'SAf'SX., CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY CORNELL UNIVERSITY .LIBH ARY 3 1924 098 490 943 The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924098490943 * Health Statistics OF Women College GeaDuates. EeFOET of a kSPECIAL COMMITTEE OP THE ASSOCIATION OF Collegiate Alumna, ANNIE G. HOWES, Chairman, Together with Statistical Tables collated by the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor. BOSTON : WKIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post Office Square. 1885, I ? •-■■■ -i .1 pv CONTENTS. Page Report op Annie G. Howes, 5-18 Report op Mass. Bureau op Statistics op Labor, 19-78 Introduction, 19-21 The table of colleges or universities of the United States included in the Association, 21 Conditions op Childhood ... 21-25 Parent nativity 22 Childhood spent in city or country, 22 Childhood spent in city or country. Summary, 22 Out-door exercise, between eight and fourteen years of age, ... 23 Age at beginning study, etc., 23 Age at entering college 24 Age at graduating ft'om college, 24 Present age, 25 College Conditions, 25, 26 College study 26 College worry, 26 Kind of exercise, 26 Amount of exercise, 26 College habits, 26 Number abstaining from exercise during menstrual period, ... 26 Entered society during college life, 26 College room-mate, 26 Conditions Since Graduation, 27-30 Post-graduate occupations, 27 Fost-graduate occupations. Averages 28 Conjugal condition, and number reporting children, .... 28 Present age and health of children living, 29 Number of children who have died, &nd cause of death, ... 29 Conjugal condition, and number of children. Summary, ... 30 Number of graduates who have died, and cause of death, ... 30 Individual Health 30-37 Physical condition, 30, 31 Nervousness, 32 Age at beginning of the menstrual period, 32 4 4 CONTENTS. Page Individual Health — Con. Conditions attending tlie menstrual periods 32, 33 Number of graduates reporting disorders, 34 Number of disorders, . . 34 Disorders, .... 34-36 Causes of disorders, etc . . 36, 37 CoMPAKisoN Tables, 37-59 Parent nativity as compared witli present health, . . . 37,38 Out-door exercise as compared with present health, . . .39, 40 Age at beginning study as compared with present health, . . .40, 41 Age at entering college as compared with present health, . . . 41,42 Time of entering college after beginning of menstrual period as com- pared with present health, 43^5 Health of parents as compared with present health of graduates, . 45-47 Hereditary tendency to disease as compared with present health, . . 48, 49 Age at entering college as compared with health during college life, . 49, 50 College study and college worry as compared with health during col- lege life, ' 51,52 Present health of graduates who entered society a good deal during college life 52 Health at time of entering and during college life of graduates who studied severely at college, as compared with present health, . . 53, 54 Number of graduates who studied severely at college reporting dis- orders, as compared with present health . 55 Number of disorders reported by graduates who studied severely at college, 56 Disorders reported by graduates who studied severely at college, . . 56, 57 Time and causes of disorders reported by graduates who studied severely at college, 58, 59 Review of the Tables, . 58-74 SuMMAKT OF Results, ... 74-78 ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE ALUMNA. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON HEALTH STATISTICS. Annie G. Howes, Chairman. Presented Mat 16, 1885. The justice of a law of liberty that shall allow all individuals, women as well as men, the privilege of growing to the full stature of their mental possibilities has been more fully recog- nized in this country than elsewhere as is proved by the oppor- tunities for intellectual training offered to women. Unless this freedom of mental action lies in harmony with the universal physical and moral laws of Nature, liberty has overstepped the boundaries of legitimacy and become license, a policy of dis- cord sure to end only in evil results. It is because such a cry of "license" has been raised against a college education for women that this Association, representing the women of this country who have received a college degree, bent its energies to the task of discovering upon what actual basis the claims regarding the physical incapacity of college women rest. A series of fortj^ questions, prepared with the utmost care, was submitted to the alumnae of the colleges included in the Association and answers were received from 705 women. Through the kindness of the Massachusetts Biireau of Statis- tics of Labor, the papers have been examined and the replies tabulated. Before referring to the statistical facts which our researches have revealed, it may be well to glance a little at the environ- ment of the college girl of to-day and the weight it would possess to influence her physical being for good or evil. A college education for women is after all but one of the phases 6 EEPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE. of our modern civilization and it is unfair to assume that to it alone must be attributed any loss of physical strength that a college bred woman may suffer. It is but just to attempt to present a broad view of life that " shall see it steadily and see it whole." It is as true of generations as of individuals that no man liveth to himself and no man dieth to himself. In endeavoring to estimate the strength or weakness of the physi- cal and mental forces that enter into the life of a woman of our day we must allow a large margin for the legacy of benefactions and evils to which she has fallen heir. So conscious have we become in these latter days of the power of one generation to impress its physical, mental and moral eccentricities upon suc- ceeding lives that we are in great danger of underrating the strength of individuality and the force nature constantly exerts to return to her normal standard. Life is not simple automatic action despite the views of ultra-evolutionists. In large pro- portion our women college graduates are descended from Ameri- can parentage : 587 out of our 705 responses claim both parents as natives of the United States of America. They have inherited the special characteristics of our New England ancestors. The Northern and North-western States furnish by far the larger number of college students ; the Southern States have had but few representatives. We may safely say that the Puritan element enters largely into the composition of the charac- ters of the women who attend our coHeges. "With all its splendid virtues we know well the evil^ that accompanies the introspective, self-accusing spirit of Puritanism, the morbid sense of justice and over-scrupulosity that are too frequently its manifestations, and the worriment and consequent dissatis- faction with life it produces. Must we not ascribe in great measure to constitutional tendencies the worriment over their work to which so large a number of college women plead guilty ; an evil whose surest antidote is to be found in the truer conception of life which a broader culture brings. The habitual tendency of our American women to worry over life is claimed to be at the bottom of more than one-half of those nervous diseases to which American women are specially prone. Some of the clearest thinkers among physicians are now urg- ing that the healthy mental stimulus of a college training is the best specific for this evil. We cannot think that our fore- COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 7 mothers, whose lives were spent with very limited knowledge of the many laws of sanitary science which guard our own, can have passed down to us a dowry of perfect physical strength. Even the opponents of higher education admit the force of this fact. An English physician says : " The fixct is, if we and our families were thoroughly healthy in original constitution the educationalists and their present over-enthusi- astic methods would not hurt our daughters so very much, perhaps, at least, not permanently. It is because few persons now-a-days have faultless constitutions and few families are altogether free from some tendency to disease, that one needs now to be more careful of the constitutions of the mothers of the next generation." It is difficult to estimate what propor- tion of our bodily weakness must be traced to former ignorance of the laws of hygiene, but from what record tells us of the lives of the olden New England dames, they frequently sinned against Nature and we suffer the penalties of their transgres- sions. Again we must bear in mind that the study we have made to order our lives in accordance with the laws of sanitary science has tended to bring to maturity many a fragile exist- ence which in .former generations would have been blighted in early youth. Such lives among us tend to increase the ratio of weak to strong physiques. It is not rare to find among these delicately organized women minds of unusual mental force who seek a congenial atmosphere within a college build- ing, but whose presence helps to lower the ratio of physical strength. Another fertile cause of the overtax made upon the nervous strength to-day has been the rapid discovery of inven- tions which wonderfully enlarge the scope of thought and action. Electricity and steam have practically annihilated the limits of time and space, and put a severe pressure upon the mental power of men and women to grasp the wider knowledge and more varied interests which are thus brought into their consciousness. The healthy physical development of women is at a disadvantage compared with that of man from the requirements of drSss. The dress of man fairly meets the conditions of health even though it may sadly fail to satisfy the aesthetic sense. But fashion, who tyrannizes over the lives of most women, is no devotee of physical science, and persists in her baleful caprices despite the misery to which she gives 8 EEPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE. rise. Here again is an evil open to the remedy of a better knowledge of physiology and of the relentless vengeance of thwarted Nature, knowledge that a college training can amply sujjply. If a better education brings with it fuller obedience to the laws of health in regard to dress, is it not injustice to ■ arraign it as antagonistic to the best physical development of women ? The social customs of modern life demand a calmness of ex- pression and a reserve of feeling which are only gained at the expense of much nervous force. The heroines of our tales to-day no longer swoon or give way to passion in a flood of tears. Those feminine outlets for excessive excitement are tabooed. The braver and harder task is theirs of bearing dis- appointment with an outward smile at the cost of much vital energy. It may not be irrelevant to mention also the effect of our American climate upon the health of our people. The more rapid and greater changes of temperature experienced here than elsewhere, and the dryness of the atmosphere as compared with that in other civilized countries, give rise to more exposure and more trying hygienic conditions. The climatic effects of our country are at once noted by foreigners in the stimulus and general exaltation of feeling which are produced, but the vital force is too rapidly exhausted and one is left without reserve powers of endurance. We have briefly outlined the conditions which handicap the physical pKogress of all women of our day, whether or no they attempt to take advantage of the opportunities offered for pur- suing their education beyond the point their mothers attained. That a college education ^erse did not first call public notice to the lack of vigor on the part of our American women is proved by the fact that attention was drawn to the evil through various sources before colleges for women existed. An article may be found in an old number of the Putnam's magazine, entitled " The Little Health of American Women," which was published some half dozen years before Vassar, the first college for women, was founded. The writer of the article makes no mention of excessive mental labor as productive of the distressing state of affairs, but thinks the conditions of the times sufficient to account for the general physical deterioration. COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 9 Having prepared ourselves to take into proper estimation the force whicli our present modes of life exert upon the health of women, v?e will give some of the results gained from the tabulation of our 705 papers. Obviously the most interesting answers are those made as to the present general health. Against the adjectives, excellent, good, indifferent, poor, which were suggested as typical condi- tions of health, we find the following numbers : 272 report themselves as in excellent health, 277 as in good health, 85 as in indifferent, and 35 as in poor. There were 36 others not willing to class themselves under any of these heads whose total ,\^ answers allowed of their being averaged under the term fair. \\\ If we add together those in excellent and good health we find Vv|they constitute nearly 78 per cent of the entire number; while if to this standard be added those who were willing to admit l|heir health as fair we bring up the ratio to 83 per cent, leav- Qg 17 per cent to be placed in the list of the bodily miserable nd infirm. But our research proves that when these same 05 students entered college 140 of them, or 20 per cent, were l^low the standard of fair health, so that the college training iii;Stead of adding to seems to have detracted from the number oi invalids, and can be counted as a positive physical benefac- tion. If we take single colleges we find the percentage of im- piJDvement frequently even larger.. Vassar, whose number of re iponses far exceeds those of any other college, constituting ne vr one-half of the entire number, and whose percentage of re 'ui'ns for the number of circulars issued to its Alumnse reaches as I high as 63 per cent, gives 6 per cent of improvement in he dth. The answer to this question of general health is the pr otal response, for it brings the controversy to a definite issfue. Is the higher education of women detrimental or not to their physical well-being? We answer conclusively, no, un- abashed by the note-books of physicians or the theories of sociologists. We rest our answer upon the admitted experi- ence of 705 college women whose testimony proves that instead of a loss there was an absolute gain of physical strength. Few statistics seem to be available which could serve as a table for comparison with our numbers. The question of the physical condition of both men and women has heretofore been more a matter of conjecture than research. Statistical tables 10 EEPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE. have shown a diminution in the death rates and an increase in the number of years allotted to human life, but there is no record of the average health. Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi, while obtaining data for her essay on "The Question of Eest for "Women," obtained responses from 246 women on the question of general health. Her researches were not confined to women of any especial class or condition of life, and may be taken as fairly typical of average women. Her statistics give 56 -f- per cent as in good health, while our reading of a similar, investigation is 78 per cent, a gain of 22 per cent upon the health of average women by the Alumnae. It can be but another strong evidence of the healthful tenden- cies of mental, work. The statistics prepared last year by the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor made some general statement as to the health of the working girls of Boston. From 1,032 girls who made answer to the official inquiries 92.2 per cent were in good health at the time of commencing work and 76.2 per cent were in good health at the time the investigation Avas made, so that for this class of women there has been a loss of 16 per cent. The records of the Aluninse show that 78.16 per cent were in good health at entering col- lege and 77.87 per cent were in good health at the time of the investigation, the loss in this case being 0.29 per cent. Deteri- orationjin health during the college course is shown -by 19.58 per cent of the whole number and improvement in health by 21.13 per cent. An examination of the health record of the largest woman's college (Wellesley) for the present year shows that but .02 per cent have been compelled to leave on account of ill-health. Perhaps it is but fair to add that in the opinion of those in charge of the institution the larger part of this small fraction owed their loss of health to indiscreet zeal in preparing for college. When the circulars containing the questions relative to the health of the Alumnae were first issued, it was felt there was some danger lest the value of the statistics obtained might be questioned on the ground that the esprit de corps existing among the Alumnae and their general loyalty to their Alma Mater might prevent those whose experience was unfavorable to the development of their physical well-being from sending in a statement. The history of the progress of compiling the COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 11 statistics gives abundant proof that such suspicions should bear no weight. Six months after the issue of 1,300 circulars, but 455 had been returned. Tabulation was begun on this number and the percentage averaging good health bore about the same proportion to the total number then received as it does now that 705, or 250 more returns, have been gained. We may accept this, as well as the fact that the percentage of returns was above the average gathered by similar statistical methods, as demonstrations of the desire of college women to resolutely face the truth. Such noticeable conscientiousness of purpose should give credit to the general truthfulness of the answers obtained, while the average intellectual superiority of the women to whom the questions were addressed gives their testimony still further value. Though the results prove that in the general average a larger number improved than deteriorated in health during college life, it is interesting to trace in what special lines the loss of strength was manifested for those graduates who report disorders as occurring at some period of their lives. As would naturally be supposed the numbers indicate chiefly loss of nervous power. Of the 417 reporting disorders, 137 complain of weakness of the nervous system, 112 of trouble with the generative organs, 98 of stomach difficulties, while neuralgia, lung diseases and rheumatism have respectively 62, 68 and 56 victims. A number of the cases indicate such a general break-down of the system and are so complicated that it is necessary to bring them under the head of more than one of the above-mentioned diseases. It is somewhat noticeable that neither against the brain nor the eyes appear large numbers on the list, there being but 30 cases of brain trouble and 12 of eye weakness. The overtax of mental strength, if such be the cause of deteri- orated health, takes its impost by indirect rather than direct methods, leaving those two more obvious servants of intellec- tual labor, the eyes and the brain, with unimpaired force. The conditions of life are so diverse, and the possible causes for deteriorated health so numerous, it seemed just to request that in so ftu- as possible the causes for these disorders should be returned by the sufferer. In compliance with this suggestion ■*e find that, for the 241 who gave causes, 135 claim a constitu- 12 KEPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE. tional tendency to such troubles, 73 trace their weakness to emotional strain, 47 to a physical accident, 81 to intellectual overwork, and 81 to bad sanitary conditions. One hundred and forty-one made no attempt to classify the cause of their disorder. We find by a consideration of the seventh division of the schedule, relating to remarks and suggestions, that only 18 inake direct assertion that the especial strain of a college life must be held accountable for their loss of strength. The total number, out of 705, admitting they studied beyond the bounds of discretion, is 11 per cent. The personal confessions of many of these victims reduces even more the responsibility of the col- lege life. Confessions admitting a wilful breaking of college regulations as regards study hours, and a foolish disregard of known laws of hygiene, accompany a number of the statements. Out of the 705 but 2 claim to believe that the higher education of women is based upon a misunderstanding of her physical pow- ers. This statement of opinion, though not bearing the weight of statistical figures, is yet possibly of as much force, for it shows that the combined personal impression of so large a number of women whose oiDportunities for forming a correct opinion have been abundant, discredits the belief in the lack of women's physical powers to cope with the mental requirements of a col- lege life. In view of the small number who claim ill conse- quences as a resultant of mental work it is interesting to follow up this investigation with the facts elicited in response to the question : when in college did you study severely, moderately, or but little? Of the 255 who were in excellent health during their college life 184, or 72 per cent, respond moderately, while 56, or 22 per cent only, admit severe study. Of the 273 in good health at that period 160, or 59 per cent, answered moderately, and 83, or 30 per cent, severely, a gain of 8 per cent in severe study upon those in excellent health. The report of those who were in indifferent health nearly corresponds with that of those in good health, 58 per cent studying severely and 32 per cent moderately. But the ratio alters for those in poor health, 42 per cent claiming to have studied moderatelj' and 50 per cent severely, 2, or 8 per cent, from moderately to severely, which was also the case with some 62 others not mentioned under the above percentages. The fact that but 4 admitted they studied COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 13 but little may be taken as evidence that the students at large appreciated their opportunities. From the results of these comparisons of the degree of study with the degree of health, one might draw either of two deductions. It may be that the chances for poor health are in direct ratio to severity of mental \/ application, or one might perhaps as justly claim that these figures merely indicate that with abundant physical strength the mental tax to acquire certain prescribed studies is comparatively slight, and in futherance of this belief urge that more attention be given to the physical training of women students. More sig- nificant are the answers obtained to the question of worriment. The tendency of our countrywomen to take life hardly, which is, as we have before stated, a special characteristic of college wom^i who have in so great measure inherited puritanic traits of mind, shows itself in the statistics of worriment. Even of those in excellent health but 58 -\- per cent were free from all worry, either over studies or personal afiairs, while as we descend in the scale of physical health we find the increase of worry keeps a proportionate ratio with decrease of strength. Of those in good health but 42 + per cent being free, in indiflerent health but 21 + pei^ cent, while in poor health but 17 per cent resist all sources of worriment. The total i)ercentage of the 705 women who escaped worriment is 44.4 per cent. When we realize that the tendency to make life a hardship springs in great measure from a lack of power to rightly appreciate the values of life, and that this lack depends largely on limited mental vision, it must be admitted that though these figures as to worriment give cause for grave apprehensions yet the broader culture resulting from a college education carries with it the only specific for this evil. Under the head of ' ' Conditions of Childhood " were printed on the circular eleven questions, which it was hoped would help to cast light upon the antecedent life of the college students. The comparison of the conditions under which the life of childhood was passed with the degree of present health en- joyed gives most interesting results and valuable hints as to the best hygienic conditions for the development from child- hood to girlhood. Contrary to preconceived ideas we find that those girls who came to college from homes in the country did 14 EEPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE. not average so high in health as those whose previous life had been passed wholly in the city. While 81 + per cent are in excellent and good health who came from city homes, but 77 -f- per cent are in equal health whose home-life had been spent in the country. Another fact needs notice ; viz., that 411 out of the 705 Alumnte reported themselves as having been brought up in the country, while but 165 entered college from the cities ; 124 having passed their lives in both city and country, and 5 making no report. The proportions stand 58.3 per cent stu- dents from the country against 23.4 per cent from the city. It is interesting as indicative of the early mental application of the Alumnae to note the fact that the average age of first beginning study is placed as low as 5| years. One hundred and seventy of the papers even give a younger age as the commence- ment point of intellectual work. It has been repeatedly as- serted that as a rule girls enter upon college work at a younger age than boys. The average age of the 705 cases whom we are able to quote shows such an assertion does not well bear out the facts. The average age of entrance given is 18.35 years. Statistics as to the age of young men upon entering college would certainly not give an older average. The in- vestigation shows that the age at "which prudence would pre- scribe an entrance upon college work for a young woman depends upon the physical maturity reached rather than upon the actual number of years attained. One student may count- her actual years by but 15 and yet have reached as mature a physical and mental development as another at nineteen. The stringent rules drawn in accordance with hygienic prin- ciples that govern the daily conduct of most of our women's colleges made it impossible for any large number of women to transgress against the ordinary regulations of a systematic life. The number who were irregular as to eating and sleeping are too few to render their experience of value. The large major- ity regularly observed the hours for sleeping and eating. Six hundred and thirty-seven report punctual attendance upon meals and 578 out of 705 give a creditable sleeping record. Only a few of the students were so situated as to be able to enter into society other than the companionship of their fellow-students, so there are no suggestive hints available as to the good or COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 15 pernicious results of combining social excitement with mental application. The publication of a full catalogue of the graduates of Vas- sar College two years ago led some interested seekers for social facts to notice what a relatively small number of Vassar Alumnse had married. He published his discovery in the daily press, and that organ of public expression set itself to the task of solving the riddle. The question is one that deserves serious consideration not only from the physiological but' the moral standpoint. Are the causes producing this social phase per- manent or temporary ? Does the disinclination for matrimonial alliance lie exclusively with one sex? Upon the correct an- swers to these questions lie in great measure the popularity which colleges for women will enjoy in the future. If it is shown that their permanent tendency is towards celibacy their influence will not extend beyond the small circle of women who resolve early in life to follow professional pursuits. The average age of the Alumnte who responded to our circulars was 28| years ; of that number but 27.8 per cent are married. That proportion is probably smaller than the actual proportion existing between married and unmarried Alumnas, as it was more difficult to obtain the correct addresses of those who had changed both their name and residence since leaving college, so that many of the circulars issued failed to reach the mar- ried graduates ; but even allowing for a gain in percentage as the correct estimate, the fact will undoubtedly still remain that college women are not as prone to enter upon married life as the average of women. Statistics as to conjugal conditions have not been either widely gathered or minutely detailed. From an English report of 1875 on the married condition of females between the ages of 15 and 45 years is gathered the fact that out of a thousand women 496 were married, near one- half. In the State of Massachusetts the census report for 1875 shows that out of a population of 1,155,652 inhabitants over 15 years of age, 64 + per cent have been married. These figures, though not based upon similar conditions with our own, are yet of value as giving an approximate indication of the prevalence of marriage. The custom of late marriages which is gaining among our higher social classes will probably 16 REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE. increase the number of marriages among the same 705 gradu- ates at 60 years to 50 + per cent, if the indications of the percentages among the older graduates can serve as criterions. Several explanations may be given to account for the slow- ness of the Alumnee to adopt a married life. There may pos- sibly exist cogent reasons why men fail to prefer college women for their wives. Certain clerical authors have threatened the intellectual woman with the revenge of men if she did not for- sake the immoral path of knowledge, and hinted they would not look to her for companionship and comfort. Undoubtedly there exists in the minds of many men a disinclination to marry a woman who may equal if not exceed them in mental power. But there is more reason to believe that the small number of marriages occurring among the Alumnse is due to their own sentiments. The average woman student graduates from col- lege at between 22 and 23 years of age. With the constant exer- cise her reii«ctive powers have received she is not then apt to fall a victim to sudden impulse, and her actions are liable to be submitted to the test of much cool reflection. She feels con- scious she has powers at her disposal which will enable her to secure her own livelihood if such an emergency presents itself, and the intellectual resources at her command save her from the grasp of the ennui which preys upon the lives of unmarried society women. With the definite conviction that her life may be passed usefully and happily without a husband she will naturally hesitate to alter her independent state unless she is sure of sympathetic companionship or believes she can best attain the purpose of her being by assuming family cares. The social odium which formerly attached itself to spinsterhood as indicative of frustrated hopes and failure no longer exerts so powerful an influence to drive women into matrimony, since it is already recognized that many women retain the single state from preference, as ofl"ering them a field for usefulness and happiness if not as intense at least as wide as that of married life. If one could subtract from the total number of marriages those that are contracted simply as a means of livelihood, or under the belief that conventionality requires such a step, the percentage which would remain and which could be counted as the number who married for congenial companionship, would probably not COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 17 average much higher than that which represents the naatri- nionial statistics of college women. The exceptional scarcity of divorce among married college women proves that the costs of matrimony were fully counted before the responsibility was assumed. Eecognizing the fact that late marriages are becom- ing an indispensable feature of our modern life, and that the notion that a broader mental culture detracts from the beauty of womanliness is a dying prejudice, there is no reason to believe that college women will permanently retain their low percentage of marriage. The fears so often expressed for the welfare of the children of the " future mothers of America," will be somewhat allayed by the report given of the family conditions of 130 Alumnae who have had children. The exceptional record of good health among these children and their low death rate are strong evi- dences that the powers of motherhood have not suffered from college work. On an average there have been 2 children born to a family while about one death has occurred out of every ten births. One of the last queries on the circulars was with regard to the occupations of the Alumnae since graduation. It is not surprising to find a large number reporting themselves as teachers, as that profession especially offers inducements to college women. The total number given as teaching is 354, 224 of which number combine some other occupation with their instruction ; 149 are employed in professional work, 294 attend to household affairs, while 270 of the number find time for some other occupation ; 356 continue some form of intellectual culture, 105 devote time to philanthropic objects, 8 only record themselves as simply butterflies of society, while 68 cannot well classify their employment under the heads we suggested. We can well close our list of statistical statements with one that reflects so much credit on a college education, and which proves how great is the pressure it brings to bear to ren- der woman something better than the useless drones of society. Our investigations, presenting as they do the physical history of about one-half the college- Alumnae in this country, should furnish a basis for renewed physical investigation into the powers of womanhood and a better appreciation of her possible 18 REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE. achievements. We have every reason to congratulate ourselves that our willingness to search for the truth and to bear the responsibility of its verdict, has led to so encouraging and sat- isfactory a revelation. We can feel confident that a higher education for women is in harmony with that vast law of the survival of the fittest which guides the activities of the dim future. HEALTH STATISTICS OF FEMALE COLLEGE GEADUATES. [FK03I THE Sixteenth ANsnAi. Kepoet of the Massachusetts Boheau of Statistics of Labor.] By CAEROLL D. WRIGHT, CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS OF LABOR. The statistics given in this Part, while not completely within the province of the law creating this bureau, are nevertheless of great value to the Commonwealth. In one sense of the word they are germane to the provisions of the law because they relate to the educational interests of the people, compre- hending those who labor as well as those who are born to leisure. "We are thoroughly justified in presenting them, how- ever, not only on