•791 Iva A2I y^^t ' CORNELL UNIVE"5ITY L aRABJ 9, 1924 062 853 829 Vol. VII, No. 2 October 1922 UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA RECORD EXTENSION SERIES ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SURVEY OF ALBEMARLE COUNTY BY Elizabeth Fahmey Mabel Nussman Wilson Gee A. L. Bennett Odie Mayhew C. F. Whitmore P. B. Barringer Ottie Craddock PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY (Entered as Second-Class Matter at thei Postoffice at Charlottesville, Virginia) PUBLICATIONS 6^ "tHE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA EXTENSION SERIES. 1. Vol. 1 — No. 1 — Virginia High School Literary and Athletic League — ^De- bate — Part I. Organization, Parliamentary Forms and Rules, Part II. Arguments and References. Price 10 cents. 2. Virginia High School Literary and Athletic League — New Series Vol. I — No. 1 — Debate — Woman's Suffrage. Price 10 cents. 3. Vol. 1 — No. 2 — Virginia High School Literary and Athletic League — ^De- bate — Good Roads. Price 10 cents. 4. 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Vol yi— No. 6— Psychological and Educational Tests In the Public Schools of Winchester, Va. p^oe 15 cents. ^^' y?i% ^7~^°- J— Conference on Governmental Efficiency- Nov. 21-22 1921, Richmond, Va. p^i^^ j„ ^^^^^ ^^' tTon '^^""^?- S^Oitllne of Lectures for Course in Hygiene and Sanita- Pflce 25 cents.: ''■ l°^i,j^^tp;rl%^'^^ ^'^^ ^'''""" ^"^--"^ --1 ^^^'^'pr^ceTo'Tents. Copies of these bulletins will be sent to any one upon application to BUREAU OF EXTENSION, Charles G. Maphls, Director, University, Virginia. University of Virginia Record Extension Series AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SURVEY OF ALBEMARLE COUNTY Wilson Gee P. B. Barringer A. L. Bennett Ottie Craddock Elizabeth Fahmey Odie Mayhew Mabel Nussman C. F. Whitmore UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA OCTOBER 1922 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924062853829 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments . . . . Foreword .... . . I. A Briee History of Albemarle County II. Natural Resources III. Albemarle Industries IV. Facts About the Folks V. Wealth and Taxation . VI. Schools . . . • VII. Albemarle Agriculture . VIII. Food and Feed Production . IX. Evidences oe Progress X. Albemarle Problems 7 9 19 25 34 43 52 63 75 84 105 Albemarlb County: Economic and Social ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study would be incomplete without certain acknowledg- ments. To Dean Charles G. Maphis, Director of Extension and Dean of the Summer Session in the University of Virginia, the authors are indebted for his deep interest in the survey, his ad- vice and active help in many particulars, and his constant en- couragement which has carried them through many discouraging difficulties. The readers are to be congratulated upon the fact that Doctor P B. Barringer has written the historical background. Since he has so long held Albemarle County firmly intrenched in his af- fections, and expresses personally so much that is best in its heritage and traditions, he is peculiarly fitted to write the section which gives a setting for the whole study. Mr. L. D. Case, Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, has furnished much helpful advice regarding the industries of the city and county, and in addition, the article on the work of that organization; Dr. William S. Keister supplied the section on the County Health Unit ; Dr. T. R. Suavely of the University faculty kindly discussed the subject of Taxation; Mr. R. E. Lee, County Manager, wrote the account on Roads ; Miss Bessie Dunn that on Home Demonstration Work; and Mr. S. S. Teel the account of the Farm Demonstration Work. Amidst the pressure of his heavy duties, Mr. A. L. Bennett, County Superintendent of Schools, has interpreted the Albe- marle County Schools, and in doing so, has written the most significant chapter in the text. The authors wish to express their indebtedness to him for this valuable help. The courteous attitude and spirit of interested helpfulness which have characterized every response to requests for informa- tion have made the work of collecting the material for the survey a pleasant task. The Authors. p < a a Z; <; P o H FOREWORD By Chas. G. Maphis, Dean of the Summer Quarter and Director of U)nversity Extension. If one should ask the citizens of any county of the State thi; relative size of the county, the annual rainfall, the area, the pop- ulation — ^proportion of white and colored ; whether it was in- creased or decreased in the last two decades; the minr-rals to be found, its principal industries, the state of literacy, health; its wealth, crop values, rank of schools, percentage of farm tenants, rank in various farm products, feed shortage, live stock — and many other pertinent questions which . a good citizen should know, he would receive many opinions, but little reliable infor- mation. The range of fjuessing would be wide, but the body of facts, small. It is opinion based on facts that is worth while. Any plan for the development of a community or county that does not have for its foundation reliable information about the community or county is likely to lead into a blind alley. The "Know Your County" movement which is being prosecuted rather vigorously lately in several Southern States has, in my opinion, furnished an intelligent basis for the economic and social development in those States that has produced most gratifying results. These economic and social surveys have been conducted by the State universities, and through them an invaluable service is be- ing rendered. Through its Extension Division the University of Virginia has in recent years been endeavoring to broaden its services to the State by offering some form of help to every citizen who can not repair to its walls for instruction. For the benefit of those persons who are interested in the study of rural life problems the Summer Quarter has for a number of years offered courses in Rural Problems and has held annually a Rural Life Conference, the proceedings of which have been published and distributed. This year in the place of 8 Ai^BEMARLE County: Economic and Social the Rural Life Conference, at my request Dr. Wilson Gee, Pro- fessor of Rural Social Science in the University of South Caro- lina, offered a graduate course in Rural Economics in the Sum- mer Quarter, and he and his students undertook the task of making an Economic and Social Survey of Albemarle County, with the double purpose in mind of rendering a service to the County and to serve as a model for the study of other counties of the State whose citizens may be interested in cooperating with the University in a similar task. I beg to acknowledge our indebtedness to Dr. Gee and the members of his class for their untiring efforts in producing this valuable study, and to a number of organizations and public spirited citizens of Charlottesville and Albemarle County for their helpful cooperation. University, Virginia, October 5, 1922. Albemarle County: Economic and Social I. ALBEMARLE COUNTY By p. B. BARRiNceR. The name Albemarle is ancient and honorable. It came into England with William the Conqueror, his brother-in-law, Odo de Aumale of Normandy, receiving grants in Yorkshire. Time, and the Yorkshire dialect, gave it its present form Albemarle. The Virginia authorities chose this name for Albemarle County in recognition of the honorable service of William Anne Kepple, Earle of Albemarle, Governor General of the Colony. It was among the last of the counties to be named after Royal Governors and the Royal Establishment. New counties came, in early America, whenever a sufficient number of settlers had moved on beyond the locality previously set aside as a county seat. The more distant new settlers soon began to complain of the distance traveled to get to court. About 1740, when this section had had a few settlers for about ten years, the authorities at Williamsburg began to hear complaints of "divers inconveniences attending the upper inhabitants of Goochland by reason of their great distance from the courthouse." From the headwaters of Lickinghole Creek, then the most west- ern settlements, to