t'm T^'Si -^-M- :' ^^ i.-. r ^^^X -^01 J8l5itc iiatotttal ©hrarjj THE G > ) ' ■ ' >RICE TWOP£^:GE. Books for Catholic Defence Five Volumes, Cloth, 1/3 each, net. Each Volume complete in itself. Some Protestant Fictions Exposed A collection of tellfng papers, by various authors, in each of which some anti-CathoHc charge or criticism is examined and answered. The first volume deals mainly with Convents and Convent Life ; other subjects included in- the volumes are the Church and the Bible, "the Gunpowder Plot, Papal Infallibility, Indulgences, the " Iron Virgin," the Story of the "Holy Donkey," Pastor Chiniquy's Charges, etc. Three Volumes, Cloth, 1/3 each, net. Each Volume complete in itself. The Antidote Vol. I, edited iy the Rev. J. Gerard, S.J. Vols. II &• III, edited by the Rev. J. Keating, S.J. As its name implies, The Antidote is a remedy against many poisonous calumnies. The contents of each volume cover a very large and varied field. 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HoFton and Mr. Joseph Hocking) Contains a most complete exposure of the false statements regarding the Catholic Church put forward by these writers under the auspices of the National Council of Evangelicai Free Churches. An appendix to this volume, especially devoted to an analysis of the statements contained in Messrs. Horton and Hocking's book, "Shall Rome Reconquer England ?" is issued as a penny pamphlet entitled THE FEAR OF ROME. Catholic Truth Society, 69 Southwark Bridge Road, Lokdon, S.E. i RELIGION AND CIVIL LIBERTY By HILAIRE BELLOC THERE was lately published an article by Mrs. Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner called- " Christianity versus Liberty." It is an excellent example of that interesting point in modern history — I mean the mis- conception which anti-Catholic historians have of a conflict between the Catholic Church and civil liberty. Mrs. Bonner's article deals with the decision given on May 14th of this year (1917) in the Bowman case upon appeal to the House of Lords. This decision was to the effect that the Rationalist Press Association was to be capable of inheriting money under a will, even though the -essential principle of that Association were admitted to be propaganda against, certain Catholic dogmas. I say " Catholic dogmas " because it will be familiar to all my readers that the Protestant legislators and Judges who had made -bequests against "Christianity" illegal in this country, intended by that word, not the universal body of Catholic doctrine, but a particular selection or part of that doctrine. When they used the word " Christianity," they meant certain Catholic dogmas which they had chosen to retain to the exclusion of others. The various Protestant sects in Britain all rejected (for instance) the doctrine of Purgatory, but long held in common the immortality of the human soul with its co-relative doctrine of eternal happiness or eternal misery. Most of them retained for many generations the dogma of the Incarnation, and all of them, in some form or other, the dogma of the Atone- ment, etc. These dogmas, which they all held in common, the- otherwise conflicting Protestant sects of this country called " Christianity." These selected Catholic dogmas wei-e believed (through an ignorance of history) to be the "core" or "essence" of Christian teaching, whereas, in point of fact, they were only a 2 Religion and Civil Liberty certain batch of ancient Catholic doctrines which hap- pened to suit the heresiarchs of the sixteenth century to the exclusion of other quite equally important dogmas which those reformers did not like. Ever since the Reformation it had been the practice of the Judges (who in this country make the law as well as administer it) to decide that a legacy was not valid if it were left with the object of combating one pf thesfe selected dogmas. You could leave money tq attack the Real Presence or the Sacrament of Penance, but you could not leave money to attack the Incarnation because that was one of th^ dogmas enjoying privilege as a part of " Christianity " — i.e. the doctrines common to the Protestant sects. Now the Rationalist Press Association combats all Catholic dogmas, including those retained by the Reformers. Therefore those who would have benefited by the upsetting of the Bowman will appealed to precedent for the bequest to be set aside. On the appeal reaching the House of Lords five out of six Judges decided that such bequests were now to be permitted — -the Lord Chancellor alone dissenting. It is only eleven years since an exactly contrary decision was given. This was in the case of the Oldham Secular Society, when it was decided that a body designed to attack these Catholic dogmas chosen by the Reformers could not inherit a legacy. What the present Bowman judgement means, therefore, is that the Judges now estimate that English opinion as a whole is indifferent to attack upon these selected Reformation dogmas, and desires freedom of discussion upon them to be the rule. As interpreters of this general feeling the Judges have made a new law, which will be binding until some other Judges happen to decide otherwise. In this view of