance by a chain. Here the battle was resumed with great obstinacy, but in the end the assailants were obliged to retreat, bearing along with them two or three cartloads of their dead soldiers slain m the engagement (Feb. 16). Two hundred club-men from Middleton, Oldham, and Rochdale, came soon after to the assistance of the place, accompanied by two hundred soldiers Irom Manchester under the command of Captain Radcliffe. ' Clarendon's History of the Eehelliou, book vi. ' ibid. & OHAP. XV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 29.^ In the meantime Captain Birch proceeded from Preston to Lancaster, which proved an easy conquest (Feb. 17); and the castle, ni which were Mr. Roger Kirkby one of the Whts of tS shire, and Sir John Girlington, also surrendered, but not till these g^entlemen Ld e^lS d thei^ escape At the same time, twenty-one pieces of ordnance, taken from a Dunkirk ship, which had fS^'valife^'ot- ieVict'orj ''' ^°^^°^^^^ ^'-^7' ^^re brought to the castle, and served to enhance The campaign was now destined to take a more auspicious turn for the royal cause. The Earl of Derby, accompanied by Sir John Girlmgton and the brave Sir Thomas Tyldesley, by command of the king, presented himself at the head of a strong force before Lancaster, and immediately summoned the mayor and burgesses to surrender both the town and castle into his hands, on pain of the severest infliction.' To this summons the mayor replied that all their arms had been taken under the command of officers withm the town, for the king and Parliament ; and, as to the castle, it had never been m possession of the mayor and burgesses. This answer was considered so unsatisfactory by the earl, that he set fire to the town, and ninety houses and eighty-six barns or other buildings of a similar description, were consumed (March 18).^ An attempt was made from Preston by the Parliamentary forces, under Colonel Ashton, to relieve Lancaster, but it failed ; and the Earl of Derby, after taking Lancaster with a severe carnage, in which men, women and children were slam,'' returned to the south and took Preston by assault (March 21), and slew about six hundred of the enemy. The men of Bolton held " a solemn fast and humiliation " for the fall of Preston, and Lord Derby, elated with his success, determined on making another effort to reduce that Puritan stronghold. From Preston he marched to Blackburn, which also surrendered, and advanced to Bolton on the 28th of March, the day after the fast which had been kept at Manchester to deprecate the judgments of Heaven. On receiving the summons to surrender in the name of the kmg, the garrison replied that they should keep the town for the king and Parliament, and then went composedly to prayers. The end of the prayers was the beginning of a renewed assault upon the town, which theinhabitants resisted with so much success as again to drive off the assailants (March 28). The Boltonians were eager to repay the compliment of attacking by making an attack on Wigan. While that town proudly held its own, Bolton, which had been twice attacked, was accounted an inferior rival. The idea of inferiority was not to be endured, and hence a besieging force, aided by the train bands from Manchester, under Sir John Seaton, was despatched with the object of accomplishing the overthrow. Wigan was equal to the occasion. Earthworks were hastily thrown up, the walls were manned, and every preparation made to give the enemy a warm reception. After a short parley the town was stormed, and a breach having been unexpectedly made in the walls, the Boltonians rushed in, and, fired by a spirit of revenge, sacked the town and carried all before them; but a report arriving that the Earl of Derby was advancing with a considerable force to the relief, they secured what booty they could, and then beat a retreat (April 1), the Manchester men hurrying to Warrington, where, in an attempt to take the town, they suffered a defeat (April 5). Lord Molyneux, after having fought at Edge Hill on the side of his maiesty, had returned into Lancashire to recruit his regiment ; and by his aid the towns of Lancaster and Preston had been reconquered. To consummate the campaign, it was determined to march to Manchester, then the stronghold of the Parliamentary force in the county, and to secure the place for the royal cause. Animated to renewed exertions by the remembrance of his former defeat before that place, the Earl of Derby declared that he would, if properly supported, either reduce the town or lay his bones before it; but on the very eve of the meditated attack, Charles had again recourse to the fatal policy of drafting. On the arrival of the royal army at Chorley, Lord Molyneux was summoned by a messenger from the king to repair forthwith to Oxford with his regiment, there to join the main army. This was a grievous disappointment to the Earl of Derby, who entreated his stay in Lancashire but for four days longer, in order to make the assault upon Manchester. The orders of the king were not, however, to be disobeyed ; the earl's auxiliaries set out on their march for Oxford without delay. The following week was observed as a national fast by order of Parliament ; but in the midst of their devotions the arts and practice of war were by no means neglected. The Earl of Derby was strongly entrenched at Wigan, the head-quarters of the Cavaliers, as Manchester was of the Roundheads. Bent upon following up the moral advantage gained by the unsuccessful attack of the Parliament forces of that town, the earl, gathering a force, said to consist of " eleven troops of horse, seven hundred foot, and infinite clubmen," marched from Preston, crossed the Ribble at Ribchester, and proceeded to Whalley with the intention of clearing Blackburn hundred of the Parliamentary forces. Being met by Colonel Shuttleworfch, at the head of a number ' Summons of tbe Earl of Derby, dated March 18, 1643. - Lancashire's "Valley of Achor," p. ir,, 3 ** Lancaster Massacre,'' p. 3. 296 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xv. of troops supported by a hasty levy, a running fight took place near Ribishester, which was continued down to the Ribble at Salesbury, and ended in the repulse of the earl. The victory was deemed of so much importance to the popular cause that Parliament ordered a day to be set apart for a public thanksgiving. On the 28th of April, the Parliamentary forces, taking the route of Wigan, Ormskirk, and Preston, again advanced to Lancaster, where they succeeded in relieving the castle, which had been besieged by the king's forces. The siege of Warrington by the Parliamentary forces, under Colonel Ashton, was commenced on the 23rd of May. As a preliminary to the siege, the church of Winwick was taken possession of, and five days after Warrington capitulated (May 28). At this time a ship was taken at Liverpool which had been sent to the Royalists to supply them with reinforcements both of men and of ammunition. An efibrt was made by the Earl of Derby to regain the magazines at Liverpool ; but, by the determined resistance of Mr. Moore and his Parliamentary adherents, the earl's designs, though supported by a formidable force, were entirely frustrated. The Parliament, pressed by their necessities, passed an ordinance this year for the sequestration of the estates of "notorious delinquents" in the several counties of the kingdom, on the alleged ground that those who had raised the unnatural war should be made to defray its expenses. At the same time, sequestrators were appointed to seize the property of those who were hostile to the Parliament, and in this way to replenish their exhausted revenues (April 1).' The sequestrators in Lancashire were Sir Ralph Ashton and Sir Thomas Stanley, baronets ; Ralph Ashton of Downham, Ralph Ashton of Middleton, Richard Shuttleworth, Alexander Rigby, John Moore, Richard Holland, Edward Butterworth, John Bradshaw, Wm. Ashurst, George Dodding, Peter Egerton, Nicholas Cunliffe, John Starkie, Gilbert Ireland, Thos. Birch, and Thos. Fell, esquires ; and Robert Hyde, Robert Cunliffe, Robert Curwen, John Newall, and John Ashurst, gentlemen. On the 6th of September in this year an order passed the House of Commons empowering the deputy-lieutenants in the palatine counties of Lancaster and Chester to choose auditors charged with the duty of keeping perfect accounts of all such moneys, goods, and profits as might be taken or seized by virtue of any order or ordinance of either Houses of Parliament ; and also to choose a treasurer, into whose hands such money should be paid ; and it was subsequently ordered that Ralph Ashton, Richard Shuttleworth, John Moore, and Alexander Rigby, esquires, all Members of Parliament, should act as auditors in Lancashire." The disasters of this short but active campaign, with the treatment that the Earl of Derby had received from the king and his advisers, had a deadening influence upon the royal cause in Lancashire ; and the earl, at the earnest solicitation of the queen, proceeded to the Isle of Man, to secure that island from the dangers with which it was menaced by the king's enemies, who, favoured by a confederacy within, had formed a project for taking possession of the island. His lordship was not insensible to the danger attendant upon this step, both towards the county and towards his own family. Previous to his departure he took all possible precautions to supply bis house at Lathom, which was in itself a complete fortress, with men, cannon, and provisions ; and to place the garrison under the command of a heroine whose name will ever rank amongst the most gallant and illustrious of her sex." At the same time that the queen commanded the Earl of Derby to proceed to the Isle of Man, her majesty wrote to the Earl of Newcastle from York (May 8), informing him that she had sent Wm. Murray to communicate with him on the state of Lancashire, and exciting him, by the honour that would await him, to recover for the king this " lost county." In another letter from the queen to the earl, on the following day, her majesty informs him that she has received further news from Lancashire, which the bearer is commissioned to communicate. In obedience to the queen's com- mands, the Earl of Newcastle, after his victory at Adwalton Moor^ (June 30th, 1643), despatched a declaration and summons from his headquarters at Bradford to the town of Manchester, requiring them to lay down their arms, to avoid the further effusion of " Christian blood," under an assurance that, on their prompt obedience, his majesty's grace and mercy should be extended tOAvards them, at the same time apprising them, that if they presumed to reject this offer, the blood shed in consequence of such rejection would fall upon their heads. To this imperious mandate Manchester rephed, by the messenger who brought the earl's despatch, that they had at all times shown themselves desn-ous to maintain the king's prerogatives and the liberties of the subject, but that they had resolutely resisted those who, under colour of his majesty's commission, endeavoured to overthrow the Protestant religion. As to his lordship's threats, they were nothing dismayed by 1 Eushworth's Collections, toL v. p. 309, 2 The Lady Brilliana Harley, in a letter to her son Edward, dated „T J°1.'^"'S had also his commissioners of sequestration, and in 30th June, 1643, writes: "AU Lancaseheere is cleered onlv Latham Instructions to Pnnce Rupert, dated February 5th, 1643-4, he directs howes. My Lord of Darby has left that county, which t'hev take ill "— that the estates and goods of persons in rebellion against him shall be " Letters of Lady BrlUiana Harley" (Camden Soc ) p 206 — seized into their hands, and the revenues used tor the support of his » Situate between Leeds and Bradford, and more coinmonlv known forces.— //ar(. MSS. cod. 2136. as Adderton or Atherston Moor,— C, '' """"" CHAP. XV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 297 them, but hoped that God, who had been their protector hitherto, would so direct their force that they should be able to return the violence intended into the bosoms of those who should become their persecutors. The earl never found a suitable opportunity to prosecute his intended operations against the county of Lancaster, but was obliged to content himself with sending a small force of two hundred horsemen to occupy Blackstone Edge, the chief pass over the Pennine range into Lancashire ; as, however, the Manchestrians had taken the precaution of placing a garrison of twelve hundred soldiers in Rochdale, and had sent a further contingent of eight hundred men to guard the foot of the pass over the Edge, the small force despatched by the Earl of Newcastle was completely routed, while the holders of the pass were enabled to raid the Craven district with impunity. For some months afterwards hostilities ceased in this county, though the civil wars still raged in the north, the south, and the east, and the blood of Englishmen continued to flow Avithout any prospect of tennination. In the northern parts of Lancashire, near its junction with Westmorland and Cumberland, a battle was fought between the Parliamentary army under Colonel Rigby, and the Royalist troops under Colonel Huddlestone, one of the BLACKSTONE EDGE. commissioners of array, which terminated in a "great victory" (Oct. 1). The last remaining stronghold of the king in the northern part of this county was Thurland Castle, which was at that time defended by Sir John Girlington, and which had sustained a siege of eleven weeks without receiving any relief, though the king's forces in Westmorland lay within view of the castle. At length it was determined to make a desperate effort to relieve the garrison: and the Westmorland and Cumberland forces, united with that from Cartmel and Furness, assembled over the sands, to the number of sixteen hundred men; Mr. Roger Kirby and Mr. Alexander Rigby of the Burgh leading the Lancashire forces. To defeat this operation, Colonel Rigby marched m the middle ot October at the head of a strong detatchment of the besieging army m front of ihurland Castle, into Furness, on Saturday; and on Sunday morning, after committing his troops to Gods protection in prayer, the colonel commanded his men to attack the enemy. In this engagement, if such it couH be called, the word of the Cavaliers was, " In with Queen Maiy, while that of the Roundheads was, " God with us." An instant panic seized the Royalists, who fled in all directions, and instead of a battle it became a rout. 39 298 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. -chap/xv. " At our first ai^pearanoe," says Colonel Rigby, ia his official despatch to the speaker of the House of Commons,^ " God so struck the hearts of these our enemies with terrour, that, before a blow given, their horse began to retreat, our foot gave a great shout our horse pursued, their's fled ; their foot dispersed, and fled ; they all trusted more to their feet than their hands ; they threw away their arms and colours, deserted their magazine drawn with eight oxen, and were totally routed in one quarter of an hour's time • our horse slew some few of them in the pursuit, and drove many of them into the sea. Wee took their Colonel Hudleston, of Millam, two captains, and an ensign, and about foure hundred prisoners, six foot colours, and one horse colour ; and their macazin and some horses, and more arms than men ; and all this without the losse of any one man of ours ; wee had only one man hurt by' the enemy, and only another hurt by himselfe with his own pistoU, but neither mortally ; upon the close of the business all our men with a great shout, cryed out, ' Glory be to God ; ' and wee all, except one troop of horse, and one foot company, which I left to quiet the countrey, returned forthwith towards our siege at Thurland." After this engagement the colonel pressed the siege of Thurland with so much vigour that in two days the castle surrendered by capitulation.^ Following up the usual system, the fortress was immediately demolished, and Colonel Huddlestone was sent prisoner to London, to be dealt with by the Parliament. This year (1643) that mischievous publication " The Book of Sports," the fruitful parent of so much disaster to the house of Stuart, was denounced in Parliament, and, in virtue of a vote of the House, was consigned to the flames by the common hangman.^ The king, finding his authority entirely superseded, and that the people and the militia, in many places which his troops summoned to surrender, professed to act under the sanction of Parliament, declared that the two houses were not a free Parliament, and in effect denied their authority, as they had denied his. The convocation had already been abolished by an ordinance of Parliament, which declared that government by archbishops and bishops was evil, and that the same should be taken away ; and a solemn league and covenant was now entered into between the Scotch and the English, by which it Avas stipulated that the Protestant religion should be sustained in Scotland, according to the form already established in that country, while a reformation should be effected in England, agreeable to the word of God and the example of the best reformed churches.^ To secure the fidelity of the army to the cause of Parliament in this Catholic county, it was ordered that such officers and commanders in Lancashire in the service of Parliament as should refuse to, take the covenant, on its being tendered to them, should be discharged of their command and; kept in custody, if the committees of the county should so detennine.^ An assembly of divines for the English counties, now divided into separate dioceses, was alsoi constituted, and formed into Ciassis, or provincial synods, which were formally settled in this county in the year 1647 ;" and to the end that the maintenance provided or disposed of by: Parliament for preaching ministers might only be given to godly and learned and orthodox! divines, it was ordained by Parliament that no minister within the county should hereafter receive a benefice without a certificate of his fitness for the ministerial office under the handsi of two or more deputy-lieutenants in the said county; and under the hands of Mr. Herle of; Winwick, Mr. Heyricke of Manchester, Mr. Hyett of Croston, Mr. Horrocks of Dean, Mr. Ambrose! of Preston, Mr. Shaw of Aldingham, Mr. Angler of Denton, Mr. Johnson of Ashton Mersey Bank, Mr. Ward of Warrington, Mr. Shawe of Liverpool, Mr. Gee of Eccleston, Mr. Latham of Douglas [Standish], Mr. Harper of Bolton, Mr. HoUinworth of Salford, Mr. Wright of Gargreave, and Mr. Johnson of Rochdale, or any seven or more of them. Parliament, fully aware of the danger by which the county of Lancaster was menaced, issued' an order that Mr. James Wainwright, under the superintendence of the committee of safety, should send forty barrels of powder into this county, for its better security and defence ; ' and in the course of the same month a letter was despatched by the speaker of the House of Commons to the gentlemen in Lancashire, in acknowledgment of their great and good services. It was the policy of Parliament to dismantle and demolish all the fortresses in the country, and on the 8th of July (1643) an order was sent from the Commons to the Lords, directing " that the castle of Hornby be forthwith so defaced, or demolished, that the enemy may be prevented from making any further use thereof to the_ annoyance of the inhabitants," and the deputy -lieutenants were required to give an account of their service in the execution thereof The strength of the conflicting armies was now swelled to a large amount. Sir Thomas Fairfax was made general of the north by Parliament, with a force of 21,000 men, including 6,000 horse and 1,000 dragooneers; while Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice, the king's nephews, commanded an army of equal strength, on behalf of the king, with the Earl of Derby in Lancashire, and Sir Marmaduke Langdale and Lord Byron,'' ISaron of Rochdale, in Cheshire, Shropshire, 1 Dated Preston, in LancasMre, Oct. 17, 1643. * Journals of the Lords, Sept. IS, 1648. « Ibid. « This victory, says Whitelogk, was the more discoursed of because » The Manchester Ciassis held its meetings in the Refectory of the Eigby was a lawyer. College. The first meeting was held February 16th, 1646-7, and minutes •' Ihe spnit ra which some of the clergy had complied with the royal were taken ot its proceedings, which extend to August 14th 1660.— 0. injunction to read the"BookofSport3,"maybeeonceivod from the remark ' Journals ol the Commons, June 1, 1643. of one of them, who, after having read the declaration, said, "Dearly » Sir John Byron, for his services at Edge HiU, Eoundway Down, and beloved, you liave heard now the commandments ot God and man, obey elsewhere in the Royalist cause, was created Baron Byron of Rochdale, which you please." i„ jin, county palatine of Lancaster, Oct. 24, 1643.— C. CHAP. XV, THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 299 and Wales. The preparations on both sides were such as mi<^ht be extiPnt^^ «t fi,. „ of a campaign which was intended to terminate the conS tLS .I i «P"fiencement (Dec. 26) the Idng's forces under Lord Bvrov, hn^ n^? • i ^°.^^'^^*^^ ^^^ close of the last year U obliged theli^nemies to seek rl^fin^ LancLtr"'-" -"P"'*'?-' victory at Nantwih, the Earl of Newcastle was t^ hive rtt;cSd thS'\,f,'<^S^^ '" '^'Vi^'' f '^' Fairfax into Staffordshire disconcerted the ^^'nnf ^™expected advance attention to that quarter. The LLSsHre foroP. tn ?>! F^'^'K'"'^ ^L "^'^^^ *^^ large body of cudgeller\ finding theZ^t^^^curU^ t i:tf^±!r±bJ''^,,^ campaign, of Sir Thomas earl's summons ot Fairfax and Sir William BreretoS near Nantwich n frorit nf w>,-\ V,f '^^''^v^ J™'^'°'' "^'^^ Prince _ Rupert ; Warrmgton had yielded; Wigan—" faithful Wigan —could no longer hold its own ; Thurland Castle, the last remaining stronghold in North Lancashire, had capitulated; and Lathom House, the princely seat of the Earl of Derby, alone held out. The winter of 1643-4 was employed in strengthening the defences of the several towns in the county, all of which were then in the hands of the king's enemies, and vast prepara- tions were made for the renewal of the conflict. On Saturday the 24th of February, 1643-4, a council of Parliamentary officers— the Holy State, as it was called— was held at Manchester, wl^en it was finally resolved that an attack on Lathom should be made. Sir Thomas Fairfax undertook the command, with the assistance of Colonel Assheton of Middleton, Colonel More of Bank Hall, and the irrepressible Colonel Rigby, who, in the interest of the Parliament, was head, and heart, and hand, and almost everything else of importance in the county. This mansion, which the dangers of the ' times had converted into a fortress, was, in the absence of the earl, defended by Tremouille, the Countess of Derby, assisted by Major Farmer and the Captains Farington, Charnock, Chisehhall, Rawstorne, Ogle, and Molyneux. _ On the arrival of his army before Lathom House, Sir Thomas Fairfax obtained an audience with the countess, who had disposed her soldiers in such a way as to impress the Parliamentary general with a favourable opinion of their numbers and discipline. The oifer made to the countess in this interview by Sir Thomas was that, on condition of her surrendering the house to the troops under his command, herself and her children and servants, with their property, should be safely removed to Knowsley, there to remain, without molestation, in the enjoyment of one-half of the earl's estates. To this alluring proposal her ladyship mildly but resolutely replied that a double trust had been confided to her — faith to her lord and allegiance to her sovereign ; and that without their permission she could not make the required surrender in less than a month, nor then without their approbation. The impetuous temper of the Parliamentary army could not brook this delay, and after a short consultation it was determined to besiege the fortress rather than attempt to carry it by storm. At the end of fourteen days, while the works were constructing. Sir Thomas Fairfax sent a renewed summons to surrender, but with no better success, the reply of the countess being that she had not forgot her duty to the Church of England, to her prince, and to her lord, and that she would defend her trust with her honour and with her life. Being ordered into Yorkshire, Sir Thomas confided the siege to Colonel Peter Egerton and Major Morgan, who, despairing of success from negotiation, proceeded to form the lines of circumvallation with all the formality of a German siege. "The progress of the besiegers was continually interrupted by sallies from the garrison, ■ which beat the soldiers from their trenches, and destroyed their works. At the end of three months a deep trench was cut near the moat, on which was raised a strong battery, where > Lordt.Byron's letter to the Marquis of Ormonde, dated Chester, Jan. SO, 1643-4. TOWER — HORNBY CASTLE. 300 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE. GHAP. XV. a mortar was planted for the casting of grenades. In one of these discharges the ball fell close to the table at which the countess and her children were sitting, and broke part ot the furniture to atoms. A gallant and successful sally, under Major Farmer, and Captains Molyneux Radcliffe and Chisenhall, destroyed these works, killed a number of the besieging army and captured' the mortar The countess not only superintended the works and commanded the operations, but frequently accompanied her gallant troops to the margin of the enemy s trenches The Parliament, dissatisfied with all this delay, superseded Colonel Egerton, and confided the command to Colonel Rigby. Fresh works were now erected, but they shared the fate of their predecessors; and Colonel Rigby, on the approach oi Prince Rupert into Lancashire, was obliged to raise the siege at the end oi four months, and to seek shelter for himself and his army in Bolton. Prince Rupert, alter the battle of Newark, marched towards Lancashire, at the head of a powerful army, with the intention of raising the siege oi Lathom House— in which he succeeded— and to recover the " lost county " of Lancaster, m which he failed most deplorably. On his arrival at Stockport {Stopworth, as it was then called), seated on the banks of the river Mersey, where the Parliament had a strong garrison, commanded by Colonels Dukinfield and Mainwaring, he found the hedges lined with musketeers, who disputed his passage. To secure the entrance of his troops, his highness despatched Colonel Washington, at the head of a party of dragoons, to scour the hedges, which service the colonel performed with so tiAMM^vr AUTOGRAPH OF CHARLOTTE DE LA TREMOILLE, COUNTESS OF DERBY. much success that the musketeers were driven from their station, and the prince, with his horse, followed at their heels, pell-mell, into the town, which he took, with all the cannon and ammunition and some hundreds of prisoners (May 25). Prince Rupert, without suffering his progress to be arrested by the garrison at Manchester, advanced to Bolton. On his arrival before that place, on the 28th of May, he was joined by the Earl of Derby, who had returned from the Isle of Man, and was at the head of a considerable force, breathing vengeance against the assailants of his house, when the resolution was taken, in a council of war, to carry the town by storm. The assault was immediately commenced, but the resistance from the garrison was so vigorous that the assailants were repulsed with the loss of two hundred men. Irritated, but not dispirited, by this failure, another attack was resolved upon, which was led by the Earl of Derby, at the head of two hundred chosen Lancashire men, chiefly of his lordship's tenantry. The fury of this assault was irresistible, and the town fell into the hands of Prince Rupert. Colonel Rigby, Avho, on hearing of Rupert's advance, had abandoned the siege of Lathom and fallen back upon Bolton, with a number of his troops, escaped from the town, and, crossing the Yorkshire hills, marched to Bradford. Unfortunately for his own character, and for the life of his noble companion in arms. Prince Rupert refused to give quarter to the vanquished, and twelve hundred persons were put to the sword after the battle was won. So great Avas the slaughter that, it has been said, there was scarcely a Puritan family for miles round Bolton, that had not to mourn the loss of some member who had fallen in the fight. It was a fatal day for Bolton, and, in the end, no less fatal to the head of the Hoiase of gtanjey, fop the cruelties then practised were repaid with v^igeance in a few years CHAP. XV. THE HISTORY 01 LANCASHIRE. 301 later in the Market Place of the town. The siege of Lathom began on the 6th March, and hostilities were carried on with varying fortunes until the 27th of May, on the morning of which, while the dawn was deepening into day, Rigby in hot haste withdrew his forces from before the walls. In the evening, the sun, as it went down in the west, shed its warm rays upon the plumed helmets and glistening corslets of a triumphant army crossing the drawbridge, with drums beating and colours flying, to tell the story of victory, and to proclaim relief to the heroic countess and the gallant defenders of the " seven towered Lathom." The trophies of this day, consisting of the colours taken at Bolton, were sent by the Earl of Derby to Lathom House, and were received by the countess with great exultation. The prince, without delay, advanced to Liverpool, where there was a strong garrison under the command of Colonel Moore,' the governor of the town, and Member of Parliament for that borough. His highness, whose sanguine disposition frequently hurried him on to hasty conclusions, did not hesitate to pronounce that the place was too feeble to resist the prowess of his arms for a single day; but, though the siege was prosecuted with great vigour, the fortress did not surrender in less than three weeks from the time that the Royalist army brought their cannon to bear upon the works. Before the garrison surrendered, ihef shipped off all the arms, ammunition, and portable SIK ALEXANDER RIGBY. effects; and most of the officers and soldiers went on shipboard, while a few made good the fort which they rendered to the prince upon quarter but they Avere all put ^^ '^^'^%f.^;'^^, thus secured two of the most important places in Lancashire, Manchester excepted. Prince Rupert paS a hasty visit to his noble relative, the heroine of Lathom House, J^^^'J^SILrXZ for strenfftheninc' the fortress by adding to the towers, bastions, and counterscarps. He then contfnS hL marct by^^^^^^^ of Blackburn, to York, at the head of 20^00 men, where he joined Ae Marquis of Newcastle, ke day after his arrival before that f y.' *1}^,|-^ '^^^^^^^^ of Marston Moor was fought (July 2). This engagement was "^^JX^^vt? *1^^^^^^ most numerous armies that were engaged during the whole course f t^f^^J^^^^^^^^^ British troops were here led to mutual slaughter. Prmce ^^^P^^*, who commanded ^^^ YaC^^^^S of the Royalists, was opposed to Oliver Cromwell, who commanded the J^f . "^^ f^^^, ™7S^^^ army. The Marquis of Newcastle commanded on the left, and was opposed to Sir Thomas i^airlax and Colonel Lambert. For some time the scale of victory hung m suspense, and both parties m 1 The Moores, or Mores, had been wealthy burgesses of Liverpool from early times. One of the family, John de le More, appears first on the hst of burgesses who, in 1295, guaranteed the payment of the wages of the membe? returned as the representative of Liverpool m Parharaent. Thev had prospered as merchants, were accounted the leaders of the Syterian party in the town, and had become powerful rivals and bitter enemies of the Stanleys.— 0. 2 Wbitelocli's Memorials, p. 91. 802 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CPAP. XV. turn thought that the day was their own ; hut, after the utmost efforts of courage and skill, the rout of the royal army became general, Prince Rupert's train of artillery was taken, and his whole army pushed off the field of battle.' The Earl of Derby had accompanied Prince Rupert, and was in the thick of the fight at Marston Moor. Three times, we are told, he rallied his men, but at Marston, as at Edge Hill, the rash impetuosity of the prince turned victory into disaster, and the king's cause was lost. The civil wars were not now at an end, but their issue was no longer doubtful. The Marquis of Newcastle, whose counsel had been disregarded, quitted the kingdom with mixed feelings of disgust and despair, and Prince Rupert drcAV off the wreck of his army into Lancashire, where he had the mortification to see the strongholds which he had recently obtained speedily reconquered. After the battle of Marston Moor it was determined by Lord Fairfax to send 1,000 horse into Lancashire, to form a junction with the Parliamentary forces from Cheshire and Derbyshire, for the purpose of watching the motions of Prince Rupert, who marched to join the king's forces in Cumberland and Westmoreland. Parliament had, in the meantime, passed an ordinance for a grant of £3,000 to the forces of Lancashire \- and a plan was devised for the committees of Parlia- ment, in Derbyshire and Lancashire, to join the association of the northern counties. One of the objects of this association was to supply the forces of Lancashire with money to carry on the war.^ To mitigate the miseries of the sufferers in Lancashire, an ordinance was passed, that all officers and soldiers under the command of Colonel Alexander Rigby and Colonel Richard Shuttleworth, at Bolton or in other places, by the loss of limbs, &c., and such women and children whose husbands or fathers had been slain, or died in the service, should be pensioned " out of the several sequestrations of papists and delinquents, within the respective hundreds of Blackburn, Ley- land, and Amounderness, or out of assessments provided for that purpose ; but that no person should receive, by way of mainten- ance, more than four shillings and eightpence per weeL"^ The return of Prince Rupert into Lancashire was the signal for a renewal of hostilities, deserving the name of little more than skirmishes, though some of them are dignified in the despatches of the day as " great victories." Fights took place near Ormskirk, Up-Holland, and Preston, in the last of which Lord Ogleby and Colonel Ennis were made prisoners.'* The Lancashire campaign of this year was terminated by the surrender of Liverpool to the Parliamentary forces under Sir John Meldrum (November 1), the Earl of Derby having failed in an attempt to relieve that place, with a loss of 500 men killed and taken prisoners." Lord i3yron, too, was little less unfortunate ; for, in a letter to the Marquis of Ormonde, dated November 15, 1644, he says, "My brother Robin is now a prisoner at Manchester, with some of his officers, the rest being disposed of to other garrisons of the rebels, and I am so unfortunate at this time as to have no exchange for him here.' Liverpool is lost through the treachery of the common soldiers, who, not pressed with any other want but of loyalty and courage, most basely gave up the town and the officers to the mercy of the rebels.'" The county remamed for a time in a state of comparative tranquillity, though occasionally harassed m the Fylde district by Sir Thomas Tyldesley. With the object of dislodging this resolute and uncompromising partisan. Sir John Meldrum set out with a force from Manchester, and a fierce encounter took place at Freckleton Marsh, on the estuary of the Ribble, near Kirkham. Tyldesley rallied and reformed his men, but his efforts being unavailing, he crossed the Ribble and marched on towards Meols." Victory followed victory. One position after another was forced and one detachment after another dispersed, until, as Rushworth wrote, " there remained of unreduced garrisons belonging to the king in Lancashire only Latham House and Green (halgh) Castle," the latter an embattled and moated structure which had been built on the banks of the Wvre in 1490 by the First Earl of Derby. In the midst of all this "unsuccessful and successful war," the condition of the inhabitants ol Lancashire, owing to the spoil, rapine, and cruelty, which never fail to attend civil wars, GUISENHALQH CASTLE. ' Rushworth, vi. 634. 2 Commons Journals, June 25, 1641. ■•" Ibid, July 1. •* Ibid, Aug. 6. » Col. Shuttloworth's Despatch, dated Whalloy, Aug. 1044. ° Wliitelock'a Memorials, p. 103. ' Carte's Original Letters and Papers, i, 70. ' Ibid, p. 71. " Chetham Soc. v. l.\li. p. J3C, — C. «SAP. XV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 803 Was most deplorable, cover their nakedness. In some parts of the county the people had scarcely anything left to , They and then- children were without bread to eat; and their misery was so extreme, that an order was issued by Parliament that, upon the 12th day of September, being the day appointed for a solemn fast throughout the country, one half of the pubhc collections to be made m all the churches within the cities of London and Westminster, and within the line of communication, should be employed for the relief of ^!^^ V^oT ^stressed peoiple m the county of Lancaster, the money to be paid into the hands of the Rey Mr. Herle and the Rev. Mr. Case, members of the Westminster Assembly of Divines to be by them forwarded to Mr. John Hartley, of Manchester, and disbursed through the medium of Mr. Heyricke, warden of Manchester; Mr. Harper, minister of Bolton; Mr. Wood, minister of Warrington ; Mr. Lathom, minister of Douglas; Mr. Ambrose, minister ot Preston; Mr. bhaw, minister of Aldingham; and Mr. Hipworth, minister of Whalley; or any four ot them ^ The people, growing impatient from the protracted miseries of war, began to demand its spee^ termination ; and surmises were entertained that the contest was prolonged for the profit it afforded in places and pensions bestowed upon the members of the House of Commons. To remove all suspicion on this head, an Act called " The Self-denying Ordinance " was mtroduced and passed, by which all members of either House of Parliament were prohibited from holding any command in the army. The extensive revenues and patronage of the duchy of Lancaster having become objects of contest between the conflicting parties, the duchy seal, by which the proceedings in court obtained their ratification, was forcibly taken from Christopher Banister, the vice-chancellor of the county, by the troops raised against the Parliament, without which seal neither sheriff nor justice of the peace could be constituted, nor could common justice be administered to the inhabitants. To repair this loss, the two Houses of Parliament ordained that a new duchy seal should be made ; that it should have like power and validity as that formerly used, and that all acts done by the former seal, since it was taken from the vice-chancellor, "should be utterly void, frustrate, and of no effect." ^ One of the first documents to which the new duchy seal was attached was the patent of John Bradshaw, Esq., as high sheriff of the county of Lancaster. ^ This year the Parliament assumed the patronage of the ecclesiastical benefices of the duchy, and exercised that patronage by conferring the living of the hospital of Leicester upon Mr. Grey, the brother of the Earl of Kent. All the strong places in Lancashire were now in possession of the Parliamentary forces, with the exception of Lathom House, and grants of money and munitions of war continued to be dispensed by Parliament for the maintenance of these possessions.'' The garrison at Lathom having made itself especially obnoxious by the "daily roberyes and plundering" of neighbouring Round- heads, its submission was resolved upon. At the outset negotiations were entered into with the Earl of Derby, who was then in the Isle of Man, with the view of securing the withdrawal of the force stationed there without recourse to arms, but this coming to nothing, it was determined to make another attempt to sieze the stronghold which had so long been a refuge and safe protection for the cavaliers of Lancashire. For this purpose a besieging force was placed under the command of Colonel Egerton, of Shaw ; Alexander Rigby, however, being again the moving spirit who directed' the operations. The battle of Naseby, fought June 14, 1645, where the king commanded on one side, aided by his nephews. Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice, and Fairfax on the other, aided by Cromwell, proved most disastrous to the royal cause, and disabled the Cavaliers from prosecuting the campaign in the northern counties. After that disastrous day the king marched to Chester, with the intention of carrying the war into Lancashire, and of relieving Lathom House, which was at that time again besieged by the Parliamentary forces. His majesty's ill -fortune still pursued him, and he was doomed to sustain another defeat on Rowton Heath, in the neighbourhood of Chester. The renewed siege of Lathom was commenced in the month of July, 1645, under the command of General Egerton, at the head of 4,000 men. The Countess of Derby and her family having retired to the Isle of Man, the command of the garrison was confided to Colonel Rawstorne, aided by Major Munday and Captain Key, commanders of horse, and Captain Charnock, Captain Farington, Captain Molyneux Radcliffe, Captain Henry Noel, Captain Worral, and Captain Roby. For five months the siege was sustained with great spirit, in the hope that the king's troops would be able to relieve the garrison ; but this expectation having been utterly disappointed,_ Colonel Rawstorne and his brave companions in arms, who had become reduced to the last extremity, were obliged to surrender this ancient and venerable edifice into the hands of the enemy on the 2nd > Journals of the Commons, Sept. 11, 1644. assumed the powers o£ the iDuke of Lancaster, and in contravention = ibid Nov 25 of the Act of 28 Edward III., retained it for four successive years, "Godwin in his "mstoryof the Commonwealth," says thciheriff was John Bradsliaw, the head of the lino of Bradshaw in the parish was "preside'nt" Bradshaw, but this is an error which has gained cur- of Bolton, and therefore only remotely connected with president rency by frequent repetition. The person on whom the shrievalty was Bradshaw.— C. . , „ . ., , ^ t , „,...- conferred when Parliament in 1644. exercising the Eoyal functions, * Journals of the Commons, April 6 and July 9, 104o, 304 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. XV. of December. The fall of Lathom House was the occasion of rejoicing in every Puritan town in Lancashire ; The horns of the "great beast were all broken," and Parliament considered the event of sufficient importance to call for a thanksgiving in the cities of London and Westminster. This service beino' over, the House of Commons proceeded to consider what was to be done with the fortress, when it was determined that it should be demolished ; and in virtue of this resolution the towers and all the strong works were razed to the ground, and the house of Lathom, once the pride and glory of Lancashire, was dismantled and ruined. The earl, on receiving intelligence of the ruthless destruction wrought by the fanatical soldiers of Rigby, expressed himself in sorrow more than in anger, and nothing can be more touching than his reflections upon the loss, or more apposite than the texts of Scripture he, at the time, entered in his book of " Private Devotions " : " Our holy and our beautiful house," he wrote, " where our fathers praised Thee, is burned with iire ; and all our pleasant things are laid waste " (Isaiah Ixiv., 11) ; " I have forsaken mine house ; I have left mine heritage ; I have given the dearly-beloved of my soul to the hand of her enemies. Mine heritage is unto me as a lion in the forest, it crieth out against me " (Jeremiah xii., 7-8). From the first breaking out of the troubles Chester had been secured by the commission of array for the service of the king, but the besieging army under Sir William Brereton having been reinforced by the ParUamentary troops from Lathom House, this ancient city was obliged to surrender by articles of capitulation, between Lord Byron, the governor, and Sir William Brereton, on the 3rd of February, 1645-6. The royal cause had now become hopeless, and the Scottish army having marched into the centre of England, as the allies of the Parliamentary force, the king surrendered himself into their hands at Newark on the 5th of May. The pressure of so large an army as that maintained by Parliament fell heavily upon the public treasury ; and, in order to replenish the finances, the two houses issued an ordinance for raising £60,000 per month for the support of the forces, to which the county of Lancaster was required to contribute £529 3s. 2d., and the county of Chester £39 13s. lid. Immense sums of money were exacted from such persons of property as had favoured the royal cause, and it was alleged that this was the only effectual means of reaching the feelings of the " heart-malignants,'' by which name the partisans of the king were distinguished by their enemies. Three years before this time Parliament had issued ordinances, as we have already seen, for sequestrating " the estates of delinquents, papists, spies, and intelligencers " throughout the kingdom, wherein it was directed that all bishops, deans, or other persons, who have raised or shall raise arms against the Parliament, or shall be in actual war against them ; or shall have contributed any money, arms, &c., towards the force of the enemy, shall have their property sequestrated into the hands of sequestrators and committees in this order named.^ The king, who could afford to his friends no protection against these exactions, consented that they should pay such compositions as might be agreed upon between them and the Parliament ; but when the Parliament demanded a bill of attainder and banishment against seven persons — the Marquis of Newcastle, Lord Digby, Lord Byron, Sir Marmaduke Langdale, Sir Richard Granville, Sir Francis Doddington, and Judge Jenkins — he absolutely refused compliance. A power was in this way given to the committee of sequestration to allow " the delinquents, papists, and others " to compound for their estates, on payment of a specific sum into the public treasury ; and the follow- ing is A CATALOGUE Of the Lords, Knights, and Gentlemen of Lancashire wJio compounded for their Estates in the years 1646, tfcc, with the sum affixed at which each Freeholder contracted : — • £ s. d. Ambrose Wm., ol Lowick, gent 129 Ashton Thomas, o{ Penketh 192 8 4 Aehton Thos., of Hestbank, yeoman 16 4 Adkins Nathaniel, of Broughton 31 Brown Ralph, of Aspeh [? Astley or AspuU] 11 Bate John, of Warbreok 11 Barker James, of Blackrod 10 Bridgeman Edward, of Warrington 100 Bowden Edward, of Kirbie 40 Baylcon Wm., of Barmaker 70 Brerea Launcelot, of Whittle 10 Bretherton John, of Leigh, gent 150 Breres Alex., of Martin, gent 82 4 5 Brown Wm., of Wigan 20 12 Brown Edward, of Woodplumpton 1 27 8 Bower Wm,, of Latham, yeoman 2,5 Brockelesse John, of Lancaster, gent 151 s. d. 17 13 £ Brownelow Randal, of Pemberton, husbandman ... 15 Baxter Charles, of Newton 21 Brabarn Thomas, of Whittington 122 Buttervforth Alex., of Belfield 3 B » Byrom John, of Salford, gent 20116 6 Byrom Edward, of Salford, gent 2 6 8 Bowker Adam, of Salford 16 Bowker Peter, of Manchester 12 Beckingham Rowland, of Hornby 16 Carus Thoa. of Halton, gent 516 10 Chisenhall Ed., of Chisenhall, Esq 480 Charnoke Robert, of Astley, Esq 260 Cowling Thurstan, of Chorley 10 13 Collier James, of Bainford 36 8 Cooling James, of Chorley, mower 9 Croston Richard, of Heath-Charnock 12 Charnook Thomas, of Leyland, gent 58 1 The mere fact of professing the Roman Catholic religion subjected " the delinquent " to forfeit two parts out of three of his whole estate, and two p.art3 of his goods. The sittings of the committee of sequestra tion for Lancashire were usually held at Preston. CHAP. XV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 305 Cotterell [? Catterall] John, of Brindle Dawson ['! Danson] Thomas, of Rosthwaite, gent..!! Dewhurst Wm., of Dewhurst, eent Forth William, of Wigan !...!!!!!!!!!!!! Fearnely Ann, of Warrington !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Fleetwood Joseph, of Penwortham, Esq..! !!!!!!!!!!!, Finoham Ralph, of Cottam, gent Farington Wm., sen., of Werden, Esq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Foxcroft Henry, of Claughton !! Foster Robert, of Coppull, tanner !!!!!!!!!!!!!! Farington William, the younger, of Werden, gent!!! Garside Gabriel, of Rochdale Qerrard Thomas, of Ince, gent !!! ! Gerrard, Thos., of Aughton, gent. ..!..!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Gerrard Richard, of Bryn, Esq !!!!!!!! Gerrard William, of Pennington !!!!!!!!!!!! Gregson John Wood, of Plumpton ...!!!!!!!!!! Holt Robert, of Castleton, Esq !.!!!!!!!! Holt Kicliard, of Ash worth, gent !!!!!!!!!!!!! Hough Robert, of Moston !!!!!! Hey Ellis, of Eccles, gent !!!!!!! Hancock John, of Clithero, yeoman !!!!!!!!!!! Hesketh Robert, of Rufforth, gent. .!!!!!!!!!!!!! Heap Thos., of Pilkington, gent !!.!!!!!!!!!!.!!! Haughton Richard, of Ridley, gent !!!!.!!.!!!!! Haughton Thomas, of Haughton !.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Hind Rd., of Overton, yeoman !!!!!!!!! Hodginson Luke, of Preston !!.!!!!!!!!!! Halsworth Thos,, of Heath-Charnock !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Haydock Roger, of Heapy .!.!!!!! Heywood Peter, ef Heywood Higham Thos., of Lancaster, deceased Jackson John, of Overton, gent !!!!! Kirby John, of Kirby, gent ! !!!!!!!! Kitson Thomas, of Warton, gent Livesey Rd., of Broadhalgb, gent Leckonby Richard, of Elswick !!! Moseley Nichols, of Ancotes, gent !!!!!!!! Moseley Sir Edw., of Anootes Mosley Francis, and Nichola-s, his son, of Coliyhurst, gent Morley Francis, of Wennington, gent Morte George, of Blackrod, Esq !!!!!!!!!!! Middleton Sir George, of Layton, Knt. and Bart., with £60 per annum settled MoUineux Robt., of The Wood, gent. !!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Norris John, of Bolton Norris Alexander, of the same Nuttall Joshua, of Church Nowell Roger, of Read, Esq Nicholson Francis, jun., of Poulton, yeoman Norris Robt., of Kirby, yeoman Norris Thomas, of Speak, Esq !.,!,.,.!!!!. Ogle Cuthbert, of Whiston, gent Orrell Rd., of Farrington, gent Pendleton Henry, of Manchester £ s. d. 20 9 6 45 186 10 40 21 641 3 4 125 536 2 8 15 117 13 4 28 209 80 100 2 10 6 51 7 150 5,51 25 309 5 5 45 18 101 60 2 10 34 15 18 3 15 351 70 10 6 36 5 4 390 10 58 6 170 4874 200 160 46 10 855 240 50 15 20 736 4 6 1S3 3 4 107 11 8 508 120 22 10 80 Prescott William, of Upholland Prestwich Sir Thomas, and Thomas,' "his' 'son! "of Hulme ' Preston George, of Natby !!!!!! Preston Thomas, of Holker, Esq.',"with"£i2o"per annum settled Potter Alexander, of Manchester! ! ! ! Pilkington John, of Adlington Pilkington Richard, of Coppull Prescot Robert, of Standish Pilkington Richard, of Wigan Rascoe John, of Aspeth [?A8puiii Ryly Thomas, of Chatburn !!!!!! Robinson Edmund, of Newland Rigby Alex., of Burgh, Esq '.''..'. Rawlingson Robt., of March-Grange! Rivington James, of Euxton Radcliffe William, of Balderston '!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!,!!!!!!!! Raphson Edmund, of Ince-Bluudell !!!!!!!!!!!' Rogerson William, of Coppull !!!!!.!!!!!!!! Rainoara Nicholas, of Bindley . ! . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! Rogerson John, of Manchester ...!!!!!!!!!!! ! Seddon John, of Hentley [? Hindley ] !!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!! Slaughter Hemy, of Lightcocks Shartock [? Sharrock] Ralph, of Wolson [? mi't'onj! Stanley Ferdinando, of Broughton Sherrington Francis, of Boothes, Esq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Summer John, and Wm., his son, of Leyland "!!!!!!. Shaw Henry, of Langrope [? Langroyd] Sandia Wm., of Easthwaite, gent. ... Stanley Wm., of Woodhall, gent !!!.!!!!!!! Southworth John, of Samlesbury ! . . Talbot Sir John, of Salop, Knt !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Trevillian Robt., of Didsbury, yeoman....!!.! !!!!!!!! Twiford Rich., of Didsbury, yeoman Tempest William, of Wigan Taylor John, of Oldham !!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!! Townson Robert, of Cansfield !.!!!!!!!!!!!! Twiford Robt., of Didsbury, gent !!!!!!!!.!!!!!! Valentine John, of Beaucliffe, in the parish of Eccles, gent Woodward Alex., of Sheviugton !!!!!!!! Walker William, of Kirkham, gent ! . ! Wall Thomas, of Prescot Wakefield John, of Standish, mower Walmesley Edward, of Banister Hall Welshman Hugh, of Samlesbury Widdowes John, of Lawton, gent Westfield Richard, of Overton !. Wood John, of Prestwich Wood Francis, of Gressingham Whittingham Richard, of Clayton Wildbore Augustus, of Lancaster, D.D Winckley Wm., of Billington, gent Windresse Wm., of Nether- Wiersdale Wignall John, of Halsall £ s. d. 27 330 30 186 17 4 5 7 10 11 5 5 8 29 5 10 50 40 381 3 4 8046 14 12 6 15 11 1 10 5 21 11 10 4 18 4 10 130 50 150 373 10 805 23 50 46 13 358 18 9 444 50 n 44 7 14 10 2 5 45 15 4 255 4 9 44 175 20 20 114 3 34 .4 34 ,0 51 15 118 132 2 6 26 0. 30 19 9 12 3 The foregoing "Catalogue,'' which is very incomplete, and certainly not remarkable for accuracy, appears to have been copied by Mr. Baines from a small and scarce volume printed in 1655,^ " for Thomas Dring, at the signe of the George, in Fleet Street, neare Clifford's Inne, London." All accurate list of the Lancashire compounders, with the particulars of their estates and the results of their " delinquencies " consequently remains a work of the future, but the want has been in part supplied by the Record Society in the exceedingly useful volumes edited by Mr. Walford D. Selby, of the Record Office, in which is given a list derived from a contemporary index of the compounders' names digested into counties, and containing nearly all the names of the Lancashire dehnquents, with those of Cheshire also. As this index supplies many omissions in the list given in previous editions of this work, we give it entire : — Ambrose William, Lowicke Anderton Hugh, Euxton Anderton James, Birchley Anderton William, Anderton Ashton Edmund, Chatterton Ashton Thomas, Penketh Ashton Thomas, Hestbanek Atkins Nathaniel, Broughton Baines Jonathan, Nether- Wiersdale Barker James, Blackroad Barnes Thomas, West Darby Bate John, Warrington ^ A reprint of this volume was issued to subscribers resident chiefly in Lancashire and Cheshire in 1733, with the following title page : "A Catalogue of the Lords, Knights, acd Gentlemen, that have Compounded for their Estates. To which are added, some Gentlemen's names, which 40 were omitted in the former Edition. !London: Printed by Thomas Dring, 1655; and Chester: Re-printed by R. Adams, 1733. (Price Bound Two Shillings.)"— 0. 806 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. XV. Batty Kichard, Netherborougli Baxter Charles, Newton Baylton William, Balnaker Beardmau Peter, Orford and Warringtou Beckingliam Rowland, Horneby Beesley Thomas, Haighton Blundell William, Crosby Parva Boothe Henry, Knowsly Bower William, Lathom Bowker Adam, Salford Bowker Peter, Manchester Brabin Thomas, Whittington Brade John, Cockerholme Bradshaw John, Seale Brand Edward, Lancaster Breres Laurence, Whitle Breres Alexander, Marton Brethertou John, Heigh Brockholda John, Lancaster Brown Ealph, Aspall Browne Edward, Woodplumpton Browne William, Wigau Brownlow Randall, Pemberton Butler Wm. and Edw., Myerscough Butterworth Alexander, Belfield Byrom Edward, Salford Byrom John, Salford Caius Thomas, Halton Catterall John, Brindle Charnock Robert, Astley Chisenhall Edward, Chisenhall Chroychlow Richard, Claughton Clarkson Thomas, Heighsham Cole Thomas, for Jas. Butler et aliis Collier James, Rainford Cooling James, Chorley Cowling Thurston, Chorley Craven Robert, Dinkly Cropper Grace, Cockerholm Croston Richard, Heath- Charnock Danson Tomas, Eoosecoett Denis John, Cockerholme Derby Countess of Derby Earl of Dewhurst William, Dewhurst Dicconson Hugh, Wrayesholme Dobson Hugh, Chipping Eltouhead, Richd., senior, Sutton Farrington Wm., senior, Werden Farrington AVm., junior, Werden Fearnely Anne, Warrington Finch Ehzabeth, Croston Finchmau Ralph, Caton Fleetwood John, Penwortham Forth William, Wigan Foster Robert, Coppull Foxcroft Henry, Clarkton Gardner John, Cockerholme Garside Gabriel, Rochdale Gerrard Richard, Bryu Gerrard Sir William, Bryun Gerrard Thomas, Aughton Gerard Thomas, Ince Gerrard William, Pinnington Gorsuch James, Gorsuch Greene Richard, Bower House Gregson John, Woodplumpton Haidock Roger, Heapy Halsworth Thomas, Heath-Charnock Hancock John, Clitheroe Harris Christopher, Chipping Haulgh Robert, Mosden Heape Thomas, PUkington Hesketh Katherine, EuSbrth Hesketh Robert, RufPorth Hey Ellis, Eccles Heywood Peter, Heywood Higham Thomas, Lancaster Hinde Robert, Overton Hodgkinaon Luke, Preston Hoghton Thomas, Hoghton Holt Richard, Asheton Holt Robert, Castleton Hough Robert, Moston Houghton Gilbert, Brainsoold Houghton Gilbert, Wheelton Houghton Richard, Ridley Houghton William, Grimzargh Hudson John, Barnaker Jackson John, Overton Jenkinson William, Pharleton John Piscarius, Landeth Kenion Richard, Ashworth Kirkby John, Kirkby Kirkby John, for Robt. Rawlinson, of Marsh Grange Kirkby Richard, Kirkby Kitson Thomas, Warton Lathom Richard, AUerton Laughton Henry, Reinhill Leekenby Richard, Elswick Livesay Richard, Broadhalgh Lund Ellen, Marscow [? Myerscough] Melling William, Chorley Middleton Sir George, Leighton Molineux John, Ince Blundell Molineux Lord Molineux Robert, of The Wood Morley Francis, Wenniugton Morley Thomas, Wannington Mort George, Blackrod Mosely Nicholas, Collyhurst Moseley Nicholas, Ancoats Nelson Thomas, Wrightington Nelson William, of The Gale Nicholson Francis, Poulton Nighall Miles, Heath Charnock Norris Alexander, Bolton Norris John, Bolton Norris Robert, Kirbie Norris Thomas, Speake Norris William, Blackrod North Richard, Docker Nowell Roger, Read Nuttall Jo.shua, Church Ogle Cuthbert, Whiston Orrell Richard, Farrington Parker Jonathan, Bradkirke Parkinson Richard, Swanshead Parkinson Thomas, Infeild Peirson Thomas, Miersough Pendleton Henry, Manchester Pilkington John, Adlington Pilkington Richard, Coppull Pilkington William, Wigan Potter Alexander, Manchester Prescott William, UphoUand Preston John, Standish Presto 1 Thomas, Holker Preston William, EUell Prestmch Sir Thomas, Hulme Quick Richard, Woolton Magna RadcliGfe William, Fox Denton Radcliffe William, Balderston Ranioars Nicholas, Hindley Raphson Edmund, Ince Blunde Rascow John, AspuU Rawlinson Leonard, for Robt. Rawlinson, of Marsh Grange Redman Sir John, Wrayton Renicars Richard, Pennington Rigby Alexander, Burgh Rigby James, Standish Rishton Ralph, Stannell Rishton William, Poulthagh Rivington James, for John, Euxton Robinson Edmund, Newland Robinson John, Pendle Forest Rogerson John, Manchester Rogerson William, Coppull Roscow John, Barrow Ryly Thomas, Clitherow Sandys Samuel, Esthuait Saunderson Margaret, Winmarly Scruton Robert, Calton Seddon John, Findly Singleton Thomas, Dendron in Furuess Shaw Henry, Langroyd Sherrington Francis, Booths Sherrocke Ralph, Walton Southworth John, Samlesbury Standish Edward, Woosen Stanley Ferdinando, Broughton Stanley William, Woodhall Stith, Thomas, Torrison Stricklan Walter,f or George Preston,Natby Sudall Lawrence, Fulwood Sumner John, Leyland Talbott John, Dickly Talbott Sir John, Salbury Taylor Elizabeth, for John, Oldham Tempest William, Wigan Threlfall Cuthbert, Goosnargh . Tootle Hugh, Whittlehill Townley Lawrence, Garstange Townson Robert, Causfleld Townsou Robert, Cockerholme Twiford Richard, Didbury Twiford Robert, Diddesljury Valentine John, Beanecliffe Vavasour Thomas, Preston Wakefield Jonathan, Standish Walker William, Kirkham Wall Thomas, Prescot AValmsley Edward, Bannister Hall Ward Margaret, for Hugh, Haughton Wareing John, Ormschurch Wareing Thos., for John Dewhurst, Comberall Waterworth Hugh, Maudsly Watermouth Richard, Mawdsly Welchman Hugh, Samlesbury Westby Francis, Miersoough Westby John, Mowbricke Westfeild Richard, Overton White Henry and Robert, Kirklaud White Robert, Kirkland Whittle John, Wheeltou Widdowes John, Lowtou Wignall John, Halsall Wildhore Doctor Augustus, Lancaster Wilkinson Jonathan, Staiuton in Furnes Wiuckley William, Billington Windners William, Nether Wiersdale Whittingham Richard, Clayton Wood Francis, Qressingham Wood Henry, Widnes Wood John, Prestwich Woodward Alexander, Sheviugton ^HAP. XV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 307 aUoJattatrie^^rwS^^^^^^^^ also sequestrated, but an ance.^ The extensive estates ol the SlofD rbv shaie A similar "Attestation" was agreed to by the ministers of Cheshiro, May 2, 1648, and signed at their meeting at North wich on the 6tb of July following,— C, SIO THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. ohap xv., Edward Woolmer, min. of Plixton James Hyet, pastor of Croston Eobert Gilbody, preacher at Holcome Thomas Cranage, pastor of Brindle Jonathan Scholefield, min. at Heywood Edward Gee, minister of the Gospel at Eccleston Thomas Holland, min. of Ringley Paul Latham, pastor of Standish Thomas Clayton, min. of Didsbury Samuel Joanes, pastor of Hoole Robert Constantine, min. of Ouldham Henry Welch, min. at Chorley Peter Bradshaw, min. of Cockey Wil. Browusword, preacher at Dugglas John Brierley, preacher at Salford James Criohely, preacher at Penwortham Thomas Johnson, min. of the Gospel at Halsal Edward Fleetwood, pastor at Kirkham William Bell, pastor of Hyton Isaac Ambrose, pastor of Preston William Dun, min. of the Gospel at Ormeskirk William Addison, lecturer at Preston James Worrall, pastor of Aughton Wilham Ingham, minist. at Goosenarghe William Aspinwal, preacher of God's Word at Mayhall (Maghull) Matthew Moore, minister at Broughton John Mallison, min. of God's Word at Melling Christopher Edmundson, pastor at Garstang Robert Seddon, min. of God's Word at Alker (Altcar) Thomas Smith, preacher at Garstang chapel Will. Noroot, minister of West Derby John Breres, minister at Padiham_ Will. Ward, min. of the Gospel at Walton Richard Jackson, pastor at Whittington Nevil Kay, pastor at Walton Nicolas Smith, pastor of Tatham Henry Boulton, preacher at Hale Robert Shaw, pastor at Cockerham John Fogge, pastor of Leverpoole James Soholecroft, minister at Caton Joseph Tompson, min. of Sephton Thomas Whitehead, pastor at Halton Jo. Kyd, min. of Much-Crosby Peter Atkinson, minister of EUel James Bradshaw, pastor of the Church at Wigan John Jaques, minister of Bolton (le Sands) James Starkey, pastor of North-meoles Richard Walker, minister of Warton James Wood, preacher of the Word at Asheton in Makerfield Philip Bennet, minister of Ulverston Thomas Norman, pastor of Newton William Smith, minister of Over-Kellet Timothy Smith, preacher of the Word at Rainforth Brian Willan, minister of Coulton John Wright, pastor of Billinge Peter Smith, minister of Shireshead (Shire-Side) Henry Shaw, pastor of Holland Edward Aston, minister of Claughton Thomas Crompton, min. of the Gospel at Astley Thomas Denny, minister of Wiersdalle (Wyerodale) William Bagaley, min. of the Gospel at Burtonwood Thomas Fawcet, minister of Overton William Leigh, preacher of the Word at Newchurch Will. Garner, preacher of the Gospel Richard Mawdesley, pastor of Ellins (St. Helens) John Smith, minister of Melling In the course of this year a memorable petition, subscribed by 12,500 "well-affected gentle- men, ministers, freeholders, and other inhabitants of the county palatine of Lancaster," was sent to the two Houses of Parliament, expressive of the ardent desire of the petitioners for the settlement of the religion of the state, according to the solemn covenant, and for the suppression of schism, heresy, and blasphemy, and for the continued union and good correspondence between England and Scotland. To this it was replied that Parliament held themselves obliged by the zeal of the petitioners in favour of these important objects, and particularly by their attachment to the solemn league and covenant. On the 9th of December Parliament resolved that the several Classis in Lancashire should form one province ; and on the same day it was announced that Sir Richard Hoghton, Colonel Edward Rosseter, Colonel Edmond Harvey, Colonel Thos. Wayte, Mr. Henry Arthington, Mr. Robert Clive, Sir John Fenwick, Mr. Robert Charlton, Mr. Thos. Broughton, Sir Francis Drake, Colonel George Booth, Mr. Alex. Thistlethwayte, Mr. John Spelman, Mr. Walter Kirle, Sir Richard SkefEngton, Mr. E. Crymes, Mr. John Dixwell, Mr. John Lloyd, Mr. Wm. Crowther, Sir James Harrington, Col. Edward Harley, Mr. Robert Parker, Mr. Humphrey Edwards, Mr. Edmund Fowell, Col. John Birch, had taken the solemn league and covenant. Although the king was a prisoner, and the royal cause for the present seemed utterly hopeless, another attempt was made in 1648 to re-light the embers of civil war. General Langdale, an officer in the interest of the king, had assembled a considerable force in the northern counties, near the Scotch frontier, and an army was collected in Scotland, to be placed under the command of the Duke of Hamilton, which was intended to penetrate into England, to retrieve the fortunes of the Stuarts. The approach of this force produced a deep sensation in Lancashire, and repeated meetings of the county were called, to provide the necessary force to resist the invaders, and to secure the persons and property of the inhabitants. The House of Commons, fully aware of the approaching danger, despatched Col. Ashton, Major Brooke, and Mr. Fell, members of that house, into Lancashire, with instructions from the committee at Derby House to employ their best endeavours for the safety and preservation of the county;^ and Peter Bold of Bold, Esq., and John Anderton of Anderton, Esq., were added to the committee of Lancashire. Early in May Colonel Rigby convened a general meeting of the gentry at Bolton, at which it was agreed to raise forthwith all the forces of the county, and warrants were issued for that purpose. On the following Monday, another general meeting was held at Preston, when it was resolved that all the forces of the county that could be raised in time to the south of Garstang should march to Lancaster, to co-operate with the forces of the hundred of Lonsdale, stationed at that place ; and the forces of the hundred of Amounderness, with horse and foot, under the command of Lieut. -Colonel Alexander Rigby, marched ' Journals of tho Commons, May 17, 1648. CHAP. XV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 311 without delay.' An additional brigade was ordered to be raised in the county, the command of which was confided to Colonel Ralph Ash ton, now advanced to the rank of Major-General of the Lancashire forces, with the " entertainment" of forty shillings per diem, over and above his pay of colonel of horse, and colonel of foot, with instructions to join Major-General Lambert, in the service of the north. For the purpose of infusing the requisite vigour into these military preparations, a month's pay in advance was ordered for the officers and soldiers of the county of Lancaster, and £4,000 was directed to be paid out of the sequestrations of "Westmoreland for that purpose, with £10,000 out of the grand excise for their further payment. The officers and soldiers of the county of Lancaster in May put forth a declaration, in Avhich they protested that " they owned the solemn league and covenant of the three kingdoms ; " that they Avould support the established government of "king, lords, and commons, according to the laws of the land and the declarations of the present Parliament ; " that as to " papists, popish persons, malignant abettors of former innovations, usurpa- tions, or oppressions, or other disaftected persons, they detested them from the bottom of their hearts, and would resist them with their lives and fortunes." At this period the danger was considered so imminent that the assizes for the county palatine were adjourned sine die, and the iudges were ordered to postpone the assizes in the whole of the northern circuit.- All eyes were now turned upon this part of the kingdom, and reports were made from Lancashire to the Parlia- ment almost at every sitting, indicating the approach of the enemy, and the state of preparation in which the county stood for their reception. A committee was appointed in Parliament, under the designation of "The Committee of Lancashire," which sat at Derby House; and by this body it was ordered that four colonels of foot and two of horse, with their regiments, then in readiness in the northern part of the county, should join Major-General Lambert. Colonel Alexander Rigby THE HODDER BRIDGE. commanded one of the regiments of horse, and Colonel Nicholas Shuttleworth the other ; while Colonel Dodding, Colonel Standish, Colonel Ashton, and Colonel Ughtred Shuttleworth were placed in command of the foot regiments. The campaign opened on the 4th of July with an engagement between Colonel Lilburne, at the head of a party of 600 horse, and Sir Richard Tempest, with a superior force, which terminated in favour of the colonel, who captured 600 of the enemy s horse and made 300 prisoners.' At length it was announced that the Duke of Hamilton had entered England at the head of 17,000 troops, and that it was his purpose to march from Cumberland along the western coast, while General Sir Marmaduke Langdale advanced m a parallel direction from Northumberland, keeping to the east, but so arranging their plan of operation that they might be able to form a speedy junction, when, by the nature of the service, it might be required. Ihe force under General Lambert was found wholly insufficient to arrest this torrent from the north, and OHver Cromwell was ordered by Parliament to march out of Yorkshire into Lancashire to resist their further progress. These orders he promptly obeyed, and advancing on the 16th of August to Hodder Bridge! close by Stonyhurst, he was Coined by Major-General Ashton with the Lancashire force, the united strength being 12,000 men. ' ' After a tedious and weary march of much endurance and difficulty, and passing through unseasonable weather and extreme hardness of_ ways wrote one in the Parliament army, "the Lieutenant-General, Cromwell, came on Monday night, the 14th, to Skipton, within ken of the enemy; Tuesday to Gisborn; Wednesday we marched to Stronghurst fStonyhurst); Thursday, very early, our army marched towards Preston, whither the enemy lay. A council of war was assen^bled at the Hodder Bridge, and Cromwell learned that the Scotch war ' EuBhworth's EecoUections, Tiii. 112S. = Joui-nalB of the House of Commons, Aug. 1, 1048. In thoyoar IbSO a diseuBsion arose in Parliament upon the propriety of holding the Lan- cashire assizes at Preston, but the decision was finally in favour ol Lancaster. ' ^ 3 Journals of the House of Commons. 312 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xv. troops, under the Duke of Hamilton, had been joined by an Irish force under General Monroe, and that they were also in communication with Sir Marmaduke Langdale's division. Early in the mominw of Thursday, the I7th of August, Cromwell advanced from Stonyhurst towards Preston, where he found the forces under Sir Marmaduke Langdale drawn up upon Ribbleton Moor, while the principal part of the Duke of Hamilton's force had passed over Kibble bridge, and were posted in Walton-le-Dale, between the Ribble and the Darwen. By a most extraordinary oversight the duke not only suffered Sir Marmaduke's forces to be beaten without affording them any assistance,' but he allowed the Parliamentary troops to fall back upon their flanks, and to cut off the communi- cation between the Scotch and the English army. Sir Marmaduke, finding it impossible to resist the advance of the enemy, retreated before them into the town of Preston, where the duke was quartered, and a sanguinary engagement took place in the streets, which terminated m favour of Cromwell,' who, having forced the bridge of the Ribble, advanced over the Darwen, and passed the night within musket-shot of the duke's forces. On the l7th August Cromwell addressed a letter to the committee sitting at Manchester, informing them of the victory. "We lay," he says, " the last night at Mr. Sherburne's, of Stonihurst,= nine miles from Preston, which was withm three miles of the Scots' quarters. We advanced by times the next morning towards Preston, with a desire to engage the enemy, and by the time our forlorn (hope) had engaged the enemy we were about four miles from Preston ; and thereupon we advanced with the whole army, and the enemy being drawn out upon a moor betwixt us and the town, the armies on both sides engaged, and after a very sharp dispute, continuinge for three or four houres, it pleased God to enable us to give them a defeat, which I hope we shall improve, by God's assistance, to their utter ruin." Notwithstanding the great superiority of the duke's army m point of numbers they retreated during the night through Chorley to Wigan.'and took up their quarters in that town. Here they were closely pursued on the following day. On Saturday they resumed their march towards Warrington, but being overtaken near Winwick, a desperate engagement took place, which served to complete their overthrow. At Warrington, a large division of the Scotch army, under General Bayley, capitulated on the hard condition that the general should surrender himself and all his officers and soldiers prisoners_ of war, with their arms, ammunition, and horses upon quarter for life. The duke afterwards fled, with the wreck of his army towards Nantwich, but the country people fell upon the stragglers, and the duke himself was made prisoner, and subsequently beheaded. In this campaign of three days the Royalist army of 21,000 men was defeated and almost annihilated by a force of little more than one-third their number, and with a loss on the part of Cromwell of scarcely fifty men.^ The official despatches, containing the history of this short but memorable campaign, from the pen of Cromwell, are strikingly characteristic of the language and spirit of the age.'' This was Charles's 1 According to the opinion often afterwards expressed by Sir my Regiment first entred ; and being well seconded by Coll. Harrison's Marmaduke Langdale to Lord Clarendon, if the Duke of Hamilton bad Eeglment, Charged the Enemy in the Town and cleared the Streets. At sent him one thousand foot to reinforce his troops upon Ribbleton Moor, last the Enemy was put into Disorder, many Men slain, and many Cromwell must have been defeated. Prisoners taken : The Duke with moat of the Scots' Horse and Foot 2 In his despatch to the Speaker of the House of Commons, Cromwell retreated over the Bridge ; where, after a very hot Dispute betwixt the writes : " That night quartered the whole army in the field by Stonyhurst Lancashire Regiments (part of my Lord Gend-al's and them being at push ilall, being Mr. Sherbum's house, a jiilace nine miles distant from of Pike), they were beaten from the Bridge, and our Horse and Foot, Preston;" and Captain Hodgson, an officer who accompanied him, writes: followingthem, killed many, and tookdivers Prisoners ; and we possessed "We pitched our camp at Stonyhares Hall, a Papist's house, one Sher- the Bridge over Darvent and a few houses there, the enemy being drawn burn's." Tradition still points to the old oaken table in the entrance at up within musquet shot of us, where we lay that Night, we not being tStonyhurst, and affirms that Cromwell slept on it, while his men able to attempt farther upon the enemy, the Night preventing us. In bivouacked in the grounds ; but the story may well be doubted, for the this posture did the Enemy and we lie most part of that Night ; upon stem warrior was hardly likely to put up with so indifferent a couch, entering the Town, many of the Enemy's Horse fled towards Lancaster, when the " Papist's house " afforded so much better accommodation.— C. in the Chase of whom we had divera of our Horse, who pursued them ''' Lord Clarendon's History, ui. p. 24ti. It is stated by Noble that nearTen Miles, and hadExecution of them, and took about Five hundred Cromwell's son Henry, a captain in Harrison's regiment of horse, fell in Horse, and many Prisoners : We pos-^essed in the Fight very much of the battle of Preston ; but this is a mistake, nor does it appear that any the Enemy's Ammunition ; I believe they lost Fotu- or Five Thousand officer of distinction in the Parliamentary army, with the exception of Arms ; the number of the slain we judge to be about a Thousand, the Colonel Thornhaugh, was numbered amongst the slain. Prisoners we took near about 4,000. * Liebtenant-Geneeal Cromwell's Letter to the t, "^^ *''" Night they marched away 7 or S -Thousand Foot, and about lui-i^rT. ni. .,.„i- Tin„u,-. .,„ n^..^™ " '' Four Thousaud Horse; we followed them with about Three Thousand Speaker oi' the House of Commons. p^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^„ Thousand Five Hundred Horse and Dragoons ; and "Sir, — After the conjunction of that Party which I brought with in this Prosecution that worthy Gentleman, Coll. Thornhaugh, pressing me out of Wales, with the Northern Forces about Knaresbrough and too boldly, was slain, being run into the Body, Thigh, and Head, by the Wctherby, hearing that the Enemy was advanced with their Ai-my into Enemy's Lancers ; Our Horse still prosecuted the Enemy, killing and Lancashire, we came the 6th instant to Hodder Bridge over Ribble, where taking divers all the way ; but by that time our Army was come up, they we had a Council of War ; and upon Advertisement the Enemy intended recovered Wigan before we could attempt any thing upon them. We lay Southward, and since confirmed, that they resolved for London it self, that Night in the Field close by the Enemy, lying very dirty and weary, and Information that the Irish Forces under Monroe, lately come out of where we had some skirmishing, fcc. We took Major-General VanDruske, Ireland, which consisted of 1,200 Horse and 1,500 Foot, were on their Col. Hurrey, and Lieut.-Col. Ennis. march towards Lancashire to join with them ; it was thought to engage "The next morning the Enemy marched towards WaiTington, made a the Enemy to fight was our Business ; And accordingly marching over stand at a Pass near Winaiek ; we held them in some Dispute until our the Bridge that Night, quartered the whole Ai-my in the Fields. Next Army was come up, they maintaining the Pass with great Resolution for Morning we marched towards Preston, having Intelligence, that the Many Hours ; but our Men, by the Blessing of God, Charged very home Enemy was drawing together thereabouts from all his Out-Quarters, we upon them, beat them from their Standing, where we killed about a drew out a Forlorn of about 200 Horse and 400 Foot ; these gallantly Thousand of them, and took (as we believe) about Two Thousand Pri- engaged the Enemy's Scouts and Out-guards, until we had opportunity sonors, and prosecuted them home to Warrington Town, where they to bring up our whole army. So soon as our Foot and Horse were come possessed the Bridge. As soon as we came thither, I received a Message up, we resolved that Night to engage them if wo could ; and therefore from Licut.-General Bailey, desiring some Capitulation ; to which I advancing with our Forloms, and putting the rest of the Army into as yielded, .and gave him these Terms : That he should surrender himself good a Posture as the ground would Ijear (which was totally inconvenient and all his Officers and Soldiers Prisoners of War, with all his Aims, for our Horse, being all Inclosure and miery Ground), we pressed upon Ammunition, and Horses, upon Quarter for Life, which accordingly is them through a Lane, and forced them from their ground, after four done. Here are took about Four Thousimd complete Arms, and as many Hours Dispute, until we came to the Town ; into which four Troops of Prisoners : And thus you have their infantry ruined. ^^^- ^^- THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 313 last appeal to arms, and when intelligence of the disaster reached him in the Isle of Wight he told Colonel Hammond the governor, that "it was the worst news that ever came to Engfand " For the king It was; for there is little doubt that Cromwell's victory hastened the action ' of the Republicans and precipitated that event which the world has ever since condemned _ Ihis splendid victory was celebrated as a day of general thanksgiving throughout the whole kingdom, by order of Parhament, and commissions passed the great seal to commissioners in the counties of Lancaster, York &c, to inquire into the losses that had been sustained by the inhabitants m consequence of the invasion of the Scots under the Duke of Hamilton, and to make r.ol wZ S,' ^Tt ^'''!f- ^"^ t^^therance of this object, an order was issued by Parliament that fhptinSL «^H i' Tl' ""^ '^' ^%'^ ^TT^ thanksgiving in all the churches and chapels in the kingdom, and that the money collectod should be employed, one moiety " for the relief and supportof the wounded soldiers in Lancashire," and the other for the distressed people in that county, who were suffermg at this time under the combined visitation of the sword, pestilence and lanune." ^ ' v ..-."