Goochland courthouse was nearly 75 miles, and relief was given. The Colonial Assembly of 1744 granted a charter to take shape January first 1745. The James River being the main artery of travel in those days, the new county seat was located on that river, about a mile west of the present town of Scottsville, on the lands of Daniel Scott. The Scott family agreed, if the new county seat was put on their lands, to erect "a courthouse, prison, stocks and pillory, as good as those of Goochland." To this court, for nearly twenty years, came all the inhabitants of the new county of Albemarle, which then included Buckingham, parts of Appomattox and Campbell, Am- herst, Nelson and Fluvanna. Ere long the inhabitants of the 10 Ai,BEMARi,E County: Economic and Sociai, southern and western parts of this great area began to suffer the "divers inconveniences" of distance and in 1761 the two coun- ties of Amherst and Buckingham were carved from Albemarle. This naturally decentered what was left, so the same legislature added to Albemarle, by cutting off. from Louisa, what is now the northeastern portion of the county. Knowing that new pe- titions regarding inconvenience would naturally soon come, the Assembly of 1762 allowed the removal of the county seat to nearer the centre of the county. The commissioners charged with the location of the new county seat brought a thousand acres of land, in the then exact centre of the county, and named the to be city of Charlottesville, after Queen Charlotte, the wife of the reigning monarch George III. The subsequent creation of Flu- vanna County, in 1777, mainly from Albemarle, makes Char- lottesville somewhat east of the center, but it is quite well lo- cated. The destruction by Tarleton's troopers of the old order-books, covering the period when the court was held at Scottsville, has left this period almost without records. That the buildings there were no mere makeshift is proven by a note of Count Castig- lioni; speaking from the Buckingham side of the river in 1786, (forty odd years after they were built) he says, "On the other side of the river, in a group of houses, stands the building in which the court of Albemarle was formerly held." When these buildings were built, in 1746, the James River section was the best settled part of the county. While the first grant in the pres- ent county was made to Meriwether Lewis, in the eastern end of the county, and far from the river, in 1727, the first grant occupied, and worked, was at Warren, about seven miles from Scottsville, and also on the James. Here young John Nicholas, son of Dr. George Nicholas of Williamsburg, came in 1729, with slaves and retainers and began the opening up of 2600 acres patented at that time. From this time on the patents in- creased steadily each year until in 1737, ten years after the first patent, the number of patents reached 19, with an average of about 7 each year. But from 1737 the numbers increased so rapidly that in 1747, twenty years after the first patent, the newly organized county of Albemarle had a total population of 5,275, of whom 1,725 were negroes. As the lands were cleared, Albemarle County: Economic and Social 11 and opened up for . the main crop, tobacco, the proportion of slaves . steadily grew until in 1840, about a century after its or- ganization, the slaves of Albemarle exceeded the whites in the rato of 13 to 10. To note the strange changes in population which have taken place in her history, I append the census reports on Albemarle from the first census, of 1790, down to the present: 1790 12,585 1830 18,747 1880 26,625 1800 16,439 1840 22,618 1890 27,554 1810 18,268 1850 22,924 1900 28,473 1820 32,618 1860 32,379 1910 29,871 1870 25,800 1920 26,005 The writer was much puzzled by the enormous drop in popula- tion between 1820 and 1830 until he learned that other counties in the eastern part of Virginia showed much similar conditions and that it also occurred in the great slave sections of the Caro- linas. It seems to have been due to the enormous transfer of slaves to the newly opened states of Alabama and Mississippi, which were admitted about 1817, and soon became the cotton centers of the South. Virginia was so overloaded witli slaves at this period that the Convention of 1831 was about to advocate emancipation when the Nat Turner insurrection banished the idea from all minds. When Albemarle County was organized, January first, 1745, the functions of the present County Supervisors and Magistrates were combined in one body, "The County Court," which admin- istered all the financial affairs of the county and tried all misde- meanors. On "the fourth Thursday of Feb. 1745" .these magis- trates were sworn in : Joshua Fry, Peter Jefferson, Allen Howard, William Cabell, Joseph Thompson, and Thomas Ballou. These names have played an important part in the history of Albemarle. During the twenty years in which this court sat at Scottsville great changes took place in the county. The original line of growth up the James and up the Hardware had brought about a junction of the James River movement, westward, and the Pennsylvania movement, southward, and they joined hands in western Albe- marle on Lickinghole • Creek about 1737. This steady movement southward, of the Scotch Irish and Germans from Pennsylvania had long since eased the pressure of the Indians on the colonists 12 Albemarle County : Economic and Social in Goochland, Powhatan, etc., and when this junction was made and supplemented by a line of forts all down the Valley the en- tire area of the then farfiung Albemarle was safe and open to settlement. This is why in this vast region we find no signs of block-houses or traditions of massacre. Settlers at once began coming into the upper valley of the Rivanna and the northern part of the county began to be filled. It was the English settler from eastern Virginia with his slaves and, more important still, his thorough knowledge of the cultivation of tobacco, that held sway and gave character to the social life. Many of these new- comers were the younger sons of the magnates of the eastern counties, some graduates of European universities and still more of William and Mary. A very fair university club could have been organized in the county within a decade of its organi- zation. The reason for this was not far to seek. It was the first "mountain resort" opened up in America, the frontiers of every other colony being unsafe to any but armed men, while here, ow- ing to the advent of the Valley movement, the Indians had not only crossed the Blue Ridge but were now on the farther side of the Valley. No similar area in America was ever more easily colonized. Further, the whole area west of the Blue Ridge was adapted to tobacco. At that time tobacco was not simply a "money crop," it was really money — legal tender. Taxes and all legal obliga- tions were payable in tobacco alone, as the colony was then prac- tically devoid of a currency. Twenty pounds of tobacco was the legal poll-tax when the county was organized. This sudden opening of great areas of virgin forest brought certain evils. Capital bought large tracts of cheap land and sent overseers and slaves to take up and work the land. The less wealthy providently bought as much as they could and held for a rise. The high quality of the newcomers and the quick turn over prevented the usual evils of absenteeism, although the specu- lative grants were large. Among the very first to preempt lands here were Nicholas Meriwether, a part of present Castle Hill tract, 14,000 acres, John Carter, Secretary of the Colony, 9,000 acres, and Rev. Wm. Stith, President of William and Mary Col- lege, several thousand as a home for old age. These men sent overseers, slaves and goodwill, but younger men of equal talents Albemarle County: Economic and Social 13 like Joshua Fry, an old Oxford graduate, then Professor of Mathematics at William and Mary, Dr. Thomas Walker, Thomas Harvie, and others, all came and remained. Looking at the old deed books of the county it would appear that sooner or later prominent men from every one of America's existing colonies at some time held lands in Albemarle, as Benjamin Franklin, Wil- liam Wirt, William Short, and