account of their intrinsic value, but, inci- dentally, because they have been furnished the Commonwealth without expense to its treasury. The question of the higher education of women is so impor- tant in all its features that we have not hesitated to accept the generous ofier of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae to present in this report the results of the labors of the Com- mittee on Health Statistics of the Association, The Medical News has said, "If the future mothers of our country are being ruined physically by our methods of educa- tion, who would wish with such downright earnestness of pur- pose to remedy the impending evil as our educated women themselves ? If a false cry is being raised which will hamper the just and wholesome intellectual development of women, who are more interested in showing it than the graduates of our women's Colleges? Truth, broad truth, is what we should seek. Individual experience is apt to be erroneous ; only large numbers eliminate errors." The Association of Collegiate Alumnse has recognized the force of this statement and has taken great pains to obtain, data. 20 STATISTICS OF LABOR. regarding the health of the alumnae of our country, and for this purpose a committee on health statistics, a few years ago, was selected. This committee was constituted as follows : — Miss Annie G. Howes, Chairman Miss Lucy C. Andrews . Miss S. Alice Brown Miss Eva Channing Miss Florence Finch Miss Martha E. Foote . Miss Alice Hayes . Miss Edith Metcalf . Miss Anna E. Morgan Mrs. Evelyn W. Ordway Miss Grace W. Soper Mrs. Gertrude H. Stewart Miss Angie V. "Warren . Vassar College. University of Michigan. Smith College. Boston University. University of Kansas. Syracuse University. Vassar College. Wellesley College. Oberlin College. Mass. Institute of Technology. Cornell University. University of Wisconsin. Wesleyan University. The committee desired not only to collect data sufficient to serve the purposes of argument, but as a guide to the better comprehension of woman's physical ability. To this end a schedule of questions entering largely into detail was prepared and sent to each alumna, who was urged, in view of the im- portance of the information to be gained, to feel a personal responsibility in the matter. This schedule consisted of seven divisions. The first related to the Conditions of Childhood, comprehending date of birth, nationality of parents, surroundings in childhood, amount of exei'cise received between the ages of 8 and 14, the age at which study began, the age at entering college, and the age at graduation. The second section related to Individual Health, and comprehended physical condition, the character and dura- tion of disorders, and other important matters. The third division related to bandit/ Health, that is, the health of the father and mother, and other members of the family, of tl^e alumna. The fourth division related to College Conditions ; the fifth division to Conditions since Graduation; the sixth division to answers in the case of the Death of an Alumna, and the seventh division to liemarJcs, in whifch individual opinions and answers to questions not covered by the schedule could be expressed, and suggestions made which might tend to raise the physical standard of the students of the alma mater of each alumna. This schedule was sent to all graduates of colleges or univer- COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTIC^. 21 sities of the United States open to women, comprehended in the following list. These colleges are Total Name of College. Sex distinction. Bate of Organiza- tion. Number of Female Graduates to 1882 inclusive. Number of lieturns received. Percent- age of Keturns received. Boston UniverBity Co-educational. 1873 47 29 61.70 Oornell Univereiiy, .... Uo-educational. 1868 80 36 45.00 Kansas, Uiiiversity'of Mass. Institute of Technology, Oo-educational. 1866 36 20 55 66 Co~educational. 1865 6 3 60.00 Michigan, University of . Co-educatlonal. 1841 87 46 62.87 Oberlin College, Oo-educational. 1833 104 39 37.50 Smith College Females only. 1875 90 43 47.78 Syracuse University, vassar College, Co-educatlonal, 1871 65 17 26.15 Fcmalt'S only. 1865 540 344 83.70 Wellesley College Females only. 18T5 110 71 64.55 Wesleyan University, Co-fducational. 1831 15 6 40.00 Wisconsin, University ^ol' . Co-educational. 1849 111 51 45.95 All CoLLEaBS 1290 706 64.65 It will be seen from the foregoing table that the total num- ber of female graduates of all the colleges and universities named, including those of 1882, was 1290, and that 705 of these, or 54.65 per cent, made returns to the committee pre- viously mentioned, and it is from these returns that we have made the tabulations comprising this Part. The tables following tell their own story as a rule, and they are so clear and so compact that they are presented, without particular comment, in the following order of divisions referred to previously in detail : — Conditions of childhood ; college conditions ; conditions since graduation, in which is included the number of graduates who have died, and individual health. The facts concerning family health are not treated in detail, but are used only for purposes of comparison. These tables will be followed by comparison tables, showing the effects of certain conditions of childhood, conditions during college life, and other matters of interest, so far as the health at various periods of their^lives is concerned, and at the close a brief review of the salient points of all the tables will be given. CONDITIONS OF CHILDHOOD. The conditions of childhood are comprised in the following seven tables, which give the parent nativity ; the number who spent their life during childhood in the city or country ; the number of hours of out-door exercise taken between the ages 22 STATISTICS OF LABOR. of eight and fourteen years ; the age at beginning study, and the number who attended boarding school before entering col- lege ; the age at entering college ; the age at graduating from college, and the present age of graduates. Parent Nativity. ' Colleges. Both parents native. Both parents foreign. Foreign father, native mother. Foreign mother, native father. Not given. Aggke- GATK8. Boston, Cornell, Kansas, Mass. I. T., Michigan, . Oberlin, Smith, . Syraeuse, . Vasear, "Wellesley, . ■Wesleyau, . Wisconsin, . 24 27 14 2 37 35 41 13 297 61 6 31 3 7 3 6 3 1 1 27 4 1 14 1 1 2 1 2 10 3 6 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 i 2 29 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 71 6 51 All CoLLEGEe, . 687 69 25 20 4 705 Childhood spent in City or Country. BETWEEN 3 AMD 8 YEABS OF AGE, AGGRE- GATES. Between 8 ahd 14 years of age. Colleges. City. Country. City and Country. Not given. City. Country. City and Country. Not given. Boston, . 14 13 2 29 16 11 2 _ Cornell, . 9 26 1 36 10 24 1 1 Kansas, . 10 10 _ 20 9 11 - - Mass. I. T., 1 1 1 - 3 2 1 - - Michigan, 17 26 2 1 46 18 26 2 1 Oberlin, . 8 36 1 - 39 4 34 1 - Smith, . 13 24 6 _ 43 12 27 4 - Syracuse, 3 14 - - 17 7 8 2 - Vassar, . 106 216 20 3 344 110 213 18 3 Wellesley, 16 53 2 - 71 16 62 3 - Wesleyau, 2 4 - 6 3 3 - Wisconsin, 7 44 51 8 43 - - Ail Colle lES, . 201 465 34 5 705 215 452 33 5 Childhood spent in City or Country. Stjmmaet, City alone. Country alone. City and Country both. Not given. Aggrb- gates. Boston, . Cornell, . Kansas, . Mass. I. T., . Michigan, Oberlin, . Smith, . Syracuse, Vassar, . Wellesley, Wesleyan, Wisconsin, All Colleges, 14 7 7 1 16 3 9 2 88 13 2 4 165 10 22 8 1 23 33 23 8 191 49 3 40 411 5 1 7 3 11 7 62 9 1 7 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 71 6 61 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 23 Out-door Exercise, between Eight and Fourteen Years of Age. HODES. 1 4 s 1 i a o 1 1 1 1 5 One hour, Two hours, . Three hours, . Four hours, . Five hours, . Six hours, Seven hours, . Eight hours, . Nine hours, . Ten hours, . Not given. 2 4 8 4 2 1 8 3 10 6 2 S 1 11 3 7 3 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 7 6 6 3 3 1 1 2 4 12 7 10 5 1 2 4 4 6 2 10 15 4 1 1 2 8 3 4 2 2 1 6 16 60 74 46 7 14 1 4 8 30 84 6 16 20 9 1 2 3 15 1 2 1 2 6 8 14 6 3 6 1 1 4 9 28 122 170 92 23 35 2 7 15 60 161 Totals, . 29 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 71 61 705 Age at Beginning Study ,etc. H a ^ at 'S 3 Classification. 1 o 1 a o a 1 1 S s i Age at Beginning Study. ' Two years, (at home) - 2 - - 1 1 - , - 3 - - - V Three years, (at home) 1 2 2 - 3 3 - - 8 5 - 2 26 (in a school) -. 1 - - - 3 - - J 1 ^ 2 10 Four years, (at home) 6 4 1 - g 5 4 3 24 7 1 8 72 (in a school) 4 - 2 - 2 6 7 - 25 7 - 2 66 Five years, (at home) . 1 6 4 1 11 2 9 1 39 8 1 9 92 (in a school) » 6 4 - 3 6 7 2 61 a Jl 2 lOU Six years, (at home) . 1 1 3 - 1 1 2 3 30 2 - 3 47 (in a school) 4 4 2 1 5 7 4 3 43 12 - 11 96 Seven years, (at home) _ 1 - 1 - 2 2 2 15 2 - 1 26 (in a school) 1 7 - ~. 6 1 2 2 40 1 8 77 Bight years, fat home) (in a school) - 1 1 - 2 - - - 9 - - - 13 . 1 - — I 2 3 - 29 2 - 1 39 Nine years, (at home) - -. - - - 1 - - 2 _ - 1 4 (lu a school) - - 1 - - - - - 6 2 - 1 9 Ten years, (at home) . - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 2 (in a school) 1 - - - - - - - 3 1 - - 5. Eleven years, (in a school) _ - - _ - - - - 2 - - - 2 Twelve years, (in a school) 1 - - - - - - - 2 1 - - 4 Thirteen years, (in a school) - _ - - . - - - 1 - - - 1 Fifteen years, (in a school) - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - 2 Not given, .... 1 - - - 1 - 1 1 11 1 - - 16 Totals 29 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 71 6 51 705. Eboapitdiation., Number beginning study at home, . 9 17 11 2 27 15 18 9 131 24 2 24 289 Number beginning study in a school, 19 19 9 i 18 24 24 V 202 46 4 27 400 Not given 1 - - - 1 - 1 1 11 1 - - 16 Totals, 29 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 71 6 61 705 Boarding School. Attended boarding school before en- tering college, b 11 1 ~ 10 11 7 5 79 14 'd 2 148 24 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Age at Entering College. Ages. 1 1 3 Z M 1 1 1 s 1 i a I 1 CO "3 1 1 a 1 Fourteen years, . Fifteen years. Sixteen years. Seventeen years, . Eighteen years, . Nineteen years, . Twenty years. Twenty-one years. Twenty-two years, Twenty-three years, . Twenty-four years, 'Twenty-five years. Twenty-six years, Twenty-seven years,, . Twenty-eight years, . Thii-ty years. Thirty-three years. Thirty-six years, . Not given, . i 7 7 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 13 6 4 6 2 1 1 1 1 6 4 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 14 9 6 5 2 1 3 1 1 6 2 10 2 2 5 6 2 1 1 2 7 8 8 10 3 3 1 1 3 4 2 4 1 2 1 1 25 68 88 73 48 20 15 5 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 6 24 10 16 10 4 1 1 71 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 11 12 6 5 1 ! 1 1 6 3S 88 152 164 104 66 40 24 9 6 7 2 2 4 1 1 1 5 Totals, . 29 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 6 61 705 ^j^e at Oraduaiing from College. Ages. i 03 o i 1 HI 1 1 a o 1 CO m g s ^ S ^ i a 1 S Seventeen years, . Eighteen years, . Nineteen years, . Twenty years, Twenty-one years, Twenty-two years. Twenty-three years, . Twenty-four years, Twentyfive years. Twenty-six years, Twenty-seven years, . Twenty-eight years, . Twenty-nine years, Thirty years. Thirty-one years, . Thirty-two years, Thirty.four years, Thirty-five years, . Porty years, . Not given, . 4 2 8 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 16 5 6 1 3 1 1 4 4 6 6 1 - 1 1 1 4 6 10 9 6 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 10 6 2 6 3 1 4 1 1 5 6 9 10 6 3 2 1 1 3 6 2 2 2 2 1 2 12 49 79 96 65 28 7 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 6 19 18 14 8 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 8 17 9 9 1 2 1 1 1 3 16 86 140 187 123 63 29 16 9 8 7 4 1 2 1 1 1 7 Totals, . 29 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 71 6 61 705 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. Present Age. 25 AOES. o 1 1 1 1 1 1 s i -1 1 1 1 1 i 1 Twenty years, Twenty-one years. Twenty-two years, Twenty-three years, Twenty-four years, Twenty-five years, Twenty-six years. Twenty-seven years, . Twenty-eight years, . Twenty-nine years. Thirty years. Thirty-one years, . Thirty-two years, . Thirty-three years. Thirty-four years, Thirty.flve years, . Thirty-six years, . Thirty-seven years, Thirty.eight yearn, Thirty-nine years, • Forty years, . Forty-one years, . Forty-two years, . Forty-three years, Forty.four years, . Forty-five years, . Forty-nine years, . Fifty-one years. Fifty-two years, . Fifty-four years, , Fifty-five years, . Fifty-nine years, . Sixty-two years, . Sixty-three years, . Sixty-five years, . Sixty-eight years, . Seventy-six years. Not given, . 1 3 2 2 5 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 4 4 7 6 5 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 7 4 8 6 7 1 5 2 1 - 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 8 4 10 8 4 3 1 1 43 1 I 1 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 17 2 6 9 16 20 26 35 30 27 20 28 30 19 28 14 10 10 4 2 3 1 3 1 " 1 344 1 7 6 23 11 9 9 3 2 1 71 1 2 1 1 1 6 3 10 4 2 8 3 3 4 3 4 2 1 3 1 8 11 24 51 66 70 83 63 63 35 61 45 25 37 21 10 10 3 6 4 4 4 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 Totals, . 29 36 20 3. 46 39 51 705 COLLEGE CONDITIONS. We present in the following table all the facts relating to college conditions, and show the number who studied but little, moderately, or severely ; the number who worried over studies or personal affairs ; the kind and amount of daily physical exer- cise ; the number who were regular in their hours as regards sleeping and eating; the number who, during the menstrual period, abstained from physical or mental exercise ; the num- ber who entered society during college life, and the number who had a room-mate. 26 STATISTICS OF LABOR. College Gondilions. College Conditiohs. a s u 6 as H 1 s 1 ■a O 3 1 i 2 02 1 c •s g i i -1 3 College Study. But little, Moderate, . . . . . Moderate to severe Severe, 21 8 22 3 11 8 1 11 2 1 26 2 18 22 3 14 28 6 10 11 6 4 211 45 84 46 3 23 3 3 39 2 10 4 438 64 199 Totals,. , 29 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 71 6 61 705 College Worry. Studies Personal atfairs, .... Both studies aud affairs, . Neither studies nor affairs. 8 6 3 13 4 9 3 15 9 1 6 5 1 1 1 7 a 14 19 6 4 4 25 6 12 17 6 1 6 5 97 36 66 166 21 9 13 28 1 2 3 9 4 12 26 172 89 131 313 Totals 29 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 34> 71 6 51 705 Xind of Exercise. Walking only Walking and other exercise, . Totals, 19 3 22 26 11 36 10 7 17 3 3 33 7 40 16 13 29 15 23 38 11 2 13 70 2l9 289 18 48 6 6 29 13 42 255 346 601 Riding only Riding and other exercise. 1 1 4 1 4 - 1 1 - 1 2 1 1 17 3 - 1 3 7 35 Totals, 2 4 5 - 2 - 3 1 18 3 - 4 42 Gymnastics only, .... Gymnastics and other exercise, Totals ^ 3 3 = ~ 1 1 1 6 6 1 19 20 — 33 187 220 16 16 - 1 1 35 231 266 Housework only Housework and other exercise. 2 2 3 _ 4 6 9 1 1 1 1 1 2 - 2 4 11 28 Totals, 2 2 3 - 4 15 1 1 2 3 - 6 39 Amount of Exercise. Average number of miles daily. Average number of hours daily, . 2.8 1.7 2.7 1.6 2.7 1.4 2.5 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 30 1.4 25 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.3 2.4 1.4 2.5 1.2 College BaUti. Eating. Regular hotirs No regular hours, .... Totals, .... 20 9 29 34 2 36 16 4 20 3 3 43 3 46 38 1 39 38 6 43 14 3 17 313 31 344 65 6 71 6 6 47 4 61 637 68 706 Sleeping. Regular hours No regular hours 21 8 14 22 6 15 2 1 29 17 34 6 37 6 10 7 .312 32 66 6 5 1 43 8 678 127 Totals 29 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 71 6 51 705 Number abstaining from Exercise during Menstrual Period. Physical, Mental, Physical and mental, . Not given 7 1 21 10 3 23 1 19 1 2 9 3 34 4 6 30 26 4 14 3 1 13 135 2 38 169 35 12 24 1 2 3 9 3 39 239 2 73 391 Totals, 29 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 71 6 51 705 Entered Society during College Life. None But little, .- A good deal, ... Not given, ...... 6 20 4 4 30 2 1 16 3 1 2 10 31 4 1 9 29 1 - 7 34 1 1 1 14 1 1 230 90 11 13 58 12 1 6 12 38 1 338. 822 28 17 Totals, 29 38 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 71 6 61 705 College Room-Tnate. Yes No, 19 10 27 9 12 8 1 2 37 9 33 6 35 8 12 6 287 67 71 4 2 43 8 681 124 Totals, 29 36 20 3 46 1 39 43 17 344 71 6 51 705 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 27 CONDITIONS SINCE GRADUATION. For this division we present tables showing the post-graduate occupations, and, for the number reporting time occupied, the average duration of each occupation ; the present conjugal con- dition of graduates, and the number reporting children ; the present age and health of children living ; the number of chil- dren who have died, and the cause of death ; a summary table, showing the number of graduates who have married, the aver- age number of years married, the whole number of children, the number who are living, the number who have died, and the average present age of- children living ; and, finally, a table giving the number of graduates who have died, and the cause of death. Post-Oraduale Occupations. Occupations. 8 i 1 .a O 6 1 m S s s 1 1 1 1 a 1 3 Household. Speeifled occupation, Specified and other occupations, . Totals Professional. Specified occupation. Specified and other occupations, . Totals, Teaching. Specified occupation. Specified and other occupations, 9 9 1 1 4 17 2 9 11 5 4 9 8 11 1 14 15 1 1 2 2 10 2 1 21 21 1 10 11 11 13 27 27 1 12 13 2 22 8 8 2 6 8 9 19 1 12 13 4 4 1 5 17 127 144 22 62 84 S3 82 2 18 20 4 4 8 24 20 3 3 1 3 4 2 1 22 23 9 9 13 21 34 1 21 24 270 294 37 112 149 130 224 Totals, iTdelleciual. Specified occupation, Specified and other occupations, 21 15 19 1 9 12 9 3 24 1 17 24 14 28 3 13 6 8 135 8 116 44 11 354 14 235 Totals, Study. Specified occupation, Specified and other occupations. 