^^^r ^^ ^^^" ^^'^™a^"'^e Langdale's horse, having effected their escape to the north after the battle oi Preston, engaged in the siege of Cockermouth, but Major-General Ashton, by whom they were pursued, having raised the siege at that place, marched to Appleby, where the Royalist force capitulated on his summons, and upwards of 100 officers of various ranks, five pieces of cannon, 1,200 horse, and 1,000 stand of arms, fell mto his hands.^ The danger of the renewal of the war was now considered so entirely at an end that an order was issued by Parliament for disbandino- all the officers and soldiers, both horse and foot, in the county of Lancaster, and this duty was confided to Major-General Lambert On the disbanding of the Lancashire forces an order was issued by Parliament for the demolition of Clitheroe Castle, and at the same time the council of state met to consider what castle should be demolished. Some faint hopes still existed of a reconciliation between the king and the Parliament, and as late as the 13th of November in this year a negotiation was on foot for that purpose. With this view, an act of oblivion was to be passed, which should provide for the forgiveness of all offenders except seven, and it was agreed by the two houses that the seven persons to be excepted from the clemency of the government should be Lord Digby, Sir Marmaduke Langdale, Sir Richard Greenhill, Judge Jenkins, Sir Francis Dodrington, the Earl of Derby, and Lord Byron. These persons were doomed to be sent into banishment, and an ordinance was drawn up for that purpose; but the negotiation failed, the Parliament insisting that the bishoprics should be dissolved, and that their lands should revert to the crown, and the king refusing to acquiesce in that proposal. _ The catastrophe was now fast approaching, and the moderate party in the House of Commons having been forcibly excluded by a military outrage in the name of freedom and justice commonly designated as "Pride's Purge," on the 4th of January, 1649, a high court of justice was instituted by the " Rump Parliament," for the trial of the king. Of this tribunal, John Bradshaw, serjeant- at-law, was elected lord president.* The trial, if such it could be called, commenced on the 20th, but the king three several times denied the jurisdiction of this court. When he was called up the_ fourth time, several -witnesses were examined ; and the court, having come to the unanimous decision that he was guilty of high treason and other high crimes, adjudged him to be executed by severing his head from his body. This sentence was carried into efiect on the 30th of January, 1649, in front of the banquetting room, Whitehall. The king met his fate with a dignity and composure that awakened the sympathy even of his enemies. The English monarchy, after existing for eight centuries, was thus transformed into a Commonwealth, but without any of the substantial advantages of representative government. " The Duke is marched with his remaining Horse (which .ire about ^ Journals of the Commons, August 23. 1G4S. 8000) towards Namptwich, where the Gentlemen of the Country have - In a memorial entitled, " A true Representation of the present sad taken about 500 of them ; the Country will scarce suffer any of them to and lamentable condition of the County ot Lancaster, and particularly of pass, but bring in and kill divers as they light upon them. 1 have sent the Towns of Wigan, Ashton, and the parts adjacent, verified by James Post to my liOrd Grey and Sir Edward Roades, to gather all together with Hyet, Richai-d Hollinwortli, Isaac Ambrose, and John Tilslcy, Ministers speed for their Prosecution: Monroe is about Cumberland, with the of the Gospel," it Is said — " There is very great scarcity and dearth of all Horse that ran away, and his Irish Horse and Foot; but I have left a provisions, especially of all sorts of grain, particularly that kind by which considerable Strength, I hope, to make resistance, till we can come up to the country is most sustained (oats), which is full six-fold its usual price ; them. all trade is utterly decayed ; it would melt any good heart to see the "Thus you have the Narrative of the Particulars of the Success. I numerous swarms of begging poor, and the many families that pine away could hardly tell how to say less, there being so much of God, and I was at home, not having force to beg : very many now craving alma at other not willing to say more, least there should seem to be any thing of man ; men's doors, who were used to give alms at their own doors ; and some only give me leave to add one word, shewing the disparity of the Forces of them, already being at the point to perish through famine, have of both sides, that so you may see, and all the world acknowledge, the fetched in and eaten cariion and other unwholesome food, to the deatmc- great Hand of God in this Business. The Scots' Army could not be less tion of themselves and increase of the infection." than 12,000 Foot well armed, and 6,000 Horse ; Langdale not leas than 2,500 ' Official despatches, dated Appleby, Oct. 11, 1C48. Foot, and 1,600 Horse ; in all, One and Twenty Thousand : In ours, in •• President Bradshaw was descended from an ancient Lancashire all, about 8,600 ; and by Computation about 2,000 of the Enemys slain, family, subsequently settled at Marple, in Cheshire. A few months after betwixt Eight and Nine Thousand Prisoners, besides what are lurking in the king's death, the president received the appointment, from the Hedges and private Places, which the Country daily bring in or destroy. authorities of the Commonwealth, of chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. " Your very humble "August 20, 1048. "OuvEE Cromwell." 41 Townes. day of ye month. houre. Wigan ffebruary 9e 11 a clocke. Newton ffebruary 9e 3 aftmoone. Chorley ffebruary 6e 1 a clocke. Garyton (? Garstang)..ffebruary 8e 12 a clocke. Preston ffebruary lOe 10 in ye morning. Lancaster ffebruary lOe 2 in ye afternoone, Blackburn ^ Glitheroe I The said act is to be published vpon Poulton f Munday and Tuesday next. Kirkeham ) 314 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE tiSAt. Xv. On the day following the execution of Charles, the serjeant-at-arms, accompanied by pursuivants, and surrounded by cavalry, proceeded to Cheapside, and there read to the assembled crowd the proclamation that whosoever should proclaim a new king without the authority of Parliament should be deemed a traitor. The proclamation was ordered to be read in every market town, and there is preserved among the Tanner MSS.^ the original letter from Sir Gilbert Ireland, the then High Sheriff of Lancashire, to William Lenthal, Speaker of the House of Commons, acknowledging the order of Parliament, and reporting the days on which the proclaniation was read in the several towns of the county, the first intimation that many of the Lancashire people had heard of the dark tragedy enacted at Whitehall' and notwithstanding that the House of Commons had ordered the post to be stayed for a day, there must have been considerable despatch, for the document reached the Sheriff on the 2nd February. The letter is as follows :— Sr,— According to your Commands received y<= 2 of this instant, by my Tndersherriffe and deputyes I have caused ye act and proclamacon you then sent mee to bee proclaimed and published within all ye publique townes and places within this county, and taken ye opportunity of all ye markett dayea I could possibly in such a tyme. And in further obedience to your order I doe here vnto annexed prsent you with an account of such tyme and tymes, place and places, as the same have been proclaimed and published. And am very forward further to serve the Common wealth wherein I shall bee commanded. Sr, I am your most humble servant, G. Ieelahd, vie. com. Lancr. ffebruary 11th, 1648 (1649). An account of ye Townes, dayes, & houres ye Act for prohibiting the proclaiming of any person to be King of England or Ireland or the Dominions thereof was proclaimed and published. 1648. Com. Lancr. : — Townes. day of ye month. houre. Leigh ffebruary 6e 12 clocke. Bolton ffebruary 5e 4 clocke aft noone, Bevney (? Bury) ffebruary 6e 8 a clocke. Rotchdale ffebruary 6e 12 a clocke. Manchester ffebruary 6e 4 aftrnoone. Warrington ffebruary 7e 1 a clocke. Presoott ffebruary 7e 5 in ye aftrnoone. Liverpoole ffebruary 8e 9 a clocke. Ormskirke ffebruary 8 9 aftrnoone. Holland ffebruary 9e 8 a clocke. For the Honnorable William Lenthall, Speaker of ye Right Honnorable House of Commons, these. When intelligence of the beheading of Charles reached Lancashire the authorities, both civil and religious, were filled with horror and amazement, and boldly avowed their detestation of the act that had been perpetrated, Presbyterian and Independent joining with each other in expressing their reprobation of the impious deed, and asserting their freedom from " the blood-stain of the Lord's anointed." The dissolution of monarchy followed, as a natural consequence, the execution of the king, and the supreme authority was declared to be vested in the representatives of the people. A new seal for the county was made ; the forms of all public business were changed ; the Court of King's Bench became the Court of Public Bench, and proceedings, instead of being in the king's name, ran in that of " The Keepers of the Liberties of England." The writ appointing the Sheriff of Lancaster in 1652, which is in the possession of the editor of this edition, is expressed as follows : — The Keepers of the Libertie of England by Authoritie of Parliamt. To our trustie and wellbeloved Alexander Barlowe (of Barlow) Esquire, Sheriffe of the County Palatine of Lancaster, greeting. Whereas we haue Comitted to oure trustie and well- beloved John Parker (of Extwisle) Esquire, the office of Sheriffe of the Countie aforesaid, of and in the Countie Palatine of Lancaster aforesaid, to be kept and houlden during our pleasure as in our Letters Patent to him thereof now made is niore fully conteyned. We Command you that to the same John Parker, Esquire, the office of Sheriffe aforesaid, and the Countie aforesaid to the same belonging, together with all Rolls, Writts, Remembrances, and all other things to the said office belonging, and of, and in • your Custodie, being by an Indenture thereof betweene you and him, the said John Parker, Duely to be made, you Deliver. Witness our selves, at Lancaster, under the Seale of the Countie Palatine of Lancaster, the Nyne and Twentieth Day of November, in the yeare of our Lord One thousand Six hundred ffiftie two. Gzbakd. Appended to this document is the seal of the county palatine, which, as a curious example of puritan heraldry, may be here described. The obverse is almost identical with that of the great seal of the Commonwealth voted by the Commons on the 9th January, 1648-9, and represents the House of Commons sitting with the Speaker in the chair and the clerks at the table, the whole being encircled with the legend, "In The Year of Freedom by God's Blessing Restored, 1648." On the reverse are two shields united under a festoon of foliage ; the dexter, argent, a cross gules for St. George of England ; and the sinister, azure, a harp or for Ireland. Surrounding it is the inscription, " The Seal of the County Palatine op Lancaster, 1648." ■ Tanner MSS. 67 2, J. 522.-0. tree (in Cheshire), and a general sadness it put vipon \\s all. It dejected = Henry Newcomo, of Manchester, the noted Puritan divhic, in liis mo much (I remember), the horrldness o£ the fact ; and much indisposed " Autobiography," writes— "This news carao to us when I lived at Goos- mo fbr the service of the Sabbath next after the news came."— C. 31." was CHAP. XV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. J! 11 '^^A substitution of the Presbyterian for the Episcopal form of church government iollowed by an attempt on the part of the dominant power to control the ecclesiastical revenues ^^ ^■^Z regulate their expenditure. An ordinance of the Parliament, dated March 29th 1649' abohshed the "name title, dignity, function, and office of Dean, Sub-dean, Dean and Chapter" and all other titles and offices belonging to any college or collegiate church in England and Wales Ihis order was, of course, followed by the sequestration of the college property at Manchester The leUows, in disgust, renounced their sacred functions, but the Warden remained firm at his post and shortly afterwards having the opportunity of preaching before the members of the House of Commons, he did so with so much force and effect, and pleaded his case so pathetically, that the college was remstated in the possession of part at least of its revenues, though upon the condition that such of its members as hesitated to take the National Covenant should be ejected. But Heyrick's troubles did not end here. By virtue of an Act of Parliament passed June 8th, 1649, "for the providing of maintenance of preaching ministers and other pious uses," commissioners were appomted in each county to report upon the state of each parish. The Lancashire commission is dated March 29th, 1650, and the commissioners appointed were, in addition to the Justices of Assize m the county and the Attorney-General of the Commonwealth, John Moore, Thomas Fell, John Sawrie, William West, George Towluson, Thomas Whittingham, George Pigott, Jerehiah Aspmwall, Robert Maudesley, Richard Standish, Richard Shuttleworth, John Starkie, Peter Holt, James Ashton, Alexander Barlowe, John Hartley, Thomas Birche, Gilbert Ireland, John Atherton^ and Peter Bold, esquires ; and Thomas Cubham and Robert Glest, gentlemen. In due time these gentlemen, or a portion of them at least, visited Manchester, with the result that the college was ordered to be dissolved, and the church lands in the parish appropriated to the use of the Common- wealth, a small provision of £100 a year being reserved for Mr. Heyrick, and a yearly stipend of £80 each for Mr. HoUinworth and Mr. Walker, who were reported as " godly p'chers." Heyrick was indignant, and the contention became bitter and exasperating. He had declaimed with vehement sarcasm against Papists and prelates to find he had only exchanged King Log for King Stork, and that the sectaries, or schismatics as he called them, who had helped to pull down episcopacy, had neither sympathy with him nor toleration for his opinions. Manchester was made to feel the power of the Republican party. In the summer of 1649 the sequestrators intimated their intention of dealing with the property of the collegiate church. The Presbyterians were alarmed at the threat, declared that " the hand of God had gone out against them," and resolved on keeping a day of public humiliation. A resistance on the part of the Warden' and his friends was anticipated. Colonel Thomas Birch, of Birch Hall — Lord Derby's carter, as the Cavaliers contemptuously styled him — was deputed to enforce the order. Heyrick, maintaining the authority of ancient charters, refused to surrender, whereupon Birch ordered his men (Nov. 5th, 1649) to break open the doors of the chapter house, and finding, on their entrance, the muniment chest, he directed it to be sent unopened to London. Not content with seizing the deeds and writings of the college, the fanatical soldiery set about defacing the costly architecture of the church, breaking the painted windows, and demolishing the carved screens and sculptured monuments. " The most beautiful ecclesiastical edifice in Lancashire," says Dr. Halley, " which by the prudence and high character of its catholic wardens, Collyer and Vaux, had been protected through the perils of the Reformation, and afterwards, by the influence of its Presbyterian warden, Heyrick, through the perils of civil war, was bereaved of its rich ornaments and time-hallowed memories by the fanaticism of an ignorant and preaching soldiery." ' The Lancashire commissioners appointed under the provisions of the Act of June 1649, held their first inquisition in Manchester on the 17th of June, 1650. Three inquisitions were taken in that town, six at Wigan, three at Lancaster, three at Preston, and one at Blackburn — sixteen in all. These surveys, which have been lately printed by the Record Society, under the able editorship of Lieut. -Colonel Fishwick, F.S.A.,^ show that there were then in the county 63 parish churches (exclusive of Meols, which is omitted), and 118 chapels, of which no less than 38 were without ministers, chiefly for want of " maintenance." The commissioners wisely recommended the subdivision of many of the larger parishes, and that some of the chapels remote from the mother church should have separate parishes assigned them, These surveys are further valuable ■ Hevrick retained his title of Warden, but as the chapter was dis- records in 1840, these documents are supposed to be still in the safe solved and he ofBciated on a salary, he could only be regarded as custody of the chapters, and that if they had been seized m feyncks a narochial minister — C ti™« ^^^ ^™* *° London, they had also been afterwards returned to their = Walker statesV" Sufferings of the Clergy," pt. ii. p. 88) that on the proper repository. On the 8rd June 1672, "all the mieient charters of 6th November, 1649, the college chest was broken open by a mob of foundation were remaining in the chapter house. (Coll. Reg., Vol. soldiers and the deeds and writings of the college seized and sent to I. See also "Wardens of Manchester, pt. ii. p. 129, Chet. Soo. Vol. London' where they afterwards perished in the great Are. Such has been VI., new series.)— C. ^^ ^ .. . , .„, . ■» .. c j ■thetraditTon to the present day, and the late Canon Wray supposed that 3 " Lancashire : Its Puritanism and Nonconformity.' Second there had been two attacks made upon the chapter house, one in 1641 edition, page 282.— C. iind the other in 1649 ; *ut upon a careful examination of the coUegiate « Eocord Society s Publication, v. 1,-0. 316 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xv. from the fact that they give the name of the minister of each church and chapel, and in many instances the names of important householders in the respective districts. Under the Commonwealth rule, marriage, as a religious ceremony, was forbidden, and became merely a civil contract entered into before the civil magistrate, who had authority to ratify and register the contract, the Act of 1653 declaring that " no other marriage whatsoever within the Commonwealth of England, after the 29th day of September, 1653, shall be held or accounted a marriage according to the laws of England." The banns were usually published at the market cross or other place of public resort, and in some instances they are certified as having been published by the bellman. In Lancashire, Edward Hopwood, a Puritan magistrate, seems to have been especially engaged in this service and to have been accounted a sort of Parliamentary high priest. According to the register of Bolton he proclaimed the banns at the market cross there in 1659 ; in 1655 he performed the same service at Radcliffe ; and according to the register of Whalley " the agreement of marriage between Roger Kenyon, gent., and Mrs. Alice Rigby, was duly published at the market town of Clitheroe on three market days." In the course of the year 1649 an overture was made by Parliament through their commissary- general, Ireton, for the surrender of the Isle of Man, upon the condition that the Earl of Derby should be permitted to retire peaceably to England, and that the fine on his estate should be greatly mitigated by the sequestrators. To this offer the earl replied that he abhorred with his soul the perfidiousness of disloyalty, and that he never would be instrumental in casting such an odium as this surrender implied upon the house of Derby. " I scorn," said he, " your proffer, I disdain your favour, I abhor your treason, and so far from delivering up this Island to the Parliament, I shall keep it for ihe King to the utmost of my Power ; and if you trouble me with any more messages of this nature, I will burn the paper and hang the Messenger." The determined spirit of loyalty manifested in this answer was celebrated by the Cavaliers in prose and in rhyme, and one of their happiest efforts is expressed in the following stanza : — " The Isle of Man is yet our owne, Brave Darby safe and sound ; 'Tis he that keepes the English Crown, Wliy then should hee compound ? " The death of Charles I. does not close the melancholy history of the civil wars in Lancashire : another illustrious victim was yet to follow, whose fate remains to be related. Although monarchy had been abolished in England, and the government of a commonwealth decreed, Charles II., son of the late king, appeared in Scotland towards the end of the year 1650. On the 3rd of September, Dunbar— Cromwell's " crowning mercy" — was fought and lost. Having succeeded in rallying his supporters, Charles received the circle and symbol of sovereignty at Scone on the 1st January, 1651 ; and on the 31st July following he set out from Stirling on his march southward, taking the western road by Carlisle. In August the royal standard was floated once more over the battlemented tower of old John of Gaunt— " time-honoured Lancaster "—and Charles was proclaimed kmg._ On the 16th of August the royal Scotch army, under the Duke of Hamilton and General Leslie, headed by the king, reached Preston, from whence they advanced by a rapid march to the south, crossing the bridge of Warrington, which General Lambert had been directed to break down, and m this way to arrest their progress till the Parliamentary force under Cromwell, which was in close pursuit, came up. Had this order been executed, it is highly probable that the late of Charles II. might have been determined, as was that of his royal father, in the hundreds ot Amounderness and West Derby, three years before. Cromwell, at the head of 10,000 infantry, advanced through Lancashire within two days' march of the royal army, and was ioined between Lancaster and Preston by General Lambert and General Harrison, at the head of 8,000 horse. ^® ^S^'t^'^i'^I- V *° strengthen his cause, had summoned the Earl of Derby from the Isle of Man, where be had hitherto maintained his independence. Prompt on all occasions to obey the call of Ins sovereign, this gallant nobleman, accompanied by Sir Thomas Tyldesley, who had sought safety there embarked with 250 foot and 60 horse, and arrived in the Wyre Water in Lancashire,' August loth, whence he hastened to Preston, while the king marched south towards Worcester. Mere lie issued his warrant as the king's lieutenant, commanding all those who were in favour of the royal sway to meet him in the town in arms. This call was but feebly obeyed, for though his i°A^i P%P T? ^^""^ ^'^^'^ ^''^'^' ^^i^ influence had been much shaken.^' Having collected about bUO horse, which was swelled by other forces to 1,500 men, his lordship marched to Wigan. Here he was met and encountered by Colonel Lilburne, in Wigan Lane, and a desperate engagement took place, which terminated in the utter rout of the Royalists (Aug. 25). In this short but Whitelock's Memorials," p. 502. = Arthur Trevor's Letter to the Marquis of Orn»omie, » Seacombe. OHAP. XV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. .S17 sanguinary engagement the earl lost five colonels, the adjutant-general, four lieutenant-colonels "4' SS; °Tvirf'''' """^ T Y^'T'"''' *'^^^ P"^°^^^« •' '""^ ^^'^ Widdrington Maror-Gen^^^^^^^^^ Sir Thomas Tyldesley, one colonel, and two majors, with a number of other officers slain After displaying prodigies of valour, and receiving several severe wounds, the earl found a emporary Tthe t^af of^hnnrfv'^ ^'^'"' ^T ^^i«^^4^«<^^Ped during the night, and pursued h7route^ roWl Tl?h?l.l^ I ^ ^ IT°P-'!' ^^"'™y "^ Warrington, to join hismyal master at Worcester Colonel Lilburnes <; seasonable victory" over the Earl of Derby was, as usual, made the subject «t wl^^^l'^^ '^'T''^ ^y Parliament- and the king's disappointment on the arrival of the S at W orcester was extreme. ^ 1 1 _ In the battle of Worcester, fought on the 3rd of September, 1651, Cromwell was again victorious: the royal army was dispersed, and the king became a fugitive. If the Earl of Derby could not replenish the kings army he was enabled to find him an asylum in the house of a loyal peasant, at Boscobel,_on the borders of Staffordshire, near which stood the Royal Oak, the emblem of his future restoration The earl, less fortunate than his sovereign, was captured in Cheshire on his way to Knowsley, by Major Edge,' to whom he surrendered on a promise of quarter In violation of this engagement the earl was put upon his trial for high treason, before a court-martial held at Chester on the 1st of October, of which Colonel Humphrey Mackworth was president on the charge of having corresponded with "Charles Stuart," in violation of the Act of the 12th of August preceding. To this his lordship pleaded that he had surrendered on promise of quarter whereby he was exonerated from any charge affecting his hfe. Very little deliberation was thought necessary to dispose of this plea; and the sentence of the court was that he should suffer death by his head bemg severed from his body in the public market-place at Bolton, on Wednesday, the 15th of October. Cromwell having got his most formidable foe in his power, resolved to get rid of him by the shortest process that time and circumstances admitted, and an appeal made by the earl to him from the decision of the military tribunal was unavailing, as was also, as Whitelock affirms, an attempt made by his lordship to escape, by letting himself down by a rope from the leads of 'the prison ■* and on the appointed day he was conducted to Bolton, where he had been represented as the author of the barbarities practised by order of Prince Rupert after the surrender of that place in 1644. Notwithstanding these representations the sympathy of the people was strongly excited in favour of his lordship; and when the executioner came to perform his duty, the spectators expressed their emotions by their tears. After the necessary time spent in acts of devotion his lordship laid his neck with great firmness on the block, and the executioner terminated the misfortunes of his disastrous life by severing his head from his body. Of this gallant peer Clarendon has said that "he was a man of unquestionable loyalty," of great honour, and clear courage, but that he had the misfortune not to know how to treat his inferiors ; and the events of his life show but too clearly that he had imbibed no portion of that spirit of amelioration which belonged to the age in which he lived. By the special order of the earl, his George and Garter were delivered to his son, who with filial affection attended his father to Bolton on the day of his execution, and the same evening conveyed his remains to Wigan, from whence they were removed to the family burial-place at Ormskirk.' Seven days before his lordship's execution the gallant Countess of Derby, who commanded in the Isle of Man during his absence, received a summons from Captain Young, of the President frigate, to surrender that island to the Parliament to which she replied " that she was charged with the duty of keeping the island by her lord's command, and without his orders she would not deliver it up." The earl, feeling that the permanent retention of the island was impossible, wrote an affectionate letter of consolation to the countess, in which he advised her to surrender the island, and by his request this ancient possession of the Stanleys passed soon after under the sway of the Commonwealth. The countess and her family were now left destitute, or dependent upon the precarious contributions of their friends; and it was not till after the Restoration that their circumstances were retrieved, and then only partially. After the battle of Worcester, the remnant of the Royalist army escaped into Chester, and from thence marched into the south- western part of Lancashire, under Lieutenant-General Lesley and Major-General Middleton. Being overtaken at Middleton, on the 10th of September, by Major-General Harrison and Colonel Lilburne, a smart engagement ensued, in which the retreating army was beaten, and General Lesley and General Middleton, with several other officers and 600 of their men, were taken prisoners. Four days previous to this engagement the Scots fugitives had lost a number of officers ' The house is traditionally said to have been the Dog TaTem, " For the moat full and accurate account of the circumstances of this near the Market Place.— C. execution, and indeed for the beat memoir of the life of this gallant and ' Journals of the Commons, Aug. 29, 1651. unfortunate nobleman, the reader is referred to " The Stanley Papers," ' Oliver Edge, of Birch Hall Houses, in Eusholme, a captain in the part iii., edited by the Rev. Canon Eaines, and forming vols. 66, 67, and Manchester regiment, who was also returning from Worcester,— 0. 70 of the Chetham Society's series.— H, * " Whltelock's Memorials, " p. 511. 318 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xv. and 2.50 rank and file, in an affair of posts on Heaton Wood Green, between Manchester and Oldham, and their overthrow was completed by the country people, who rose upon them on their march, and dispersed them in every direction.^ t-, , , „ r , , During the latter period of the Commonwealth, while the " Lord- President Bradshaw held the office of chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster,' the question of abolishing the court of the duchy and county palatine of Lancaster was frequently discussed in Parliament, and a number of conflicting resolutions were adopted by the House of Commons on the subject. By one of these resolutions it was determined that the court should continue till the 1st of April, 1652, " and no longer ;"= by another, that the jurisdiction of the duchy and county palatine of Lancaster should be continued six months after the 1st of April ; by a third, that it should be continued till the 1st of April, 1653 ;* by a fourth, that the abolition of the jurisdiction should be postponed sine die, on the petition of the justices of the peace and two grand juries assembled at the assizes.' In 1659 the subject was resumed, when it was resolved that the seal for the county palatine of Lancaster should be brought into the House on the 1st of November, and then cancelled, no more to be used, and that the profits of the seal should be sequestrated for the use of the Commonwealth. In February, 1660, the vote touching the cancelling of the seal of the county palatine was made null and void/ and an Act was introduced, and subsequently passed, for " reviving the jurisdiction of the Counties Palatine of Lancaster and Chester,^ and the court of the Duchy Chamber of Lancaster." After dissolving the Long Parliament by " push of pike," April 20th, 1653,' Cromwell, having been appointed "Loed Protector" of the Commonwealth (Dec. 16th, 1653), summoned a new Parliament on his own authority, without the intervention of the freeholders or other electors, as appears from the following document addressed to William West, Esq., the representative of Lancashire in the " Barebones Parliament :" — " Forasmuch as upon the dissolution of the late parliament it became necessary that the peace, safety, and good government o£ this Commonwealth should be provided for ; and in order thereunto persons fearing God and of approved fidelity and honesty are by myself, with the advice of my Council of Officers, nominated, to whom the great charge and trust of so weighty affairs is to be committed ; and having good assurance of your love to and courage for God, and the interest of his cause, and of the good people of this commonwealth : — " I, Oliver Cromwell, captain general and commander-in-chief of all the armies and forces raised and to be raised within this Commonwealth, do hereby summon and require you, Vl'illiam West, Esquire (being one of the persons nominated), personally to be and appear at the Council Chamber, commonly known or called by the name of the Council Chamber in "Whitehall, within the city of Westminster, upon the 4th day of July next ensuing the date hereof, then and there to take upon you said trust, unto which you are hereby called and appointed to serve as a member for the county of Lancaster, and hereof you are not to fail. Given under my hand and seal the 6th day of June, 1663. /^^?^ In 1657 an Act of Parliament was passed for "an assessment upon England at the rate of £60,000 by the moneth for three moneths, from the 25th day of March, 1657, to the 24th day of June then next ensuing." Each county was assessed in a certain sum per month, and a body of commissioners was appointed in each county who had to superintend the collection of this amount of money. The county of Lancaster was assessed in the sum of £800 per month, the com- missioners" being — Sir Richard Houghton, baronet ; Richard Shuttleworth, Gilbert Ireland, Richard Holland, Ralph Ashton, Peter Bould, Richard Standish, Edmund Hopwood, Lawrence Rostern, John Starkey, Thomas Braddil, Richard Haworth, Edward More, Richard Radclitf, John Bradshaw, Tho. Birch, Jeremiah Aspinwal, Robert Maudsley, Edward Robinson, John Fox, Peers Leigh, James Duckenfield, Nicholas Shuttleworth, William Hilton, Henry Porter, Thomas Fell, William West, esquires ; Edmund Werden, WilUam Patten, Evan Wall, Christopher White, George Piggot, Thomas Clayton, gent ; Richard-Ashton, esq ; Alexander Norres, Roger Gillibrand, gent ; John Nowell, Ralph Livesey, esquires ; Jo. Livesey, Peter Sergeant, William Knipe, Thomas Cole (dcj, Adam Sands, gont ; Kandle Sharpies, esq. ; John Case, Thomas Westmore, Hugh Cooper, John Cliff, William Swarberick, Thomas Jones, gent. 1 For many details of the civil war as relating to Lancashire, see the ' Feb. 27, 1669-60. ' March 14, 1659-60. " Civil War Tracts, &lc., 1642-1651," edited by Geo. Ormerod, Esq. (vol. 2 " This was the memorable occasion when Cromwell having displaced of the Chotham Society's series). the Speaker, pointed to the mace lying on the table of the House, and 2 The Act constituting Bradshaw Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- ordered Lieut.-Colonel Charles Worsley, who had entered with two files of caster was passed July 19th, 1649, and the office, when others were musketeers, to " take away that bauble." Worsley was a Lancashire man, abolished elsewhere, was, on his account, specially retained, and on the who resided at Piatt, in Rushohne, and was nominated by Cromwell as 2nd April, 1652. secured to him. On the 16th September, 1653, Parliament representative for Manchester in the Parliament summoned to meet on further enacted that the continuance of the palatinate power of Lancaster Sept. 3rd, 1664. It is not stated what became of the mace, but as the should be vested in him.— C. Journals of the House of Commons show that when Parliament reaesem- 3 Journals of the House of Commons, Nov. 26, 1651. bled a message was sent to Lieut -Colonel Worsley for it, there is every * Journals of the House of Commons, Jan. 1, 1652-3. probability that it had remained in his custody.— C. » April 8, 1658. « August 6, 1669. •" " Local Gleanings Lane, and Ches.," v. 11. p. 153-4.— C, dSAP. XV. T'HE hIsTORY of LANCASHIRE. 319 By another Act passed in the same session, it was enacted that an assessment at the rate of £35,000 per month should be raised throughout England, commencing on the 24th June, 1657. Of this the county of Lancaster was to raise £466 13s. 4d. per month. The same commissioners were appointed for Lancashire, with the addition of Colonel Edward Salmon. The assumption of more than regal powers by Cromwell became the subject of strong animadversion, while it was justified by the devoted creatures of the Lord-Protector, who carried their adulation so far as to make him an offer of the croAvn. He had too much policy to fall into this snare ; but the evening of his life was clouded with painful apprehensions of plots and treasons, the general attendants upon usurped power ; and, after a short sickness, he expired on the 3rd of September, 1658. On the death of the Lord-Protector, Sept. 3rd, 1658, President Bradshaw was elevated to the seat of President of the Council, and on the 3rd June, 1659, was appointed, with Serjeants Fountain and Tyrrel, a Commissioner of the Great Seal, an oflice from which he asked to be relieved on account of his growing infirmities. During his last illness he adhered steadily to his former principles, and declared that, were the king to be tried again, he PBESIDENT BEADSHAW.; ^^ ..^ — ^ — — ^ — t ^— V- - wv - would be the first man to sit as his judge. Having survived to the eve of the great changes that were now approaching, he died on the 31st of October, 1659, on which day his death was thus announced in the " Diurnalls :" — " WHITHH..L, Oct. 31, 1659.-This day it pieced God here to put a per^d to the Jife f the Lord f -f J-»;, ^^tne,Vad" : togering under a fierce and most tedious quartan ague, wh.ch in not by his indefatigable affection toward the pubho affairs and eatety, in time ui ud,us , labours." ^ President Bradshaw was pompously interred in Westminster ^^^^yibut after the resto^^^ his remains were exhumed, and exposed on the gibbet m company with those of Cromwell and '"%\e feeble sway of Richard Cromwell,, the.successor of h^ |^^^^^^^^ the Stuarts, which had never been wholly extinguished. An expensive league was iot^ • Harl. MSS. cod. H)29, fo. 26. 320 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chAp. xv. appointed to command in Lancashire and the other northern counties ; Major General Massey in the midland counties ; and Lord Byron in the south ; but in none of these places did the enterprise succeed. Sir George Booth, of Dunham Massey, a zealous supporter of the Parliamentary interest in the early stages of the civil wars, and one of the deputy-lieutenants for Lancashire, issued a declaration about the same time in Cheshire, for " a free Parliament, legally chosen" by the votes of the electors, not called by individual summons, and for a government upon a settled foundation of " religion, liberty, and property." To this end Sir George entered into correspondence with Mr. Ireland, Mr. Holland, and Mr. Brookes. The Earl of Derby and Sir Thomas Middleton also seconded his endeavours ; and such of the gentry of Lancashire and Cheshire as desired it were allowed to assist in the deliberations^ for restoring the monarchy. Wearied with the unsettled state of society, upwards of a thousand volunteers marched through Warrington, to rally round the standard of revolt, and Sir George was, through the influence of Mr. Cooke, a Presbyterian minister, enabled to make himself master of the city, though not of the castle, of Chester. Here he might have remained in a state of security, till the friends of the king, and the enemies of arbitrary rule, under the name of Commonwealth, had collected their forces ; but in an evil hour he marched out of the city to meet General Lord Lambert. A sanguinary engagement, fought on the 19th of August, 1659, ensued at Winnington Bridge, near Northwich, which ended in the overthrow of Sir George, and his Cavaliers, whom Adam Martindale likened to " Mahomet's Angellical Cockes, made up of fire and snow," the whole force being driven from the field. One part of the fugitive army marched to the neighbourhood of Manchester, where they were dispersed ; and the other to Liverpool, where an engagement took place in the public streets, equally unfavourable to the royal cause. To crown these disasters. Sir George Booth was taken prisoner, and the young Earl of Derby, who had shared in the enterprise, and whose followers, by their "boisterous merriment and profanity," are said to have given offence to Booth's "Angellical Cockes," was also captured, "in the habit of a serving man," and kept in confinement till the eve of the Restoration. Many of the Presbyterians of Lancashire knew of the contemplated rising, but prudently abstained from committing themselves to the measures of Sir George Booth, or openly avowing sympathy with his action. Adam Martindale, himself a Lancashire man, but then rector of Eosiherne, wrote — " Had I been so afiected I could easily have spoiled all the sport, for I knew of it a good while before, as my revered brother, Mr. Henry Nevvcome, of Manchester, very well knows, and could, with a post letter, easily have prevented all." The enterprise failed through the distrust and the conflicting interests of the Episcopalians and Presbyterians engaged in it, but it nevertheless revealed the preparations that many parties were silently making for great changes, and new hope filled men's minds in consequence. When the remnant of Booth's army reached Lancashire, bringing news of the disaster at Northwich, the leaders of the Presbyterian party were much depressed, and the Classis resolved that a public exercise, which had been appointed at Manchester, should be turned into a day of fasting and prayer. But the check was only momentary, and it was not long ere the voice of lamentation was changed to that of rejoicing and thanksgiving, for the Cheshire rising or the Cheshire race, as it had been wittily called, was soon followed by the accomplishment of the design it failed in. On the return of Lambert and his victorious army to London, a schism broke out between the officers and the Parliament, which was followed by one of those outrages upon the liberties of the House with which the country had become only too familiar. Lambert and his troops surrounded the House, which Lenthall, the speaker, and the other members were prevented by the soldiery from entering (October 13, 1659). General George Monk, " the sly fellow," as Cromwell called him, who was at the time in Scotland, on hearing of this procedure, marched with a large force to Coldstream," on the Scottish border, and thence towards London. Ihe cry of " A Free Parliament" ran like fire through the country. Not only Fairfax, who appeared in arms in Yorkshire, but the people who crowded the streets of the capital, and the sailors who manned the fleet lying in the Thames, caught up the cry. On the 3rd February, 1659-60, Monk entered the city, and from that moment the restoration of the Stuarts was inevitable. The army of the Commonwealth was rendered powerless by an adroit dispersion of the troops over the country; the secluded members of the Long Parliament— the victims of " Pride's Purge"— were restored, and that Parliament which many had thought would never have had a beginning, and afterwards that it would never have an end, was dissolved (March 16, 1659-60). The news of these events caused great rejoicing among the loyalist Presbyterians of Lancashire, and the Manchester Classis ordered a day of public thanksgiving in the churches of Manchester, Ashton- .'. \°"^ Movdaunt's Lottor to Oh.-ivlcs II. l^^ntj^ „ag disbanded as soldiers^f the Commonwealth, and recruited as ,..„i,^,;„f ™t,ii!i,i'i ?. ■" that in pccomhcr, 1U6U, General Uonk'B the Coldstream Guards, when the famous march began to London to regiment, which had been recruited chieiiy among the Puritans of Scot- effect the restoratipn.-C. CHAP. XV. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 321 under-Lyne, Oldham, and Eccles, " for the late great and wonderful changes and deliverance began by God for his people in these nations." A new House of Commons— the Convention Parliament- assembled April 25th ; the Declaration of Breda, in which Charles promised a general pardon religious toleration, and satisfaction to the army, was received with a burst of national enthusiasm ;' and the old constitution was restored by a solemn vote of the Convention — " that according to the ancient and fundamental laws of this kingdom, the government is, and ought to be, by Kinc, Lords and Commons." Immediately the vote was passed an invitation was sent to the exiled kin<^ to return to his people and receive his crown.^ Within a month, Charles, after an exclusion of twelve years, had landed in England, and made a triumphal progress through the streets of London, amid the deafening cheers of a people almost delirious with joy. The shouts that rent the air were but the expression of a nation's belief that law and order would be restored, and that the government of the country at length rested upon a foundation on which peace and security, religion and liberty, might be established. Abundant favours were poured down upon General Monk (who had been the main instrument in effecting the restoration), who, by patent, dated July 7, 1660, was advanced to the dignity of the dukedom of Albemarle, and he received from his sovereign, as a further mark of his royal bounty, the ancient honor of Clitheroe, parcel of the duchy of Lancaster. Every one rejoiced to see a calm after so long a storm, confident that the tranquillity sought for in vain during the previous twenty years of calamity and confusion would now be enjoyed. In no part of the kingdom was the exuberance of joy greater than in Lancashire, where Prelatists and Puritans, Episcopalians and Presbyterians, alike forgot their controversies, their animosities, and their jealousies, and men who had fought for and upheld the republic marched side by side with those who had bled and sufifered for the king, in the excess of their newly-awakened loyalty. In Manchester it was ordered that the king should be publicly proclaimed and prayed for (May 12th), to the infinite joy of the townsmen — one of whom, John Hartley, of Strangeways, in the fullness of his liberality, gave £10 for his majesty's use — but to the great mortification of some of the Cromwellian soldiers who had been billeted upon the inhabitants. Henry Newcome, who a week before, as he tells us, had prayed for the king " by periphrases," delivered a fervid address in the Collegiate Church, in which he exhorted his hearers " to carry their rejoicings carefully," and prayed that the joy of that great and glorious day " might not be blemished by the intem- perance of a single person," words that were remembered, and had a chastening influence on those who heard him. The example of Manchester, so far at least as the demonstrations of loyalty were concerned, was followed by Ashton-under-Lyne, Bolton, Bury, Rochdale, and other towns, though it is doubtful if the same degree of sobriety was manifested by the people in their festivities, for the " malignants " of Wigan drank the loving cup to its very dregs, and the whilom republicans of Rochdale, in a frenzy of delight, killed a luckless drummer-boy, by, as they said, "the miscarriage of their muskets ; " and even the inhabitants of Puritan Manchester, a few months later, in spite of the pious exhortations of Newcome and the stern remonstrances of the warden, Heyricke, made the occasion of the coronation " an engine to intemperance and excess," and in their delirium of joy "fell a-drinking of healths" to testify their love and loyalty to the restored king. ' In its eagerness to secure the restoration of the king the Convention Parliament irrevocably committed the destinies of the country to the guidance of Charles, -without any condition for securing the liberties of the people. " To the king's coming without conditions," says Burnet, in the " History of his Own Times," " may well he imputed all the errors of his reign, and, it may be added, many mischiefs that followed after- wards." — C. 42 CHAPTER XVI, Restoration of Monarchy and Episcopacy— Corporation and Test Acts— Act of Uniformity— Ejected Ministers in Lancashire— Five- mile Act— Sufferings of the Nonconformists— Abolition of the Feudal System— Militia Quota for Lancashire — Lancashire Plot— Conspiracy of tlie Earl of Clarendon and others— Rebellion of 1715; of 1745— Lancashire Gentry— Lancashire Visitations— Geographical Situation of the County— Climate— Meteorology— Soil and Agriculture— Forests— Geology— Lancashire Rivers— Catalogue of the Bishops of Chester from the Institution of the Bishopric, 33 Henry VIIL, to the Present Time— Kate imposed upon the Clergy to provide Horses and Arms for the State in 1608— Ecclesiastical Courts, their Jurisdiction, Fees, and Revenues— Catalogue of the Bishops of Manchester from the foundation of the See— Creation of the See of Liverpool.— A.D. 1660—1745. I HE restoration of the Stuarts produced a strong sensation in the county, of Lancaster, where the contest between prerogative and privilege had been cariied on with a degree of zeal scarcely equalled in any other part of the kingdom. The effort to establish a commonwealth had gradually fallen into discredit. Presbyterian church-government lost its sway, and the balance of opinion, in this and in the other counties of the kingdom, once more inclined to monarchy in the government of the state, and to episcopacy in the government of the church. The return of Charles II., as already stated, was received in Lancashire with every demonstration of joy, the Presbyterians rivalling the Episcopalians in their exultations, and 'in the cordiality of the welcome offered to the returning sovereign. The coronation was made the occasion of extravagant rejoicings. The men of Manchester, who had been so lately in open resistance to their king, could hardly set bounds to their enthusiasm, and in their town wine Howed from the conduit, the gutters were filled with strong beer, and bonfires blazed for a whole week. To prevent the Presbyterians from possessing local power or authority, and to establish more firmly the security of the throne, the Corporation Act was passed, ordaining that in all cities, corporations, boroughs,- cinque ports and other ports in England and Wales, every mayor, alderman, and common councilman, and all other corporate ofiicers, should be obliged, in additron to the ordinary oath of allegiance and supremacy, to make a particular declaration against the solemn league and covenant, and to declare on oath that it was not lawful, on any pretence whatever, to take arms against the king; and the person making this oath was further required to aver that he abhorred that traitorous position of taking arms by the Idng's authority against his person, or against those commissioned by him. A more deadly blow was dealt at the Puritans in the renewal of the Act of Uniformity. That no Nonconformist might exercise the authority of a magistrate, it was required that no person should be elected or chosen into any office or place in such corporation who should not have, within one year before such election, taken the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, according to the rites and ceremonies of the Church of England. On the ]9th of May, 1662, the Act of Uniformity was passed, by which every minister, on pain of losing his ecclesiastical preferment, was obliged to conform to the worship of the Church of England, according to the Book of Common Prayer, before the feast of St. Bartholomew (Aug. 24), and to sign a declaration affirming his assent and consent to everything contained and presented by it. During the civil war episcopacy was abolished and presbyterianism established in its stead. Large numbers of the clergy — some six thousand or more — -had been driven from their benefices, and their places supplied by ministers who abhorred episcopacy and rejected the government and ritual of the Church of England. On the arrival of St. Bartholomew's Day two thousand of these ministers resigned their benefices, preferring poverty with a clear conscience to affluence with a mind tortured by the reproach of having sacrificed what they conceived to be their duty to their M aker to their worldly advancement. The following form of ecclesiastical ejectment was sent by the Lord Bishop of Chester to the churchwardens of Garstang, for the removal of the Rev. Isaac Ambrose, and similar notices were served upon the churchwardens in the other parishes or chapelries where the minister had refused to conform : — "Whereas in a late Act of Parliament for uniformitie, it is enacted that every parson, vicar, curate, lecturer, or other eccleaasticall person, neglecting or refusing, before the Feast Day of St. Bartholomew, 1662, to declare opealy before their respective congregations, his assent and ponserit to all things contained in the booke of common prayer established by the said act, ipso facto fitiAp. xvt _ THE HISTORY OP LANCASHIHE. 323 be deposed.and that every person not being in holy orders by episoopall ordination, and every parson, vicar, curate, lecturer, or other ^clesiasticall person, failing in his subscription to a declaration mentioned in the said act to be subscribed before the Fast Day of St Bartholomew, 1662, shall be utterly disabled, and ipso facto deprived, and his place be void, as if the person so failing be naturally dead. And whereas Isaac Ambrose, late vicar of Garstang, in the county of Lancaster, hath neglected to declare and subscribe according to the tenor of the said act, I doe therefore declare the church of Garstang to be now void, and doe strictly ' charge the said Isaac Ambrose, late vicar of the said church, to forbear preaching, lecturing, or officiating, in the said church, or elsewhere in the diocese of Chester. And the Churchwardens of the said parish of Garstang are hereby required (as by duty they are bound) to secure and preserve the said parish church of Garstang from any invasion or intrusion of the said Isaac Ambrose, disabled and deprived as above said by the said act, and the churchwardens are also required upon sight hereof to show this order • to the said Isaac Ambrose, and cause the same to be published the next Sunday after in the Parish Church of Garstang, before the congregation, as they will answer the contrary. — Given under my hand this 29th day of August 1662. , „, , ^, " GEO. CESTRIENS. To the Churchwardens of Garstang, in the County Palatine of Lancaster." The ejected and silenced ministers in Lancashire amounted to sixty-seven, of whom the following are the names : — The Rev. Robert Towne, Alkrington ; Rev. Thomas JoUie, Altham ; Rev. James Talbot, Alkholme ; Rev. Thomas Crompton, Astley Chapel, parish of Leigh ; Rev. John Harrison, Ashton-under-Lyne ; Rev. James Woods, Ashton-in-Makersfield ; Rev. John Wright, M.A., Billinge ; Rev. Robert Birch, Birch Chapel ; Rev. Thomas Holland, Blackley ; Rev. Richard Astley, Blackrod ; Rev. Richard Goodwin, M.A., vicar of Bolton ; Rev. Robert Park, Bolton ; Rev. Samuel Mather, M.A., Burton Wood ; Rev. Mr. Dury, Bradshaw ; Rev. Philip Bennett, Cartmel ; Rev. Mr. Camerford, Cartmel ; Rev. Henry Welch, Chorley ; Rev. James Woods jun., Chowbent ; Rev. John Leaver, Cockey Chapel ; Rev. Mr. Lowe, rector of Croston ; Rev. James Hiet, Croston ; Rev. Thomas Whitehead, vicar of Dalton ; Rev. John Tilsley, M.A., vicar of Dean ; Rev. John Angler, Denton ; Rev. James Holm, Denton ; Rev. Jonathan Schofield, Douglas Chapel ; Rev. Edmund Jones, vicar of Eccles ; Rev. Peter Atkinson, sen., EUel Chapel ; Rev. Peter Atkinson, jun., EUel Chapel ; Kev. Isaac Ambrose, vicar of Garstang ; Rev. Wm. Leigh, M.A., Gorton Chapel ; Kev. Mr. Bullock, Hambleton ; Rev. James Walton, Hoiwich ; Rev. Mr. Sandford, Harwood ; Rev. Peter Aspinall, Heaton ; Rev. George Thomasson, Hey wood Chapel; Rev. James ' Bradshaw, Hindley, Wigan Parish; Rev. William Bell, M.A., vicar of. Huyton ; Rev. Henry Pendlebury, M.A., Holcombe Chapel ; Rev. Peter Naylor, Haughton Chapel ; Rev. Nehemiah Ambrose, vicar of Kirkby ; Doctor William Marshall, vicar of Lancaster ; Rev. Thos. Drinckal, Lindale Chapel ; Rev. John Fogg, Liverpool ; Rev. Timothy Smith, Longridge Chapel ; Rev. Joseph Harrison, Lund Chapel ; Rev. Henry Newcome, M.A., Manchester ; Kev. Mr. Richardson, Manchester ; Rev. John Mallinson, vicar of Melling ; Rev. Thomas Gregg, St. Helens Chapel ; Rev. Mr. White, Meiling ; Rev. Nathaniel Baxter, JI.A, vicar of St. Michael-le-Wyre ; Rev. Mr. Kippax, New Church in Rossendale ; Rev. John Walker, Newton Heath Chapel ; Rev. Robert Constantine, Oldham ; Rev. Nathaniel Heywood, vicar of Ormskirk ; Rev. Thomas Pyke, rector of Radcliffe ; Rev. Roger Baldwin, Raynford ; Rev. Samuel Newton, Rivington ; Rev. Robert Bath, vicar of Rochdale ; Rev. Richard Holbrook, Salford ; Rev. Joseph Thompson, Sefton ; Rev. Cuthbert Harrison, Singleton ; Rev. Paul Latham, Standish ; Rev. Nicholas Smith, Tatham ; Rev. Thomas Crompton, M.A., Toxteth Park ; Rev. [Zach.] Taylor, Turton ; Rev. Mr. Lampitt, Ulverstone ; Rev. Henry Finch, vicar of Walton ; Rev. Robt. Eaton, Walton ; Rev. Michael Briscoe, Walmsley Chapel ; Rev. Robert Tates, rector of Warrington ; Rev. Charles Hotham, rector of Wigan. ^ At the time when the Act of Uniformity took effect, there were several candidates for the ministry in this county, who had no fixed place, but who continued Nonconformists. These were Mr. Thomas Waddington, Mr. James Haddock, Mr. Cuthbert Halsall, Mr. John Eddlestone, Mr. Thomas Kay, afterwards at Hoghton Tower, and Mr. John Crompton, afterwards minister of Cockey Chapel. The passing of the Act of Uniformity effected greater and more sudden changes in the religious aspect of the Church than had occurred at "any former period. The Eeformation was accomplished gradually and without any great displacement of the clergy, and the expulsions during the civil war period, though much more numerous, extended over a series of years ; but that on St. Bartholomew's Day was sudden and complete — it was the definite exclusion of a great party, that, among much fanaticism, included in its ranks many eminent divines and earnest painstaking men, who had diffused through the country a greater amount of religious vitality, than had perhaps ever been experienced before. That the laity of the Nonconformist persuasion might not stand upon a more advantageous footing than their clergy, Lord-Chancellor Clarendon, to whom the age in which he lived, and after ages, were mainly indebted for these rigorous enactments, procured a bill to be passed into law, called the Conventicle Act (1664), by which every person above the age of sixteen years, being present at any meeting or conventicle for religious purposes, when more than five persons were assembled and" where the service was performed in any other manner than according to the liturgy used by the Church of England, became liable to a penalty of £5, or three months' imprisonment, for the first offence ; £10, or six months' imprisonment, for the second offence ; and transportation to the plantations for the third offence, unless a fine of £100 was paid ; and persons suffering conventicles to be held in their houses or outhouses were liable to the same punishment This Act operated with great severity in Lancashire, and the sufierings of the people in many districts were extreme Assemblies were often held at midnight, to escape the rigours of the law; and as five persons assembled together for prayer constituted a conventicle, it frequently happened that the members of the family were obliged either to forego their duty or to subject themselves to the persecution of the times. The thirst for revenge had been roused by the tyranny ot the . The venerable Oliver Heywood, a name held in high estimation Uniformity he was setUed at Coley Ohapol, in the parish of Halifax, and Bmongst the Nonconformists, was a native of Little Lever, in the pansli was ejected from that place, of Bofton, in tliis county ; but at the time of the passing of the Act of 324 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xvj. Presbyterians in their hour of triumph, and to fill up the measure of intolerance the Five-mile Act' was introduced in 1665 (17 Car. II. c. 2) by which any Nonconformist minister, of whatever denomination, was prohibited from dwelling or coming within five miles of any corporate town, or other place where he had been minister, or had preached, after the Act of Oblivion, unless he first took the following oath: "I do swear that it is not lawful, upon any pretence whatsoever, to take arms against the king,^ and that I do abhor the traitorous position of taking arms by his authority, ao-ainst his person or against those that are commissioned by him, in pursuance of such commissions ; and that I will not at any time endeavour any alteration of government, either in Church or State." It was further enacted that any schoolmaster who should refuse the oath should be incapable of teaching any public school, and any two justices were empowered to commit to prison any person infringing the enactments of this rigorous law.^ The sufferings of the ejected ministers and their people were extreme, and large numbers of persons suffered on account of their religion in different parts of the kingdom. Manchester seems, however, to have been exceptionally favoured, for from the circumstance that it was neither a corporate town or borough returning a member to Parliament, it escaped to some extent the disabilities imposed by the Act, and became consequently a place of refuge for ejected ministers from other parts of the county. In Lancashire, where the Catholics were so numerous, a preponderance was given to that party, and the dissenting interest was reduced to the lowest point of depression. Several of the ministers, incapable of enduring the privations to which they were exposed, or disinclined to subject themselves to the penalties of the law, conformed to the requirements of the Church, and of that number were the following in Lancashire : Mr. Bradley Hayhurst, of Leigh ; Mr. Joshua Ambrose, of West Derby; Mr. William Cole, of Preston; Mr. William Colburn, of Ellinburgh [? Ellenbrook] ; Mr. William Loben, of Oldham ; Mr. James Booker, of Blackley ; Mr. William Aspinwall, of Formby ; Mr. Briars, of Heapy ; Mr. Fisher, of Kirkham ; Mr. Jacques, of Bolton-le- Sands; Mr. Jessop, of Winwick; and Mr. Robert Dewhurst, of Whitworth Chapel.* " The great body of the Dissenters, however, remained steadfast to their principles," says Neale, " and the Church gained neither reputation nor numbers." So hot was the persecution that the Lancashire Classis discontinued their meetings from the first year of the new king's reign ; and those assemblies which had been held so frequently in the period between 1646 and the dissolution of the Commonwealth (1660) were not resumed till 1693, when they were held under the designation of Meetings of Ministers of the United Brethren within the county of Lancaster, the Rev. Henry Newcome filling the office of moderator, and Charles Sager that of scribe, at the first of the resumed meetings for the parishes of Manchester, Prestwich, Flixton, Eccles, and Ashton-under-Lyne. The passing of the Act of Uniformity dispelled the anticipations of toleration which Charles II. 's declaration from Breda had seemed to foreshadow. For nearly ten years the sequestrated ministers were exposed to the danger of fine and imprisonment, and excited by alternate hopes and fears, though many of them were sheltered under the protection of powerful friends. But better days Avere in store, and after the fall of Clarendon, who had been their chief persecutor, the king issued a declaration of indulgence in religion (15th March, 1671-2), in which he declared his " will and pleasure to be, that the execution of all and all manner of penal laws in matters ecclesiastical, against whatsoever sort of Nonconformists or recusants, be immediately suspended, and they are hereby suspended." The declaration was an exercise of the kingly prerogative, for Parliament was not sitting at the time, and the Nonconformists were consequently placed in a somewhat perplexing position. They yearned for religious freedom, but they had loudly proclaimed their adherence to Parliamentary government. To their minds the suspension of the law by the royal prerogative was an unconstitutional proceeding, and to avail themselves of it was to admit the dispensing power of the king. A ferment immediately arose. Some of the more intolerant believed they saw in it an opening for the introduction of Popery, and the eminent Nonconformist, Philip Henry, wrote that the clemency of the king had put him in a " trilemma." The scruples of the Lancashire ministers seem to have been readily overcome. The king's declaration was naade on March loth, intelligence of it reached the county on the 18th, and on the 15th April following the first licence in Lancashire Avas taken out for Henry Newcome, of Man- 1 The Conventicle Act and the Five-mile Act would seem to have been rebellion had called into existence, and the apprehensions of the govem- framed on the hnes of enactments previously made under Puritan rule. ment, it should be added, were quickened by the knowledge that advan- On the 6th January, 1645, an Act was passed ordering "that all private tage was being taken of the Dutch war to throw the kingdom once mora assemblies might be restrained" (Neal's History of t lie Paritmis, v. iii. into anarchy and confusion.— C. p. 223), and in December, 1647, all "dellnciuent clergymen" were ^ After the lapse of a century and a half, the whole of this code of required to retire ' without the lines of communication,"— /ii»(. Pujilcijis, intolerance was removod from the statute-book, in the 9th year of the ^' "';,?; ''^?',' i- i, .. -^ reign of George IV. (1828), by an Act introduced into Parliament by Lord - Ihe declaration that it was not lawful on any pretence to take arms John Russell, against the king was a precaution rendered necessary not so much from * Nonconformist Memorial, by the Rev. Edmund Oalamy, D.D. any concerted pohoy on the part of the remnant of the Republican party Palmer's edition, vol. ii. p. 3. as from the risk of some insane plot or insiurection started by the ' MS. entitled " The First Classis of the County Palatine of Lancaster.'' desperate fanatics of some one of the multiplicity of schisms that the late CHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 325 Chester, first for his own house and afterwards, on account of its incapacity, for a barn in the neighbourhood of Shudehill. Altogether about 3,500 licences were issued, of which 185 were for 1 fi7ri Ti f °^-*^-J^ ^/T" ^°',^^^ ^"'''^ °^ ^'- ^^^ton, in Manchester, dated February 3, 1672-3. 1 he great majority of the applications were for Presbyterian teachers or places of meeting nfllJ f^' 'f^i!i ^'- H'^lley, "amidst many fears, anxieties, and prayers was founded what may be called the old dissent of Lancashire.' The following copy of a licence issued for a place of meeting m Warrington will serve as an illustration of the printed form used, the words in italics being written m : — Bavliffi1^o'l,TawJ,*^L'^.T "n ^"nl""^ "^^,1?''°''' ^™*^™''' ^''^°°«' '""'^ 1™'^°''' defender of the Faith, &c. To all Mayors, Kation of thp' l?th of M» ;Jh ^l^yfo w^ ^l'""'"":?' ^'^'' ""'* ^'''*"-^' ^'^"-^ ^^ ""'y '=°"°«™. S^'^-^^^S- In pursuance of Ou^ ^TvlT ■ 1^ of Lancaster to be a Place for the Use of Such as do not conform to the Church of England who are of in/nr n°°or^^ caned /mjyima^ to meet and assemble in, in order to their publick Worship and Devotion. And al AnH 3in^ Officers and Ministers, Ecclesiastical, Civil and Military, whom it may concern, are to take due notice hereof: V llif -^ M ? f T" ^^If^^ ''^^':*'y •='^'"■8^'^ '■''^ '■^1™^^'^ *^ l"" 43 Geo. lU. cap. 90, g26 "fHE filSTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xVi. immortality but the fame of weakness even in vice." Idler and voluptuary as he had been, the politeness of the gentleman continued to the last, and with almost his last breath he apologised to the watchers for the trouble he was giving in keeping them around him. His reicn^was marked by many legislative enactments of the gravest kind, and forms an important era' in the county and the kingdom. If, under his rule. Parliament sanctioned the. Apt of Uniformity, the Five Mile Act, and the Test Act, it should also be remembered that it abolished the more odious features of feudalism, enacted special laws for the advancement of commerce, and added a new security for the personal freedom of Englishmen in the Habeas Corpus Act. When the Duke of York ascended the throne under the title of James II., to allay the scruples of the nation, he solemnly promised the Privy Council to preserve the laws inviolate, and maintain the o-overnment in Church and State as by law established, a pledge that was welcomed by the whole country with enthusiasm, and in Lancashire, as Macaulay tells us,' the people of Wigan, true to the traditions of their town, made themselves conspicuous not only by the extravagance of their loyalty, but by the boldness of their address, in Avhich they assured the king that they would defend him " against all plotting Ahithophels and rebellious Absaloms." " We have the word of a kino-, and a king was never worse than his word " was the general cry ; but the worthlessness of Jarnfes's word was soon apparent, for within three days of his accession to thecrown, his government had committed an illegal act. The arbitrary measures of the sovereign excited alarm and distrust amoncf the people at large, and their indignation found vent when, on the 8th June, 1688, the seven bishops, of whom one — John Lake, Bishop of Chichester, was identified with Lancashire, having been previously rector of Prestwich and incumbent of the parochial chapelry of Oldham — havino- declined to publish an illegal Declaration, and championed the cause of the national faith and the national freedom, Avere conveyed to the Tower between lines of weeping men and weeping ATomen, Avho prayed aloud for their safety and knelt to receive their blessing, and a feAV days later appeared as criminals at the bar of the King's Bench. This incident in the struggle of England against the aggression of England's king served to hasten the impending crisis, and thoughtful men — Conformists and Nonconformists alike — began to look Avitli earnest desire to the accession of Mary, the elder daughter and heiress of James, then espoused to the Prince of Orange. Ere long communications more or less direct Avore opened Avith the prince by those Avho had found refuge at his court, and ultimately an invitation to appear in England Avith a body of troops Avas given. A side light is throAvn upon the state of feeling in Lancashire at the time by some of the entries in Henry NeAvcome's diary. Thus Ave read : — 1688. October 7. Now was the amazing news ot the Prince of Orange designing to come among us. October 8. I went to Orange this day, and met my Lord Delamere at Hulme. — Tliey none of them minded the news, and seem to be less concerned and less afraid than I am. October 16. Things are dark and in great confusion. The Lord be merciful to us ! November 9. The news came this morning of the landing of the Dutch in the we.st. An astonishing providence. Our refuge is in God, and in Him only. November 14. We heard whispers of sad things to-day. November 16. AVe had a private day on the sad occasion of the confusion Iq the nation and country. Lord Delamere came to town soldier-like. I was affected with a great passion of tears to see my Lord Delamere ride by. November 28. Lord Delamere with his company went from Nottingham in a sad season. I was discouraged this night on the probable cause for it, in the news about his being set upon, and either killed or wounded. ' November 30. AVe heard the news, amazing and surprising, of the general revolt of most of the great ones from King James. December 2. We heard the news of a treaty, which was what we prayed for, and the only way likely to heal us. December 2i. We waited upon my Lady Bland (of Hulme) to see my Lord Delamere, whom we found preserved, an d wonderfully revived upon this strange revolution. The brief reign of James II. Avas terminated by his abdication and the "peaceful revolution" AVhich placed William of Orange and the Princess Mary upon the throne. The progress of William III. on his Avay to Ireland, previous to the battle of the Boyne, lay through the southern part of Lancashire; on the 11th of June, 1690, his majesty, attended by Prince George of Denmark, the Duke of Ormond, the Earls of Manchester, Oxford, and Scarborough, and other persons of distinction, arrived in Liverpool, Avhence, Avith the troops that had been encamped at Wallasey Leasowes, on the Wirral shore at the opposite side of the Mersey, he embarked three days later, and landed at Carrickfergus, from Avhich place he advanced southwards, and on the 1st July defeated James IL on the banks of the Boyne; a battle momentous in its consequences, and ever memorable in Irish history. The expulsion of the Stuarts by the House of Orange produced violent discontent amongst the subjects of the ncAV king of the Roman Catholic persuasion, and in no part of the country Avas that feeling more poAverful than in Lancashire. The doctrine of " killing no murder " inculcated so freely by the Royalists during the latter part of the protectorate of Oliver CromAvell, Avas noAv revived, and a conspiracy Avas formed, called " The ' Mnonulay's History of England vi,, p. 470.— C. CHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 337 Lancashire Plot." for removing King William from tlie throne by the hand of the assassin The history of this event is involved in considerable obscurity, and even the existence of the Sot has been called in question. Suspicion had been excited by the landinTof seveS Ir shmen ^^ coast and by the discovery of arms in transit from London to Lanca'shire The CathdLs of he «?^^^y opened communications with the Irish supporters of King James and Lord Molvneux Sir Wilh^m Gerard, Sir Thomas Clifton,^ and other of the leading Papists set about ^iSn^S tenantry m defence of the cause of the absent king. On hearin| of this, ford De ame?e ksued a proclamation calling upon the friends of liberty and the new go?ernmen to meet hiron Cdon resZdld trtlt^r^ *d °"'""? armed men, partly Low Churchmen and partly NonconformfsS responded to the call— a demonstration that quelled the spirit of revolt among the Jacobites and preserved the tranquillity oi Lancashire. The'lrish party in favour of James II., having received encouragement from the French ministry, engaged a man of the name of Dum^nt to assassfnate Sn'fri'^^-^'T'''^"^ ^""fT^^ ^^^ ^ P^^-^y i^ Lancashire, more distinguished for their during than for their strength, swelled the number of the conspirators. As early as the 18th of Octobe? 1689, a communication was made to the Secretary of fetate for the Home Department, by the magistrates assembled at quarter sessions of the peace, held by adjournment in Manchester, to the effectthat many of the branches of the Roman Catholic families in this county, had absconded and that m their absence several boxes, with scarlet cloaks, pistols, and swords, intended for their use had been received m Lancashire. On the 16th of May, 1690, Robert Dodsworth, of Crosby Ravensworth, in the county of ^ estmorland deposed upon oath, before Lord Chief Justice Holt, that certain Roman Catholic gentlemen and others in Lancashire and the neighbourhood, whom he named, had entered into a treasonable conspiracy to make war against the Government, with a design to restore King James, and that the following officers were known to him as having received commissions for the purpose ot raising troops to carry out the enterprise : — Under Collonel Thomas Tildeslet^ (of Myerscough .Lodge). Capt. Burley or Barlow. Lieutenant Collonel Girlington, a Protestant (of Thurland Castle). Cornet Woolfall (Richard Woolfall of Woolfall in Huyton). Capt. Thomas Tildesley (of Fox HalP — nephew of Colonel Quarter Master Duckett. „ Jy''^^!'«y'.- , , , , Under Collonel Moltneux. cS ardTt7(lffXSr'^ "' '°^°'^^' ''''''''''^- J^ieu*. Coll Gerrard (son to Sir William Gerrard of Bryn). Capt. Henry Butler (son of Richard of Rawcliffe). S^P*' ^«^*y (°f }^'^Z^'^^^^\ , Capt Alexander Butler, a Protestant. ^''P*/ ^T°^'°° (°ff?r"> °'^,'^'-tt . ^ Capt. Thomas Cams (of Halton). ^^P*' Molyneux (? of New Hall m Huyton). Lieut^ William Westby (third ion of Thomas Westby of Mow- ^^ Sorge)°Penuy ' ^^■ "'■ and'to'"' f^ Offi'*' """' *° ™'^ ^ '^™°^ ""^ ''^ """^ *^''^'"^^' ^^'"'- R^^chard'stanky*(of Great Eccleston). T,Vi,+ r^^J!.^n^„,^ if cf'ii <■ I I nu ■ n i rr ,^ , Lieut. Penalt (? Pennant), or such like Name, he lives in Wales, Lieut.GeorgeCarus,ofSellet(8onofChns.Carus, of Halton). and came into my Place. Lieut. Thomas Butler (younger son of Henry of Rawcliffe). Cornet Carus Srnel S'p'rotttVf Beaumont Cote). '^'^^''^ ^« ^'^° °"^ ^""^ ^^°^P^^* ^' "^ ^'■^'=^-^")' ^ Y-'^*-' Under Coll. Daltqn, I know none. Under Collonel Townley (of Townley). Several of these Officers I have it from their own Mouths, Lieut. Coll. Standish (of Standish). the others only by hearsay. According to Bishop Burnet, a conspiracy was formed contemporaneously with this Lancashire " plot " by the Earl of Clarendon, the Bishop of Ely, Lord Preston, Mr. Graham, and William Penn, the celebrated Quaker, to restore the deposed king ; and Lord Preston, Mr. Ashton, and Mr. Elliot were despatched to France to communicate to him the design and to obtain his co-opera- tion. The Government having come to the knowledge of this mission the parties engaged in it were arrested on shipboard, and amongst their papers were found " a declaration to be published when the French should have succeeded at sea," and " the result of a conference between certain lords and gentlemen for the restoration of King James." In January, 1691, Lord Preston and Mr. Ashton were brought to trial at the Old Bailey on a charge of high treason, and, being both con- victed, were sentenced to be executed as traitors. Mr. Ashton, who displayed an uncompromising firmness, underwent the penalty of the law ; but Lord Preston contrived to make his peace with the court and was pardoned. Against Mr. Elliot no legal proof could be adduced ; Lord Clarendon, who was afterwards seized, was merely confined to his own house in the country ; and the Bishop 1 The following Treasury order, signed by William III., throws somo William Diccenson, Esq. — and all other charges and expenses of the light upon the affair : — guards and attendants." — C. "At our Court at Kensington, the Ist day of February, 1694, in the - Second son of Sir Thomas Tyldesley, the distinguished Royalist sixth year of our reign. soldier who fell at Wigan Lane in 1651.— C. " To Robert Lord Lucas, governor of our Tower of London, in satis- ^ Fox Hall, a mansion of which scarcely a vestige now remains, faction of so much expended and disbursed by him in sending down the stood within a few yards of the pier at South Shore, Blackpool. Within gentlemen (late prisoners in the Tower) into Cheshire and Lancashire — to the hall was a secret chamber, which formerly went by the name of the wit, Caryl Lord Vise. Molyneux, Sir Thomas Clifton, .Sir William Gerard, "King's Cupboard," and which is traditionally said to have been mad« Sir Rowland Stanley, Peter Lea of Lyme, Bartholomew Walmsley, and for James II. during the supposed plots o{ 1690 and 1694.— C, 828 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xvi. of Ely, Mr. James Graham, and William Perm absconded. In the meantime a correspondence had been kept up between the deposed monarch and some of the Roman Catholics in Lancashire and Cheshire, which was conducted through the medium of one Bromfield, a Quaker, residing at Redland, near Chester, in the house of a person of the name of Wilson, who was also engaged in the conspiracy. These parties having absconded, the former to Ireland, and the latter into Lancashire, the manage- ment of the intrigue was committed to three adventurers of the names of Lunt, Gordon, and Threlfall, who had come over from Ireland with a commission from King James — Lunt being appointed to Staffordshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire ; Threlfall to Yorkshire ; and Gordon to Scotland. Subsequently Lunt was committed to the castle of Lancaster on a charge of high treason, founded principally upon the evidence of the captain of the ship who brought him over from Ireland, and who found some of the commissions of King James amongst the papers which he had inadvertently left in the vessel. A person of the name of Dodsworth, of whom mention has already been made, was also a witness against Lunt. Owing to a deficiency in the evidence, Lunt was acquitted at Lancaster, and the joy and exultation of the Jacobites were extreme. Uninstructed by the danger he had escaped, he became a messenger to the deposed monarch, who was then fitting out an expedition at the Hague, and on his return to England he was sent into Lancashire, plentifully supplied with arms. Having become alarmed at his own situation, he communicated all the par- ticulars of the conspiracy to assassinate the king to his majesty's ministers ; and some time after this treachery he was sent down into the country with Captain Baker to secure the conspirators. A strict search was immediately instituted at the residence of Captain Standish, of Standish Hall, where the meetings had been principally held, and in many of the houses of the other suspected persons. Here there was found a quantity of firearms and ammunition, but whether to such an amount as to indicate an intention to levy war against the king's government does not appear. According to Tindall there was found in Mr. Standish's closet the draft of a remonstrance or declaration to be printed and published on the landing of King James. When the trials came on at Manchester, to which place the assizes had been adjourned, the witnesses deposed that the persons whom they accused had received commissions from King James II. to levy troops — that they had enlisted soldiers and formed them into bodies with a design to assist the French, who were making prepara- tions to land in this country — and that the Roman Catholics in Lancashire and Cheshire contributed towards the subsistence of the enemy, in addition to having accumulated ammunition in their own houses. In proof of these charges a witness of the name of Taffe, an Irish renegade priest, was called, who had been engaged in the conspiracy and had turned informer ; but instead of giving the evidence that was expected from him he declared that the pretended " Lancashire Plot " was a villainous contrivance, concerted between Lunt and himself, to ruin certain gentlemen in this county ; and the prosecution so entirely failed that the witnesses who were to support the allega- tions were committed to Newgate upon a charge of perjury, and of having conspired against the lives and estates of the Lancashire gentlemen.