Wm. H. Hening. It was for a long time a speculators' paradise. Apropos of Hening, and his historical data, we find that he gives the names of a company of troops raised in Albemarle in 1758, to help the settlers of West Augusta against the Indians. This old roster shows, from the names given, that out of 56 in the company 28 were clearly Scotch, 17 were English names, 10 were French, doubtless from the Huguenot settlements made on the lower James river in 1700, while one was a Jew whose name is still preserved at "Israel's Gap." Except for the slow advent of Germans from beyond the Blue Ridge this general ratio has not changed very much to this time. After the natural distrubance to business of the French and Indian War, 1755-1758, a spirit of change and improvement swept over the land and the "divers inconveniences'' of distance began to be felt in both Buckingham and Amherst. On appeal these counties were now cut off of Albemarle, a portion of Louisa added, and a new county site authorized by the Assembly of 1762. Dr. Thomas Walker, already one of the most prominent men of the County of Albemarle, as Trustee bought 1,000 acres of land, extending "north and south from the present site of Cochran's pond to Hartman's mill, and east and west from the C. & O. Depot to Preston Heights," as a town site. To the east of this large square tract, bought for the future city, was the small Court House tract, and the first town lots sold were those next the court house. In fact it was only the last expansion of Charlottesville, under the charter of 1920, that took in all the land originally acquired for the city. A direct and well located road from the old to the new court house was demanded and ordered built, and this became the famous Scottsville road which was the chief artery of supply for town, and University, so long as Scottsville was the terminus of the James River & Kanawha Canal. During this time, when water transportation ended at 14 Albemarle County: Economic and Social Scottsville, the State Plank Road from Scottsville to Rockfish Gap was built and it became the great line of supply for the fast growing west, now West Virginia. The various useless and un- sightly turns in the old roads of Albemarle will be better under- stood when we learn that' the County Court of 1745, when the county was organized, put on the restriction that new roads "should not be conducted through any fenced grounds." The new settler was wanted and favoured, the needs of a slow com- ing, and oft unwelcome, civilisation were not made really para- mount to this day. During the period of the Revolutionary War, Albemarle, in spite of its close English connections, was a center of patriotic ferment. From the time of Dunmore's seizure of the Colony's powder, to the last gun at Yorktown, the minute men of Albe- marle were in service. After the declaration of war the Conven- tion, dividing the State into sixteen military districts, put the old boundaries of Albemarle with Augusta, and made up a batallion, some of whose members fought in fifteen of the major battles of the Revolution. But aside from service in the field, Albemarle figured as the place of confinement for the "Conven- tion Troops" captured at Burgoyne's surrender. Both the Brit- ish and Hessian troops were for a time quartered at "The Bar- racks," a little over a mile west of Hydraulic. When Corn- wallis' army began to approach from the Carolinas, the British troops were moved to Maryland, but the Hessians remained until the end. When Cornwallis detached Tarleton to attempt the capture of the Virginia legislature, then in session at Charlottes- ville, after its flight from Richmond, he marched up through Louisa, and it was at Louisa Court House that these raiders were seen by Jack Jouett, and by speedy riding he got to Char- lottesville ahead of them and warned the lawmakers in time to fly. He also sent a message to Governor Jefferson at Monti- cello, and he thus escaped down the ridge of Carter's Mountain. This ride was more hazardous, fully as dramatic, and of far more practical service than Paul Revere's famous ride to warn Lexington and Concord. Moreover, Revere was sent, while Jouett acted on his own initiative; Revere was caught, while Jouett completed his task. After the Revolution came a long period of exhaustion but Albemarle; County: Economic and Social IS the next great step in Virginia was the undertaking of the James River Canal, to join the coal fields and the sea, in 1785. Nearl}- a century elapsed before real work started, in 1836, and it reached the "Point of Fork," where the Rivanna enters the James, about 1838, and reached Lynchburg in 1841. Prior to the undertaking of the James River Canal there was a precarious navigation of the James down to Richmond in flat bottomed boats which were poled up or down. This form of navigation extended up the Rivanna to the old town of Milton, near the pres- ent site of Shadwell. Here as early as 1792 great ware-houses for the sale of tobacco were established and hogsheads were "rolled" and teamed here from every part of this section. Many of the largest fortunes in the county were laid here by tobacco buyers and shippers. About 1800 a movement was started to move the county seat to Milton, and while it was never very seriously pressed, the friends of Charlottesville never felt safe until the location of the University of Virginia here settled the matter for all time. It must be understood that the cultivation of tobacco in the early days of Albemarle was a type of agriculture utterly un- like an}' now in existence. The chief implement of agriculture in those days was the axe. Land which proved its natural fer- tility by the hea^'y growth of hardwood timber it bore was chosen. This timber was cut down with the axe and enough used for rails to enclose the ai-ea to be cultivated, and all the rest of this orig- inal forest timber was rolled into piles and burned. Narrow, small, "bull-tongue" plows were then drawn, by slow-moving "steers," through this ash covered "new-ground" among the stumps. One or two crude harrowings, with a primitive spike- tooth-harrow, and it was ready to "hill" with a hoe. It will be readily seen that this was "gang labor" work. It was one of the few places where slave labor was more profitable than free la- bor, with the result that slavery and tobatco culture were synon- ymous in Virginia in that day. They both stopped with the crest of the Blue Ridge. The fine limestone lands of the Valley made a dark, poor leaf and hence were at a" discount. A comparison of the slave population of Albemarle and Rockingham, adjoining counties, with the Blue Ridge dividing, will show how sharply slavery stopped with tobacco. In 1840 Albemarle had nearly 16 Albemarlb County: Economic and Social 14,000 slaves and 20 free-negroes, while Rockingham, with seven- eighths as many inhabitants, had only 1,900 slaves and 500 free negroes. A tobacco "new-ground" usually gave but three crops of the weed and was then turned over to wheat for one or two crops and was then abandoned for reforestation in "old-field" pine. Corn was confined to low-grounds or bottom-land that would not bring tobacco. The heavy draught of both tobacco and wheat on the phosphates of our upland soils, the resulting erosion from loss of humus and the substitution of a miserably poor timber growth, old-field or loblolly pine, for the fertiHty inducing hard- woods, were the main evils of colonial tobacco culture. With but few cattle to conserve fertility through manure, no com- mercial fertilizers to give the extra feedings of potash needed by tobacco, and the crude agricultural technique of slave labor, loss of fertility was inevitable and we have hardly recovered to this day. Soon the advent of the railroad changed agricultural America. New areas of culture better adapted to tobacco than Albemarle, came into service, and a more natural system of course followed here. Fortunately the first railroad in the County, the present Chesapeake & Ohio, built through from 1848 to 1854, followed the old route of trade and travel, to the old capitals, Richmond and Williamsburg. It conformed in the main to the route of the "Three Chop Road" cut through the wilderness from