theirs that modern Englishmen had ceased, for the most part, to object to an attack on any Catholic dogma — rcven, say, the existence of God — their Lordships- were certainly perfectly right, and their majority honestly interpreted the general will of the nation -for the voicing of which this power of legislation is said to reside in the Bench. So far so good. But what follows is another matter. Religion and Civil Liberty 3. It being now laid down as a new law tliat money can be left for the propagation of opinions adverse to those Catholic dogmas which were selected as tenable by the Reformers, the authoress of the article I have mentioned comments upon this new law and calls it an advance towards something admittedly good called " Civil Liberty." I suppose that 99 English people out of a hundred would comment upon the decision as she does. Yet all those 99 people would be wrong and the hundredth person would be right. The new law is no advance towards civil liberty. It does not increase the area of the field wherein an individual may act at his discretion — a field which has been narrowed with startling rapidity during the present generation — it merely registers a change in the religion of the English. This change in English religion does indeed enlarge freedom of action in ■ one very small part of men's activities. It allows one to leave money directly for a certain purpose which would anyhow have been left indirectly, by a small technical change, for the same purposes. But at the same time this change in the religion of the English is curtailing liberty over very much wider areas of action, for instance, in the expres- sion of humour or the consumption of malted liquors. In both these provinces of daily action common to nearly all men (which- discussion on dogma is not) all the liberty of one hundred years ago has disappeared, and the loss of .it is directly connected with this change in religion. When the same authoress goes on to consider this supposed advance in liberty as a conquest against some- thing which she also calls " Christianity," and which she supposes to be the permanent enemy of civil liberty, she is again expressing an opinion which would be vaguely accepted, not, perhaps, by so large a pro- portion of our fellow citizens, but certainly by a great majority of them. Yet that opinion also is false, and those who fall into this error fall into it from the lack both bi historical knowledge and of a clear examination of first principles. 4 Religion and Civil Liberty Let us consider what we mean by the words " civil liberty " and in what the thing these words connote is thought good. The authorities of the community exist for the purpose of maintaining the community, that is, of maintaining- (i) its material existence, and (a)- the character or tradition which makes it what it is. This end to their action gives those actions all their validity. You could not have a community in which civil authori- ties did hot exercise power of restraint over the membets thereof. In the absence of such the mere material framework of the community would fall to pieces, and it is an implied injunction upon the authorities which civilly govern the community that they should preserve not only its material structure, but its character or soul. In proportion as this end is perfectly attained we speak of the community as politically free, although the restraints to which members therein are put by the common authority may be very severe. For instance, in time of war, when the comrriunity is threatened with foreign conquest, the authorities may compel the full service of any man, including the sacrifice of life itself, in the defence of the State ; yet the man so conscripted is politically free, and the State to which he belo^s is essentially a free State. If such orders came from a foreigner, compelling a man to such sacrifices for a community that was not his own, then that man would be unfree, and the com- munity thus subjected to alien authority would be unfree also. But this " Political Liberty," the most necessary form of liberty, is only a condition of the narrower thing which we call especially " Civil Liberty." A community must be free from alien government for its citizens to be free at all, and it must have the right to preserve its own character by the extrusion of practices which it feels fatal to that character. But when we talk of " Civil Liberty " within such a self-governing State, we mean something else. The words " civil liberty " mean much what was meant by the old phrase "Liberty of the Subject," that is the power of a member of the State^ an indi- Religion and Civil Liberty 5 vidual, or a corporation less than the State and a part of it, to act in a certain large number of things according to its own will and free from the control of the common authorities. It is- in this sense that we would say, for instance, " during war civil liberty must be restricted," and it is in this sense that we speak of this or that measure as " an undue restriction of liberty." What we mean by the word " undue " is that the restriction imposed by the common authority is not, in our judge- ment, necessary