^ The subject of the existence or non-existence of the conspiracy was afterwards brought under the consideration of Parliament, before whom both Taffe and Lunt, with a great number of other witnesses, were examined ; and after an investigation, continued for ten Aveeks, the house resolved, "That it does appear to this house that there were sufficient grounds for the prosecution and trials of the gentlemen at Manchester. That, upon the informations and examinations before this house, it does appear that there was a dangerous plot carried on against the king and his government." ^ The majority in favour of this decision was, however, very small, the numbers being — for the resolution 133, against it 97. A similar decision was come to by the House of Lords, though the Earls of Rochester and Nottingham contended strenuously that the government had not sufficient cause to prosecute the Lancashire and Cheshire gentlemen, and entered their protest against the decision of the house. In the meantime a proclamation was issued by the Government, but without success, to apprehend Mr. Standish, of Standish, who had absconded. Notwithstanding these Parliamentary decisions, Lunt, Womball; and Wilson,_ three of the witnesses against the accused parties, were tried at Lancaster assizes for perjury against the Lancashire and Cheshire gentlemen, and found guilty of the charge preferred against them ; and they were afterwards indicted for a conspiracy against the lives and estates of those gentlemen, but the accusers having refused to furnish the Icing's attorney and solicitor-general with witnesses to prove the conspiracy, the prosecution dropped, and Lunt, Womball, and Wilson were discharged. The spirit of party ran so high that Dodsworth, one of the Government witnesses, was murdered after the discovery he had made of the conspiracy ; and Redman, another Government witness, shared the same fate two days afterwards.'' ' John Lunt, who appears to have taken a leading part in attempting 2 Journals ot the House of Commons, Feb. 6, 1694-6 to fasten the charge of treason upon the Lanciwhire men, was a mis- ■> For details of this "Lancashire Plot" see " Jacobite Trials in Man- creantof the most infamous type and actuated by the basest motives; chcsti'.r in 1694," edited by Wm. Beamont, Esq., and "The Trials at he bad been a highwayman, one of his accomplices was a cattle lifter, Manchester in 1694," edited by the Right Rev. Alex Goss D D —being and at the time of the trial he made such a ridiculous figure that the vols. 28 and 61 of the Chetham Society's series.— H ' ' ■ • ]ury were compelled to treat his evidence as altogether unworthy of belief.— C, CHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 329 The reign of Queen Anne, though sufSciently agitated by foreign wars was not disturbed by domestic commotions. Her successor, the Elector of Hanover, on whom the crown devolved in accordance with the provisions of the Act of Settlement, and who assumed the title of Georo'e I., was less fortunate. At the time of his accession a great change had come over the feeling of many of the Lancashire people, and the descendants of those who had resisted the authority of Charles 1. were no less resolute in their determination to support the cause of his grandson, the exiled James. When George I. ascended the throne the Jacobites Avere very numerous, and those who were favourable to the Hanoverian succession had, on the whole, but a sorry time of it. Liverpool was the head-quarters of the Whigs, but Manchester had become the great stronghold of the Tory party. The Roman Catholics of the county consistently maintained their adherence to the exiled Stuarts ; the high Churchmen and ecclesiastical Tories were greatly incensed against the Whig party which was then dominant at Court, and the Nonjurors — those who had refused to take the oath of allegiance to the new dynasty after the revolution and had been obliged to resign their preferments in the Church in consequence— were bitter in their denunciations and affirmed that under Whig administration heresy and impiety were daily gaining ground. The preaching of Dr. Sacheverell had fanned the flame of discontent ; in no part of the kingdom had the preacher more determined partisans than in Lancashire ; and, as a consequence, the Whigs and the Nonconformists who were in favour of the Hanoverian succession became common objects of persecution. The cry of " The Church in danger ! " was raised, the cry was re-echoed from town to town ; in Lancashire it was reiterated with even greater vehemence than by the Lord Mayor's chaplain, and in what had heen the stronghold of Puritanism, excited mobs roamed the streets, attacked the Dissenters, plundered their homes and pulled down their meeting houses, professedly in the Church's defence. On the 10th June, 1715, the birthday of Prince James Francis Edward (the Old Pretender), a riotous mob, headed by Thomas Syddall, a blacksmith, or according to some authorities, peruke maker, paraded the town of Manchester, wrecked the Dissenting chapel there, proclaimed the Pretender as King James the Third, and afterwards demolished the meeting-houses at Blackley, Greenacres, Monton, and other places. For these offences Syddall, the ringleader, was placed in the pillory, and afterwards imprisoned in the castle at Lancaster. About the same time a rebellion broke out in the north, and the county of Lancaster once more became involved in the horrors of civil war. The restoration of the unfortunate house of Stuart and the re-establishment of the Catholic religion were the ostensible causes of the approaching contest. To effect these objects a small army was raised in Scotland, and the Earl of Derwentwater, with a number of other peers and Scottish lairds, engaged in the desperate enterprise. The Earl of Mar was at the head of the insurgent army in Scotland, but the division which penetrated into England was led by the Earls of DerwentAvater, Winton, Nithsdale, and Carnwath ; and Mr. Forster, a gentleman of Northumberland, received from the Earl of Mar the command of this forlorn hope, with the commission of general. The invaders took the route of Jedburgh, but five or six hundred of the Hio'hland foot soldiers refused to cross the frontier, and returned to the Highlands. The strong admonition conveyed by this defection in the rebel army was disregarded by its devoted leaders, and on the 31st of October, 1715, they marched to Langtown, in Cumberland, to the music of the bagpipes, at the head of a few hundred men.^ On the 2nd of November they advanced to Penrith 'on the 3rd to Appleby, on the 5th to Kendal, on the 6th to Kirkby Lonsdale, and on the 7th to Lancaster. At each of these places the Chevalier de St. George, son of James II., was proclaimed kino- by the style and title of James III. At Lancaster, where the rebel army remamed two davs they "caused the Pretender to be prayed for as king of England, and here they seized six pieces of' cannon on board one of the ships in the bay. Syddall, who was undergoing imprisonment for the outrage at Manchester, was hberated, and joining the force marched southwards with it. The buro-esses of Lancaster, with scarcely an exception, were favourable to the king de facto, but manvof"the Catholic gentry in the neighbourhood came Avith their tenantry and dependants to aid the cause of the Stuarts, among them Dalton of Thurnham, Hodson of Leighton, Tyldesley of Mverscough Butler of RaAvcliffe, and Walton of Cartmel. _ On Wednesday, the 9th of November, the horse arrived at Preston, and on the 10th they were joined by the infantry, Avho had halted at Garstang the preceding day. On their arrival at Preston their force had mcreased to about 1,600 men Thev all Avore cockades, the Scotch blue and white, and the English red and Ayhite. Grown confident by their uninterrupted advance they prepared to march for Manchester and Warrington; but the countrv had begun to rise in their front, and a congregation of Protestant dissenters, headed by thefr minister the Rev. James Woods,^ had actually marched from ChoA.bent to Walton-le-Dale, where they Avere draAvn up in battle array to dispute the passage of the Ribble.^ . Proceeding, befor the House of Lords. ^ Mr. Woods had been ejected from Ashton-in-Makerfield. ' Toulmin's "Hist, of the Dissenters. 43 330 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xvi. Woods had concerted measures with Sir Henry Hoghton to raise and arm the Nonconformist peasantry in his neighbourhood, and had received authority to act in his Majesty's service, as appears by the following communication : — "To the Rev. Mr. Woods, in Chowbent, for liis Majesty's service.— Chaeles Wills." "The officers here deslga to march at break of day for Preston. They have desired me to raise what men I can to meet us at Preston to-morrow, so desire you to raise all the force you can-I mean lusty young fellows, to draw up on Guerdon Green, to be there bv ten o'clock • to bring with them what arms they have fit for service, and scythes put m straight poles ; and such as have notfto bring spades and bill hooks for pioneering with, Pray go immediately all amongst your neighbours and JIve^th^s_^notlce.- I am, your very faithful sen-ant, "Wigan, Nov. lltb, 1715." ^ These heroes were armed with the implements of their husbandry, and, reversing the ancient prediction they made swords of their ploughshares and spears of their pruning-hooks. Headed bv their minister Woods they marched to Preston where they were met by similar bodies headed by the Rev John Walker of Horwich and the Rev. John Turner of Preston.' Positions were assio-ned them by General Wills, and Woods and his people disputed the passage of the rebels across the Ribble, keeping them in check until news arrived that the king's forces were approachino-, when the first care of the rebels was to barricade the streets of Preston, About imd-day on"Saturday, November 12th, General Wills attacked the town with great vigour, but m the first instance with little success. On Sunday, General Carpenter, at the head of three reo-iments of dragoons, appeared before the town, and General Forster, finding himself completely invested, and considering his situation to be desperate, sent Colonel Oxborough with a trumpeter to sue for a capitulation. Owing to some disagreement between the Scotch and the English forces as to the surrender, the negotiation was not concluded that night, but in the meantime Lord Derwentwater and Mr. Mackintosh were delivered up as hostages, and on Monday morning, November 14th, the whole of the rebel army made an unconditional surrender. The rebellion was now at an end, but its penalty remained to be paid. No fewer than seven lords and 1,500 men, including officers, fell into the hands of the king's forces; and the gaols of Lancaster, Preston, Manchester, Liverpool, and Chester were filled with state prisoners. Courts- martial sat upon a number of the leaders ; and James Radcliffe Earl of Derwentwater, William Earl of Nithsdale, Robert Earl of Carnwath, George Earl of Winton, William Lord Widdrington, William Viscount Kenmure, and William Lord Nairn, were all impeached before the House of Lords, and found guilty of high treason. Of these noblemen, the Earl of Derwentwater and Lord Kenm'ure were beheaded on Tower Hill on the 24th February, 1716 ; Earl Nithsdale and Earl Winton escaped the blow, having found means to get out of the Tower ; and Lord Widdrington, Lord Nairn, and the Earl of Carnwath were reprieved, and afterwards pardoned. Forty-nine other prisoners were convicted, and forty-seven of them paid the price of their treason by the forfeit of their lives ; but General Forster and Mr. Mackintosh had sufficient address to escape out of Newgate and make their way to the Continent. Captain Charles Murray, son of the Duke of Athole, was condemned by a court-martial, but he was afterwards reprieved. Of the prisoners condemned at the " Bloody Assize," as it was called at Lancaster, sixteen were hanged at Preston, five at Wigan, five at Manchester — among them the blacksmith or peruke maker Syddall — four at Garstang, four at Liverpool, and nine at Lancaster ; and Colonel Oxborough, Mr. Gascoigne, the Rev. Mr. Paul, and John Hall, Esq., were hanged at Tyburn.'' On the day of the surrender of the insurgent forces at Preston a great battle was fought at Dunblane, between the Duke of Argyle and the Earl of Mar, in which, as in most engagements of doubtful issue, both armies claimed the victory ; and on the 22nd of December, 1715, the Chevalier de St. George, under an expectation that all the subjects of the realm were ready to take up arms in his favour, landed from the Continent in Scotland. This hope was woefully disappointed, for after spending a month in issuing proclamations, by one of which it was announced that his coronation would take place on the 23rd January, he found it expedient to quit the kingdom. The most convenient point for embarkation was Montrose, and from this port he sailed in a small French vessel, accompanied by the Earl of Mar and sixteen other persons of distinction of the Jacobite party. The followers of the Stuarts, being thus left without leaders, dispersed on the approach of the Duke of Argyle, and the claims of that house were doomed to remain in abeyance for another generation. The oaths of supremacy and allegiance to the reigning family were now strongly urged, both upon the clergy and the laity of this kingdom, and an Act of Parliament was passed, wherein, amongst other matters, it was directed that all Roman Catholics, nonjurors, and others, who refused 1 Toulmin's "Life of Mr. John Moi-t."— 0. "Discourses on the Life and Times of the Rev. James Woods," 1859, '^ In acknowledgment of their services the gcvernment granted p. 15, — 0. pensions of £100 a year to Woods and Walker, the former of whom was ^ For many interesting particulars as to this rebellion, see " Lan- afterwarda known as "General" Woods. See Rev. Franklin Baker's casMre Memoi-ials of the ^ Rebellion of 1715," edited by the late Dr. Hibbert-Ware (vol. 5 of the Chetham Society's series). CHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 331 to take these oaths, should transmit to commissioners, appointed for the purpose, a register of their estates, setting forth in what parish and township the lands were situated, by whom they were occupied, the annual value at which they were estimated, and the names, titles, additions, and places of abode of their owners. Under the operation of this Act returns were made to the commissioners of estates in the various counties of England to the yearly amount of £358,194 5s. 3fd., of which sum the estates in Lancashire yielded £13,158 10s. in the following proportions : 73 estates of Catholics, nonjurors, &c., in Amounderness Hundred, £2,660 Is. 3d. ; 29 estates in Blackburn, £972 10s. 2d.; 54 estates in Leyland Hundred, £1,463 13s. l|d. ; 25 estates in Lonsdale, £1,432 8s. ; 17 estates in Salford, £721 Is. 3d. ; 122 estates in West Derby, £5,901 16s. 2id. _ ^ By the Act just quoted this mass of landed property was placed in jeopardy, but it does not appear that the owners were dispossessed of their estates, or that any use was ever made of the registers, except that they were published in the year 1745, " with a view to assist the magistrates and other officers entrusted with the execution of the orders of Government, for suppressing the growth and unhappy effects of the insurrection in the north." At this period a contest, conducted with great vigour and asperity, prevailed both in the county of Lancaster and in several of the other counties of England, involving the doctrine of the divine right of kings, in which the nonjurors insisted that no pretence whatever could justify an insurrection against the sovereign; that the Stuarts, being kings of England de jure, could not be legally displaced ; and consequently that no other king but the descendants of James II. could claim from them an oath of allegiance. On the other hand, it was contended that the people had a right to cashier a sovereign, when that sovereign aimed at the subversion of the religion and constitution of the realm ; and that the house of Hanover being in possession of the throne de facto, and by the general though not the universal will of the nation, allegiance was justly due to that house, and not to the family that had been expelled. The contest became too warm to be settled in the closet, and in the reign of George II. another appeal was made to arms. Prince Charles Edward, the Young Chevalier as he was called by the partisans of the Stuarts, or the Young Pretender (son of the Pretender) as he was more generally designated, animated with the hopes of a throne, and misled by the sanguine representations of his friends, quitted his exile in France, and on the 2nd of August, 1745, landed in the Hebrides. France had promised substantial support, not because France had any particular liking for the Stuarts, but because she was not unwilling to pay off some old scores by finding employment for her traditional foe. The prince having assembled about 1,200 men in the neighbourhood of Fort William, hostilities immediately commenced. From thence he proceeded to Edinburgh, and, owing to the energy and activity of his friends and the apathy of his enemies, he was enabled to take possession of that ancient capital. Aware that the blow, to be successful, must be struck in England, and entertaining confident expectations of being joined by numbers wherever the standard of the Stuarts was planted, he resolved to advance into the heart of the country and to hazard all upon the issue. On the 6th day of November the young prince, at the head of his small army, crossed the western border, and invested Carlisle, which in less than three days surrendered. Here he found a considerable number of arms and plenty of ammunition, and to encourage his followers his father was proclaimed king of Great Britain, and himself regent, by the mao-istracy of that city. The ministers of George II. now began to bestir themselves, and an army was assembled in Staffordshire, under Sir John Ligonier, to arrest the career of the mvaders. Unintimidated by these hostile preparations, and confident in his own resources, the young adventurer advanced by the route of Penrith into Lancashire, marching on foot in a Highland garb at the head of his forces. But the expectation of being joined by the inhabitants of the country through which he passed was not realised. His enterprise was considered desperate and the people in general proved well affected to the house of Hanover. Charles Edward, at the head of the vanguard of his army, reached Lancaster on the 24th of November, wearmg a light plaid belt with a blue sash, and mounting a blue bonnet, with a white rose, the badge of the house of York in front The numbers of his army have been variously represented, but according to the testimony of MacDonald,^ himself one of the rebels, it did not exceed 5,600 men when marching through Lancashire. The troops were principally of the Highland clans, who, led by their chiefs, marched to the music of the Highland pipes and drums.= On their banners were inscribed the words "Liberty and Property-Church and King." The arms of the majority were the broad- sword' the dir£, and the shield, and a small number were musketeers The prince was their commknder-in-chief, and the Dukes of Perth and Athol, and Marquises of Montrose and Dundee, wir^welve other Scotch and English noblemen, and thirteen knights, mostly from the Highlands, 2 .. The King shall enjoy Mb own again " was one of their favourite tunes. ' Sttit6 J.iri£liSf 13C. ■Jit' 332 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xvi. who had received their titles from their intrepid leader, swelled the number, and conferred dignity on the desperate enterprise. Generally the most rigid discipline prevailed, but in some cases the invaders seized the horses of the farmers, and used them partly for mounting their cavalry and partly for conveying their baggage. Francis Townley, a scion of an old Lancashire family, who had figured at the court of Louis XV., and seen service and earned distinction abroad, was entrusted with a colonel's commission from the French king. The commission authorised him to raise forces on behalf of the prince, and with that object he repaired to Manchester, the reputed stronghold of the Jacobite party, to beat up for recruits. The town was excited ; the bolder spirits were jubilant and eager in their desire to don the white cockade ; some money was raised, and more was promised but never paid; and what is known to history as the "Manchester Regiment" was enrolled. On the 27th of November the prince arrived at Preston, and by a forced march by way of Wigan reached Manchester on Saturday the 29th, where quarters were ordered for 10,000 troops. Here the force was joined by about 200 Englishmen, who had been formed into a regiment commanded by_ Colonel Townley, under the designation of the " Manchester Regiment." In the civil wars of his great grandfather Charles I., Manchester had, as we have seen, been the head-quarters for many years of the Parliamentary party in Lancashire ; but from some cause which it might not be difficult to explain the mass of the people had changed from Roundheads to Jacobites,_ and the arrival of Prince Charles was celebrated by illuminations and other pubUc demonstrations of joy. " His Majesty King James the Third " was proclaimed at the Market Cross ; receptions were held by the prince at which Jacobite damsels, wearing tartan favours, strove with one another for the privilege of kissing his hand ; and in the evening bonfires were lit and merry peals rang from the steeple of the " old church." The next day, after a special service in the church, the troops were reviewed, and on the Monday, the Highlanders, augmented by the Manchester Regiment, set forward on their march southwards, advancing in two divisions, by different routes, to Macclesfield, where they were again united. Thence they advanced, on the following day, by way of Congleton and Leek, to Derby, where they received intelligence that General Wade's army was in Yorkshire, and that the Duke of Cumberland, brother of King George, was at the head of a considerable force of veterans in the neighbourhood of Lichfield. The danger of being hemmed in between two armies, each of them more numerous than his own, awakened the apprehension of the young prince, who immmediately summoned a council of war. Lord Nairn and some of the most sanguine of the rebels insisted upon the propriety of marching directly to London, but the majority detennined to retreat to Scotland with all possible expedition, and Prince Charles reluctantly acquiesced in this determination. That retreat tolled the knell of the hopes of the Stuarts ! Derby was accordingly abandoned on the 6th of December, and on the 9th the vanguard arrived at Manchester, when the regiment raised by Townley was broken up, though Townley himself, with some of his more ardent supporters, determined on sharing the fortunes of the prince. On the 12th the remnant of the army entered Preston by way of Wigan, and continuing the route by Lancaster, reached the Scotch frontier on the 20th, having performed this memorable retreat of nearly two hundred miles, at midwinter, in fourteen days, and without any material loss of either men, baggage, or cannon. The speedy arrival of the Duke of Cumberland in Lancashire contributed essentially to the- re-establishment of the public peace and confidence ; and a number of stragglers from the fugitive army, who had loitered behind for the purpose of plunder, were taken prisoners by General Oglethorp's dragoons on the 16th Dec, and committed to Lancaster Castle. During the winter great exertions were made to strengthen the hostile armies. The Duke of Cumberland repaired to the north at the head of a numerous and well-appointed force, and the time was approaching when the crown of Great Britain was to be contended for upon the plains of Scotland. Early in the month of April the belligerents drew towards Inverness-shire, and on the 16th of that month they met on the heath of Culloden. Here an engagement took place which, prostrating in the dust the hopes of the house of Stuart, will be for ever memorable in the history of these islands. After the destruction of his army, the Prince Pretender wandered as a fugitive in the Highlands for several mouths, with a reward of £30,000 fixed upon his head, enduring the extremity of personal privation ; but at length he escaped into France, and the tranquillity of the British dominions was restored. A considerable nimaber of his English partisans, principally officers in the " Manchester Regiment," were conveyed to London and tried for high treason. At the head of these unfortunate men stood Francis" Townley, Esq., of Carlisle, nephew of Mr. Townley, of Townley Hall, in Lancashire, who was himself tried for being concerned in the rebellion of 1715, but acquitted. The trials took place on the 15th, 16th, and l7th of July, 1746, before a special commission assembled at the court-house of St. Margaret's Hill, Southwark ; and the facts of the rebellion and the participation of the prisoners being fully established, they were pronounced CHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 333 guilty and adjudged. " To be severally hanged by the neck, not till they were dead, but cut down alive, then their bowels to be taken out and burnt before their faces, their heads to be severed from^ their bodies, and their bodies severally divided into four quarters, and these to be at the king's disposal." The number of persons tried was seventeen, and of that number Francis Townley, colonel of the Manchester Regiment ; Thomas Theodoras Deacon, James Dawson, John Barwick, George Fletcher, and Andrew Blood, captains in the Manchester Regiment ; Thomas Chadwick, lieutenant ; Thomas Syddall, adjutant in the same regiment, a son of Thomas Syddall, the peruke maker, who was hanged for his share in the rebelhon of 1715 ; and David Morgan, a barrister-at-law, and a volunteer in the Pretender's army, were executed on Kennington Common, on the 30th July, with all the horrid accompaniments prescribed by the law. As they mounted the scaffold each of the prisoners made a sort of confession of faith, seven out of the nine professed themselves to be of the reformed religion,^ and in general they resigned themselves to their fate with a degree of heroic constancy worthy of a better cause. The heads of Colonel Townley and Captain George Fletcher were placed upon Temple Bar ; but the heads of all the other prisoners were preserved in spirits and sent into the country to be placed in public situations in Manchester or in Carlisle — -the heads of Thomas Syddall and Thomas Theodoras Deacon remaining for years spiked upon the Manchester Exchange. The following prisoners, chiefly Lancashire men and officers or volunteers in the Manchester Regiment, were also convicted, but thej' were reprieved and afterwards pardoned : Alexander Abernethy, James Gadd, Thomas Furnivall, Christopher Taylor, William Brettargh, John Sanderson, Charles Deacon, and James Wilding. Bills of indictment for high treason arising out of this rebellion were also found by the county of Surrey against the Earls of Kilmarnock and Cromartie, and against Arthur, Lord Balmerino, and these three peers were impeached before the House of Lords on the 28th of Jul^, 1746. Conviction speedily followed accusation, they were all three pronounced guilty, and the Earl of Kalmarnock and Lord Balmerino suffered on the block. The titular Earl of Derwentwater, having been taken in a ship bound to Scotland, suffered the same fate ; and Lord Lovat, though turned fourscore years of age, was consigned to the block for traitorously conspiring to raise and levy war against the king. In the country, nine persons concerned in this rebellion were executed at Carlisle, six at Brompton, near Penrith, and eleven at York. About fifty were executed as deserters in different parts of Scotland, and eighty-one suffered as traitors in that country. In both these rebellions the county of Lancaster displayed a firm attachment to the reigning family — the Catholics as well as the Protestants. The instances of defection were very rare ; and when they occurred they were rather imputable to some peculiarity in the situation of the dehnquents than to any party or religious feelings. The romantic attempt of the Young Chevalier, as displayed in the rebellion of 1745, had in it something imposing to ardent and enthusiastic minds; and those who embraced his cause on the south of the Tweed were principally young men of warm temperament, whose imaginations were dazzled by the chivalrous character of the enterprise. The defeat at CuUoden ended a dynastic contest of more than fifty years in less than fifty minutes. Since the final overthrow of the Stuarts, the incidents that go to make up the history of Lancashire have been associated more with commercial progress than chivalnc enterprise Though the voice of the county has not unfrequently been heard directing the advancement of national wealth and greatness, and occasionally it has been conspicuous for its agitations— social, educational, and political— it has in the main devoted itself to the cultivation of the peaceiul arts and the practical business of life. For a century or more it has gone on inventing and advancing signalising itself more by its mechanical skill and ingenuity than by its deeds of daring and military prowess. Discovery and invention— the disclosure of the secrets of nature and the application of them to the uses of man— were born almost together, and have gone on hand in hand until they have changed almost entirely the aspects of the county. i he last hundred vears present a marvellous retrospect of the progress of mechanical invention, and their historv is little more than a continuous record of industrial activity and commercial enterprise. "Before the rei^n of the second George had drawn to a close, labouring artisans began to exercise their inventive faculties on the rude appliances then in use. Practical observationenabled them to elaborate their mechanical contrivances step by step, and thus a series of progressive inventions followed each other. For five centuries and more the county had been famed ior its manu- factures, which have contributed to the wealth of its people and the prosperity of the nation but for long ages it made little or no progress in improving the machinery, it we may call it such, employed in the production of its wares. The soil had grown its flax and cotton, the 1 Colonel Townley and Oaptaln Blood were the only Roman Catholics. 334 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIKE. chap. xvi. sheep had yielded its wool, and the worm had spun its silk, but as late almost as the days of our great grandmothers the spinning wheel and the loom were as simple and as primitive in their construction as those used by the Hindoo. The cotton trade had long formed the staple industry, but until 1738 the weaver was accustomed to throw his shuttle from hand to hand between the threads that formed his warp. In that year Kay invented the fly shuttle, which enabled one man to do the work of two ; in 1767, James Hargreaves, of Blackburn, constructed his first spinning jenny; and in the same year a reed maker, named Highs, invented a machine for the spinning of cotton twist by rollers, to which he gave the name of the water frame throstle. Scarcely had he completed his work than Richard Arkwright, a Bolton barber of a mechanical turn, obtained a model of it, improved the construction, and with the assistance of the Strutts, of Belper, established a cotton mill, _ the first in the kingdom, and thereby laid the foundation of his fortune and the rapid extension of the cotton trade. While these things were being accomplished, Samuel Crompton, a young man residing at Hall-i'th'-wood, near Bolton, was secretly giving practical form to an idea that had floated through his brain, and in 1779 produced his spinning mule, a machine so named from the circumstance of its combining the principles of the two inventions of Hargreaves and Arkwright to produce a third more efi"ective than either. In 1787, Bolton and Watt's rotative steam engine Avas brought into action at Warrington, and about the same time Cartwright introduced his power loom, the most important of the inventions for diminishing manual labour in the cotton manufacture. By the aid of these inventions, and with the product of its great coal-fields, which have yielded their treasures to help the industry of the artisan and facilitate his labours, the commerce of Lancashire has extended itself with marvellous rapidity, the wealth and population have been augmented in a corresponding degree, and the changes in the appearance of the county have been such as might compare with the fictions of Eastern romance."^ The labour of a producing population cannot be sustained without facilities of transit for the articles produced. * The primitive modes of intercourse were altogether inadequate to the growing energies of the people, and without improved means of communication the industry of the county could not be maintained, or its wealth and prosperity increased ; hence, Lancashire, which had been the birthplace of so many mechanical inventions, became also the cradle of the canal system and led the way in the construction of that system of artificial water ways which subsequently spread like a network over the country. At a later date, under the wand of the magician Steam, the railway system was called into existence, and as the county has the credit of giving birth to the canal system, so also may it claim the credit of having initiated the railway system, for, though the Stockton and Darlington line was formed a few years previously, the Liverpool and Manchester was the first railway on which the powers of the steam locomotive for the purposes of traction were fully established. Since then it has spread its ramifications over the entire face of the county, until, as is estimated, there are now over 600 miles of roadway. " Onward" may be said to have been the watchword of the county, but its efibrts have been devoted for the most part to the practical business of life, and for the last hundred years or more its annals are little else than a continuous chronicle of mechanical enterprise, ingenuity, and skill. Having brought down the general history of the county to the middle of the eighteenth century, the more recent historical events will be treated in the hundred and parish histories ; but it will be proper here to take a general survey of the gentry of the county, and, preliminary thereto, to give a catalogue of the heralds' visitations in chronological order, as they are exhibited in the British Museum : — LANCASHIRE VISITATIONS. Date of Herald's Visitation. Name of Herald. 1533. Thomas Benoilt, Clarencieux, by his deputy, WilJiam Fellow, Lancaster Herald; entitled " A Visitac'on made in Lancashire and in a p'te of Chestershyre,'' p' Lancast'r Ileraulde in ye xxiiiith yeare of o'r Soveraigne Lord Kinge Henry viiith, by a Speciall Com'cion of Thorn's Benoilt, alias Clarencieux, Kine; of the same Province."— (Harl. MS. 2076, fol. 11.)' 1 " Lancashire, Descriptive and Historical," by Jaa. Croston, F.S.A., made me proud wordes." (Harl. M3S. 2076, f. 12 b.) " Sir John Townley, pp. 44-5.— C. kt., had to his first wief one who was daughter to Sir Charles Apillysdon, '' Vide a long note on this MS. in Eibliotheca Heraldica, p. 5S2. It etc. I wot not what her name is, nor I made no greate inquisition, for appears from this visitation that only one Cheshire family declined to he would have no note taken of him, saying, there 2oas no more gentlemen make an entry, while many of the Lancashire families refuaed even to be in Lancashire but my tords of Derby and Monteagle. I sought hym all the spoken with by the herald ; and others, who condescended to gi-ant an day ryding in the wyld country, and his reward was lis. w'eh the guyde audience, dismissed the heraldic "visitant with the utmost rudeness." hadd the most p'tu, as I had as evill a jorney as ever I liadd." Two examples of the conduct of knightly families in the latter county ' Mr. Baines held the opinion, in which the late Mr. Harland shared, are given, with his usual simplicity, by Mr. Fellows: "Sir Richard that the copy in the British Museum was the original, but it is not so. Hoghton, Kt. , hath putt away his ladye and wief, and kepeth a concobyne The original, which was in the possession of William Pierpoint, of in his howse, by whom he hath divers children, and by the Lady he hath Thoresby, co. Notts, in 16S8, was destroyed by fire at that mansion in Ley Hall, w'ch armes he bereth quartred with his in the first quarter. 1745. The copy in the Harl. MSS. is a transcript coeval with the dupli- He says that Mr. Garter licensed him so to doe, and he gave Mr. Garter cate in the College of Anns, and includes ordinaries of Lancashire and an angell noble, but he gave me nothi[)g, nor made me good cheer, but Cheshire arms not contained in the office copy. — C. CHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. Date of Herald's Visitation. Name of Herald. 1567. William Flower, Norroy. — Harl. MS. 2086. [This MS. ia neatly written in the hand of the celebrated Glover, Somerset Herald, who accompanied his father-in-law. Flower, in the Visitation. It is in tabulated form and has some continuations by other hands.] Another copy of the same Visitation, written narratively. — Harl. MS. 891,^ fol. 59. Another copy of the same Visitation, in tables. — Harl. MS. 1468,'' fol. 12. Another copy of the same A^sitation, entered alphabetically, with some continuations. — Harl. MS. 1549. Another copy of the same Visitation, written and augmented in 1598 by William Smith, Rouge Dragon Poursuivant ; " a work " stated in the Harl. Cafcilogue to be " carefully executed, but unfinished." The arms are all neatly coloured. — Harl. MS. 6159. [There is also a copy of Flower's Visitation in the Manchester Coll. Lib., based apparently upon Smith's transcript.] 1613. " Many, if not most of the loose papers" of the Visitation, by Richard St. George, Norroy. — Harl. MS. 1437. Descents registered at the Visitation of 1613.— Harl. MS. 154 9, fol. 108. Pedigrees, supposed to be copied from the Visitation of 1567, by Thomas Knight, Chester Herald. Arms of Families of Lancashire and Cheshire blazoned. — Harl. MS. 893. Pedigrees apparently copied from the Visitation of 1567. — Harl. MS. 1158. "Lancashire Pedigrees, supposed to be copied from the Visitation of 1567, with continuations by the two last Randle Holmes, so low as the year 1704."— Harl. MS. 1987. Funeral Certificates of the Counties of Lancaster, Cheshire, Shropshire, and North Wales, begun 1st March 1600. — Lansdowne MS. 879. Funeral Certificates of the counties of Lancaster, Chester, and North Wales, begun 28fch May 1606. — Lansdowne MS. 2041. Randle Holme's Collections for Lancashire, chiefly consisting of extracts from deeds. — Lansdowne MS. 2042. iiid.— Lansdowne MS.. 2112. Collections, Historical, Heraldical, and Juridical, principally relating to Lancashire. —Lansdowne MS. 7386. There is here one important omission, arising out of the last and most authentic visitation of the county not having yet found its way into the British Museum ; this is the visitation of Lancashire made by Sir William Dugdale, knight, himself a descendant of a Lancashire family long settled at Clitheroe, and some time Garter Principal King-of-arms. Sir William's visitation is deposited in the Heralds' Office, Doctors' Commons, London ; and the following extracts from the diary of the venerable antiquary fixes the dates with precision when the entries were made : — ^ [ Visitation of Lancashire.'] * September 1664. — 8. To Manchester. 12. To Blackburn. 14. To Garstang. 15. To Lancaster. 17. To Preston. 21. To Eufford, Mr. Molineux house. 22. To Ormeskirke. 24. To Knowsley, the Earle of Derby's. 26. To Tabley in Chesh. Sr Peter Leicester's. 28. To Stone. 29. Home to BIythe Hall. March 1665. 9. From BIythe Hall to Stone. 10. Manchester. 11. To sit at Manchester. 13. To ride to Preston. 14. To sit at Preston. 15. Lancaster. 16. To sit at Lancaster. April 1665.^4. To Rydale (neere Ambleside), Mr. Fleming's house. 5. Lancaster. 6. Preston. 7. Ormskirk. 8. To sit at Ormskirk. That night to my Ld MoUueux. In addition to the herald's visitations and other MSS. in the British _ Museum, copies of many of the Lancashire wills and inventories, funeral certificates, and Inquisitiones post mortem have been printed by the Chetham and Record Societies. Persons assuming to be gentlemen, but who were not entitled to the honour of bearing arms, were subject to the following indignities on their names being struck from the former visitations: "Their names being written on a sheet of paper," says William Flower, Norroy king-of-arms, " with fayre greate letters, was carryed by the Bayliff of the Himdred, and one of the Herauldes men to the Chiefe Towne of that hundred, where, in the chiefe place thereof, the herauldes man Redd the names (after crye made by the Baylife and the people gathered) And_ then pronounced openly by the said Bayley Every man's name severally contamed m the said bill : that done, the Bavlev sett the said Bill of Names on a poste fast with wax where it may stand drye, so it be as aforesaid in the Chiefest place of the said Towne." When Sir William Dugdale made his visitation some whose ancestors had long borne arms disclaimed their right altogether, and the Nonconformist families generally appear to have disregarded his summons, disdaining the "noble science" and treating with contempt its terrestrial distinctions and dignities. Amongst the MS. collections in the Chetham Library, Manchester, are the following :— No 6694— A copy of Flower's Visitation, bearing the date of 1567, and the following years, transcribed from a book of ■ parchment in the hands of Robert Cooke, Clarencieux king-of-armes m 1583 No 6719 -^Another copy of the Visitation of 1567, transcribed, &c., by Wm, Smith Rouge Dragon. _ . , , , , A ereat variety of pedigrees and genealogies of Lancashire families, &c many of the armorial bearings curiously emblazoned, XerVsketched with the pen, interspersed with numerous historical memoranda. By Thomas Barret.'' ,1.1. Ari„it„«nT,nf Suffolk nnd other Bediorees 8022, 8024, and 1826.— H. Mr. Grcgson mentions an original copy of the 1 This MS. contains ''^°^^^'''?'^^}°^3°^^^^ Visitation of Lancashire, a.d. 1662, in this lihrary, supposed to be in = This MS. likewise contains the Visitation «* Mjf ^lesex i° 166*^ Dugdale's own handwriting, containing two hundred and eighty-four ' Hamper's Life of Sir William Uugdale, pp. 11^ lis. sir wuiiam u^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ genealogies, but we do not find any such MS., nor was knighted by Charles 11. may '^=' ""'•., , ,, ,.„„, ifi„„„r (1 i^mt St was there any Visitation of Lancashire made by Dugdale in that year.— B. 4 The Visitations of liincashire by Benoilt ^^^^^/^.^^^J-^^^H^^"^ Thereis no such MS. in the library. Dugdale'a Visitition of Lancashire George (1613), and Dugdale (1664-5), have been printed by tne onetnam ^^J^^^. j^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ .^^^^ ^„^ i^g,^ ^j ^^^^^ the office copy (C 37) is ^°"'*Th7s6' will be found in the MS. vols, numbered 8017, 8019, 8020, preserved in the Heralds' College.-H. 336 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. XVI. FAMILIES WHICH ENTERED THEIR DESCENTS AT THE LANCASHIRE VISITATIONS OF 1533, 1567, 1613, and 1664-5 Adlington of Adlington 1533 Ainsworth of Pleasington — Allen of Broughton Ambrose of Ambrose Ha 11 Ambrose of Lowlck — Anderton of Andertoa — Anderton of Birchley — Anderton of Euxton — Anderton of Lostock — Andrews of Little Lerer — Ashawe of Hall-on-the-Hill 1533 Asheton of Asheton — ■ Asheton of Chadderton — Asheton of Great Lever 1533 Asheton of Middleton 1533 Asheton of Penketh — • Asheton of Shepley — Ashton of Bamf urlong — ■ Ashton of Croston — Ashton of Preston — Ashurst of Ashurst — Astley of Stakes — Atherton of Atherton 1533 Aughton of Adlington — 1567 1567 — 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 Bamford of Bamford — Banastre of Altham Banastre of Bank 1533 Banastre of Darwen — Banastre of Preston — Bankes of Winstanley — Barcroft of Barcroft — Barljw of Barlow — Barton of Barton — Barton of Smithells 1533 Beck of Manchester — Beconsall of Beconeall 1533 Billinge of Billinge — Bindlosse of Berwick — Birch of Ardwick — Birch of Birch — Birtwistle of Huncoat Blackburn of Newton Blundell of Ince Blundell — Eluudell of Little Crosby — Blundell of Preston — BoldofBold 1533 Booth of Barton 1633 Booth of Booth — Booth of Salf ord — Bootle of Melling — Brabyu of Docker — Braddyll of Brockholes — Braddyll of Whalley — Bradley of Bradley — Bradley of Bryning — Bradshaw of Bradshaw — Bradshaw of Darcy Lever — Bradshaw of Haigh 1533 Bradshaw of Pendleton — Bradshaw of Pennington — Bradshaw of Preesall — Breres of Chorley — Bretherton of Hey — Brettargh of Brettargh's Holt — Brockholes of Clayton — Brockholes of Hetou — Bruche of Bruche 1533 Bryers of Walton — Buckley of Buckley — T3urron of Warrington — Bushell of Kuerden — Butler of Bewsey 1533 Butler of Kirkland — Butler of Rawoliffe 1533 Butterworth of Belfield — Byrom of Byrom — 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1613 1664-5 1613 1664-5 — 1664-5 _ 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 1613 — 1613 1664-5 — 1664-5 1613 1664-5 1613 1664-5 1613 — — 1664-5 1613 — 1613 1664-5 — 1664-5 1613 1664-5 1613 1664-5 — 1664-5 1613 1664-5 — 1664-5 1613 1664-5 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1567 — 1567 — 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 1613 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1661-5 1613 1664-5 _ 1664-5 1613 — — 1664-5 — 1664-5 1613 — — 1664-5 1664-5 1613 1664 5 — 1664-5 1613 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 1613 — — 1664-5 — 1634-5 — 1664-5 1613 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 1613 1664-5 — 1664-5 1613 1664-5 — 1664-5 Byrom of Manchester — Byrom of Salf ord — Byron of Clayton 1533 Calvert of Cockerham Cams of Asthwaite Carus of Halton Case of Hayton Catherall of My tton Catterall of Crooke Chaddock of Chaddock Chaderton of Leghes Chad wick of Chadwick Chadwiok of Healey Chadwick of Taunton Charnock of Cliarnook Charnock of Leyland Chetham of Chetham Chetham of Crumpsall Chetham of Nuthurst Chetham of Turton Chisnall of Chisnall Chorley of Chorley Chorley of Ormskirk Chorley of Preston Clayton of Clayton Clayton of Crooke Clayton of Lentworth Clayton of Little Harwood , Clifton of Clifton Clifton of Westby Cole of Coat Cooper of Carnf ord Cottom of Tornaker Crombock of Clarke Hill Cross of Liverpool Cud worth of Werneth Culcheth of Abram Culcheth of Culcheth Curwen of Poulton Dalton of Bispham Dalton of Thurnham .. Daniell of Wigan Davenport of Salford .. Dewhurst of Alston Dewhurst of Dewhurst Dichfield of Ditton Dickinson of Writinton , . Doding of Conishead .. Downes of Wardley Dukinfield of Hindley .. Eccleston of Eccleston .., Egerton of Shaw Eltonhead of Eltonhead Entwistle of Foxholes .. Ey ves of Fishwick Farington of Farington 1533 Farington of Lingard — Farington of Ribbleton — Farington of Worden — Fazakerley of Fazakerley — Fazakerley of Kirby — Fleetwood of Penwortham — Fleetwood of Rossall — French of Preston — Fyfe of Wedacre — Qartside of Rochdale — Gerard of Astley — Gerard of Bryn 1533 Gerard of Inoe ■ — Gerard of Newton — Gilibrand of Chorley — Gilibrand of Peel — — — 1664-5 — 1613 1664-5 1567 — — 1613 _ 1567 — — — 1664-5 — — 1664-5 1567 — — — — 1664-5 — — 1664-5 — 1613 — — — 1664-5 — . 1613 — — — 1664-5 1567 1613 — 1567 1613 — — 1664-5 — 1613 — — — 1664-5 — — 1664-5 1567 1613 1664-5 1567 1613 1664-5 — — 1664-5 — — 1664-5 — 1613 — — — 1664-5 — — 1664-5 — — 1664-5 — — 1364-5 1567 1613 — — — 1664-5 — — 1664-5 — 1613 — — — 1664-5 1567 — — 1567 1613 1664-5 — . — 1664-5 1567 — 1664-5 — 1613 — 1613 — . — 1664-5 — — . 1664-5 — — 1664-5 — . — 1664-5 — 1613 — 1567 1613 — — — 1664-5 1613 1664-5 — 1613 1664-5 — — 1664-5 1567 _ 1664-5 — — 1664-5 1567 1613 1664-5 — — 1664-5 — — 1664-5 1567 _ _ 1567 — — 1567 1613 1664-5 — 1613 1664-5 — 1613 1664-5 — — 1664-5 1567 1613 1664-5 — 1613 1664-5 — 1664-5 — — 1664-5 _ 1664-5 1567 — , — — . 1664-5 1567 1613 — — — 1664-5 — 1613 1664-5 — 1613 1664 5 CHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 337 Gilibrand o£ Ramsgreve Girlington of Thurland Goodlaw of AspuU Gorsuch of Gorsuch Greenhalgh of Brandlesholme... Gregory of HigUhurst Grimshaw of Catterall Grimshaw of Clayton — Halsall of Halsall 1533 Halsall of Melling — HaiTington of Huyton — Hartley of Strangeways — ■ Hawarden of Appleton — Hawarden of Widnes — Hawarden of Wolston — Haydock of Cottom — Haye of Chorlton — Heaton of Heaton 1533 Hendley of Hendley — Hesketh of Aughton — • Hesketh of North Meols — Hesketh of Poulton — Hesketh of Preston — Hesketh of Rufford 1533 Heyrick of Manchester — Hey wood of Hey wood — Heywood of Walton-on-the-Hill ... — Hilton of Millwood — Hodgkinaou of Preston — Hoghton of Park Hall — Holcroft of Holcroft 1533 Holden of Holden (?) — Holland of Clifton 1533 Holland of Denton — Holland of Heaton Holland of Sutton Holt of Ash worth — Holt of Bridge Hall — Holt of Grislehurst 1533 Holt of Stubley 1533 Hopwood of Hopwood 1533 Hothersall of Hothersall Houghton of Houghton Houghton of Lea 1533 Howorth of Howorth — Howorth of Thurcroft — Hulme of Hulme — Hulton of Farnworth — Hultonof Hulton 1533 Hulton of Thorpensty — Hyde of Denton — Hyde of Hyde — Hyde of Urmston — Inoe of Ince — Ireland of Hutt — Ireland of Lydiate — Johnson of Preston — Kenyon of Peele — Keurden of Keurden — Keurden of Preston — Kighley of Inskip 1533 Kirkby of Kirkby — Kirkby of Upper Rawolifie — Knipe of Boughton — Lacy of Longworth — Lancaster of Rainhill — Langley of Agecroft 1 533 Langton of Broughton Tower — Langtou of Lowe — Langton of Newton 1533 Langtree of Langtree 1533 Latham of Irlam Latham of Mosborough — Lathom of Parbold — ' No trace of tliis 4i 1613 1613 — 1567 — 1613 1567 1567 1567 1567 1613 — 1567 1567 1567 1567 1613 1613 — 1567 1613 1613 1567 — 1567 — 1567 1613 — 1613 1567 — 1567 1567 1613 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1613 — 1567 — 1664-5 1567 1613 1664-5 — — 1664-5 — 1613 1664-5 — — 1664-5 — 1613 — — — 1664-5 1567 — — — 1613 — — — 1664-5 1567 — — 1567 1613 — — 1613 — 1613 — 1613 1567 1613 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 l.'i67 — 1664-5 . — — 1664-5 1567 — — — 1613 1664-5 1567 — — — — 1664-5 _ 1664-5 1567 1613 1664-5 1567 — — — — 1664-5 — — 1664-5 1567 — — 1567 — — — 1613 1664-5 — 1613 — — — 1664-5 Lathom of AVhiston Lawe of Preston Legh of Bradley I533 Legh of Bruche — Leigh of Preston Leigh of Barton Leigh of Singleton Grange — Lemon of Preston Lever of Little Lever Lever of Kersall Leyland of Morleys 1533 Lightbown of MancheBter — Livesay of Sutton — Livesey of Livesey ... — Longworth of Longworth — Longworth of Upper Rawcliffe ... — Lowde of Kirkham — Maghull of Maghull — Markland of Wigan - Masoy of Carlton — Mascy of Layton — Mascy of Rixton 1533 Maudesley of Leyland — Maudesley of Maudesley — Medowcrof t of Smethurst — Mercer of West Derby Midleton of Leighton — Molyneux of Haughton — Molyneux of Hawkley — Molyneux of Melling — Molyneux of New Hall — Molyneux of Sefton 1533 More of Bankhouse 1533 Morecroft of Ormskirk — Morley of Winnington — Mort of Damhouse — Mort of Preston — Mosley of Anooats — Mosley of Hough — Mossoake of Kenniscough — My nsh uU of Manchester — — 1567 1613 1567 1567 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1613 — 1613 1613 1613 1567 1613 1567 — 1567 — 1567 1613 1567 — — 1613 1613 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1564-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 Nelson of FajTchurst . . . Newport of Lichfield ' ... Newsam of Newsamhall Newton of Newton Norreys of Middleforth... Norreys of Speke Norreys of Tarleton Norreys of West Derby. . . Nowell of Great Mearley Nowell of Little Mearley Nowell of Reade Nuthall of Tottington ... — — — 1664-5 1533 Ogle of Whiston — Oldham of Manchester — Orrel of Turton 1533 Osbaldeston of Osbaldeston 1533 Osbaldeston of Sunderland — Parker of Bradkirke — Parker of Extwisle — Parkinson of Falsnape — Parr of Kempnough — Patten of Warrington — Penketh of Penketh — ■ Pennington of Pennington — Pennington of Wigan — Pigot of Preston — Pleasington of Dimples — Porter of Lancaster Preston of Holker Preston of the Manor (Furness) Preston of Preston Preston of Preston-Patrick Prestwich of Hulme Prestwich of Prestwich 1533 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1567 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1613 1664-5 — 1664-5 1613 1613 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 — 1664-5 — 1664-5 1613 — 1813 1567 1613 — — 1613 — 1567 1613 1613 1613 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 is famUy is found in any of the other Visitations of tanoashire,— C, 338 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. XVI. Radcliffe of Manchester — — 1613 Radoliffe of Ordsall 1533 1567 — Radcliffe of Radcliffe — — Radcliffe of Todmorden — — — Radoliffe of Wimerley — l&e/ 1613 Ratcliffe of Leigh — Rawhnson of Carke — — — Reddish of Reddish 1533 1567 — Ridge of Manchester Rigbyof Burgh - - lbl3 Rigby of Hareoke - 1567 161u 1664-5 Rigby of Layton — — — 1664-b Rigby of Middletou RigbyofWigan - - 1613 Rigmaiden of Wedacre — ^.lO' RLshton of Dunishope — — Rishton of Ponthalghe — — — Rishton of Rishton 1533 — — Risley of Risley — Rixton of Sankey — 1567 — Robinson of Buckshaw-iu-Euxton . — — — Rogerley of Park Hall in Blackrod. — — 1613 Rosthorn of New Hall — — — Rushton of Antley — — Rushton of Dunkenhalgh — 1567 1613 Rushton of Sparth — — 1613 Ryley of the Green — 1567 — Sale of Hope Carr — — — Sandford of High Ashes & Nuthurst — — — Sandys of Gray thwaite — — — Sawrey of Plumpton — — — Soarisbriek of Bickerstaffe 1533 — — Scarisbriok of Scarisbrick — 1567 — Schofield of Schofleld — 1567 — Sclater of Light Oaks — — — Sharpies of Freckleton — — — Sharpies of Sharpies — 1567 — Sharrock of Walton — — — Shaw of BuUoghe — — — Shaw of Heath Charnock '. — — — Shaw of Heyside — — — Shaw of Preston — — — Shaw of Shaw Place — — — Sherbourne of Little Mitton — — — Sherbourne of Ribbleton — — 1613 Sherbourne of Stonyhurst — 1567 1613 Sherbourne of Twisleton — — — Sherbourne of Wolfhouse — — — Shuttleworth of Asterley — — — Shuttleworth of Bedford — — — Shuttleworth of Gawthorpe — 1567 — Shakerley of Shakerley 1533 1567 — Singleton of Brockhall — 1567 1613 Singleton of Steyniug — — — Skillicorne of Preece — 1567 — Sorocold of Barton — — — Southworth of Samlesbury 1533 1567 — Spencer of Ashton Hall — — — Standish of Burgh — — 1613 Standish of Duxbury 1533 1567 1613 Standish of Standish 1533 1567 — Standish of West Derby — — — Stanley of Bickerstaffe — — 1613 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 _ _ 1664-5 — 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-6 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 1664-5 Stanley of Broughton — — — 1664-5 Stanley of Grosshall 1533 1567 — 1664-5 Stanley Earl of Derby 1533 — — 1664-5 Stanley of Eocleston — — — 1664-5 Stanley of Hornby Castle — — — 1654-5 Stanley of Moor Hall — — — 1664-5 Starkie of Aughton — — — 1664-5 Starkie of Huntroyde — — — 1664-5 Strangeways of Strangeways — — 1613 — Talbot of Carr _ _ — 1664-5 Talbot of Salebury 1533 1567 — 1664-5 Tarbock of Tarbock 1533 1567 — — Tatlock of Cunscough — — — 1664-5 Tetlow of Werneth — — 1613 — Thornton of Thornton — — 1613 — Townley of Barnside — — — 1664-5 Townley of Dutton _ _ _ 1664-5 Townley of Hurstwood — — — 1664-5 Townley of Oakenhead — — — 1664-5 Townley of Royle — — 1613 1664-5 Townley of Stinehedge _ _ _ 1664-5 Townley of Townley 1533 — 1613 1664-5 TongeofTonge _ _ _ 1664-5 Trafford of Trafford 1533 1567 1613 1664-5 Tracers of Nateby — — 1613 — Tyldesley of Garret — — — 16-i4-5 Tyldesley of Morleys — 1567 — 1664-5 Tyldesley of Wardley — 1567 1613 — Urmston of West Leigh 1583 1567 — 1664-5 Valentine of Bentcliffe — — — 1664-5 Veale of Methop — — 1613 — Veale of Whinneyheys — — — 1664-5 Wadsworth of Hayton '. — — — 1664-5 Wall of Preston — 1567 — 1664-5 Walmsley of Banister — — — 1664-5 Walmsley of Caldootes ; _ _ _ 1664-5 Walmsley of Dunkenhalgh — — 1613 1664-5 Walmsley of Showley — — — 1664-5 Walton of Walton _ _ _ 1664-5 Watmough of Myclehead — — 1613 — West of Berwick _ _ _ 1664-5 AVestby of Mowbreck — 1567 — — Westby of Myerscough — — — 1664-5 Westby of Rawcliffe _ _ _ 1664-5 Westby of Westby : — — 1613 — Whalley, Abbey of (Founder) 1533 — — — Whittacre of Whittacre — 1567 — — Whittingham of Whittingham — 1567 1613 1664-5 Winkley of Winkley — — 1613 — Winkley of Preston — — — 1664-5 WoodofTurton — — 1613 1664-5 Woodward of Shevington — — — 1664-5 Woolfall of Woolfall __ _ _ 1664-5 Worsley of Booths 1533 1567 — 1664-5 Worsley of Piatt _ _ _ 1664-5 Worsley of Worsley Mains — — 1613 — Worthington of Blainscough .' — 1567 — 1664-5 Worthington of Croshawe — — 1613 1664-5 Worthington of Sbevington — — — 1664-5 Worthington of Worthington — — 1613 1664-5 Of the principal nobility and gentry of the county we shall have to treat in the respective hundreds; but the following list, extracted from a MS. in the author's possession, collated with Blore's List, published in 1673, forms a useful and compendious catalogue for more general reference : — FAMILIiE LANCASTRIENSES, Or, ti List of the Nobility and Gentry in the County Palatine of Lancaster, from the time of Henry HI., from Original Records and the MSS. of Sir John Byron, Sir Qeorge Booth, Mr. John Orthography preserved of ioth Persons and Places. Abraham of Abraham Adlington of Adlington Allen of Rosshall Allen of Broughton Ambrose of Lowick Ambrose of Ambrose Hall Anderton of Lostock Anderton of Birohley Anderton of Anderton Anderton of Euxton, Clayton, Andrews of Little Lever Appleton of Appleton Ash aw of Hethe Charnock Ashfield of Ashfield Ashurst of Ashurst VIL to the Accession of William JSopJcinson, and others, with the Aspden of Aspden Ashton of Ashton-under-Lyne Ashton of Middleton Ashton of Chatterton Ashton of Shepley CHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 339 Ashton of Penketh Ashton of Lever Ashton of Downham Ashton of Kuerdeu Ashton of Croston Ashton of Littlewood Ashton of Preston Ashton of Whalley Ashton of Ribblebank Ashton of Bromforlong Ashton of Ashton Astley of Stakes Atherton of Atherton Athertou of Bickerstaff Atherton of Grantley AtheiiMn of Norbie Aughton of Aughton Meales Aynesworth of Aynesworth Aynesworth of Plessington Balderstone of Balderstone Bamford of Bamford Bamford of Maudsley Banister of Altham Banister of Preston Banister of Bank Hall Banister of Park Hill Banister of Walton Eankes of Winstanley Barcrof t of Barcroft Bardsey of Bardsey Barlow of Barlow Barnes of Bold Barton of Barton Barton of Smithells Barton of Barton Row Barton of Middleton Beaconshaw of Beaconshaw Beck of Manchester Beconsall of Beconsall Belfield of Clegg Bellingham of Bellingham BiUing of Billing Bindlosa of Borwick Birch of Birch Hall Birch of Ordshall Birket of Birket Birtwistle of Huncoats Bispham of Bispham Blackbome of Blackborne Blackborne of Wisewall Blundell of Ince Blundell Blundell of Preston Blundell of Crosby Bold of Bold Booth of Barton Booth of Booth Booth of Salford Bootle of Lathom Botteswell of Huncote Brabine of Docker Brache of Brache Braddill of Portfield Bradley of Brining Bradley of Bethone Bradshaigh of Haigh Bradshaw of Bradshaw Bradshaw of AspuU and Pennington Bradshaw of Darcy Lever Bradshaw of Hope and Pendle- ton Bradshaw of Presall and Skale Bratterhough of Bratterhough Breares of Walton Bretarghe of Bretarghe Bridgeman of Leaver Brookhole of Brockhole Brockhole of Claughton Brook of Norton Brotherton of Hay or Hey Broughton of Broughtou Browne of Ribbleton Browne of Brinesop Buckley of Buckley Bushell of Kuerden Butler of Rawolifif Butler of Bewsey Butler of Laytou and Hakensall Butler of Kirkland Butterworth of Bellfleld Byrom of Byrom Byrume of Byrome Byrome of Manchester Byrome of Salford Byron of Clayton Calvert of Cockerham Canstteld of Causfield Carus of Halton Case of Huyton Catherall of Catherall Catherall of Crook Catherall of Mitton Chaddocke of Chaddocke Chadwick of Chadwick Chadwick of Heely Charnoek of Holcote Charnock of Charnoek Chatterton of Chatterton Chatterton of Nuthurst Cheetham of Cheetham Cheetham of Turton Tower Chetham of Nuthurst Chetham of Smedley Childway of Sal[es]bury Chisnall of Chisnall Chorley of Chorley Chorley of Preston Chorley of Rainhill Clayton of Crooke Clayton of Fullwood Clayton of Little Harwood Clayton of Lentworth Clayton of Clayton Clifton of Westby Clitherowe of Sal[es]bury Cole of Bolton Cooper of Carnford Crofts of Clayton Crombache of Clerk Hill Crompton of Oldham Cross of Cross Hall Cross of Liverpool Cudworth of Wornetli Culcheth of Abram Culcheth of Culcheth Cunliffe of Cunlifife, Holliugs, and Wycollar Dalton of Dalton Dalton of Thornham Daniel of Wigan Deane of Blackborne Denton of Denton Dewhirst of Alston Dickinson of Eccleston Ditchfield of Ditton Ditton of Ditton Dodding of Conishead Downes of Wardley Duckenfield of Hinley Duxbury of Deane Dyneley of Downham Eaton of Eaton Eccleston of Eccleston Eccleston of Eccleston, near Preston Egerton of Shaw Elston of Elston Eltonhead of Eltonhead Entwistle of Entwistle and Foxholes Eyres of Fishwick Farrington of Weardon Farrington of Farrington Farrington of Halton Grange Farrington of Ribbleton Fauloonberg of Yarom Fazakerley of Fazakerley Fazakerley of Kirkby Fazakerley of Wearden Fitton of Great Harwood Fitton of Rufford Fleetwood of Penwortham Fleetwood of Plumpton Fleetwood, another descent Fleetwood, another descent Fleetwood of Rossall Fleming of Croston Forth of Swindley Foxcroft of Foxcroft French of Preston Fyffe of Wedacre Garside of Garside, Oaken- head, and Rochdale Gerard of Brynne Gerard of Ince Gerard of Helagh, Bromley Gerard, another descent Gerard of Brandon Gerard of Halsall Gillibrand of Peel Gillibrand of Romesgi-ave Gillibrand of Chorley Girles of Prestwich Girlington of Thurgoland Castle Goodlowe of Ashpool Gorsach of Gorsach Greenakers of Rede and Worst(jn Greenhalgh of Brandlesome Greenhalgh of Greenhalgh Gregory of Manchester Gresley of Manchester Greston of Greston Grimshaw of Grimshaw and Clayton Habergham of Habergham Hacking of Hacking Halsall of Bickerstaff, Halsall, and Melling Halsted of Banck House Harrington of Hornby Castle Harrington of Huyton Harrington of Westby, Black- rode, &c. Harrison of Aldcliffe Hartley of Chorlton and Strangeways Hawardeu of Fennystrete Hawarden of Appleton Haworth of Havvorth Haworth of Parkhead, &c Haye of Monkhall and Chorl- ton Hall Hay ton of Hay ton Helme of Gosnarghe Hesketh of Hesketh Hesketh, another descent Hesketh of Aughton Hesketh of Whye Hill and Heslington Hesketh of Poolton and Maynes Hesketh of Meales Hesketh of Rufford Hall Heyricke of Manchester Heysham of Highfield Heyworth of Heyworth Hilton of Hilton Hilton of Milwood Hilton of Farnworth Hodgkinson of Preston Hoghton of Lea Holcrof t of Hurst Holcroft of Holcroft Holden of'Holden Holden of Shageley Holland of Litherlaud, Eccles- ton, and Swineshead Holland of Denton, Clifton Holland of Sutton Holland of Sutton, another descent Holland of Hale Holme of Urmston Holt of Stubley Holt of Grislehurst Holt of Bridgehall Holt of Ashworth Hopwood of Hopwood Hothersall of Hothersall Houghton of Houghton Tower Houghton of Pendleton Houghton of Park Hall Houghton of Grimsargh Houghton of Entwistle Huddlestone of Huddlestone Hulme of Hulme Hulton of Hulton Hurlston of Hurlston Hutton of Thorpinstye Hyde of Hyde and Urmston Hyde of Denton Hyndley of Hyndley luce of Ince Ireland of Hutt and Hale Ireland of Lydgate Johnson of Preston Kenion of Peel Kenyon of Kenyon Kighley of Inskip Kirkby of Kirkby Kirkby of Upper Rawcliffe Elirkby of Crosshall Kirkby of Mowbrecke Kitchen of North Meales Knipe of Broughton Kuerdeu of Kuerden Kuerden of Walton Lacy of Langworth Lancaster of Lancaster Lancaster of Rainhill Langford of Hough Langley of Edgecroft Langley of Ayrescroft Langton, Baron of Newton Langton of Lowe Langton of Broughton Langton of Walton Langtree of Langtree Lathome of Lathome Lathome of Parbold Lathome of Wiston Lathome of Irlam Laurence of Ashton Lea of Lea Leigh of Barton Leigh of Bradley Leigh of Brush Leigh of Walton, Bothomes and Preston Leigh of Singleton Leigh of Oughterington Lemmon of Preston Lever of Great Lever Lever of Alkrington Lever of Kersal Leyland of Morley Lightboone of Manchester Linch of Warrington Livesey of Livesey Livesey of Sutton Louguevillers of Hornby Castle , 340 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. xyi. Longwortli of Upper Raw- cliff Lovel of Halewood Lowde of Kirkham Lowe of Preston MaghuU of MaghuU Markland of Wigan Markland of the Meadows Masoa of Clitherow Massey of Rixtou Massey of Carlston Maudsley of Maudsley Meadowcroft of Smethurst Meales of Meales Melson of Fairhurst, &o. Melton of Melling Mercer of West Derby Mereland of Mereland Merton of Melling Middleton of Leighton MinshuU of Manchester Mitton of Mitton Molyneaux of Sephton Molyneaux of Thornton Molyueaux of Thornton, &o. Molyneaux of Rainhill and Hawksley Molyneaux of Wimberley Molyneaux of Thorpe Molyneaux of Combsoough Molyneaux of Shipton Molyneiux of Larbrick, &c. Molyueaux of Kirton Molyneaux of Crosby and Woodhouse Molyneaux of New Hall Montbegon of Hornby Castle Moore or More of Bank Hall More of Leverpoole Morecroft of Ormeskirk Morley of Morley Morley of Wennington Mort of Highfield, Dapilton, and Damhouse Mort of Preston Moseley of Hough-end Moseley of Manchester, An- cotes, and Garrett Mosley of Holme Mossoake of Kenniscough Mowbrick of Mowbrick Nelson of Maudsley Netby of Netby Neville of Hornby Castle Newaome of Newsome Newton of Newton Newton of Lancaster Norris of Sutton and Speke Norris of Tarleton and Middleforth Norris of Davy Hulme Nowell of Rede Nuthall of Nuthall Nuthall of Tottington Ogle of Whiston Ogle of Prescot Oidham of Oldham Oldham of Manchester Ormeston of Ormeston Ormrode of Ormrode Orrill of Orrill Orrill of Turton Osbaldiston of Osbaldiston Osbaldiston of Sunderland Parker, Lord Morley and Monteagle, Hornby Castle Pai ker of Bradkirk Parker of Entwistle Parker of Bromlowe [? Brows- holme] Parker of Holland Parr of Kempnough and Cleworth Patten of Warrington Pemberton of Pemberton Penketh of Penketh ] Penninaton of Wigan Pigot of Preston Pilkington of Pilkington Pilkington of Rivington Plessington of Plessington Plessington of Pelingford Porter of Lancaster Preston of Preston Preston of Holker Preston of Manner Prestwich of Prestwich Pudaey of Bolton Radcliffof Ordaall Radoliff of Radcliff KadclifF of Radcliff, another descent Radoliff of Radcliff, another descent Radoliff of Chatterton Radcliff of Todmorden Radcliff of Leigh Radcliff of Wimberley Ratcliff of Edgworth Rawliuson of Greenhead, Tottlebank, and Carke Rawstorne of Newhall Reddish of Reddish Redman of Gressingham Ridge of Marple and Ridge Rigby of Harrock Rigby of Middleton Rigby of Layton and Burgh Rigby of Huncote Rigby of Rigby Rigmaden of Rigmaden Riley of the Green Rishton of Ponthalghe Rishton of Antley Rishton of Dunkenhalghe Rishton of Rishton Rishton of Dunnishopp Risley of Risley Rixton of Rixton Robinson of Preston, &c. Sal[es]bury of Sal[es]bury Sale of Hop Carr Samlesbury of Samlesbury Sandford of Nuthurst Sandys of Graythwaite Sankey of Sankey Sawrey of Plumpton Soaresbreck of Soaresbreck Solater of Light Oakes Scillycorn of Scillycorn Scolefleld of Scolefield Shackerley of Shackerley Sharpies of Sharpies Sharpies of Frickleton Sharrock of Walton Shaw of BuU-haghe Shaw of Heath Charnock Shaw of Shaw Place Shaw of Preston Shaw of Hey Side Sherborne of Sherborne Sherborne of Stannihurst Sherborne of Wolf House Sherborne of Ribbleton Sherborne of Mitton Sherborne of Twistleton Sherrington of Sherrington Shuttleworth of Hacking Shuttleworth of Gawthorpe Shuttleworth of Asteley Shuttleworth of Bedford Shuttleworth of Shuttleworth Shuttleworth of Larbricke Singleton of Singleton Singleton of Staning Singleton of Browcow Slater of Light Oakes Smith of Cuerdley Smyth of Peel House Sorocold of Barton Southworth of Samlesbury Spencer of Ashtou Hall Standish of Standish Standish of Duxbury Standish of Burghe Stanley Earls of Derby Stanley of Hornby Castle Stanley of Stanley Stanley of Moor Hall Stanley of Bickerstaffe Stanley of Crosshall Stanley of Broughton Stanley of Holt and Tatton Stanley of Eccleston Starkey of Barthington Starkey of Huntroyd Starkey of Aughton Starkey of Pendle Hall Strangeways of Strangeways Sutton of Rixton Talbot of Dinckley Talbot of Sal[es]bury Talbot of Carr Tetlow of Cunscough Tetlow of Oldham Tildsley of Tildsley, Wardlcy Tildsley of Garret Tildsley of Moreleys Tong of Tong Torbeck of Torbeck Townley of Townley Townley of Barnside Townley of Carr Townley of Royle Townley of Oakenhead Townley of Stonedge Townley of Ditton Townley of Littleton Townleys of Hirstwood Trafford of Trafford Trafford of Chatterton Travers of Neatby Tunstall of Thurlaud Castle Tunstall of Bolton Turton of Turton • Valentine of Bentcliff Veale of Winneyleys Urmston of West Leigh Ursewick of Lancaster Wadsworth of Hayton Wall of Preston and Morehall Wall of Preston and Chingle Hall Walmsley of Showley Walmsley of Caldcotes Walmsley of Banister Hall Walmsley of Dunkenhalgh Walton of Walton Watmough of Micklenhead West of Berwick Westby of Mirescough Westby of Rawclitte Westby of Mowbreck Whittacre of Simonstone Whittingham of Whittingham Winckley of Winokley Winckley of Preston Winstanley of Winstanley Wood of Turton Woodward of Shevingtou Woolfall of Woolfall Woolfall of Aughton Woolton of Woolton Woraley of Worsley and Booths Worsley of Manchester Worthington of Worthington Worthington of Blainsco Worthington of Crawshaw Worthington of Shevington Wrightington of Wrightington The following additional names of the gentry of Lancashire have not in our manuscript copy the residences, though they have the arms annexed : Agard, Antringham, Apleisdon, Arrowsmith, Arbrech, Ball, Bayne, Bellowe, Bewick, Bethone, Bolton, Bozone, Broughton, Brindleshaw, Brough, Bushoppe, Byron, Chantrell, Curwen, Dalton, Dansey [Dauntesey], Delamere, Delafield, Dennets, English, Fleming, Fitzwarren, Fitzwilliams, Forward, Frickleton, Garnet, Gentel, Gawen, Goldsworth, Greenham, Grassam, Halliwell, Hawksted, Haydock, Heyton, Hodgson, Ipress, Ireball, Kendall, Kesvi'ick, Kirstow, Linaores, Linsey, Magnyll, Mildmore, Morris, Mouthall, Norvans, North, Norwood, Ormesby, Peeford, Peyton, Pickering, Plumpton, Prent, Ransford, Rawsthorne, Sands, Sanupe, Scales, Smith, Strickland, Tapaler, Thompson, Thoruborough, Thwaytes, Tipping, Travers, Twyford, Verdun, Weld, Werdon, Windaore, Wright. The following names of persons connected with the county palatine are taken from Mr. Thompson Cooper's "New Biographical Dictionarj^" (1873), which contains concise notices of eminent persons of all ages and countries, and more particularly of distinguished natives of Great Britain and Ireland. The list, it should be added, is by no means complete, the names of many eminent Lancashire men being omitted, Of the literati of the county a very complete dictionary, with biographical and bibliographical notes, Avill be found in the admirable " List of Lancashire Authors," edited for the Manchester Literary Club by Mr. Chas. W. Sutton. Mr. Thompson Cooper's list briefly specifies dates and places of birth when given : — CHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE, 341 Ainsworth Robert, lexicographer, 1660-1743 ; Eocles. Alanson Edward, eminent surgeon, 1747-1823 ; Newton. Allen William, cardinal, 1532-1594 ; born in Lancashire. Almon John, c. 1738-1805 ; Liverpool. Ambrose Isaac, 1604-1664 ; born in Lancashire. Andrews Robert ; born in Lancashire (?). Annett Petei-, said to be born at Liverpool ; died 1778. Arkwright Sir Richard, 1732-1792 ; Preston. Arrowsmith Edward, Jesuit, c. 1586-1628 ; Haydock, Winwick. Ashe John, chaplain to Lady Sarah Houghton, 1672-1734. Ashton Thomas, D.D., 1716-1775 ; Lancaster (?). Ashworth Caleb, D.D., 1722-1775 ; born in Lancashire. Askew jEgeon, born in Lancashire about 1576. Assheton Nicholas, 1590-1625. Assheton WilUam, D.D., 1641-1711 ; Middieton. Birch Peter, D.D., ob. 1710 ; born in Lancashire. Boardman Andrew, D.D. Bolton Samuel, D.D., 1606-1654 ; Manchester. Booker John, 1601-1667 ; Manchester. Booth Barton, 1681-1733 ; born in Lancashire. Bostock John, M.D., 1774-1846 ; Liverpool. Bowles John, bp., — 1637 ; born in Lancashire. Bradford John, martyr, 1510-1555 ; Manchester. Brandreth Joseph, M.D., — 1815 ; Ormskirk. Bridgeman Sir Orlando, 1674. Brierley Roger, — 1637 ; born near Rochdale. Briggs John, poet, 1788-1824 ; born near Cartmel. Byrom John, poet, 1691-1763 ; Kersal. Carter Oliver, B.D,, fellow of Manchester Coll. Church, — 1605. Carter Peter, born in Lancashire. Chaderton Lawrence, D.D., c. "1537-1 640 ; Chadderton. Chaderton William, bishop, — 1608 ; Manchester. Chamberlaine Robert, poet, c. 1607 ; born in Lancashire. Chisenhale Edward, colonel for Charles I., author ; born in Lan- cashire. Christopherson John, bishop, — 1558 ; Ulverston. Clarke Henry, LL.l)., 1745-1818 ; Salford. Clowes John, 1743-1831 ; Manchester. Cogan Thomas, M.D., — 1607 ; Master Manchester Grammar School. Cort Henry, 1740-1800 ; Lancaster. Cottam Thomas, Jesuit, — 1582 ; born in Lancashire. Crabtree Henry, curate of Tudmorden, author, c. — 1685. Crabtree William, astronomer, 1610-1644 ; born at Broughton, Manchester. Dalton John, D.C.L., philosopher, 1766-1844 ; livedat Manchester Dee John, LL.D., 1527-1608 ; warden of Manchester. De Quincey Thomas, 1785-1859 ; Manchester. Dodd Charles, 1672-1743 ; born near Preston. Dodd Thomas, printseller in Manchester, 1771-1850. Evanson Edward, 1731-1805 ; Warrington. Falkner Thomas, 1710-1784 ; Manchester. Fleetwood William, — 1594 ; born in Lancasliire. Foster Henry, 1797-1831 ; Wood Plumpton. Frankland Thomas, 1633-1690 ; born in Lancashire. Gooden Peter, — 1695 ; born near Manchester. Greswell Edward, D.D., 1797-1869 ; Manchester. Harland John, author, 1806-1868 ; lived in Manchester. Harwood Edward, D.D , 1729-1794 ; born in Lancashire. Hemans Mrs. Felicia, poetess, 1794-1835 ; Liverpool. Henry William, M.D., 1774-1836 ; Manchester. Heywood Oliver, 1629-1677 ; Bolton. Holden George, vicar of MaghuU, 1783-1865. Henry Henry, D.D., 1596-1665 ; born in Lancashire. Horrox Jeremiah, astronomer, 1619-1641 ; born at Toxteth. Huddleston John, priest, 1608-1698 ; born in Lancashire. Huddleston Richard, priest, 1583-1655 ; born in Lancashire. Hutton Matthew, archbishop, 1529-1606 ; Warton. Jones Thomas, archbishop, — 1619 ; born in Lancashire. Kemble John Philip, actor, 1757-1823 ; Presoot. Leigh Charles, M.D., author ; Grange. Leland John, D.D,, 1691-1766 ; Wigan. Lever Sir Ashton, — 1788 ; born near Manchester. Macdonald Archibald, monk at Liverpool, — 1814. iMarkland J. H., author, 1788-1864 ; Manchester. Markland Jeremiah, 1693-1776 ; Childwall. Neville Edmund, Jesuit, — 1648 ; born in Lancashire. Neville Edward, Jesuit, died 1709 ; born in Lancashire. Nightingale Joseph, 1775-1824 ; Chowbent. Nowell Alexander, c. 1507-1602 ; Read Hall. Ogden Samuel, D.D., 1716-1778 ; Manchester. Peel Sir Robert, 1750-1830 ; born in Lancashire. Peel Sir Robert, 1788-1850 ; born in Lincashire. Percival Thomas, M.D,, 1740-1804 ; Warrington. Pilkington James, bishop, 1520-1576 ; born near Bolton. Rawlinson Christopher, 1677-1733 ; born in Lancashire, Richmond Legh, 1772-1827 ; Liverpool. Rock Daniel, D.D,, 1799-1871 ; Liverpool. Romney George, 1734-1802 ; Dalton. Roscoe Henry, 1800-1836 ; Liverpool. Roscoe Thomas, 1791-1871 ; Liverpool. Roscoe William, 1753-1831 ; Liverpool. Rushton Edward, priest, — 1586 ; born in Lancashire. Sanderson John, D.D., — 1602 ; born in Lancashire. Sandys Edwin, bishop and archbishop, 1519-1588 ; born in Lan- cashire, Sharpies Henry, D.D., R.C. bishop Lancashire district, — 1850. Shuttleworth P. N., bishop, 1782-1841 ; Kirkham. Smyth William, bishop, c. 1450-1514 ; Prescot. Speed John, c. 1555-1629 ; Farrington. Stubbs George, 1724-1806 ; Liverpool. Taylor John, D.D., 1694-1761 ; born in Lancashire. Towers Richard, 1781-1844 ; Preston. Townley Charles, 1737-1782 ; Townley. Travis George, — 1797 ; Royton. Tunstall James, D.D., vicar of Rochdale, v. 1710-1772. Turner William, D.D., 1800-1872 ; Prestos. Wakefield Gilbert, 1756-1801 ; lived at Warrington. Walker Thomas, 1784-1836 ; Manchester. Walmsley Charles, D.D., 1722-1797 ; born near Wigan. Warburton John, 1682-1759 ; Bury. Weever John, c. 1576-1632 ; born in Lancashire. Wensleydale James Parke, Lord, 1782-1868 ; Highfield, near Liverpool. Whewell WiUiam, D.D., 1794-1866 ; Lancaster. Whitaker John, 1735-1808 ; Manchester. Whitaker Thomas Dunham, vicar of Whalley, 1759-1821. Whitaker William, D.D., 1548:1595 ; Holme, Burnley. Wilson Anthony, 1750 — ; Wigan. Worthington John, 1618-1671 ; Manchester. The following particulars respecting the heraldry of the twenty-eight incorporate towns of Lancashire are contained in a paper contributed by Miss Fishwick to the Palatine Note Book} The chief aim in the choice of charges it will be seen has been either to represent the ancient families, the local industries, the public buildings, or to make an heraldic pun on the name. Three of the towns, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bolton, and Warrington, have assumed arms to which they have no legitimate claim. The local authorities, when they were incorporated, instead of following the usual legal course of petitioning for a grant of armorial ensigns, took upon_ themselves to manufacture the pseudo-heraldic insignia which appear on the common seals of their corporations, and which are displayed in many other ways in defiance of the laws of heraldry and of good taste. Many of the Lancashire towns received seals at a very early date, some of which afterwards received arms, and others retain their seals only. Among the former are Liverpool, Clitheroe, and Wigan ; amongst the latter, Garstang, Kirkham, and Newton. If these towns ever received arms they have fallen into disuse. 1 Palaline Note Book, v. ii. pp. 118-120.— C. 342 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. XVI. 1. WlQAN. Incorporated a.d. 1100. — AiMxe, the moot hall ; in the dexter chief a sword erect, all proper. 2. CuTHEROE. Incorporated 1147. — Qvles, the castle and moat, proper. 3. KiKKHAM. Incorporated 1286. — Seal : a dove, with an olive branch in its mouth. 4. Lancaster. Incorporated 1461.^ — Gules, a lion passant gardant or, ou a chief azare, a fleur-de-lis of the second. 5. NBWTON-ii>f-MAKERFiELD. Incorporated 1558. — For the seal, see Lewis, " Top. Diet." iii. 360. Out of a ducal coronet a ram's head, holding in the mouth a sprig of laurel (the crest of the Leghs, lords of Newton). 6. Liverpool. Incorporated 4th July, 1626. — Argent, a cor- morant- sable, beaked and legged gules, holding a branch of laver, proper. Motto : Deus nobis haec otia fecit. 7. Garstang. Incorporated 1680. — For the seal, see Lewis, " Top. Diet." ii. 245, and Fishwiek's " History of Garstang," p. 68. 8. Preston. Incorporated 1685. — Azure, a paschal lamb con- stant with banner, all argent ; round the head a nimbus or ; in bas, the letters P.P,^ of the second. 9. BoLTON-LE-MooBS. Incorporated 11th October, 1838. — Gides, two bendlets or. 10. Manchester. Incorporated 23rd October, 1838. — Gules, three bendlets enhanced or, a chief argent, thereon waves of the sea and a ship under sail, proper. Motto : Concilio et labore- 11. Salford. Incorporated 16th April, 1844. — Azure, semde of bees volant ; a shuttle between three garbs ot-, on a chief of the last a bale corded, proper, between two mill rinds sable. Granted 6th November, 1844. Motto: Integrity and industry. 12. Ashton-dnder-Lyne. Incorporated 29th September, 1847. — Argent, a mullet pierced sable (the ancient family coat of Assheton of Ashton), a crescent for difference. Motto ; Labor omnia vincit. . 13. Warrington. Incorporated 1847. — Argent, six lioucels, 3, 2, and 1, gules (traditionally said to be the coat of the Vilars, early lords of Warrington). Motto : Dat Deus incrimentum, 14. Oldham. Incorporated 13th June, 1849. — Sable, a chevron between three owls, proper ; on a chief of the second, three roses proper, seeded or. Motto : Sapere aude (the arms and motto of Bishop Oldham). 