the Valley to Williamsburg, the capital of the Colony before Char- lottesville was dreamed of. This C. & O. Railroad, the old "Louisa Railway," gave connection at first only with Richmond, but connection was made with Washington, and the North, by means of the Orange & Alexandria Railroad, about the time of the Civil War. The southern extension of what is now the Southern Railroad was made a little later, but the various changes of gauge, to make a north and south trunk line, were not made until about 1873. This crossing of two great trunk lines at the county seat gave Albemarle unusual facilities for a diversified agriculture very early. The Richmond & Allegheny, now the James River division of the C. & O., serves the lower part of the county, and branch lines extend across to the Southern. In the enumeration of the great economic and financial changes AlbbmarlB County : Economic and Social 17 which have been noted in Albemarle, we must try and follow with a visualization of the social and political changes in the people which of necessity followed. These early days of pros- perity, with unusual safety from the great menace of colonial life, the Indian, gave an opportunity for leisure and culture al- most unsurpassed in America. Here the vigor born of a frontier life was tempered by association with many of the best minds in the colony. It was a community in which the great problems of America were common themes of discussion, unchecked by the natural loyalist sentiment that pervaded tidewater Virginia, and yet made possible by the culture and knowledge which that older civilization had given. Moreover, behind the firing line as she was, her military element paid more attention to the broad strat- egy of campaign than to the simple tactics o,i the field. Here in Albemarle the leaders were made, the pioneers and the broad political leaders. The first manifestation of the Albemarle spirit came early in its history. About 1748, Dr. George Walker, a graduate of William and Mary and a man of travel and wide reading, de- termined to explore the region opened up by the mission of Abraham \\'oods to the Narrows of the New River. This Trans- Allegheny exploration, made by Woods' brother, Fallam, Batts and a number of Indians, discovered New River but as they reported that it ran westward no one could believe their report. To clear up this question. Dr. Walker with some 75 rifles went out the present route of the Norfolk & Western Railroad into Tennessee, up into Kentucky, where he preceded Boone by a dec- ade or more, and then came back along the later route of the Ches- apeake & Ohio Railway. He verified Woods' report, made some sixty years before Spottswood's burlesque and bibulous picnic, saw and named the Cumberland mountains and opened to set- tlement a region of wondrous fertility. One small mountain and a bold creek named after him in southwest Virginia alone mark his connection with this wonderful journey. The next miHtary son of Albemarle to rise to national fame was George Rogers Clark who was sent out by Governor Jef- ferson to protect Virginia's Kentucky territory from the Indians and harass the British forces in the northwest. Bidding fare- well to Mr. Jefferson on the porch at Monticello, he marched 18 Albemarle County: Economic and Social with a few chosen spirits, raised some 250 men and floated down the Ohio river to Maysville and later to Corn Island, opposite Louisville. Here he drilled his troops and organized a force that in the next few years gave Virginia the State of Illinois as a new county, after taking in order Kaskaskia, Vincennes and Cahokia, and he held this farflung conquered territory until the end of the Revolution. This "Hannibal in Buckskin" was the most dramatic figure in the whole period of the Revolution and added territory vfrom which several states were carved, and all with a force of a few hundred men and the commission of Lieutenant-Colonel of the Virginia militia. Still later, when peace and prosjjerity brought a demand for expansion it was Thomas Jefferson, a native son of Albemarle, acting this time as President of the United States, who after the purchase of the Louisiana Territory needed confirmation of ils uncertain northern boundaries by occupation, sent out from Al- bemarle the famous Lewis and Clark expedition. In this deli- cate but hazardous mission Meriwether Lewis was the diplomat and William Clark was the frontiersman, although both knew the Indian and Indian character. Not only did they accomplish the task of taking official possession of the new purchase, thus confirming treaty rights, but they did this after a journey of sev- eral thousand miles through a trackless and hostile country, without making an enemy or losing a man. Nearly a half score of states were subsequently to be formed from the vast region to which they confirmed the Nation's title. It will be noted that two of these three great farflung expe- ditions hinged around the name of one man — Thomas Jefferson. He was the ideal product of Albemarle, the son of this peculiar "frontier," with its freedom from European influence, though shaped by transmitted European culture. All were alike, the same influences that moved Dr. Walker moved Jefferson and his proteges; they were the pre-Americans of colonial days. The ease with which the men of this section fitted into the new era of American independence accounts for the fact that three pres- idents, Jefferson, Madison and Monroe, and three foreign min- isters, to carry American policy abroad. Rives, Stevenson and Barbour, came from this immediate section and all breathed this air of freedom and high-endeavor — the spirit of Albemarle. Albemarle County : Economic and Social 19 II. NATURAL RESOURCES By Otxie Craddock. Geography. Albemarle County lies close to the geographical centre of the State of Virginia. It is the sixth county in size in the State. The area is 751 square miles. The western portion of the county is bounded by Rockingham, Augusta and Nelson counties ; the southern, by Nelson and Buckingham — James River being the boundary ; the eastern, by Fluvanna and I^ouisa ; and the northern portion, by Orange and Greene counties. Albemarle County is about half in the Piedmont section of the State, and half in the Middle Virginia region. Roughly speaking the latitude is 38°02' North, and the Longitude is 78°23' West. The land is rolling, being well watered and drained by nu- merous rivers, creeks and springs. The elevation varies from 400 feet above sea level in the eastern part of the county to 3,161 feet in the western portion. Climate. The records of the United States Weather Bureau show Al- bemarle County to be in the belt of fewest violent storms. The climate is more desirable than that of most of the counties in Virginia. The mountains on the west protect us from the very cold northwest winds in winter and the terrific storms in summer. The winters are short. Cattle can often stay out until December, returning to summer pasture by April or May. The rainfall is uniformly distributed throughout the year. It is generally suf- ficient during the growing season to prevent injurious droughts. The average date of the last killing frost in the spring at Char- lottesville is April 24th and the earliest in the fall is October 9th. 20 Albemarle County; Economic and Social Normal Monthly and Annual Temperature and Precipitation at Charlottesville. (Compiled from the Records of the U. S. Weather Bureau.) Month Temperature Precipitation January 36.4° Fahr. 3.49 inches February 34,6 3.S9 March 46.3 3.49 April S6.6 2.43 May 67.0 4.33 June 74.5 3.02 July 77.1 S.S3 August 76.1 6.S6 September 6S.3 2.39 October 57.0 4.13 November 48.9 1.92 December 39.4 2.87 Year 56.6 43.75 Soils. The Bureau of Soils, of the United States Department of Ag- riculture, in 1902 made a survey of the soils of a large portion of Albemarle County, along with those of Buckingham, Greene, Page, Nelson, Augusta and Rockingham counties. The portion of these counties included in the survey are designated as the Albemarle Area in the publication issued by that department of the government. The Albemarle Area, which includes the Harrisonburg, Waynesboro and Buckingham sheets is situated