15 6 10 4 9 1 2 1 18 12 14 10 16 2 5 8 1 3 124 4 35 11 2 14 2 22 1 4 249 11 96 Totals Philanthropy. Specified occupation. Specified and other occupations, . 6 7 4 1 3 1 1 12 1 10 15 7 2 4 3 39 60 16 5 2 5 8 107 105 Totals Sodnl. Specified occupation, Specified and other occupations, . 7 9 1 1 5 1 7 - 1 1 12 15 16 2 4 3 8 60 4 110 5 2 12 2 3 8 17 105 8 202 Totals, 9 6 7 - 13 15 4 8 114 14 3 17 210 28 STATISTICS OF LABOE. Post-Oraduate Occupations. Averages. HOOSE- HOLD. Profes- sional. Teach- ing. Intel- lectual. Study. Philan- thropy. Social. Colleges. hi. p 1 S ad I 1- 1 1? BE 1! 1- 1 as si Si 1 5 2 If i' s |Zi as 15 Boston, Cornell, . Kansas, Mass. I. T., Michigan, . Oberlin, Smith, Syracuse, . Vassar, Wellesley, . Wesleyan, . Wisconsin, s 6 6 10 17 4 S 54 5 2 16 3.1 2.8 3.4 2.7 14.4 1.6 4.0 4.8 1.6 7.0 3.0 3 8 2 10 8 4 3 62 6 10 116 2.0 2.2 2.3 3.4 5.8 1.5 3.8 4.4 2.0 25 15 13 12 1 24 21 23 5 113 39 3 3t 2.7 3.0 3.4 0.8 3.6 6.3 2.1 3.4 4.3 2.0 2.3 3.3 5 3 5 3 7- 1 38 2 Y 71 3.2 6.0 4.4 13.9 1.7 7.0 4.2 1.3 2.0 2 1 8 6 4 1 14 6 2 43 4.0 3.0 3.5 3.6 1.6 2.0 2.8 1.9 6.1 2.9 3 1 2 1 2 13 2 1 3.0 9.0 7.0 2.0 7.0 3.8 20 1.0 3 2 1 3 1 1 27 2 1 7 48 3.8 2.1 1.0 26.7 2.0 7.0 3.6 1.6 7.0 2.9 Ail College s, . 129 6.2 3.8 300 3.6 4.1 26 4.1 4.8 Conjugal Condition, and Number reporting Children. Classification. c S S n I i 1 1 tn i g I 1 OS 1 1 S 5 Oonjtigal Condition. Married Single 6 23 10 26 8 12 1 2 17 29 24 15 2 41 7 10 96 248 6 65 2 4 17 34 196 609 Totals, Children Born and Lioin One child, living One child, dead Two children, both living Two children, one living . Two children, both dead . Three children, all living Three children, two living Three children, one living Four children, all living . Four children, three living Five children, all living . Five children, four living Five children, two Jiving . Six children, all living . Six children, live living . No children. Q- 29 1 1 1 1 2 36 1 1 1 7 20 2 2 1 3 3 1 46 4 1 2 1 9 39 4 1 5 4 1 3 2 1 3 43 1 J 1 17 4 1 2 344 27 4 17 2 8 2 4 1 1 1 29 71 2 4 6 1 1 51 6 2 1 1 1 2 6 705 61 7 28 6 1 16 4 1 6 4 1 2 1 1 1 66 Totals, 6 10 8 1 17 24 2 7 96 6 2 17 198 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. Present Age and Health of Children Living. 29 Ages and Rgalth. «! 1 i M i 1 i a s ^ i 1 1 { i .1 5 Ages Under one ye One year, Two years, Three years, Four years. Five years, Six years, Beven years, Eight years, Kine years. Ten years, Eleven years, Twelve years Thirteen year Fourteen yea Sixteen years Seventeen yet Eighteen yeai Nineteen yea Twenty yeare Twenty-one 3 Twenty-two ^ Twenty-four Twenty-six y Twenty-nine Thirty years. Thirty-two y( Thirty-four y Not given, S, 8, . irs, . s, . s, . ears, rears, years, ears, years, ars, . tars. 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 - 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 8 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 5 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 2 7 7 7 18 16 10 14 8 10 9 6 8 2 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 11 37 27 26 22 14 17 13 10 10 5 1 5 2 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 9 Totals, . Seallh. Good health, . Poor health, . Not given. 6 6 6 3 3 10 10 10 - 11 10 1 11 S3 41 9 3 53 1 1 115 110 5 21 15 5 1 232 208 15 9 Totals, . . . 3 - 1 7 116 2 3 21 232 Number of Children who have Died, and Cause of Death. Cause of Death. Cholera infantum. Constitutional weakness, Consumption, Convulsions, Diphtheria, Diphtheritic croup, . Heart disea^^e. Inflammation of bowels, Inflammation of lungs, Intestinal catarrh. Over-exertion, . Number. Cause of Death. Physical accident, . Pneumonia, Premature birth. Southern fever. Still-born, . Strangulation at birth, Teething, . Not given, . Total, 31 30 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Conjugal Condition, and Number of Children. SUMMABT. Mabeied. Ndmbeb hepoetihg childken. Children living and DEAD. Average Colleges. Num- ber. Average number of years married. Chil- dren. No chil- dren. Totals. Num- ber living. Num- ber dead. Whole num- ber. age of chil- dren living. Boston, . Cornell, . Kansas, . Mass. I. T., Michigan, Obeiiin, . Smith, . Syracuse, Vassar, . "Wellesley, Wesleyan, Wisconsin, 6 10 8 1 17 24 2 T 96 6 2 17 6.0 2.5 2.9 1.0 4.0 24.4 1.0 3.0 4.8 1.4 7.0 4.6 4 3 6 8 21 1 5 67 2 2 12 2 7 S 1 9 \ 2 29 4 6 6 10 8 1 17 24 2 7 96 6 2 17 6 3 10 11 63 1 7 115 2 3 21 1 3 2 5 16 1 3 7 6 10 13 68 1 7 131 2 4 24 1.5 2.0 3.2 27 13.9 2.0 1.7 4.3 1.0 3.0 3.9 All CoLi JSQIE a, . 196 6.7 130 66 196 232 31 263 6.0 Number of' Graduate's who have Died, and Cause of Death. Cause of Death. Michigan. Oberlln. Syracuse. Vassar. Wis- consin. All Colleges. Confinement, .... Consumption Diphtheria Physical accident, 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 1 Totals, 1 1 1 3 2 8 INDIVIDUAL HEALTH. The tables showing individual health are eight in number. They relate to physical condition ; nervousness ; the age at beginning of the menstrual period ; the conditions attending the menstrual periods ; the number of graduates reporting dis- orders ; the number of disorders ; the number reporting each disorder, and the causes of disorders. Physical Condition. State of Health. Colleges and Age Fekiods. Aggre- Excellent. Good. Fair. Indif- ferent. Poor. gates. Boston. From 3 to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age. At time of entering college, . During college life, . Since graduation. 12 15 17 16 16 9 9 8 7 8 1 1 6 3 4 3 2 2 1 3 2 j. 29 Cornell. From 3 to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age. At time of entering college. During college life, . Since graduation, 20 17 17 16 16 8 9 18 12 13 1 1 2 4 2 2 6 i 3 5 3 2 3 !■ 36 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 31 Physical Condition — Concluded. Stat^ or Health. Colleges akd Age Periods. Aggre- Excellent. Good. Fair. Indif- ferent. Poor. gates. Kansas. From 8 to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age, At time of entering college, During college life, . Since graduation, 7 6 5 2 6 10 8 10 12 8 1 1 2 6 4 6 5 1 1 1 • 20 Maaa. I. T. From 3 to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age, At time of entering college. During college life, . Since graduation, 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 - 1 1 - 1 ■ Michigan. From 8 to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age, At time of entering college, . During college life, . Since graduation. 17 18 16 20 20 14 14 19 17 15 2 2 1 2 6 7 7 6 6 7 5 4 2 6 46 Oherlin.. From 3 to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age. At time of entering college, During college life, . Since graduation. 17 18 12 15 16 15 12 21 19 16 2' 1 1 4 8 3 7 3 1 3 2 1 2 1 !■ 39 Smith. From S to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age. At time of entering college. During college life, . Since graduation. 18 14 13 13 20 12 12 15 19 13 2 4 1 3 2 6 10 10 7 6 5 3 4 1 2 i 43 Syracuse. From 3 to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age. At time of entering college, . During college life, . Since graduation, 6 5 5 5 4 5 S 7 6 7 1 1 1 1 3 2 6 2 3 2 4 2 2 2 1 > 17 Vasaar. From 3 to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age. At time of entering college, . During college life, . Since graduation. 141 129 123 119 125 122 129 141 130 142 3 9 4 30 20 48 51 64 54 42 30 26 22 11 15 ■ 344 Wellealey. From 3 to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age, At time of entering college, . During college life, . Since graduation, 39 37 32 24 29 23 17 29 26 28 1 9 1 4 11 8 9 11 4 6 2 3 2 !■ 71 Wesleyan. From 3 to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age. At time of entering college, During college life, . Since graduation, 4 4 8 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 - 1 - 6 Wisconsin. From 3 to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age. At time of entering college, During college life, . Since graduation, 24 21 18 21 17 15 17 22 20 22 1 2 3 1 4 7 9 7 9 6 4 2 1 2 ■ 61 All Colleses. From 3 to 8 years of age, . From 8 to 14 years of age. At time of entering college, . During college life, . Since graduation. 305 2S5 262 265 272 236 232 280 273 277 13 21 14 55 36 87 117 103 98 85 64 50 37 24 35 I 706 32 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Nervousness, • i^ fl ol . s 1 Classification. 1 o 1 OS 1 1 s 1 o ,£3 g g i i .2 s Nervous before entering college, . 1 1 3 _ 2 1 1 15 3, « 1 2S Nervous at the present time, . 1! ■6 a - ■A V 4 1 43 2 - 8 74 Nervous before entering college, and at the present time. 8 9 b 1 21 13 IV 9 10b 26 1 lb 231 Not nervous at any time, . 18 Ti 10 2 21 18 22 B 181 40 6 26 372 Totals, 29 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 71 6 51 705 Jge at Beginning of the Menstrual Period. Nine yearB, . Ten years, Eleven years, Twelve years. Thirteen years. Fourteen years, Fifteen years. Sixteen years. Seventeen years, Eighteen years. Nineteen years, Twenty years, Not given, Totals, . 29 36 20 3 46 39 43 17 344 71 6 1 2 30 94 198 192 90 1 1 40 Conditions attending the Menstrual Periods, 111 II P M CO c , d w » 1 1 fe § 1 o Bad Sanitary Conditions. Specified cause, .... Specified and other causes, 3 1 4 4 3 - 2 2 4 4 2 4 1 14 24 2 2 - 3 2 32 49 Totals Intellectual Overwork. Specified cause Specified and other causes, 3 2 3 5 1 2 7 1 2 - 4 2 6 8 1 5 6 3 6 1 1 1 38 15 22 4 1 5 - 5 1 2 81 28 63 Totafs Emotional Strain. Specified cause, .... Specified and other causes, 6 2 2 3 1 4 3 - 7 1 3 6 2 9 8 2 2 37 4 32 6 1 7 - 3 1 3 81 10 63 Totals, Physical Accident. Specified cause, .... Specified and other causes. 4, 6 2 3 - - 4 2 3 2 2 1 8 2 2 2 1 36 8 17 8 2 - 4 1 1 73 18 29 Totals, - 6 - - 6 3 4 1 25 2 - 2 47 COMPARISON TABLES. The first series of comparison tables consider the following conditions of childhood, — parent nativity, out-door exeircise, age at beginning study, and age at entering college, as com- pared with present health ; they, also show the time of entering college after beginning of menstri^al period, the health of parents, and hereditary tendency to disease, as compared with present health. The tables follow. Parent Nativity as Compared with Present Health. Fbesent Health, Nativitt. Excellent. Good. rate. Indifferent. Poor. GATES. Boston. Both parents native, One parent foreign. Both parents foreign, . 13 1 . 2 7 1 1 2 2. 24 2 3 Totals, .... Cornell. Both parents native, One parent foreign, Both parents foreign, . Not given, .... 16 10 1 3 1 8 10 3 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 29 27 1 7 1 Totals 15 13 2 3 3 36 38 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Parent Nativity as Compared with Present Health — Concluded. Pkesehi Health. Nativity. Excellent. Good. Fair. Indifferent. Poor. GATES. KanmH. Both parents native, One parent foreign, Both parents foreign. 3 2 1 6 1 1 5 1 14 3 3 Totals Mans. I. T. Both parents native. One parent foreign. Both parents foreigo, 6 1 1 16 1 4 8 2 - 5 1 . 20 2 1 Totals, .... Michigan. Both parents native. One parent foreign. Both parents foreign. 2 14 1 - 4 1 4 1 1 3 37 4 5 Totals, .... Oierlin. Both parents native. One parent foreign. Both parents foreign. 20 15 1 15 13 1 2 3 6 3 6 1 46 36 1 3 Totals, .... Smith. Both parents native. One parent foreign. Both parents foreign, 16 20 16 12 1 3 2 3 5 1 1 2 39 41 1 1 Totals, .... Syracuse. Both parents native. One parent foreign. Both parents foreign, 20 2 2 13 6 1 2 3 6 1 1 2 1 43 13 3 1 Totals, .... Taasar. Both parents native. One parent foreign. Both parents foreign. Not given,. .... 4 108 4 13 7 124 9 8 1 3 18 2 2 33 4 6 1 14 1 17 297 19 27 1 Totals, .... Welledey. Both parents native, One parent foreign. Both parents foreign, . Not given, .... 125 26 2 1 142 24 1 2 1 20 1 42 9 1 1 15 2 344 61 4 4 2 Totals Wesleyan. Both parents native, One parent foreign, Both parents foreign. 29 3 28 2 1 1 11 2 71 6 1 Totals, .... Wisconsin. Both parents native, One parent foreign. Both parents foreign, 3 12 2 3 3 12 3 7 2 2 8 1 2 2 6 31 6 14 Totals, .... All Colleges Both parents native, One parent foreign, Both parents foreign, . Not given 17 227 16 28 1 22 232 18 26 2 4 30 2 3 1 6 68 8 g 2 30 1 4 51 687 45 69 4 Totals 272 277 36 85 86 ! 705 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. Out-door Exercise as Compared with Present Health. 39 Frbsunt Health. AOGRB- COLLBQKS AHD H0DK3. Excellent. Good. I'alr. Indifferent. Poor. GATES. Boston. Under two hours, . Between two and six hours, . 0-ver six hours, . .,. . Not given 12 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 i 1 2 18 1 8 Totals, . • . . Cornell. Between two and six hours, . Over six hours, I^ot given 16 9 6 S 11 2 1 1 1 2 1 ,1 1 2 2 1 20 24 1 11 Totals Kansas. Between two and six hours, . Over six hours, Not given, . . . . 15 5 1 13 7 1 2 3 5, 3 1 36 18 1 1 Totals, .... Mass. T. T. Between two and six hours, . 6 1 8 2 k 5 1 20 3 Totals MicJiigan. Under two hours, . Between two and six hours, . Over six hours, Not given 1 11 3 6 2 7 3 6 - 1 3 i 1 3 2 3 2 24 8 12 Totals, .... Oberlin. Between two and six hours, . Over six hours. Not given 20 11 4 1 15 10 3 3 2 1 5 2 1 6 1 46 25 8 6 Totals Smith. Under two hours, . Between two and six hours, . Over six hours. Not given, . . . . 16 2 13 1 4 16 H 2 3 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 39 2 30 3 8 Totals, .... SyracMse. Between two and six hours, . Not given, .... 20 3 1 13 6 1 2 2 1 6 2 2 1 43 12 5 Totals, .... Vassar. Under two hours, . Between two and six hours, . Over six hours, Not given 4 1 72 21 31 7 11 81 15 35 3 16 1 , 3 2 4 22 4' 12 1 10 2 3 17 16 201 43 84 Totals Wellesley. Under two hours, . Between two and six hours, . Over six hours, Not given, .... 125 2 18 2 7 142 2 19 7 20 1 42 1 9 1 15 1 1 344 6 47 3 15 Totals, .... 29 28 1 11 2 71 40 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Out-door Exercise as Compared with Present Health — Concluc ied. Feesbnt Health. COLIEOKS AND HOUBS. Excellent. Good. ralr. Indifferent. Poor. GATES. Wealeyan. Between two and six hours, . Not given, .... 3 1 2 - - - 4 2 Totals Wisconsin. Between two and six hours, . Over six hours, Not given, .... 3 11 2 4 3 16 3 3 2 1 1 6 1 2 6 36 6 9 Totals, .... All Collboes. Under two hours, . Between two and six hours, . Over six hours. Not given, .... 17 ' 5 169 35 63 22 15 174 24 64 4 1 24 8 8 6 6 63 7 19 2 1 22 6 7 51 28 442 74 161 Totals 272 277 36 85 35 705 Age at Beginning Study as Compared with Present Health. Present Health, Colleges akd Ages. Excellent. Good. Fair. Indifferent. Poor. GATES. £osion. Five years or under. Over iive years. Not given, . . . . 11 5 2 1 1 1 1 2 20 8 1 Totals Cornell. Five years or under. Over five years. 16 7 8 8 8 5 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 29 21 15 Totals, .... Kansas. Five years or under. Over five years. 15 4 2 13 5 3 2 3 3 2 3 1 36 13 7 Totals Mass. I. T. Five years or under. Over five years. 6 1 8 1 1 - 5 1 20 1 2 Totals, .... Michigan. Five years or under. Over five years. Not given, .... 1 16 4 2 6 8 1 - 2 3 5 1 3 29 16 1 Totals, .... Oberlin. Five years or under. Over five years. 20 8 8 15 14 2 2 1 6 1 2 6 1 46 25 14 Totals, .... 16 16 3 3 1 39 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 41 Age at Beginning Study as Compared with Present Health — Concluded. Colleges and Agbs. Smith. Five years or under, Over five years, Not given, . •. Totals, Syracuse. Five years or under. Over five years, • ISot given, . • Totals, Vaaaar. Five years or under, Over five years, Not given, . . Totals, Wellealey. Five years or under. Over five years. Not given. Totals, WeBleyati. Five years or under. Over five years, Totals, Wisconsin. Five years or under. Over five years. Totals, . All CoLLEaES. Five years or under. Over five years. Not given. Totals, Present Health. Excellent. Good. , Fair. Indifferent. Poor. 16 S 47 72 6 17 11 1 7 10 135 129 272 13 77 3 16 12 23 3 10 12 138 133 6 277 11 9 20 1 24 17 1 11 44 40 1 85 21 13 1 35 Aggre- gates. 27 15 1 43 10 1 17 161 182 11 344 31 1 24 27 fil 361 328" 16 705 Age at Entering College as Compared with Present Health. Pbbsent Health. Excellent. Good. Fair. Indifferent. Poor. gates. Boston. Sixteen years and under. Seventeen to nineteen years, . Twenty years and over, Not given, .... 12 4 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 18 9 1 Totals, .... Oomell. Sixteen years and under, Seventeen to nineteen years, . Twenty years and over, Not given, .... 16 10 4 1 8 1 , 6 6 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 29 1 21 13 1 Totals 15 13 2 3 3 36 42 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Age at Entering College as Compared with Present Health — Concluded. Colleges and Ages. Pbbsent Health. JSTansas. Sixteen years and under, Seventeen to nineteen years, Twenty years and over. Not given, Totals, Mass. I. T. Seventeen to nineteen years. Twenty years and over. Totals, Michigan. Sixteen years and under. Seventeen to nineteen years. Twenty years and over. Totals, Oberlin. Sixteen years and under, Seventeen to nineteen years. Twenty years and over. Totals, Smith. Sixteen years and under, Seventeen to nineteen years, Twenty years and over. Totals, Syracuse. Seventeen to nineteen years. Twenty years and over. Totals, . . Vaasar. Sixteen years and under, Seventeen to nineteen years, Twenty years and over, Not given. Totals, Wellesley. Sixteen years and under, Seventeen to nineteen years. Twenty years and over. Totals, Wesleyan. Seventeen to nineteen years. Twenty years and over. Totals, Sixteen years and under, Seventeen to nineteen years, Twenty years and over, Totals, . All Colleges. Sixteen years and under, Seventeen to nineteen years, Twenty years and over, Not given. Totals, 72 15 11 1 61 162 63 1 272 Good. Fair. Indifferent. Poor. 27 95 19 1 20 5 4 13 5 46 165 63 3 277 6 14 20 S 20 8 10 22 10 17 44 24 86 19 9 1 35 Aggre- gates. 