15. BLACKBnRN. Incorporated 1851. — Argent, a fesse wavy sable, between three bees volant, proper ; on a chief vert, a bugle horn, stringed, argent, between three fusils or. Granted 7th February, 1852. Motto : Arte et labore. 16. Rochdale. Incorporated 9th September, 1856. — Argent, a woolpack encircled by two branches of the cotton tree flowered and conjoint, proper; a bordure, sable, charged with eight martlets of the field. Granted 1857. Motto : Credo signo. 17. Staltbeidge.* Incorporated 5th March, 1857. — Argent, a chevron ingrailed, gules, between, in chief, two crosses moussue, and, in base, a mullet, pierced, sable ; two tlasques azu7'e, each charged with a rose of the field. Granted 18th June, 1857. Motto : Absque labore nihil. 18. Southport. Incorporated 1861. — Argent, a fesse dancette, gules, between, in chief, three crosslets &tch6e, sable; and in base a lifeboat, manned, ou the waves of the sea, proper. Motto : Salus populi. 19. Bdrnlet. Incorporated 1861. — Or, a chevron engrailed, gules, between, in chief, two fusils and, in base, a lion rampant, sable; a chief wavy of the last, thereon a dexter hand erect, couped at the wrist, argent, between two bees volant of the first. Granted 17th May, 1862. Motto : Pretium que et causa laboris. 20. Barrow-in-Furness. Incorporated 13th June, 1867. — Gules, ou a bend or, a bee volant and an arrow flighted, proper, between, in chief, a snake nowed, and in base a stag tripping, of the second ; on a chief argent, a steamer on the waves of the sea, proper. Granted 13th December, 1867. ifoWo .• Semper sersum. 21. St. Helens. Incorporated 5th March, 1868. — Argent, two bars azure, over all a cross sable; in the first and fourth quarters a saltire gules ; and in the second and third a grypheu segreant of the third. Motto : Ex terra lucem. 22. Blackpool. — No arms have been granted to this borough, but the Corporation have a seal, in which, however, but little of the spirit of heraldry is displayed. It is divided quarterly : (1) the pier and promenade, (2) a ship sailing on the sea, (3) the sands and a bathing van, and (4) a lifeboat manned. 23. Burt. Incorporated 9th September, 1876. — Per cross quarterly quartered azure and argent : first, argent, an anvil ; second, azure, a golden fleece ; third, two shuttles crossed ; fourth, a branch of the Egyptian papyrus — all proper. Granted 28th February, 1877. Mrtto : Vincit omnia iudustria. 24. AccRiNGTON. Incorporated 15th February, 1878. — Gules, on a fesse argent a shuttle fesswise, proper ; in the base two printing cylinders, issuant therefrom a piece of calico (parsley pattern), also proper ; on a chief per pale, or and vert, a lion rampant perpure and a stag courant or. Granted 26th August, 1879. Motto : Industry and prudence conquer. 25. Over Darwen. — Arms not yet granted. 26. Hetwood. Incorporated 18th February, 1881. — Or, five pellets between two bendlets engrailed, the whole between as many mascles sable. Motto : Alte volo. 27. BooTLE-cuM-LiNACEB. Incorporated 1881. — Argent, on a chevron azure, between tljree fleurs-de-lis sable, three stags' heads caboshed or, ou a chief sable, three mural crowns, proper. Motto : Respice, aspice, prospice. 28. Chorley. — Arms not yet granted. 29. Bacup ditto 30. MiDDLETON ditto 31. MossLEY ditto This county ^ives the title of Duke (or Duchess) of Lancaster to the sovereign ; Manchester confers the title of duke on the Montagus ; (West) Derby, the title of earl on the Stanleys ; and, until lately, Warrington, that of earl on the Greys ; the Byrons are barons of Rochdale, and Winmarleigh confers a barony on the family of Wilson-Patten ; the Duke of Hamilton had a seat (Ashton Hall) on the. banks of the Lune, the Earl of Ellesmere resides at Worsley, the Earl of Wilton at Heaton, Lord Petre at Dunkenhalgh, Lord Sufitield at Middleton, and the Duke of Devonshire at Holker; the Earl of Sefton resides at Croxteth Park, and Earl Balcarres, Baron of Wigan, at Haigh Hall. The other seats of noble families in Lancashire are, Knowsley Hall, Earl of Derby ; Lathom House, Lord Skelmersdale ; Childwall Hall, Marquis of Salisbury ; Holker Hall, Duke of Devonshire ; Bewsey Hall, Lord Lilford ; Worsley Hall, Earl of Ellesmere ; Witherslack Hall, Lord Stanley of Preston ; Great Lever Hall, Earl of Bradford ; Peel Hall, late Lord Kenyon ; Ashton-under-Lyne Hall, Earl of Stamford ; Dinkley Hall, Lord Warren de Tabley ; and Eccles Riggs, Viscount Cross. The Listers derive their title from the vale of one of the 1 Lancaster appears to have been incorporated at a much earlier date than is here given. The "mayor, baUiffs, and commonalty of the ville of Lancaster" are mentioned in the charter of 37 Edw. III. (1363-4); and a^charter was granted by John, Earl of Morton, wliich he confirmed'after his accession to tlie crown. The arms should be— per fesse asure and gules, in chief a fleur-de-lis, and in biisc a lion passant gnardant or. The placing of a chief azare on a field jiafes- colour upon colour— is false heraldry. — C. - The bird which is graven ou the corporation seal has been the subject of much controversy, and variously described as a cormorant a dove, a shoveller duck, an eagle, and a hypothetical bird, the "liver, "'to which the name of the town has been traditionally ascribed. The sprig in its mouth has been interpreted as an olive branch, a branch of laver or seaweed, and a fleur-de-lis ; but it is now established with tolerable certamty that it is a rude device of the eagle of St. John, the patron saint of the king, to whom the town owed its first ch.artered rights. A crest and supporters, in addition to the arms, were granted in 1797, viz., Crest ; A cormorant, the wings elevated, in the beak a branch of laver, aU proper. Supporters : Dexter, Neptune, with sea-green mantle flow, Ing, the waist wreathed with laver ; on his head an eastern crown or ; in his right hand his trident sable, the left supporting a banner of tlie arms of Liverpool. Sinister, a triton wreathed as the dexter, and blowing his shell, the right hand supporting a banner, thereon a sliip under sail in perspective, .all proper ; the banner staves or. — C. ^ The letters P. P. have been variously interpreted. Some facetiously read them Proud Preston, others pro patria, but the more probable mean- ing is picture pads, in allusion to the Agnus Dei, or lamb of peace. — G. * The borough of Stalybridge is partly in Lancashire and partly in Cheshire.— 0. OHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 343 principal rivers of the county, but their seat is at Gisburne Park, in Ribblesdale, on the eastern side of the border, before the Ribble quits Yorkshire. Before the general history of Lancashire is concluded, it may be proper shortly to advert to the geographical situation of the county, and to its agriculture and minerals, as well as to its rivers and other distinguishing characteristics. The geographical situation of Lancashire is between 53° 20' and 54° 25' north latitude, and between 2° 0' and 3° 17' west longitude; it is bounded on the north by Cumberland and Westmorland, on the east by Yorkshire, on the south and south-east by Cheshire, and on the Avest by the Irish Sea. Its extreme length from N.W. to S.E., including Furness, is 75 miles, and its greatest breadth 45 miles; its circumference is 294 miles; and its 'surface 1,765 square miles, of which about 1,125 are comprehended in the district south of the Ribble and 650 to the north of that river. The area of the county comprises 1,219,220 acres of land, of which about 400,000 are in tillage, 450,000 in pasture, and about 400,000 in woodlands, moors, and mosses, of which 350,000 acres may be termed waste. It is divided into the six hundreds of Lonsdale, Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Salford, and West Derby, and contains 69 parishes (exclusive of nine extra-parochial places), 446 townships, 16 Parliamentary boroughs, and 29 market towns. This county, as has been already seen, is palatinate, and it is the chief seat of the duchy of Lancaster. Ecclesiastically, it is in the province of York, and in the dioceses of Manchester, Liverpool, and Carlisle ; and judicially, in the northern circuit, though of late years it has practically formed a circuit of itself, with assizes held at Lancaster, at Liverpool, and at Manchester ; and presentments have been made recommending the formation of Lancashire into a separate circuit. The whole of the western side of Lancashire extending from the Mersey to the river Duddon is washed by the Irish Sea, but though maritime the coast-line does not present any of those features of wild romantic grandeur observable in other parts of the kingdom, where the precipitous cliffs and rocky promontories projecting into the deep water have been cavern-hollowed and worn into fantastic forms by the constant beating of the billows. For the most part the ground, which slopes gently towards the sea, consists of pasture and meadow land, with occasionally a range of low sandhills, formed by the drifting winds. But if level, the coast is by no means monotonous. Between the estuary of the Ribble and the outlet of the Wyre, where Blackpool — the Brighton of the North, as it has been designated — -faces full front to the Irish Sea, the water breaks with impetuous force upon the beach, the waves oftentimes rolling up to the very edge of the three-mile esplanade. Further north the aspect is more varied, the picturesquely-irregular shores of Morecambe Bay, where moor and fell blend pleasantly with the low-lying meadows and pastures that genius and industry have won back from the sea, presenting many a scene of interest and beauty ; while beyond, where the limestone ridges that form the stony barrier of the Lake country stretch away westward from the mountain to the main, the whole extent of sea-margin is more boldly featured. A noticeable feature of the Lancashire coast is the number of its estuaries. Thouch not the largest, the most important is that of the Mersey, the southern side of which belongs to Cheshire. Curiously enough no mention of it is made either by Ptolemy, the Roman geographer, or in the Itinerary of Antonine ; and as the vestiges of a primeval forest have been discovered where the tide now flows, the omission gives colour to the suggestion that in Celtic times the level of the estuary was higher, and the site of Liverpool little else than a swampy morass, the broad river on which now floats the sea-craft of a hundred nations being then only an inconsiderable stream. The estuary of the Ribble, where Lytham and Southport confront each other is by far the largest of these three river outlets, and next in importance is that of the Wyre, on the edge of which stands the rising town of Fleetwood. The mouth of the Lune, which forms the port of Lancaster, has, so far as its commerce is concerned, sunlv into comparative insignificance, and havino- become encumbered by sandbanks, the navigation is considerably impeded ; and the same ohstructions to commerce exist, in an equal or greater degree, in the broad estuary, where at ebb of tide the Leven winds its way through the shifting channels of the Ulverston sands. The eastern side of the county, which borders on Yorkshire, presents a marked contrast m form and feature, the division line forming a part of the great Pennine range, a mountainous ridge— the Backbone of England, as it has been called— that stretches northwards from the Peak m Derbyshire to the Cheviots on the Scottish border. Here nature presents herself m her sternest ffuise the hills in many places attaining a considerable altitude, and presenting m their ruggedness much the appearance they did after the last upheavals and convulsions of tlie geological period. The highest eminence in the chain is Pendle Hill, overlooking the town and casUe ol Clitheroe where the limestone formation begins, which has an elevation of 1,831 feet; Boulsworth Hill reaches to the height of 1,700 feet; and the summit of Blackstone Edge, north ^ of Rochdale, is 1 323 feet above the sea level, while Bleasdale Forest has an altitude of 1,709 feet, it is m the 344 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xvi. Furness district, however, that the highest eminences are to be found, Coniston Old Man, the' alt maen or high rock, being 2,577 feet, the Seathwaite Fells 2,.)o7 feet, and Brown Pike 2,239 teat in height. The secondary elevations are Rivington Pike, a few miles north of Bolton, 1,545 feet, Caton Moor, Padiham Heights, Hambleton Hill, Longridge Fell, Woolfell Cragg, and the Cartmel and Graygrith Fells. The' other principal heights are Billinge Hill, Cribden Hill, Clough Pike, Wharton Crag, Winter Hill, Grizedale Fells, Uglaw Pike, and Beacon Hill. The southernmost part of the county is comparatively flat, the new red sandstone, of which the surface rock is for the most part composed, occasionally rising into gentle ridges but never attaining any considerable altitude. Between Liverpool and Manchester the country is almost a continuous plain, occupied at one time by peat wastes and mosses, that have, however, within the present century, been to a large extent reclaimed by drainage and cultivation, the most notable of them being Chat or St. Chad's Moss, with Barton Moss, which is essentially an adjunct, where Stephenson encountered his greatest difficulties when constructing the original line of railway between Manchester and Liverpool. Further north the scenery is more varied and picturesque, the valleys watered by the Ribble and the Lune possessing nearly all the elements of picturesque landscape in charming combination. The tributary streams which swell the affluents — the Hodder, the Calder, the Douglas, the Darwen, and the Wenning — as they descend from the higher moorlands in which they are cradled, pass through a varied country, and exhibit many picturesque reaches, as yet unspoiled by manufacturing industry ; and even the Irwell, sullen and inky as it is below Manchester, presents many sylvan features in the wooded dingles about Summerseat and in the glens nearer its source within the limits of the old forest of Rossendale. A very large proportion of the county was at one time forest land, and long subsequent to the granting of the Forest Charter — Carta de Foresta — in the reign of Henry III. (1224), much of the country was wild woodland, in which the beasts of the chase roamed at will. One of these forests — ■ the Forest of Blackburnshire — included the four chases of Pendle, Rossendale, Aecrington, and Trawden, and embraced an area estimated at 50,000 acres, or nearly 80 square miles, a district in which there are places that still retain their primeval features, and in their name-survivals bear evidence of the nature of their former occupants, as for example in Wolfstones, Wolfenden, Staghills, Stacksteads (more correctly Stagsteads), Swineshaw, Hogshead, Boarsgreave, and Sowclough. Manufacturing is, for the most part, confined to the southern half of the county, in which, in addition to the twin cities of Liverpool and Manchester, there are many populous towns. In the Fylde country, north-west of Preston, the people are chiefly employed in agiculture, and corn- growing is carried on upon an extensive scale ; but further north, in the neighbourhood of Lancaster, and upon the lower slopes of the Bleasdale Moors, the land is for the most part devoted to meadow and pasture. Such, in brief, are the natural features of the county, which, if the latest in its formation, has yet, by the genius, the industry, and the commercial enterprise of its people, contributed perhaps more than any other to the wealth and the greatness of the common country. Although the climate of Lancashire is humid the air is generally pure and salubrious. In the elevated and hilly regions on the north and eastern boundaries it is, of course, cold and piercing, but in the lower districts, shelving to the south and the west, it is in general mild and genial. Severe frost is seldom experienced in the low lands of Lancashire for more than a few days ; a covering of snow is generally soon dissolved by the mildness of the atmosphere, and by the saline particles wafted by the western winds from the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Seed-time and harvest are as early here as in the neighbouring counties. They vary a little between the north and the south parts of the county, and are the latek towards the east, contiguous to the high moorlands. The winds generally veer from S. to N. by the W point ; they are rarely easterly, and those which most prevail are the S.W. the S. and the W. As to the humidity of the climate, it must be admitted " that the hills which form the line of separation between Yorkshire and Lancashire arrest the clouds from the Atlantic Ocean in their progress, causing them to deposit their contents," and that consequently there is more rain in Lancashire than the general average of the kingdom ; but the difference is less than is imagined, and it will bo shown that the opinion that Lancashire is the water-pot of England, and that " it is always raining in Manchester," is a popular error, capable of refutation from the test of meteorological observation. The average depth of rain which falls throughout England in the course of a year is about 28 inches. London appears to be subject to less rain than any other part of the kingdom ; and as we recede from the metropolis, the quantity of rain is frequently found to increase in about the same proportion, so that in Cornwall it is nearly the same as in Lancashire, where, in the mountainous districts, an average of nearly 50 inches is reached, the average for the entire county being about 35 inches. The foUoAving table, which exhibits the mean monthly and annual quantity of rain, m inches and decimal parts, at various places, for an average of many years, will serve to correct a general prejudice against the climate of this county: — CHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 345 MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL QUANTITIES OF RAIN AT VARIOUS PLACES, BEING THE AVERAGES FOR MANY YEARS. it as 1^ ; to 1^ a o ■3 £ a >, 1 ^ 3^ i Jo 2 S .2 2 t> o -* "2 1= January . . February ... March April Inch. 2-SlO 2-568 2098 2-010 2-895 2-502 3-697 3-665 3-281 3-922 3-360 3-832 Inch. 2-177 1-847 1-523 2-104 2-573 2-816 3-663 3-311 3-654 3-724 3-441 3-288 Inch. 2-196 1-652 1-322 2-078 2-118 2-286 3-006 2-435 2-2R9 3-079 2-634 2-569 Inch. 3-461 2-995 1-763 2-180 2-460 2-512 4-140 4-581 3-751 4-151 3-775 3-955 Inch. 5-299 5-126 3-151 2-986 3-480 2-722 4-959 5-039 4-874 5-'l39 4-785 6-084 Inch. 3-095 2-837 2-164 2-017 2-668 2-974 3-256 3-199 4-350 4-143 3174 3-142 Inch. 1-595 1-741 1-184 •979 1-641 1-343 2-303 2-746 1-617 2-297 1-904 1-981 Inch. 1-464 1-250 1-172 1-279 1-636 1-738 2-448 1-807 1-842 2-092 2 222 1-736 r. Inch. 1-228 1-232 1-190 1-185 1-767 1-697 1-800 1-900 1-550 1-7&0 1-720 1-600 F. Inch. 2-477 1-700 1-927 2-686 2-931 2-562 1-882 2 347 4-140 4-741 4-187 2-397 Inch. 2-530 2-295 1-748 1-950 2-407 2-315 3-115 3-103 3-135 3-537 3-120 3-068 June July August September .. October . . . November.. December . . . Year. 36-140 34-121 27-664 39-714 53-944 36-919 21-331 20-686 18-649 33-977 1 32-313 1 As the nature of the soil and the minerals which a county affords depends on the rocks and beds which underlie them, it is necessary to give a list of the strata, which may be stated in the following descending order.' The geology of the county may be broadly ranged under these nine sreat divisions: — VI. I. Drifting Deposits. II. Trias, or New Red Sandstone. III. Permian Series. IV. The Coal Measures. V. Limestone Shale. Mountain Limestone. VII. Old Red Sandstone. VIII. Upper Silurian. IX. Lower Silurian.- Under these we now proceed to enumerate the subdivisions, specifying the minerals contained in each subdivision, with their qualities and uses, and then briefly indicating the nature of the soils forming the surface of such subdivision. I. — Drift Deposits. The four subdivisions of this great upper deposit are — 1. The Valley-Gravel. — This consists of a bed of coarse gravel, composed of various-sized azoic, paleozoic, and a few triassic rocks, well rounded, parted with layers of fine sand without pebbles, exhibiting every appearance of having been deposited by water ; most frequently stratified, but sometimes unstratified. It has generally two well-marked terraces above the level of the present rivers, as well as some minor terraces. On the top of this deposit are generally found three to four feet of silty loam. The valley-gravel is about 40 feet in maximum thickness. Soils, &c. All the rich meadows and pasture-lands in the county are found lying on this deposit, such as those on the rivers Lune, Ribble, Darwen, Wenning, Wyre, Calder, Brock, Mersey and Ro'ch, comprehending a very large extent of excellent land. 2 Forest Sand and Gravel. — This is a deposit of sharp forest sand, parted with layers of travel and the same rocks as are contained in No. 1, and having every appearance of a regular deposit by water, distinguishable only by its being found at greater elevations, containing more sand and being generally more regularly stratified. It often contains thm beds of till and loam lying in it as well as drifted coal. Its maximum thickness is about 90 feet. Soils &c —All the soil found on the gently rising grounds m the county, reaching generally to about 800 feet above the level of the sea, and composing the sandy and loamy soils, which form good pasture and agricultural land. 3 Till or Boulder Clay.— This is a mass of strong brown clay, in which are mingled the same 'kinds of rock as those contained in Nos. 1 and 2, of sizes from six tons down to small 1 For this admlrahle, clear, and concise summary of the rocks and beds, their minerals, and the soils above them, I am indebted to the friendship of an able and eminent geologist, -whom I am not permitted '""^hTgeology of Lancashire has been very fuUy illustrated and described bv numerous observers, a list of which, commencing as far back aftheyeS 1867, oomprisiig no less than 561 books, memoirs, 45 and papers, id given by Messrs. Whitaker and Tiddeman in the "Geological Survey Memoir on the Burnley Coalfield " (1875). Of the more modern investigators, special mention should be made of the Rev. Professor Sedgwick, whose researches extended more particularly to the country bordering upon the English Lakes ; Professor I'hillips, Professor Edward HuU, M.A., LL.D., F.E.S., and Mr. E. W, Bmnoy, F.B.S.-C. 346 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xvi. pebbles — some rounded and partly rounded, and others quite angular, especially coal-measure and magnesian limestone rocks, without any order of deposition, great and small stones being mixed tofTether indiscriminately. It is quite impervious to water, and is well known as a valuable brick clay, and as being the deposit which yields striated or scored stones. Beds of fine laminated silt and patches of sand are sometimes found in it. Soils, &G. This deposit comprises the stiff clay soils on which, in the lower districts, are found thick beds of acid peat. It is also known for its thick beds of excellent brick clay. This deposit covers the greatest extent of country of any of the drift deposits, and is found from the level of the sea up to 1,^200 feet above that level in some places, and is very variable in thickness. 4. Lower Gravel.— This is a bed of sand or coarse gravel, having pebbles consisting of the same kinds of rocks as Nos. 1, 2, and 3, sometimes but not always well rounded, occurring under the brick clay. It often affords good springs of bright water. Its thickness is about 30 feet. Soils, &c. — This deposit being seldom exposed at the surface, it affects but little the nature of the soils of the county. II.— Trias, or New Red Sandstone. This division includes the Keuper and the Bunter strata. The Keuper has two great beds — 1. The Red Marls, 3,000 feet in thickness. Soils, d'O. — When uncovered by drift deposits, this bed forms strong red clay, similar to those found in Cheshire, and is remarkable for containing brine springs and beds of gypsum. It under- lies a great extent of country on the west side of the county next the sea, though not exposed to view, owing to the thick beds of drift by which it is covered. 2. The Lower Keuper, Sandstones and Water Stones. — This lower bed of the Keuper is about 450 feet in thickness. Soils, &C. — It is seldom exposed in this county, but it yields beds of building stone. Bxjnter. — -This has three deposits — 1. The Upper Mottled Sandstone, .500 feet in thickness. Soils, &c. — It is seldom exposed, but when it does form the soil it affords good warm land, and is remarkable for containing good springs of water. 2. Pebble Beds, 650 feet in thickness. Soils, &c. — These seldom afford any good building stone ; but when near the surface, and imcovered by drift, they yield good, warm, and dry land. 3. Lower Mottled Red Sandstone, 100 feet thick, but often absent. This is seldom exposed at the surface, and consequently has little influence on the composition of the soil. III. — Permian Series. This great series may be classed in six subdivisions: — 1. Laminated and Fine-grained Red Sandstones. — These may be taken as about 300 feet in thickness. Soils, (fee. — These do not exercise much influence on the nature of the soils, but m the district about Furness Abbsy they yield a good durable building stone, of which the abbey is built. 2. Red and Variegated Clays and Marls. — These are also about 300 feet thick, and contain sometimes, but not always, beds of limestone and gypsum, and bands of sandstone. The clays and limestones contain fossil shells of the genera Schizodus, Gervillia, &c. Soils, (fee. — These are seldom exposed at the surface, and consequently have little influence on the composition of the soils. The beds of limestone afford good Avater-setting limes, such as those of Bedford and Worsley. Other beds afford good building stone, as at 'Skillaw Clough, lying north-east of Ormskirk ; and at Stank, in Lower Furness. Sometimes beds of fine white gypsum are met with in this deposit. 3. Conglomerate or Breccia.— This varies in thickness from one to a hundred feet. Soils, (fee. — The conglomerate is only exposed at two places in the county, viz., at Cheetham Weir-hole, near Manchester, and at Rough^m Point, near Flookborough, in the parish of Cartmel, so that it has no effect on the soils of the county, and does not yield any building stones or useful minerals. 4. Lower New Red Sandstone. — This is sfenerally soft and incoherent ; its thickness is about 500 feet. Soils, &c. — It is seldom exposed to the surface, but it is met with at Collyhurst, near CHAP. XVI. THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE., 347 Manchester ; at Sutton, near St. Helens; at Grimshaxv Delph, midway between Ormskirk and Wigan; at Roach Bridge, near Preston; at Cokersand Abbey;'^at Robshaw Point, at the mouth of the Lune, near Lancaster; and at Rougham Point, near Flookborough. It is well known from its attordmg most excellent moulding sand, and its yielding good springs of water. 5. Red Shaly Clays. — These are not seen anywhere in the county. 6 ASTLEY Pebble BEDS.-These, although containing the common coal plants, lie quite unconformable both to the coal measures and lo the Upper Permian series. They are termed the Lower Permian, and are about 60 feet in thickness. inki'^a^^^' '^'^'~^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^® °®^®^' exposed at the surface in this county, being only found in IV. — The Coal Measures. These may be ranged under three subdivisions : — 1, J '^"rT?^ Upper Coal Measures.— These commence with the red shales and clays, containing beds ot hmestone, at Ardwick, near Manchester, and terminating with the Bradford four-foot coal They are about 2,000 feet in thickness. Minerals, <£-c.— These upper measures afford six beds of coal, which have been wrought at different places near Manchester, one of which, the lowest, the Pendleton and Bradford four-foot, is celebrated for its qualities as an iron-puddling and glass-making coal. The limestones, especially those at Ardwick, are known for their excellent water-setting properties, and (without entering into speculations as to their use by the Romans here) have been\vorked for the last hundred years. 2. Middle Coal Measures.— These commence with the floor of the Pendleton four-foot, and terminate with the Riley or Arley Mine, having a thickness of 2,910 feet. Minerals, &c. — These contain about twenty workable beds of coal, in the upper and middle parts yielding excellent steam coals, such as those of Denton, Ashton-under-Lyne, Oldham, Middleton, Burnley, Heywood, Bury, Clifton, Hulton, Worsley, Tyldesley, Atherton, Leigh, Hindley, Aspull, Blackrod, Wigan, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Haydock, Pemberton, St. Helens, Bickerstaff, &c. The lower seams yield good house and caking coals, such as the Black and the Bent mines of Ashton-under-Lyne and Oldham, and at Burnley, Cliviger, and Little Hulton ; the King, the Smith, the Yard, and the Arley mines of Wigan, Hindley, Pemberton, St. Helens, and Bickerstaff. They also yield the cannels of Ashton-under-Lyne, Oldham, Hulton, Worsley, and Wigan. 3. Lower Coal Measures. — These commence with the Arley Mine, and terminate with the lowest Millstone Grit, and are 3,500 feet in thickness. Minerals, (Skc. — These lower measures include seven beds of coal, ranging over the greater part of the elevated parts of the county, and yield good caking and smithy coals, as well as coals suitable for household purposes. They are met with at Stalybridge, Mossley, Oldham, Rochdale, Todmorden, Bacup, Cliviger, Colne, Padiham, Accrington, Baxenden, Blackburn, Darwen, Turton, Horwich, Chorley, Wrightington, Upholland, and Newburgh. Some of the coal floors afford most excellent fireclays, which are extensively worked ; and some of the most durable building stones and flag stones of the county are obtained from this group of the coal measures. The beds of shale on the high lands are known from their being covered by thick deposits of alkaline peat. V. — Limestone Shale. This division consists of various shales and grits, and is 2,000 feet in thickness. Soils, &c. — It results in a surface of cold land, often covered with peat, and seldom containing minerals suitable for any useful purpose. VI. — Mountain Limestone. This well-known series is also 2,000 feet in thickness. Soils, Minerals, &c. — The mountain limestone forms the highlands in the north-east part of the county, giving dry pastures. It sometimes affords lead in small quantities, but is chiefly remarkable in the district of Furness for its containing the valuable deposits of hematite or red iron ore, which are found in immense masses, occupying valleys and "swallow holes" m the limestone In some districts this limestone is used as a building stone, and all over the county is worked for the purpose of being burned into lime, and then used for building or for agricultural purposes, being well known as the best lime in the county. VII.— Old Red Sandstone. Not seen in the county. 348 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap, xvt VIII. — Upper Silurian. This division is about 5,000 feet in thickness. Minerals, <&c. — The Upper Silurian is known from its yielding excellent slates and flag stones, such as those at Kirkby-Ireleth, and other places, and from its forming the fells of the northern and eastern parts of the county. IX. — Lower Silurian. This geological stratum has a thickness of about 10,000 feet. Minerals, &c. — The Lower does not occupy so great an extent in this county as the Upper Silurian, but it affords slates, and in the neighbourhood of Coniston mines of copper. The above summary gives the various soils, as resulting from the strata and deposits which underlie them ; but we may place in juxtaposition with this another summary of the surface lands and soils, which will afford, with a different classification and arrangement, the means of comparison and contrast, and thus enable the general reader to form a more comprehensive view of the subject in all its bearings, whether regarded from a geological or an agricultural point of view. Lancashire naturally divides itself into two distinctly-marked tracts of land : — 1. The High Mountainous or Moory Tract ; and 2. The Low Level or Flat Tract. The former exhibits a sort of crescent boundary to the north, east, and south; and the latter spreads out westward to the shores of the Irish Sea." These great divisions may be subdivided, in the view of cultivation, according to their different qualities, thus : — I. The Hilly and High Moory or Heathy Division. II. The Steep Fell or High Furnesa Division. III. The Elevated Craggy Limestone Division. IV. The Valley Land Division. V. The Mersey or Southern Division. VI. The Kibble and Fylde Division. VII. The Lime and Flat Limestone Division. VIII. The Low Furnesa Division. IX. The Moss or Peaty Division. The First of these subdivisions comprehends the mountainous ridges which rise in succession from the S.fe. boundary to Roch- dale, and end in the high felly track above Leek, and the N.E. border to the Yorkshire limits. The Second comprehends the Furness and Cartmel Fells. The Third extends from Warton and Tealand to Silverdale. The Fourth includes the various valleys formed by the different ranges of hills in the two first divisions, and the valleys on the Lune, Ribble, D.\rwen, Wenning, Wyre, Calder, and Brock, comprehending a great quantity of land of excellent quality. The Fifth or Mersey subdivision comprises a rich and fertile tract of flattish land from the northern bank of the Mersey to the southern bank of the Ribble in one direction, and from the sea- coast to considerably above the town of Oldham in the other. The Sixth contains a tract of land less extensive, but little inferior in quality, stietching from the north bank of the Ribble to the south border of the Lune in one line, and from Lytham and Bispham to near Ingle white in another. It is of stronger quality than the other, and on the sea-coast of an alluvial nature. The Seventh commences on the north bank of the Lune, and runs in a narrow tract from Sunderland Point to the northern extremity of the county, by Warton and Yealand. The Eighth subdivision comprises » small point of land on the north side of the Sands, bounded on both sides by the sea-coast, which is usually called Low Furness. The Ninth comprehends the different peat and boggy tracts called Mosses, which are to be found in each of the two grand divisions of the county, but are by far the largest and of the greatest depth m the flat land division. Chat Moss, Pilling Moss, Marton Moss, Farington Moss, and Halsall Moss, are the principal tracts of peat in the county. The lands that are included under the first four subdivisions are in a great measure employed as pasture, the more high and mountamous tracts being chiefly occupied by sheep, while the various declivities and valleys in which they terminate form the fL^^^^^^ feedmg grounds for neat cattle as well as sheep. In the neighbourhood of Rochdale, Haslingden, Bolton, and Chorley, the high moory lands afford pasture for cattle and horses as well as for sheep ; and in some parts of this extensive range the common and even the mountain lands have undergone considerable improvements. Trade has made them valuable, and an increasing population has afforded the means of enriching the soil. The next four subdivisions (Nos. V.-VIII.) are commonly managed under a sort of mixed cultivation, but grass land is much the most prevalent, especially in the vicinity of towns. Northward, the dairy IS frequently the principal object ; but in low situations tillage husbandry prevails to a considerable extent. The Fylde, the Lune, and the Low 1< urness districts form the principal grain-tracts of the county, though in each of these there are large portions of land under grass, tor pasturage and hay. The mossy or peaty tracts form a characteristic of the county of Lancaster.'-^ When properly drained, this land yields good crops of potatoes, and will produce both grass and grain to remunerate the cultivator, under a proper system ot drainage and improvement. The sandy marsh-land on the borders of the sea in Lonsdale is capable of being made fine land by embankment, but ages have passed away without this land having been applied to any valuable purpose of vegetable produc- tion. Ihe sou m the more elevated parts of the hills of Lancashire is in general moory, heathy, and rocky. The lower portions ot ine sides ot the hills and the valleys formed by them, are commonly somewhat of the nature of holme. The flat tracts that spread bein°°found''inall ^ *^^" "''^ '''"^^'' °^ *^^ '°*™^' °'^^®^' '"' ^"""''"^ description ; gravelly, and mossy or peaty portions, The principal 3«»/acc distinctions of soil are Heath, Moor, Holme, Loam, Clay, Sand, and Moss or Peat ; and the under strata or substances on which they are deposited are rock of various kinds, as grit or freestone, bluestone or whinstone, and limestone, tossiJ, coal, clay marl gravel, and sand. The freestone substrata are of three kinds— yellow, white, and red rock. The blue rocky stratum prevails m the f e 1 tracts of Furness and Cartmel, the light limestone substratum at Chipping and Longridge Fell, and the dark-coloured at Duddon, Coniston, and Hawkshead. Clay and marl, both separately and mixed, frequently form the subsoil m the nat tracts ; and gravel and sand are generally met with as the subsoil in low and flat tracts. The whole space between the 2 Tio.!!°m'„.„„ ■ i < . ! J , . . foil which In the black is at its height The grey is ha' der and more tlninntwi i^tn ^,°t J S, f ""orf* boggy earth, and are dia- ponderous than tlie white; the black more bituminous than either. whH^ mnL^»„ „ ' ^''^' fit ^}'^^' '■■°ni the The following table will show the extension of the Church of England in Lancashire during the present century : — Deanery. POPDLATION. No. OF Chobches. 1801. 1821. 1851. 1871. 1881. 1801. 1821. 1851. 1871. 1881. 304,231 30,461 82,806 60,892 7,506 459,621 44,583 138,184 85,807 9,145 981,084 53,641 219,115 142,675 9,404 1,307,752 60,311 322,509 174,243 9,996 1,789,703 65,958 403,986 203,123 11,521 76 14 26 39 15 81 16 28 44 15 158 25 56 65 18 231 28 69 75 18 284 29 86 80 19 \ Blackburn f Amouuderneas tTunstall Total 485,896 737,340 1,405,919 1,874,811 2,474,291 170 184 322 421 498 THE DIOCESE OF LIVERPOOL. The diocese of Liverpool was founded by order in Council, dated March 30th, 1880, pursuant to the Bishoprics Act, 1878, an endowment fund of about £100,000 having been subscribed for the purpose. The order came into operation on the 9th April in that year, the diocese created consisting of the West Derby Hundred, with the exception of so much thereof as is in the diocese of Manchester, and includes the whole of the parish of Wigan. A supplementary order, dated August 3rd, 1880, vested the patronage of the Bishop of Chester within the diocese in the Bishop of Liverpool, and founded twenty-four honorary canonries ; the parish church of St. Peter being at the same time assigned as a cathedral church. Liverpool gives name to an archdeaconry, and an archdeaconry of Warrington was formed July 21st, 1880. These two arch- deaconries were rearranged July 14th, 1882, when that of Liverpool was divided into the rural deaneries of Liverpool North and Liverpool South. The church of St. Peter— the pro-cathedral— was founded in 1700, the year following that in which Liverpool was, by Act of Parliament, severed from Walton-on-the-Hill, and constituted a separate parish. It was erected at a cost of £3,500, and consecrated June 20, 1704, and is tradi- tionally said to have been the first parish church built in Lancashire after the Reformation. With the older church of St. Nicholas, the rectory of Liverpool was held in medieties, one rector being assicrned to each church, an arrangement that continued until the first vacancy after the passing of the Act 1 and 2 Vict. (1838), when the two churches were united in one rectory. On the foundation of St. Peter's the patronage was purchased from Lord Molyneux, the patron of the mother church of Walton, and vested in the corporation of Liverpool, in which body it remained until 1836, when it was sold to John Stewart, Esq. ,, -^t Shortly after the creation of the see of Manchester, the late Mr. Harmood Banner, who was at the time churchwarden of St. Peter's, proposed that the building, which is devoid of architec- tural beauty should be cleared away, and a structure worthy of becoming the cathedral of Liverpool erected on the site, but though a good deal of interest was awakened at the time, no practical effect was given to the suggestion. On the creation of the bishopric, m 1880, a sum of £576 was expended in making such alterations as were necessary to adapt it to the purposes of a temporary cathedral, but the erection of a new and more stately edificeis contemplated The following figures will show the rate of church extension within the limits ot the diocese UP to the time of the creation of the see : The number of churches and chapels of ease was, m 1650 37 • in 1722 38 • in 1803, 50 ; in 1850, 122 ; and in 1880, including the chapels of various public institutions, 215. The number of benefices was, in 1880, 180 ; the number of curates, 100 ; and the total population, 1,084,000. 364 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. XVI. The Right Rev. John Charles Ryle, D.D., the first and present bishop, was nominated to the see on its creation in 1880. He was born at Park House, Macclesfield, received his education at Eton and at Oxford, in which University he took a first-class in 1837, and was ordained in 1841. He was afterwards presented to the Rectory of St. Thomas's, Winchester ; in 1844 to the Rectory of Helmingham, in Suffolk ; in 1861 to the Vicarage of Stradbroke, in the diocese of Norwich; and in 1880 he was nominated Dean of Salisbury, a preferment he held until his appointment to the see of Liverpool in the same year. THE EIGHT REV. JOHN OHAULES BYLE, D.D., FIRST BISHOP OP LIVERPOOL. [From a photograph by Samiiel A. Walker, Regent Street) London.] Dr. Bird, the first Bishop of Chester, anxious, as he alleges, to execute his office and duty in planting virtue and suppressing vicious living in Manchester and its populous neighbourhood, as well as for the maintenance of hospitality, petitioned the king, his patron, that he might be made warden of Manchester, on allowing an annual pension to the incumbent warden.' These claims, though not admitted by Henry VIII., were granted by his daughter Elizabeth to Dr. Chaderton, who held the wardenship of Manchester in coTiimendavi to his bishopric.^ 1 Harl. MSS. cod. 004. ^ Strype's Annals, vol. 1. p. 552. CHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE, 365 _ In the early periods of our history it was more the practice than it has been in modern times to impose exclusive taxes upon the clergy to alleviate the burdens of their secular fellow-subjects and hence we find in the year 1608, when insurrections prevailed amongst the people to prevent the country from being depopulated by letting land go out of tillage into pasturage,' a rate was imposed by George (Lloyd), bishop of Chester, upon his clergy in the counties of Lancaster and Chester, of which impost the following is a copy, so far as relates to this county :— "Archi(l Decanatus Cestrie I A Rayte imposed by me George Bushoppe of Chestr vpou the Clergie within the Countye of in Com. Lancastrie /Chesshyre & Limcashyre within the Dyoces of Chestr, By vertue of I'res from the lordes grace of loTk grounded vpon + from the lordes and others of his mates most honorable privye counsell for the fvndinge of horses Armes & other furniture, the xsviiith of October, 1608. •' o Wabrikgton Decanatus in Com. Lancastr. Blaokburne Deoanatus in Com. LANOASTEiiE. Mr. Massye, pson of Wigan a light horse furnished. Mr. Moires, vicar of Blaokburne ] Mr. Mollineuxe, pson of Walton a light horse furnished. Mr. Ormerodd, vicar of Whalley f a corslett furnished. Mr. Turner, pson of Sephton a light horse furnished. . ^ , t, Mr. Banister, p=on of Aughton 1 , .w • u . Amoneerness Decanatus Aeohid. Richm. Mr. Meade vicar of Prescott [ - --'«" f--->^ed. ^^^ ^.^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ Mr. Hallsall, pson of Hallsan \ a petronill furnished Mr. Paler, vicar o* Preston 1 ,., -vj Mr. Frenche, pson of North Meales / » Pe'™!"" burnished. Mr. Norcrosse, vicar of Ribchestr [ a musket furnished. Mr. Ambrose vicar of Ormskirke \ a caliver furnished Mr. Whyt, vicar of Poulton & 1 ,.. -uj Mr. Hopwood, vicar of Childwall f a caliver tarnished. Mr. Greenacres, vicar of Kirkham } a musket furnished. Mr. Lowe, vicar of Leighe \ furnished. ^^- Aynsworth, vicar of Garstange 1 a muskett Mr. Hanson, vicar of Hayton / ™- Mr. Woolfenden, vicar of Stt Mychaells vpon Wyer / furnished Mr. Ryder, pson of Winwicke a light horse furnished. Mr. Calvert, vicar of Cockerham 1 ,.,.,, ^ r, r, r Mr. Parker, vicar of Chippin | a caliver furnished. Maschestee Decanatus in Com. Lanoastri.«. '^'^ ' Mr. Langley, pson of Prestwitche \ v bt 1, f ■ \. ^ Londisdatle Aeohid. Richm. in Com. Lancastr. Mr. Watmoughe, pson of Burye j" ^ "^ht horse tumished. j^.^ j,.^^^^ ^^^^ ^j Bentham a petronel furnished. Mr. Ashton, pson of Middleton a petronill furnished. Mr. Sawrey, pson of Halton a musket furnished. Mr. Parker, pson of Ashton Vnderlyne a petronill furnished. Mr. Prockter, vicar of Clapham ) ,. t - r, j Mr. Shawe, pson of Radclyffe, & \ , f„^„- ^ed ^r. Burrowe, vicar of Mellinge 1 ^ '=^''^^'' f^^'^^ed. Mr. Whitle, vicar of Hayles j" ^ mistet turuisHea. j^^ Waterhouse, vicar of Londisdaile 1 , , , . , , Mr. Warden & fellowes of Manchestr Mr. Hampton, vicar of Sedbrighe J ^ musket turnished. College a petronill furnished. Fournes Decanatus Aechid. Richm. in Com. p'dict. Leylande Decatus in Com. p'dict. hi- t j ■ c \- ■ \ \ Mr. Lyndoe, vicar of v rswicks | Mr. Leighe, pson of Standiahe 1 netronill furnished ^^' ^^y' ™ar of Penington j- a musket furnished. Mr. Rigbye, pson of Eceleston J" " ' Mr. Gardner, vicar of Dalton J Mr. Benet, pson of Brindle J Mr. Gilpin, pson of Aldingham a corslett furnished. Mr. Conie, vicar of Croston, & fa corslett furnished. Mr. Brere, vicar of Leylonde ) " GEORGE CESTRIENSIS."— i^ari. MSS As already stated, the counties of Lancaster and Chester were included in the diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, until the creation of the see of Chester in 1541, and it is morally certain that the Lancashire and Cheshire wills, prior to that date, were proved at Lichfield.' It is commonly affirmed that these wills were transferred to Chester after the founding of that bishopric, but the statement does not seem to rest on any reliable authority, and it is not improbable that a careful search in the registry at IJchfield would show that they are still deposited there. In 1830 returns were made from which it appeared that the date of the earliest wills in the Consistory Court of the chancellor at Chester is 1521 (? 1541); in the rural dean's court, 1602 ; and in the commissary's court at Richmond and Lancaster, 1500 ; and that they extend to the present time with some chasms, principally previous to the year 1600. In the years 1826, 1827, 1828, the number of wills proved and letters of administration granted, in the diocese of Chester, amounted— Jti the Consistory Court at Chester, in 1826, to 1722 ; in 1827, to 1689 ; in 1828, to 1805. In the Rural Beans CouH at Chester, in 1826, to 246 ; in 1827, to 235 ; in 1828, to 124, the rural dean's jurisdiction having been inhibited during part of the year 1828. In the Commissary's Courts at Richmond and Lancaster, in 1826, to 475 ; in 1827, to 472 ; and in 1828, to 472. Under the able editorship of Mr. J. P. Earwaker, M.A., F.S.A., the Record Society issued, in 1879 and 1881, two volumes, containing an Index of the Wills and Inventories now Preserved in the Court of Probate at Chester, from 1545 to 1620, and 1621 to 1650, together with (1) a List of the Transcripts of Early Wills Preserved in the Consistory Court, Chester , (2) a List of Wills Printed by the Chetham Society ; (3) a List of the Wills seen and noted by the Revs. J. and G. J. Piccope, and not now to be found at Chester; (4) a List of the Wills Preserved in the Harl. MS., 1991, in the British Museum ; (5) a List of the Lancashire and Cheshire Wills Proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1650-1660; and (6) a List of the Lancashire and Cheshire Administrations granted in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1650-1660. Some of the early Lancasbiro and Cheshire wills were proved at the House, London, ns the old diocese of LicMeld and Coventry was under Prerogative Court of Canterbury, and are now to be found at Somerset the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury. -C, 366 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. OHAP, XVI. A LIST OF LIVINGS IN THE GIFT OF THE DUCHY OP LANCASTER, WITH THE NAMES OF THE INCUMBENTS— DECEMBER, 1886. Name of the Living. Rectory of Actworth Rectory of Ashen Rectory of Ashley Rectory of Barwick-in-Elmet Rectory of Beeston Regis Rectory of Long Bennington-with-Foston Rectory of Castleford Vicarage of Clare Rectory of North Coates Rectory of Crofton Vicarage of Dedham Rectory of Edingthorpe Rectory of St. Andrews, with the Vicarages of St. Nicholas and St. Mary, Hertford Rectory of Hertingtordbury Rectory of Kirk-Bramweth Rectory of Langham Rectory of Matlaske Rectory of Methley Rectory of Miningsby Vicarage of Mundon Rectory of Mundesley Vicarage of Needwood Vicarage of Nidd Rectory of Owmby Rectory of Plumstead, with Matlaske Rectory of Poole Keynes Rectory of North Repps Rectory of South Repps Rectory of South Reston Rectory of Sidestrand (alternate) Rectory of North Somercotes Rectory of South Somercotes Rectory of Stambourne Rectory of Stanford Rivers Rectory of Stratford (St. Mary) Rectory of Swafield Rectory of South Thoresby Rectory of Trimingham Vicarage of Whitwiok County. Diocese. York York Essex St. Albans Wilts, Gloucester & Bristol York Ripon (nett) Norfolk Norwich ... Lincoln Lincoln York York Suffolk Ely Lincoln ... Lincoln York York Essex St. Albans... Norfolk Norwich ... Hertford... St. Albans... Hertford ... St. Albans... York York Essex St. Albans... Norfolk Norwich ... York Norwich ... Lincoln Lincoln Essex Rochester . . . Norfolk Norwich ... Stafford ... Lichfield ... Yorkshire... Ripon Lincoln ... Lincoln '. Norfolk Norwich ... Wilts, Gloucester & Bristol Norfolk ... Norwich ... Norfolk ... Norwich ... Lincoln Lincoln Norfolk ... Norwich ... Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Essex St. Albans... Essex St. Albans... Suffolk Norwich ... Norfolk Norwich ... Lincoln Lincoln Norfolk ... Norwich ... Leicester ... Peterborough Gross Value. Incumbent's Name. 427 ... William Marcus Falloon, M.A. 368 ... William John Deane, M.A. 220 ... Edmund Baskerville Mynors, M.A. 800 ... Charles Augustus Hope, M.A. 169 ... W. Boaworth . 409 ... William Barker. 560 ... William Thomas Mainwaring Sylvester. , 307 ... Robert Sorsbie. , 483 ... Timothy Richard Matthews, B.A. . 350 ... Josiah Samuel Moore, M.A. .168 . Charles Alfred Jones, M.A. , 269 ... Joseph LaWBon Sisson, B.A. 280 ... Woolmore Wigram, M.A. . 700 ... Frederick Burnside, M.A. . 619 ... William Pulsford, B.A. . 692 ... David Henry Ellis, LL.D., B.D. , 399 .,. Herbert Wynell Mayow , 375 ... Hon. Philip York Saville, M.A. , 200 ... Henry Caukwell, M.A. . 160 ... William Stuart, M.A. 180 ... William Richard Croxton. 180 ... John Edward Addison Fenwick, M.A. John William Conway-Hughes, B.A., S.C.L, . 315 ... Thomas Stamford Raffles, M.A. — (see Matlaske). I 250 ... Benjamin Mallam, M.A. , 591 ... Samuel Francis Cresswell, D.D. 654 ... Richard Hamond Gwyn, M.A. 101 ... Edward Fellows, M.A. 114 ... Forster George Simpson, B.A. . 500 ... James Bell, M.A. . 600 ... Peverel Johnson, M.A. . 465 ... Alfred Master, M.A. . 750 ... Robert RoUeston, B.A. . 356 ... James George Brewster, B.A. 196 ... Frederick Simpson Thew, M.A. . 310 ... Basil Arthur Galland, M.A. . 137 ... WilUam Tatlock, M.A. ;h 250 ... Augustus Francis ToUemache, M.A. At the end of the year 1819 a sort of semi-ofScial return was published of the " Cathohc Chapels, with the number of their respective congregations in the county of Lancaster," of which the following is an epitome : — ■ Number of Chapels. Number in Confireffatious. In the Hundred of West Derby Hundred of Salford Hundred of Blackburn Hundred of Leyland Hundred of Amounderness Hundred of Lonsdale Total . 32 5 10 9 16 5 77 33,200 15,880 4,500 1 6,000 12,650 1,270 73,500 PLACES OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP IN LANCASHIRE. One part of the official census of 18.51 was prepared under the direction of the Registrar- General by Mr. Horace Mann, and printed separately in an octavo form in 18.53. It consists of a report and tables, showing the number of places of religious worship of the various denominations, and the number of sittings they contained at the time, with other particulars which we need not specify, as those already named are all that we propose to notice in this work. In his report Mr. Mann states that there are in England and Wales 35 different religious communities or sects — 27 native and indigenous, 9 foreign. Besides these, there are many isolated congregations of religious worshippers, adopting various appellations ; but it does not appear that any of them is sufficiently numerous and consolidated to be called a " sect." The following arrangement (which has been adhered to in the table) shows these communities or sects, under certain obvious considerable and minor classes, in the order of historical formation : — ■ i The great Catholic college of Stonyhxirst is in this hundred, OHAP. XVI. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 367 PROTESTANT CHURCHES. ♦ British. Church of Englaud and Ireland. Scottish Presbj-teriaus : — Church of Scotland (its Lancashire Presbytery is called that of Liverpool and Manchester) ; United Presbyterian Synod ; Presbyterian Church in England (exclusive of Unitarians). Independents or Congregationalists. Baptists : — General (Unitarian) ; Particular ; Seventh Day ; Scotch ; New Connexion General (Trinitarian). Society of Friends (or Quakers). Unitarians. Moravians, or United Brethren. Wesleyan Methodists (John Wesley) : — Original Connexion (Wesleyaus) ; New Connexion (Kilhamites) ; Primitive Methodists ; Bible Chrisians (or Bryanites) ; Wesleyan Association ; Independent Methodists ; Wesleyan Reformers. Calvinistic Methodists (George Whitfield) :— Welsh Calvinistic Methodists ; Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion. Sandemanians, or Glassites. New Church (Swedenborgiaus). Brethren. Foreign. Lutherans. German Protestant Reformers. Reformed Church of the Netherlands. French Protestants. OTHER CHRISTIAN CHURCHES. Roman Catholics. Greek Church. German Catholics. Italian Reformers. Catholic and Apostolic Church. Latter-day Saints, or Mormons. JEWS. Mr. Mann classes " Isolated Congregations " (not connected witli any particular sect) in five grouj)s — (1) Those in which memhers of other sects unite in worship. (2) Those based on peculiar doctrines (Universalists, Millennarians, Predestinarians, &c.) (3) Unsectarian (Christians, New Christians, Christ's Disciples, Free Gospel Christians, &c.) (4) Where in the returns the sect is not particularised (as Protestant Dissenters, Dissenters, Protestant Christians, &c.) Ajid (5) Missionary congregations. Beyond these there still remains a residue of congregations difficult to classify (as Free Church, Inghamites, Christian Israelites, Southcottians, &c.) Neither the census of 1861 nor those of 1871 and 1881 included any summary of the religious denominations. That of 1851 is therefore the latest official summary of the kind, and the following are its results as to Lancashire : — Denomination. 1. Church of England 2. Church of Scotland 3. Presbyterian Church in England. 4. United Presbyterian Church 5. Reformed Irish Presbyterians .... 6. Independents No. of Places of Worship. 529 6 12 5 1 170 7. Baptists (particular 70, undefined 21 ) 100 8. Society of Friends (Quakers) 9. Unitarians 10. Moravians 11. Wesleyan Methodists 12. New Connexion do 13. Primitive do 14. Wesleyan Association do 1 5. Independent do 16. Wesleyan Reformers 17. Welsh Calvinistic Methodists 18. Lady Huntingdon's Connexion 19. New Church (Swedenborgiaus) 20. Brethren 21. Isolated Congregations 22. Roman Catholics 23 Latter-day Saints 24. Jews 27 35 2 300 27 107 81 1 4 8 11 21 5 36 114 15 7 No of Sittings. 383,466 4,510 9,090 3,115 120 80,072 34,068 8,264 12,384 1,084 107,983 11,569 25,812 25,555 30 900 5,141 4,998 5,544 970 7,466 55,610 1379 1,138 CHAPTER XVII, Laucashire Hundreds at the time of the Conquest— Mr. Whitaker on the Old Hundreds— Newton and Warrington Hundreds merged in the West Derby Hundred— Hundreds synonymous with Wapentakes— Institution o£ Hundreds— Made subservient to the Security of the Persons and Property of the Subject by King Alfred— System of GoTernment, Ecclesiastical and Civil- Statute of Winton— Enumeration of the Present Hundreds of Lancashire— Order of their Arrangement in this History— " Eepresentatiou of the People Act, 1867"— Area and Population of County Divisions and Boroughs— The Lancashire Boroughs created by the Act of 1867— Changes made by the Act in the Parliamentary Representation of Lancashire— The Reform Acts of 1884-5— Changes made in the Parliamentary Representation by the Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885— Towns and places included in the several County Divisions. ANCASHIRE, in its southern part, designated in the Domesday Survey " Inter RiPA & Mersham," was divided into six hundreds at the time of the Norman Conquest — namely, Derbei, Neweton, Walintone, Blaclcebvrn, Salford, and Lailand Hvndrets.^ To the north of the Kibble were Agemvndrenesse, Lanesdale, and Hovgvn. Mr. Whitaker, in his " History of Manchester," thus treats of the old hundreds : — ■ "The hundreds of the Saxons were exactly the same with the cantrefs of the Britons. The latter consisted of a hundred townships, and the former were composed of ten tythings. These were always considerable districts, and exist to this day the great divisions of our counties. Each of them contained a hundred free- masters of families or, in other words, a hundred superiors of townships. And those of South Lancashire, which were sis before the Conquest, were only three at first— Blackburne, Derby, and Salford. Newton, Warrington, and Layland, which are mentioned equally in the Domesday Survey, appear equally, from their amallness, especially the two first, to have been merely additions to the original number. And from a comparative view of the nature and extent of all, it is plain that Layland was taken out of Blackburne hundred, and Warrington and Newton out of Derby. These were all denominated from the towns or villages which were constituted the heads of their respective centuries. And those of Salford, Warrington, and Newton, Blackburne, Derby, and Layland were so constituted, because they belonged to the crown. All of them but Newton continued in its possession as late as the reign of the Confessor. All of them had been retained by the crown on the general partition of the country, the appointed demesne of the royalty. And the town of Salford has, for this reason, been ever independent of the lord of Manchester, and continues to the present time annexed to the regalities of the duchy. The whole compass of South Lancashire, which, through all the period of the Britons, probably has contained only two cantrefs, Linuis and another, now enclosed thirty tythings, thirty manours, and three hundred townships. The division of Salford, the only one of its three hundreds that has not been dismembered, had just ten manors, ten tythings, and a hundred townships within its present limits. And the custom, which is retained amongst us to this day, of making the hundred responsible for robberies committed between sun and sun, had its commencement at this period, and was a natural appendage of the Saxon system of tythings." There are evidently no sufficient data to determine into how many hundreds South Lancashire was divided in the Roman period, and still less in the time of the aborigines ; but it is perfectly clear that in the Saxon period it consisted of six hundreds, and that subsequently the hundreds of Newton and Warrington merged in that of West Derby. Henry, a monk of Malmesbury, speaking of the shires, says Lancashire had only five small shires — West Derbyshire, Salfordshire, Blackburn- shire, Leylandshire, and the territory of Lancaster, which, by a common word, are called hundreds." Hundreds, though not always corresponding, as in Lancashire, with the ancient shires, are synonymous with wapentakes, which, according to Higden, take the name from the chief officer of a hundred towns resuming the arms of the vassals on the lord's arrival amongst them.^ " In some places (and particularly in the northern counties) hundreds are sometimes called Wapeniahes, the reason o£ which denomination is distinctly mentioned in the laws of Edward the Confessor,* viz., when a person received the government of a Wapentake at the app;jinted time and usual place, the elder sort met him, and, when he was got oii' his horse, rose up to him ; then he held up his spear and took security of all present according to custom ; whoever came touched his spear with theirs, and by this touching of armour were confirmed in one common interest ; and thus from wcepnu, weapons, and tac, a touch, or taccare, to confirm, they were called Wapentakes."^ As late as the fourteenth century the hundred of Salford was called a Wapentake. This appears from the following rent-roll of the Earl of Lancaster in Salford town and hundred, 10 Edw. IL (1316-17), extracted from "A Survey of Lonsdale," 25 Edw. 1. (1296-7), in the Tower of London :— " * The term Jmndrcds has been variously derived, either from their ^ Lei. Coll. torn. ii. p. 397. containing a hundred, villa (portions of ground upon each of which a ■'* Ran. Hicrden, Polychron. lib. i. do Legibus, edit. Gale, p. 202. family was located), from their finding a hundred Fidejussores to the * Edit. Wheloc. p. 45. king's peace, from their consisting of a hundred hides of land, or from 'Thoresby Ducat. Leodiens. p. SI. their sending a hundred men to tJio wars. ^ Hurl. MtiS. cod. 2085, 52S b* CHAP. XVII. THE HISTOKY OF LANCASHIRE. 369 Extent [i.e. Survey] of the Lands of the Eael in the Wapentake of Lonsdale, Co. Lane, 25 Edw. I. (1296-7) on the death of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, &c.^—Salford Vill in the aforesaid account by the Inquisition of 10 £dv>. II. (1316-17). Rent of assise of the ViU of Salf ord, with the rent of one toft near the bridge £6 14 9 farm of the Water-mill there !!"!.!!! 3 Toll, Stallage of the market and fair of the same place .",!!!!!!!!! 2 6 7i Small places [or plots] there ,......". 13 If Pleas and perquisites of the Courts 2 „, Total £12 16 6i Salpoed Wapentake : , ; Rent of assise of Burghton [Broughtou] £2 8 Do. of Ordesale 12 Do. of Cadeuelheued [Cadishead] ].' !!.!!!!!. 4 Do. of Scoresworth [Shoresworth] \ \, 2 Do. of Tonge 4 Farm of the land of Augustine de Barton !!'...!!!"!...'... 16 Do. of Wm. de Radchffe '.'',' ] 17 8 Do. of Roger de Mlddleton, in Chetham .'.".'...!.'.'!..'..............!... 13 4 Do. of Alice de Prestwioh, in Prestwich, Holonet, and Sholesworth [? HoUinhead and Shoresworth] 16 8 Do. of Roger PiMngton, in Rovington 10 Do. of Geoffrey de Hulme, in Hulme 5 Do. of Alice Prestwich, in Penulbery 10 Do. of Wm. Fitz-Roger, in Radish [Reddish] 6 Do. of Rd. Pilkinton, in Chorleton [cum-Hardy] 10 Do. of Henry de Trafford 5 Do. ofRd. deByrom ". 14 Do. of Hugh Meuil [Menil], in Werkslegh [Worsley] and Hulton 10 Do. of William de Bradshagh, in Blaokrod, yearly 10 Do. of the ViU of Clifton 8 Sak-Fee of the laud of Richd. Fitz-Roger 10 Do. half the Vill of Fhxton 16 Rent of the land of John de la Ware 4 3 6 Do. Jordan de Crompton Oil Farm of the Serjeanty of the Bailiff [or Bailiwick] there 16 Pleas and perquisites of the Court of the Wapentake there 4 7 3 Total £40 5 In 1 John (1199) the Wapentake of Salford was held by Ellas Fitz-Robert, by serjeanty.— (Rot. Chartar, 1 John m. 5.) Rich, de Hilton held the Wapentake of Salford in serjeanty, at the will of our lord the king, in the time of Edward III., as appears from the Testa de Slevill, p. 371 ; and at a much later date HoUinworth, in his MS., speaks of " the Vfafcntake of Salford, where the pole is elevated 53° 24'." The origin of the hundred divisions has been usually traced to the time of Alfred ; but probably they may claim a higher antiquity, and were derived from the Franks or the Germans. They were at least by his order more accurately defined than in the British and Roman periods, and by him they were made subservient to the better administration of the laws, and the preservation of the lives and property of the people. The government, ecclesiastical and civil, now formed itself into a consistent and connected whole, to the perfection of which these divisions essentially administered. "The ecclesiastical estate," says Sir Henry Spelman, "was ffrst divided into provinces, every province into many bishopricks, every bishoprick into many archdeaconries, every archdeaconry into divers deaneries, and every deanery into many parisnes. Ana aU these committed to their several governors— parsons, deans, archdeacons, bishops, and archbishops— who, as subordinate one lo the other, did not only execute the charge of their several portions, but were accountant also for the same to their superiors, iiie temporal government was likewise divided into satrapies or dukedoms, which contained in them divers counties ; the county divers lathes or trithings: every trithing divers hundreds, or wapentakes; every hundred divers towns °>^ lo'-dships shortly after called baronies ; and the government of all these was committed to their several heads, viz., towns «r 'nanors to the lords thereof wto the SaxoAs called theings, after barons ; hundreds to the lords of hundreds ; trithings or lathes ^ ^teir trith^ng-greves cou^^^^^^^ their earls or aldermen ; and large satrapies to their dukes, or chief princes, all which had subordmate authority one under the other, and did within the precinct of their own territories minister justice unto their subjects. In this systematic concatenation none contributed more to the well-being of society than the government of the hundred; and, as late as the time of Edward L, an Act was passed, called the Statute of Winton, which, amongst a number of other excellent provisions oi P°li°^' f^^'^.^f.^J.f every hundred shall be answerable for the robberies and other offences committed withm its juris diction, thus giving to every citizen an interest in the person and property of ^^^^ ^^^f J^^J' .^^f later thnes thi hundred courts, which, in their early mstitution, were ^^t^nce ecclesiastical, civil, and criminal, have sunk into courts of inferior jurisdiction; but they have still t^eiruse and under a reformed system of laws, are made highly conducive to the public we fare^ The hundreds of Lancashire now stand thus: (1) Salford Hundred, (2) West Derby Hundred, (3) Leylana HunSS (4) BkckbS^ Hundred (between Ribble and Mersey); (5) Amounderness Hundred, and (6) Lonsdale Hundred, S. and N. of the Sands (North oi Ribble). . AS Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, died abroad at Ventecc^t, (May) 1260, »U regnal y»m referring to him should be of Edward I.-H. 370 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xvii. REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1867. In August, 1867, " An Act further to Amend the Law Relating to the Representation of the People in '^England and Wales " was passed, and a brief summary of such of its proYisions as related to the county of Lancaster, and to the city and boroughs within the county, is consequently appended. The following were the principal clauses as to the Franchise : — 3 Every man shall, in and after 1868, be entitled to be registered as a voter, and, when registered to vote for a member or members to serve in Parliament for a borough, who is qualified as follows (that is to say) : (1) is of full age, and not subject to any legal incapacity ; and (2) is on the last day of July in any year, and has during the whole of the precedmg twelve calendar months been, an inhabitant occupier, as owner or tenant, of any dwelling-house within the borough ; and (3) has during the time of such occupation been rated as an ordinary occupier in respect of the premises so occupied by him mthm the borough to all rates (if any) made for the reUef of the poor in respect of such premises ; and (4) has before the 20th day of July in the same year bona Jide paid an equal amount iu the pound to that payable by other ordinary occupiers in respect of aU poor-rates that have become payable by him in respect of the said premises up to the preceding 5th day of January : Provided that no man under this section be entitled to be registered as a voter by reason of his being a joint occupier of any dwelling-house. i Every man shall, in and after 1868, be entitled to be registered as a voter, and, when registered, to vote [&o. as m clause 3] ; and (2) as a lodger, has occupied in the same borough, separately and as sole tenant, for the twelve months preceding the last day of July in any year, the same lodgings, such lodgings being part of one and the same dwelling-house, and of a clear yearly value, if let unfurnished, of ten pounds or upwards ; and (3) has resided in such lodgings during the twelve months immediately preceding the last day of July, and has claimed to be registered as a voter at the next ensuing registration of voters. 5. Every man shall, in and after 1868, be entitled to be registered as a voter, and, when registered, to vote for a member or members to serve in Parliament for a county, who is qualified as follows (that is to say) : (1) is of full age, and not subject to any legal incapacity, and is seised at law or in equity of any lands or tenements of freehold, copyhold, or any other tenure whatever, for his own hfe, or for the life of another, or for any lives whatsoever, or for any larger estate of the clear yearly value of not leas than £5 over and above all rents and charges payable out of or in respect of the same, or who is entitled, either as lessee or assignee, to any lands or tenements of freehold or of any other tenure whatever, for the unexpired residue, whatever it may be, of any term originally created for a period of not less than 60 years (whether determinable on a life or lives or not), of the clear yearly value of not less than £5 over and above all rents and charges payable out of, or in respect of, the same : Provided that no person shall be registered as a voter under this section unless he has complied with the provisions of the 26th section of the Act of the second year of the reign of his majesty William IV. cap. 45. 6. Every man shall, iu and after 1868, be entitled to be registered [&c. as in clause 5] : (1) is of full age, and not subject to any legal incapacity ; and (2J is, on the last day of July in any year, and has during the twelve months immediately preceding, been the occupier, as owner and tenant, of lands or tenements within the county of the rateable value of £12 or upwards ; and (3) has, during the time of such occupation, been rated in respect to the premises so occupied by him to all rates, if any, made for the reHef of the poor in respect of the said premises ; and (4) has, before the 20th day of July in the same year, paid all poor-rates that have become payable by him in respect of the said premises up to tbe preceding 5th day of January. 7. Where the owner is rated at the time of the passing of this act to the poor-rate in respect of a dwelling-house or other tene- ment situate in a parish wholly or partly in a borough, instead of the occupier, his liability to be rated in any future poor-rate shall cease, and the following enactments shall take effect with respect to rating in all boroughs : (1) After the passing of this act no owner of any dwelling-bouse or other tenement situate in a parish either wholly or partly within a borough shall be rated to the poor-rate instead of the occupier, except as hereinafter mentioned. (2) The full rateable value of every dwelling-house or other separate tenement, and the full rate in the pound payable by the occupier, and the name of the occupier, shall be entered in the rate-book. Where the dwelling-house or tenement shall be wholly let out iu apartments or lodgings not separately rated, the owner of such dwelling-house or tenement shall be rated in respect thereof to the poor-rate : Provided as follows : (I) That nothing in this act contained shall affect any composition existing at the time of the passing of this act, so nevertheless that no such composition shall remain in force beyond the :i9th day of September next. (2) That nothiog herein contained shall affect any rate made previously to the passing of this act, and the powers conferred by any subsisting act for the purpose of collecting and recovering a poor-rate, shall remain and continue in force for the collection and recovery of any such rate or composition. (3) That where the occupier under a tenancy subsisting at the time of the passing of this act of any dwelUng-house or other tenement which has been let to him free from rates, is rated and has paid rates in pursuance of this act, he may deduct from any rent due or accruing due from him, in respect of thesaid dwelling-house or other tenement, any amount paid by him on account of the rates to which he may be rendered liable by this act. 8. Where any occupier of a dwelUng-house or other tenement (for which the owner, at the time of the passing of this act, is rated, or is liable to be rated) would be entitled to be registered as an occupier in pursuance of this act, at the first registration of parliamentary voters to be made after the year 1867, if he had been rated to the poor-rate for the whole of the required period, such occupier shall, notwithstanding he may not have been rated prior to the 29th day of September 1867, as an ordinary occupier, be entitled to be registered, subject to the following conditions : (1) That he has been duly rated as an ordinary occupier to all poor-rates in respect of the premises, after the liability of the owner to be rated to the poor-rate has ceased, under the provisions of this act. (2) That he has, on or before the 20th day of July, 1868, paid all poor-rates which have become payable by him as an ordinary occupier in respect of the premises, up to the preceding 6th day of January. 9. At a contested election for any county or borough represented by three members, no person shall vote for more than two candidates. 11. No elector who within six months before or during any election for any county or borough shall have been retained, hired, or employed for all or any of the purposes of the election, for reward by or on behalf of any candidate at such election, as agent, canvasser, clerk, messenger, or in other like employment, shall be entitled to vote at such election, and if he shall so vote he shail be guilty of a misdemeanour. 12. The boroughs of Totnes, Reigate, Yarmouth, and Lancaster, io cease to return members after the end of the present parliament. 15. Persons reported guilty of bribery or treating in Lancaster to be disqualified as voters for the northern division of the county of Lancaster, in respect of a qualification arising within the borough of Lancaster. Part II. of the Act related to the Distribution of Seats. 17. Boroughs in schedule A (i.e. of less population than 10,000 in 1861) to return only one member each. [No Lancashire borough in schedule A.] 18. From and after the_ end of this present parliament the city of Manchester and the boroughs of Liverpool, Birmingham, and Leeds, shall each respectively return three members to serve in parliament. 19. Among the new boroughs in schedule B, to return one member each, are the following i Burnley, in Lancashire, including (as temporary contents or boundaries) the townships of Burnley and Habergham Eaves. StaXybridge, in Lancashire and Cheshire CHAP. xvu. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE 371 moludmg the munioipal borough of Stalybridge ; the remaining portion of the township of D ukin field ; the township of Stavlev • and the district of the local Board of Health of Mossley. ^ ''i'*Ji''y . 21. From and after the end of the present parliament, the borough of Salford shall return two members instead of one to serve in luture parliaments. .23. From the end of the present parliament, each county named in the first column of Schedule D shall be divided into the clmsiong named in the second column, and (until otherwise directed by parliament) each of such divisions shall consist of the hundreds wapentakes, and places mentioned in the third column of the schedule. Two members to serve for each division in the second oolunin, to be chosen as if each such division were a separate count7. Schedule D includes among the counties to be divided— JNORTH Ljncashiee into two divisions, viz., North Lancashire, including (temporarily) the hundreds of Lonsdale, Amounder. ness and Leyland. North-Easl Lancashire, comprising the hundred of Blackburn. South Lancashire into two divisions viz bmith-tast Lancashire, comprising the hundred of Salford ; and South- West Lancashire, comprising the hundred of West Derby Ihe places of election for these four divisions are to be, for North Lancashire, imicasiei- ; for North-East Lancashire, BlacUurn ; for bouth-East Lancashire, Manchester; and for South-West Lancashire, Liverpool. Part III. of the Act contained the following clauses : — 26. Different premises occupied in immediate succession by any person as owner or tenant during the twelve calendar months next previous to the last day of July in any year shall, unless and except as herein is otherwise provided, have the same effect in qualifying such person to vote for a county or borough, as a continued occupation of the same premises in the manner herein provided. 27. In a county where premises are in the joint occupation of several persons aa owners or tenants, and the aggregate rateable value of such premises is such as would, if divided amongst the several occupiers, so far as the value is concerned, confer on each of them a vote, then each of such joint occupiers shall, if otherwise qualified, and subject to the conditions of this act, be entitled to be registered as a voter, and, when registered, to vote at an election for the county : Provided always that not more than two persons, being such joint occupiers, shall be entitled to be registered in respect of such premises, unless they shall have derived the same by descent, succession, marriage, marriage-settlement, or devise, or unless they shall be honafide engaged as partners carrying on trade or business thereon. 28. Where any poor rate due on the fifth day of January in any year from an occupier, in respect of premises capable of conferring the franchise for a borough, remains unpaid on the first day of June following, the overseers^ whose duty it may be to collect such rate, shall, on or before the twentieth of the same month of June, unless such rate has previously been paid, or has been duly demanded by a demand-note, to be served in like manner as the notice in this section referred to, give or cause to be given a notice in the form set forth in Schedule (E) to this act to every such occupier. The notice shall he deemed to be duly given if delivered to the occupier or left at his last or usual place of abode, or with some person on the premises in respect of which the rate is payable. Any overseer who shall wilfully withhold such notice, with intent to keep such occupier off the list or register of voters for the said borough, shall be deemed guilty of a breach of duty in the execution of the registration acts. 30. The following regulations shall, in and after 1868, be observed with respect to the registration of voters : (1) The overseers of every parish or township shall make out, or cause to be made out, a list of all persons on whom a right to vote for a county, in respect of the occupation of premises, is conferred by this act, in the same manner, and subject to the same regulations, as nearly as circumstances admit, in and subject to which the overseers of parishes or townships in boroughs are required by the registration acts to make out, or cause to be made out, a list of all persons entitled to vote for a member or members for a borough in respect of the occupation of premises of a clear yearly value of not less than ten pounds. (2) The claim of every person desirous of being registered as a voter for a member or members to serve for any borough in resepcot of the occupation of lodgings shall be in the form numbered 1 in Schedule (G), or to thehke effect, and shall have annexed thereto a declaration in the form, and be certified in the manner in the said schedule mentioned, or as near thereto as circumstances admit ; and every such claim sball, after the last day of July and on or before the twenty -fifth day of August in any year, be delivered to the overseers of the parish in which such lodgings shall be situate, and the particulars of such claim shall be duly published by such overseers on or before the first day of September next ensuing in a separate list, according to the form numbered 2 in the said Schedule (G). So much of section 18 of the act of the session of the sixth year of the reign of her present Majesty, chapter 18, as relates to the manner of publishing lists of claimants, and to the delivery of copies thereof to persons requiring the same, shall apply to every such claim and list ; and all the provisions of the 38th and 39th sections of the same act, with respect to the proof of the claims of persons omitted from the lists of voters, and to objections thereto, and to the hearing thereof, shall, so far as the same are applicable, apply to claims and objections, and to the hearing thereof, under this section. . The remaining clauses relate chiefly to election arrangements and the settlement of borough boundaries. Clause 36 provides that "it shall not be lawful for any candidate, or anyone on his behalf, at any election for any borough, except the several boroughs of East Retford, Shoreham, Cricklade, Much Wenlock, and Aylesbury, to pay any money on account of the conveyance of any voter to the poll, either to the voter himself or to any other person ; and if any such candidate, or any person on his behalf, shall pay any money on account of the conveyance of any voter to the poll, such payment shall be deemed to be an illegal payment within the meaning of the Corrupt Practices Prevention Act, 1854."