a little to the northwest of the geographical center of the State. The area is rectangular in shape and is 52 miles long, north and south, by 27 miles wide, east and west, comprising an area of 1,404 square miles or 898,560 acres. Albemarle County constitutes about one- third of the area, which is entirely an agricultural one. Eighteen soil types are found in the Albemarle area. The names and percentages of these types are: Cecil clay (8.8 per cent.) ; Cecil loam (10.5 per cent.) ; Edgemont stony loam (14.9 per cent.) ; Porters sand (12.6 per cent) ; Hagerstown shale loam (8.3 per cent.) ; Porters black loam (7.6 per cent) ; Hagerstown stony loam (6.5 per cent.) ; Cecil sandy loam (5.2 per cent.) ; Hagerstown sandy loam (5.0 per cent.) ; Meadow (4.5 per cent.) ; AlbumarlE County: Economic and Social 21 Porters clay (3.6 per cent.) ; Hagerstown loam (3.4 per cent.) ; Hagerstown clay (2.9 per cent.) ; Conestogy clay (1.9 per cent.) ; Penn clay (1.8 per cent.) ; Conowingo barrens (0.8 per cent.) ; Conowingo clay (0.7 per cent.) ; and Penn sandy loam (0.6 per cent. ) . The immediate location of the University of Virginia is sur- rounded by Cecil sandy loam; the outlying regions are Cecil loam. The Cecil clay, a good soil for farming, is found in the vicinity of Crozet and Whitehall. A continuous strip of Conowingo clay runs through Alberene. The Cecil clay type varies from a brown to reddish or dark brown loam, averaging about 8 inches deep. The subsoil is a dark red clay loam, grading into a stifif, tenacious red clay, 36 inches in depth. This soil generally has good surface drainage, although the more level areas could be much improved by arti- ficial drainage. The Cecil clay is considered the most desirable of the Piedmont soils for general farming. It is a heavy soil and best adapted to wheat, tobacco and grass. Heavy shipping tobacco was formerly the main crop. Except on the heavier phases corn is raised. Grasses and clovers produce well upon this soil, if they are once established. Over the whole area the Cecil clay is a strong soil, and with proper liandling is very pro- ductive. The soil of the Cecil loam varies greatly in color. The greater part of it is of a yellowish, light or dark brown, reddish-brown or red color. The depth of the surface soil varies from 6 to 12 inches. There is usually some fine sand in the soil. The subsoil varies in color and texture. The soil and subsoil contain a large quantity of finely divided mica. The formation is very easily washed. Many of the slopes are so badly gullied that cultiva- tion is impracticable. Even when not gullied badly the washing has been great enough, under the present methods of cultivation, to render the land "thin." The soil is best adapted to corn. Crop yields vary greatly, depending upon the manner in which the soil is managed. Grasses and clovers do not succeed very well. On the slopes of the foot hills are found apples and peaches. The soil of the Edgemont stony loam consists of a gray to yellowish sandy loam with an average depth of 20 inches. The 22 Albemarle County ; Economic and Social Edgemont stony loam has a greater extent than any other of. the mountain soils. The soil contains an excess, of moisture. The areas are so steep and stony that rarely can they be cultivated, and then with difficulty. Fairly good crops of wheat and corn are raised on the areas free from stones. However, the soil is of so httle agricultural value that it is allowed to remain in forest, which consists mostly of oak and chestnut with an undergrowth of huckleberries. The huckleberries and chinquapins can be said at present to furnish about all the income from this land. There are no good farms. Most of the land is either owned in small holdings or rented by negroes, who manage to make a liv- ing upon it. The Porters sand, another mountain type, consists of a gray or yellowish sand, averaging 8 inches in depth. In both soil and subsoil a large proportion of rock fragments are present and upon the surface boulders are scattered. Porters sand is in gen- eral too steep and stony to cultivate and is practically of no ag- ricultural value. Consequently the land is left in forest, consist- ing of a heavy growth of oak and chestnut, valued to some ex- tent for lumber and tan bark. Small fruits do well. Straw- berries are some times grown between the rows of peach trees. The soil of the Porters black loam is a loose, mellow, dark- brown to jet-black }oam, averaging about 12 inches in depth. The subsoil is a loam of slightly heavier texture. In the soil and subsoil are small fragments of rock, though generally the surface is free enough from stones to be cultivated. This black land has been recognized as the most fertile of the mountain soils. It can be worked year after year without apparent im- pairment of its fertility. This soil is not adapted to wheat and corn, though there is a fairly large yield of oats. Irish potatoes, even under ordinary culture, will yield from 200 to 300 bushels an acre. These potatoes ai'e smooth and of good quality. The soil is best adapted to grazing and to that use it is now chiefly devoted. The forest growth is the heaviest in the Albemarle Area and consists of chestnut, poplar, walnut, hickory and oak. Hagerstown shale loam consists of a yellowish loam or clay loam. The depth of soil and subsoil does not generally exceed 24 inches. The broken conditions of the underlying shale form- ation allows free passage of the ground water. The Hagerstown Albemarle; County: Economic and Social 23 shale loam is best adapted to the production of wheat and is largely devoted to this crop. The soil is usually too dry for corn. AVhen clayey enough and of sufficient depth, the soil is well adapted to grass. All the products grown on the ?Iagers- town shale loam are always of superior equality. Minerals. The most important deposits of soapstone in the United States, and probably in the world, are in the neighborhood of Alberene. There are also extensive deposits around West Es- mont and Esmont. This belt of soapstone furnishes a stone that is extensi^•ely quarried and manufactured into various articles of general use. Seven miles east of Charlottesville, near the Nelson and Buckingham county lines, are large deposits of slate. The qual- ity is good. One quarry contains beds of slate so soft and free from grit as to make fine quality slate pencils. Mines have been opened at Keswick, Esmont and Buck Island Creek. A copper vein is found in the foot hill country at the west base of Southwest Mountain, on a small branch of the North Fork of Rivanna River. It is mined to a depth of nearly one hundred and thirty feet. These mines are two and one half miles from the railroad. The single deposit of lead and zinc ores in Albemarle County marks the only type of its kind yet known in the South. The mine is owned by the Atlantic Lead & Zinc Company. Gold is found in the southwestern corner of the county. Crystalline limestone and marble are found in a number of localities in the county. In the early days these deposits were quarried and burned for agricultural use. The minerals magnetite and limnite occur and have been mined to a limited extent in the vicinity of North Garden. Pyrite is found about one fourth of a mile west of Proffit sta- tion, on the Southern railroad. Cambrianschist has been ex- ploited in the last several years for pyrite. The work resulted in a shaft having been sunk to a depth of 200 feet and the con- struction of a large milling plant. The total cost of all was $300,000. The operation has been abandoned since commercial bodies of pyrites were not found. 