to the preservation of the State either in material structure or in character, and is therefore' not within the moral province of the civil authorities. In practice the area of such " civil liberty " in a healthy and politically free State, the proportion of acts which the individual or the corporation may perform at will, without restriction by the State, is always very large. It always includes by far the greater part of one's daily activities, at any rate in normal times ; and we regard the extension of this " civil liberty," quite apart from national or political liberty, as a good ; we jealously watch encroachments upon it as dangerous, that is, as liable to produce great evil, for four reasons : — First, we know by our reason that the State is not an end in itself, but only exists for the happiness of the members — ^real bodies and souls — that make it up. Therefore each must have the power of testifying to the success or failure of state measures towards that end, and of himself furthering it. Secondly, we discover by experiment and from the example of history how necessary to the health of the State as a whole, how necessary to its vigorous common life, is this pawer of reaction within it. Thirdly, we all know that there is in huftian nature a defect of tyranny — ^the love of " running other people," of seeing them obey you. Therefore the human agent of civil authority must be subject himself to restriction and limits as of appointment or custom. Lastly, one of the attributes of a conscious individual being is the desire and instinct, or what might be called (without too much exaggeration), the sheer necessity for self-expression, An undue restriction exasperates this 6 Religion and Civil Liberty instinct and forbids the satisfactipn of this desire. In so miich it warps and weakens and inflames the individual, makes him unhappy and defeats the end for which the State itself exists, which is the happiness of its members. Now civil liberty being of this nature, and being by common consent a good, and any unnecessary loss of it an evil, it will at once be granted that the imposition of a - special forni of thought or philosophic expression upon the mass of free men against their will, is a restriction of the gravest kind. In common (and true) language, it is tyranny. The philosophy or religion of a man, and much more of a corporate mass of men, is the root cause of all their goings on. From it springs their whole method of life. The common philosophy pr religion — ^which- ever you like to call it — oi a body of meri, and their doctrine, what they believe with regard to the nature of things, cannot live without the power to express itself. If, for instance, the Authorities should punish 411. those who to-day propose the "single tax" policy, and was successful in its policy ; if by its. action it ended in preventing anyone from printing or writing or saying that this tax was advisable, and from present- iiig "the arguments in favour of that view,- then the thought itself would very soon die out. And every time it naturally sprang up again anew it would be stifled at" birth. Well, the conception that a strong and organised. religious system in alliance with the State is thus the enemy of " civil liberty " because it tends to forbid the expression of arguments and opinions contrary to itself, is based upon this parallel. The State or the authori- ties are regarded as one party ; the generality of men as another. The State, supporting a religion, is con- ceived of as supporting something external to its liieinbers, and even alien to them, and a conflict is thought to exist between State and citizens whenever the laws of the State restrain in any measure an attack upon the' religion of its civilisation. ., That is the first limh of the proposition I am here axamining. Men read in a book that the authorities of Religion and Civil Liberty 7 Timlpuctoo forbade pagans to preach against Moham- medapism. They conceive of the people of Timbuctoo as standing indifferent, ready to hear both sides and attached to neither. They conceive of the authorities coming in as outsiders and arbitrarily supporting one contention against the other. They . argue that an offence is thus committed against a piece of normal self- expression which does not concern either the material existence or the character of the nation. In other words, they conclude that it is an undue restriction of liberty. The second limb of the proposition is the converse of this, and is the affirmation that the absence of an organised religious system, or at any rate the non- possession by any such system of civil authority, is an extension of normal liberties and a good. That pro- position in both its limbs ran universally through the nineteenth century, and the fallacy which it contains coloured men's minds even more strongly than the other contemporary fallacies, such as the policy which led men to believe that representation was the equivalent of direct self-government, or the fallacy which led to the still more extraordinary economic error that the material well-being of a community was to be judged by its total wealth, no matter how