_ , , ,, „ ^ , Clause 49 runs as follows : " Any person, either directly or indirectly, corruptly paying any rate on behalf of any ratepayer for the purpose of enabling him to be registered as a voter, thereby to influence his vote at any future election and any candidate or other person, either directly or indirectly, paying any rate on behalf of any voter for the purpose of inducing him to vote, or refrain from voting, shall be guilt/of bribery, and be punishable accordingly ; and any person on whose behalf and with whose privity any such payment as in this section is mentioned is made shall also be guilty of bribery, and punishable according y. The duties of the Boundary Commissioners are thus defined by clause 48 : " They shall, immediately after the passmg of this act proceed by themselves or by assistant-commissioners appointed by them, to inquire into the temporary boundaries of every borough constituted by this act, with power to suggest such alterations therem as they may deem expetont ; they shall a so inquire into the boundaries of every other borough in England and Wales, except such boroughs as are disfranchised by this act, with a vlw to asceSn whethir the boundarief should be enlarged, so as to include within the imits of the borough all premises which ougU due regard being had to situation or other local circumstances, to be included therein for the purpose of conferring upon the Siers thereof the parliamentary franchise for such borough ; they shall also inquire into the divisions of counties as constituted WWs act and as to the places appointed for holding courts for the election of members for such divisions, with a view to ascertain wLtherhav°ng regard to the natural and legal divisions of each county, and the distribution of the popu ation therein, any and what alterationf should be made in such divisions or places ; and the said Commissioners shall,^ with all practicable despatch, report toone of HcTm"^ Secretaries of StL upon the several matters in this section referred to them, and their report '^'"Ttfol''^ris''tfJ general saving clause : "56. The franchises conferred by this act shall be in addition to and not in sub- stitution for aTv existfngTranch ses ; but so that no person shall be entitled to vote for the same place in respect of more than one SSti^rTu^S&eprov^^^^^^^ :h^Kin i;t1rfor?e,t:d^:i^r?pTa"V^^^^^^^^^ ^A' ^^..^ to vote, and sh.U a.. 372 THE HISTORl OF LANCASHIRE. chap. xvii. apply to any constituency hereby authorised to return a member or members to parliament, as if it had heretofore returned such members to parliament and to the franchises hereby conferred, and to the registers of voters hereby required to be formed. 60 In the event of a vacancy in the representation of any constituency, or of a dissolution of parliament takmg place, and a writ or writs being issued, before the 1st January, 1869, for the election of members to serve in the present or any new Parliament, each election shall take place in the same manner in all respects as if no alteration had been made by this act m the franchises of electors or in the places authorised to return a member or members to serve in parliament, with this exception, that the boroughs bv this 'act disfranchised shall not be entitled to return members to serve in any such new parliament. _ In the interpretation clause it is provided that " dwelling-house shall include any part of a house occupied as a separate dwelling, and separately rated to the relief of the poor.'' The following are some, particulars, derived from Parliamentary and population returns, in reference to the four divisions of the county, under the Act, and all the boroughs, old and new (the latter in italics), in Lancashire : — North Lancashire. — Area, 8367 sq. miles, exclusive of boroughs except the borough of Lancaster (47 sq. miles), -which is included in the above area. North-East Lancashire.— Area, 247'1 sq. miles. The new borough of Burnley (9 '6 sq. miles) is not included in this area. South-East Lancashire.— Area, 314 sq. miles. Part of the new borough of Stalybridge (0-9 sq. mile) is not included in this area. South-West Lancashire.— Area, 379-8 sq. miles. The new borough oi St. Helens' (9-2 sq. miles) is not included in this area. Taking the old division of the county into two only. North and South Lancashire, the following shows the population of each of the old boroughs within such division in 1851 and 1861, and its increase or decrease ; also its gross estimated rental in 1856 and 1865, its increase or decrease, and the number of memlaers it sends : — NORTH LANCASHIRE. Blackburn (two members).— Population in 1851, 46,536 ; in 1861, 63,126 ; increase, 16,590. Gross rental in 1856, £126,378 ; in 1865, £176,451 ; increase, £50,078. Clitheroe (one member). — Population, 11,480 and 10,864 ; decrease, 616. Rental, £34,578 and £45,327 ; increase, £10,749. Lancaster (two members). — Population, 16,168 and 16,005 ; decrease, 163. Rental, £50,435 and £56,285 ; increase, £5,850 [Disfranchised by the Act of 1867.] Preston (two members).— Population, 69,542 and 82,985 ; increase, 18,443. Rental, £211,600 and £244,056 ; increase, £32,458 SOUTH LANCASHIRE. Ashton-under-Ltne (one member). — Population, 29,791 and 33,917 ; increase, 4,126. Rental, £81,975 and £105,590 ; increase, £23,615. Bolton (two members).— Population, 61,171 and 70,395 ; increase, 9,224. Rental, £179,882 and £226,476 ; increase, £47,594. Burt (one member).— Population, 31,262 and 37,563; increase, 6,301. Rental, £112,884 and £131,595 ; increase, £18,711. Liverpool (three members).— Population, 375,955 and 443,938 ; increase, 67,983< Rental, £1,680,824 and £2,655,888 ; increase, £975,064. Manchester (three members).— Population, 316,213 and 357,979 ; increase, 41,706. Rental, £1,427,600 and £1,676,785 ; increase, £249,185. Oldham (two members).— Population, 72,357 and 94,344 ; increase, 21,987. Rental, £192,594 and £450,407 ; increase, £257,813. Rochdale (one member).— Population, 29,195 and 38,184 ; increase, 8,989. Rental, £110,096 and £141,244 ; increase, £31,148. Salford (two members).— Population, 85,108 and 102,449 ; increase, 17,341. Rental, £348,841 and £401,707 ; increase, £52,866. ;"■ Warrington (one niember).— Population, 23,363 and 26,947 ; increase, 3,584. Rental, £77,762 and £86,741 ; increase, £20,832. WiGAN (two members).— Population, 31,941 and 37,658 ; increase, 5,717. Rental, £77,762 and £95,555 ; increase, £17,793. The total population of North Lancashire (inclusive of four represented boroughs) was 460,530 and 547,469 ; increase, 86,939. Rental, £1,727,977 and £2,287,130 ; increase, £559,153. The population of South Lancashire (inclusive often represented boroughs) was 1,557,067 and 1,871,030 ; increase, 313,963.= Rental, £6,471,124 and £9,046,578 ; increase, £2,575,454. THE LANCASHIRE BOROUGHS CREATED BY THE ACT OF 1867. 1. Burnley included the township of Burnley (population 19,971, in 3,515 inhabited houses), and the township of Habergham Eaves (with a population of 18,013, in 3,369 inhabited houses). Total population of new borough 37,984, in 6,884 inhabited houses. 2. Stalybridge included the municipal borough of Stalybridge (with a population of 24,921, in 4,864 inhabited houses) and the remaining portions of the townships of Dukinfield (15,024 persons, in 3,086 houses) and of Stayley (2,986, in 573 houses) and the district of the Local Board of Health of Mossley, of which the population (taken from "The Board of Health Officers' Almanack, 1867 ") was 14,000, but the number of inhabited houses is not known. With this modification the total population of the new borough was 56,931, in 8,523 houses, exclusive of those in the Mossley district. ' St. Helens was not made a new borougti by the Act of 1867. — C. division, and inclusive of parts of Latchford and Thelwall (population, " This is exclusive of Heaton Norris (population, 13,838 ; gross rental, 2,897 ; and gross rental, £9,185), comprised in the borough of Warrington, £43,953), in the borough of Stockport, North Cheshire, and situate in this and situate in North Cheshire. CHAP. XVII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 373 The following will show the changes in the representation of this county and of its boroughs made by the Act of 1867 :— County Members. 1866. 1868. North LanoaBhire 2 -f ^°i;*\ L™''*^^?"''^ 2 (.JN.E. Lancashxre 2 South Lancashire S-f^-J^; Lancashire '..Z''.'. 2 (. B.W. Lancashire 2 County Members 5 , g CiTz AND Borough Members. Ashton-under-Lyne 1 1 Blackburn 2 2 Bolton 2 2 Bury 1 1 Clitheroe 1 1 Lancaster 2 Disfranchised Liverpool 2 3 Manchester 2 3 Oldham 2 2 Preston 2 2 Rochdale 1 1 Salford 1 2 Warrington 1 1 Wigan 2 2 Kew Boroughs. Burnley 1 Sialybridge 1 Borough Members 22 25 The total representation of Lancashire in county and borough members was in 1866, 27 ; in 1867, by the new Act, it was increased to 33. The increase was three additional county and three additional borough members. It was expected that St. Helens would be one of the new boroughs, but it was not included in the new Act. The following were the appointments (Aug. 1867) of the Assistant Boundary Commissioners, and their districts, so far as they related to Lancashire : — North-Western (two sub-districts, 22 inquiries).— Sub-district A, comprising boroughs of Clitheroe, Burnley (new), Blackburn, Preston, Rochdale, Bury, Bolton, and Wigan. Counties to be divided. North Lancashire and South Lancashu-e (10 inquiries). Lieut. Hozier, 2nd Life Guards. | Mr. F. VV. Gibbs. Sub-district B comprising the boroughs of Liverpool, Manchester, Salford, Ashton-under-Lyne, Oldham, Birkenhead, Chester, Stockport, Macclesfield, Warrington, and Stalybridge (new). County to be divided, Cheshire (12 inquiries). Lieutenant- Colonel Gordon, R.E., C.B. I Mr. P. Cumin. THE REFORM ACTS 1884 and 1885. Further Acts to amend the law relating to the representation of the people of the United Kingdom were passed in 1884 and 1885. These Acts—" The Representation of the People Act, 1884" and "The Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885 "—together form the third of the great changes in the constitution of the House of Commons which have taken place withm the present century The first of these important statutes, which received the Royal assent December 6, 1884, establishes a uniform household franchise and a uniform lodger franchise (as enacted by Sees. 3 and 4 of the Representation of the People Act, 1867) in all counties and boroughs throughout the United Kingdom; creates (by Sec. 3) what has been called the " service franchise whereby an inhabitant, by virtue of any office, service, or employment, of a dwelling-house not inhabited by his master becomes entitled to vote as if he were the tenant ; declares that no fresh qualifications can in future be created by means of rent charges; prohibits for_ the future the manufacture of fasrot votes and provides for their gradual extinction, while reserving to present fagot voters their personal right to vote; and makes the occupation of ^njland or tenement (formerly land alone would not fuffice in a borough) of £10 annual value a sufficient qualification m either borough or countv The £50 occupation franchise in counties is abolished as unnecessary. Overseers are required to ascertain by service of notices on rated occupiers, and to enter m a separate column m the rate book the names of all male inhabitant occupiers other than the person rated who are entitled to be registered as inhabitant occupiers of a dwellmg-house. The Redistribution of Seats Act received the Royal assent on the 25th of June, 1885. The cardinal principles upon which it is based are as follow:— 374 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. CHAP. XVII 1. The total number of members is raised from 652 to 670. The true complement of the'Houst' of Commons was previously 658 but six seats — four in England and two in Ireland — were disfranchised in 1869. ' 2. Of the eighteen additional seats six are given to England and twelve to Scotland, the previous representation of Wales and Ireland remaining unchanged. j ■ ii 3. Boroughs having less than 15,000 inhabitants cease to return membei-3 to Parliament, and are merged m tlie county divisions To this rule there are two exceptions— the borough of Warwick, which is added to Leamington, the joint borough having upwards of 15,01 inhabitants ; and Haverfordwest, which, instead of being merged in the county, is added, for Parliamentary purposes, to the Pembroke district. 4. Boroughs with less than 50,000 inhabitants in 1881 return only one member to Parliament. 5. Boroughs with populations varying from 50,000 to 165,000 return two members. 6. Boroughs with more than 165,000 are granted an adflitional member for about every 50,000. 7' Boroughs and counties returning more than one member are divided into two divisions, each division returning one member. Boroughs which have hitherto returned two members, and whose representation remains unchanged by the Act, are exempted from this rule. ... 8. The adoption of the above scale, as regards disfranchisement, made available 160 seats for redistribution. These, together with the eighteen additional seats, made a total of 178 disposable seats. 9. Of these 178 seats, ninety-six were given to county constituencies and eighty-two to the boroughs. 10. The Metropolitan boroughs (including Croydon and West Ham) were increased from twenty-two to sixty-two members. Among the various minor provisions of the Act may be mentioned — Divided Boroughs. — A voter is not allowed to vote in more than one division of these boroughs, and the elections in all the divisions are held on the same day. Divided ConNTiES. — Each of the new divisions is treated as a separate constituency, and therefore a voter having property in more than one division is able to vote in each division in which he is registered. Successive Occupation of premises in the same Parliamentary borough qualifies a person to be registered as a voter, notwith- standing that they may be in different divisions ; but a change of occupation from one borough to another, or from a county to a borough, or vice versd, or from one division of a county to another, vitiates the qualification for the year. Returning Officers. — In new boroughs, with a few exceptions, the returning officer — where there is no mayor — is appointed by the sheriif of the county, and must have an office within the borough. Returning officers in divided boroughs may appoint deputies. Paid Agents, Clerks, (fee, if appointed in any division of a divided borough, are prohibited from voting in any other division of the same borough. County Elections are held in such town as the magistrates in quarter sessions may appoint. Corrupt Voters, reported as guilty of ofiences at the election of 1880, are incapable for seven years of being registered as voters for the borough (or for the county division, if it has been merged therein) in respect of property within the borough. Under the provisions of the Act the aggregate representation of Lancashire was increased from 33 to 57 members. The borough of Clitheroe was merged in its division of the county, and Wigan was deprived of one member ; six additional members were given to Liverpool, three to Manchester, and one to Salford ; and Barrow-in-Furness and St. Helens were created Parliamentary boroughs, and assigned one member each. By the same Act the county was divided into twenty- three separate constituencies returning one member each. The representation of the county of Lancaster and its boroughs is now as follows : — CouNir. North Lancashire. Divisions. North Lonsdale Lancaster Blackpool Chorley Members. 1 1 1 1 North-East Lancashire. Darwen Clitheroe ... Accrington Rossendale South-East Lancashire. Westhought on Hey wood Middleton RadcliSe-cum-Farnworth Divisions. Eccles Stretford .. Gorton ... . Preatwich . . . South-East Lancashire — cont. Southport.. Ormskirk . Bootle Widues .... Newton luce Leigh South- ^Yest Lancashire. Members. 1 1 1 1 Total . Boroughs. Ashton-under-Lyiie. Barrow-in-Furness . Blackburn Bolton Burnley Bury Liverpool ... Manchester Oldham ... -Preston Rochdale ... St. Helens... Salfoid Warrington Wigan 1 23 2 1 1 3 1 1 3i County Members . Borough Members . 23 34 57 CHAP. XVII. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. 8^5 The Parliamentary borough of Stalybridge is located partly in Lancashire and partly in Cheshire. Towns and Places included in the Sevekal County Divisions, north lancashire.— four divisions. 1. NoKTH Lonsdale DmsiON.— The sessional divisions of Barrow-in-Furness, Hawkshead, and North Lonsdale (including Cartmel), and the parishes m the sessional divisions of South Lonsdale, of Bolton-le-Sands, Borwick, Carnforth, Dalton Nether Kellet, Over Kellet, Priest Button, Silverdale, Warton-with-Lindelh, Yealand-Conyers, and Yealand-Redmayne. ' 2. Lancaster Division.— The sessional divisions of Garstang, Hornby, and South Lonsdale (except so much as is comprised in Division 1, as above described), and the municipal borough of Lancaster. 3. Blackpool Division.— The sessional divisions of Amounderness, Kirkham, and Leyland (except so much as is comprised in Division 4, as below described), and the municipal borough of Preston. 4. Chohlet Division,— The sessional division of Leyland Hundred, and the parishes in the sessional division of Leyland, of Clayton-le- Woods, Cuerden, and Leyland. NORTH-EAST LANCASHIRE.— FOUR DIVISIONS. 5. Darwen Division.— The sessional divisions of Blackburn (except so much as is comprised in Division 7), Darwen, and Waltou-le-Dale, the municipal boroughs of Blackburn and Over Darwen, and the parishes in the sessional division of Clitheroe, of Aighton Bailey and Chaigley, Little Bowland, Chipping, and Leagram, and Thornley-with-Wheatley. 6. Clitheroe Division.— The sessional divisions of Burnley (except the parish of Hapten), Clitheroe (except so much as is . comprised in Division 5), and Colne, and the municipal boroughs of Burnley and Clitheroe. 7. AocElNGTON Division.— The municipal borough of Accringtou, and the parishes of Altham, Church, Clayton-le-Moors, Hapton, Huucoat, Oswaldtwistle, and Kishton. 8. RossENDALE DIVISION. — The sessional division of Rossendale, and so much of the municipal borough of Baoup as is not included in the sessional division of Rossendale. SOUTH-EAST LANCASHIRE.— EIGHT DIVISIONS. 9. Westhouqhton Division.- — The sessional division of Bolton (except so much as is comprised in Division 12) and the municipal borough of Bolton. 10. Heywood Division. — The sessional division of Bury (except so much as is comprised in Divisions 11 and 12), the municipal boroughs of Bury and Heywood, and so much of the parish of Spotland as is not included in the Local Government district of Whitworth, or in the municipal borough of Bacup, or in the municipal borough of Rochdale. 11. MiDDLETON Division. — The sessional division of Middleton (except so much of the parish of Spotland as is included in Division 10, or in the municipal borough of Bacup, the municipal borough of Rochdale), and the parishes of Alkrington and Tonge, and in the sessional division of Bury so much of the parish of Hopwood as is not included in the municipal borough of Heywood. 12. RADOLrFFE-cuM-FAKNWORTH DIVISION. — The parishes in the sessional division of Bolton, Farnworth, Kear.sley, and Little Hulton, and in the sessional division of Bury, the parish of Pilkington, and so much of the parish of Radcliffe as is not included in the municipal borough of Bury. 13. EocLES Division. — The parishes of Barton-upon-Irwell, Clifton, Flixton, Urmston, and Worsley, and so much of the parish of Pendlebury as is not within the municipal borough of Salford. 14. Stretford Division. — The municipal boroughs of Manchester and Salford, and so much of the municipal borough of Stockport as is situate within the county of Lancaster and the parishes of Bradford, Burnage, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Didsbiiry, Harpurhey, Levenshulme, Moss Side, Newton, Reddish, Rusholme, Stretford, and Withington, and so much of the parish of Heaton Norria as is not included in the municipal borough of Stockport. 15. Gorton Division. — The parishes of Denton, Haughton, and Openshaw, and so much of the parish of Gorton as is not included in the Parliamentary borough of Manchester. 16. Prestwich Division. — The municipal boroughs of Ashton-under-Lyne and Oldham, and the parishes of Blaokley, Chadderton, Crompton, Crumpsall, Droylsden, Pailsworth, Great Heaton, Little Heatou, Moston, Prestwich, and Royton, and so much of the parish of Ashton-under-Lyne as is not included in the municipal borough of Ashton-under-Lyne. SOUTH-WEST LANCASHIRE.— SEVEN DIVISIONS. 17. SouTHroRT Division. — The sessional division of Southport, the municipal borough of Southport, and the parishes of Great Crosby, Ince-Blundell, Little Crosby, and Thornton. 18. Ormskirk Division — The sessional division of Ormskirk, and the parishes of Aintree, Dalton, Kirkby Litherland, Lunt, Netherton, Orrell and Ford, Sefton, and Upholland, and, in the Prescot sessional division, of Croxteth Park, Knowsley, and Prescot. 19. BooTLE Division. — The municipal boroughs of Liverpool and Bootle-cum-Linacre, and the parishes of Child wall, Fazakerley, Walton-on-the-Hill, and Wavertree, and so much of the parishes of West Derby and Toxteth Park as is not included in the municipal borough of Liverpool. ,.,.,, , , . • j • 20 WiDNES Division.— The sessional division of Prescot (except the parish of RainhiU, and so much as is comprised in Divisions 18 and 21) and the parishes of AUerton, Garston, Hale, Halewood, Little Woolton, Much Waolton, and Speke. 21 Newton Division.— The sessional divisions of St. Helens and Warrington, the municipal borough of St. Helens, and so much of the municipal borough of Warrington as is situate within the county of Lancaster, and the parishes of Ashton-m-Makerfield, BiUinge, Higher End, RainhiU, and Winstanley, and so much of tlie parish of Eecleston as is comprised in the sessional division of 22.' INCE DrcisioN.- The municipal borough of Wigan, and the parishes of Abram, Haigh, Hindley, Ince-in-Makerfield, Orrell, and Pemberton. 23. Leigh Division.— The sessional division of Leigh. APPENDICES. APPENDIX I. THE SUCCESSION IN THE DUCHY OF LANCASTER (Abridged from Hargrave MSS. Brit. Mub. Cod. 327, fol. 1-50.) The Address of the late Vffliers, Lord Hyde, afterwards Earl of Clarendon in the Duchy of Lancaster. Janry 20 1772 '^° ^^^ ^^™^ ^^ ^^^ Majesty's moat dutiful subject and servant,— Hyde. A LIST [abridged] of those who have held the Duohy of Lancaster under different titles of honour, succinctly showing the augmentation, the decline, and the present state of the Duchy. Three Noblemen almost of the highest distinction bore the title of Lord of the Honor of Lancaster. Lord of an Honor was a dignity superior to that of Lord of a Manor, and in use before the Conquest. The Honor of Lancaster was of the most remote antiquity. It was composed of a number of Honors long before it was raised to an earldom, as it was successively to a dukedom '■■ -"og^"^ Of , ''^*°" ^'^"''^ ^^'> ^"* ™s deprived of his possessions for his disloyalty, which he probably inherited from his WiUiam n " J>^o°tgo™ery, who got Arundel, Chichester, and the county of Salop from William L, and rebelled against 2. WiUiam, Earl of Montaigne, Surry and Warren, third son of King Stephen, was nest appointed Lord of the Honor of Lancaster, and put m possession of other considerable estates by his father. But Henry II. resumed what this royal earl held of the crown, and left him what came from his father before his father was king. _ 3. John, surnamed Sansterre, notwithstanding his name, became, as Hovenden says, a tetraroh. His brother, Eiehard I., not weighing, as his father did, prudence against generosity, rendered him, who from ambition was too desirous of dominion, powerful by territories ; he rebeUed accordingly against his benefactor, as he had done against his father, and was the murtherer of his nephew Arthur. 4. After King John, the Honor of Lancaster was raised to an earldom. Peter of Savoy, uncle to Queen Eleonora, wife of Henry III., was created by^that king Earl of Lancaster. John, his predecessor, was, indeed, in the enumeration of his titles, called Earl of Lancaster as a king's son, who by the ancient laws of the crown were, aa is reported, earls of course, without any particular creation or investiture. Part of the territories belonging to this earldom lay near the new temple, London. It was called a Vavasorie. Here the said earl Peter built a house, and named it from his own country "Savoy." His son being deemed an alien, the earldom escheated to the crown, and Henry III. conferred it on his sou. 5. Edmond, called Crouehback, probably from his wearing a crouch or cross on his back, as was often done by votaries to pilgrimages. His mother was Eleanor, the second of the five daughters of the Earl of Provence. All of them were married to real or titular kings. From this prince is descended the royal house of Lancaster, rival to that of York. Their contest was of the longest duration and the most bloody that ever afflicted this nation. His father bestowed on him the titles and estates of Montford, Earl of Leicester, of Ferrars, Earl of Derby, and of John, Earl of Monmouth. He also inherited, by the will of his first wife Avelina, the succession of her father William, surnamed De Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle. Edmond was declared high steward of England, and procured a licence of Edward I. to turn his house (the Savoy) into a castle. Castles had distinction, rights, and powers, which houses or even manors had not. Sir William Fleetwood ranks an honor before a castle, a castle before a lordship, a. lordship before a manor, and a manor before a messuage. The possessions of this earl were equal to some kingdoms. His second wife was Blaunoh of Artois, the beautiful Queen of Navarre, niece to Saint Lewis, King of France, by whom he had three sons. 6. Thomas, the eldest, succeeded to his titles and estates, and was consequently Earl of Lancaster by inheritance. He was made chief of Edward II. 's privy council, but after many mutual disgusts and reconciliations he took arms against him, or rather against the Spencers, was defeated at Borough Bridge, and beheaded at Pontefract after he had underwent the scoffs of the Royalists for taking, as it was pretended he did in a letter to the Scotch, the title of King Arthur. He married Alice, daughter of Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, and added in her right the estate of Lincoln and Salisbury to his immense patrimony. 7. His brother Henry became entitled to such part only of his possessions and honours as had been settled upon him by the king, in case the last earl should die without issue, which he did ; and though the king afterwards considerably increased his estates by grants, yet he kept the greater share of the property of the late earl, which had been forfeited by his attainder. Henry further increased his estates by a large fortune with his wife Maud, heiress to her father Sir Richard Chaworth and to other relations ; by which acquisitions the Earls of Lancaster grew very considerable in Wales. 8. His son Henry, who had been created Earl of Derby and Lincoln in his father's lifetime, succeeded to his estates and honours. He added dignity to his illustrious family. He was the first Duke of Lancaster, and the second of our nobility raised to the ducal title. The Duke of Cornwall stood before him. By his patent of creation in the 25 of Edward III. (1351), the king created the county of Lancaster into a palatinate, and granted the duke jura regalia in that county and many other privileges. The grant by this charter was only for his life, so all these distinctions, with his dukedom, ceased at his death in 1861. In the 25th year of that reign (1351) the duke obtained in exchange for Richmondahire divers and large domains in the counties of York, Durham, Notting- ham, Derby, Sussex, and Norfolk. But shortly before his death (23rd of March. 1361) he surrendered many of his privileges to the crown, which were afterwards granted to John of Gaunt. 9. John of Gaunt married his daughter Blanch, and made the house of Lancaster more royal. Maud, her eldest sister, dying without issue, all the Lancaster dominions devolved to this prince, who was first created Earl and afterwards Duke of Lancaster by his father Edward III.; which king, the 28th February, in the 61st year of his reign (1377), instituted, for the higher dignity of his son, a chancery, justices for the pleas of the crown, as well as for common law, jura regalia, and power of execution of writs and offices, and all other powers which were exerted by the Earl of Chester in his county palatine, but limited this institution to the duke's life which ended in 1361.^ The like privileges, with the same limitations, had been granted to Henry Duke of Lancaster ; but in the'lS of Richard II. (1389-90), the second duke, John, petitioned the king and Parliament at Gloucester that the late king's ' Sic in edition of 1835, It must, however, be 1399, the date of John of Gaunt's death, that is intonaed.— B. H, 49 378 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX I. erant to him miKht be extended to his heu-s-male, and tlie king, by charter, with the assent of Parliament, extended it according to the nraver of th? petition. He also obtained from King Richard a grant and release of all the forfeited estates which came to the crown by the attakider of Thomas Earl of Lancaster. This duke had his council in Lancashire betore the grant to him of jumregaha, and™ the grants and leases from the duke it is styled " Thrice Noble Council of the Thrice Noble Duke of Lancaster,' &c His council likewise took cognisance of land there before the last foundation or confirmation of the palatinate. He married, after the deaXof Blanch, Constantia, daughter of Peter, King of Castile, and took his father-m-law's title, but ceded it afterwards by contract, Tnd wa's by Act of Parliament created Duke of Aquitaine. His recited titles are, son of tlie king, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester. His estates were greatly augmented by his father, who, in the 50th year of his rei-m (1376), granted to him and his heirs large domains in Hertfordshire, and at Calais, in France. , •, -o v 10 On his death, his son Henry de Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster, returned just as it was pronounced by a packed Parliament that Ms banishment 'should be perpetuah At first he only claimed his legaHnheritance ; but finding a we^^^^ duchv and decrees that it shall be governed by its own officers, which were at that time a cha,ncellor, an attorney-general, a receiver or treasurer, a clerk of the court, six assessors, twenty-three receivers, and three supervisors But this is not the first institution of the duchy court, as has been erroneously imagined. The same was granted to Henry, the first^ Duke of Lancaster and repeated in the charter or rescript of Edward III. for creating John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, and also m thatof tte ISth of Richard II (1-389) for extending the title and estates to his heirs-male. It has, indeed, been preserved from this reign, with little variation, to the present time. Henry IV. was so jealous of his dukedom and so zealous to preserve it that he settled it on his son, to save the title from being absorbed in that of king. ,, , , ^ „, j uj. ju- /■ 11 Henry V enlarged (with the assent of Parliament) the dukedom by his mother s estate. She was daughter and heiress of Humphrey de Bohun Earl or Hereford, whose estates were of great extent and value, and were situate chiefly m the counties of Essex Middlesex Cambridge, Norfolk, Lincoln, Bucks, Wilts, Sufl'olk, Surrey, Gloucester, Dorset, Hereford, and m the City of London and Marches of Wales. In this reign an Act of Parliament passed declaring that all grants of offices and estates in the duchy should pass under the duchy seal or should be void. , , x- i, , t j- i i- 12. His successor Henry VI. did nothing of himself, and was made to do nothing worthy of notice that 1 can discover relating 13. Tlie rio-ht to the dukedom next descended to John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, son of Catherine Swinford, third wife of John of Gaunt,°Dake of Lancashire, whose children by her before their marriage were legitimated in 20 Richard II. (1396) by Act of Parliament. But Edward IV. deemed the title and estate forfeited by the attainder of Henry VI., and by an Act of Parhament united the estates, " appropriated " is the expression in the act, to the crown, yet decreed at the same time that the ofBce should remain on its former estabhshment. Until this period the office of chancellor of the county palatine was distinct from that of chancellor of the duchy, though often held by the same person ; nevertheless the chancellor of the county palatine was always subservient to the chancellor of the duchy, by whom all grants of offices and lands, as well in the county palatine as in the duchy at large, were made ; and if the county palatine seal was necessary to the completing the grant, the chancellor of the county affixed it by virtue of a warrant from the chancellor of the duchy. By this act the county palatine was annexed to the duchy, and the chancellor of the duchy hath ever since held the office of chancellor of the county palatine, executing the latter by his deputy or vice-chancellor. In the 12th year of this king (1472) an Act of Parliament passed for vestiug a very considerable portion of the duchy estates in trustees for the use of the king's will, and the king directed the same by his will to be appropriated to diverse charitable and superstitious uses, but this trust was destroyed by an act of Henry VII. (1485), and the estates were resumed and reunited to the duchy. 14. Edward V. was not of an age to make any alterations during the short time that he was called kmg. 15. Richard III., though he made some excellent laws with regard to the nation, left the duchy as he found it. But, 16. Henry VII., whose right to it came from his mother, Margaret, the Countess of Richmond and Derby, daughter to John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, who was son to the Earl of Somerset just mentioned, broke Edward IV.'s act and entail, separated the duchy again from the crown, and entailed both the crown and duchy on himself and his heirs for ever, and so it has continued distinct, though in the crown (the time of the usurpation excepted), to this day ; yet I do not perceive that any of our kings or princes have borne the title of Lancaster since Henry V., who by his father's express disposition inserted it among his other titles when Prince of Wales. 17. This wide-spreading inheritance [the duchy of Lancaster] was very greatly increased by the several acts of King Henry VIII. for the dissolution of monasteries and for erecting the court of augmentations, and by the act of Edward VI. for the dissolution of colleges and chantries, and by a charter of King Philip and Queen Mary, made in pursuance of an Act of Parliament, whereby very large estates in the counties of Hertford, Essex, Bucks, Suffialk, Sussex, and York were united to the duchy ; and so great a regard was paid by this cpeeii to the future preservation of this her patrimonial inheritance, that she got a clause inserted in this act, declaring that all such estates as had been since the first of Edward VI., or should be at any time afterwards, granted from the duchy, and had or should revert or be forfeited to the crown, should return to the survey of the duchy court. 18. 19, 20, 21. This favourite succession, thus formed and augmented, passed through King Henry VIII., Edward VI., Philip and Mary, and Elizabeth, to James I. (notwithstanding many grants in fee were given by those sovereigns), in such good condition as to raise in the beginning of his reign an immense annual income, and to make a considerable part of the civil establishment, over and besides some very extensive and valuable domains which he granted, together with divers crown lands, to trustees, to maintain his sons Henry, Prince of Wales, and Prince Charles. The king's necessities afterwards requiring extraordinary sums to be raised from his landed property, he first began with taking large fines for leases of duchy estates upon contracts for sixty years. But finding money came in slowly from this scheme, he proceeded to all who would become purchasers upon his terms ; so that when Charles I. succeeded to the throne, he found the duchy possessions reduced to very little more than the estates comprised in his own settlement and in the leases for sixty years. 22. King Charles's exigencies drove him to follow the example of his father in selling his duchy inheritance, by which he raised money to a considerable amount. No part of it was preserved except some few forests and parks and the estates which went to his queen Henrietta in jointure, and those which were comprised in the leases for sixty years granted by his father, and even many of those were sold in reversion for small sums. But upon almost all the grants in fee there were reserved to the crown fee-farm rents in the whole to a large amount. In 1649 a commission was appointed by an act of the Commons for the sale of the crown and duchy lands. The Restoration cancelled all transactions in consequence of that act. 23. King Charles II., soon aft^r his accession, made several very extensive grants in fee of duchy estates to persons instrumental in his restoration, particularly to the Duke of Albermarle and the Earl of Sandwich, and he also made many leases for terms of ninety-nine years in reversion at small rents, some of which are still subsisting. In 1665 he settled divers fee-farm rents, and very near all the landed estate of the duchy which was not in jointure upon his mother Henrietta, upon Queen Catherine for her life ; and Queen Henrietta dying in 1671, the king added the estates comprised in her settlement to Queen Catherine's jointure ; so that the remaining revenue from the duchy to the crown sunk to a state of insignificance. In 1670 and 1672 this king had two acts to sell all the fee-farm rents, as well as those of the crown as of the duchy, and they were accordingly sold, and such as were in settlement on Queen Catherine were either surrendered by her, and an equivalent granted to her in lieu thereof by charge upon the hereditary excise, or were sold in reversion expectant on her death. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE-APPENDIX II. 379 24. King James II., though a prince of more order and business, did not attemct to rbvp tliia ,q„^.i „„,t * i,- x • ruin, and such was the reduction of its income that in 1686 the officers of the duchy a^ed to r.Hifrfi^' I '' patrimony from tally with the small production from the duchy estate. ^ ^ ^ *° ^^^'""' "''^"'"'' *° '^''^^ ^^^"^ better 25. William III. accelerated the decline. He granted for 99 veai-q nftpi-tlm riom,-=„ „* n <-< i, • . estates comprised m her jointure which were all th!t remained unffixcS wLf^n^t wofcSi^'Sr ''^ ""'' "™* °' '""^ for mtftClo^fearo: trC^fth-im eS nt ofw^s^^ tn&trtii^J!?\tr^^V^^ ^™™ ^T ^--^'^"^ '^^^ or of a third part of the value ; building leasee only were confined tu 50 years but k11\v 11° °l """"^ "'"''^ f °* "^ S™^'^'-' yeai-s had absorbed so much of' the ducgy reyenues'that Ihtle or no attention 'th'tfh tLlSrof 'oro^.TT^rTp '"'''V' '' giyen to the improyement of it, or even order in the ofiBce, till the Earl of ArundeU fas aoDO nLd oh^Z.^n H ^°'^' w ""'^ who loved business and respected justice, and made confusion and partiality gTvfpire to ZuW^^^^ was a nobleman adopted, perfected, and enlarged his predecessor's laudable designs in the refgn of te IT I ?^ but Jhi, »1? fi? ^- \ l?u ^" proceedings and plans, and under such auspices as ought to anfmate eve^yTn: to d^o'^K thLtteTu^': iSl m^^^^^^^ Charifs tl and t'Ll'oTwilUr^^^^^^^ '° pvobability, never a great Le, not even whZtSe leased gr^a^ed by The annual certain amount at present is but £3273 13 And the annual disbursements Sfjiis i s The deficiency £284 11 8 '"'^"''w J?^*^^-^""* ^^ !f ^ upon leases, casual rents reserved on leases for mines, sales of timber and such like. A surplus undoubtedly arises from these articles, perhaps about £2,000 a year, or rather under, but that cannot, from the nature of it, be APPENDIX II. PERAMBULATION OF THE FOEESTS. 12th Henry III. (1228). Lansdowne MSS. Cod. 559, fol. 65 (ss.) These are the twelve knights of the county of Lancaster who made perambulation of the forests by precept of the lord the king— to wit, Wm. Blundell, Tho. de Bethum, Adam de Bury, Wm. de Tatham, Adam de Coupynura, Adam de Molyneux, Gilbert de Kellet, Paulinus de Gairestang, Patrick de Berwyk, Henry de Lee, Grymebald de EUale, Thos. de BurnhuU, who say that the whole county of Lancaster ought to be disafforested, according to the tenor of the charter of forests, except the woods underwritten : 1st, Quernemore. by these bounds — to wit, as Langtwayt extends itself towards the Erlesgate, descending as far as to the bridge of Musart Siket [i.e., ditch or runnel], descending as far as to the Frith Brok, following the Frith Brok descending aa far as to the Lone [LuneJ, following the Lone ascending as far as to Esk Brok, ascending and following [it] to Mag Brigge, ascending as far as to Hankersdame, following the Siket of Hankersdame, ascending as far as to the siket which is under UUethwayt, and descending from that siket as far as Storchag, and from Storchag as far as to the east part of the head of Brounes-gate, following Brouues-gate ascending as far as to the summit of the head of Cloghok [Clougha], and from the summit of the head of Cloghok, as far as to the summit of the head of Damerisgele, descending as far as to the siket which is between two " marbes arres " [? marked trees], follow- ing the SUcok [?] as far as to Blemes, following the siket as far as to Condone [ ], following tihe siket as far as to the moss under Eghlotes-heved, following that moss ascending as far as to the road of Stokthwayt, following that road ascending to the Erlesgate. And further, without these bounds, John the king gave a certain part of the forest, by his charter, to Matthew Gernet and his heirs, to render therefor yearly half-a-mark [6s. 8d.], saving to himself his venison [or hunting], and therein the king may do his pleasure. And excepting Covet and Bleasdale by these bounds — to wit, From the head of Calder on the south part, as far as to Ulnesty, and from Ulnesty as far as to the top of the head of Perlok [Parlick Pike], and from that summit following the Merlegh, descending as far as to where the Merlegh falls into [the] Broke at Thorpen Lees, following the Broke and descending to the duct [? path] in the east side of Wone Suape, following Wone Snape as far as to Stayngile, and from Stayngile as far as to Comistis, following Comisty and descending as far as into Calder, following and ascending as far as to the forenamed Ulnesty. And except Fvlwode, by these bounds, from the Hay of Runisgil as far as to the way [or road] of Sepal, and thence aa far as to the duct [? path] which goes from Sepedale to Fulwode, and thence so as that duct falls into Haversich-gate, and thence so as the way goas to Coleford in the Ferms, and thence so as that falls as far as to the Codelische, and thence as far as to the Hay of Eanislyt. And the men of Preston ought to have building timber for their houses and for fuel, and pasture for their cattle. [And except] Toxstalk, by these hounds : So as where Oskeles Brok falls into Mersee, following Oskeles Brok, ascending as far as to the park of Magwom, and from the meadow as far as Bromegge, following the Bromegge as far as to the Brounlowe, and thence across as far as to the old turbaries between the two marshes, as far as to Lambisthorn, and from Lambisthorn descending as far as the "Waterfall of the head of StirpuU, foUowing and descending as far as to the Mersee, near these [bounds]. King John placed Smethdown with its appurtenances in the forest, and gave ThingwaU to a certain pauper in exchange for . . . and therein the king does according to his will. Also, except the wood of Derby, by these bounds : From Bradi-stone in Hargun-Kar, and so by the middle of the Kar, as far as to Hasaihurst, and so where the footpath goes out of the wood aa far as to Longlegh, which extends from [West] Derby as far aa unto Kyrkeby, and so beyond Longlegh into Mikkyll-brok, and ascending from Mykkyl-brok as far as Blak-brok, ascending from Blak-brok as far as into Throun-thornedale-brok, and so ascending as far as to the plains and the street where they have common, and herbage, and other things in the aforesaid wood. And the men of Derby have all necessaries in the aforesaid wood. Also, except Burton Wode, by these bounds : From Hardesti as far aa to Sonky, and from Kavelslache as far as to Brade-legh-broke ; so as that William Pincerna [Butler] and his heirs may have common of pasture for their beasts in store, and feeding for their swine, and building timber at his castle for his building and burning. Also we the jurors say, that Croxtath park was in defence [or protection] since the coronation of Henry, the grandfather of our king, and belongs to Knowslegh, to the heir of Robert Fitz Henry, and ought to be disforested, according 'to the tenor of the charter of forests. Also we say that Altkar was placed in protection since the coronation of Henry, the grandfather of our king, and belongs, a certain part of it, to the vill of Ines [Incej and the Eamsmehs [Raven-meols], and to Forneby and to Holand, and to Lydgate, and ought to be disforested. We also say that the vill of Halis was in demesne of the grandfather of our king, and that the king placed in defence part of the wood after his coronation, from Flaxpolis to Quyutebriche. And the king gave the aforesaid vill of Halis, in its entirety and with its appurtenances, to Richard de Mide, by his charter of the forest • and it ought to be disforested according to the tenor of the charter of the forest. Also we say that Symondeswode was placed in defence after the coronation of Henry, grandfather of our king, and belongs with Kyrkeby to the heir of Richard Fitz Roger, and ought to be disforested according to the tenor of the charter of forests, &c. 380 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX III. APPENDIX III. THE LANSDOWNE FEODAEY. ^ Knights' Fees. W lich wei-e those of Henry, late Earl of Lincoln, and which, after the death of the said earl, were those of Thomas, late Earl of Lancaster, and now (to wit, in 23 Edward IIL, 13i9) are those of Henry, Earl of Lancaster, Derby and Leicester, and Lord High Steward of England. Salfordshire — Totington. Roger de Midelton holds four carucates and two bovates of land in Midelton, for one knight's fee. Margery de Radeclyve and Henry her son hold four carucates and sis bovates of land in Bury, for one fee. Henry de Trafford holds two carucates of land in Chatherton for the fourth part of one fee, where eight, &c. Alice, who was the wife of Adam de Prestwyche, holds the manor of Akkeryngton for homage and service, and there is the twenty-fourth part of a knight's tee there Leylandshire — Penworiham. Robert de Keurdale holds in demesne and service three carucates of land in Keurdale, whereof ten [? carucates] make one knight's fee. John Feton holds in service one carucate of land in Wythenhill, one oarucate of land in Hoghton, two carucates of land in Quarlton, half a carucate of land in Wythull, in woodland, for half a fee and the sixteenth part of one fee, where eight carucates make a fee. The same John holds in service one carucate of land in Clayton, where ten carucates make one knight's fee. William Caudray holds in demesne and service the vill of North Meols, for the fourth part of one knight's fee, where ten carucates make one knight's fee. Adam de Walton, parson of Mitton, holds two carucates in Ulneswalton, where ten carucates, &c. William de Faryngdon holds in demesne and service one carucate of land in Leyland, where ten carucates, &o. Thomas de Sutton holds one messuage and three bovates of land in Penwortham, where ten carucates, &c. The abbot of Evesham holds one bovate of land in the same place, where ten carucates, &c. Margaret Bauastre holds in demesne and service three carucates of land in Dokesbury, and . . . yngton (Adlyngton ?), six bovates of land in Hethe Chernook, half a carucate of land in Chernok Richard, two carucates of land in Standish and Longtree, and one carucate of land in Walshe QuethuU LWelsh Whittle], one carucate of land in Shevengton, for one fee, where eight carucates, &c. Amounderness. Adam de Freckelton holds in demesne and ser%'ice four carucates of land in Frekelton, two carucates of land in Etheleswyk, one carucate of land in Whytyngham, two carucates of land in Neuton, for one fee, where eight carucates make one knight's fee. William Prese holds in demesne and service one carucate of land in Neuton, where eight [carucates], &c. The same William holds in demesne and ser\dce two carucates of land in Prese, where eight carucates, &c. Ralph de Eethum holds in demesne and service three carucates of land in Warton, and half a carucate of land in Neusom, and one carucate of land in Bretherton, for half a fee, where nine carucates, &c. The heirs of Wodeplumpton hold demesne and service one carucate of land in Bretherton, two carucates of land in Claighton in Amounderaess, and half a carucate of land in Neusum, where ten carucates, &c. Adam de Hoghton, chevalier, holds in service one carucate of land and one bovate of land in Heton in Lonnesdale, where ten carucates, &c, Robert de Holand, chevalier, holds in service three carucates of land in Eukston, where ten carucates, &c. Nicholas de Boteler holds in demesne one messuage and eleven bovates of land in Frekelton, where seven carucates, &c. : and that quantity is the sixth part of one fee, V^^^F^ \ one twentieth part less. Robert de Frekelton holds one messuage and two bovates and three parts of one bovate of land in Frekelton, where eight carucates, &:c. ; and that quantity is the twenty -first part of a fee. The heir of Robert Sherburne holds two bovates of land in Frekelton, and one bovate of land in Etheleswyk, where eight carucates, &c. The heir of Adam de Banestre, chevalier, holds two bovates of land in Frekelton, and five bovates of land in Etheleswyk where eight carucates, &e. Thomas Bredekyrk holds one bovate of land in Etheleswyk, where eight carucates, &c. Thomas, son of Gilbert Singleton, holds one bovate of land in Frekelton, where eight carucates, &o. The heirs of Orm Travers hold five bovates of land in Etheleswyk, where eight carucates, &c. Si/ngleion. There are in this place twenty-one messuages and twenty-six bovates of land in the hands of bonders, who render therefor yearly at the terms of Easter and Michaelmas £21 98. 3d. And there are there eleven cottages, with so many curtilages, and one croft, and one plot of land in the hands of tenants-at-will, who render therefor yearly 21s. 6d. And all the aforesaid bonders owe tallage,^ and give marchet^ and heriot, and the sixth part of all the goods belonging to the deceased on the death of a husband, and not more unless he were a widower. And if any of them shall have a male pullet [or cock], he ought not to sell it without licence. And to have the afore.said, with perquisites of court, as well for Syugleton as for Riggeby, extending to 30 yearly. Total, £24 Os. 9d. It is to be noted that for every bovate of land aforesaid, a first rent of 2s. 6d. yearly, with the work at ploughing, harrowing, mowing the rneadows at Riggeby, and carrying elsewhere the provisions of the lord at Richmond, York, Doncaster, Pontefract, and Newcastle, with twelve horses alike in summer and winter. And afterwards the aforesaid customs were released, and the aforesaid bovates demised to the aforesaid bonders holding them, viz. for each bovate, 14s. 2Jd. Ryggehy. There are in this place twenty-one bovates of land, and a half and a fourth part of one bovate in the hands of the bonders, who render therefor yearly at each term, £19 168. 4d. In the parking of cattle by command of the king or of the lords of Lancaster, which lor the time were in the Wapentake of Amounderness, and were folded at Riggeby, and estimated at half mark yearly, to wit, for the keeping of every beast a day and a night in the winter time one penny, and for every day and night in the summer time, a halfpenny. nik/th^Trf*,'w,^™^'^°™l5^T^V?'"^.- ^^"' *»■• 23 ('"'• This document the lord's behalf, in the same way that aUs were exacted by him of his §w*"™t^™?«l°."J''.^R^'",'™*<'4^^^^ land tenants. -0. ■'' Marchet, or maiden-ront, was to be free from an abominable ancien bridal night of a tenant's daughter. TliPBo tvo7=T^f „„. T o "i ^".""V ;" '■""■"Ppenaix lo tne old edition. land tenants.— C. inese iranslationa 1 tnd among the late Mr. Harland's papers.— B. H. ■•' Marchet, or maiden-rent, was a payment to the lord of the manor lauarje: special contributiona of money levied on the tenant for to be free from an abominable ancient privilege of manorial lords on the THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX III. 381' Wro [? Wray]. Adam, son of Richard the clerk, holds five acres of land, and renders yearly at the two terms of the year 4d. — namely, at the feast of the Annunoiatiou ot the blessed Mary, 2d.; and at the feast of St. Michael, 2d. Roger Culvay holds three and a half acres of land and renders yearly at the terms 9d. Adam, son of Jordan, holds one acre, and renders yearly at the terms 12d. Richard de Wro holds half a bovate of land, and renders yearly at the terms 5d. William le Harpour holds one and a half bovate of land, and renders yearly at the terms ISJd. Adam de Kilgrimshagh holds half a bovate of land, and renders yearly at the terms i^d. Giles holds two and a half acres, and renders yearly at the terms lOd. John de Bonk holds one bovate and one and a half acre of land, and renders yearly at the terms lO^d. John le Wise holds eleven [acres], and renders yearly at the terms 6Jd. William le Wogher holds six acres of land, and renders yearly at the terms 2Jd. John de Bredkyrk holds half a bovate oE land, and renders yearly at the terms 9d. Adam de Parys holds two bovates, which were those of John le Harpour, and renders yearly at the terms 3s. OJd. of free farm, and two marks. And the said tenants owe suit to the court of Ryggeby twice a year, and also the heirs of the said tenants, after the decease of the tenants, owe double farm [rents]. Total, £30 7.3. Id. The heirs of WilUam, sou of Ellen, hold the fourth part of one bovate of land in Etheleswyk, where eight carucates make one knight's fee. The heir of Adam de Bredeshagh holds one messuage and half a bovate of land in Neuton, where eight carucates, &c'. The heir of John de Bredkyrk holds two bovates of land in Neuton, where eight carucates, &c. , The heir of Adam Harper holds half a bovate of land in Neuton, where eight carucates, &c. The heir of Henry de Fetherby and William de Wliityngham, John de Staunford, and the heir of Richard de Mirscowe, hold the mediety of the manor of Claghton divided amongst them, by the service of the fifth part of one knight's fee. Knights' Fees of Blakeburnshire. Robert de Longeton, chevalier, holds in demesne and service two carucates of land in Walton-in-the-Dale, one carucate of land in Over Derwent, two carucates of laud in Nether Derwent, one carucate of land in Melling and EccleshuU, and one carucate of land in Little Harewood, for one knight's fee. The Abbot ot Whalley holds in demesne and service one carucate of land in Billyngton for the eighth part of one knight's fee. John de Schotelesworth holds in demesne one bovate of land in Hunkot, where eight carucates make one knight's fee. The heir of John de Clayton holds one bovate of land in Hunecote, where eight carucates, &c. John de Alvetham holds in demesne and service one carucate of land in Alvetham, and one carucate of land in Clayton, where eight carucates, &c. Brian de Thornhill holds in demesne and service one carucate of land in Folrigg, where eight carucates of land, &c. Gilbert de le Legh holds, with the heirs of John de Caterale and Philip de Clayton, divisibly amongst them, holding in demesne and service Touulay, Snoddesworth, and Caldecotes, for the eighth part of one knight's fee. William de Heskaith, chevalier, holds in demesne and service two carucates of land in Great Harewode, where" eight carucates of land, &c. John de Radeclif, Joan (or Jane) his wife, hold as dower of the same Joan, of the inheritance of the heir of Thomas Talbot, two carucates of Russhton, where twenty carucates, &o. William de Radechf holds in demesne and service one carucate of land in Blakeburn, where ten [carucates], &c. The heir ot William de Chatherton holds in demesne and service one carucate of land in Mitton, where eight carucates, &c. The heir of Margaret Banistre holds in demesne and service in Halghton one carucate of land, where eight carucates, &c. The heirs of Adam Nouel and Richard de Morlegh hold in demesne and service two carucates of land in Morley, where twelve carucates, &c. Gilbert de le Legh, and the heir of John de Caterale, holds in demesne and service the vill of Hapten for the third part Of one knight's fee. The heir of William le Heriz holds one carucate of land in Little Merley, where twelve carucates, &c. The heir ot Lore de Caterale holds one carucate of land in Little Mitton, where eight carucates, &o. The heir of Thomas de Osbaldiston holds in service one carucate of land in Whetheley and Thorneley, where eight carucates, &o. The Abbot of Kyrkestall holds half a carucate of land in Extwisell, where eight carucates, &c. Robert de Blakeburn holds one carucate ot land in Donnum (Downham), where twenty carucates, &c. John de Dyneley holds half a carucate of land in the same place, where twenty carucates, Src. The heir of John Fitz Wilham holds two bovates of land in the same place, where twenty carucates, &c. The heir ot Hugh de Donnum holds one and a half bovate of land in tbe same place, where twenty carucates, &c. The heir of Robert Spendelufe holds half a bovate of land in the same place, where twenty carucates, &c. The heir of William Fitz Allan holds one bovate of land in the same place, where twenty carucates, &c. The heir of Henry le Henriz holds one bovate of land in the same place, where twenty carucates, &c. The heir of Richard le Cok holds three and a half acres of land in the same place, where twenty carucates, &c. The heir of Hugh Fitz Ralph holds one bovate of land in Worston, where twelve carucates, &c. The heir of Hugh Fitz Thomas holds one bovate of land in the same place, where twelve carucates, &c. Th- heir of Thomas de Rede holds one bovate of land in the same place, where twelve carucates, &c. The heir of William Fitz Hugh holds one bovate of land in the same place, where twelve carucates, *c. The heir of William Fitz Thomas holds one bovate of land in the same place, where twelve carucates, &c. Alice Sherburne holds two parts of two carucates ot land in Wiswall, where eight carucates, &c The abbot of Whalley holds the third part of two carucates of land m the same place, where eight carucates, &c. John de Dyneley holds in demesne and service one carucate of land in Twisilton, where fourteen carucates, &c. The heir of John del Hall of Chipyn holds a certain tenement in Chepyn, for the fortieth part of one fee. Richard Cocus [the cook] holds three and a half acres of land in Donnoum by knight service, where twenty carucates, &o. Tenures of the Knights' Fees alienated in Alms, and of other Tenements held in fee-farm in the fee of Penwortham. The abbot of Evesham holds in alms ten bovates of land m Penwortham, where ten carucates make one knight's fee. John Flemyngs and William del Lee hold three carucates of land in Longeton, at fee-farm, by charter of the Lord Henry de Lasri the last earl paving yearly 50s. for all services, where ten carucates, &c. CmasLL%^a/d holds one bovate of land in Penwortham ^ .;. w wu Sir Adam deHodeleston holds for the term of his life, of the grant of the Lord Henry de Lascy, the last earl, three carucates of land in BmyngTon by kuight service, where eight carucates, &c., which tenement the abbot of Whalley acquired to himself and his Buceessors ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ■ ^gj^esne one carucate of land in Alkriugton, where eight carucates, &c ?he ford Earl of Lanastr holds in his demesne six bovates of land [in] Huncotes, where eight carucates, &c. The ame ear holds in his demesne one carucate and two bovates of land in Donnoum, where twenty carucates, &c. • The same ear holds in his demesne three bovates of land in Worston, where twelve carucates, &c. The abbot of Whalley hold in alms one carucate of land in Blakeburn, where ten carucates, &c. ThP abbot of Newebv holds in alms a half carucate of land in Extwisell, where eight carucates &c ,,,.„. . RoLrfspendeloue holds the mediety of one bovate of land in Penwortham, by what service they know not, but will mqmre, 382 THE HISTOKY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX III. Particular Knights' Fees, formerly of the Earl of Lincoln, in the Duchy of Lancaster.'^ Robert de Longeton, chevalier, holds one knight's fee of the Duke of Lancaster, in Walton, in Blakeburnshire, with members, which same fee Robert Banastre lately held of the fee of the former Earl of Lincoln. ■, , , -, « ^, Henry, the duke, holds the fifth part of one knight's fee, in Ulneswalton, which Warm de Walton formerly held of the " "''^^ThomafBanastre del Bonk, and Thomas, son of Adam Banastre, knight, John de Thorpe and Ralph de Bjkerstath, and William, son of WilUam Banastre, hold of the said duke the twelfth part of one fee in Breth'ton, which Richard Banastre, Walter de Hole, Richard de Top, William de Breyme, Thomas de Gerstan, and Simon del Pull, formerly held of the aforesaid fees. Adam de Hoghton, chevalier, and all his tenants, hold of the duke the third part of one knight s fee m Hoghton, Etheleswyk, and Clayton, and Whelton with Hepay, WytheuhuU with Rothelesworth, which Robert de Feton formerly held of the said tees. The abbot of Cockersand holds the fourth part of one knight's fee in Hoton, in pure and perpetual alms of the aforesaid fees. The heir of Robert Fitz Richard holds of the said duke the tenth part of one knight's fee m Longeton, which Robert Fitz Richard formerly held of the aforesaid fees. ,, , ,, j_ , , • ,.j., Henry, Duke of Lancaster, William de Faryngton, and William de Holand, hold of the said duke the tenth part of one knight e fee in Longeton, Leylaud, and Eccleston, which Robert Bushell formerly held of the said fees. John Haveryngton and all the parceners hold of the said duke the fourth part of one knight's fee m Shevyngton, Ghernok, and WalshewythuU, which Robert Banastre formerly held of the said fees. , . , t ,. i -n i, j Richard de Caterhalle holds of the said duke the twenty-first part of one knight's fee m Little Mitton, which John de fynchardon Vipld Or "t" lip fLTOT'PSfLlO. I GPS The abbot of Whalley, Richard de Sherbum, and Gilbert de la Legh, hold of the said duke the fourth part of one knight's fee in Wiswall and Hapton, which Adam de Bla[k]burn and Roger del Arches lately held of the aforesaid fees. Gilbert de la Legh hold.s of the said duke the fourth part of one knight's fee in Tounley, Coldecotes, and Sudworth, which Henry Goldyng formerly held of the said fees. iii.-r.irT. Richard de Greenacres holds of the said duke the tenth part of one knight's fee in Tweyselton, winch the i-arl of Lincoln formerly held in his own hand of the aforesaid fees. , -n The abbot of Kyrkestall holds of the lord duke the tenth part of one knight's fee in Extwysell, which Adam de Breaton formerly held of the said fees. John de Haveryngton, chevalier, Thomas Dardern, and Adam de Hoghton, Richard Noel, and John de Bayley, hold the fourth part of one knight's fee in Aghton, Merlay, and Livesay, which Ralph de Mitton formerly held of the aforesaid fees. John de Dyneley holds the fourth part of one knight's fee in Donnum of the said duke, which Robert Chester formerly held of the aforesaid fees. Brian . . . . de ThornhuU holds of the said duke the eighth part of one knight's fee in Folerigg, which John de Grigleston formerly held of the aforesaid fees. John de Morley, Richard and John de Greenacres, hold of the said duke the tenth part of one knight's fee in Little Merlay, which William Marescall formerly held, &c. John de Radeclif holds the tenth part of one knight's fee in Eissheton of the said duke, which Gilbert Fitz Henry de Alvetham formerly held, &c. Henry de Clayton holds the eighth part of one knight's fee of the said duke in Clayton, which Henry de Clayton, his ancestor, formerly held, &c. Wilham de Hesketh, chevalier, holds the fourth part of one knight's fee of the said duke in Harewod, which Hugh Fyton formerly held, &c. Henry, Duke of Lancaster, holds six bovates of land in Huncotes, where sixty -four bovates of laiid make one knight's fee of the aforesaid fees. Henry de Clayton and John de Shotelesworth hold of the said duke two bovates of land in Huncotes, where sixty-four bovates make one knight's tee of the aforesaid fees. Roger de Pilkyngton holds of the said duke one knight's fee in Bury in Salfordshire, which Adam de Bury formerly held, &o. John de Eydale holds one knight's fee of the said duke in Midelton with members, which Robert de Midelton formerly held, &c. Henry de Chaterton holds the fourth part of one knight's fee of the said duke in Chatherton, which Gilbert de Barton formerly held, &c. Henry, Duke of Lancaster, holds the fifth part of one knight's fee of the aforesaid fee in Totyngtou, which the Earl of Lincoln formerly held. Parcels of Fees formerly of Thomas de Grelle. The heir of Gilbert de Barton holds of John de la Ware one and a half knight's fee in Barton with members, which Gilbert de Barton formerly held of Thomas de Grelle, and he of the Earl of Feirars, and he of the king in chief. Thomas de Latham, chevalier, Robert de Holand, chevalier, and Thomas de Sotheworth, hold of John de Ware one knight's fee, of which Thomas de Latham, chevaher [holds] three carucates of land in Childewall, one carucate in AsphuU, one carucate of land in Turton [half a carucate of land in Childewall, half a carucate of land'] in Brockholes, and the aforesaid Robert [Holano] and Thomas de Southworth hold one carucate in Harewode in Salfordshire, where six and a half carucates of land make one fee, wliich Robert de Latham holds of the said John, one knight's fee in Dalton, Parbald, and Wrightyngton, which Robert de Latham formerly held of the aforesaid fees. The heir of John Fitz Henry de Hulton holds of the said John the third part of one knight's fee in Romworth and Lostock, which Richard Perpond formerly held, &c. Roger de Pilkyngton holds of the said John the fourth part of one knight's fee in Pilkyngton, which Roger de Pilkyngton, his ancestor, formerly held, &c. Fee of Lyncoln. Henry, Duke of Lancaster, and all his tenants hold in demesne and service within the duchy of Lancaster twenty-two knights' fees, and the half the fourth part and the tweutieth part of one kniglit's fee, which the Earl of Lincoln formerly held within the aforesaid duchy, and he, the Earl of Lincoln, never held many or any parcels there, which same fees the said earl formerly held of the honor of Lancaster, as appears above by the particulars and parcels above written. John de la Ware holds in demesne and service five and a half fees and the twelfth part of a fee, within the said duchy, which same Thomas de Grelley held, which same Thomas formerly held of the king, as of his honor of Lancaster, as estimated twelve fees, but within the said duchy the said Thomas never held more than five fees and a half, and the twelfth part of one knight's fee, which the said John la Ware now holds, as appears by the particulars and parcels above said, and all the rest of the said twelve fees the said Thomas holds in other various counties outside the duchy aforesaid, but where and in what parcels held we know not. ■ This part of the inquest must have been taken two years after the ^ The words enclosed within brackets have been erased in the former, the date of the duchy creation being 25 Edward III. (1351). original document. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX III. 883 Parcels of the Fee of Hornby. Inquisition taken at Hornby by Robert Paslew, escheatov of the king in tlie county of Lancaster, Richard de Burgli, Benedict de Hergun, Adam de Farleton, Simon de Farleton, Adam, clerk of Claghton, Roger de Tunstall, William Aaron de Farleton, Roger de Farleton, John Fitz Eva de Tunstall, Henry de Wenyngton, Henry Fitz Robert de Wennyngton, Adam Fitz Andrew de Farleton, John Fitz Benedict de Farleton, William Fitz Roger Scocchis, Robert Fitz Waltham de Ergham, Thomas Fitz Allan de Hergun' Gilbert Fitz Huctred de Hergun, Adam Fitz Martin de Farleton, John Makeles, and Simon Fitz Thomas de Hergun. ' The jury say on their oath that Hubert de Burgh holds the manor of Horneby of Henry Munden and Roger de Monte Begon, and he in chief of the king ; and they say that they know not by what service Hubert or Roger holds of Henry, nor by what service Henry holds of the king, because that barony is divided into several [or many] parts, in several [or many] counties. Fees of Rogex de Monte Begon. Adam de Montebegon, ancestor of Roger de Montebegon, gave to Henry de Rokesby two carucates of land in Wennyngton, by knight service, where fourteen carucates make a fee. The same Adam gave to Geoffrey de Walton six carucates of land in Farleton and Cauncefeld, by knight service. Roger de Montebegon gave to the canons of Hornby 100 acres of laud. The same Roger gave to Thomas de Wennyngton one bovate in Farleton, by military service. Roger de Montebegon gave to the prior of Thornholme forty acres of land and one messuage in Tunstall. John de Haryngton de Aldyngham, John de Coupelond, and Joan, daughter and heir of John Rigmayden, and their tenants, hold one knight's fee in Ulverston, Warton in Lonsdale, and Gayrestang with members, of the Duke of Lancaster, which fee William of Lancaster formerly held of the honor of Lancaster, and no more, neither any parcel of a fee in the aforesaid duchy ; whereof the said John de Haryngton and John de Coupeland hold Ulverston in common, for the eighth part of one knight's fee of the said fee. The same John de Coupeland and the free tenants of the manor of Warton in Lonsdale with members, to wit, in EUale, Scotford and Kerneford, Yealand and Assheton, for the fourth part and the eighth part of one knight's fee of the aforesaid fees. And the foresaid John de Coupeland, and Joan, daughter and heir of John Rigmayden, and their tenants, hold half a knight's fee in Gayrestang with members, to wit, in Great Eccleston and Little Eccleston with Layrebreck, Caterale and Little Carleton, Great Carleton, and Uprouolif, of the said fee. The countess of Durmuud [Ormonde] and all her tenants hold [in] Wytheton, Treuels, Thistleton, and Frees, half a knight's fee of the said duke, as of the honor of Lancaster, which Theobald Walter, John de Thornhull, William de Frees, and Adam de Bredkyrk, formerly held of the aforesaid honor. Ralph de Bethum, chevalier, holds of the said duke the fourth part of one knight's fee in Kelgrymesargh and Bryning, which Roger, Thomas de Bethum, and Robert de Stopford, formerly held of the said honor of Lancaster. William le Botyler, chevalier, holds of the said duke the tenth part and the twentieth part of one knight's fee in Great Merton, which William de Stow formerly held of the said honor of Lancaster. The prior of St. Thomas, near Stafford, holds of the said duke the tenth part of one knight's fee in alms, as it is stated, in Penhulton in Salfordshire, which the heir of Richard de Hulton formerly held of the said honor of Lancaster. The abbot of Cokersand, William de Nevyll, and William de Burgh de Midelton hold the fourth part of one knight's fee in Mideltou in Lonesdal^of the said duke, which Adam de Midelton formerly held of the said honor of Lancaster. Robert de Langeton, chevalier, and all his tenants, hold of the said duke one knight's tee in Neuton in Makersfeld, Langeton, Kenyan, Erbury, and the mediety of Goldburn, which Robert Banastre, WilUam de Langton, and Richard de Goldburn, formerly held of the said honor of Lancaster. Richard le Molyneux holds half a knight's fee of the said duke in Sef ton, Thornton, and Kyrden. William de Bradshagh holds of the said duke the twelfth part of one knight's fee, which Hugh le Norreys formerly held of the said honor of Lancaster. Roger of Little Boulton holds of the said duke the sixteenth part of one knight's fee in Little Boulton in Salfordshire, which his ancestors formerly held of the honor of Lancaster. The heir of Robert de Holand, chevalier, and Nicholas D'ewyas, hold of the said duke the eighth part of one knight s fee in Bright Mede, a hamlet of the vill of Boulton, which their ancestors formerly held of the Earl of Ferrars and he of the king in chief. Richard de Langley and Joan his wife hold of the said duke the fortieth part of one knight's fee in Crompton [and] Burghton, which Adam de Tetlow [formerly] held of the Earl of Ferrars. , , ,, William de Dacre holds of the said duke one knight's fee in Halton, Burgh, Leke, Fissewyk, which Roger Gemet tormerly held of the king by forestry. ,,„ ,,, .,,, . jj.ij.j.t :. c The abbot of Fourneys and all his tenants hold of the said duke half a knight's fee and the eighth part and the tenth part of one knight's fee in Dalton in Fourneys with members, in pure and perpetual alms. Parcel of the Fees formerly of Thomas de Grelley. Nicholas Langeford, chevalier, holds of John la Ware one knight's fee in Wythington, which Matthew de Haversegge formerly ^^'"^HughVe^^orthyngton and John de Heton hold of the said John half of one knight's fee in Worthyngton and Heton-under- Horwich, which William de Worthyngton formerly held of the said fees , . ^, u ic t i • i,f' f»„ The abbot of Whalley holds the manor of Staynyng of the Duke of Lancaster, for the half of one knight s tee. The Countess Durmund [of Ormonde] holds the tenth part of one knight s fee of the fee of Lincoln. The heir of Henry del Cherton holds the thirty-second part of one knights fee in Chernok. [From this sentence to the following (in fol. 41), the Peodary is a counterpart of the Testa de Nevill, fol. 396.] Henry the duke holds, in demesne and service, two knights' fees within the duchy of Lancaster to wit, in Croston with members one fee which the heir of William de Lee, chevalier, and John Flemmynges chevalier, hold of the manor of Horneby wh^h fee John de Mara formerly held of the said fee of Horneby. And the said duke and his tenante hold m the manor of Horneby one knight^ fee, which Lme fee Henry de Munden and Roger de Monte Begon ormerly held of the king, but they never held any more feeder parcels of fees, within the said duchy, but in other counties they held fees, as they [the jury] learn, but what and where they know not. ^^^ ^^ ^^.^^.^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^.^ William de Lancaster holds half one knight's fee in demesne in Ulverston, and pays to the abbot of Fourneys 30s. yearly. ""^i^^attirdrS^^^^ ^'^ ^-°^ ''^ -^'''''^-' and he in chie " * « ^^S- ^ j ^ j^ ^ gu^^je t^o bovates of land in Crymblis. , . , ,, f , • Wilham thi first [^Tof Gilbert gave two carucates of land in Cokyrram to the canons of Laycester in alms, whence one of lus heirs now holds of the king in chief. ^ ^ , — 1 Testa de Nevill, fol. 307. 384 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IV. The same William gave Grimbald de Ellale two oaruoates in EUale by military service, where twenty.four oarucates make om knight's fee. The same "William gave Hugh Korthmore two caruoates of land in Sootford by the same service. The same William gave Ralph Thormondisholm half a carucate of land in Lancaster, and he renders 4s. The same William gave Robert Faoon two bovate^ of land in Carnford by military service. The same William gave Gilbert de Assheton half a oaruoate of land in Assheton, and he renders service 33. 4d. yearly, The Fee of Michael de Fourneys. Michael de Fourneys gave William Fitz Edward half a carucate of land in Urswick in marriage, by the service of 4s. for all, &c., by his charter. The same gave to Adam Fitz Bernulf two bovates of land in the same vill by charter for 32d. yearly. William Fitz Michael gave to Gilbert Fitz Reynfrid two bovates of land in Urswick for 22d. yearly. Michael de Fourneys gave to Gamel the Forester one carucate of land in Urswick by the service of 10s. yearly. [ Fide West, App. xi. No. 1.] , ,, J. c 1 J • t;i The heir of William, son of Michael de Fourneys, holds of the king in chief twenty and a half carucates ot land in J These terms, "j. colerii et j. banc de Pilo," are obscure, and the translation can only be called conjectural.— J. H. 2 From this list it appears that the number of Lancashire estates amounted to 465, of an ammal value ot £27,903 7s. 9id., and that those of the other counties of England amounted to £375,284 15s. 3d., while the value of the forfeited estates in Scotland was estimated at £27,771 7a. 7d.-C, THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIEE— APPENDIX IV. 385 £ s. Booth Biohard 23 19 Buller John 7 5 Bolton John 70 5 Blackbourne Richard 12 Blackledge William 13 3 Bolton Joseph 11 Butler Thomas 2 Butler Christopher 10 19 Barton Henry 7 Bolton John 12 Blakey William 3 13 Bambur Thomas 26 10 Brockholes John 522 19 BartonHugh 35 11 Blackbourn Margaret 20 Butler Mary 100 Ball Robert 1 14 Bordley William Butler Catharine 537 Bellassis Rowland 400 Burscough Richard 10 Butler Henry 60 Blundell Nicholas 482 12 Breers Bridget 10 Barlow Anthony 171 9 Bolton Elizabeth 25 12 Conuell George 6 5 Coope James 13 Clarkaon Perpetua 5 10 Cottam John 14 5 Cooker Anne 5 Clifiton Bridget 3 10 Chamley Paul 30 7 Casseney John 3 17 Corless Alice 27 3 Cottam Ellen 26 15 Cornwallis Mary 100 Cordwell Cuthbert 8 Crook John 14 Coope Richard 18 5 Catterall James 16 13 Cottam Lawrence 13 3 Chamley Thomas 4 Craven Richard 7 Chamley Anne, widow 6 5 Chamley Ann, spinster 5 Cottam Lawrence 27 Cragg Matthew 17 14 Callen Thurston 30 15 ChfEord Hugh, Lord 163 6 Culchith Thomas 85 8 CUffton Thomas 1548 16 Culchith Mary 150 Culchith John 30 ClareMartha 10 Clare Thomas 4 10 Crosby Thomas 1 12 Case Henry 12 Case William 28 5 ChaddockJohn 3 4 Culcheth Roger 64 15 ClarksonJohn 10 Cropper Richard 4 18 Crook James 34 2 Curdon William 3 13 Cottam William and Oliver. 5 15 Cardwell Richard 19 8 Cordwell John 15 Chamock Anne 1 4 Cowpe William 2 10 Caton Lawrence 6 Croft William and Margaret 18 6 Croskell Robert 13 Cams George 30 Cams Frances 100 Cartwright Richard 12 10 Chantrell Darcy 39 Critchlow Anne 25 11 Chadwick Mary 30 50 d. 3 6 6 1 6 6 n 8 10 9 lOi 4 6 £ s. d. Clarkson Edward 36 5 Curwen Henry 141 10 Duckworth Elzabeth 8 12 Derbyshire John 13 2 Demen Evan 8 5 Daniel John 17 3 Dobson James 4 6 Diver John 1 17 Doubiggen Aune, Winder... 9 Dennet James 37 12 6 Dickenson Agnes 200 Dandy William 24 10 Dauson James 3 10 Dilworth James 6 5 6 Daniel Edward 14 Davy William 10 Dilworth Stephen 2 14 Eastham Edmund 9 10 Eccleston Thomas 341 5 11 Eccleston Eleanora 100 Erdywick Sampson 48 Eccles Thomas 19 6 6 Elscar Richard 20 Edmonson Elizabeth 31 19 11 Escourt Francis 33 Ellam Edward 2 Poster Henry 23 17 Fish Evan 12 4 Farnworth Edward 77 5 6 Finch James 15 13 Fisher Thomas 22 Fazakerley Robert 187 10 lOf FaulcoDberg Lord Visct. ... 