24 Albemarle County: Economic and Social Timber. Forestry is the second industry of importance in Albemarle County, agriculture having the first place. The number of feet of merchantable timber in the county, as far as can be estimated, is 450 million board feet, valued at approximately $2,000,000. The most important trees are oak, chestnut, pine, poplar, maple, black locust, hickory, red cedar, black walnut and ash. The beech, sycamore, sassafras, persimmon, hemlock, birch, cherry and honey locust are trees of less importance. According to the 1920 census the wooded area comprises about 225,000 acres. The acreage in timber is slightly increasing, the annual cut is decreasing. The estimated annual growth is 100 board feet per acre, making a total of 22,500,000 board feet per year. The annual cut of all forest products is estimated at 264 board feet per acre for the entire state, but is probably about 200 board feet for Albemarle County, or 45,000,000 board feet per year for the county. The consumption of timber is thus 45,000,000 board feet annually or approximately twice as much as the annual growth. At this rate, in about 19 years the forest resources of the county will have been entirely depleted. Is it not time to take intelligent steps toward the conservation of the forest resources ? It is very much easier to cut down the timber than it is to restore it. A wise conservation policy would es- tablish a proper balance between the production and consumption of this important source of wealth in the county. The State F'or- ester of Virginia is attempting to educate the people of the State regarding the proper care of our valuable forest resources. Albemarle County : Economic and Social 25 III. ALBEMARLE INDUSTRIES By C. F. Whitmore. To the person who has not made a study of Albemarle in- dustries the following statistics are startling and almost unbe- lievable. In August 1922, a thorough survey of the industrial development of the county shows the total capital invested in all industries to be $3,484,000. There are 1,202 persons employed, with an annual pay roll of $1,000,428.10. The value of the annual product is $3,936,109.62. Setting over against this last figure the $4,899,819 value of all the crops grown in the county in the last census year (1919), we see that Albemarle industries are well on the way toward outranking the value of the agricultural products of the county. There is a great variety of manufacturing interests in the county. Woolen goods, silks, insulator pins, law books, building materials, feeds, and tanning extracts are some of the products turned out. This range of output goes to show the manufactur- ing possibilities of Albemarle. And to further facilitate the in- dustrial development of Charlottesville and its environs, the railroad facilities are excellent. The prospects are good for an extensive future industrial development in the county. The difficult start has been well made, and the rest of the way is rel- atively easy. AlbBmarle Creamery Company. The Albemarle Creamery Company was chartered in 1908 with a capital stock of $6,600. This amount has increased until today it amounts to $150,000. The officers of the company are J. B. Andrews, President, R. F. Andrews, Vice-President, and H. F. Wilde, Secrelary. The annual product is valued at $150,000. There are seven persons employed in the company, with an annual pay roll of 26 Albemarlb County: Economic and Social $10,000. Butter and ice cream are the chief products made by the Albemarle Creamery Company. Brown Milling Company. The Brown Milling Company came into existence in 1904, as a partnership, the members being J. Y. Brown, C. W. Brownmg and G. M. Brown. J. Y. Brown is the present manager of the company. The capital stock at present is $36,000, and the annual product is valued at $169,770.37, with an .exchange of $36,000, making a total of $205,770.37. There are seventeen persons employed in the plant, with an annual pay roll of $21,841.31. Flour, feed .and meal are the chief products manufactured by the Brown Milling Company. Charlottesville and Albemarle; Railway Company. The Charlottesville and Albemarle Railway Company was chartered in 1903 and has a capital stock of $622,700. The of- ficers of the organization are J. L,. Livers, President, Henry Duer, Vice-President, W. R. Morton, Secretary and Treasurer, Kirby Snyder, Superintendent, and C. L. Carter, Manager. The annual product is valued at $234,000. There are 55 per- sons employed, with an annual pay roll of $65,000. The chief business of the company is to furnish electric light, power and railway service to the citizens of Charlottesville. The Company has 28,000 customers. They have a modern and co- lonial office building in Charlottesville, and a modern steam tur- bine power plant on Rivanna River. Jeiiferson Park is also owned and operated by the Charlottesville and Albemarle Rail- way Company. Charlottesville Woolen Mills, Incorporated. The Charlottesville Woolen Mills were founded in 1867 by H. C. Marchant as a private enterprise. However, the next year the business was reorganized and chartered. The capital stock at the time of chartering was $50,000 and this amount has in- creased until today it totals $300,000. D. Van Wagenen is Pres- ident, R. H. Wood, Vice-President, and H. A. Dinwiddle, Sec- retary and Treasurer. Albemarle County: Economic and Social 27 The annual product is valued at $500,000. There are ISO per- sons employed at present, with an annual pay roll of $140,000. The Charlottesville Woolen Mills are engaged in making high grade military cloth for use in all the leading military schools in the nation, including West Point, Culver, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Virginia Military Institute and Staunton Military Acad- emy. Cloth is also furnished to the navy and to several large railroad companies. Charlottesville Lumber Company. The Charlottesville Lumber Company was organized in 1890 by L. W. Graves with a capital stock of $105,000. In 1905 the business was sold to the Charlottesville Lumber Company, In- corporated, and in 1909 the present company took over the busi- ness. A\'ithin the past thirteen years, the capital stock has been increased by $30,000. The company is operated on a partner- ship basis, the following being the partners : L. W. Graves, J. E. Harrison, J. S. Graves, W. R. Barksdale, and W. A. Barksdale. The annual product is valued at $500,000. There are 150 per- sons employed with the company, both in the plant at Charlottes- ville and in contract work. The amount of the annual pay roll is $67,800. Building material, mill work, and general contracting are the chief lines engaged in by the Charlottesville Lumber Company. Some of the most important buildings erected by the Charlottes- ville Lumber Company are the University biological laboratory. University faculty apartments, several fraternity houses, the motor truck school at the University during the World War, the Blue Ridge Sanatorium and the Charlottesville Library. Charlottesville Ice Company, Incorporated. The Charlottesville Ice Company, Incorporated, was chartered in 1901 with a capital stock of $25,000. The first officers of the organization were Archer W. Duke, President, and J. F. Elliot, Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. Elliot was also the founder of the plant. The capital stock today is $65,000. New officers were recently elected as follows : J. M. Rothwell, President, R. A. Watson, Vice-President, and I. B. Harvey, Secretary. 28 Albemarle County: Economic and Social The annual product is valued at $200,000. There are 40 per- sons employed with an annual pay roll of $41,024. Ice cream, ice, dairy and abattoir products are the chief hnes engaged in by the Charlottesville Ice Company, Incorporated. Coca-Cola Bottling Works. The Coca-Cola Bottling Works were chartered in 1919 and have a capital stock of $100,000. The officers of the organization are W. L,. Sams, President, J. E. Cross, Vice-President, and H. M. Sutton, Manager. The value of the annual product is estimated at $84,000. There are seven persons employed at the plafit with an annual pay roll of $38,160. Coca-cola and soda water are the chief products of the Coca-Cola Bottling Works. Dery Silk Mills. The Dery Silk Mills were organized in 1893 and today have grown until there is a chain of about thirty mills located largely in Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Virginia. The local plant was chartered in 1919 with a capital stock of $150,000 and no increase has ever been made in this amount. H. L. Fenderson is manager of the firm at the present time. The firm employs sixty-five persons with an annual pay roll amounting to $40,000. The value of the annual product is estimated at $50,000. Genuine broad silks and tapestries form the chief