distributed ! Wherein, then, lies the fallacy of reasoning in this double proposition : (i) that restrictions imposed by the organised religion of the commonwealth are an undue re- striction of liberty, and (2) that the absence of such organ- ised religion, or of its civil recognition, will extend liberty ? The fallacy lies in the idea or phantasm of a Church in some way opposed to the medium in which it lives. The error consists in conceiving of two things as quite distinct which are, in reality, either one, or at any rate as intimately mingled as is the human soul with the living human body. We all ought to be familiar with the fundamental Catholic dogma that a living body is not a dead material body with a soul stuck into it, but that the complete unity, man, is a combination of body and of soul. Now a truth of the same sort, requiring no revelation but self-evident to anyone who has ever seen a community .of human beings, is the truth that such a 8 Religion and Civil Liberty community invariably possesses a philosophy, a way of looking at the world, which gives it its character : and this common view of a community is nearly always a religion. When that philosophy or way of looking at the world is a highly organised religion, or if not a highly organised, at any rate a very definite religious atmosphere and method, the characteristic savour of which can be immediately recognised, then the preserva- tion of this characteristic mark is as much, as naturally, and 2& inevitably a function of government as the keep- ing of the soul united with the body (that is, the pre- vention of death) is a natural, instinctive, and inevitable action upon the part of the individual. Complete States cannot help persecuting religious tenets opposite to their own. To cease doing so is to commit State suicide. The word " persecute " is unpopular and has false connotations. I use it boldly in its original sense — " to follow up — or hunt — by legal action." And I say that such action aiming at the extirpation of practices^ destructive to the character of a Stated and of propa- ganda leading to such practices is not only normal to a State but inevitable, and in point of fact never absent. Thus modern England would necessarily persecute a habit of cannibalism should it arise, or a habit of human sacrifice ; and would necessarily persecute propaganda leading to either. To see how true the proposition is we have only to consider some point upon which all or nearly all our contemporaries are strongly agreed, and draw a parallel' between it and some point upon which they were all strongly agreed, though they are so no longer. The English Protestant community was once (not so very long ag6) strongly agreed — the overwhelming mass of it — on a certain Catholic dogma, to wit, that marriage was indissoluble. It was part of the religion by which that community lived. Divorce could be bought by a few very rich men, but even so it was disgraceful. The community of the present day has, for the most part, lost this dogma. The great mass of non-Catholic men and women in this country have Religion and Civil Liberty 9 abandoned the sacramental idea of marriage, with all its consequences. They now regard marriage as a civil and, in various degrees, even as a terminable contract. Now a person falling into the very unhistorical, and (I should have thought !) obvious error, wjiich I am here exarnining, will probably say with regard to the older state of affairs : " The Church with its dogma of marriage as a sacrament was here the enemy of liberty." Very well, then, let us take an exact modern parallel. The mass of our fellow citizens to-day still regard the marriage union as rightly monogamous. Suppose a practice of polygamy to arise, first secret, then in- sufficiently repressed by the State, next tolerated, and at last universal. 'What should we think of a future writer so muddle-headed as to say : " The Ministers-of the various Protestant sects in England in the early twentieth century imposed a gross restriction upon human liberty. They strove— and successfully strove—- to prevent a man from having a large number of legal ,wives at the same time " ? We should know that such a man was talking nonsense. In the first place, it is not the ministers of the various Protestant spcts, Anglican, Quaker and the rest, which impose this restriction ; it is the general will of the community, in conformity to which general ■*ill the civil authorities of the community act. And in the second place, the religious system which imposes this restriction, not by force but as an influence, is not something separate from the English people, but part and parcel of them at the present day. You could not get an English constituency to vote for a programme of -polygamy. You would not find any portion of English society tolerating a polygamous ' colony of their fellow citizens in their midst. All average English men and women (to-day) would be shocked to find themselves in a polygamous household, just as Irish men and women are shocked to find themselves in a house- hold proceeding from divorce. When the thought of a community loses its organisa- tion and becomes