356 9 Fowler John 233 16 10 Fleetwood Sir Richard 19 9 Fisher Henry 32 5 6 Fletcher John 70 Foster Robert 39 8 Fletcher William 7 FeltonJohn 2 7 6 Felton James 4 Foxcroft William 26 8 Grigson William 9 Gerard Mary, Dame 100 GilUbrand Thomas 40 1 6 Gillibrand John 18 7 10 Gerrard John 114 18 4 Gerard Oliver 31 Gregson Thomas 16 Gregson Catherine 4 5 GerrardEvan 112 12 3 Gorsuch James 52 11 8 Gerrard Sir William 247 6 11 Guest John, jun 30 15 4 Gerrard Richard 45 5 Gregory Jane 1 5 Glover Peter 24 Golden Thomas 128 111 Glover Ellis 25 10 Glover Ralph 5 Greenough Robert 34 15 Green Barbara 36 2 6 Gore Thomas 68 Gerard Thomas 345 14 2 Grimbelson Emer 12 Guest Jennett 5 10 Gradell Christopher 6 Gillow Wilham 4 6 6 Gillow Richard 15 Gradwell Elizabeth U Gregson George 3 Green Agnes 63 3 8 Goose Thomas 10 Green Ellen 4 Gate John 25 Gate Francis 25 Grey William 4 10 Gerrard Richard 10 9 10 Gerrard John 20 10 £ s. d. Green Margaret ,. 36 2 6 Gooden Richard 65 14 4 Gooden Thomas 83 10 Gerrard Richard 150 Higson John 8 Helme William 9 10 Higgenson Roger 11 Hudson Alexander 5 14 Harrison James 15 Harrison Edward 19 8 Hesketh Margaret 57 Holden Richard 20 Harrison William 8 Hankinson Thomas 15 Hill John 1 12 Hilton Richard 16 8 flalsell James 6 Harrison James 22 Harrington Charles 197 3 Harrington Mary 200 6 Hodgkinson Mabell 46 5 6i Howard Ralph 18 Howarden Catherine 56 1 Harrington Mary 31 10 Howarden Mary 23 10 Harrington Dorothy 107 12 6 Howarden Mary 37 6 Howard Thomas 4 13 Holland Alexander 19 Houghton Margaret 410 Holland Thomas 15 Hodgkinson Marg. and Robt. Greenough 29 8 4 Halliwell William 89 6 Hawett Cecilia 80 Heateley Peter 29 Hodson Thomas 17 10 HoUandHelen 41 10 Harrison Henry 6 13 Hesketh William 198 3 4J Hesketh George 13 6 8 Hull Elizabeth 23 HeatlyHugh 4 5 Hathornthwaite John 49 3 4 Hatton Edward 8 4J Harrison William 20 Houghton Thomas 11 8 Howard Edward 6 10 Hodgkinson Anne 9 Hitchmough Edward 18 Higginson Robert 13 Johnson Richard 10 11 6 Jackson John 11 10 Jackson Richard 20 Ince Christopher 163 4 Xnce Dorothy, Anne, and John Twist, &c 5 9 6 Johnson Thomas 10 10 Jump Robert 33 JumpHugh 9 Jackson John 60 8 Jenkinson Thomas 5 Johnson Robert 15 Juice Robert 27 Irlam Frances 5 7 Jackson Richard 5 Jump William 3 14 Knott Thomas 20 Kendal, Richard 2 15 Kay Elizabeth 4 2 6 Kitchen Anne 16 LickfoldJohn 2 15 Latholm William 6 Linesay Richard 8 7 6 Langtree Richard 5 4 6 Letherbarrow Thomas 11 10 Lurting John 11 Lancaster William 32 Lytherland_Elizabeth 4 10 386 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX V. £ Lickey Nicholas 32 Lancaster Francis 5 Lancaster Thomas 10 Leadbeater AHce Leyburne James 15 Longworth John 23 Lancaster John 87 Longworth Mary 24 Langton Edward 69 Leigh Margaret and Alias... 18 Lumb John 18 Langtree Thomas 5 Leokonby William 79 Leigh Emma 20 Laithwaite Anne 15 Leyburue Nicholas 10 Leyburne George 10 Lund Anthony 10 Leigh James 7 Leigh Roger 1 Molden William Moulden John 24 Medcalf Christopher Moororoft William 15 Maudesley Thomas 5 Maudesley William 21 Molineux Sir Wilham, Bart. 2346 Molineux Robert 309 Maborn Robert 29 Molineux William 80 Massey Richard 352 Mather Richard 5 Maudesley Margaret 4 Molineux Thomas 13 Martin Richard 21 Malley Thomas 6 Miller Thomas 14 Menick John 5 Morton William 7 Molineux Richard 1100 Moore Andrew 38 Miller Thomas 10 Norris Gabriel ] Noblet John 1 Nay lor Thomas 32 Nelson Maximilian 100 Neusham John 26 Nelston Edward 33 Osbalstone Edward 9 Oyle Richard 64 Orrell Humphrey 68 Osbalstone Robert 14 Osbaldiston Alexander ... 92 Parkinson Edward 14 Parkinson Richard 22 Piatt John 1 Parker Richard 15 Pool John 1 Parker James 19 Peers Peter 5 Pennington Thomas Parker Edward 28 Rowbotham John 7 s. d. 10 17 6 12 13 6 4 17 6 6 5 18 10 11 6 17 6 8 4 18 15 16 10 16 2 8 2 9 17 10 2 8 6 15 10 15 18 10 15 13 4 12 2 17 8 10 12 6 19 8 10 10 £ Richmond James 8 Rice John 23 Roscow William 42 Riding Thomas 1 Rice Percivall and Thomas . 82 Richardson Richard 11 Riddle Edward 119 Rothwell Robert 12 Richardson Richard 43 Reddish Susannah 4 Robinson John 8 Russell Richard 9 Rutter Elizabeth 1 Rycroft Lydia 24 Rice Percivall 19 Standish Alexander 28 Sanderson James 36 Sanderson John 21 Snape William 2 Smith Francis,and Catherine his wife 7 Sturzacker Jane 5 Shuttleworth Richard 8 Sanderson Nicholas 6 Scarisbrick Edward 20 Shepherd Robert 1 Spencer Edward 2 Scarisbrick Frances 320 Shirburne Sir Nicholas .. .. 1210 Stanley Anne 118 Speakman John 8 Sanderson Ralph 14 Scott Thurstone 10 Shepherd William 14 Scott Thomas 59 Syers Thomas 37 Smith William 12 Swarbreck John 23 Slater Gabriel 11 Slater Thomas 13 Sheppard Robert 11 Shuttleworth Margaret 15 Standish Cecilia 415 Sweetlove Thomas 1 Speakman John 8 Sweetlove William 6 Sergeant John 17 Snape Margaret 5 Speakman John 9 Sayle William Sayle Alice 29 Shepperd Ellen 60 Singleton Anne 76 Thompson John Trafford Richard 35 Turner James 6 Townley Mary 150 Tootell Jane 24 Townley Thomas 50 Townley Ursula 400 Townley Richard 991 Townley Catharine 50 Turner Mary 7 s. d. 14 6 10 13 6 10 6 3 5 10 15 13 10 10 1 10 5 6 10 15 1 5 6 1 6 6 15 15 5 8 12 15 8J 19 1 10 13 9 19 10 15 15 10 3 6 10 13 5i £ s. d. Tickle Richard 54 4 Tildesley Agatha 52 10 Taylor John 25 5 Thelwall Thomas 16 Trafford John 303 2 7 Taylor John 10 Tatlock Thomas 25 Tootell Richard 5 Thornton Gilbert 18 15 Thornton John 6 Tristram Edmoud 35 8 4 Tarlton William 15 10 Taylor William 14 10 Turner Anne 10 TaylorOliver 10 15 Thornburgh Jane 40 Tomlinson Robert 10 Taylor Alice 17 10 Threlfall Cuthbert 3112 6 Tildersley Edward 720 9 2 Urmstone John 25 Urnsworth Edward 19 5 Urnsworth George 36 2 6 Urnsworth Thomas 16 Westby Thomas 20 Woodcock James 12 Worthington Matthew 2 5 Wilcock John 21 Worden George 7 2 8 Wilson Robert 5 10 Walmsley Richard 205 4 6 Westby Cuthbert 20 WiUasey Thomas 7 7 6 Winstanley William 46 Woolfall Richard 262 3 9 Whittle Richard 55 16 3 Walker George 19 Walmsley Wmiam 35 Wilson Lawrence 28 5 Whalley Thomas 8 Westby John 119 11 1 Whittle John 8 7 Woodcock Elizabeth 16 10 Woodcock John 19 19 Worsley Jennett 5 15 Wilson Richard 9 Worthington Thomas 7 Williams Ellen, Alice, and Mary Woodcock 24 15 Woodcock Ellen 26 15 Whalley Thurston 12 8 Walker Robert 15 15 Walker William 7 10 Walmsley Mary 5 Westby John 230 5 IJ Whiteside Mary 8 10 Whittle Margaret 4 Whitehead Richard 6 Williamson James 13 Waring John 10 Yates Sarah 27 Yates John 7 6 8 1611, May 1620, June APPENDIX V. VAKIOUS CEEATIONS OF ORDEKS, &c. (LANCASHIRE). Lancashire Baeonets debated in the 17th and 18th Centdries. Created ly King James I. 22. Sir Richard Molineux of Sefton, Knight, Irish Vise— viz.. Viscount Molineux. Sir Richard Houghton of Houghton Tower, Knight. Sir Thomas Gerard of Bryn, Knight. 28. Ralph Aehton of Lever, Esq. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX V. 337 Created ly King Charles I. 1627, June 26. Edward Stanley of Bickerstaffe, Esq. 1640, July 20. Edward Mosley of Auooats. Extinct. 1641, August 16. Robert Bindlosse of Borwicke, Esq. 1642, June 24. George Middleton of Leighton, Esq. Extinct. 1644, April 1. John Preston of the Mannour in Furnease Esq 1644, April 25. Thomas Prestwich of Holme, Esq. Created ly King Charles II. 1660, June 7. Sir O^^-do BrHgeman of Great Lever, Knight, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, then Lord Chief Justice of the A„„. fi =• c,T^?'V:i^??.^f'^"''*'''^^^°'''i-'^^«PS''"**e Great Seal Of England. August 1. Sir Ralph Ashton of Middleton, Knight 1660-1, March 4. Thomas Clifton of CUfton, Esq. 1661-2, March 1. J^^ward Moore, of Moorehall Esq. [Note that this patent to Edward Moore, though at this time the receipt ifi7fi 7 -p r, o T,- u i^ ,'-^"*PS* P*'® ^^^ ^^*^ "°*i' 22d Nov. 1675.) ' 1676-7, Feb. 8. Richard Standish of Standish, Esq. 1677, October 8. Francis Anderton of Lostoke, Esq. 1679, Nov. 17. Sir Roger Bradshaigh of Haigh, Knight. Created by King George I. 1720, June 18. Oswald Mosley of RoUeston, Co. Stafford, Esq. Created by King George II. 1759, March 26. Sir Ellis Cunliffe of Liverpool, Co. Lancashire, Knight, with remainder, in default of issue-male, to Robert his brother. ' Created ly King George III. to 1797. 1761, May 12. Thomas Hesketh of Rufford, Esq., with remainder to his brother, Robert Hesketh, Esq. 1764, Jan. 22. William Horton of Chadderton, Esq. Wot' ^^^ u o!' ^^i^^""^ Clayton of Adlington, Esq , with remainder to the heirs male of his father John Clayton, Esq., deceased. 1781, March 24. John Parker Mosley of Ancoats, Esq. ' i > 1797 Oct. 30. Richard Onslow of Althom, Esq., vice-admiral of the red. Tlie intended Order of the Royal Oak. A List of Persons' Names [in the county of Lancaster] who were fit and qualified to be made Knights of the Royal Oak,^ with the value of their estates, Ann. Dom. 1660. This order was intended by King Charles IL as a reward to several of his followers, and the knights of it were to wear a silver medal, with a device of the king in the oak, pendant to a ribbon, about their neck ; but it was thought proper to lay it aside, lest it might create heats and animosities, and open those wounds afresh which at that time were thought prudent should be healed. As this is little known, we have judged that its publication would be as well curious as acceptable to the public. Thomas Holt, Esq „ per ann. £1000 Thos. Preston, Esq per ann. £2000 Thos. Greenhalgh, Esq „ 1000 Thos. Farrington of Worden, Esq „ 1000 Col. Kerby, Esq „ 1600 Thos. Fleetwood of Penwortham, Esq , 1000 Robert Holte, Esq „ 1000 John Girlington, Esq „ 1000 Edmund Asheton, Esq „ 1000 William Stanley, Esq „ 1000 Christopher Banister, Esq „ 1000 Edward Tildesley, Esq „ 1000 Francis Anderton, Esq „ 1000 Thomas Stanley, Esq „ 1000 Col. James Anderton, Esq , 1500 Richard Boteler, Esq „ 1000 Roger No well. Esq „ 1000 John Ingleton, senior. Esq „ 1000 Henry Norris, Esq „ 1200 (Richard?) Walmesley of Dunkenhalgh, Esq. „ 2000 Barons and Baronesses by Tenure, Writ of Summons, or Letters Patent of creation : — James Stanley, son and heir-apparent to William, Earl of Derby, Lord Strange, by summons, 3 Charles I. (in the summons Stanley de Strange). There can be no doubt but when this summons was issued it was under the presumption that the barouy of Strange of Knockyn was still invested in his father. This, however, proving a mistake, the House of Lords was compelled by a certain degree of necessity to admit that this summons created a new barony, which, by virtue of the writ, afterwards passed to and was recognised in the family of Murray, Duke of Athol. A Catalogue of such Persons as have had summons to Parliament in right of their Wives, with the dates when first summoned : — George Stanley, son and heir-apparent to Thomas, Earl of Derby, Baron Strange {i.e., of Knockyn, itire uxoris, Joane, daughter and heir of John Lord Strange of Knockyn), 22 Edward IV. The Names of those Nobleman's eldest Sons who have been summoned to Parliament in the Lifetime of their Fathers (by some title which had descended to them ) or by the title of their father's Barony, and had place and precedence according thereto, with the respective dates when they were so first summoned : — Henry Stanley, Lord Strange, eldest son to Edward, Earl of Derby, 1 Elizabeth. Ferdinando Stanley, Lord Strange, eldest son to Henry, Earl of Derby, 29 Elizabeth. James Stanley, Lord Strange, eldest son to William, Earl of Derby, 3 Charles I. A Catalogue of those Persons [in Cumberland and Lancashire] who were dignified by Oliver Cromwell with the title of Lord, and called on to sit in his other, i.e. upper. House of Parliament : — ^ Charles Howard, of Naworth Castle, in Cumberland. ' Philip, Lord Wharton, Lancashire. Sir Gilbert Gerard, Bart., Lancashire. . IVom a MS. of Peter Le Neve, Esq., Noixoy, among the coHection by CroniweU, July |0.,;;^^^i,,He^^Jterwards o^^^^^^^^^^ of Mr. Joseph Ames. (Dugdale's "Baronage," vol. il.), and Earl of CarUsle. He appears 3 ThU Gentleman wi created according to Morgan (though not so to be the only one of the lords made by CromweU who, after the Restora- tloefbv^Vug^lBZnamtlndfnd /isoount Howird ofWpeth, tion, was confirmed in the rank of peerage (General Monk excepted). 388 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX VI. APPENDIX VI. COTTON— ANNALS OF THE COTTON MANUFACTURE— THE COTTON FAMINE. Lancashire owes eo much of its wonderful development in population and prosperity to the import and manufacture of cotton, and has made this manufacture so completely and peculiarly its own, that the history of Lancashire cannot be considered complete without a fuller account of the subject than the mere scattered references to it in the accounts of the various parishes. As to the natural history of cotton, Mr. Randal H. Alcock, of Bury, a gentleman who is not only a cotton manufacturer but a careful and able botanist, and who has given especial attention to cotton, having himself grown all the attainable varieties, supplies me with the following account : — "The cotton plant — Gossypium — belongs to the natural order Malvacew, or the Mallow tribe, of which Lindley says, 'The uniform character of the order is to abound in mucilage, and to be totally destitute of all unwholesome qualities.' The cotton plant is to a small extent used medicinally in its native countries. ' The young leaves of Gossypium vitifolium are employed in Brazil in dysentery, and, steeped in vinegar, are applied to the head in hemicrania.' The medicinal virtues of the cotton plant are also set forth by the older botanists, as Matthiolus, Gerard, and Dodonteus. From its seed also an oil is expressed, though not of very good quality, and the remaining oil-cake is good food for cattle, but inferior to linseed oil-cake. " The genus Gossypium is distinguished by its large bracts, or epicalyx, as they are frequently called. These three large bracts completely hide the calyx proper, which is small and inconspicuous. The seeds are surrounded by the wool-Uke substance known as cotton or cotton wool. The species of this genus are either of small size and annuals — or more properly short-lived perennials of varying duration — or shrubs, and trees of greater stature and longer life. They are natives of Asia, Africa, America, and numerous tropical islands. The leaves are alternate and petiolate, and generally quincunx in arrangement, or five in a set, having the sixth, or lirst of the next series, immediately over the first of the last, and two spiral turns round the stem, being completed by the five leaves. This seems to be the general arrangement, but it is subject to considerable variation. The leaves are variously lobed or divided, according to the species — indeed few plants vary so much in the forms of their leaves, not only in different species, but also in the same species and even on the same plant. Some are entire, others three, four, five, six, or seven lobed, or more ; some have small intermediate lobes ; some are long, others short ; some acuminate, and others rounded. The whole plant is sprinkled over with blackish gland-like spots, which contain a purple colouring matter ; the other parts of the plant contain a yellow colouring matter. Another series of glands near the base of the princip.il ribs of the leaves secrete a saccharine fluid. These saccharine glands are also to be found not unfrequently at the base of each of the bracts on the outside, sometimes accompanied by three others at the base of the true calyx. The stipules are frequently almost linear, but in some kinds are large and foliaceous, always more or less falcate. The flower-stalk is axillary, or opposite to the leaves, sometimes by arrested development of the growing point apparently terminal, usually single flowered ; flowers large and showy, various shades of primrose, with a purple spot in some cases at the base of each petal ; some kinds are pure white, and others are reddish purple. The external whorl of the flower is composed of three large bracts, which, according to the species, are more or less united at the base, and divided or split up at the margin. The calyx is cup-shaped, obscurely, or more or less strongly, five-toothed. The corolla of five petals is hypogynous, and is convolute in estivation. The staminal tube is dilated over the ovary, and is columnar above. The filaments are of varying length in different species ; they are simple or forked, and bear kidney-shaped anthers. The ovary is superior, and three to five celled ; the placentation is axile, and the ovules numerous, the style terminal, and the stigmas three to five. The capsule is roundish, or ovoid, and dehisces loculicidally, and the seeds are covered, in most kinds, with a downy coating. In some sorts this down is green, in others white, and occasionally it is quite absent. All cotton seeds are enveloped by the more profuse mass of hairy cellular tissue known as cotton, which varies in length, strength, and colour. The embryo is curved within mucilaginous albumen : the radicle is inferior. The cotyledons are leaf-like, and, in the same way as in the other parts of the plant, are dotted over with black spots. " The excellence of cotton wool for manufacturing purposes depends upon the quahties of its fibre in respect to length, strength, and colour, and these qualities are not uniform, but vary greatly, in different species, in different countries, and in proportion to the care bestowed on its cultivation. Before proceeding to the consideration of the ditt'erent species of cotton, it will be well to notice those pecuharities of its fibre which are common to all, and which cause it to be useful for spinning, while the cotton-like coverings or appendages of several other seeds are of no use for such a purpose. The peculiar structure of the cotton fibre was pointed out by Mr. James Thomson, of Clitheroe, in a paper which he read to the Royal Society in 1834, and he was led to the investigation of the subject by the disputed question whether the cerecloths of the Egyptian mummies were made of cotton or of flax. A microscopic examination of each kind of fibre— in which he had the assistance of the well-known miorosoopist Mr. Bauer— clearly showed the absolute distinctness of the two fibres, and proved that these ancient fabrics were, without exception, linen, and not cotton as had been contended. The cotton fibre is without divisions or joints. In the unripe state it is cylindrical, but shortly changes its character, and even before the capsule bursts it assumes ». tape-hke form, at first sight like two tubes united by a kind of web. The fibre in its ripe state is always naturally twisted, the number of twists varying from 300 to 800 in an inch. ' This form and character,' says Mr. Thomson, ' the fibres retain ever after, and in that respect undergo no change through the operations of spmnmg, weaving, bleaching, and dyeing, nor in all the subsequent domestic operations of washing, &c., till the stuff is worn to rags ; and then even the violent process of reducing those rags to pulp, for the purpose of making paper, effects no change in the structure of the fibre.' On the other hand, the flax fibre is always cylindrical, and jointed, something like a bamboo, and there is never any twist about it. The cerecloths of these ancient Egyptian mummies were then linen. By the appUcation of the same microscopic test those of Peruvian mummies have been proved to be cotton. . " '^^^'^^ '^ a° ofder of plants neariy allied to the Malvacece, viz., the Stercvliacem, which in some genera, as Bombax and ^■wdewJron. resemble the cotton plant in having a hairy covering around their seeds ; but, as this substance has not the natural twist which I have described, it is not available for spinning, and is useful only for stuffing cushions and such like purposes. These are trees of a noble and beautiful aspect. The cotton-Uke fibres found about the fruit of the cotton-sedge, the thistle, the willow, and several other vegetable hairs, are unsuitable, for the same reason. It is true that flax, hemp, jute, and China grass, are spun, and have not the peculiar twist of the cotton fibre, but all these are woody tissue, which, originating in cellular tissue, has kerwards acquired additional properties. j > -> o > • "A^ *° ' J® number of the species of Gossypium there has been great difference of opinion. In our own country eminent scientihc men do not come to the same conclusions as regards species and varieties, even in our own hmited British flora, how much more must we expect differences of opinion where the native species are spread over the whole world, and the genus in question has been cultivated for thousands of years. In truth, the materials do not seem to have been yet gathered together by which the nuniber of true species may be set down with certainty. An attempt has been made to reduce them to two, viz., black-seeded and white-seeded, while cultivators have told ua they can recognise as many as 120 sorts. Practical cotton spinners of medium counts St yam, provided they are not botanists, find no difficulty in this matter. If you will ask them, they will tell you there are two nn„tli'',fi„!,°^'',.°^ ^'^^ original edition o£ this work, obapters iv. y. vi., the Cotton Manufacture of Great Britain." Lond, 1837). Moreover works S^Jf ?S 132 pages were occupied by a " History of the Cotton Manu- on the general subject (rare when Mr. Baines first wrote) are mw.o nesstn hi, .1 tV "' '"^ ^^'t-^l\^'''''J acknowledged his indebted- easUy procurable that it is not deemed necessary in a county iJistoS *" a semrate work' i* t„ S^^kV^^''^ Edward Baines, was superseded by do more than give such an outline of the facts on the subject of the a separate work, into whioh it was enlarged and extended (" History of manufacture as may be valuable for reference.-B. H. ^ THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX VI. 389 principal sorts of cotton— American and Surat ; and this, indeed, is a good botanical distinction and a natural division as the two families are so distinct that they will not inter-breed. We may then first divide the genus Gossypium into the two important tnbes— Indian or old-world cotton, and American or new-world cotton. There are different species under each division but the two races seem distinct and indigenous in their respective hemispheres, though by means of commerce they are now wide'ly spread over the globe. ^ "According to modern authorities there are about eight usually admitted species ; but in the first instance, I shall treat of five only, three of which belong to the Occidental or New World, and two to the Asiatic or Old World group. Four of these five species there is no doubt, supply us with the chief bulk of our commercial cotton. These five principal kinds are— ' Gossypium iarladense, or Sea Island, Gossypium hirsutum, in two varieties, viz., New Orleans and Upland. Gossypium acuminatum, Brazilian. Gossypium herhaceum, Surats. Gossypium arboreum, the tree-cotton of India. " 1. Gossypium barbadense, or the Sea Island plant, produces the finest and longest-stapled cotton grown, and is used exclusively for spmmng fine yarns. It is so valuable as occasionally to have reahsed seven shillings a pound in the Liverpool market The price for the best is at present (February, 1870) 4s. per pound. (The price of best Sea Island cotton in Liverpool, September 22nd, 1887, was Is. lOd.) We obtain our chief supply from the coast of South Carolina, where its cultivation extends from the mouth of the Savannah to the mouth of the Santee rivers, a distance of about one hundred and thirty miles. Cultivated far inland, the wool loses its distinctive excellence. The seed which produces it was originally imported from Anguilla, one of the Antilles. This species is a robust, handsome plant, is glabrous, and has sulphur-yellow flowers with a large purple spot at the base of each petal. The bracts are deeply laciniated, and the leaves are, for the most part, distinctly five-lobed. The seeds are black, and generally bare — in saying bare, I mean that they are destitute of the downy epidermal covering which I have mentioned as pertaining to some species. This is, however, not a universal characteristic of the species, as many bwrbadenses have a woolly clothing. The finest Egyptian cotton, which approaches the nearest to Sea Island in quahty, is also the produce of G. barbadense, though other kinds are grown in Egypt to some extent. In the time of Pliny, cotton was cultivated in Upper Egypt, but its cultivation was afterwards discontinued. It was recommenced by an enterprising viceroy, Mehemet Ali, as a private speculation, and we received, in consequence, cotton from Egypt of excellent quality in 1823. So recently as 1827 or 1828, Sea Island seed was first planted in Egypt, since which time it has continued to flourish. When we speak of Egyptian cotton we generally refer to the produce of a robust, hardy form of Sea Island. In common with other long-stapled cottons that of the Sea Island plant is not pure white but has a creamy tinge. "2. The New Orleans cotton, or Gossypium hirsutum of Linnaaus, is, as its name indicates, a hairy plant. I do not notice the discrepancies and obscurities which exist in the naming of various cottons to which the name hirsutum has been given. These may soon be met with by any one who examines several herbaria. The name hirsutum has, by different authorities, been applied to several cottons, but it is sufficiently descriptive to be very apphcable to the New Orleans. The flowers of this species are various shades of pale primrose, sometimes nearly white, and without and purple mark at the base of the petals. The capsule or boll is more orbicular or less ovoid than the Sea Island species. There are two varieties of it, the New Orleans proper, and that known as Upland. The New Orleans proper has its seeds covered with a short white wool (or fuzz, as it is often called) ; the Upland variety has a similar down, but green. The staple of the Upland is shorter than the Orleans. Gossypium hirsutum supplies the most approved cotton of any species for general purposes. It comes to us generally in a clean and sound state, and is rarely adulterated by the addition of other substances to make weight, in which respects it is much superior to most Surat. The staple is, on an average,- a little longer than the best East Indian cottons that we import, and also more uniform in length, with a less proportion of the short, light, and inferior fibre, technically called fly. There is also a peculiar silkiness in the American fibre which I cannot explain, but the result of all is that the American cotton has a preference over Surat, as at present imported, unless, efter taking into account the greater loss and expense in working, the latter is sensibly cheaper. Previous to the American war the United States supplied us with by far the greatest part of our cotton for many years, and Middling Orleans was the chief standard of prices. Now, Fair DhoUerah is an equally important standard. American cotton is not absolutely uniform, but varies considerably in quahty, some samples being longer in staple than others ; some are white, some tawny, and some red. We hear sometimes also of the blue American. This peculiar shade arises chiefly from the flne sand with which the cotton is contaminated. If we examine a number of seeds from a bale of American cotton we may notice that some are covered with a thick coating of down, others more sparingly, and some may be nearly or quite bare. Bare seed or scanty fuzz in New Orleans cotton indicate a greater or less degree of ' degeneration,' as the planters express it. They call such cotton degenerate, because the plants then yield a less quantity of cotton. This state arises from faults in culture, and also from late ripening when frost has stopped the growth of the plant. The planters of New Orleans cotton renew their seed when it deteriorates from Mexico, or from the gulf hills in Mississippi, every fourth or fifth year. Dr. Forbes Royle seems to think that the staple becomes finer and longer in degenerate Orleans. It is asserted, on the other hand, that degenerated Orleans is in no way improved in staple. I may mention that some good authorities believe that G. hirsutum is only a form of G. barbadense, and not a distinct species ; others believe the differences between the two forms to be specific and permanent. I incline to the latter opinion, though, so far as the seed only is concerned, the hirsutum is so apt to become bare. Uplands cotton is merely a variety of Orleans, very likely depending chiefly upon situation, soil, and such Kke circumstances. The green coating of the seeds, which I have already mentioned, is very bright and striking, but, as we have seen, this coating is a very variable feature. We find green-coated seeds in almost all our bales of American cotton. Last year I grew a plant of New Orleans, crossed by Sea Island — a hybrid raised by Major E. Trevor Clarke, who supphed me with the seed, and to whose horticultural experience I am indebted for much information. Now the Sea Island has usually a black, bare seed, and the New Orleans is covered with a white fur, but the seed of the hybrid has a green covering like Upland. This, Major Clarke tells me, is always the case with this hybrid. Upland cotton was early cultivated in Italy and Sicily under the name of Coton de Siam, and indeed was formerly better known as the produce of these countries than of America. The older botanists, as Schwarz, Cavanilles, and others called it by a very long and imposing name, ' Xylon Americanum prcestantissimum semine virescente.' The plant is always cultivated as an annual, but is not really one, as it will continue, under favourable circumstances, to bear fruit three years or more. Another striking and important variety of G. hirsutum is the kind known as Vine Cotton. This is a gigantic form of the species. The boll is of very great size, and often contains as many as thirteen seeds in each cell. It differs from the ordinary Orleans, chiefly, if not entirely, in its greater size. " 3 The next commercial cotton to be noticed is Gossypium acuminatum of Eoxburgh. This is an arboraceous perennial. The flowers are pahsh yellow, large, and almost hidden by the enormous bracts. The petals are marked with a slight purple spot, and the capsule is long and large, much pointed at the apex. The specific name acuminatum was given to it by Dr. Roxburgh, probably on account of the pointed character both of its leaves and capsules. Botanically G. acuminatum is especially remarkable in having the seeds closely agglomerated together, instead of being free as in other species. By this peculiarity the species may be readily distinguished from a mere inspection of the seeds. These are frequently called Kidney cottons. The Brazilian and Peruvian cottons are chiefly of this kind, and are much esteemed ; they are included in Pernam, Maranham, Ceara, Para, Paraiba, Peruvian, and several others though some of these cottons include other kinds than Kidney, but in less quantity. G. acuminatum is also to ■ be met with in the East and West Indies, and elsewhere. The quality of its staple is excellent, and its better sorts are of more value than Orleans, as it is longer and stronger, and finer yarns can be spun from it. 390 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX VI. " All the cottons 1 have been describing belong to the New World group. We now pass on to those of India. We call Indian cotton ' Surat ' in consequence of that port being the principal one from which it was formally shipped to us. " i. The Indian cotton is Gossypium herbaceum of Linnseus, and there are many -varieties of it cultivated in various parts of India, Rangoon, China, and Japan, and also on the shores of the Mediterranean. This species of the cotton plant is, perhaps, taking all things into account, more important to us, commercially, than any. India is one of our dependencies, and we have had during the last few years to rely upon India for the greater part of our cotton supply, and probably the greatest stay to our_ particular industry will still be that country. In other ways the cotton of India is interesting ; the varieties are numerous, and their selection and cultivation seem capable of improvement in various ways, to the great advantage both of Lancashire cotton spinners and Indian farmers. Gossypium herlaceum includes all the indigenous herbaceous cotton of India, of which there are many varieties, indeed most likely the specific name herbaceum does service for many kinds which are true and distinct species. Unfortunately it has even come to be applied to the American Upland cotton, variously translated into ' herbaceous cotton,' 'cotone erbaceo' ' coton herbaoe,' &c., which has caused not a little confusion. All the cotton which comes from India does not belong to the species herbaceum, for others have been introduced at different times, and are to be met with in several parts, especially Brazilin and Bourbon— a kind mentioned below, and latterly New Orleans. Herbaceous cotton has a stem more or less branched, one and a half foot to two feet high, in temperate climates, but growing higher in the hotter countries. The leaves are palmate, sometimes three, but generally five, lobed. There are two well-defined varieties (or, they may be species), judging by the leaves, one having broad lobes and the other narrow. It is the former which is the G. herbaceum of Linngeus. In addition to its broad-lobed leaves it is peculiar in its habit of growth, the stem, and more especially the branches, not being straight, but zigzag, making an angle at each node in an opposite direction to the last. It was found by the early botanists growing in the Levant, whence, no doubt, Linnseus and others received the specimens which are to be found in their herbaria. G. herbaceum presents great variety of form, so great that almost every Indian village can boast of its peculiar breed of cotton. The species may be described as having the flowers axillary, generally solitary towards the extremities of the branches, petals of a lively yellow colour, with a purple spot at the base of each, more rarely white, in which case the spot is rose coloured. The segments of the exterior calyx are cordate at the base, the margins dentate, sometimes entire, the capsules ovate, and three or four celled. The seeds are free and few in number, and are clothed with firmly- adhering greyish down under the short-stapled cotton wcol. " 5. There is a fifth undoubted species, which can scarcely be called a commercial cotton, as it is but little used for manufacture, though it has been employed to hybridise and improve other Indian cottons. This is Gossypium arboreum, the tree cotton of India. It is exemplified in what is known as Nurmah cotton. It is found everywhere in India, though not sown in fields, but generally round gardens, near ponds, and especially about the temples, for it is, seemingly, looked upon as a sort of sacred plant. It rises to the height of eight or ten feet, 'and when in flower is remarkably handsome. It is also very productive, and frequently continues to yield cotton during a period of four or five years ; but is generally cultivated more for ornament than use.' I am not aware what is the reason for this, as the staple is of good quality. The leaves of Nurmah cotton are deeply lobed, and have intermediate small lobes, which were formerly supposed to constitute a specific character ; more recent knowledge has, however, proved the fallacy of this supposition. Many supposed specific difiereuces have ceased to be of any value since the plant has been carefully observed in the Uving state. The leaves, and all the other parts of the plants are of a pinky colour. When it first springs up from seed this is very conspicuous, the stem being of a bright red. The flower is a reddish purple, and the seed is covered with a clear green down. " The five species which have been enumerated are undoubtedly distinct (unless we class together G. barbadense and G. hirsutum) ; but about all others there is a great divei'sity of opinion. With the exception of Bourbon, and what have been called West Indian green seeds, few are commercially important, and others are but very imperfectly known. Dr. Forbes Royle, in his 'Cotton in India and Elsewhere,' quotes Dr. Cleghorn, who writes from Edinburgh on this subject, and says that ' he had brought together all the Asiatic and American species of Gossypium to be found in the University collection (which comprised the herbaria of Hamilton, Countess of Dalhousie, &c., with additions from Wight and Campbell),' and ' the collection is large enough to illustrate the fact that there has been an excessive confusion and muUipHcation of Sfccies. I believe all the specimens in the herbarium at the University may be referred to:— (1) G. acuminatum, (2) G. herbaceum, (3) G. arboreum, (4) G. barbadense. Particularly he mentions a great multiplication of species of Indian cotton.' He says, ' of G. herbaceum there is a great variety of specimens, bearing I know not how many names, such as Gossypium nigrum, G. nigrum Iceve, G. vitifolium, G. indicum, G. viridescens, G. rubicundum. All these,' he concludes, ' appear to me manifestly the indigenous G. herbaceum or country kupas of the Peninsular ryots.' There is, however, httle doubt that there are many other species of cotton besides these four. Under these circumstances of doubt and uncertainty I shall not venture to say much about other species of cotton, though they cannot be passed by entirely. "First, then, there is Bourbon cotton, which has generally been taken to be very closely allied to (?. barbadense, if not identical with it, though it is probably quite a distinct species, as yet unnamed in scientific parlance. It is called Bourbon cotton from having been grown in the Isle of Bourbon, where it is supposed to have been introduced by the French from the West Indies. Its seeds were early introduced into India, in many parts of which continent it is thoroughly naturalised, particularly in the south. This sort is pretty widely distributed. A short time ago I had a lot from Puerto Cabello on the Caribbean Sea, which Major Clarke tells me is veritable Bourbon. The plant is a small pyramidal tree, with glabrous three, five, seven lobed leaves. The flower is small, and entirely pale yellow ; the capsule small, smooth, roundish, ovate ; the seeds naked or nearly so. "Next there is West Indian green seed cotton, which I have just mentioned, a cotton apparently indigenous in the West Indian islands, and which formerly supplied Europe with large quantities of cotton under the name of Coton Maurice, or Mauritius cotton. It is a stout small tree bearing green seeds, and yielding a copious supply of cotton of good quality, closely resembling New Orleans. ' In books one finds a species named religiosum — a name given by Linnjcus, but it cannot be recognised, and is supposed to have been applied to a red or tawny cotton, from hearsay evidence that it was used for some part of the raiment of priests. It is, however, now well established that many, if not all, cottons will occasionally produce this coloured fibre, as, for instance, the Nankin cotton of China, Coconada cotton, red cotton amongst the New Orleans, and also amongst the Peruvian. Such a distinction is therefore of no value. " Other species which, according to Royle, appear to be distinct, though they yield but little of the cotton of commerce, are as follow : G. raeemosum, said to yield the cotton of Porto Rico. This species has its peduncles supporting two or three flowers, each with a pedicel. Tomentosum, frona the Sandwich Islands, a small cotton with tawny wool, also found wild in Fiji. It occupies a large tract on the coast. There is also a species with entire, cordate, acuminate leaves, which appears to be unnamed ; it was collected on Magdaleua Bay, Lower California. " It is a point of considerable interest to endeavour to identify the commercial cottons with the plants which produce them. In the Liverpool Cotton Brokers' Association Weekly Circular ' we find cotton classified, not botanically, but according to its value in the market, the highest priced being at the head of the hst and the lowest at its foot. The kinds are divided primarily into five, viz., American, Brazihan, Egyptian, &c,. West Indian, Ac, and East Indian. " In the American list we have Sea Island and Stained Sea Island, which are G. barbadense ; then Upland, Mobile, Orleans, and Texas, which are all derived from G. hirsutum. " In the Brazilian list there are Pernam and Ceara, Paraiba, Santos, Bahia, Maoeio, and Maranham. These and other cottons, which, though not specified, are included under the same head, are mixed, being for the moat part Kidney cotton, but also including Bourbon, varieties of Sea Island and New Orleans. Varieties of the last, or possibly true native species, are to be found in Peru . very large and tree-like. THE HISTOKY 01 LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX VI. 391 "The division 'Egyptian' includes Egyptian, Smyrna, &o., and is a very mixed lot. The Enest Egyptian, and that which we receive m the greatest quantity, is from the barhadense or Sea Island stock ; some is from the Ursutum, and some possibly from native sorts ; the Smyrna is from herbaceous or Eaat Indian cotton. "The cottons included in the division 'West Indian,' are, perhaps, the most varied of all. The separate items are West Indian, &c., Haytien, La Guayra, Peruvian, Carthagena, and African. In this list will be found Sea Island, Bourbon, Kidney and West Indian green seeds, with a lesser sprinkling of all other Occidental cottons. ' "Of the East Indian cotton, the Liverpool Cotton Brokers' Association distinguish these kinds : Sawginned Bharwar (which is accUmatised American from Louisiana), Broach, DhoUerah, Oomrawuttee, &c., Mangarole, &c., Comptah, and Scinde These are all called Surats, and are chiefly derived from 0. herhacmm. Then there are Tinnevelly and Western Madras, which are the native cotton with some Bourbon ; and lastly, Bengal, which is G. herhaceum. "A great difficulty with the English manufacturer for a time after the year 1861 was the scarcity of cotton, consequent upon the American civil war. During that war American cotton became very scarce, and advanced in price from its normal value of about 6_d. a_ pound to SOd., and other cottons experienced a proportionate rise. This high price brought about an increased production m India, and we also received some supplies from countries which do not usually send us any ; thus China, in ordinary time, not only uses all her own cotton but also imports from India, yet, daring the American war we received a considerable quantity of it from China. With lower prices our imports of China cotton have again altogether ceased. Having depended many years chiefly on America for our cotton, the shorter staples of India required considerable alterations in the system of working. Attempts have been made to improve the quality of Indian cotton by the introduction of American seed, and to improve it in cleanliness by the introduction of the saw-gin for separating the cotton from the seed. However disinterested and praiseworthy these exertions have been, we are forced to admit that they have been attended with only very partial success, and have, in many cases, proved absolute failures. Experiments, with a view to improve Indian cotton, have been prosecuted with more or less vigour since 1788, yet spinners do not find that the staple of Surat cotton alters much, if at all, in character. If I am right in believing that_ India can produce its native cotton with greater advantage than it can foreign kinds, it would seem that improvements in quaUty would be best made by the selection of the best native sorts, or of such foreign kinds as have been proved to answer, such as Bourbon and Brazilian, of which the staple, in their adopted habitat, approximates to the native sorts. Abundant evidence proves that American^ cotton does not answer in India. The conditions of soil and climate are different in India and America, and these conditions it is impossible to modify. Efforts to improve Indian cotton in this direction are a mere waste of time and money, and might well be laid aside. Native Indian cotton can be grown, but little, if at all, inferior to Uplands American, and will answer all the purposes for which the latter is used. What the English manufacturer wants is plenty of it and cheap, the cleaner the better ; and the more abundant we can get it, the better the means of conveyance, the more direct the communication between the producer and the consumer, and the fewer obstructions to trade, of whatever nature, the more advantageous will it be alike to England and to India." The cotton plant, in one or other of its varieties, is a native of almost all tropical countries. The most ancient known seat of its manufacture is India. Herodotus (book iii. c. 106) speaks of a plant there, bearing fruit, containing a wool finer and better than that of the sheep, of which the natives make their clothes. Arrian {Indian History, c. 16), in his account of the voyage of Nearohus down the Indus (B.C. 327), mentions the cotton clothing and turbans of the natives made from a shrub which he calls tola. Strabo (book XV.) mentions the culture of the cotton plant in Persia in his day (the Christian era) ; and Pliny, towards the close of the first century, describes the plant as cultivated in Egypt (Nat. Hist. lib. xix. c. 2, Delph. edit.), and called by some Gosaypium, but more usually Xylon, " from which are made the fabrics which we call xylina," which he describes as beautifully white and soft, and used especially as garments for the Egyptian priests. Cotton, however, had been of comparatively late introduction into Egypt, as not a shred of cotton fabric has been found among the great varieties of stuff in the mummy-wrappings of the ancient sarcophagi ; and Herodotus, in describing the curious vegetable wool of India, would hardly have omitted to speak of it as used in Egypt if it had been known there in his time. On the discovery of America, the Spaniards found the Mexicans already skilled in the manufacture of cotton, which they wrought to singular fineness and beauty ; and cotton cloth was found by Lord Colchester among the mummy-wrappings in the ancient Peruvian tombs. In later times, Mungo Park and his successors in African exploration have found cotton fabrics almost universally known among the native African tribes. From Pliny's comparing the cotton fruit to the quince it has been thought by some that the name Cotton was derived from the name of that fruit, Ootoneum malum. It has, however, been well shown by Dr. W. Cooke Taylor, LLD.,' that this is a mere verbal coincidence, as cotoneum is only a corrupted form of cydoneum, from Cydon, a city of Crete, whence the quince was supposed to have been brought ; while, on the other band, cotton is one of the forms of the root tp^, Katan, to adhere or stick closely (a word found in all the Shemitic languages) the most strikingly characteristic of the closely-fitting cotton robes having given its name to the fabric of which they were made. And, Dr. Cooke Taylor further points out the curious fact that the word "to cotton " in the sense of associating together, as also the noun " cottons," as the name of a close-fitting garment, were used in England before the vegetable substance of that name was in this country at all. The word has probably come to us from the Arabic, m which the product is called Kot6n pronounced gootn. The Mahommedan conquest made it known in Europe, and the name in Spanish, alfiodon, and Portuguese, algodno, still retains the Arabic article. The cotton manufacture, thus proved to have been known from the earliest historic times in India, and from India spreading through the East, was first introduced into Europe by the conquering Mahommedans. Cottons were among the articles taxed with import duties on admission to the seat of the Eastern Empire, by Justinian, in the sixth centuiy, but they were then brought to Constantinople in the manufactured state. The first seat of thf manufacture was Spain, where it was introduced by the Moors about the tenth century, and where the cotton plant stdl grows The first known mention of cotton in England is found in the accounts of Bolton Abbey, from which Dr. Whitaker (Hist. Craven) quotes, in the year 1298-"w Sapo et cotoun ad Candelam, 17s. Id." Small quantities of cotton wool were probably imported from the Levant for this purpose, i.e., for candle wicks. Next comes the mention by Chaucer (cw-M 1375), who describing the knight in the prologue to the Ganterlury Tales, says: "Of fustian he wered a g.pon, and the same stuf^ a Spanish manufacture named from the Spanish word fuste, substance, is named by Hakluyt half a century later as a weU-known article of """The manufacturer of cotton goods was not, however, introduced into England before the end of the fifteenth century probably not tm the middle of the sixteenth. " Cottons " are indeed mentioned at an earlier date among English manufactures. Leland, ir. 1538 avs 0? Bo ton "Bolton upon moore markets stondith most by cottons and cowrse yarne Divers villages in the mores about loao, says oi ooimu, Dui^, v ,^ „ u.„ever were in reality woollen fabrics imitated and named by the weavers of E^n^^sht S^m the ver iable CO ns whtch"! has bein 'aSy Thown, 4re imported from the Continent. __ Thus we find the Act i;ancasnire trom tne vemaDie co^^^^ making of woollen cloth," proceeds to specify "all the cottons called Manchester Lancl^hie and Shr^^^^^^^^^^^ ; '' whUe the^'^ts of^about the same p'erio'd (33 Henry VIII. c. 15, "Touchinge the MaS^fslctwrfrom Manchester to Westchester " [Chester], and 8 Elizabeth c. 11 for regulating various matters of Sie t tde in ''cXnrfrieze^^^^^^ rugs") speak of these cottons being "frised" and "miHed," processes only applicable in the 1 .. Handbook of Silk, Cotton, and WooUen Manufacture," p. 93. 392 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX VI. woollen manufacture. Camden also (1590) speaks of Manchester excelling the neighbouring towns " by the glory of its woollen stuffs, which they call Manchester cottons." A reUo of the use of the word still exists in the name " Kendal cottons," by which a certain coarse woollen cloth has been known probably for five hundred years.^ The probability seems to be that the actual cotton manufacture was introduced about 1585, by the Flemish refugees, on the fall of Brussels, Malines, and Antwerp, before the Duke of Parma. Many of these settled at Manchester and were encouraged by the Warden and Fellows of Manchester College, who allowed them firing and wood for their looms from their woods, on paying fourpence each by the year. By 1641, however, Manchester was known for a manufacture undoubtedly cotton, in the true meaning of the word, when it is described by Lewis Roberts in his Treasure of Traficke, who, speaking of this town, says, "they buy cotton wool in London, that comes first from Cyprus and Smyrna, and at home work the same and perfect it into fustians, vermillions, dimities, and other such stuffes, and then return it to Loudon, where the same is vented and sold, and not seldom sent into forrain partes." " Once introduced, however, the cotton manufacture, at first chiefly fustians, and what Fuller in 1662 calls "Manchester Tickin," took firm root in the district. It was well suited to the labouring population and yeomen scattered throughout the Salford Hundred, affording many processes in which every member of their households could render some assistance. By the beginning of the last century many of the Lancashire gentry had begun to bind their sons apprentices to the cotton manufacturers, paying premiums of £50 or £60 ; and though Dr. Aikin tells how the young men often revolted at the hard work and coarse fare, and broke their indentures, enlisting or going off to sea, enough of them settled in the various seats of the manufacture to account, in great measure, for the curious dispersion noticeable at the present day of the old Lancashire territorial family names throughout the factory districts. For the first century and a half after the introduction of the cotton manufacture the processes employed continued to be of a very rude description — in fact, a mere adaptation of the appliances with which the people had been for centuries familiar in the woollen manufacture. The cotton, arriving in bales from the Levant or the West Indian Islands, was carded between two hand- cards like large wire hair-brushes, spun on the common single-thread spinning-wheel, and woven, by a =huttle thrown by hand, in a rude loom, not much more efficient, though constructed with more mechanical exactness, than that which for a thousand years had been in use in India. Various causes, however, combined to hinder the cotton manufacture from continuing permanently in the same elementary state as that of woollen cloths had done. The material employed was of an altogether finer description than the staple of the woollen fabrics, and the imports of cotton fabrics from India were a continual reproach and challenge (such as the woollen manu- facturers had never had to stimulate them) to the English spinners and weavers of cotton. As has been the case with many branches of art and manufacture, imperfect inventions and discoveries, interesting as tentative steps in the march of progress, preceded those which achieved success, and marked the great eras in the history of the cotton manufacture. 1678. As early as the middle of the sixteenth century, an ingenious Frenchman, M. de G-ennes, contrived the first power loom, which is described in the PhilosopUcad Transactions of the Royal Society for 1678. It did not come into practical use, however. 1697. Total import of cotton wool, 1,976, -359 pounds. 1700. The importation of printed calicoes from the East Indies prohibited by law. 1721. Printed calicoes forbidden by law to be used or worn. 1738. The first distinct advance towards practical improvements in the cotton manufacture took place in this year. The fly- ehuttle was invented by John Kay, a Bury man, who was engaged in cloth-weaving at Colchester, enabling the shuttle, previously thrown by hand, to be thrown to and fro between the layers of warp by the alternate jerk from side to side of a pick held in the right hand. About the same time "stock-cards" of a much larger size than those previously held in the hand, the under card fixed and the upper movable and suspended, which had been previously in use in the woollen manufacture, were adopted for the carding of cotton. In this year also a patent was taken out in the name of Lewis Paul for a plan of spinning by rollers invented by his partner, John Wyatt, of Birmingham, who had been occupied upon it for a dozen years. The specification' distinctly alludes to a succession of rollers, each set moving faster than the former ; but it is doubtful whether his idea was anything more than that of adopting the processes of metal rolling to cotton, so as to compress it before being twisted in the ordinary way. He attempted to carry out the manufacture by his invention in Birmingham (1739-41 and Mr. Cave attempted it also in a spinning factory at Northampton, but without success. 1748. Lewis Paul took out two patents for carding machines, one of them by fiat cards, the other for carding by cylinders. With the latter of these was a contrivance for stripping off the cotton by a stick with needles in it like the teeth of a comb._ Carding by this cyhnder was used by Paul at his factory in Northampton, but did not for many years aiter come into general use. 1758. Another patent for the spinning machine already patented twenty years before was taken out by Lewis Paul : but though some improvements were introduced, including a more complete arrangement of the cylinder for carding, it attained no practical success. o j e, 1760. A much less ambitious contrivance, that of the drop-box, enabling the weaver to use several shuttles consecutively, merely dropping them at the side till wanted again, was this year invented by Robert Kav, son of the inventor of the fly-shuttle, which now became of great importance, and was extensively introduced These contrivances, doubling the amount of work which a weaver could perform, at once increased the difficulty of procuring weft. The single- thread spinning wheels could not supply what was wanted, and the weaver often had to walk miles in a morning to collect weft enough to last him the rest of the day. The demand for a quicker method of spinning became more urgent 1764. The spinning ]enny was invented by James Hargreaves, of Standhill, near Blackburn. This was, indeed, only a mechanical extension of the prmciple of the old spinning wheel, but it enabled eleven threads, and subsequently as many as a se"kir an ate^^t"" °°'^^' ^^^^ occupying some time in perfecting it, Hargreaves used it privately, without 1766. Cotton wool admitted duty-free in British-built ships. 1768. Hargreaves forced to quit Blackburn by the jealousy of his neighbours. He removed to Nottingham, and went into partnership in a small spinning factory. In 1770 he patented the jenny. 2 n,1'^H.H°^t T''''ijj'°- ",i?™i''-°°'^.'" f,'^; P- "''■• ture," pp. 100, 101, where see many other extracts from earlv wi-iters Quoted at length m Mr. Barnes's " History of the Cotton Manufao- iUustrative of the subject. ^ ^ Given at length in Baines's "Hist. Cotton Maiiuf.," p. 122. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX VI. 393 1769. Richard Arkwright took out a patent for his spinning machine, ultimately called the water frame, the first practica application of elongation by rollers. He had been employed in maturing his invention for some years, first at Preston (\yhere he first fitted up his machine in the parlour of the grammar-school-house), and afterwards at Nottingham. There his mvention was taken up by Messrs. Need and Strutt, who entered into partnership with him. There has been great contention as to Arkwright's title to be considered the original inventor of this machine. He himself refers, in the case which he drew up in 1782, to the fact of previous attempts having been made to spin cotton by machinery, in Birmingham and Northampton (Wyatt in 1738), and his claim was also disputed by Thomas Highs, a reedmaker of Leigh. Whatever may have been his acquaintance with previous efforts of the kind, however, Arkwright seems to have been the first to see how they might be combined and turned to practical advantage. In doing this he displayed great mechanical skUl, and undoubtedly to him is owing, if not the original invention, at least its perfecting into the shape which revolutionised the cotton manufacture. 1771. Arkwright's first mill built at Cromford. 1772. The carding machine was improved by the invention of the feeder by John Lees, of Manchester. 1774. Further improvements in carding by Mr. Wood and Mr. Pilkington. 1775. Arkwright took out a second patent for a series of machines, including carding, and the subsequent processes of drawing and roving, by which the sliver of cotton doffed from the cards is first repeatedly drawn out and doubled and then slightly twisted into a loose rovmg. Arkwright's carding machine, in this patent, embodied an important invention— the metal comb, rapidly worked with a crank to doff the cotton from the carder. These inventions and improvements of Arkwright gave an immense impetus to the cotton manufacture. From this time the factory system dates its rise. Enterprising men from all parts of the country purchased the right to use his patents, or used adapta- tions of them without purchasing them. He himself prospered, both by royalties ou his machines and still more by the skill with which he managed his own manufactories. In a few years, however, the infringements of his patents had become so bold and general that, in 1781, he_ instituted a series of actions, of which one, against Colonel Mordaunt, alone was tried. The result was that his patent was set aside on the ground that the specification was obscure and unintelligible. After vainly endeavouring to interest the Government in his " case," he again tried the issue of law in 1785. In that year he obtained a verdict in his favour, in February, in the Court of Common Pleas, but the associated manufacturers carried the cause to the King's Bench, with the effect of finally invalidating his patent in June of the same year. This, however, did not diminish his prosperity, which arose from his general skill and enterprise as a manufacturer. He was high sheriff of Derbyshire in 1786, being knighted the same year. He died August 3, 1792, at the age of sixty. 1779. Samuel Crompton, a weaver of Hall-i'th-Wood, near Bolton-le-Moors, completed his invention of the mule, so called from its combining the principles and advantages of the two great machines — the jenny and the water frame. The water frame, with its system of rollers, spun good twist (for warps), but in the higher counts the tension caused by the drag of the bobbins was too great. Crompton combined the system of rollers with an adaptation of Hargreaves' plan for elongating the yarn by drawing out the spindles on a movable frame. He was quietly working at this invention from 1774 to 1779, and produced yarns at that time of surprising fineness, ranging as high as 80 hanks to the pound, 40's being the highest previously known. For 40's the price was 14s. per pound in 1776. Crompton was not a pushing man, and as he made no attempt to secure a patent, his invention became common property, and the only reward he received was a grant of £5,000 from Parliament in 1812, and a few hundred pounds raised on two occasions by subscription. This invention, following upon those already recorded, gave a still further impulse to invention, concentrating attention especially ou the possibility of weaving by power. The same year witnessed riots in many parts of the country, directed against spinning machinery. 1780. Muslin first attempted to be manufactured in England, but unsuccessfully, the yarn not being produced fine enough. Within seven years, however, the mule had removed this obstacle, and muslin was largely manufactured. 1785. Cotton first imported into Liverpool from America, viz. five bags I The first patent for a power loom, taken out by Dr. Edmund Cartwright, a Kentish clergyman. He took out a second patent in 1787. This machine, however, though ingenious, and taken up by the Grimshaws, of Gorton, who stocked a mill with them at Knot Mill, did not come into any general use. Dr. Cartwright, however, received a grant of £10,000 from Parliameut. The steam engine first used in cotton manufacture by Messrs. Robinson, of Papplewiok, Nottinghamshire. 1786. Total import of cotton wool during the year, 19,900,000 pounds, from the following markets : viz., British West Indies, 5,800,000 ; French and Spanish colonies, 5,500,000 ; Portuguese and Dutch colonies (East Indies), 3,600,000 ; Smyrna and Turkey, 5,000,000 ; American States, 3,000 pounds. 1787. Heavy duties imposed on the importation of all foreign cotton manufactures, ranging from 20 to 50 per cent ad valorem. These duties were augmented every few years, till, in 1813, they reached as high as 85 per cent on white calico. 1792. A self-acting mule patented by Mr. Kelly, of Glasgow. Whitney's cotton gin invented. 1793. Fine counts, from lOO's upwards, first spun by power. 1794. A power loom patented by Mr. Bell, of Glasgow. 1796. A power loom patented by Mr. Robert Miller, of Glasgow. This was tried for some years at Mr. Monteith's mills, near Glasgow, with two hundred looms, but without any success. 1797. The scutclung machine invented by Mr. Snodgrass, of Glasgow, for loosening and opening the cotton preparatory to carding. 1798. Duties imposed on importation of cotton wool, varying from 4 per cent to about 6 per cent. These were, however, repealed in 1801.^ . i lu- 1801. First construction of fire-proof cotton mill, Messrs. Philips and Lee, of Manchester, first applying cast-iron beams to this 1802. The first Act of Parliament, 42 Geo. III. c. 73, promoted by the first Sir Robert Peel, passed for the regulation of the labours of apprentices in cotton mills, prohibiting then- employment for more than twelve hours a day ; prohibiting night- work after June, 1804; and providing for their instruction and clothing; also for the whitewashing and ventilation of factories. Import duties on raw cotton reimposed, slightly higher than those of 1798. 1803. A power loom patented by H. Horrocks, of Stockport. . . . 1804 Thomas Johnson, of Stockport, by the invention of the dressing machine, patented this year, supphed the missing linU; in power-loom invention, for want of which the looms aheady mentioned, though they had shown the practicability of the principle, had failed to achieve any decisive success. 1806. Peter Marsland, of Stockport, patented a power loom with a double crank, and worked it in his own factory, though it proved too complicated for general adoption. 1813. Important improvements made in the power loom by H. Horrocks, of Stockport, which he patented. This was the machine which came into general use, for power-loom weaving, with various modifications. , 1 The fuUest and most reliable details of the duties imposed at various in his valuable work, ' 'The History of the Cot;ton Manufacture," already tunes on raw and manufactured cotton are given by Mr. Edward Bainea referred to. .51 394 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX Vl. The same year the hand-loom weavers took the alarm, as the spinners had done in 1779, and the power loom? were destroyed by the mob wherever they could find them. It was estimated that at this time there were not above 2,400 power looms in use ; and these, only being used for the coarser fabrics, had not at all lessened the demand for hand- loom work. 1814. The duties on the importation of white calico from the East Indies, the previous year raised to 85 per cent, reduced to 674 P^'' cent. 1815. Robert Owen, of New Lanark Mills, on the Clyde, began'to advocate a ten hours' biU. The Act of 1802, having only contemplated apprentices, had been evaded by the employment of non-apprenticed poor children. Sir Robert Peel advocated Owen's views in Parliament. 1816. Sir Robert Peel (the first) procured the appointment of a commission to consider the state of factory children. 1817. Number of spindles employed in the United Kingdom estimated by Mr. John Kennedy at 6,646,833. 1819. Employment of children in cotton mills further regulated by Act of Parliament, 59 George III., called Peel's Act, which prohibited the employment of children under nine years of age, and limited the labour of all young people under sixteen to twelve hours a day, with other regulations. 1822. About this time double carding machines began to come into use in Oldham, and came to be known as Oldham engines. They were, however, scarcely used at all elsewhere, until the precariousness of profits in the cotton trade during and subsequent to the American war (1861-5), forced the manufacturers to avail themselves of even the slightest means of simplifying and cheapening production. They are now coming extensively into use among spinners of coarse and medium counts. 1823. Cotton first imported from Egypt, viz., 6,623 packages, averaging 500 pounds. 1825. A self-acting mule patented by Mr. Richard Roberts, of the firm of Sharp and Roberts, of Manchester. This, improved by them (for which a further patent was taken out a few years later), was a great success, and came to be the mule generally used. A self-acting mule invented by Mr. Smith, of Glasgow, which is also very largely used. First contrivances patented for stopping the loom on the breaking of the weft, by Messrs. Stansfield, Pritchard, and Wilkinson, of Leeds. This, however — a slight mechanism attached to the shuttle itself — did not come into any general use. Mr. Huskieson reduced the enormous duties on foreign cotton manufactures, previously 37J per cent, and 67J per cent on muslins or nankeens and white calico respectfully, to a uniform duty of £10 per cent ad valorem, with 3Jd. per square yard if printed. 1829. Danforth's American Throstle, patented by Mr. John Hutchinson, of Liverpool. T..c throstle is represented in some works as distinct from the old water frame, but in reality it is merely the name which was given to Arkwright's spinning machine at a later period when its construction had been simplified. 1831. Duty on raw cotton, previously 6 per cent ad valorem, fixed at Ss. lOd. per hundredweight. Another Factory Bill brought in by Sir John Hobhouse and Lord Morpeth, to shorten the labour of all young persons under eighteen, in cotton, worsted, woollen, linen, and silk mills, to eleven and a half hours a day, and eight and a half on Saturdays. The Act as it passed, however, was limited to cotton mills, and left the term of labour at sixty-nine hours a-week. 1832. Number of spindles in the United Kingdom estimated by Mr. Baines at 9,333,000 ; number of power looms, 203,373. The additional duty on printed calico, 3Jd. per square yard, repealed. 1833. Earnest attempts were made by Mr. Sadler, Mr. John Fielden, Mr. William Cobbett, and Lord Ashley, to induce Parliament to pass a ten hours' bill. A Royal Commission was appointed, at the instance of Mr. John Wilson Patten (afterwards Lord Winmarleigh), to collect information on the condition of children employed in factories. Duty on foreign raw cotton reduced to 23. lid. per cwt. ; from British possessions to 4d. per cwt. The self-acting temple invented by Mr. William Graham, of Glasgow. This kept the cloth constantly stretched by the action of a pair of clippers It has, however, been generally superseded by the use of roller temples. 1834. On the report of the commissioners a new Factory Act, 3 and 4 William IV. c. 103, was introduced by Lord Ashley, but being carried out of his control by Government, was passed with very little improvement on the Act of 1831. It prohibited the labour of young persona under eighteen from 8-30 p.m. till 5-30 a.m. in cotton and other factories (silk factories excepted) ; limited the employment of persons under eighteen to twelve hours in one day, and sixty- nine hours a week ; and of children under eleven to nine hours a day, and forty-eight hours a week ; requiring for these last two hours' schooling a day ; and for the first time appointing inspectors. The weft fork patented by Messrs. Ramsbottom and Holt, of Todmorden — a very ingenious contrivance, by which the breaking of the weft at once stops the loom. This, still further simplified, has come into almost universal use. 1836. Number of operatives employed in spinning and weaving factories in the United Kingdom, 237,000. (Estimate by Mr. Baines, founded upon reports of factory inspectors.) About this year, the card-making machine invented by Mr. J. C. Dyer, of Manchester. It was exhibited at the meeting of the British Association at Birmingham in 1839. 1844. Another Act for regulating the hours of labour of women and children in factories was brought in by Sir James Graham for the Government, and passed, the amendments of the ten hours' bill party being defeated. 7 and 8 Vict. c. 15. 1844. An mgemous plan for coiling the sliver as it is run out from the carding machine, patented by Mr. John Tatham. 1845. Duty on cotton finally repealed. 1847. The Ten Hours Bill, brought in by Mr. John Fielden, M.P., passed, 10 Vict. c. 29. 1849. Mason's long collars, for .steadying the spindles in roving-frames, introduced. Higgins's do., which have also come to he widely used, were introduced in 1860. 1860. The Ten Hours Act of 1847 having proved technically defective, owing to the adoption of the shift, or relay, system, which had not been provided against, an attempt was made by its promoters to procure its amendment. Meanwhile a tint' °™"8ljt in by Lord Ashley, to settle the question by conceding 10^ hours a day with 74 on Saturdays (instead ot 10 hours a day with 8 on Saturdays, the settlement of 1847). This was strenuously opposed by a large proportion ot the advocates of the previous Act, but was carried ; 13 and 14 Vict. c. 64. It is under this Act that until 1874 ot'^TJa^ ^■ *° ''' worked. The Act was slightly amended by 16 and 17 Vict. c. 104 (1853), and 19 and 20 Vict, c. 38 (1856) ; and in 1860 was extended to bleaching and dyeing works (23 and 24 Vict. c. 78), and in 1861 to lace lactones (24 and 25 Vict. c. 117). A further agitation with respect to hours of labour was set at rest by the A ^° lavQ t °^}?'^ (37 and 38 Vict. c. 44), and the work of legislation was crowned by the Factories and Workshops Act 1878, by which the whole of the scattered legislation, embracing forty-five Acts, and extending over a period ot 50 years, was brought into one lucid and harmonious whole. 1851. At the Great Exhibition this year, muslin exhibited, manufactured of yarn of the extraordinarily fine count, 700's, spun ,^« r, •*', ■' H°"lut 340 000 The production in the machine-making trade had doubled within ten years Bleach print, and dye works had been Welv extended during that period. The fixed invlstments, including the value of land and rights to water, amounted to not efthanieS.OOO.OOO Stirling, to which must be added a working capital of £20,000,000 ; add to these, again, the ^^ ;>« ^^ --^«^^^t^, and tradesmen's stocks at home and abroad, the value of raw cotton and subsidiary materials, and of bankers capital, and the grand total of capital employed in the trade will not be less than £200,000,000 sterling. Mr. Henry Ashworth thus sums up the progress of the cotton trade, &c., of Lancashire :— In 1760 Dr. Perclval stated the value of one year's production at ^^^ OOo'oOO In 1860 Mr. Bazley „ » 3 870 000 lb In 1769 the cotton imported into the United Kingdom was 1 083 60o',000 lb! In 1860 „ „ " ■ ' ' ids. lid*. In 1784 the value of lib. of 42 s yarn was j^-^^_ In 1860 „ „ 38s.' In 1786 the value of lib. of lOO's yarn was 2s. 6d. In 1860 „ " ,, , ,/■•■:•■•; 'i'-""Z^l £97,242 In 1692 the real property assessed for land-tax m Lancastiire was £3,087,774 In 1815 „ >. " £8,'640'695 In 1851 „ .. " £11,453,851 lib. of flannel would cost 2s' 4d. lib. of linen „ -^^ q^' country upon the earth. . „„„%;„„ inferior kinds of cotton, in the absence of American, gave a During the American civil war (1861-5) t'?^ ^^^^^f ^^ "^ T^^" ^ rnTnufaSure. The Indian cotton, of a much shorter staple Famine. . ■ xi, i +•„„;„ iSfin of Mr Abraham Lincoln to be President, being a great party triumph of In the United States of America, the election in 1860 of Mr^ ™^^^ by a number of the Southern states The inevitable the Republican over the Democratic party, '^-^ J" ^^^^^^^'^Pt^i'^VoTthe supply of cotton material to England, which had been too ;^rn86^^ ^"'i'-^lf-^enfy-eig^t unions were-Ashton-under-Lyne, Barton- 396 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX VI. was asain 7 000 ■ and the recipients of relief in January, 1862, were 12,000 (or about 25 per cent) more than in January, 1861. But These statistics were no real measure of the extent of the distress. Savings banks, the loan funds of co-operative societies the funds of friendly societies, and the allowances of trades societies, were all largely helping to support those thrown out of work. Month aLr month only witnessed the rapid extension of the distress, which seems to have reached its height in the month of December 1862. The following table will show the progress of the work of rehef :— Numbers Oct of Work, Numbers Relieved, and Proportions op Persons Relieved io those Entirely Out of Work. 1862. June July August . . . . September . October November . December . 1863. January .... February. .. March April May June July August . . . . September . October November . December . 1861 January .... February . March April May June July August .... September , October . . . , November , December 1865. January ... February March April May Out of Work. 244,616 247,230 228,992 239,751 240,466 215,522 191,199 168,038 178,205 171,535 160,835 154,219 159,117 149,038 158,653 153,864 1 48,920 124,828 116,550 105,161 101,568 102,090 135,821 171,568 153.295 126,977 114,488 115,727 113,794 104,571 86,001 Relieved. 129,774 153,774 216,437 277,198 371,496 458,441 485,434 461,343 432,477 420,243 362,076 289,975 255,578 213,444 204,603 184,136 167,678 170,268 180,298 202,785 203,168 180,027 147,280 116,088 100,671 85,910 83,063 92,379 136,268 149,923 130,397 119,544 125,885 111,008 95,763 75,784 Proportion Relieved, 187 per cent 196 „ 197 „ 180 „ 174 „ 168 „ 151 „ 152 „ 129 „ 119 „ 114 „ 108 „ 107 „ 120 „ 127 „ 132 „ 120 „ 117 ,, 99 „ 95 „ 84 „ 81 „ 68 „ 78 „ 97 „ 102 „ 104 „ 108 „ 97 „ 91 „ On the assumption that each unemployed operative represents 2J persons, one-fifth of the whole were without relief when the proportion was at the highest. Without entering into any of the harrowing details of want, starvation, and misery, of this long period of suffering, we turn with pleasure to a few of the remarkable features of the relief so promptly, widely, and able administered. This relief was both in money and kind, in provisions, bedding, clothing, house-rent, &c. It was administered, to an extent that can never be known, by individual and private charity and sympathy ; in the shape of poor-rate it was in vastly increased ratio paid at the relief boards ; and in voluntary contributions — not only from all parts of the United Kingdom but from all parts of the civilised world — it was distributed through the agencies of great central and small local committees. The earliest great organisation seems to have been what has been called " The Mansion House Fund," originated at a meeting of city merchants, &c., on 25th April, 1862 ; and the subscriptions for the cotton operatives, then commenced, reached ultimately the magnificent sum of £528,336, in addition to large supplies of blankets, clothing, iVc. On the 29th April, 1862, a meeting of gentlemen of Manchester, called together by the Mayor, Mr. Thomas Goadsby, was held in the Town Hall, to consider the propriety of forming a Relief Committee ; but the general opinion expressed — so little was the situation understood — was that there was no necessity for any other than existing agencies to deal with the distress. A second meeting was convened in May, and during its adjournment for a week, to give time for practical suggestions, a committee was formed, principally of Manchester men, with Mr. John Wm. Maclure as the honorary secretary, and to it were afterwards added the Mayors and ex-Mayors of all the boroughs in the cotton districts. On the 19th July a meeting of noblemen and gentlemen connected with Lancashire was held at Bridgewater House, London, and the subscription there originated reached in five hours £17,000, and ultimately amounted to £52,000. The Earl of Derby accepted the office of chairman ; Colonel Wilson Patten, M.P. (the present Lord Winmarleigh), that of treasurer ; and Sir J. P. Kay Shuttleworth that of honorary secretary of the committee. The Manchester subscription at that date was about £30,000, collected by local committees, which were afterwards allied with the central executive, and some voluntary contributions sent in without canvassing. The Bridgewater House Committee, a Special Relief Committee, and the Manchester Committee, were all formed into one central executive — the General Committee still existing, but the real work being done by the executive. A speech of Mr. Cobden stimulated the executive to enlarge their sphere of action in seeking contributions throughout the kingdom ; and by the end of January, 1863, there had been collected in Manchester and Salford, by a local collecting committee, and by various local committees in other places, not less than £130,000. Many county meetings were held, and there was scarcely a borough or parish in the kingdom which did not freely respond to the cry of distress. At the county of Lancaster meeting, on the 2nd December, 1862, a list of subscriptions was handed in of £70,000 additional to the rehef fund. The THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE- APPENDIX VI. 397 u ?!T, ?