11 7 1 1 20 14 17 2 23 18 84 209 49 2 49 16 12 29 10 51 128 410 162 5 705 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 43 Time of Entering College after Beginning of Menstrual Period as Com- pared with Present Health. Colleges and Time. Present Health. Excellent. Good. Boston* Two years after, Three years after, Four years after, Pive years after. Six years after, Kine years after, Twelve years after. Thirteen years after, Nineteen years after, Kot given, Totals, Cornell. Two years after. Three years after, . Four years after. Five years after, Six years after. Seven years after, . Eight years after, . Nine years after, Ten years after. Seventeen years after, Not given, Totals, Xansas. One year 'before, The same year, One year after, Two years after, . Three years after, . Four years after, . Five years after, Six years after, Not given, Totals, 8. I. T. Six years after. Ten years after, Totals, Michigan. Two, years after. Three years after, . Four years after. Five years after, Biz years after. Seven years after, , Eight years after, . Nine years after, Ten years after. Twelve years after, Not given, Totals, Oherlin. One year after, Two years after, Three years after, . Four years after, . Five years after, Six years after, , Seven years after, . 20 13 1 3 2 . 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 - 1 1 Fair. Indifferent. Poor, Aggre- gates. 3 4 4 11 4 3 2 1 1 1 2 46 44 STATISTICS OF LABOR. time of Entering College after Beginning of Menstrual Period as Com- pared with Present Health — Continued, Colleges and Tiue. Oberiin— Con. Eight years after, . Nine years after, Fourteen years after, Twenty-two years after, Not given, Totals, Smith, One year after. Two years after, Three years after. Four years after. Five years after. Six years after. Seven years after. Eight years after, Nine years after, Twelve years after. Not given, Totals, Syracuse. Two years after, Three years after, Four years after, Five years after, Six years after, Seven years after, Eight years after, Nine years after. Ten years after, Twelve years after. Totals, Yaasar. One year before, Two years before, The same year. One year after. Two years after, Three years after, Four years after, Five years after. Six years after. Seven years after. Eight years after. Nine years after. Ten years after. Eleven years after. Twelve years after, Thirteen years after. Fourteen years after. Not given. Totals, One year after, Two years after, Three years after. Four years after, Five years after, Six years after, Seven years after. Eight years after, Ten years after, Not given, Totals, Pbeseht Health, Excellent. Good Fair. Indifferent. Poor, 1 3 8 IT 20 19 18 14 5 2 2 2 14 18 21 26 18 16 12 6 1 2 1 10 142 2 1 10 6 42 11 Aggre- gates. I 1 6 2 10 4 9 1 S 1 17 21 42 66 67 60 7 4 3 2 1 2 1 29 3 21 10 8 8 4 1 3 71 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 45 Time of Entering College after Beginning of Menstrual Period as Coh- pared with Present Health — Concluded. Colleges and Tiub. Wesleyan. Six years after. Ten years after, Not given, Totals, Wisconsin. The same year, One year after, Two years after. Three years after, . Four years after, . Five years after. rive years aiie Six years after. Seven years after, ■n'^~^t years after, OBveu ■ Eight 3 Jiight years alter, . Nine years after, Eleven years after. Thirteen years after, Totals, All Collbqbs. One year before. Two years before, . The same year, One year after. Two years after. Three years after, . Four years after, , , Five years after, Six years after. Seven years after, . Eight years after, . Nine years after, . Ten years after, fleven years after, . welve years after. Thirteen years after. Fourteen years after. Seventeen years after. Nineteen years after. Twenty-two years after, Not given. Totals, Pbksenx Health. Excellent. Oood. 4 12 26 38 46 46 33 16 5 10 2 2 1 2 1 1 21 272 3 14 23 35 51 35 37 24 9 9 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 17 277 Fair. Indifferent, Poor. 12 12 14 13 6 9 5 1 35 Aggsb- GATES. 2 3 5 9 10 7 8 2 2 1 1 1 4 1 9 34 72 97 124 106 8T 52 24 22 11 3 6 4 3 1 1 1 44 705 Health of Parents as Compared with Present Health of Graduates. Colleges and Health of Present Health of Gbaddates. Parents. Excellent. Good. ralr. Indifferent. Poor. gates. Boston. Father and mother, good Father and mother, poor Father good, mother poor . Father poor, mother good Father good, mother dead . Father poor, mother dead . Father dead, mother good Father dead, mother poor . Father and mother, dead 10 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 14 2 3 2 1 1 2 3 1 Totals, . ". . . 16 8 1 2 2 29 46 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Health of Parents as Compared with Present Health of Graduates — Con. Pbesent Health or GsADnAiES. COLIBOES AND HEALTH OP Aggre- Parents. gates. Excellent. Good. Fair. Indifferent. Poor. Cornell. Father and mother, good 6 3 - 1 ~. 10 Father and mother, poor 1 1 1 1 4 Katber good, mother poor - 1 _ - - 1 Father poor, mother good 2 1 - 1 4 Father good, mother dead 3 3 - - 1 7 Father poor, mother dead - 1 - . - 1 Father dead, mother good 1 3 1 1 1 7 Father dead, mother poor 2 - - - - 2 Totals, .... 15 13 2 3 3 36 Kansas. Father and mother, good 1 8 2 1 7 Father and mother, poor - - 1 - 1 Father good, mother poor . 1 1 1 3 Father poor, mother good 2 1 - ^ 3 Father dead, mother good 1 2 1 4 Father dead, mother poor - 1 - 1 Father and mother, dead 1 - - - 1 Totals 6 8 6 1 20 Mass. I. T. Father and mother, good 1 1 _ 2 Father and mother, dead - 1 1 Totals, .... 1 2 3 Michigan. Father and mother, good 4 5 3 1 13 Father and mother, poor 2 - 1 1 4 Father good, mother poor 4 3 _ 2 9 Father poor, mother good 4 - 1 1 6 Father good, mother dead 2 1 - _ 3 Father poor, mother dead . - - 1 1 Father dead, mother good 1 4 6 Father dead, mother poor 1 1 Father and mother, dead 2 2 4 Totals 20 15 5 6 46 Oberlln. Father and mother, good 3 '4 1 _ 8 Father and mother, poor 1 - _ 1 Father good, mother poor 3 4 1 8 Father good, mother dead 2 _ 1 ^ 3 Father poor, mother dead - - 1 1 Father dead, mother good . 6 _ _ _ _ 5 Father and mother, dead 4 6 i. 1 1 13 Totals 16 16 3 3 1 89 Smith. Father and mother,- good 9 2 2 13 Father and mother, poor 1 2 3 Father good, mother poor 4 1 _ 1 a Father poor, mother good 3 3 _ _ 6 Father good, mother dead _ - 2 2 Father poor, mother dead _ 1 _ 1 Father dead, mother good 3 5 2 _ 10 Father dead, mother poor 1 1 Father and mother, dead 1 - 1 Totals 20 13 2 6 2 43 Syramse. Father and mother, good 3 2 1 2 _ 8 Father good, mother poor 1 1 2 Father poor, mother good . 1 _ _ 1 Father good, mother dead . _ 2 _ 1, 3 Father dead, mother good . 1 1 1 - 3 Totals 4 1 3 2 i 17 COLLEC JE HEALTH STAQ :iSTiCi 3. 47 Health of Parents as Compared with Present Health of Graduates - -Con. Present Health or Qkabdates. COLLKQBS AND HBALTH OF Aggre- Paeksis. gates. Excellent. Good. Fair. [nd]fferent. Poor. Yassar. ^ Father and mother, good 39 42 5 12 3 101 Father and mother, poor 2 3 1 3 1 10 Father good, mother poor . 6 18 1 6 2 83 Father poor, mother good 9 14 2 4 - 29 Father good, mother dead . 14 17 2 2 2 37 Father poor, mother dead 3 4 1 3 11 Father dead, mother good . 81 20 4 8 - 68 Father dead, mother poor 6 8 1 1 2 18 Father and mother, dead 13 16 3 3 5 89 ITot given 2 1 - - - 8 Totals 125 142 20 42 15 344 Wellealey. Father and mother, good 18 8 - 1 22 Father and mother, poor 2 . - - 2 Father good, mother poor 3 1 - 1 1 6 Father poor, mother good . 1 3 - 2 - 6 Father good, mother dead 3 10 1 1 - 15 Father poor, mother dead 1 2 - - 1 4 Father dead, mother good ■ 4 2 - 3 - 9 Father dead, mother poor . 1 - - - 2 - 3 Father and mother, dead 1 2 - 1 - 4 Totals, .... 29 23 1 11 2 71 Wesleyan. Father and mother, good , \ 1 1 - 2 Father and mother, poor 1 - -. - 1 Father poor, mother good . - 1 - 1 Father good, mother dead 1 - 1 Father and mother, dead - 1 - 1 Totals 3 3 - - 6 Wisconsin. Father and mother, good 7 4 2 1 - 14 Father and mother, poor 1 3 1 - 5 Father good, mother poor . 3 4 - 1 - 8 Father poor, mother good - 1 1 1 3 Father good, mother dead . - 3 - 1 — 4 Father dead, mother good . 2 4 1 2 9 Father dead, mother poor . 1 2 - - - 3 Father and mother, dead 3 1 - - 1 6 Totals, .... 17 22 4 6 2 51 All Colleges. Father and mother, good 97 76 9 26 6 214 Father and mother, poor 12 8 8 6 4 83 Father good, mother poor 25 35 2 11 6 79 Father poor, mother good . 21 27 2 8 3 61 Father good, mother dead . 24 38 3 7 4 78 Father poor, mother dead 4 9 2 3 2 20 Father dead, mother good . 60 42 9 15 1 117 Father dead, mother poor . 33 12 1 4. 2 32 Father and mother, dead 24 29 6 6 7 70 Not given, .... 2 1 - - - 3 Totals, . . ... 272 277 36 86 35 706 48 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Hereditary Tendency to Disease as Compared with Present Health PEESBHT HEAiTH. TifiMDBHCr. Excellent. Good. Fair. IndilTerent. Poor. GATES. Boston. From father, .... rrom mother, .... From father and mother, Not specified No hereditary tendency, 1 1' 4 10 1 4 3 1 - 2 2 2 1 1 8 17 Totals Cornell. From father, .... From mother,,. Not specified No hereditary tendency. 16 2 3 10 8 1 1 7 4 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 29 1 3 12 20 Totals, .... Kansas. From father and mother, Not specified, .... No hereditary tendency, 15 2 4 13 1 2 a 2 3 6 3 1 36 1 9 10 Totals Mass. I. T. No hereditary tendency. 6 1 3 2 ~ 6 1 20 3 Totals Miohigan. From father^ From mother From father and mother. Not specified No hereditary tendency. 1 2 1 1 13 2 1 1 S 10 1 4 1 2 3 3 1 4 1 10 30 Totals, .... Oberlin. From mother From father and mother, Not specified No hereditary tendency, 20 3 8 7 16 2 1 3 10 2 1 5 2 1 6 1 46 5 1 13 20 Totals, .... amUh. From mother Not specified No hereditary tendency. 16 7 13 16 2 3 8 3 2 3 1 5 1 1 1 39 3 13 27 Totals SyracMse. From mother Not specified No hereditary tendency. 20 1 3 13 1 6 2 1 1 1 6 2 2 1 43 2 2 , 13 Totals, .... Vassar. From father From mother, .... From father and mother, Not specified No hereditary tendency. 4 4 2 2 25 92 7 3 2 1 33 103 3 2 1 6 11 2 2 3 2 13 22 1 2 2 11 17 11 10 5 79 239 Totals, .... WellesUy. From father From mother From father and mother. Not specified, .... No hereditary tendency. 125 1 4 4 20 142 2 4 22 20 1 42 8 4 4 15 1 1 344 1 6 3 13 48 Totals, .... 29 28 1 11 2 71 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 49 Hereditary Tendency to Disease as Compared with Present Health — Con. Colleges and Hekbditart Pbesekt Health. TENDENCr. Excellent. Good. Fair. Indifferent Poor. , gates. We8leyan. Not specWed No hereaitary tendency, 1 2 3 - - - 4 2 Totals Wisconsin, From father Not specified, .... No hereditary tendency, 3 1 5 • 11 3 1 7 14 1 3 <1 6 1 1 6 2 16 34 Totals All Colleges. From father, .... From mother, .... From father and mother, Not specified, . * . No hereditary tendency. 17 T 61 186 22 6 10 4 70 187 4 3 2 12 19 a 2 4 5 28 46 2 3 7 25 61 18 34 12 178 463 Totals, .... 272 277 86 85 35 705 In the second series of comparison tables which follow, we present first the age at entering college as compared with health during college life ; then compare college study and college worry with health during college life, and give the present health of graduates who entered society a good deal during college life. Age at Entering College as Compared with Health during College Life. Deteeiobaxion in Health. Ik So Change or An Improvement. Colleges and Age 1 1-2 m 'S ft sl ■ % 1 Classification. hi sg.la £ s^ ^ h !n >5 , ■«! Sosion. 16 years and under, . - _ . _ . _ 1 _ 1 17 to 19 years, . - - 3 ~ 3 12 3 18 20 years and over, 1 1 - 2 6 1 9 Not given, . - - - - 1 1 - - 1 Totals, . 1 4 - 1 6 19 4 29 Cornell. 16 years and under, . 1 - . - . 1 _ « 1 17 to 19 years, . 1 - 3 - 4 14 3 21 20 years and over, 3 1 - 1 5 6 3 13 Not given, . - -' - 1 1 Totals, . 6 1 3 1 10 20 6 36 S^ansas. 16 years and under, . 2 1 2 - _ 5 4 2 11 17 to 19 years, - 1 - _ 1 6 1 7 20 years and over, . _ « « 1 1 Not given, . - - - - - 1 - 1 Totals, . 2 1 3 - 6 11 3 20 50 STATISTICS OF LABOE. Age at Entering College as Compared with Health during College Life — Con. Colleges and Age Classification. Mass. I. T. 17 to 19 years, 20 years and over, Totals, . Michigan. 16 years and under, 17 to 19 years, 20 years and over, Totals, . Oherlin, 16 years and tinder, 17 to 19 years, 20 years and over, Totals, . Svnith. 16 years and under, 17 to 19 years, 20 years kud over. Totals, . Syracuse. 17 to 19 years, 20 years and over, Totals, . Yassar. 16 years and under, 17 to 19 years, 20 years and over, Not given, . Totals, . Wellesley. 16 years and under, 17 to 19 years, 20 years and over, Totals, . Wesley an. 17 to 19 years, 20 years and over, Totals, . Wisconsin. 16 years and under, 17 to 19 years, 20 years and over, Totals, . All Colleges. 16 years and under, 17 to 19 years, 20 years and over, Not given, . Totals, . Deterioeation in Health. 42 I -So 11 14 3 1 29 14 u S Si §■0 2 is MM . & = a |2! 2 25 33 1 15 6 21 36 71 29 2 No Changk or An Improvement. 14 11 25 10 12 1 12 45 129 25 1 200 30 7 42 70 268 87 3 (3< . .is 16 14 47 15 76 22 81 46 149 26 17 46 8 14 17 2- 23 18 8 17 84 209 49 2 49 16 71 3 12 29 10 128 410 706 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 51 College Study and College Worry as Compared with Health during College Life. College Studt. i H •4 College Wokrt. Colleges akd i " £ ■si 13 "^ I-> }4 Health. 2 II S 3 S fi lid s 1 |2 00 O < 1 « 03 Boston. Kxoelletit, . 13 _ 3 16 6 1 _ 10 Good, . 5 2 7 2 1 2 2 Fair, . _ _ _ iDdifferent, . . 1 _ 2 3 1 1 1 _ Poor, . 2 - 1 3 2 1 Totals, . - 21 S 29 8 6 3 13 ComeU. Excellent, . _ 10 1 6 16 3 3 1 9 Good, . 9 1 2 12 . 5 2 A Fair, . 2 . 2 4 - 1 2 1 Indifferent, . 1 1 _ 2 1 _ 1 Poor, . i. - - 2 2 2 Totals, . 22 3 11 36 4 9 8 16 Kan tan. Excellent, . _ 1 . 1 2 _ _ 2 Good, . 6 1 6 12 7 2 3 Fair, . 1 _ _ 1 1 . _ Indifferent, . 1 4 5 1 1 3 Poor, . - Totals, . 8 1 11 20 9 1 5 S Mass. I. T. Excellent, . ' 1 _ 1 1 _ ^ Good, . 1 1 2 1 1 Fair, . - - . Indifferent, . _ Poor, . - - Totals, . 2 1 8 1 1 1 Michigan. Excellent, . 11 - 9 20 3 1 6 11 Good, . 8 2 7 17 1 4 9 6 Fair, . 2 -. - 2 1 _ 1 Indifferent, . 3 . 2 5 1 1 2 1 Poor, . 2 - 2 1 1 Totals, . 26 2 18 46 7 6 14 19 Oberlln. Excellent, . 8 1 6 15 1 1 3 10 Good, . . 10 1 8 19 5 2 1 11 Fair, . 3 1 4 1 3 Indifferent, . 1 , 1 1 Poor, . - - Totals, . 22 3 14 39 6 4 4 25 Smith. Excellent, . *_ 11 1 1 13 2 1 2 3 Good, . _ 10 4 6 19 3 6 4 6 Fair, . . . - 1 - 2 3 2 1 Indifferent, . . 6 _ 1 7 3 2 2 Poor, . - 1 1 1 Totals, . - 28 5 10 43 6 12 9 17 Syracuse. Excellent, . « 3 _ 2 6 1 1 3 _ Good, . 6 _ 1 6 3 3 Pair, . _ _ 1 1 1 _ Indifferent, . ■_ 3 » 3 1 1 1 Poor, . - 2 2 1 1 Totals, . 11 6 17 6 1 6 5 52 STATISTICS OF LABOR. College Study and College Worry as Compared with Health during College Life — Concluded, College Study. i College Woeky. COLIEGES AND ® S 'J £ S3 " P.i ^! n 1 1^ £» .s pi Vassar. Excellent, . 2 86 9 22 119 34 8 9 68 Good, . 78 20 32 130 33 16 21 61 F^r, . 1 13 7 9 30 7 4 6 13 Indifferent, . 1 30 7 16 64 16 9 16 13 Poor, . 4 2 6 11 7 97 36 3 1 Totals, . 4 21 49 84 344 66 166 Welhsley. Excellent, . _ 22 _ 2 24 9 1 2 12 Good, . 12 _ 14 26 10 2 4 10 Fair, . . 4 2 3 9 1 2 2 4 IndifiFerent, . ■ . 6 1 3 g 1 1 6 2 Voor, . - 2 - 1 3 - 3 ^ Totals, . 46 3 23 71 21 9 13 28 Wealeyan. Excellent, . 1 » 2 3 _ 1 2 Good, . 2 1 3 1 1 1 Fair, . . . . Indifferent, . _ Poor, . - - - Totals, . 3 - 3 6 1 2 3 Wisconsin. Excellent, . 17 1 3 21 2 1 1 17 Good, . 15 1 4 20 4 2 7 7 Fair, . . 1 _ 1 _ 1 Indifferent, . _ 6 3 9 3 1 4 1 Poor. . - - Totals, . 39 2 10 61 9 4 12 26 All Colleges. Excellent, . 2 184 13 66 265 60 19 27 149 Good, . _ 160 30 83 273 68 38 61 116 Fair, . 1 27 10 17 . 66 H 10 11 23 Indifferent, . 1 67 9 31 98 26 17 36 21 Poor, . - 10 2 12 24 8 6 7 4 Totals, . 4 438 64 199 705 172 89 131 313 Present Health of Graduates who entered Society a good deal during College Life. Colleges. Excellent. Good. rair. Indifferent. Poor. Aggre- gates. Boston, . Cornell, . Kansas, . Michigan, Oberlin, . Smith, . Syracuse, vasHar, . Wisconsin, 2 2 3 1 1 6 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 2 8 11 Totals, 14 ' 1 6 2 28 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 53 In the third and last series of comparison tables, we show the condition of those graduated who studied severely while at college, and compare first the health at time of entering col- lege and health during college life with their health at the present time ; give second the number reporting disorders, also, as compared with present health ; then show the number of disorders reported by them ; give the disorders by name, and, finally, show the time and cause for each disorder. The five tables follow. Health at Time of Entering and During College Life of Graduates who Studied Severely at College, as Compared with Present Health. Health at time of entering College. i •< Health during colli^gk life. COLIEGES AND PEKS£NT Hualth. a 1 1 a b ^ 1 1 i a is c .1 -a Soston. Bxcellent, Good, Fair, Indifferent, Poor, 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 - 1 1 1 Totals, Cofnell. Excellent, Good, Fair, Indifferent, Poor, 5 2 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 8 3 6 2 3 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 Totals, Kansas. Excellent, Good, Fair, Indifferent, Poor, 7 1 i 4 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 14 2 7 3 6 3 1 6 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 Totals, Mass. I. T. Excellent, Good, Fair, Indifferent, Poor, 1 1 6 1 4 - 12 1 - 8 1 4 - Totals, . JUicMgcm, Excellent, Good, ... Fair, Indifferent, Poor, 1 8 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 ' 11 5 1 I 9 1 2 6 1 1 - 2 Totals, 8 6 1 3 3 20 . 