products manufactured by the Dery Silk Mills. Electric Fuseguard Company. The Electric Fuseguard Company was chartered in 1914 with a capital stock of $50,000. W. D. Ligon is President and J. M. Waldron, Secretary. The value of the annual product is estimated at $50,000. The number of employees varies from 25 to 75. Electrical equip- ment, fuses and cut outs are the chief lines engaged in by the Electric Fuseguard Company. Eston Updike Brickyard. The Eston Updike Brickyard came into existence in 1909, Albemarle County : Economic and Social 29 with a capital stock of $55,000. This amount has increased until today it totals $300,000. Eston Updike is the owner and man- ager of the plant. The annual product is valued at $12,000. There are sixteen persons employed with an annual pay roll of $5,850. Brick manufacturing is the chief business engaged in by the Eston Updike Brickyard. Graves Monumental Company. The Graves Monumental Company was chartered in 1913 with a capital stock of $8,000. J. I. Graves is President, and H. B. Graves, Manager. The annual product is valued at $20,000. There are two per- sons employed in the plant. Tomb stones and monuments are the chief lines engaged in by the Graves Monumental Company. King Lumber Company. The King Lumber Company was chartered in 1899 and has a capital stock of $100,000. The officers of the organization are W. W. King, President, H. H. King, Vice-President, H. P. Campbell, Secretary, and C. C. King, Treasurer. At present there are three hundred persons employed in the local plants, and in outside contract work, with an annual pay roll of $400,000. The value of the annual product is estimated at $1,000,000. The King Lumber Company manufactures lumber goods. They are doing contract work both in this State and elsewhere. The $300,000 gymnasium at the University of Virginia is one of their larger contracts. Locust Pin Factory. The Locust Pin Factory was organized several years prior to 1914, but was not chartered until that year. The factory is owned by L. H. Wiebel, and furnishes employment for fifteen persons. The main plant is situated at Hagerstown, Maryland. Manu- facturing of insulator pins is the chief type of work engaged in by the Locust Pin Factory. LovEgrove Milling and Feed Company, Incorporated. The Lovegrove Milling and Feed Company, Incorporated, 30 Albemarle County: Economic and Social was chartered in 1908. The amount of capital stock at the time of chartering was $10,000 and this has since been increased to $11,700. The officers of the organization are J. W. Lovegrove, President, F. E. Powers, Vice-President, G. T. Huff, Manager, and Hugh Burris, Secretary. The annual product is valued at $100,000. There are seven persons employed with an annual pay roll of $8,500. The Lovegrove Milling and Feed Company deals in the va- rious kinds of feeds. M'icHiE Publishing Company. The Michie Publishing Company was chartered in 1899 with a capital stock of $45,000. Since that time, the stock has been increased until today it amounts to $300,000. The officers of the organization are T. J. Michie, President, A. R. Michie, Sec- retary, George R. B. Michie, Manager and Treasurer. There are approximately eighty persons employed with the company. . The Michie Publishing Company is considered the third largest law publishing house in the United States. Its main specialty for some years past has been Encyclopedic Digests of State Re- ports (Alabama, Arkansas, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia). They publish such text books as, Dabney on Liquor Prohibition. Michie on Banks and Banking, and Remington on Bankruptcy. The Michie Company also publishes "The Virginia Law Reg- ister," a monthly magazine with a large circulation among the Virginia bar. MoNTicELLo Dairy, Incorporated. The Monticello Dairy, Incorporated, was chartered in October 1919 with a capital stock of $10,000. A. F. Howard is Presi- dent and Manager of the business. The annual product is val- ued at $150,000. There are eighteen persons employed with an annual pay roll of $17,000. i Milk, ice cream and butter are the chief lines engaged in by the Monticello Dairy. The business of the plant has more than doubled in the three years of its existence. Additional floor space is being added at present. The plant is valued at $15,000. There has been an increase in the amount of butter made from 1,700 pounds a year ago to 15,000 pounds at the present time. AlbemarlU County: Economic and Social 31 PilPSi-CoLA Bottling Works. The Pepsi-Cola Bottling Works were chartered in January 1921 with S. A. Jessup as President, and R. F. Howard, Secre- tary. The capital stoci< at the time of organization was $70,000, and no additional increase has been made in this amomit. Pepsi-Cola is the chief product manufactured by this company, the annual value of the product being estimated at $87,875.35. At the present time there are eighteen persons employed with the Pepsi-Cola wtih an annual pay roll of $17,613. RoTHwELL Apple Storage Company, Incorporated. The Rothwell Apple Storage Company, Incorporated, was chartered in 1916 and has a capital stock of $100,000. J. M. Rothwell is President and Treasurer of the firm and I. B. Harvey, Secretary. There are forty persons employed with an annual pay roll of $3,000. The chief business of the plant is apple storage. SurbEr-Arundalij Company, Incorporated. The Surber-Arundale Company, Incorporated, was organized and chartereid in July 1920 with a capital stock of $18,000. Since that time it has steadily grown with new stock holders added until today it can boast of a capital stock of $125,000. The equipment of the establishment is not surpassed by any sim- ilar firms in Central Virginia. The same officers hold their respective places as when the organization was chartered in 1920. W. H. Surber is President, Samuel Arundale, Vice-President, and Mrs. F. J. Fishburne, Secretary. The annual product is valued at $100,000 and the annual pay roll amounts to $24,000. At present there are twenty-five per- sons employed in the firm. The publication of law books, commercial and school printmg, and wholesale and retail stationery goods are the chief lines en- gaged in by the Surber-Arundale Company. Wheat Sheet Metal Works. The Wheat Sheet Metal Works were chartered in 1910 with a capital stock of $1,000. Today the capital stock amounts to $6,000. C. C. Wheat is the President and Manager of the plant. 32 Albemarle County: Economic and Social The annual product is valued at $23,463.90. There are about ten persons employed with an annual pay roll of $6,640.10. General sheet metal work, such sky light 3, cornice, and roofing are the chief lines engaged in by the Wheat Sheet M aal Works. Walker Iron Works. The Walker Iron Works were established in January 1922, and have a capital stock of $5,000. Charles M. Walker is the owner and manager of the plant. The annual product is valued at $40,000. There are seven persons employed with an annual pay roll of $10,000. Gray iron castings and repair work are the lines engaged m by the Walker Iron Works. Yancey Ice Company. The Yancey Ice Company was chartered in 1913 having a cap- ital stock of $20,000. A. S. Yancey is President, A. S. Yancey, Jr., Secretary, and P S. Yancey, Treasurer and Manager. The annual product is valued at $25,000. There are twenty persons employed with an annual pay roll of $7,000. Manufacturing of ice is the chief business of the Yancey Ice Company. H. E. Young and Company, Incorporated. H. E. Young and Company, Incorporated, was chartered in 1916 with a capital stock of $300,000. It has steadily increased until now the capital stock amounts to $900,000. The officers of the organization are H. E. Young, President, J. E. Stephens, Vice-President, J. S. Young, Treasurer, W. C. Plafifner, Secretary and A. B. Kennedy, Manager. The annual product is valued at $400,000. There are between sixty and seventy-five persons employed by the company with an annual pay roll of approximately $60,000. Tanning extracts are the chief products manufactured by the H. E. Young and Company. T. S. Herbert, CrozEt, Virginia. This business was built by the Carter Company several years ago but was taken over by T. S. Herbert in March 1922. The