°^^® Committee, in handing over the funds to the central executive for distribution, laid down the principle that thev should be applied only to such operatives as were not in receipt of relief from boards of guardians. The District Provident Society was adopted as the distribution committee for the townships of Manchester and Hulme, with branches ; Salford had an independent local committee ; and the central executive decided to recognise only one local committee in each of the outlving towns. The scale of rehet ultimately adopted by the central executive (and by the local committees in October, 1863) would" average about 2s per head per week, givmg rather more to small and rather less to large families. The executive offered for adoption three specimen scales ; allowing also m winter a supply of fuel and clothing — No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Single person s. d. 3 6 5 6 6 9 8 9 9 11 3 12 9 14 s. d. 3 6 5 6 6 9 8 9 3 10 11 12 8 14 B. d. 3 5 6 3 8 9 9 11 6 13 14 Man and wife Man, wife, and one child „ „ two children „ ,, three „ „ „ four „ „ „ five „ „ „ six „ It was thought that such a scale, varying from one-fourth to one-third of ordinary wages, would not materially lessen the inclination for any kind of work for wages, whenever such work was to be had, especially as relief was coupled with " disciplinary work," viz., outdoor labour, or elementary instruction in schools for men and boys ; and instruction in sewing schools or classes for women and girls._ In the winter of 1862-3 there were at one time 48,000 men and youths in attendance at these schools, many of which were also in the evening, for instruction and recreation ; and in Manchester and its vicinity lectures and concerts were given. More than 41,000 females were in the sewing classes in March, 1863. The whole of the large fund from Australia, or New South Wales, was specially appropriated to schools for youth, sewing classes for females, and the payment of the school pence of children. The scheme was carefully organised and perfected, and daily tasks carried on, until the gradual increase of employment in mills and on public works, emigration to other counties, and emigration to the United States, Canada, Australia, and New- Zealand drained the schools of their pupils. The following table shows the number of persons who were relieved by the Poor-Law Guardians in the last week in November, 1861 and 1865, and by the Guardians and Relief Committees in the corresponding week in November, 1862, 1863, and 1864 : — 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. Ashton-under-Lyne ... Barton-upon-Irwell ... Blackburn Bolton 1,827 663 4,110 3,200 1,503 1,782 1,350 2,042 624 633 667 221 946 903 636 2,158 4,678 1,622 4,805 601 2,060 237 2,507 1,902 1,674 795 1,131 2,360 56,363 3,910 38,104 19,525 17,502 29,926 7,527 15,367 1,379 1,282 1,026 7,605 17,346 1,129 2,722 5,609 52.477 28,851 49,171 4,794 24,961 2,414 16,663 2,635 34,612 7,590 1,992 14,959 23,568 1,230 9,457 8,013 13,046 10,048 3,409 9,984 976 1,086 696 6,752 3,340 1,025 1,091 2,775 13,818 8,371 17,489 1,958 8,] 32 1,287 5,600 1,856 10,661 1,689 1,416 11,527 20,638 1,220 10,012 6,543 16,948 15,113 2,471 5,694 1,138 771 807 3,263 7,108 901 901 2,429 9,035 9,164 13,226 1,078 6,243 988 3,600 2,030 8,593 2,696 1,458 5,855 1,417 896 4,083 3,166 1,557 2,932 1,155 3,993 547 699 458 195 1,243 789 806 2,310 5,046 1,892 2,377 593 1,789 261 2,265 1,354 1,189 668 1,220 3,538 Burnley Chorley Clitheroe Fylde The Garstang Glossop Haslingden Lancaster Manchester Oldham Prestwich Rochdale Saddle worth Salford Stockport Todmorden Warrington Total 47,537 458,441 170,268 149,923 48,267 An emi..ranta' aid society was estabUshed in Manchester m April, 1863 simply to aid such as were determined to go to the colonies From various sources the funds reached £4,600, which assisted m the outfit of 834 statute adults, and aided the passages of 385 ■ So far as could be ascertained from the passenger Usts of the custom-house authorities the number of spinners and weavers who left LeUr^ted Kingdom were : In 1861, 123 ; in^862, 562 ; in 1863. 2,086 ; and in 1864, 1,187. In the three last years an o„<.™o.<. n( 1 ynn r,»rBnn=i pmierated vearlv, whose occupations were not specified m tlie lists. tL otal surdTt ibSt rJfef by the central executive through the various committees was £841,809. To this the Mansion j.iie tuuii Buui hesides sendine £63 531 to committees in Ashton-under-Lyne district, which were not recognised hvTe crtTa\ commt ee and the v^^^^^^ -ade local collections amounting to £297,008, and received dLct from ^therTourfes £49°65^^ amount of local subscriptions is to be added about £80,000 collected in Manchester, and 398 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX VI. ■A A- .„t W +T,P mllPotino oom-uittee into the funds of the general committee. Thus the total sum of money distributed by paid direct by t^«„5°l!f,°^^°9° "^^^^'^^f^^' ^ which there passed^ in food and clothing, through the hands of ^the^central^exec^ barrels of beef, b &c., 225 deer, with many 1 committees was £1,661,679 ; in addition ^to 16,500 barrels of flour 997 barrels of beef, bacon, &o., 500 barrels of biscuits, 410 cases of fish, 228 sacks of potatoes, carrots turnips with mLnThundred pheasants, rabbits hares. &c., 28 chests of tea, 2i pipes and 108 dozens of wine, ">519 ton^o* ""i '.7a M^bT es oTdothius blankets, and clothing materials. The whole of these contributions in kind were valued at £111,968, ml'infthftotil amount of pubufs^^^^^ bullion seven hundred and se^enty-tkree thousands, hundred and forfy-seven pounds. , , . ,, i „i „^<.„,t;„ptn i-r i. / i'f i Inventories of Goods in the Churches and Chapels of Lancashire, taken in the year 1552. Edited by John Eglington Bailey, F.S.A. Part L, Salford Hundred, pp. ii. 64. (107.) Part II. [in the press.] (113; Correspondence of Nathan Walworth and Peter Seddon, of Oatwood, and other Documents relating to the building of Ringley Chapel. Ldited by John Samuel Fletcher, xxix. 89 pp. ; Appendix 15 ; Index 4 (109) Two "Compoti" of the Lancashire and Cheshire Manors of Henry de ,Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, xxiv. and xxxiii. Edward I. IrauBcribed and Translated by Rev. P. A. Lyons, B.A. xxviii. 192 pp. ; Index 8 (112) Of the first tliirty volumes of this series a General Index was published (not numbered amongst the series) in 1863. General Index to volumes 31 to 114 (excluding Coraer's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica). Edited by W. E. A. Axon. (In the press.) THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX VIII. 405 New Series. The Vicars of Roehdale. By the late Rev. Canon Raines. Edited by Henry H. Howorth, F.S.A. pp. xiii. 200 (1). Part II pp. /.yjL-6/i ; index 13 (2) Lancashire and Cheshire Wills at Chester, with an appendix of Abstracts of Wills now lost or destroyed. Transcribed by the late Rev. G. J. Piccope, M.A. Edited by J. P. Earvvaker, M.A., F.S.A. pp. x. 242 ; Index 20 (3) A Catechisme,_ or Christian Doctrine. By Laurence Vaux, B.D. Reprinted from an edition of 1583. By Thomas Graves Law pp. cvm. 1U5 ; Index 5 (ii The Rectors of Manchester and the Wardens of the Collegiate Church of that Town. By the late Rev. F. R. Rnines, M.A. With an Introduction by John E. Bailey, F.S.A. Part I. pp. xx. 100 (5). Part IL pp. 101-195 ; Index 12 (6) The Old Church and School Libraries of Lancashire. By Eichard Copley Christie, pp. xiii. 195 ; Index 20 (7) The History of the Parish of Poulton-le-Fylde. By Henry Fishwick, FS.A. pp. iv. 210 ; Index 22 (8) The Coucher Book of Furness Abbey Printed from the original preserved in the Record Office, London. Edited by Rev. J. C. Atkinson. Part L pp. vm. 260 (9). Part II. pp. 261-536 (11) The History of the Parish of Bispham. By Henry Fishwick, F.S.A. pp. iv. 128 ; Index 15 (10) The Crosby Records : A Chapter of Lancashire Recusancy (1560-1638). By the late Right Rev. Alexander Goss, D.D. Edited by Rev. Thomas ELhson Gibson, pp. xxvi. 104 ; Index 4 (12) THE EECORD SOCIETY. This society was founded in 1878, and has for its object the transcribing and publishing of original documents relating to the Counties of Lancaster and Chester. The members of the first Council were James Crossley, Esq., F.S.A. (President), WUliam Beamont; Esq. (Vice-President), R. C. Christie, M.A. (Vice-President), James Croston, Esq., F.S.A. (Vice-President), Lieut.-Col. Fishwick, F.S.A. (Vice-President), George Little, Q.O. (Vice-President), W. Alexander, Abram, Col. J. L. Chester, LL.D., G. E. Cokayue, M.A., F.S.A., Henry H. Howorth, F.S.A., Thomas Hughes, F.S.A., J. Paul Rylands, F.S.A. (Hon. Treasurer), J. P. Earwaker, M.A., F.S.A. (Hon. Sec). Of these gentlemen, those in italics have either died or retired from the Council, and on the death of Mr. Crossley, in 1883, the Worshipful Chancellor Christie was chosen the President ; and on the list of the Council for the year 1886-7 there are in addition to the nine original members remaining, the Hon. and Rev. G. T. 0. Bridgeman (Vice- President), Sir H. Fox Bristowe, Q.C. (Vice-President), J. Eglington Bailey, F.S.A., and the Rev. J. H. Stanning, M.A. The following are the publications of the society (comprised in thirteen volumes), which have already appeared : — PUBLICATIONS. Lancashu-e and Cheshire Church Surveys 1649-1655, from the original MSS. in the Record Office and in the Lambeth Palace Library. Edited by Lieut.-Col. Henry Fishwick, F.S.A. pp. xxvi. 261 ; Index 20 (1) An Index to the Wills and Inventories now preserved in the Court of Probate at Chester, from 1545 to 1 620, together with (1) a List of the Transcripts of Early Wills, preserved in the Consistory Court, Chester ; (2) a List of the Wills printed by the Chetham Society ; (3) a List of the Wills seen and noted. By the Revs. J. and G. J. Piccope, and not now to be found at Chester ; and (4) a List of the Wills preserved in the Harl. MS., 1991, in the British Museum. Edited by J. P. Earwaker, M.A., F.S.A. Pp. XXXV. 224 (2) Lancashire Inquisitions Returned into the Chancery of the Duchy of Lancaster, and now existing in the Public Record Office, London. Stuart Period. Part I., 1 to 11, James I. Edited by J. Paul Rylands, F.S.A. pp. xxviii. 286 ; Index 34 (3) An Index to the Wills and Inventories now preserved in the Court of Probate at Chester, from 1621 to 1650, with (1) a List of the Lancashire and Cheshire Wills proved in the Prerogative Court at Canterbury, 1650-1660 ; and (2) a List of the Lancashire and Cheshire Administrations granted in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1650-1660. Edited by J. P. Earwaker, M.A. F.S.A. pp. xi. 303 (4) The Register Book of Christenings, Weddings, and Burials within the parish of Prestbury in the County of Chester, 1560-1636. Edited by James Croston, F.S.A. pp. xvi. 304 ; Index 42 (5) Cheshire and Lancashire Funeral Certificates, a.d. 1600 to 1678 Edited by John Paul Rylands, F.S.A. pp. xxxviii. 208 ; Index 29 (6) Lancashire and Cheshire Records preserved in the Record Office, London. Edited by Walford D. Selby. Part I. pp. xxxviii. 222 (7). Part IL pp. vi. 225-540 ; Index 86 (8) The Rolls of the Burgesses and Guilds Merchant of the Borough of Preston, Co. Lancaster, 1397-1682. Edited by W. Alexander Abram. pp. xlv. 202 ; Index 57 (9) A List of the Lancashire Wills proved within the Archdeaconry of Richmond, and now preserved in Somerset House, London, 1457-1680 ; and of Abstracts of Lancashire Wills belonging to the same Archdeaconry, 1531-1652. Edited by Lieut.-Col. Henry Fishwick, F.S.A. pp. xi. 1 to 324 (10) A Calendar of the Lancashire and Cheshire Exchequer Depositions by Commission, 1558-1702. Edited by Caroline Fishwick. pp. XXV. 171 ; Index 44 (11) Homage Roll of the Manor of Warrington, Co. Lancaster, 1491-1517. Edited by William Beamont. pp. 251 ; Index 44 (12) A List of the Lancashire WiUs proved within the Archdeaconry of Richmond, and now preserved in Somerset House, London, 1681-1748. Edited by Lieut.-Col. Henry Fishwick, F.S.A. pp. 291 (13) * Among the APPENDICES to the original edition were two collections of imperfect abstracts of the Oliverian Survey of * Church Lands in 1650, and of Dr. Ducarel's Repertory of the Endowment of Vicarages 1779, from the MSS. in the Lambeth Library. The complete text of the Lancashire and Cheshire Church Surveys, 1649-1655, edited for the Record Society by Colonel Fishwick, and the fuller extracts given by Canon Raines in his edition of the Notitia Cesiriensis, and now embodied, for the most part', in the parish histories of the present work, do away with the special value of these, and they are not reprinted. 406 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. APPENDIX IX. POPULATION OF LANCASHIEE, ITS PARISHES, TOWNSHIPS, &o., In 1801, 1811, 1821, 1831, 1841, 1851, 1861, 1871, and 1881. The nine official censuses of the populatiou of the United Kingdom in the above years furnish the data for ascertaining the increase or otherwise in the numbers of the people in eight decennial periods, the first five of which compose the first half of the nineteenth century. In this place our attention must chiefly be confined within the limits of the county palatine of Lancaster. Perhaps one of the most remarkable features in the official returns for the half century is the great increase in the population of Lancashire, both absolutely per se and comparatively as regards the other most populous counties of England. The population of the entire county in 1801 was 67.'!,486 persons (322,722 males and 350,764 females). The population in 1881 had risen to 3,454,441 persons (1,669,864 males and 1,784,577 females), being an increase in the eighty years of 2,780,955 persons (1,347,142 males and 1,433,813 females). In other words, the population of Lancashire increased in the first eighty years of the present century nearly four hundred and thirteen per cent. In eighty years it had increased its numbers more than fivefold. Compare this vast increase with the two next populous counties, Middlesex (small in area, but including so large a portion of the metropolis) and Yorkshire (the largest and one of the most thickly-peopled counties), and what are the results? In 1801, Middlesex had a population of 818,129 ; Yorkshire of 859,133 ; Lancashire had then a smaller population than either by 150,000 to 180,000. In 1881 the population of Middlesex was 2,920,485, and that of Yorkshire 2,886,564 ; so that in actual numbers, within its borders, Lancashire exceeded Middlesex in 1881 by 533,956 persons, or contained a population more than 18 per cent, in excess of that of the metropolitan county. Lancashire had a larger population than Yorkshire in 1881 by 567,877, though Yorkshire has more than thrice the area of Lancashire (Yorkshire, 3,829,286 ; Lancashire, 1,219,220 statute acres). In other words, while the population of Middlesex increased in the eighty years 256 per cent, and that of Yorkshire 235 per cent, that of Lancashire increased 413 per cent. The statistics of the cotton trade and manufacture show that this vast increase is mainly if not wholly due to the rapid growth and progress of this great staple industry. The population of the county of Lancaster in the seven periods named is returned as follows in the official censuses : — 1801. 1811. 1821. 1831. 1841. 1851. 186L 1871. 1881. Persons 673.486 828,499 1,052,948 1,336,854 1,667,054 2,031,236 2,429,440 2,849,259 3,454,441 Males 322,722 350,764 394,194 434,305 512,524 540,424 650,389 686,465 814,847 852,207 991,090 1,040,146 1,173,424 1,256,016 1,372,664 1,476,595 1,669,864 1,784,577 INCREASE IN THE INTERVALS OF CENSUS. 1801 to 1811. 1811 to 1821. 1821 to 1831. 1831 to 1841. 1841 to 1851. 1851 to 1861. 1861 to 1871. 1871 to 1881. Persons 155,013 224,449 283,906 330,200 364,182 398,204 419,819 605,182 Males . . . 71,472 83,541 118,330 106,119 137,865 146,041 164,458 165,742 176,243 187,939 182,334 215,870 199,240 220,579 297,200 307,982 RATES OF INCREASE (PER CENT) DECENNIAL PERIODS 1801-1881. 22 I 27 I 27 24 22 20 17 21 The following table exhibits the area, houses, and number of persons of each sex in the county in each of its six hundreds, and in its ParUamentary and municipal boroughs, on the night of the 8th of April, 1881 : — COUNTY OF LANCASTER, April 8, 1881. Area. Houses. Population. Statute Acres. InliaWted. Un- inhabited. Building. Persons. Males. Females. 1 1,219,220 655,307 68,929 5,697 3,454,441 1,669,864 1,784,577 PARLIAMENTARY DIVISIONS, EXCLUSIVE OF PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGHS. Area in Acres. 536,209 159,571 187,929 250,263 Houses. Population. Inhabited. Uninhabited. BuUding. Persons. Males. Females. North Lancashire 49,657 48,553 105,688 86,785 3,776 4,173 13,769 9,762 418 637 396 1,326 273,389 238,355 534,435 482,436 137,365 114,550 254,483 235,592 136,024 123,805 279,952 246,844 North-East Lancashire THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 407 PARLIAMENTARY BOROUaHS. Preston (Northern Division) Blackburn (North-Eastern Division). Burnley Clithero e ' Ashton-under-Lyne, part of (South Eastern Division) Bolton (South-EasternDivision... Bury Manchester City „ Oldham Rochdale „ Salford „ ^ Staly bridge, part of „ ^ Stockport, part of „ Liverpool City,South-Western Division 1 Warrington, part of (South- Western Division) Wigan Total Area in Acres. 2,820 4,065 3,981 16,032 2,145 2,362 3,652 6,359 12,310 4,172 5,170 349 480 5,210 2,887 2,188 1,208,154 Houses. Inhabited. 18,905 19,412 12,530 2,955 8,943 21,060 10,107 77,520 31,019 15,016 34,206 1,343 3,158 92,307 7,376 8,767 655,307 Uninhabited 1,805 1,562 657 172 724 1,624 548 8,809 2,644 1,781 4,493 195 356 10,294 482 1,303 68,929 Building. 182 245 93 49 74 64 92 234 247 14 217 11 14 816 23 45 5,697 Persons. 93,720 100,620 63,638 14,472 43,424 105,965 50,178 393,585 152,513 68,866 176,235 6,401 14,550 552,508 40,957 48,194 Population. 3,454,441 Males. 42,986 47,483 30,837 20,399 50,336 23,799 189,005 73,292 31,985 84,610 3,089 6,699 271,996 20,883 23,508 1,669,864 Females. 50,734 53,137 32,801 7,505 23,025 55,629 26,379 204,580 79,221 36,881 91,625 3,312 7,851 280,512 20,074 24,686 1,784,577 Under the Poor-Law Registration Acts, the county has been formed into a number of clusters or groups of adjacent parishes and townships, called Registration Districts, numbered consecutively 453 to 482. Of these districts the following table exhibits the area in statute acres, and the population (males and females) in the years 1871 and 1881 : — AREA AND POPULATION OF REGISTRATION DISTRICTS IN 1871 AND 1881. ^ 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 Districts. Liverpool ToxtethPark West Derby Prescot Ormskirk Wigan Warrington Leigh Bolton Bury Barton-upon-Irwell . Chorlton Salford Manchester Prestwich Ashton-under-Lyne . Oldham Rochdale Hashngden Burnley Chtheroe Blackburn Chorley Preston Fylde Garstang Lancaster Lunesdale Ulverston Barrow-in-Furness . Area in Statute Acres. 2,470 3,598 37,479 55,592 90,662 48,398 31,168 24,356 46,426 33,527 24,565 11,697 6,040 1,646 11,348 38,563 17,104 34,822 26,712 63,672 119,226 45,855 54,456 67,539 59,032 61,115 62,498 75,734 141,124 10,967 Population. 1871. 238,411 85,842 257,083 92,551 59,310 111,874 54,394 41,924 158,408 109,155 51,671 211,384 128,890 173,988 77,968 130,626 126,982 109,858 79,966 87,809 21,081 143,810 43,004 115,846 30,626 12,186 32,661 6,978 36,172 18,911 1881. 210,164 117,028 359,273 117,960 83,212 139,918 70,218 66,318 192,405 129,608 72,815 258,226 181,526 148,794 121.287 154,526 168,461 121,912 96,293 118,334 23,502 175,954 47,730 129,160 40,910 12,376 40,838 7,132 43,681 47,259 1871. 116,777 40,817 122,195 47,161 27,794 56,331 27,797 211,340 75,841 52,111 23,968 100,278 61,291 83,426 36,956 61,271 61,414 52,249 38,252 42,716 10,644 68,379 20,880 54,327 14,401 6,320 16,051 3,546 18,401 10,902 1881. 104,290 55,341 174,164 60,932 38,380 70,460 36,084 27,655 91,985 61,645 33,973 122,027 87,199 72,006 58,321 73,205 81,008 57,305 45,464 57,319 11,831 83,617 23,044 60,325 19,318 6,374 20,262 3,568 22,229 2.5,.675 Females. 1871. 121,634 46,025 134,888 45.390 31,616 65,643 26,597 21,584 82,567 57,044 27,603 111,106 67,671 90,562 41,012 69,355 65,568 57,609 41,704 45,093 10,537 75,431 22,124 61,519 16,225 6,866 16,610 3,432 17,771 8,n09 1881. 105,874 61,687 185,108 67,028 44,832 69,468 34,134 28,663 100.420 67,963 38,842 136,199 94,327 76,789 62,966 81,321 87,453 64,607 49,829 61,015 11,671 92,337 24,686 68,836 21,592 6,001 20,576 3,564 21,452 21,684 The whole of these areas either include water or relate to rivers or creeka has been allotted, though not included withm parishes to which a portion of the tidal water or foreshore of contiguous the boundaries thereof by the Ordnance Survey Department. 1 These Parliamentary boroughs are situated partly in Cheshire. 2,149, population 43,480. Stalybrldge : area 2,214, population 89,671. 46,254. Their entire areas and populations are as follows— Ashton-under-Lyne : area Stockport : area 2,200, population 59,553. Warrington : area 3,7S3, population 408 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE -APPENDIX IX. The a?2reffate rateable value on the 25th March, 1886, was, for county assessment, £18,623,910 ; for police assessnient, 783 444 Received for the year, by county rate (2J.d.), £167,980 ; by police rate (2-6471d.), £96,880. Total receipts, £439,/ 77 ; j£8 78S ^ j.«^^i,^.... v^— total expenditure,"'£434^2227 Amount of loans outstanding March 25th, 1886, £699,699. of the in the ten years 1871-80, the excess censuses o£ 1871 and 1881 : — No. 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 Parish or Union. Liverpool Toxteth Park West Derby Prescot Ormskirk Wigan Warrington Leigh Bolton Bury Barton-upon-Irwell Chorlton Salford Manchester Prestwieh Ashton-under-Lyne Oldham Rochdale Haslingden Burnley Clitheroe Blackburn Chorlton Preston Fylde Garstang Lancaster Lunesdale Ulverston Barrow-in-Furness. . , Population. 1871. 238,411 85,842 257,083 92,551 59,310 111,874 64,394 41,924 158,408 109,155 51,571 211,384 128,890 173,988 77,968 130,616 126,982 109,858 79,956 87,809 21,081 143,810 43,004 115,846 30,626 12,186 32,661 6,978 36,172 18,911 1881. 210,164 117,028 359,273 117,960 83,212 139,918 70,218 56,318 192,405 129,608 72,815 258,226 181,526 148,794 121,787 154,526 168,461 121,912 95,293 118,334 23,502 175,954 47,730 129,160 40,910 12,375 40,838 7,132 43,681 47,259 Registered in the Ten Years 1871-1880. Marriages. 33,468 31,055 7,601 5,136 10,917 5,044 4,107 15,202 10,599 4,500 15,713 12,820 37,316 12,716 12,274 9,814 8,067 9,336 1,712 13,730 3,530 10,580 2,845 858 2,971 384 6,014 Births. 78,670 157,200 44,529 23,866 57,623 25,614 20,144 68,755 43,432 21,895 89,245 65,798 102,867 53,929 55,653 40,510 32,071 39,271 7,192 62,836 17,100 46,384 12,102 3,855 11,979 2,042 31,398 75,291 95,651 24,126 14,690 32,445 13,841 11,618 42,687 28,074 13,056 55,473 42,909 79,433 35,954 37,077 27,174 19,385 24,115 4,511 40,427 10,262 34,358 7,602 2,192 8,369 1,266 15,176 Excess of Registered Births over Deaths, 1871-80. 3,379 61,549 20,403 9,176 25,178 11,773 8,526 26,068 15,358 8,839 33,772 22,889 23,434 17,975 18,576 13,336 12,686 15,156 2,681 22,409 6,838 12,026 4,500 1,663 3,610 776 16,222 « Increase or Decrease of Population bet%veeu the Censuses of 1871 & 1881. ■ 31,186 102,190 = 25,409 23,902 28,044 15,824 14,394 33,997 20,453 21,244 46,842 52,636 43,319 43,900 41,479 12,054 15,337 30,525 2,421 32,144 4,726 13,314 10,284 189 8,177 154 7,509 28,348 Decrease. 28,247 25,194 The foregoing tables represent the aggregate population of certain populous areas and places. The following table exhibits the number of inhabited hciuses, the families or separate occupiers, and the population of every civil parish or township in Lancashire, enumerated in the official census in 1881, with the poor law unions in which they are respectively situated : — INHABITED HOUSES, FAMILIES OR SEPARATE OCCUPIERS, AND POPULATION OF THE CIVIL PARISHES OR TOWNSHIPS. (By "civtlparisJi or township" is meant aplace in which a poor rate is separately levied. In cases where an ancient parish consists of two or more civil parishes, they are indented under the name of the ancient parish. The figures in the last column are the refei'ence numbers of the registration district. ) Ci^l Parish or Township. Aldingham Altcar Angerton Ashton-in-Makerfield ancient parish Ashton-in-Makerfield Haydock Ashton-under-Lyne Aughton Inhabited Houses. 210 87 4 1,730 1,002 15,418 628 Families or Separ.lte Occupiers. 212 96 4 2,128 1,058 16,108 657 Population. 1,152 550 32 9,824 5,863 75,310 3,145 Poor Law Union in which situate. Ulverston, 481. Ormskirk, 457. Ulverston, 481. Wigan, 458. Warrington, 459. Ashton-under-Lyne, 468. Ormskirk, 457. » By a Parliamentary return issued in 1867, it appears that in Lanca- shire the average annual rate of mortality per 1,000 living was, in 1841, 60-28 ; in 1851, 60-2(3 ; in 1855, 20'8 ; in 1865, 28-3. It further appears that, in this county, the proportional numbers of men and women to 100 marriages that signed the marriage register with marks were as follow: In 1855— men 33-2, women 59 -Ll: in 1865— men 24-4, women 46-1. = The civil parish of Toxteth formed part of the West Derby District until 1st January, 1881. The marriages, births, deaths, and excess of births over deaths in the two districts of West Derby and Toxteth Park are sho-wn together. ' The Union and Di.itrict of Prestwieh formed part of Manchester District until 1st October, 1874. The marriages, births, deaths, and excess of births over deaths registered in the two unions and districts of Manchester and Prestwieh are here shown together. ' The District of Barrow-in-Furness (consisting of the civil parish of Barrow-in-Furness, as extended by the Barrow-in-Furness Corporation Act 1876) formed part of the district of Ulverston prior to July, 1876. The marriages, births, deaths, and excess of births over deaths registered in the two districts of Ulverston and Barrow-in-Furness are here shown together. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 409 INHABITED HOUSES, &o.— continued. Civil Parish or Township. Inhabited Houses. Bispham ancient parish — Bispham-with-Norbreck Layton- with-Warbreck Blackburn ancient parish — Balderston Billington Blackburn Clayton-in-le-Dale Cuerdale Darwen, Lower Darwen, Over Dinckley .' Eccleshill Harwood, Great Harwood, Little Livesey Mellor Osbaldeston Pleasington Ramsgreave Rishton Salesbury Samlesbury Tockholes Walton-in-le-Dale Wilpshire Witton Bolton-le-Moors ancient parish — Anglezarke Blackrod Bolton, Great Bolton, Little Bradshaw Breightmet Edgeworth - Entwisle Harwood Lever, Darcy Lever, Little Long worth Lostock Quarlton Bivington Sharpies Tonge-with-Haulgh Turton Bolton-le-Sands ancient parish — Bolton-le-Sands Kellet, Nether Kellet, Over Llyne- with-Hest Brindle Burton-in-Kendal ancient parish, part op — Dalton Bury ancient parish — Bury Coupe-Lench, Newhallhey, and Hall Carr.. Elton Heap Musbury Tottington Higher End Tottington Lower End Walmersley-cum-Shuttleworth Cartmel ancient parish — AUithwaite, Lower Allithwaite, Upper BroughtoD, East Cartmel Fell Holker, Lower Holker, Upper Staveley 133 2,645 107 285 17,673 62 9 920 5,557 22 146 1,237 137 1,176 243 40 89 54 720 50 158 107 1,840 53 901 21 766 8,919 9,007 136 316 341 68 397 430 857 22 149 51 69 769 1,306 1,153 176 57 94 66 237 19 8,071 775 2,262 3,837 221 790 3,336 1,140 204 162 208 59 233 169 79 Families or Separate Occupiers. 134 2,714 107 294 18,449 928 6,847 25 155 1,383 139 1,301 243 46 99 54 752 67 166 108 1,992 58 979 21 774 10,113 9,361 155 316 358 69 408 441 900 23 166 51 70 784 1,496 1,228 182 59 100 66 256 19 8,613 808 2,513 3,972 236 825 3,421 1,150 219 165 254 59 233 178 79 Population. 714 12,711 487 1,410 91,958 295 58 4,531 27,626 123 716 6,287 715 6,065 1,096 154 459 240 4,055 184 752 484 9,286 280 4,356 99 4,234 45,694 44,452 755 1,525 1,862 341 1,811 1,994 4,413 106 782 271 330 3,710 6,731 5,653 785 279 494 301 1,173 123 39,283 3,695 11,947 17,686 1,010 3,926 16,428 5,519 975 713 1,251 293 1,093 849 426 Poor Law Union in which situate. }Fylde, 477. • Blackburn, 474. Preston, 476. - Blackburn, 474. Preston, 476. Blackburn, 474. Preston, 476. I Blackburn, 474. Chorley, 475. Wigan, 458. Bolton, 461. Chorley, 475. VBoIton, 461. Lancaster, 479. V Lunesdale, 480. Lancaster, 479. Chorley, 475. Kendal, 579. Bury, 462. Haslingden, 471. I Bury, 462. >• Haslingden, 471. I Bury, 462. Ulverston, 481. 53 I Burton-in-Kendal ancient parish is mostly in Westmorland. The entire parish contains 2,158 persons. 410 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. INHABITED HOUSES, kc.—continued. Civil Parish or Township. Child\Tall ancient parish — AUerton Childwall Garston Hale Halewood Speke Wavertree Woolton, Little Woolton, Much Chipping ancient parish — Chipping Thomley-with-Wheatley Chorley Claughton Clitlieroe Castle Cockerham ancient parish — Cockerham EUel Forton Thurnham, part o/' Cockeraand Abbey Colton Croft, with Southworth Croston ancient parish — Bispham Bretherton Croston Mawdesley Ulnes-Walton Croxteth Park Dalton-in-Furness ancient parish- Barrow-in-Fumes3 Dalton-in-FurnesB Deane ancient parish — Farnworth Halliwell Heaton Horwich Hulton, Little Hulton Middle Hulton, Over Kearsley Rumworth "West Houghton Derby, West Eccles ancient parish — Barton-upon-Irwell Clifton Pendlebury Pendleton Worsley Eccleston ancient parish — Eccleston Heakin Parbold '^.',, "VVrightington Flixton ancient parish — Flixton XJrmston Garstang ancient parish — Barnaore, with Bonds Bilsborrow Cabus Catterall Claughton Cleveley Holleth Kirkland Nateby Pilling Winmarleigh ..,..^. . Wyersdale, Nether Inliabited Houses. 145 27 1,750 120 335 96 2,050 197 907 200 74 3,812 17 1 123 353 131 29 4 341 214 50 147 372 179 78 7 6,789 2,383 3,943 2,528 268 828 1,131 411 183 1,431 939 1,828 18,869 5,292 492 1,525 7,991 4,029 179 76 97 310 377 436 176 38 31 127 112 8 175 7 66 64 272 61 113 Families or Separate Occupiers. 145 31 1,898 120 372 96 2,225 225 1,020 220 79 3,963 19 1 127 360 131 29 4 358 216 54 154 372 186 83 7 8,580 2,535 4,209 2,652 276 862 1,230 429 186 1,500 963 2,014 21,696 5,628 506 1,689 8,486 4,151 185 76 98 333 385 481 178 38 33 131 114 8 182 8 67 64 274 62 117 Population. 830 187 10,271 571 1,857 513 11,097 1,159 4,541 987 349 19,478 100 16 761 1,787 595 124 36 1,783 1,032 280 707 1,791 928 386 39 47,259 13,339 20,708 12,551 1,461 3,761 5,714 2,051 984 7,253 4,952 9,197 101,162 25,994 2,578 8,162 40,246 21,207 900 382 529 1,520 1,776 2,242 912 197 178 612 548 51 783 50 314 393 1,620 381 606 Poor Law Union in which situate. West Derby, 455. Prescot, 456. West Derby, 455. Prescot, 456. I Clitheroe, 473. Chorley, 475. Lunesdale, 480. Clitheroe, 473. [■Lancaster, 479. Garstang, 478. Lancaster, 479. Lancaster, 479. Ulverston, 481. Warrington, 459. Ormskirk, 457. [ Chorley, 475. West Derby, 455. Barrow-in-Furness, 482. Ulverston, 481. -Bolton, 461. West Derby, 455. Barton-upon-Irwell, 463. I Salford, 465. Barton-upon-Irwell, 463. I Chorley, 475. jwigan, 458. h Barton-upon-Irwell, 463. ■Garstang, 478. Thurnham is partly in the ancient parish of Lancaster. The entire township contains 721 persons. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 411 INHABITED HOUSES, &o.~contimied. Civil Parish or Township. Golborne Halsall ancient parish — Downholland Halsall Lydiate MaghuU MeUing Halton Hawkshead ancient parish — Claife Hawkshead, with Monk Coniston & Skelwith Satterthwaite Hesketh-with-Becconsall Hey sham Hoole ancient parish — Hoole, Little Hoole, Much Huyton ancient parish — Huyton-with-Eoby Knowsley Tarbock Kirkby Ireleth ancient parish — Brough ton, "West Dunnerdale and Seathwaite Kirkby Ireleth Kirkham ancient parish — Bryniug- with-Kellamergh Clif ton-with-Salwick Eccleston, Little with Larbreck Freckleton Goosnargh-with-Newsham Greenalgh-with-Thistleton Hambleton Kirkham Medlar- with- Wesham Newton- with- Scales Ribby-with-Wrea Singleton, Great and Little Treales, Roaeacre, and Wharles Warton Weeton-with-Preese Westby- with-Plumpton Whittingham Lancaster ancient parish — Aldcliffe Ashton-with-Stodday Bleasdale Bulk Caton-with-Littledale Fulwood Gressingham Heaton-with-OxcIiffe Lancaster Middleton Myerscough Overton Poulton Preesall-with-Hackinsall Quernmore Scotforth Skerton Stalmine-with-Stainall Thurnham, ^art 0/ ' Wyersdale, Over Leigh ancient parish — Aetley Atherton Bedford Pennington Tyldesley-with-Shackerley West Leigh Inhabited Houses. 891 136 22i 200 267 153 134 110 242 75 176 134 82 119 693 259 no 231 55 343 19 72 39 260 239 77 83 730 188 55 78 66 105 90 81 100 123 14 40 47 18 233 330 32 18 3621 27 74 62 861 174 102 347 523 96 101 85 510 2,377 1,551 1,324 1,934 1,468 Families or Separate Occupiers. 954 136 227 209 270 163 140 110 260 83 178 135 83 122 830 260 119 235 55 349 19 84 40 262 248 78 88 777 202 56 78 66 105 90 82 100 151 14 41 47 18 234 370 36 18 3896 27 75 73 886 176 104 359 545 99 114 87 561 2.453 1,677 1,453 2,077 1,707 Population. 4,502 748 1,368 1,071 1,429 802 731 547 1,205 452 863 632 440 581 4,060 1,248 629 1171 299 1722 114 418 197 1134 1197 380 389 3840 1035 267 392 357 560 408 425 634 2158 94 207 410 117 1085 3725 152 136 20,663 157 384 325 3931 848 586 2,263 2,838 501 597 513 2,669 12,602 7,246 6,640 9,954 7,848 Poor Law Union in which situate. Leigh, 460. (-Ormskirk, 457. J Lunesdale, 480. i-Ulverston, 481. Ormskirk, 457. Lancaster, 479. I Preston, 476. j-Prescot, 456. Ulverston, 481. [-Fylde, 477. Preston, 476. Fylde, 477. Garstaug, 478. > Fylde, 477. ' Preston, 476. \ Lancaster, 479, Garstang, 478. Lancaster, 479. Lunesdale, 480. Preston, 476. Lunesdale, 480. V- Lancaster, 479. Garstang, 478. j- Lancaster, 479. Garstang, 478. Lunesdale, 480: [-Lancaster, 479. Garstang, 478. }- Lancaster, 479. Leigh, 460, I I 1 Thurnham is partly in the ancient parish of Cookerham. The entire township coutains 721 persons. 412 THE HISTOKY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. INHABITED HOUSES, Sic— continued. Civil Parisli or Township, Inhabited Houses. Families or Separate Occupiers. Population. Poor Law Union in which situate. Ley land ancient parisli — Clayton-le-Wood Ciierden Euston Heapey Hoghton Leyland Wheelton Whittle-le-Woods Withnell Liverpool Lowton Lytham Manchester ancient parish — Ardwick Beswick Blaokley Bradford Eroughton Burnage Cheetham Chorlton-upon-Medlock Chorlton-with-Hardy Crumpsall Denton Didsbury Droylsden Failsworth Gorton Harpurhey Haughton Heaton Norris Hulme Levenshulme Manchester Moss Side Moston Newton Openshaw Reddish Eusholme Salford Strettord Withington Melling ancient parish — Arkholme-with- Cawood Farleton Hornby Melling- with-Dray ton Eoeburndale Wennington Wray- with-Boltou Middleton ancient parish — Ainaworth Ashworth Birtle-cum-Bamford Hopwood Lever, Great Middleton Pilsworth Thornham Mitton ancient paish, part of^ — Aighton, Bailey, and Ghaigley Newchurch Kenyon ancient parish — Culcheth Kenyon Newton-in-Makerfield North Meols ancient parish — Birkdale North Meols 124 108 242 81 194 1,047 30,5 435 398 31,634 496 971 6,334 1,603 1,281 3,205 6,156 163 4,511 10,935 454 974 1,534 931 2,348 1,625 6,635 990 1,029 4,165 14,235 712 29,446 3,407 685 6,261 3,349 1,109 1,709 19,476 3,697 1,663 56 14 74 36 21 29 136 359 33 347 923 679 2,253 146 385 237 445 46 1,926 1,557 6,171 141 122 251 91 210 1,087 319 449 416 44,718 551 1,014 6,920 1,621 1,347 3,383 6,654 166 4,894 12,546 467 1,008 1,562 983 2,459 1,777 7,149 1,057 1,061 4,574 15,813 741 32,095 3,773 776 6,758 3,552 1,181 1,875 22,212 4,013 1,736 14 75 38 22 29 157 375 33 369 976 684 2,342 158 397 352 480 54 2,027 1,745 7,299 582 573 1,147 369 871 4,961 1,570 1,937 2,106 210,164 2,357 5,268 31,197 7,957 6,075 16,121 31,534 848 25,721 55,598 2,332 8,154 7,660 4,601 11,254 7,912 33,096 4,810 5,051 20,347 72,147 3,557 148,794 18,184 3,466 31,240 16,153 5,557 9,227 101,584 19,018 11,286 297 122 358 167 112 127 626 1,729 142 2,265 4,440 3,673 10,346 758 1,860 1,663 2,267 233 10,580 8,705 33,763 ■ Chorley, 475. Liverpool, 453. Leigh, 460. Fylde, 477. Chorlton, 464. j-Prestwich, 467. Salford, 465. Chorlton, 464. Prestwich, 467. j- Chorlton, 464. Prestwich, 467. Ashton-under-Lyne, 468. Chorlton, 464. Ashton-under-Lyne, 468. Prestwich, 467. Chorlton, 464. Prestwich, 467. Ashton-uuder-Lyne, 468. Stockport, 443. Chorlton, 464. Manchester, 466. Chorlton, 464. l- Prestwich, 467. Chorlton, 464. Stockport, 443. Chorlton, 464. Salford, 465. Bartou-upou-Irwell, 463. Chorlton, 464. } ]>- Lunesdale, 480. • Bury, 462, Bolton, 461. Oldham, 469. Bury, 462. Oldham, 469. Clitheroe, 473. ^ Leigh, 460. Warrington, 459. -Ormskirk, 457. ' The ancient parish of Mitton ia mostly in the West Riding of Yorkshire. The entii-e parish contains 3,656 persona. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. INHABITED HOUSES, &a.— continued. Civil Parish or Township. Inhabited Houses. Families or Separate Occupiers. Population. Poor Law Union in which situate. Ormskirk ancient parish — Bickerstaffe Burscough Lathom Ormskirk Seariabrick Skelsmersdale Pennington Penwortham ancient parish — Farington Ho wick Hutton Longton Penwortham Poulton-le-I'ylde ancient parish — Carleton Hardhom-with-Newton Marton Poulton-le-Fylde Thornton Prescot ancient parish — Bold Cronton Cuerdley Ditton Eccleston Parr Penketh Prescot Eainford Rainhill Sankey, Great Sutton Whiston Widnes Windle Preston ancient parish — Barton Broughton Eleston Fishwick Grimsargh-with-Brockholes Haightou Lea, Ashton, Ingol, and Cottam . Preston Eibbleton Prestwich ancient parish — Alkrington Ohadderton Crompton Heaton, Great Heaton, Little .• Oldham Pilkington Prestwich Royton Tonge Radcliffe Eibchester ancient parish — Alston Dilworth Button Hothersall Ribchester -y Rochdale ancient parish, part of — Blatohinworth-with-Calderbrook Butterworth Castleton Spotland Todmorden and Walsden Wardleworth Wuerdle and Wardle 389 458 806 1,255 414 1,012 307 376 16 79 284 315 77 77 471 285 1,351 159 85 32 252 3,247 1,934 224 1,069 671 436 110 2,108 416 4,362 3,500 64 120 8 416 56 42 571 18,489 117 78 3,402 1,992 78 175 22,555 2,641 1,458 2,255 1,519 3,295 326 428 52 27 259 1,636 1,869 7,681 8,456 2,026 4,303 2,147 414 484 852 1,380 429 1,290 311 413 16 79 289 322 79 79 473 286 1,427 161 95 37 252 3,532 2,166 253 1,147 784 461 123 2,259 464 4,639 3,784 64 121 9 434 58 42 582 20,896 118 83 3,701 2,038 78 175 23,889 2,693 1,606 2,519 1,630 3,582 337 453 52 27 265 1,650 2,000 7,860 8,608 2,070 4,425 2,212 2,269 2,290 4,161 6,651 2,232 5,707 1,698 2,017 62 389 1,443 1,642 377 420 2,303 1,225 7,589 880 468 227 1,412 18,026 11,278 1,239 5,546 3,745 2,219 630 12,695 2,705 24,935 19,473 368 690 43 2,142 369 215 2,913 91,578 575 380 16,899 8,797 376 828 111,343 13,144 8,627 10,582 7,254 16,267 1,589 2,116 259 132 1,282 7,891 8,411 35,272 40,140 9,237 19,711 10,487 Ormskirk, 457. Ulverston, 481. ^Preston, 476. VFylde, 477. I Prescot, 456. Warrington, 459. j- Prescot, 456. Warrington, 459. > Prescot, 456. Warrington, 459. vPrescot, 456. Preston, 476. I Oldham, 469. ]- Prestwich, 467. Oldham, 469. Bury, 462. Prestwich, 467. - Oldham, 469. Bury, 462. VPreston, 476. Todmoiden, 493. I Rochdale, 470. Rochdale, 470. ^^;^— ^^';— ^^T^^^^^^J^artly in the West Biding of Yorkshire. The entire parish contains 153,448 persons. 414 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. INHABITED HOUSES, &o.— continued. Civil Parish or Township. Inhabited Houses. Familiea or Separate Occupiers. Population. Poor Law Union in which situate Rufford St. Michael-on-Wyre ancient parish — Ecoleston, Great Elswick Inskip with Sowerby Rawclifife, Out Eawcliffe, Upper, with Tarnacre Woodplumpton Sefton ancient parish — Aintree Crosby, Great Crosby, Little Ince-Blundell Litherland Lunt Nethertou Orrell and Ford Sefton Thornton -. Southworth with Croft {see Croft with South- worth). Standish ancient parish — Adiington Anderton , Charnock Heath Charnoek Richard CoppuU Duxbury Shevington Standish- with-Langtree Welsh Whittle Worthington Tarleton Tatham Thornton-in-Lonsdale ancient parish, pai't of^ Ireby Toxteth Park '.'.'.,',', Tunstal ancient parish — Burrow-with-Burrow Cantsfield Leek Tunstal ',',,]] Ulverston ancient parish — Blawith Church Uoniston Egton-with-Newland Lowick Mansriggs Osmotherley Subberthwaite Torver Ulverston Urswick Walton-on-the-HiU ancient parish — Bnotle-cum-Linaore Everton Fazakerley Formby Kirkby ',[[ Kirkdale Simonswood Walton-on-the-HUl '.',',',[ Warrington ancient parish — Burtonwood Poulton-with-Fernhead Rixton-with-Glazebrook Warrington Woolston- with-Martinscrof t 149 139 55 105 141 116 272 51 1,595 73 90 1,226 19 66 81 66 54 643 59 168 127 324 58 305 765 19 47 381 109 15 20,677 43 18 54 20 32 193 216 73 10 84 28 42 1,957 251 4,309 19,133 95 756 264 9,793 73 3,061 224 148 173 7,376 103 175 144 55 105 141 117 284 51 1,792 85 94 1,318 20 70 81 70 63 652 59 175 132 357 61 347 861 19 54 388 109 15 24,624 43 18 55 21 32 210 216 73 10 85 28 43 2,036 258 5,286 23,278 95 816 265 11,405 81 3,231 231 149 173 7,802 105 905 628 242 542 815 618 1,239 277 9,373 553 516 7,204 104 386 637 382 275 3.258 317 916 685 1,826 323 1,570 4,261 115 255 1,900 534 78 117,028 214 104 271 104 158 965 998 376 64 474 149 202 10,008 1,287 27,374 109,812 533 3,908 1,401 68,145 465 18,715 1268 742 881 40,957 504 Ormskirk, 457. Garstang, 478. Fylde, 477. ^-Garstang, 478. Preston, 476. ■ West Derby, 455. - Chorley, 475. }-Wigan,458. Chorley, 475. Wigan, 458. Ormskirk, 457. pLunesdale, 480. Toxteth Park, 454. ■ Lunesdale, 480. -Ulverston, 481. -West Derby, 455. Ormskirk, 457. West Derby, 455. Ormskirk, 457. West Derby, 455. Warrington, 459. 1 The ancient parish of Thornton-in-Lonsdale is mostly in the West Biding of Yorkshire. The entire parish contains 1,024 persons. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 415 INHABITED HOUSES, &c.— continued. Civil Parish or Township. Inhabited Houses. Families or Separate Occupiers. Population. Poor Law Union in which situate. Warton ancient parish — Berwick Carnf orth Priest-Hutton Silverdale Warton -with-Lindeth Yealand-Conyers Yealand-Redmayne Whalley ancient parish, pa^t of — ^ Accrington Altham Barley -with-Wheatley-Booth Barro wford Booths, Higher Booths, Lower Bowland, Little Briercliffe-with-Extwisle Burnley Chatbum Church Clay ton-le-Moors Clitheroe Cliviger Colne Downham Dunnockshaw Foulridge Goldshaw Booth Habergham Eaves Hapten Haslingden Henheads Heyhouses Higham-with-West Close Booth Huncoat IghtenhiU Park Leagram Marsden, Great and Little Mearley Mitton, Henthorn, and Colcoats Newchurch- with-Bacup Old Laund Booth Oswaldtwiatle Padiham Pendleton Reed Eeedley Hallows, FeUey Close, and New Laund Booth Boughlee Booth Simonstone Trawden Twiston Whalley Wheatley Carr Booth Wiswall Worsthome- with- H urstwood Worston Yate and Pickup Bank Whittington Wigan ancient parish — Abram AspuU BUlinge Chapel End Billinge Higher End Dalton Haigh Hindley Inoe-in-Makerfield Orrell Pemberton Upholland Wigan Winstanley 42 367 44 102 284 58 40 6,397 75 89 836 1,280 1,209 18 252 5,572 155 991 1,313 2,034 421 2,207 64 44 193 77 6,985 398 2,892 45 22 167 184 41 18 3,351 6 13 5,896 83 2,470 1,784 301 194 122 96 89 476 30 194 9 138 224 19 143 76 438 1,481 388 284 90 218 2,687 2,926 843 2,518 861 8,767 107 46 369 46 109 304 59 42 6,730 76 91 842 1,317 1,275 19 254 6,123 158 1,038 1,405 2,158 424 2,234 64 45 197 80 7,608 471 3,048 45 23 172 188 45 18 3,503 6 16 6,385 83 2,540 1,969 317 206 123 96 90 515 36 202 9 168 226 19 147 76 591 1,589 402 288 94 224 3,062 3,327 920 2,801 934 10,142 115 246 1,879 213 489 1,471 309 210 31,435 395 314 3,842 6,239 6,196 106 1,147 28,744 771 4,850 6,695 10,176 1,952 10,313 272 212 890 355 35,033 2,155 14,298 233 77 751 930 205 100 16,725 30 73 28,261 332 12,206 8,346 1,312 909 667 323 421 2,164 128 895 39 737 1,093 62 682 346 2,638 8,113 1,935 1,402 494 1,186 14,715 16,007 4,299 13,762 4,435 48,194 545 Lunesdale, 480. -Lancaster, 479. Haslingden, 471. , Burnley, 472. 1- Haslingden, 471. CUtheroe, 473. j- Burnley, 472. CHtheroe, 473. j- Blackburn, 474. Clitheroe, 473. I Burnley, 472. Clitheroe, 473. 1 Burnley, 472. I- Haslingden, 471. LBurnley, 472. Clitheroe, 473. Burnley, 472. I Clitheroe, 473. Haslingden, 471. Burnley, 472. Blackburn, 474. Burnley, 472. Clitheroe, 473. ■Burnley, 472. ^Clitheroe, 473. Burnley, 472. Clitheroe, 473. Burnley, 472. Clitheroe, 473. Blackburn, 474. Lunesdale, 480. Wigan, 458. 1 The ancient parish of Whalley extends into the West Riding of Yorkshire. The entire parish contains 244,395 persons. 416 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. INHABITED HOUSES, &c.— continued. CSvil Parish or Township. Wiuwick ancient parish — Houghton, Middleton and Arbury Winwick-with-Hulme Total Inhabited Houses. 41 655,307 Families or Separate Occupiers. 48 94 725,246 Population 242 487 3,454,441 Poor Law Union in which situate. 1- Warrington, 459. VALUATION OF PKOPERTY FOR ASSESSING THE COUNTY RATE.^ In order to form a basis or standard on which to assess the county rate it has been the practice to make a valuation of the yearly value of the property in every parish, township, and place, throughout the county, at irregular periods. One such valuation was made in the year 1829, and its results are given in the first edition of this work (1836), in tables preceding the history of each of the six hundreds. Of course that valuation is now useless, both because of the great increase in the extent and the value of property and because also of the different principle now applied to obtain the basis or standard required. Another valuation was made in 1864, and still more recent ones in 1866, 1872, 1877, and 1884, and we propose to place these later valuations in juxta- position, for convenience of comparison, and also to annex to these the population according to the censuses of 1851, 1861, 1871, and 1881, and the area of acreage of each township or place, according to the Ordnance Survey, in statute acres. Before giving the tables, however, for the several hundreds, it is necessary briefly to explain the principle on which the valuation in each case has been arrived at. An Act, entituled "An Act to consolidate and amend the Statutes relating to the Assessment and Collection of County Rates in England and Wales," was passed in 15 and 16 Vict. (1852), under the powers and authority of which the justices of the county of Lancaster, at their annual General Session of the Peace at Preston, on the 28th December, 1882, appointed a committee of twenty- two magistrates, to be — " A Committee for the purpose of preparing a Basis or Standard for fair and equal County Rates, such Basis or Standard to be founded and prepared rateably and equally, according to the full and fair Annual Value of the Property, Messuages, Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, rateable to the relief of the Poor in every Parish, Township, Borough, or Place, "whether Parochial or Extra-Parochial — that is to say, according to the net Annual Value of any Property, as the same is or may be required by Law to be estimated for the purpose of assessing the Rates for the relief of the Poor." The committee accordingly prepared a basis or standard, which was laid before the Court of Annual General Session of the Peace at Preston on the 27th December 1883 ; and the usual notices being given in the newspapers that such basis or standard would be taken into consideration at the following Court of Annual Session, it was then (April 3rd, 1884) considered, aUowed, and confirmed. The pi;inciple of rating adopted by the committee was the following : — " For the purpose of estimating the net annual value of the property in each parish, township, or place, the committee first ascertained the gross estimated value thereof, and from such gross value made the following deductions : — " 1. From the value of all lands, tithes, canals, navigations, docks, watercourses, reservoirs, quarries, delphs, and brickyards, one-twelfth part. And " 2. From the value of all buildings (except farm buildings), mines, railways, and gasworks, one-sixth part. In the following tables, the full heading of column 2 is, "Basis or Standard for County Rates, being the Value as allowed in the year 1854, after making Deductions ;" and the full heading of columns 3 to 6 inclusive "Basis or Standard for County Rates, bemg the Value as allowed after making Deductions " in the several years named. It wiU be seen that we have abbreviated these LONSDALE HUNDRED. NOETH OF THE SANDS. Township. Aldingham AUithwaite, Lower Allithwaite, Upper Angerton Barrow-in-Furness Blawith Broughton East Broughtou West CartmelFell Claife Church Coniston Colton Dalton-in-Fumess Dunnerdale and Seath- waite Egton with Newland... Hawkshead, Monk Co- niston, and Skelwith. Holker, Lower Holker, Upper Kirkby Ireleth Lowick etc. 1854. £ 7,695 4,641 2,640 455 1,011 3,572 5,389 2,734 3,021 1,938 8,471 19,447 1,804 4,681 5,686 4,096 5,360 8,287 1,934 Basis, etc. 1866. 6,366 2,829 551 1,069 6,408 7,098 3,072 3,859 3,427 10,560 68,128 2,158 5,696 7,063 5,444 6,816 9,058 2,261 Basis, etc. 1872. £ 8,914 7,850 3,826 722 75,652 1,116 7,980 7,736 3,150 4,184 6,086 11,810 32,246 2,158 6,500 7,986 5,900 7,558 9,982 2,276 etc. 1877. £ 10,066 8,350 4,340 686 168,714 1,454 10,082 8,906 3,498 5,004 3,546 12,818 107,964 2,364 7,306 9,282 7,146 8,432 10,762 2,428 etc. 1S84. £ 10,126 10,600 6,018 1,014 241,046 1,464 12,802 10,064 3,638 5,322 3,622 13,470 160,470 2,496 8,692 9,924 9,012 9,294 11,524 2,588 Population in 1851. Persons. 968 888 746 32 229 470 1,297 351 540 1,287 2,008 4,683 321 1,222 1,271 1,225 1,134 1,728 411 1861. Persons. 1,011 933 729 31 193 534 1,183 308 540 1,324 1,794 9,152 289 1,231 1,144 1,160 1,035 1,666 468 1871. Persona. 1,061 1,009 776 36 18,584 146 1,007 1,085 297 563 1,106 1,860 9,310 291 1,148 1,085 1,115 850 1,763 463 ISSl. Persons. 1,152 975 713 32 47,259 158 1,251 1,171 293 517 965 1,783 13,339 299 1,205 1,093 849 1,722 376 Area in Statute Acres. Acres. 4,812 3,211 2,682 2,195 10,967 2,995 3,425 7,298 4,958 4,579 7,424 14,322 7,223 10,258 3,661 10,429 2,387 7,140 9,702 2,261 ' From information obligingly furnished by Henry Alison, Esq., County Treasurer, Preston.— C. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 417 LONSDALE HUNDRED— North 5F THE Sands — continued. Township. Basis, etc. 1864. Basis, etc. 1866. Basis, etc. 1872. Basis, etc. 1877. Basis, etc. 1884, Population in Area in Statute 1851. 1861. 1871. 1881. Acres. £ 646 1,867 2,739 2,497 2,919 682 998 16,845 5,486 £ 764 2,806 6,188 2,785 3,365 856 1,384 23,770 6,797 £ 784 2,854 7,022 2,848 3,712 996 1,562 26,874 7,550 £ 832 3,752 18,292 3,318 4,132 988 1,450 38,124 11,800 £ 876 4,11S 41,218 3,406 4,130 1,032 1,500 47,124 10,900 Persons. 64 325 489 472 399 150 193 6,742 891 Persons. 69 419 879 397 409 152 194 7,414 1,080 Persons. 73 405 1,112 394 438 14tf 209 7,607 1,144 Persons. 64 474 1,698 452 426 149 202 10,008 1,287 Acres. 569 Osmotherley 1 929 2,845 7,322 4,199 l,i!37 3,816 3,120 Staveley Subberthwaite Torver Ulverston Urswick 4,043 Total North of Sands.. 127,996 209,218 264,834 475,836 646,490 80,557 35,738 65,083 90,940 151,009 SOUTH OP THE SANDS. Township, Aldclifie Arkholme with Cawood Ashton with Stodday Bolton-le-Sands Berwick Bulk Burrow with Burrow. Cantsfield Camforth Caton Claughton Cockerham Cookersand Abbey . Dalton....- EUel Farleton Gressingham Halton Heatou with Oxcliife. Heysham Hornby Ireby Nether Kellet OverKellet Lancaster Leek Melling with "Wreatoii.. Middle ton Overton Poulton, Bare, and Torrisholme Priest Hutton Quemmore Hoebiimdale Scotf orth Silverdale Skerton Slyne with Hest Tatham Thumham Tunstall Warton with Lindeth. . Wennington Whittington Wray with Botton ... Wyresdale, Over Yealaud Conyers Yealand Redmayne Basis, etc. 1854. Total of South Sands... Total of North Sands... Total of Lonsdale Hundred £ 1,141 2,997 2,120 4,543 1,487 2,423 2,578 1,626 2,484 5,735 1,339 6,348 400 1,664 8,327 1,223 2,026 4,831 2,328 3,112 2,331 923 2,493 3,410 35,988 2,203 1,358 1,501 1,784 5,422 1,432 4,862 1948 5,860 1,076 5,393 2,937 5,074 2,197 1,419 3,583 1,183 4,784 3,557 4,094 2,478 2,258 Basis, etc. 170,280 127,996 2P8,276 £ 1,325 3,643 2,519 6,471 1,638 2,661 2,882 1,763 4,824 7,036 1,851 7,264 482 1,981 12,620 1,359 2,182 5,287 2,668 3 862 3,229 1,070 2,621 4,047 40,698 2,550 1,809 1,799 2,081 10,370 1,780 6,226 2,483 8,106 1,657 7,199 4,218 5,978 2,944 1,714 5,732 1,263 5,341 4,491 4,822 2,917 2,984 214,447 209,218 Basis, etc. 1872. 423,665 £ 1,460 4,250 2,742 6,756 2,078 3,370 3,570 2,150 7,746 7,638 2,114 8,740 524 2,116 13,608 1,418 2,280 6,060 2,768 4,466 3,378 1,226 2,718 4,276 47,430 2,724 2,142 1,880 2,348 14,558 2,134 6,862 2,524 9,404 2,266 8,178 4,678 6,418 3,884 2,012 8,706 1,554 5,948 4,674 5,274 3,396 3,242 Basis, etc. 1877. £ 1,718 4,670 3,182 7,296 2,194 3,492 3,974 2,144 10,760 8,810 2,392 9,634 524 2,466 15,722 1,522 2,676 6,680 3,526 4,954 3,518 1,228 2,952 4,852 69,880 3,300 2,326 2,150 2,460 19,652 2,288 7,606 2,906 11,366 2,852 8,456 6,140 6,938 4,066 2,226 9,902 1,696 6,796 5,032 6,482 3,818 3,670 249,568 264,834 514,402 291,794 475,836 767,630 Basis, etc. 1884. £ 1,732 5,266 3,264 8,762 2,542 4,524 4,152 2,380 18,542 9,592 2,730 9,878 522 2,430 18,578 2,220 3,034 7,338 3,376 6,742 3,954 1,370 3,268 5,306 85,126 3,620 2,716 2,050 2,470 29,134 2,514 8,668 2,924 14,392 6,400 13,064 6,090 9,082 4,126 2,252 14,100 1,844 6,632 5,546 6,894 4,418 4,108 367,572 646,490 1,014,062 Population in 1851. 1861. 1871. 1881. Persons. Persons. Persons. Persons. 85 74 68 94 330 331 360 297 173 184 191 207 686 692 753 785 199 194 209 246 124 109 116 117 228 225 236 214 156 116 108 104 294 393 1,091 1,879 1,434 1,160 1,059 1,086 106 94 86 100 774 778 803 761 42 33 26 36 100 129 120 123 1,484 1,968 1,615 1,787 75 75 49 122 187 158 134- 152 718 670 616 731 174 165 169 136 593 567 628 632 374 317 323 358 111 113 103 78 319 284 276 279 488 425 423 494 14,604 14,487 17,245 20,663 285 324 229 271 197 169 182 167 185 182 184 167 334 305 296 325 1,301 2,236 3.005 3,931 234 218 185 213 579 563 655 585 206 144 130 112 693- 955 1,139 2,263 240 294 343 489 1,586 1,556 1,817 2,838 309 312 307 301 654 688 586 634 706 717 618 721 146 138 105 104 600 581 1,035 1,471 189 180 168 127 414 421 460 346 833 797 684 626 680 524 500 513 306 272 300 309 226 209 227 210 34,760 35,426 39,759 48,093 30,557 35,738 55,083 90,940 65,317 71,164 94,842 139,033 Area in Statute Acres. Acres. 1,016 3,016 1,949 1,580 846 1,158 2,426 1,222 1,459 8,396 1,581 6,662 346 2,167 5,814 1,051 2,015 3,914 ,2,036 1,774 1,961 1,141 2,082 3,210 1,494 4,636 1,062 1,200 1,837 1,725 1,085 6,789 8,841 2,880 1,168 1,316 1,143 8,647 2,095 1,076 2,824 980 4,416 6,526 17,319 1,582 2,136 140,399 151,009 291,4081 ' This total is less than the return for the census by 1,082 acres, 54 the extent township. of reclaimed land in Lonsdale North not yet apportioned to any 418 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. AMOUNDERNESS HUNDRED. Township. Alston Barnaore with Bonds.. Barton Bilsborrow Bispham with Norbreck Bleasdale Broughton Bryning with Kella- mergh Cabus Carleton Catterall Claughton Cleveley Clifton with Salwick Ecoleston, Great ... Eccleston, Little, with Larbreck Elston Elswick Eishwick Forton Freckleton Fulwood Garstang Gooanargh with News ham Greenhalgh with Thistleton Grimsargh with Brock- holes Municipal Rural etc. 1854. Haighton Hambleton Hardhorn with Newton HoUeth Hothersall Inskip with Sowerby Kirkham Kirkland Layton with Warbreck Lea, Ashton, Ingol, and Cottam Municipal . . Rural Lytham Marten Municipal Rural Medlar with Wesham... Myeracough Nateby Newton with Scales . . . Pilling Poulton in le Fylde . . , Preesall with Hackin- sall Preston EawclifFe, Out Ra\vchffe, Upper, with Tarnacre Ribbleton Municipal . . . Rural £ 3,351 5,692 3,336 1,770 2,665 1,905 6,196 1,617 1,863 3,789 3,065 4,576 1,286 5,487 2,589 1,625 1,005 1,555 5,028 2,271 3,792 5,971 2,439 8,865 2,880 3,108 8,361 13,359 6,339 3,245 4,181 2,327 2,332 6,033 4,011 4,510 68,770 4,605 4,128 1,675 etc. 1860. £ 4,746 8,120 5,191 2,031 3,840 2,744 7,407 1,665 2,493 4,022 3,718 6,077 2,170 5,914 3,220 1,862 941 1,841 7,103 2,541 4,294 7,970 2,450 10,535 3,279 3,638 1,388 1,600 1,982 2,590 4,385 5,197 362 454 886 1,383 3,422 3,888 5,737 6,879 1,905 1996 13,095 31,776 10,240 18,504 8,626 5,230 5,322 2,742 2,794 7,441 4,221 5,335 201,637 5,789 4,873 2,105 Basis, etc. 1872. £ 5,382 9,160 5,570 2,262 4,376 2,954 7,980 1,742 2,690 4,362 4,110 6,542 2,506 5,880 3,280 2,044 932 1,758 7,424 3,044 5,306 10.512 2,744 11,084 3,352 3,892 1,650 2,984 5,442 502 1,602 4,182 7,688 1,998 53,750 12,672 21,490 9,712 5,378 5,866 2,870 3,344 8,462 4,902 6,070 216,360 6,706 5,502 2,360 Basis, etc. 1877. £ 6,946 11,090 6,554 2,794 4,914 3,312 9,412 1,920 2,864 5,078 4,814 8,072 2,914 7,424 3,548 2,084 1,148 2,018 8,448 3,094 5,642 14,840 2,858 12,264 3,736 4,150 1,884 3,114 7,312 540 1,822 4,610 8,684 2,236 72,420 15,820 25,660 10,694 7,542 6,560 3,190 3,678 9,318 6,060 6,218 268,556 7,356 5,948 2,770 Basis, etc. 1884. Population in 1851. £ 7,784 14,738 6,736 3,194 4,570 3,608 9,414 1,894 3,172 5,820 4,722 8,800 3,694 8,656 4,002 2,220 1,242 2,374 9,422 3,376 6,506 18,894 3,154 13,450 4,482 410 4,346 4,756 2,162 3,534 8,496 576 1,922 5,012 11,076 2,514 122,352 9,676 12,018 21,694 36,404 14,376 9,002 7,248 3,936 3,594 10,514 7,670 6,992 318,844 7,930 2,708 1,100 3,808 Persons. 807 876 370 152 293 295 685 126 238 400 1,036 641 73 471 631 215 54 307 1,005 582 968 1,748 839 1,453 362 360 193 222 346 366 386 386 28 30 162 159 680 663 2,799 3,380 429 388 2,564 3,907 743 2,698 1,650 170 459 325 299 1,281 1,120 823 i8,537 791 697 189 1861. Persons. 1,098 907 343 176 4.37 372 709 116 209 363 867 608 62 447 641 209 63 290 1,884 574 879 2,313 714 1,307 383 301 911 3,194 1,691 563 426 385 286 1,388 1,141 812 81,101 771 682 175 1871. Persons. 1,337 922 338 185 547 376 601 115 171 433 672 526 66 447 565 192 63 254 1,912 549 930 3,079 687 1,258 365 367 219 351 436 35 120 593 3,593 336 7,092 2,081 3,904 1,982 860 418 435 292 1,572 1,161 837 83,516 832 700 247 1881. Area in Statute A cres. Persons, 1,589 912 368 197 714 410 690 114 178 377 612 548 51 418 197 43 242 2,142 696 1,134 3,725 783 1,197 380 369 215 389 420 50 132 542 3,840 314 12,711 2,913 5,268 2,303 1,035 384 393 267 1,620 1,225 848 91,578 816 618 575 Acres. 2,040 4,496 2,707 852 1,644 7,298 2,367 1,061 1,383 2,012 1,742 3,786 620 3,489 1,469 1,280 962 1,037 693 1,279 2,417 2,117 503 8,673 1,897 1,950 1,078 1,553 2,651 358 1,039 2,979 857 974 2,369 5,310 4,707 1,966 2,707 2,087 1,523 6,060 914 3,393 2,127 4,693 3,839 744 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 41.9 AMOUNDERNESS HUNDRED— conrirwcd. Township. Basis, etc. 1854. Basis, etc. 1S68. Basis, etc. 1S72. Basis, etc. 1S77. Basis, etc. 1884. Population in Area in Statute 18,'il. 1861. 1871. 1881. Acres. Ribby with Wrea Singleton, Great and Little £ 2,549 3,302 2,884 13,762 5,285 2,638 3,803 5,866 4,028 2,216 8,905 4,271 £ 2,878 4,402 3,548 21,144 6,076 2,897 4,598 6,604 4,722 2,541 10,266 5,229 £ 2,930 4,500 4,062 22,122 6,110 3,160 4,982 6,844 5,204 2,626 11,726 5,908 £ 3,058 5,136 4,496 27,570 7,870 3,280 6,650 8,520 5,618 3,014 12,462 6,414 £ 3,374 5,494 5,218 46,484 8,668 3,526 7,072 9,754 6,286 3,406 13,366 7,014 Persons. 406 293 508 4,134 696 473 465 707 677 262 1,574 704 Persons. 444 338 471 5,084 632 446 465 601 583 246 1,462 667 Persona. 466 317 521 5,203 625 444 433 535 664 289 1,290 549 Persons. 392 357 501 7,589 560 408 425 534 2,158 381 1,239 606 Acres. 1,387 2,923 2,583 6,887 4,100 2 540 Stalmine with Stainall. Treales, Roseaore, and Wharles Warton Weeton with Preese ... Westby with Plumpton Whittingham 2,973 3,598 3 192 2 342 4 971 Wyresdale, Nether ... 4,215 Hundred 414,272 525,239 592,544 718,318 896,956 113,243 130,728 139,883 162,118 158,295 BLACKBURN HUNDRED. Township. Acerington Aighton, Bailey, and Chaigley Altham Balderston Barley with Wheatley Booth .". Barrowf ord Booth Billington Blackburn Bowland with Iieagrim Briercliffe with Ext- wistle Burnley Municipal Rural Chatbum Chipping Church Clayton-in-le-Dale Clayton- in-Ie-Moora ... Clitheroe Clitheroe Castle Cliviger Colne Coupe Lench, Newhall- hey, and Hall Carr. . Cuerdale Darwen, Lower Blackburn Over Darwen . . . Darwen, Over Dilworth Dinckley Downham Dunnockshaw Dutton EccleBhill Municipal Rural Foulridge Goldshaw Booth Basis, etc. 1854. £ 28,895 5,978 2,123 2,301 1,816 5,556 4,047 101,470 2,912 3,856 40,621 1,812 4,907 7,165 1,797 8,485 17,107 46 7,752 17,156 5,083 985 8,203 20,143 2,664 606 2,079 361 1,597 1,634 4,172 1,720 Basis, etc. 1866. £ 61,773 6,590 2,785 2,582 2,316 8.673 5,225 180,641 3,213 5,240 57,841 2,340 5,377 15,350 1,928 14,568 21,326 71 12,780 19,814 10,867 1,077 11,126 44,215 4,325 605 2,066 680 1,760 2,463 5,438 2,606 etc, 1872. £ 68,890 6,960 3,410 2,800 2,236 11,030 6,102 244,932 3,408 7,822 66,334 2,554 5,668 15,818 1,942 17,316 23,948 72 14,888 27,518 11,026 1,100 17,232 62,916 5,532 742 2,226 798 2,058 2,840 2,682 Basis, etc. 1877. £ 96,656 8,110 4,304 3,128 2,216 11,282 7,830 290,600 5,418 7,440 82,480 3,230 7,596 16,464 3,080 18,414 29,722 100 17,766 30,602 13,504 1,158 21,580 82,714 6,774 898 2,426 870 2,296 3,926 6,314 2,914 Basis, etc. 1884. £ 115,178 9,460 4,504 3,562 2,462 14,200 8,680 361,374 5,324 9,160 103,738 6,486 110,224 3,958 7,978 21,790 3,546 20,974 36,548 \ 114/ 17,848 38,614 13,984 1,208 17,768 8,518 26,286 109,978 7,880 1,268 2,492 910 2,500 "630 3,186 3,816 7,020 2,824 Population in Persons. 10,374 1,613 426 642 2,875 882 46,536 240 1,612 14,706 503 1,134 2,035 471 3,392 7,244 . 1,441 8,987 2,154 80 3,521 11,702 833 151 362 86 446 598 1,233 620 1861. Persons. 17,688 1,500 410 632 485 2,880 1,038 63,126 234 1,332 19,971 521 1,074 4,753 375 4,682 6,990 10 1,770 7,906 2,851 56 3,301 16,492 959 120 292 167 312 543 406 1871. Persons. 21,788 1,524 401 475 354 3,110 1,204 76,339 236 1,263 21,501 584 1,113 4,450 275 5,390 8.208 9 1,674 8,633 60 3,876 21,278 1,730 119 282 186 257 633 827 358 1881. Persons. 31,435 487 314 3,842 1,410 91,958 206 1,147 28,744 771 987 4,850 295 6,695 10,176 16 1,952 10,313 3,695 58 4,531 27,626 2,116 123 272 212 259 716 890 355 Area in Statute Acres. Acres. 3,425 6,300 1,440 1,808 2,625 2,385 3,139 3,681 4,664 4,227 894 5,634 528 1,715 1,059 2,375 6 6,819 4,635 1,499 684 2,667 5,134 1,248 608 2,800 797 2,455 2 334 420 THE HISTOEY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. BLACKBURN HUNDRED— conMnMec?. Township. Habergham Eaves . Municipal . Rural Hapten Harwood, Great Harwood, Little Haslingden Henheads Heyhouses Higham with West Close-Booth Higher Booths Huncoat Ightenhill Park Livesey Muncipal Rural Lower Booths Marsden Mearley Mellor Mitton, Henthorn, and Colooatea Musbury Newehurch, Deadwen Clough, Bacup, and Wolfenden Muncipal Rural Old Laund Booth . . Osbaldeston Oswaldtwistle Padiham Pendleton Pleasington Ramsgreave Read Reedley Hallows, Filley Close, and New Laund Booth. Ribchester Rishton Roughlee Booth Salesbury Samlesbury Simonstone Thornley with Wheatley Tockholes Trawden Twiston Walton-in-le-Dale .... Whalley Wheatley Carr Booth, Wilpshire Wiswall Witton Muncipal Rural Worsthorne withHurst- wood Worston Yate and Pickup Bank Total of Blackburn Hundred Basis, etc. 1S54. 33,840 ,186 ,374 ,930 ,102 721 384 ,029 ,439 ,975 ,678 ;,903 8,408 13,466 860 3,454 839 2,552 35,891 751 1,126 17,138 10,048 3,772 2,930 1,233 2,547 2,939 3,087 4,893 1,678 1,217 5,822 1,128 2,441 2,299 5,181 798 18,024 3,334 278 878 2,461 2,503 2,129 1,013 1,664 574,608 Basis, etc. 1866. £ 64,000 9,108 11,008 2,316 31,203 826 430 2,752 17,497 3,354 2,205 15,344 14,500 24,907 1,030 3,734 982 3,567 67,560 901 1,197 29,234 17,960 4,532 3,688 1,347 3,687 8,329 3,435 8,217 1,825 1,338 6,260 1,532 3,039 2,938 7,762 837 26,506 4,193 340 1,288 2,675 7,034 3,696 1,113 1,776 950,663 Basis, etc. 1872. £ 84,168 10,244 14,248 2,558 36,258 846 502 3,128 20,260 3,762 4,570 20,110 15,118 32,100 1,026 3,976 998 4,150 79,468 908 1,348 32,750 19,842 4,688 3,910 1,424 3,736 5,970 4,148 10,700 1,858 1,478 6,484 1,822 3,050 3,214 7,504 822 30,986 4,714 358 1,458 2,700 8,970 5,976 1,132 1,544 1.159,472 Basis, etc. 18T7. £ 103,670 12,344 18,084 4,542 48,360 1,118 674 3,514 24,482 4,258 1,562 28,746 22,442 39,766 1,226 4,154 1,438 5,168 94,296 962 1,544 39,162 23,836 5,510 6,446 1,772 5,060 6,500 4,532 19,002 1,878 1,742 7,044 2,158 3,840 3,202 7,842 982 44,262 5,556 368 2,636 3,412 9,724 8,190 1,210 2,278 1,432,206 etc. 1884. 96,882 37,910 134,792 16,818 24,060 6,004 56,086 1,720 566 3,850 24,910 5,580 5,522 18,292 1-3,796 32,088 24,684 62,906 1,228 5,376 1,344 5,988 50,802 42,802 93,644 1,156 1,626 48,398 29,434 5,786 5,978 1,948 5,156 7,524 4,964 23,332 2,162 1,920 8,916 2,816 3,892 3,500 9,082 950 49,398 6,462 390 3,584 4,096 10,136 2,268 12,404 8,276 1,278 2,444 1,739,702 Population in Persons. 12,549 550 2,548 316 9,030 160 147 3,827 598 176 2,649 3,778 6,068 47 1,668 74 1,228 16,915 447 250 7,654 4,509 1,308 428 438 449 374 1,650 800 719 388 1,435 365 491 939 2,601 161 6,855 945 40 237 747 1,367 909 89 1,208 228,329 Persons. 18,013 1,003 4,070 270 10,109 211 128 759 5,131 839 161 3,581 4,655 7,342 47 1,398 62 997 24,413 423 238 7,701 5,911 1,446 422 320 531 423 1,357 1,198 424 331 1,215 325 409 820 2,087 141 7,383 806 46 228 465 3,292 865 84 1,111 286,955 1871. Persons. 23,423 1,586 4,907 311 12,000 201 84 791 5,667 854 149 4,035 5,114 10,284 48 1,178 55 1,130 26,823 296 224 10,283 6,914 , 1,229 . 336 263 634 588 1,329 2,577 372 212 810 366 428 646 2,129 134 8,187 747 36 2S0 419 3,803 71 766 335,440 1881. Persons. 35,033 2,155 6,287 ■ 715 14,298 233 77 751 6,239 930 205 6,065 6,196 16,725 30 1,096 73 1,010 28,261 332 154 12,206 8,346 1,312 459 240 667 1,282 4,055 323 184 752 421 349 .484 2,164 128 9,286 895 39 280 737 4,356 1,093 62 682 417,085 Area in Statute Acres. Acres. 4,217 4,008 2,863 895 4,342 317 322 1,584 4,412 990 760 2,036 1,600 4,689 1,509 1,744 873 1,714 5,858 431 1,084 4,883 1,953 2,826 1,701 776 1,548 1,446 2,211 2,982 1,141 1,215 4,379 1,026 3,221 1,988 6,808 865 4,683 1,603 254 1,002 1,693 700 3,510 1,088 850 183,649 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 421 LEYLAND HUNDRED. TownsMp. Adlington Anderton Bispham Bretherton Brindle Charnock Richard Chorley Clayton-iu-le-Wooda . Coppull Croston Cuerden Duxbury Eocleston Euxton Farington Heapey Heath Charnock Hesketh with Beooonsall Heskin Hoghton Hoole, Little Houle, Much Howick Button Leyland Longton Mawdsley Parbold Penwortham Rufford Shevington Standish with Langtree Tarleton TTlnes Walton Welch Whittle Wheeliou Whittle-in-Ie- Woods Withnell Worthingtou Wrightington Basis, etc. 1S54. £ 3,890 1,830 1,643 3,871 5,503 4,743 31,171 2,910 6,677 5,087 2,778 2,509 4,142 7,826 7,923 1,895 3,622 2,307 1,882 4,750 1,553 2,661 1,034 3,473 11,797 5 418 5,068 2,383 7,528 4,734 4,690 10,178 6,844 3,602 892 3,012 4,894 5,010 1,877 6,431 Total of Leyland Hundred 199,038 etc. 1866. £ 5,797 2,448 1,682 4,539 6,298 4,784 43,004 3,159 5,407 6,823 3,130 2,476 4,795 8,446 8,611 1,888 4,830 4,439 2,046 4,549 2,531 2,970 1,163 3,777 14,446 6,623 5,263 3,093 8,028 6,455 7,694 17,348 8,838 4,151 1,822 4,384 5,492 6,227 2,390 6,949 248,795 Basis, etc. 1872. £ 6,924 2,974 1,692 4,756 7,268 5,166 50,032 3,338 8,040 7,340 3,610 2,624 5,070 9,664 16,574 2,314 5,316 5,122 2,186 5,300 2,662 3,094 1,242 3,866 17,582 7,094 5,760 4,186 9,680 6,552 7,100 19,890 8,796 4,494 1,654 4,866 5,614 8,030 2,916 7,848 282,236 Basis. etc. 1877. £ 8,026 6,046 1,866 4,944 8,388 5,736 54,622 3,438 9,390 8,350 3,800 2,624 5,232 10,270 16,610 3,090 5,370 2,394 6,794 2,754 3,360 1,502 4,242 21,282 7,916 6,258 4,588 12,128 7,046 5,556 20,250 9,434 4,866 1,796 5,752 5,680 10,044 4,160 8,622 321,114 Basis, etc. 1884. £ 9,324 6,398 1,908 5,584 9,762 6,996 60,110 3,446 14,398 10,498 3,896 2,736 5,196 12,072 17,270 4,796 7,332 6,030 2,708 8,778 3,266 3,528 1,698 5,216 27,556 9,308 6,904 5,258 13,656 8,182 6,570 22,880 10,208 6,276 1,180 6,428 6,628 11,446 6,964 9,556 Population in 1851. Persons. 1,090 284 270 818 1,310 872 12,684 747 1,107 1,500 521 324 671 1,631 1,932 495 799 692 358 1,373 202 775 116 500 3,617 1,687 887 473 1,487 861 1,147 2,655 1,945 556 140 1,041 2,310 1,975 176 1,613 370,946 1861. 1871. Persons. 1,975 243 277 775 1,501 899 15,013 705 1,230 1,790 666 341 965 1,491 1,791 396 772 804 439 1,201 424 708 93 461 3,755 1,637 912 474 1,606 865 1,615 3,054 1,987 488 148 1,260 2,151 2,059 133 1,618 53,641 58,622 Persons. 2,606 262 284 683 1,339 750 16,864 607 1,484 1,518 647 325 953 1,182 1,797 290 1,034 799 336 906 453 644 80 395 3,839 1,455 886 477 1,578 819 1,924 3,698 1,917 414 111 1,471 1,805 1,966 188 1,525 1881. 60,311 Persons. 3,258 317 280 707 1,173 685 19,478 582 1,826 1,791 573 323 900 1,147 2,017 369 916 863 382 871 440 581 62 389 4,961 1,443 928 529 1,642 905 1,570 4,261 1,900 386 115 1,570 1,937 2,106 255 1,520 Area in Statute Acres. 65,958 Acres. 1,064 1,229 926 2,437 3,104 1,946 3,614 1,431 2,280 2,361 808 1,012 2 090 2,934 1,860 1,464 1,698 4,736 1,242 2,224 1,223 1,776 754 2,745 3,726 3,669 2,950 1,159 2,270 3,120 1,728 3,265 5,553 2,106 596 1,696 1,365 3,628 659 3,916 88,244 SALFORD HUNDRED. Basis, etc. 1864. Basis, etc. 1866. Basis, etc. 1872. Basis, etc. 1877. Basis, etc. 1884. Population in Area in Statute 1851. 1861. 1871. 1881. Acres. £ 5,419 1,569 997 49,898 150,370 ... 1,230 10,265 42,319 1,928 6,287 £ 5,691 1,904 1,665 69,171 127,400 78,627 £ 6,676 2,400 2,326 83,034 113,264 23,526 91,262 £ 7,932 2,478 6,248 116,984 124,364 25,902 111,174 £ 8,794 2,764 6,616 128,928 152,16.4 34,80.0 129,67,4 Persons. 1,781 373 179 15,777 56,959 "277 3,278 12,687 404 1,860 Persons. 1,803 423 134 21,767 66,801 233 4,290 14,216 881 2,350 Persons. 1,864 388 195 28,066 64,558 174 6,387 18,915 2,506 2,148 Persons. 1,729 380 99 31,197 75,310 142 8,113 25,994 7,967 2,265 Acres. 1,309 798 Anlezarke 2,793 509 Ashton-under-Lyne ... Municipal ... Sfcalybridge Kura.1 9.486 206,027 1,605 14.556 56,310 3,000 6,888 228,052 1,658 21,804 75,636 6,580 8,618 261,430 1,724 27,670 108,464 14,890 9,104 316,638 1,544 26,672 129,268 20,728 "408 1,774 6,304 1,021 1,905 Barton -upon- Irwell . . . 10,621 96 BirtJe-cum-Bamford ... 1,429 Bury ... Rural ... 8,486 422 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIEE— APPENDIX IX. SALFORD mJNDIiED— continued. Township. Basis, etc. 1S64. etc. 1866. etc. 1872. Basis, etc. 1877. Basis, etc. 1884. Population in 1851. 1861. 1871. 1881. Area in Statute Acres. Blaokrod Blackley Blatchinworth Calderbrook . Bolton, Great.... Bolton, Little Municipal Rural .... and Bradford Bradahaw Breightmet Broughton Bumage Bury Butterworth Municipal Rural Castleton Hey wood., Rochdale . Rural Chadderton Cheetham Chorlton-upon-Med- lock Chorlton-cum-Hardy. Clifton Crompton Crumpsall Denton Didsbury Droylsden Edgeworth Elton Municipal Rural Entwistle Failsworth Farn worth Flixton Gorton Halliwell Municipal Rural Harpurhey Harwood Haughton Heap Bury .... Hey wood., Rural Heaton Heaton, Great ,. Heaton, Little ., Heaton Norris ... Municipal Rural £ 8,442 8,231 12,245 93,352 49,688 5,094 3,749 4,302 52,202 2,984 73,099 20,281 57,201 18,739 58,981 143,151 4,241 10,170 16,063 13,848 7,568 9,780 16,902 3,513 22,360 1,921 10,527 17,403 5,797 17,132 14,924 2,274 3,410 5,636 42,808 4,912 2,286 1,558 47,202 £ 13,812 10,685 18,416 118,356 79,014 5,704 84,718 10,320 4,407 5,850 70,551 3,791 92,446 32,006 48,244 41,839 90,083 33,463 75,470 162,952 6,193 14,982 22,985 19,895 11,351 13,552 24,903 4,189 32,056 2,715 16,967 29,965 6,476 41,485 24,406 3,452 4,788 10,830 53,646 8,909 2,458 2,246 40,337 13,050 53,387 £ 12,550 14,018 26,032 152,964 108,898 7,932 116,830 20,048 4,364 6,356 99,064 4,352 116,814 2,478 36,280 38,758 92,800 21,422 114,222 51,402 96,684 202,528 10,710 17,562 26,608 24,842 16,368 20,614 28,744 5,084 41,474 3,882 18,536 42,446 7,234 66,884 34,890 6,606 6,098 12,042 65,826 11,542 2,510 2,486 44,520 21,440 65,960 £ 21,468 18,134 32,000 184,174 132,'226 11,500 143,726 33,418 5,348 7,354 138,968 4,592 136,970 2,892 43,248 46,140 125,078 37,454 162,532 75,378 113,190 256,388 13,004 30,984 37,112 26,404 21,724 28,330 33,760 5,876 46,312 4,074 30,548 59,022 8,524 91,516 43,516 11,130 5,656 15,558 72,676 17,686 2,702 2,694 69,774 33,636 93,410 £ 20,560 21,680 35,080 204,148 148,778 12,772 161,650 45,584 5,730 6,254 158,896 6,110 167,360 3,122 47,200 50,322 7,100 130,200 23,082 160,382 90,936 137,920 266,848 18,596 28,920 49,348 40,018 28,564 42,952 44,644 6,186 40,832 14,716 55,548 6,832 38,496 67,836 12,754 110,380 36','214 14,662 50,876 17,296 4,970 16,434 8,342 72,180 2,930 83,452 19,762 3,190 3,292 6d,'484 41,016 101,500 Persons. 2,509 3,603 3,895 39,923 20,468 1,572 853 1,540 7,126 563 25,484 5,786 17,400 6,188 11,175 36,658 761 1,647 6,375 3,151 3,146 1,449 6,280 1,230 6,778 486 4,433 6,389 1,334 4,476 3,969 458 2,057 3,042 16,048 826 150 800 15,697 Persons. 2,911 4,112 4,860 43,436 26,891 3,523 792 1,562 9,885 624 30,397 6,704 23,771 7,486 17,446 44,795 739 2,140 7,032 4,285 3,335 1,829 8,798 1,350 8,172 422 5,113 8,720 1,302 9,897 5,953 827 2,056 3,371 17,353 955 159 838 16,333 Persons. 3,800 5,173 6,692 46,313 36,698 7,168 870 1,500 14,961 706 32,611 7,923 31,344 12,203 21,617 50,281 1,466 2,366 7,3(12 5,342 5,117 3,064 8,973 1,675 9,591 339 6,685 13,550 1,512 21,616 8,706 1,671 1,976 4,276 17,252 1,126 191 786 16,481 Persons. 4,234 6,C75 7,891 45,694 44,452 16,121 755 1,525 31,534 848 39,283 8,411 Acres. 2,388 1,840 4,781 826 1,779 288 1,156 873 1,426 666 2,330 7,766 35,272 3,812 ... 16,899 3,082 25,721 919 65,698 646 2,332 1,280 2,578 1,194 9,797 2,864 8,164 733 7,660 1,706 4,601 1,553 11,254 1,621 1,862 2,925 11,947 2,553 341 1,668 7,912 1,073 20,708 1,502 1,776 1,564 33,096 1,484 12,551 2,480 4,810 193 1.811 1,240 6,051 887 17,686 2,938 1,461 1,744 376 875 828 532 20,347 2,116 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 423 SALFOED HUNDRED— CO jiJimicd. Township. Hopwood Municipal Rnral Horwich Hulme Hulton, Little .. Hulton, Middle .. Hulton, Over ... . Kearsley Levenshulme Lever, Darcy Lever, Great Lever, Little Longworth Lostock Manchester Middletou Moss Side Moston Newton Oldham Openshaw Pendlebury Pendleton Pilkington Jilsworth Hey wood.. Bury Eural Prestwich Quarlton EadclifFe Municipal Rural Reddish Rivington Royton Rumworth Municipal Rural Rusholme Salford Sharpies Spotland Bacup .... Rochdale. Rural and Stretford.... Tbomham . Todmorden Walsden Tonge Tonge with Haulgh Municipal ... Rural etc. 1854. Tottington Higher End Tottington Lower End Municipal . . . Rural 8.326 11,799 145,023 8,110 4,420 3,899 13,732 7,342 5,654 6,373 10,553 962 3,688 730,346 18,434 12,396 6,446 36,518 119,669 14,011 13,252 58,334 34,070 4,150 13,833 1,131 24,508 8,354 2,106 17,632 4,883 25,817 159,328 11,076 75,645 28,669 6,346 25,719 6,529 8,721 12,466 26,894 Basis, etc. 1866. 16,342 14,027 180,073 13,862 4,594 5,205 20,031 9,364 6,018 10,958 15,690 1,722 4,718 882,998 21,814 21,691 7,975 43,259 214,242 28,532 22,572 84,497 44,255 4,650 22,557 1,390 36,158 8,304 3,451 19,263 7,611 33,906 189,587 13,236 22,917 79,867 102,784 49,960 6,950 34,067 11,760 6','962 6,280 13,242 15,785 33,277 Basis, etc. 1872. £ 21,446 14,706 199,622 18,752 5,230 6,508 22,020 13,668 7,678 17,140 18,130 1,772 7,010 1,177,820 22,938 38,388 12,134 62,892 265,622 45,580 28,068 110,608 53,250 5,354 31,382 1,362 47,194 15,566 4,258 26,674 7,616 5,254 etc, 1877. Basis, etc. 1884. Population In £ 28,164 16,148 233,766 25,790 8,582 8,696 29,256 18,458 9,872 26,904 21,354 2,360 7,236 1,499,854 27,766 68,766 15,224 83,502 374,860 62,846 42,326 151,186 61,702 7,178 34,396 1,406 61,172 27,802 12,152 36,896 9,892 6,538 12,870 40,010 246,674 16,222 47,486 82,132 129,618 66,212 9,016 37,774 13,274 11,022 8,070 19,092 16,560 44,862 16,430 60,004 332,326 19,352 52,772 109,142 161,914 99,600 10,710 43,554 19,132 13,008 11,186 24,194 22,286 53,664 19,760 9,622 29,382 15,990 252,034 26,598 8,464 9,112 29,150 22,102 10,210 30,894 16,092 1,924 8,592 1,579,552 34,568 102,744 19,108 117,170 480,060 83,608 33,776 192,420 74,522 4,806 64 4,666 9,636 43,706 1,518 "926 80,146 81,072 30,578 12,094 47,008 10,'918 6,860 17,778 63,110 382,904 20,902 39,140 54,432 66,084 159,666 121,942 10,490 40,442 24,234 16,'304 14,790 31,094 24,366 6,'576 55,548 Persons. 1,575 3,952 53,482 3,184 888 462 4,286 1,902 2,091 713 3,511 162 620 186,986 8,717 943 904 10,801 62,820 3,759 2,750 14,224 12,863 373 4,096 361 6,293 1,218 412 6,974 1,386 3,679 63,423 3,904 23,476 4,998 1,510 7,699 3,831 2,826 2,958 10,691 62,124 1861. Persons. 2,281 3,471 68,433 3,390 790 447 5,003 2,095 2,071 722 3,890 164 680 185,410 9,876 2,695 1,199 14,907 72,333 8,623 3,548 20,900 12,303 343 5,288 253 1,363 369 7,493 1,861 5,380 71,002 3,294 30,378 8,767 2,027 9,146 4,606 3,539 3,726 11,764 1871. Persons. 3,655 3,671 74,731 4,805 911 674 6,830 2,742 2,048 1,423 4,204 113 670 173,988 9,472 5,403 1,663 19,446 82,629 11,108 6,163 25,489 11,949 386 6,820 264 11,446 2,329 531 7,794 3,226 5,910 83,277 3,315 35,611 11,946 2,079 9,333 5,115 4,050 3,595 12,631 Area in Statute Acres. Persons. 4,440 3,761 72,147 5,714 2,051 984 7,253 3,567 1,994 3,673 4,413 106 782 148,794 10,346 18,184 3,466 31,240 111,343 16,163 8,162 40,246 13,144 758 8,627 271 16,267 5,557 330 10,582 4,962 9,227 101,584 3,710 40,140 19,018 1,860 9,237 7,254 6,731 3,926 16,428 Acres. 2,126 3,254 477 1,707 1,517 1,316 997 606 499 867 807 1,654 1,520 1,646 1,930 421 1,297 1,685 4,730 579 1,031 2,254 5,469 1,483 1,917 798 2,533 1,541 2,768 1,372 1,244 974 1,329 3,999 14,174 3,255 1,936 7,007 392 1,099 3,545 5,271 424 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. SALFORD HUNDRED —continued. Township. Basis, etc. 1854. Basis, etc 1866. Basis, etc. 1872. Basis, etc. 1877. Basis, etc. 1884. Population in Area in Statute 1851. 1861. 1871. 1881. Acres. Turton £ 11,209 3,871 16,856 41,399 12,026 12,027 31,684 19,769 £ 15,012 4,1-72 20,684 62,337 18,811 23,404 37,239 "615 23,369 £ 19,444 6,236 26,490 63,878 26,092 43,078 50,404 10,086 18,960 £ 21,488 9,526 29,410 77,834 33,224 73,124 71,760 11,452 23,248 £ 27,462 15,954 "564 33,998 Persons. 4,158 730 4,802 14,103 4,547 1,492 10,189 7,£55 ... Persons. 4,513 748 ■ 5,298 17,840 5,156 2,712 11,875 8,201 Persons. 4,942 996 6,558 19,300 6,609 6,291 15,837 8,988 Persons. 6,653 2,242 5,619 19,711 9,197 11,286 21,207 10,487 Acres. 4,614 993 Walmersley-cum- Shuttleworth Municipal .... 5,065 Wardlsworth 34,562 75,174 42,904 88,060 83,700 13,488 22,708 766 Westhouglitoii 4,341 Withinerton 2,502 6,928 Wuerdale and Wardle,. Municipal Rural 3,523 23,884 29,046 34,700 36,196 Total of Salford 3,049,263 4,082,799 5,269,222 6,848,754 7,807,172 937,589 1,112,951 1 1,273,779 1.546_l.f;2 224,928 WEST DERBY HUNDRED. Township. Basis, etc. 1854. Basis, etc. etc. 1872. Basis, etc. 1877. Basis, etc. 1884. Population in 1851. 1861. 1S71. 1881. Area in Statute Acres. Acres. 1,982 850 1,586 4,083 6,250 2,685 2,426 4,610 2,826 6,444 1,161 1,571 2,215 4,483 1,404 4,960 4,193 1,729 1,148 2,168 1,811 959 1,723 5,369 2,104 1,938 3,473 3,569 693 1,709 6,619 1,625 1,679 2,135 2,612 3,988 6,995 2,409 Abram Aintree AUerton Altcar Ashtcn-in-Makerfield Astley Atherton Aughton Bedford Biokerstaffe Billinge Chapel End . Billinge Higher End . Birkdale Bold Bootle-cum-Linacre . Buracough Burtonwood Childwall Cronton Cro'iby, Great Crosby, Little Croxteth Park Cuerdley Culcheth Dalton Ditton DownhoIIand Eccleston Municipal Rural Everton Fazackerley Formby Garston Golborue Haigh Hale Halewood . . Halsall Haydook £ 4,990 3,212 6,267 5,600 16,822 7.325 13,070 11,854 12,008 9,785 3,445 3,438 2,678 7,636 18,538 11,032 8,499 2,899 2,305 12,700 3,489 1,698 2,426 9,430 3,203 3,787 4,867 21,356 81,000 5,052 6,489 21,537 6,397 7,094 3,453 6,617 8,599 8,804 £ 6,624 3,829 9,539 5,868 32,393 8,594 22,490 15,271 15,929 11,725 5,091 3,903 11,909 9,647 45,254 13,219 10,607 3,800 2,-393 28,832 4,500 1,614 3,329 12,254 3,329 5,082 5,470 28,627 208,047 5,852 9,073 36,300 11,403 8,102 3,714 9,748 10,504 11,983 £ 8,576 4,016 13,754 5,930 43,488 9,400 30,972 18,682 17,184 12,068 4,212 3,940 21,288 11,444 68,660 13,170 13,030 4,034 2,936 44,568 4,564 1,500 4,058 13,142 3,548 7,560 5,686 35,736 266,604 6,754 10,898 49,246 16,016 13,932 3,900 13,846 10,988 16,156 £ 14,692 5,204 17,746 6,826 50,964 12,788 37,768 21,918 19,816 15,970 4,6-38 3,570 30,728 12,946 103,770 15,608 13,638 4,110 3,350 60,936 5,434 2,098 6,396 15,404 3,764 8,352 6,044 43,888 280,020 8,604 14,160 64,318 21,684 17,756 4,022 20,264 11,472 20,786 £ 24,748 6,380 22,lfl2 7,166 58,384 12,656 46,976 26,940 25,618 18,520 4,292 4,164 50,918 16,778 278,692 19,200 15,658 4,328 4,430 70,490 6,828 2,096 6,460 16,234 3,472 13,338 6,138 35,756 24,424 60,180 329,520 9,088 23,060 73,108 23,420 15,656 4,536 27,820 12,454 20,368 Persons. 968 312 482 501 5,679 2,237 4,655 1,655 5,384 1,667 1,777 900 625 773 4,106 2,480 831 166 439 2,403 407 41 193 2,395 462 584 766 8,509 25,883 427 1,594 2,756 1,910 1,220 629 1,146 1,194 1,994 Persons. 911 300 559 540 6,566 2,109 6,907 1,870 6,568 1,637 2,015 1,051 1,286 798 6,414 2,461 990 174 412 3,794 418 46 192 2,214 453" 764 748 11,640 54,848 407 1,780 4,720 2,776 1,171 648 1,205 1,204 3,615 Persons. 1,065 278 717 570 7,463 2,030 7,531 2,.597 6,610 1,910 1,961 1,267 3,375 921 16,247 2,202 1,112 197 429 6,362 432 31 187 2,266 497 1,139 757 13,832 90,937 454 2,016 7,840 3,688 1,201 665 1,790 1,336 5,286 Persons. 2,638 277 830 550 9,824 2,669 12,602 3,145 7,246 2,269 1,935 1,402 8,705 880 27,374 2,290 1,268 187 468 9,373 563 39 227 2,267 494 1,412 748 18,026 109,812 533 3,908 10,271 4,502 1,186 571 1,857 1,368 5,863 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 425 WEST DERBY HUNDRED— continued Township. Hindley Houghton, Middleton, and Arbury Huyton with Roby . Ince Blundell Inoe-in-MakerSeld Kenyon Kirkby Kirkdale Kuowsley Lathom Litherland Liverpool ,1 Lowton Lunt Lydiate Maghull MeUing Netherton Newton-in -Makerfield North Meols Municipal Rural Bnsls, etc. 1S54. Ormskirk Orrell Orrell and Ford Parr Pemberton Penketh Pennington Poulton with Fearn head Prescot Rainf ord Rainhill Rixton with Glazebrook Sankey, Great Scarisbrick Sefton Simonswood Skelmersdale Southworth with Croft Speke Sutton Thornton Torbock ToxtethPark Municipal .. Rural Tyldesley with Shacker- ley UphoUand Walton on the Hill Warrington Municipal . . Rural Wavertree West Derby Municipal Rural Westleigh Whiston ... Widnes . . , £ 16,000 1,614 14,968 4,771 20,701 4,587 7,114 31,505 9,364 18 406 12,491 ,040,400 5,611 1,126 5,171 7,430 5,160 2,632 14,848 27,605 10,308 4,793 2,344 10,628 13,339 2,789 9,676 3,732 9,092 8,622 7,682 3,471 3,655 12,128 2,763 2,976 3,366 3,743 4,837 26,667 2,041 3,799 18,592 14,152 12,147 18,487 52,390 27,782 144,190 8,728 8,658 11,195 Basis, etc. isaa. £ 25,271 2,019 23,179 5,660 48,070 5,779 9,5C2 155,648 9,826 21,821 23,661 1,520,391 7,165 1,152 6,133 8,555 5,809 3,400 28,424 81,302 12,338 5,486 2,800 19,342 22,557 4,054 13,666 4,234 9,050 12,123 10,826 4,402 5,658 15,367 3,209 3,537 7,477 4,715 5,750 49,213 2,264 4,142 266,800 30,650 297,450 17,875 14,423 22,881 60,779 6,847 67,626 45,798 136,179 109,476 245,655 17,191 9,547 30,564 £ 32,572 2,092 33,300 5,604 35,700 6,542 10,000 180,984 10.234 24,100 30,552 1,883,526 7,628 1,200 6,594 9,982 6,372 3,416 34,308 91,'870 12,582 Basis, etc. 1872. £ 50,952 2,278 37,468 6,360 50,904 9,672 12,154 251,600 13,612 27,844 34,550 1,921,416 8,572 1,264 6,876 11,520 6,990 3,708 40,666 168,'] 72 7,156 104,452 13,284 7,290 3,256 22,756 27,908 5,344 15,528 4,306 9,502 16,546 14,698 4,276 5,472 16,500 3,280 3,652 12,332 5,006 7,652 74,172 2,314 4,286 318,'968 43,502 362,470 28,296 16,924 30,988 89,318 6,936 96,254 66,170 172,'il4 158,104 330,218 24,918 12,168 56,736 Basis, etc. 1877. £ 65,664 2,258 45,000 6,532 64,760 8,726 13 206 308,554 13,746 34,896 54,672 2,046,024 9,574 1,208 7,414 13 726 7,896 3,942 52,254 219,'348 10,854 175,328 15,456 10,022 3,506 27,636 41,242 6,092 19,284 4,882 10,966 19,908 14,814 6,684 7,060 18,834 3,584 6,504 27,444 5,050 9,372 98,902 2,434 5,194 372,426 60,854 433,280 43,326 22,078 46,284 106,248 10,102 116,350 73,648 201,918 171,434 373,352 29,120 20,302 91,692 Basis, etc. 1884. 