9 9 2 54 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Health at Time of Entering and During College Life of Graduates who Studied Severely at College, as Compared with Present Health — Con. Health at time of esteeing COLLEGE. in H s Health during college life. Colleges and . •g . .M 1 Pkesemi Health. g i •3 s 1 1 1 ■d *3 3 1 P4 O fH Bh ->! W O b £ Oberlin. . Excellent, 3 S - - 8 6 2 _ Good, 2 3 . 1 1 7 1 6 1 Pair, - - _ _ _ _ Indifferent, . 2 _ - 2 2 _ Poor, - - - - - Totals, 5 10 - 1 1 17 7 9 1 - Smith. Excellent, 1 3 1 . 5 1 3 1 _ Good, 2 2 2 6 6 1 Fair, ' . . . - _ _ ^ _ . Indifferent, _ 3 _ 3 1 1 1 Poor, 1 - 1 1 Totals, 3 6 6 15 1 10 2 1 1 Syracuse. Excellent, _ 1 _ _ 1 1 _ _ Good, 1 - - 1 2 1 1 _ _ Fair, 1 1 2 1 1 Indifferent, _ - _ . _ Poor, - 1 1 - - 1 Totals, 1 2 1 2 6 2 1 1 2 Vassar. Excellent, 22 9 . 6 2 38 23 12 1 _ 2 Good, 10 26 _ 14 4 64 6 32 6 8 2 Fair, 6 6 2 4 4 20 2 6 3 8 2 Indifferent, 1 5 _ . 2 _ 8 2 3 3 Poor, 2 6 - 1 1 9 2 3 4 ■ Totals, 40 60 2 28 11 129 31 63 16 23 6 Welleeley. Excellent, 2 3 . - 2 7 2 2 2 1 Good, 3 7 _ 10 - 10 ^ . Fair, - 1 - - - 1 . - 1 _ Indifferent, 1 3 _ 1 2 7 2 2 3 _ Poor, 1 - - - - 1 - - - 1 Totals, 7 14 3 2 26 2 14 6 4 1 Wesleyan. / Excellent, 2 - - - 2 2 — - . Good, • . - 1 . « 1 1 . Fair, _ - Indifferent, - . _ . _ _ Poor, - - - - - - Totals, . 2 1 3 2 1 Wisconsin. Excellent, 1 1 1 - . 3 2 1 - _ Good, 1 3 1 1 6 2 3 _ 1 Fair, - - - .. _ . . « 'Indifferent, _ _ » 2 . 2 _ 2 _ Poor, 1 - - 1 1 - Totals, 2 5 2 3 12 4 6 3 All Colleges. Excellent, 43 23 1 12 3 82 60 24 4 2 2 Good, 26 61 3 20 7 107 13 73 9 10 2 Fair, 6 7 3 4 4 24 2 6 S 9 3 Indifferent, 3 14 1 10 3 31 2 9 6 13 1 Poor, 4 10 - 3 2 19 - 6 3 6 5 Totals, 82 106 8 -49 19 263 67 116 27 40 13 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 55 Number of Graduates who Studied Severely at College reporting Disorders, as Compared with Present Health. Classification. Prbsbst Health. Aggre- Excellent. Good. Fair. 1 Indifferent .| Poor. gates. Boston. Disorders ^0 disorders, . 1 1 2 1 1 2 7 1 Totals, .... 2 2 1 1 2 8 Cornell. Disorders No disorders, . 1 2 3 3 . 2 3 9 6 Totals, 3 6 2 3 14 £ransa9 Disorders, , No disorders 2 3 4 3 8 4" Totals, .... 2 7 8 12 Maas. I. T. Disorders No disorders - 1 . 1 Totals, .... 1 - 1 Michigan. Disorders No disorders, .... 9 2 4 1 - 2 1 1 16 4 Totals, .... 11 5 3 1 20 Oberlin. Disorders No disorders 3 6 6 1 ^ 2 - 11 6 Totals 8 7 - 2 17 Smilh. Disorders No disorders, . 4 1 5 1 2 1 1 12 3 Totals 5 6 3 1 15 Syracme. Disorders, .... No disorders, . 1 1 1 2 . 1 6 1 Totals 1 2 2 1 6 Vaa^ar. Disorders No disorders, . 20 18 3S 19 19 1 7 1 8 1 89 40 Totals, .... . 38 54 20 8 9 129 Wellesley. Disorders No disorders, .... 4 3 5 6 1 6 1 1 17 9 Totals 7 10 1 7 1 26 Wetleyan. Disorders No disorders, .... 2 1 * 3 Totals, .... 2 1 - - 3 Wi^onsin. Disorders, .... No disorders, .... 1 2 2 4 2 1 6 6 Totals, 3 6 - ■ . 2 1 12 All Collegbs. Disorders, .... No disorders 46 36 67 40 23 1 27 4 18 1 181 82 Totals, .... 82 107 24 1 31 19 263 56 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Number of Disorders reported by Graduates who Studied Severely at College. Number of Disobdees. 1 o i 1 eh' i a O 1 i 1 i 1 1 1 1 s One disorder, Two disorders. Three disorders, Four disorders. Five disorders, Six disorders, Eight disorders, Nine disorder^-' 1 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 6 ?. 1 7 4 3 1 1 6 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 28 28 13 11 3 1 6 6 6 _ 2 1 2 1 63 68 33 16 8 1 1 1 Tq^^, . 7 9 8 1 16 11 12 6 89 17 6 181 Disorders reported by Graduates who Studied Severely at College. DiSOKDEKS. 1 s 1 to s e i 1 1 1 t s 1 & 1 § 1 1 J Heart ODly, Heai-t and other disorders. -- 1 - - 2 - 1 - 7 2 - - 13 Totals, 1 - ~ 2 - 1 - 7 2 - - 13 Brain only Brain and other disorders, . - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 6 2 - 1 1 11 Totals, - - - - 1 2 - 1 5 2 - 1 12 Lungs only Lungs and other disorders, . - 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 1 3 11 - - 2 9 28 Totals, - 1 1 - 3 2 2 1 14 - 2 33 Stomach only, Stomach and other disorders, 3 3 1 - 2 1 2 1 5 1 1 1 18 - 4 4 43 Totals, 3 3 1 - 2 3 6 2 19 4 - 47 Liver only, Liver and other disorders, - 2 2 1 - 1 1 3 3 1 1 8 : 4 21 Totals, T 2' 3 "" 2 3 3 1 9 T - 25 Bowels only, Bowels and other disorders, . 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 - 11 - 4 29 Totals, 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 - 11 - 29 G-enerative organs only, .... G-enerative organs and other disorders. 1 5 - - 4 1 2 1 2 1 6 23 - 2 10 41 Totals, 1 6 - - 4 3 3 1 29 3 - 2 61 Urinary organs only, .... Urinary organs and other disorders, — 1 1 - - - 1 2 - S - - - 1 8 Totals, - - - 1 2 - 5 - - - 9 Osseous system only, .... Osseous system and other disorders, . - - - - - - - - 3 1 _ - 4 Totals, - - - - - - - - 3 1 - - 4 Nervous system only, .... Nervous system and other disorders, . 1 4 3 4 1 2 - 2 4 : 2 ■ 5 2 7 27 3 - 2 16 93 Totals 6 7 3 ~ 6 ~ 7 2 34 3 - 2 69 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 57 Disorders reported by OraduMes who Studied Severely at College — Con. BlSOKDBHS. e S S 1 1 i 3 ,1 1 e in o 5 a i s 1 1 ■i .1 s Muscular system only Muscular system and other disorders, . Totals Neuralgia only, Neuralgia and other disorders,' Totals, Ehcumatism only Kheumatism and other disorders, . 3 3 2 2 2 1 — -- 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 16 16 14 — 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 9 31 31 2 21 Totals Catarrh only, Catarrh and other disorders, . Totals, Constitutional weakness only, Constitutional weakness and other dis- orders, Totals Developmental only Bevelopmental and other disorders, 2 1 1 1 -- 1 2 _ 1 14 1 1 1 4 5 1 1 ■1 — 1 23 1 3 4 1 4 5 2 1 Eyes only, .... Byes and other disorders. 1 - 1 - 1 - - - 2 1 2 -' - - 3 2 3 Totals, Fevers only, . . .' . . Fevers and other disorders, . 1 i 1 - 2 - - 3 4 7 1 - - S 7 8 Totals, G-eneral debility only General debUity and other disorders, . - 1 - - 2 - - - 11 1 1 - - 15 1 Totals Malaria only Malaria and other disorders, . Totals, Measles only Measles and other disorders, . — — — — - - - — 1 2 2 3 - - 2 1 2 2 6 Totals, Mumps only, Mumps and other disorders, . - - - - 1 - - - 3 - - 2 1 6 2 Totals,' Scrofula only, Scrofula and other disorders. - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 2 1 Totals, Throat only Throat and other disorders, . - ' 1 - - - - - - 1 2 6 - - - 1 2 5 Totals, -|- - - - - - - 7 1 - - 7 58 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Time and Causes of Disorders reported by Graduates DlSOKDEBS. Time of Disobdeb. n Heart, Brain, . . . . Lungs, . . . . Stomach, . . . . Liver Bowels, . . . . Generative organs, . Urinary organs, Osseous system, Nervous system. Muscular system, . Neuralgia, Rlieumatism, . Catarrh Constitutional weakness, Developmental, Eyes Fever General debility, Malaria Measles Mumps, . . . . Scrofula, . . . . Throat Totals, 23 40 13 12 33 47 23 29 61 9 4 31 23 4 3 3 5 15 1 2 5 2 1 7 EEVIEW OF THE TABLES. The tables which we have presented give the facts in detail for each college, and for all colleges, as reported by the 705 graduates who made returns to the committee on health statis- tics. As has been stated, the tables plainly indicate results and need but little explanation. In the review of the tables, which follows, we shall consider results for all colleges only, ■without regard to the individual college, the facts as applied to the whole number of graduates aflfording the fairest basis of comparison, and being, moreover, amply sufficient for our pur- poses, and all that the space allotted to this Part will warrant. It should be stated, however, that the averages presented for Oberlin college, as regards conditions since graduation and present age, are greatly in excess of the averages for the same points for the other colleges. This excess is due to the greater number of years that Oberlin college has been open to women. . Under conditions of childhood, from the table showing COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 59 u-ho Studied Severely during College Life. Causes of Disordbb. ■3 a a a IB V i 1 Si a c ■3 a i s ■35. = So Constitutional weakness and intellectual overwork. fi,- Ojjil as 111 1 1^ _l ' Ad Constitutional weakness, bad sanitary,* and emotional strain. Constitutional weakness, intel- lectual V e r - work, and emo- tional strain. Bad sanitary,* emotional strain, and physical ac- cident. Bad sanitary,* intellectual over- work, emotional strain, and pliys- ical accident. i > 'Ei 1 4 2 10 13 g 11 6 3 8' 1 6 4 2 1 1 2 3 4 6 2 1 1 2 1 6 3 1 I 1 2 2 1 6 • 1 1 2 13 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 5 2 2 8 2 1 1 1 1 2 " 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 4 10 1 1 1 2 _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 5 1 16 15 6 IS 16 5 I 19 4 11 14 2 3 3 11 4 2 1 2 82 34 34 15 12 7 8 21 6 5 4 10 10 S 154 * " Bad sanitary " means " bad sanitary conditionSj" and is thns abbreviated for want of space. parent nativity, it appears that, of the 705 graduates considered, 587, or 83.26 per cent, are the children of native American par- ents ; 69, or 9.79 per cent, are of purely foreign parentage ; 25, or 3.54 per cent, had a foreign father and native mother, while 20, or 2.84 per cent, had a foreign mother and native father. Four graduates, or 0.57 per cent, do not indicate their parent nativity. So far as the facts distinguishing the purely city-bred girls from those whose childhood was spent in the country are con- cerned, but 5, or 0.71 per cent of the whole number, failed to give the information. Of the 700 making returns, we find that 201, or 28.51 per cent of the whole number, spent their life in the city between the ages of three and eight years ; 465, or 65.96 per cent, spent their life in the country, and 34, or 4.82 per cent, divided their time, for the same period, between both city and country. Between the ages of eight and fourteen years, also, a similar condition of life, so far as the city or country is concerned, is apparent. In other words, 215, or 60 STATISTICS OF LABOR. 30.50 per cent, were living in the city ; 452, or 64.11 per cent, were in the country, and 33, or 4.68 per cent, lived in both city and country. Notwithstanding the closeness of results indi- cated for the two periods of childhood named, it is found that in considering the facts as regards their entire childhood, or from three to fourteen years of age, that but 165, or 23.40 per cent, spent their whole time during childhood in the city alone ; that 411, or 58.30 per cent, lived only in the country, while 124, or 17.59 per cent, were at some period of their childhood in both city and country. Although 161 do not give the number of hours of out-door exercise taken daily between the ages of eight and fourteen years, it is evident that a very large proportion of the whole number did not lack for proper exercise at this period of their lives. The failure to answer on the part of so large a number is due undoubtedly to uncertainty as to the exact number of hours ; other than this there can be no cause for the omission. For the 544 graduates who do report out-door exercise between the ages mentioned, the time varied from one to ten hours daily, the average number for each being 4.01 hours. From the tables, under conditions of childhood, giving the age at beginning study, age at entering college, age at graduat- ing from college, and present age, and the table, under individ- ual health, giving the age at beginning of menstrual period, we have compiled the following table of Averages. AvEHAGB Age. COLLEGKS. At begin- ning study. At begin- ning of men- strual period. At entering College. At gradu- ating ft-om College. At present time. Boston, . Cornell, Kansas, Mass. I. T., . Michigan, Oberlin, Smith, . . '. Syracuse, Vassar, . Wellesley, . Wesleyan, . Wisconsin, . 5.25 5.31 5.25 6.00 6.38 4.95 5.64 5.69 5.91 6.51 4.50 6.49 13.89 13.94 13.85 13.67 13.49 13.58 13.48 13.76 18.61 13.56 13.60 13.57 19.61 19.43 18.32 21.00 19.26 19.69 19.19 19.65 17.81 18.34 20.00 17.98 23.36 23.09 21.76 24.00 23.22 24.10 22.69 23.47 2196 22.24 24.00 21.69 26.72 26.66 26.35 25.87 29.00 41.74 25.02 28.24 28.95 24.90 29.00 27.24 All Collbges, 5 64 13.62 18.35 22.39 28.68 COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 61 By an analysis of this table of averages, we find that, for all colleges, the average age at beginning study was 5.64 years; the average age at beginning of menstrual period, 13.62 years ; the average age at entering college, 18.35 years ; the average age at graduating from college, 22.39 years ; and the average age at the present time, 28.58 years. By present time, we mean July, 1883, the time at which the majority of the schedules were filled out and returned. The averages pre- sented for all colleges represent very nearly the facts as regards the individual college, except in the case of present age, which is slightly in excess of the averages reported for eight out of the twelve colleges. This excess is due to the fact that the average present age reported for the graduates of Oberlin col- lege, or 41.74 years, is very much higher than the average age reported for any other college. Without Oberlin college, the average present age of the graduates of the other eleven col- leges is 27.81 years. Of the 39 gi'aduates of Oberlin college, 15 report their present age as being from 45 to 76 years, whereas the ages reported by the graduates of any one of the other colleges do not exceed 44 years. From the recapitulation of the table showing the age at be- ginning study, we learn that 289 began study at home, 400 began study in a school, and 16 returned no answer. From this table, also, we find that of the 705 graduates 148 attended boarding school before entering college. Turning to the table showing college conditions, we find for college study that 4, or 0.57 per cent, studied but little while at college ; 438, or 62.13 per cent, studied mod'erately ; 64, or 9.08 per cent, between moderately and severely, and 199, or 28.22 per cent, severely. For college worry, the facts are as follows : — 172, or 24.40 per cent, worried over their studies; 89, or 12.62 per cent, over personal affairs; 131, or 18.58 per cent, worried over both studies and affairs, while 313, or 44.40 per cent, worried over neither studies nor affairs. In the way of college exercise, walking seemed to be the most prevalent, 601 doing a certain amount daily alone or in conjunction with other exercise, such as riding, rowing, danc- ing, gymnastics, etc. ; the number reporting riding as a princi- pal exercise was 42; the number reporting gymnastics, 266, 62 STATISTICS OF LABOR. and for housework, 39. The average amount of exercise daily is indicated in distance, for those who walked, as being 2.5 miles, and for other exercise 1.2 hours. As regards college habits, 637, or 90.35 per cent, had regu- lar hours for eating, and 578, or 81.99 per cent, regular hours for sleeping; 68, or 9.65 per cent, and 127, or 18.01 per cent, respectively, had no regular hours for eating or sleeping. During the menstrual pei'iod, 239, or 33.90 per cent, ab- stained from physical exercise while at college ; 2, or 0.28 per cent, from mental exercise only ; and 73, or 10.36 per cent, from both physical and mental exercise. More than one-half of the graduates, or 391, which is 55.46 per cent of the whole number, did not answer this inquiry, probably indicating no particular cessation in exercise, physical or mental. Comparatively few entered society during college life, the figures indicating this point showing that 338, or 47.94 per cent, did not enter society at all; 322, or 45.68 per cent, but little, and 28, or 3.97 per cent, a good deal. The facts as regards 17, or 2.41 per cent, aie not given. The larger part of the college graduates had room-mates while at college, 581 reporting a room-mate, and 124 roomed alone. After the completion of the college course, we find the grad- uates occupied in various ways. Of those who have entered upon household duties, 24 did housework only, and 270 in connection with some other occupation ; 37 were engaged in professional work only, and 112 in professional and other occu- pation ; 130 took up teaching as their sole occupation, while 224 were engaged in teaching in conjunction with other occu- pations. In the same way, it is seen that 249 were occupied with work of an intellectual nature, 107 with study, 105 philanthropy, and 210 with social duties, all of which occupa- tions were usually carried forward in connection with other occupation or attention to other cares and duties. The average duration of each occupation was as follows : — household, 5.2 years; professional, 3.8 years; teaching, 3.6 years; intellectual, 4.1 years; study, 2.9 years; philanthropy, 4.1 years ; and social, 4.8 years. The average for all occupa- tions was 4 years. Of the 705 graduates, 509, or 72.2 per cent, are single at the present time, and 196, or 27 8 per cent, are married. These COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 63 196 have been married, on the average, 6.7 years; 130 have had children, and 66 have had no children. Of the whole number of children, or 263, 232 are living, and 31 have died ; of the children living, 208 are in good health, 15 in poor, and for 9 the health is not given. The average present age of children living is 6.0 years. The averages presented for Oberlin college, showing the average number of years married and the average present age of children living are, as previously referred to, greatly in excess of the averages stated for the other colleges. Of the whole number of graduates from or concerning whom returns were received, but 8 were reported as being dead. The physical condition of each graduate has been shown to be either " excelleiit," "good," "fair," "indifferent," or "poor," for the following five age periods : — from 3 to 8 years of age ; from 8 to 14 years of age ; at time of entering college ; during college life, and since graduation. In the summary table, which we now present, we shall show the number and percentage, for each of the five age periods named, of those whose health has been excellent or good ; the number and per- centage of those whose health has been fair, and the numtier and percentage of those whose health has been indifierent or poor. In the analysis of the comparison tables, so far as health is concerned, this condensation of the state of health will be used, as best representing the extremes, or good and poor health, and the intermediate state, or fair health. The summary table of physical condition, for all colleges only, follows. Physical Gondilion. SUMMAUY. Excellent or Good. Taib. Indifferent or Pooh. Aggregates. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. From 3 to 8 years of age, From 8 to 14 years of age, At entering college, . During college life, . Since graduation, . 641 617 661 S28 649 76.74 73.33 ' 78.16 74.89 ■ 77.87 13 21 14 66 36' 1.84 2.93 1.98 7.80 6.11 161 167 140 122 120 21.42 23.69 19.86 17.31 17.02 • 705 100.00 From the foregoing summary of physical condition, it will be seen that the results for the specified state of health, for each of the periods considered, vary but slightly. For instance, for those who have been in excellent or good health, we find 64 STATISTICS OF LABOR. that 541, or 76.74 per cent of the whole number, were in ex- cellent or good health between the ages of 3 and 8 years ; 517, or 73.33 per cent, between 8 and 14 years of age; 551, or 78.16 per cent, at entering college; 528, or 74.87 percent, during college life, and 549, or 77.87 per cent, since gradua- tion. If we consider these percentages as indicating for cer- tain of the periods a falling off from the standard of excellent or good, and also subsequent recovery wholly or in part, we find that 3.41 per cent less report their state of health to be unchanged in the second period as compared with the first ; this loss of health was more than recovered in the next period, however, 4.83 per cent more reporting excellent or good health than for the preceding period ; for the fourth period, or during college life, another decline is noted, 3.27j)er cent less report- ing excellent or good health ; this decline was practically over- come in the fifth period, or since graduation, by an increase in excellent or good health of 2.98 per cent. The gfeneral average percentage showing excellent or good health for all periods is 76 20 per cent. In the same way, the fluctuation in the per- centages showing fair health and indifferent or poor health can be easily traced. For the period marking health during college life it will be seen that the decline of 3.27 per cent from excel- lent or good health is comprehended in the increase of number reporting fair health for the same period ; the percentage of increase for fair health for this period as compared with that preceding is 5.82 per cent, the excess of this percentage of increase over the percentage of loss reported for excellent or good health being accounted for by an increase of health during college life among those who at the time of entering college were in indifferent or poor health. In other words, during college life, 3.27 per cent declined from excellent or good to fair, and 2.55 per cent advanced from indifferent or poor to fair health. It . should be noticed, also, that although 21.42 per cent and 23.69 per cent, respectively, were in indifferent or poor health for the first two periods named, but 17.31 per cent and 17.02 per cent, respectively, reported a similar state of health during college life and since graduation showing a steady advance so far as indifferent or poor health is concerned. From the table showing nervousness, it appears that 28 were naturally nervous before entering college, 74 are nervous at the COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 65 present time, 231 were naturally nervous before entering col- lege and are also nervous at the present time, that is, have always been nervous, while 372 are not naturally of a nervous disposition. We have seen in the table of averages presented in the con- sideration of conditions of childhood that the average, age at beginning of the menstrual period was 13.62 years. In the table showing the conditions attending the menstrual period, we have presented the results as reported at the time of development, during college life, and since graduation, and in the following table show the number of graduates, and percentages, for each college who have experienced no trouble at any time during the menstrual period. Number reporting No Trouble during the Menstrual Period. Whole Number Number who Colleges. of Graduates have experienced Percentages. considered. no trouble. Boston, 29 4 13.79 Cornell, , 36 3 8.33 Kansas, 20 8 16.00 Mass. I. T., . 3 1 33.33 Michigan, 46 14 3043 Oberlin, 39 11 28.21 Smith, . 43 9 20.93 Syracuse, 17 6 29,41 Vassar, . 344 82 23.84 Wellesley, . 71 20 28.17 Wesleyan, 6 1 16.67 Wisconsin, . 51 16 31.37 All Collegi s, ■ 705 169 23.97 From this table, it will be seen that, of the 705 graduates considered, 169, or 23.97 per cent, have experienced no trouble at any time during the menstrual period. Considering the tables giving the facts as regards disorders, we find that 417 report disorders and 288 no disorders. Of the 417 graduates who report disorders as occurring at some time during their lives, we find that 174 report one disorder, 131 report two disorders, 60 report three disorders, 26 report four disorders, 17 report five disorders, 3 report six disorders, 4 report seven disorders, 1 report eight disorders, 1 report nine disorders. 66 STATISTICS OF LABOE. In the table showing the number reporting each disorder, we give not only the number reporting the particular disorder only but, also, the number who have had other disorders in addition to the disorder specified. From the totals for each disorder indicating the whole number who have had any particular dis- order, we bring forward the following results : — Twenty report disorders of the heart ; 30, of the brain ; 68, of the lungs ; 98, of the stomach ; 49, of the liver ; 64, of the bowels ; 112, of the generative organs ; 26, of the urinary organs ; 8, of the osseous system ; 137, of the nervous system ; 18, of the muscular system ; and 12, of the eyes; 62 have been troubled with neuralgia; 56, with rheumatism; 1, with abscess; 3, with some disorder of the blood; 8, with catarrh ; 10, with constitutional weakness ; 8, with develop- mental diseases ; 30, with fevers ; 4, with general debility ; 10, with malaria; 6, -with measles; 2, with mumps; 1, with scrofula; 1, with a skin disease ; 20, with throat ; and 1, with a tumor. Of the 417 reporting disorders, 276 give the cause or causes of disorders and for 141 no cause is reported. One hundred and thirty-five consider constitutional weakness to have been the cause of disorder; 81, bad sanitary conditions ; 81, intel- lectual overwork; 73, emotional strain, and 47, physical acci- dent. In a large number of cases, more than one cause was stated for the disorders returned on the schedule, but owing to the failure, on the part of the. graduate making the return, to care- fully identify e:ich disorder with its immediate cause, it has been impossible to present accurately the time and cause for each disorder. It has been attempted, therefore, only in the case of the final series of comparison tables showing the condition of graduates who studied severely while at college. From the first series of comparison tables, which show con- ditions of childhood, hereditary tendency to disease, and health of parents, as compared with present health of graduates, it will be seen that of the 587 who reported both parents native, the present health of 459, or 78.19 per cent, is excellent or good ; 30, or 5.11 per cent, are in fair health, and 98, or 16.70 per cent, are in indififerent or poor health. Of the 45 who had either a foreign father or foreign mother, 34, or 75.56 per cent, are in excellent or good health : 2, or 4.44 per cent, are in fair COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 67, health, and 9, or 20 per cent, are in indifferent or poor health. Of the 69 who had both parents foreign, 53, or 76;81 per cent, are in excellent or good health ; 3, or 4.35 per cent, are in fair health, and 13, or 18.84 per cent, are in indifferent or poor health. For out-door exercise, between the ages of eight and fourteen years, 28 took under two hours of exercise daily. The present health of 20, or 71.43 per cent, is excellent or good; of 1, or 3.57 per cent, fair, and of 7, or 25.00 per cent, indifferent or poor. From two to six hours of exercise daily were taken, between the ages indicated, by 442 graduates. Three hundred and forty-three, or 77.60 per cent, are in excellent or good health at the present time ; 24, or 5.43 per cent, in fair health, and 75, or 16.97 per cent, in indifferent or poor health. In the same way, we find for the 74 who took over six hours of exercise daily, that 59, or 79.73 per cent, have at present excellent or good health ; 3, or 4.05 p'er cent, fair, and 12, or 16.22 per cent, indifferent or poor health. In comparing the age at beginning study with present health, it seems that, of the whole number, or 361, who began study at five years or under, 273, or 75.62 per cent, are in excellent or good health ; 23, or 6.37 per cent, fair, and 65, or 18.01 per cent, indifferent or poor. For those who were over five years when they began study, or 328, 262, or 79.88 per cent, are in excellent or good health; 13, or 3.96 per cent, are in fair health, and 53, or 16.16 per cent, are in indifferent or poor health. Considering, also, the age at entering college as compared with present health, we find that for the 128 who entered col- lege at 16 years or under, 97, or 75.78 per cent, have excel- lent or good health ; 8, or 6.25 per cent, fair, and 23, or 17.97 per. cent, indifferent or poor health. For those who entered college between 17 and 19 years of age, 410 in number, the present health of 327, or 79.76 per cent, is excellent or good ; of 20, or 4.88 per cent, fair, and of 63, or 15.36 per cent, indifferent or poor. For those who entered college at 20 years of age or over, 121, or 74.69 per cent of the whole number, or 162, are in excellent or good health ; 8, or 4.94 per cent, are in fair health, and 33, or 20.37 per cent, are in indifferent or poor health. 68 STATISTICS OF LABOE. Turning to the table showing the time of entering college after beginning of menstrual period as compared with present health, we find that of the 4 who entered college one year before the beginning of the menstrual period 3 are in excellent or good health, and 1 in indifferent or poor health ; and, also, that one who entered two years before is in fair health ; that of the 9 who entered the same year, 7, or 77.78 per cent, are in excellent or good health, and one each, or 11.11 per cent for each state of health, in fair, and in indifferent or poor health ; that 34 entered one year after, and of this number 26, or 76.47 per cent, have excellent or good, 1, or 2.94 per cent, fair, and 7, or 20.59 per cent, indifferent or poor health ; that 72 entered two years after, and 54, or 75.00 per cent, have excellent or good, 3, or 4.17 per cent, fair, and 15, or 20.83 per cent, indifferent or poor health ; that 327 entered from three to five years after, and 251, or 76.76 per cent, have excellent or good, 18, or 5.50 per cent, fair, and 58, or 17.74 per cent, indifferent or poor health ; and, finally, that 214 entered later than five years after, and 170, or 79.44 per cent, have excellent or good, 11, or 5.14 per cent, fair, and 33, or 15.42 per cent, indifferent or poor health. From the table showing health of parents as compared with present health of graduates, we find first that for 214, or 30.35 per cent, both parents are in good hfealth ; for 33, or 4.68 per cent, both parents are in poor health ; for 70, or 9.93 per cent, both parents are dead; for 140, or 19.86 per cent, one parent is in good health and the other poor; for 193, or 27.38 per, cent, one parent is in good health, and the other parent is dead; for 52, or 7.38 per cent, one parent is in poor health and the other is dead; and for 3, or 0.42 per cent, the health of parents is not given. Comparing health of parents with the present health of graduates, it is seen that of the 214 graduates who reported both parents as being in good health, 173, or 80,. 84 per cent, are in excellent or good health ; 9, or 4.21 per cent, fair, and 32, or 14.95 per cent, indifferent or poor health. Of the 33 whose parents are both in poor health, 20, or 60.61 per cent, are in excellent or good health; 3, or 9.09 per cent, in fair, and 10, or 30.30 per cent, in indifferent or poor health. Of the 70 graduates whose parents are both dead, 53, or 75.72 per cent, are in excellent or good health; 5, or 7.14 per cent, COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 69 in fair, and 12, or 17.14 per cent, in indifferent or poor health. Of the 140 who returned the health of one parent as good and of the other as poor, 108, or 77.14 per cent, are in excellent or good health ; 4, or 2.86 per cent, in fair, and 28, or 20.00 per cent, in indifferent or poor health. For those who report one parent as being dead and the health of the other as good, 193 in number, we find that 154, or 79.79 per cent, are in excellent or good health ; 12, or 6.22 per cent, in fair, and 27, or 13.99 per cent, in indifferent or poor health. For the 52 who also report one parent as being dead but state the health of the other as poor, we find that 38, or 73.08 per cent, are in excel- lent or good health; 3, or 5.77 per cent, in fair, and 11, or 21.15 per cent, in indifferent or poor health. From this analysis, it will be seen that, for the 214 gradu- ates who reported good health for both parents, there is an increase in the present excellent or good health of 2.97 per cent over the average good health of all the graduates, and a corresponding decrease in number reporting fair and indifferent or poor health ; on the other hand, there is a decline in health from excellent or good, for those who reported both parents as in poor health, of 17.26 per cent, and a proportionate increase in number reporting fair and indifferent or poor health. Con.sidering the results shown in the table indicating heredi- tary tendency to disease as compared with present health, we find in the first place that 18, or 2.55 per cent of the whole number of graduates, have inherited a tendency to disease from the father only; 34, or 4.82 per cent, from the mother only; 12, or 1.70 percent, from both father and mother ; 178, or 26.25 per cent, from either father or mother, the particular parent not being specified; while 463, or 65.68 per cent, have no hereditary tendency to disease. Considered as regards present health, we find that of those who inherit tendency from the father, 13, or 72.22 per cent, are in excellent or good health ; 3, or 16.67 per cent, in fair, and 2, or 11.11 per cent, in indif- ferent or poor health. Of those who inherit tendency from the mother, 25, or 73.53 per cent, are in excellent or good health ; 2, or 5.88 per cent, in fair, and 7, or 20.59 per cent, in indif- ferent or poor health. Of those who inherit tendency from both parents, 7, or 58.33 per cent, are in excellent or good health, and 5, or 41.67 per cent, in indifferent or poor health. 70 STATISTICS OF LABOR. For those who did not specify the particular parent, we find that 131, or 73.60 per cent, are in excellent or good health ; 12, or 6.74 per cent, in fair, and 35, or 19.66 per cent, in indifferent or poor health. And, finally, for those who have no hereditary tendency to disease, we find that 373, or 80.56 per cent, are in excellent or good health ; 19, or 4.10 per cent, in fair, and 71, or 15.34 per cent, in indifferent or poor health. From this analysis, it is seen that, for those who report a tendency to disease from the father, there has been a decline in excellent or good health of 5.65 per cent as compared with the average present good health for all graduates, an increase of 11.56 per cent in number of those in fair health, and a decline, also, of 5.91 per cent in number in indifferent or poor health. For those who report a tendency from the mother, and for those, also, who did not specify the particular parent, the same decline practically from excellent or good health may be noted, but with a marked increase in the number who are in indifferent or poor health, the number in fair health not greatly exceeding the average. For those who inherited tendency from both parents, however, a decline in excellent or good health of 19.54 per cent, and an increase in number in indiffer- ent or poor health of 24.65 per cent is plainly evident. The percentage indicating present excellent or good health for those who have no hereditary tendency to disease shows an increase of health of 2.69 per cent, a decrease of 1.01 per cent in num- ber reporting fair health, and a decrease of 1.68 per cent for indifferent or poor health. In the second series of comparison tables, which relate to cer- tain college conditions as compared with health during college life, etc. , we have established the following facts. From the first table in which the age at entering college is compared with health during college life, we show first that of the whole num- ber, 705, 138, or 19.58 per cent, report a deterioration in health, 418, or 59.29 per cent, have had no change, and 149, or 21.13 per cent, show an improvement in health, without regard to age at entering college., Of the 138 whose health deteriorated, 42 report a deterioration from excellent to good, or a slight change only ; 28 from excellent or good to fair; 55 from excellent or good to indifferent or poor ; 4 from fair to indifferent or poor ; and 9 from indifferent to poor. COLLEGE HEALTH ST'ATISTICS. 