plant is valued at $250,000. Stonewai,!, Jackson Monument The gift of Mr. Paul Goodloe Mclntire to the City of Charlottesville >. George Rogers Clark Monument The gift of Mr. Paul Goodloe Mclntire to the City of Charlottesville Albemarle County : Economic and Social 33 There are fifteen persons employed with an annual pay roll of $12,000. The amount of business transacted is estimated at $40,000. The extent of apple storage space is 44,000 barrels. This concern furnishes ice and power to the town of Crozet, forty tons of ice a day being manufactured. T. S. Herbert has in his plant one 50 ton and one 30 ton refrigerating machine. Summary op All Industries in ALBiiMARLi?, County. Capital Industry Invested Albemarle Creamery Co $150,000 Brown Milling Company 36,000 Charlottesville and Albemarle Railway Co 622,700 Charlottesville ^^'oolen !Mills, Incorporated 300,000 Charlottesville Lumber Co 30,000 Charlottesville Ice Co 65,000 Coca-Cola Bottling Works 100,000 Dery Silk Mills 150,000 Electric Fuseguard Co 50,000 Eston Updike Brickyard 300,000 Graves Monumental Co 8,000 King Lumber Company 100,000 Locust Pin Factory Lovegrove Milling & Feed Company, Inc 11,700 Michie Publishing Co 300,000 Monticello Dairy, Inc 10,000 Pepsi-Cola Bottling Works.... 70,000 Rothwell Apple Storage Co... 100,000 Surber-Arundale Co., Inc 125,000 Walker Iron Works 5,000 Wheat Sheet Metal Works 6,000 Yancey Ice Company 20,000 H. E. Young & Co., Inc 900 000 T. S. Herbert, Crozet, Va .... 25,000 Total $3,484,400 Number Annual of Persons Annual Product Employed Pay Roll $150,000.00 7 $10,000 169,770.37 17 21,841 234,000.00 55 65,000 500,000.00 150 140,000 500,000.00 150 67,800 200,000.00 40 41,024 84,000.00 7 38,160 50,000.00 65 40,000 50,000.00 75 12,000 00 16 5,850 20,000.00 2 1,000,000.00 300 15 400,000 100,000.00 7 80 8,500 150,000.00 18 17,000 87,875.35 18 17,613 40 8,000 100,000.00 25 24,000 40,000.00 7 10,000 23,463 90 10 6,640 25,000.00 20 7,000 400,000.00 75 60,000 40,000.00 15 1202 12,000 $3,936,109.62 $1,000,428 34 Albsmarle County: Economic and Social IV. FACTS ABOUT THE FOLKS By MabUi, Nussman. This chapter is an attempt to weigh the most important facts available concerning the folks themselves, constituting the popu- lation of Albemarle County. The new census report on popula- tion has just been published and this enables us to give data that are practically as they exist at the present time. The attention of the reader is directed to the table at the end of this chapter where the statistics on which this discussion is based are to be found in compact form for ready reference. Civil Divisions. The county is divided into six districts : White Hall, Samuel Miller, Ivy, Charlottesville, Rivanna and Scottsville. Charlottes- ville, the county seat, was incorporated as a city in 1888. The city, it should be understood, is distinct from Charlottesville dis- trict and while it is located within the county, does not, politically, form a part of the county. Its population in 1920 was 10,688 while that of the county was 26,005. From these figures we may see what a large percentage of the population within the bounds of Albemarle County is in Charlottesville. Population. The great majority of the people of Albemarle County are of English descent, with an occasional strain of Scotch and French. A very small percentage of the population are foreign born and a small percentage are of foreign or mixed parentage. Hence with the exception of the negroes, the people of Albemarle County are of almost pure American stock. In IS'^O the total population was 25,800. It increased slowly and steadily up to the year 1890 with a i>opulation of 32,618 in 1880. It decreased to 32,379 in 1890 and from that time it has increased to 36,693 in 1920. Most of this increase has been in Albjjmarle County: Economic and Social 35 the vicinity of Charlottesville. The fact that Albemarle ranks 12th in its total population and has increased considerably from 1850 to 1920 are signs of the good showing it makes among the counties of Virginia. Density op Population. There are 49.8 inhabitants per square mile in Albemarle County. In this respect, the county ranks 29th among the coun- ties in the State. However, this is somewhat below the average for the entire State, 57.4 inhabitants per square mile. Highland County is the most sparsely settled, having 11.7 people per square mile. If we eliminate the City of Charlottesville from our consider- ation, we find that in the density of population for the rural sections of the county, Albemarle ranks 64th, with 34.6 people per square mile. This fact indicates very clearly that there is much room for further agricultural development in Albemarle County. Rural and Urban. The United States Census defines urban population as that re- siding in cities and other incorporated places having 2,500 in- habitants or more, and rural population as that residing outside of such incorporated places. Charlottesville is thus the only urban centre within Albemarle County. The population of the City of Charlottesville was 10,688 in 1920. This is an increase of 3,923 or 58 per cent, over the pop- ulation of 6,765 in 1910. The figure for 1900 was 6,449 inhab- itants. The rural population of the county numbers 26,005, and con- stitutes approximately 61 per cent, of the people in the combined city and rural areas. Instead of increasing, the rural population seems to have diminished since 1910. In that year, there were 29,871 country dwellers; in 1920, the figure was almost four thousand less. Considering the extent of the idle lands in the county, this cannot be considered a desirable tendency. Besides, we must recall that it is most frequently the best of the country population that leaves it for the city. A continual depletion of the trained leadership of the country district will lead inevitably to rural deterioration. 36 Albemarlb County: Economic and Social Color and Nativity. In 1920, there were in Albemarle County and Charlottesville City combined 25,874 native whites, and 10,516 negroes. The colored population thus constituted 28.7 per cent, of the total population. For Albemarle County proper there were 18,239. native whites, and 7,569 negroes. The population of Charlottes- ville City consists of 7,635 native whites, 197 foreign-born whites, and 2,947 negroes. The negroes thus constitute 29.1 per cent, of the population of Albemarle County and 27.6 per cent, of Charlottesville City. It is interesting and gratifying in the results to compare the situation in 1920 with that prevailing in 1850. At that time there were 13,425 negroes and 11,875 whites in the county — a majority of 1,550 negroes. From 54 per cent, in colored popula- tion in 1850 to 28.7 per cent, in 1920 indicates a trend which undoubtedly has been favorable to the progress of the county and city alike. Illiteracy. The census classification of illiterates includes only those ten years of age and above who cannot write their names in any language. These unfortunate people are thus "sheer illiterates." There is no way- of getting at the distribution of the much larger number of "near illiterates." In this day of enlightenment, it is theoretically difficult to conceive of a person unacquainted with the barest rudiments of an edcuation. Yet such people exist right here in Albemarle County, and are a matter of every day occurrence with bankers and merchants, the character of whose business transactions brings to the surface this great deficiency in the lives of our citizens. Albemarle County and Charlottesville City combined, with 8.2 per cent, of their total population illiterates, rank 21st among the counties in the State. This is better than the 11.2 per cent, average for the State of Virginia. Fairfax County ranks first with 4.3 per cent, total illiteracy, while Buchanan ranks last with 27.5 per cent, of its population unable to write their names. Louisiana, with 21.9 per cent, illiteracy, has the worst illiteracy record of any state in the nation. The combined figure for the native white illiterates of the Albemarle County: Economic and Social 37 county and city is 3.8 per cent. In this regard, the rank is 32nd. The percentage for the State of Virginia is 5.9. Albemarle ranl