230,202 20,664 10,816 5,020 31,660 47,028 8,122 25,888 5,722 12,916 24,622 15,054 7,652 8,590 22,030 4,118 7,246 36,184 5,246 14,064 97,178 2,552 6,542 453,'850 123,716 577,566 48,132 20,406 124,620 139,024 16,808 155,832 94,266 240,126 212,044 452,170 34,288 20,884 121,234 Population in 1861. Persons. 7,023 238 1,785 561 3,670 293 1,460 9,893 1,486 3,291 2,252 258,236 2,140 75 842 1,056 662 258 3,719 6,183 2,762 279 4,875 5,252 679 4,573 708 6,393 2,333 1,622 796 527 2,109 433 470 760 1,097 534 5,288 298 681 61,834 5,397 3,359 2,469 20,800 4,011 32,973 3,750 1,825 3,217 1861. Persons. 8,477 253 2,079 572 8,266 274 1,415 16,135 1,349 3,385 3,632 269,742 2,384 78 848 1,144 728 286 5,909 14,661 6,426 2,932 358 8,253 6,870 784 5,015 672 5,136 2,784 2,130 752 563 2,112 430 461 1,028 1,094 571 9,223 291 626 69,284 6,029 3,463 3,598 24,050 5,392 52,694 4,434 1,727 6,905 1871. Persons. 10,627 252 3,184 540 11,989 234 1,397 32,978 1,283 3,659 4,884 238,411 2,144 103 848 1,284 771 350 8,244 22,274 6,127 3,561 414 9,281 10,374 1,042 5,423 687 5,077 3,336 2,308 739 630 2,143 390 451 3,171 1,033 509 10,905 294 647 85,842 6,408 4,158 6,459 29,894 7,810 77,969 5,590 2,058 14,359 Area in Statute Acres. Persons. 14,715 242 4,060 516 16,007 233 1,401 58,145 1,248 4,161 7,204 210,164 2,357 104 1,071 1,429 802 386 10,580 33,763 6,651 4,299 637 11,278 13,762 1,239 6,640 742 5,546 3,745 2,219 881 630 2,232 382 465 5,707 1,032 513 12,695 275 629 117,028 9,954 4,435 18,715 40,967 11,097 101,162 7,848 2,705 24,935 Acres. 2,611 853 3,054 2,316 2,320 1,685 4,175 926 5,058 8,694 1,205 2,470 1,830 477 1.995 2,098 2,118 1,126 3,103 8,467 573 1,618 727 1,633 2,894 1,059 1,483 1,320 270 5,872 1,640 2,988 1,923 8,397 1,2.34 2,645 1,941 1,884 3,734 3,725 774 2,413 3,598 2,490 4,685 1,944 2,887 1,838 6,203 1,883 1,783 3,339 55 426 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. WEST DERBY JWSVRED -continued. Townstiip. Basis, etc. 1864. Basis, etc. 1866. Basis, etc. 1S72. Basis etc. 1877. Basis, etc. 1884. Population in Area in Statute 1851. 1861. 1871. 1881. Acres. £ 63,894 24,042 4,592 5,337 2,774 6,333 11,222 £ 84,847 43,324 6,206 7,241 2,936 8,715 15,802 £ 97,396 56,190 6,856 9,456 3,598 11,890 19,602 £ 123,964 65,716 8,244 10,388 4,066 15,588 22,814 £ 163,592 81,550 9,400 Persons. 31,941 9,370 675 469 516 1,016 3,669 Persons. 37,658 12,229 633 451 496 1,062 3,586 Persons. 39,110 15,016 602 456 501 1,128 4,684 Persons. 48,194 19,473 545 487 504 1,159 4,541 Acres. 2,188 Windle 3,150 Municipal Rural Winstanlev 90,950 7,606 10,362 4,620 15,830 22,350 1,859 Winwick with Hulme.. Woolston with Martinscroft Woolton, Little 1,440 1,566 1,388 795 Woolton Much Total of West Derby Hundred 2,374,199 3,798,806 4,734,124 5,539,168 6,795,072 633,117 769,020 915,240 1,124,095 260,548 SUMMARY. Hundred. Basis, etc. 1854. Basis, etc. 1866. Basis, etc. 1872. Basis, etc. 1877. Basis, etc, 1884. Population in Area in Statute 1851. 1861. 1871. 1881. Acres. Lonsdale £ 298,276 414,272 574,608 199,038 3,049,263 2,374,199 £ 423,665 525,239 950,663 248,795 4,082,799 3,798,806 £ 514,402 592,544 1,159,472 282,236 5,269,222 4,734,124 £ 767,630 718,018 1,432,206 321,114 6,848,754 5,539,168 £ 1,010,772 896,956 1,738,740 370,946 7,791,862 6,789,222 Persons. 65,317 113,243 228,329 53,641 637,589 633,117 Persons. 71,164 130,728 286,955 58,622 1,112,951 769,020 Persons. 94,842 139,883 335,440 60,311 1.273,779 915,240 Persons. 139,033 162,118 417,085 65,958 1.546,152 1,124,095 Acres. 291,408 158,295 183,649 88,244 224,928 260,548 Amounderness . . . Lpyland Saltord West Derby Grand Total of County ... 6,909,666 10,029,967 12,552,000 15,626,890 18,598,498 2,031,236 2,429,440 2,819,495 3,454,441 1,207,072 Signed, by order of the Committee, C. R. JACSON, Chairman. Allowed and oonErmed by the Court of Annual General Session of the Peace held by adjournment at Preston, in and for the County Palatine of Lancaster, on Thursday, the Third day of April, in the forty-seventh year of the reign of Queen Victoria, and in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-four, pursuant to the Statute. Le Gendee N. Stabkie (Colonel), Chairman. Two or three Tables present useful summaries : — No. 1.— TABLE SHOWING THE VALUATION OF THE VARIOUS POOR-LAW UNIONS IN THE COUNTY (1884). Union. Total. *Ashton-under-Lyne , £406,280 Barton -upou-Irwell Earrow-in-FurnesB Blackburn Bolton Burnley Bury Chorley . 392,538 241,046 733,936 831,828 503,796 616,382 259,058 Chorlton 1,185,472 •Clitheroe 90,910 Fylde, The 333,864 Garstang 123,312 Haslingden 360,560 *Kendal 2,430 Lancaster 268,806 Leigh 251,512 Liverpool (Township) 2,046,024 Lunesdale 96,336 Union. Total. Manchester (Township) .£1,579,552 Oldham 739,398 Ormskirk 570,982 Preacot 659,112 Preston 568,588 Prestwich 508,188 Rochdale 516,810 Salford 767,996 *Stockport 132,078 *Todmorden 40 442 Toxteth Park 577|566 Ulverston 405,444 *Warringtou 303,'l34 WestDerby 1,932,582 Wigan 577,948 Total £18,623,910 Part in other Counties. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 427 No. 2.— VALUATION OF CITIES AND BOROUGHS HAVING COURTS OF QUARTER SESSIONS. Hundred. City or Borough. Comprising the Township of Valuation of the Township. Valuation of City or Borough. Bolton ■ Liverpool • Manchester - Wigan Great Bolton £ 204,148 148,778 36,214 10,918 16,304 2,046,024 329,520 368,554 453,850 240,126 1,579,552 128,928 20,728 266,848 137,920 252,034 Total £ Salford Little Bolton (part of) Halliwell (part of) 416,362 Rumworth do Tonge-with-Hau]gli(part of) Everton 3,438,074 West Derby Kirkdale Toxteth Park (part of) '.'.'.'..'. West Derby do Manchester Ardwick - ClftlfnT-r? Beswiok 2,386,010 Chorlton-upon-Medlock J 163,592 West Derby Wigan 6,404,038 No. 3.— VALUATION OF BOROUGHS NOT HAVING GRANTS OF QUARTER SESSIONS, HAVING THEIR OWN POLICE, AND NOT LIABLE TO BE RATED FOR COUNTY CONSTABULARY PURPOSES. Hundred. Borough. ComprisiDg the Township of Valuation of Township. Valuation of Borough. £ 361^374 6,004 17,768 18,292 10,136 'M22 410 9,676 318,844 2,708 3,122 130,200 54,432 75,174 13,488 158,896 192,420 382,902 Total £ 115,178 152,164 Salford Ash ton -under- Lyne Ashton-under-Lyne (part of ) . . . Do. do. ... Barrow-in-Furness 34,800 Barrow-in-Furness Blackburn - 241,046 Little Harwood Blackburn Lower Darwen (part of) Livesev f oart oi) 413,574 Witton do 85,126 Lancaster Salford OMham Oldham 480,060 Preston Rochdale - Salford -! Fish wick Grimsargh-with-Brockholes Lea, Ashton, Ingol, and Cot- I 341,060 Ribbleton fcart of) -, nfl^hlpton do. Salford Spotland do y 276,416 Wuerdale and "Wardle (part of) ^ Pendleton i- 734,220 Stockport , Southport J Salfnrfl Heaton Norris (part of) North Meols do Warrington do 60,484 219,348 West Derby "Warrington 139,024 £3,292,500 Valuation of Boroughs as above having their own Police £3,292,500 Valuation of Boroughs having separate Courts of Quarter Sessions 6,m,038 9,696,538 Valuation of part of County rateable for County Constabulary ^'^^^'^^^ Total Valuation of the County ,.£18,623,910 428 TJIE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. No. 4.- THE FOLLOWING TOWNSHIPS ARE NOT LIABLE TO CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS THE REPAIRS OF BRIDGES. Hundred. Lonsdale AmoundernesB Blackburn West Derby .. West Derby Township. ^Lancaster Preston Clitheroe Clitheroe Castle Altcar Winwick-with-Hulme Liverpool Wigan Valuation of Township. £ 85,126 318,844 36,548 114 7,166 10,362 2,046,024 163,592 Total exempt in Hundred. £ 85,126 318,844 36,662 17,528 458,160 2,209,616 Valuation of County ex Boroughs having separate Quarter Sessions ^^^'lio'^In Deduct— Townships exempt from contributing as above 4&»,ibU Valuation upon which Rates are levied for County and Hundred Bridges l^c'ini' nss £ll!''61>712 Valuation of Boroughs having separate Quarter Sessions oonoftiR Deduct— Liverpool and Wigan Townships exempt /, ZU9,blb Valuation for Orders upon Boroughs having separate Quarter Sessions 4,194,422 Total Valuation of County contributing towards the repair of County and Hundred Bridges £15,956,134 The following Table shows the amounts of various rates laid for different purposes, as County and Hundred Bridges, Houses of Correction, salary of Chairman of Quarter Sessions, and payments for the County Constabulary force. In each column we have omitted the shillings and pence, as immaterial to the substantial result : — No. 5.— VALUATION OF THE WHOLE OP THE COUNTY IN HUNDREDS, INCLUDING BOROUGHS HAVING GRANTS OR QUARTER SESSIONS. THE AMOUNTS STATED IN THE HEADS OF THE COLUMNS INDICATE THE AMOUNT OP A RATE AT SO MUCH IN THE POUND ON THE BASIS OR STANDARD. HUNDEED. Annual Value. 1884. Bate of a penny. 7-Stha ot a penny. Three far- things. 5-8ths of a penny. Half- penny. 3-Sths of a penny. Far- thing. 3-16ths of a penny. l-8th of a penny. 1-I2th of a penny. l-16tll of a penny. l-24th of a penny. l-32nd of a penny. £ 1,014,062 896,956 1,739,702 370,946 7,807,172 6,795,072 £ 4,225 3,737 7,248 1,545 32,529 28,312 £ 3,697 3,270 6,342 1,352 28,463 24,773 £ 3,168 2,802 5,436 1,159 24,397 21,234 £ 2,640 2,335 4,530 906 20,331 17,695 £ 2,112 1,868 3,624 772 16,264 14,156 £ 1,584 1,401 2,718 579 12,198 10,617 £ 1,056 934 1,812 386 8,132 7,078 £ 792 700 1,359 289 6,099 5,308 £ 528 467 906 193 4,066 3,539 £ 352 311 604 128 2,710 2,359 £ 264 233 453 96 2,033 1,769 £ 176 155 302 64 1,355 1,179 £ 132 Amouuderness.. Blackburn Leyland 116 226 48 Salf ord 1,016 West Derby ... 884 Total 18,623,910 77,699 67,899 58,199 48,499 38,799 29,099 19,399 14,549 9,699 6,466 4,849 3,233 2,424 No. 6.— OMITTING BOROUGHS HAVING GRANTS OF QUARTER SESSIONS. FOR THE COUNTY TREASURER, FOR GENERAL PURPOSES, FOR COUNTY LUNATIC ASYLUMS, AND FOR MAIN ROADS. HOKDRED. Annual Value. 1884. Bate of a penny. 7-8th3 of a penny. Three far- things. 6-8ths of a penny. Half- penny. 3-8ths of a penny. Far- thing. 3-16ths of a penny. l-8th of a penny. l-12th l-16th of a of a penny, penny. l-24th of a penny. l-32nd of a penny. Lonsdale £ 1,014,062 896,956 1,739 702 370,946 5,004,800 3,193,406 £ 4,225 3,737 7,248 1,545 20,853 13,305 £ ■3,697 3,270 6,342 1.352 18,246 11,642 £ 3,168 2,802 5,436 1,159 15,640 9,979 £ 2,640 2,335 4,530 966 13,033 8,316 £ 2,112 1,868 3,624 772 10,426 6,652 £ 1,584 1,401 2,718 579 7,820 4,989 £ 1,056 934 1,812 386 5,213 3,326 £ 792 700 1,359 289 3,910 2,494 £ 528 467 906 193 2,606 1,663 £ 352 311 604 128 1,737 1,108 £ 264 233 453 96 1,303 831 £ 176 155 302 64 868 554 £ 132 Amouriderness .. Blackburn Leyland 116 226 48 Salford 651 West Derby 415 Total 12,219,872 50,916 44,551 38,187 31,822 25,458 19,093 12,729 9,546 6,364 4,243 3,182 2,121 1,591 ''** The omission of the shillings and pence in the several Hundreds causes an apparent inaccuracy in the total. ^ Contributes to the cost of Caton (Lune) Bridge, THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 429 URBAN SANITARY AUTHORITIES. (The initials M.B. stand for Municipal Borough, L.B. Local Board, and I.C. Improvement Commissioners.) Authorities. Abram Accrington Adlington Allerton Asht'in-in-Makerfield Ashton-under-Lyne Aspull Astley Bridge Atherton Audenshaw Baeup Barrow-in-Furness Barton, Eocles, Winton, and Monton Billinge Birkdale Blackburn Blackpool Blackrod Bolton Bootle-cum-Linacre Brierfield Burnley Bury Castleton Cbadderton Childwall Chorley Church Clay ton-le-Moors Clitheroe Colne and Marsden Crompton Croston Crumpsall Dalton-in-Fumess Denton and Haughton . . Droylsden Failsworth Farnworth Fleetwood Fulwood Garston Gorton Grange Great Crosby Great Harwood Haslingden Haydock Heaton Norris Heywood Hindley Horwich Hurst Huyton-with-Roby Ince-in-Makerfield Kearaley Kirkham Lancaster Lathom Lees Leigh Levenshulme Leyland Litherland Character of Authority. L.B. M.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. M.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. M.B. M.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. M.B. M.B. L.B. M.B. M.B. L.B. M.B. M.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. M.B. L.B. L.B. M.B. L.B. LB. L.B. L.B. LB. L.B. L.B. L.B. LB. LC. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. M.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. M.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. Population, ISSl. 2,638 31,435 3,258 830 9,825 37,027 8,111 5,H13 12,602 5,930 26,034 47,100 21,785 3,882 8,706 104,012 14,229 4,234 105,414 27,374 4,088 58,751 52,213 4,017 16,897 207 19,478 4,850 6,694 10,176 11,970 9,797 1,791 8,151 13.339 12,711 8,687 7,907 20,708 8,000 3,725 10,131 33,091 1,150 5,100 6,287 16,291 5,863 5,797 22,979 14,715 3,761 6,382 4,060 16,009 7,241 3,840 20,663 4,161 3,511 21,733 4,860 4,961 2,486 Kiiteablo Value, 1881. £ 25,000 113,820 9.708 19,000 57,547 139,960 24,81 4 26,013 48,083 32,838 81,010 220,860 99,154 18,661 51,826 383,097 148,190 19,337 400,811 404,888 13,015 213,630 219,308 25,524 81,500 4,012 61,652 19,015 20,418 32,522 45,303 42,842 10,189 38,722 94,208 40,367 30,000 34,043 63,632 32,254 16,383 85,557 102,613 3,172 35,562 23,405 63,778 19,302 36,353 96,234 57,270 15,642 20,420 30,089 63,476 23,880 10,716 92,090 31,950 12,056 83,863 19,073 27,822 13,920 Authorities. Littleborough Little Crosby Little Hulton Little Lever Little Woolton Liverpool Lytham Manchester Middleton Milnrow Mosaley Moss Side Much Woolton '. Nelson Newton Heath Norden Oldham Openshaw Ormskirk Orrell Oswaldtwisle Over Darwen Padiham and Hapton Pemberton Poulton, &c Prescot Preiston Prestwich Radcli£fe Rainford Ramsbottom Rawtenstall Reddish Rishton Rochdale Rojton St. Ann's-on-the-Sea St. Helens Salford Skelmersdale Southport S tandish-with-Langtree . . . Stretf ord Swinton and Pendlebury Todmorden Toxteth Park Trawden Turton Tyldesley, &c Ulverston UphoUand Walton-le-Dale Walton-on-the-HiU Warrington Waterloo-with-Seaforth . Wavertree West Derby Westhoughton Whitefield Whitworth Widnes Wigan ... Withington Wuerdle and Wardle Character of Authority. L.B. LB. LB. L.B- L.B. M.B. LC. M.B. M.B. L.B. M.B. LB. L.B. L.B. LB. L.B. M.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. M.B. LB. L.B. LB. L.B. M.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. LB. L.B. L.B. L.B. M.B. L.B. L.B. M.B. M.B. L.B. M.B. LB. L.B. L.B. LB. L.B, L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. M.B. L.B. L.B. LB. L.B. L.B. L.B. L.B. M.B. L.B. LB. Population, 1S81. 10,405 583 5,724 4,413 1,159 552,508 5,616 341,414 18,952 7,021 13,382 18,129 4,712 10,381 30,000 4,044 111,343 16,153 6,651 4,299 12,206 31,833 8,983 13,763 3,931 6,418 96,537 8,627 16,267 3,745 18,000 29,226 5,567 4,056 68,866 11,433 1,179 61,830 176,235 5,707 32,206 4,261 19,025 18,108 23,861 10,371 2,164 5,653 9,953 10,008 4,435 9,286 18,772 41,452 9,107 11,157 33,614 9,197 9,516 12,000 24,919 48,194 17,108 4,631 Rateable Value, 1881. £ 36,381 6,076 24,273 15,340 16,140 3,168,559 28,391 2,411,509 55,141 34,340 55,043 101,768 21,248 44,838 100,450 16,355 564,026 80,883 19,673 11,058 43,635 103,602 29,752 49,974 29,903 13,676 325,973 40,500 75,233 22,715 84,334 106,384 29,707 21,730 252,186 44,000 11,085 247,483 755,347 31,340 221,000 22,065 122,437 70,000 76,582 128,758 9,589 24,610 46,738 43,703 23,595 31.651 174,652 140,703 86,941 101,542 212,048 36,865 40,242 49,603 28,828 66,445 42,461 21,259 430 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIEE— APPENDIX IX. POOR LAW (AND RURAL SANITARY) AUTHORITIES. Unions and Authorities. Ashton-under-Lyne (P.L.A.) Ashton-under-Lyne (R.S.A.) Barrow-in-Furnesst Barton-upon-Ir ^ ell Blackburn (P.L.A.) Blackburn (R.S.A.) Bolton Burnley (P.L.A.) Burnley (R.S.A.) Bury Chorley (P.L.A.) Chorley (R.S.A.) Chorlton* Clitheroe Fylde Garst ang Haslingden Lancaster Leigh (P.L.A.) Area Acres. 3,8579 24,928 16,937 24,552 45,855 46,'413 63,674 47,012 33,527 54,426 43,663 11,697 119,226 59,032 60,199 26,712 60,038 24,352 Population (18S1). 154,501 12,910 47,276 72,811 175,948 8,102 192,413 118,391 26,011 129,608 47,726 18,244 258,206 23,493 40,663 12,375 95,293 40,769 56,315 Rateable Value (ISSe). £ 594,186 72,093 221,602 403,744 673,804 60,025 779,036 529,202 151,652 572,969 254,723 145,147 1,170,706 155,303 355,664 122,999 352,347 296,698 245,481 Unions and Authorities. Leigh (R.S.A.) Liverpoolt Lunesdale Mancheatert Oldham Ormskirk Prescot Preston (P.L.A.) .... Preston (R.S.A.) .... Preatwich Rochdale* Salford* Todmordeu Toxteth Parkt Ulverston Warrington West Derby (P.L.A.) West Derby (R.S.A,) Wigan Area Acres. 13,247 2,470 75,734 1,577 16,230 87,884 53,140 67,539 49,219 11,346 34,822 6,040 34,994 3,598 126,568 31,071 35,909 13,597 48,396 Population (1881). 12,027 207,132 7,132 148,799 168,459 83,179 117.938 129,147 15,907 121,269 121,910 181,525 35,526 116,729 19,184 70,222 358,073 13,597 139,867 Rateable Value (1SS6). £ 67,200 2,036,555 86,380 1,502,766 590,336 550,182 634,816 549,997 143,270 480,793 468,557 783,908 141,887 543,272 176,842 309,054 2,168,358 56,386 567,953 COUNTY POLICE DIVISIONS. Foe Petty Sessional PnnposEs. PoUce Divisions. N. Lonsdale. S. Lonsdale . Garstang .... Kirkham L. Blackburn Church H. Blackburn . Rossendale Leyland Hundred Ley land Bolton Bury Rochdale . Ashton-under-Lyne Manchester West Derby and Bootle. Bootle (County) Bootle (Borough) Ormskirk Prescot .... St. Helens . Warrington . Wigan Petty Sessions held at Ulverston (also Barrow) Cartmel Hawkshead Hornby Lancaster Garstang Preston Kirkham, Fleetwood, and Blackpool .. Blackburn Haslingden Over I )arweu Walton-le-Dale Clitheroe Church Blackburn Clitheroe (County) Clitheroe (Borough) Burnley (Borough) Burnley (County) Bacup Rawtenstall Haslingden Chorley and Crostou Leyland County Police Station, Bolton Bury (County) Bury (Borough) Heywood (Borough) Rochdale Middletou Todmorden Royton Ashton-under-Lyne Manchester, Worsley, Heaton Norris, and Gorton Liverpool Liverpool Bootle (Borough) Ormskirk Southport Prescot, Widnes, and Woolton St. Helens Leigh Warrington and Newlon-le-Willows Wigan f, Days of Holding Petty Sessions. Every Thursday (11 o'clock). First Tuesday. Alternate Mondays. Once a mouth. Every Saturday. Alternate TImrsdays. Every Saturday. Court House at each place every alternate Monday. Every Wednesday. Alternate Mondays. Every Thursday. Alternate Fridays. Every fourth Tuesday. Every Thursday. Every Wednesday. Once a month. Once a month. Every Wednesday. Alternate Mondays. Every Wednesday. Alternate Thursdays. Alternate Mondays. Chorley, every Tuesday ; Croston, every 2ad Wednesday. Every 2nd Monday. Mondays and Thursdays, every week. f Mondays and Thursdays, every week. Wednesdays. Every Wednesday. Alternate Thursdays. Alternate Thursdays. Every Wednesday. Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays. \ Manchester, daily; Worsley, alternate Fridays; Gorton, J every Wednesday ; Heaton Norris,alternate Mondays. Liverpool, every Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday. Every Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday. Daily. First Friday. 1st and 3rd Thursdays. / Prescot, 1st and 3rd Tuesdays ; Widnes, every Wed- \ nesday ; and Woolton, Ist and 3rd Fridays. Monday, fortnightly. Every Monday. I Warrington, 1st and 3rd Wednesdays ; Newton-le- ( Willows, 2nd and last Saturdays. Every Monday and Friday. * Poor-Law Unions. f Poor-Law Parishes only— not Rural Sanitary Authorities. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 431 COUNTY MAGISTRATES AND DEPUTY LIEUTENANTS. The following List of Magistrates on the Commiasion of the Peace for the County Palatine of Lancaster is compiled from the Official List, obligingly furnished by Frederic Campbell Hulton, Esq., Clerk of the Peace for the County. It has been corrected so as to represent the state of the Commission in October 1887. Marked thus ' are Deputy Lieutenants and Magistrates, the others are Magistrates only. LONSDALE HUNDRED. June 29, Ainslie, Aymer, Esq., Hall-Qarlh, Kellet, Carnforth. October 14, 1872. Ainslie, Montague Mordaunt, Esq., Hawkshead, and 59a, Davies Street, Berkeley Square, London, W. January 4, 1847. Ainslie, William George, Esq., M.P., Ulverston. May 14, 1874. Ainsworth, David, Esq., The Flosh, Whitehaven. May 22, 1879. *Ainsworth, David, Esq. (Lieut-Colonel), Broughton Hall, Grange, Cartmel. October 20, 1869. Archibald, Charles William, Esq., Rusland Hall, Ulverston. August 22, 1883. Askew, Henry William, Esq., Burswood Park, Walton-on- Thames. December 31, 1855. Atkinson-Grimshaw, Richard, clerk, Torquay. February 14, 1859. Baines, Lazarus Threlfall, Bawtrey Hall, Yoi'kshire. October 18, 1875. Baldwin, William John Atkinson, Esq. (Colonel), Dalton-in- Furness, and The Albany, London, W. February 19, 1868. Barratt, James William Henry, Esq., Holywath, Coniston, Amble- side. May 18, 1887. Barton, Edward, Esq., Warton Grange, Carnforth. October 18, 1886. Beck, William Alcock, Esq. (Major), Hawkshead, Ambleside. April 4, 1859. Bent, Baldwin Harry, Esq., Stowe Hill, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. January 5, 1857. Bird, Charles Henry, Esq., Crookey, Garstang. January 15, 1867. Blades, Charles, Esq., Moor Piatt, Caton, Lancaster. June 27, 1887. *Bolden, William Bolden, Esq., Hyning, Carnforth. April 4, 1836. Bowman, Thomas, Esq., Roger Ground, Hawkshead. December 31, 1849.^ Brancker, John Houghton, Esq., The Crow Trees, Melling, near Carnforth. August 12, 1885. Bridson, Joseph Ridgway, Esq., Bryerswood, Windermere. April 20, 1870. Brogden, Alexander, Esq., London. June 27, 1864. Cavendish, Lord Edward, M.P., Holker Hall, Cartmel. October 18, 1875. Clarke, John Edward Henry, Esq., Hollen Oak, Haverthwaite, Ulverston. April 3, 1876. Cook, Henry, Esq., Salthouse Villa, Barrow-in-Furness. January 1, 1883. Cowper, James Canham, Esq., Keenground, Hawkshead, Amble- side. April 7, 1879. Cragg, William Smith, E^q., Arkholme, Kirkby Lonsdale. April 5, 1869. Cranke, John, Esq., Ulverston. July 12, 1878. *Cross, Right Hon. VLscount, G.C.B., Eocleriggs, Broughton-m- Furness. April 17, 1860. Dawson, Edward Bousfield, Esq., Aldcliffe Hall, Lancaster. October 18, 1875. ^ „ „ „ „ „ *Devonshire, The Most Noble the Duke of, K.G., Holker Hall, Cartmel. January 4, 1836. Dickson, Arthur Benson, Esq., Abbotts Reading, Haverthwaite, Ulverston. December 30, 1872. .„„-,, Edmondson, Thomas Grassyard, Esq., Grassyard Hall, baton, Lancaster. February 7, 1867. Garnett, Charles Henry, Esq., Wyreside, Lancaster. 1874. *Garnett, Henry, E^q., Wyreside, Lancaster. April 3, 1854. Garnett, Robert, Esq., Leyfield, Kirkby Lonsdale, Carnforth. February 22, 1882. *Garnett, William, Esq., Quernmore Park, Lancaster. November 23, 1874. Gillow, Richard Charles, Esq., Lancaster, July 1, 1878. Gillow, Richard Thomas, Esq., Leighlon Hall, Carnforth. April 4, 1853. Grafton, Frederick William, Esq., Heyaham Hall, Lancaster. August 27, 1871. Greene, Dawson Cornehus, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), Whittington Hall. Kirkby Lonsdale, Carnforth. July 1, 1867. Greene, Henry Dawson, Esq. , Whittington Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale. October 28, 1884. Greg, Albert, Esq., Escowbeck, Caton, Lancaster. April 2, 1877. Gregson, Bryan Padgett, E.sq., Caton, Lancaster. June 28, 1875. Harker, John, Esq., M,D., Hazel Grove, near Carnforth. October 20, 1886. Hargreaves, William, Esq., 66, Cambridge Terrace, Hyde Park, London. October 19, 1842. Harris, Samuel James, Esq., Halton Park, Lancaster. June 27, 1887. Harrison, Wordsworth, Esq., The Lund, Ulverston. April 7, 1879. *Hartington, Bight Hon. the Marquis of, M.P., Holker Hall, Cartmel. December 30, 1860. Hibbert, Henry, Esq., Broughton Grove, Grange-over-Sands . January 5, 1881. Hibbert, Percy John, Esq., Plumtree Hall, Milnethorpe. April 6, 1885. *Hibbert, Right Hon. John Tomlinson, Hampsfield, Grange-over- Sands, July 9, 1855. Hibbert, Thomas Johnson, Esq., Broughton Grove, Cartmel. June 27, 1870. Higgin, William Housman, Esq., Q.C., Springfield, Lancaster. August 23, 1869. *Hornby, Edmund Geofirey Stanley, Esq., Dalton Hall, Burton, Westmorland. June 29, 1863. Johnson, Christopher, Esq., Lancaster. January 2, 1882. Kennedy, James Douglass, Esq. (Captain), Scarthwaite, Lancaster. October 20, 1875. Kennedy, Matthew, Esq., Low Nook, Ambleside. January 11, Lane, William, Esq., Walker Ground, Hawkshead. March 1, 1887. Leeming, Richard, Esq., Greaves House, Lancaster. January 2, 1882. Le Fleming, Stanley Hughes, Esq., Rydal Hall, Ambleside. April 7, 1884. Lister, Edward, Esq., c/o A. M. Martin, Esq., 22, Kidbrook Grove, Blackheath, London. July 4, 1883. Little, James William, Esq., Armadale, Barrow-in-Furness. April 5, 1880. „ „. ^ *Marshall, John Bowlandson, Esq., HoUington House, HoUington, Hastings. November 28, 1850. Marshall, Victor Alexander Ernest, Esq., Waterhead House, Coniston, Ambleside. October 14, 1878. *Marton, George Blucher Heneage, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), Capern- wray Hall, Carnforth. June 29, 1863. Midgley James Herbert, Esq., Berners Close, Grange-over- Sands. June 28, 1886. *Fell, John, Esq., Dane Ghyll, Furness Abbey, Barrow-in-Furness. j^^^^^l'^^^' J;^^," "^orth, ' Esq., Newton, Kirkby Lonsdale. Fell, SaLuei Gregson, Esq., Walton House, Llangollen. April jj^j.j.°'=^"^rth^ |,q^^Newtou Cottage, Kirkby Lonsdale. August *Fenwick, Thomas Fenwick, Esq., Burrow, Kirkby Lonsdale. ^^^^'^^'.^^^^[^ Chevallier, Esq., Cartmel, Carnforth. January April 8, 1878. _. iq \qqi Fitzgerald, Sir Gerald Dalton, Bart., 42, Grosveuor rJace, p^^.^^ ^-^jj^^ ^sq., West Mount, Barrow-in-Furness. January Fetch,' William, Esq., Cavendish Park, Barrow-in-Furness. January 1, 1883. London, S.W. October 19, 1868, on,,,., *Ford, William, Esq., Ellel Hall, Lancaster. June 30, 1851. Gale, Henry Richmond Hoghton, Esq., Baidsea Hall, Ulverston, January 5, 1857. 432 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. Preston, George Theophilus Robert, Esq., EUel Grange, Lancaster. October 18, 1869. Preston, Right Hon. Lord Stanley of, G.C.B., Witherskck Hall, Grange, and 5, Portland Place, London, W. January 20, 1866. *Ramsden, Sir James, Knight, Furness Abbey, Lancashire. August 24, 1864. Rawlinson, Robert, Esq., 4, Lansdowne Villas, Cheltenham. May 23, 1872. Redmayne, Giles, Esq., Brathay Hall, Ambleside. May 23, 1872. Ridehalgh, George John Miller, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), Fell Foot, Newby Bridge, Ulverston. January 6, 1869. *Rigge, Henry Fletcher, Esq., Wood Broughton, Grange. June 29, 1868. Royds, Charles Twemlow, Clerk, Heysham, Lancaster. October 19, 1868. Royds, Francis Twemlow, Clerk, Heysham Rectory, Lancaster. January 4, 1886. Saunders, Charles Morley, Esq., Wenniugton Hall, Lancaster. May 28, 1877. Schneider, Henry William, Esq., Belsfleld, Windermere. July 14, 1874. Sharp, Edward, Esq., Linden Hall, Carnforth. January 4, 1886. Smith, Josiah Timmis, Esq., Rhine Hill, Stratford- on- Avon. December 30, 1872. Starkie, John Piers Chamberlain, Esq., Ashton Hall, Lancaster. February 22, 1865. Storey, Sir Thomas, Knight, Lancaster. April 7, 1873. Strongitharm, Augustus Horace, Esq., Priorslea, Barrow-in- Furness. January 1, 1883. Sunderland, John William, Esq., Swarthdale, Ulverston. October 18, 1875. Wadham, Edward, Esq., Millwood, Dalton-in-Furness. January 4, 1869. Waithman, Joseph, Esq., Chudleigh, Devonshire. January 17, 1865. Waithman, Robert William, Esq., Moyne Park, Ballyglunin, Co. Galway. April 5, 1852. Welch, Henry Edward Parker, Esq., Leek Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale. June 27, 1887. Welch, Henry Thomas, Esq., Leek Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale. January 2, 1860. Westray, Robinson, Esq., Barrow-in-Furness. February 26, 1880. Whalley, Joseph Lawson, E.«q. (Lieut.-Colonel), 2, Queen Street, Lancaster. May 22, 1879. Whitle, Robert, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), Cheltenham. January 6, 1864. Williamson, James, Esq., M.P., Uyelands, Lancaster. January 3, 1881. Wilson, Thomas Newby, Esq., The Landing, Ulverston. Novem- ber 23, 1874. AMOUNDERNESS HUNDRED. Anderton, Wilfrid Francis, Esq., Haighton Hall, Preston. August 23, 1870. Beaumont, Thomas Richard, Esq., Preston. January 8, 1869. Bickerstaff, Robert, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), Swillbrook, Preston. October 16, 1872. Birley, Edmund, Esq., Clifton Hall, Preston. July 3, 1850. Birley, Hutton, Esq, Kirkham. February 17, 1875. *Birley, William, Esq., The Larches, Preston. January 5, 1859. Booth, John Billington, E^q., Overleigh House, Preston. October 20, 1869. Bowdler, William Henry, Esq., The Square, Kirkham. July 30, *Brockholes, William Joseph Fitzherbert, Esq., Claughton Hall, Garstang. January 5th, 1876. Chadwick, Frank, Esq., Burholme, Whitewell, Clitheroe. January 15, 1867. Chapman, William, Esq.,Wyre Bank, Garstang. January 7, 1880. Cooker, William Henry, Esq., Blackpool. February 17, 1875. Coventry, His Honour Judge Millis, 1, Temple Gardens, London, E.C. August 10, 1887. Cunliffe, Ellis, Esq. (Major), Lytham. January 4, 1860. Dunderdale, Robert, Esq., Poulton-le-Fylde. October 20, 1869. Fair, Thomas, Esq., Westwood, Lytham. February 17, 1875. *Fazaekerley-Westby, Jocelyn Tate, Esq., Mowbreck Hall, Kirk- ham. December 1, 1862. Fish, James, Esq., Dean Street, South Shore, Blackpool. June 8, 1886. German, James, Esq. (Major), Vine Court, Sevenoaks, Kent. June 28, 1853. Hall, Henry, Esq., 8, Soarisbrick Street, Southport. May ]8, 1882. Hammond, Joseph Hutchinson, Esq., M.D., Winckley Square Preston. November 30, 1877. ' Handley, Richard, Esq., 9, Carlton Terrace, BlackpooL May 20, 1885. Hermon, Sidney Albert, Esq., Newnham House, Lytham. May 20th, 1885. Hornby, Hugh Phipps, Esq., St. Michael's, Garstang. October 19, 1881. Irvin, David, Esq., Preston. October 20, 1869. Jackson, Jonathan, Esq., Vale House, Garstang. February 18, 1876. *Jacson, Charles Roger, Esq., Barton Hall, Preston October 17, 1849. Lowndes, Edward Chaddook, Esq., Castle Combe, Chippenham, Wilts. July 3, 1867. Mucklow, Edward, Esq., Grange. June 28, 1869. Oliverson, Richard, Esq., 37, Gloucester Square, Hyde Park, London, W. January 2, 1861. Park, William Philip, Esq., Osborne House, Fulwood, Preston. February 17, 1875. Pedder, Richard, Esq., Finsthwaite, Ulverston. October 13, 1866. Pedder, Wilson, clerk. The Vicarage, Churchtown, Garstang. January 7, 1869. Porter, William, Esq., 12, Upper Queen's Terrace, Fleetwood. May 20, 1885. Satterthwaite, John, Esq., 14, Bushell Place, Preston. July 1, 1885. Simpson, Albert, Esq., Elmhurst, Garstang. May 18, 1870. Smith, Robert, Esq., Dilworth House, Longridge. June 30, 1886. Stott, Samuel, Esq., Woodfield, Lytham. May 20, 1885. Williams, Robert Hankinson, Esq., M.D., Great Eccleston, Garstang. January 15, 1867. BLACKBURN HUNDRED. Aitken, Thomas, E,sq., Holmes, Bacup. October 20, 1869. Appleby, Arthur, Esq., Enfield, Accrington. January 4, 1882. Armitstead, James Fisher, Esq., Cobwall House, Blackburn. May 27, 1869. Ashton, Ralph Shorrock, Esq., Woodlands, Over Darweu. Julv 4, 1855. ^ *Aspinall, Ralph John, Esq., Standen Hall, Clitheroe. April 7, 1875. *Af!sheton, Ralph, Esq., Downham, Clitheroe. May 18, 1854. Barlow, James, Esq., Croft House, Accrington. August 22, 1883. Birkbeck, John, Esq., Giggleswick, Settle. October 20, 1847. Birtwistle, William, Esq., Great Harwood, near Accrington. May 27, 1870. •' Bolton, Henry Hargreaves, Esq., Heightside, Newchurch-in- Rossendale. October 26, 1885. Briggs, Henry, Esq., M.D., Bank Parade, Burnley. February 22, 1882. Briggs, James, Esq., NewHeld, near Blackburn. May 27, 1869. *Brooks, Thomas, Esq., Suunyside, Rawtenstall. July 4, 1855. Brooks, William, Esq., Sunnyside House, Rawtenstall January 2, 1884. Butler-Bowdon, John Erdeswick, Esq. (Colonel), Pleasington Hall, Blackburn. August 3, 1872. Calvert, Richard, Esq., Waltou-le-Dale, Preston. January 7 1874. *Goddington, William, Esq., M.P., Wycollar, near Blackburn. February 25, 1867. Dewhurst, Robert, Esq., Little Moor House, Clitheroe. April 6, 1859. Dimmock, James, Esq., Over Darwen. July 3, 1872. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 433 Dugdale, Adam, Esq., Griffin Lodge, Blackburn. July 1, 1874. Dugdale, James, Esq., Ivy Bank, Burnley. April 10, 1867. Dugdale, Joseph, Esq., Claremont, Blackburn. December 1, 1884. Dugdale, William, Esq., Symonstone Hall, Padiham. May 19, 1874. Eccles, James, Esq., 15, Durham Villas, PhOlimore Gardens, Kensington, London, W. June 29, 1870. Ecclea, John, Esq., Farington House, near Preston. April 4, 1883. Eccles, Richard, Esq., Lower Darwen, Blackburn. January 7. 1852. Eccles, Thomas Mitchell, Esq., Crosshill, Blackburn. January 7, 1884. Ecroyd, Edward, Esq., Edgend, Burnley. October 17, 1881. Ecroyd, William Farrer, Esq., Spring House, near Burnley. October 17, 1866. Every-Halstead, Charles Edward, Esq., Rowley, near Burnley. August 22, 1883. *Feilden, Montague Joseph, Esq. (Major), Island of Hern, near Guernsey, April 5, 1838. Feilden, Handle Joseph, Esq. (General), M.P., Witton Park, Blackburn. February 18, 1876. Feilden, Sir William Leyland, Bart., Strada House, Scarborough, January 5, 1859. Fish, John, Esq., 40, Park Avenue, Southport. October 20, 1869. Flowerdew, Richard John, Esq., Walton Hall, Preston. April 6, 1870. Folds, James, Esq., Brunshaw, Burnley. April 10, 1867. Fort, Richard, Esq., Read Hall, Whalley. April 7, 1880. Gamett, James, Esq., Waddow Hall, Clitheroe. April 7, 1880. Gamett, William, Esq., Clitheroe. February 26, 1870. Gatty, Frederick Albert, Esq., Acorington. July 3, 1872. Greenway, Charles, Clerk, Darwen Bank, Over Darwen. February 19, 1868. Greenwood, John, Esq., Tarleton House, Burnley. October 16, 1878. Qrimshaw, John Smalley, Esq., Woodside House, Huncoat, Acorington. August 29, 1873. Handsley, Robert, Esq., Reedley Lodge, Burnley. October 19, 1885. Hardman, Henry Hoyle, Esq., Homoliffe House, Rawtenstall. April 10, 1867. Hargreaves, John, Eaq. (Lieut. -Colonel), Broad Oak, Accrington. April 8, 1868. Harrison, Henry, Esq., Stanley, Blackburn. June 30, 1880. Hartley, Henry Waddington, Esq., Fence Gate, Burnley. Octo- ber 15 1879. Harrison, Jonathan Atkinson, Esq., M.D., Hazlewood, Haslingden. November 26, 1884. Heyworth, Eli, Esq., Springfield, Blackburn. June 30, 1880. Hindle, James, Esq., Sabden, near Whalley. February 26, 1870. Hodges. John Fowden, Esq., Bolney Court, Henley-on-Thames. April 5, 1838. *Holden, Henry, Esq. (Lieut-Colonel), Reedley House, Burnley. November 30, 1848. •Hopwood, John Turner, Esq., Hetton HaU, Rutlandshire. October 20, 1858. , , .„, , ^ Hornby, William Henry, Esq., M.P., Brookhouse, Blackburn. August 22, 1879. Howorth, John, Esq., Park View, Burnley. April 6, 1882. Howorth, John, Esq., Woodlands, Bolton-by-Bowland, Clitheroe. July 5, 1852. „ , ^ Huntington, Charles Philip, Esq., Astley Bank, Darwen, January 14, 1879. „ , t^ a -i Huntingdon, William Balle, Esq., Woodlands, Darwen. April cyf\ n Q Q A •Hutchinson,' Robert Hopwood, Esq., Highfield, near Blackburn, February 25, 1867. ^ . ,;r ^ ti Ingham, His Honour Judge Theophilus Hastings, Morton House, Skipton. February 26, 1847. „, , ,. „ . Irving, William, Esq., M.D., Park Gate, Blackburn. December Jackson, Robert Raynsford, Esq. (Colonel), Ashurst, West Hill, Sydenham, S.E. April 9, 1851. t,, , v, Johnston, James, Esq., Alum Scar, Pleasmgton, neor Blackburn. Kay-Shuttle'worth, Right Hon. Sir Ughtred James, Bart., M.P., Gawthorpe Hall, Burnley. October 20, 1869. Kerr, James, Esq., Dunkenhalgh, Accnngton. November 3, 1886. 56 Lightfoot, John Emanuel, Esq., Quarry Hill, Accrington January 7, 1874. Longworth, Solomon, Esq., Whalley. April 7, 1880. Mason, Thomas, Esq., Alkinooats, Colne. October 19, 1885, Munn, Robert Whitaker, Esq., Heath Hill, Stacksteads, near Manchester. August 1, 1878. Openshaw, Frederick, Esq., Hothersall Hall, Ribchester, near Preston. April 6, 1887. Parker, Edward, Esq., Browsholme Hall, Clitheroe. August 29 1873. Peel, William, Esq., Knowlmere Manor, Clitheroe. October 20, 1875. *Pilkington, James, Esq., Blackburn. February 26, 1847. *Petre, Henry, Esq., Dunkenhalgh, Acorington. April 6, 1859. Potter, John Gerald, Esq., Ernsdale, Over Darwen. April 7, 1852. Ranken, William Bayue, Esq., Hoddlesden, Over Darwen. October 13, 1866. Riley, John, Esq., Hapten House, Hapten, near Acorington. August 22, 1883. Rushton, James, Esq., Forest House, Newohurch-in-Rossendale. June 29, 1874. Shaw, Henry, Esq., Highfield, Blackburn. May 27, 1869. Shaw, Thomas, Esq., The Gables, Colne. April 11, 1887. Shorrock, Eccles, Esq., Low Hill House, Lower Darwen. July 4, 1855. Simpson, William Walmsley, Esq., Winkley, Whalley. August 22, 1883. Smith, George Ashworth, Esq., Westbourne, Helmshore. November 26, 1884. Smith, Thomas Thornber, Esq., Hill End, near Burnley. April 11, 1887. Smith, William, Esq., Springhill, Accrington. June 30, 1886. Snape, William, Esq., Lynwood, Darwen. February 21, 1877. *Starkie, Le Gendre Nicholas, Esq. (Lieut. -Colonel), Huntroyd, Padiham. October 18, 1865. Swale, Hogarth John, Clerk, Ingfield, Settle. July 4, 1855. Tattersall, William, Esq., Quarry Bank, Blackburn. April 7 1886. Taylor, James, Clerk, Bamber Bridge, Preston. October 21, 1868. Tipping, William, Esq., Brasted Park, Sevenoaks, Kent. November 28, 1850. Thompson, John, Esq., Beardwood Cli£fe, Blackburn. December 1, 1884. Thompson, Richard, Esq., Bramley Meade, Whalley. February 17, 1886. Thursby, John Ormerod Scarlett, Esq., Ormerod House, near Burnley, August 22, 1883. Thursby, Sir John Hardy, Bart. (Lieut.-Colonel), Ormerod House, Burnley, and Holmhurst, Christchurch. October 19, 1853. Thwaites, Daniel, Esq., Blackburn. May 20, 1852. Thwaites, John, Esq., Troy, Blackburn. May 27, 1858. Townsend, Richard, Esq., Bent Gate, near Haslingden. May 23, 1872. Trappes, Charles James Byrnand, Esq., Nidd Lodge, Higher Broughton, Manchester. January 15, 1867. Trappes, Thomas Byrnand, Esq. (Major), Clayton Hall, Accring- ton. December 1, 1862. Tunstill, Robert, Esq., Briarfield House, near Burnley. February 24, 188L Tunstill, William, Esq., Reedyford House, Burnley. May 24, 1869. Walmsley, George, Esq., Paddock House, Church, Accrington, October 18, 1854. Warburton, John, Esq., Greenfield, Haslingden. November 26, 1884 Weld, John, Esq., Leagrim Hall, Preston. July 4, 1860. Whittaker, John, Esq,, Lostock Hall, Preston. April 4, 1883. Whitaker, John, Esq,, Winsley Hall, near Shrewsbury. July 4, 1855. , , , ,^ Whitaker, Thomas, Esq., Beech Lodge, Haslingden, ma Man- chester. February 26, 1872. Whittaker, Thomas, Esq., Prospect Hill, Walton-le-Dale, Preston. October 21, 1868. *Whitaker, Thomas Hordern, Esq., The Holme, Burnley January 10, 1842. *Worsley-Taylor, Henry Wilson, Esq., Moreton Hall, Whalley. January 4, 1882. „ . ,, tji i v. Wraith, Lawrence Hargreaves, Esq., Newfield, near Blackburn, January 9, 1879. 434 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. LEYLAND HUNDRED. Baldwin, Thomas Rigbye, Clerk, Lsyland. July 4, 1855. Birley, Frederick Hornby, Esq., 13, Hyde Road, Ardwiok, Man- chester. May 24, 1880. Blundell, John, Esq., Boodle's, St. James's Street, London, S.W. January 17, 1860. Boulton, Alfred Ramsden, E^q., Harrock Hall, Wigan. Decem- ber 2, 1868. Bretherton, Norris, Esq., Moss House, Farington. June 30, 1886. Bretherton, William, Esq., Runshaw Hall, Chorley. September 29, 1866. Cooper, John, Esq., The Oaks, Preston. October 20, 1852. Crosse, Thomas Richard, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), Shaw Hill, Chorley. August 19, 1880. Davies, Benjamin, Esq., Adlington Hall, Chorley. November 1, 1877. De Trafford, Sigiamund Cathcart, Esq., Oroston Hall, Preston. April 9, 1879. *Eckersley, Nathaniel, Esq., M.P., Standish Hall, Wigan. January 2, 1850. Fermor-Hesketh, Sir Thomas George, Baronet, Rulibrd Hall, Ormskirk. April 9, 1873. Goggin, James Frederick, Clerk, Ruiford. Ormskirk. October 31, 1868. Hare, Theodore Julius, Esq., Crooke Hall, Chorley. May 23, 1878. Jackson, Edward, Esq., Rye Bank, Wheelton, Chorley. April 6, 1885. Marriage, David, Esq., Burgh Hall, Chorley. April 6, 1885. Park, John, Esq., Ollerton Hall, Chorley. January 5, 1859. Pedder, Charles Denison (Colonel), Kilbourne Hall, Derby. August 29, 1878. Rawcliffe, Henry, Esq., Gillibrand Hall, Chorley. October 18, 1882. *Rawstorne, Lawrence, Esq., Hutton Hall, Preston. Nsvember 28, 1866. Shackleton, Richard, Esq., Withnell Hall, Chorley. October 20, 1880. Silvester, Frederick, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), North Hall, Standish, Wigan. May 7, 1874. , Smethurst, Augustus William, Esq., Rookwood, Chorley. Julv 1, 1857. . Sparling, John, Clerk, Hillington Hall, Lynn, Norfolk. October 17, 1855. Stanning, John, Esq., Broadfield, Leyland. October 15, 1884. Stonor, Charles Joseph, Esq., Anderton Hall, Chorley. October 6, 1866. Thom, John, Esq , Lark Hill, Chorley. May 24, 1869. Thom, Robert Wilson, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), Birkacre, Chorley. May 26, 1884. *Townley-Parker, Thomas Townley, Esq., Cuerden Hall, Preston, and Lytham. November 3, 1847. Whitehead, James, Esq., Brindle Lodge, Preston. July 2, 1879. Wood, Christopher William, Esq., Brinscall Hall, Chorley. April 8, 1885. SALFORD HUNDRED. Agnew, William, Esq., Summer Hill, Pendleton, Manchester, and 11, Great Stanhope Street, Hyde Park, London. August 3, 1869. Ainsworth, Walton, Esq., Rivington, Chorley. October 15, 1883. Ainsworth, Richard Henry, Esq., Smithills Hall, Bolton. April 10, 1867. Aitken, Thomas, Esq., Manchester Road, Bury. April 11, 1887. Andrew, Charles, Esq., Compatall, Stockport. May 24, 1869. Andrew, Eli, Esq., The Ridge, Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derbyshire. September 25, 1866. Andrew, Frank, Esq,, 32, Chester Square, Ashton-under-Lyne. June 8, 1886. Andrew, George, Esq., Apsley House, Mossley, Manchester. February 27, 1865. Armitage, Benjamin, Esq., Chomlea, Pendleton, Manchester. August 3, 1869. Armitage, Benjamin, Esq., Sorrel Bank, Ecoles Old Road, Pendleton. August 24, 1886. Armitage, Samuel Fletcher, Esq., Peel Hall, Little Hultou. October 20, 1884. Armitage, Vernon Kirk, Esq., Swinton Park, Manchester. May 21, 1882. Arrowsmith, Peter Roth well, Esq., 28, Exchange Alley, Liver- pool. December 10, 1855. Ashton, John Howarth, Esq. (Major), County Police Court, Strangeways, Manchester. July 8, 1867. Ashton, Thomas, Esq., Ford Bank, Didsbury, Manchester. May 24, 1852. ^ Ashton, Thomas Gair, Esq., 36, Charlotte Street, Manchester. February 27, 1882. Ashworth, Charles Egerton, Esq., Droylsden, Manchester. January 11, 1869. Ashworth, Edmund, Esq., Egerton Hall, Bolton. AuOTst 22 1883. ^ ' Ashworth, Edmund, Esq., Rivercourt Lodge, Upper Mall, Hammersmith, London, W. February 3, 1869. Ashworth, Edward, Esq., Staghills, Waterfoot, Manchester. May 24, 1869. Ashworth, George Binns, Esq., Birtenshaw House, Bolton. October 26, 1874. Barlow, Samuel, Esq., Stakehill House, Chadderton, Manchester October 25, 1869. *Barne3, Thomas, Esq,, Famworth, Bolton. August 27, 1849. Barnes, Alfred, Es(r., Famworth, Manchester. December 30 1861. Bates, Ralph, Esq., Acres Bank, Stalybridge. April 15, 1867. Bayley, William, Esq., Stamford Lodge, Stalybridge. January 10, 1859. Bazley, Charles Henry, Esq., West Bank, Kersal, Manchester. July 5, 1869. Bealey, Adam Crompton, Esq., The Manor House, Bury. February 21, 1887. Bealey, Richard, Esq., The Close, Radcliffe, Manchester. Feb- ruary 25, 1856. Becker, John Leigh, Esq., Springbank, Ashley Road, Altrinoham, Cheshire. May 22, 1867. Bentley, John, Esq., Haughton Hall, Denton. July 9, 1883. Blackburue, Henry Clegg, Esq., The Acres, Middleton. October 20, 1884. Bridgford, Robert, Esq.,C.B. (Colonel), Hilton House, Prestwich, Manchester. August 8, 1881. Bridson, Thomas Ridgvvay, Esq., Bolton. January 26, 1867. Brierley, James, Esq., Westhill, Rochdale. October 22, 1866. Brierley, John, Esq., The Clough, Whitefield, Manchester. February 21, 1887. Brierley, Joseph, Esq., Castleton, Rochdale. November 23, 1866. Briggs, Arthur Lemuel, Esq., Thornleigh, Bolton. March 22, 1883. Briggs, William, Esq., Halifax, January 11, 1841. Bright, Jacob, Esq., M.P., Alderley Edge, Manchester. Feb- ruary 9, 1858. Bright, John Albert, Esq., Rose Hill, Rochdale. June 1, 1885. Bright, Thomas, Esq., Greenbank, Rochdale. October 23, 1865. Broadhurst, Henry Tootal, Esq., Woodhill, Prestwich, Man- chester. January 13, 1869. ♦Brooks, Sir William Cunliflfe, Bart., M.P., Barlow Hall, Man- chester. November 1, 1870. Buckley, Abel, Esq., M.P., Moss Lodge, Ashton-under-Lyne. October 23, 1865. Buckley, James Frederick, Esq., The Nook, Greenfteid, Saddle- worth. April 15, 1867. *Buckley, Nathaniel, Esq., Ryecroft, Ashton-under-Lyne. August 26, 1861. Butterworth, Alfred, Esq., Werneth, Oldham. April 13, 1885. Butterworth, James, Esq., Rake Bank, Rochdale. February 28, 1859. Chadwick, John, Esq., Buile Hill, Eccles Old Road, Manchester. October 25, 1869. *Chadwick, John, Esq., Woodville, Reddish, Stockport. January 10, 1853. Chadwick, James, Esq., High Bank, Prestwich, Manchester January 11, 1869. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 435 Chapman, Edward, Esq., Hill Ead, Mottram-in-Longdendale. April 10, 1871. Cheetham, John Frederiok, Esq., Stalybridge. October 24, 1870. UUeetham Joshua Milne, Esq., Singleton House, Higher iiroughton, Manchester. May 24, 1869. Christy, Richard, Esq., Walngate, Sussex. July 4, 1864. Christie, Richard Copley, Esq., Qlenwood, New Egham, Staines. October 31, 1878. Clegg, Harry, Esq., Plas Llanfair, Llanfair P.O. Anglesey. July 7, 1884. 5 J J Clegg, James Wild, Esq., Mumps House, Oldham. August 17, 1885. Cooke, William Walker, Esq., Denton, near Manchester. August 7, 1877. Cooper, John, Esq., HoUy Bank, Royton. October 6, 1887. Coward, Edward, Esq., Heaton House, Heaton Mersey, Man rhester. October 26, 1885. Craven, Thomas, Esq., Merlewood, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Man- chester. August 24, 1886. Crompton, Abram, Esq., High Crompton, Shaw, Oldham January 11, 1886. Crompton, Joshua, Esq., High Crompton, Oldham. January 11, 1869. ^ ■ Cross, Edward, Esq., Bradford House, Great Lever, Bolton April 9, 1883. Cross, Herbert Shepherd, Esq., M.P., Mortfield, Bolton. Octo ber 26, 1874. Crossley, Daniel Jones, Esq., Fallingroyd, Hebden Bridge. June 1, 1885. Crowther, Frank Gemmill, Esq., Beaumonds, Rochdale. August 28, 1882. Darbishire, George Stanley, Esq., Wyndham Club, London. August 8, 1881. Dearden, James Griffith, Esq., Rochdale Manor, Rochdale. October 22, 1866. Dickins, Albert Lungley, Esq., Park Lane, Higher Broughton, Manchester. October 13, 1884. Dickins, Thomas, Esq., Edgemoor House, Higher Broughton, Manchester. July 5, 1858. *Egerton, Hon. Algernon Fulke, M.P., Worsley Old Hall, Man- chester. January 24, 1861. EUesmere, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Worsley, Manchester. October 23, 1871. Fair, Jacob Wilson, Esq., Haighlands, Wigan. October 15, 1884. *Fairbairn, Sir Thomas, Bart., Brambridge House, Winchester. May 23, 1853. Fenton, James, Esq., Hazlehurst, Bamford, Rochdale. April 15, 1867. Fenton, Joseph, Esq., Bashall Lodge, Clitheroe. Jan. 3, 1853. *Fenton, William, Esq., Churchdale, Ashford, Bakewell, Derby- shire. February 28, 1848. Fieldeu, John, Esq., Dobroyd, Todmorden. February 27, 1865. Fielden, Samuel, Esq., Centre Vale, Todmorden. January 7, 1878. Flattely, Daniel Irvine, Esq., Newton Villa, Longsight, Man- chester. February 26, 1880. Fowler, Robinson, Esq., Manchester. August 28, 1865. Galloway, John, Esq., junior, The Cottage, Old Trafford, Man- chester. November 26, 1884. Garnett, Jeremiah, Esq., The Grange, near Bolton. April 5, 1886. Gamett, Stewart, Esq., Pendleton, Manchester. October 6, 1887. *Gray, William, Esq. (Colonel), Farley Hall, Reading. December 10, 1855. Greaves, Hilton, Esq., Derker Hall, Oldham. August 18, 1876. Greenwood, John, Esq., Glen View, Todmorden. May 23, 1887. Greg, Arthur, Esq., Eagley, near Bolton. February 26, 1880. Hadwen, Joseph, Esq., Fairfield, Manchester. April 11, 1870. .*Hardcastle, Edward, Esq., M.P., Headlands, Prestwioh, Man- chester. April 13, 1874. Hardcastle, Thomas, Esq., Bradshaw Hall, Bolton-le-Moors. July 6, 1885. Hargreaves, John, Esq., Greensnook House, Bacup. October 21, 1885. Hargreaves, William, Esq., Moss Bank, Bolton. April 10, 1867. Harrison, Thomas, Esq., West Hill, Stalybridge. January 10, 1853. Barter, James Collier, Esq., Manchester. May 23, 1859. Hartley, William, Esq., Simpson Hill House, Heywood. April 8, 1878. Hartley, William, Esq., The Orchard, Heywood. May 22, 1882. Harvey, James, Esq., The Whinns, Alderley Edge, Manchester. May 24, 1869. Heap, James, Esq., Cliffe House, New Hey, Rochdale. August 27, 1872. ^ Heape, Benjamin, Esq., Northwood, Prestwich, near Manchester. July 7, 1879. Heape, Robert Taylor, Esq., Highfield, Rochdale. August 7, 1858. Hegmbottom, Thomas, Esq., Stamford House, Ashton-under- Lyne. August 28, 1882. Henderson, Charles Paton, Esq., junior. County Police Court, Strangeways, Manchester. October 17, 1881. Herford, Edward, Esq., Westbank, near Macclesfield. May 30, 1870. Heron, Sir Joseph, Knight, Rookswood, Broughton Park, Manchester. May 26, 1873. Heywood; Arthur Henry, Esq., EUeray, Windermere. Decem- ber 3, 1860. Heywood, Edward Stanley, Esq., Light Oaks, Manchester. April 13, 1874. Heywood, Harvey, Esq., Spring Vale, Middleton. October 13, 1884. *Heywood, James, Esq., 26, Kensington Palace Gardens, London, W. October 22, 1838. *Heywood, OHver, Esq., Claremont, Pendleton, Manchester. July ^ 7, 1861. *Hibbert, Right Hon. John Tomlinson, Hampsfield, Grange-over- Sands. July 9, 1855. *Hick, John, Esq., Mytton Hall, Whalley. June 30, 1858. Higgin, William Housman, Esq., Q.C., Winter's Buildings, 32, St. Ann Street, Manchester. August 23, 1869. Hinchcliffe, George, Esq., Stoodley Lodge, Todmorden. July 14, 1864. Hinmers, William, Esq., Lancaster Road, Eccles, Manchester. January 9, 1865. Holt, James Maden, Esq., Balham House, Balham Hill, London, S.W. April 5, 1858. Houldswortli, Sir William Henry, Bart., M.P., Norbury Booths Hall, Knutsfurd. February 24, 1884. Hoyle, Edward, Esq., Moorlands, Bacup. April 8, 1867. *Hulton, William Wilbraham Blethyn, Esq., Hulton Park, Bolton. October 15, 1873. Hurst, Richard, Esq., Springhill, Rochdale. October 24, 1864. *Hutchinson, John, Esq. (Lieut-Colonel), Bury. August 25, 1858. Hutton, His Hunour Judge Crompton, County Court Office, Bolton. April 5, 1875. Hutton, James Frederick, Esq., Victoria Park, Manchester. August 23, 1880. Ingham, John Arthur, Esq., The Shaw, Todmorden. October 23, 1882. Isherwood, Thomas, Esq., Springfield House, Heywood. January 2, 1884. Jordan, His Honour Judge Thomas Hudson, Prestwich Park, Prestwich, Manchester. November 28th, 1883. Joule, Benjamin St. John Baptist, Esq., Wardle Road, Sale, Cheshire. October 22, 1866. Kay, Edward Greenwood, Esq., Mill House, Whitworth, Roch- dale. October 23, 1865. Kay, Richard, Esq., Chamber House, Heywood. February 27, 1865. Kearsley, Edward Sanderson, Esq. (Major), No. 6, Pembroke Villas, Richmond Green, Surrey, S.W. February 19, 1868. Kennedy, John Lawson, Esq., Ardwick House, Manchester. July 3, 1854. Kenworthy, Benjamin Mellor Esq., Ashton-under-Lyne. July 4, 1864. Kenyon, James, Esq., Walshaw Hall, near Bury. November 17, 1877. Kershaw, James, Esq., Delamere Place, Ashton-under-Lyne. February 2, 1867. Knowles, Andrew, Esq., Swinton Old Hall, Pendlebury, Man- chester. December 1, 1884. Knowles, John, Esq., West wood, Pendlebury, Manchester. August 29, 1882. Knowles, Samuel, Esq., Stormer Hill, Tottingtou, near Bury. July 5, 1875. Lancashire, Josiah Henry, Esq., Deeplish Hill, Rochdale. June 1, 1885. Lancashire, Oswald Philip, Esq., Butts House, Leigh, Manchester. May 18, 1887. 436 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. Law, Alfred, Esq., Eonreateld, Littleborough. June 1, 1885. Leach, Abraham, Eaq., Waterhead, Oldham. October 25, 1869. Leake, Robert, Esq., M.P., The Dales, Whitefield, Bury, and 34, Hill Street, Berkeley Square, Londou, W. February 28, 1881. Lee, Henry, Esq., Sedgley Park, Manchester. May 24, 1869. Lees, Edward Brown, Esq., Kelbarrow, Grasmere, Westmorland. April 15, 1867. Lees, EU, Esq., M.P., Werneth Park, Oldham. July 5, 1869. Lees, John Arthur, Esq., Alkrington Mount, Middleton. October 15, 1884. Lees, Joseph, Esq., Werneth Grange, Oldham. October 6, 1887. Lees, Joseph Crompton, Esq., Clarkesfield, Lees, Oldham. August 17, 1885. Leigh, Henry, Esq., Moorfield, Swinton, Manchester. April 13, 1874. Leresche, John Henry Proctor, Esq., 60, King Street, Manchester. January 11, 1886. Littlewood, John Stothert, Esq., Healey Hall, Rochdale. July 8, 1878. Lord, George, Esq., Heathlands, Prestwich, Manchester. Octo- ber 24, 1881. *Loyd, Edward, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), Lillesdeu, near Hawkhurst, Kent. April 20, 1841. *Maclure, John William, Esq., M.P., The Home, Whalley Range, Manchester. January 11, 1864. Maden, Henry, Esq., Rockcliffe House, Bacup. May 24, 1869. Mantel], Sir John lies. Knight, Manchester. October 25, 1869. Mart, Joseph Foveaux, Esq., Crescent, Salford, Manchester. October 29, 1867. Mason, Rupert, Esq., Audeashaw Hall, Fairfield, Manchester. June 28, 1886. Mayall, John, Esq., Rook Bank, Mossley, Ashton-under-Lyne. February 20, 1884. Mayson, John Schofield, Esq., Hawthorn Lea, Langham Road, Bowdon, Cheshire. July 4, 1864. Mellor, George, Esq., Holly Bank, Ashton-under-Lyne. May 31, 1858. Mellor, John Edward, Esq., Mottram Road, Stalybridge. • August 16, 1886. Mellor, John James, Esq., The Woodlands, Whitefield, Man- chester. April 10, 1867. Mellor, Jonathan, Esq., Polefleld, Prestwich, Manchester. July 4, 1859. Mellor, Robert, Esq., Higher House, Royton, near Oldham. August 17, 1885. Mellor, Thomas, Esq., Firs Hall, Failsworth. October 25, 1881. Mellor, Thomas Walton, Esq, Ashton-under-Lyne. March 2, 1863. MichoUs, Edward, Esq., The Limes, Victoria Park, Manchester. October 26, 1885. Milne, Alfred, Esq., Manchester. July 15, 1862. Milne-Redhead, Richard, Esq., Springfield, Seedley, Manchester. September 15, 1866. Molesworth, George Mill Frederick, Esq., Town House, Roch- dale. October 24, 1853. Mosley, Joseph, Esq., Cringle Hall, Levenshulme, Manchester. October 26, 1885. Neild, Jonathan, Esq., Dunster, Rochdale. January 10, 1859. Openshaw, John Hamilton, Esq., Stand House, Whitefield, Man- chester. February 21, 1887, Ormerod, Abraham, Esq., Ridgefoot House, Todmorden. July 7, 1856. •' Ormerod, James, Esq., Halliwell Lodge, Bolton. July 25, 1875. Ormrod, James Cross, Esq., East Bank, Halliwell, Bolton. March 22, 1883. Peacock, Richard, Esq., M.P., Gorton Hall, Manchester. October 22, 1866. *Pender, John, Esq., Arlington Street, London, W. April 13, 1863. 1 f > Petrie, James, Esq., Rylands, Birkdale, Southport. February 3, 1869. ■' *PhiIips, Robert Needham, Esq., The Park, Manchester. April 20, 1841. ^ Pilkington, Edward, Esq., Clifton House, CUfton, Manchester. October 22, 1883. *Platt, Samuel RadcUffe, Esq., Werneth Park, Oldham. January 16, 1873. Pochin, Henry Davie?, Esq., Barn Elms, Barnes, Surrey, S W. April 11, 1870. Porritt, James, Esq., Stubbins Vale House, Ramsbotfcom, near Manchester. November 17, 1877. *Potter, Thomaa Bayley, Esq., M.P., 31, Courtfield Gardens, South Kensington, London, S.W. July 7, 1851. *Radcli£fe, Joshua, Esq., Balderstone Hall, Rochdale. October 17, 1866. *RadcUffe, Joshua Walmsley, Esq., Werneth Park, Oldham. January 16, 1883. Reyner, Arthur Edward, Esq., Thornfield Hall, Ashton-under- Lyne. April 11, 1881. Reyner, Joseph Buckley, Esq., Thornfield Hall, Ashton-under- Lyne. May 24, 1869. Riley, John, Esq., Oldham. November 26, 1863. Robinson, James Salkeld, Esq., Roach Bank, Rochdale. August 28, 1882. Ross, Colin George, Esq., Swinton Park, Manchester. November 26, 1884. Roth well, Richard Raiushaw, Esq., Sharpies Hall, Bolton. February 2, 1867. Rowland, John, Esq., Thorncliffe, Royton, Oldham. April 15 1867. *Rowley, Alexander Butler, Esq., Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne. May 28, 1866. Rowley, Walter Thomas, Esq., The Grange, Hurst, Ashton-under- Lyne. April 11, 1881. *Royds, Albert Hudson, Esq., Falinge Lawn, Rochdale. January 3, 1853. *Royds, Clement Molyneux, Esq., Greenhill, Rochdale. Septem- ber 29, 1866. Royds, Edmund Albert Nuttall, Esq., Brownhill, Rochdale. November 28, 1873. Royle, Peter, Esq., M.D., Vernon Lodge, Brooklands, Manchester. July 4, 1864. Rushton, Thomas Henry, Esq., Halliwell Hall, Bolton. April 20, 1886. Russell, His Honour Judge John Archibald, Q.C., 2, Harcourt Buildings, Temple, London. November 11, 1870. Rylands, John, Esq., Longford Hall, Strettord, Manchester. May 24, 1869. Schofield, Christopher James, Esq., Whalley Villa, Whalley Range, Manchester. January, 8, 1883. Scholfield, James Henry, Esq., North View, Whitworth, Roch- dale. February 27, 1882. Schwabe, Frederick Sails, Esq., Rhodes House, Middleton, Manchester. December 6, 1880. Seville, Thomas, Esq., Blythe House, Southport. October 25, 1869. Sidebottom, Alfred Kershaw, Esq., Whitegates, Mottram, Cheshire. October 22, 1866. Slater, William, Esq., Holmes, Sharpies, Bolton. June 1, 1885. Smith, David, Esq., Birch View, Brighton Grove, Rusholme, Manchester. April 15, 1878. Smith, Fereday, Esq., Bridgewater Offices, Manchester. July 5, 1858. Smithson, Thomas, Esq., Faoit, Rochdale. February 27, 1882. Summers, James Wooley, Esq., Thomson Cross, Stalybridge. August 25, 1884. Sutoliffe, Gamaliel, Esq., Stoneshay Gate, Heptonstall. May 23, 1887. Sutoliffe, James Smith, Esq., Beach House, Bacup. January i, 1869. Sutc.iffe, John Crossley, Esq., Lee, Hebdeu Bridge. May 27, 1850. Sutoliffe, Thomas, Clerk, 24, York Road, Birkdale, Southport. July 4, 1864. Sykes, Edmund Howard, Esq., Edgeley, Stockport. April 15, 1867. Taylor, Herbert Coupland, Esq., Todmorden Hall, Todmorden. June 1, 1885. Taylor, John, Esq., Brookdale, Newton Heath, Manchester. October 22, 1866. Topp, Alfred, Esq., Farnworth, Bolton. July 6, 1870. Tweedale, John, Esq., Beightons, Rochdale. October 23, 1865. Tweedale, Robert Leach, Esq., Beightons, Rochdale. October 23, 1865. Underdown, Robert George, Esq., Northleigh, Seymour Grove, Old Trafford, Manchester. November 26, 1884. Walker, Charles, Esq., 17, The Grove, Boltons, South Kensington, London, S.W. May 22, 1882. Walker, John Soholes, Esq., Limefield, Bury. January 10, 1876. *Walker, Oliver Ormerod, Esq., Chesham, Bury, Lancashire. April 8, 1863. THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 437 Walker, Richard, Esq., Belle Vue, Bury, Lancashire. October Whitworth, Benjamin, Esq., Manchester. May 22, 1862. 22, 1877. Willans, Thomas Benjamin, Esq., Rochdale. August 19, 1872. Walker, William Ormerod, Esq., Summerfield, Bury, Lancashire. Wilson, Sir Matthew, Bart., Eshton Hall, Skipton. July 16, April 7, 1875. Walmsley, Edward, Esq., Heaton Norris, Stockport. July 8, 1861. Wardley, James, Esq., 69, Nelson Street, Oxford Road, Man- chester. May 27, 1869. Watkin, Sir Edward William, Bart., M.P., Rosehill, Northenden, Manchester. October 24, 1864. West, Henry Wyndham, Esq., Q.O., Temple, London, E.G. January 9, 1871. Whitaker, Charles, Esq., Royelands, Rochdale. June 1, 1885. Whitehead, Francis Frederick, Esq., Beech Hill, Saddleworth. April 15, 1867. Whitehead, Henry, Esq., Haslam Hey, Elton, Bury. February 21, 1887. Whitehead, John, Esq., Penwortham Priory, Preston. April 7, 1875. Whitehead, John Blakey, Esq., Rawtenstall, Manchester. April 8, 1863. 1827. Withington, George Richard, Esq. (Gaptain), Pyrland Hall, Taunton. August 25, 1858. Wood, John, E-iq., Arden, Stockport. September 15, 1866. Wood, George William Rayner, Esq., Singleton Lodge, Man- chester. April 8, 1878. Wood, Richard, Esq., Plumpton, Hevwood, Manchester. April 8, 1878. Wood, Thomas Broadbent, Esq., Middleton, Manchester. February 22, 1869. Worrall, James, Esq,, Whalley Range, Manchester. April 11, 1864. Worrall, James, Esq., junior. Woodlands, Whalley Range, Man- chester. October 19, 1885. Worrall, Joseph Hardman, Esq., 8, Rochdale Road, Bacup. August 1, 1878. Wright, Edward Abbott, Esq., Castle Park, Frodsham, Cheshire. July 5, 1852. Whitehead, Thomas Hoyle, Esq., Holly Mount, Rawtenstall. Wrigley, Edward Wright, Esq., Thorneycroft,Werneth, Oldham. August 1, 1878. August 17, 1885. Whittaker, John, Esq., Mount Sion House, Radcliffe, near Man- Wrigley, Edwin Grundy, Esq., Howick House, Preston. October cheater. November 1, 1881. 22, 1872. Whittaker, Robert, Esq., Birch House, Lees, Oldham. June 3, Wrigley, Frederick, Esq., Broadoaks, Bury. February 21, 1887. 1879. Wrigley, James, Esq., Holbecis, Windermere. October 18, 1869. Whittam, William Barton, Esq., Birch House, Farnworth. Wrigley Oswald Osmond, Esq., Bridge Hall, Bury. May 22, AprL 15, 1867. 1882. WEST DERBY HUNDRED. Armitage, Ziba, Esq., Heathfield, GrappenhaU, near Warrington. January 16, 1883. Barrett, William Scott, Esq., 41, Oldhall Street, Liverpool. August 25, 1884. Barron, George Bretherton, Esq., M.D., Summerseat, Southport. September 3, 1877. Barry, Charles, Esq., Highfield, Lathom, Ormskirk. January 4, 1886. *Bates, Sir Edward, Bart., Bellfield, West Derby, Liverpool ; and Gyrn Castle, Flintshire. October 30, 1866. Bidwill, Peter Silvester, Esq. (Lieut-Colonel), Bella Vista, Sandy Cove, Kingstown. May 18, 1870. Bmgham, John, Esq., Elmhurst, Wavertree, near Liverpool. April 22, 1884. Blackburne, John Ireland, Esq. (Colonel), Hale, Warrmgton. April 17, 1860. Bleckly, Henry, Esq., Westwood, Altrincham. April 8, 1867. Blinkhom, WilUam, Esq., Sutton Grange, St. Helens. April 18, 1876. *BlundeU, Nicholas] Esq. (Colonel), Crosby Hall, Liverpool. April 17, 1855. _ ,^ , , ^ . , Bouth, Frederick William Delamere, Esq., Woodfield, Leigh, Manchester. November 29, 1873. Brancker, William Hill, Esq., Bispham Hall, Wigau. December 3,1849. , r- 1 Bright, Heywood, Esq., Sandheys, West Derby, Liverpool. January 17, 1882. Brock, John, Esq., Wellfield, Farnworth, Widnes. April 19, Chamberlain, George, Esq., Helensholme, Birkdale, Southport. April 20, 1870. ♦Chambers, John Hickinbotham, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), Cobham, Surrey. May 27, 1858. ColUer, His Honour Judge John Francis, Liverpool. July 14, 1874. Comber, Thomas, Esq., 13, Exchange Buildings, Liverpool. April 4, 1877. Crawford and Baloarres, the Right Hon. the Earl of, Haigh Hall, Wigan. February 22, 1871. Crosfield, John, Eiq., Walton Lea, near Warrington. Octiber 28,1884. ^ ., ^„ Daglish, Robert Shaw, Esq., Orrell Lodge, Wigan. April 19, 1887. , ^ , Deacon, Henry Wade, Esq., Appleton House, Widnes. March 1, 1887. Dent, William Dent, Esq,, Oxford Road, Bootle. January 14, 1879. *Derby, Right Hon, the Earl of, K.G., Knowsley, Prescot. November 1, 1854. Earle, Arthur, Esq,, Child wall Lodge, Wavertree, Liverpool. February 23, 1882. . Earle, Frederick William, Esq., Edenhurst, Huyton, Liverpool. July 13, 1858. *Earle, Sir Thomas, Bart,, AUerton Tower, Woolton, Liverpool. April 17, 1887. ^. , ,, , Eocles, Alexander, Esq., Oakliill, Roby, near Liverpool. March 2, 1886. Eckersley, Charles, Esq., Fullwell, Tyldesley. J"^'? 3, 1882. Bro^k^^ank, Ralph, Esq., OhUdwall Hall, Liverpool. November Eckersley. ^^ > ^^^t S^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'' *Brocklebank, Sir Thomas, Bart., Springwood, Allerton, Liver- .^ J8^8|. j^^^^_ j^;^^ Edward, Esq., 17, RSland Gardens, Queen's Broc^anf ai!tq The HoUies, Woolton, near Liver- ,,„f-^^»%^\^;^f,%^^^^^^ Liverpool. pool. August iO, loot, y A 1 oen Bromilow, David,^Esq., Brtteswell Hall, Lutterworth, Leicester ^^^'^''^^^jj'^lltj, Esq., Avenue House, Leigh, Lancashire. ^''^^^^S^'^^^is^'^'-'""''''' Evai^lIe^W Haydock Grange, near St. Helens, "•^^tua're-'^ivi'p^ ^0?tobef 18,^:'°" ''''''' "''"'''' EvanrwZlUTEs,. Fa.ackerley House. Prescot. January Burrowsj^ Abraham,^ Esq.. Green Hall, Atherton, Manchester. ^^^^15, 18W.^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^_ Maidenoombe, Torquay. Burton? Edward, Esq., Eaves Hall, near Clitheroe. AprU 15. ^^^J^^^^^^f^^^,^ Esq., Moss Lane, Aintree. July 14,1863. Burtif Frederick, Esq., Hopefield, Pendleton, Manchester. «on,^„f ,^1882^^^^^^^^^ "^'■' ''"'^'°"' Castellahi, Alfred, Esq., Aigburth, Liverpool. April 23. 1867. Fletcher, Alfred. Esq., Allerton, Liverpool. January.20, 1874. 438 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. Fletcher, Ralph, Esq., Atherton, Manchester. January 1, 1879. Formby, Richard, junior, Esq., Shorrock's Hill, Formby Point, Liverpool. February 21, 1878. Forwood, Sir Williaai Bower, Knight, Ramleh, Blundell Sands, Liverpool. January 17. 1882. Gair, Henry Wainwright, Esq., Smithdown Road, Wavertree, Liverpool. February 17, 1886. Gamble, Divid, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), St. Helens. July 11, 1865. Gamble, Josias Christopher Esq., Cowley Hill, St. Helens. February 22, 1882. *Gaskell, Henry Lomax, Esq., Kidderton Hall, Woodstock, Oxon. October 30, 1849. Gaskell, Holbrook, Esq., Woolton Wood, Liverpool. January 6, 1851. Gaskell, Holbrook, junior, Esq., Clayton Lodge, Aigburth, Liverpool. April 19, 1881. Gaskell, Josiah, Esq., Burgrave Lodge, Ashton-iu-Makerfield. October 22, 1883. *Gibbon, Edward, Esq., Gateacre, Liverpool. October 28, 1856. Gibson, William, Esq., Greenbank House, Birkdale, Southport. April 6, 1887. Gillespie, Thomas John, Esq., Park House, Newton-le-Willows, December 5, 1881. Gilmour, Hamilton, Boswell, Esq., Uunderlea, Aigburth, Liver- pool. July 11, 1865. Gladstone, Arthur Robertson, Esq., Court Hey, Broad Green, Liverpool. October 31, 1871. Gooch, William Frederick, Esq., Mount ViUa, Wargrave, Newton- le-Willows. January 20, 1885. Goasage, Frederick Herbert, Esq., Camphill, Woolton, Liverpool. October 29, 1878. Graves, William Samuel, Esq., Dowsefield, Woolton, Liverpool. November 2, 1886. Greenall, Edward, Esq., Grappenhall, Warrington. August 25, 1858. Greenall, Sir Gilbert, Bart., M.P., Walton Hall, Warrington. January 12, 1843. Greenall, James Fenton, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), Grappenhall Lodge, Warrington. April 23, 1867. Guest, Richard, Esq., Etherstone Hall, Leigh, Manchester. April 6, 1859. Gunning, Sir George William, Bart., Horton House, North- ampton. April 8, 1856. Gun.ston, Thomas Bernard, Esq., Halshead House, Prescot. April 20, 1869. Hamilton, Charles Edward, E.sq. (Lieut.-Colonel), Newton-le- Willows. January 5, 1876. Hartley, Joseph, Esq., Leigh, Lancashire. February 27, 1882. Hayes, Thomas Travers, Esq., Fairfield, Leitrh, Lancashire. April 7, 1884. Heald, William Norris, Esq., Parr's Wood, Didsbury, Manchester. September 15, 1866. Hewlett, Alfred, Esq., The Grange, Wigan. August 17, 1874. Hewlett, William Henry, Esq., Strickland House, Standish, Wigan. April 19, 1887. *Holt, Robert Durniug, Esq., Sefton Park, Liverpool. July 1 2, 1870. Holt, William Durning, Esq., Whin Moor, Sandfield Park, Liverpool April 21, 1863. *Hornby, Thomas Dyson, Esq., Olive Mount, Wavertree, Liver- pool. April 5, 1865. Hornby, William Windham, Esq. (Rear-Admiral), 6, Roland Houses, South Kensington, London, W. November 2, 1858. •Horsfall, George Henry, Esq., Liverpool. July 13, 1858. Houghton, Robert, Esq., Lowton House, Lowton, Newton-le- Willows. January 7, 1874. Ismay, Thomas Henry, Esq., Beach Lawn, Waterloo. Liverpool April 23, 1878. ' Jary, Robert Herbert Heath, Esq. (Major), Bitteswell Hall, Lutterworth, Leicestershire. September 15, 1866. Johnson-Ferguson, Jabez Edward, Esq., Kenyon Hall, near Man- chester. January 16, 1883. Johnson, John, Es'|., Bank House, Runcorn. October 31, 1854. Kellett, WiUiam, Esq., Portland Bank, Southport. April 19, 1887. Kershaw, John Atherton, clerk, Ormskirk. May 18, 1848. Laird, William, Esq., 23, Castle Street, Liverpool.' November 2, 1858. Lamb, William James, Esq., Eskdale, Birkdale. November 1, 1877. , *Langton, Charles, Esq., Barkhill, Aigburth, Liverpool. July 13, 1869. Lathom, Right Hon. the Earl of, Lathom House, Ormskirk. October 29, 1861. Lee, Thomas, Esq., Alder House, Atherton. October 13, 1873. Leigh, Roger, Esq., Barham Court, Maidstone. February 17, 1869. Lightbound, Thomas, Esq., Rosehill, Lydiate, Ormskirk. April 19, 1870. Lindsay, Honourable Colin, Haigh Hall, Wigan. January 3, 1884. Longton, Edward John, Esq., M.D., The Priory, Southport. October 18, 1886. Macrea, George Gordon, Esq., The Uplands, West Derby, Liverpool. August 19, 1875. Marsh, John, Esq., Kann Lea, Rainhill. Jun^ 29, 1870. Marshall, Thomas, Esq., The Larches, Wigan. April 19, 1870. Marson, James, Esq., Hill Cliffe, Appleton, near Warrington. January 16, 1883. Mayhew, Horace, Esq., Bank House, Wigan. January 10, 1876. McCorquodale, Alexander Cowan, Esq., The Willows, Newton-le- Willows. December 4, 1882. *McCorquodaIe, George, Esq. (Colonel), Newton-le-Willows. February 29, 1859. McMicking, Gilbert, Esq., 55, Prince's Gate, London, S.W. April 19, 1870. Mercer, John, Esq., Alston Hall, Preston. May 27, 1869. Morris, John Grant, Esq., AUerton Priory, Liverpool. July 12, 1859. Moss, Gilbert Winter, Esq., The Beach, Aigburth, Liverpool. April 19, 1859. Musgrove, Edgar, Esq., 67, York Road, Birkdale, Southport. January 19, 1864. Muspratt, Edmund Knowles, Esq., Seaforth Hall, Liverpool. October 20, 1880. Nicholson, Richard, Esq., Whinfield, Southport January 9, 1879. Parker, Samuel Sandbich, Esq., The Cottage, Aigburth, Liver- pool. January 20, 1885. Pennington, Richard, Esq., junior, Muncaster Hall, Raiuford, St. Helens. July 1, 1867. Perkins, Hugh, Esq., Fulwood Park, Liverpool. January 20, 1880. Pickford, Henry Davis, Esq., Harrock Hill, near Ormskirk. August 23, 1887. Pilkington, Charles, Esq., The Grove, Huyton, Liverpool. December 4, 1882. Pilkington, George, Esq., Stoneleigh, Woolton, near Liverpool. October 16, 1878. Pilkington, George Augustus, Esq., M.D., Belle Vue, Lord Street West, Southport. October 25, 1886. Pilkington, Richard, Esq., Rainford Hall, St. Helens. April 18, 1876. Pilkington, Thomas, Esq., Knowsley Cottage, Prescot. October 21, 1868. Pilkington, WilUam, Esq., Roby Hall, Liverpool. April 19, 1859. Pilkington, William Windle, Esq. (Major), Cowley Hill, St. Helens, April 20, 1869. Pownall, John, Esq., Tyn-y-Bryn, Bettws-y-Coed, North Wales. February 18, 1874. Powys, Honourable Leopold William Henry, Bewsey Old Hall, Warrington. April 21, 1868. *Prescott, John Esq., Dalton, near Wigan. October 31, 1860. Raffles, Thomas Stamford, Esq., Liverpool. July 17, 1860. *Rathbone, WilUam, Esq., M.P., Greenbank, Liverpool. July 14, 1868. Rigby, Samuel, Esq., Fern Bank, Liverpool Road, Chester. July 13, 1869. Rylands, John, Esq., Thelwall Grange, near Warrington. August 5, 1861. *Sandbach, William Robertson, Esq., 10, Prince's Gate, Hyde Park, London, S.W. July 17, 1855. Smethurst, Arthur Clough, Esq., Charnock House, Chorley. October 20, 1869. Smith, James Barkeley, Esq., Barkeley House, Seaforth, Liver- pool. April 23, 1878. Stanton, Henry, Esq., Warrington, January 12, 1843. Steble, Richard Fell, Esq. (Lieut.-Colonel), Ramsdale Bank, Scarborough. Ootober.lS, 1873. , THE HISTORY OH LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. 439 St. George, Howard, clerk, BiUinge Parsonage, Wigan. May 27, Walmesley, Humphrey Jeffrey, Esq., Westwood House, Wigau. „ V ?, •„ July 27, 1878. ^l^vf' «'"°''' ,S-' ^*':^''^" ^^"^Se. Warrington. April 23, 1857. Wannop, William, olerk, Burscough, Ormskirk. April, 5, Swire, Samuel, Esq., Crown House, Southport. September 3, 1858. '^ ' ' •Sullivan, Sir Edward, Bart., Ravenhead, St. Helens. November ^^'t'.T^'M^^Sfst '^""'^°°' ''°""' ^"^''*°°' Sym6nds,ckarles Price, Esq., Ormskirk. October 30, 1866. ' '^^'jAuaTy"9T87f ''• ^''°'°"''^' ^'^ ^"°^'' '""*'^°'"*- ''"''^^10 f?^^"' ^^■' ^«°^<=o™b P^''l^> Cirencester. December Wetherall, George Nugent Boss, Esq.; Astley Hall, Manchester. m ,',;?,.■, ^ December 6, 1886. rlltl' T^Zt v"^-' ^^°°f ^l-J. ^^'S\°- Jf°"^7 10, 1876. Whitley, William, Esq., 5, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, London, iaylor, Ihomas, Esq., Aston Rowant, Tetsworth. January September 15, 1866. Ti,.^i!L^^*w -v i -c- o hj > W. October 30, 1866. Withington, Thomas Ellames, Esq. (Captain), Culcheth Hall, •Thompson, Samuel Henry, Esq., Thmgwall Hall, Liverpool. Warrington. July 30, 1857. ^ ^ ^ " June 13, 1848. ^ , „, ^ ^, Wood, John Coates, Esq., Beaoonsfield, Derby Street, OrmsMrk. Thompson, His Honour Judge Thomas Perronet Edward, Dudlow January 19 1886 _. Grange Wavertree, Liverpool July 14, 1874. Wood, Robert Philip,' Esq., Bank House, MaghuU, Liverpool. Timmis, Thomas Sutton, Esq., Cleveley, AUerton, Liverpool. June 29, 1870. > a , r January 20, 1885. Woodcock, Henry, Esq., Bolnore, Haywards Heath, Sussex. I'lnsley, James, Esq, Stockton Lodge, near Warrington. April April 5, 186.S. 22 1884. . „„ ^. , Woodcock, Herbert Spencer, Esq., The Elms, Wigan. August Tobin, James Aspinall, Esq., Liverpool. July 13, 1858. 17, 1874. Tomlinson, Ralph, Esq., Cintra,Lathom, Ormskirk. April 6, 1881. Wright, Caleb, Esq., M.P., Lower Oak, Tyldesley, Manchester. Trimble, Robert, Esq. (Lieut-Colonel), Cuckoo Lane, Little April 20, 1869. Wooltoo, Liverpool. July 13, 1869. Wright, William, Esq., Sunnyside, Balcombe, near Hayward's Twyford, Edward Penrose, Esq., M.D., St. Helens, Lancashire. Heath, Sussex. July 5, 1857. April 19, 1870. Wrigley, John, Esq., Brockholme, Formby. April 7, 1884. Walker, Robert Seddon, Esq., 16, ParkEeld Road, Prince's Young, Edward, Esq., Lyons, East CUff, Bournemouth. Park, Liverpool, February 19, 1868. February, 19, 1868. PUBLIC OFFICERS FOR THE COUNTY PALATINE. Bigh Sheriff (1887-8)— Sir John Hardy Thursby, Bart., Ormerod House, Burnley. Lord Lieutenant — The Right Hon. the Earl of Sefton, Croxteth, Liverpool. Constable of Lancaster Castle — The Right Hon. Lord Winmarleigh, Winmarleigh, Garstang. Chancellor of the Duchy — The Right Hon. Lord John Manners, Waterloo Bridge, London, W.C. derk of the Council and Registrar of the Duchy — J. G. D. Engleheart, Esq., Waterloo Bridge, London, W.C. Under Sheriff — T. F. Artindale, gentleman, Burnley. A cting Under Sheriffs and Clerks to the Lieutenancy — Messrs. Wilson, Deacon, Wright and Wilsons, Preston. Registrar of the Chancery — Alexander Pearce, gentleman. Feal Keeper and Clerk of Assize and Associate — Thomas Moss Shuttleworth, gentleman, Preston. Clei-k of the Peace — Frederic Campbell Hulton, gentleman, Preston. Deputy Clerks of the Peace — Thomas Wilson, gentleman, Highwood, Waltou-le-Dale, and Samuel Campbell Hulton Sadler gentleman, Southport. County Treasurer — Henry Alison, Esq., Preston. Chief Constable — Lieut.-Col. Moorsom, Preston. Assistant Chief Constable — Capt. Charles VUliers Ibbetson, Preston. County Auditm — Mr. H. W. Johnston, Preston. County Lunatic Asylum {Lancaster) — D. M. Cassidy, Esq., M.D., D.Sc, Superintendent. Law Clerk to Visitors — William Thomas Sharp, gentleman, Lancaster. Clerk and Steward — Mr. Peter Uutton, Lancaster. County Lunatic Asylum (Prestwich)—B.eBry Rooke Ley, Esq., Superintendent. Law Clerk to Visitors — Henry Thomas Crofton, gentleman, Manchester. Treasurer and Clerk — Mr. Robert Coates, Prestwioh. ChurUy Lunatic Asylum (Rainhill)—T. L. Rogers, Esq., M.D., Rainhill, Superintendent. Law Clerk to Visitors — W. Swift, gentleman, Liverpool. Clerk and Steward — Mr. R. C. Lewis, Rainhill. County Lunatic Asylum (Whittingham)— John A. Wallis, Esq., M.D., Whittingham, Preston, Superintendent. Law Olerk to Visitors — F. C. Hulton, gentleman, Preston. Clerk and Steward — Mr. T. Dilworth, Whittingham. Chief Warder of Her Majesty's Prison {Lancaster) — Mr. W. R. Shenton. Keepers of Her Majesty's Prisons— Preston, Mr. John Haverfield. Manchester (StrangewaysJ, Major Preston. Kirkdale, Major Knox. Coroners— Mr. H. J. Robinson, Blackburn ; Mr. P. Price, 8, St. James's Square, Manchester ; Mr. F. N. Molesworth, Rochdale ; Mr. J. Broughton Edge, St. James's Square, Manchester ; Mr. Samuel Brighouse, Ormskirk ; Dr. Gilbertson, Preston ; Mr. Lawrence Holden, Lancaster. r ,. m- c Mr John Poole, Coroner for the Liberty and Manor of Furness, Ulverston ; Mr. William Ashcroft, Coroner for the Manor ot Walton-le-Dale ; Mr. F. Smith, Coroner for the Manor of Prescot ; Mr. J. R. Buckton, Coroner for the Manor of Hale. County Analysts— Ja.mea Campbell Brown, Esq., D.Sa, 27, Abercromby Square, Liverpool ; Walter C. Williams, Esq., B.Sc. School of Medicine, Dover Street, Liverpool (Assistant Analyst). 440 THE HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE— APPENDIX IX. BRIDGEMASTERS AND SURVEYORS. -Mr. Philip Hartley, Ulverston. -Mr. Edward Graham Paley, Lancaster. -Mr. WiUiam Radford, No. 1, Princess Street, Manchester. Blackburn Hundred — Mr. William Eadf ord, Manchester. Lonsdale Hundred (North)- Lonsdale Hundred (South)- Amounderness Hundred- Leyland Hundred — Mr. William Radford, Manchester. Salford Hundred — Mr. William Radford, Manchester. West Derby Hundred — Mr. George Holme, Westminster Chambers, 1, Crosshall Street, Liverpool. Ditto County Bridges— Mr. WiUiam Radford, Manchester. SCHOOL BOARDS. Boards. Asliton-under-Lyne ., Bacup Barrow-in-Furness . Blackburn Bolton Bootle-cum-Linacre . Burnley Liverpool Manchester Oldham Rochdale Salford Wigan *Barrowford (U. D.) . *Bu-kdale *Burtonwood *Crumpaall *Dalton-in-Furness . *Edgeworth (U. D.) . *Egton-with-Newland *Forton(U. D.) *Great Sankey Unions of Municipal borough Burnley . . . Ormskirk . . . Warrington Prestwich Ulverston Bolton Ulverston... Garstang ... Warrington Popula- No. of [ tion Mem- (1881). bers. 37,040 9 25,034 9 47,100 11 104,014 13 105,414 13 27,374 9 58,882 9 552,425 15 373,585 15 111,343 13 68,865 11 176,235 15 48,194 11 3,952 7 8,705 7 1,268 5 8,154 7 13,339 7 2,474 5 998 5 696 7 360 5 Boards. *Hambleton Heaton *KirkbyIreleth(U. D.) *Newchurch-in-Rossendale. . *Pleasington *Poulton Prescot Royton *Shevington *Skelsmersdale South worth-with-Croft ... *Thornton-with-Fleetwood. . tTottington Higher End ... *UlneB Walton *Ulverston and Mansriggs (U.D.) *Walmersley-cum-Shuttle- worth (ex municipal) . , . Walton-on-the-Hill *We8thoughton and Lostock (U.D.) *Widnea Unions of Garstang .... Bolton Ulverston . Haslingden . Blackburn , Lancaster.... Prescot Oldham ..., Wigan Ormskirk . . . , Warrington , TheFylde , Haslingden , Chorley . . . , Ulverston Bury West Derby Bolton Prescot . . . Popula- tion (1881). 389 1,461 1,754 3,228 459 3,931 5,546 10,582 1,570 5,707 1,035 7,589 3,926 10,072 5,390 18,715 9,997 24,935 No. of Mem- bers. 11 7 11 * Boards formed compulsorily under sec. 10 or 40 of the Education Act. t Board formed under sec. 12 of the Education Act. THE COUNTY COURTS. On the 1st January, 1868, the statute passed on the 20th of August, 1867, to amend the Acts relating to the jurisdiction of the County Courts came into force, materially diminishing the business in the Common Law Courts. A plaint may now be entered in the County Court within the district of which the defendant or one of the defendants shall dwell or carry on his business at the time of bringing the action or suit, or it may be entered by leave of the Judge or Registrar in the County Court within the district in which the defendant or one of the defendants dwelt or carried on business at any time within sis months next before the time of action or suit brought, or with the like leave in the County Court in the district of which the cause of action or suit wholly or in part arose. In actions for goods, &c., the plaintiff may issue a summons, and if the defendant shall not file notice of his intention to defend, judgment may be entered up. Proceedings commenced in a metropolitan County Court, the same are to be continued therein if the defendant resides in the district of one of such courts. No action is to be maintainable in any court for beer, &c., consumed on the premises. Costs are not to be recoverable in the superior courts where less than £20 in contract or £10 in tort is recovered, and the Act authorising the trial of issues before the Sheriff, where the sum sought to be recovered does not exceed £20, is repealed. In actions commenced in the superior courts, where the sum does not exceed £50, the Judge may remit the same to a County Court, and proceedings in equity in the Court of Chancery, which might have been commenced in the County Courts, may be remitted to them, and matters to £500 for specific performance, &c., to be dealt with in a similar manner. Actions for malicious prosecution, assault, false imprisonment, seduction, &c., in the superior courts, to be remitted to the County Courts ; and in eject- ments, or where the property does not exceed £20 a-year, are to be heard in the County Courts. There are provisions as to costs, &c., and Registrars may act as high bailiffs. In equity proceedings, where the trust money or stock does not exceed £500, to be transferred to the County Courts, and invested in Post-Office Savings Banks. No action or suit is to be commenced in any hundred or inferior court, and persons holding office affected to be entitled to compensation. A high bailiff may now interplead. END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. John Hetwood, Excelsior Steam Printing and Bookbinding Works, Hulme Hall Road, Manchester.