vague on vital points of public doctrine ; when some hitherto long existing social system is in dissolution ; when there is a chaos in, or an indifference to. lo Religion and Civil Liberty what were once universally accepted doctrines ; then of course the debate of such doctrines becomes normal and a restriction of the debate abnormal ; in other words, an undue interference with civil liberty. But in those very moments of doubt or debate on doctrines which were once universally accepted, you can invariably discover other doctrines which men hold just as firmly as they used to hold the old ones, and against the dis- ruption of which they will act with just as much vigour as their fathers acted against the propagation of what was heresy to them. Take, for instance, the modern doctrine of nationality, and the duties consequent upon that doctrine. The Modern State, when it is in any peril, when the con- tinuity of the natiqn is threatened by foreign attack, does not tolerate the expression of opinion in favour of, and the' attempted conversion of men to, the antagon- istic idea that "the nation" is a mere figment of the mind, has no claims, and can make no call in the name of patriotism. We severely punish such propaganda, and in doing so our authorities express without a doubt what is now the general will. Yet who can pretend that such a doctrine is immutable or eternal, even in claim, as are (in their claim) the dogmas of a -religion ?' To sum up this part of the argument: What people really mean when they say that the restriction of activity against some religious doctrine is an undue restriction of liberty, is that the religious doctrine does not matter very much and does not really. inform the community of which the authorities thus act. When people do really think that any opinion matters very much — as, for instance, to-day, an opinion on patriotism — they applaud every effort to maintain that opinion, and if it be attacked or undermined to a dangerous degree they applaud and support the overt policy of preventing such propaganda by force. Such an attitude is in the nature of things. To expect its opposite is to expect a contradiction in terms. It would be impossible to define the State or the com- munity without one's definition including such action, and such action is invariably to be found at work Religion and Civtl Liberty ii wherever human communities have been or are. The supposed exceptions are never more than cases in which several communities (as in rjost Mohammedan countries, for instance) are existing side by side. The co-relative error (I mean the error that liberty is extended by the conversion from conviction to scepti- cism on transcendental doctrine), which took in so many of our immediate predecessors in the nineteenth century, should be equally* plain. A present temper sceptical towards doctrines formerly held does not necessarily increase the field of civil liberty. A temper thus grown sceptical is only sceptical towards one part of the things of the mind, and is just as strongly attached to doctrine in another sphere as the most highly organised religion could be. The same man, for instance, ■ who thinks it an extension of civil liberty that we now permit, and even applaud, a violent attack upon the Incarna- tion and the Trinity by the Regius Professor of History at Cambridge, Mr. Bury, will think it quite natural that a Catholic child shall be compelled by law to attend a school in which Protestant history is taught. That is the state of the law under which we are now living in England. A poor man who cannot afford to pay special masters is compelled to send his child to be formed in a school where the history at any rate must be " non- sectarian," which means, in this country acutely anti- Catholic. Your so-called " agnostic " (nearly always in this country a thorough Protestant) sees no infringe- ment of civil liberty here, because the history thus maintained by force is that which he himself was taught and still holds, and which the great mass of his con- temporaries hold. To conclude, the attitude of mind- which we have been examining — the idea that a community extends civil liberty by tolerating an attack on its own prin- ciples — is an erroneous one ; and it is erroneous because its dupes are not accustomed to examine their own first principles. It is not only erroneous, it is exceedingly dangerous. The man who does harm knowing he is doing harm is less of an external peril than the man who does 12 ^ Religion and Civil Liberty harm unwittingly — for upon the latter there is no check of conscience. Now that is exactly the position of your ,. modern popular; sceptic in almost every case. ; He has a religion or philosophy as every man must have. He thinks it his bounden duty not only to spread it, but to sup- press opposition to it. So long as he is out of power his attempt to. suppress opposition is only indirect. Give him power and it becomes direct at once. One of the minor consequences of his religion^ foi* instance, is the conception that physical well-being is the end of life. Hence the " Eugenist." He is quite prepared to» sacrifice in the pursuit of this doctrine