71 Compared second with the age at entering college, we find that of the 128 who entered at the age of 16 years and under, 36, or 28.12 per cent, report a deterioration in health, of which 13 was from excellent to good only ; 70, or 54.69 per cent, no change, and 22, or 17.19 per cent, an improvement. Of the 410 who entered college between the ages of 17 and 19 years, 71, or 17.32 per cent, show deterioration, of which 21 was from excellent to good; 258, or 62.93 per cent, no change, and 81, or 19.75 per cent, an improvement. Of those who entered at twenty years of age and over, 162 in number, 29, or 17.90 per cent, report a deterioration, of which 8 was from excellent to good; 87, or 53.70 per cent, no change, and 46, or 28.40 per cent, an improvement. At about the same time that the answers to inquiries con- cerning the female college graduates were being received, or in 1883, this Bureau made a very thorough investigation into the condition of the working girls of Boston, the results forming a part of the fifteenth annual report of the Bureau. If, for pur- poses of comparison, we consider the health reported by the 1,032 girls comprehended by the investigation, we find that 952, or 92.2 per cent, had good health at time of beginning work, and that 786, or 76.2 per cent, were in good health at the time of the investigation, or a loss of 16 per cent in num- ber reporting good health at time of investigation as compared with the number who had good health at time of beginning work. Comparing the number of graduates whose health deteriorated during college life with the deterioration in health during work- ing time reported by the working girls of Boston, we find the following results : — Of the 705 female college graduates, 138, or 19.58 percent, show a deterioration in health during college life, and of the 1,032 working girls, 166, or 16.09 per cent, show a deteriora- tion in health during working time, these figures indicating a greater loss of health of 3.49 per cent reported by the college graduates. For the 166 working girls, whose health dete- riorated, 4 had quite good health at the time of the investiga- tion, 128 were in fair health, and 34 in poor health. Of the 138 college graduates whose health deteriorated, how- ever, 42 report a decline in health from excellent to good, 72 STATISTICS OF LABOR. or a slight change only. If we consider that excellent or good health represents the same general condition of health, as more nearly corresponding to the highest state of health, or good health, reported by the working girls, we find that 96 female college graduates show an appreciable deterioration in health during college life, indicating a loss of health for 13.62 per cent of the whole number as compared with a similar loss of health for the working girls during working time of 16.09 per cent, or a greater loss of health of. 2.47 per cent reported by the working girls of Boston. In the second table in which we compare college study and college worry with health during college life, we find first for college study, that of the 528 who reported excellent or good health during college life, 2 studied but little, 344 moderately, 43 moderately to severely, and 139 severely ; of the 55 who had fair health, 1 studied but little, 27 moderately, 10 moder- ately to severely, and 17 severely; of the 122 whose health was indiiferent or poor, 1 studied but little, 67 moderately, 11 moderately to severely, and 43 severely. For college worry, we also find that 128, of the 528 whose health was excellent or good, worried over studies, 57 over personal afikirs, 78 over both studies and aflairs, and 265 over neither studies nor afikirs ; for those who reported fair health, 11 worried over studies, JO personal aflViirs, 11 both, and 23 neither ; for those in indifferent or poor health, 33 worried over studies, 22 personal afiairs, 42 both, and 25 neither. ■ From the same table we find second for college study that of the whole number, or 4, who studied but little, 2, or 50.00 per cent, had excellent or good health during college life, and 1 each, or 25 per cent, fair, and indifferent or poor health ; of the 438 who studied moderately, 344, or 78.54 per cent, had excellent or good health, 27, or 6.16 per cent, fair, and 67, or 15.30 per cent, indifferent or poor health; 43, or 67^19 per cent, of the 64 who studied moderately to severely, had excel- lent or good health, 10, or 15.62 per cent, fair, and 11, or 17.19 per cent, indifferent or poor health; and of the 199 who studied severely, 139, or 69.85 per cent, had excellent or good health, 17, or 8.54 per cent, fair, and 43, or 21.61 per cent, indifferent or poor health. COLLEGE aEALTtl STATISTICS. 13 For college worry, we find second that of the 172 who wor- ried over studies, 128, or 74.42 per cent, had excellent or good health, 11, or 6.39 per cent, fair, and 33, or 19.19 per cent, indifferent or poor health ; of the 89 who worried over personal affairs, 57, or 64.04 per cent, had excellent or good health, 10, or 11.24 per cent, fair, and 22, or 24.72 per cent, indifferent or poor health ; of the 131 who worried over both studies and personal affairs, 78, or 59.54 per cent, had excellent or good health, 11, or 8.40 per cent, fair, and 42, or 32.06 per cent, indifferent or poor health ; and of 313 who worried over neither studies nor personal affairs, 265, or 84.66 per cent, had excel- lent or good health, 23, or 7.35 per cent, fair, and 25, or 7.99 per cent, indifferent or poor health. Of the 28 who entered society a good deal during college life, 19 are in excellent or good health at the present time, 1 in fair health, and 8' in indifferent or poor health. In the final series of comparison tables, we take the number who studied severely and moderately to severely, or 263 in number, and compare health at time of entering college and during college life with health at the present time ; give the disorders reported by them, and finally show, so far as possi- ble, the time and cause of each disorder. From the first table it will be seen that 187, or 71.10 per cent, had excellent or good health at time of entering college, 8, or 3.04 per cent, fair, and 68, or 25.86 per cent, indifferent or poor health ; that during college life, 183, or 69.58 per cent, had excellent or good health, 27, or 10.27 per cent, fair, and 53, or 20.15 per cent, indifferent or poor health ; and that since graduation, 189, or 71.86 per cent, have had excellent or good health, 24, or 9.13 per cent, fair, and 50, or 19.01 per cent, indifferent or poor health. Of the 263 who studied severely, 181 report disorders, and 82 no disorders. For the 181 reporting disorders, we find the present health of 113, or 62.43 per cent, to be excellent or good, 23, or 12.71 per cent, fair, and 45, or 24.86 per cent, indifferent or poor. For the 82 reporting no disorders, the present health of 76, or 92.68 per cent, is found to be excellent or good, 1, or 1.22 per cent, fair, and 5, or 6.10 per cent, in- different or poor. Of the 181 reporting disorders, 63 had one disorder ; 58 two a STATISTICS OF LABOtt. disorders ; 33 three disorders ; 16 four disorders ; 8 five dis- orders ; and 1 each six, eight, and nine disorders. Thirteen report disorders of the heart ; 12, of the brain ; 33, of the lungs; 47, of the stomach; 25, of the liver; 29, of the bowels, 5 1, of the generative organs ; 9, of the urinary organs ; 4, of the osseous system ; 69, of the nervous system ; 9, of the muscular system; 31, neuralgia; 23, rheumatism; 4, catarrh; 5, constitutional weakness; 3, developmental; 5, of eyes; 15, fevers ; 1, general debility ; 2, malaria ; 5 measles ; 2, mumps ; 1, scrofula; and 7, throat. The last table gives the time of each disorder, as occurring either before college, before and at college, at college, at and after college, after college, or before, at and after college. It also shows the cause, as either constitutional weakness, bad sanitary conditions, intellectual overwork, emotional strain, physical accident, or as due to a combination of two or more of these causes. For both time and cause, a large number are given as " not given," the result, as previously indicated, of imperfect classification or entire omission on the part of certain of the graduates making returns The results shown by the table are sufficiently explicit and do not require special naen- tion or particular analysis. . SUMMAEY OF EESULTS. Referring briefly to the results as shown by the tables, i appears : — That the graduates are largely of American parentage ; that the greater part of them spent their childhood in the country, and had a fair amount of out-door exercise daily. That 57 per cent began study in a school, and 41 per cent at home, the remaining two per cent failing to answer ; that the average age at which they began study was 5.64 years, at entering college 18.35 years, at graduating from college 22.39 years ; and that the average present age is 28.58 years. That during college life the majority studied but moder- ately; that 44 per cent did not worry over their studies or affairs ; that they were generally regular as regards hours for eating and sleeping, took a proper amount of physical exercise daily, and, as regards nearly one-half of them, abstained from COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 75 exercise wholly or in part during the menstrual period ; that, as a rule, they entered society but little, and for the most part had college room-mates. That since graduation all seem to have found congenial occu- pation, a great many as teachers, while eight only are occupied with social duties to the exclusion of other occupation. That about one-fourth have married, and that of the whole number of children borne by them, the greater part are living and in good health. That, for all the various periods of their lives, the health of over three-fourths of the graduates has been either excellent or good ; that during college life a slight falling off from excel- lent or good health is apparent, resulting in an increase in number reporting fair health, while, on the other hand, the number reporting indifferent or poor health is smaller than for any preceding period and but slightly in excess of the number reporting the same conditions of health for the succeeding period, or since graduation. That over one-half of the graduates are not and have not been troubled with nervousness, and that nearly 25 per cent have had no trouble at any time during the menstrual period. That about 60 per cent have had some disorder, the more com- mon disorders reported relating to the stomach, liver, bowels, lungs, nervous system, generative organs, neuralgic and rheu- matic affections, and to a certain extent to the heart and brain. That the most prevalent cause of disorders is constitutional weakness, the other causes being bad sanitary conditions, intel- lectual overwork, emotional strain, and physical accident. That the varying conditions of childhood, as shown in the comparison tables, have had no marked influence for good or evil upon the present health of graduates. That the present health of graduates seems to have been affected according as their parents have enjoyed either good or poor health, the figures showing three per cent increase in health for those whose parents were both in good health, and a decline in health of over 17 per cent for those whose parents were both in poor health. That so far as inherited tendency to disease is concerned; a decline in health has also taken place, as compared with the average good health of all the graduates, those inheriting ten- 76 STATISTICS OF LABOE. dency to disease from either parent showing a decline in health of three to five per cent, those inheriting tendency to disease from both f)arents of nearly 20 per cent, while in the case of those who have no hereditary tendency to disease, there has been an increase of nearly three per cent in good health. That during college life about 20 per cent show a deterio- ration in health, 60 per cent no change, and 20 per cent an improvement ; that for those who entered college at 1 6 years of age or under, an increased deterioration in health of between 10 and 11 per cent as compared with those who entered at a later age is observed, and of over eight per cent as compared with the whole number whose health deteriorated. That during college life there was nearly two and one-half per ' cent less deterioration in health as compared with the deterio- ration in health reported during working time by the working girls of Boston. That those who studied moderately show an increase in health of over three per cent as compared with average good health during college life for all graduates, while those who studied severely or moderately to severely show a decline of from five to seven per cent as compared with average health during college life; That, as compared with average good health during college life for all graduates, those who worried over studies alone show no perceptible change in health ; those who worried over personal affairs , a decline in health of over 10 per cent ; those who worried over both studies and afiairs, a decline in health of 15 per cent, while those who worried over neither studies nor aflairs show an increase in health of ten per cent. That for those graduates who studied severely during col- lege life, as compared with the average good health of all graduates, a decrease in health of seven per cent at time of entering college is shown ; during college life a decrease in health of over five per cent, and since graduation of exactly six per cent ; that if, on the other hand, the health of these graduates at time of entering, during college life, and since graduation are compared with each other, without regard to the health of all the graduates for the three periods, there was a decrease in health during college life of less than two per cent, an increase in health since graduation of three-fourths of COLLEGE HEALTH STATISTICS. 77 one per cent as compared with health at time of entering col- lege, and of over two and one-fourth per cent as compared with health during college life ; and finally — That although the average good health of these graduates who studied severely was considerably less than the average good health of all the graduates for the three periods consid- ered, their health did not suffer material deterioration during college life and has more than recovered since graduation its normal state at time of entering college. The facts which we have presented would seem to warrant the assertion, as the legitimate conclusion to be drawn from a careful study of the tables, that the seeking of a college educa- tion on the part of women does not in itself necessarily entail a loss of health or serious impairment of the vital forces. Indeed, the tables show this so conclusively that there is little need, were it within our province, for extended discussion of the subject. The graduates, as a body, entered college in good health, passed through the course of study prescribed without material change in health, and since graduation, by reason of the effort required to gain a higher education, do not seem to have become unfitted to meet the responsibilities or bear their proportionate share of the burdens of life. It is true that there has been, and it was to be expected that there would be, a certain deterioration in health on the part of some of the graduates. On the other hand, an almost identi- cal improvement in health for a like number was reported, showing very plainly that we must look elsewhere for the causes of the greater part of this decline in health during college life. If we attempt to trace the cause, we find that this deterio- ration is largely due, not to the requirements of college life par- ticularly, but to predisposing causes natural to the graduates themselves, born in them, as it were, and for which college life or study should not be made responsible. A girl constitutionally weak is always at a disadvantage, and naturally would suffer a deterioration in health, temporary possibly or even permanent, if at the most trying period of her life, from 18 to 22 years, she seeks superior education. At the same time, we should not fail to emphasize the fact that fully thirty per cent of the total 78 STATISTICS OF LABOR. deterioration in health during college life was from excellent to good only. In the case of those graduates who studied severely, even, the facts reported concerning their physical condition do not show that they have suffered materially from the effects of close application, but that they have since graduation returned to the normal condition reported by them at the time of enter- ing college. In conclusion, it is sufficient to say that the female graduates of our colleges and universities do not seem to show, as the re- sult of their college' studies and duties, any marked difference in general health from the average health likely to be reported by an equal number of women engaged in other kinds of work, or, in fact, of women generally without regard to occupation followed.