things essential to the most fundamental liberties of man. He is cheer- fully prepared to separate parent from child, to mutilate the weak and the infirm, to condemn specially chosen men to servitude, even to, kill the innocent. And, in general, his false philosophy will act with just as much vigour and with just as much restriction as ever did true religion — but with consequences fatal to m_ankind. When I was in the House of Commons one of the Professional Politicians whom I found more tolerable than most, argued with me in an undertone on religion, while some swindler or other was promoting a Bill for filling his own pockets. This man said to me — being a sincere atheist, and thereby more honest than the run of the place — " Every religion has its hypnosis." To which I answered, " And none more than yours,. I will bargain you do not play cards." Nor did he. . If I had gone further I should probably have found hini a teetotaller and a vegetarian, and cheerfully ready to prosecute a man for drinking a glass of beer or eating a mutton chop. Yet he thought himself a champion of " civil liberty " — and a sceptic in morals to boot ! PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY THE CATHOLIC TRUTH SOCIETY, LONDON. B. — Marchj igtS. Cloth, Crown 8vo. PRICE Is. 3d. net. THE CHURCH AT HOME AND ABROAD Edited by the Rev. C. LATTEY, S.J. A series of papers (which can also be had separately, price One Penny each) describing the present position of the Catholic Church in various countries, with-reference to historical development and national circum- stances._^ The contents of the first volume, which will be followed by others, include : — THE CHURCH IN SCOTLAND. By the Right Rev. Bishop Graham. ' ' This admirable little pamphlet breaks new ground . . . every page is full of interest."^— Co^AoKc Times. THE CHURCH IN THE NETHERLANDS. By the Lady Acton. " A mine of useful information, difiicult otherwise to be got at, is Lady Acton's sketch of the present position of the Church in the Netherlands, with a g-ood statistical appendix." — Month. THE CHURCH IN GERMANY. By the Rev. C. Lattky, S.J. "Has acquired an interest and significance not contemplated when it issued from the press."— Z>kWx« Rervieai. THE CHURCH IN PORTUGAL. By the Rev. C. Torrend, S.J. " The work of one who knows the subject from the inside, and has felt in his own person the diabolical persecutfon still raging in that desolate portion of the Vineyard." — Month. THE CHURCH IN SOUTH AFRICA. By the Hon. A. Wilmot, K.S.G- "The history of the Church's progress in South Africa is thrillin|f and romantic, a fact of which' we have a vivid glimpse, at least, in this very readable booklet." — Lamp'. THE MISSIONS OF INDIA. By A. Hilliard Atteridge. " Mr. A. Hilliard Atteridge writes graphically and informingly on the missions of India." — Catholic Book Notes. THE MISSIONS OF CHINA. By the same. " Mr. Hilliard Atteridgc's carefully compiled and graphic account of the missions of China should do something to stimulate missionary zeal." — Month. Catholic Truth Society, 69 Southwark Bridgb Road, IjOndon, S.E. Price 2d. Monthly ; 2/6 per annum, post free. Catholic Book Notes Edited ijy JAMES BRITTEN, K.C.S.G. Hxin. Secretary, Catholic Truth Society. CATHOLIC BOOK NOTES. is a monthly record of Current Literature, 'either written by or of special interest to Catholics. The reviews, although necessarily brief, are SufiScient to indicate the nature and value (or the reverse) of the' books/ noticed, and are undertaken by cornpetent authorities in various branches of Literature. The Monthly List of New Publications written by Catholics, or dealing with subjects in which Catholics are Specially interested, is a feature of the magazine. "Cath6lic Book Notes . . . an admirable record of- current literature and a model of scholarly and thoroughly honest reviewing." Catholic Encydopadia (art. Catholic Periodical Literature, EnglaniJ). "We have often wondered why the Catholic Book Notes of London has not a larger circulation among American Catholics. ' Among the few purely critical literary reviews that we Catholics have in English, it is' far and away the best. Its booknotices are iudicious and sanely critical." Fortnightly Review (Illinois, U.S. A;). " It is difficult to refrain from saying good words of this magazine, as they rise to our lips every time we read its pages. Ordinarily, book reviews make dreary reading indeed : not so those appearing in BooK Notes. Besides theit outward interest, they have behind them the force of a strong, inteL- lectual, highly cultivated personality." — Catholic Citizen. "We have known ' C.B.N. ' for a mjmber of years, and would never willingly miss a number. It is, as far as we know, the sole Catholic biblio- grstphical journal in English, and is well worth the price charged for it. The reviews, though brief, are searching, scholarly, and helpful, without bias, and without favour ifor well-known names, and, generally speaking, the most reliable of any Catholic magazine with which we are acquainted." - - - Austral, Light. Catholic; TrijTh Society, 69 Southwark BriI)ge Road, London, S:E.i yxMJ'-H-'^ :jl r^, iMxi .**■:**'